■■;..■: 






I 

a'n illustrated 

DICTIONARY OF MEDICINE 

BIOLOGY 

AND ALLIED SCIENCES 

GOULD 



FOR INDEX OF SPECIAL TABLES AND 
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS, CLASSIFYING LARGE 
NUMBERS OF FACTS. SEE PAGE XVI. 



From The Practitioner , London. 

" The language of medicine changes so quickly with the advance of knowledj' > 
to keep fairly abreast of scientific progress a good medical dictionary is not so much ' ; 
tual life. Dr. George M. Gould, who is one of the leading ophthalmic surgeons irl i 
the Medical News, has in the work before us presented the profession with the comi- 

ology that exists in the English language Dr. Gould has done for I 

Murray is doing for the mother tongue of English-speaking peoples. It need only h 
in a clear type that bears witness to the careful regard of the author, as an ophthalm 
is 'got up' in a style sufficiently handsome to make it an ornament to the book shelf 
the wear and tear of daily use." 



e that for practitioners who wish 
i luxury as a necessity of intellec- 

the United States, and editor of 
iletest lexicon of medical termin- 
our medical language what Dr. 
ie added that the work is printed 
ologist, for the reader's eyes, and 

and strong enough to withstand 



AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY 
OF MEDICINE BIOLOGY AND 
ALLIED SCIENCES 

INCLUDING THE 

PRONUNCIATION, ACCENTUATION, DERIVATION, AND DEFINITION 

OF THE TERMS USED IN 

MEDICINE, ANATOMY, SURGERY, OBSTETRICS, GYNECOLOGY, THERAPEUTICS, MATERIA MEDICA, 
PATHOLOGY, DERMATOLOGY, PEDIATRICS, OPHTHALMOLOGY, OTOLOGY, LARYN- 
GOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, NEUROLOGY, HISTOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY, DIETETICS, 
LEGAL MEDICINE, PSYCHOLOGY, CLIMATOLOGY, ETC., ETC. 

AND THE 

VARIOUS SCIENCES CLOSELY RELATED TO MEDICINE 

BACTERIOLOGY, PARASITOLOGY, MICROSCOPY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY, DENTISTRY, PHARMACY, 
CHEMISTRY, HYGIENE, ELECTRICITY, VETERINARY MEDICINE, ETC. 



/ BY 

GEORGE M. GOULD, A.M., M.D. 

AUTHOR OF " THE STUDENT'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY," 30,000 MEDICAL WORDS PRONOUNCED AND 

DEFINED," " THE MEANING AND THE METHOD OF LIFE " ; EDITOR OF " THE PHILADELPHIA 

MEDICAL JOURNAL " ; PRESIDENT, 1893-1894, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF MEDICINE 



BASED UPON RECENT SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE 



FIFTH EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRL'CTTONS 

PHILADELPHIA 
P. BLAKISTON'S SON & CO. 

IOI2 WALNUT STREET 
1900 



TWO COPIES RECE1VKD. 

Library of CoBge««% 
Offloo of tbf 

APR 2 - 1900 

RegltUr of Copyrights 



<o5 



5G9ta 



Copyright, 1894, by p. blakiston, Son & Co. 



Copyright, iqoo, by p. blakiston's Son & Co. 



WM. F. FELL & CO, 

EL6CTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS, 

1220-24 SANSOM STREET, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



SECOND COPY, 



PREFACE. 



In this work I have conscientiously endeavored to give the greatest possible amount of 
lexicographic and encyclopedic knowledge within the limits of a single volume, condensed 
as much as is consistent with clearness, and so arranged as to furnish the student and worker 
with concise, accurate, and useful definitions. 

I have tried to satisfy the following specific desiderata: — 

i. The inclusion of the many thousands of new words and terms that have been introduced 
into medicine during the last few years, marked as they have been by unparalleled scientific 
activity and progress. To this end an almost countless number of volumes and periodicals 
have been systematically gleaned by myself and a tireless corps of friends and assistants. Not 
to have met this important and pressing need would have made this volume a work of mere 
inexcusable compilation and copying from the many word-books already published, instead of a 
fresh gathering from the living literature of the day. 

2. To give the most compact epitomization of the works of older and authoritative 
lexicographers, including all such obsolete or obsolescent terms as may be met with in the 
medical encyclopedias or handbooks likely to be used by a modern student. 

3. To include all the more commonly-used terms of biology — a tning highly desirable ; 
a. Because of the modern recognition of the great truth that general biologic science is the foun- 
dation of genuine and progressive medical science ; b. Because the best schools of medicine 
are more and more urging or making obligatory the preliminary biologic course of study ; 
and c. Because, so far as I know, no satisfactory lexicon of biology exists in English. 

4. Keeping the size and purpose of the book well in view, to give it an encyclopedic 
character — not only by supplying the usual pronunciation, derivation, and definition of 
words, but also by showing their logical relations, their bearings, and their practical importance 
for the worker in literary or clinical medicine. This aim will explain a number of peculiar 
features, as for instance, the large number of tables, whereby at a glance one may catch the 
correlations of a single fact with many others, and thus at once classify and crystallize his 
comprehension of them. It seems deserving of mention that in modern literature there is not to 
be found as complete and digested a resume of surgical operations, of bacteriology, of parasit- 
ology, of tests, and of many other subjects, as is here furnished. 

5. When advisable, to give a pictorial illustration that would tell what words could not 
make clear. Hence, those who find the work helpful in this respect will thank the publishers for 
the generous supply of illustrations, a large number being new engravings from original drawings 
made expressly for this work. Conservatism in this respect, however difficult, has been the rule, 
because pictures, for example of surgical instruments, are plenteous and to be had for the asking, 
and because illustrations that are useless, or that do not illustrate, might possibly have made the 
book superficially more attractive, but would certainly have given ground for just criticism. 
Besides the large number of original illustrations first presented in this volume, many have been 
taken or adapted from the well-known and authoritative works of Sappey, Landois, Ziegler, 
Piersol, Stirling, Woodhead, Holden, Tyson, Fullerton. and others. 



vi PREFACE. 

6. As regards orthography, to do what Professor Whitney, in the preface to his great work, 
The Century Dictionary, says is the duty of the dictionary-maker : — 

"The language is struggling toward a more consistent and phonetic spelling, 
and it is proper in disputed and doubtful cases to cast the influence of the dic- 
tionary in favor of this movement, both by its own usage in the body of the text, 
and at the head of articles by the order of forms, or by the selection of the form 
under which the word shall be treated." 

More than this I have not attempted to do, and not to have done this much would have 
been distinctly wrong. The lexicographer may not impose or command, but in the interest of 
true and prudent progress he may suggest and advise. Both spellings are noted of words in 
dispute, and one is of course at liberty to accept that which he thinks best. Those who prefer to 
follow the older practice have against them all the best philologists, such authorities as Professor 
Whitney, Professor Skeat, the editors of the Standard, and of other great Dictionaries. Gradual, 
careful phonetic progress is a duty we all owe to our profession. 

I have usually recommended that in medicine the diphthongs a and 02 be supplanted by e ; 
such usage is already well established as regards many words, and the suggestion is in strict 
harmony with etymology and the spirit of the language. We do not spell such words as 
gahgrcene, cether, ceconomy, atemal, pcenalty, mediaeval, solczcism, primcEval, as here written, 
and the redundant diphthong should not be retained in diarrhoea, haemorrhage, oedema, celiotomy, 
pediatric, etc. Why is the change right in one instance and wrong in the other? 

In the spelling of' certain chemic words, the advice of The American Association for the 
Advancement of Science has, as a rule, been followed, and seems to be in the line of cautious 
and wise progress. The unanimous acceptance and practice of all these recommendations by 
the American Medical Editors' Association constitute a gratifying proof of progressiveness 
and freedom from irrational prejudice. 

7. To indicate the best pronunciation of words by the simplest and most easily understood 
phonetic method. The plan I have used is simple and little liable to mistaking. The sylla- 
bification has no significance except to show the pronunciation, and in this the natural English 
common usage and power of letters are followed. Thus, in all but a few instances, the use of 
diacritic marks and vexatious signs or symbols is avoided. When a vowel stands alone or 
at the end of a syllable it has its natural long sound : a, as in male ; e, as in mete ; t, as in 
mile ; 0, as in mole ; u, as in mule ; when preceding, or between, consonants, the vowels have 
their natural short sounds, unless occasionally the use of the diacritic mark gives them the 
long sound, as at {ate), os (ose), it (ite). In a few instances the sign, v has been used 
over a, as in marriage, to distinguish the sound from that of a, as in harm. When a has the 
sound of ah, it has generally been written ah. In such words as cystotomy, acidity, and the like, 
the pronunciation of the final vowel-sound is indicated by e, as being the simplest representa- 
tion of the common sound not otherwise easily expressed phonetically. When s has the sound 
of z it is indicated by z. The pronunciation of some foreign words has been approximated by 
devices readily comprehended. 

It is impossible to adequately express my deep sense of gratitude to those who have aided 
me in the preparation and proof-reading of this volume. Dr. C. W. Greene, the experienced 
philologist, also Dr. W. A. N. Dorland, Professor Charles S. Dolley, Dr. A. A. Eshner, and 
Professor Burt G. Wilder, have been most self-sacrificing, and to their scientific zeal, literary 
experience, and tireless good-will those who find the book useful will be indebted. To Dr. 
Dolley, the well-known biologist, belongs unstinted praise for the preparation of the definitions 
of biologic terms, the table of Bacteria, and that of Parasites, as well as for a number of 



PREFACE. vii 

original drawings. Intelligence, learning, and never-failing conscientiousness have been given 
almost every line of the work by Drs. Dorland and Eshner. The same is true of the work of 
Dr. David Riesman. 

It seems almost wrong to mention in a second order the names of Professor S. H. Gage, 
Professor Henry Leffmann, Dr. A. C. Wood, Dr. Alfred Stengel, Professor A. P. Brubaker, Dr. 
J. Chalmers Da Costa, Dr. A. H. Cleveland, Mr. Ryland W. Greene, Dr. J. Hendrie Lloyd, 
Mr. Pierre A. Fish, Dr. D. Bevan, Dr. Emma Billstein, Dr. S. McClintock Hamill, Dr. A. H. 
Stewart, and others. 

Every author well knows, or perhaps regrets that he does not know, the blessing of a 
publisher and of a printer who take pride in their work above and beyond the question of 
dollars and cents. Such a publisher and such a printer I have had. 

The acceptability of the smaller dictionaries I have offered the profession (something like 
twenty-five thousand copies having been distributed) leads me to hope that the present more 
complete work will find a wider range of usefulness. 

Philadelphia, April, i8g4- 



PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. 



The rapid exhaustion of the first and second editions of this dictionary permits me to 
correct a number of typographic and other errors, to modify some definitions, and to add new 
material throughout the entire extent of the book. I have profited by the kind criticisms of 
friends and of reviewers, and such suggestions as seemed to me just have been accepted and em- 
bodied in the work. In science, and especially in the science of medicine, what was true yester- 
day may be only half-true to-day, and may even be wholly untrue to-morrow. Old knowledge 
is constantly undergoing modification, and new knowledge is as constantly appearing, so that it 
is only by constant changes that a book seeking to reflect the condition and growth of a science 
can from day to day remain a perfect mirror of its progress. 

The most outspoken words of praise in reviews, notices, private letters, etc., as also the 
exhaustion in so short a time of two large editions, give evidence that the volume has found a 
certain field of usefulness, and, personally, nothing can be more gratifying than the assurance 
that one has been of distinct service to his profession and to his fellows. 

Philadelphia, September, i8g£. 



PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION, 



In the present fifth edition I have endeavored to reduce the remaining inaccuracies to a 
minimum. I have also added the more important of the new terms in medicine which have 
come into use since the issue of the fourth edition. The changes in the text number alto- 
gether about four hundred. 

GEORGE M. GOULD. 

Philadelphia, March, igoo. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN GENERAL MEDICINE. 



aa ana 

A. c Ante cibum .... 

Abdom. . . . Abdomen . . . . 
Abs. feb. . . . Absente febre . . . 

Abstr Abstractum . . . . 

Ad Adde 

Ad-lib Ad libitum . . . . 

Admov. . . . Admoveatur . . . 
Ad pond. om. Ad pondus omnium 

Adv Adversum . . . . 

Aggred. feb. . Aggrediente febre . 

Al Aluminum . . . . 

Alt. dieb. . . . Alternis diebus . . 
Alt. hor. . . . Alternis horis . . . 
Alv. adstrict. Alvo adstricta . . 
Alv. deject. . Alvi dejectiones . . 

Anat 

Aq Aqua 

Aq. astr. . . . Aqua astricta . . . 
Aq. bull. . . . Aqua bulliens . . 
Aq. com. . . . Aqua communis . 
Aq. dest. . . . Aqua destillata . . 
Aq. ferv. . . . Aqua fervens . . . 
Aq. font. . . . Aqua fontana . . . 
Aq. mar. . . . Aqua marina . . . 
Aq. pur. . . . Aqua pura . . . . 



At. wt 


Av 


B 


Ba . - - 


B. A., or B. S. 

Bals 

Be 


Balneum arense . . 
, Balsamum . . . . 


Bi r . 


Bib 

Biol 


Bibe 


B. i. d 

B. M 

Bol 

B. p 


Bis in die 

Balneum maris . . 


Br 



Bull Bulliat 

B. v Balneum vaporis . 

q J Congius, Centi- 

" ' ' 1 grade 

Ca 

Cap Capiat 

c.c 

Cd 

Ce 

Cel 

Cent 

Cg. 



C. m. s. 



Cm Cras mane . . . . 

cm 

f Cras mane su- 
\ mendus 

C. n Cras nocte . . . . 

Co 

Cochl Cochleare . . . . 

Cochl. ampl. . " amplum 

" infant. " infantis 

" mag. . " magnum 

" med. . " medium 

" parv. . " parvum 

Col Cola . 

Colat Colatus 

Colet Coletur 

Color Coloretur 

Comp Compositus . . . . 

Cong Congius 

Cons Conserva 

Contin Continuatur . . 

fContinuetur 
( remedium 

Coq Coque 

Cort Cortex 



Cont. rem. 



Of each. 

Before meals. 

The belly. 

When fever is absent. 

Abstract. 

Add. 

At pleasure, as desired. 

Let it be applied. 

To the weight of the whole. 

Against. 

While fever is coming on. 

Aluminum. 

Every other day. 

Every other hour. 

The bowels being confined. 

The intestinal evacuations. 

Anatomy. 

Water. 

Ice. 

Boiling water. 

Common water. 

Distilled water. 

Hot water. 

Spring water. 

Ocean water. 

Pure water. 

Arsenic. 

Atomic weight. 

Avoirdupois. 

Boron, Bowels. 

Barium. 

Sand bath. 

Balsam. 

Beryllium. 

Bismut'h. 

Drink. 

Biology. 

Twice daily. 

Sea-water bath. 

A large pill. 

Boiling-point. 

Bromin. 

Let it boil. 

Vapor bath. 

f Carbon ; Cubic; A gallon ; 

\ Centigrade. 

Calcium. 

Let him take. 

Cubic centimeter. 

Cadmium. 

Cerium. 

Celsius. 

Centigrade. 

Centigram. 

To-morrow morning. 

Centimeter. 

J To be taken to-morrow 

X morning. 

To-morrow night. 

Cobalt. 

Spoonful. 

A tablespoonful. 

A teaspoonful. 

A tablespodnful. 

A dessertspoonful. 

A teaspoonful. 

Strain. 

Strained. 

Let it be strained. 

Let it be colored. 

Compound. 

A gallon. ■ 

Keep. 

Let it be continued. 

f Let the medicine be con- 

I tinued. 
Boil. 
Bark. 



Crast Crastinus . 

Crys 

Cs. 



Cu Cuprum 

Cuj Cujus 

C. v Cras vespere . . . 

Cyath Cyathus 

D Dosis; Da . . . . 

Decub. . . . Decubitus . . . . 
De d. in d. . . De die in diem . . 

Deg 

De R 

Destil Destilla 

Det Detur 

Dieb. alt. . . . Diebus alternis . . 

" tert. . . " tertiis . . 

Dil Dilue 

Dilut Dilutus 

Dim Dimidius 

Dist Distilla 

Div Divide 

D. in p. aeq. . Divide in partes . 

■ aequales . . . . 
Donee alv. f Donee alvus 

sol. fuerit, 1 soluta fuerit 
D. P Directione propria 



Eb 

E.-j 

Ejusd Ejusdem 

Elec Electuarium . . . 

Emb 

Enem 

Er . . 

Exhib Exhibeatur . . . . 

Ext Extractum . . . . 

F. 

Far 

Fe. Ferrum 

Feb. dur. . . . Febre durante . . 

F. , Ft Fac, Fiat 

Filt Filtra 

Fid Fluidus 

Flor Flores 

F. m Fiat mistura . . . 

Fol Folia 

F. p Fiat potio 

F. pil Fiat pilula . . . . 

F. s. a Fiat secundum 

artem 

Galv 

Gl 

Gm 

Gr Granum 

Gtt Guttas 

Guttat Guttatim 

H 

Hg Hydrargyrum . . 

HI 

Hm 

Hor. decub. . Hora decubitus . . 

H. s Horasomni. . . . 

I Iodum 

In 

In d In die 

Inf. Infunde 

Inj Injectio 

Ir 

K Kalium 

K.-j 

Kl 

Km 

L 

Li 

Liq 

M Meridies ; Misce . 

Mac Macera 

Mass. pil. . . Massa pilularum . 



For to-morrow. 

Crystal. 

Cesium. 

Copper. 

Of which. 

To-morrow evening. 

A glassful. 

A dose ; Give. 

Lying down. 

From day to day. 

Degree; degeneration. 

Reaction of degeneration. 

Distil. 

Let it be given. 

On alternate days. 

Every third day. 

Let it be dissolved. 

Dilute. 

One-half. 

Distil. 

Divide. 

Divide into equal parts. 
(Until the bowels are 
1 opened. 

With a proper direction. 
Erbium. 
Erbium. 
Elbow-jerk. 
Of the same. 
An electuary ; Electricity 
Embryology. 
Enema. 
Erbium. 
Let it be given. 
Extract. 

Fahrenheit ; Fluorin. 
Faradic. 
Iron. 

The fever continuing. 
Make. 
Filter. 
Fluid. 
Flowers. 
Make a mixture. 
Leaves. 

Make a potion. 
Make a pill. 

Prepare skilfully. 

Galvanic. 

Glucinum. 

Gram. 

Grain. 

Drops. 

By drops. 

Hydrogen. 

Mercury. 

Hectoliter. 

Hectometer. 

At bed-time. 

At bed-time. 

Iodin. 

Indium. 

Daily. 

Pour in. 

An injection. 

Iridium. 

Potassium. 

Knee-jerk. 

Kiloliter. 

Kilometer. 

Liter. 

Lithium. 

Liquor. 

Noon ; Mix. 

Macerate. 

Pill-mass. 



ABBREVIATIONS 



M. ft Mistura fiat .... Let a mixture be made. 

Mg Magnesium ; Milligram. 

Ml Milliliter. 

Mm Millimeter. 

Mod. pre- 
script . . . Modo praescripto . In the manner directed. 

Mol. wt Molecular weight. 

Mor. sol. . . . More solito .... In the usual way. 

Muc Mucilago Mucilage. 

Myg Myriagram. 

Myl Myrialiter. 

Mym Myriameter. 

N Nitrogen. 

Na Natrium Sodium. 

Ni Nickel. 

No Numero Number. 

Noct Nocte By night. 

O Octarius A pint. 

Ol Oleum Oil. 

Ol. oliv. . . . Oleum olivae . . . Olive-oil. 

Ol.-res Oleoresina .... Oleoresin. 

O. m Omni mane .... Every morning. 

Omn. bih. . . Omni bihora . . . Every' two hours. 
Omn. hor. . . Omni hora .... Every hour. 
Omn. noct. . . Omni nocte .... Every night. 

Os Osmium. 

Ov Ovum An egg. 

Oz Uncia Ounce. 

P Phosphorus, Pulse. 

Part. aeq. . . . Partes eequales . Equal parts. 

Pb Plumbum .... Lead. 

P. c Post cibum . . . After meals. 

P. C Pondus civile . . . Avoirdupois weight. 

Pd Palladium. 

Phar Pharmacopeia. 

Pil Pilula Pill. 

Pocul Poculum A cup. 

Pond Pondere . . . . By weight. 

Pot Potio Potion ; potassa. 

Ppt Preparata Precipitate; Prepared. 

P. rat. aetat . Pro rata aetatis . . In proportion to age. 

P. r. n Pro re nata .... When required. 

Pt Pint. 

Pulv Pulvis Powder. 

Q. d Quater in die . . . Four times a day. 

Q. 1 Quantum libet . . According as required. 



Q. p Quantum placeat . 

Q. s " sufficit . 

Qt 

Q. v Quantum vis . . . 

R 

Jt; Recipe 

Rad Radix 

Rb 

R. D 

Rect Rectificatus .... 

Rep Repetatur .... 

S Semis 

S Signa 

S. a Secundum artem . 

Sb Stibium 

Scr Scrupulum . . . . 

Sig Signetur 

Sig. n. pr. . . Signa nomine 

proprio 

Sing Singulorum .... 

Si non val. . . Si non valeat . . . 
Si op. sit ... Si opus sit . . . . 

Solv Solve 

Sp.. or Spir. . Spiritus 

Sp.gr 

Ss Semi, semissis . . 

St Stet 

Su Sumat 

S. v Spiritus vini . . . 

S. v. r Spiritus vini 

rectificatus . . . 

S. v. t Spiritusvini tenuis 

Syr Syrupus 

T 

T. d Ter in die ....'. 

Tr., Tinct. . . Tinctura 

Ung Unguentum . . . . 

Ur 

Vesic Vesicatorium . . . 

Wt 

V. s. b Venesectio brachii 

rf( Minimum 

5. . Drachma .... 

3 Scrupulum . . . . 

S Uncia 



At will. 

A sufficient quantity. 

Quart. 

As much as you wish. 

Reaumur's thermometer, 

Respiration. 
Take. 
Root. 
Rubidium. 

Reaction of degeneration. 
Rectified. 
Let it be repeated. 
Half; Sulphur. 
Label. 

According to art. 
Antimony. 
Scruple. 
Let it be labeled. 

Label with common name. 

Of each. 

If it does not answer. 

If requisite. 

Dissolve. 

Spirit. 

Specific gravity. 

One-half. 

Let it stand. 

Let him take. 

Alcoholic spirit. 

Rectified spirit of wine. 

Dilute alcohol, proof-spirit. 

Syrup. 

Temperature. 

Three times a day. 

Tincture. 

Ointment. 

Urine. 

A blister. 

Weight. 

Bleeding from the arm. 

Minim. 

Dram. 

Scruple. 

Ounce. 



ABBREVIATIONS THAT SHOULD ONLY BE USED UNDER HEADINGS, OR WITH A 
CONTEXT, RENDERING THE MEANING OBVIOUS.— Ewart. 

S. C. F Supraclavicular Fossa. 

Sp. C Spinal Cord. 



Names of Diseases. 

Bctasis Bronchiectasis. 

Brhea ,,..„. Bronchorrhea. 

B tls Bronchitis. 

G. K Granular Kidney. 

G. P General Paralysis. 

Phth., or <t>9, or<£. Phthisis. 

Pn a Pneumonia. 

Pn x Pneumothorax. 

Rhc F Rheumatic Fever. 

Rh sm Rheumatism. 

Sct F Scarlet Fever. 

Syph., or <rv<j>. . . Syphilis. 

Names of Regions or Organs. 

Clavr Clavicular. 

I. C. F Infraclavicular Fossa. 

InfrasC .... Infrascapular. 

Intersex Interscapular. 

Mamy Mammary. 



S. S. F Supraspinous fossa. 

V. C. or V. B. . . Vocal Bands. 

Names of Signs and Symptoms. 

0/ . Cough. 

Cephgia Cephalalgia. 

Hg e Hemorrhage. 

Ng>a Neuralgia. 

N. S Night-sweats. 

Sp m Sputum. 

T Tongue. 

Vg ....... Vomiting. 

Vt Vomit. 

In Physical Examination, Etc. 

H. C Humid Crepitations. 

R. S Respiratory Sound. 

V. F Vocal Fremitus. 

V. S Voice-sounds. 



ABBREVIATIONS 

Ace Accommodation. 

Ah Hypeiopic Astigmatism. 

Am Myopic Astigmatism. 

As Astigmatism. 

Ax Axis. 

B. D Base (of prism) down. 

B. I " " " in. 

B. O " " " out. 

B. U " " " up. 

cm Centimeter. 

Cyl Cylinder, Cylindric Lens. 

D Diopter. 

E Emmetropia, Emmetropic. 

F Formula. 

H Hyperopia, Hyperopic, Horizontal 



USED IN OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

L. E Left Eye. 

M. . Myopia, Myopic. 

mm Millimeter. 

O. D Oculus dexter — Right Eye. 

O. S Oculus sinister— Left Eye. 

P. p Punctum proximum, Near Point. 

P. r Punctum remotum, Far Point. 

R. E Right Eye. 

Sph Spheric, Spheric Lens. 

Sym Symmetric. 

V Vision, Visual Acuity, Vertical. 

-f , — , = Plus, Minus, Equal to. 

oo Infinity, 20 ft. distance. 

3 Combined with. 

Degree. 



ABBREVIATIONS 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN OTOLOGY. 



a Applied to or in contact with Auricle. 

A. C Air-conduction. 

A. D Auris dextra — Right Ear. 

A. S Auris sinistra — Left Ear. 

B. C Bone-conduction. 

c Contact. 

d Dentes — applied to Teeth. 

F Tuning-fork. 

gl. Glabella— applied to Forehead. 

h Hearing Power. 

L Left Ear. 

in Applied to Mastoid. 

Meat. Aud. Ext. ; 

M. E External Auditory Meatus. 

Meat. Aud. Int ; 

M. I Internal Auditory Meatus. 

Men. dis Meniere's disease. 

M. flac Membranaflaccida ; Shrapnell's membrane. 

M. T. ; Mt Membrana tympani. 

Myring Myringitis. 

O Complete Lack of Perception of Sound. 

ot. ext. ac Otitis externa acuta. 



ot. ext. chron. . . Otitis externa chronica. 

ot. ext. diff. . . . Otitis externa diffusa. 

ot. med. sup ac. . Otitis media suppurativa acuta. 

ot. med. sup. 

chron Otitis media suppurativa chronica. 

Pol Politzer's. 

Pol. Ac Politzer's Acoumeter. 

R Right Ear. 

S Susurrus— a Whisper. 

t Applied to Temple. 

Tymp Tympanum. 

ub Ubique — when applied at all points. 

v Voice. 

V Applied to Vertex. 

vib Vibration. 

z Applied to Zygoma. 

' Foot. 

" Inches. 

oo Heard, but not Understood. 

-)-R Rinne's Test Positive. 

— R Rinne's Test Negative. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN ELECTROTHERAPEUTICS. 



A., or An 
Amp. . . 
A. C. . . 
A. C. C. 
A. C. O. 
A. C. P. 
A. C. S. 
A. D. . . 
A. D. C. 
A. M. . 
A. O. . . 
A. O. C. 
A. O. O. 
A. O. P. 
A. O. S. 
B 
B 
C. 

c 
c, 
c, 



A. U. 



C. . . 

C. C. 

C C." 
C. C. T. 
C. G. S. U 

c. o. 

c. o. c. 
c. s. . 



D. . . 
De. R. 

E. . . 
E. M. D. P. 

E. M. F. 

F. M. . . 
H. . . . 



H- 

I. . 

K. 



. Anode. 
. Amp&re. 
. Anodal Closing. 
. Anodal Closure Contraction. 
. Anodal Closing Odor. 
. Anodal Closing Picture. 
. Anodal Closing Sound. 
. Anodal Duration. 
. Anodal Duration Contraction. 
. Ampere-meter. 
. Anodal Opening. 
. Anodal Opening Contraction. 
. Anodal Opening Odor. 
. Anodal Opening Picture. 
. Anodal Opening Sound. 
. Magnetic Induction. 
. British Association Unit. 
. Centigrade ; Current ; Cathode. 
. Cathodal Closure. 
. Cathodal Closure Contraction. 
. Various Degrees of Contraction. 
. Cathodal Closing Tetanus. 
. Centimeter-gram-second Units. 
. Cathodal Opening. 
. Cathodal Opening Contraction. 
. Current-strength. 
. Duration ; Density. 
. Reaction of Degeneration. 
. Earth ; Electromotive Force. 
. Electromotive Difference of Potential. 
. Electromotive Force. 
. Field Magnet. 

. Horizontal Intensity of the Earth's Mag- 
netism ; One Unit of Self-induction. 
. Intensity of Magnetic Force. 
. Intensity of Magnetism. 
. Joule. 

. Electrostatic Capacity. 
. Kathode. 



Kl Klang (sound). 

K. C Kathodal Closing. 

K. C. C Kathodal Closing Contraction. 

K. C. T Kathodal Closing Tetanus. 

K. D Kathodal Duration (or Period of Closure ol 

Circuit). 

K. D. C Kathodal Duration Contraction. 

K. D. T Kathodal Duration Tetanus. 

K. W Kilo-watt. 

L Inductance (Coefficient of ) ; Length. 

M Strength of Pole. 

Ma MilliampSre. 

Mfd Microfarad. 

N North Pole. 

O Opening of Circuit. 

P. D Potential Difference. 

Q Electric Quantity. 

R Ohmic Resistance. 

S South Pole. 

T Time. 

Te Tetanic Contraction. 

U Unit. 

V Volume ; Velocitv. 

v. Volt. 

V. A Voltaic Alternative. 

V. M Volt-meter. 

W Work; Weight; Watt 

Z Contraction (Zuckung). 

Z. Z.' Z." Increasing Strengths of Contraction. 

k . . Magnetic Susceptibility. 

M Magnetic Permeability. 

u Ohm. 

p Specific Resistance. 

IJ Megohm (one-millionth part of an ohm). 

H(|- Battery. 

+ Anode or Positive Pole. 

— Kathode or Negative Pole. 

> . Greater than, as K > A. 

< Less than. 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES USED IN CHEMISTRY. 



Am- indicates the group NH<. 

Azo-, diazo-, and hydrazo- indicate compounds in which nitro- 
gen atoms are linked in various ways. 

Di- is applied as a prefix to signify two. 

Im- indicates the group NH. 

Ket- indicates the molecule CO in certain structural re- 
lations. 

Mon- is employed as a prefix to signify one. 

Nitro- indicates the group N0 2 * 

Pent- is applied as a prefix to signify five. 

per- denotes in a rather vague sense an indefinitely large 
amount of the body to which it is prefixed, or to which 
it is referred. 

Sesqui- indicates the proportion of two to three. 

Sub- is employed in a rather vague sense to indicate defi- 
ciency of the body to which it is prefixed. 

Tetr- is applied as a prefix to signify year. 

Thio- indicates sulphur, especially replacing oxygen. 

'f ri- (sometimes " ter-") is applied as a prefix to signify three. 

-al indicates aldehydic structure. 

-an is applied to a class of bodies related to the starch and 
sugar group. 

-ane indicates a saturated hydrocarbon. 

-ase indicates an enzyme, or non-organized ferment, e.g., dias- 



tase. This termination is at present restricted gener- 
ally to enzymes of vegetable origin, but it should also be 
used with animal enzymes — which, however, usually end 
in "in." It would thus be better to say pepsase and 
trypsase, rather than pepsin and trypsin. 

-ate. A suffix to nouns in chemistry signifying any salt formed 
by an acid acting on a base ; e.g., sulphate, phosphate. 

-ic denotes the higher of two valencies assumed by an element, 
and incidentally in many cases a larger amount of oxy- 
gen. 

-in is of no precise significance, and is mostly applied to bodies 
the structure of which is not yet known. 

-yl, -ene, -enyl, and -ine indicate hydrocarbons. According 
to the American system of orthography, the only case in 
which "ine" is used is as a termination for a series of 
hydrocarbons, beginning with Ethine, C 2 H 2 . English 
writers and some American chemists use it to signify basic 
properties, regarding -in as the proper term for non-basic 
bodies. They thus distinguish between salicin, which 
forms no salts with acids, and morphin (which under such 
system is spelled " morphine "), which does. It must be 
noted that such methods are not in accordance with the 
tendency of modern chemic nomenclature, which seeks 
to express structure, not properties. The organic bases 



Xll 



ABBREVIATIONS 



or alkaloids are not all of the same type, and when 
their structure is elucidated systematic names will be 
found for them. Until then there is no particular gain 
in indicating them as a group. 

-id is similar to " in." 

-ol indicates alcoholic structure, i. e., presence of the group 
HO (hydroxyl), e. g., alcohol, glycerol, phenol. 

•one is applied to bodies related to the starches and sugars. 
It is, however, not used with this significance in "pep- 



tone," which word is not formed according to any estab- 
lished system. 

-ose indicates a carbohydrate, e. g., glucose, although it is 
also occasionally applied to the results of digestion of 
proteids, e.g., albumose. 

-ous denotes the lower of two degrees of valency assumed 
by an element and incidentally indicates, in many cases, 
a small amount of oxygen. 

The word sulphonic indicates the group HSO3. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN HYGIENE AND SANITARY LAW. 



Advt. 

A. O. . 
a. p. . 

B. H. 

B. L. . 

C. A. . 
C. C. . 
C. G. S. 

c. o. . 

C. P. . 

C. P. . 
c. p. . 
C. Q. S. 
C. S. . 

C. S.J. 

D. I. D. 
D. O. 
D. P. . 



d. p. . . 

e. c. 

F. M. D. 

G. O. . . 
I. . . . 
I. A. . . 
I. D. 

I. P. 
I. S. . . 
J. P. . . 
L. A. . . 
L. B. . . 
L. C. C. 
L. E. . . 
L. G. B. 
L. S. A. 
M. A. B. 
M. A. M. 



. Advertisement. 

. Abatement Order. 

. Ashpit. 

. Board of Health. 

. By-Law or By-Laws. 

. Confirming Authority. 

. County Council. 

. Court of General Sessions. 

. Closing Order. 

. Contributory Place. 

. Cattle-plague. 

. Cesspits. 

. Court of Quarter Sessions. 

. Commissioners of Sewers. 

. Court of Summary Jurisdiction. 

. Dangerous Infectious Disease. 

. Demolition Order. 

.Daily Penalty; < not exceeding; 

less than. 
. Dungpit. 
. Earth-closet. 
. Foot and Mouth Disease. 
. General Order. 
. Inspector. 
. Infected Area. 
. Infectious Disease. 
. Infected Place. 
. Improvement Scheme. 
. Justice of the Peace. 
. Local Authority. 
. Local Board. 
. London County Council. 
. Local Enquiry. 
. Local Government Board. 
. Local Sanitary Authority. 
. Metropolitan Asylums' Boards. 
. Metropolitan Asylums' Managers. 



> not 



M. M. . 








. Medical Man. 


M. O. . 








. Medical Officer. 


M. O. H. 








. Medical Officer of Health. 


N. O. . 








. Nuisance Order. 


O. . . . 








.Owner; Occupier. 


O. C. . . 








.. Order in Council. 


O. R. . . 








. Official Representation. 


p. ... 








. Privy. 


P. A. . 








. Public Analyst. 


P. C. . 








. Privy Council. 


P. I. E. 








. Private Improvement Expenses. 


P. O. . . 








. Prevention Order. 


Prov. O. 








. Provisional Order. 


P. P. . . 








. Pleuro-Pneumonia. 


P. S. A. 








. Port Sanitary Authority. 


P. S. C. . 








. Petty Sessional Court. 


Q. S. 








. Quarter Sessions. 


R. A. . . 








. Rural Authority. 


R. D. . 








. Rural District. 


Rg. . . 








. Regulations. 


R. P. C. 








. Rivers-pollution Commission. 


R. S. A. 








. Rural Sanitary Authority. 


R. S. D. 








. Rural Sanitary District. 


S. A. . . 








. Sanitary Authority. 










. Sanitary Convenience. 


S. I. . . 








. Sanitary Inspector. 


S. O. . 








. Special Order. 


S. S. . . 








. Secretary of State. 


U. A. . 








. Urban Authority ; Unhealthy Area 


U. D. . 








. Urban District. 


U. H. H. 








. Unfit for Human Habitation. 


U. S. A. 








. Urban Sanitary Authority. 


U. S. D. 








. Urban Sanitary District. 


V. I. . . 








. Veterinary Inspector. 










. Water-closet. 


W. Co. . 








. Water Company. 


W. W. 








. Water Works. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR ACTS OF PARLIAMENT. 



A. A 

C. B. A. . . 
C. D. (A.) A. 

C. L. H. A. 

D. C. M. O. . 

F. W. A. . 
H. W. C. A. 
I. D. (N.) A. 
I. D. (P.) A. 
L. C. (C.) A. 
L. G. A. . . 



Alkali Acts, 1S63, 1874 (Consolidated), 1881. M. L. M. A. 

Canal Boats Acts, 1877-84. M. W. C. A. 

Contagious Diseases (Animal) Act, 1878. P. H. A. . . 

Common Lodging Houses Act, 1851, etc. P. H. (A.) A. 

Dairy, Cowshed, and Milk Shop Order, P. H. (I.) A. 

1885-6. P. H. (L.) A. 

Factories and Workshop Act, 1878. P. H. (S.) A. 

Housing of Working Classes Act, 1890. P. H. (W.) A 

Infectious Diseases (Notification) Act, 1889. P. W. L. A. 

" " (Prevention) Act, 1890. R. P. A. . . 

Land Clauses (Consolidation) Acts, 1845. S. F. D. A. . 

Local Government Act, 1888. S. J. A. . . . 



Metropolis Local Management Act, 1855. 

Water Companies Act, 1871. 
Public Health (England) Act, 1875. 
" (Amendt.) " 
" (Ireland) " 
" (London) " 
" " (Scotland) " 1867. 

(Water) " 1878. 
Public Works Loans Act, 1879. 
Rivers Pollution Act, 1876. 
Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875. 
Summary Jurisdiction Act. 



SIGNS ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., USED IN DESCRIPTIVE ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY. 



o Feet. 

' Inches. 

" Lines; each one-twelfth of an inch, or about 

two millimeters. 

! A mark of affirmation or authentication. 

? A mark of doubt. 

- Figures or words separated by a short dash 

indicate the extremes of variation, as 
5-10" long, few-many flowered; i. e., 
varying from 5 to 10 lines in length, and 
with few to many flowers. 

c.c Cubic centimeter. 

cm. Centimeter. 

mm Millimeter. 

ij. The Micron, Micromillimeter, or unit of 

Microscopic Measurement. For conven- 
ience of reference, the following table of 
comparative measurements is given : — 

M Inches. ij. inches. Inches. /a 

1 000039 6 000236 ^^,,5 .... 2.5399 

2 000079 7 000276 1 ,. ,„, 

3 000118 8 000315 ™" 25 ' 3997 

4 000157 9 000354 T "" 2 53-997 2 

5 000197 IO 000394 One Meter . 39.370432 in. 



X Used to express magnification, thus X 1000 

indicates a magnification of 1000 diame- 
ters. The improper fraction ip I Q!> indi- 
cates the same thing, but is rarely used. 

An annual Herb. 

A biennial Herb. 

A perennial Herb. 

An Undershrub, deciduous. 



® 



If 

t> 

tD An UnderShrub, evergreen. 

O A Shrub, deciduous. 

O A Shrub, evergreen. 

S> ........ A Tree, deciduous. 

D A Tree, evergreen. 

Jj An herbaceous Vine, annual or biennial. 

r? A woody Vine, deciduous. 

•2 A woody Vine, evergreen. 

Wi A trailing Herb, annual or biennial. 

kj A trailing Herb, perennial. 

JJJ An aquatic plant. 

$ . Flowers perfect. 






ABBREVIATIONS 



xm 



<f A male animal, or a plant or flower bear- 
ing only stamens or antheridia. 

5 A female animal or a plant or flower 

bearing only pistils or archegonia. 

Q A young animal of undetermined sex, thus 

o"o, young male, or ?ygfor young female, 
but Qjuv (juvenis, young). 

Q A monocarpic plant. 

0= Cotyledons accumbent. 

O || Cotyledons incumbent. 

i A plant introduced and naturalized. 

t . . A plant cultivated for ornament. 

I A plant cultivated for use. 

8 Monecious. 

o* $ Diecious 

cf § $ Polygamus. 

o Wanting or none. 

oo Numerous or indefinite; more than twenty 

when applied to stamens. 

a The microsecond represents .ooi second or 

the unit of time in experiments or psycho- 
physic reactions. 

Authors' names are abbreviated in the following Marnier: — 

Ait., Aiton. Bech., Bechstein. Cham., Chamisso. Dum., 
Dumeril, etc. 

Nupt, signifies in ornithology, breeding plumage. 

hornot, means a bird of the year. 

-aceae, a suffix used in botany to designate a family, the name 
chosen being one of the principal genera. Ex., Rosa, Ros- 
acea, Ranunculus, Ranunculacece. Cf., icece, idetz, inecz, 
ece. 

-ana, preferably used as a suffix to the name of a species 
around which others naturally cluster, in the naming of 
subsections or groups of species; e.g.. the group of 
species of Helix related to H. pomatia may be indicated 
by the term Pomatiana. 

-ensis, a termination given to the names of species only when 
derived from the name of their habitat; e.g., T&nia 
madagascariensis , Daphne chinensis, Dracccna brasili- 
ensis. 

Eu-, employed as a prefix in forming the names of genera, sub- 
genera, or sections of genera before a Greek derivative. 

Excl. gen., exclusit genus. 

Excl. sps., exclusit species. 

Excl. var., exclusit varietas, when following an onym, indi- 
cates that the group has undergone revision, and the 
name does not cover the original ground to the extent 
indicated. 

-ia, -ius, -ica, -icus, -ina, -inus, -ita, -itus, terminations 
used in making specific names which are derived from 
the name of a river or other body of water, a province, 
a country, or a kingdom ; e. g., arabicus. 

-iceae, -idea?, -ineee, suffixes used in botany to designate a 
family when the name taken ends in Latin -ix or -is 
(genitive ids, idis, iscis): e.g., Salicinece from Salix, 
Berberidecz from Berberis, Tamariscineee from Tamarix. 

-tae, as a rule, these suffixes, together with etz, are employed 
to designate botanic sub-families, tribes, and sub-tribes ; 
e.g., Rosecz from Rosa. 

-ids, -inae, the suffixes added to the name of the earliest 
known or most characteristic genus, to designate zoologic 



families or sub-families; e. g., Slrix, Strigis, Stmgidcz, 
Bucerotis, Bucerotidcz. 

-ites, -itis, frequently employed to designate fossil organisms 
analogous to the living form whose generic name is the 
radical to which ites is appended. They are rarely used 
with specific names. 

Mutatis char., mutatis characteris, when following a specific 
name signifies a change in the diagnostic characters of a 
species. 

-astrum, -oidea or -oides, -oidalis, -oideum, -opsis, termina- 
tions employed in forming generic, sub-generic, or 
specific names after a Greek derivative. Bourguinat 
suggests that astrum be reserved to be appended to the 
name of a genus to indicate its typical sub-division. 
Opsis and oides should be reserved for sub-divisions of a 
genus which resemble another genus, by adding them to 
the name of that other genus when it is of Greek origin. 

-oides is preferably reserved for specific names of Greek or 
barbarous (never Latin) origin. 

(a) When the radical of the specific name is the name of a 
genus which it resembles, e. g., Salix myrtilloides, 
Bupleurum ranunculoides, Malva abutiloides, Thuja 
cupressoides. 

(b) When the radical is the name of another species which 
the new one resembles. Helix carascaloides, a species 
like H. carascalensis. 

(c) When the radical of the specific name is a Greek word 
signifying an animal, organ, part, object, as Potentilla 
arachnoidea, Prenanthes deltoidea. Jungermannia zoop- 
sis, icthyoides, rhomboidale, pterigoideus, paraboloides, 
dendroideus. 

Only one apparent exception to the compounding of Greek 
and Latin has been consecrated by usage ; viz. : ovoides 
from ovum and ei£os ; this has-arisen from the absence of 
euphony in the correct form, ooides (ciov, and eiSos). 

pro-parte, for a part, when following a specific name indi- 
cates that since its first application the group has been 
revised. 

Pseudo-, a prefix employed in forming specific names before 
a Greek derivative. 

-pteris, a termination frequently employed in the generic 
names of ferns, for the purpose of recalling the affinities 
of the genus. 

sp. (i) In zoology, abbreviation of species, written when the 
specific name is not known or is wanting, or if placed 
after the name of the authority, as Cra?iia craniolaris, 
Linne sp., indicates that Linns' is only to be credited 
with the specific name. 
(2) In botany, species or specimen. 

Sub-, a prefix employed in forming specific names before a 
Latin derivative. It may also be used in designating a 
new species before the name of another with which the 
first was in intimate relation. It is also used in the sense 
of nearly, less, somewhat, slightly. It has, moreover, a 
few legitimate Latin compounds which may be used for 
specific names ; e. g ., subterraneus , subalpinus-a-um , sub- 
currens, subcutaneus, subdimidiatus, subjectus, sub- 
mersus, subrotundus, substratus. 

Sub-sp., subspecies. 

gen., genus. 

var., variety, placed before the name of a plant or animal 
indicates that it is a hybrid of doubtful origin. 



SUNDRY 

Adj Adjective. 

Adv Adverb. 

Am American. 

Arab Arabic. 

A. S Anglo-Saxon. 

Bot Botany. Botanic. 

B. Ph British Pharmacopeia. 

Celt Celtic. 

Cf. Confer, see. 

Chem . Chemistry, Chemic. 

Colloq Colloquial. 

Comp Compounded, Compound. 

Dim Diminutive. 

e. g (Exempli gratia), For example. 

Elec Electricity. 

Eng English. 

Etym Etymology, Etymologic. 

f. Feminine. 

Fr French. 

Geog Geography, Geographic. 

Geol Geology, Geologic. 

Geom Geometry, Geometric. 

Ger German. 

G. Ph German Pharmacopeia. 

Gr Greek. 

Heb Hebrew. 

Hind Hindustani. 

Ichth Ichthyology. 

i. e (id est), that is. 

It Italian. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 

L., or Lai Latin. 

Masc Masculine. 

Math Mathematics. 

Med Medicine, Medical. 

M. E Middle English. 

N. F National Formulary. 

Nat. Hist Natural History. 

Neg Negative. 

Obs Obsolete. 

O. F Old French. 

Ophth Ophthalmology, Ophthalmologic. 

Path Pathology, Pathologic. 

Phil Philosophy, Philosophic. 

Phys Physiology, Physiologic. 

'pi Plural. 

priv Privative. 

Pron Pronounced, Pronunciation. 

q.v (Quod vide) which see. 

Sax Saxon. 

Sing Singular. 

Sp Spanish. 

Surg Surgery, Surgical. 

Unof. Unofficial. 

U. S. Ph United States Pharmacopeia. 

v Verb. 

v. i Intransitive verb. 

vide See. 

v. t Transitive verb. 

Zool Zoology, Zoologic. 



ABBREVIATIONS 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES USED IN MEDICAL TERMS. 



PREFIXES. 



A-, an-, called alpha privative (Gr. a, av, or ap), the equiva- 
lent of our prefix, un-, or in-, denotes an absence or want 
of the thing or quality expressed by the principal ; e. g., 
adynamia, anaerobic, aphasia, apraxia, apyrexia, 
astigmatism, atony, etc. a is used before consonants, 
an before vowels, and, rarely, am before bl or br. (To 
be distinguished from ana.) 

Ad- (ad), to, at, toward, as, adduction, adhesion. The d is 
often changed in the compound to correspond to the next 
letter, as accretion, appendix. 

Al-(Arab.) article the; e.g., alchemy, the secret art; alcohol, 
the very subtle. 

Amphi- (or amph-) (d.p<i>i), upon both sides, in two ways, as in 
amphiarthrosis, amphibia, etc. 

Ana- (dvi). Up, through, again ; e.g., anabolism, anasarca, 
anatomy, etc. 

Anti- (or ant-) (avri). Against, opposed to, opposite of; as 
antaphrodisiac, antibrachium, antipyretic, antiseptic, etc. 

Apo- (a-no). Off, away, upon ; e . g., aponeurosis, apoplexy, etc. 

Auto- (auTos). Self; as autopepsia, autopsy. 

Bary- (0apus). Heavy, difficult ; as barymezia, baryphonia, etc. 

Bi-, bin- (bis). Twice, twofold ; e.g., bicuspid, bivalent, binoc- 
ular, binaural. 

Bio- (;3ios). Life, e.g., bioplasm, biology, biolysis. 

Brach- (jSpaxtW). Arm, pertaining to the arm ; as brachialgia, 
brachioncus. 

Broncho- (Spdyxos). Pertaining to the trachea; as bronchor- 
rhagia, bronchotomy. 

Cardi-, cardio- (/cap&'a). Pertaining to the heart, as cardio- 
gram, cardialgia. 

Celio-, coelio- (koiAicl). Pertaining to the belly, as celiotomy, 
cceliac. 

Chiro- (x"P). The hand. Chiragra, chiropodist. 

Co-, con-. Together, along with ; e.g., coitus, congenital. 

Dacryo- (Satpvov). A tear, pertaining to a tear ; as dacryoid, 
dacryo-cystitis. 

Dactyl- (SdxTvAos). A finger; pertaining to the fingers; as 
dactylitis, dactylion, dactylate. 

Dermo-, dermato- (Seppa). The skin ; pertaining to the skin ; 
e g., dermotomy, dermalolysis. 

Di- (619). Twice, double; as dimorphism, digastric. 

Dia- (610). Through. Examples: diabetes, diagnosis, dia- 
phragm, diarrhea, etc. 

Dyn- (Svmpis). Force, power ; dynamogeny, dynamograph. 

Dys- (Sds). Difficult, defective, painful ; e.g., dysentery, dysp- 
nea, dysuria. 

Ec-, ex-, ecto- (e/c, ef, e/tTos). Out, outside, away from ; as 
in ecchymoses, ecdemic, eclampsia, exostosis, exanthema, 
ectropion, ectoderm. 

En-, em- (iv, ep). In, within ; as in embryo, embolism, en- 
demic, etc. 

Endo-, ento- (ei>Tos). Within, internal ; e. g., endarteritis, 
endoscope, entoblast \ entoptic. 

Entero- (evrepov). The intestine ; as in enterocele, enter- 
ostomy, etc. 

Epi- (epi). Upon, over, above; e. g., epiblast, epicranium, 
epistaxis, epidemic, etc. 

Extra- (Lat.). Outside; e. g., extravasation, extroversion. 

Galact- (yaKa). Milk : asgalactocele, galactosemia, galacturia. 

Gastro- (ya<rr>jp). The stomach ; relation to the stomach ; 
e.g., gastrocele, gastrocnemius, gastroenterostomy, etc. 

Genio- (yevclov). Pertaining to the chin ; e. g.,geniohyoglos- 
sus, geniohyoid. 

Glosso- (yAwo-cra). Pertaining to the tongue. See glossology, 
glossoplegia, glossophytia. 

Haema-, haemato- or hemo- (Sipa). The blood ; pertaining to 
the blood. See hematemesis, hematoma, hemorrhage, Ac. 

Hemi- (rjpi-rjpio-us). Half; as in hemiachromatopsia, hemi- 
crania, hemiplegia. 

Hepat- (rJTrap). The liver ; pertaining to the liver. See hepat- 
emphraxis, hepatization, hepatopostema. 

Hetera- (eVfiros). Different; opposite; e.g., heteroinfection, 
heterologous, heteropathy. 

Hydro-, hydr- (iiSuip). Water; resembling or relating to water, 
dropsy, etc.; as in hydremia, hydragogue, hydrate, 
hydrocephalus, etc. 

Hyper- (u7re'p). Excess; exaggerated abnormality in amount, 
size, quality, etc. See hyperesthesia, hy'permetropia, 
hyperpyrexia, hypertrophy, and others. 

Hypno- (vitvos). Sleep. See hypnopathy, hypnotism. 

Hypo- (v7ro). Diminution as to degree, amount, size, quality, 
etc., or that located under or beneath ; e. g.Jiyposthenia, 
hypoblast , hypochondriac, hypodermatic, hypoglossal. 

Hystera-, hystero- (varipa). The uterus or womb ; relation 
to the uterus; e.g., hysterectomy, hystero- epilepsy, 
hysteropexia, etc. 

Ileo- [Ileum), Pertaining to the ileum - e.g., ileo-colitis, ileo- 
typhus. 



Ilio- (Ilium). Pertaining to the ilium; e.g., iliofemoral, ih. 
lumbar. 

Im-, in- (In). Privative, negative ; as imperforate, incarcer- 
ation, insane, incontinence. 

In- (ev). In, within, upon, by; as incubation, infarction, in- 
flammation, inoculation, etc. 

Infra- (Infra). Beneath, below ; e.g., inframaxillary, in- 
frascapular. 

Inter- (Inter). Between. See intercellular, intercostal, inter- 
trigo, and others. 

Intra- (Intra). Within, inside of, as intra-ariicular, intra- 
uterine. 

Iso- (lo-os). Equal, like; e.g., isometric, isothermal, isopathy. 

Kata-, kath- (Kara). Down, through ; as katabolism, Catatonia, 
kathode. 

Leuko- (Aevxos). Whiteness; e. g., leukemia, leukocyte, 
leukomain, leukorrhea. 

Lith-, litho- (Aiflos). Pertaining to stone, calculus, or lithic 
acid. See lithemia, lithiasis, lithotripsy, etc. 

Macro- (pa/cpd;). Largeness, hypertrophy ; as in macroglossia, 
macromelia. 

Mai- {Malus). Bad ; as malformation, malpractice, malaria 

Melano- (pe'Aas). Blackness, pigmentation ; e g, melancholia, 
melano-sarcoma. 

Meso- (peo-os). The middle ; e.g., mesoblast, mesocolon, etc. 

Meta- (p6T<l). With, after; e. g., metabolism, metatarsus. 

Micro- (pi/cpos). Smallness; e.g., micrococcus, microglossia, 
microscope. 

Mon-, mono- (poi/os). Singleness. For example, monamin, 
monomania, monorchis. 

Morpho- (popcfiij). Shape, form ; e.g., morphography, morphol- 
ogy, morphometry. 

Multi- (multus). Number, many ; e. g., multilocular, multi- 
parous. 

Myelo- (MveAds). Referring to the brain or spinal cord; as 
myeloid, myelitis. 

Myo- (pus). Pertaining to a muscle or to muscularity. See 
myocarditis, myoma, myopathy. 

Neo- («os). New, recent, young ; as neogala, neo-membrane, 
neoplasm. 

Nephr- (ve<f>po$). Pertaining to the kidney; e. g., nephra- 
postasis, nephria, nephritis. 

Neuro- (vevpov). Relating to a nerve or to neurology. In the ori- 
ginal Greek the word meant a cord or tendon, — neurosis, 
the stringing of the bow. It is now applied only to 
nerve-structure; as, e. g., neuralgia, neurasthenia, 
neurilemma, neuroglia. 

Ob- (Ob). In front of, against, denoting hindrance or ob- 
struction; e. g., obstruent, obturator, occlusion, op- 
ponens. 

Odonto- (dSovs). Of the teeth ; as odontology, odontalgia. 

Oligo- (oAi'yos). Fewness or lack of, as oligocythemia. 

Ophthalmo- (o^flaApds). Pertaining to the eye, as ophthal- 
mia, ophthalmoplegia. 

Ortho- (op0ds). Straight, upright, correct. See orthoscope, 
orthopedia, orthopraxis. 

Osteo- (doreoi*). Referring to bone. See osteoblast, osteomyel- 
itis, osteoplastic. 

Oto- (o5s). Pertaining to the ear, as otonhea. otophone. 

Oxy- (u|vs). Denoting the presence of oxygen, or acidity ; as 
oxygen, oxyhemoglobin. 

Pan-, Pant- (iris, -no.v). All, every, universal ; as pancreas, 
pangenesis, pantomorphic . 

Para- (-rrapa). Through, near, by, by the side of, abnormality. 
Examples: paracentesis, paresthesia, parenchyma, par- 
otid. 

Peri- (jrepi). About, around. See, e. g., pericardium, peri- 
meter, perilymph, periosteum. 

Pod- (ttovs). Pertaining to the foot, as podalgia, podedema. 

Poly-, pol- (ttoAus). Many, much ; e.g., polycoria, polygalac- 
tia, polyuria. 

Prae-, pre- (Prce). Before; e. g., prcecordia, prepuce. 

Pro- (7rpd). Before, down ; as in process, procidentia, prolapse, 
proptosis. 

Proc-, procto- (ttpuj/ctos). The anus, pertaining to the anus ; 
e. g. , proctitis, proctoplegia. 

Pseudo- dj/eu^rjs). False, spurious ; as in pseudarthrosis ,pseudo- 
cyesis. 

Pyo- (iruoi'). Pertaining to pus or purulency ; e. g., pyogenic, 
pyosalpinx . 

Pyr-, pyro- (n-Op). Concerning fire or heat, or inflammation ; 
e. g., pyrogenous, pyrexia. 

Retro- (Retro). Backward, behind ; e. g., retroflex, retro- 
version. 

Rhin-, Rhino- (pt's). Pertaining to the nose, as rhinoplasty, 
rhinitis. 

Semi- (Semis). Half, partly, almost, as semicapium, semi- 
lunar. 



ABBREVIATIONS 



xv 



Sphyg- (o-^uymos). Pertaining to the pulse, as sphygmometer, 

sphygnwtechny. 
Sub- (Slid). Beneath, under; and also partialty or deficiency 

of, as subclavian, subluxation. 
Super- {Super). Above, upon ; excess of; e. g., supercilium, 

superfecundation. 



Supra- (Supra). Above, upon, superior to, as supraorbital, 

supraspinatus. 
Sym-, syn- (<rvv). With, together, same. See, e. g., symbleph- 

aron, symphysis, synalgia, synchondrosis. 
Zoo- ^iioi'). Animal. See zoology, zoochemia. 



SUFFIXES. 



-ago (agere). Gives the idea of activity, presentation, etc.; as 
lumbago. 

-agogue (ayeiv, to bear off, carry away). Signifies an agent 
stimulating the function of excretion or secretion of the 
product. Thus, emmenagogue, hvdragogue, sialagogue. 

-agra (aypa, an attack, seizure). Denotes an acute attack of 
pain in the part, as arthragra, podagra. 

-algia (dA-yos, pain). Pain in a part, expressed by the chief 
word; e.g., cephalalgia, gastralgia. 

-atresia (drpijo-ia). Imperforate, as in proctatresia. 

-cele (ktjAij). A tumor, hernia, or protrusion. See cystocele, 
hydrocele, meningocele. 

-cele, ccele (xocAta). A cavity, ventricle ; e. g., mesocele. 

-ectomy (iktsilvhv). Excision, exsection; as in oophorectomy, 
nephrectomy, splenectomy. 

-emia, (di/ua, blood). Denotes a condition of the blood, or an 
ingredient in the same, expressed by preceding word ; 
e.g., hydremia, lithemia, pyemia, uremia. 

-etin (pj)TiVi)) Used in the narnes of certain resins, as abietin. 

-fuge (fugare, to expel). Driving out, an expeller, as vermi- 
fuge, febrifuge, etc. 

-graph, graphy (ypa<j>eiv, to write). An instrument ; a treatise 
or description ; e. g., sphygmograph, demography. 

-ia, often contracted to -y, denotes the quality of the root-word 
as an abstract noun, as akromegalia, acromegaly. 

-idae (-idijs). The suffix to the name of a genus forming the 
name of a family ; bovidcz, equides. 

-igo. A variation of -ago ; e. g., prurigo, vertigo. 

-is, -sis. Present the abstract idea of activity of the root-word. 

-ism (-io-juos). Implies the doctrine, practice, or theory of the 
principal word ; Darwinism, tribadism. 

-ite (-in;?). Of the nature of. In anatomy, denoting a constit- 
uent part of an organ ; as sergite, stemite. In chemistry, 
any salt of an -ous acid ; as sulphite, phosphite. 

-itis (-iris). Originally the feminine ending of Greek substan- 
tives and denotes an especial activity of the root-word. 
By habit and general use it is now limited to inflam- 
matory activity ; as gastritis, otitis, etc. 

-logy (Aoyos, discourse). A treatise upon ; as bacteriology, 
dermatology , pathology. 

-lysis (A0<ris, a loosening). A separation into constituent parts, 
or the setting free of some part ; as hydrolysis, analysis. 

-malacia (judAaKos, soft). Abnormal softness ; as in osteo- 
malacia. 

-mania (juaWa, madness). The chief word denotes the principal 



symptom of the mental affection ; e. g., erotomania, 
kleptomania, etc. 

-meter (fierpov, a measure). An instrument for measuring; 
e. g., aerometer, urinometer. 

-odynia • o&vvq, excessive pain). The principal word denotes 
the seat of great pain, as coccygodynia. 

-oid (iI5os, form). Similar in shape, etc.; as in choroid, cuboid, 
sphenoid, xiphoid. 

-oma Uo\xo.). A tumor, e.g., glioma, sarcoma. 

-opia (<a\j/). Pertaining to the eye or vision ; as in amblyopia, 
myopia, etc. 

-orium, -torium, -sorium (tt\piov). Designate places, tools, 
etc.; as tentorium, auditorium, etc. 

-osis, -osus, derived from Greek words in -6i», and usually 
denote fulness, redundancy, excess. 

-pathy (7rd9os). A condition of disease, and also a method of 
cure ; as adenopathy, psychopathy, homeopathy , hydro- 
pathy. 

-phobia (cpo3os, fear). Morbid or exaggerated fear or dread, 
as agoraphobia, photophobia. 

-plasty (TrKoLtro-eiv, to form). Surgical plastic operation upon 
a part ; e.g., blepharoplasty, rhinoplasty. 

-rhagia (piiyvv/nu, to burst forth). A hemorrhage or excessive 
discharge; e. g., blennorrhagia, metrorrhagia. 

-rhaphy (pacjjij, a suture). A stitching or suturing of a part ; as 
enterorrhaphy , perineorrhaphy . 

-rhea (peeiv, to flow). An excessive discharge or excretion ; as 
blennorrhea, diarrhea, leukorrhea. 

-scope (a-KOTTeiv, to look). An instrument for making an exam- 
ination ; as laryngoscope, microscope. 

-scopy (aKo-ninv). An examination ; as ophthalmoscopy . 

-stomy (<rrd|ua, mouth). A suffix seen in the names of those 
surgical operations in which an artificial opening or pas- 
sage is formed, as enterostomy. 

-tas, -ty. Derived originally from the Greek -ttjs, denote ab- 
stract quality or idea, as immunity, acidity. 

-tio, -atio, -tion. A suffix of verbal roots denoting an action 
or function as taking place — an occurrence. The n was 
added to the original -tio by Roman and French in- 
fluence. 

-tomy (ri/jLveiv, to cut). Incision; e.g., laparotomy, tenotomy. 

-ulus, -ula, -ulum, -ola, -ion, -ellus, -illus, -leus. Diminu- 
tives. 

-uria (ovpeeiv, to urinate). Abnormalities of the urine or of 
urination ; as albuminuria, polyuria. 



A. 


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L. K. Q. C. P. I. 



DEGREES, DIPLOMAS, AND QUALIFICATIONS. 

Fellow of the American Academy. LL. B Bachelor of Laws. 

Bachelor of Arts. LL. D Doctor of Laws. 

Master of Arts. L. R. C. P. L. . .. Licentiate of the Royal College of Physi- 

Master in Surgery. cians of London. 

Doctor of Dental Surgery. L. R. C. P. Ed. . . Licentiate of the Royal College of Physi- 

Diploma in Public Health. cians of Edinbnrgh. 

Diploma in State Medicine. L. R. C. S. Ed. . . Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons 

Diploma in Sanitary Science. of Edinburgh. 

Fellow of the Botanical Society. L. R. C. S. I. . . . Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons 

Fellow Botanical Society of Edinburgh. in Ireland. 

Fellow of the Chemical Society. L. S. A Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Society of 

Fellow of the Entomological Society. London. 

Fellow of the Faculty of Physicians and L. S. S Licentiate in Sanitary Science. 

Surgeons of Glasgow. M. A Master of Arts. 

Fellow of the King and Queen's College of M. B Bachelor of Medicine. 

Physicians of Ireland. M. D Doctor of Medicine. 

Fellow of the Linnaean Society. M. K. Q. C. P. I. . Member of the King and Queen's College 

Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Physicians of Ireland. 

of London. M. P. S Member of the Pharmaceutical Society. 

Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians M. R. C. C. ... Member Royal College of Chemistry. 

of Edinburgh. M. R. C. P. L. . . Member of the Royal College of Physicians 

Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 

of Ireland. M. R. C. P. Ed. . Member of the Royal College of Physicians 

Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 

of England. M. R. C. P. I. . . Member of the Royal College of Physicians 

Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland. 

of Edinburgh. M. R. C. S. E. . . Member of the Royal College of Surgeons 

Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 

in Ireland. M. R. C. S. Ed. . Member of the Royal College of Surgeons 

Fellow of the Royal Society. of Edinburgh. 

Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. M. R. C. S. I. . Member of the Royal College of Surgeons 

Fellow of the Royal Society of London. in Ireland. 

Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Hall, Dublin. M. R. C. V. S. . . Member of the Royal College of Veterinary 

Licentiate in Dental Surgery. Surgeons. 

Licentiate of the Faculty of Physicians and M. S Master in Surgery. 

Surgeons of Glasgow. Ph. B Bachelor of Philosophy. 

Licentiate of the King and Queen's College Ph. D Doctor of Philosophy. 

of Physicians of Ireland. V. S Veterinary Surgeon. 



INDEX OF TABLES 



AND IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS, WHEREIN LARGE NUMBERS OF FACTS ARE 
BROUGHT TOGETHER AND CLASSIFIED. 



PAGE 

Abbreviations, ix 

Prefixes and Suffixes, xiv 

Acids, 28 

Alcohols, . : 56 

Aldehyds, 57 

Anesthetics, 79 

Angles, 83 

Arteries {Illustrated), Il6 

Artificial P'eeding of Infants, .......... 140 

Bacteria {Illustrated') 157 

Bandages {Illustrated), 188 

Baths, 195 

Batteries, Electrical, used in Medicine, 198 

Bones {Illustrated), 217 

Breath Sounds 235 

canals, 253 

Carbohydrates 261 

Catheters, Sizes of {Illustrated), 272 

Cereals 280 

Cheese, 285 

Condensed Milks 316 

Convolutions of Cerebrum {Illustrated), .... 323 

Craniometric Points, 337 

Diameters, Craniometric and Pelvic 369 

Diseases, Eponymic, 380 

Doses, Gaubins' Table, 395 

Ducts, 398 

Electric Units 413 

Elements, Chemic, 416 

Ethers, ". \/\\ 

Exanthemata, 450 

Fetometry, 465 

Fetus, Positions and Presentations of, 467 

Fevers, 466 

Fissures, 473 

Flour, 479 

Foods, 482 

Foramina 483 

Ganglia, 502 

Glands, 517 

Handkerchief Dressings {Illustrated), 540 

Hernia {Illustrated'), 561 

Hydrocarbons 581 

Insanity, 615 

Knots, Surgical {Illustrated) 645 

Koumiss, Analysis of, 646 

Lamina, 655 

Laws, 663 

Leukomains, 674 

Life, Expectation of, 678 

Ligament {Illustrated), 679 

Lines or Lineae, 688 

Localization {Illustrated), 701 

Membrana, 741 

Metric System, • 759 



PAGE 

Milk, Analysis of 768 

Monstrosities, 779 

Motor Points {Illustrated), 784 

Mulatto, 789 

Murmurs, 792 

Muscles {Illustrated), . ■ 795 

Nerves {Illustrated), 848 

Nuclei, 878 

Oils, 889 

Oleomargarin, Analysis of, 892 

Operations, Eponymic 899 

Organotherapy, 940 

Paralyses, 973 

Parasites {Illustrated), 978 

Pelves {Illustrated), 1035 

Phthisis 1075 

Pigments, 1085 

Planes, 1 109 

Plates, 1 1 14 

Plexuses, 1 121 

Points, 1 133 

Poisons, 1 136 

Position, and Position and Direction, 1 161 

Postures {Illustrated), 1 167 

Pregnancy, 1 175 

Processes, 1181 

Ptomains, 1210 

Rales 1235 

Reflexes, 1245 

Regions {Illustrated), 1248 

Resins, 1253 

Respiration, 1255 

Signs and Symptoms of Disease, *3 2 3 

Sinuses {Illustrated), 1 329 

Skin Diseases, 1333 

Soaps, 1338 

Spaces, 1343 

Spectacle Lenses, Numbering of, 134^ 

Spinal Cord, Localization in {Illustrated), .... 1354 
Stains, Fluids for Fixing and Hardening, etc., . . 1367 

Starches {Illustrated), I4°8 

Sugars, 1430 

Sutures {Illustrated) 1437 

Tests, 1468 

Theories, 15 10 

Thermometers, Comparison of, I 5 I 3 

Treatments, J 53 2 

Triangles, 1539 

Tumors {Illustrated), 1555 

Urinary Calculi, Analysis of, 157° 

Urinary Sediments {Illustrated ), 1577 

Urine, Colors of the 1580 

Veins, . . . . I59 2 

Wave-lengths, and Frequencies of Light, .... 1612 
Weights and Measures {Illustrated) 1613 



AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY 



OF 



Medicine, Biology, and Allied Sciences. 



A [d,dv,or d/i, without] . The Greek letter alpha, called 
alpha privative, equivalent to the prefix un or in. It 
denotes absence or want of the thing or quality expressed 
by the root of the word, a- is used before consonant, 
and an- before vowel sounds; am- is sometimes used 
before -bl or -be. Also, the symbol of Anode. 

Aa [ava, of each]. An abbreviation, written aa, used 
in prescriptions to denote repetition of the same quan- 
tity for each item. 

aaa. Abbreviation for Amalgam. 

Aasmus (a-as'-mus) [aaa/ioc;, a breathing out]. Asthma. 

Ab [ab, from]. A Latin prefix signifying from. 

Abaca (ab'-ak-ah, Sp. pron. ah-vah-kah'). Manilla 
hemp. See Hemp. Also Musa textilis, the plant 
which produces it. 

Abactinal (ab-ak'-tin-al) [ab, away; actinal, the oral 
surface of a radiate animal]. In biology, aboral. 
Agassiz's term for the surface of radiates opposite to 
that having the mouth. 

Abactio (ab-ak' -she-o) [abigere, to drive away]. An 
abortion, or labor, artificially induced. 

Abactus Venter (ab-ak'-tus ven'-ter) [abigere, to drive 
out; venter, the belly]. An abortion procured by artifi- 
cial means. 

Abadie's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Abalienated (ab-dl ' -yen-a-ted) [abalienatus, alienated, 
estranged]. I. Deranged, or insane. 2. Gangrenous, 
or so severely injured as to require amputation or extir- 
pation. 

Abalienation {ab-al-yen-a' -shun) [abalienatio; ab, away ; 
alienare, to transfer] . Decay, especially mental decay, 
insanity. 

Abanet. See Abnet. 

Abaptista (ah-bap-tis' -tali). Same as Abaptiston. 

Abaptiston {ah-bap-tis' -toil) [a priv. ; pd-KTiaroc, im- 
mersed]. A trephine so shaped that penetration of the 
brain is impossible. 

Abarthrosis (ab-ar-thro'-sis) [ab, from ; arthrosis, a 
joint]. Same as Diarthrosis, or Abarticulation. 

Abarticular (ab-ar-tik' -u-lar) [ab, from ; articulus, 
joint]. Not connected with or situated near a joint. 

Abarticulation [ab ar-tik-u-la'-shun) [ab, from; articu- 
latio, joint]. I. Same as Diarthrosis, a term more 
frequently used ; sometimes also a synonym of Synar- 
throsis. 2. A luxation ; the dislocation of a joint. 

Abasia (ah-bd'-ze-ah) [d priv.; /3 date, a step]. Motor 
incoordination in walking. See Astasia. 

Abasic (ah-bd'-sik). Pertaining to, or affected with, 
abasia. 

Abatement (a-bdt'-ment) [ab, from; batuere, to strike]. 
Mitigation or decrease in severity of pain, or of any 
untoward symptom or condition. 

2 17 



Abattoir {ah-bat-war ,s ) [Fr.]. A slaughter-house or 
establishment for the killing and dressing of animals. 

Abaxial (ab-ak' -se-al) [ab, from; axis, an axle]. Not 
situated in the line of the axis. In botany, indicating 
that the embryo is not in the axis of the seed. 

Abbe Condenser. See Illuminator, Abbe. A. Illumi- 
nator. See Illuminator. 

Abbe's Apochromatic Lenses. See Apochromatic 
Lens. A. Catgut Rings, rings composed of eight 
or ten turns of heavy catgut in the shape of an oval, 
with inside diameter of two inches, for use in intesti- 
nal anastomosis. 

Abbreviate, or Abbreviated (ab-bre'-ve-a-ted) [ab, 
from; breviare, to shorten]. Shortened, cut short. 

Abbreviations (ab-bre-ve-a'-shunz). See List of Abbre- 
viations in introductory matter. 

Abdomen (ab-do'-men or ab' -do-men) [abdere, to hide]. 
The large inferior cavity of the trunk, extending from 
the pelvic cavity to the diaphragm, and bounded in 
front and at the sides by the lower ribs and abdominal 
muscles, and behind by the vertebral column, the psoas 
and quadratus lumborum muscles. It is artificially 
divided into nine regions by two circular lines, the upper 
parallel with the cartilages of the ninth ribs, the lower 
with the iliac crests, and by two lines from the cartilages 
of the eighth rib to the center of Poupart's ligament. 
The regions thus formed are, above, the right hypochon- 
driac, the epigastric, and the left hypochondriac ; 
secondly, the right lumbar, umbilical, and left lumbar; 
and below, the right inguinal, the hypogastric and the 
left inguinal. A., Pendulous, a relaxed condition 
of the abdominal walls in which they hang down over 
the pubis. 

Abdominal (ab-dom'-in-al) [abdere, to hide]. Pertain- 
ing to or connected with the abdomen. A. Aneurysm. 
See Aneurysm. A. Aorta. See Artery. A. Apo- 
neurosis. See Aponeurosis! A. Brain, the solar 
plexus. A. Compress, a form of local pack, made 
by forming folds of a coarse linen towel of sufficient 
breadth to reach from the ensiform cartilage to the 
pubis ; ^one of the folds is then wrung out of cold 
water, applied, and the remainder is rolled around the 
body so as to retain it in position. A. Ganglia. See 
Ganglia. A. Gestation,. See Pregnancy, Extra- 
uterine. A. Hysteria, an hysterical condition simulat- 
ing peritonitis, in which the abdomen becomes extremely 
painful to the touch, swollen, and distended with gas, 
attended with temporary rise of temperature. A. Line, 
the linea alba. A. Muscles, the internal and external 
obliques, the transversalis, rectus, pyramidalis, and quad- 
ratus lumborum. See Muscles, Table of. A. Pore, a 
name applied to the openings connecting the peritoneal 



ABDOMINO-ANTERIOK 



18 



ABIES 



cavity of a few fishes with the urino-genital cloaca, 
and employed in the outward transportation of the 
generative products. A. Press. See Prelum Abdo- 




Abdominal Regions. 

minale. A. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. A. Re- 
gions. See Abdomen. A. Respiration, R. carried 
on chiefly by the diaphragm and abdominal muscles. 
A. Ribs, transverse ossifications (dermal?) of the 
abdominal wall of crocodiles and certain other reptiles. 
A. Ring, External, a triangular opening in the fibers 
of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle trans- 
mitting the spermatic cord of the male and the round 
ligament of the female. A. Ring, Internal, an oval 
aperture in the fascia transversalis that transmits the 
spermatic cord of the male and the round ligament of 
the female. A. Scutella, the broad, belly scales of 
serpents, so far as the anus. A. Section. See Celi- 
otomy. A. Segments, the more or less evident trans- 
verse divisions or somites of the abdomen in arthropods. 
A. Typhus, Enteric Fever. A. Vertebrae, those 
vertebrae in fishes, that give off ribs or processes arching 
the visceral cavity. 

Abdomino-anterior (ab-dom' ' -in-o-an-te 1 '-re-or). Hav- 
ing the belly forward (used of the fetus in utero). 

Abdomino-genital (ab-dom' ' -in-o-jen' '-it-aT). Relating 
to the abdomen and the genitalia. A. Nerve, Inferior, 
the ilio-inguinal nerve. A. Nerve, Superior, the ilio- 
hypogastric nerve. 

Abdomino - hysterectomy [ab-dom' ' -in-o-his-ler-ek' '- 
to-?)ie). Removal of the uterus through an abdominal 
incision. 

Abdomino - hysterotomy (ab-dom' '-in-o-his-ter-ot' '-o- 
me). Hysterotomy through an abdominal incision. 

Abdomino-posterior (ab-dom 1 ' -in-o-pos-te 1 '-re-or). Hav- 
ing the belly toward the mother's back (used of the 
fetus in utero). 

Abdomino-scrotal (ab-dom' ' -in-o-skro 1 '-tal). Relating 
to the abdomen and the scrotum. A. Muscle, the 
cremaster muscle. 

Abdomino-thoracic (ab-dom' -in-otho-ras' -ik). Re- 
lating to the abdomen and thorax. 

Abdomino - uterotomy (ab-dom' ' -in-o-u-ter-ol' '-o-me). 
See Abdomino-h vsterotomy. 

Abdomino-vesical (ab-dom' -in-o-ves'-ik-al). Relating 
to the abdomen and the urinary bladder. A. Pouch, a 
fold of the peritoneum in which are comprised the 
urachal fossae. 

Abdominoscopy (ab-dom-in-os' ' -ko-pe) [abdomen ; 
CKOTveiv, to examine]. Examination of the abdomen 



for diagnostic purposes, by inspection, palpation, meas- 
urement, percussion, etc. 
Abdominous (ab-dom' -in-us) [abdere, to hide]. Hav- 
ing a large abdomen. 
Abduce (ab-dus') \_ab, away ; dncere, to lead]. To draw 

away, as by an abductor muscle. 
Abducens (ab-du'-senz) [L., "leading away"]. A 
term applied to certain muscles, or their nerves, that 
draw the related part from the median line of the body. 
Also, the sixth pair of nerves supplying the external 
recti of the eye. A. oculi. See Muscles, Table of. 
Abducent (ab-du' '-sent). See Abducens. 
Abduct (ab-dukt') [ab, from ; ducere, to draw]. To draw, 
or cause to move, away from the median line, whether 
of the body or of a limb. 
Abduction (ab-duk' -shun) [ab, from ; ducere, to lead], 
I. The withdrawal of a part from the axis of the body, 
or of a limb. 2. The recession or separation from each 
other of the parts of a fractured bone. 3. A. of the 
Eyes, the power of the external recti, measured by 
the maximum ability to preserve singleness of the 
image with prisms placed bases toward the nose. It is 
commonly from 6° to 8°. See, also Adduction. 
Abductor (ab-duk' -tor). Same as Abducens, q. v. A. 

Auris. See Muscles, Table of. 
Abelmoschus (a-bel-mos'-kus) [Ar., 'habb-el-mish, a 
grain of musk]. A genus of malvaceous plants. A. 
esculentus furnishes the esculent known as gumbo, or 
okra. A. moschatus affords Ambrette, q. v., or musk- 
seed, formerly used in medicine. Unof. 
Abepithymia (ab-ep-e-thi' -me-ah) \_ab, from ; imOvfiia, 
longing]. I. A perverted longing, or desire. 2. Pa- 
ralysis of the solar plexus (the diaphragm formerly was 
regarded as the seat of the soul [fty/dc], and of the 
desires). 
Abernethy's Operation. SteOperations, Table of. A. 
Sarcoma, a form of spindle-celled vascular sar- 
coma. 
Aberrant (ab-er'-anf) [ab, from ; errare, to wander]. 
Deviating from the normal or regular type, in appear- 
ance, structure, course, etc., e.g., the aberrant duct of 
the testis or liver, aberrant arteries, etc. 
Aberration (ab-er-a' -shun) [ab, from; en-are, to wander]. 
Deviation from the normal; mental derangement; fetal 
malformation ; vicarious menstruation ; escape of the 
fluids of the body by any unnatural channel. In optics, 
any imperfection of focalization or refraction of a lens. 
A., Chromatic, the dispersion arising from unequal 
refraction of light of different parts of the spectrum. The 
violet rays being more refrangible than the red rays, are 
brought to a focus nearer the lens, and the image is sur- 
rounded by a halo of colors. A., Mental, a degree of 
paranoia that may or may not amount to insanity. A., 
Spherical, the excess of refraction of the peripheral 
part of a convex lens over the central area, producing an 
imperfect focus and a blurred image. 
Abesamum (ab-es'-am-um) [L.]. Wheel-grease ; fat 

charged with iron ; formerly used as a remedy. 
Abevacuation (ab-e-vak-u-a'-shun) [ab, from; evacua- 
tion^. I. A morbid evacuation ; an excessive or deficient 
discharge. 2. The passage of matter from one organ 
or cavity into another; metastasis. 
Abeyance (ab-a'-ans) [O. Fr., for " open-mouthed ex- 
pectation"]. A suspension of activity, or of function ; 
a state of suspended animation, or action. 
Abi (ah'-be). See Lticuma. 
Abiaba (ah -be ah' -bah). See Lticuma. 
Abicum (ab'-ik-um) [L.]. The thyroid cartilage. (Obs., 

or rare.) 
Abies (a'-be-cz) [L.]. A genus of coniferous plants, includ- 
ing the fir, hemlock, and spruce A. balsamea, Silver 
Fir, Balsam Fir, or Balm of Gilead, a tree of the nat. 



ABIETENE 



]9 



ABORTICIDE 



ord. Conifera, from which is derived the Terebinthina 
Canadensis. A. canadensis, Hemlock Spruce. Bark 
of the Canadian Fir-tree. Used as an astringent in 
various local and internal conditions. Yields Pix Cana- 
densis. A. excelsa, Norway Spruce. Yields Pix 
Burgundica. A. pectinata, the European Silver Fir. 
Its buds are resinous, balsamic, and sudorific. Unof. 
A. Preparations, Extractum Abietis Canadensis 
Liquidum (B. P.). Dose TTLxv-lx. Glycerinum Abietis 
(B. P.). Dosegj-ij. Geddes's Fluid-Extract of Hem- 
lock Bark. Dose ff\v-x. 

Abietene (a-bi' -et-en), C 7 H 16 . A hydrocarbon, obtained 
from the Finns sabiniana, a Californian nut pine. It is 
an aromatic, volatile liquid, agreeing in composition with 
normal heptane It is extensively used as a popular 
remedy ; called, also, Erasene. Unof. 

Abietic (ab-i-et'-ik), Abietinic (ab-i-et-in'-ik) [Abies'], 
Pertaining to the genus Abies, as Abietic Acid, C M H ( . 4 5 
or C 20 H 30 O 2 , discovered by Maly in the resin of Abies 
excelsa and Larix europea. 

Abietin (a-bi'-et-in) [Abies]. A resinous principle ob- 
tained from the turpentine of various species of pine 
and fir. A. Anhydrid, C M H 62 4 , the main con- 
stituent of Resin, q. v. 

Abietis Resina (a-bi' -et-is res-i'-nah). The resin of 
the fir or pine. 

Abietite (ab'-i-et-it), C 6 H 8 3 . A sugar resembling 
mannite, found by Rochleder in the needles of the 
European Silver Fir, Abies pectinata. 

Abiogenesis (ab-i-o-jen' -es-is) [a priv. ; (3ioc, life, and 
genesis]. The (theoretical) production of living by 
non-living matter. The older term was Spontaneous 
Generation. Other synonyms of the word are Generatio 
aquivoca, Generatio primaria, Archigenesis, Arche- 
biosis, etc. The theory has been supported by Pouchet, 
Haeckel, Huxley, Bastian, and others. Those opposed 
to the doctrine are called panspermists or heterogenists. 
The dispute is one of the most fundamental in biology. 

Abiological (ah-bi-o-loj'-ik-al) [a priv.; /3;c5c, life; 
loyoc, treatise]. Not pertaining to biology. 

Abirritant (ab-ir 1 '-it-ant') [ab, from ; irritare, to irritate]. 
I. Tending to diminish irritation; soothing. 2. Re- 
lating to diminished sensitiveness. 3. A remedy or 
agent that allays irritation. 

Abirritation (ab-ir-it-a' -shun) [ab, from; irritare, to 
irritate] . Diminished tissue-irritability ; atony or as- 
thenia. 

Abirritative (ab-ir' -it-a-tiv) \_ab, from ; irritare, to irri- 
tate]. Due to, or characterized by, atony. 

Abitus (ab'-it-us) [ab, from, away; ire, to go]. In 
comparative anatomy, any one of the narrow canals 
leading from a ciliated chamber to the excurrent 
canal, as in the higher forms of sponges. 

Abjoint (ab-joinl') [abjungere, to separate]. In biology, 
to separate by means of a joint or septum. 

Abjunction (ab-jungk'-shun) [see Abjoin/~\. In biology, 
the separation by means of a joint or septum, as of 
spores from a growing hypha in some fungi. 

Ablactation (ab-lak-ta'-shun) \_ab, from ; lactai-e, to 
give suck]. The end of the suckling period. The 
weaning of a child. 

Ablastemic (ah-blas-tem 1 '-ik) [a priv. ; ^Xaarmia, a 
shoot]. In biology, non-germinal ; in no way related 
to germination. 

Ablastous (ah-blas'-tus) [d/JAaoroc, not budding, ster- 
ile]. In biology, producing no germs or buds. 

Ablation (ab-la'-shun) [ablatio, removal]. Removal of 
a part of the body, as a tumor, by amputation, exci- 
sion, etc. 

Ablatio retinae (ab-la'-she-o ret-in' -e). Detachment 
of the retina. 

Ablator (ab-la'-tor) [L., "remover"]. A cutting in- 



strument used in the removal of parts (a name chiefly 
used in veterinary surgery). 

Ablepharia (ahblef-a>-' e-ah) [a priv.; pAcyapov, the eye- 
lid]. The condition oi' the absence of the eyelids. 

Ablepharon (ah-blef'-ar on) [d priv. ; fi/.eQapov, the 
eyelid]. Congenital absence of the eyelids. 

Ablepharous (ah-blef'-ar-us) [d priv. ; pAefapov, the 
eyelid]. Having no eyelids. 

Ablepsia (ah-blep'-se-ah) [afiA.eipia, without sight]. 
1. Blindness. 2. Dulness of perception. 

Ablepsy (ah-blep' -se). See Ablepsia. 

Abloom (a-bloom'). In biology, the state of being in 
blossom. 

Abluent (ab'-lu-ent) [abluere, to wash away]. Deter- 
gent. That which cleanses or washes away. 

Ablution (ab-lit' -shun) [abluere, to wash away]. Wash- 
ing or cleansing the body. Separation of chemical 
impurities by washing. 

Abmortal (ab-mor'-tal) \_ab, from; mors, death]. Pass- 
ing from dead or dying to living muscular fiber (used 
of electric currents) . 

Abnerval (ab-ner' -val) \_ab, from; nervus, a sinew]. 
Passing from a nerve (used of electric currents in mus- 
cular fiber). 

Abnet (ab'-net) [Hebr., a girdle]. A girdle, or girdle- 
shaped bandage. 

Abneural (ab-nu'-ral) [ab, from; vevpov, nerve]. Per- 
taining to a part remote from the neural or dorsal 
aspect ; ventral. 

Abnormal (ab-nor'-mal) \_ab, away from ; norma, a 
law] . Not normal ; not conformable, with nature or 
with the general rule. A. Pigmentation, any excess, 
deficiency, or uncommon distribution of the natural pig- 
ment cells in the rete mucosum. Sometimes caused arti- 
ficially either by mechanical means, such as tattooing, 
or by the reduction and deposition under the epidermis 
of metallic salts administered as medicine, such as nitrate 
of silver. 

Abnormalism (ab-nor' -mal-izm) \_ab, away from ; nor- 
ma, a law]. 1. Abnormality. 2. An abnormal thing or 
structure. 

Abnormality (ab-nor-mal' -it-e) [ab, away from ; norma, 
a law] . The quality of being abnormal ; a deformity 
or malformation. 

Abnormity (ab-nor' -mit-e). Same as Abnormality. 

Aboiement (ah-bwah-mong 1 ) [Fr.]. Barking; the in- 
voluntary utterance of barking sounds. 

Abolition (ab-o-lish'-un)[abolitio]. Destruction; cessa- 
tion ; suspension, as of a physiological function. 

Abomasum(ai5-o-»M / -j«OT) [a^,away; omasum, paunch]. 
In biology, the reed or proper digestive stomach of 
ruminating mammals. It is pyriform, lined by smooth 
mucous membrane, which secretes gastric juice. Also 
called "fourth,"' or "true," stomach; dried, it is 
called rennet and used for coagulating milk. 

Aborad (ab - 0' - rad) [ab, away from; os, mouth]. 
Away from the 'mouth ; in an aboral situation or 
direction. 

Aboral (ab-o'-ral) [ab, away from; os, mouth]. Op- 
posite to, or remote from, the mouth. 

Aborally (ab-o'-ral-e) [ab, away from; os, mouth]. In 
an aboral situation, direction, or manner. 

Aborigines (ab-or-ij'-in-ez) \_ab, from; origo [origin), 
origin, beginning]. Primitive, autochthonous, native, 
indigenous. 

Abort (ab-orl') [abortare, to miscarry]. I. To mis- 
carry; to expel the fetus before it is viable. 2. To 
prevent the full development, as of a disease. 3. To 
come short of full development. 4. An abortion ; an 
aborted fetus. 

Aborticide (ab-or'-tis-id) [abortus, a miscarriage ; ca?- 
dere, to kill]. I. The killing of the unborn fetus. 



ABORTICIDIUM 



20 



ABSCESS 



2. The means of killing the fetus. 3. Causing the 
destruction of a fetus. 

Aborticidium (ab-or-tis-id' -e-um) [abortus, a miscar- 
riage; ccedere, to kill]. Means of killing a fetus. 

Abortient (cib-or'-shent) [L. abortiens, miscarrying]. 
Abortive ; abortifacient. 

Abortifacient (ab-or-te-fa' -shent) [abortus; facere, to 
make]. I. Causing abortion. 2. A drug or agent 
inducing the expulsion of the fetus. Ergot, rue, 
cotton-root, and digitalis, are examples. They act by 
causing uterine contractions. See Oxytocic and Ecbolic. 

Abortion [ab-or'-shun) [abortus, a miscarriage]. The 
premature expulsion of the ovum before the child is 
viable, that is, occurring any time before the end of the 
sixth month. It may be produced by various general 
diseases, as syphilis, the acute fevers, nephritis, most 
exhausting diseases ; by traumatism, reflex influences, 
emotional disturbances ; by the action of various poisons, 
as ergot, cantharides, rue, and savin ; by diseased con- 
ditions of the uterus and displacements of that organ ; or 
by diseases of the fetus, its membranes, or the placenta. 
The most important symptoms are hemorrhage and 
pain, with final expulsion of the uterine contents. In 
the first two months of pregnancy the ovum is usually 
expelled entire ; later the membranes and placenta are 
retained after the fetus comes away, and must be re- 
moved subsequently. By some authors expulsion of 
the ovum during the first three months is abortion ; 
from this time to viability it is termed immature de- 
livery, or miscarriage, and from the period of viability 
to that of maturity, premature delivery. A., Arti- 
ficial, that produced intentionally. A., Criminal, 
when not demanded for therapeutic reasons. A., 
Embryonic, up to the fourth month. A., Exter- 
nal Causes of, those acting from without, as vio- 
lence, pressure, injections, etc. A., Fetal, taking 
place subsequent to the fourth month. A., Habitual, 
repeated A. in successive pregnancies. A., Incom- 
plete, when the membranes or placenta are retained. 
A., Inevitable, when the. embryo or fetus is dead, 
or when there is an extensive detachment or rupture of 
the ovum. A., Internal Causes of, those due to 
abnormal conditions or diseases of the mother. A., 
Missed, the death of the fetus and not followed within 
two weeks by its expulsion. A., Ovular, that occur- 
ring during the first three weeks after conception. A., 
Paternal and Maternal Causes of, those due to 
diseases of the father or of the mother respectively. A., 
Spontaneous, that not induced by artificial means. 

Abortionist [ab-or f -shun-ist) [abortus, a mis'.arriage] . 
One who criminally produces abortions ; especially 
one who follows the business of producing abortions. 

Abortive [ab-or'-tiv) [abortus, a miscarriage]. Pre- 
maturely born ; coming to an untimely end ; incom- 
pletely developed ; cutting short the course of a dis- 
ease ; abortifacient. A. Epilepsy. See Epilepsy. 

Abortus [ab-or'-tus) [L.]. An aborted fetus; the fruit 
of an abortion. 

Aboulia {ah-boo'-le-ah). See Abulia. 

Aboulomania (ah-boo-lo-ma' '-ne-ali) . See Abulomania. 

Ab ovo (ab o'-vo) [L. ]. In biology, from the egg; 
from the beginning. 

Abrachia {ah-bra'-ke-ah) [a priv. ; fipax'iuv, arm]. 
The condition of an armless monster. In biology, 
without anterior limbs 

Abrachiocephalia [ah-bra-ke-o-scf-a'-le-ah) [a priv. ; 
(3pa,\!.iJi>, arm ; Kttba'/Jj, head] . Absence of head and 
arms from a fetus. 

Abrachius {ah-bra'-ke-us). A monster without arms. 
See Abrachia. 

Abrade (a-brad') [abradere, to rub off]. To remove 
by friction or chafing ; to roughen by friction. 



Abranchia [ah-brang'-ke-ah) [a priv.; (ipayxca, gills]. 
In biology, a name given to several different groups 
of animals that have no gills. 

Abrasio (ab-ra'-ze-o) [L.]. An abrasion. A. cornese, 
operative removal of the epithelium of the cornea 
because of diseased conditions. 

Abrasion iab-ra' -zhun) [abrasio: ab, priv.; rade re, to 
rub] . Excoriation of the cutaneous or mucous surface 
by mechanical means. In dentistry, the wearing away 
of the dentine and enamel, or the cutting edges of 
the teeth, whether by mechanical or chemical means. 

Abrasor [ab-ra'-zor) [L. "abrader"]. A surgeon's 
rasp or xyster; any file or instrument used in the 
surgical or dental abrasion of a surface ; also, a rasp 
used in pharmacy. 

Abric Acid (a'-brik as' -id). See Acid. 

Abrin (a'-brin). 1. The chemical ferment or poisonous 
principle of jequirity, erroneously supposed to be due 
to a specific microbe. See Bacillus of jequirity oph- 
thalmia in Table of Bacteria. 2. A vegetable albu- 
minoid employed in the study of immunity. 

Abroma (ah-bro'-mah) [a priv.; Ppupog, a stink]. A 
genus of sterculiaceous trees. A. august a, of S. Asia, 
affords a milky juice, esteemed in dysmenorrhea. Unof. 

Abrotanum (ab-rof -an-um) [afipoTovnv, an aromatic 
plant]. The plant called Southern Wood, Artemisia 
abrotanum. See Artemisia. 

Abrupt (ab-rupt') [abruptus, broken off]. In biology, 
terminating suddenly ; truncated. 

Abruption [ab-rupt -shun) [abruptio, from ab, and rum- 
pere, to break]. 1. A rupture or tearing asunder. 
2. A transverse fracture. 

Abrus {a'-brus) [d/3p<5c, pretty]. Jequirity; Indian 
Licorice. The seeds of A. precatorius, or Wild Licor- 
ice. Properties are thought to be due to the presence 
of certain ferments. Non-sterilized infusions applied 
to the conjunctiva or to any mucous surface induce 
violent purulent inflammation with growth of false mem- 
brane. It is used in producing artificial conjunctivitis. 
A. Infusum : semina iij, aqua dest. §ss. Macerate 
and add aq. gss. All unofficial. Abri Liquor, 
strength 12 per cent. ; dilute with 3 to 5 times its 
bulk of water and apply 2 drops daily. Abri Pasta, 
1 in 4; used with caution in affections of the skin. 

Abscess (ab'-ses) [nbscessus, a departure or separation 
— of the matter]. A pus-formation within some 
cavity of the body, the result of localized inflammation. 
According to location, abscesses are named Dorsal, 
Iliac, Mammary, Ischio-rectal, Peri-typhlitic, Retro- 
pharyngeal, Urethral, etc. A., Alveolar, abscess in the 
gum or alveolus. A., Atheromatous. Set Endarter- 
itis, Chronic. A. of Brain, due to local injury, or 
to suppurative inflammation near or distant, such, 
especially, as diseases of the ear. The symptoms are 
those of pressure, impaired function of the part affected, 
meningitis, headache, optic neuritis, etc. A., Bursal, 
abscess in the bursre, the most frequent being in the 
bursa? patellae, commonly called Housemaid' 's A'nee. 
A., Canalicular, mammary abscess that communicates 
with a milk duct. A., Caseous, one that contains 
cheesy materials. A., Chronic, or Cold Abscess, one 
of slow and apparently non-inflammatory development, 
usually about a bone, joint, or gland. A., Cold. See 
A., Chronic. A., Congestive, the pus appears at a 
point distant from where it is formed. A., Constitu- 
tional, due to some systemic disorder. A., Critical, 
occurring at some critical period of an acute disease. 
A., Embolic, formed in the clot of an embolism. A., 
Fecal, one developing in the rectum or large intestine. 
A., Gangrenous, one attended with death of adjacent 
parts. A., Lacunar, one in the lacunre of the urethra. 
A., Metastatic. See Pyemia. A., Miliary. See 



ABSCESSION 



21 



ABSTRACTION 



Pyemia. A , Milk, or A., Mammary, one in the 
female breast. A., Multiple. See Pyemia. A., 
Ossifluent. See Ossifluent. A., Perforating, one 
perforating the cornea, the lung, or other containing 
wall. A., Phlegmonous, an acute A. A., Point- 
ing of, the point where the abscess tends to break 
through its external confining wall. A., Psoas, one 
arising from disease of the lumbar, or lower dorsal 
vertebras, the pus descending in the sheath of the psoas 
muscle, and usually pointing beneath Poupart's liga- 
ment. A., Pyemic. See Pyemia. A., Residual, 
about the products of some old result of inflammation. 
A. Root, the root of Polemonium Reptans. Alterative, 
astringent and expectorant. Dose of fid. ex. 5 ss-ij. 
Unof. A., Shirt Stud, retro-mammary abscess concur- 
rent with a subintegumentary abscess, the two sacs 
communicating by means of a sinus. A., Stercora- 
ceous. See Feeal A. A., Symptomatic, one 
indicative of some other affection. A., Thecal, in the 
sheaths of tendons. A., Tropical, acute hepatitis 
terminating in suppuration and abscess formation. A., 
Tubercular. Same as A., Cold. 
Abscession (ab-sesh'-un) \abscessio, -departure] . I. An 

abscess ; a critical discharge. 2. Metastasis. 
Abscissae (ab-sis'-se) \_ab, away; scindere, to cut]. 
The transverse lines cutting vertical ones at right 
angles, to show by a diagram the relations of two 
series of facts, as, e. g., the number of pulse-beats, or 
the temperature record in given periods of time. 
Abscission (absish'-un) \_ab, from ; scindere, to cut]. 
Removal of a part, as the prepuce, or a fractured bone, 
by cutting. Applied particularly to a surgical opera- 
tion upon a staphylomatous cornea, in which the 
bulging portion is excised, the parts brought together 
so that the posterior and chief part of the globe forms 
a "stump" for an artificial eye. In biology, a term 
applied to that mode of detachment of spores in fungi 
which consists in the disorganization of the zone con- 
necting the spores with the hypha. 
Absconsio (ab-skon'-se-d) \_abscondere, to hide]. A 

sinus or cavity whether normal or pathological. 
Absence (of mind) (ah' -sens) \absentia, absence]. 
Inattention to surroundings ; in marked instances it 
may be a result of central lesions. It is often seen in 
epileptics and melancholiacs. 
Absentia epileptica (ab-sen' -she-ah ep-il-ep'-tik-ah). 
Brief losses of consciousness occurring in the mild 
form of epilepsy. 
Absinthe [ab'-sinth or ab-sant'). See Absinthium. 
Absinthin {ab-sin' '-thin) [absinthium]. A bitter and 
crystalline principle obtainable from wormwood. See 
Absinthium. 
Absinthism (absinth' '-izm) . A disease similar to alco- 
holism, the result of the excessive use of absinthe. It 
is characterized by general muscular debility and men- 
tal disturbances, which may proceed to convulsions, 
acute mania, general softening of the brain, or general 
paralysis. 
Absinthium (ab-sintld-e-um) [L.]. Wormwood. The 
leaves and tops of Artemisia absinthium. Contains a 
volatile oil and an intensely bitter principle, Absinthin, 
C 20 H. 28 O 4 , which is a narcotic poison. A. increases 
cardiac action, produces tremor and epileptiform con- 
vulsions. Dose gr. xx-xl, in infusion. Used as a 
stomachic tonic. Absin'he, a French liquor, is an 
alcoholic solution of the oil exhibited with oils of 
anise, marjoram, and other aromatic oils. 
Absinthol (ab-sinth'-ol), C 10 H 16 O. The principal con- 
stituent of oil of wormwood ; it is isomeric with ordin- 
ary camphor. 
Absolute Alcohol {ab'-so-lut al'-ko-hol). See Alcohol. 
Absorb [absorb') \_ab, from ; sorbere, to suck up]. In 



physiology, to suck up or imbibe, as the imbibition 
performed by the lacteals in the body. 

Absorbent (absor'-benf) [absorbere, to suck in]. In 
physiology, an organ or part that absorbs, withdraws, 
or takes up. A term applied to the Lacteals and 
Lymphatics, q. v. In materia medica, a drug or medi- 
cine that produces absorption or exudation of 
diseased tissue. In surgery, a substance that 
mechanically takes up excreted matter, as A. Cotton, 
A. Sponge, etc. A. Glands. See Lymphatics. A. 
System, the lacteals and lymphatics, with their 
associated glands. 

Absorptiometer [ab-sorp-te-om'-et-er) [absorption; 
meter] . A device for measuring the thickness of the 
layer of liquid that is taken up between two glass 
plates by capillary attraction. Used in conjunction 
with a spectro-photometer, it serves as a hematoscope. 

Absorption (ab-sorp'-shun) [absorbere, to suck in]. 
The permeation or imbibition of one body by another. 
The process whereby nourishment, medicines, morbid 
products of tissue metamorphosis, etc., are taken up by 
the lymphatic and venous systems. In ophthalmology 
the process by which the lens is disintegrated and 
carried off after the capsule has been ruptured. A. 
Lines or Bands, the lines of the spectrum, called 
Fraunhofer' s lines ; they are dark lines caused by the 
arrestation or absorption of the ethereal waves of 
certain lengths and rapidities, mainly by vapors of the 
sun's atmosphere. A. of Composition, or External 
Absorption, the taking up of material by the skin or 
mucous surfaces. A., Cutaneous, absorption by the 
skin. A., Disjunctive, the removal of living tissue 
around a necrosed mass, and its consequent separation 
from its surroundings. A., Interstitial, the removal 
by the absorbent system of effete matters. A. Method, 
to determine whether or not hematuria is due to lesion of 
the bladder. It is based on the fact that the undenuded 
surface of the bladder will not absorb foreign sub- 
stances. Fifteen grains of potassium iodid are injected 
into the bladder, and fifteen minutes later the saliva is 
examined for iodin. If found, it is an indication of 
an unhealthy state of the bladder. A., Progressive, 
atrophy of a part due to pressure. A., Pulmonary, 
the taking up of oxygen, or of vapors (as of ether), 
by the lungs. A., Venous, absorption by the veins. 

Absorptive (absorp' -tiv) [absorbere, to suck in]. 
Having the power or function of absorbing. 

Absorptivity (ab-sorp-tiv' -i-te) [absorbere, to suck in]. 
The power or quality of being absorbent. 

Abstemiousness (abste' ' -me-us-nes) [abs, from ; teme~ 
turn, wine]. Abstinence from wine. Temperance 
or moderation in matters of diet. 

Abstention (absten' -shun) [abstentio, retention]. An 
act of abstinence, or of abstaining ; retention ; consti- 
pation. 

Abstergent (abstc7' / -jent) [abs, from ; tergere, to 
cleanse]. Cleansing, detergent. See Detergent. 

Abstersive (abster' sh>) [abstersivus~\. Abstergent. 

Abstinence (ab'stin-ens) \_abs, from ; tenere, to hold or 
keep]. Privation or self-denial in regard to food, 
liquors, etc. See Fasting. 

Abstract (ab' 'strakt) [abstrahere, to draw away; Ab- 
stractum ; gen., Abstracti ; pi., Abstracta~\. In phar- 
macy, a solid preparation in which two parts of the 
drug are represented by one part of the abstract 
(which is compounded with milk-sugar). Ab- 
stracts are double the strength of fluid extracts. 
They are permanent, but should be kept in a cool 
place. 

Abstraction (ab-strak' -shun) \_abstractio, a drawing 
away]. Blood-letting. Also, attention to one idea 
to the exclusion of others. Generalization or classi- 



ABSTRACTITIOUS 



22 



ACANTHOPELVIS 



fication of the qualities common to the individuals of 
a group. In pharmacy, the process of distillation. 

Abstractitious (ab-strak-tish' -us) [abslrahere, to draw 
away]. Susceptible of being abstracted without 
change from another substance ; derived or derivable 
by abstraction. 

Abstractum {ab-strak'-tum) [pi., Abslracla']. An 
abstract. See Abstract. 

Abstriction (ab-slrik' -shun) [ab, from ; stringere, to 
bind]. Spore-formation in lower cryptogams charac- 
terized by decided constriction of the walls at the place 
of division. 

Absus (ab'-sus) [L.]. The plant Cassia absits of India 
and Egypt. Its seeds are locally employed in the 
treatment of ophthalmia, and are regarded as depura- 
tive. Unof. 

Abterminal (ab-ter'-min-al) [ab, from; terminus, end]. 
Passing from tendinous into muscular tissue (used of 
electric currents). 

Abulia (ah-bu'-le-ah) [a priv. ; (3ov?Ji, will]. Loss or 
defect of will power. 

Abulic (ah-bu'-lik). Characterized by or affected with 
abulia ; of defective will-power. 

Abulomania (ah-bu-lo-ma' '-ne-ah) [a priv. ; /3ov?^i/, 
will ; [lavia, madness]. A disease of the mind charac- 
terized by imperfect or lost will-power. 

Abumbrella (ab-um-brel'-ah) [ab, from; umbrella, the 
disc of acalephs]. In biology, a term applied to 
the surface of the velum, it being turned away from 
the disc, in medusa?. Opposite of Adumbrella. 

Abuta (ah-boo'-tah) [L. ]. A genus of menispermaceous 
plants. A. amara, affords false pareira brava, and 
A. rufescens is the so-called white pareira brava. 
Both are S. American. Unof. 

Abutilon (a-bu'-til-on) [L.]. A genus of malvaceous 
plants. A. avicenna 1 , common in the U. S. (velvet- 
leaf Indian mallow); is demulcent, and is a safe remedy 
for diarrhea. Unof. 

Abvacuation (ab-vak-u-a'-shun). Same as Abevacua- 
tion, q. v. 

Abysmal (ah-biz'-mal) \_abyssus, abysm]. Fathom- 
less. Pertaining to great depths in the ocean. See 
Abyssal. 

Abyssal (ah-bis'-al) [afivaaoc,, without bottom]. In 
biology, refers to plants and animals inhabiting the 
depths of the ocean between ioo and iooo fathoms. 
A. Theory of Light, an hypothesis assuming the im- 
portance of phosphorescence and of luminous organs in 
fishes and other animals in depths of the ocean where 
no sunlight penetrates. 

Acacia (ah-ka' '-s/ie-a/i) [L. ; Gr., anania~\. I. A large 
genus of leguminous trees, shrubs, and herbs, many of 
them Australian or African. Many of the species are 
medicinal, and some are poisonous. The bark is usually 
very astringent. Gum arabic is produced by various 
species, mostly either African or Asiatic. 2. A. 
anthelmintica. See Mussanin. A. catechu. 
See Catechu. A. lebbek, A. nilotica, A. vera, 
and A. verek, are among the species that furnish 
gum arabic. 3. Gum Arabic. A nearly white trans- 
parent gum exuding from Acacia Senegal. Soluble in 
water. Used in the manufacture of mucilage. Contains 
Arabin, C I2 H 2 .,O u , identical in composition with cane- 
sugar. A., Mucilage, acacia 34, water 100 parts; 
incompatible with alcoholic tinctures. A., Syrup, 
mucilage 25, syrup, simp. 75. Used in various 
mixtures as a demulcent and to suspend insoluble 
powders. 

Acajou (ak-a-zhoo'). See Cashew. 

Acaleph (ak'-al-ef) [ana'Aijpi, a nettle, a sea-nettle]. 
In biology, one of the acalepha?, or sea-nettles ; a 
medusa, a sea-blubber. 



Acalephoid (ak-al-ef '-oid) [ana/J/yr/, a nettle, a sea 
nettle]. Resembling an acaleph. 

Acalycal (ah-kal'-ik-al) [a priv. ; naAvS;, calyx]. In 
biology, used to describe stamens inserted upon the 
receptacle, not adherent to the calyx. 

Acalycine (ah-kal'-is-in) [a priv. ; ndAv^, calyx]. In 
biology, lacking a calyx, acalycinous. 

Acalyculate (ah-kal-ik> '-u-lat) [a priv.; cafyculus, a 
calycle]. In biology, having no calycle, or accessory 
calyx. 

Acalypha (ah-kal'-if-ah) [ana'Avqijc, unveiled]. A 
genus of euphorbiaceous plants. A., Ext., Liq. 
Dose TTl x— gj. A. fruticosa, of India, is useful in 
dyspepsia and diarrhea, and is tonic and alterant. A. 
hispida has similar uses. A. indica, a euphorbia- 
ceous plant, common in India. The leaves are expec- 
torant, emetic, laxative. A. Succus. Dose for an 
infant gj. Unof. A. virginica, of North America, 
is diuretic and expectorant. 

Acamathesia (ak-am-ath-e'-ze-ah) [ana^ddrjeig^. Same 
as Akatamathesia. 

Acamathesis (ak-am-ath-e'-sis) [ana/uadqai^ . Same as 
Akatamathesia. 

Acampsia (ah-kamp' '-se-ah) [a priv. ; nafcrrTEiv, to 
bend]. Inflexibility of a limb. 

Acanaceous (ak-an-a' -se-us) [anavoc. a prickly shrub]. 
In biology, beset with prickles, as the edges of some 
leaves. 

Acantha (ak-an' -thah) [anavda, a thorn]. In botany, 
a thorn or prickle ; in zoology, a spine or fin ray ; in 
anatomy, a vertebral process. 

Acanthaesthesia (ak-anth-es-the'-ze-ah). See Akan- 
thesthesia. 

Acanthia lectularia (ak-an' -the-ah lek-chu-la' -re-ali) 
[L.]. The common bedbug. 

Acanthial {ak-an' '-the-al) [andvdiov, a little thorn]. 
Pertaining to the acanthion. 

Acanthichthyosis (ak-anth-ik-the-o' -sis) [andvdiov, a 
little thorn; ijffi'C, a fish]. Ichthyosis spi?iosa, q. v. 

Acanthion (ak-an' -the-on) [_a.Ka.vdwv, a little thorn]. 
See Craniometrical Points. 

Acanthocarpous (ak-anth-o-kar' '-pus) [anavda, a thorn; 
nap7r6<;, fruit]. In biology, spiny-fruited. 

Acanthocephala (ak-an-tho-sef -al-ali) [anavda, spine ; 
ks fya?rf, head] . An order of parasitic worms, character- 
ized by a thorny armature of the head and proboscis. 
They are generally grouped in one genus, Echinor- 
rhynchys. They infest pigs, birds, and fishes, and in 
their larval stage live in crustaceans. 

Acanthocephalous (ak-anth-o-sef -al-us) [anavda, a 
spine; n?(pa?J], head]. In biology, spiny-headed. 

Acanthocladous (ak-anth-ok' -lad-us) [anavOa, a spine ; 
K-Aadog, a branch]. In biology, possessing spiny 
branches. 

Acanthoid (ak-an' -thoid) [anavda, a spine]. Resem- 
bling a spine, or spicula ; spinous. 

Acanthological (ak-anth-o-loj' -ik-al) [anavda, a spine; 
Myuv, to speak]. In biology, pertaining to the knowl- 
edge of spines. 

Acantholysis (ak-an-thol' -is-is) [ anavda, prickle ; Araic, 
a loosening, a wasting]. Any skin disease in which 
there is an atrophy of the prickle-layer. A. Bullosa. 
See Epidermolysis. 

Acanthoma (ak-anth-o'-mah) [anavda, a spine://., 
Acantho'mata~\. A localized excessive growth in any 
part of the prickle-cell layer of the skin. 

Acanthomastic (ak-anth-o-mas'-lik) [anavda, a spine ; 
uaarixv, mastic]. A gum produced by Atractyhs 
gianmifera, a plant of the Mediterranean region; 
valued in the Oriental countries. Unof. 

Acanthopelvis (ak-anth-o-pel'-vis) [anavda, thorn f 
iri/.vr, pelvis]. Same as Acanthopelys. 



ACANTHOPELYS 



23 



ACCENTUATION 



Acanthopelys (ak-antk-op* '-el-is) [aicavOa, thorn ; KsXvg, 
pelvis]. A pelvis that is encroached upon by exostoses. 

Acanthophorous [ak-atlih-off'-or-tts) [aitavda, a spine ; 
(pepeiv, to bear]. In biology, bearing or producing 
spines or thorns. 

Acanthopod {ak-an/h'-o-pod) [anavda, a spine; irovg, 
foot]. In biology, an animal with spiny feet, or 
spine-like claws. 

Acanthopterous [ak-anth-op' -ter-us) [anavQa, a spine ; 
■n-zipov, a wing]. In biology, having spiny wings or 
fins. 

Acanthosis {ak-anth-o'-sis) [anavda, thorn] . Any skin 
disease marked by abnormalities in the prickle-cell 
layer. A. Nigricans, a general, pigmentation of 
the skin, with papillary, mole-like growths; a rare 
condition. 

Acanthus (ak-anth'-us) [d/rafftoc, a spine] . A genus 
of European herbs. A. mollis and A. spinosa were 
formerly much esteemed as vulnerary, antidysenteric 
and antihectic remedies ; they are demulcent and 
mucilaginous. Unof. 

Acapsular (ah-kap'-su-lar) [d priv. ; capsula, a small 
box or capsule]. In biology, destitute of a capsule. 

Acardia (ah-kar'-de-ah) [a priv.; aapdta, heart]. A 
monstrosity without heart, developed simultaneously 
with a normal fetus. 

Acardiac (ah-kar'-de-ak) [d priv. ; napftia, heart]. I. 
Having no heart. 2. A fetus with no heart. See 
Acardiacus. 

Acardiacus (ah-kar-di' '-ak-us) [a priv.; Kap&ia, heart]. 
See Acardiac. A synonym, employed mainly by the 
German writers, for omphalosite. The term was 
adopted because of the frequent absence of the heart 
in this condition. A. Acormus. See Asomata. A. 
Anceps. Same as Paracephalus, q. v. 

Acardiohemia, or Acardiohaemia (ah-kar-de-o-he'- 
me-ali) [d priv.; aapdia, heart; ai/ia, blood]. Lack 
of blood in the heart. 

Acardionervia (ah-kar-de-o-ner' '-ve-ah) [d priv.; Kapdla, 
heart ; nerviis, a sinew] . Diminished nervous action 
or nerve-stimulus in the heart. 

Acardiotrophia (ah-kar-de-o-tro'-fc-ah) [d priv.; napdia, 
heart; rpoyi/, nutrition]. Atrophy of the heart. 

Acarian (ah-ka'-re-an) [ampijc, small, tiny]. Of or 
pertaining to the acarids or mites. 

Acariasis [ak-ar-i' '-as-is) [d priv.; Kelpeiv, to cut]. See 
Mange. 

Acaricidal (ak-ar-is-i 1 '-dal) [a/cap/?c, small, tiny ; ccedere, 
to kill]. Destructive of acarids, or mites. 

Acaricide (ak-ar' '-is-ld) [anapr/g, small, tiny ; ccedere, to 
kill]. An agent that destroys acarids. 

Acarid, Acaridan (ak'-ar-id, ak-ar'-id-an) [aaaprjc, 
small, tiny] . Pertaining to Acarus. 

Acarina {ak-ar-i 1 '-nak) [L.]. An order of insects (mites) 
with stout bodies, having the unjointed abdomen con- 
solidated with the head and thorax, with biting, suck- 
ing, or puncturing mouth-organs, breathing mostly by 
means of trachese. 

Acarinosis (ak-ar-i)i-o' -sis) [acarus, a mite]. Any 
disease, as the itch, produced by a mite, or acarid. 

Acarodermatitis [ak-ar-o-der-mat-i'-tis) \_acariis, a. 
mite ; dermatitis^. Dermatitis dependent upon or 
caused by acari, or mites. 

Acaroid (ak'-ar-oid ) [Acarus, a mite]. Mite-like. A. 
Gum, Botany Bay Gum ; Resina lutea. An aromatic 
resin used in Australia as a remedy for gastric troubles, 
intestinal catarrhs, diarrheas, etc. Dose grs. viij-xvj, 
in alcoholic solution. Unof. A. Resin, Black Boy 
Gum. The resin of various species of Xanthorrhea, 
q. v. Benzoic acid is prepared from it, and it is said 
to have the properties of storax, and balsam of 
Peru. 



Acarotoxic (ak-ar-o-toks' -ik) [acarus, a mite ; to^ikov, 
a poison]. Poisonous, or destructive, to acari. 

Acarpae [a-kar'-pe) [d priv.; Kapnog, fruit] . A name 
proposed for a group of skin diseases in which there 
are no papules, tubercles, or elevated points. 

Acarpous (ak-ar'-pus) [d priv. ; KapnoQ, fruit]. Hav- 
ing no elevations ; not nodular. In biology, producing 
no fruit; sterile, barren. 

Acarus (ak'-ar-us) [d priv. ; nelpEtv, to cut (because so 
small) : pi., Acari]. The mite, or tick, a parasite of 
man and animals. A. autumnalis the harvest-bug, 
now called Leptus autitmnalis. A. folliculorum. See 
Steatozoon. A. scabiei. See Scabies. 

Acatalepsy [ah-kaf ' -al-ep-se) [d priv. ; Ka-aXanfiaveiv , 
to understand] . I. Uncertainty in diagnosis. 2. Mental 
impairment ; dementia. 

Acataleptic [ah-kat-al-ep' -tik) [d priv. ; K.a-a\aufiavEiv , 
to understand] . Uncertain ; doubtful (used of a 
prognosis or a diagnosis of a disease) . 

Acatamathesia (ah-kat-am-ath-e' -ze-ah) [d priv. ; 
Kara/iaOr/cuc;, understanding]. I. Inability to under- 
stand conversation, due to mental disorder. 2. A 
morbid blunting of the perceptions ; as in psychical 
deafness, or psychical blindness. 

Acataphasia (ah-kat-af-a' -ze-ah) [d priv. ; Kara, after; 
ipdaig, utterance]. A disorder in the syntactical 
arrangement of uttered speech, due to some central 
lesion. 

Acataposis (ak-kat-ap'-o-sis) [d priv. ; Kara, down ; 
Trocig, a drinking, a swallowing]. A difficulty in swal- 
lowing ; dysphagia. 

Acatastasia (ah- kat-as-ta' -ze-ah) [anaraaTaaia'] . Ab- 
sence of regularity, or of fixed character, in the course 
of a disease, or in the nature of an excretion. 

Acatastatic (ah-kat-as-tat'-ik). Marked or character- 
ized by acatastasia; irregular; not of definite type. 

Acatharsia (ah-kath-ar' -se-ah) [anadapoia, uncleansed 
state]. Impurity; foulness; need of purgation, or 
cleansing. 

Acaudal (ah-kazu'-dal) [a priv. ; cauda, a tail]. 
Acaudate, ecaudate, tailless, anurous. 

Acaudate {ah-kaw'-dat ) . Same as Acaudal. 

Acaules (ah-kaw'-lez) [d priv. ; caulis, a stem]. 
Plants which, as in the case of lichens, algae, etc., lack 
a stalk, or have it but very indistinctly developed. 

Acaulescence (ah-ka7u-les> '-ens) [d priv. ; caulis, 
a stalk]. In biology, plants wherein the growth of 
the main stem is arrested. Also Acaulosia. 

Acaulescent (ah-ka-w-les' -ent) [d priv. ; caulis, a 
stalk]. In botany, stemless. 

Acaulosia (ak-ka-o-lo' '-se-ah) [d priv. ; caulis, a stalk]. 
See Acaulescence. 

Accelerans Nerve (ak-seF -er-ans) [L.]. A nerve from 
the accelerans center in the medulla to the heart, inter- 
mediating acceleration of its rhythm. 

Acceleration {ak-sel-er-a'-shun) [acceleration . Quick- 
ening, as of the pulse, or of the respiratory function. 
In biology, the term applied to change of structure 
during growth brought about by the addition of parts, 
either by " homotopy " or by " heterotopy." 

Accelerative Epilepsy {ak-sel' -er-a-tiv ep> '-il-ep-se) . 
See Epilepsy. 

Accelerator Urinse {ak-sel '-er-a-tor u-ri f -ne) [L. ] . A 
muscle of the penis whose function is to expel the last 
drops in urination, to expel the semen, and to assist 
erection. The sphincter vaginae is its analogue in the 
female. See Muscles, Table of. 

Accentuation (ak-sen-tu-a' -shun) [accentuare~\. A 
term applied to the heart sounds, generally the second, 
when they are louder, because of an increased blood- 
tension in the vessels, giving rise to a forcible elastic 
recoil of the latter with abrupt closure of the valves. 



ACCESS 24 

Access (ak'-ses) [accessus, an approach]. I. An attack 
of a disease. 2. The return of a fit, or paroxysm. 
3. Cohabitation. 

Accessiflexor (ak-ses-e-Jleks'-or) [accessus and _/?<?xor]. 
An accessory flexor muscle. 

Accession (ak-sesh'-un) \_accessio; ad, to; cedere, to 
go] . The assault, beginning, or onset of a disease, or 
of a stage of the same ; applied especially to a recur- 
rence of periodical disease. 

Accessive (ak-ses'-iv) [accessio~\. Marked or charac- 
terized by sharp and sudden accessions or paroxysms. 

Accessorium (ak-ses-so' ' -re-urn) [L.]. An accessory 
part ; an adjunct, or appendage. 

Accessory (ak'-ses-o-re, or ak-ses'-o-re) [accessorius]. 
A term applied to certain glands, muscles, ducts, 
nerves, arteries, etc., that are often inconstant, but 
always auxiliary in function, course, etc., to the prin- 
cipal. Certain small muscles, as the lumbricales, are 
regarded as accessory to more important muscles. In 
biology, something additional ; as an accessory bud, 
fruit, or plume. A. Buds, in botany, buds that are 
developed by the side of, or above, the normal axillary 
bud. A. Fruits, in botany, those fruits a considerable 
portion of whose substance is distinct from the seed- 
vessel and formed of the accrescent and succulent 
calyx, or torus, or receptacle, bracts, etc. A. Gland 
of Rosenmiiller. See Gland. A. Gland of the 
Pancreas, Brunner 's Glands, q. v. A. of the 
Parotid, the Socia Parotidis, q. v. A. Valves, in 
zoology, small additional valves which occur in certain 
forms, as the accessory valves placed near the umbones 
of the genus Pholas among the Mollusca. 

Accident (ak'-se-dent) [accedere, to occur]. I. In 
legal medicine, an event occurring to an individual 
without his expectation, and without the possibility of 
his preventing it at the moment of its occurrence. 2. 
An intercurrent or complicating symptom or event, 
not to be looked for in the regular progression of an 
attack of disease. 

Accidental (ak-se-dent'-al) [accidcntalis]. I. Due to, 
or caused by, an accident. 2. Intercurrent; having 
no essential connection with other conditions or symp- 
toms. A. Hemorrhage. See Hemorrhage. 

Accidentalism (ak-se-denf -al-ism) \accidentalis~\. That 
theory of medicine that ignores pathology and eti- 
ology, and attends only to the symptoms or accidental 
features of disease. 

Accidentalist (ak-se-dent'-al-ist) [accidentalis~\. One 
who advocates or follows accidentalism. 

Accipiter (ak-sip'-it-er) [L., a "hawk"]. A facial 
bandage with tails radiating like the claws of a 
hawk. 

Acclimate [ak-kli'-mat) [ad, to; clima, a climate]. 
To accustom to a new or untried climate. 

Acclimatation (ak-kli-mat-a'-shun), or 

Acclimation (ak-lim-a'-shuti). See Acclimatization. 

Acclimatization (ak-kli-mat-iz-a 1 '-sliun) [ad, to; clima, 
climate]. The process of becoming accustomed to 
the climate, soil, water, etc., of a country to which a 
plant, animal, person, or a people has removed. 

Acclimatize (ak-kli'-mat-iz) [ad, to ; clima, climate]. 
See Acclimate. 

Acclivis [ak-kW -vis) [L., " sloping"]. The Obliquus 
internns muscle of the abdomen. 

Accommodation (ak-om-o-da'-shun) [accom?nodarc, 
to adjust]. Adaptation or adjustment. Adaptation 
of the fetus to the uterus and birth-canal. A., 
Absolute, the accommodation of either eye sepa- 
rately. A., Anomalies of, departures from the 
normal in the action of the mechanism of accommo- 
dation. A., Histological, the occurrence of changes 
in the morphology and function of cells following 



ACCUMBENT 

changed conditions. A., Negative, the eye passive 
or at rest. A. of the Eye, that function of the 
ciliary muscle and lens whereby objects at different 
distances are clearly seen. It depends upon the inhe- 
rent elasticity of the lens, which when the ciliary 
muscle of an emmetropic eye is at rest is adapted to 
the proper focalization of parallel rays of light, or of 
such rays as proceed from an infinite distance, or from 
the horizon of the observer. Objects nearer, to be 
clearly seen, require a greater refracting power on the 
part of the eye because the rays from such objects are 
more divergent. This additional refracting power is 
gained by an increased antero-posterior diameter of 




the lens, L, (illustration annexed) brought about by 
the contraction of the ciliary muscle, M, which occa- 
sions a loosening of the suspensory ligament and a 
thickening of the lens by its own elasticity. A., Paraly- 
sis of, paralysis of the ciliary muscle. A., Phos- 
phenes, the peripheral light streak seen in the dark 
after the act of accommodation. A., Range of, the 
distance between the Pitnctum proximum, or nearest 
of distinct vision, and the Pitnctum remotissimum, or 
the most distant point. A. Theory, a theory that 
ascribes the production of myopia to a distention of 
the posterior portion of the sclera from the increased 
intra-ocular pressure dependent upon frequently re- 
peated accommodation of the eyes. 

Accompaniment (of the Cata.ract)(a-iitm / -pan-e-meiit). 
An old name for secondary or recurrent capsular 
cataract ; opacity of the capsule following an opera- 
tion for cataract. 

Accouchee (ak-koo-skay) [Fr., a, to; coiiche, a bed]. 
A woman delivered of a child. 

Accouchement {ak-koosk-mong) [ad, to; couche, bed]. 
The French term for labor, or delivery of a child. 
The act of childbirth. A. Force, rapid and forcible 
delivery with the hand during severe hemorrhage. 

Accoucheur (ak-koo-shur') [Fr.]. A man-midwife. 

Accoucheuse (ak-koo-sliuz) [Fr.]. A midwife. 

Accrementitial (ak-re-men-tish'-al) [accrcscere, to in- 
crease]. In biology, of or pertaining to the process 
of accrementition. 

Accrementition (ak-re-men-tish' -un) [ad, to ; crescere, 
to grow]. A growth in which increase takes place 
by interstitial development from blastema, and also by 
reproduction of cells by fission. The production or 
development of a new individual by the separation of 
a part of the parent ; gemmation. 

Accrescent (ak-res'-ent) [accresccre, to grow]. In 
biology, refers to those parts connected with the Mower 
which increase in size after flowering, as frequently 
occurs with the calyx, involucre, etc. 

Accrete (ak-ret) [accrttus ; accrescere, to increase, 
grow]. In biology, grown together. 

Accretion (ak-re'-shiui) [ad, to; crescere, to increase]. 
A term denoting the manner by which crystalline and 
certain organic forms increase their material substance. 
Also, the adherence of parts that are normally sepa- 
rate. 

Accumbent (ak-umf -berit) [ad, to ; cumbere, to lie 
down]. In biology, lying against a thing. Cotyledons 



ACCUMULATOR 



25 



ACESCENCE 



are accumbent when the edges of their applied faces 
lie against the radicle. 

Accumulator (ak-u'-mu- la-tor) \accumulare, to heap 
up]. An apparatus to store electricity. 

A. C. E. Mixture. An anesthetic mixture composed 
of alcohol I part, chloroform 2 parts, ether 3 parts. 
See Anesthetic. 

Acedia (ah-se'-de-ah) [<k//d/a]. A certain form of 
melancholia. 

Acelius (ah-se' -le-tts) [d priv. ; KotAta, the belly]. 
Without a belly ; applied to those extremely emaciated. 

Acelomatous (ah-sel-o 1 -mat-us) [d priv. ; notAufia, a 
hollow]. In biology, destitute of a perivisceral 
cavity or ccelum. 

Acelomi (ah-se' -lo-mi) [d priv.; miXia, the belly]. In 
biology, worms destitute of a perivisceral cavity, as 
tapeworms. 

Acelomous (ah-se'-lo-mits). See Acelomatous. 

Acelous (ah-se'-lics) [dpriv.; /coi^oc, hollow]. Without 
intestines ; anenterous. 

Acenaphthene (as-en-af'-then) \_acetiats ; naphtha- 
lene] , C 12 H 10 . A hydrocarbon that occurs in coal tar, 
and separates on cooling from the fraction boiling at 
260-280 C. It crystallizes from hot alcohol in long 
needles melting at 95 ° C. and boiling at 27 j° C. 

Acentric (ah-sen' -trik) [dpriv.; Kcvrpov, center]. Not 
centric ; not originating in, or pertaining to, a nerve- 
center ; peripheric. 

Aceognosia (as-e-og-no 1 '-se-ah) [d/coc, a remedy ; yvwois, 
knowledge]. A knowledge of remedies. 

Aceology (as-e-ol' '-o-je) [d/coc, d/ceoc, a remedy ; Xdyor, a 
discourse] . Therapeutics ; medical and surgical treat- 
ment of disease ; acology. 

Acephalan (ah-sef '-al-an) \_ane<pa,Aor, headless]. An 
acephal, one of the acephala, or pertaining to such. 
A lamellibranchiate mollusc. 

Acephalemia, or Acephalhemia (ah-sefal-e' -vie-ah) [d 
priv.; netyaXij, head; aijia, blood]. Deficiency of 
blood in the head. 

Acephalia (ah-sef-a' -le-ah) [d priv..; Ke<paAi}, head]. 
In teratology, the absence of the head. 

Acephalism (ah-sef -al-izm) [d priv.; Kt(paAij, head]. 
See Acephalia. 

Acephalobrachia (ah-sefal-o-bra'-ke-ah) [d priv. ; 
K£<paAr/, head; /3paxiuv, arm]. In teratology, absence 
of the head and arms. 

Acephalobrachius (ah-sef-al-o-bra' '-ke-us) [d ; ne/pali/ ; 
fipaxiuv']. A monster with neither head nor arms. 

Acephalocardia (ah-sef-al-o-kar' -de-ah) [d priv. ; 
K£(j>a"Ar/ t head ; napdia, heart]. Absence of the head 
and heart. 

Acephalocardius (ah-sef-al-o-kar' -de-us) [d ; KEtpaArj • 
Kapdia~\. A monster with neither head nor heart. 

Acephalochiria (ah-sef al-o-ki' -re-ah) [d priv. ; neipaAr;, 
head ; X £ 'Pj hand] . Absence of the head and 
hands. 

Acephalochirus (ah-sef '-al-o-ki 1 '-rus) [See Acephalo- 
chiria]. A monster with neither head nor hands. 

Acephalocyst (ah-sef -al-o-sist) [dpriv.; KS<paArj, head ; 
Kvorir, a bladder] . The bladder- worm. A headless, 
sterile hydatid, found in the liver and other organs. 
A. racemosa, the hydatid mole of the uterus. 

Acephalogaster ( ah-sefal-o-gas' -ter) \_aKe0aA6c, head- 
less ; yaarr/p, belly] . A monster with neither head 
nor stomach. 

Acephalogasteria (ah-sef-al-o-gas-te'-re-ah). Absence 
of the head and stomach. See Acephalogaster. 

Acephalophoran (ah-sef al-off' -o-ran) [d priv.; Ke<pa.Ar/, 
head; Qepeiv, to bear]. In biology, a member of 
DeBlainville's group of molluscs, Acephalophora. 

Acephalopodia (ah-sef al-o-po'-de-ah) [d priv. ; KE<baAr], 
head ; ttovc, foot]. Absence of the head and feet. 



Acephalopodius (ah-sef-al-o-po' -de-us). A monster 
with neither head nor feet. See Acephalopodia. 

Acephalorrhachia (ah-sef-al-o-ra' -ke-ah) [d priv. ; 
Ke<pa?J/, head ; p&xir, spine] . Absence of the head 
and vertebral column. 

Acephalostomia (ah-sef al-o-r'o'-me-ah) [d priv. ; 
KKpaAi/, head ; aropa, mouth] . Absence of the head, 
with a mouth-like opening on the superior aspect. 

Acephalostomus (ah-sef-al-os' -to-mus) [dpriv.; neQaAq ; 
OTOfia]. A monster with no head, but with a mouth- 
like aperture. See Acephalostomia. 

Acephalothoracia (ah-sefal-o-tho-ra' -se-ah) [d priv. ; 
netpaAi], head ; dupa^, chest] . Absence of the head 
and thorax. 

Acephalothorus (ah-sef al-o-tho'-rus). A monster 
without head or thorax. See Acephalothoracia. 

Acephalous (ah-sef ' -al-us) [d/tf-ipa/tdf, headless]. Head- 
less. 

Acephalus (ah-sef ' -al-its) [dpriv.; netpaArj, head] . I. 
A species of omphalositic monsters characterized by 
complete absence of the head and usually of the upper 
extremities. It is the commonest condition among the 
omphalosites. 2. A variety of the above species 
marked by the highest form of development. The 
head is absent, but there is at least one superior 
extremity, and the thorax is generally fairly well- 
developed. 

Acer (a'-ser). A genus of sapindaceous trees and 
shrubs ; the maples. A. saccharinwn, the Sugar 
Maple of North America, affords a large commercial 
supply of sugar. A. rubrum, the Red Maple, has an 
astringent inner bark. A. pennsylvanicum, Striped 
Maple, is said to be antemetic and alterative. Unof. 

Aceras (as'-er-as) [d priv.; nepac, horn, spur]. A 
genus of orchids. A. anthropophora (green-man, 
man-orchid) has sudorific leaves, and the bulbs are 
used as salep. Unof. 

Acerates (as-er-a'-tez) [d priv. ; Ktpas, horn]. A genus 
of asclepiadaceous plants, regarded by some as a sec- 
tion of the genus Gomphocarpus. A. decumbens, of 
New Mexico, is said to cure snake bites. A. longi- 
folia, of the U. S., is diaphoretic. Unof. 

Aceratophorous (ali-se-ra-tof -o-rus) [d priv. ; Kepar, 
horn; (pepeiv, to bear]. In biology, hornless, muley. 
Cf. Acerous. 

Aceratosis (ah'-ser-at-o' -sis) [d priv.; Kepac, horn]. 
Deficiency or imperfection of corneous tissue. 

Acerb (a-serb') \_acerbus, bitter]. Having a bitter, 
astringent and pungent taste ; as certain drugs. 

Acerbity (a-serb' -it-e) \_acerbitas, sharpness, sourness]. 
Acidity combined with astringency. 

Aceric (as-er'-ik) \_acer, a maple tree]. Pertaining to, 
or found in the maple ; as aceric acid. 

Aceride (as f -er-id) [d priv.; cera, wax]. An oint- 
ment or plaster containing no wax. 

Acerose (as'-er-os) [actts (acer), chaff]. In botany, 
chaffy ; needle-shaped, as pine needles. 

Acerotous (ah-ser'-o-tus) [d priv.; K.r/p6c, wax]. Con- 
taining no wax ; said of ointments and plasters. 

Acerous (as'-er-us) [d priv. ; nipag, a horn]. In 
biology, having undeveloped, minute, or no horns or 
antennse ; aceratophorous. 

Acervate (as-er 1 ' -vat) \_acervatus, p.p. of acervare, to 
heap upon]. In biology, growing in heaps or clusters. 

Acervuline (as-er' -vzt-lin) \_acervu/us,s.\ita.Tf\. Agmi- 
nated, or aggregated ; as certain mucous glands. 

Acervulus, or Acervulus cerebri (as-er' -vu-lus ser'- 
e-bri). Concretionary matter near the base of the pineal 
gland, consisting of alkaline phosphates and carbonates, 
with amyloid matter ; brain-sand. 

Acescence (as-es'-ens) \_acescere, to grow sour]. I. 
The process of becoming sour ; the quality of being 



ACESCENCY 



26 



ACETYLENE 



somewhat sour. 2. A disease of wines, whereby they 
become sour owing to the agency of mycoderma aceti. 

Acescency (as-es'-en-se). See Acescence. 

Acescent (as-es'-eut) [acescere, to become sour]. Some- 
what acid or tart ; acidulous. 

Aceta ((is-e'-tali). Plural of Acetum, q. v. 

Acetable (as-et'-a-bl) [acetabulum, a small cup]. An 
old name for the acetabulum. 

Acetabular (as-et-ab' '-u-lar) [acetabulum, a small cup]. 
Pertaining to the acetabulum. 

Acetabuliferous (as-et-ab-u-lif -er-us) [acetabulum, a 
small cup; ferre, to bear]. Having suckers, as the 
arms of cuttle fishes and squids. 

Acetabuliform (as-et-ab' -u-le-form) [acetabulum, zsmaW 
cup; forma, form]. Having the form of the acetab- 
ulum, or of a shallow cup ; cotyloid, or glenoid. 

Acetabulum (as - et- ab'-ti- lum) [L. , a small cup or 
measure]. In biology, any cup - shaped cavity or 
organ. The articulating cavity of the head of the 
femur, or the leg of an insect ; one of the suckers on 
the arms of cephalopods, or on the scolex of a tape- 
worm ; the receptacle of certain fungi and lichens. 

Acetal (as'-et-al) [acetum, vinegar], C 6 H u 2 . Ethi- 
dene diethylate, a colorless, mobile liquid, with an 
ethereal odor, produced by the imperfect oxidation of 
alcohol under the influence of platinum black. Spar- 
ingly soluble in water ; boils at 104 C. ; sp. gr. at 20 
is 0.8304. Its action is that of a soporific. Dose gj. 

Acetaldehyd (as-et-al'-de-Md). The normal aldehyd ; 
ethaldehyd. See Aldehyd. 

Acetals (as'-et-alz) [acetum, vinegar]. Products of 
the combination of aldehyds with the alcohols at 
ioo C. 

Acetamid (as-et'-am-id), C 2 H 5 NO. A white crystal- 
line solid produced by distilling ammonium acetate, or 
by heating ethyl acetate with strong aqueous ammonia. 
It combines with both acids and metals to form 
unstable compounds. 

Acetanilid (as-et-an'-il-id), C 8 H 9 NO. A white, crys- 
talline solid. Produced by boiling anilin and glacial 
acetic acid together for several hours ; the crystalline 
mass is then distilled. It melts at 114 and boils at 
295 . It is soluble in hot water, alcohol and ether. 
Under the name antifebrin it is prescribed as an anti- 
pyretic. Dose gr. iij-xv. 

Acetarium (as-et-a'-re-um) [gen., Acetarii: pi., Aceta- 
ria~\. A pickle or salad. A. Scorbuticum, a pickle 
containing leaves of scurvy-grass or other anti-scor- 
butic plants ; used in the treatment of scorbutic cases. 
Unof. 

Acetary (as'-et-a-re) [acetum, vinegar]. An obsolete 
or rare name for a sour pulpy substance found in pears 
and some other fruits ; often enclosed within a congeries 
of calculous granules. 

Acetate (as'-et-dt) [acetum, vinegar]. Any salt of 
acetic acid. A. of Lead, plumbi acetas. See Plumbum. 

Acetic (as-e'-tik) [acetum, vinegar]. Pertaining to 
acetum or vinegar ; sour. See Acid, Acetic. A. Fer- 
mentation, the development of acetic acid by the 
activity of the Mycoderma aceti. 

Acetin (as'-et-in) [acetum, vinegar]. A chemical com- 
pound formed by the union of glycerin and acetic acid. 

Acetolatum, (as-et-o-la' -turn) [gen., Acetolati : pi., Ace- 
tolata~\. Distilled vinegar, variously aromatized or 
medicated. 

Acetolature (as-et-ol'-at-ilr) [acetoiaturu»i\. Any 
acetous tincture, or medicated vinegar. 

Acetometer (as-et-om'-et-er) [acetum, vinegar ; fierpov, 
measure]. An instrument used in the quantitive de- 
termination of acetic acid. 

Acetometry (as-et-om'-et-re) [acetum, vinegar; fterpov, 
measure]. The quantitive estimation of the amount 



of acetic acid in vinegar. Usually made by an aceto- 
meter. 

Acetone (as'-el-on) [acetum, vinegar], C 3 H 6 0. Dime- 
thyl Ketone. A colorless, mobile liquid, of peculiar 
odor and burning taste ; present in crude wood-spirit ; 
it occurs in small quantities in the blood and in 
normal urine, and in considerable quantities in the 
urine of diabetics. Like methyl alcohol it is miscible 
in ali proportions with ether, alcohol, and water. It 
is an excellent solvent for resins, gums, camphor, fats, 
and gun-cotton. 

Acetones (as'-et-onz). A class of compounds that may 
be regarded as consisting of two alcoholic radicals 
united by the group CO, or as aldehyds in which hy- 
drogen of the group COH has been replaced by an 
alcoholic radical. 

Acetonemia (as-et-o-ne'-me-ali) [ace/one; cii/m, blood.] 
The presence of acetone in the blood. It may re- 
sult from a number of diseases, but is characteristic of 
chronic diabetes, and is associated with dyspnea, sub- 
normal temperature, lowered pulse-rate, etc. The 
patient finally falls into coma. The treatment consists 
in increasing the secretions and by removing the 
causes of the diseases. 

Acetonuria (as-et-on-u'-re-a/i) [acetone ; ovpov, urine]. 
The presence of acetone in the urine. 

Acetophenone (as-et-o-fe'-nd)i), C 6 H 5 (CO)(CH 3 ). 
" Hypnone ; " a hypnotic and antiseptic. Without 
satisfactory action . Dose mjv-xv. It results from the 
action of zinc methyl upon benzoyl chlorid. Crystal- 
lizes in large plates, melts at 20. 5 , and boils at 202 . 

Acetosella (as-et-o-sel'-ali). See Uxalis acetosella. 

Acetous (as-e'-tus) [acetum, vinegar]. Like or resem- 
bling vinegar ; pertaining to, or charged with vinegar 
or acetic acid. 

Acetoxim (as-et-oks'-im), (CH 3 ) 2 C.N.OH. A com- 
pound formed by the action of hydroxylamin upon 
acetone ; readily soluble in water, alcohol and ether ; 
fuses at 60°, boils at 135 . 

Acetoxims (as-et-oks'-imz). See Aldoxims. 

Acetphenetidin (as-et-fe-net' -id-in) . See Phenacetin. 

Acetum, (as-e'-lum) [gen., Aceta .• pi., Aceti]. [L.]. 
Vinegar. An impure, dilute acetic acid produced by 
acetous fermentation of wine, cider, or other fruit-juice. 
See Fermentation. In pharmacy, a solution of the active 
principles of certain drugs in dilute acetic acid. There 
are four official aceta, each of which contains the solu- 
ble principles of ten per cent, of its weight, viz., of 
lobelia, opium, sanguinaria, and squill ; the acetum of 
cantharides is official in Great Britain. A. aromat- 
icum (N. F.) ["aromatic vinegar"], a mixture of 
alcohol, water and acetic acid, aromatized with the 
oils of rosemary, lavender, juniper, peppermint, cassia, 
lemon and cloves. A. britannicum, an aromatic 
vinegar consisting of glacial acetic acid 600.0, cam- 
phor 60.0, oil of cloves 2.0, oil of cinnamon 1.0, oil 
of lavender 0.5. 

Acetyl (as'-et-il) [acetum, vinegar], (C 2 H s O). A uni- 
valent radical supposed to exist in acetic acid and 
its derivatives. Aldehyd may be regarded as the 
hydrid and acetic acid as the hydrate, of acetyl. A. 
Peroxid, (C 2 H 3 0) 2 2 , a thick liquid, insoluble in 
water, but readily dissolved by ether and alcohol. 
It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is decomposed 
in sunlight and explodes violently when heated. 

Acetylene (as-et'-il-eu) [acetum, vinegar], C 2 H 2 . A 
colorless gas, with a characteristic and very unpleas- 
ant odor, burning with a luminous, smoky flame. 
Illuminating gas contains a small amount of it. 
Formed by the imperfect combustion of illuminating 
gas and other hydrocarbons. The acetylene series of 
hydrocarbons has the general formula, C n H 2o _ 2 . 



ACHE 



27 



ACHROODEXTRIN 



Ache (ak) [A. S., acan, to ache]. Any continuous or 
throbbing pain. 

Ache (atch) [Fr.]. An old, or local name for common 
parsley. See Apium. 

Acheilia (ah-ki'-le-ah) [d priv. ; ^d/lof, a lip]. The 
congenital absence of lips. 

Acheilous (ak-ki'-lus) [d priv.; xtiloc, a lip]. Born 
without lips ; affected with acheilia. 

Acheiria (ah-ki'-re-ah) [d priv.; x ei P> a hand] . The 
congenital absence of hands. 

Acheirous (ah-ki'-rus) [d priv. ; x ei P> a hand]. Af- 
fected with acheiria ; born without hands. 

Acheirus {ah-ki'-rus). An acheirous person, or fetus; 
one who was born without hands. 

Achene (a-ken'). Same as Achenium. 

Achenium (ah-ke'-ne-um) [d priv.; x aiVEiv i g a P e : P^> 
Achenia\. In biology, a small, dry, one-seeded, in- 
dehiscent fruit. 

Achenocarp, or Achaenocarp (ak-ke' -no-karp) [d priv.; 
^•o(V£(v,togape; KapTrdg, fruit]. Inbiology,anydryfruit, 
not opening spontaneously when ripe. See Achenium. 

Achenodium (ak-en-o' -de-um) [L. ]. A cremocarp or 
double achenium, as produced by some umbelliferous 
plants. See Achenium. 

Achetous, or Achaetous (ah-ke'-tus) [d priv. ; x aiTr l> 
hair]. In biology, lacking setae, chastae, or bristles. 

Achilia (ah-ki'-le-ah). See Acheilia. 

Achillea (ak-il-e' -ah) \_Achilles, its reputed discoverer]. 
Milfoil, Yarrow. The herb A. millefolium. Properties 
due to a bitter, aromatic, astringent, tonic extractive, 
achillein, and a volatile oil. It has long been used as 
a vulnerary, and has been highly recommended for 
intermittents, and in low, exanthematous fevers. Dose 
3J - Qj infusion ad lib.; of the extractive, gj— iij ; 
of the volatile oil, gtt. v-xv. Unof. To the genus 
Achillea belong various other unofficial medicinal 
plants, as A. moschata, of the Alps, used in preparing 
cordials and a diaphoretic medicine, and A. ptarmica, 
or sneezewort, a strong sialagogue. 

Achillein (ak-il 1 '-e-iti) \achilleinum; gen., Achilleini\. 
An extractive from Achillea millifolium. See Achillea. 

Achilles Tendon (ak-il'-ez ten'-don). See Tendon. 

Achillodynia (ak-il-o-din' '-e-ah) \_Achilles ; bilvvrj, pain]. 
Pain referred to the insertion of the tendo-Achillis, 
sometimes with apparent swelling of the tendon and 
of the os calcis. 

Achilous (ah-ki'-lus). See Acheilous. 

Achiote (a-che-o'-te). See A7inotto. 

Achiria (ah-ki'-re-ah). See Acheiria. 

Achirous (ah-ki'-rus). See Acheirous. 

Achirus (ah-ki'-rus'). See Acheirus. 

Achlamydeous (ak-lam-id' -e-us) [d priv.; ;f/la/z{ic, a 
cloak). In biology, flowers lacking calyx, corolla, or 
perianth. 

Achlorophyllous (ah-klo-ro-fiF -us) [d priv.; ^/Iwpdf, 
green ; tyvKXov, leaf]. In biology, without chlorophyll, 
or leaf-green. 

Achloropsia [ah-klo-rop' -se-ah) [d priv.; ^/Iwpdf, green ; 
oi/;(c, vision] . Green-blindness. 

Achlys (ak'-lis) [d^Awc, gloom, mist]. Cloudiness of 
the cornea. 

Achne (ak'-ne) \_axv7], anything shaved off ]. I. Lint, or 
charpie ; floss. 2. Mucus upon the eye. 

Acholia (ah-ko 1 '-le-ali) [d priv. ; x°^-V: bile]. Non-secre- 
tion or non-excretion of bile. 

Acholic (ah-kol-'ik) [d; x°^i\- Affected with acholia. 

Acholous (ak'-o-lus) [d priv.; joAr/, bile]. Pertaining 
to or affected with acholia. 

Achondroplasia (ah-kon-dro-pla' -se-ah) [d priv.; x& v ~ 
fipog, cartilage ; ir'Aaaueiv, to form] . Lack of devel- 
opment in a cartilaginous structure ; the absorption of 
cartilage during its transformation into bone. 



Achondroplasy (ah-kon' ' -dro-pla-se) [d priv. ; ^dvdpoj, 
cartilage; ir'Adooeiv, to form]. Lack of the normal 
development of cartilage. Parrot's term for a form of 
fetal rickets in which the limbs are short, the curves of 
the bones exaggerated, and there is an absence of the 
proliferating zone of cartilage at the junction of the 
epiphyses. The children are generally still-born. 
This condition is very much like a fetal cretinism. 

Achor (a'-kor) [d^wp, chaff, scurf, or dandruff: pi., 
Achores (a-kor'-ez)^. Crusta lactea. A small pustule, 
followed by a scab, upon the heads of infants. 

Achordal (ah-kor' -dal) [d priv. ; x6pd?j, cord]. Not 
derived from the notochord. 

Achorion (a-ko' -re-on) [dim. of d,\'op, chaff]. A 
genus including several species of fungous (or fungoid) 
organisms (possibly modified forms of Penicillium 
glaucum), found in the skin, especially the hair fol- 
licles. A. keratophagus , the form causing Onycho- 
mycosis, q. v. A. lebertii, the parasite of Tinea 
tonsurans. A. schonleinii, the species occurring in 
ringworm or Tinea favosa. 

Achroa (ah-kro'-ah). See Achroia. 

Achroia (ah-kroi'-ah). Same as Achroma, q. v. 

Achroicythemia (ah-kroi-si-the 1 '-me-ah) . Same as 
Achroiocytliemia. See also Oligochromemia. 

Achroiocythemia {ah-kroi-o-si-the' -me-ah), or Achrce- 
ocythaemia (ah-kre-o-si-the' '-me-ah) \_axpoior, color- 
less ; Kvrog, cell ; al/ua, blood] . A deficiency of 
hemoglobin in the red blood corpuscles; also, the 
diseased state that is associated with such deficiency. 

Achroleucous (ah-kro-lu' -kus) [axpoor, pale ; 1svk6c, 
white]. Yellowish- white, dull cream color. 

Achroma (ah-kro'-mah) [d priv.; xP^>P a -, color]. Ab- 
sence of color. Pallor. Paleness, from whatsoever 
cause. A., Congenital. See Albinism. A. Cutis. 
See Leucoderma. 

Achromasia [ah-kro-ma' -ze-ah) . See Achroma: 

Achromatic (ah-kro-mat'-ik) [d priv.; xp&fa, color]. 
Pertaining to achroma; without color. A. Lens, one 
the dispersing power of which is exactly neutralized 
by another lens having the same curvature but of 
unequal refractive index. See also Aberration and 
Objective. A. Triplet. See Microscope. 

Achromatin (ah-kro' -mat-in) [d priv.; xp<jpa, color]. 
The substance in the nucleus of a cell prior to division. 
So called because not readily stained by coloring 
agents. See Cell Body. A. of Flemming. See 
Paralinin. 

Achromatism (ah-hro'-mat-izm) [d priv.; xP"P- a t 
color]. Absence of chromatic aberration. 

Achromatopsia (ah-kro-mat-op' -se-ah) [d priv.; xP^P a i 
color ; biptc, eyesight] . Color-blindness ; Daltonism ; 
dyschromatopsia. 

Achromatosis (ak-kro-mat-o'-sis) [d priv. ; xP'~ J P a > 
color]. Any disease characterized by deficiency of 
pigmentation in the integumentary tissues. 

Achromatous (ah-kro' -mat-us) [d priv.; xp"f la > color]. 
Deficient in color. 

Achromia (ah-kro' -me-ah) [d priv.; xp^! m ' co l° r ]- 
Albinism ; achroma. 

Achromodermia (ah-kro-mo-der'-me-ah) [d priv. ; 
Xpiopa, color ; fiip/ja, skin] . An albinotic, or color- 
less state of the skin. 

Achromophilous (ah-kro-mof -il-us) [d priv.; %p&ua, 
color ; filelv, to love] . Not readily stained ; not 
chromophilous. 

Achromotrichia (ah-kro-mo-trik' -e-ah) [dpriv.; xp&P-O; 
color ; dpi!;, hair]. Absence of pigment from the hair. 

Achromous (ah-kro' -mus) [d priv.; xP^P a > color]. 
Pale, colorless ; having no color. 

Achroodextrin (ah-kro-o-dcks' -trin) [d xp°oc , colorless ; 
dexter, right], A reducing dextrin formed by the action 



ACHVLIA 



28 



ACID 



of the diastatic ferment of saliva upon starch or gly- 
cogen. It is a modification of dextrin that may be 
precipitated by alcohol, and is not altered by ptyalin, 
nor colored by iodin. 

Achylia (ah-ki'-le-ah) \a priv.; x v ^oc, juice]. Absence 
or deficiency of juice, or of chyle. 

Achylosis (ah-ki-lo'-sis) [a priv.; ^f/Wf, juice]. De- 
ficient chylification. 

Achylous (ah-ki'-lus) [a priv.; xv?mc, juice]. Without 
chyle ; deficient in chyle or juice. 

Achymosis (ak-ki-mo' -sis) [a priv. ; x v l 1 ^> chyme]. 
Deficient chymification. 

Achyranthes (ah-ki-ran' -tliez) [axvpov, chaff; avdor, 
a flower]. A genus of amyrantaceous plants. A. 
calea, of Mexico, is febrifugal. A. repens, of Europe 
and the United States, is diuretic. Unof. 

Acicula (as-ik' -u-lah) [dim. of acus, a needle]. In 
biology, a spine, bristle, or prickle ; the bristle-like 
flower of a grass. 

Acicular (as-ik'-u-lar) [acus, a needle]. Needle-like. 

Aciculum (as-ik' -u-luvi) [dim. of acus, a needle : 
pi., Acicirfa~\. In biology, one of the slender sharp 
bristles in the rudimentary limbs of some worms. 

Aciculus (as-ik' -u-lus) [acus, a needle]. In biology, 
a stout bristle or prickle. 

Acid (as' -id) \_acere, to be sour]. A name loosely 
applied to any substance having a sour taste. A com- 
pound of an electro-negative element with one or more 
atoms of hydrogen which can be replaced by electro- 
positive or basic atoms. Acids vary in their termina- 
tions according to the quantity of oxygen or other 
electro-negative constituent. Those having the maxi- 
mum of oxygen end in -ic ; those of a lower degree 
in -ous. Where there are more than two combinations 
the preposition hyper- is prefixed to the highest, and 
hypo- to the lowest. Acids that end in -ic, as sul- 
phur/V acid, form salts terminating in -ate ; those end- 
ing in -ous form salts terminating in -ite. Physiologic^ 
ally, acids in concentrated form act as caustics ; diluted 
and in medicinal doses they check acid-producing and 
increase alkaline secretions. A., Abietic. See Abietic. 
A., Abric (C ]2 H 24 N 3 0), a crystallizable acid, said to 
exist in jequirity. A., Aceric, found in the juice of 
Acer campeslre, the common English maple. A., 
Acetic, an acid solution composed of 36 parts of 
absolute acetic acid (C 2 H 4 2 ), and 64 parts water. 
Has strong acid properties. Miscible with water and 
alcohol. A., Acetic, Glacial, the absolute acid in 
crystalline form. An escharotic. A., Acetic, Dilute, 
contains six per cent, of absolute acid. Dose Jjj— ij. 
An impure form obtained by the destructive distilla- 
tion of wood is known as wood vinegar, or pyrolig- 
neous acid. A., Acetic, Test. See Tests, Table of. 
A., Aconitic (C 6 H 6 O g ), occurs in different plants, as 
Aconitum napellus, sugarcane, and beet-roots. It may 
be obtained by heating citric acid alone or with concen- 
trated HC1. It crystallizes in small plates, that 
dissolve readily in alcohol, ether and water, and melt 
at lS6°-7°. An acid found in aconite. A., Adibasic. 
See A., Suberic. A., Adipic (C fi H 10 O 4 ), obtained 
by oxidizing fats with nitric acid. Crystallizes in 
shining leaflets, or prisms ; soluble in thirteen parts of 
cold water; melts at 148°. It is dibasic and diatomic. 
A., Agaricic (C 16 H. 10 O s -f H 2 0), a resin acid obtained 
from the fungus Polyporus officinalis, growing on 
larch trees. The acid has been recommended for the 
checking of night-sweats. It also checks the other 
excretions and diminishes thirst. It is mildly cathartic. 
Unof. A., Alanthic (C 15 H 20 O 2 ), Inulic acid, found 
in Inula heleniiim. Occurs in needle-like crystals. 
A., Aldepalmitic (C 16 H 30 O 2 ), the chief component of 
the butter of the cow. A., Alginic. See Algin. A., 



Alloxanic (C 4 H 2 N 2 4 ), a crystalline acid, obtained 
by treating alloxan with alkalies. A., Alpha-oxy- 
naphthoic (C n H 8 3 ), a fragrant crystalline acid, de- 
rived from alpha-naphthol. It is strongly antiseptic 
and deodorant ; useful in wound-dressing ; but appears 
to be toxic when taken by the stomach. Unof. A., 
Alphatolinic. See A., Phenyl-acetic. A., Amalic 
(C 8 (CH 3 ) 4 N 4 7 ), [a/Wide, weak], tetramethylalloxan- 
tin, formed by the action of HN(J 3 , or chlorine water, 
upon thei'n, or, better, by the reduction of dimethyl 
alloxan with H 2 S. Consists of colorless, sparingly 
soluble crystals, that impart a red color to the skin. 
A., Amido-acetic. See Clycin. A., Amido- 
benzoic (C : H 7 N0 2 ), occasionally found in the urine. 
A., Amido-succinamic, same as Asparagiti. A., 
Angelic (C 5 H 8 2 ), a crystalline monobasic acid. 
Exists free along with valeric and acetic acids in the 
roots of Angelica archangelica, and as butyl and amyl 
esters in Roman oil of cumin. Crystallizes in shining 
prisms, melts at 45 , and boils at 185 . It has a peculiar 
smell and taste. A., Anisic (C g H g 3 ), obtained by 
oxidizing anisol and anethol with HN0 3 , and from 
aniseed by the action of oxidizing substances. Crys- 
tallizes from hot water in long needles, from alcohol in 
rhombic prisms; melts at 185 , boils at 280 . It is 
antiseptic and antirheumatic. A., Anthranilic (C 7 - 
H-N0 2 ), prepared by oxidizing indigo by boiling it 
with manganese dioxid and sodium hydroxid. It 
sublimes in long needles, is readily soluble in hot 
water and alcohol, and melts at 144 . A., Anthro- 
pocholic (C, 8 H 28 4 ) [avOpunoc, man; x°^'/i bile], 
an acid said to be obtainable from human bile. Its 
existence is doubtful. A., Anticylic, a white fragrant 
powder with pleasant acid taste, readily soluble in 
water, alcohol, and glycerin, used as an antipyretic. 
Dose gr. T ^. A., Aposorbic (C 5 H 8 7 ), produced 
on oxidizing sorbin with HN0 3 . It crystallizes in 
small leaflets that melt with decomposition at no°. 
Easily soluble in water. A., Arabic. See Arabin. 
A., Arabonic (C 5 H 10 O fi ), tetraoxyvaleric acid, ob- 
tained by the action of bromin water or HN0 3 upon 
arabinose. A., Aromatic, a name applied to certain 
organic acids occurring in the balsams, resins, and 
other odoriferous principles. Also, in pharmacy, a 
dilute mineral acid reinforced by aromatic substances 
in order to modify their flavor. A., Arsenous, and 
Arsenic. See Arsenic. A., Aspartic (C 4 H 7 N0 4 ), 
occurs in the vinasse obtained from the beet root, 
and is procured from albuminous bodies in various 
reactions. It is prepared by boiling asparagin with 
alkalies and acids. It crystallizes in rhombic prisms, 
or leaflets, and dissolves with difficulty in water. A., 
Atrolactinic (C 9 H 10 O 3 )» obtained from acetophenone 
by means of prussic acid and H 2 S0 4 or dilute HO. 
Dissolves very readily in water ; crystallizes with one- 
half H 2 in needles or plates; melts at 91 . A, 
Atropic (C 9 H 8 2 ), results from atropin, tropic acid, 
and atrolactinic acid when they are heated with con- 
centrated HC1. Crystallizes from hot water in mono- 
clinic plates ; is sparingly soluble in cold water, easily 
in ether and benzene; melts at 106 . A., Auric 
(Au(OH) 3 ), gold trihydroxid. A. Bath. See Bath. 
A., Behenolic (C., 2 H 40 O,), derived from the 
bromids of erucic and brassidic acids. Melts at 
57.5°. A., Benzoic (C 7 H 6 2 ), occurs free in some 
resins, chiefly in gum benzoin, and in coal tar. It crystal- 
lizes in white, shining needles, or leaflets, melts at 120 , 
and distils at 250 . It volatilizes readily, and its vapor 
possesses a peculiar odor that produces coughing. 
A., Boric. See Borcn. A., Brassidic (C 22 H 42 2 ), 
isomeric with erucic acid ; produced by the action of 
nitric acid on erucic acid; melts at 56 . A., Brenz 



ACID 



29 



ACID 



catechin sulphuric (C 6 H 4 (HO) 2 .O.S0 2 ), has been 
found in human urine, mainly after the ingestion of 
salicin, hydroquinon, etc. A., Butyric (C 4 H 8 2 ) 
[butyrum, butter], an acid having a viscid appearance 
and rancid smell. It is obtained commercially by the 
fermentation of a mixture of sugar and butter or cheese 
in the presence of an alkaline carbonate, but occurs in 
various plants, in cod-liver oil, in the juice of meats, and 
in the perspiration. Combined with glycerin as glyceryl 
butyrate, it is essentially butter. The ether derived from 
butyric acid is the natural flavor of the pineapple. A., 
Caffeic (C 9 H 8 4 ), obtained when the tannin of coffee 
is boiled with potassium hydroxid ; crystallizes in yel- 
low prisms, and is very readily soluble in hot water 
and alcohol. A., Campholic (C 10 H 18 O 2 ), produced 
on distilling camphor over heated soda-lime, or with 
alcoholic potash ; it melts at 95 , and is a white, vola- 
tile solid, insoluble in cold water. A., Camphoric 
(C 10 H 1G O 4 ), a dibasic acid, obtained by boiling camphor 
with HNO3 ; crystallizes from hot water in colorless 
leaflets; melts at 178°, and decomposes into water 
and its anhydrid, C 8 H 14 (CO) 2 0. Used in night- 
sweats of phthisis. Dose gr. x-xxx. A., Cam- 
phoronic (C 9 H ]2 5 + H 2 0), produced by the further 
oxidation of camphoric acid ; it occurs in the mother 
liquor. Loses its water of crystallization at IOO-120 
and melts at 135°. It forms colorless microscopic 
needles that are volatile and readily soluble in water. 
A., Capric (C 9 H 19 CO.OH) , occurs in small quantity, as 
a glycerid in cow's butter. Crystallizes in fine needles, 
melting at 30 C. , very insoluble in boiling water. 
A., Caproic (C 6 H 12 2 ), the sixth in the series of 
fatty acids ; a clear, mobile oil, colorless, inflammable, 
and with a very acid and penetrating taste. Prepared 
from butter, cocoanut oil, and various other sources. 
A., Caprylic (C 7 H 13 CO.OH), an acid combined 
with glycerin, forming a glycerid existing in various 
animal fats ; liquid at ordinary temperatures. A., 
Carbamic (H 2 N.CO.OH), an acid not known in the 
free state ; its ammonium salt is contained in com- 
mercial ammonium carbonate. The esters of carbamic 
acid are called urethanes. A., Carbazotic. See A., 
Picric. A., Carbolic (C 6 H 5 OH), Phenol — the correct 
designation of this substance — is procured from coal 
tar by fractional distillation. It has a very peculiar and 
characteristic odor, a burning taste, is poisonous, and 
has preservative properties. The sp. gr. at o° is 
1.084; it crystallizes in colorless rhombic needles that 
melt at 42.2°, boiling at 180°, and it is not decomposed 
upon distillation. At ordinary temperatures it dissolves 
in water with difficulty (1 : 15), but is soluble in 
alcohol, ether, glacial acetic acid, and glycerin in all 
proportions. Upon exposure to light and air it deli- 
quesces and acquires a pinkish color. It is used in the 
manufacture of many of the artificial coloring matters, 
e. g. , picric acid, used as a yellow dye. Large quan- 
tities of various qualities of carbolic acid are consumed 
for antiseptic purposes. It is a powerful antiseptic and 
germicide, and a violent poison. Internally it is used in 
vomiting and intestinal fermentation. Dose gr. %-]. 
A., Carb., Aqua, contains 10 drachms of the glycerit to 
1 pint of water. Dose SJ-^ss. A., Carb., Garga- 
risma grs. ij-gj, for fetid'sore throat. A., Carb., 
Glycerit, contains acid I, glycerin 4 parts. A., Carb., 
Liquefactum, (B. P.). Dose TT\J-ij. A., Carb., 
Solutions, vary from I to 5 per cent, in water. A., 
Carb., Suppos. cum Sapone (B. P.), each contain- 
ing gr. j of carbolic acid. A., Carb., Unguent, con- 
tains acid 10, ointment 90 parts. A., Carbol., Injectio 
Hypoderm., 2-5 per cent., for anthrax, and erysipelas. 
A., Carbonic (C0 2 ), carbon dioxid; a product of 
combustion ; a colorless, transparent, odorless gas, 



heavier than air; incapable of sustaining respiration. 
It is eliminated by the lungs, and when retained in 
the system gives rise to cyanosis. A., Carminic 
(C 17 H 18 O 10 ), coloring matter found in the buds of cer- 
tain plants, and especially in cochineal, an insect 
inhabiting different varieties of cactus. It is an 
amorphous purple-red mass, very readily soluble in 
water and alcohol. Yields red salts with the alkalies. 
A., Cathartinie, an active principle from several 
species of Cassia. It occurs in brown hygroscopic 
scales. Used as a laxative in doses of gr. iv-vj. 
A., Cerebrinic (C 59 H 113 N0 3 ), an acid found in the 
brain and belonging to the group called cerebrinacides. 
A., Cerotic (C 27 H 54 2 ) [/a/poroc, waxy], a fatty acid, 
existing in the free state in beeswax, and combined 
with ceryl as an ether in Chinese wax. It crystallizes 
from alcohol in delicate needles, melting at 78 . A., 
Chelidonic (C 7 H 4 6 ), occurs together with malic 
acid in Chelidonium majus. Crystallizes in silky 
needles with one molecule of water, and melts at 220 . 
A., Chloracetic \chlorin and acetic'], an acid, called 
also Monochloracetic acid, produced by the substitution 
of chlorin for the hydrogen of the radicle in acetic 
acid. It is sometimes used as a caustic. A., Chloric 
(HC10 3 ), an acid known only in its compounds and 
its aqueous solution. Some of its compounds, the 
chlorates, are of great service in medicine. A., Cho- 
lalic. See A., Cholic. A., Cholic (C, 4 H 42 5 ), 
Cholalic Acid, from glycocholic and taurocholic acids ; 
crystallizes from hot water in small anhydrous prisms, 
sparingly soluble in water, and melting at 195 . A., 
Choloidinic, derived from Cholalic Acid, and proba- 
bly a mixture of this with dyslysin ; all three decomposi- 
tion products of bile acids. A., Chromic, strictly 
the compound H 2 Cr0 4 ; chromium trioxid combined 
with water; it forms salts called chromates. In 
most books the chromium trioxid, Cr0 3 , is called by 
this name. It is a crystalline solid, and is a useful 
escharotic for the destruction of syphilitic warts and 
similar growths. A solution of I : 40 is used as an 
antiseptic wash for putrid sores and wounds. A., 
Chrysanisic (C 7 H 5 N 3 6 ), an acid forming golden- 
yellow crystals, used in the preparation of certain 
anilin dyes. It melts at 25 9 and sublimes. A., 
Chrysenic (C 17 H ]2 3 ), produced when chrysene is 
fused with caustic alkali. Forms silver-white leaflets 
and melts at 186 . A., Chrysophanic (C 15 H 10 O 4 ), 
Rheinic Acid, exists in the lichen, Parmelia parietina, 
in senna leaves, and in the rhubarb root. Crystallizes 
in golden yellow needles or prisms, melting at 162 . 
See Chrysarobin . A.,Cinchoninic (C 9 H B N (C0 2 H)), 
produced by oxidizing cinchonin with potassium per- 
manganate, or HN0 3 . Crystallizes in needles, con- 
taining 2H 2 0, in thick prisms, or plates, with 2H 2 ; 
melts at 254 . A., Cinnamic (C 9 H 8 2 ), occurs in 
Peru and Tolu balsams, in storax, and in some benzoin 
resins. Crystallizes from hot water in fine needles, 
from alcohol in thick prisms ; is odorless, melts at 133 ; 
soluble in hot water and in alcohol. It has been 
used in tuberculosis, both internally and externally. 
•Dose TTLJ-x, hypodermatically. A., Citric (C 6 H 8 7 ), 
occurs free in lemons, black currants, bilberry, beets, 
and in various acid fruits. It crystallizes with one 
molecule of water in large rhombic prisms, which melt 
at 100°, are colorless, inodorous, and extremely sharp 
in taste. It is used as a discharge in calico-printing. 
It is refrigerant, antiseptic, and diuretic. A., Comanic 
(C 6 H 4 4 ), obtained from chelidonic acid by the loss of 
carbon dioxid. It dissolves with difficulty in water ; 
melts at 250°. A., Comenic (C 6 H 4 0-), is produced by 
heating meconic acid to 120-200 . It is rather inso- 
luble in water and crystallizes in hard, warty masses. 



ACID 



30 



ACID 



A., Coumalic (C 6 H 4 4 ), identical with comanic 
acid. Produced when malic acid is heated together 
with concentrated H 2 S0 4 ; dissolves with difficulty in 
cold water and melts with decomposition at 206 . A., 
Coumaric (C 9 H 8 3 ), an acid derived from coumarin 
and intimately related to salicylic acid, being converted 
into the latter by fusion with potassium hydrate. A., 
Coumarilic (C 9 H 6 3 ), a monobasic acid obtained 
from coumarin dibromid ; crystallizes from hot water 
in delicate needles, melting at 190 ; moderately solu- 
ble in water and extremely soluble in alcohol. A., 
Crenic [api/vr/, a spring], an acid found in certain 
spring waters and also in vegetable mould and in 
ochreous deposits. A., Cresolsulphuric (C-H 7 O.S- 
2 .0H), exists in the urine in small traces; also found 
in the urine of herbivorous animals. A., Cresylic. 
See Cresol. A., Croconic (C 5 H 2 O s ), is produced 
by the alkaline oxidation of most of the hexa- 
substituted benzene-derivatives ; crystallizes in sul- 
phur-yellow leaflets, readi.ly soluble in water and 
alcohol; has an acid taste and reaction. A., 
Cumic (C 10 H 12 O 2 ), is produced by the oxidation of 
cuminic alcohol with dilute HN0 3 . Very soluble in 
water and alcohol, crystallizes in colorless needles or 
leaflets, melts at Ii6°, and boils at about 290 . A , 
Cyanic (CONH), obtained by heating polymeric 
cyanuric acid. It is a mobile, volatile liquid, only 
stable below o° ; reacts strongly acid ; has an odor like 
that of glacial acetic acid ; vesicates the skin ; dissolves 
in alcohols. A., Cyanuric. See A., Tricyanic. 
A., Damalic (C 12 H 22 2 ), [Sa/iaXig, heifer], has been 
obtained from the urine of cows and horses, and from 
human urine. A., Damaluric (C,H 12 2 ) [da/ia'Aig, 
heifer; ovpov, urine], an oily compound, derivable 
from the urine of cattle and of mankind. A., Desox- 
alic (C 5 H 6 8 ), is seen in large, shining crystals, that 
melt at 85°. A., Diacetic (C 4 H fi 3 ), an acid present 
in the urine in some diseased conditions, e. g., aceton- 
uria. With a solution of ferric chorid it gives a Bur- 
gundy-red color. A., Durylic (C ]0 H 12 O 2 ), obtained 
by the oxidation of durene ; crystallizes in hard prisms 
and melts at 115°. A., Elai'dic (C ]8 H 34 2 ), afatty acid, 
produced by the action of nitrous acid on oleic acid. 
Isomeric with the latter. Consists of brilliant leaflets, 
melting at 44-45°. A., Ellagic (C u H 8 9 ), occurs 
in the bezoar stones (an intestinal calculus of the 
Persian goat). Occurs in the form of a powder con- 
taining 1 molecule of water of crystallization. Insoluble 
in water ; light pale yellow in color; tasteless. A., 
Enanthylic, or CEnanthylic \_u\vadrj, wine flower, 
a plant (oivoq, wine; avdoc, flower); vkt), principle], 
a complex ether formed by the action of nitric acid on 
fatty substances, especially castor oil. A., Erucic 
(C 22 H 42 2 ), present as glycerid in rape-seed oil and 
in the fatty oil of mustard. Prepared by saponifying 
rape-seed oil with lead oxid. Crystallizes from alcohol 
in long needles that melt at 33-34°. A., Euchroic 
(C ]2 H 4 N 2 8 ), an amid of mellitic acid, produced by 
dry distillation of the ammonium salt. It crystallizes in 
large prisms and is sparingly soluble in water. A., 
Eugenic. See Eugenol. A., Euxanthinic (C ]9 H, 8 - 
O n ), Porrisic Acid, occurs as a magnesium salt in 
so-called purree, a yellow coloring matter from India 
and China. Crystallizes from alcohol in yellow prisms 
with H 2 0. A., Everninic (C 9 H 10 O 4 ), produced on 
boiling evernic acid ( C 17 H 1(i 7 ) (from Evernia 
prunastri, a lichen formerly much used in dyeing and 
for making a hair powder), with baryta. It melts at 
157°. A., Ferulic (C 10 H 10 O 4 ), corresponds to vanillin. 
It is found in asafetida, from which it may be obtained 
by precipitation with lead acetate. It is very soluble 
in hot water, crystallizes in shining needles or prisms, 



and melts at 169°. A., Filicic, the main ingredient 
of Male Fern. It is a white crystalline powder 
with slight taste and odor, insoluble in water. A., 
Fluoric (HP"), gaseous and soluble in water, a strong 
escharotic. The dilute acid, I : 200, is used as an 
internal remedy in goiter. Dose TTlxx-xxx. A., 
Formic (CH 2 2 ), an acid obtained from a fluid 
emitted by ants when irritated ; also found in stinging 
nettles, in shoots of the pine, and in various animal 
secretions. Prepared by heating oxalic acid and gly- 
cerin. It is a colorless, mobile fluid, with a pungent 
odor, and vesicates the skin if dropped upon it. It 
boils at 99° and at 0° has a sp. gr. of 1.223. A-j 
Galactonic. See A. , Lactonic. ' A., Gallic (C 7 H 6 - 
O s ), occurs free in gall nuts, in tea, in the fruit of 
Ccesalpinia coriaria, mangoes, and various other plants. 
Obtained from ordinary tannic acid by boiling it with 
dilute acids. Crystallizes in fine, silky needles, con- 
taining one molecule of water. Dissolves slowly in 
water and readily in alcohol and ether ; has a faintly 
acid, astringent taste ; melts near 220°. Astringent 
and disinfectant ; useful in night sweats, diabetes, and 
chronic diarrhea. A., Gallic, Unguent, benzoated 
lard 90, gallic acid 10. A., Pyrogallic (unofficial), 
obtained from gallic acid by heating the latter. Recom- 
mended locally in phagedenic chancres as an antisep- 
tic and disinfectant in 1-2^ per cent, solutions. Dose, 
internally, gr. j-ij. A., Gluconic ' (C 6 H 12 7 ), is 
formed by the oxidation of dextrose, cane sugar, 
dextrin, starch, and maltose with chlorin or bromin 
water. Most readily obtained from glucose. It is 
dextro-rotatory, but does not reduce Fehling's solution. 
It melts at 200°. A., Glutaric (C 5 H 8 4 ), normal 
pyrotartaric acid. Crystallizes in large monoclinic 
plates, melts at 97°, and distils at 303°, at 14° soluble 
in 1.2 part of water. A., Glycocholic (C 2G H 43 N0 6 ), 
a monobasic acid found in bile ; sparingly soluble in 
water; crystallizes in minute needles, melting at 133°. 
A., Glycollic (C 2 H 4 3 ), Oxyacetic Acid, produced 
by the action of nascent hydrogen upon oxalic acid. 
It is a thick syrup that gradually crystallizes on stand- 
ing over sulphuric acid ; the crystals melt at 80° and 
deliquesce in the air. It dissolves easily in water, in 
alcohol, and in ether. A., Glycoluric (C 3 H 6 N 2 3 ), 
Hydantotc Acid, prepared by heating urea with glycocoll 
to 120°. It is a monobasic acid; very soluble in hot 
water and in alcohol. Crystallizes in large, rhombic 
prisms. A., Glycuronic (C 6 H 10 O 7 ), obtained by 
decomposing euxanthic acid on boding with dilute 
H 2 S0 4 . It is a syrup that decomposes readily into the 
lactone, C 6 H 8 6 , on wanning. It is levo-rotatory. 
This acid has been found in urine ; it probably does 
not exist in normal urine ; but it appears after 
taking certain drugs, as benzol, indol, nitro-benzol, 
and the quinin derivatives. A., Glyoxylic (C 2 H 2 3 ), 
obtained by oxidizing glycol, alcohol, and aldehyd. 
It is a thick liquid, readily soluble in water. Crystal- 
lizes in rhombic prisms by long standing over sulphuric 
acid. A., Guanido-Acetic. See Glycocyamin. 
A., Gynocardic (C ]4 H 24 2 ), derived from the seeds 
of the Gynoccu-dia odorata. It occurs as a yellowish 
oily substance melting at 30° C. (86° F.), with a dis- 
tinct odor and acid taste. Used as an antisyphilitic 
and antirheumatic. Dose gr. ^-iij . Used externally 
as a liniment (I to 10 or 20). A., Haloids 
(as' -id hal'-oid£), derivatives that arise in the 
replacement of the hydroxyl of acids by halogens. 
They are liquids of sharp odor, fuming in the air 
and undergoing transformation into acids and halo- 
gen hydrids. They are heavier than water. They 
decompose at ordinary temperatures, forming acids. 
A., Hemipinic (C 10 H ]0 O 6 ), formed by oxidizing 



ACID 



31 



ACID 



narcotin with dilute HNO r Melts at 182 . A., 
Hesperetinic (C 10 H 10 O 4 ), obtained from the gluco- 
side hesperidin. Melts at 228 . A., Hippuric (C 9 H 9 - 
NO») [2;nroc, horse; ovpov, urine], Benzoyl Glycocoll, 
occurs in considerable amount in the urine of herbi- 
vorous animals, sometimes in that of man. Crystallizes 
in rhombic prisms, and dissolves readily in hot water 
and alcohol. It melts at 187 . Its salts (hippurates 
of lime, lithium, and sodium) are regarded as good 
solvents of the urates, and are recommended in gout, 
rheumatism, and calculous diseases. Dose grs. iv- 
xvj. Unof. A., Hircic, a peculiar-smelling acid 
contained in goat's milk. A., Homogentisic, an 
acid separated by Baumann from highly-colored urine, 
believed to be formed by the action of bacteria on 
the tyrosin normally found in pancreatic digestion. 
A., Homophthalic (C 9 H 8 4 ), obtained by fusing 
gamboge with caustic potash. Crystallizes from 
hot water in stout prisms, melting at 175°. A., 
Hydantoic. See A., Glycoluric. A., Hydriodic 
(HI), Acidum Hydriodicum ; a gaseous acid. Its 
solution and a syrup prepared from it are used as alter- 
atives, with the general effects of iodin. Unof. A., 
Hydrobromic (HBr) ; the dilute acid, which is the 
chief form used, consists of 10 per cent, acid and 90 
per cent, water. A good solvent for quinin. Useful 
in hysteria, congestive headaches, and neuralgia. Is 
recommended as a substitute for potassium and sodium 
bromids. Dose rr^xx-jij. A., Hydrocaffeic (C 9 - 
H, O 4 ), obtained from caffe'ic acid by the action of 
sodium amalgam. A., Hydrochloric, Muriatic Acid 
(HC1), a liquid consisting of 31. 9 per cent, of HC1 gas 
in 68. 1 per cent, of water. Colorless, pungent, and in- 
tensely acid. Valuable as an aid to digestion. A., 
Hydrochloric, Dilute, a ten per cent, solution of ab- 
solute acid in water. Dose TTLiij-x. A., Hydrocin- 
namic (C 6 H 5 . (CH 2 ),C0 2 H), Phenyl-propionic Acid, 
obtained by the action of sodium amalgam upon 
cinnamic acid. Very soluble in hot water and alcohol ; 
crystallizes in needles, melts at 47 , and distils at 280°. 
A., Hydrocyanic, Dilute (HCN), Prussic Acid, a 
liquid consisting of two per cent, of the acid with 98 
per cent, of water and alcohol. Generally prepared 
by the action of H 2 S0 4 on potassium ferrocyanid. 
It is a mobile liquid, of a sp. gr. of .697 at 18 ; 
becomes crystalline at — 15°; boils at-f-26.5 ; pos- 
sesses an odor like that of bitter almonds ; is extremely 
poisonous ; a feeble acid. Prussic acid is found in the 
bitter almond, the leaves of the peach, and in the 
cherry laurel, from the leaves of which it is distilled. 
It is the most violent poison known, death from com- 
plete asphyxia being almost instantaneous. Valuable 
for its sedative and antispasmodic effects in vomiting, 
whooping-cough, and spasmodic affections. Dose 
Try-v. The following preparations are employed : 
Aqua Laurocerasi, water distilled from the leaves of 
the cherry laurel. Dose n\v-xxx, with caution. 
SclieeWs Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid, is a 4 or 5 per cent, 
solution; dangerous. Amygdala Amara, oil of bitter 
almond ; used in cosmetics. A., Hydrocyanic, Vapor, 
Tr^x-xv of dilute acid in Sjj of water, warmed and 
the vapor inhaled to relieve irritable coughs. A., 
Hydrofluoric (HF), an aqueous solution of hydro- 
fluoric gas, administered in dilute form as an inhalation 
in phthisis and goiter. See Fluorin. A., Hydro- 
sulphuric (H 2 S), an acid which, both in its pure and 
gaseous form and in its watery solution, is much used 
as a chemical reagent. The gas has been employed 
by inhalation and by rectal injection in cases of tuber- 
culosis. (See Bergeron's Method.) Called also Hydro- 
gen Sulfid and Sidfydric Acid. A., Hydrurilic 
(C 8 H 6 N 4 6 ) , obtained by decomposing the copper salt 



with HC1. Occurs in little prisms. A., Hyperosmic. 
See A., Osmic. A., Hypochlorous (HCIO), an 
unstable compound, important as a disinfecting and 
bleaching agent. Some of its salts, the hypochlorites, 
have a limited use in medicine. A., Hypophos- 
phorous (H 3 P0 2 ), its salts (hypophosphites), also the 
dilute acid, and a syrup prepared with it, are used as 
remedial agents. (See Calcii Hypophosphis, Ferri 
Hypophosphis, Sodii Hypophosphis, Potassii Hypophos- 
phis). A., Igasuric, an acid occurring in St. Igna- 
tius Bean and certain other plants containing strychnia. 
It occurs in small, hard crystals with an acid, astrin- 
gent taste. A., Indoxylic (C 9 H 7 N0 3 ), produced 
from its ethyl ester by fusion with caustic soda at 
180 . Appears as a white crystalline mass, melting 
at 123 . A., Iodic (HIO :j ), a monobasic acid. Its 
solution (two per cent.) has been recommended as 
an alterative subcutaneous injection. A., Isopropyl 
Succinic. See A Pimelic. A., Isosaccharic (C 6 - 
H ]0 O 8 ), an acid very soluble in water and alcohol, 
forming rhombic crystals, and melting at 185 . Its 
so'ution is dextro-rotatory. A., Kephalo-phosphoric, 
a brain-acid differing from ordinary phosphoric acid 
in that three molecules of its hydroxyl are replaced 
by one molecule each of kepalyl, stearyl, and gly- 
ceryl. A.. Lactic (HC 3 H 5 3 ), a liquid containing 
75 per cent, of absolute acid in 25 per cent, of 
water. Produced in the fermentation of milk. Gen- 
erally found impure from subsequent fermentation, 
except when freshly made. Useful in aiding digestion, 
in diabetes, and as a solvent of false membrane in 
diphtheria. Dose ^ss-gss. A., Lactic, Dil., (B. P.). 
Dose ^ss-ij. A., Lactonic (C 6 H, 2 7 ), Galactonic 
Acid, produced from milk-sugar, galactose, and gum 
arabic by the action of brornin water. It crystallizes, 
on standing over H 2 S0 4 , in small needles. A., Leu- 
conic (C 5 5 + 4H 2 0) , an acid produced by oxidiz- 
ing croconic acid with HN0 3 or chlorin. Very 
soluble in water; occurs in small, colorless needles. 
A., Levulinic(C 5 H 8 3 ), obtained fromlevulose, cellu- 
lose, cane-sugar, etc. Isomeric with methyl aceto- 
acetic acid; dissolves readily in water, alcohol, and 
ether; crystallizes in scales that melt at 33. 5 ; boils 
with slight decomposition at 239 . A., Linoleic 
(C 16 H 28 2 ), occurs as glycerid in drying oils, such as 
linseed oil, hemp oil, poppy oil, and nut oil. Pre- 
pared by saponifying linseed oil with potash. It 
is a yellowish oil that has asp. gr. of 0.921. A., 
Maizenic, an acid derived from the stigmata (silk) 
of Indian corn ; said to be a good diuretic. Unof. 
A., Malic (C 4 H 6 5 ), a bibasic acid, occurring free or in 
the form of salts in many plant juices, in unripe apples, 
in grapes, and in mountain-ash berries. It forms de- 
liquescent crystals, that dissolve readily in alcohol, 
slightly in ether, and melt at 100 ; it has a pleasant 
acid taste. A., Malonic (C 3 H 4 4 ), occurs in the 
deposit found in the vacuum pans employed in the beet- 
sugar manufacture ; obtained by the oxidation of malic 
acid with chromic acid ; crystallizes in large tables 
or laminae ; easily soluble in water, alcohol, and 
e.ther ; melts at 132° ; at higher temperatures it decom- 
poses into acetic acid and carbon dioxid. A., Man- 
delic (C 6 H 5 .CH(OH).C0 2 H), is formed from ben- 
zaldehyd by the action of prussic acid and HC1. 
Obtained naturally from amygdalin ; is levo-rotatory, 
and forms brilliant crystals, melting at 132. 8°. A., 
Mannitic (C 6 H 12 7 ), obtained by the action of plati- 
num black upon aqueous mannitol. It is a very solu- 
ble, gummy mass, and reduces Fehling's solution. A., 
Mannonic (C 6 H 12 7 ) , produced by oxidizing man- 
nose with bromin water. A., Meconic (C 7 H 4 7 ), 
a tribasic acid, occurring in opium in union with mor 



ACID 



32 



ACID 



phin. Crystallizes with 3H 2 in white laminse, 
readily soluble in hot water and alcohol. Ferric salts 
color the acid solutions dark red. A., Melilotic 
(C 6 H 4 (CH 2 ) 2 .0H.C0 2 H), occurs free and in com- 
bination with coumarin in the yellow melilot. Crys- 
tallizes in long needles, dissolves easily in hot water, 
and melts at 8i°. A., Mellitic (C 12 H 6 12 ), occurs in 
mellite or honey-stone, which is found in some lignite 
beds. Honey-stone is an aluminium salt of mellitic 
acid, C 12 A1 2 14 + i8H.,0, and affords large quadratic 
pyramids of a bright yellow color. Mellitic acid crys- 
tallizes in fine, silky needles, readily soluble in water and 
alcohol ; has a sour, bitter taste. A., Mellophanic 
(C 6 H,(CO.,H) 4 ), formed by the oxidation of isodurene. 
Very soluble in cold water and crystallizes in small 
prisms. Melts at 240 . A., Mesidic. See A. 
Uvitic. A., Mesitylenic (C 9 H I0 O 2 ), obtained by 
gradually oxidizing mesitylene with dilute HN0 3 . 
Crystallizes from alcohol in large prisms, from water 
in needles. Melts at 1 66° and sublimes very readily. 
A., Metaphosphoric (HP0 3 ), a glassy solid, not 
volatile by heat. It is freely soluble in cold water, 
and is converted by boiling into orthophosphoric 
acid. Used as a test for albumin in the urine. A., 
Metasaccharic (C 6 H 10 O 8 ), produced by oxidizing 
arabinose carboxylic acid with HN0 3 . „ Melts at 68° 
when air-dried. A., Mucic (C 6 H 10 O 8 ), is obtained in 
the oxidation of dulcitol, milk-sugar, galactose, galac- 
tonic acid and nearly all the gum varieties. A white 
crystalline powder, almost insoluble in cold water and 
alcohol. It melts at 210° with decomposition. A., 
Muriatic. See A., Hydrochloric. A., Myronic \jivpov, 
unguent] (C 10 H I9 NS 2 O, ), an acid that occurs as a 
potassium salt in the seeds of black mustard. Crystallizes 
from water in bright needles. A., Nitric (HN0 3 ), a 
liquid consisting of 68 per cent, absolute acid in 32 
per cent, of water. The pure acid is colorless, fum- 
ing, and highly caustic. A very powerful escharotic, 
used in cauterization of chancres and phagedenic 
ulcers. A., Nit., Dilute, contains ten percent, abso- 
lute acid. Dose rrLiij-xv, well diluted. A., Nitro- 
hydrochloric, Aqua Regia, a golden yellow, fuming 
mixture of four parts nitric and 15 of hydrochloric acid. 
A ready solvent of gold. Valuable in affections of the 
liver. Dose TTLv-xx, very dilute. A., Noropianic 
(C 8 H 6 5 ), is obtained from opianic acid by heating 
with hydriodic acid. Readily soluble in water; melt- 
ing at 171 . A., Oleic (C 18 H 34 2 ), a constituent 
acid present in many fats and oils. Obtained in the 
manufacture of stearin candles. Soluble in alcohol, 
benzol, and the essential oils; insoluble in water. 
Saponifies when heated with alkaline bases. Used in 
making the oleates. It is a colorless oil that crystal- 
lizes on cooling. Melts at -\- 14 . Odorless in a pure 
condition, but becomes rancid on exposure to the air. 
A., Opianic (C 10 H 10 O 5 ), dimethyl ether of noropianic 
acid. Crystallizes from hot water in fine prisms, melt- 
ing at 150 . A., Orsellinic (C 8 H 8 4 ), is found in 
different lichens of the genera Roccella and Le- 
canora. Consists of easily soluble prisms, melting at 
176 . A., Ortho-oxybenzoic. See A. Salicylic. 
A., Orthophosphoric (H 3 P0 4 ), ordinary phosphoric 
acid, as distinguished from metaphosphoric and pyro- 
phosphoric acids. A., Osmic (Os0 4 ), the oxide of 
osmium, one of the rarer elements ; it occurs as yellow 
crystals, acrid, burning, yielding an intensely irritating 
vapor ; it has been recommended for hypodermatic use 
in sciatica, strumous glands, and cancer. A., Osmic, 
Liq., one per cent. Dose n\iv-vj , hypodermatically for 
sciatica, neuralgia, etc. Potassium Osmate (K 2 0s0 4 4- 
2H 2 0), given in epilepsy. Dose gr. -fa. A., Oxalic 
(C 2 H 2 4 ), a colorless crystalline solid obtained by 



treating sawdust with caustic soda and potash. It oc- 
curs in many plants chiefly as potassium oxalate ; with 
two parts of water, it crystallizes in fine, transparent 
monoclinic prisms that at 20 effloresce in dry air and 
fall in a white powder. It is soluble in nine parts of 
water at moderate temperature and quite easily in al- 
cohol. In }4 gr. doses a depressant to respiratory 
centers. In large doses a violent poison. Unof. A., 
Oxamic (C 2 2 (NH 2 OH)), a monobasic acid occurring 
as a crystalline powder that dissolves with difficulty in 
cold water and melts at 173 . A., Oxyacetic. See A., 
Glycollic. A., Oxycitric (C 6 H 8 8 ), is produced by 
boiling chlorcitric acid with alkalies or water. A. , Oxy- 
uvitic (C 9 H 8 5 ), is produced by the action of chloro- 
form upon sodium aceto-acetic ester. Crystallizes from 
hot water in fine needles, and melts with decomposition 
at about 290 . A., Palmitic (C 1B H 32 2 ), an acid exist- 
ing as a glycerin ether in palm-oil and in most of the 
solid fats. It forms fine, white needles, or pearly crys- 
talline scales. A., Palmitolic (C 16 H 28 2 ), an acid 
that is isomeric with linoleic acid; melts at 42 . A., 
Palmitoxylic (C I6 H 28 4 ) , a monobasic acid, produced 
from palmitolic acid on heating with fuming HN0 3 . 
Melts at 67 . A., Paracresotic (C 8 H 9 3 ), a pre- 
paration from paracresylol. It is employed usually in 
the form of its sodium salt, C 8 H 7 Na0 3 , which is a safe 
and reliable antipyretic. It is especially of service in 
the rheumatism of children. Dose, to children, gr. ij- 
iij ; to adults up to gij. Unof. A., Paralactic. See A., 
Sarcolactic. A., Paratartaric. See A., Racemic. A., 
Pelargonic (C 9 H 18 2 ), a complex ether that imparts 
the specific flavor to geranium and certain other 
aromatic oils. A., Perosmic. Same as A. , Osmic. 
A., Phenylacetic ( C 6 H 5 .CH 2 .C0 2 H ), Alphatbluic 
Acid, obtained from benzyl cyanid when boiled with 
alkalies. Crystallizes in shining leaflets, resembling 
those of benzoic acid; melts at 76.5°, and boils at 
262 . It is prescribed in coughs and tuberculosis; is 
stimulant and antihectic. Dose of alcoholic solution 
gtt. x-xx. Unof. A., Phenyl-propionic. See A., 
Hydrocinnamic. A., Phenyl Sulphate, a solution of 
three grammes of phenol in 20 c.c. of strong sulphuric 
acid. Used for the detection of nitrates in water. 
A., Phosphoric (H 3 P0 4 ), Orthophosphoric Acid, con- 
tains 50 per cent, each of acid and water. Of value in 
strumous aftections, and thought to be serviceable in 
dissolving phosphatic deposits. Has none of the effects 
derived from free phosphorus or the hypophosphites. 
A., Phosphoric, Dilute, contains ten per cent, of 
absolute acid. Dose rr^v-xxx. See Sodium, Potas- 
sium, Calcium, etc. A., Phosphorous (H 3 P0 3 ), a 
compound of hydrogen with phosphorus and hydro- 
gen with phosphorus anhydrid. Its salts are 
called phosphites. A., Phthalic (C 8 H 6 4 ), the or- 
tho-dicarboxylic acid of benzene, obtained by oxidiz- 
ing naphthalene with HNO s . It crystallizes in short 
prisms or in leaflets readily soluble in hot water, alco- 
hol, and ether. It melts at above 200 . See Phthalate. 
A., Picric (C s H 2 (N0 2 ) 3 OH), obtained by the nitration 
of phenol. It crystallizes from hot water and alcohol 
in yellow leaflets or prisms which possess a very bitter 
taste. Readily soluble in hot water, its solution im- 
parting a beautiful yellow color to silk and wool. It 
melts at 122. 5 ; a saturated solution is of some value 
as a wash in erysipelas. An excellent test for albumin 
and sugar in urine. Dose gr. v-xv. A., Pimelic 
(C 7 H 12 4 ), Isopropyl Succinic Acid, melts at 114 . A., 
Piperic (C I2 H 10 O 4 ), a monobasic acid, consisting of 
shining prisms ; almost insoluble in water, and crystal- 
lizes from alcohol in long needles, melting at 217 . It 
is produced from piperin by boiling with alcoholic 
potash. A., Porrisic. See A., Euxanthiiiic. A., 



ACTD 



33 



ACID 



Prehnitic (C l0 H 6 O 8 ), results from oxidizing prehnitol 
with potassium permanganate. Very soluble in water, 
and cryslSllizes in warty masses that melt at 238 . A., 
Propargylic. See A., Propiolic. A., Propiolic. 
(C 3 H.,0,), Propargylic Acid, a liquid with an odor re- 
sembling that of glacial acetic acid ; when cool, it 
solidifies to silky needles, that melt at -j- 6° ; dissolves 
readily in water, alcohol, and ether; boils with de- 
composition at 144 . A., Protocatechuic (C 7 H 6 4 ), 
obtained from many benzene derivatives as well as 
from various resins (benzoin, asafetida, myrrh) on 
fusion with potassium hydroxid. Crystallizes with 
one molecule of water in shining needles or leaflets, 
and dissolves readily in hot water, alcohol, and ether. 
A., Prussic. See A., Hydrocyanic. A., Purpuric 
(C 8 H 5 N-0 6 ), an acid not known in the free state, 
since as soon as it is liberated from its salts by mineral 
acids it immediately decomposes into alloxan and 
uramil. - Produced by the action of HNO :i upon uric 
acid. A., Pyrogallic (C fi THL 6 3 ) , pyrogallol, formed 
by heating gallic acid with water to 210 It forms 
white leaflets or needles, melts at 115 , and sublimes 
when carefully heated. Readily soluble in water, less 
so in alcohol and ether. It is useful in the treatment 
of certain skin diseases, but is poisonous, and must be 
used with caution. A., Pyroligneous, the crude 
acid obtained in the destructive distillation of wood. 
It is a clear liquid of reddish-brown color and strong 
acid taste, with a peculiar penetrating odor described as 
empyreumatic, due largely to the furfurol it contains. 
It possesses a sp. gr. of from I.018 to 1. 030, and 
contains from four to seven per cent, of real acetic 
acid. A., Pyromellitic (C 10 H 6 O 8 ), is produced by 
oxidizing durene and durylic acid with potassium per- 
manganate. Crystallizes in prisms, readily soluble in 
hot water and alcohol, melts at 264 . A., Pyrophos- 
phoric, the dihydric phosphate (2H 2 O.P 2 5 ), one of 
the forms of the so-called phosphoric acid. It differs 
from the ordinary (trihydric or orthophosphoric) acid, 
and also from the monohydric, or metaphosphoric, 
acid, in its reactions. It is also poisonous, which they 
are not. Its iron salt is used in medicine. The pure 
acid is a soft, glassy mass. A., Pyrotartaric (C 5 H 8 - 
4 ), is obtained by heating tartaric acid in a close 
vessel ; consists of small, rhombic prisms, readily solu- 
ble in water, in alcohol, and in ether ; it melts at 112 . 
A., Pyruvic (C 3 H 4 3 ), a monobasic acid forming 
crystalline compounds with the acid alkaline sulphites. 
A., Quillaic, an acid existing in commercial sa- 
ponin. Injected into the tissues it is said to be ex- 
tremely poisonous, though not when taken by the 
mouth. Unof. A., Quinaldinic (C 9 H 6 N(CO,H) ), 
crystallizes from hot water in needles containing 
2H,0 ; effloresces in the air; melts at 156 . Prepared 
by oxidizing a-methyl-quinolin with chromic acid in 
sulphuric acid solution. A., Quinic (C 7 H 12 6 ), is 
present in the cinchona barks, coffee beans, bilberry, 
and other plants. Obtained as a secondary product in 
the preparation of quinin. Consists of rhombic 
prisms, easily soluble in water; melting at 162 . A., 
Quininic (C 9 H 5 (O.CH 3 )N(CO,H) ), obtained by oxi- 
dizing quinin and quinidin with chromic acid in sul- 
phuric acid solution. Crystallizes in long, yellow 
prisms ; dissolves in alcohol with a blue fluorescence, 
and melts at 2S0 . A., Racemic (C 4 H B 6 ), Para- 
tartaric Acid, differing from common tartaric acid, 
not in chemical but in physical properties. A., 
Rheinic. See A., Chrysophanic. A., Rhodanic 
(C 3 H 3 S,ON), obtained by the action of CNS(NH 4 ) 
upon chloracetic acid. Consists of yellow prisms, or 
plates, that melt at 169 with decomposition. A., 
Ricinoleic (C 18 H 34 3 ), is present in castor oil in the 
3 



form of a glycerid. It is a colorless oil that solidifies 
in the cold to a hard, white mass, melting at 16-17 . 
A., Rosolic (C 20 H 1( .O 3 ), a phenol compound, derived 
from rosanilin ; valued as a dye and as a staining 
agent. See Stains. A., Rufigallic (C 14 H 8 O g + 2H 2 - 
O), a derivative of anthracene; obtained by heating 
gallic acid with four parts of H.,S0 4 to 140 . Consists 
of reddish-brown crystals, losing water at 120 , and 
subliming in red needles. A., Saccharic. I. Acidum 
saccharicum (C 6 H ]0 O 8 ), a dibasic acid; a deliquescent, 
gummy mass, readily soluble in alcohol. It turns 
brown at 100° and decomposes. Prepared by the 
action of HN0 3 on sugar and various other carbohy- 
drates. 2. (C 6 H 19 6 ), Tetraoxycaproic Acid, a mono- 
basic acid readily changeable, when free, into its 
lactone, saccharin. Not known in its free state. A., 
Saccharonic (C 6 H 10 O 7 ) , formed by oxidizing sac- 
charin by HN0 3 . Very soluble in water; forms large 
crystals. A., Salicylic (C 7 H 6 3 ), Ortho-oxybenzoic 
Acid, occurs in a free condition in the buds of Spircea 
Uhnaria, in the oil of wintergreen, and in other varie- 
ties of gaultheria. It consists of four-sided prisms and 
crystallizes readily from hot water in long needles. 
Is soluble in water, and very soluble in chloroform ; 
melts at I55°-I56°. Is a powerful antiseptic ; also used 
in the treatment of acute articular rheumatism and my- 
algia. A., Santoninic (C 15 H 20 O 4 ) , an acid into which 
santonin is changed under the influence of the alkalies. 
A., Sarcolactic (C 3 H 6 3 ), occurs in muscles, to 
which it gives their acid reaction, and in blood, espe- 
cially after the muscles have been in a state of contract- 
ing activity. It is also found in urine in phosphorus 
poisoning. A. Sclerotinic. An acid found in ergot, 
of which it is one of the active principles. Given, hypo- 
dermically it has acted as an ecbolic. See Sclerotis. 
A., Sorbic (C 6 H 8 2 ), occurs together with malic acid 
in the juice of unripe mountain-ash berries. An oil that 
does not solidify until it has been heated with potash ; 
almost insoluble in cold water, but crystallizes from 
alcohol in long needles, melting at 134. 5°, distilling 
at 228 without decomposition. A., Sozolic. See 
Aseptol. A., Sphingostearic, an acid closely re- 
sembling stearic acid, derivable from sphingomyelin. 
A., Stearic (C 18 H 36 2 ), associated with palmitic and 
oleic acids as a mixed ether, in solid animal fats, 
the tallows ; crystallizes from alcohol in brilliant leaf- 
lets, melting at 62. 2° C. A., Stearoleic (C 18 H 32 2 ), 
obtained from oleic and elaidic acids. Melts at 48°. A., 
Stearoxylic (C ]8 H 32 4 ), produced by warming stearo- 
leic acid. Melts at 86°. A., Suberic (C 8 H 14 4 ), 
a dibasic acid obtained by boiling corks or fatty oils 
with HN0 3 . Melts at I40°C. Forms small granular 
crystals very soluble in boiling water, in alcohol, and 
in ether. It fuses at about 300 F., and sublimes 
in acicular crystals. A., Succinic (C 4 H 6 4 ), an 
acid prepared by the distillation of amber, and arti- 
ficially in many other ways ; occurs in certain hydatid 
cysts of the liver; diuretic, stimulant, and antispasmo- 
dic. Unof. A., Sulfydric. See A., Hyd7-osulphnric. 
A., Sulphanilic (C 6 H 4 (NH 2 ).S0 3 H), obtained by 
heating anilin (1 part) with fuming H.,S0 4 (2 parts) to 
180 until S0 2 appears. Crystallizes in rhombic plates 
with one molecule of water, which effloresce in the 
air. A., Sulphichthyolic, an acid that appears 
to be the principal component of commercial ichthyol. 
Its sodium, ammonium, lithium, and zinc salts have 
been highly praised as efficacious in cystitis, nephritis, 
and diabetes. Dose grs. iss in pill or capsule. A., 
Sulphocarbolic (C 6 H 5 HS0 4 ), phenyl bisulphate, 
formed by the union of carbolic and sulphuric acids. 
Its salts, the sulpho-carbolates, are used in medicine 
as intestinal antiseptics, etc. See Aseptol. A., 



ACID 



34 



ACIDIFICATION 



Sulphonic. See Aseptol. A., Sulphoricineolic, an 
acid prepared from castor oil acted upon by sulphuric 
acid. It is a thick syrup, that has the power of 
dissolving and emulsifying many substances ; recom- 
mended for pharmaceutical uses. A., Sulphuric 
(H 2 S0 4 ), Oil of Vitriol, a heavy, oily, corrosive acid, 
consisting of not less than 92.5 per cent, sulphuric 
anhydrid and 7.5 per cent, of water. Of value in 
lead poisoning. Sometimes used as a caustic. A., 
Sulph., Aromatic, contains 20 per cent, acid, diluted 
with alcohol and flavored with cinnamon and ginger. 
Dose TTLv-xv. A., Sulph., Dilute, contains ten per 
cent, strong acid to 90 of water. Dose TTLx-xv, well 
diluted. A., Sulphurous (H,S0 3 ), a colorless acid 
containing about 6.4 per cent, of sulphurous anhy- 
drid in 93.6 per cent, of water. The gas (S0 2 ) 
is a very valuable disinfectant. The acid is used as 
a spray or lotion in diphtheria, stomatitis, and as a 
wash for indolent and syphilitic ulcers. The various 
hyposulphites are mainly valuable in that they de- 
compose and give off sulphur dioxid. Dose n\,v- 
3J. See, also, Sodium, Potassium, and RIagnesium. 
A., Tannic (C u H 10 O 9 ), Tannin, an astringent acid 
obtained from nutgalls, occurring in yellowish, scaly 
crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Internally it 
is an antidote in poisoning by alkaloids and tartar 
emetic, and in hemorrhoids and catarrh of mucous 
membrane. Useful mainly as an astringent lotion in 
many skin diseases. Dose gr. j-xx. A., Tan., 
Glycerit, one part tannin in four of glycerin. A., 
Tan., Suppositories, one part of tannin to five of 
butter of cacao. A., Tan., Troches, each contain 
^ gr. of tannic acid. A., Tan., Unguent, a 
ten per cent, ointment of the acid incorporated 
with benzoated lard. A., Tartaric (C 14 H 10 O 9 ), an 
astringent acid, chiefly employed in refrigerant drinks 
and in baking powders ; 20 grains neutralize 27 of 
potassium dicarbonate, 22 of sodium dicarbonate, and 
15)4 of ammonium carbonate. Dose gr. x— xxx. 
Widely distributed in the vegetable world, and occurs 
principally in the juice of the grape, from which it 
deposits after fermentation in the form of acid potas- 
sium tartrate (argol). It results on oxidizing sac- 
charic acid and milk sugar with HNO. ( . It crystallizes 
in large monoclinic prisms, which dissolve readily in 
water and alcohol, but not in ether. It melts at 167 - 
170°. Its salts are the tartrates. A., Tartronic (C 3 - 
H 4 5 ) , occurs in large prisms that are easily soluble 
in water, alcohol, and ether. It melts at 184 C. 
Produced from glycerol by oxidation with potassium 
permanganate. A., Taurocholic (C. 24 H 45 NOS 7 ), 
occurs in bile ; very soluble in water and alcohol ; 
crystallizes in fine needles. A., Teracrylic (C.Hj,- 
2 ), obtained by the distillation of terpentic acid. It 
is an oily liquid, with an odor resembling that of val- 
eric acid, and boiling at 208 without decomposition. 
A., Terebic (C 7 H 10 O 4 ), a monobasic acid formed 
when turpentine oil is oxidized with HNO.,. Spar- 
ingly soluble in cold water, crystallizes in shining 
prisms, and melts at 175 . A., Tetraoxycaproic. 
See A., Saccharic. A., Tetraoxyvaleric. See 
A., Arabonic. A., Thebolactic (C 3 H 6 3 ), a crys- 
talline principle obtained from opium. A., Tide 
(as'-id-tid). See Tide. A., Trichloracetic (HC 2 - 
Cl 3 2 ), an acid formed from acetic acid, three atoms 
of the hydrogen of which is (in the new acid) replaced 
by chlorin. It is considered one of the best reagents 
for the detection of albumin in the urine, and is a 
valuable caustic, especially for rhinopharyngological 
purposes. A., Trichlorlactic (C 3 H 3 3 Cl.j) , made 
by heating chloralcyanhydrin with concentrated HC1. 
It is a crystalline mass that melts at from 105 to 110 . 



Soluble in water, in alcohol, and in ether. A., 
Tricyanic (C 3 N 3 3 H 3 ), Cyanuric Acid, obtained 
from tricyanogenchlorid by boiling the latter with 
water and alkalies. It crystallizes from aqueous solu- 
tion with two molecules of water in large rhombic 
prisms ; soluble in 40 parts of cold water ; easily solu- 
ble in hot water and in alcohol. A., Trimesic (C 9 - 
H fi O fi ), formed when mesitylenic and uvitic acids are 
oxidized with a chromic acid mixture. Crystallizes in 
short prisms, readily soluble in hot water and alcohol, 
melts about 300 , and sublimes near 240 . A., Tropic 
(C H 5 .C 2 H 3 (OH).CO 2 H), obtained by digesting the 
alkaloids, atropin, and belladonna with baryta water. 
Slowly soluble in water ; crystallizes in needles or 
plates, and melts at 117 . A., Umbellic (C 6 H 8 4 ), 
obtained by digesting umbel liferon with caustic potash, 
and then precipitating with acids. It is a yellow 
powder, decomposing at about 240 . A., Undecolic 
(C n H 18 2 ), obtained from the bromid of undecylenic 
acid. It fuses at 59.5 . A., Uric (C-H 4 N 4 3 ), an 
acid found in the urine of man and the carnivora — 
rarely in the herbivora — abundantly in the excrement 
of birds, reptiles, and molluscs. Crystallizes in small, 
white, rhombic crystals, insoluble in alcohol and ether, 
soluble in 1900 parts of boiling water, and in hydro- 
chloric acid. Exists usually in combination with the 
metals of the alkaline group. Separated from urine 
by adding ten per cent, of hydrochloric acid and allow- 
ing the crystals to settle for 48 hours, when they may 
be separated and weighed. Haycraft's method is a 
more exact but extended process. A., Uric, Murexid, 
Test for. See Mttrexid. A., Uroleucic (C 9 H ]0 - 
6 ) \_uro-, leucin\, a stellate, crystalline acid found in 
the urine in alkaptonuria. A., Uvitic (C 9 H 8 4 ), 
Mesidic Acid, obtained by oxidizing mesitylene with 
dilute HN0 3 . Crystallizes from hot water in needles, 
melting at 287 . A., Valeric (C 5 H 10 O 2 ), formed by 
oxidizing normal amyl alcohol. Similar to butyric acid, 
but is more sparingly soluble in water; boils at 186 ; 
sp.gr. at o° is 0.9568. It congeals in the cold and melts 
at 20°. A mobile liquid with caustic acid taste and 
the pungent smell of old cheese. Its salts have been 
somewhat used in medicine. A., Veratric (C 9 H 10 O 4 ), 
occurs with veratrin in the sabadilla seeds ; crystallizes 
from hot water in short, white, transparent needles, 
melting at 179. 5° C. ; soluble in water and alcohol. 
A., Vulpic (C 19 H 14 6 ), occurs in the lichen Cetraria 
vulpina, from which it may be extracted by chloroform 
or lime water. Sparingly soluble in water and ether, 
crystallizes from alcohol in yellow prisms, melting at 
110° and subliming. A., Xanthic (C 2 H 5 .O.CS.SH), 
a heavy, oily liquid, not soluble in water, with a pene- 
trating smell and a sharp, astringent taste, many of 
whose salts have a yellow color. A., Xylic (C 6 H 3 - 
(CH 3 ) 2 .C0 2 H), produced by the oxidation of pseudo- 
cumene. Crystallizes from alcohol in long prisms ; 
dissolves with difficulty in water ; melts at I26°C, and 
sublimes readily. A., Xylidic (C 9 H 8 4 ) , obtained 
by oxidizing xylic acid with dilute HN0 3 ; separates 
from boiling water in flocculent masses ; melts at 282 . 

Acida [as' -id-a!i) [L.]. Plural of Acidum, q.v. 

Acid-Albumin (as' -id aV-bu-miri} . A derived albu- 
min. A proteid having been acted upon or dissolved 
in the stronger acids, and yielding an acid reaction. 

Acidiferous (as-id-if -er-us) \acidum, acid; ferre, to 
bear]. Containing an acid ; producing acidity. 

Acidifiable (as-id'-if-i-a-bl) [acidum, acid ; fieri, to be 
come]. Capable of becoming an acid, or of becoming 
sour. 

Acidification (as-id-if-ik-a' -shun) \acidum, acid \facere, 
to make] . Conversion into an acid ; the process of 
becoming; sour. 



ACIDIMETER 



35 



ACIDS 



Acidimeter (as-id-im'-et-er) [acidum, acid; fdrpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for performing acidimetry. 

Acidimetry {as-id-im' -el-re) [acidum, acid; fierpov, a 
measure]. Determination of the free acid in a solu- 
tion by an acidimeter, or by chemical reactions. 

Acidity (as-id' -it-e) [acidum, acid]. The quality of 
being acid ; sourness ; excess of acid. 

Acidology (as-id-ol'-o-je) [a/ct'c, a bandage, a point; 
Xoyoq, a treatise] . The science of surgical appliances. 

Acidometry (as-id-om f -et-re). See Acidimetry. 

Acidopeirastic {as-id-o-pi-ras' -tiH) [aaic, a point; 
-ecpa&tv, to test]. See Akidopeirastic. 

Acidosteophyte [as-id-os' '-te-o-fit) [adc, a point ; osteo- 
phyte]. A sharp, or needle-shaped, osteophyte. 

Ac'ids, Aromatic. Acids derived by replacing hydro- 
gen i n the benzenes by carbo xyls. They are crystalline 
solids that generally sublime undecomposed. Most of 



them dissolve with difficulty in water. A., Diazo. 
See Diazo Acids. A., Dibasic, acids containing two 
carboxyl groups. They are solids, crystallizable, and 
generally volatile without decomposition. They are 
mostly soluble in water and have a strong acid reaction. 
See Table. A., Fatty, a class of monobasic acids, 
formed by the oxidation of the primary alcohols. The 
more complex fatty acids are found in all oleaginous 
compounds, where they exist combined with glycerin, 
forming fats. The fatty acids have a general formula 
CnH^nOa. See Table. A., Monobasic, products of 
the replacement by oxygen of the two hydrogen atoms 
attached to the carbon-carrying OH. These acids 
enter into combination with a univalent basic radical 
to form a neutral salt, or a salt containing one equiva- 
lent of a base. A., Organic, acids characterized by 
the carboxyl group CO. OH. 



TABLE OF DIBASIC ACIDS OF THE FATTY COMPOUNDS. 





I. FIRST SERIES. CnH2n-2 4 . 




Name. 


Formula. 


Physical 
Condition. 


Melting 

Point. 

(Centigrade.) 


Solubility. 




C 2 H 2 4 


Solid. 


101° 


Slowly in water. Easily in alcohol. 




C3H4O4 


Solid. 


132 


Easily in water, alcohol, ether. 








C4H6O4 


Solid. 


180° 


Slowly in water and alcohol. 








C5H3O4 


Solid. 


112° 


Readily in water, alcohol, ether. 




C6H10O4 


Solid. 


148° 


Slowly in water. 








C 7 H 12 4 


Solid. 


102-104° 










C 8 HhC>4 


Solid. 


140° 


Slowly in water. Readily in alco- 
hol, ether. 




Lepargylic (Azelaic), 


CgHio04 


Solid. 


106° 


Slowly in water. 




C10H18O4 


Solid. 


127° 










C11H00O4 


Solid. 


ioS° 


Almost insoluble in water. 








C17H32O4 


Solid. 


132° 










C19H36O4 


Solid. 


121° 









2. SECOND SERIES. UNSATURATED DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS. CnH2n-4 Q 4 . 





C4H4O4 


Solid. 












C4114O4 


Solid. 


I3°° 


Readily soluble in water. 




Ethidene Malonic, 


C5HGO4 


Solid. 


220° 






C5H6O4 


Solid. 


8o° 










C5H6O4 


Solid. 


161° 


Slowly soluble in water. 






C5H6O4 


Solid. 


202° 


Slowly soluble in water. 




Allyl Malonic, .... 


C6Hg04 


Solid. 


103° 










C 6 H 8 04 


Solid. 








C H 8 O4 


Solid. 


195° 


Slowly soluble in water. 






C6H 8 04 


Only exists in the 
salts. 








C7H10O4 


Solid. 


94° 








Carbocaprolactonic, 


C7H10O4 


Solid. 


69° 






C7H10O4 


Solid. 


162° 






C8H1204 













ACIDS 



36 



ACIDS 



TABLE OF DIBASIC ACIDS OF THE FATTY COMPOUNDS.— Continued. 

3. THIRD SERIES. CnH2n-60 4 . 



Name. 


Formula. 


Physical 
Condition. 


Melting 

Point 

{Centigrade ) 


Solubility. 


Acetylene Dicarboxylic 


C4H2O4 


Solid. 


175° 






C4H0O4 


Solid. 


145-146 








Muconic 




Solid. 


260 








Solid. 


133° 








Diacetylene Dicarboxylic, . . . 


C HoO 4 


Solid. 




Readily soluble in water, alcohol, 
ether. 


Tetra-acetylene Dicarboxylic, . . 


C10H0O4 


Solid. 







4. KETONE DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS. 





C 3 H 2 5 


Solid. 


115° 










C4H4O5 












Aceto-malonic, 


C 5 H 6 5 










C5H0O5 


Solid. 


130° 


Readily soluble in water and ether. 


Aceto-succinic, ...... 


C 6 H 8 5 


Solid. 


244-245° 






C7H10O5 













5. DIKETONE-DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS. 





CeHgOg 


Solid. 


77° 










C 7 H 8 6 


Liquid. 












CgHio0 6 


Solid. 


78 





6. URIC ACII 
Parabanic Acid (Oxafyl Urea), . . 


) GROUP (CAI 
C3H0N0O3 


.BAMIDES OF TI 
Solid. 


IK DICARBO 


:ylic ACIDS). 
Soluble in water and ether. 




C3H4N0O4 


Solid. 




Slowly soluble in water. 


Barbituric Acid (Malonyl Urea), . 


C 4 H 4 N 2 3 


Solid. 






Dialuric Acid ( Tartronyl Urea), . 


C4H4N2O4 


Solid. 






Alloxan (Mesoxalyl Urea), .... 


C 4 H 2 N 2 4 


Solid. 




Readily soluble in water. 




C 5 H 4 N 4 3 


Solid. 




Insoluble in alcohol and ether. 




Slowly soluble in water. 




C 5 H 5 N 5 


Solid. 












C 7 H 8 N 4 2 


Solid. 


290° 


Slowly soluble in hot water and 




alcohol. 




C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 


Solid. 


225° 


Slightly soluble in cold water and 




alcohol. 



TABLE OF FATTY ACIDS. 



FIRST SERIES. Cd 


H2nOo. 








FIRST SERIES.— 


Continued. 




s 

< 


< 

S 
a 




J 5 
< 2 

y p 
£.0 




•£' 

z h p 

s 5 


.5 

Z 1- P 


> 
E H 

is < 

_ « 
tflO 


w 
s 

< 


< 

3 

s 


fe. 


->2 
< c 

yp 


13 
2 h P 

P g & 


.5 

Z h P 


y > 

E H 

c 5 
a < 

c a 


Formic, . . . 


CH 2 2 


Liquid. 


. 


99° 


1.223 


Valerianic, . . 


C5H10O2 


Liquid. 


—20° 


186 


0.956S 


Acetic, .... 


C2H4O2 


Liquid. 




118° 


1-0514 


Caproic, . . . 


C H, 2 O 2 


Liquid. 


— 2° 


205° 


0.928 


Propionic, . . 


C3H0O2 


Liquid. 




140 


0.992 


Enanthylic, . 


C 7 H 14 2 


Liquid. 


—10.5° 


22 3 ° 




Butyric, . . . 


C 4 H 8 2 


Liquid, 




163° 


0-9587 


Caprylic, . . . 


C 8 H, O 2 


Liquid. 


16.5° 


236-5° 





ACIDULATED 37 ACIPENSER 

TABLE OF FATTY ACIDS.— Continued. 
FIRST SERIES.- Continued. SECOND SERIES.— Continued. 



M 
S 
< 

2 


< 
j 
a 

2 

5 


A Z 
< 

HP 

a. 
U 


3. 


^ 

Z h g 


b S3 
mo 


fii 
2 
< 
2 


< 

2 

A 
O 


J 5 
< 

x z 

^0 


i" 

5ng 

«n. a 

2. 


Z H g 


> 

bt; 

w < 


Pelargonic, . 


C 9 H ls Oo 


Liquid. 


12° 


253-5° 








Pyroterebic, . 


C 6 H 10 O2 


Liquid. 












Capric, . . . 


C10H20O2 


Solid. 


31-4° 


268 








Teracrylic, . . 


C7H12O2 


Liquid. 




208° 








Undecylic, . . 


C11H20O0 


Solid. 


28.5 


212° 








Nonylenic, . . 


CgHi602 


Liquid. 












Laurie, . . . 


C12H24O2 


Solid. 


43-6° 


269° 








Decylenic, . . 


CioHi 8 02 


Solid. 


+ 10° 










Tridecylic, 


C13H0CO2 


Solid. 


40-5° 


235° 








Campholic, 


CioHi 8 02 


Solid. 


95° 










Myristic,' . . . 


C14H28O2 


Solid. 


54° 










Undecylenic, . 


C11H20O2 




24-5° 


275° 








Pentadecatoic, 


Cl5H 30 O2 


Solid. 


51° 


257° 








Cyminic, . . . 


C15H2S02 














Palmitic, . . . 


C10H32O2 


Solid. 


62° 
















Hypogaeic, . . 


C16H30O2 


Solid. 


33° 










Margaric, . . 


C 17 H 3 ,02 


Solid. 


60° 
















Oleic 


C18H3402 


Liquid. 


+14 










Stearic, . . . 


C18H3GO2 


Solid. 


62.2° 
















Elai'dic, . . . 


C18H3402 


Solid. 


44-45° 










Nondecylic, . 


C19H3J02 


Solid. 


655° 
















Doeglic, . . . 


C19H36O2 














Arachidic, . . 


C00H40O2 


Solid. 


75° 
















Erucic, . . . 


C22H40O0 


Solid. 


33-34° 










Medullic, . . 


C21H42O2 


Solid. 


72 
















Brassidic, . . 


C22H42O2 


Solid. 


56° 










Behenic, . . . 


C22H44O,, 


Solid. 


73° 
















THIRD SERIES. PROPIOLIC ACIDS. CnH2n-4 2 




Lignoceric, 


C24H4SO2 


Solid. 


80.5° 


















Hyenic, ... C25H50O2 


Solid. 


77° 
















Propioiic, . . 


C3H2O2 


Liquid. 


+ 6° 


144° 








Cerotic, . . . 


C27H54O2 


Solid. 


79° 
















Tetrolic, . . . 


C4H4O2 


Solid. 


76 


203 








Melissic, . . . 


C30HQ0O2 


Solid. 


88° 
















Sorbic 


C 6 H 3 02 


Liquid. 


134-5° 


228 








Theobromic, . 


CfyHjoaOa 


Solid. 


72 
















Diallylacetic, 


C 8 H 12 2 


Liquid. 




221° 
















Undecolic, . . 


C n H 18 3 




59-5° 










SECOND SERIES. OLEIC ACIDS. CnH2n-2 2 


Palmitolic, . . 


CioH 28 02 


Solid. 


42° 










Acrylic, . . . 


C 3 H 4 2 


Liquid. 


+ 7° 


139-5° 




Stearoleic, . . 


CigH^Oo 


Solid. 


48 










Crotonic, . . . 


C 4 H 6 2 


Solid. 


72 


182 






Linoleic, . . . 


018^3202 


Liquid. 






0.921 


Angelic, . . . 


C 5 H 8 2 


Solid. 


45° 


185° 






Behenolic, . . 


C22H40O2 


Solid. 


57-5° 







Acidulated (as-id' ' -u-la-ted) \_acidulare, to make sour]. 
Somewhat sour or acid ; sourish. 

Acidulous (as-id '-u-lus) \acidulare, to make sour]. 
Sourish ; subacid ; moderately sour. 

Acidum (as'-id-um) [L.]. See Acid. 

Acidurgia (as-id-ur'-je-ah). See Aciurgia. 

Acies (a'-she-ez) [L., sharpness, edge, steel]. I. 
Sharpness ; keenness. 2. A sharp or cutting instru- 
ment. 3. Iron or steel as a medicine. 

Acinaceous (as-in-a' 'she-its) \_acinus, a berry or grape- 
stone]. Possessing or made of kernels, small seeds, 
or drupelets, as a grape or raspberry. 

Acinacifolious (as-in-as-if-o'-le-us) \_acinaces, a simi- 
tar; folium, a leaf] . In biology, having simitar-shaped 
leaves. 

Acinaciform ias-in-as' '-e-form) \_acinaces, a simitar ; 
formis, shape]. In biology, a leaf, pod, or other 
object, having one straight, thick edge, and one thin 
and convex ; simitar-shaped. 

Acinarious (as-in-a' -re-us) [acinus, the grape]. In 
biology, having the surface covered with grape-like 
vesicles, as in certain algje. 

Acinesia (as-in-e' '-ze-ah) [ra priv. ; Kivqaig, motion]. 



Motor paralysis. A loss of motion in any or all parts 
of the body ; abstinence from motion. Also, the in- 
terval between consecutive throbs of the heart. See 
also Diastole. 

Acinesis (as-in-e 1 'sis) . Same as Acinesia. 

Acinetan (as-in-e' '-fait) [an'ivr/roc, motionless]. An in- 
fusorian having suctorial, tubular processes instead of 
cilia ; one of the Acinetrz. 

Acinetatrophia (as-in-et-at-ro' -fe-ali) [acinesis ; atro- 
phia^. Atrophy due to lack of exercise. 

Acinetic (as-in-ef '-ik) \akivtjTOQ, motionless] . Relating 
to, or affected with, acinesia. 

Acinetiform (as-in-ef -e-fortn) . In biology, an acine- 
tan-like infusorian. 

Acini (as'-in-i) [L. ]. Plural of Acinus, q. v. 

Aciniform (as-in 1 '-e-forni) [acinus, a grape] . Grape- 
like. 

Acinus (as'-in-us) [acinus, a grape: pi., Acini~\. Any 
one of the smallest lobules of a conglomerate gland ; 
a saccule of a compound racemose gland ; a lobule of 
the liver, etc. 

Acipenser (as-e-pen'ser) [aiacnrT/otog, the sturgeon]. A 
genus of fishes. A. huso. See Ichthyocolla. 



ACIPENSERID 



38 



ACONITUM 



Acipenserid [as-e-pen' -ser-id) [aKKmijcsioc, the stur- 
geon] . A member of the family Acipenseridce. A 
sturgeon. 

Acipenseroid (as-e-pen' '-ser-oid) [aKMiri/oior, the stur- 
geon]. In biology, resembling the sturgeon. 

Aciurgia (as-e-er' -je-ali) , oz Aciurgy (as' -e-er-je) [clk'lc, 
point; Ipyuv, to work]. Operative surgery. 

Ack'ermann's An'gles. See Angle. 

Aclastic (ak-las'-tik) [d priv. ; KAauv, to break] . Not 
refracting. 

Acleitocardia (ah-kli-to-kar' -de-ali) [d priv. ; kAeceiv, to 
close; KapSia, the heart]. Imperfect closure of the 
foramen ovale, a fetal opening between the auricles of 
the heart, which prevents perfect aeration of the blood. 
It is thought to be connected with the disease variously 
known as cyanopathy, " Blue Disease," " Blue Jaun- 
dice," etc. 

Acmastic (ak-mas 1 '-tik) [_aKp.aoTiK.6q, in full bloom]. 
Having no acme, or culminating point (said of fevers) ; 
continuous. 

Acme (ak'-me) \_aKpij, a point]. The critical stage of a 
disease ; the crisis. The highest point or degree of 
anything. 

Acmon (ak'-moii) \_&Kpuv, an anvil]. The incus. 

Acne (ak'-ne) [a-xvij, a point]. Acne vulgaris ; Varus; 
a very common, usually chronic, inflammatory disease 
of the sebaceous glands, occurring mostly about the 
face, chest, and back. The lesions may be papular, 
pustular, or tubercular. It occurs usually between the 
ages of puberty and twenty-four years, is usually worse 
in winter, and is associated with menstrual and gastro- 
intestinal troubles. The individual lesions consist of 
minute pink, acuminate papules or pimples, in the 
center of which is a black-topped comedo [A. punctata, 
A. papulosa). A. adenoid. See Lupus, Dissemin- 
ated Follicular. A. adolescentium. Synonym 
of A. vulgaris. A. albida. Synonym of Milium. 
A. artificialis, that form that disappears when the 
cause is removed. A. atrophica. Synonym of A. 
varioliformis. A. cachecticorum, a form occurring 
only in starved or debilitated persons after long, wast- 
ing diseases, as phthisis. It consists of flat, livid, 
acneiform papules and pustules without comedones, 
resulting in deep pigmented scars. They are situated 
chiefly on the trunk and lower extremities. A. 
ciliaris, acne at the edges of the eyelids. A. dis- 
seminata. Synonym of A. vulgaris. A. erythe- 
matosa. Synonym of A. rosacea. A. frontalis. 
Synonym of A. varioliformis. A. generalis, acne 
that has become general over the surface of the body. 
A. hypertrophica, stage of A. rosacea in which 
there is a permanent, intensely red, non-inflammatory, 
nodulated thickening of the tips and sides of the nose, 
expanding it, both laterally and longitudinally. A. 
indurata, a variety of A. vulgaris, characterized by 
chronic, livid indurations, the result of extensive peri- 
follicular infiltration. Especially seen in strumous 
subjects. A. keloid. See Dermatitis papillomatosa 
capillitii. A. keratosa, a rare form of acne in which 
a horny plug takes the place of the comedone, and by 
its presence excites inflammation. A. mentagra. 
See Sycosis. A. necrotica. Synonym of A. vario- 
liformis. A. papulosa. See Acne. A. picealis, 
Tar Acne; a form of dermatitis that involves chiefly 
the extensor surfaces of the limbs, common in fiber- 
dressers who work with paraffin and in persons 
otherwise brought in contact with tar or its vapor. 
A. punctata, a variety of A. vulgaris. See Acne. 
A. pustulosa, a variety of A. vulgaris, characterized 
by dermic abscesses. A. rodens. Synonym of A. 
varioliformis. A. rosacea. Rosacea ; Telangiectasis 
faciei; iVcevus araneus ; Brandy Nose ; Whisky Nose ; 



Spider Nevus ; Spider Cancer. A chronic, hyperemic, 
or inflammatory affection of the skin, situated usually 
upon the face, especially the nose, cheeks, forehead, 
and chin. It starts as a redness, which later becomes 
permanent and is then associated with the develop- 
ment of papules, pustules, and varicose vessels. In 
the latest stages there is an excessive formation of new 
tissue. Its causes are some reflex irritation of the 
stomach, bowels, or sexual apparatus. Common in 
drunkards. A. scrofulosa, a variety of A. cachecti- 
corum, that occurs in strumous children. A. sebacea. 
Synonym of Seborrhea. A. simplex, a variety 
of A. vulgaris. A. sycosiformis. Same as Sycosis 
non-parasitica. A. tarsi, an inflammatory affec- 
tion of the large sebaceous glands of the eyelashes 
(Meibomian glands). A. varioliformis, a rather 
rare disease, situated chiefly about the forehead, at the 
junction with the hairy scalp, and extending into the 
hair. It is especially abundant on the temples, and 
may spread over the face and body. It is a disease of 
adult life, but may occur before the age of twenty 
years. The pustules appear in groups, and each has a 
hard, central, necrotic scab, which presses into the 
skin, and when separated leaves a deep pit, at first 
dark red, but eventually becoming white. It is a very 
chronic disease, appearing in successive crops. Its 
etiology is unknown. A. vulgaris. See Acne. 

Acnemia (ah-ne'-me-ah) [d priv. ; Kvi/pij, leg]. De- 
ficiency in the calf of the leg. 

Acnitis (ak-ni'-tis) [axvrj, a point ; itic, inflammation]. 
See Hydrosadenitis phlegmonosa. 

Acce-. See Ace-. 

Accelius (ah-se'-le-us). See Acelius. 

Acolasia (ak-o-la'-ze-ali) [aKo't.aaia, intemperance]. Un- 
restrained self-indulgence; lust; intemperance. 

Acolastic (ak-o-las / -tik) [aKoAaaia, intemperance]. Due 
to, or characterized by, acolasia. 

Acology (ak-ol'-o-je) [d/toc, remedy ; Aoyof, a discourse]. 
Aceology. 

Acolous (ah-ko'-lus) [d priv.; kuaov, limb]. Having 
no limbs. 

Acomia (ah-ko' '-me-ah) [dpriv. ; Kopr/, hair]. Baldness. 
A deficiency of hair arising from any cause. 

Acomous (ah-ko'-mus) [dpriv.; Kdprj, hair]. Hairless, 
bald. 

Acondylose (ah-hon / -dil-os). See Acondylous. 

Acondylous (ah-kon'-dil-us) [d priv. ; condyle~\. Hav- 
ing no condyles ; having no joints. 

Aconine (ak'-o-niri) \hKovirov\, C 26 H 39 NO n . A de- 
composition product of aconitin. 

Aconite (ak'-o-iiif). See Aconitum. 

Aconitia {ak-o-nish 1 '-e-a/i) . Aconitin, or aconitina ; a 
very poisonous alkaloid, the active principle of aconite. 

Aconitic Acid (ak-o-nit'-ik). See Acid. 

Aconiti folia [ak-o-ni-tl fo'-le-ali) . [L.]. Aconite 
leaves. See Aconitum. A. radix (ak-o-ni-ti ra'-dix), 
aconite root. See Aconitum. 

Aconitina (iikon-it-i' -nali). Same as Aconitia. See 
Aconitum. 

Aconitum (ak-o-ni'-tum) [L.]. The root of Aconitum 
napellus. Possesses a bitter, pungent taste. Produces 
numbness and persistent tingling in the tongue and 
lips. It is very poisonous. Exerts great depression of 
the heart, respiration, circulation, and nerves. It is 
antipyretic, diaphoretic, and diuretic. The active prin- 
ciple is Aconitin. Highly beneficial in fevers, acute 
throat affections, and inflammation of the respiratory 
organs. Dose gr. ss-ij. A. Abstractum, has double 
the strength of the powdered drug, or its fluid extract. 
Dosegr. %—y Unof. A. Extractum. Dosegr. yfc- 1 ^. 
A. Ext. Fid., has a strength of one drop to the grain 
of powdered drug. Dose tTk/^-ij. A. Liniment 



ACONURESIS 



39 



ACRINIA 



(B. P.), aconite-root, camphor, and rectified spirit. 
A. Tinct., contains aconite 35, alcohol and water 
each q. s. Dose VO^yi-'w. The following are un- 
official: Aconitina (C 33 H 4S N0 12 ) (aconitin), an 



amorphous solid. Dose gr. -.- 



5^-aV- A - firox, a. 
plant ot the Himalayas, used internally for pneumonia 
and pleurisy ; externally for neuralgia. Dose of the 
tincture (l in 10) Tty-v. A. Injectio Hypodermica, 
one grain in y z ounce. Dose try-iv. A. Napellina, 
Dose gr. J-J-. St. Jacob's Oil, a weak aconite lini- 
ment. A. Oleatum, a two per cent, solution of aco- 
nitin in oleic acid. A. Ung. (B. P.), eight grains to 
the ounce. 

Aconuresis (ah-kon-u-re' -sis) [a priv. ; conari, to 
strive; obprjoic, urination] . Involuntary discharge of 
urine. 

Acopa (ak'-o-pah). Plural of Acopon, q. v. 

Acopia (ah-ko'-pe-ah) [d/co7r«z]. Freedom from weari- 
ness. ' 

Acopic (ah-kop'-ik) [see Acopid\ . Refreshing; restora- 
tive ; restful. 

Acopon (ak'-o-pon) [li priv. ; kottoq, fatigue]. A re- 
storative, or cordial medicine or application. 

Acoprosis (ah-kop-ro'-sis) [a priv.; Koirpoq, excrement]. 
Deficient formation of feces. 

Acor (a'-kor)[h.^. Acrimony: acidity, as of the stomach. 

Acorea (ah-ko-re'-ah) [a priv. ; Kopr/, pupil]. Absence 
of the pupil. 

Acoretin (ak-o-re' -tin) \_acoi-us ; pi/rivr/, resin]. A 
resinous principle obtained from Atoms calamus. 

Acoria (ah-ko'-re-ah) [a priv. ; KO/yoc, satisfaction]. A 
greedy or insatiable appetite. 

Acorin (ak'-o-rin) [a priv. ; nopij, the pupil]. A bitter 
glucoside obtained from Acorns calamus, or sweet flag. 

Acormous (ah-kor 1 '-mils') [d priv. ; Kop/iuc, the trunk of 
a tree]. Trunkless ; of the nature of an acormus. 

Acormus (ah-kor' -mus) [a priv. ; unpuog, the trunk]. A 
monster without a trunk or body. 

Acorn (a'-korn) [L. ]. The fruit or nut of the oak. See 
Cam a/a and Camalina. 

Acorn-cups (a'-korn-kups). The capsules in which 
acorns are seated. See Valonia. 

Acorus (ak'-o-rus) [d priv.; nop//, the pupil]. See 
Calamus. 

Acosmia (ah-koz' '-me-ak) [d priv. ; x^^^C, order]. I. 
Poor health. 2. An irregularity in the course of a 
disease. 

Acotyledon (ah-kot-il-e' -don) [d priv. ; noTvAr/fiui>, a 
hollow vessel]. In botany, a plant producing an em- 
bryo without seed-leaves or cotyledons. 

Acotyledonous (ah-kot-il-e' -do-tins') [d priv. ; kotvAtiHuv 
a hollow vessel] . Destitute of embryo or embryonic 
leaves, or cotyledons. 

Acouchi (ah-koo'-che). See Acuchi. 

Acoumeter, or Acouometer (ah-koo'-met-er, a-koo- 
om'-et-er) [clkoveiv, to hear; /xerpov, a measure]. An 
instrument for measuring the acuteness of hearing. 

Acoumetry (ah-koo'-met-re) [ciko'veiv, to hear; /ueTpov,a. 
measure]. The measurement or testing of the acute- 
ness of the hearing. 

Acouophonia (ah-koo-o-fo' -ne-ah) [anoveiv, to hear; 
<j>ovi/, sound]. Auscultatory percussion. 

Acouoxylon (ah-koo-oks' -il-on) [anoveiv, to hear; gv/lov, 
wood]. A wooden (pine) stethoscope. 

Acousimeter (ah-koo-sim'-et-er) [anovaic, a hearing; 
/-iiTpov, a measure.] See Acoumeter. 

Acousma iah-koos'- or kowz'-mah) [aKovo/na, thing 
heard: pi. , Acousmala"]. An auditory hallucination ; 
a condition in which imaginary sounds are noticed 
by the patient, and are believed by him to be real. 

Acoustic (ah-koos'-tik or -kowz'-lik) [iiKovoriKU^. Relat- 
ing to the ear or sense of hearing. A. Duct, the ex- 



ternal meatus of the ear. A. Nerve, the portio mollis 
of the seventh pair. See A r erves. A. Tetanus, the 
rapidity of the induction shocks in a frog's nerve- 
muscle preparation, as measured by the pitch of a 
vibrating rod. A. Tubercle, a rounded elevation on 
either side of the floor of the fourth ventricle. 

Acoustics (ak-koos' -tiks or a-kows' '-tilts) [a/\micn/i«c] . 
The science of sound. 

Acquetta ( ak-ioet' -tali ) [ Ital. ]. Same as Aqua 
to/ana. 

Acquired Movements (ak-zvi'-erd moov'-mentz). 
Those brought under the influence of the will only after 
conscious and attentive effort and practice, in distinction 
from reacquired movements, those reinstated in their 
former proficiency after injury to the motor regions of 
the brain. 

Acraepalous (ah-krep' -al-us). See Acrepalous. 

Acramphibryous (ak-rum-fib f -ri-ns) [iiKpoc, at the 
end; au<j>l, on both sides; fipbov, blossom]. In biology, 
pertaining to plants that produce lateral as well as ter- 
minal buds. 

Acrania (ah-kra' '-ne-ah) [d priv.; Kpaviov, skull]. The 
condition of a monster with partial or complete absence 
of the cranium. 

Acranial (ah-kra' -ne-al) [d priv.; Kpaviov, skull]. 
Having no cranium. 

Acrasia (ah-kra' -ze-ah) [d priv.; Kpaoiq, moderation]. 
1. Intemperance; lack of self-control. 2. Acratia. 

Acraspedote (ah-kras' -pe-dot ) [d priv. ; Kpacnrtfiov, a 
hem or border]. In biology, pertaining to Gegen- 
baur's group of medusae, Acraspeda ; having a disk 
without velum or marginal fold. 

Acratia (ah-kra' -she-ah) [iinpaTEia : d priv. ; Kparoc, 
force]. Impotence, loss of power. 

Acraturesis (ah-krat-u-re' -sis) [aKpareia, lack of 
strength; olpwif, micturition]. Inability to micturate, 
from atony of the bladder. 

Acrecbolic (ak-rek-bol'-ik)\b.Kpoc, at the apex; EKJioXiov, 
to throw out]. In biology, capable of protrusion by an 
outward movement of the tip ; the introverted and 
eversible proboscis of certain worms and molluscs. 

Acrembolic (ak-rem-bol'-ik) [aKpoc, at the apex ; 
£p.paXkeiv, to throw in, insert]. In biology, introver- 
sion by an inward movement of the tip, as the everted 
proboscis of certain worms and molluscs. 

Acrepalous, or Acraepalous (ah-krep' -al-us) [d priv.; 
Kpat-akr], debauch]. Correcting the nausea that 
follows excess in drinking, or in eating. 

Acrid (alt' -rid) \acer, acris, sharp]. Pungent, irritat- 
ing ; producing an irritation, as of the tongue, fauces, 
or stomach. 

Acridian (ak-rid'-i-an) [dim. of d/cp/c, a locust]. Per- 
taining to the acridia or grasshoppers. 

Acridin (ak' -rid-in) [acer, acrid] , C 13 H 9 N. A sub- 
stance produced by heating anilin and salicylic alde- 
hyd to 260° with ZnCl. 2 . Very soluble in alcohol and 
ether. It occurs in crude anthracene and dissolves in 
dilute acids with a beautiful green fluorescence. It 
readily sublimes in colorless leaflets ; melts at no° ; 
and has a very pungent odor. 

Acridins (alt'-rid-inz) [acer, acrid]. Substances ob- 
tained when diphenylamin is heated to 300 with 
fatty acids. They are feeble bases; their salts are de- 
composed by boiling water. 

Acridophagus (ak-rid-of -a-gus) [a.Kpic, a locust ; 
tyayziv, eat] . The eater of locusts. 

Acrimony (ak' -rim-o-ne) [acri»ionia~\. Irritating 
quality, pungency, corrosiveness : an acrid quality or 
state. 

Acrinia (ah-krin'-e-ah) [a priv; Kpivziv, to separate]. 
Diminution or suppression of a secretion or excre- 
tion. 



ACRINYL 



40 



ACROMIO-DELTOIDEUS 



Acrinyl (ak-rin'-il) \arer, acrid], C 7 H 7 0. One of the 
univalent radicles. A. Sulphocyanate, C 7 H 7 O.SCN, 
an acrid and vesicating substance found in white mus- 
tard, corresponding to the essential oil of the black 
mustard. 

Acrisia (ah-kris' -e-ak) [<i priv. ; crisis]- The absence of 
a crisis from a disease ; an unfavorable crisis or turn in 
the course of an attack of disease. 

Acritical (ah-krif '-ik-al) [a priv.; Kpioic;, a crisis]. 
Having no crisis ; not relating to a crisis. 

Acritochromacy (ah-krit-o-kro 1 '-mas-e) [d/tpcrof, undis- 
tinguished; xptjfia, color]. Color-blindness, achro- 
matopsia. 

Acroaesthesia (ak-ro-es-the' -ze-ah) . See Acroesthesia. 

Acroanesthesia (ak-ro-an-es-the'-ze-ali) [d/cp0x>, ex- 
tremity ; avaujOrjcia, want of feeling] . Anesthesia of 
the extremities. 

Acroarthritis [ak-ro-arth-ri f -tis) [anpov, extremity ; 
apPpov, a joint ; ir/g, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the joints of a limb. 

Acroasphyxia (ak-ro-as-fiks' -e-ali) \_aapov, extremity ; a 
priv. ; oQvSjig, pulse] . Asphyxia of the extremities, the 
so-called phenomena of Raynaud. 

Acrobryous (ak-rob' -re-its) [d/cpof, apex ; fipvov, a 
flower]. In biology, growing only at the apex. 

Acrobystia (ak-ro-bis' -te-ah) [anpojlvo-ia, the foreskin]. 
The prepuce. 

Acrobystiolith (ak-ro-bis' -fe-o-lith) [aKpoflvaria, the 
prepuce; Xtdoc , a stone] . A preputial calculus. 

Acrobystitis (ak-ro-bis-li'-tis) [aKpoftvaria, the foreskin; 
trie, inflammation]. Posthitis. 

Acrocarpous (ak-ro-kar'-pus) [d«pof , at the apex ; 
napivoq, fruit]. In biology, fruiting at the tips, as 
mosses. 

Acrocephalia (ak-ro-sef-a' -le-ah) \_anpov, a point ; 
KEtbaAi), the head]. A deformity of the head in which 
the vertical diameter is increased and the top is more 
or less pointed. 

Acrocephalic (ak-ro-sef-al'-ik) [aKpov, a point ; neyalr], 
the head]. Characterized by acrocephalia; having 
the top of the head unusually high. 

Acrocephaline (ak-ro-sef -a-lin) [anpov, point; Ketyakl], 
head]. In biology, resembling birds of the genus 
Acrocephalus, the large-billed reed warblers. 

Acrocephalous [ak-ro-sef' ' -al-us)[_anpov , a point; netyaki], 
the head] . Characterized by or affected with acroce- 
phalia. 

Acrocephaly (ak-ro-sef -al-e) [aKpov, a point ; neQaTii/, 
the head]. Same as Acrocephalia. 

Acrocheir (ak'-ro-kir) [anpov, point; x e <P> hand]. 
The ends of the fingers considered together ; the fore- 
arm and hand. 

Acrochordon (ai-ro-kor' '-don) \_axpoxopfiuv, literally 
the end of a catgut cord] . A pedunculated or pen- 
sile wart. Synonym of Molluscum fibrosum. 

Acrocinesis (ak-ro-sin-e' -sis) [arepof , extreme ; Kivriaiq, 
movement] . Excessive motility ; abnormal freedom 
of movement, as seen in certain cases of hysteria. 

Acrocinetic (ak-ro-sin-et' '-ik) [d/cpof, extreme ; nivr/as, 
movement]. Characterized by acrocinesis. 

Acrocyst (ak'-ro-sist) [d/cpof, apex; liberie, pouch]. 
In biology, a sort of broad sac at the top of the gonan- 
gium in certain hydroids. 

Acrodermatitis (ak-ro-der-mat-i' -tis) [cwpov, extremity ; 
Seppa, skin ; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
skin of an extremity. 

Acrodont (ak'-ro-dont) [a/tpof , apex or edge ; dtfoi'f, 
tooth]. In biology, one of or pertaining to those 
lizards with teeth attached to the edge of the jaw, 
without alveoli. 

Acrodynia (ak-ro-din 1 '-e-ali) [d/cpof, an extremity; bSvvrj, 
pain]. Epidemic erythema ; a disease closely allied 



to pellagra. It is characterized by gastro-intestinal 
symptoms, redness of the conjunctivae, edema of the 
face, formication, pricking pains in the palm and soles, 
hyperesthesia followed by anesthesia of these parts, 
and an erythematous eruption preceded by bullae, 
chiefly on the hands and feet, but spreading over the 
limbs and trunk. This is followed by exfoliation and 
dark brown or black pigmentation, greatest in the 
warm regions of the body. Wasting of the limbs, 
with edema, cramps, pareses, and spasms may be pres- 
ent, and death may follow in the old or feeble. The 
disease is probably due to some noxious constituent of 
or defect in the diet. 

Acroesthesia, or Acroaesthesia (ak-ro-es-the' -ze-ah) 
[a/cpof, extreme ; alaPriaiq, sensation]. Exaggerated 
sensitiveness, or sensibility. Sense of pain in the ex- 
tremities. 

Acrogen (ak'-ro-jen) \_anpoc, apex ; yevr/g, produced] . 
In biology, a member of a division of the Cryptogams 
which grow by terminal buds, as ferns and mosses. 

Acrogenic (ak-ro-jen'-ik) \Jwpoc , apex ; yevi/g, pro- 
duced]. In biology, partaking of the character of an 
acrogen . 

Acrogenous (ak-roj' -en-us) [djcpof, at the apex ; yevi/c, 
produced]. In biology, growth by increase at the 
summit, as ferns, mosses, and certain zoophytes. 

Acrogynous (ak-roj' -in-us) \_anpoc, at the tip ; ywij, 
female]. In biology, having the archegonia formed 
from or near the apical cell, as certain of the Hepat- 
ic ce. 

Acrolein (ak-ro' -le-in) \_acer, sharp; oleum, oil], C 3 H 4 0. 
Acrylic Aldehyd. A highly volatile liquid derived 
from the decomposition or the destructive distillation 
of glycerin. See Acrylaldehyd. 

Acrolenion (ak-ro-len' -e-on) \anpov, point ; uAivi?, 
elbow]. Same as Olecranott. 

Acromania (ak-ro-ma'-ne-ah) [d/cpof, extreme ; p.avia, 
madness]. Incurable or extreme insanity. 

Acromastitis (ak-ro-mas-ti' -tis) \_acromastium ; itis, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the nipple. 

Acromastium (ak-ro-mas' '-te-itm) [dxpof, a point ; 
paaroc, breast]. The nipple. 

Acromegalia (ak-ro-meg-a' -le-ah), or Akromegaly 
(ak-ro-meg'-al-e) [u«pof ; peyafa/, large]. A disease 
characterized by abnormally great development of the 
extremities, and of the features of the face, in- 
cluding the bony as well as the soft parts. The 
disease is of long duration, twenty years or more, the 
patient finally dying of exhaustion. The etiology is 
unknown, although Virchow believes heredity to have 
an important share in its causation. 

Acromial (ak-ro' -me-al) [d/cpof, extremity ; upoc , the 
shoulder]. Relating to the acromion. 

Acromicria (ak-ro-mik' -re-ali) \liKpoc, extremity ; 
piK.p6c, small]. Abnormal smallness of the extremi- 
ties. A condition in whiqh there is a reduction in the 
size of the nose, ears, and face, as well as hands and 
feet. 

Acromio-clavicular (ak-ro' ' -tne-o-kla-vik' ' -u-lar) [d/ipof, 
extremity; upoq, the shoulder; davits, a key]. Re- 
lating to the acromion and the clavicle. 

Acromio-coracoid (ak-ro' -me-o-ko'-rak-oid). See 
Acromio- coracoideus . 

Acromio-coracoideus (ak-ro' ' -me-o-ko-rak-oid-e' '-us) 
[d/cpof , extremity ; <J,"Of , the shoulder ; K6pa£, a crow] . 
A triangular ligament lying between the acromion and 
the coracoid process. 

Acromio-deltoideus (ak-ro' -me-o-del-toid-e' -us) [aKpor, 
extremity ; upoc, the shoulder ; <Sf / roeifyq, deltoid] . 
In comparative anatomy, a muscle having as its origin 
the acromion, and the deltoid ridge of the humerus 
as its insertion. 



ACROMIO-HUMERAL 



41 



ACTINOLOGY 



Acromio-humeral (ak-ro' '-me-o-hu' '-mer-aV) [a/c^iof, ex- 
tremity ; wpoc, the shoulder ; humerus]. Relating to 
the acromion and the humerus. A. Muscle, the del- 
toid. 

Acromion [ak-ro' -me-on) [axpov, a summit ; w/;of , the 
shoulder] . The triangular-shaped process at the sum- 
mit of the scapula, that forms the attachment of the 
deltoid muscle. 

Acromio- thoracic [ak-ro' -me-o-tho-ra' -sik') [anpufitov, 
shoulder; ttcj/jai;, thorax]. In anatomy, relating to the 
shoulder and thorax, as the acromio-thoracic artery. 

Acromio- trapezius [ak-ro' ' -mc-o-tra-pe' -ze-us) [impa- 
fium, shoulder; trapezium]. In anatomy, a part of the 
trapezius muscle. 

Acromphalon (ak-rom' -fal-ou) [anpov, a point ; bfupa- 
X6g, the navel]. See Acromphalus. 

Acromphalus (ak-rom' fal-us) [dupov, extremity ; bp.tpa- 
Xoc. the navel]. I. The center of the umbilicus to 
which the cord is attached. 2. The first stage of um- 
bilical hernia, marked by a pouting of the navel. 

Acromyodian (ak-ro-me-o' -de-an) [aapov, extremity ; 
five, muscle; uSi/, song]. In biology, having the 
syringeal muscles attached to the ends of the upper 
bronchial rings, as in certain singing birds, the Acro- 
myodi. 

Acromyodic (a-kro-me-od'-ik). Same as Acromyodian. 

Acromyodous iak-ro-mi' -o-dus) . Same as Acromyodian. 

Acronarcotic [a k-ro-nar-kot' -ik) \_acer, sharp ; vapnovv, 
to benumb]. Both acrid and narcotic. 

Acroneurosis [ak-ro-nu-ro' -sis) [anpov, an extremity ; 
vevpov, a nerve] . Any neurosis manifesting itself in 
the extremities. 

Acronyx [ak'-ro-nix) [hupov, an extremity ; bvvi; , a 
nail]. The ingrowing of the nail. 

Acroparalysis [ak-ro-par-al' -is-is) [anpov, an extreme ; 
napd, by ; Xvecv, to loose] . Paralysis of the extremities. 

Acroparesthesia, or Acroparesthesia (ak-ro-par-es- 
the' -ze-ali) [anpov, extremity ; rvapa, around ; aiadr/ctr, 
sensation] . I . Abnormal , or perverted sensation in 
the extremities. 2. Extreme or confirmed paresthesia. 

Acropathology (ak-ro-path-ol' -o-je) [ hupov, an ex- 
tremity; nadoc, disease ; Ad yoc, treatise]. The pathol- 
ogy of the extremities. 

Acropathy (ak-rop' -a-the) [hupov, an extremity ; itadoc, 
suffering]. Any disease of the extremities. 

Acropetal [ak-rop' -et-al ) [d/cpov, the top ; petere, to seek] . 
In biology, developing from the base or center, up- 
ward and outward, as many leaves, lateral shoots, or 
flower clusters. 

Acrophobia (ak-ro-fo' -be-ah) [hupov, a height ; <f>6fior, 
fear]. Morbid dread of being at a great height. 

Acropodium [ak-ro-po' -de-um) [hupoc, at the top ; wodiov, 
dim. of Trove (irod), foot]. In zoology, the entire 
upper surface of the foot. 

Acroposthia [ak-ro-pos' -the-aJi) [anpoc, extreme ; Troadrj, 
foreskin]. The distal part of the prepuce. 

Acroposthitis (ak-ro-pos-thi' -tis) [d/cpoc, extreme ; TruaBrj, 
foreskin] . Posthitis . 

Acrorrheuma (ak-ro-ru' -mah) [hupov, an extremity ; 
peii/xa, a flux]. Rheumatism of the extremities. 

Acrosarcum (ak-ro-sar' -kum) [anpoc, at the end; cap!; 
(aapK), flesh]. In biology, a berry fruit produced by an 
ovary with an adnate calyx, e. g. , a currant or cran- 
berry. 

Acroscleriasis (ak-ro-skle-ri' -as-is) [aKpov, extremity ; 
OKkripoc, hard]. Sclerotic changes in the extremities. 

Acroscopic [ak-ro-skop'-ik) [d/cpoc, apex ; gko-ksIv, 
view]. In biology, looking toward the top. 

Acrosphacelus (ak-ro-sfas'-el-us) [aKpov, extremity ; 
ofdicsloc , dead]. Gangrene of an extremity. 

Acrospire (ak'-ro-spir) [d/rpoc, at the top; crarZpa, a 
coil, spire]. In biology, the first sprout of a grain. 



Acrospore (ak'-ro-spor) [anpoc , at the end ; ciropa, 
seed]. In biology, the spore of one of those fungi 
that fruit at the summit of simple erect hyphas. See 
Peronospora. 

Acrospores (ak'-ro-sporz) [d/cpoc, topmost; anopa, a 
seed]. See Conidia. 

Acrosporous [ak-ros' -po-rus) [d«poc, topmost ; arropd, 
a seed]. Same as Acrospore. 

Acrotarsial [ak-ro-tar'-se-al) [d«:poc, extremity ; rapooq, 
tarsus]. In biology, pertaining to the instep. 

Acrotarsium [ak-ro-tar' -se-uni) [d/cpoc, top ; rapaor, 
tarsus]. The instep. 

Acroteria [ak-ro-te' -re-ah) \aKpa.T?/pia]. The extremi- 
ties. 

Acrothymion, or Acrothymum [ak-ro-thi' -tne-on) 
\_anpoc, summit; 6'vpoc, thyme]. A rugose wart with 
a broad top. 

Acrotic [ak-rot'-ik) [d/cpoc, extreme, outmost]. Relat- 
ing to the glands of the skin; affecting the surface. 

Acrotica [ak-rot'-ik-ali) [d/i-poc, extreme]. Acrotic 
diseases. 

Acrotism [ah' -krot-izm) [d priv. ; /cpdror, striking]. 
Any defective beating of the pulse ; failure of the 
pulse. 

Acrotismus [ah-krot-iz' -nms) [d priv. ; Kpdrog, strik- 
ing]. See Acrotism. 

Acrylaldehyd [ak-ril-al' -de-hid) \_acer, sharp ; aldehyd~\ , 
C.jH 4 0. Acrolein, the aldehyd of the allyl series ; 
obtained by distilling glycerin to which strong phos- 
phoric acid has been added, or by the dry distillation 
of fatty bodies ; a colorless, mobile liquid, boiling at 
52 , possessing a sp. gr. of 0.8410 at 20°. It has a 
pungent odor and attacks the mucous membranes in 
a violent manner. It occasions an odor of burning 
fat. It is soluble in 2-3 parts of water. 

Actea, or Actaea [ak-te'-ah) [hurr/, the elder]. A genus 
of ranunculaceous plants having active medicinal qual- 
ities. A. alba, the white cohosh, has much the same 
qualities as A. spicata. A. cimicifuga is more im- 
portant. See Cimicifuga. A. racemosa. See Cimi- 
cifuga. A. rubra, red cohosh, and A. spicata, are 
purgative and emetic. 

Actinal [ak'-tin-al) [d/cr/c, a ray]. In biology, per- 
taining to the oral pole, surface, or aspect of a radiate 
animal. 

Actine [ak'-tin) [d/cn'f , a ray] . In biology, a spicular 
ray, in sponges. 

Actinenchyma [ak-tin-en' -kim-ah) [d/cric, ray; eyx v f la i 
infusion]. In biology, a tissue of stellate cells. 

Actinic [ak-tin'-ik) [d/vr/c, a ray] . Referring to those 
wave-lengths of the spectrum corresponding to the 
violet and ultra-violet parts of the same that produce 
chemical changes in the haloid salts of silver, and 
are therefore valuable in photography. 

Actiniochrome [ak-tin' -e-o-krom) [auric, a ray; ^-pupa, 
color] . A red pigment obtained from certain Actinias. 

Actinism [ak' -tin-izm) [auric, a ray]. The chemical 
quality of light, or of the sun's rays. 

Actinohematin [ak-tin-o-hem' -a-tin) [auriv, ray ; al/xa, 
blood]. In biology, a respiratory pigment found by 
MacMunn in Actinice. 

Actinoid [ak'-tin-oid) [d«x/f, ray; el&oc, form]. In 
zoology, radiate, as a star fish. 

Actinologous [ak-tin-ol' -o-gus) [d/cr/c, a ray ; \6yor, a 
word]. In biology, exhibiting actinology. 

Actinologue [ak-tin' -o-log) [d/cn'c, a ray ; Xoyoc, a word] . 
In biology, a part possessing actinologous homology. 

Actinology [ak-lin-ol' -o-je) [auric, a ray ; Adyof, a word] . 
In biology, that kind of homological relation that 
exists between the successive segments, regions, 01 
divisions of a part or organ, in that they radiate or 
spring from it. 



ACTINOMERE 



42 



ACUPUNCTURE 



Actinomere [ak-tin' -o-mir) [auric;, ray; pepoc;, a part]. 
In zoology, one of the radiating partitions characteristic 
of the Actinozoa. 

Actinomeric (ak-tin-o-mer' -ik\ [d/cr/c, a ray ; f-£pog, a 
part]. In biology, radiately divided. 

Actinomorphic (ak-tin-o-morf ' -ik) [d/cr/c, a ray ; 
ftopijii/ , form]. Same as Actinomorphous. 

Actinomorphous [ak-tin-o-morf r -us) [d/cric, ray; 
fiopcj>i/, form]. Regularly radiated, as flowers divis- 
ible into similar portions in two or more vertical 
planes. 

Actinomyces (ak-tin-om' -is-ez) [d/cr/c, a ray; (iviaje, 
mushroom]. A genus of parasitic fungoid organisms. 
One species, A. bovis, causes the disease actinomyco- 
sis. Called also the Ray Fungus. 

Actinomycoma [ak-tin-o-mi-ko' '-mali) [a/cr/c, a ray ; 
{ivk.>K, a fungus : //. , Actinomycomata~\. A tumor such 
as is characteristic of actinomycosis. 

Actinomycosis (ak-tin-o-mi-co' -sis) [auric;, a ray ; fJ-vurjc, 
a fungus]. A parasitical, infectious, inoculable disease 
first observed in cattle, and also occurring in man, 
and characterized by the manifestations of chronic 
inflammation, with or without suppuration, often re- 
sulting in the formation of granulation tumors. The 
disease is due to the presence of a characteristic micro- 
parasite, the ray fungus, Actinomyces bovis, which is 
composed of fine mycelial threads and club-shaped 
bodies. The most frequent and most curable form 
is when the abscesses form about the jaws and teeth. 
The best mode of staining the threads is by Gram's 
method. To stain the clubs as found in man is diffi- 
cult ; the best results have been obtained with orange 
rubin or eosin. The only treatment of the disease 
is removal of the infected tissue. When the parasite 
has found a nidus in the lungs or digestive tract, all 
treatment is so far useless. The disease is often called 
lumpy-jaw and holdfast. 

Actinomycotic (ak-tin-o-mi-kof '-ik) [auric, ray ; jjl'vktjc, 
fungus]. Pertaining to or affected with actinomy- 
cosis. 

Actinophore [ak-tin' -o-for) [auric;, a ray; (pipeiv, to 
bear]. In biology, one of the peripheral elements 
affording support to the true fin rays in typical fishes 
and selachians. 

Actinophorous (ak-lin-of -o-rus) [auric;, ray ; cj>epeiv, 
to bear]. In biology, bearing ray-like spines. 

Actinosoma (ak-lin-o-so' -mah) [d/cr/c, ray ; acopa, 
body]. In biology, the entire body of a simple or 
composite actinozoan. 

Actinospora chartarum [ak-tin-o-spo' -rah char-ta'- 
rum) [auriv, ray ; tscjua, body ; charta, paper] . A 
parasitic fungus developing on paper and books. 

Actinost (ak'-tin-ost) [d/cr/c , ray ; boreov, a bone] . In 
ichthyology, one of the bones supporting the pectoral 
and ventral fins in true fishes. 

Actinosteophyte (ak-tin-os'-te-o-flt) [d/cr/c, a ray; 
osteophyte^. An osteophyte of radiated form. 

Actinostome (ak-tin' -o-stom) [d/crtc, ray; aro/xa, 
mouth]. In biology, the mouth of an actinozoan. 

Actinotrichium [ak-tin-o-trik' ' -e-um) [d/cr/c, ray ; Qpix, 
a hair]. In biology, a fiber in the fin-fold of an em- 
bryo fish, the forerunner of the adult fin-ray. 

Actinotrocha (ak-iin-ot'-ro-kah) [d/crtc, ray; rpo-^ri, 
ring]. The larva of certain gephyrean worms, char- 
acterized by rings of cilia about the mouth and 
anus. 

Actinozoa (ak-tin -o-zo' -all) [auric;, ray ; Ccjov, an ani- 
mal] . A division of celenterates including the sea- 
anemones, coral-polyps, etc., having rayed tentacles 
about the mouth, and a digestive sac connected 
to the body wall by radial dissepiments called mesen- 
teries. 



Actinula (ak-tin' -u-lah) [dim. of d/cn'c, ray: //., 
Actinultz\ In biology, the oval generative zooid of a 
gymnoblastic hydroid, developing without interme- 
diate metamorphosis into a hydroid of the adult form. 

Action (itk 1 '-shun) \_agere, to do, or perform]. In physi- 
ology, a term used to denote the function of an organ. 
A., Reflex, an involuntary movement of an organ or 
part of the body resulting from an impression carried 
by a sensory or afferent nerve to a subordinate center, 
and then sent back by an efferent nerve to some point 
at or near the source of irritation. 

Active (ak'-tiv) [agere, to do, or perform] . In medicine, 
a term applied to treatment the reverse of passive, that 
is, where the pathological conditions are acted upon 
directly rather than partly controlled. Also, in a 
growing condition ; opposed to dormant. A. Insuffi- 
ciency of Muscles. See Insufficiency. A. Spots, 
the cortical centers of the brain, especially those that 
control definite muscular movements. 

Activity (ak-tiv'-it-e) [agere, to do or perform] . Capa- 
city for acting ; sensibility; vitality; potency; energy. 

Actual [ak'-chu-al) \_agere, to do]. Real, effective; 
not potential. A. Cautery. See Cautery. 

Actuation (ak-chu-a' -shun) \_age're, to do, or perform]. 
That mental function that is exercised between the im- 
pulse of volition and its actualization or perform- 
ance. 

Acuchi [ah-koo'-che). The resin or balsam obtained 
from Icica heterophylla, a tree of tropical America. It 
is almost identical with elemi. Unof. 

Acufilopressure (ak-u-fi' '-lo-pj-es-ur) [acus, needle ; 
filum, a thread ; pressure] . A combination of acupres- 
sure and ligation. 

Acuity (ak-u'-it-e) [aaiitas ; acuere, to sharpen]. 
Acuteness or clearness of visual power in the percep- 
tion of small or distant objects. 

Aculeate (ak-u'-le-dt) [aculeus, a sting, prickle] . In 
botany, armed with prickles, i.e.,aculii ; as the rose and 
brier. In biology, having a sting. 

Aculeiform [ak-u-le' -if-orm) [aculeus, prickle ; forma, 
shape]. Resembling a prickle. 

Aculeolate [ak-u' -le-o-lat) \_aculeolus, a little prickle]. 
In biology, beset with small prickles. 

Aculeus (ak-u' -le-m)[dirn.o{ acus, arteedle : pi. ,Aculc/"\. 
In biology, a prickle or pointed excrescence of the bark, 
as in the rose or raspberry ; the modified ovipositor or 
sting of a hymenopterous insect. 

Acumeter [ak-oo' -met-er) [clko'vilv, to hear ; /lirpov, a 
measure]. Instrument for testing hearing. 

Acuminate ( ak-u'-min-at ) [ acuminatus, pointed, 
acute]. Taper-pointed or sharp-pointed. 

Acuminose, or Acuminous (ak-u'-min-os, or -us) 
[acumen, point]. In biology, same as Acuminate. 

Acuminulate (ak-u-min'-u-lat) [dim. of acumen, a 
point]. Slightly taper-pointed. 

Acupression (ak-u-prcsh'-un) [acus, a needle ;premere, 
to press]. Acupressure. 

Acupressure (ak'-u-presh-ur) [acus, a needle ; pre mere, 
to press] . An operation to stop hemorrhage or aneu- 
rysm by the compression of a needle inserted into the 
tissues upon either side, either above or below the 
vessel. There are a variety of methods of performing 
acupressure. 

Acupuncturation [ak-u-pungk-chu-ra'-shun) [acus, a 
needle; punctura, a puncture]. Acupuncture. 

Acupuncturator [ak-u-pungk' -chu-ra-tor) [acus, a 
needle ; punctura, a puncture]. An instrument used 
in performing acupuncture. 

Acupuncture (ak / -u-punk-chur) [acus, a needle ; pun- 
gere, to prick]. Puncture of the skin or tissue by one 
or more needles for the relief of pain, the exit of fluid, 
the coagulation of blood in an aneurysm, etc. 



ACUS 



43 



ADELOPNEUMONA 



Acus (a'-kus) [L.]. A needle. A. Ad Cataractam, a 
cataract needle. A. Cannulata, a trocar to be used 
with a cannula. A. Electrica, a needle for use with 
electricity. A. Exploratoria, an exploring needle. A. 
Interpunctoria, a needle for eye-operations. A. In- 
vaginata,a sheathed needle. A. Sutoria, a needle 
for stitching wounds. 

Acute (ak-ut) [acutus, sharp]. Merely sharp-pointed 
or ending in a point less than a right angle. Some- 
times used in the sense of forming a sharp angle. Used 
of disease having a rapid and severe onset, progress, 
and termination. When applied to pain, sound, vision, 
etc., means sharp, keen. 

Acutenaculum (ak-u-ten-ak' '-u-lum) [acus, a needle ; 
tenaculum : pi., Acutenacula]. A needle-holder. 

Acuteness (ak-ut'-nes) [acutus, sharp]. The quality 
of being acute, rapid, or sharp. Referring to vision, 
used as a synonym of keenness or acuity. 

Acutifoliate (ak-u-ie-fo' -le-at ) [acutus, sharp ; foliatus, 
leaved]. In biology, bearing sharp-pointed leaves. 

Acutilobate (ak-u-te-lo'-bat) [acutus, sharp ; lobatus, 
lobate]. In biology, possessing acute lobes, as a 
leaf. 

Acutorsion (ak-u-tor' -shun) [acus, a needle ; torsion] . 
The twisting of an artery with a needle as a means of 
controlling hemorrhage. 

Acyanoblepsia (ah-si-an-o-blep'-se-ali) [dpriv.; nitavoc, 
blue; pieipia, sight]. Same as Acyauopsia. 

Acyanopsia (ah-si-an-op' -se-ali) [a priv.; nvavoc, blue ; 
Si/«c. sight]. Inability to distinguish blue colors. 

Acyclic (ah-slk'-lik) [apriv; kvkaik6^, circular]. In 
botany, not whorled. 

Acyesis (ah-si-e' '-sis) [a priv. ; Kvrjaic, pregnancy]. 
I. Sterility of the female. 2. Non-pregnancy. 

Acyetic (ah-si-et'-ik) [d priv.; Kvr/aig, pregnancy]. 
Relating to acyesis. 

Acyprinoid (ah-sip' '-?-in-oid) [d priv. ; cyprinoid]. In 
biology, a region in the fauna of which the Cypri- 
nidie and Labyrinthici are wanting. 

Acystia (ah-sis' -te-ah) [d priv.; tcbaricj bladder]. Ab- 
sence of the bladder. 

Acystinervia (ah-sis-tin-er' -ve-ah) [d priv. ; Kvanc, 
bladder; nervus, a nerve]. Paralysis or lack of nerve 
stimulus in the bladder. 

Ad \_ad, to]. A Latin prefix of words and terms, signi- 
fying to, toward, at, etc. Ad deliquium, to fainting. 
Ad libitum, at pleasure, or according to discretion. 

Ad, or Add. A contraction of Adde, or Additur, 
meaning, add, or let there be added ; used in prescrip- 
tion writing. 

Adacrya (ah-dak' -re-ah) [d priv. ; daupvov, tear]. Ab- 
sence or deficiency of the secretion of tears. 

Adactyl (ah-dak' -til) [d priv.; SanrvAoc, digit]. I. 
Without fingers or without toes. 2. A monstrosity 
that has an absence of digits. 

Adactylia (ah-dak-til'-e-ah) [d priv. ; &clk.tvaoq, a fin- 
ger]. Absence of the digits. 

Adactylism (ah-dak' '-til-izni) [d priv. ; dd/cm/loc, a 
finger]. The absence of the digits. 

Adactylous (ah-dak' -til-US') [d priv.; 6a.K~v\oq , a fin- 
ger]. Without fingers or toes. In biology, without 
claws. 

Adsemonia (ad-e-mo' -ne-ah) . See Ademonia. 

Adamantin (ad-am-an' -tin) [arfa/zac, from d priv.; 
da/j.aij£iv. to overpower] . Pertaining to adamant. A. 
Cement, a substance used for filling teeth, consisting 
of finely powdered silex or pumice stone mixed with 
an amalgam of mercury and silver. See Amalgam. 
A. Substance, the enamel of the teeth. 

Adambulacral (ad-am-bu-la'-kral) [ad, against; am- 
bulacrum]. In biology, adjoining the ambulacra, as 
certain ossicles in echinoderms. 



Adamita (ad-am-i'-tah) [L. ]. A white vesical calculus. 

Adam's Apple (ad'-amz ap'-pl). See Pomum Adami. 
A. Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Adansonia digitata (ad-an-so' '-ne-ah dij-it-a'-tah). 
The Baobab tree, a native of Africa. The bark is used 
in the form of an infusion, ^j to Oj, as a remedy for 
intermittent fever. Unof. 

Adansonin (ad-an'-so-nin). A febrifugal alkaloid 
from the leaves and bark of Adansonia Digitata. 
Unof. 

Adaptation (ad-ap-ta'-shon) \_adaptare, to adjust]. In 
biology, favorable organic modifications suiting a plant 
or animal to its environment. A. of the Retina, 
the faculty possessed by the retina of accommodating 
the power of vision to a diminished amount of light, as 
in a darkened room. 

Adarce (ad-ar' -se) [adapn7;, a salty efflorescence]. A 
salty alkaline concretion found in salt-marshes in Asia 
Minor. It is detergent and has been much used in 
leprosy and skin diseases. Unof. 

Adarticulation (ad-ar-tik-u-la' -shun) [ad, to ; articula- 
tio, a jointing]. See Arthrodia. 

Addephagia (ad-e-fa' -je-ah) [L.]. See Bulimia. 

Adder's-tongue (ad' -erz-tung) . The leaves of Ophio- 
glossum vulgatum , a common perennial herb ; muci- 
laginous, and used in the preparation of salves. Unof. 
A. -wort (ad'-erz-wert) . See Bistort. 

AddTson's Disease. Melasma suprarenale, dermato- 
melasma-supra-renale , or cutis asrea (' ' bronzed skin " ) , 
a disease of the supra-renal capsules, first described by 
Dr. Addison, and characterized by tubercular infiltra- 
tion of the capsules, discoloration of the skin, progres- 
sive anemia, and asthenia, ending in death from exhaus- 
tion. See Diseases, Table of. A. Keloid. See 
Keloid and Morphea. 

Additamentum (ad-it-am-en' -turn) [L.]. Any appen- 
dix, as an epiphysis. A. Coli, the appendix vermi- 
formis. 

Adducens (ad-du'-senz) [L.]. An adductor, a term 
applied to certain muscles. A. Oculi, the internal 
rectus muscle of the eye. 

Adducent (ad-du'-sent) [adducens]. Performing ad- 
duction. 

Adduction (ad-duk'-shun) [adductio ; adducere, to 
bring toward]. Any movement whereby a part is 
brought toward another or toward the median line of 
the body. A. of the Eyes, the power of the internal 
recti measured by the maximum ability to preserve 
singleness of the image with prisms placed bases to- 
ward the temples. It varies from 30 to 50 . See 
also Abduction. 

Adductive (ad-duk'-tiv) [adducens]. Same as Addu- 
cent. 

Adductor (ad-dak 1 '-tor) [adducere, to bring forward]. 
Any muscle effecting adduction. 

Adelarthrosomatous (ad-el-ar-thro - so' '- mat -us) [a 
priv. ; SijAoq, manifest ; apBpov, joint ; oo/ia, body] . In 
biology, indistinctly segmented, or articulated. 

Adelaster (ad-el-as' -ter) [hhrfkoq, not manifest; aari/p, 
star]. In biology, a cultivated plant that for the 
time being cannot be referred to its proper genus. 

Adelocodonic (ad' ' -el-o-ko-doji' -ik) [&6?/Aog, not mani- 
fest; K&duv, a bell]. In biology, lacking a disc or 
umbrella ; said of a gonophore. 

Adelomorphous (ad-el- o-mor' -fits) [a6r/Anc,not evident ; 
fj-opfi/, form]. Not delomorphous ; not clearly defined ; 
not having a determinate form (a term applied to 
certain cells in the gastric glands.) 

Adelopneumona (ad-el-op-nu' -mo-nah) [Mt/'aoq, not 
manifest; Trvkvuwv, lung]. In biology, the Pulmoni- 
fera among gasteropods, the pulmonary cavity being 
hidden by the mantle. __ 



ADELOrOD 



44 



ADENO-MYOMA 



Adelopod, Adelopode (a-de'-lo-pod, -pod) [adr/Aoc, not 
manifest ; Troi'f , foot] . In biology, an animal with con- 
cealed or inconspicuous feet. 

Adelphia (ad-el' -fe-ah) [adelyoc, brotherhood]. In 
biology, a group of stamens united by their filaments. 

Adelphous (ad-el* -fits) [adeAfoc, brotherhood]. Having 
stamens with more or less coalescent filaments. 

Kdii.mo\\\2L (ad-e-mo'-ne-ali) [apriv.; dr/povia, trouble, 
distress]. Mental distress. 

Ademosyne (ad-e-mos' -in-e) [adr/aoavvr/ , trouble, dis- 
tress]. Depression of spirits ; home-sickness. 

Aden (a' -den) [adr/v, an acorn, a gland]. A gland; a 
bubo. A. Fever. See Dengue. A. Ulcer. See 
Phagedena tropica. 

Adenalgia (ad-en-al' -je-ah) [adi/v, gland ; aAyog, pain]. 
Glandular pain. 

Adenectopia (ad-en-ek-to' -pe-ali) [adi/v, gland ; ektottoc, 
away from a place]. A condition in which the gland 
does not occupy its proper position. 

Adenemphraxis (ad-en-em-fraks' -is) [adi/v, gland; 
eiuppagtc, a stoppage] . Glandular obstruction. 

Adenia (ad-e' -ne-ah) [adi/v. gland]. Enlargement of 
the glands; Lymphadeno/na, a. v. 

Adenic (ad-en' -ik) [adi/v, gland]. Relating to or of 
the nature of a gland. 

Adeniform (ad-en' -e-form) [adi/v, gland ; forma, resem- 
blance]. Of the shape of a gland ; glandlike. 

Adenin (ad'-en-in) [adi/v, a gland — first discovered in 
pancreatic glands], C 5 H 6 N 5 . A leucoma'ine discov- 
ered in 1885 by Kossel ; the simplest member of the 
uric acid group of leucoma'ines. A relation exists 
between hydrocyanic acid and all the members of this 
group, and the base, adenin, seems to be formed by 
polymerization of hydrocyanic acid. It occurs, with 
other bases, as a decomposition product of nuclein, and 
may be obtained from all animal and vegetable tissues 
rich in nucleated cells. It crystallizes in leaflets with 
pearly luster. It exists largely in the liver and urine 
of leucocythemic patients, as a result of the breaking 
up of the nucleated white blood corpuscles. It appears 
to be necessary to the formation and building up of 
organic matter, playing an important part, together 
with guanin, in the physiological function of the cell 
nucleus. Nuclein, the parent of adenin and guanin, 
has been credited with a direct relation to the repro- 
ductive powers of the cell. Adenin is not poisonous. 
Its physiological action is not definitely known. 

Adenitis (ad-en-i'-tis) [adi/v, gland ; itis, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of a gland. See Bubo and Lymphadeni- 
tis. 

Adenization (ad-en-i-za'-slmn) [adi/v, a gland] . Ade- 
noid degeneration. 

Adeno- (ad-e' -no) [adi/v, gland]. A prefix used to de- 
note relation to glands. 

Adenoblast (ad' -en-o-blast) [adi/v, a gland; /3/.aordc, a 
germ]. Any functionally active gland-cell ; a cell that 
assists in the glandular action. 

Adeno-carcinoma (ad-en-o-kar-sin-o'-mah) [adr/v, 
gland ; Kapnivor, a cancer] . Adenoma blended with 
carcinomatous elements. 

Adenocarcinomatous ( ad- en-o-kar - sin - 0'- mat- us ) 
[adi/v; K.apnivoc~]. Of the nature of adeno-carcinoma. 

Adenocele (ad'-en-o-sel, or ad-en-o-se'-le) [adi/v, gland ; 
nif/jj, a tumor]. See Adenoma. 

Adenochirapsology (ad-en-o-ki-rap-sol'-o-je) [adi/v, 
gland ; x e <P> hand ; ciizteiv, to touch; A6yag. treatise]. 
The obsolete doctrine of the healing of scrofula by the 
touch of a king's hand. 

Adeno-chondroma ( ad-en-o-kon-dro' -?nah ) [ adi/v , 
gland; ^dvrJpoc, cartilage: //. , Adeno-chondromatd\. 
A tumor consisting of both glandular and cartilaginous 
tissue. 



Adeno-cystoma (ad-en-o-sis-to'-mah) [adi/v, gland ; 
marie, bladder ; oma, tumor]. A cystic adenoma. 

Adenodiastasis (ad-en-o-di-as'-tas-is) [adi/v, gland; 
didaraaie, separation]. I. Displacement of a gland. 
2. Abnormal separation of a gland into distinct parts. 

Adenodiastatic (ad-en-o-di-as-tat' -ik) [adi/v, gland ; 
didaraaig. separation]. Relating to or marked by 
adenodiastasis. 

Adenodynia (ad-en-o-din' -e-ali) [adi/v, gland ; bd'vvr/. 
pain]. See Adenalgia. 

Adeno-fibroma (ad-en-o-fi-bro' -mah) [ddi/v, gland ; 
fibra, a fiber]. A combination of adenoma and 
fibroma. 

Adenofibromatous (ad-en-o-fi-bro' -mat-us) [adi/v, 
gland; fibra, a fiber]. Of the nature of adeno- 
fibroma. 

Adenogenesis (ad-en-o-jen' -es-is) [adi/v, a gland; y£ve~ 
oig, a creation]. The development of a gland. 

Adenography (ad-en-og' -ra-fe) [adi/v, a gland ; ypatyziv, 
to write]. A treatise on the glandular system. 

Adenoid (ad'-en-oid) [ddi/v, gland ; eldoc, resemblance]. 
Resembling a gland. A. Acne. See Lupus, Dissemi- 
nated Follicular. A. Body, the prostate gland. A. 
Disease. Synonym of LLodgkins's Disease. A. Tis- 
sue. See Animal Tissue. A. Tumor. See Adenoma. 
A. Vegetations, a term applied to an hypertrophy of 
the adenoid tissue that normally exists in the naso- 
pharynx. This hypertrophy is associated with the fol- 
lowing characteristic symptoms : Vacant expression of 
the child, open mouth, noisy breathing, more or less 
impairment of the hearing, a hacking cough, a pecu- 
liar muffling of the voice, and an enlargement of the 
tonsils. The vegetations exert an injurious influence 
on the physical development of the children so affected. 
The most important predisposing cause is youth ; they 
are met with in all classes of life and in all climates. 
Treatment consists in the early and complete removal 
of the growths. 

Adenoidal (ad-en-oid'-al) [adi/v, a gland ; eldoc, an ap- 
pearance]. Somewhat resembling a gland. 

Adenologaditis (ad-en-o-log-ad-i' -tis) [adi/v, a gland ; 
Xoyddec, whites of the eyes; mc, inflammation], I. 
Ophthalmia neonatorum. 2. Inflammation of the 
glands and conjunctiva of the eyes. 

Adenology (ad-en-ol' -o-je) [ddi/v, gland; Ad; or, a dis- 
course]. The science of the glandular system. 

Adeno-lymphocele (ad-en-o-limf -o-sel) [adi/v, gland; 
lymplia, lymph ; Kr/Ar/, tumor]. Dilatation of the 
lymph-vessels and enlargement of the lymphatic 
glands. 

Adenoma (ad-en-o'-mali) [ddi/v, gland; oma, tumor: 
//., Adenomata']. A tumor that has sprung from a gland 
or is constructed after the type of a secreting gland. 
A. destruens, a destructive form of adenoma, in- 
volving the stomach walls. A. sebaceum, neoplastic 
papules on the face, of congenital origin but of later 
development. The disease occupies the position of 
acne rosacea, i. e., the middle two-thirds. The lesions 
are roundish, convex papules, from a millet to a hemp- 
seed in size, of a bright crimson color, but may be 
quite colorless and slightly translucent. They do 
not pale on pressure. They are usually associated 
with intellectual inferiority, a large proportion of the 
patients being imbeciles or chronic epileptics. 

Adenomalacia (ad-en-o-mal-a'-shc-ah) [adi/v, a gland ; 
paAaaia, softening]. Abnormal softness of a gland. 

Adenomesenteritis [ad-en-o-mes-en-ler-V-tii) [adi/v, a 
gland ; plane, middle ; Hvrepov, intestine ; inc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the mesenteric glands. 

Adeno-myoma (ad-en-o-mi-o' -mah) [adi/v, a gland ; 
pvc, a muscle; oma, tumor: //. , Adeno-myofnata\. 
A tumor composed of glandular and muscular tissues. 



ADEXO-MYXOMA 



45 



ADIPOCERE 



Adeno-myxoma (ad-en-o-miks-o' '-mah) [d<J#v, a gland ; 
firija, mucous; oma, tumor: pi. , Adeno-myxomata\. A 
growth having the characters of adenoma and myxoma. 

Adenoncosis [ad-en-on-ko' -sis) [defy r, a gland ; oyKuaig, 
swelling]. The enlargement of a gland. 

Adenoncus {ad-en-ong'-kus) [iidi/v, gland; 6y/coc, a 
mass]. A glandular tumor. 

Ad / eno-ner / vous Fe'ver. Synonym of Plague. 

Adeno-neurotic {ad-en-o-nu-rot' -ik) [adi/v, a gland ; 
vevpov, nerve]. Pertaining to the glands and nerves. 
A. Fever, the plague. 

Adenopathy {ad-en-op' -a-the) [aSi/v, gland ; wdOoc, dis- 
ease]. Any disease of a gland or of the glands. 

Adenopharyngitis ( ad-en-o-far-in-jV-tis ) [ adr/v, a 
gland; (papvy^ , the throat; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the tonsils and pharynx. 

Adenophlegmon {ad-en-o-fleg' -mon) [adijv, a gland ; 
QiheyfiovT), inflammation]. Suppurative inflammation 
of a lymphatic gland. 

Adenophore (ad-en' -o-for) [a6i/v, a gland ; <f>ephv, to 
bear]. In biology, the pedicle or stalk supporting a- 
nectar gland. 

Adenophorous (ad-en-off' -o-rus) [adi/v, a gland ; tyEpetv, 
to bear]. Glandular, or gland-bearing. 

Adenophthalmia (ad-en-off-thal' -»ie-ah) [aSijv, gland ; 
b&tialuor, the eye] . Inflammation of the Meibomian 
glands. 

Adenophthalmitis {ad-en-off-thal-mi' -tis) . Same as 
Adenophthalmia. 

Adenophyllous (ad-en-off ' -il-us)[a&ijv, a gland; <j>v2.h>v, 
a leaf]. In biology, with leaves which bear glands. 

Adenophyma (ad-en-o-fi' ' -mail) [adi/v, gland ; fvp.a, 
growth] . A swelling of a gland or ganglion ; a 
bubo. 

Adenopodous (ad-en-op' -o-dus) [aSijv, gland ; tto'ih;, 
foot]. In biology, bearing glands on the footstalk or 
petiole. 

Adeno-sarcoma {ad-en-o-sar-ko' -mah) [adr/v, a gland ; 
cdpf, flesh ; oma, a tumor: pl.,Adeno-sarcomata\. A 
tumor with the characters of adenoma and sarcoma. 

Adeno-scirrhus ( ad-en-o-skir'-us ) [ adi/v, gland ; 
GKip'poc;]. Adenoma with scirrhous or carcinomatous 
elements. 

Adenosclerosis {ad-en-o-skle-ro' -sis) [adi/v, a gland ; 
onfa/poQ, hard]. A hardening of a gland, with or 
without swelling. 

Adenose (ad'-en-os) [adi/i', gland]. Glandular; 
abounding in glands ; gland-like. 

Adenosis (ad-en-o' -sis) [aSi/v, a gland]. I. Any glandu- 
lar disease. 2. Any chronic glandular disorder. 

Adenotomy (ad-eu-ot'-o-me) [adr/v, a gland ; To/ir/, a 
cutting]. The anatomy of the glands; dissection or 
incision of a gland. 

Adenous {ad' -en-us) [adi/v, gland]. See Adenose. 

Adephagia {ad-e-fa' -je-ah) [ddr/fayta, gluttonous]. A 
gluttonous appetite ; bulimia. 

Adephagous {ad-ef'-ag-ns) [adr/<j>ayia'\. Gluttonous. 

Adeps {ad'-eps) [L., gen., Adipis\ Lard. The fat 
obtained from the abdomen of the hog, Sits Scrofa. 
Composed of 38 per cent, stearin and margarin, and 
62 per cent, olein. Forms 70 per cent, of ceratum 
and 80 of unguentum, q. v. A. anserinus, goose- 
grease. A. benzoinatus, contains two per cent, of 
benzoin. A. lanae hydrosus, hydrous wool-fat, the 
purified fat of the wool of sheep. A. ovillus, mutton 
suet. Adipis, Oleum, a fixed oil expressed from 
lard. A. praeparatus (B. P.), purified fat of the 
hog. Ung. Simp., contains white wax, benzoated 
lard, and almond-oil. A. suillus, hogs' lard; 
adeps. 

Adepsin (ad-ep'-sin) [adeps, lard]. A petrolatum 
much like vaselin. 



Adermia (ah -der' -me-ah) [d priv. ; dep/ia, skin]. Ab- 
sence or defect of the skin. 

Adermonervia (ah-der-mo-ner'-ve-ah) [d priv. ; dlp/ia, 
skin ; nervus, a nerve] . Loss or lack of nerve-stimulus 
in the skin. 

Adermotrophia {ah-der-mo-tro' -fe-ali) [d priv. ; dkp/ia, 
skin; rpoipi/, nutrition]. Atrophy of the skin. 

Adesmia (ah-des' -me-ah). See Adesmy. 

Adesmosis (ah-des-mo'-sis) [d priv.; dea/iog, a band]. 
Atrophy of the cutaneous connective tissue. 

Adesmy {ah-des' -me) [adeofj.oc, unfettered]. In botany, 
the separation of parts normally entire or united. 

Adglutinate {ad-glu'-tin-dt). Same as Agglutinate. 

Adhatoda Vasica {ad-hat' -o-dah vas'-ik-ah). Mala- 
bar nut; leaves of A. justicia, a tree of the order of 
Acanthacefe, growing in India. Expectorant and 
anti-spasmodic. Dose of the fid. ext. jX - )- 

Adherence {ad-he' -rem) [adhcerere , to adhere]. See 
Adhesion. 

Adherent {ad-he' -rent) [adha;rere, to adhere]. In 
botany, adnate ; the union of unlike structures. 

Adhesion {ad-he' -zhun) [adhcerere, to stick to]. Abnor- 
mal union of two surfaces as a result of abrasion, 
inflammation, etc. A., Primary, called also Healing 
by First Intention and by Immediate Union, a method 
of healing of wounds by the production of lymph, 
followed by the vascularization and cicatrization of the 
exudate. A., Secondary, or Healing by Second 
Intention, or by Granulation, is that mode of healing 
attended by the production of pus and the formation 
of granulations. A. Plaster. See Emplastrum. 

Adhesive {ad-he' -siv) [adharere, to adhere]. Sticky, 
tenacious. A. Inflammation, inflammation accom- 
panied by plastic exudation, and tending to the union 
of apposed surfaces. It may be reparative in its effect, 
as in wounds, or it may be injurious in its results, 
as in some cases of pleurisy. A. Plaster. See Resin 
and Emplastrum. 

Adiantum {ad-e-an' -turn) [d priv. ; diavrog, wettable]. 
A genus of ferns ; the maiden-hair. A. capillus- 
veneris and A. pedatum, of X. America, are service- 
able in coughs. The demulcent and anti-hectic 
remedy, capillaire, is prepared from the former. 
Unof. 

Adiaphoresis {ah-di-af-o-re'-sis) [d priv. ; diayopeveiv, 
to perspire]. Deficient sweat. 

Adiaphoretic {ah-di-af-o-ref -ik) [d priv. ; diafopeveiv, 
to perspire]. Reducing the sweat ; anidrotic. 

Adiaphorous {ad-i-af -or-us) [aS/afopor, indifferent]. 
Xeutral ; inert ; doing neither harm nor good. 

Adiapneustia (ah-de-ap-niis' -te-ah) [d priv. ; diairvev- 
gteuv, to perspire]. A stoppage of perspiration. 

Adiathesia (ah-di-ath-e' -se-ali) [d priv. ; didOeaig, con- 
dition]. A condition or particular disease that is 
not congenital. 

Adiathesic {ah-di-ath-e' -sik) [d priv. ; diadecuc;, con- 
dition]. Xot connected with any diathesis. 

Adiathetic {ah-di-ath-ef -ik) [d priv. ; SiaOeoig, condi- 
tion]. Adiathesic. 

Adicity {ad- is' -it- e). In chemistry, combining capacity, 
according as an element or a compound is a monad, 
dyad, etc. Same as Valency. 

Adinin {ad'-in-in). See Adenin. 

Adipate {ad'-ip-dt) [adeps, fat]. Any salt of adipic 
acid. 

Adipic (ad-ip'-ik) [adeps, lard]. Of or belonging to 
fat. A. Acid. See Acid. 

Adipoceration {ad-ip-os-er-a'-shun) [adeps, fat; cera, 
wax] . The formation of adipocere. 

Adipocere (ad'-ip-o-ser) [adeps, fat ; cera, wax]. A wax- 
like substance formed by the exposure of fleshy tissue 
to moisture, with the exclusion of air, i. e., in the 



A I OTOGENOUS 



46 



ADVANCEMENT 



earth or under water. It consists of the fatty acids in 
combination with the alkaline earths and ammonium. 
Human bodies in moist burial places often undergo 
this change. 

Adipogenous [ad-ip-oj'-en-us) [adeps, fat ; gignere, to 
produce]. Producing fat and adipose tissue. 

Adipoma (ad-ip-o' '-mall) [adeps, fat ; oma, a tumor: pi. , 
Adipomata~\. A fatty tumor ; lipoma. 

Adipomatous [ad-ip-o' -mat-its) [adeps, fat; oma, a 
tumor]. Of the nature of adipoma. 

Adipose [ad'-ip-os) [adeps, fat]. Fatty. A. Fin, the 
fleshy, rayless, dorsal fin of some fishes. A. Tissue, 
fat cells united by connective tissue ; distributed ex- 
tensively through the body. It is composed of triolein, 
tripalmitin, and tristearin, and is liquid during life or 
at the temperature of the living body. 

Adiposis [ad-ip'-o-sis) \_adeps, fat; osis, state]. Cor- 
pulence ; fatty degeneration ; fatty infiltration. A. 
hepatica, fatty degeneration or infiltration of the 
liver. 

Adipositas [ad-ip-os' -it-as) [L.]. Fatness; corpulency. 

Adiposity [ad-ip-os' -it-e). Fatness; corpulency. 

Adipsia [ah-dip 1 '-se-ali) [d priv. ; (iii/>a, thirst]. Absence 
of thirst. 

Adipsic {ah-dip' -sik) [a priv. ; Siipa, thirst]. Pertain- 
ing to adipsia ; quenching thirst. 

Adipsous [ah-dip' -sits) [d priv. ; 6'npa, thirst]. Quench- 
ing thirst. 

Aditus [ad'-it-us) [ad, to; ire, to go]. In anatomy, an 
entrance, as to any one of the radial canals of a sponge. 
A. laryngis, the entrance to the larynx. 

Ad'jective CoForing Mat'ter. See Pigments, Colors, 
and Dye-stuff's. 

Adjuster [ad-jus' -ter) [Fr. , adjuster, to adjust]. He 
who or that which adjusts. A device formerly used 
for the forcible reduction of dislocations. 

Adjusting CoFlar. See Collar. 

Adjustment, Coarse. Commonly, the rack and 
pinion for raising or lowering the tube of a microscope 
a considerable distance without lateral deviation. 
A., Fine, the micrometer screw generally at the top of 
the column of a microscope for raising or lowering the 
tube slowly through a short distance. 

Adjuvant [aj'-u-vant) [adjuvare, to assist]. A medicine 
that assists the action of another to which it is added. 

Admortal [ad-mor'-tal) [ad, to ; mors, mortis, death] . 
Moving from living muscular tissue toward that which 
is dead or dying, as electric currents. 

Adnascent [ad-nas' -ent) [ad, to; nasci, to grow]. In 
biology, growing upon or attached to something. 

Adnata [ad-na'-lali) [ad, to; nasci, to be born, to 
grow]. I. The tunica adnata ; the conjunctiva; more 
correctly, a tendinous expansion of the muscles of the 
eye ; it lies between the sclerotic and the conjunctiva. 
2. One of the coats of the testicle. .In zoology, 
appendages of the skin, as scales, hair, feathers. 

Adnate [ad'-nat) [adnatus, grown to]. In biology, 
congenitally attached or united. 

Adnation (ad-na'-shun) [adnatus, grown to]. The 
state of being adnate. 

Adnerval [ad-ner'-val) [ad, to ; nervus, a nerve]. 
Moving toward a nerve ; said of electric currents in 
muscular fiber. 

Adneural (ad-nu'-ral) [ad, to ; vevpov, a nerve]. A 
term used to describe a nervous affection in which the 
disease is at the very point of the symptoms exclusively, 
as in the form of an adventitious deposit. 

Adnexa [ad-neks' -all) [ad, to; nectere, to joint: //.]. 
Adjunct parts, as the adnexa of the uterus. A. bulbi, 
the appendages of the bulb of the eye. 

Adolescence [ad-o-les' -ens) [adolescere, to grow]. 
Youth, or the period between puberty and maturity, 



usually reckoned as extending in males from about 14 to 
25 years, and in females from 12 to 21 years. 

Adonidin [ad-on' -id-in) [Adonis']. A glucosid derived 
from Adonis vernalis, a plant indigenous in Europe 
and Asia. Recommended in cardiac dropsy. Dose 
gr. %-%. Unof. 

Adonis aestivalis [ad-o'-nis es-tiv-a'-lis). A plant 
much used in Italy as a cardiac tonic. Similar pro- 
perties possessed by A. vernalis. Dose of fid. ext. 
n\j-ij. A. Tinctura, dose ttlx-xxx. 

Adoral [ad-o'-ral) [ad, near to; os, the mouth]. 
Situated near the mouth. 

Adosculation [ad-os-ku-la' -shun) [ad, to ; osculari, to 
kiss]. Impregnation by external contact without intro- 
mission. 

Adpressed, or Appressed [ad-presd' or ap-resd') [ad- 
pressus~\. Brought into contact with but not united. 

Adradial [ad-ra'-de-at) [ad, near to ; radius, a ray]. 
Near a ray, as the third series of tentacles in certain 
hydrozoons. Cf. Interradial, Perradial. 

Adradii [ad-ra' -de-i) [ad, near to; radius, a ray]. 
Special organs lying between the perradii and inter- 
radii of medusae. 

Adrectal [ad-rek'-taT) [ad, near by ; rectus, straight]. 
In biology, near the rectum, as certain glands. 

Adrenal [ad-re'-nal) [ad, nearto; ren, the kidney]. In 
biology, adjacent to the kidney. 

Adrenals [ad-re'-nah) [ad, near to ; ren, the kidney]. 
The supra-renal capsules. 

A'drian's Mix'ture. A hemostatic mixture containing 
chloride of iron 25 parts, chloride of sodium 15 parts, 
and water 60 parts. 

Adrostral [ad-ros'-tral) [ad, to, at; rostrum, beak]. 
In biology, belonging to or placed near the beak or 
snout. 

Adrue [ad-ru'-e). Anti-emetic root. The root of Cy- 
perus articulatus. Strongly recommended to check 
black vomit of yellow fever; anthelmintic, aromatic, 
stomachic. Dose of the fid. ext. gtt. xx-xxx. Unof. 

Adscendent [ad-sen' -dent). See Ascending. 

Adstriction [ad-strik'-shun) [adstrictis, a binding]. 
Ligation ; astringent action ; constipation. 

Adsurgent, or Assurgent [ad-ser'-jent, as-ser'-jent) 
[ad, to ; surgere, to rise]. Same as Ascending. 

Adterminal [ad-ter'-niin-al) [ad, near to ; terminus, 
the end]. Moving toward the insertion of a muscle; 
said of electric currents in muscular fiber. 

Adul Oil. An oil used in India for treating rheumatism. 

Adult [ad-ult') [adolescere, adultus, to grow]. Mature ; 
of full legal age. One of mature age. A. Sporadic 
Cretinism. See Myxedema. 

Adulteration [ad-ul-ter-a' -shun) [adulterare, to cor- 
rupt]. The admixture of inferior, impure, inert, or 
less valuable ingredients to an article for gain, decep- 
tion, or concealment. -Medicines, wines, foods, etc., 
are largely adulterated. 

Adumbrella (ad-um-o/vi'-ah). In biology, the upper 
surface of the velum in the medusae, the opposite of 
exumbrella or Alnnnbrella. 

Adumbrellar (ad-um-brel'-ar). In biology, pertaining 
to the upper or outer surface of the velum in the 
medusae ; opposed to abumbrellar. 

Aduncous [ad-ung' -kus) [ad, to ; uncus, a hook, barb]. 
In biology, hooked, as the bill of a parrot or hawk. 

Adust [ad-us/') [aJustus, burned up]. Hot and dry; 
parched. 

Adustion [ad-us' -chun) [adustus, burned up]. I. The 
quality of being adust. 2. Cauterization. 

Advancement [ad-vans' -menf) [M. E. , avancement]. 
An operation to remedy strabismus, generally in con- 
junction with tenotomy, whereby the opposite tendon 
from the over-acting one, having been cut, is brought 



ADVENTITIA 



47 



/EROCOMIA SCLEROCARPA 



forward, so that, growing fast in a more advanced 

position, it shall have more power to act upon the 

globe of the eye. A., Capsular, an operation similar 

to that on the tendon upon Tenon's capsule. It 

must be distinguished from advancement by the fact 

that the tendon itself is not divided. 
Adventitia (ad-ven-tish' -e-aK) [adventititcs, foreign]. 

The external covering or coat of the blood-vessels. 
Adventitious (ad-ven-tish' -its) [adventitius, foreign]. 

Accidental, foreign, acquired, as opposed to natural 

or hereditary ; occurring out of the ordinary or normal 

place or abode. 
Adventive (ad-ven'-tiv). In biology, an incompletely 

naturalized exotic. 
Adverse {ad'-vers) [adversus, opposite]. In biology, 

turned or directed toward the axis. 
Adversifoliate (ad-ver-se-fo' -le-at) [adversus, opposite; 

folium, leaf]. See Adversifolious. 
Adversifolious (ad-ver-se-fo 1 '-le-us) [adversus, opposite ; 

folium, leaf]. In biology, having opposite leaves. 
Adynamia (ah-din-a' '-me-ah) [<i priv. ; dhva/xic, power]. 

Deficiency or loss of vital or muscular power. 
Adynamic (ah-din-am'-ik) [a priv. ; dbva/iig, power]. 

Pertaining to or characterized by adynamia. A. 

Fever. Synonym for Typhus Fever, q. v. 
JB-. See £-. 
^Lcidioform (e-sid' -e-o-form) [alicia, a. wheal; forma, 

form]. See ALcidiostage. 
jEcidiomycetes (e-sid-e-o-mi-se'-tez) [alula, a wheal ; 

jivtajs, a fungus]. y-Ecidium fungi, including many of 

the rusts, blights, and mildews. 
./Ecidiospore (e-sid' -e-o-spor) [alula, a wheal ; airopa, 

seed, spore]. In biology, a fungal spore developed by 

abstriction in a member of the genus sEcidium. 
.fficidiostage (e-sid' -e-o-sldj) [alula, a wheal; M. E. * 

stage]. The first stage in the reproduction of uredine 

fungi. Same as yEcidioform. 
iEcidium (e-sid' '-e-um) [alula, a wheal; dim.,l6iovl. 

The cup-shaped organ producing the secidiospores in 

die uredine fungi. 
jEdceagra (e-de-a'-grah). See Edeagra. 
/Edceatrophia (e-de-at-ro' -fe-ah). See Edeatrophia. 
jEdceauxe (e-de-auks'-e). See Edeauxe. 
./Edceitis (e-de-i'-tis). See Edeitis. 
.ffidceodynia (e-de-o-din' -e-ali). See Edeodynia. 
/Edceogargalismus (e-de-o-gar-gal-iz 1 '-mus). See Edeo- 

gargalismus. 
^dceography (e-de-og'-ra-fe). See Edeography. 
.flSdceology (e-de-ol'-o-je). See Edeology. 
^Edceomania (e-de-o-ma' -ne-ah). See Edeomania. 
^dceomycodermitis (e-de-o-mi-ko r der-mi'-tis). See 

Edeomycodermitis. 
^dceopsy (e-de'-op-se). See Edeopsy. 
./Edceoptosis (e-de-op-to' -sis). See Edeoptosis. 
^dceoscopy (e-de-os'-ko-pe). See Edeoscopy. 
^dceotomy (e-de-ot'o-me). See Edeotomy. 
./Egagropila (e-gag-rop' -il-ah ) . Plural of sEgagropilus. 
^gagropilus (e-gag-rop'-il-us) [alyaypoq, a wild goat; 

TrtAof, felt]. An intestinal concretion formed of hair, 

found in animals and occasionally in man. A bezoar. 
.ffigilops (e'-jil-ops). See Egilops. 
^githognathous (e-jith-og'-na-tfnts) [alyidog, the 

hedge-sparrow; yvadog, jaw]. Characterized by having 

an anteriorly truncated vomer in union with the ali- 

nasal wall and turbinals, as in passerine birds. 
^gobronchophony (e-go-brong-koff' -o-ne). See Ego- 

bronchophony. 
/Egonia (e-go' -ne-ah) [L.]. A minor or slight egophony. 
./Egophony (e-goff'-o-ne). See Egophony. 
jEgyptia ulcera (e-jip'-she-ah ul'-ser-ah) [L.]. Egyp- 
tian ulcers ; a form of ulceration of the tonsils and 

fauces. 



jEipathia (ah-ip-ath' -e-ali) [aeuraBela, from ael, always; 
Trdfloc, a suffering]. Constant and incurable suffering. 

/Eluropodous (e-lu-rop'-o-dus) [al'Kovpoq, cat ; ttovc, 
foot]. Cat-footed. 

jEluropsis (el-u-rop'-sis) [ai/ivpog, cat ; bipic;, appear- 
ance]. Obliquity of the eye or of the palpebral 
fissure. 

jEquabiliter justo major, or minor Pelvis (e-kwa- 
bil'-it-er). See Pelvis. 

./Equator Oculi (e-kiva'-tor ok'-u-li). See Equator. 

./Equilibrium (e-kwil-ib' -re-uni). See Equilibrium. 

Aer (a'-er). See Air. 

Aerated (a'-er-a-ted) [ar/p, the atmosphere]. Impreg- 
nated or charged with carbon dioxid or air. 

Aeration (a-er-a' -shuti) [ar/p, air]. The process of 
supplying or charging with air or with some gas, 
such as carbon dioxid ; the state of being supplied 
with air or gas. 

Aerenchyma (a-er-en' '-kim-ali) [hijp, air; iyx&v, to 
pour]. In biology, cork-like plant tissue. 

Aerendocardia (a-er-en-do-kar' -de-ali) [ar/p, air ; hvdov, 
within ; rcapdia, heart]. The existence of air within 
the heart. 

Aerenterectasia (a-er-en-ter-ek-ta' -se-ah) [ar/p, air; 
ivrepov, intestine; mraaig, distention]. Flatulence; 
distention of the abdomen by gas within the intes- 
tines. 

Aerhemoctonia (a-er-hem-ok-to' -ne-ali) [ar/p, air ; al/xa, 
blood ; ktovoc, lulling]. Death by the entrance of air 
into the veins. 

Aerhemotoxia (a-er-hem-o-toks' -e-ali) [ar/p, air ; alp.a, 
blood; to^lkov, poison]. See Aerhemoctonia. 

Aerial (a-e'-re-al). Pertaining to the air. A. Fistula. 
See Fistula. 

Aeriferous (a-er-if'-er-us) [ar/p, air; ferre, to bear]. 
Conveying air, as the trachea and its branches. 

Aerification (a-er-if-ik-a' -shun) [ar/p, air; facere, to 
make]. I. The process of charging with air; the 
state of being charged with air. 2. Emphysema. 

Aerifluxus (a-er-ifluks' -us) [ar/p, air; f/uxus, flow]. 
Any abnormal escape of air, as by belching, flatulence, 
etc. 

Aeriperitonia ( a-er-ip-er-it-o-ne' -ah ) [ ar/p, air ; TTtpl, 
around; relveiv, to stretch]. Peritoneal tympanites. 

Aerobe (a'-er-ob) [ar/p, air; (Hog, life]. One of the 
aerobia. See Aerobic. 

Aerobia (a-er-o' -be-ah) [ar/p, air; plot;, life]. Plural 
of Aerobe. Organisms that require air or free oxygen 
for the maintenance of life. A., Facultative, organ- 
isms normally or usually anaerobic, but under certain 
circumstances acquiring aerobic power. 

Aerobic (a-er-ob'-ik) [ar/p, air; fllog, life]. Requiring 
oxygen (air) in order to live. A term applied to those 
bacteria requiiing free oxygen. Those that do not 
grow in its presence are called anaerobic. Between 
these extremes there are forms that are able to grow 
without oxygen under favorable conditions, though 
they make use of it when present ; others that may 
grow in its presence, though flourishing best in its 
absence ; these are called respectively facultative 
aerobes or facultative anaerobes, in distinction 
from those first mentioned, which are called obliga- 
tory aerobes or anaerobes. 

Aerobiosis (a-er-o-bi-o' -sis) [ar/p, air; /3/oc, life]. Life 
that requires the presence of air, or free oxygen. 

Aerobiotic (a-er-o-bi-ot'-ik) [ar/p, air ; fiiuriKoq, pertain- 
ing to life]. Thriving only in the presence of free 
oxygen. 

^Erocomia sclerocarpa (e-ro-ko 1 '-me-ah skle-ro-kar'- 
pah). A South American plant, very popular as a 
remedy in leucorrhea, diarrhea, and albuminuria. Il 
is astringent. Unof. 



AEROCONISCOPE 



48 



AESTIVATION 



Aeroconiscope (a-er-o-kon' -is-kop) [ai/p, air ; Kovig, 
dust; OKxmeiv, to inspect]. A device for collecting 
dust from the air for microscopical observation. 

Aerocyst (a'-er-o-sist) [ai/p, air; kvotlq, bladder]. In 
biology, the air-bladder of sea- weeds. 

Aerodermectasia (a-er-o-der-mek-ta' -se-ah) [ai/p, air ; 
deppa, skin; enracsic, distention]. Surgical emphy- 
sema ; distention of the subcutaneous connective tis- 
sue by air. 

Aeroenterectasia (a-er-o-en-ter-ek-ta' -se-ah) [ai/p, air; 
tvTepov, intestine ; Enraoig, dilatation]. Distention of 
the bowels with gas. 

Aerognosy (a-er-og' '-nose) [ai/p, air ; yvcieig, knowl- 
edge]. See Aerology. 

Aerography [a-er-og' -ra-fe) [ai/p, air ; ypa<p?/, a writing]. 
The description of the air and its qualities. 

Aerohydropathy (a-er-o-hi-drop' -a-the) [ai/p, air ; v6up, 
water; -rrdOoc, disease]. Pneumatic treatment of dis- 
ease, combined with hydropathy. 

Aerohydrous (a-er-o-hi'-drus) [ai/p, air; vfiup, water]. 
Containing air and water, as certain minerals. 

Aerology (a-er-ol' -o-je) [ai/p, air; Xdyoc, treatise]. The 
science of the air and its qualities. 

Aerometer (a-er-om' '-et-er) [ai/p. air; pirpov, a measure]. 
An instrument for ascertaining the density of gases. 

Aerometry (a-er-om' -et-re) [ai/p, air; pirpov, a measure]. 
The science of measuring the density of gases. 

Aerophobia (a-er-o-fo' -be-ah) [ar/p, air; 0d/3oc, fear]. 
Dread of a current of air ; a symptom of hydrophobia 
and hysteria. 

Aerophoby (a'-er-o-fo-be) [ai/p, air; 0d/3oc, fear]. See 
Aerophobia. 

Aerophone (a' -er-o-fon) [ai/p, air; tpuvij, sound]. An 
instrument for increasing the amplitude of sound- 
waves. 

Aerophore (a' -er-o-for) [ar/p, air ; (pnpe'iv, to carry]. I. 
A device for the inflation of the lungs of a still-born 
child with air. 2. A breathing apparatus to be used 
by firemen and others, to prevent the inhalation of 
noxious gases. 

Aerophyte (a-er-o-fif) [ai/p, air; fvrov, plant]. An air- 
plant. 

Aeropinic (a-cr-o-pin'-ik) [ai/p, air; ■k'iveiv, to drink]. 
Affected with the habit of wind-sucking. Applied to 
a horse that habitually bites his crib or manger and 
swallows air. 

Aeroplethysmograph (a-er-o-p/eth-iz'-mo-graf) [ai/p, 
air; -la/doe, fulness; ypapeiv, to write]. An appara- 
tus for registering graphically the expired air ; the 
latter raises a very light and carefully equipoised box 
placed over water, and this moves a writing-style. 

Aeropneumonectasia (a-er-op-nu-mo-nek-ta' -se-ali) 
[ai/p, air; nvevuuv, the lung; iaraaic, distention]. 
Emphysema of the lungs. 

Aerorrhachia (a-er-o-ra' -ke-ali) [ai/p, air ; pdx'f , trie 
spine]. An accumulation of air or gas in the spinal 
canal. 

Aeroscepsy (a-er-o-skep' -se) [ai/p, air; CKeipic, a view- 
ing]. In zoology, the power of perceiving atmos- 
pheric changes. 

Aeroscope (a' -er-o-skop) [ai/p, air; OKOireiv, to observe]. 
An instrument for the examination of air-dust. Also, 
an instrument for estimating the purity of the air. 

Aeroscopy (a-er-os' -ko-pe) [ai/p, air ; anowelv, to 
observe]. The investigation of atmospheric condi- 
tions. 

Aerosis (a-er-o'-sis) [hi peodai, to become air]. Gas for- 
mation within the body. 

Aerotherapeutics (a-e-ro-ther-a-pu'-tiks) [ai/p, air ; 
dcpmrevetv, to serve]. Pneumatotherapeutics ; a mode 
of treating disease by varying the pressure or the com- 
position of the air breathed. 



Aerotherapy (a-er-o-thcr' -a-pe) [ai/p, air ; flepa^cveiv, to 

serve]. See Aerotherapeutics. 
Aerothorax (a-er-o-tho'-raks) [ai/p, air ; dupa^, the 

chest]. See Pneumothorax. 
Aerotonometer (a-er-o-to-nom' -et-er) [ai/p, air; rdvoc, 

tension ; pirpov, measure]. An instrument for estimating 

the tension of gases in the blood. 
Aerotropism (a-er-of -ro-pizm) [ai/p, air ; rpETreiv, to 

turn]. In biology, the deflection of roots from the 

normal direction of growth by the action of gases. 
Aerourethroscopy (a-er-o-u-reth' -ro-sko-pe) [ai/p, air ; 

uvpi/Opa, urethra; okokeIv, to examine]. Urethroscopy 

conjoined with inflation of the urethra with air. 
Aerozoa (a-er-o-zo'-ah) [ai/p, air; fuov, animal]. Same 

as Aerobia. 
Aerteriversion (a-er-ter-iv-er' -shun) [ai/p, air ; rr/pieiv, 

to hold; vertere, to turn]. A method of arresting 

hemorrhage by everting the cut end of an artery, in- 

vaginating the vessel in itself and fixing the parts by a 

needle. 
Aerteriverter (a-er-ter-iv-er' -ter) [ai/p, air ; rr/pieiv, to 

hold; vertere, to turn]. An instrument used in per- 
forating aerteriversion. 
.lEruginous (e-ru'-jin-us). See Eruginous. 
JErugo (e-ru'-go) [L. , gen. Airuginis\ I. Rust of a 

metal. 2. Subacetate of copper. JE. Ferri, the 

subcarbonate of iron. JE. Plumbi, lead carbonate, 

or subcarbonate. 
/Erumna (e-rum' -nali) [L.]. Mental distress, or 

mental and physical distress combined. 
./Es (ez) [L. ]. Copper or brass. See Copper. 
/Eschrolalia (es-kro-la' -le-ah) . See Eschrolalia 
/Eschromythesis (es-kro-mi-the' -sis). See Escliromy- 

thesis. 
jEsculin (es'-ku-lin). See Esculin. 
./Esculus hippocastanum (es'-ku-lus hip-o-kas'-ta- 

num) [L.]. Horse-chestnut. The fruit of the com- 
mon " buckeye," or horse-chestnut. Recommended 

in hemorrhoids. Dose gr. iij. Unof. 
Estates (es-ta'-tez) [L. ,/>/."]. Freckles, or sunburn. 

See Ephelis and Lentigo. 
/Esthacyte (es'-tha-sit) [aladr/at^, feeling; kvtoc, a 

cell]. In biology, one of the sense-cells of sponges, 

discovered by Stewart. 
./Esthematology (es-the-mat-ol' -o-je). See Esthema- 

tology. 
jEsthesia (es-the'-ze-ah). See Esthesia. 
/Esthesin (es'-the-sin). See Esthesin. 
./Esthesiogen (es-the'-se-o-jen). See Esthesiogen. 
./Esthesiography (es-the-se-og' -ra-fe). See Esthesiog- 
raphy. 
.<Esthesiology (es-the-se-ol' -o-je). See Esthesiology. 
/Esthesiomania (es-the-se-o-?na' -ne-ah). See Esthesio- 

mania. 
jEsthesiometer (es-the-se-om' -et-er). See Esthesiom- 

eter. 
.(Esthesiometry (es-the-se-om' -et-re). See Esthesiom- 

etry. 
.lEsthesioneurosis (cs-the-se-o-nu-ro' -sis). See Esthc- 

sioneurosis . 
jEsthesis (es-the'-sis). See Esthesis. 
^Esthesodic (cs-the-sod'-ik). See Esthcsodic. 
/Esthete (es'-thet) [alaOr/roc, perceived by the senses]. 

In biology, one of the sense-organs of the Chitonidce 

described by Moseley. 
^Esthetica (es-thet'-ik-ah) [awdr/aic, perception by the 

senses]. Diseases characterized by impairment or 

abolition of any of the senses. 
^Esthophysiology (es-tho-fiz-e-ol'-o-je). See Estho- 

physiology. 
jEstival (es'-tiv-al). See Estival. 
Estivation (es-tiv-a'-shun). See Estivation. 



.ESTUARIUM 



49 



AGALAXY 



^Lstuarium (es-fu-a' '-re-um). See Estuariutn. 

^stuation (es-lu-a'-shun). See Estuation. 

/Estus (es'-lus) [I-.]. Heat; especially a flushing, or 
sudden glow of heat. JE. volaticus, wildfire rash; 
strophulus. 

.(Etas (e'-tas) [L.]. Age; a period of life. See Age. 

/Ethalium (e-tha'-le-um) [aifla/ioc, smoke, soot (refer- 
ring to the spores)]. In biology, a placentoid com- 
pound plasmodium formed by certain mycetozoa, e. g. , 
the flowers of tan. 

.<Ether (e'-ther). See Ether. 

jEtherism (e'-ther-izm). See Etherism. 

•ffithiopification (e-the-op-ifik-a'-shiin). See Ethiopi- 
fication. 

/Ethiopiosis (e-the-op-e-o'-sis). See Ethiopification. 

yEthiops (e'-the-ops) [aiOioip, an Ethiopian]. An old 
term for any black mineral powder' used in medicine. 
JE. antimonialis, a black triturate of mercury, 
antimony, and sulphur, made after several distinct 
formulae. JE,. martiaiis, black iron deutoxid. JE. 
mineralis, black amorphous triturate of mercury with 
sulphur, in various proportions. 

jEthusa (e-thu'-sah). See Ethusa. 

iEthusin (e-thu'-sin). See Ethusin. 

Etiology [e-te-oV-o-je). See Etiology. 

Afebrile (ah-fe'-bril) [d priv. ; febrilis, feverish]. 
Without fever. 

Afetal (ah-fe'-tal) [a priv. ; fetus, an offspring]. With- 
out a fetus. 

Affection (af-ek f -shun) \afficere, to affect]. A syno- 
nym of disease. 

Affective (af-ek' '-th') \afflcere, to affect]. Exciting emo- 
tion. A. Faculties, the emotions and propensities — 
especially those peculiar to man. A. Insanity, emo- 
tional or impulsive insanity. 

Affectus (af-ek' -tils') [L.]. A disordered condition. 
A. animi, an affection of the mind ; mental disorder. 
A. suffocatorius. Synonym of Diphtheria. 

Afferent (af'-er-ent) \_afferens, carrying to]. Carrying 
toward the center. Of nerves : conveying impulses 
toward the central nervous system ; sensory, centri- 
petal. Of blood-vessels : those, as arteries, conveying 
blood to the tissue, sometimes also to the gills. Of 
lymphatics : those conveying lymph to a lymphatic 
gland. Compare Efferent. 

Afferentia, or Vasa afferentia (va'-sah af-er-en'-she- 
ah) [L.]. I. The lymphatic vessels. 2. Any vessels 
carrying blood or lymph to an organ. 

Affiliation (afil-e-a'-shun) \ad, to; filius, son]. In 
medical jurisprudence, the act of imputing or affixing 
the paternity of a child in order to provide for its 
maintenance. 

Affinity (afin'-it-e) \_affinis, akin to]. Relationship. 
A synonym of Attraction. A., Chemical, the force 
exerted at inappreciable distances, and between definite 
and invariable weights of two or more combining sub- 
stances, whereby bodies of dissimilar nature unite to 
form new compounds. Contradistinguished from co- 
hesion, which is an attraction between molecules. A., 
Elective, the preference of one substance for another 
rather than for a third or fourth. Affinity is spoken of 
as compound, developed, disposing, divellent, intermedi- 
ate, quiescent, reciprocal, or synthetic, according to the 
part it plays, or is conceived to play, in any chemical 
process. 



Affium (af 



1) [Arab., Afiiin~\. The Asiatic name 



for opium. 

Afflate (aflat') [afflatus, blown upon]. Sudden in its 
attack ; overwhelming. 

Afflatus (afla'-tus) [L., "a blowing upon"]. I. A 
draft or blast of air. 2. A sudden attack. 3. A sup- 
posed inspiration or divine influence. 
4 



Affluence (af'-lu-ens) \_afflucntia, from affiuerc, to flow 
to]. A determination or influx, as of blood to a 
part. 

Affluent (af'-lu-ent) \_affiuens, flowing to]. Producing 
a congestion ; determinant ; flowing in or upon. 

Afflux (af'-lux) \_affluere, affluxus, to flow toward]. 
The flow of the blood or other liquid to a particular 
part. 

Affluxion (afluk'-shun) \_affluere, affluxus, to flow 
toward]. See Afflux. 

Affusion (afu'-zhun) \_ajfusio, affundere, to pour 
upon]. Touring water upon a substance to cleanse it, 
or upon the body in fevers to reduce temperature and 
calm nervous symptoms. 

A-form Chronoscope. See Chronoscope. 

African (af'-rik-an) [Africa, Latin name of the country]. 
Pertaining to Africa. A. Arrow-poison. See Stro- 
phanthus. A. Date-mark. See Furunculus orien- 
talis. A. Fever. Synonym of Dengue. A. Gum, 
gum arabic. See Acacia. A. Lethargy, or Nelavan, 
a " sleeping sickness" affecting negroes of the West 
African coast. Increasing somnolence is the character- 
istic symptom. It is very fatal. Death after emaciation 
follows in from three to six months. Post-mortem 
examination has revealed hyperemia of the arachnoid, 
and it is asserted that this " sleeping sickness " is only 
one of the symptoms of Filariasis, q. v. No treatment 
avails. A. Pepper, Chillies : the intensely biting fruit 
of Capsicum fastigiatum. See Capsicum. 

After (af'-ter) [A. S., after, back]. I. The anus. The 
buttocks. 2. Next in succession. A. Action, the 
negative variation in an electrical current continuing 
for a short time in a tetanized muscle. A. Birth, the 
popular designation of the placenta, cord, and mem- 
branes, sometimes called the secundines. A. Brain. 
See Hindbrain and Metencephalon. A. Care, the care 
or nursing of convalescents ; specifically, the treatment 
of patients discharged as cured from lunatic asylums. 
A. Cataract, Cataracta Secundaria ; an opacity of the 
media of the eye after operation for cataract due to 
opacification of the capsule or to non-absorption of the 
remains of the lens-substance. A. Damp, a poisonous 
mixture of gases, such as carbon monoxid and 
carbon dioxid, found in coal mines after an explosion 
of inflammable gases. A. Hearing, a neurotic con- 
dition in which sounds are heard after the wave-motion 
that produces them has ceased. A. Images, con- 
tinued retinal impressions after the stimulus of the 
light or image has ceased to act. A positive after- 
image is a simple prolongation of the sensation ; a 
negative after-image is the appearance of the image in 
complementary colors. After-sensations may be also 
experienced with other senses. A. Milk, the strip- 
pings : the last milk taken from the teat at any one 
milking. It is peculiarly rich in butter, as compared 
with the fore-milk. A. Pains. See Pains. A. Per- 
ception, the perception of a sensation after the stimulus 
has passed away. A. Sensation, a sensation lasting 
longer than the stimulus producing it. A. Taste, a 
gustatory sensation produced some time after the stimu- 
lus has been removed. A. Treatment. See A. Care. 

Afterings (af'-ter-ingz) [A. S., cefter, after]. See 
After-milk. 

Agacement des Dents [Fr. ]. The unpleasant sensa- 
tion of teeth " set on edge " from contact of acids. 

Agalactia (ah-gal-ak' -te-ali) [d priv. ; yaAa, milk]. 
Failure or insufficiency of the mother's milk after 
childbirth. 

Agalactous (ah-gal-ak' -tus) [d priv. ; yaXa, milk], 
1. Without milk. 2. Not suckled ; not nourished with, 
milk. 

Agalaxy (ah-gal'-ak-se). See Agalactia. 



AGALLOCHA 



50 



AGGLOMERATE 



Agallocha ( ag-al' -o-kah ) \ayaXkoxw, the lignum 
aloes]. The milky juice of Excaecaria agallockum, a 
small tree of India. The juice is very acrid, and 
when brought in contact with the skin blisters it. Used 
locally for the cure of leprosy. Unof. 

Agallochum (ag-al' -o-kum) \ayak\oxov, the lignum 
aloes]. Same as Agalloclia , or the wood of the tree 
that produces it ; eagle- wood, or aloes- wood. 

Agalorrhea, or Agalorrhcea (ah-gat-o-re' -ah) [d priv. ; 
ya'/M, milk ; peeiv, to flow] . A cessation of the flow 
of milk. 

Agamic (ah-gam'-ih) [d priv.; yapos, marriage] . I. 
In biology, not sexual; not pertaining to the sexual 
relation ; asexual reproduction ; parthenogenesis. 

Agamogenesis [ah-gam-o-jen' '-es-is) [d priv. ; yd/ioc, 
marriage; ytveoic, generation]. Reproduction without 
fecundation, as, e.g., by gemmation. See Partheno- 
genesis. 

Agamogenetic (ah-gaiu-o-jen-ef -ik) [d priv. ; yapoq, 
marriage ; yeveaic, generation] . Pertaining to Agamo- 
genesis . 

Agamospore (ah-gam'-o-spor) [d priv. ; yd/ioc, marriage ; 
o-rropa, offspring]. In biology, an asexually produced 
spore. 

Aganactesis (ag-an-ak-te' -sis) [ayav&KTr/cui;, physical 
pain]. Irritation; physical pain or uneasy sensation. 

Aganoblepharon (ag-an-o-blef '-ar-on) [ayavofi'Acipapog, 
mild-eyed]. Adhesion of the eyelids to each other. 

Agar-agar (a'-ga?--a'-gar) [Ceylon]. A kind of glue 
made from certain sea-weeds, such as Gracilaria 
lichenoides and Gigartina speciosa, used in medicine 
to make suppositories, and in bacteriological studies to 
make a solution in which microorganisms are bred or 
kept. See Gelose. 

Agaric (ag-ar'-ik) [ayapindv, a fungus employed as 
tinder by the Agari of Sarmatia]. A fungus of the 
genus Agarieus, e.g., the mushroom and toadstool. 
See Agai-icus. 

Agaricic Acid (ag-ar-is'-ik as' -id) . See Acid, Agaricic. 

Agaricin (ag-ar' '-is-in) [see Agaric], C 1B H 30 O 5 -j- H 2 0. 
A white crystalline substance, the active principle of 
Agarieus alius. It has proved useful in the night 
sweats of phthisis where atropia has failed. Dose gr. 
.V-tV Unof. 

Agarieus (ag-ar' -th-us) [see Agaric]. A genus of 
the family of Agaricini or Mushrooms. A. alius, 
Purging Agaric, unof., a fungus parasite upon the 
European Larch ; it contains an alkaloid, agaricin, and 
agaric acid. It is used as a drastic purgative, and is 
( valuablein night sweats. Dose gr. xxx-gj as a pur- 
gative ; gr. xv in night sweats. A., Ext., Alcohol. 
Dose gr. iij-vj. A., Ext., Liq. Dose rnjij-xx. A., 
Tinct. Dose TTLxx-gj. The edible species, A. 
catnpestris, is characterized by a brownish color, 
that does not change when cut, and an agreeable taste. 
A. chirurgoru/n, Surgeon's Agaric, a parasitic fungus 
formerly used for Moxa, q. v. Soaked in solution 
of potassium nitrate it forms spunk. A. mus- 
carius, Fly Agaric, a poisonous mushroom, containing 
an alkaloid, Aluscarin, q.v., a powerful cardiac depres- 
sant. Dose of the alkaloid gr. Y%—\). Muscarin 
Nitrate, used hypodermatically. Dose gr. yj— f . 

Agaster (ah-gas' -ter) [d priv.; yaari/p, the stomach]. 
An animal without a stomach. 

Agastric (ah-gas' -trik) [d priv. ; yaori/p, the stomach]. 
Having no intestinal canal, as the tape-worms. 

Agastronervia (ah-gas-tro-ner'-ve-ah) [d priv. ; yaarijp, 
the stomach; nervus, a nerve or sinew]. See Agas- 
tront uria. 

Agastrcneuria (ah-gas-tro-nu' -re-ah) [d priv. ; yaari/p, 
the stomach; vevpov, a nerve]. Deficiency in the 
nerve-stimulus sent to the stomach. 



Agathin (ag'-ath-in) [hyadoc, good], C e H 4 (OH).CH.- 
N.N (CH^.CgH.. Salicyl-a^Mtf-methyl-phenyl-hydra- 
zone, obtained by the interaction of salicylic aldehyd, 
and alpha-methyl phenyl-h)drazin. It is a greenish- 
white, crystalline substance, without odor or taste, 
insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether, and 
melts at 74 C. Used as an anti-neuralgic in doses 
of eight grains, two or three times daily. Its action is 
cumulative. Unof. 

Agave (a-ga'-ve) [ayavf/, noble]. A large genus of 
amaryllidaceous plants, natives of North America. A. 
americana, American Aloe, the leaves of a plant 
growing in North America. It is diuretic and anti- 
syphilitic. Dose of the fld. ext. gss-j. The fresh 
juice is also similarly employed. The fermented 
juice, called pulque, is a moderately stimulant drink, 
very popular in Mexico. Unof. 

Age ( aj) [M. E., age]. The length of time a being has 
existed ; also, a certain stage in life. The period of 
life is divided into a succession of ages, as follows : 
I. Infancy, from birth to the appearance of the tem- 
porary teeth. 2. Childhood, from the cutting of the 
first permanent teeth to puberty. 3. Youth, from puberty 
to the attainment of the full stature, that is, 18 or 19 
for girls, 21 to 22 for boys. 4. Maturity, covers the 
interval from youth to the climacteric. 5. Old-age, or 
period of decline. Other divisions may be made, as, 
e. g. , those of embryonic life, of immaturity, of ma- 
turity, of sterility, etc. 

Agenesia (ah-jen-e'-se-ah) [d priv.; ytveoiq, generation]. 
A term somewhat loosely used to designate abnormal 
or imperfect development. Also impotence and ster- 
ility. In botany, the asexual development of the 
flower. 

Agenesis (ah-jen 1 '-es-is) [d priv. ; ysveoir, generation]. 
I. Impotence ; barrenness. 2. Incomplete and defect- 
ive development. 

Agenosomus (ah-jen-o-so 1 -mus) [d priv. ; yevvav, to 
beget ; oapa, body]. A variety of single autositic 
monsters, of the species Celosoma in which there is a 
lateral or median eventration occupying principally the 
lower portion of the abdomen, while the genital and 
urinary organs are either absent or very rudimentary. 

Agens (a'-jenz) [L.]. An agent. A. Morbi. See 
Morbi. 

Agent (a'-jent) \agere, to act, to do]. A substance or 
force that by its action effects changes in the human 
body. 

Agenus (aj'-en-us) [d priv.; yhoc, offspring]. Cellu- 
lar plants. 

Agenya (ah-jen' -e-ah) [d priv.; yevvc, chin]. Congenital 
absence of the chin. 

Agerasia (aj-cr-a'-se-ah) [ayijparj'ta, eternal youth]. 
Vigorous old age ; age without its wonted feebleness 
and decay. 

Ageusia (ah-gu'-se-ah or ah-ju'-se-ah) [d priv.; yevaic, 
taste]. Abolition of the sense of taste. 

Ageustia (ah-gus'-te-ah) [d priv.; yevoir, taste]. Same 
as Ageusia. 

Agger (aj'-er) [L.]. In anatomy, a pile or mound. A. 
nasi, an anterior prolongation and elevation of the 
mucous membrane covering the middle turbinated 
bone ; its direction is almost parallel with the dorsal 
ridge of the nose, running forward and downward till 
it reaches very nearly to the anterior aperture of the 
nostril. A. valvulae venae [//.. Ag'geres valvula'- 
rum vena'rum], the eminence of a venous valve; 
a projection within the lumen of a vein at the junction 
of a valve. 

Agglomerate (ag-lom'-er-at) [agglomerare, to wind into 
a ball]. Grouped or clustered; massed. Crowded 
into a dense cluster. A. Glands. See Gland. 



AGGLUTINANT 



51 



AGRIORIGANUM 



Agglutinant {ag-lu' -tin-anf) [agglutinare, to paste to]. 
Promotive of repair by adhesion ; favorable to agglu- 
tination. 

Agglutinate [ag-lu' '-tin-at) [agglutinare, to paste to]. 
In biology, to glue together ; to unite by adhesion. 

Agglutination {ag-lu-tin-a* -skun) [agglutinare, to glue 
upon or to]. A joining together; applied to the 
healing of wounds ; it is called immediate, if by the 
first intention ; mediate, if through the intermediation 
of some natural plastic material. 

Agglutinative {ag-lu* '-tin-a-tiv) [agglutinare, to glue 
upon or to]. I. Favoring agglutination; adhesive. 
2. Any substance with adhesive properties, fitted to 
retain the edges of wounds in apposition. Such are 
caoutchouc, collodion, etc. 

Aggravation {ag-ra-va' -shun) [aggravare, to make 
worse]. Increase in severity, as of a disease, symp- 
tom, or pain. 

Aggregate [ag' -re-gat) [ad, to ; gregare, to collect 
into a flock]. Grouped into a mass. A. Glands. 
See Gland. 

Aggregation (ag-re-ga* '-shun) [ad, to ; gregare, to col- 
lect into a flock] . I . The massing of materials 
together. 2. A congeries or collection of bodies, 
mostly of such as are similar to each other. 

Agitation (aj-it-a'-shun) [agitare, to excite, arouse]. 
1 . Fatiguing restlessness with violent motion ; mental 
disturbance. 2. A stirring or shaking, as in phar- 
macy. 

Aglet, Aiglet (ag'-let, ag'-let) [M. E.]. In biology, a 
drooping anther or catkin. 

Aglia (ag'-le-ah) [L.]. A speck or spot upon the 
cornea or on the white of the eye. 

Aglobulia [ah-glo-bid -le-ah) [a priv.; globulus, a glo- 
bule]. A decrease in the quantity of red blood 
corpuscles, with corresponding increase of serum. 

Aglobulism (ah-glob' -u-lizm) [a, priv. ; globulus, a 
globule]. Aglobulia; oligocythemia. 

Aglobulous (ah-glob' -u-lus) [a priv.; globulus, a glo- 
bule]. Characterized by aglobulia. 

Aglossia (ah-glos'-e-ah) [a priv. ; yAwcaa, the tongue]. 
Congenital absence of the tongue. 

Aglossostoma (ali-glos-os' -to-mah) [a priv. ; yAuaoa, 
the tongue ; orojaa, the mouth]. A fetal monster in 
which there is a mouth without a tongue. 

Aglossus (ah-glos'-us) [ay'Auaaoq, without a tongue]. 
A person without a tongue. 

Aglutition (ah-glu-tish'-un) [a priv. ; glutire, to swal- 
low]. Difficulty in swallowing ; inability to swallow. 

Agmatology (ag-mat-ol' -o-je) [ay/i6c, a fracture ; /loyoc, 
discourse] . The science or study of fractures. 

Agmen (ag'-men) [agmeu, a multitude]. In biology, 
a taxonomic group between a class and an order. 

Agminate (ag'-min-at) [agmen, a multitude]. Aggre- 
gated, clustered. A. Glands. See Gland, Pcyer's. 

Agnail (ag'-Jtal) [A. S., angnccgl~\. 1. Hangnail. 2. A 
whitlow. 3. A corn on the toe or foot. 

Agnathia (ag-na'-the-ah) [a priv. ; yvadoc, a jaw]. Ab- 
sence or defective development of the jaws. 

Agnathus (ag'-na-thus) [a priv. ; yvadoc, a jaw]. A 
monster with no lower jaw. 

Agnea, or Agncea (ag-ne' -ali) [ayvoia, want of percep- 
tion]. A condition in which the patient does not 
recognize things or persons. 

Agnew's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Agnew's Rectal Chemise. An appliance for con- 
trolling hemorrhage from the rectum. It consists of 
a gum catheter to the end of which are attached three 
square pieces of mosquito-netting. These are moist- 
ened with a solution of the persulphate of iron, and 
the whole introduced into the rectum, where it acts 
as a plug. 



Agnin (ag'-nin) [agnus, a lamb]. A fatty substance 
derivable from sheep's wool, unmixed with water ; it 
is harder, darker, and less agreeable in color and odor 
than lanolin. See Lanolin and Suint. 

Agnina Membrana [ag-ni'-nah mem-bi-a'nah) [L.]. 
"The lamb-like, or woolly, membrane," — the amnion. 

Agnus castus (ag'-nus kas'-tus) [L. ]. The chaste 
tree, Vitex agnus castus ; its leaves and seeds were 
formerly used as a preservative of chastity, and its 
homeopathic preparations are still exhibited as ana- 
phrodisiacs. 

-ago'ga, -agogue [ayuy6c, one who leads]. A suffix, 
denoting agents that drive out other substances, as em- 
menagogues, lithagogues, etc. 

Agomphiasis (ah-gom-ji 1 '-as-is) [a priv. ; yo/itploc., a 
tooth]. Same as Agomphosis. 

Agomphious (ah-gond -fe-us) [aydfitytoc, toothless]. 
Without teeth. 

Agomphosis (ah-gom-fo' -sis) [dpriv. ; yopipioc, a tooth]. 
I. Absence of the teeth. 2. A loosening or looseness 
of the teeth. 

Agonia (ag-o'-ne-ah) [ayuvla, a contest or struggle]. 
I. Distress of mind ; extreme anguish. 2. The death 
struggle. [ayovoc, barren] . Barrenness ; sterility ; 
impotence. A. Bark. See Agoriada. 

Agoniadin (ag-on-i' -ad-in) [ayovoc, barren] , C 10 H u O 6 . 
A glucosid found in Agonia bark, and used as an anti- 
periodic. 

Agonous (ag'-o-nus) [ayovoc, unfruitful]. Barren; im- 
potent. 

Agony (ag'-o-ne) [ayuvia, a contest or struggle]. Vio- 
lent pain ; extreme anguish ; the death-struggle. 

Agoraphobia (ag-o-ra-fo' '-be-ah) [ayopd, a market-place, 
assembly; $d/3oc, fear]. I. A morbid fear of open 
places or spaces ; kenophobia.- 2. Dread of assem- 
blies ; morbid dislike of crowds or of associating with 
others. 

Agoriada (ag-o-re-ah' -dah) [Sp.]. The Brazilian tree, 
Plumieria lancifolia, and its febrifuge bark. 

Agoriadin (ag-o-ri' -ad-in) [Sp.], C 10 H u O 6 . A glu- 
cosid, probably the active principle of Agoriada. 

-agra [ay pa, a seizure]. A Greek word added as a 
suffix to various roots to denote seizure, severe pain ; 
as podagra, etc. 

Agrammatism (ah-gram' '-at-izm) [a priv. ; ypdufia, a 
word]. A phenomenon of aphasia, consisting in the 
inability to form words grammatically, or the suppres- 
sion of certain words of a phrase. See Aphasia. 

Agraphia (ah-graf'-e-ah) [a priv. ; ypafeiv, to write]. 
Inability to express ideas by writing. In some cases 
not a single letter can be formed ; in others, words, 
and a number of words, without meaning, can be 
written. See Aphasia. A., Musical, pathological 
loss of the ability to write musical notes. 

Agraphy (ag'-ra-fe) [a priv.; ypayeiv, to write]. Same 
as Agraphia. 

Agrestial (ag-res' -te-al) [agrcstis, rural]. In biology, 
growing wild in the fields. 

Agria (ag'-re-ah) [aypioc, wild]. A pustular eruption ; 
malignant pustule ; herpes. 

Agrielcosis (ag-re-el-ko'-sis) [aypioc;, wild; i'tKaaic, 
ulceration]. A malignant or uncontrollable ulcera- 
tion. 

Agrimony (ag'-rim-o-ne) [aypoc, afield ; p.6voc, alone]. 
The root of Agrunonia eupatoria. A mild astringent. 
Dose of fid. ext. 3 ss-ij. Unof. 

Agriopsoria (ag-re-op-so 1 '-re-ah ) [aypioc, wild ; ipupa, 
itch]. An incurable or severe attack, or variety, of 
itch. 

Agrioriganum {ag-re-o-rig' -an-um) [aypioc, wild ; 
bpiyavov, origanum]. Wild Marjoram, Origanum 
vulgare. 



AGRIOTHYMIA 



52 



AIR 



Agriothymia (ag-re-o-thlm' -e-ah ) \_akpioc, wild ; 6vfi.6$, 
mind, will]. Maniacal fury; it is variously divided 
or classed as ambitious, hydrophobic, religious, etc. 

Agrippa (ah-grip' -all) [L.]. A person born with the 
feet foremost. 

Agromania {ag-ro-ma' -ne-ali) \Jiypor, a field ; pavia, 
madness]. A mania for living in the country. 

Agrostography (ag-ros-tog'-ra-fe) [dypoxmc, conch- 
grass ; ypa<peiv, to write]. See Agrostology. 

Agrostology (ag-ros-tol'-o-je) [aypuaric, conch-grass ; 
teyeiv, to speak of]. The botany of grasses. 

Agrypnetic \ah-grip-net r -ik) [dpriv.; vttvoc, sleep]. I. 
Sleepless; wakeful. 2. Preventing sleep; agrypnotic. 

Agrypnia [ah-grip' -ne-ak) \_aypiog, restless ; virvoc, 
sleep]. Loss of sleep, sleeplessness, Insomnia, a. v. 

Agrypnocoma (ah-grip-no-ko' -mah) \ayp'v7rvo<;, sleep- 
less ; nufia, coma]. Coma vigil ; wakeful lethargy, 
with low-muttering delirium. 

Agrypnotic (ah-grip-not'-ik) [d priv. ; vttvoc, sleep]. 
I. Preventing sleep ; causing wakefulness. 2. A 
medicine that prevents sleep. 

Aguardiente iah-guar-de-en' -ta) [Sp.j. Ardent spirits ; 
brandy or rum. 

Ague {a'-gu)\_acutus, sharp, acute ; Fr. , aigu\ Malarial 
or intermittent fever, characterized by paroxysms, or 
stages, of chill, fever, and sweating at regularly recur- 
ring times, and followed by an interval or intermission 
whose length determines the epithets, quotidian, ter- 
tian, etc. In some cases there is a double paroxysm, 
and hence called double quotidian, double tertian, etc. 
The duration of each paroxysm varies from two to 
twelve hours. The most frequent and important com- 
plication of intermittent fever is pneumonia, the con- 
solidation occurring very suddenly. In the blood of 
many malarial patients a minute hematozoan, the 
hematomonas malaria, has been found. They are 
seen in the red corpuscles, are hyaline, and include 
pigment granules. They gradually increase in size, 
fill the cell, a process of segmentation occurs, the 
cell wall breaks down, and the segments, each contain- 
ing a pigment granule, are set free. These are oval 
and possess one to three flagella. These bodies dis- 
appear under the use of quinin. A. Aden. See 
Dengue. A., Brass-founders', a disease common 
among brass-founders, characterized by symptoms 
somewhat resembling an imperfect attack of inter- 
mittent fever, the recurrence of the paroxyms, however, 
being irregular. The direct cause is generally thought 
to be the inhalation of the fumes of deflagrating zinc or 
"spelter." A., Brow, intermittent neuralgia of the 
brow. A. Cake, chronic enlargement of the spleen 
in diseases of malarial origin. A., Catenating, ague 
associated with other diseases. A. Drop. See Fowler'' s 
Solution. A., Dumb, latent ague; masked ague; 
ague with no well-marked chill, and with at most only 
partial or slight periodicity. A., Latent, see A., 
Dumb. A., Leaping, a term for the dancing mania. 
A., Masked. See A. Dumb. A. Tree, common 
Sassafras. A. Weed. I. See Grindelia. 2. The 
Eitpatorium perfoliatum , or thorough- wort. 

Agynary [aj f -in-a-re) [d priv.; yvvr), female]. In 
biology, having no pistil, as a double flower. 

Agynous (a/ v -in-i/s)\_a priv. ; yvvr/, female]. In biology, 
destitute of female reproductive organs. 

Ahypnia [ah-hip'-ne-ah) [d priv. ; vttvoc, sleep]. 
Sleeplessness. 

Ahypnosis (ah-hip-no'-sis) \_avnvia, sleeplessness]. 
Entire absence of the capacity to sleep, most marked 
in insanity. 

Aichmophobia [ak-mo-fo' -be-ah) [alxpr/, a spear point ; 
<pofieeiv, to fear]. An extravagant dread of sharp or 
pointed instruments. 



Aid-Forceps (ad' -for-seps) [Fr., aide; forceps}. A 
device for making safe and effective traction upon the 
obstetrical forceps by means of a fillet or tape and a 
dynamometer. 

Aidoio- {a-doi'-o). See Edeo-. 

Aidoiomania (a-doi-o-ma' -ne-ah) . See Edeomania. 

Aiglet [ag'-let). See Aglet. 

Aigret, Aigrette (a'-gret, a-gret'). In biology, same as 
Egret. 

Ailanthus (a-lan' -thus) [Malacca, Ailanto, " tree of 
heaven"]. The bark of A. glandulosa, commonly 
known as Tree of Heaven. Properties due to an 
oleoresin and a volatile oil. A nauseant and drastic 
purgative, constituting an excellent anthelmintic against 
tape-worm. A., Ext. Fid. Dose rr^x-gj. A., Tinct. 
Dose Tr^x- 3 ij . 

Ailing {al'-ing) [M. E. , eyle~\. Indisposed; out of 
health; not well. 

Ailment [al'-ment) [M.E. , eyle~\. A disease ; sickness; 
complaint ; usually used in reference to chronic dis- 
orders. 

Aimorrhea (am-or-e'-ah) \_ulpa, blood ; poia, a flowing]. 
A bleeding, or hemorrhage. 

Ainhum (ln-yoon') [negro word, meaning to saw~\. A 
disease in Guinea and Hindostan, peculiar to negroes, 
in which the little toes are slowly and spontaneously 
amputated at about the digito-plantar fold. The process 
is very slow, does not affect other toes or parts, is un- 
accompanied by any constitutional symptoms, and its 
cause is unknown. It sometimes attacks the great toe. 
Called also Dactylolysis spontanea. 

Air [ai/p from aeiv, to blow, or breathe]. The chief 
part of the atmosphere. Atmospheric air consists 
of a mixture of 77 parts by weight, or 79.19 by vol- 
ume, of nitrogen, and 23 parts by weight, or 20.81 by 
volume, of oxygen, with 3.7 to 6.2 parts by volume of 
CO, 2 in 10,000 parts. 100 cubic inches weigh 30,935 
grains. The pressure of the air at sea-level is about 
143^ pounds upon the square inch. A., Alkaline, 
free or volatile ammonia. A., Azotic, nitrogen. A. 
Bag. See A. Cttshion. A. Bath, therapeutic ex- 
posure to air that may be heated, condensed, or 
variously medicated. See Bath. A. -bed, an air- 
tight, rubber, inflated mattress employed in conditions 
requiring long confinement to bed. A. -bladder. See 
A. -vesicle. A. Bubbles, in microscopy, are prepared 
by heating a drop of thin mucilage. They are useful 
as a test for central light. In oblique light the bright 
spot will appear on the side away from the mirror. 
A. -cell, an air-sac ; an air-vesicle of the pneumonic 
tissue. A., Complemental, is that that can still 
be inhaled after an ordinary inspiration. A. Con- 
duction, a method of testing the hearing-power by 
means of a watch held at varying distances from the 
ear, or by the employment of a number of tuning 
forks of varying pitch. See Bone Conduction. A.- 
cure, the therapeutic employment of air. A. -cush- 
ion. A cushion filled with air ; usually made of soft 
india-rubber. A., Dephlogisticated, an old name 
for Oxygen. A. -douche. The inflation of the 
middle ear with air. A. -duct. See Duct. A.- 
embolism, free air in the blood-vessels during life, 
or the obstruction due to it. A., Expired, that- 
driven from the lungs in expiration. A., Facti- 
tious, carbon dioxid. A., Fixed, an old name for 
carbon dioxid (carbonic acid). A. Hunger. See 
Diabetes mellitus. A., Inspired, that taken into the 
lungs on inspiration. A., Mephitic, carbon dioxid. 
A. -meter. See Anemometer. A. Passages, the 
nares, mouth, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes. 
A., Phlogisticated, nitrogen. A. -pump, an appar- 
atus for exhausting or compressing air. A., Reserve 



AJOWAN 



53 



ALBICATION 



or Supplemental, that that can still be exhaled after 
an ordinary expiration. A., Residual, that remain- 
ing in the lungs after the most complete expiration 
possible. A. -sac. See Air-vesicle. A. -space, a 
space in tissue filled with air or other gases arising 
from the separation, rupture, or absorption of cells. 
A., Stationary, that remaining in the lungs during 
normal respiration. A., Supplemental. See A. , 
Reserve. A. -tester, an instrument for testing the 
impurity of the air. A., Tidal, that taken in and 
given out at each respiration. A. -vesicle, any small 
air-space, especially the expanded terminal portion of 
a minute or ultimate bronchial vessel. A., Vital, an 
old name for Oxygen. See Atmosphere. 

Ajowan (aj'-oo-an) [E. Ind.]. Bishop's Weed. The 
fruit of Ammi copticum. Carminative and antiseptic. 
It has been recommended in colic, diarrhea, etc. Dose 
of the fid. ext. n^x-xxx. 

Akamathesia, Akamathesis. See Akatamathesia. 

Akanthesthesia (a-kan-thes-the'-ze-ah) \_anavda, a 
thorn; aiadr/aig, sensation]. A form of paresthesia 
or perverted sensation in which there is a feeling as 
of a sharp point. 

Akanthion (a-kan'-the-on). See Acanthion. 

Akatamathesia (ali-kat-am-ath-e' -ze-ah) [a priv. ; Kara- 
fiadt/oic, understanding]. Inability to understand. 

Akataphasia (a-kat-af-a'-se-ah). See Acataphasia. 

Akazga (a-kaz'-gah) [African]. A poisonous plant of 
West Africa, probably a Strychnos. Also its bark, 
and an amorphous extractive derived from it. It is 
one of the African ordeal poisons and contains 
akazgin. 

Akazgin (a-kaz'-gin) [African]. An alkaloid from 
akazga ; its effects are much like those of strychnia. 

Akene (ak'-en). See Achenium. 

Akido-galvano-cautery (ak-id-o-gal-van-o-kaw'-te-re) 
[a/c/'c, needle; Galvani ; navr/jpiov, a branding-iron]. 
Galvanic cauterization by the needle electrode. 

Akidopeirastic (ak-id-o-pi-ras' -tik) [ani], cmiq, needle ; 
ireipauriKdc, proving]. Relating to 'the exploratory 
puncture of a diseased area by means of a stout needle. 

Akinesia (ah-kin-e'-se-ah). See Acinesia. 

Akinesis (ah-kin-e' -sis) [<i priv. ; nivrjaic, quiescence]. 
Absence or imperfection of movement. Applied to the 
heart's diastole and to immotility of the iris ; also to any 
lack of motility, especially when due to some central or 
cerebral cause. A. Algera, an affection manifested 
by voluntary abstinence from movement on account of 
the pain of movement, without any apparent cause of 
pain. 

Aknemia (ak-ne'-meah). See Acnemia. 

Akology (ak-ol'-o-je). See Aceology. 

Akral (ak'-ral) [a/cpof, extreme]. See Cephalic. 

Akrokinesis (ak-ro-kin-e' -sis). See Acrocinesis. 

Akromegaly (ak-ro-meg'-a-le). See Acromegalia. 

Akromikria (ak-ro-mik' -re-ah). See Acromicria. 

Akroposthitis {ak-ro-pos-thi'-tis). See Acroposthitis. 

Akyanopsia (ah- ki- an- op' '-se-ah) . See Acyanopsia. 

Al. The Arabic definite article, the, prefixed to many 
words to designate preeminence, etc., as alkali, alco- 
hol. In chemical nomenclature it is used as a suffix 
to denote similarity to or derivation from an aldehyd, 
as chloral, butyral, etc. 

Ala (a'-lah) [L., a wing: pi., Ala\. A name of 
various wing-shaped parts or appendages. In biology, 
the side petal of a papilionaceous corolla. A. Auris, 
the pinna of the ear. A. Cinerea, a triangular space 
of gray matter in the fourth ventricle of the brain, 
probably giving origin to the pneumogastric nerves. 
A. Majores, I. The greater wings of the sphenoid. See 
Alisphenoid'. 2. The external labia pudendi. A. 
Minores. I. The lesser wings of the sphenoid. 2. 



The labia minora pudendi. A. Nasi, the lateral car- 
tilage of the nose. A. Pontis. See Ponliculns. A. 
Pulmonum, the lobes of the lung. A. of Sacrum, 
the flat triangular surface of bone extending outward 
from the base of the sacrum, supporting the psoas 
magnus muscle. A. Vespertilionis, the broad liga- 
ment of the uterus. A. Vulvae, the labia of the 
pudendum. Applied also to the armpits, parts of the 
sphenoid, vomer, etc. 

Alalia (al-a'-le-ah) [a priv. ; TiaXia, talk]. I. Impaired 
or lost articulation from paralysis of the muscles of 
speech or from local laryngeal disease. 2. Aphasia 
due to a psychic disorder. 

Alalic (al-a'-lih) [d priv. ; XaXcd, talk]. Characterized 
by or pertaining to alalia. 

Alanin (al'-an-in) [L. , aldehyde], C 3 H 7 N0. 2 . Lac- 
tamic acid. An organic base obtained by heating 
aldehyd ammonia with hydrocyanic acid in the pres- 
ence of an excess of HC1 ; it occurs in aggregated hard 
nodules with a sweetish taste ; soluble in five parts of 
cold water; .with more difficulty in alcohol ; insoluble 
in ether. When heated, it commences to char at 
about 237 ; it melts at 255 and then sublimes. 

Alaninate (al-an' -in-at) [L. , aldehyde]. A salt of 
alanin. A. of Mercury, a crystalline, soluble com- 
pound of mercury and alanin ; antisyphilitic. Dose 
gr. 3V to X- Unof. 

Alan'son's Operation. See Operations , Table of. 

Alant Camphor. See Helenin. 

Alantin [al-an' -tin) [Ger. , alant, elecampane]. Same 
as Inulin. 

Alantol (al-an' -tol) [Ger. , alant, elecampane ; oleum, 
oil], C. 20 H, 2 O. Inulol. An aromatic liquid obtained 
from elecampane ; used like creosote for phthisis. 

Alar (a'-lar) \ala, wing]. Winglike. In biology, 
situated in the forks of a stem. A. Ligaments, 
lateral synovial folds of the ligament of the knee-joint. 
A. Odontoid Ligaments, lateral ligaments of the 
odontoid process. Alares musculi, the pterygoid 
muscles. Alares venae, superficial veins at the bend 
of the arm. Alaria ossa, lateral processes of the 
sphenoid bone. 

Alaris (al-a'-ris) \_ala, wing]. Wing-shaped. See Alar. 

Alary (a'-lar-e) \_ala, a wing]. In biology, pertaining 
to wings ; wing-shaped. 

Alate (a'-ldt) \_ala, a wing]. In biology, winged or 
having winglike borders or expansions ; aliferous ; 
aligerous. 

Alate-pinnate (a'-ldf-pin'-dt) \ala, a wing; pinna, a 
feather]. In biology, a pinnate leaf having a winged 
petiole. 

Alba (al'-bali) [L. , "white"]. The white fibrous 
tissue of the brain and nerves. 

Albadara (al-bad-a' -rah) [Arabic]. An old name for 
the basal joint of the great toe. 

Alban (al'-ban) \_albus, white], C 10 H 16 O. A white 
resin that may be extracted from gutta percha. 

Albedo (al-be'-do) [L., "whiteness"]. Whiteness. 
A. retinae, retinal edema. A. unguis, or unguium, 
the lunula of the nail ; the white semilunar place 
at the root of a finger nail. 

Albescent (al-bes'-ent) \albescere, to become white]. 
Whitish ; moderately white. 

Albicans (al'-be-kanz) \_albicare, to grow white]. 
White ; whitish. Used as the name of either of the 
corpora albicantia at the base of the brain. 

Albicant (al'-be-kant) \_albicare, to be white]. See Al- 
bescent. 

Albicantia (al-be-kan'-she-ali) [L.]. Plural of Albi- 
cans. See Corpora. 

Albication (al-be-ka' -shun) \_albicare, to be white]. In 
biology, a growing white. 






ALBICOMUS 



54 



ALBUMINOSE 



Albicomus (al-be-ko'-mus) [albus, white ; coma, hair]. 
Having white hair. 

Albiduria (al-bid-u'-re-ah) [albidus, white ; ovpov, 
urine]. White urine. 

Albiflorous (al-bif-lo'-rus) [albus , white ; flos, a flower]. 
In biology, bearing white flowers. 

Albinism (al'-bin-izm) Albinismus (al-bin-iz'-mus) 
[albus, white]. Congenital Achroma ; Congenital 
Leucoderma. That condition of the skin in which 
there is a congenital absence of pigment unaccom- 
panied by textural changes in the skin, and involving 
its entire surface, including the pilary filaments and the 
choroid coats and irides of the eyes. Usually asso- 
ciated with nystagmus, photophobia, and astigmatism. 

Albino (al-bi'-no) [Sp.]. A person affected with al- 
binism. Also an animal or plant differing from the 
normally colored members of its kind by being white 
or colorless. 

Albinotic {al-bin-ot'-ik) [Sp.]. Affected with albinism. 

Albinuria lal-bin-u' -re-afi) [albus, white; ovpeiv, to mic- 
turate]. I. Chyluria; whiteness of the urine. 2. Al- 
buminuria. 

Albizzia (al-bitz'-e-ah) [Ital., Albizzi, a Tuscan proper 
name]. A genus of leguminous plants. A. antliel- 
minthica. See Moussena. 

Albolene (al'-bo-len) [albus, white; oleum, oil]. A 
hydrocarbon oil, colorless, tasteless, odorless, and not 
affected by exposure to air or strong acids. It is a 
form of lanolin, and is used as an application to in- 
flamed surfaces and for spraying the respiratory pas- 
sages. 

Albuginea (al-bu-jin' -e-ah) \_albns, white]. White, or 
whitish. A. oculi, the sclerotic coat of the eye. 
A. ovarii, and testis, the tunica albuginea of the 
ovary and testicle. The spleen, the epididymis, the 
penis, and the kidneys have each an investment or 
capsule called albuginea or tunica albuginea. 

Albugineous (al-bu-jin' -e-ui) [albus, white]. I. Whit- 
ish. 2. Resembling the white of an egg. 

Albuginitis (al-bu-jin-i'-tis) \_albus, white ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a tunica albuginea. 

Albugo (al-bu' '-go) [L.]. I. A white spot, as upon the 
cornea. 2. A whitish, scaly eruption. 3. The white 
of an egg. 

Albumen (al'-bu-men or al-bu'-men) \_albus, white]. 
The white of an egg. See Albumin. 

Albumenoid (al-bu' -men-oid). See Albuminoid. 

Albumenuria (al-bu-men-uf-re-a.fi). See Albummuria. 

Albumimeter (al-bu-mim' -et-er) \_albus, white ; perpov, 
measure]. An instrument for determining 
the quantitive estimation of albumin in ca 
urine, or in any compound or mixture. 

Albumin (al-bu' -min) [albus, white]. A 
proteid substance, the chief constituent 
of the body. Its molecule is highly com- 
plex and varies widely within certain limits 
in different organs and conditions. It con- 
tains approximately the following percent- 
ages : Carbon 51.5 to 54.5 ; hydrogen 6.9 
to 7.3; nitrogen 15.2 to 17.0 ; oxygen 20.9 
to 23.5; sulphur 0.3 to 2.0 Its approxi- 
mate formula is C 72 H n .,N ls O.,. 2 S. Albumen, 
white of egg, often called albumin, is 
largely composed of it. Other varieties are 
called after their sources or characteristic 
reactions, as acid-albumin, alkali-albumin, 
muscle-, serum-, ovum-, vegetable-albu- 
min, etc. Normal albumin is the type of a 
group of proteids known as albumins. For . 
the various tests for albumin, see Table of ter. 
Tests, under Test. See also, Proteids and 
Native Albumins. A. of Bence-Jones, a variety 



found in pseudo-albuminuria. It does not give a 
precipitate with an excess of HNO s except on stand- 
ing, when a coagulum forms that will be redissolved 
on heating. A., Blood. See Serum-albumin. A., 
Caseiform, that variety not coagulated by heat, but 
precipitated by acids. A., Circulating, that found 
in the fluids of the body. A. Crystals. See Crystal- 
loids. A., Derived, a modification of albumin result- 
ing from the action of certain chemicals. A., Egg-. 
See Egg-albumin. A., Muscle-, a variety found in 
muscle-juice. A., Native, any albumin occurring 
normally in the organism. A., Organic, that form- 
ing an integral part of the tissue. A., Serum-. See 
Serum-albumin. A., Test Solution of, a filtered 
solution of the white of an egg in 100 c.c. of dis- 
tilled water. A., Vegetable, that form that is found 
in various vegetable juices. 

Albuminate (al-bu' -min-dt) \_albus, white]. The com- 
pound of albumin and certain bases, as albuminate of 
iron, or of iron and potassium, etc. 

Albuminaturia (al-bu-min-dt-u' -re-ah) [albus, white ; 
ovpov, urine] . The abnormal presence of albuminates 
in the urine. 

Albuminiferous (al-bu-min-if -er-us) \_albumin ; ferre, 
to bear]. See Albuminiparous. 

Albuminimeter («/-/>//-/« /w-Zw'-rf-^;-) . See Albumimeter. 

Albuminin (al-bu' -min-in) [albumin]. The non-ni- 
trogenous substance of the cells that enclose the white 
of birds' eggs. 

Albuminiparous (al-bu-min-ip'-ar-us) [albumin ; pa- 
rere, to produce]. Yielding albumin. 

Albuminogenous (al-bu-min-oj ' -en-us) [albumin ; 
yevi/q, producing]. Producing albumin. 

Albuminoid (al-bu' -min-oid) [albumin; eUhg, form]. 

1. Resembling albumin. Applied to certain com- 
pounds having many of the characteristics of albumin. 

2. Any nitrogenous principle of the class of which 
normal albumin may be regarded as the type. A. 
Disease, also spoken of as lardaceous, waxy, or 
amyloid degeneration. A form of degeneration usu- 
ally affecting simultaneously a number of the viscera, 
and occurring secondarily to some preexisting disease. 
Those viscera most usually the seat of the change are, 
in the order of frequency, the spleen, liver, kidneys, 
intestine and lymph glands. The tissues around the 
capillary vessels are first affected ; from these centers 
it spreads till the whole organ or section presents a 
pale, glistening, waxy, or bacon-like appearance. This 
is due to the infiltration of a peculiar proteid substance, 
lardacein, which, with iodin, gives a deep mahogany 
brown color, the characteristic test for the disease. 
The preexisting trouble is either some chronic suppura- 
tion, as in bone or joint disease, or some wasting dis- 
ease like pulmonary tuberculosis, syphilis, etc. The 
only way in which the disease may be arrested is by 
thorough removal of the cause. 

Albuminoids (al-bu' -min-oidz) [albumin~\. Substances 
resembling true proteids in their origin and composi- 
tion. They are amorphous non-crystalline colloids, 
occurring as organized constituents of the tissues, and 
also in fluid form. Mucin, Nuclein, Keratin, Fibroin, 
Spongin, Elastin, Gelatin, Chondrin, etc. , are the 
principal members of the group. 

Albuminometer (al-bu-min-om' -et-er). See Albumi- 
meter. 

Albuminone (al-bu'-min-on) [albumin']. A principle 
derivable from certain albuminoids ; it is not coagula- 
ble by heat, and is soluble in alcohol. 

Albuminorrhea (al-bu-min-or-e'-ali) [albumin ; poia, 
a flow]. Copious abnormal discharge of albumins. 

Albuminose (al-bu' -min-os) [albumin]. I. A product 
of the digestion of fibrin or any albuminoid in very 



ALBUMINOSIS 



55 



ALCOHOL 



dilute hydrochloric acid ; acid albumin. 2. Albumose, 
or the product of the digestion of albumin by the gas- 
tric juice. 

Albuminosis (al-bu-min-o r -sis) \_albumin\. Abnormal 
increase of the albuminous elements in the blood, or 
the condition that results from such increase. 

Albuminous (al-bu' '-min-us) [albumin]. Containing, 
or of the nature of an albumin. 

Albumin-Peptone (al-bu* -min-pep/ -tori). Same as 
Albuminose (2d def. ) . 

Albumins [al-bu' -minz). See Albumin. 

Albuminuria {al-bu-mhi-u' -re-ali) [albumin : ovpov, 
urine]. The presence in the urine of albumin, a mix- 
ture of serum-albumin and serum-globulin in various 
proportions. True albuminuria must be distinguished 
from the presence of albumin due to an admixture 
with the urine of blood, pus, or other albuminous 
fluid. However, even under these circumstances it 
must be remembered that true albuminuria may be 
coexistent. Albumin in the urine may result from a 
number of causes, e. g., mechanical interference with 
the renal circulation ; from congestion, lesions, and 
organic diseases of the kidneys themselves ; from toxic 
substances in the blood, such as lead, in which case 
there is a granular form of nephritis ; from changes in 
the blood due to various diseases, as anemia, purpura, 
scurvy, and sepsis ; in pyrexia ; in certain nervous 
disorders, such as tetanus, delirium tremens, apoplexy, 
Graves's disease, and epilepsy; in various functional 
disorders, as dyspepsia, high living, great exertion, 
etc. , and during pregnancy. The etiology of albumin- 
uria is still undetermined, but it is now recognized that 
it will be produced by any condition that interferes with 
the nutrition of the glomeruli or renal epithelium. 
A. of Adolescence. See A., Cyclic. A., Adven- 
titious. See A., Pseudo-. A., Cardiac, that due to 
chronic valvular disease. A., Cyclic, a condition also 
known as physiological, simple, functional, or tran- 
sient albuminuria, or the albuminuria of adolescence, 
in which a small quantity of albumin' appears in the 
urine, especially of the young, at stated times of the 
day; hence the term "cyclic." The nature of this 
phenomenon is not positively known, but it is probably 
the result of some changes in the renal circulation. 
A., Dietetic, that due to the ingestion of certain forms 
of food, especially eggs, cheese, and pastry. A., 
Dyscrasic. See A., Hematogenous. A., False, a 
mixture of albumin with the urine during its transit 
through the urinary passages, where it may be derived 
from blood, pus, or special secretions that contain al- 
bumin. A., Febrile, that due to fever, or associated 
with acute infectious diseases, slight changes occurring 
in the glomeruli without organic lesion. A., Func- 
tional. See A., Cyclic. A., Gouty, albumin in the 
urine of elderly people, who secrete a rather dense 
urine containing an excess of urea. A., Hematogen- 
ous, that resulting from some abnormal blood-condi- 
tion, and not due to nephritis. A., Hepatic, that 
form associated with marked disturbance of the hepatic 
function, as shown by slight jaundice and vague dys- 
peptic attacks. A., Intrinsic. See A., True. A., 
Mixed, the presence of a true- and pseudo-albumin- 
uria. A., Morbid, that due to any pathological con- 
dition. A., Nephrogenous, that due to renal disease. 
A., Neurotic, that due to nervous disorders. A., 
Paroxysmal. See A., Cyclic. A., Physiological, 
the presence of albumin in normal urine, without ap- 
preciable coexisting renal lesion or diseased condition 
of the system. A., Pseudo-, A., Adventitious : albu- 
minuria dependent upon the presence of such fluids as 
blood, pus, lymph, spermatic fluid, or the contents of 
an abscess-cavity, in the urine. A., Simple. See 



A., Cyclic. A., Temporary, that lasting but for a 
short time. A., Tests of. See Table of Tests, under 
Test. A., Transient. See A., Cyclic. A., True, 
A., Intrinsic ; that due to the excretion of a portion 
of the albuminous constituents of the blood with the 
water and salts of the urine. 

Albuminuric ( al-bu-min-u'-rik) [ albumin ; ohpov, 
urine]. Associated with, of the nature of, or affected 
by, albuminuria. A. Retinitis. See Retinitis. 

Albuminurorrhea (al-bu-min-u-ror-re'-ah) \_albumin ; 
ovpov, urine ; pola, a flowing]. See Albuminuria. 

Albumose (al' '-bu-mos) \_albumin~\. Any albuminoid 
substance ranking among the first products of the 
splitting up of proteids by enzymes, and intermediate 
between the food-albumins and the typical peptones. 
According to Kuhne there are at least two albumoses, 
anlialbumose and hemialbumose . The latter, after the 
precipitation and filtering off of the para-peptones, e.g., 
in the peptic digestion of fibrin, yields the following : 
I. Protalbumose, soluble in hot and cold water and 
precipitable by NaCl in excess. 2. Deuteroalbumose , 
soluble in water, not precipitated by NaCl in excess, 
unless an acid be added at the same time. 3. Hetero- 
albumose, insoluble in hot or cold water, soluble in 
dilute or more concentrated solutions of NaCl, and 
precipitable from these by excess of the salt. 4. Dys- 
albumose, same as heteroalbumose, except that it is 
insoluble in salt solutions. 

Albumosuria (al-bu-mbs-u'-re-ali) [albumose ; ovpov, 
urine]. The abnormal presence of an albumose in 
the urine. 

Alburnum (al-ber 1 '-num) [L. , "sap-wood"]. In bi- 
ology, young wood, sap-wood. 

Alcahest (al'-ka-hest) [Uncertain derivation]. An old 
name for the supposed universal solvent, and for a 
medicine curative of all congestions. A. of Glauber, 
a crude potassium carbonate derived from the burning 
of potassium nitrate with hot coals. 

Alcali (al'-ka-li). See Alkali. 

Alcaptone (al-kap'-ton). See Alkaptone. 

Alcaptonuria (al-kap-ton-u'-re-ali). See Alkaptonuria. 

Alchemist (al'-kem-ist) [Origin doubtful]. One who 
practices alchemy. 

Alchemy (al' -kem-e) [Arab., of doubtful derivation]. 
The supposed art of the transmutation of metals (into 
gold) and of finding a remedy for all diseases. Mod- 
ern chemistry is the development of this chimerical 
medieval dream. 

Al'cock's Canal. See Canal. 

Alcohol (al'-ko-hoT) [al, the; koA'l, finely powdered 
antimony]. Ethyl alcohol, C 2 H 6 0. A liquid ob- 
tained by the distillation of fermented grain or 
starchy substance. It is used in pharmacy as a sol- 
vent for resins, and as a base for all tinctures. Com- 
mercial alcohol contains 91 per cent, of absolute 
alcohol, with 9 per cent, of water. It is inflammable, 
colorless, and possesses a pungent odor and burning 
taste. Sometimes it is used externally as a stimulant 
lotion. Internally, it is a powerful cerebral excitant ; 
in large doses a depressant, narcotic poison, producing 
muscular incoordination, delirium, and coma. It is a 
food within the limits of 3J-3 j per day ; its contin- 
ued use is apt to result in epilepsy, amblyopia, and 
insanity. In the form of wine, whisky, or brandy, 
it is valuable in diphtheria, adynamic fevers, and 
poisoning by cardiac depressants. A., Absolute, 
spirit containing no water. A., Amyl, C 5 H,,0, com- 
monly known as "Potato Spirit" and " Fusel Oil"; 
a transparent, colorless liquid. A., Anhydrous, one 
free from water. A., Aromatic, an alcohol contain- 
ing phenyl. A., Benzyl, C 7 H s O, obtained from ben- 
zaldehyd by the action of sodium amalgam. It is a 



ALCOHOLATE 



56 



ALCOHOLS 



colorless liquid, with a faint aromatic odor; boils at 
206° ; its sp. gr. at 0° is 1.062. It dissolves with 
difficulty in water, but readily in alcohol and ether. 
A. deodoratum, deodorized alcohol, containing 92.5 
per cent, by weight of ethyl-alcohol and 7.5 per cent, 
of water. A., Dilute, composed of 41 per cent, by 
weight of ethyl-alcohol. A., Ethyl. See Alcohol. 
A. of Fermentation, has a disagreeable odor; boils 
at 129-130 ; occurs in fusel-oil ; consists mainly of in- 
active isobutyl carbinol. A., Methyl, CH 4 0, known 
as " Wood Spirit. " A., Phenic. See Acid, Carbolic. 

Alcoholate [al'-ko-hol-at) [al, the; koh'l, finely pow- 
dered antimony]. I. A chemical compound, as a 
salt, into which an alcohol enters as a definite con* 
stituent. 2. A preparation made with alcohol. 

Alcoholature (al-ko-hol '-at-chur) [al, the ; holt' I, finely 
powdered antimony; Fr. alcoolature~\. An alcoholic 
tincture, especially one prepared with fresh plants. 

Alcoholic (al-ko-hol' -ik) [al, the ; koli ' I, finely pow- 
dered antimony]. I. Pertaining to, containing, or 
producing alcohol. 2. One addicted to the use of 
spirituous drinks. A. Radicals, the name applied to 
the univalent radicals, C n H. 2n 4- r 

Alcoholica (al-ko-hol' -ik-ah) [al, the; koli 1 1, finely 
powdered antimony]. In pharmacy, alcoholic prepa- 
rations. 

Alcoholimeter (al-ko-hol-im'-et-er). See Alcoholometer. 

Alcoholimetry (al-ko-hol-im' -et-re). See Alcoholome- 
try. 

Alcoholism (al'-ko-hol-tzm) [al, the; koh'l, finely 
powdered antimony]. The morbid results of exces- 
sive or prolonged use of alcoholic liquors. The term 
acute A. has been used as a synonym for inebriety. 
The chronic form is associated with severe lesions or 
disturbances of the digestive, respiratory, and nervous 
systems. 

Alcoholismus (al-ko-hol-iz'-mus). Syn. of Alcoholism. 

Alcoholization (al-ko-hol-iz-a'-shun) [al, the; koh'l, 
finely powdered antimony]. The art or process of 
alcoholizing ; the state of being alcoholized ; the pro- 
duct of the process of alcoholizing. 

Alcoholize (al'-ko-hol-iz) [al, the ; ~%oh'l, finely pow- 
dered antimony]. 1. To impregnate with or blend 
with alcohol. 2. To convert into an alcohol. 3. To 
reduce to a very subtle powder. 

Alcoholometer (al-ko-hol-om 1 '-et-er) [alcohol ; nirpov, a 
measure]. A hydrometer or other instrument used in 
determining the percentage of alcohol in any liquid. 

Alcoholometry {al-ko-hol-om' -et-re) [alcohol ; /lirpov, 
a measure]. The determination of the proportion of 
alcohol present in any liquid. 

Alcoholophilia (al-ko-hol-o-fil' -e-ali) [alcohol; tyiXteiv, 
to love] . The appetite for strong drink ; a craving 
for intoxicants. 

Alcohols (al'-ko-holz) [al, the ; koh'l, finely pow- 
dered antimony]. A series of neutral compounds 
resembling bases exhibiting gradations corresponding 
to their increase in molecular weight. They are de- 
rived from the normal hydrocarbons by replacing hy- 
drogen with the grbup OH. The lower alcohols are 
mobile liquids, readily dissolving in water and pos- 
sessing the characteristic alcohol odor; the intermedi- 
ate members are more oily, and dissolve with difficulty 
in water ; while the higher are crystalline solids with- 
out odor or taste. The alcohols resemble the fats. 
Their boiling-points increase gradually (with similar 
structure) in proportion to the increase of their mo- 
lecular weights. See Tabic. A., Diatomic, those 
formed by replacing two atoms of hydrogen in a 
hydrocarbon by two molecules of hydroxyl. A., 
Dibasic. See A., Diatomic. A., Dihydric. See 
Glycols, and Table of Alcohols. A., Divalent. See 



Glycols. A., Hexahydric, alcohols containing six 
hydroxyl groups attached to six different carbon atoms. 
They approach the sugars very closely in their proper- 
ties, having a very sweet taste, but differ from them in 

TABLE OF THE ALCOHOLS. 

1. OF THE FATTY COMPOUNDS. 
Series i. — Alcohols, CnH2n+].OH, 



Name. 


< 

j 

S 

O 

Ik 


J 5 
< 

>! 

u 


Z h P 




O > 

E £ 
a < 

t/JO 


Methyl {Wood Spir- 
it) 


CH4O 


Liquid. 


66° 


0.796 at 20° 


Ethyl, 


C 2 H 6 


Liquid. 


78-3° 


0.78945 at 20° 
0.80625 at o° 




C 3 H 8 


Liquid. 


97-4° 


0.8044 at 20° 


Butyl, ...... 


C4H10O 


Liquid. 


116.8° 


0.8099 at 20° 




C 5 H la O 


Liquid. 


137° 


0.8168 at 20° 


Hexyl, 


C 6 H I4 


Liquid. 


157° 


0.819 at 2 3° 


Heptyl (Enanthyl), 


C 7 H 16 


Liquid. 


175° 




Octyl 


C 6 Hi 8 


Liquid. 


190-192° 


0.830 at 16° 




C9H20O 












C10H22O 


Solid. 


43-5° 






Undecatyl 


C„H 24 


Solid. 








Dodecatyl 


CisHssO 


Solid. 


119° 






Tridecatyl 


Q3H23O 


Solid. 








Tetradecatyl, . . 


C14H30O 


Solid. 


167° 






Pentadecatyl, . . . 


C^H^O 


Solid. 








Hexadecyl {Cetyl), 


C10H34O 


Solid. 








Heptadecyl, 


Ci 7 H 36 


Solid. 








Octodecyl 


CigHssO 


Solid. 


210° 






Ceryl (Cerotin), . . 


C 27 H 56 


Solid. 


... 1 




Series 2. — Uns 
Vinyl 


C 3 uH 62 

ATURATED 

CoH 4 


Solid. 

Alcoh< 

Does 
not ex- 
ist in 
the free 
state. 


)LS, CnH 


2n— I.OH. 


Allyl 


C 3 H O 


Liquid. 


96-97° 


0.S540 at 20° 


Crotyl 


C 4 H 3 


Liquid. 


U7-120 







Series 3,— Unsaturated Alcohols, CnH2n— 3. OH. Acety- 
lene Series. 

Propargyl, . . . .[ C 3 H 4 I Liquid. 114-115°! 0.9715 at 20° 

The only known alcohol of this series. 

2. OF THE AROMATIC OR BENZENE SERIES. 
Series i. — Primary Alcohols. 



Benzvl, 


. C;HX> 


Liquid. 


206° 


1.062 at o° 


Tolyl, CgHioO 


Liquid. 


212° 


1.033 at 20° 


Phenyl Propyl, . 


. j C 9 H,oO 


Liquid. 


235° 






CioH^O 


Liquid. 


246° 





ALCOOMETER 



57 



ALDEHVDS 



TABLE OF THE ALCOHOLS.— Continued. 

Series 2.— Divalent (Dihydric) Alcohols. 



a 
S 
< 
2 


< 
J 

2 

a 

to 


< 


Z H 3 
J 2.6yi 


2 > 

t, h 

u > 

III < 
x a 
I/20 


Benzylene-Glycol, 


C 7 H e O, 


Does 
not ex- 
ist in 
the free 
state. 






Tollylene(/%///«/r/) 


C 8 H 10 O 2 








Styrolene, .... 


CsHioOa 


Solid. 






Benzoyl Carbinol, 


C 8 H 8 2 


Solid. 







Series 3. 
Oxy-benzyl, . . . 


-O.XY- OR 
C;H 8 Oo 


Phenoi 
Solid. 


. Alcoh 


DLS. 




C 8 H 10 O 2 


Solid. 


259° 




Piperonyl 


CgH 8 0:j 


Solid. 






Vanillin 


C8H10O3 


Solid. 






Phenyl Glycerol, . 


C 9 H 12 3 


Solid. 






Mesicerin, .... 


C9H10O3 


Liquid. 







that they do not reduce an alkaline copper solution 
and are not fermented by yeast. Moderate oxidation 
converts them into glucoses, C 6 H 12 6 . They are ob- 
tained from the latter by the action of sodium amal- 
gam. A., Monatomic. See A., Monovalent. A., 
Monohydric. See A., Monovalent. A., Monova- 
lent [Monohydric)., products of the replacement of one 
atom of hydrogen of the hydrocarbons by the hydroxyl 
group HO. A., Normal, primary alcohols in which 
the replacing group possesses normal structure. A., 
Primary, products of the replacement of one hydro- 
gen atom in carbinol by alkyls. A., Secondary, 
products of the replacement of two hydrogen atoms in 
carbinol by alkyls. A., Tertiary, products of the 
replacement of all of the three hydrogen atoms of car- 
binol by alkyls. A., Triatomic, those formed by 
replacing three atoms of hydrogen in a hydrocarbon 
by three molecules of hydroxyl. A., Unsaturated, 
those derived from the unsaturated alkylens in the same 
manner as the normal alcohols are obtained from their 
hydrocarbons. In addition to the general character 
of alcohols, they are also capable of directly binding 
two additional affinities. See Table. 

Alcoometer (al-ko-om' -et-er). See Alcoholometer . 

Alcornin [al-kor'-nin) [Sp.]. A peculiarly fatty, crys- 
tallizable substance, supposed to be the active principle 
of alcornoque. 

Alcornoque (al-kor-no' -kwd) [Sp.]. I. Cork, or the 
cork-oak. 2. The Alchornea latifolia, a. euphorbia- 
ceous tree of tropical America. Its bark is bitter and 
tonic, and has been used as a remedy in phthisis. 
Unof. 

Aldane (al'-ddn) [See Aldekyd~\. A chemical com- 
pound formed by uniting two or more molecules of an 
aldehyd and removing the aqueous elements. 

Aldehyd {al'-de-hid) [al, the first syllable of alcohol ; 
dehyd, from dehydratits~\, C. 2 H 4 0. Alcohol deprived 
of two atoms of hydrogen, or acetic aldehyd. It is a 
colorless, limpid liquid, with a characteristic odor. 
When exposed to the air or to oxygen it is converted 
into acetic acid. It boils at 208 , and has a sp. gr. 



of 0.8009 at o°. It is miscible in all proportions 
with water, ether, and alcohol. Internally it pro- 
duces intoxication, anesthesia, and asphyxia. The 
vapor is used in catarrhal congestions and ozena. A., 
Anisic, C 8 H 8 0,, results on oxidizing various essential 
oils (anise, fennel, etc,) with dilute HNO a . A color- 
less oil of sp. gr. 1. 123 at 15 , and boiling at 
248 . A., Benzoic, C 7 H 6 0, the oil of bitter almonds. 
A., Cinnamic, C 9 H 8 0, the chief ingredient of the 
essential oil of cinnamon and cassia. It is a colorless, 
aromatic oil, that sinks in water and boils at 247 . 
A., Formic, is asserted to have extreme value as a 
microbicide and antiseptic, even its fumes and its solu- 
tion of one part in 20,000 being destructive to various 
pathogenic germs. A., Protocatechuic, C 6 H 3 (OH)- 
(OH).CHO, the parent substance of vanillin and 
piperonal, prepared from pyrocatechin by the action 
of chloroform. It dissolves readily in water, forms 
brilliant crystals, and melts at 150 . A., Salicylic, 
C 6 H 4 (OH).CHO, occurs in the volatile oils of the 
different varieties of Spiraa. It is an oil with an 
aromatic odor, boiling at 196 , with a sp. gr. at 15 
of 1.172 ; easily soluble in water, and colors the skin 
an intense yellow. 

Aldehydene (al-de-hi'-den) [aldehyd], C 2 H 3 . A chemi- 
cal radicle derived from ethylene. 

Aldehyds (al'-de-hidz) [See Aldehyd]. A class of 
compounds intermediate between alcohols and acids, 
derived from their corresponding primary alcohols by 
the oxidation and removal of two atoms of hydrogen, 
and converted into acids by the addition of an atom of 



TABLE OF THE ALDEHYDS. 

A. OF THE FATTY COMPOUNDS. 
1. Aldehyds of the Paraffin Series, CnH2nO. 



a 
s 
< 


< 
3 
% 

U 



to 


< 

yp 

> 9 

0. ° 



2hg 
a o~ 


Z H g 

3S.fs 

(0 


> 

bi < 

c/)CJ 


Methyl 

(Formic), . . 


CH 2 


Gas 








Acetaldehyd, . 


C 2 H 4 


Liquid 




20.8° 


0.8009 
ato" 


Propionic, . . 


C 3 H e O 


Liquid 




49° 


0.8066 
at 20° 


Butyraldehyd, 


C 4 H s O 


Liquid 




75° 


0.8170 
at 20° 




C5H10O 


Liquid 




102° 




Caproyl, . . . 


C 6 H 12 


Liquid 




128° 




Enanthylic, . . 


C 7 H„0 


Liquid 




153-154° 




Decatoic 
(Capric), . . 


CiqHooO 


Solid 




106° 
(15mm.) 




Dodecatylic 

(Laurie), . . 


Ci»H 24 


Solid 


44-5° 


142° 
(22 mm.) 




Tetradecatylic 
(Myrisitalde- 
hyd), .... 


CmHjsO 


Solid 


52-5° 


168° 
(22 mm.) 




Hexdecatylic 
(Palmitic), . 


G16H3.2O 


Solid 


58.5° 


192° 

(22 mm.) 




Octdecatylic 
(Stearaldehyd), 


CigH3 O 


Solid 


63. S° 


192° 
(22 mm.) 





ALDEPALMITIC ACID 



58 



ALEZE 



TABLE OF THE ALDEHYDS.— Continued. 
2. Unsaturated Aldehyds, CnH^u— 2O. 



Ili 

z 
< 


< 

u 

a 

to 


J z 

<2 

S3 
£ z 


-e 
z h P 

1-1 r> ■£ 

2 S 


So* 

5 H S 

Jo 


u. 1- 

"3 


Acrylaldehyd, 


C 3 H 4 


Liquid 




52° 


8410 
at 20 


Crotonaldehyd, 


C 4 H O 


Liquid 




I04-IO5 


1033 
at o° 



B. OF THE AROMATIC OR BENZENE SERIES. 
1. Monovalent Aldehyds. 



Benzaldehyd, . 


C,H c O 


Liquid 




179° 


1.050 
at 15 


Toluic, .... 


C 8 H 8 


Liquid 




206 




Phenyl-propyl, 


C9H10O 


Liquid 








Cumic, .... 


CioHjsO 


Liquid 




235° 


0-973 
at 13 



2 DlALDEHYDS. 



Phthalaldehyd, 


C 8 H O 


Liquid 




. . . 


. 


Phenyl-lactic, . 


C9H10O0 











3. O.XY-ALDEHYDS. 



Salicylic, . . . 


C-H O 2 


Liquid 




196° 


1. 172 
at 15° 


Anisic 


C 8 H 3 2 


Liquid 




248° 


1. 123 
at 15° 


Protocatechuic, 


C 7 H O 3 


Solid 


I5°° 






Vanillin, . . . 


C 8 H 8 03 


Solid 


80-81° 







oxygen. They contain the group COH. They ex- 
hibit in their properties a gradation similar to that of 
the alcohols. The lower members are volatile liquids, 
soluble in water, and have a peculiar odor, but the 
higher are solids, insoluble in water, and cannot be 
distilled without decomposition. See Table. 

Aldepalmitic Acid {al-de-pal-mi? -ik as'-id). See 
Acid, Aldepalmitic. 

Alder (al'-der) . See Alnus. 

AKderman's Nerve. See Arnold's Nerve, in Nerve 
Table. 

Aldin (aV-dhi) [see Aldehyd~\. An amorphous basic 
chemical substance, formed from an ammonia com- 
pound of aldehyd. Several aldins are known. 

Aldol (al'-dol) [see Aldehyd], C 4 H 8 2 . A colorless, 
odorless liquid, obtained by the action of dilute HC1 
on crotonaldehyd and acetaldehyd. It is miscible with 
water, and at 0° has a sp. gr. of 1. 120; upon standing, 
it changes to a sticky mass that cannot be poured. 

Aldoses (al'-do-sez) [see Aldehyd]. The aldehyd al- 
cohols, containing the atomic group CH(OH).CHO. 

Aldoxim, or Aldoxime (al-doks' -im) [See Aldehyd]. 
Products of the combination of aldehyds or ketones 
and free hydroxylamin. They are usually liquid 
bodies that boil without decomposition. 

Ale (al) [A. S.,ealw]. An alcoholic beverage brewed 
from malt and hops. It contains from three to seven 
per cent, of alcohol. See Malt Liquors. 

Aleatico (al-e-a' -tik-o) [It.]. An excellent sweet red 
wine, prepared in Tuscany, and esteemed one of the 
best and most delicate stimulants of its class. 



Alecithal (ah-les'-ith-al) [a priv. ; XeidOog, yolk]. A 
term applied to certain ova having the food-yolk absent, 
or present only in very small quantity. 

Alegar (a'-le-gar) [A. S., ealw ; egar, sour]. Vinegar 
made of ale. 

Alembic (al-em' -bik) [Arab., al, the; a/i/3c!;,a. cup]. 
A vessel used for distillation. 

Alembroth (al-em' -broth) [Origin unknown]. An old 
name for a compound of the chlorid of ammonium and 
mercury. Its solution has been used of late as an an- 
tiseptic. 

Alepidote (ah-lep' ' -e-dot) [a priv.; Tienig, a scale]. 
Without scales, as certain fishes. 

Aleppo Boil, Button, Evil, Pustule, or Ulcer. See 
Furunculus orien talis . 

Aletrin (al'-et-rin). See Alet?-is. 

Aletris \al' -et-ris) . Star Grass, Unicom Root, Star- 
wort, Colic Root. The root of A. farinosa. Tonic, 
diuretic, and anthelmintic. Formerly a popular do- 
mestic remedy in colic, dropsy, and chronic rheuma- 
tism. Dose of fid. ext. TTLx-xxx ; of tincture (1 in 
8 proof spirit) 3 i-ij ; of aletrin, the extractive, gr. 
%-iv. A. Cordial. Dose gj three times daily. 
Unof. 

Aleukemia (ah-ht-ke' -me-ah) [a priv.; lev/tog, white ; 
difia, blood]. Deficiency in the proportion of white 
cells in the blood. 

Aleurometer [al-u-rom/ -et-er) \akzvpav, flour ; phpov, 
a measure]. An instrument used for the examination 
of crude gluten as to its power of distending under the 
influence of heat, as a means of judging of the value 
of a flour for bread-making. A. similar instrument, 
termed an aleuroscope, has also been invented. 

Aleuronat (al-u> '-ro-nat) [aXevpov, flour]. A vegetable 
albumin used as a substitute for bread in cases of dia- 
betes. 

Aleurone (al-u'-rdti) [alevpov, fine flour]. Proteid 
matter in the form of small rounded particles, found in 
seeds. 

Aleuroscope [al-id -ro-skop) \akzvpov, flour ; okotteIv, to 
view]. See Aleuroiyieter. 

Alexander-Adam's Operation. See Operations, 
Table of. 

Alexanderism (al-eks-an' -der-izm) [Alexander]. The 
insanity of conquest ; agriothymia ambitiosa. 

Alexander's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Alexeteric (al-eks-e-ter'-ik) [<zAff//r//p, defender]. Good 
against poison, venom, or infection. 

Alexia ial-eks' '-e-ali) [a priv.; Mgic, word]. Word- 
blindness. A form of aphasia and a special type of 
psychical blindness, in which the patient is unable to 
recognize ordinary written or printed characters. A., 
Musical, musical blindness ; pathological loss of the 
ability to read music. 

Alexifer (al-eks'-if-er) [aWe^ic, help ; tjiepsiv, to bear]. 
A remedy or object that serves as an amulet or antidote 
against poison. 

Alexin (al-eks'-ui) [aXe^ig, help]. I. Any defensive 
proteid; any phylaxin or sozin. 2. An antibacterial 
substance found by Hankin in the blood of certain 
animals and giving immunity to certain toxins. 3. 
A synonym for Tuber culocidin. 

Alexipharmac, or Alexipharmic (al-eks-e-far'-mak, or 
-mii) [aAfff/i;, to repel; (pdppaKov, a poison]. A 
medicine neutralizing a poison. 

Alexipharmacon [al-eks-e-far' -mak-on) \aM^eiv, to re- 
pel ; tyapfianov , a poison] . Any alexipharmac medicine. 

Alexipyretic (al-cks-e-pi-ref -ik) [aM^uv, to ward off; 
Trvperoc, a fever]. A febrifuge. 

Alexiteric (al-eks-e-ter'-ik). See Alexeteric. 

Aleze (ah-lez) [Fr., aleze]. A cloth to protect the bed 
from becoming soiled by excreta, etc. 



ALFONSIN 



59 



ALIMENTIVITY 



Alfonsin (al-fon'-sin) [from Alfonso Ferri, a sixteenth 
century surgeon]. An old form of bullet extractor. 

Algae (al'-je) [alga, a seaweed]. A group of acotyle- 
donous plants, of simple vegetable construction, living 
mostly in the water. 

Algaroth (aV -gar-otK] [It., Algarotti, the Veronese 
physician]. Oxychlorid of antimony. 

Algedo [czl-je'-do) [aA-jtjfloiv, pain]. Severe pain in the 
generative organs and extending to the urinary organs, 
sometimes arising from a sudden stoppage of gonor- 
rhea. 

Algefacient (al-je-fa' -shent) [algere, to be cool ; facere, 
to make] . Cooling. 

Algeinuxesis (al-jin-u-re'-sis) [akytiv, to feel pain ; 
oiipT/ois, urination]. Painful urination. 

Algera, or Algeros (al-je'-rak, or -ros) [akyripoq, pain- 
ful]. Painful ; characterized by pain. 

Algesia (al-je' -ze-ah) [iikyi]oiq, pain]. Pain; suffering. 

Algesichronometer (al-je-ze-kro-nom' -et-er) [a'Ayi/ms, 
pain; xpovng, time ; f/erpov, a measure]. An instru- 
ment used to note the lapse of time before a nerve 
center responds to a painful stimulus. 

Algesimeter (al-jes-im' -et-er) [akyriGiq, pain ; /xerpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for determining the 
acuteness of the sense of pain. 

Algesis [al-je' -sis). See Algesia. 

Algesthesis, or Algassthesis (al-jes-the'-sis) [a7.yoq, 
pain; alaBrjaic, feeling]. The perception of pain; 
any painful disease. 

Algetic (al-jet'-ik) [aXysiv, to have pain]. Pertaining 
to, or producing, pain. 

-algia (al'-je-ah) [a'Ayoc, pain]. A suffix denoting 
pain, as odontalgia, neuralgia, etc. 

Algid (al'-jid) [algidus, cold]. Cold, chilly. A. 
Fever, a pernicious intermittent fever, with great 
coldness of the surface of the body. A. Cholera, 
Asiatic cholera. 

Algin (al'-jin) [alga, a seaweed]. Alginic acid; a 
gummy substance derivable from seaweeds and form- 
ing a good substitute for gum arabic. 

Algology (al-gol-o-ji) [alga, a seaweed; Aeyeiv, speak]. 
That department of botany treating of algae, phy- 
cology. 

Algometer (al-gom' -et-er) [aAyoc, pain ; /uerpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for testing the sensibility 
of a part to pain. 

Algometry (al-gom' '-et-re) [akyog, pain ; fierpov, a 
measure]. The testing of pain. 

Algophobia (al-go-fo' -be-ak) [alyoc, pain; <j>6poc, 
dread]. Unreasonable or morbid dread of pain. 

Algophobic (al-go-fo' -bik) [aliyoc, pain ; <f>6[ioc, dread]. 
Characterized by algophobia. 

Algophobist (al-go-fo' -bist) [aAyoc, pain ; 0d/3oc, dread]. 
One who morbidly dreads pain. 

Algor (al'-gor) [L. ]. A sense of chilliness or coldness. 
A. Progressives. Syn. of Scleroderma Neonatorum. 

Algos (al'-gos) [alyog, pain]. Pain; a painful disease, 
or attack. 

Algosis (al-go'-sis) [alga, seaweed]. The causation 
of disease by certain plants, as algae. 

Algospasm (al'-go-sfiazm) [aAyoc, pain ; anao/ioc, 
spasm]. Painful spasm or cramp. 

Al'ibert's Ke'loid. See Keloid and Diseases, Table of. 

Alibility (al-ib-il'-e-te) [alibilis, nutritive]. Availabil- 
ity of a nutritious substance for absorption and assimi- 
lation. 

Alible (al'-i-bl) [alibilis, nutritive] . Nutritive ; absorb- 
able and assimilable. 

Alicant (al'-ik-ant) [from Alicante, in Spain]. A 
strong, sweet, and dark-colored Spanish wine. 

Alices (al'-is-ez) [L.]. Red spots preceding the pustu- 
lation in smallpox. 



Alienation (dl-yen-a'-shun) [alienatio ; alicnare, to 
withdraw]. Mental derangement, insanity. 

Alienist (al'-yen-ist) [alienare, to withdraw]. One who 
treats mental diseases ; a specialist in the treatment of 
insanity. 

Aliethmoid (al-e-eth' -moid) \_ala, a wing; tjO/ioc, a 
strainer]. In birds, the wing of the ethmoidal por- 
tion of the orbito-nasal cartilage. 

Aliferous (al-if'-er-us) \_ala, a wing; ferre, to bear]. 
Winged ; alate ; aligerous. 

Aliform (al'-if-orm) \_ala, wing; forma, shape]. Wing- 
shaped. A. Process, the wing of the sphenoid. 
See Alisphenoid. Aliformcs musculi (al-if-or'-mez 
mus'-ku-li). The aliform or wing-shaped muscles; 
the pterygoid muscles. 

Aligerous (al-ij' -er-ns) \_ala, wing ; gerere, to bear]. 
Having wings ; alate ; aliferous. 

Aliment (al'-im-ent) [alimentum, from alimentare, to 
nourish]. Nourishment, food. A substance that, 
acted upon by the digestive and assimilative organs, 
yields the sources and repairs the losses of heat, force, 
or the tissues of the body. 

Alimentary (al-im-en' -ta-re) [alimentum, from alimen- 
tare, to nourish]. Nourishing. A. Bolus, the food 
after mastication and just prior to swallowing. A. 
Canal, Duct, System, or Tube, the digestive tube 
from the lips to the anus, with its accessory glands. 

Alimentation (al-im-en-ta 1 ' -shun) [alimentare, to nour- 
ish]. The process of the reception and conversion of 
food into material fit for nourishment. A., Rectal, 
the nourishing of a patient by the administration of 
small quantities of concentrated food through the rec- 
tum. There are many formulae for these nutritious 
enemata, the most important of which are the fol- 
lowing : I. Lathe's Pancreatic-meat Emulsion. — 
" For rectal alimentation: chop five ounces of finely- 
scraped meat still finer, add to it one and a-half 
ounces of finely-chopped pancreas, free from fat, and 
then three ounces of lukewarm water ; stir to the con- 
sistence of a thick pulp. Give at one time, care being 
taken to wash out the rectum with water about an hour 
before." 2. Mayet's Formula. — " Fresh ox-pancreas 
150 to 200 grams; lean meat 400 to 500 grams. 
Bruise the pancreas in a mortar with water at a tem- 
perature of 37 C, and strain through a cloth. Chop 
the meat and mix thoroughly with the strained fluid, 
after separating all the fat and tendinous portions. 
Add the yolk of one egg, let stand for two hours, and 
administer at the same temperature, after having 
cleansed the rectum with an injection of oil. This 
quantity is sufficient for 24 hours' nourishment, and 
should be administered in two doses." 3. Rennie 's 
Formula. — " Add to a bowl of good beef-tea one-half 
pound of lean, raw beefsteak pulled into shreds. At 
99° F. add one drachm of fresh pepsin and one-half 
drachm of dilute HC1. Place the mixture before the 
fire and let it remain for four hours, stirring frequently. 
The heat must not be too great, or the artificial diges- 
tive process will be stopped altogether. It is better to 
have the mixture too cold than too hot. If alcohol is 
to be given it should be added at the last moment. 
Eggs may also be added, but should be previously 
well beaten." 4. Peaslee's Formula. — " Crush or 
grind a pound of beef-muscle fine ; then add one pint 
of cold water ; allow it to macerate 40 minutes, and 
then gradually raise it to the boiling point ; allow it to 
boil for two minutes — no more — and then strain. ' ' 
5. Flint's Mixture. — "Milk 3 i j , whisky 5SS, to 
which add half an egg." 

Alimentivity (al-im-en-tiv' -i-te) [alimentare , to nour- 
ish]. The instinct that impels the animal organism to 
take food or nourishment. 



ALINASAL 



GO 



ALLANTOID 



Alinasal (al-in-a'-sal) [ala, a wing; nasus, the nose]. 
Pertaining to the a/a nasi, or wing of the nose. 

Aliped (al'-ip-ed) \_a/a, a wing; pes, a foot]. Charac- 
terized by having the fingers or toes connected by a 
membrane, for purposes of flight. 

Aliptic (al-ip'-tik) [dAe«n7/c<5c] . I. Relating to inunc- 
tion. 2. Gymnastic; pertaining to physical culture. 

Alisma (al-iz'-maE) [akusfia, plantain]. A genus of 
endogenous plants. A. plantago, or water plantain, 
has pungent, acrid qualities, and is used as a diuretic 
and stimulant. Unof. 

Alismin (al-iz' -min) [a'Atapa, plantain]. An extractive 
or precipitate, obtained from the tincture of Alisma 
plantago. 

Alisphenoid (al-is-fe' '-noitl) [ala, a wing; cipijv, a 
wedge; eldor, form]. I. Pertaining to the greater 
wing of the sphenoid bone. 2. That bone which in 
adult life forms the main portion of the greater wing 
of the sphenoid. 

Alizarin (al-iz-a' -rhi) [Arab., al, the ; acdrah, to ex- 
tract], C u H g 4 . The red coloring principle occur- 
ing in the madder plant, Rubia tinctorium, and in 
anthracene, a coal-tar product. It occurs in red pris- 
matic crystals, readily soluble in ether and alcohol. 
The alizarins form a group of the anthracene colors. 
See Conspectus of Pigments under Pigment. A. Blue, 
a crystalline blue coloring matter formed by heating 
nitroalizarin in combination with H 2 SO + and glycerin. 
A. Red, a pale flesh-color used in dyeing. 

Alkahest (al'-ka-hest). Same as Alcahest. 

Alkalescence (al-ka-les' -ens) [Arab., al-qali, soda- 
ash]. Slight or commencing alkalinity; alkaline 
quality or tendency. 

Alkalescent (al-ka-les' -cut) [Arab., al-qali, soda-ash]. 
Somewhat alkaline ; mildly alkaline. 

Alkali (al'-ka-li) [Arab., al-qali, soda-ash]. The 
term includes the hydrated oxids of the alkali metals ; 
these are electro-positive, are strong bases, uniting 
with acids to form salts, turn red litmus blue, and 
saponify fats. A., Caustic (usually potash), when so 
concentrated as to possess caustic properties ; potash 
and soda are called fixed alkalies, because perma- 
nently solid ; soda is called a mineral, potash a vege- 
table, and ammonia a volatile alkali. 

Alkali-albumin (al' -ka-li-al-bu' -min). A derived al- 
bumin ; a proteid having been acted upon by dilute 
alkalies and yielding an alkaline reaction. 

Alkaligenous (al-ka-lij' -en-us) [alkali; yevi/c, produ- 
cing]. Affording or producing an alkali. 

Alkalimeter (al-ka-lim' -et-er) [alkali; p.krpov, a mea- 
sure]. An instrument for estimating the alkali in a 
substance. 

Alkalimetry (al-ka-lim' -et-re) [alkali ; fzirpov, a mea- 
sure]. The measurement of the amount of an alkali 
in a substance. 

Alkaline (al'-ka-lin) [a/kali"]. Having the qualities of 
or pertaining to an alkali. A. Bath. See Bath. 
A. Copper Test. See Tests, Table of. A. Tide. 
See Tide. 

Alkalinity (al-ka-lin'-it-e) [alkali]. The quality of 
being alkaline. 

Alkalinuria (al-ka-lin-ii' -re-ah) [alkali ; ovpov, urine]. 
Alkalinity of the urine. 

Alkalization (al-ka-li-za' -shun) [alkali]. The act of 
rendering a thing alkaline ; the state or quality of 
being rendered alkaline. 

Alkaloid (al'-ka-loid) [alkali; ehhc, likeness]. Resem- 
bling an alkali. 

Alkaloidal (al-ka-loid'-al) [alkali; cMoc, likeness]. 
Having the qualities of an alkaloid. 

Alkaloids (al'-ka-loidz) [alkali; eldor, likeness]. All 
nitrogenous vegetable compounds of basic and alka- 



line character, or their derivatives, from which bases 
may be isolated. They are chief constituents of the 
active principles of the vegetable drugs employed as 
medicines or poisons. Those alkaloids containing no 
oxygen are generally liquid and volatile ; such are 
nicotin and conein. The others are solid, crystalliza- 
ble, and non-volatile. A., Putrefactive. See Pto- 
maines. 

Alkaluretic (al-ka-lu-ret'-ik) [alkali; ovpov, urine]. 
Causing or tending to cause a flow of alkaline urine. 

Alkanet (al'-kan-et) [Sp. , dim. of alcana, henna]. 
The root of the herb, Alkanna (Anehusa) tinctoria, 
yielding a red dye that is used in staining wood, color- 
ing adulterated wines, and in pharmacy to give a red 
color to salves, etc. 

Alkan'na Red. See A/kannin. 

Alkannin (al'-kan-in) [Sp. , dim. of alcana, henna] . 
Alkanna red ; a valuable coloring matter obtained 
from alkanet. It is a dark, brownish-red, resinous 
mass, or powder, insoluble in water, but soluble in 
alcohol and ether, neutral in reaction. 

Alkapton (al-kap'-ton). A yellowish resinous body occa- 
sionally found in urine, which on exposure to air 
acquires a brownish tint. It does not ferment and 
does not reduce bismuth like glucose, though it throws 
down a somewhat brownish mass. It is highly soluble 
in water, but only sparingly in ether. 

Alkaptonuria (al-kap-ton-u' -re-ah) [alkapton ; ovpov, 
urine]. The presence of alkapton in the urine. It 
has been found in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, and 
in other instances in which there are no local lesions 
or general disease. It is without clinical significance. 

Alkarsin (al-kar'-sin) [alcohol; arsenic]. Cadet's 
Fuming Liquid ; an extremely poisonous liquid con- 
taining cacodyl. It is of a brown color, and on 
exposure to the air ignites spontaneously. 

Alkophyr (al'-ko-fir). Briicke's name for a variety of 
peptone soluble in alcohol. 

Alkoxid (al-koks'-id) [alcohol; oxid]. A chemical 
compound formed by the union of an alcohol with a 
metallic base. 

Alkylogens (al-kil'-o-jenz). See Esters, Haloid. 

Alkyls (a I' -kHz) [alkali]. The name applied to the 
univalent alcohol radicals, C n H 2n -)-i ; methyl, ethyl, 
etc. , are alkyls. 

Alkyl-sulphids (al'-kil-sul'-fuls). Thio-ethers. Sulphur 
analogues of the ethers. They are colorless liquids, 
mostly insoluble in water and possessing a disagreeable 
odor resembling that of garlic. 

Allagostemonous (al-ag-o-ste' -mon-us) [ixXhayrj, 
change; ari/puv, a thread or stamen]. In botany, 
the alternate insertion of the stamens on the receptacle 
and corolla. 

Allamanda (al-am-an' -dah) [Allamand, a Swiss 
scientist]. A genus of apocynaceous climbing shrub* 
of tropical America. A. caihartica is diaphoretic, 
emetic, cathartic, and refrigerant. Unof. 

Allantiasis (al-an-ti'-as-is) [a?<~Aag, a sausage]. 
Sausage poisoning, due to putrefactive changes in 
imperfectly cured sausages, or in those made from 
bad materials. 

Allantoic (al-an-to'-ik) [cOlac, a sausage ; ddnc, resem- 
blance]. Pertaining to the allantois. A. Parasite, 
a form of autosite in which the weaker fetus forms 
anastomoses with the allantoic or placental circulation 
of the stronger, thus becoming directly dependent lor 
its nutrition upon the circulation of the latter. It is 
characterized by a partial or complete disappearance 
of the heart of the parasite. 

Allantoid (al-an'-toid) [aAAac, sausage; ddoc, resem- 
blance]. I. Resembling or like a sausage. 2. Rela- 
ting to the allantois. 



ALLANTOIDIAN 



61 



ALLOPHEMY 



Allantoidian (al-an-toid' '-e-an) [aA?.ac , a sausage ; e!6oc, 
resemblance]. Any animal which in its fetal condi- 
tion possesses an allantois. 

Allantoin (al-an' -to-iii) [a/?iac, a sausage , elSoc, resem- 
blance] , C 4 H G N 4 3 . A crystalline substance occurring 
in traces in normal urine, and prepared from uric acid 
by oxidation processes. Also the characteristic con- 
stituent of the allantoic fluid, and likewise found in 
fetal urine and amniotic fluid. It crystallizes in small, 
shining, colorless, hexagonal prisms, soluble readily 
in hot water. It reduces Fehling's solution on pro- 
longed boiling. 

Allantois (al-an' -to-is) [aXAac, a sausage ; elSoc, resem- 
blance]. One of the fetal appendages or membranes, 
derived from the mesoblastic and hypoblastic layers. 
Its function is to convey the blood-vessels to the 
chorion. The lower part finally becomes the bladder, 
the rest, the urachus. 

Alla'ntotoxicon (al-an-to-toks' -ik-o>i) [aAAac, a sausage ; 
to^ikov, a poison]. A name applied to a poisonous 
substance, probably a ptomaine, that develops during 
the putrefactive fermentation of sausage, especially 
that made of blood and liver. 

Allarton's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Allassotonic (al-as-o-ton' -ik) [aAAaoaeiv, to vary; rdvoc, 
tension]. In biology, a term applied to the transient 
movements produced by stimulation, in mature plant 
organs ; opposite of Auxotonic. 

Allen's Closet. See Sewage , Disposal oj '. A. Tests. 
See Tests, Table of. 

Allenthesis (al-en' '-thesis) [aAAoc, other ; ivQeaic, 
insertion]. The presence or the introduction of 
foreign bodies into the organism. 

Allentheton (al-en' '-the-ton) [a'AAoc, other; evdecic, 
insertion]. A foreign body present in the organism. 

Alleorgan, or Allceorgan (al-e-or'-gan) [aAAotoc, of 
another sort; bpyavov, organ]. Same as Alloplast. 

Alleosis, or Allceosis (al-e-o'-sis) [a'AAoiuaic, change]. 

1. Change; alterative effect; recovery from illness. 

2. Mental disorder. 

Alleotic, or Allceotic (al-e-of -ik) [a'AAoluatc, change]. 
Alterative. 

Allepigamic (al-ep-ig-am'-ik) [aAAoc, other ; £7rt,upon; 
ya/unoc, relating to marriage]. In biology, a term 
applied by Poulton to the colored foreign objects dis- 
played by certain animals during courtship, as by the 
bower birds. 

Allesthesia (al-es-the'-se-ah) [aAAoc, other ; aiodijCLc, 
feeling]. Same as Allochiria. 

Allevation (al-e-va' -shuii) \_ad, to ; levare, to lift up] . 
I. The relief of pain. 2. The raising or lifting of 
a patient from the bed or from the reclining posture. 

Alleviation (al-e-ve-a' -shun) [alleviatus ; ad, to; levare, 
lift up]. The relief or palliation of pain. 

Alleviative (al-e' -ve-a-tiv) \_allevare, to lighten]. I. 
Tending to mitigate or relieve pain. 2. A remedy for 
the relief of pain. 

Alleviator (al-e'-ve-a-tor) \_allevare, to lighten]. A 
device for raising or lifting a sick person from the bed. 

Allex (al'-eks) [L.]. Same as Hallux. 

Allheal (awl-hef) [A. S. , all; Judan, to heal]. The 
officinal valerian, Valeriana officinalis; also the plant 
Stack vs palustris. 

Alliaceous (al-e-a' -shus) [allium, garlic]. Resembling 
garlic or pertaining to the same. 

Alligator- forceps (al'-e-ga-tor-for'-seps). A surgeons' 
toothed forceps, one of the jaws of which works with 
a double lever. 

Alligator Pear (al'-e-ga-tor par). The seeds of Persea 
gratissima, or Avocado Pear. A Mexican remedy 
for intercostal neuralgia, and internally, an anthelmintic 
(?). Dose, internally, of the fid. ext. TTLxxx-gj. 



Allingham's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Allingham's Rectal Plug. An appliance for controll- 
ing hemorrhage from the rectum. 

Allis's Inhaler. See Anesthetic. 

Allis's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Alliteration (al-it-er-a' -shun) [ad, to; litera, letter]. 
A form of dysphrasia in which the patient arranges his 
words according to the sound. 

Allium (al'-e-um) [L.]. Garlic. The bulb of A. 
sativum. Contains a pungent volatile oil (allyl sul- 
phid), that is found also in the leek and the onion. 
The tubers are used both as a food and as a condiment, 
and are stimulants to digestion. A. cepa, the common 
onion, and A. porrum, the leek, have similar qualities. 
A., Syr., contains, fresh garlic 20, sugar 80, dil. acetic 
acid q. s. Dose 3J-31V. 

Allochetia (al-o-ke'-te-ah). Same as Allochezia. 

Allochezia (al-o-ke' '-ze-ali) [aXKoc, other ; x£& iv , to 
desire to go to stool]. I. The passage of feces from 
the body through an abnormal opening. 2. The 
passing of non-fecal matter from the bowels. 

Allochiria (al-o-kf-re-ah) [aXkoc, other; x e 'P> hand]. 
An infrequent tabetic symptom, in which, if one ex- 
tremity be pricked, the patient locates the sensation in 
the corresponding member of the other side. 

Allochroic (al-lo-kro'-ik) [&A?mc, another ; xP&P- a > 
color]. Of changeable or diversified color. 

Allochromasia (al-o-kro-ma'-zeah) [aAAoc, other; 
Xpu/ia, color]. Color-blindness. 

Allochromatic (al-o-kro-maf -ik) [aAAoc, other; xpupa, 
color]. Of a changeable color. 

Allocinetic (al-o-sin-ef -ik). See Allokinetic. 

Allocryptic (al-o-krip'-tik) [aAAoc, other; KfnmTuc, 
hidden]. In biology, a term applied by Poulton to 
mimetic coloration in animals produced by covering 
themselves with foreign objects. 

Allceosis (al-e-o'-sis). See Alleosis. 

Allceotic (al-e-of -ik). See Alleotic. 

Allogamy (al-og'-am-e) [ahAoc, other; ya/ior, marriage]. 
In biology, cross fertilization. 

Alloisomerism (al-o-i-som' -er-izm) [iD.Xoc, other ; 
laofiepijc, having equal parts]. The application of the 
same structural formula to many different compounds ; 
a variety of isomerism. 

Allokinetic (al-o-kin-ef -ik) [a?i?ioc, other ; Kivqaic, 
motion]. Moved or set in motion by external impres- 
sions or forces ; not autokinetic. 

Allolalia (al-o-la' '-le-ah) [hVKoq, other; laAelv, to speak]. 
Any perversion of the faculty of speech. 

Allolalic (al-o-lal' -ik) [a/Uor, other; AaXelv, to speak]. 
Affected with allolalia. 

Allomerism (al-om' '-er-izm) [a/l/loc, other; fJ-epoc, 
shape]. In chemistry, the property of retaining a con- 
stant crystalline form while the chemical constituents 
present, or their proportions, vary. 

Allomorphism (al-o-morf -izm) [oXKnc, other ; fJ-opQr/, 
shape]. The property possessed by certain substances 
of assuming a different form while remaining un- 
changed in constitution. 

Allopathy (al-op r -a-the) [a'AAoc, other ; tt&Boq, affection]. 
According to Hahnemann, the inventor of the term, 
that method of the treatment of disease consisting in 
the use of medicines the action of which upon the 
body in health produces morbid phenomena different 
from those of the disease treated. Opposed to homeo- 
pathy. It need hardly be said that modern scientific 
medicine is based upon no such theory, or definition, 
as that supplied by homeopathy. See -Regular. 

Allophasis (al-off r -as-is) [aXkoq, other; <f>aoic, speech], 
Incoherency of speech ; delirium. 

Allophemy (al-off'-e-me) [aAAor, other; <j>f/fii, to speak]. 
See Heterophemy . 



ALLOPLAST 



62 



ALOCHIA 



Alloplast {al' -o-plast) [a/.Aoc, other ; T:\anroq, form, 
mold]. In biology, a plastid composed of several 
tissues ; the opposite of homoplast. 

Allorrhythmia (al-or-ith'-me-ali) [d/Uof, other ; pvdfibq, 
rhythm]. Variation in interval of the pulse. See 
J'ulse, Pulsus, and Cardiac Rhythm. 

Allosematic (al-o-sem'-at-ik) [aAAog, other ; aijfia, a 
sign, mark, or significant character]. Applied to 
coloration which enables an animal to associate itself 
with some large or dangerous animal. 

Allosteatodes {al-o-ste-at-o'-dez) [aAAoc~ other ; arear- 
ioihjg, fat-like]. Marked by perversion or morbidity 
of the sebaceous secretion. 

Allotoxin (al-o-toks f -in) \JiKKoc, other; to^ik6v, poison]. 
Any substance, produced by tissue metamorphosis 
within the organism, that tends to shield the body by 
destroying microbes or toxins that are inimical to it. 

Allotriodontia (al-ot-re-o-don' -she-ali) [aAASrpioc, 
strange ; 6(So/'C, tooth]. I. The transplanting of teeth 
from one person to another. 2. The existence of 
teeth in abnormal situations, as in tumors. 

Allotrioecrisis {al-ot-re-o-ek' -ris-is) \aX~h6Tpioc , strange ; 
EKKptaig, excretion]. The discharge or elimination of 
foreign matters with the excretions. 

Allotriogeusia [al-ot-re-o-gu'-se-ak). Same as ^&fr/- 
ogeustia. 

Allotriogeustia {al-ot-re-o-gus' -te-ali) [aA?MTpiog, 
strange ; yevaig, taste]. Perversion of the sense of 
taste ; abnormality of the appetite. 

Allotriolithiasis (al-ot-re-o-lith-i' -as-is) \a\A6-ptoe, 
strange; Aidoc, a stone]. The formation or existence 
of a calculus of unusual material, or composed entirely 
or in part of a foreign body. 

Allotriophagy [al-ot-re-off' -a-je) [aAAdrpioc , strange ; 
Qa-yeiv, to eat]. Depraved or unnatural appetite. 

Allotriotexis (al-ot-re-o-teks' -is) \oXk6rpioq , strange ; 
ri^ir, birth]. I. Abnormality in delivery. 2. The 
birth or delivery of a monstrosity. 

Allotriuria {al-ot-re-u' -re-ah) \_aXX6Tpior , strange ; 
ovpov, urine]. Abnormality of the urine. 

Allotrope (al'-o-trop) [aAAoc, different; rponi/, a change]. 
One of the forms in which an element capable of 
assuming different forms may appear. 

Allotrophic [al-o-trof'-ik) [aAAoc, other ; rpotpi/, nour- 
ishment]. Having perverted or modified characters 
as a nutrient. 

Allotropism (al-of '-ro-pizm) \_aAAoc, other; rporroq, 
method]. I. The term expresses the fact of certain 
elements existing in two or more conditions with 
differences of physical properties. Thus carbon illus- 
trates allotropism by existing in the forms of charcoal, 
plumbago, and the diamond. See Isomeric. 2. 
Appearance in an unusual or abnormal form. 

Allotropy [al-ot'-ro-pe). Allotropism. 

Allotrylic \al-o-tril' -iK) [aAAo-pwq, foreign ; vaij, prin- 
ciple]. Due to the presence of a foreign principle or 
material; enthetic. A. Affections, morbid states 
caused by the lodgment of foreign substances in the 
organism. The foreign substance may be animate or 
inanimate, organic or inorganic. 

Alloxan (al-oks'-an) \allantoin; oxalic'], C 4 H. 2 N 2 4 . 
The urei'd of mesoxalic acid ; it is produced by the 
careful oxidation of uric acid, or alloxantin with nitric 
acid or chlorin and bromin. It appears in long, 
shining, rhombic prisms, easily soluble in water, with 
a very acid reaction, and possessing a disagreeable 
taste. The solution placed on the skin slowly stains 
it a purple red. It occurs in the intestinal mucus in 
cases of diarrhea. 

Alloxanic Acid (al-oks-an'-ik). See Acid. 

Alloxantin (al-oks-an'-tin) \allantoin ; oxalic"] , C 8 H 4 - 
N 4 7 -f- S H, 2 0. A substance obtained by reducing 



alloxan with SnCl 2 , zinc and HC1, or H 2 S in the cold. 
It occurs in small, hard, colorless prisms that turn red 
in air containing ammonia. Its solution has an acid 
reaction. 

Alloy (al-oi') [from the French word aloi, a contraction 
of a la lot]. 1. A compound of two or more metals by 
fusion. See Gold Plate and Gold Solder. 2. The least 
valuable of two or more metals that are fused together. 

Allozooid (al-o-zo'-oid) [aXkoc, other ; (uoetd/'jc, like an 
animal]. In zoology, a zooid differing from the 
organism producing it. 

Allspice (awl'-spis). See Pimenta, and Florida All- 
spice. 

Allure (al-ur'). Synonym of htfluenza. 

Allyl (al'-il) \yA7], matter], C 3 H 5 . A non-saturated 
univalent alcohol-radical of the oils obtained from 
alliaceous plants. It does not exist in the free state. 
A. Alcohol, CgH.^HO, a colorless inflammable liquid, 
with pungent odor, boiling at 97 C. A. Aldehyd, 
C,H 4 0, a syn. of Acrolein. A. Cyanid. See 
Sinamin. A. Mustard Oil, CS.N.C,H 5 , Allyl thio- 
carbimid. The principal constituent of ordinary mus- 
tard oil. It is a liquid not readily dissolved by 
water; boils at 150. 7 ; at lo°, it has a sp. gr. of 
1. 017; it has a pungent odor and vesicates the skin. 
A. sulphid, (C.jHj^S, the essential oil of garlic. 
A. thiocarbimid. See A. Mustard Oil. A. 
tribromid, C 3 H 5 Br 3 , a colorless liquid used as an 
antispasmodic. Dose, five drops. Unof. 

Allylamin {al-il'-am-iii) \_vly, matter; ammonia], 
NH. 2 (C i H 5 ). Ammonia in which a hydrogen atom is 
replaced by allyl. It is a sharply caustic mobile liquid. 

Allylin (al-il'-in) [yhj, matter], C 6 H 12 :j . Monoallyl 
ether, produced by heating glycerol with oxalic acid. 
It is a thick liquid, boiling at 225-240 . 

Almeciga (al-ma' -thig-ali) [Sp.]. See Elemi. 

Almen and Nylander's Test. See Tests, 7 able of. 

Almen's Tests. See Tests, Table of. 

Almond (am'-und) [M. E. , almonde]. See Amyg- 
dala. A. Bread, a variety of bread made from almond 
flour, for use by diabetics. It is made as follows : 
Take of blanched sweet almonds a quarter of a 
pound. Beat them as fine as possible in a stone 
mortar, remove the sugar by putting in a linen bag and 
steeping for a quarter of an hour in boiling water 
acidulated with vinegar ; mix this paste thoroughly 
with three ounces of butter and two eggs. Add the 
yolks of three eggs and a little salt, and stir well for 
some time. Whip up the whites of three eggs and 
stir in. Put the dough thus obtained into greased 
moulds and dry by a slow fire. A. of the Ear, the 
tonsil. A. Mixture. See Amygdahr Mistura. A. 
Oil, oleum amygdala?, the fixed oil obtained from 
both the sweet and the bitter almond. It is odorless, 
agreeable to the taste, and of a yellow color; sp. gr. 
.919 at 15 C. It is used in pharmacy and medicine 
and in soap-making. A. Oil, Bitter, Oleum amyg- 
dalae amarse. See Amygdala. A. Paste, a magma 
of bitter almonds, alcohol, white of egg and rose-water, 
used to soften the skin and prevent the hands and lips 
from chapping. A. of the Throat, the tonsil. 

Alnuin [al' -nu-in) [Celtic, al, near; Ian. a river-bank]. 
A precipitate from the tincture of Alnus rubra. Said 
to be alterative and resolvent. Dose gr. ii-x. Unof. 

Alnus (al'-nus) [Celtic, al, near; Ian, a river-bank]. 
Alder Bark. The bark of the American Alder. A. 
serrulata , contains tannic acid. The decoction ol bark 
and leaves is astringent, and used as a gargle and as a 
lotion for wounds and ulcers. Dose of powdered bark 
gr. x. 

Alochia (ah-lo'-ke-ah) [a priv.; Mx^a, the lochia]. 
Absence of the lochia. 



AI.OE 



63 



ALSACE GUM 



Aloe (al'-o) [hAorj, the aloe]. The inspissated juice of 
several species of aloe, of which the A. socotrina, A. 
barbadensis , and A. capensis are most commonly used. 
Its properties are due to a glucosid, aloin, C 17 H w 7 . A 
tonic astringent, useful in amenorrhea, chronic consti- 
pation, and atonic dyspepsia. It is also an emmen- 
agogue and anthelmintic. Dose gr. j-v. A. amer- 
icana. See Agave. A. Decoct., Comp. (B.P.). 
Dose gr. ss-ij. A. Enema (B.P.), aloes, carbonate 
of potassium ; mucilage of starch. A. et Asafoetida, 
Pil., aloes and asafetida aa gr. I Y i . A. et Canellae, 
Pulv., contains powdered bark of Canella alba. Dose 
gr. v-xx. A. et Ferri, Pil., contains gr. j each of 
aloes, ferrous sulphate, and aromatic powder, incor- 
porated with confection of roses. A. et Mastich, 
Pil., " Lady Webster's" pill, contains each aloes gr. 
ij, mastich and red rose gr. ss. A. et Myrrh, Pil., 
contains each aloes gr. ij, myrrh, gr. j, aromatic pow- 
der gr. ss, mixed with syrup. A. et Myrrh, Tinct., 
aloes 10, myrrh 10, alcohol loo parts. Dose 3 ss- 3 ij. 
A. Ext. Aquosum, prepared by mixing I with 10 parts 
boiling water, straining and evaporating. Dose gr. 
ss-v. A. Pil., aloes and soap aa gr. ij. A. Puri- 
ficata, the common drug purified by solution in alcohol 
and evaporation. Dose gr. j-v. A. Socotrin, Pil. 
(B. P.), contains socotrin, aloes, hard soap, oil of nut- 
meg and confection of roses. Dose gr. v-x. A. 
Tinct., consists of aloes 10, glycyrrhiza 10, dil. alcohol 
100 parts. Dose 3 ss— 3 ij . A. Vin., has aloes 6, 
cardamon I, ginger I, str. white wine 100 parts. 
Dose 3J-31V. 

Aloedary (a¥ -o-ed-a-re) \_aXcrrj6apiov, aloedarium]. A 
compound aloetic purgative medicine. 

Aloeretin [al-o-e-re' '-tin) [aA6>], aloes; prjrivr/, resin]. 
A brown resin contained in aloes. 

Aloes (al'-oz). See Aloe. A. Caballine \_caballus, 
a horse]. Coarse aloes, used in veterinary medi- 
cine. A. Hepatic, dark liver-colored aloes, mostly 
Socotrine or Barbadian. A. Lign. See Agallo- 
chum. 

Aloes-wood (al'-oz-wood). See Agallochum, and 
Aquilaria. 

Aloetic (al-o-et'-ik) \aAorj, the aloe]. Containing or 
pertaining to aloes. 

Aloetin [al-o-e f -tin) [a'Aorj, the aloe; pr/rivy, resin]. I. 
Aloeretin. 2. A yellow crystalline principle obtain- 
able from aloes ; aloeretic acid. 

Alogia (ah-lo'-je-ah) [d priv. ; \6yoc, word, reason], 

1. Inability to speak, due to some psychical defect. 

2. Stupid or senseless behavior. 

Alogotrophy [al-o-gof -ro-fe) [aAoyog, strange, absurd ; 
rpofprj, nutrition]. Irregular and perverted nutrition, 
leading to deformity. 

Aloin (al'-o-in) [aAor], the aloe]. A bitter principle 
found in aloes. It forms fine needles, possesses a 
very bitter taste, and acts as a strong purgative. Sev- 
eral glucosids of this name are described ; as Bar- 
baloin, Nataloin, Zanaloin, Socaloin, q. v. 

Alonette's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Alonsenel (al-on-sen-eP) [Fr.]. A variety of the Cow- 
ania mexicana, a tall, rosaceous shrub of Mexico and 
the Rocky Mountain region. It is also called Cowan 
Plant and Cliff-rose. It is locally valued as a styptic 
and astringent. Unof. 

Alopecia (al-o-pe' -se-ah) [dAwrr^f , a fox]. Baldness ; 
Calvities ; a term employed to designate the forms of 
baldness occurring in any disease as a symptom of 
the latter, or occurring as a purely local affection of 
the follicles in which the pilary filaments are lodged. 
It may be universal or partial, congenital or acquired, 
physiological or pathological, symmetrical or asym- 
metrical. It follows a large number of systemic 



affections. A. adnata. See A., Congenital. A. 
areata ; Area celsi ; Tinea decalvans ; Porrigo de- 
calvans ; Alopecia circumscripta ; that condition in 
which suddenly or slowly one or several, usually 
asymmetrically distributed, patches of baldness appear 
upon the hairy regions of the body, more often upon 
the scalp and parts covered by the beard. The patches 
vary in size from a pin-head to an involvement of the 
entire surface from the coalescing of many patches. 
The disease may be produced by traumatism of the 
head, nervous shock, neurasthenia, ringworm of the 
scalp and syphilis. A. circumscripta. See A. are- 
ata. A., Congenital, a rare form, seldom complete, 
due to absence of hair-bulbs. A. furfuracea ; Alo- 
pecia pityroides capillitii ; Pityriasis capitis; Seborrhea 
capillitii ; Pityriasis simplex; Dandruff ; a form of 
baldness associated with a disorder of the scalp 
marked by hyperemia, itching, and exfoliation of 
dry or fatty scales from its surface. It may be 
acute or chronic, and produce a dryness, brittleness, 
and lack of luster in the hair. A. localis ; A. 
neuritica ; that form occurring in one or more patches 
at the site of an injury, or in the course of a recog- 
nizable nerve. A. neuritica. See A. localis. A. 
neurotica, a name given to baldness of tropho- 
neurotic origin. A. orbicularis. Same as A. cir- 
cumscripta. A. pityroides capillitii. See A. 
furfuracea. A. pityroides universalis, a rapid 
and general denudation of hair occurring in debilitated 
states, preceded by abundant desquamation of fatty 
scales. The skin is rather firmer and stiffer than 
normal. A. senilis ; Senile Calvities ; that occur- 
ring in old age from atrophy and sclerosis of the scalp. 
A. simplex, the idiopathic premature baldness of 
young adults. Most common in males. Often asso- 
ciated with premature grayness. A. syphilitica, 
that due to syphilis. A. universalis, that in 
which there is a general falling out of the hairs of 
the body. 

Alopecist (al-o-pe' -sisi) \akCmri^, a fox]. One who 
makes a specialty of the treatment of baldness. 

Alopecoid (al-o-pe' -koid) [aAcnrr)!; , a fox ; eldog, form]. 
Resembling a fox ; vulpine. 

Alouchi (al-oo'-chi). See Acuchi. 

Alouette's Amputation. See Operations, Table of. 

Aloxanthin (al-oks-an'-thin) , C 15 H lfl O e . A yellow 
substance obtained from barbaloin and socaloin by the 
action of bichromate of potassium. 

Alpestrine (al-pes'-trin) \alpestris, alpine]. Peculiar 
to mountain districts, as alpestrine diseases. 

Alpha (al'-fah) [aAtpa, the first letter of the alphabet]. 
The Greek letter a, used in combination with many 
chemical terms to indicate the first of a series. A. 
Angle. See Attgle. A. -dextrin. Same as Ery- 
thro-dextrin. A. Kava Resin. See Lewinin. A.- 
naphthol. See Naphthol. A.-naphthol Test. See 
Tests , Table of . A.-oxynaphthoic Acid. See Acid, 
Alpha-oxy naphthoic. 

Alphenic (al-fen'-ik) [Fr. , Alphenic]. White barley 
sugar. 

Alphonsin (al-fon'-sin). See Alfonsin. 

Alphos (al'-fos) \aA<j>6g, vitiligo]. I. An old name for 
leprosy. 2. Psoriasis. 3. A term vaguely applied to 
various skin diseases. See Psoriasis. 

Alphosis (al-fo'-sis) [aAtyog, vitiligo]. Albinism; leu- 
coderma. 

Alpinia (al-pin'-e-ah) \_Alpinus, Italian botanist of the 
sixteenth century]. A genus of zingiberaceous trop- 
ical plants. A. ofpZcinarum, A. chinensis , and other 
species furnish Galangal, q.v. Still other species are 
medicinal. Unof. 

Alsace Gum (al-sds' gum). See Dextrin. 



ALSTONIDIN 



64 



ALUSIA 



Alstonidin (al-ston' -id-in) [Alston, a Scotch botanist]. 
An amorphous substance contained in a variety of Dita 
bark. 

Alstonin (al'-sto-nin) [Alston, a Scotch botanist]. I. 
An amorphous substance contained in a variety of 
Dita bark. 2. A crystalline alkaloid, C 21 H 20 N 2 O 4 , 
obtained from Alstonia Constricta. 

Alter (awl'-ter) [L. ," other "]. To castrate, or spay. 

Alterant (awl'-ter-atii). Same as Alterative. 

Alteration (awl-ter-a' -shun) \_alterare, to make other]. 
A change, as of form. A. Theory. See Difference 
Theory. 

Alterative (atul' -ter-a-tiv) [alter, another]. A medi- 
cine that alters the processes of nutrition and excre- 
tion, restoring, in some unknown way, and without 
sensible evacuation, the normal functions of an organ 
or of the system. It seems to be a necessary or con- 
venient term covering our ignorance of the ?nodus 
operandi of certain medicines, as mercury, iodin, etc. 
A., Compound, a domestic remedy consisting of bam- 
boo, brier-root, stillingia, burdock-root, and poke-root, 
aa fid. ext. 3 iij, prickly-ash bark fid. ext. ,^j. 
Recommended by Sims in scrofulous affections. Dose 

sHi- 

Alternate (awl' '-ter-nat) \_altemare, to do by turns]. In 
• botany, applied to that form of leaf-arrangement in 
which only one leaf occurs at a node. A. Genera- 
tion. See Alternation of Generations. 

Alternating (awl' -ter-nat-ing) [altemare, to do by 
turns]. Occurring successively. A. Insanity, a 
form of insanity in which there are regular cycles of 
exaltation and depression. 

Alternation (awl-ter-na'-shun) [altemare, to do by 
turns]. Repeated transition from one state to another. 
A. of Generations. 1. In biology, a generative 
cycle in which the young do not resemble the parent, 
but like forms are separated by one or more unlike 
generations. 2. That form of reproduction in which 
some of the members of the cycle can produce new 
beings non-sexually, while in the final stage reproduc- 
tion is always sexual. Tenia or tapeworm, is an 
example. The segments, Proglottides, are herma- 
phrodite, and are evacuated with the feces. From the 
egg, fertilized after it is shed, is developed the embryo, 
that is swallowed by another animal, in whose tissues 
it forms an encysted stage (Cysticercus , Comurus, or 
Echinococcus). To undergo further development the 
cysticercus must find another host, where it forms new 
segments. 

Althaus's Oil. A modification of Lang's Oil. It is 
made as follows : Metallic mercury I part, pure lano- 
lin 4 parts, 2 per cent, carbolic oil 5 parts. It forms 
a homogeneous gray cream that has no tendency to 
decomposition. It is used in the treatment of syphilis 
in injections of TT\v at a dose. 

Althea or Althaea (al-the'-ah) [L.]. Marsh-mallow. 
The peeled root of A. officinalis, a plant of the mal- 
low family. It consists of about one-third of vege- 
table mucus and starch, together with the alkaloids 
Asparagin and Althein (latterly regarded as identical). 
Its decoction is employed as a mucilaginous drink. 
A. syrupi contains four per cent, althea. Dose in- 
definite. Asparagin possesses sedative and diuretic 
properties, and is useful in ascites and gout. Dose 

g r - ij-'ij- 
Althein (al-the' -in). See Althea. 
Alticomous (al-tik'-o-mus) [alius, high ; coma, head 

of hair, foliage]. In biology, leafy at or near the 

summit only. 
Altitude (al'-te-tud) [altitudo, height]. The height, as 

of an individual. In climatology, the elevation of 

a place above the sea-level. A. -staff, a device em- 



ployed for measuring the exact height of recruits. It 
consists of a rigid upright with a vertex-bar moving 
without play at right angles to the upright. 

Altricious (al-trish' -tis) [altrix, a nurse]. Requiring 
a long nursing ; hence, slow of development (the re- 
verse of precocious). 

Aluchi (al-oo'-chi). See Acuchi. 

Aludel (al'-u-del) [Arab., al, the; uthal, utensil]. In 
chemistry, a pear-shaped glass or earthen vessel used 
in sublimation. 

Alum (al'-um) [alumen, alum]. Any one of a class 
of double sulphates formed by the union of one of 
the sulphates of certain non-alkaline metals with a 
sulphate of some alkaline metal. The standard (or 
common commercial) alum, the official Alumen, U. 
S. P., is the aluminium-potassium sulphate, Al,- 
(S0 4 ) 3 -f K 2 S0 4 + 24.H 2 0. It is a powerful astrin- 
gent and styptic in medicine, and is extensively used 
in the arts. It is employed by bakers to whiten their 
bread, but the effect upon the system is probably in- 
jurious. Ordinary A. Ammonias is the same as the 
above, except that the potassium is replaced by am- 
monium. It is official in Great Britain, and is exten- 
sively used on account of its cheapness. What is 
known as concentrated or patent alum, is the normal 
aluminium sulphate (aluminii sulphas) which is not a 
true alum. A. Ammonio -ferric (Ferri et Ammenii 
sulphas), U. S. P., is strongly styptic, and is useful in 
leucorrhea. Dose gr. v-x. A. Potassio-ferric is 
extremely similar to the A. ammonio-ferric. (For A. 
Rubidium, see Rubidium). A. Sodae, double sul- 
phate of sodium and aluminium, is too soluble for 
ordinary uses. The other alums are very numerous, 
but they are of little interest to the physician. A. 
Whey, a preparation obtained by boiling 3 ij of alum 
in a pint of milk, and straining. It is used as an astrin- 
gent and internal hemostatic, in wineglassful doses. 

Alumen (al-u'-men) [L. , gen. , Aluminis]. See Alum. 
A. exsiccatum, burnt or dehydrated alum. 

Alumina (al-zi'-min-ah) [L. ]. Sesquioxid of alumin- 
ium ; the principal ingredient of clay, and of many 
stones, earths and minerals. 

Aluminate (al-u'-min-at) [alumina']. A basic salt of 
alumina. 

Aluminated Copper. See Lapis divinus. 

Aluminiferous (al-u-min-if'-er-us) [alumen, alum; 
ferrc, to form]. Yielding alum. 

Aluminium (al-u-min'-e-um) [L.]. Al = 27. Quan- 
tivalence II, IV. A silver white metal distinguished 
by its low sp. gr. , about 2.6. A. hydrate, Al.,(HO) fi , 
a tasteless white powder, feebly astringent. Dose gr. 
iij-xx. A. and Potassium sulphate, K.jAl.^SOjij 
(Alum, q. v.), a valuable astringent used in catarrh, 
leucorrhea, gonorrhea. Dose gr. x-xx. In teaspoon- 
ful doses, an emetic. A. sulphate, Al 2 (SO.j) :) , an 
antiseptic and astringent used as a lotion in 5 per cent, 
solution. A. acetate, unof. ; a disinfectant. A. 
acetotartrate, unof. ; a disinfectant. 

Aluminosis (al-u-min-o' -sis) [aluminium']. A pul- 
monary disease common among workers in aluminium ; 
the dust collects within the lung tissue. 

Alumnol (al-um'-uol) [aluminium]. An astringent 
and antiseptic " sulphur combination of aluminium." 
Useful in gonorrhea, endometritis, ear, nose and skin 
diseases, etc. Used in the main externally. Unof. 

Alum Root. The root of Hcuchcra americana. Prop 
erties due to gallic and tannic acids. It is very astrin- 
gent. Dose of the fid. ext. gtt. x-xx. Also the root 
of Geranium maculatum, a mild and safe astringent. 
See Geranium. Unof. 

Alusia (al-u'-se-ah) [a)Auv, to wander]. Hallucina- 
tion ; morbid state of mind. 



ALUTACEOUS 



65 



AMAUROSIS 



Alutaceous (al-u-ta'-she-us) [aluta, soft leather]. In 
botany, of a pale brown color, like untanned leather. 

Alvearium (al-ve-a' -re-um) [L. ]. The external audi- 
tory canal or meatus. 

Alveloz (al-vel-oth') [Sp.]. An extractive from Eu- 
phorbia icterodoxa, having diuretic properties. It is 
highly recommended as a topical application in can- 
cer. Unof. 

Alveolar (al-ve' '-o-lar) [alveolus, a small hollow]. Per- 
taining to the alveoli or sockets of the teeth. A. Ab- 
scess, a gum-boil. A. Arch, the alveolar surface of 
the jaw. A. Artery, a branch of the internal maxil- 
lary. A. Border, the face margin of the jaws. A. 
Cancer. See Cancer. A. Index, in craniometry, 
the gnathic index ; the ratio of the distance between 
the basion and alveolar point, to the distance be- 
tween the basion and the nasal point, multiplied by 
lop. (Sometimes the basilar index is called the alve- 
olar index. ) See Index and Craniometrical Points. 
A. Point. See Craniometrical Points. A. Process, 
the border of the superior maxilla in which the alveoli 
are placed. A. Sarcoma. See Sarcoma. 

Alveolarium (al-ve-o-la' -re-um) [alveus, a bee-hive], 
A name sometimes applied to the external meatus of 
the ear. It is so called because the wax of the ear 
gathers in that place. 

Alveolate (al-ve' -o-ldt, or al'-ve-o-lat) [alveolatus , hol- 
lowed out like a little tray]. In biology, pitted, honey- 
combed. 

Alveoli (al-ve' -o-li). Genitive and plural of Alveolus. 

Alveolitis (al-ve-o-li'-tis) [alveolus , a hollow ; trie, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the alveolus of a tooth. 

Alveolo-condylean (al-ve' -o-lo-kon-dil'-e-an) [alveo- 
lus, a hollow ; novdv'Aog, a knuckle]. In craniometry, 
pertaining to the alveolus and condyle. A. Plane. 
See Plane. 

Alveolo-dental (al-ve' -o-lo-den'-tal) [alveolus, a hol- 
low ; dens, dentis, a tooth]. Pertaining to the teeth 
and their sockets. 

Alveolo-labialis (al-ve' -o-lo-lab-e-a' -lis) [alveolus, a 
hollow; labiian, the lip]. The buccinator muscle. 

Alveolo-subnasal (al-ve' -o-lo-sub-na' -sal) [alveolus, a 
hollow; sub, under; nasus, nose]. In biology, per- 
taining to the alveolar and subnasal points of the skull. 
A. Prognathism. See Prognathism. 

Alveolus (al-ve'-o-lus) [L. ; pi., Alveoli]. The bony 
socket of a tooth. A. of Glands, the ultimate sacs 
of a racemose gland. A. of the Lungs, are the air 
cells. A. of the Stomach, or the alevolar structures , 
are depressions, like honeycomb cells, found in the 
stomach, intestines and esophagus. 

Alvergnat's Pump. An instrument used in estimating 
the gaseous constituents of the blood. 

Alveus (al'-ve-us) [alveus, a trough]. A trough, 
tube, or canal ; applied to ducts and vessels of the 
body. A. communis, the utricle of the ear. A. 
hippocampi, a certain structure in the cerebral hem- 
isphere investing the convexity of the hippocampus 
major. 

Alviduca (al-ve-du' -ka) [alvus, the belly ; ducere to 
lead]. Laxative or cathartic medicines. 

Alvifluxus (al-ve-Jluks'-us) [alvus, the belly ; Jluxus, 
a flow]. A free alvine discharge; a diarrhea. A. 
Torminosus. A synonym of Dysentery. 

Alvine (al'-vin or -vln) [alvinus ; alvus, belly]. Per- 
taining to the belly. A. Concretion, an intestinal 
calculus. A. Dejections, the feces. A. Discharges, 
the feces. A. Obstruction. Synonym of Constipation. 

Alvus (al'-vus) [L.]. The belly, or its contained 
viscera. 

Alymphia (ah-limf'-e-ah) [a priv. ; lympha, clear 
water]. A deficiency of lymph. 
5 



Alysm, or Alysmus (al'-izm, or al-iz'-mus) [aAva/j.6c, 
a wandering]. Disquietude; restlessness; mental 
disquiet ; sadness ; anxiety. 

Amadelphous (am-ad-el' -fus) [apa, together ; ade/\f6g, 
brother]. In zoology, gregarious. 

Amadou (am' -a-doo) [Fr. , amadouer, to coax]. Ger- 
man tinder or touchwood ; Boletus igniarius, a fungus 
found on old tree-trunks, used to stanch local hem- 
orrhage, as a dressing of wounds, etc. 

Amalgam (am-al'-gam) [fiaXay/j.a, a soft mass]. A 
combination of mercury with any other metal. See 
Copper Amalgam. A. Carrier and Plugger, an 
instrument designed for carrying and introducing amal- 
gam into the cavity of a tooth. A. Manipulator, an 
instrument used by dentists for preparing amalgam 
fillings. 

Amalgamation (am-al-gam-a' -shuti) [fj.a2.ay //.a, a soft 
mass]. In metallurgy, the process of combining 
mercury with some other metal, as practiced in sepa- 
rating silver and gold from some other ores. 

Amalic Acid (am-al'-ik). See Acid. 

Amandin (a?n-an' -din) [Fr. , amande, almond]. A 
proteid contained in sweet almonds. 

Amandine (am-an'-dui) [Fr. , amande, almond]. A 
kind of cold cream or almond paste. 

Amanitin (am-an'-it-in) [afiavlrai, a kind of fungus]. 
I. A principle identical with cholin, obtained from 
the fly agaric. 2. A poisonous glucosid obtainable from 
various species of agaric. 

Amara (am-a'-ra) [amarus, bitter]. Bitters. 

Amaranthus spinosus (am-ar-an' -thus spi-no'-sus) 
[L.]. The fresh root of the shrub is used in India as a 
specific in gonorrhea. An emollient and diuretic. 
Dose indefinite. Unof. 

Amarin (am-a'-rin) [amarus, bitter], C 21 H 18 N 2 . Tri- 
phenyl dihydroglyoxalin, results from boiling hydro- 
benzamid with caustic potash. It crystallizes from 
alcohol and ether in prisms, melting at II3 . It 
exerts a poisonous effect on animals. 

Amarone (am-ar-on') [amarus, bitter], C 16 H U N. A 
crystalline substance produced by the dry distillation 
of hydrobenzamid and other substances. 

Amarthritis (am-ar-thri' -tis) [apa, together ; apdpov, a 
joint; ltic, inflammation]. Arthritis affecting many, 
or several joints at once. 

Amasesis (ah-mas-e' -sis) [a priv. ; p-aarjuig, chewing]. 
Inability to chew the food. 

Amassette (am-as-ef) [Fr.]. A kind of spatula, often 
of horn, used in color-grinding and in pharmacy. 

Amasthenic (atn-as-then'-ik) [apa, together; odkvoc, 
strength]. Uniting the chemical ray of light in a 
focus, as a lens. 

Amastia (ah-mas'-te-ali) [a priv. ; paarog, breast]. 
The condition of being without mammse or nipples. 

Amativeness (am'-at-iv-nes) [amare, to love]. The 
sexual passion. 

Amatory (am'-at-o-re) [amator, a lover]. Pertaining 
to love. A. Fever, love-sickness ; chlorosis. A. 
Muscles, the oblique muscles of the eye, used in 
ogling. _ 

Amaurosis (am-aw-ro' -sis) [apavpdeiv, to darken]. A 
term that, from its vagueness, is happily becoming 
disused, signifying partial or total loss of vision. 
When partial, the word amblyopia is now used ; 
when complete, blindness. The word is still some- 
times used to express blindness when the cause is 
unknown or doubtful. A., Albuminuric, that due to 
renal disease. A., Cerebral, that due to lesion of 
the brain. A., Congenital, that form existing from 
birth. A., Diabetic, that associated with diabetes. 
A., Hysteric, that associated with hysteria, usual- 
ly in the female. A., Reflex, that resulting from 



AMAUROTIC 



66 



AMEBOID 



a reflex action upon the optic nerve following some 
remote source of irritation. A. Saburral, sudden 
temporary blindness occurring in an attack of acute 
gastritis. A. Uremic, that due to an acute attack, or 
an exacerbation of a chronic form of nephritis. 

Amaurotic (am-aw-rot'-ik) [afiavpoeiv , to darken]. Re- 
lating to, or affected with amaurosis. A. Cats-eye, a 
light-reflex through the pupil in suppurative choroiditis. 

Amaxophobia {am-aks-o-fo' -be-ah) [a/ia^a, a car; 
(jiojioc, fear]. Morbid dread of being in, or riding 
upon, a car or wagon. 

Amazia (ah-ma'-ze-a)i) [a priv.; fia^dc, the breast]. 
Congenital absence of the mammary gland. See 
Amastia. 

Amber (am'-ber). See Succinum. 

Ambergris [am'-ber-gris] [amber; Fr. gris, gray]. A 
substance excreted by the sperm whale, Physeter 
macrocephalus. It is not known whether it is a 
pathological product or not. It exhales a fragrant, 
musky odor when warmed, and is used in adynamic 
fevers, chronic catarrh, and nervous diseases. Dose, 
gr. j-iij. Unof. See Ambrein. 

Ambidexter {am-be-deks' -ter) [ambo, both ; dexter, the 
right hand]. An ambidextrous person. 

Ambidextrous {am-be-deks' -trus) [ambo, both ; dexter, 
the right hand]. Able to use both hands equally 
well. 

Ambigenous (am-bij' -en-us~)[ambi , both ; genus, born~\. 
In biology, having a perianth with parts resembling 
sepals and petals. 

Ambiparous [am-bip' -ar-us) \_ambi, on both sides ; 
parere, to produce]. In biology, producing both 
kinds ; as a bud that produces both leaves and flower. 

Ambloma {am-blo'-mah) [a/ipTiUfia, an abortion : pi. , 
Amblomata\ An amblosis or abortion : an aborted 
fetus. 

Amblosis (am-blo'-sis) [afifiXuan;, an abortion]. An 
abortion. 

Amblothridium (am-blo-thrid'-e-um) [a/jifiTiudpiSiov, an 
aborted fetus: pi. , Amblothridia\. I. An aborted 
fetus. 2. An abortifacient drug or agent. 

Amblotic {am-blot'-ik) [aiifiXuTUiOQ. See Amblosis']. 
Abortifacient. 

Amblyaphia (am-ble-a'-fe-aK) [a/ifiXvc;, dull; a^rj, 
touch]. Dulness of the sense of touch. 

Amblyocarpous [am-ble-o-kar'-pus) [a/xfi/ivc;, blunt, 
dulled; napnoq, fruit]. In botany, possessing abortive 
seeds. 

Amblyopia (am-ble-o' -pe-ah)[anPVvg , dulled ; i)i>, eye]. 
Subnormal acuteness of vision, due neither to dioptric 
abnormalism nor to visible organic lesion. It may be 
congenital ; from the use of tobacco [A. nicotinic^), or 
alcohol, or other toxic influences ; from traumatism ; or 
it may be hysterical. A T yctalopia or day-blindness, and 
hemeralopia or night-blindness, are other forms ; it 
may arise from entoptic phenomena, such as muscce 
volitantes, micropsia, megalopsia, metamorphopsia, etc. 
It may take the form of contracted fields of vision, of 
color-blindness, or anesthesia of the retina. A. ex- 
anopsia, amblyopia from disuse, or from non-use: 
argamblyopia is a preferable term. A. post-marital, 
A. due to sexual excess, called Burns' s Amaurosis. 

Amblyopiatrics {am-ble-o-pe-at'-riks)[amblyof>ia ; iarpi- 
k6q, belonging to medicine]. The therapeutics of 
amblyopia. 

Ambolic (am-bol'-ik) [aiiftoTiii, a putting off]. Causing 
abortion ; abortifacient. 

Ambon (um'-bon) [aiifiuv, the lip of a cup]. The fibro- 
cartilaginous ring that surrounds a socket in which the 
head of a large bone is received, such as the acetabu- 
lum, or the glenoid cavity. 

Ambos (am'-bos) [Ger. ]. The incus, or anvil bone. 



Ambosexous {am-bo-seks'-us)[ambo, both ; sexus, sex]. 
Hermaphroditic. 

Amboyna Button (am-boi'-nah but'-un). See Fram- 
besia. 

Ambra Grisea (cnn'-brah gris'-e-ah). Synonym of 
Ambergris. 

Ambrein (am'-b?-e-in)[Fr. , Ambre~\. A substance much 
resembling cholesterin ; it is obtained from ambergris 
by digestion in hot alcohol. 

Ambrette (am-bref) [Fr], The seed of Abelmoschus 
?noscha1us, a. v. ; musk-seed. Used in perfumery, 
and formerly prescribed as a substitute for musk. 
Unof. 

Ambrosia (am-bro' '-zhe-ah) [aufipooia, the food of the 
gods]. A genus of coarse composite-flowered herbs. 
A. artemisiicfolia , common hog-weed of North 
America; is stimulant, tonic, antiperiodic, and astrin- 
gent. A. trifida, of the United States, has similar 
properties. The pollen of these plants is by some 
regarded as a cause of hay-fever. Unof. 

Ambulacral {am-bu-la 1 '-kral) [ambulacrum, a walk, 
alley]. In biology, related to an ambulacrum. 

Ambulacrum {am-bu-la 1 '-kruni) [ambulacrum, a walk, 
alley: pi. , Ambulaa-a~\. In biology, one of the radi- 
ating series of perforations in the shell of an echino- 
derm. 

Ambulance (am'-bu-lans) [ambulare, to walk about]. 
In Europe the term is applied to the surgical staff and 
arrangements of an army in service. In the United 
States the word is restricted to a vehicle for the trans- 
ference of the sick or wounded from one place to an- 
other. 

Ambulatory {am'-bu-lat-o-re) [ambulare, to walk 
about]. Relating to walking. A. Blister, a blister 
that changes its location. A. Clinic, a clinic for 
patients that can walk. A. Erysipelas, erysipelas that 
shifts from place to place. A. Tumor, a pseudo-tumor. 
A. Typhoid, walking typhoid ; enteric fever in which 
the patient does not, or will not take to his bed. 

Ambulo {am'-bu-ld) [ambulare, to walk about]. A 
pseudo-tumor of the abdomen ; a painful and shifting 
abdominal distention due to flatulence. 

Ambury [am'-ber-e). See Anbury. 

Ambustion (am-bus' -chioi) [ambustio, a burn]. A burn 
or scald. 

Ameba or Amoeba {am-e'-baJi) [a/ioi3r/, a change]. A 
colorless, single-celled, jelly-like protoplasmic organism 
found in sea and fresh waters, constantly undergoing 
changes of form, and nourishing itself by surrounding 
objects. The white corpuscles of the blood perform 
ameboid movements, i.e., changes of form, consisting 
of protrusions and withdrawals of substance. A. 
buccalis and A. dentalis (perhaps identical species) 
have been found upon human teeth. A. coli, ameba 
of dysentery. A. uro-genitalis, has been observed 
in urine and in vaginal secretions. 

Ameban [am-e'-ban) [afioijiij, a change]. I. Of the 
nature of or pertaining to an ameba. 2. Any organism 
that maybe classed as an ameba. 

Amebic (am-e'-bik) [aiwijiij, a change]. Pertaining to 
or characterized by amebre. 

Amebicidal (am-e-bis-i'-dal). See Amebicide. 

Amebicide (am-e'-bis-id) [o/joi(3>/, a change; ccdere, to 
kill], i. Destructive of amebre. 2. A remedy that 
destroys amebas. 

Amebodont [am-e r -bo-don£] [atmifir/, change ; odour, a 
tooth]. In biology, pertaining to molar teeth in which 
the ridges or crests are alternate ; the opposite of 
antiodont. 

Ameboid {am-e'-boid) [auot : 3f/, a change]. Resembling 
an ameba in form or in changes ; used of white blood- 
cells, etc. 



AMEL 



67 



AMIDO-ACID 



Amel (am'-el) [Anglo-French, amal, enamel]. An 
old name for Enamel. 

Amelectic (am-el-ek'-tik). Affected with ameleia ; 
apathetic. 

Ameleia (am-el-i' '-ah) [nfii/sta, indifference]. Morbid 
apathy ; indifference. 

Amelia (ah-me' -le-aK) [d priv. ; jxkXaq, a limb]. Ab- 
sence of the limbs from arrested development, or 
atrophy. 

Amelification (am-el-if-ik-a'-shun) [M. E. , a null ; 
facere, to make]. The formation of the enamel of 
the teeth by means of the enamel cells — ameloblasts. 

Amelioration (am-el-yo-ra' -shun) [ad, to ; melior, 
better]. Improvement or amendment, as in symp- 
toms. 

Ameliorative (am-ll' '-yo-ra-tiv) [ad, to ; melior, better]. 
Tending to produce an amendment of symptoms. 

Ameloblast (am-el' -o-blast) [Anglo-French, amal, 
enamel ; plaaroc, a germ]. In biology, an enamel- 
cell, one of the cylinder cells covering the papilla 
of the enamel organ, and forming a beautifully regular 
epithelial layer that produces the enamel, the Metn- 
brana adamantina of Raschkow. 

Amelus (am'-el-us) [a priv.; fieTioc, a limb]. A mon- 
strosity without limbs. 

Amendment (am-end' '-ment) [M. E., amendement]. 
Improvement or recovery of health, more or less 
complete. 

Amenia (ah-me' '-ne-ak). See Amenorrhea, 

Amenomania (am-en-o-ma' -ne-ah) [amcenus, agree- 
able; fiavia, madness]. A mild form of mania in 
which the symptoms are manifested under the form of 
gayety, fondness of dress, exaggeration of social con- 
dition, etc. ; a cheerful, or joyous delirium; a morbid 
elevation of the spirits. 

Amenorrhea (ah-men-o-re'-ah) [a priv. ; p-i/v, month ; 
pesiv, to flow]. Absence, irregularity, or suppression 
of menstruation when it should normally be present. 
The secretion may be retained, the result of congenital 
or acquired atresia of some part of the lower genital 
tract ; or it may not take place in consequence of an 
imperfect development of the ovaries or uterus ; or it 
may be suppressed because of some form of constitu- 
tional disease, especially anemia. Primitive, is a 
term applied to those cases in which the catamenia 
have not appeared at the proper time, and Secondary, 
to those in which the discharge has been arrested after 
it has existed during the reproductive period of life. 

Amenorrheal (ah-men-o-re' -al) [a priv. ; pijv, month ; 
pkziv, to flow]. Pertaining to amenorrhea. 

Ament {a' -ment) \_ab, from; j?iens, mentis, the mind]. 
A person affected with amentia ; an idiot. 

Ament or Amentum (am'-ent, am-ent'-um) [amentum, 
a strap or thong]. In biology, a scaly spike or catkin. 

Amentaceous (am-en-ta' '-she-its) [amentum, a strap or 
thong]. In biology, related in some way to an ament. 

Amentia (ah-men'-she-ah) [d priv. ; mens, mind] . De- 
fective intellect ; a vague term synonymous with 
idiocy or imbecility. 

Amentum (am-ent'-um). See Ament. 

Amenty (ah-men'-te) [d priv. ; mens, mind]. Amentia. 

American (am-er' -ik-an) [America']. Peculiar, or be- 
longing, to America. A. Aloe. See Agave amer- 
icana. A. Catarrh, a synonym for chronic post- 
nasal catarrh. A. Centaury, the herb Sabbatia 
annularis, employed as a substitute for gentian. A. 
Columbo, the root of Frasera carolinensis. Tonic, 
aperient ; in large doses, purgative. Dose of the fid. 
ext. TT\_xx-2J. Proserin, a concentrated extract. Dose 
gr. j-iij. Unof. A. Hellebore. See Veratrum 
viride. A. Ipecac. See Cillenia. A. Ivy, the 
twigs and bark of Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Alterative, 



tonic, astringent, and expectorant. Dose of the fld. 
ext. TTLxxx-^j. Ampelopsin, the concentrated ext. 
Dose gr. ij-iv. Unof. A. Saffron. See Carthamus. 
A. Senna. See Senna. A. Spikenard, the rhizome 
of Aralia racemosa. Aromatic, diuretic and altera- 
tive. Used in rheumatism, dropsy, and scrofulous 
affections. Dose of the decoction indefinite. Unof. 
A. Swiss Food, a variety of infant milk food with 
the following composition: Water 5.68, fat 6.81, 
grape-sugar and milk-sugar 5.78, cane-sugar 36.43, 
starch 30.85, soluble carbohydrates 45.35, albuminoids 
10.54, ash 1. 21. A. Valerian. See Cypripedium. 
A. Worm seed. See Chenopodium. 

Amertume (am-ar-tum') [Fr. ]. A disease of wine, 
characterized by bitterness, and caused by a specific 
bacillus. 

Ametabolic (ah-met-ab-oV -ik) [a priv. ; pcra/36/.og, 
changeable]. Not due to, or causing, or undergoing, 
metabolism. 

Ametria (ali-mef -re-ah) [a priv. ; /ur/rpa, womb]. 
Absence of the uterus. 

Ametrometer [ah-met-rom'-et-er) [a priv. ; yttrpov, a 
measure; bipic, sight]. An instrument for measuring 
ametropia. 

Ametropia (ah-met-ro' '-pe-ah) [d priv. ; perpov, a 
measure; oi/xc, sight]. Ametropia exists when an 
imperfect image is formed upon the retina, due to 
defective refractive power of the media, or to abnor- 
malities of form of the eye. In myopia the antero- 
posterior diameter is too great, or the power of the 
refractive media is too great ; hypermetropia (or hyper- 
opia) is the exact reverse of the last ; astigmatism is 
due to imperfect curvature of the cornea, or of the 
retina, or to inequality of refracting power in different 
parts of the lens ; presbyopia is due to inelasticity of the 
lens, producing insufficient accommodation ; aphakia, 
or absence of the lens, produces both insufficient re- 
fracting power and loss of accommodation. 

Ametropic (ah-met-rop' -ik) [dpriv. ; perpov, a measure; 
oipic, sight]. Affected with or pertaining to ame- 
tropia. 

Amianthium (am-e-an' -the-zim) [ayiavroc , unspotted ; 
avdog, flower], A genus of liliaceous or melantha- 
ceous plants. A. musctF toxicum ("fly poison"), a 
handsome flowering plant of the United States ; has 
properties not unlike those of veratrum. Unof. 

Amiantus (am-e-an' -tus), or Amianthus (am-e-an' - 
thus). See Asbestos. 

Amic (am'-ik) [ammonia]. Pertaining to an amin, or 
having the nature of an amin. 

Amici Prism (am-e'-che prizm). See Prism. 

Amicrobic (ah-mi-kro' -bik) [d priv. ; microbion, 
microbe]. Not due to, or associated with, microbes. 

Amid (am'-id) [ammonia]. A chemical compound 
produced by the substitution of an acid radical for one 
or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia. The 
amids are primary, secondary, or tertiary, according 
as one, two, or three hydrogen atoms have been 
so replaced. They are white crystalline solids, often 
capable of combining with both acids and bases. A. 
Bases. See Amins, Primary. . 

Amidin (am'-id-in) [Fr. , amidon, starch]. Starch 
altered by heat into a horny, transparent mass ; soluble 
starch ; that part of starch which is soluble in water. 

Amidins (am'-id-inz) [ammonia]. Mono-acid bases 
produced from the nitrites by heating with ammonium 
chlorid. In the free condition they are quite unstable. 
They contain the group C.NH.NH. 2 . 

Amido-acetic Acid (am'-id-o-as-e'-tik as'-id). See 
Clycocoll and Glycin. 

Amido-acid (am'-id-o-as'-id) [ammonia; acetum, 
vinegar]. An acid containing the amido-group, NH 2 . 



AMIDOGEN 



68 



AMMONIUM 



Amidogen (am-id' -o-jen) [amid ; yevvav, to produce]. 
The hypothetical radical, NH 2 , regarded as an essen- 
tial part of all amids. See Amid. 

Amido-glycerol (am' -id-o-glis' -er-ol). See Serin. 

Amido-kephalin [am' '-id-o-kef '-al-in) \_amid ; Ketyaki), 
the head]. One of the modifications of kephalin 
found in the brain tissue. The name is sometimes ex- 
tended to other similar principles, the amidokephalins. 

Amido-lipotide (am' -id-o-lip' -o-tld). Any one of a 
very peculiar group of nitrogenous fats said to exist in 
the brain. 

Amidomyelin (am' -id-o-mi'el-in) [amid ; juveMc, 
marrow], C 4i H 92 N 2 PO 10 . A dipolar alkaloid or basic 
principle, derivable from brain tissue. It gives name 
to a group of similar bodies, the amidomyelins. 

Amidoplast (am'-id-o-plasf) [a/iv?iov, starch; rrAaaaeiv , 
to form]. In biology, a name proposed by Errera for 
leukoplastids. Proteid granules whose functions it is 
to form starch grains. 

Amido-succinamic Acid (am'-id-o-suk-sin-am'-ik 
as' -id). Same as Asparagin. 

Amidoxim, or Amidoxime (am-id-oks'-ini). See 
Oxamidin. 

Amidulin (am-id' -u-lin) [Fr. , amidon, starch]. Sol- 
uble starch ; prepared by the action of H 2 S0 4 on starch, 
thus removing the starch-cellulose. 

Amimia (ah-mim'-e-ali) [a priv. ; jiiuoc, a mimic]. An 
aphasic symptom consisting in loss of the power of 
imitation or of pantomime speech. A. Musical, patho- 
logical loss of the power of playing musical instruments. 

Amin (am'-in) [ammonia']. The Amins are chemi- 
cal compounds produced by the substitution of a basic 
atom or radical for one or more of the hydrogen atoms 
of ammonia ; or basic derivatives of carbon, contain- 
ing nitrogen and viewed as ammonia derivatives. In 
deportment they bear some similarity to ammonia. 
The lower members are gases with ammoniacal odor 
and are readily soluble in water ; they differ from am- 
monia in their combustibility. The highest members 
are liquids soluble in water, only the highest are spar- 
ingly soluble. They are called Monamins, Diamins, 
Triamins, etc. , according to the number of amidogen 
molecules, NH 2 , substituted for H. A. Colors. Same 
as Anilin Colors, q. v. A. Primary, an amin in 
which one hydrogen atom is replaced by a monovalent 
alkyl. A. Secondary, an amin in which two hydrogen 
atoms are replaced by monovalent alkyls. A. Ter- 
tiary, an amin in which three hydrogen atoms are 
replaced by monovalent alkyls. 

Aminol (am'-in-ol) [amin]. A gaseous substance 
derived from the methylamin of herring-brine mixed 
with milk of lime. This gas is cheap and powerfully 
disinfectant, and it has been used in the purification of 
sewage. 

Amins Process. See Sewerage, Disposal of. 

Amitosis (ak-mit-o'-sis) [a priv. ; mitosis, indirect cell- 
division, karyokinesis ; fiiror, a thread; osis]. Cell 
multiplication by direct division, or simple cleavage, 
the nucleus usually assuming an hour-glass shape and 
dividing before the protoplasm. The opposite of 
mitosis. 

Amitotic (ah-mit-ot'-ik) [a priv. ; ///roc, thread]. Of 
the nature of, or characterized by, amitosis. A. Cell 
Division, direct nuclear subdivision, as distinguished 
from karyokinesis. 

Amixia (ali-miks'-e-ah) [a priv. ; fiiijti;, mixing]. In 
biology, the formation of a new species without the 
mingling of two individuals or their germs ; asexual 
reproduction, parthenogenesis. 

Amma (am' -ah) [cifi/za, a tie: //., Ammala]. A truss 

or girdle for hernia. 
Ammelid (am' -el-id) [Ammonia ; melamid] , C,H 4 N 4 - 



2 . A substance produced by boiling melamin with 
alkalies or acids ; it is a white powder that forms salts 
with both acids and bases. 

Ammelin (am'-el-in) [Ammonia ; melam], C a H 5 N 3 0. 
A white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in alkalies 
and mineral acids. Produced by boiling melamin with 
alkalies and acids. 

Ammeter (am'-et-er) [ampere ; [ihpov, a measure]. A 
form of galvanometer in which the value of the cur- 
rent is measured directly in amperes. 

Ammi (am'-i) [a/iui, an African plant]. A genus of 
umbelliferous herbs bearing aromatic seeds or fruits. 
The seeds of several species are locally used in medi- 
cine. Unof. A. copticiun. See AJoivan. 

Ammism (am'-izm) [a/xfioc, sand]. Ammofheraphy ; 
psammism. 

Ammonemia, (am-o-ne' -me-ah). See Ammoniemia. 

Ammonia (am-o'-ne-ak) [L.]. A volatile alkali, NH 3 . 
See Ammonium. A. Carmin. See Stains, Table of. 

Ammoniac (am-o'-ne-ak). See Ammoniacum. 

Ammoniacal (am-o-ni' -ak-al) [ammonia]. Containing 
or relating to ammonia. 

Ammoniacum (am-o-ni' -ak-um) [auuui>iaii6c, belong- 
ing to ammonia ; gen. ,Ammoniaci]. Ammoniac. A 
gum obtained from a Persian plant, Dorema Ammo- 
niacum. A stimulating expectorant and laxative, 
resembling asafetida. Employed in chronic bronchial 
affections. Dose gr. x-xxx. A. cum Hydrargyro 
Emplastrum, ammoniac 72, mercury 18 per cent., 
oleate of mercury .8, dilute acetic acid 100, lead 
plaster, with sulphur, and oil, q. s. A. Emplastrum, 
100 parts of ammoniac, digested with 140 parts of 
acetic acid, diluted, strained, and evaporated. A. 
Emulsum, a four per cent, emulsion in water, the 
resin being suspended by the contained gum. Dose 
gss-j. ■ 

Ammoniameter (a)u-o-ne-am'-et-er)[ammoma ; fierpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for testing the strength 
of solutions of ammonia. 

Ammoniemia, or Ammoniaemia (am-o-ne-e' -me-ah) 
[ammonia; aiua, blood]. The theoretical decomposi- 
tion of urea in the blood, yielding ammonium car- 
bonate. 

Ammoniorrhea (am-o-ne-or-e' -ah) [ammonia ; peiv, to 
flow]. The passage of ammoniacal urine. 

Ammonium (am-o'-ne-um) [from the name of Jupiter 
Ammon, because first discovered near his temple in 
Libya; gen., Ammonii], A hypothetical alkaline 
base, having the composition NH 4 . Exists only in 
combination. It occurs most commonly in the form of 
ammonia gas, NH 3 , which, dissolved in water, is the 
water of ammonia of commerce. Inhalation of the gas 
causes suffocation and edema of glottis. The salts 
first stimulate and then paralyze the motor nerves. It 
is useful as a stimulant, as an antagonist in cardiac de- 
pression, and locally in bites and stings of venomous 
reptiles and insects. Ammonia Aqua, water of am- 
monia, a solution containing ten per cent, of the gas 
in water. Dose TT\v-3ss, well diluted. A. Aqua 
Fortior, contains 28 per cent, of the gas in solution. 
A. Aromatic Spt., spirit of ammonia, with am. carb. , 
am. aq., ol. lemon, lavender and pimenta, alcohol and 
water. Dose 3 ss-ij. Ammonii acetas liq., 
Spirit of Minder'erus, dilute acetic acid neutralized 
with ammonia. Dose 3J-§j- A. benzoas, 
NH,C 7 H 5 2 . Dose gr. v-xv. A. Bicarbonas. 
Dose gr. ij-x. A. bromid, NH^Br. Dose gr. x-;zss. 
A. carbonas, NH,HCO :i .NH 4 NH,C0 2 , a mixture of 
carbonate and dicarbonate. Dose gr. v-x. A. 
chlorid, NH 4 C1, sal ammoniac. Dose gr. j-xx. A. 
chloridi trochisci, each lozenge contains gr. ij of the 
salt. A. fluorid, used in hypertrophy of the spleen. 



AMMON'S FISSURE. 



AMPHIARTHROSIS 



Dose gr. ^j— V- A. glycyrrhizas. Unof. An ex- 
pectorant. A. iodidum, NH 4 I. Dose gr. ij-x. A. 
liniment, am. aq. 35, alcohol 5, cottonseed oil 60. 
A. Molybdenate Test. See Tests, Table of. The 
following salts and their preparations are official : A. 
nitras, NH 4 N0 3 , used only in preparing nitrous oxid. 
A. phosphas, (NH 4 ) 2 HP0 4 . Dose gr. v-xx. A. 
picras, C 6 H 2 (NH 4 )(N0 2 ) 3 0, a salt in yellow needles, 
of bitter taste; like other picrates it is explosive, and 
must be handled with care. It is antipyretic and anti- 
periodic, and tends to correct gastric disturbances. 
Dose gr. v in 24 hours ; best given in wafers, each 
containing half a grain. A. Spt., a ten per cent, 
solution of aqua ammonite in alcohol. Dose TTLx-gj, 
diluted. A. sulphas, (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 , used only in the 
preparation of other ammonium salts. A. valeria- 
nas, NH 4 C 5 H 9 2 . Dose gr. j-v. Raspail's Eau 
Sedatif (unof.), aqua ammonire ^ij, sodium chlorid 
j| ij, spt. vini camph. tjiij, aq. Jxxxij. For local 
use. 

Amnion's Fissure. See Fissure. A.'s Horn. See 
Hippocamp. A.'s Operation. See Operations, Table 
of. A.'s Posterior Scleral Protuberance, a variety 
of posterior ectasia of the sclera of the eye. 

Ammophilous (am-off' -it-its') [afifio^, sand ; ty'ikoc, 
loving]. In biology, inhabiting sandy places. 

Ammotherapy (am-o-ther' -a-pe) [afifiog, sand ; depa- 
ntvEiv, to heal]. The use of sand-baths in the treat- 
ment of disease. 

Amnemonic (am-ne-mon' -ik) [d priv.; fivrifiovmoc, 
relating to the memory]. Accompanied by or result- 
ing in impairment of the memory. 

Amnemosyne (am-ne-mos' '-en-e) [a priv.; fivefioavvrj, 
memory]. Forgetfulness. 

Amnesia (am-ne' -se-ah) [cijuvijoia, forgetfulness]. De- 
fect of memory. Loss of the memory for words. A. 
Acustica, word-deafness. A. Periodic. See Double 
Consciousness. 

Amnesic (am-ne' -sik). Relating to amnesia. 

Amnestia (am-nes'-te-ah) [aftv^aria, forgetfulness]. 
Amnesia. 

Amnestic (am-nes' '-tik) [a/ivr/arla, forgetfulness]. I. 
Amnesic. 2. Causing amnestia. 

Amnia (am'-ne-ah) [a/iviov, a young lamb]. Plural 
of Amnion, q. v. 

Amniac (am'-ne-ah) [a/xviov, a young lamb]. Am- 
nionic. 

Amnio-chorial (avi-ne-o-ho' -re-al) [afiviov ; x^P i0V i a 
membrane]. Pertaining to both amnion and chorion. 

Amnioclepsis (am-ne-o-hlep' -sis) [a/xvlov, amnion ; 
nXeTTTEtv, to steal away]. The slow and unnoticed es- 
cape of the liquor amnii. 

Amnion (am' -ne-on) [a/iviov, a young lamb]. The in- 
nermost of the fetal membranes ; it is continuous 
with the fetal epidermis at the umbilicus, forming a 
complete sheath for the umbilical cord and a sac or 
bag in which the fetus is enclosed. It contains one or 
two pints of liquor amnii. It is a double non-vascular 
membrane, the inner layer or sac derived from the 
epiblast, the outer from the mesoblast. The cavity of 
the inner folds is called the true amnion, that of the 
outer, the false. A., Dropsy of, excessive secretion 
of liquor amnii. 

Amnionic (am-ne-on'-ik) [a/uviov, a young lamb]. Re- 
lating to the amnion. 

Amniorrhea, (am-ne-o-re'-ah) \_afivioc, amniotic liquor; 
peeiv, to flow]. The discharge of the liquor amnii. 

Amniota (am-ne- 0' -tali) \_hjiviov, a young lamb]. Ani- 
mals with an amnion and allantois, comprising mam- 
mals, birds, and reptiles. Those without an amnion 
are called Anamnia. 

Amniotic (am-ne-ot '-ik) [a/iviov, a young lamb]. Re- 



lating to the amnion, as the A. Fluid. A. Fluid. 
Same as Liquor amnii. 

Amniotis (am-ne-o'-tis) \hjj.v'iov, a young lamb]. See 
Amniotitis. 

Amniotitis (am-ne-o-tV -tis) [auviov, a young lamb ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the amnion. 

Amniotome (am'-ne-o-tom) [auviov, a young lamb ; 
rofi?/, a cut]. An instrument for puncturing the fetal 
membranes. 

Amnitis (am-ni'-lis). Same as Amniotitis. 

Amceba (am-c'-bah). See Ameba. 

Amoeboid (am-e'-boid). See Ameboid. 

Amcebodont (am-e'-bo-dont). See Amebodont. 

Amcenomania (am-e-no-ma' -ne-ah). See Amenomania. 

Amomum (am-o'-mum) [auufiov, an Eastern spice 
plant]. A genus of scitaminaceous plants to which 
the cardamom [A. cardamomum) and Grains of 
Paradise {A. granuni paradisi) belong. 

Amorphia (ah-mor' -fe-ak) [a priv. ; fiopyi/, form]. 
Shapeless condition. 

Amorphinism (ah-mor' ' -fin-izni) [a priv. ; Morpheus, 
the god of sleep]. The condition resulting from the 
withdrawal of morphine from one habituated to the 
drug. 

Amorphism (ah-mor' '-fizni) [a priv. ; p.op<f>i], a form]. 
The state or quality of being amorphous or without 
shape ; specifically, absence of crystallization ; want 
of crystalline structure. 

Amorphous (ah-mor' -fits') [d priv. ; fiopip?'/, a form]. 
Formless, shapeless, non-crystallized. A. Quinin, 
quinoidin, its salts being non-crystallizable. 

Amorphus (ah-mor' -fits) [a priv. ; ftopyi/, a form]. 
An acardiacus without head or extremities. See also 
Anideus. A. Globulus. See Anideus. 

Amotio (am-o'-she-o) [L.]. A detachment. A. Re- 
tinae. See Ablatio Retina. 

Ampac (am' -pah) [E. Indian']. An East Indian 
rutaceous tree of the genus Xanthoxylum or Ampacus. 
Its leaves are used in medicating baths, and its 
odoriferous resin is a stimulant. Unof. 

Ampelopsin (am-pel-op' -sin). See American Ivy. 

Ampelopsis (am-pel-op' -sis). See American Ivy. 

Ampelotherapy (am-pel-o-ther' -a-pe) [afxireloc , a grape- 
vine ; depairevetv, to heal]. The Grape-cure, q. v. 

Amperage (om'-pdr-ahf) [Fr. ]. The number of am- 
peres passing in a given circuit. 

Ampere (om-par') [a French physicist]. See Electrical 
Units. A.'s Laws relate to the forces between con- 
ductors carrying electric currents. Avogadrd 's law, 
that equal volumes of a gas when under the same 
conditions contain the same number of molecules, is 
also called Ampere's Law. In honor of Ampere, the 
unit of measurement of an electric current is called an 
Ampere. 

Amperemeter (am' -par-me-ter) [Ampere ; fiirpov, to 
measure]. An instrument for estimating the current 
of an electric circuit in amperes. 

Ampere's Law. See Laiv. 

Amphanthium (amf-an' -the-uni) [a/xtpi, about ; avdog, 
a flower]. See Clinanthium. 

Amphemerina (am-fe-mer' -in-ali) [a/j.d>r/ftepiv6g, daily]. 
A hectic or intermittent fever that recurs daily. 

Amphi- (am'-fe) [a/upi, around]. A prefix signifying 
about, on both sides, around, etc. , as amphiarthrosis, 
amphibia, etc. 

Amphiarthrosis (am-fe-ar-thro' -sis) [afi<f>i, around ; 
apdpov, a joint]. A form of mixed articulation in 
which the surfaces of the bones are connected by 
broad discs of fibro-cartilage, or else they are covered 
with fibro-cartilage and connected by external liga- 
ments. It is distinguished by limited flexion in every 
direction, as, e.g. , between the vertebrae. 



AMPHIASTER 



70 



AMPHORA 




Amphiaster in an 
Ovarian Egg. 




Amphiaster (am'-fie-as-ter) \_au<pi, 
around; aari/p, a star]. In 
biology, the figure formed in 
both direct and indirect cell divi- 
sion, by the achromatin threads 
and chromatin granules united to 
form the so-called nuclear spin- 
dle, together with the threads 
of cell -protoplasm radiating from 
a rounded clear space at each 
end of the spindle known as 
the stars or suns. 

Amphibia (am-fib' '-e-ah) [a/j.<j>l, both; ft'ioc;, life]. A 
class of the Vertebrata, living during their life both 
in the water and upon the land, as the frog, newt, etc. 

Amphibious (am-fib' -e-us) [_ap<pi, both; fiiog, life]. 
Living both on land and water. 

Amphiblastic (am-fe-blas'-tik) [ap.fi, on both sides ; 
fi'Aaorog, a germ]. In biology, pertaining to that 
form of complete segmentation that gives rise to an 
amphiblastula. 

Amphiblastula (am- 
fie-blas'-tu-la/i) \ap.- 
<j>i, on both sides ; 
dim. of j3'/.aardg, a 
germ]. In biolo- 
gy, the mulberry- 
mass or morula- 
stage in the de- 
velopment of a holo- 
blastic egg. It fol- 
lows the stage 
known as amphi- 
morula. 

Amphiblestritis (am- 
fe-bles-tri'-tis) \fip- 
tyiftXTjaTpov, a net ; 
iric, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the 
retina. 

Amphiblestroid (am-fe-bles' '-troid) \hp<p'ifi?i7]OTpov, a 
net; el6oc, form]. Net-like. A. Membrane, the 
retina. 

Amphibolia (am-fe-bo' -le-a7i) \hp$ifioVia, uncertainty]. 
The vacillating period of a fever or disease. 

Amphibolic (am-fe-bol'-ik) [a//^//3oAoc, uncertain]. Un- 
certain ; doubtful. A qualification applied by Wunder- 
lich to a period in the febrile process occurring between 
the fastigium and the defervescence, and marked by 
irregular exacerbations and remissions. 

Amphibranchia (am-fe-brang' -ke-ali) \_hu<p't, around ; 
fipayXM, the gills]. The tonsils, pharynx, and naso- 
pharynx. 

Amphicarpic (am-fe-kar'-pik). Same as Amphicar- 
pous. 

Amphicarpous (am-fe-kar' -pus) \_ap<f>i, on both sides, 
around ; tcapirdc, fruit]. In biology, producing fruit of 
two kinds, either as regards form or season of ripening. 

Amphicelous [am-fe-se' '-lus) [a/ifi, at both ends ; KotXog, 
hollow]. In biology, biconcave, as the center of the 
vertebrae of fishes. 

Amphicrania [am-fe-kra' -ne-aK) \hu<f>i, both ; xpaviov, 
the skull]. Headache affecting both sides of the head. 

Amphicreatin (a??i-fe-kre' -at-i>i) [ap.fi, around ; Kpeag, 
flesh], C,H la N T O t . One of the muscle-leucomaines. 
It crystallizes in brilliant oblique prisms of a yellowish- 
white color. It is tasteless and faintly basic. It 
resembles creatin in its properties. 

Amphicreatinin (am-fe-kre-af '-in-in) \hu<S>i, around ; 
xpeac, flesh], C 9 H ]0 N T O 4 . A member of the creatinin 
group of le'.icomai'nes said to have toxic qualities. It 
is derived from muscle. 



Amphiblastula. 
a, Granular cells which will form the 
epiblast. b. Ciliated cells which 
become invajtinated to form the 
hypoblast. (After Balfour.) 



Amphid (am' -fid) \apfi, both]. In chemistry, a name 
given to a salt of an acid containing oxygen ; that is, 
a name given to salts other than haloid. 

Amphideum (am-fid' -e-tim) [_ap<pi<Ua, a ring : //. , Ani- 
phided\. The margin or edge of the os uteri. 

Amphidiarthrosis (am-fe-di-ar-thro'-sis) [tipfi, both ; 
diapttpuoic, articulation]. The articulation of the 
lower jaw, as it partakes of the nature both of 
ginglymus and arthrodia. 

Amphidisc, Amphidisk (am'-fe-disk) [apfi, at both 
ends; diaKor, a round plate]. In biology, a sponge- 
spicule consisting of an axil terminated by two toothed 
discs. 

Amphigenous (am-fij'-c/i-us) \apfi, both; yivoq, kind]. 
In biology, growing indifferently on both sides, as 
certain parasitic fungi. 

Amphigony (am-fig' -o-ne) [apfi, on both sides ; ydvor, 
offspring]. The sexual process in its broadest sense ; 
gamogenesis. 

Amphimixis (am-fi-miks'-is) [apfi, on both sides ; 
pi^ic, mixing]. In biology, the mingling of two 
individuals or their germs ; sexual reproduction. 

Amphimonerula (am-fe-mo-ner' -zt-lah) [(ifupi, on both 
sides; jiovfjpr)g, single]. In biology, the monerula 
or cytode-stage of an unequally segmenting, holo- 
blastic egg. 

Amphimorula (am-fie-mor' '-u-lah) \amphi, on both 
sides; morula, a mulberry]. In biology, the morula, 
or globular mass of cleavage cells resulting from 
unequal segmentation, the cells of the hemispheres 
being unlike in size. 

Amphioxus (am-fe-oks'-iis) \_ap4>i, both ; of/r, shaq)]. 
A genus of fishes tapering at both ends, the lancelet. 

Amphipyrenin (am-fe-pi- re'-nin) [_ap<pl, around ; nvpi/v, 
mass]. The nuclear membrane of a cell. 

Amphismela (am-fis-me'-lali) [apipi , both ; pi/'/i)/, a 
probe]. A double-edged surgical knife. 

Amphisphalsis (am-fc-sfal' -sis) \_ap(j>ia<pa7.aic, a throw- 
ing or turning round]. Circumduction, as of a limb 
in reducing a luxation. 

Amphistoma (am-fis'-to-mali) \_ap<pi, double; aropa, 
mouth]. A genus of trematode worms, named from 
the mouth-like apparatus at either end. One species, 
A. hominis, has been found in the large intestine of 
man, in the tropical regions. See Parasites, Table of. 

Amphistylic (am-fc-sti'-lik) \_apipl, on both sides ; 
oru/loc, a pillar]. In biology, having styles or 
supports on both sides, as the mandibular arches of 
sharks. 

Amphithect (am'-fc-t/iekt) \ap6'i, on both sides ; 8>/kt6s, 
sharpened]. In biology, having unequal angles or 
surfaces. 

Amphitoky (am-ftt'-o-kc) [apq'i, both ; t6koc, produc- 
ing]. The production of both male and female forms 
in parthenogenesis. 

Amphitropous (am-fit'-ro-pus) \_ai.i<pl, around ; rpkneiv, 
to turn]. I. In biology, having the funiculus attached 
to the ovule midway between the chalaza and micro- 
pyle. 2. Having a C-shaped embryo. 

Amphodiplopia (am-fo-dip-lo' -pc-ali) \fiu§w, both ; 
5i-7.6oc, double ; uip, eye]. Double vision affecting 
each of the eyes. 

Ampho-peptone (am-fo-fep'-tdii). See Peptones. 

Amphophile (a»t'-fo-fil) [ap<f>u, both ; (pi/riv, to love]. 
Readily stainable alike with acid and basic dyes (a 
qualification applied to certain histological and patho- 
logical elements). 

Amphophilous (nm-fof'-il-tis) [a/itpa, both ; <pileiv, to 
love]. Staining with either alkaline or acid dyes. 

Amphora (am'-fo-rah) \j\utyi, on both sides; (popevc, a 
bearer]. In biology, the lower portion of a seed 
capsule, or pyxidium. 



AMPHORIC 



71 



AMPUTATION 



Amphoric (am-p'or'-ik) \_amphora, a two-handled 
vessel]. Like the sound produced by blowing across 
the mouth of a bottle. A. Breathing, breath sounds 
with an amphoric or musical quality heard in dis- 
eased conditions of the lung, as in phthisis with 
cavity-formation. A. Resonance, in auscultation, a 
metallic sound like that of blowing into a bottle, 
caused by the reverberation of sound in a cavity of 
the lung. A. Respiration. See A. Breathing. 

Amphoricity (am-for-is' '-i-te) [amphora, a two-handled 
vessel]. The quality of being amphoric ; the giving 
forth of amphoric sounds. 

Amphoriloquy (am-for-il' -o-kwe) [amphora, a bottle ; 
loqiti, to speak]. The production of amphoric sounds 
in speaking. 

Amphorophony (am-for-of'-o-ne) \hfi40pevc, a jug ; 
oui'ij, a sound]. An amphoric resonance or sound. 

Amphoteric [am-fo-ter'-ik) [au<j>6r£poc, both of two]. 
Having the power of altering the color of both red 
and blue test paper, as milk. Neither acid nor alka- 
line ; applied to such substances as glucose, gums, etc. 

Amplectant (am-plek* '-tant) \amplecti, embrace]. In 
biology, embracing ; winding about, as a tendril or 
petiole. 

Amplexation (am-pleks-a' -shun) \_amplexatio, an em- 
brace]. The treatment of a fractured clavicle by an 
apparatus that fixes the shoulder and covers a part of 
the chest and neck. 

Amplexicaudate (am-plex-e-kaw 1 '-dal) \_amplexatio, an 
embrace; caitda, a tail]. In biology, having the en- 
tire tail included in the interfemoral membrane. 

Amplexicaul (am-pleks' -e-kaivl) \_amplexus, embracing; 
caulis, a stem]. In biology, clasping or embracing the 
stem, as a leaf. 

Amplexifoliate (atn-pleks-e-fo'-le-at) [amplexus, em- 
bracing; folium, leaf]. In biology, plants, the 
leaves of which embrace the stem. 

Ampliation (am- ple-a' -shun) \ampliare, to increase]. 
Dilatation or distention of a part or cavity. 

Amplification (am-plifik-a' -shun) \_amplificare, to en- 
large]. 1. Increase of the visual area, in microscopy. 
2. Enlargement, as of a diseased organ. 

Amplifier (am'-ple-fi-er) \amplificare, to enlarge]. An 
apparatus sometimes used in microscopy for increasing 
the magnification. It consists of a diverging lens or 
combination placed between the objective and the 
ocular, and giving to the image-forming rays from the 
objective an increased divergence. A., Tolles's, 
an accessory used in magnification and first made 
effective by a manufacturer named Tolles. 

Amplitude (am'-ple-tiid) \amplitudo, the extent of a 
thing]. The range or extent, as of vibrations and 
undulations, the pulse, etc. 

Ampulla (am- put' -ah) [L. , A Roman wine jug]. 
The trumpet-mouthed or dilated extremity of a canal, 
as of the lachrymal canal, the receptaculum chyli, 
the Fallopian tubes, mammary ducts, semicircular 
canals, vas deferens, etc. Chemically, the term denotes 
a large-bellied bottle. A. of Bryant, the apparent 
distention of an artery immediately above a ligature, 
due to the contraction of the vessel above the ampulla 
where it is not completely filled with clot. A. Chyli, 
the receptaculum chyli. A., Lieberkiihn's, the cecal 
terminus of one of the lacteals in the villi of the intes- 
tines. A. of Rectum, the portion above the perineal flex- 
ure. A. of Vater, the site of entrance of the common 
bile-duct and pancreatic duct into the duodenum. 

Ampullula (am-pul'-u-lah) [dim. of ampulla, a Roman 
wine jug]. A small ampulla, as in the lymphatic or 
lacteal vessels. 

Amputation (am-pu-ta' -shun) \amputare, to cut away]. 
The removal of a limb or part of the body by the 



knife, ligature, or other means, or as a result of gan- 
grene, constriction [e.g., of the cord, in the fetus), or 
the disease, ainhum. For special amputations see 
Operations, Table of. A., Accidental, the separation 
of a limb by some form of accident. A., Bloodless, 
one in which there is but slight loss of blood, on ac- 
count of the circulation being controlled by mechanical 
means. A., Central, one in which the scar is situated 
at or near the center of the stump. A., Circular, 
that performed by making a single flap, by circulat 
sweeps of a long knife, through skin and muscles, in 
a direction vertical to the plane of the limb. A., Cir- 
cular Skin Flap, a modification of the circular, in 
which the skin flap is dissected up, and the muscles 
divided at a higher level. A., Coat-sleeve, a modi- 
fication of the circular, in which the cutaneous flap is 
made very long, the end being closed by being gath- 
ered together by means of a tape. A.. Congenital, 
amputation of fetal portions due to constriction by 
amniotic bands of lymph. A. in the Contiguity, 
amputation at a joint. A. in the Continuity, ampu- 
tation of a limb elsewhere than at a joint. A., Con- 
secutive, an amputation during the period of suppura- 
tion or later. A., Cutaneous, one in which the flaps 
are composed exclusively of the integuments. A., 
Diclastic, one in which the bone is broken with an 
osteoclast, and the soft tissues divided by means of an 
ecraseur. Its object is to avoid hemorrhage and puru- 
lent infection. A., Double Flap, one in which two 
flaps are formed from the soft tissues. A., Dry. See 
A., Bloodless. A., Eccentric, one in which the scar 
is situated away from the center of the stump. A., 
Elliptical, one that may be performed by a single 
sweep, as in the circular method ; the wound, however, 
having an elliptical outline, on account of the oblique 
direction of the incision. A. of Expediency, one 
performed for cosmetic effect. A., Flap, one in which 
one or more flaps are made from the soft tissues, the 
division being made obliquely. A., Flapless, one in 
which, on account of destruction of the soft parts, 
flaps cannot be formed, the wound healing by granu- 
lation. A., Galvano-caustic, one in which the soft 
parts are divided with the. galvano-cautery, followed 
by division of the bone by the saw. A., Immediate, 
one done within twelve hours after the injury, during 
the period of shock. A., Intermediary or Inter- 
mediate, one performed during the period of reaction, 
and before suppuration. A., Intrauterine. See A., 
Congenital. A., Major, amputation of the extremi- 
ties above the wrist or ankle joints. A., Mediate. 
See A., Intermediary. A., Minor, amputation of the 
extremities below the wrist or ankle joints. A., 
Mixed, a combination of the circular and flap methods. 
A., Multiple, amputation of two or more members 
at the same time. A., Musculo-cutaneous, one in 
which the flaps consist of skin and muscle. A., Mus- 
culo-tegumentary. See A., Musculo-cutaneous. 
A., Natural. See A., Congenital. A., Oblique. 
See A., Oval. A., Osteoplastic, one in which there 
is section and apposition of portions of bone, in addi- 
tion to the amputation. A., Oval, a modification of 
the elliptical, in which the incision consists of two 
reversed spirals, instead of the one oblique. A., Par- 
tial, 1. One in which but a portion of the extremity 
is removed. 2. An incomplete congenital amputation. 
A., Pathological, one done for tumor or other diseased 
condition. A., Primary, one done after the period 
of shock and before the occurrence of inflammation. 
A., Racket, a variety of the oval amputation, in which 
there is a single longitudinal incision continuous below 
with a spiral incision on either side of the limb. A., 
Secondary, one performed during the period of sup- 



AMPUTATURA 



72 



AMYLOGENIC 



puration. A., Spontaneous. See A., Congenital. 
Also occurs in the disease, ainhum. A., Subperios- 
teal, one in the continuity, the cut end of the bone 
being covered by periosteal flaps. A., Surgical, a 
formal amputation in contradistinction to accidental or 
congenital A. A., Synchronous. See A., Multiple. 
A. by Transfixion, one done by thrusting a long 
knife completely through a limb, and cutting the flaps 
from within out. A., Traumatic, one performed on 
account of injury. 

Amputatura (am-pu-tat-u' -rah) [L.; //., Amputatur<z\. 
An amputation ; loss of a member. 

Amuck (a-muk') [Malay]. In a state of murderous 
frenzy; in Oriental regions persons, mostly hashish 
eaters, often attack and kill those whom they meet 
while in a state of wild fury. In some cases the infuri- 
ated persons take this method of seeking death, for 
they are shot down at sight. 

Amusia (ah-mzd-se-ah) [d priv. ; musa, fiovaa, muse]. 
Pathological loss or subnormal ability to produce or 
comprehend music or musical sounds, an abnormality 
as regards music analogous to aphasia as regards the 
faculty of speech. Motor A., the music is understood, 
but there is loss of the power of singing or of other- 
wise reproducing music. Paramusia, faulty and im- 
perfect reproduction of music. Sensory A., musical 
deafness, or the loss of the power of comprehension 
of musical sounds. See also Alexia, Musical; 
Agraphia, Musical ; and Amimia, Musical. 

Amussat's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Amyelencephalia (ah-mi-el-en-sef-a' -le-ah) [d priv. ; 
pveAdv, marrow; KefaA'f/, the head]. Congenital ab- 
sence of both brain and spinal cord. 

Amyelencephalus (ah-mi-el-en-sef'-al-us) [d priv. ; 
/j.ve?.6v, marrow ; netyaA?'/, the head]. A fetal monster 
having neither brain nor spinal cord. 

Amyelia (ah-mi-e'-le-ah) [d priv.; jiveXoc, marrow]. 
The congenital absence of the spinal cord. 

Amyelinic (ah-mi-el-in'-ik) [d priv. ; pveAoc, marrow]. 
Having no myelin ; applied to certain nerve fibers, 
especially those seen in neuromata. 

Amyelonervia (ah-mi-el-o-ner' '-ve-ah). See Amyeloneu- 
ria. 

Amyeloneuria (ah-mi-el-o-nu' '-re-afi) [d priv. ; /hvea6c, 
marrow; veiipov, a nerve]. Paresis of the spinal cord. 

Amyelotrophy (ah-mi-el-of '-ro-fe) [d priv. ; pveAog, 
marrow; rpoipi/, nourishment]. Atrophy of the spinal 
cord. 

Amyelus (ah-mi' -el-us) [d priv. ; pveAac, marrow]. A 
fetal monstrosity with partial or complete absence of 
the spinal cord. 

Amyencephalus (ah-tni-en-sef -al-us).. See Amyelen- 
cephalus. 

Amygdala (am-ig' -dal-ali) [L. : gen., Amygdala""]. I. 
Almond. The seeds of Prunus Amygdalus, var. 
amara and dulcis, containing the principle E?nulsin 
or Synaptase. The former contains Amygdalin. The 
expressed oil of the sweet almond is a demulcent use- 
ful in skin-affections; in doses of £J— ij it is a mild 
laxative. The oil of A. amara is used in cosmetics. 2. 
The tonsil. A. amarae, Aq., a I : iooo solution 
of the oil in water Dose indefinite. A. amarae, 
Ol., a volatile oil, bitter to the taste. Contains 3-14 
per cent, of hydrocyanic acid. Dose TT\^-j. A. 
amara?, Spt., oil of bitter almond I, alcohol 80, dis- 
tilled water q. s. A., Emulsum, oil of sweet almonds 
6 per cent., sugar, water, and acacia q. s. Dose gj- 
% ss. A. expressum, OL, oil of sweet almonds. A., 
Pulv., Comp. (B. P.), contains sweet almonds, re- 
fined sugar, and gum acacia. Used to make A. , Emul- 
sum. A., Syr., sweet almond 14, bitter almond 4, 
sugar 20, orange-flower water 10, water 13, syrup q. s. 



Amygdalae (am-ig' -dal-e) [L.,//.]. The tonsils. 

Amygdalin (am-ig' -dal-in) \_Amygdala], C 20 H. 27 NO U - 
-|- 3H 2 0. A substance that occurs in bitter almonds, 
and in various plants, as well as in the leaves of the 
cherry laurel. It forms white, shining leaflets, of a 
bitter taste, readily soluble in water and hot alcohol. 

Amygdaline (am-ig' -dal-in) [a/wySaAq, almond]. I. 
Almond-like. 2. The fissure ectad of, or collocated 
with the amygdaloid tubercle. See Fissure. 

Amygdalitis (am-ig-dal-i'-tis) \ajivy6aAr), almond ; inr, 
inflammation]. Tonsillitis. 

Amygdaloid (am-ig '-dal-oid) \_apvySa~A7] , almond ; eldor, 
form]. Like a tonsil, or almond. A. Fossa, the 
depression for the lodgment of the tonsil. A. Tu- 
bercle, a projection of gray or cortical matter at the 
end of the descending cornu of the lateral ventricle 
of the brain. It is attached to the temporal lobe, and 
appears to be nearly isolated by white substance. 

Amygdalolith (am-ig-dal' -o-lith) [ a/jvySd'/aj, an al- 
mond ; AiOoc, a stone]. A concretion or calculus 
found in the tonsils. 

Amygdaloncus (am-ig-dal-ojig' -kits) \_apvyda~Ari , al- 
mond ; oynoc, a mass]. Any tumor or swelling of the 
tonsil. 

Amygdalopathy (am-ig-dal-op' -a-the) [apvySaAr/, an 
almond; nadoc, a disease]. Any disease of the ton- 
sils. 

Amygdalotome (am-ig' '-dal-o-tom) \_apvyfid?ir/ , an al- 
mond; repvew, to cut]. An instrument used in cut- 
ting the tonsils. 

Amygdalotomy (am-ig-dal-otf -o-me) \apvySd?:rj , a ton- 
sil ; rifiveiv, to cut]. Tonsillotomy; partial or com- 
plete abscission of a tonsil. 

Amykos (ah-mi' -kos) [d priv. ; //vkoc, a fungus]. An 
antiseptic fluid composed of boric acid, glycerin and 
infusion of cloves. Of reputed service in gonorrhea, 
dental caries, and catarrhs. Unof. 

Amyl (am'-il) \hpv~Aov, fine starch]. The hypothetical 
radical C 5 H n of amyl alcohol, the fifth term of the 



series of alcohol radicals, C„H 2 



A. Alcohol. 



See Amylic Alcohol. A. Hydrate. See Amylic 
Alcohol. A. Nitrite, nitrite of amyl, C 5 H n NO' 2 , a 
clear, yellowish liquid, ethereal, aromatic, volatile ; pro- 
duces vascular dilatation and great cardiac activity, 
and hence is useful in angina pectoris, respiratory neu- 
roses, etc. Dose, internally, tT\, ^(-) dissolved in alco- 
hol ; by inhalation, lT^ ij-v. A. Valerianate. See 
Apple Oil. 

Amylaceous (am-il-a' -se-us) [amylum, starch]. Con- 
taining starch ; starch-like. See Corpora amylacea. 

Amylene (am'-il-en) \ap.vAov, starch], C 5 H ]0 . A 
transparent, liquid hydrocarbon, having anesthetic 
properties, but dangerous to use. See Anesthetic. A. 
Hydrate, C 5 H 12 0, a tertiary alcohol having hypnotic 
effects, and antagonistic to strychnin. Dose tT\, xxx- 
Sjj. Unof. 

Amylic (am-il'-ik) \huvAov, starch]. Pertaining to 
Amyl. A. Alcohol, Fusel Oil, Potato Starch Alco- 
hol, Amyl Hydrate. An alcohol having the compo- 
sition C-H 12 0, occurring in the continued distillation 
of fermented grain. The pure substance has consid- 
erable value as a hypnotic. In large doses it sup- 
presses tactile sensibility and produces motor paraly- 
sis. It is employed with advantage in mental disorders. 
It was formerly much used to adulterate whisky. 
Dose n\. 15-75. Unof. 

Amylo-dextrin (am-il-o-deks' -trin). Same as Ery- 
thro-dcxtrin. See Soluble Starch. 

Amylogen (am-il' -o-jen) [afiv'/.ov, starch; yevfc, pro 
duce]. Soluble starch. 

Amylogenic (am-il-o-jcn'-ik) \_a,uvXov, starch; )f re- 
produce]. Starch -producing. 



AMYLOID 



73 



ANACROASIA 



Amyloid (am'-il-oid) [iiuv'/ov, starch; dthc, form]. 
Starch-like. A. Bodies, pathological products re- 
sembling starch grains found in the membranes of the 
brain and other nervous tissues, the prostate, etc. A. 
Degeneration, waxy, fatty, or lardaceous degenera- 
tion ; a disease occurring in most of the organs of the 
body, and indicative of impaired nutritive function. It 
is a nitrogenous, not starchy body, of uncertain compo- 
sition. For staining see lodin, Methyl Violet, Safra- 
nin, Rose Bengale, in Table of Stains. A. Kidney. 
See Bright' ' s Disease. 

Amylolysis (am-il-ol' -is-is) [apvkov, starch ; Xvacg, 
solution]. The digestion of starch, or its conversion 
into sugar. 

Amylolytic (am-il-o-lit'-ik) [apvkov, starch ; /,'vgk;, so- 
lution]. Pertaining to or effecting the digestion of 
starch. Pertaining to ferments, like the saliva and 
pancreatic juice, that convert starch into sugar. 

Amylometer (am-il-omf -et-er) [aitvlov, starch ; uerpov, 
a measure]. An apparatus for estimating the amount 
of starch in a solution. 

Amyloplast (am' ' -il-o-plast) [apvlov, starch; irXaaaew, 
to form]. A leucoplast ; a starch-forming protoplasmic 
granule. 

Amylopsin (am-il-op' '-sin) [apvXov, starch ; bipic, ap- 
pearance]. A ferment said to exist in pancreatin. See 
Ferments. 

Amylose (am'-il-os) [apvlov, starch]. Any one of 
a certain group of the carbohydrates, comprising starch, 
glycogen, dextrin, inulin, gum, cellulose, and tunicin. 

Amylum (am'-il-um) [L. , gen. Amyli~\, C 6 H 10 O 5 . 
Starch. The internal cells of Triticum vulgaris, 
common wheat, all other cereals, and many tubers, 
piths, and roots, such as potato, cassava, etc.; it con- 
stitutes nearly the whole of arrow-root, tapioca, and 
sago. It is converted into glucose by boiling with 
mineral acids. It is one of the most valuable nutrients 
known, but inert medicinally. A. gTyceritum, a jelly 
for external application. Starch io, water 10, glycerin 
80. A., Mucilago (B. P.), used in making enemata. 
A. iodatum, contains starch 95, iodin 5 per cent., 
triturated with distilled water and dried. Dose g j— 
f, ss. See Table of Carbohydrates tinder Carbohydrate. 

Amyocardia (am-i-o-kar'-de-ali) [a priv. ; pvg, muscle ; 
Kapdia, the heart]. Lack of muscular power in the 
heart's contractions. 

Amyosthenia (am-i-o-sthe' -ne-ah) [d priv. ; piig, mus- 
cle ; cBtvoi;, force]. Deficient muscular power with- 
out obvious disease or lesion. 

Amyosthenic (am-i-o-sthen' '-ik) [a priv. ; pvc, muscle ; 
adtvoc, force]. Pertaining to amyosthenia. Also, a 
medicine or agent depressing muscular action. 

Amyotrophia (am-i-o-tro' -fe-ali) [a priv. ; pvc, muscle ; 
rpofi/, nourishment]. Atrophy of a muscle. 

Amyotrophic (am-i-o-trof'-ik) [a priv. ; pvg, muscle ; 
rpofi/, nourishment]. Dependent on or relating to 
muscular atrophy. A. Paralysis, that which is due 
to muscular atrophy. 

Amyotrophy (am-i-of '-ro-fe). See Amyotrophia. 

Amyous (a??i' '-i-us~\ [a priv.; pvc, muscle]. Weak; 
deficient in muscle or muscular strength. 

Amyrin (am'-e-rin) [amyris'], C w H fil .O. A resinous 
principle derived from Mexican Elemi. Amyris ele- 
mifera, L. 

Amyris (am'-e-ris) [L. ]. A genus of tropical trees 
and shrubs producing fragrant resins and gums, such 
as Elemi, etc. 

Amyxia (ah-miks' -e-ah) [a priv. ; pi'!; a, mucous]. De- 
ficiency in the normal secretion of mucus. 

Ana (an' -a)i) [ava, so much each]. A Greek preposi- 
tion signifying through, zip, again, etc. In prescrip- 
tions contracted to ad, meaning of each. 



Anabamous (an-ab' -am-us) \_ava, upward; fidveiv, 
to go]. In biology, climbing, as certain fishes (Ana- 
bas scandens). 

Anabasis (an-ab' -as-is) [dvatftaiveiv, to go up]. The 
increasing stage of a fever or other acute disease ; the 
stage preceding the climax. 

Anabatic (an-ab-af ' -ik) [dvafiariKoc, ascending]. In- 
creasing ; growing more intense ; as the anabatic 
stage of a fever. 

Anabiosis (an-ab-i-o' '-sis) \hvaj5i6eiv, to come to life 
again]. The phenomenon of a restoration of vitality 
possessed by certain organisms after apparent death, 
or even after heating to 140° C. 

Anabiotic (an-ab-i-ot'-ik) [di'afStoav, to come to life 
again]. I. Relating to anabiosis. 2. Restoring the 
strength or activity. 

Anabole (an-ab' -o-le) [dvafidX?ieiv , to throw up]. A 
throwing up ; what is thrown up ; vomit ; vomiting ; 
expectoration ; regurgitation. 

Anabolergy (an-ab-ol'-cr-je) [dvajldXA.eiv, to throw up ; 
epyov, work]. The force expended or work per- 
formed in anabolism, or in anabolic processes. 

Anabolic (an-ab-ol'-ik) [avafiaWtiv , to throw or build 
up]. Pertaining to or characterized by anabolism. 

Anabolin (an-ab' -o-liii) [dvafidWiiv , to throw or build 
up]. Any substance formed during the anabolic 
process. 

Anabolism (an-ab' -o-lizm) [dvafidWeiv, to throw or 
build up]. Synthetic or constructive metabolism. 
Activity and repair of function. Opposed to Cata- 
bolism. The process by which simpler elements are 
built up into more complex. See Metabolism. 

Anabrosis (an-ab- ro' -sis) [avdppooti;, an eating up]. 
Corrosion, or superficial ulceration. 

Anabrotic (an-ab-rol'-ik) [dvdfipuac, an eating up]. 
Pertaining to anabrosis ; corrosive. 

Anacamptic (an-ak-amp'-tik) [avaKduirreiv , to bend 
back]. Reflected, as sound or light ; pertaining to 
or causing a reflection. 

Anacanthous (an-ak-an' -thus) [dvaKavOog, spineless]. 
Without spines. 

Anacardium (an-ak-ar'-de-um) [dvd, up; Kapdia, the 
heart, from its heart-shaped seeds]. I. A genus 
of tropical trees. A. occidental yields cashew 
gum and the cashew nut. 2. The oil of the pericarp 
of the cashew nut, known as cardol, and used as an 
escharotic. Of reputed value in leprosy. A. Tinct., 
1 to 10 of rectified spirit. Dose, H\ij-x. A. Ung., 
one part of the tar to eight of lard or vaselin. 
Used as a blistering ointment. 

Anacatadidymous (an-ak-at-ad-id' -im-us) [ava, up ; 
nara, down; dldv/wg, a twin]. Divided above and 
below, but jointed centrally into one ; said of certain 
twin monsters. 

Anacatadidymus (an-ak-at-ad-id' -im-us) [ava, up ; 
nara, down; and fiiSvpoq, a twin]. An anacatadidy- 
mous monstrosity. 

Anacatharsis (an-ak-ath-ar'-sis) [ava, up; Kafiapaiq, 
purgation]. Expectoration; vomiting. 

Anacathartic (an-ak-ath-ar'-tik) [ava, up; ndftapatc, 
purgation]. Causing anacatharsis. 

Anaclasis (an-ak' -las-is) [avdicXaoic , a breaking off, or 
back]. 1. Reflection or refraction of light or sound. 
2. A fracture ; forcible flexion of a stiff joint. 

Anaclastic (an-ak-las'-tik) [avaKAaaic, a breaking off, 
or back]. Pertaining to refraction, or to anaclasis. 

Anaclisis (an-ak' -lis-is) [dvaK^iatc, a reclining]. Decu- 
bitus ; the reclining attitude. 

Anacroasia (an-ak-ro-a' -ze-ah) [avpriv.; aupdaoic, hear- 
ing]. Inability to understand words that are heard, 
while the same words if read by the patient are under- 
stood. 



ANACROTIC 



74 



ANALOGUE 




Anacrotic Radial Pulse- 
tracings 
a, a, the anacrotic parts. 



Anacrotic (an-ak-rot'-ili) \av priv. ; anpuaoic, hearing]. 
Relating to or characterized by anacrotism. 

Anacrotism (an-ak'-ro-tizm) \civan.poTiuv , to lift up and 
strike together]. A 
peculiarity of the 
pulse-curve, when a 
series of closely-placed 
elastic vibrations occur 
in the upper part of the 
line of ascent, so that 
the apex appears den- 
tate and forms an angle 
with the line of de- 
scent. It is constant in 
the venous pulse ; is 
found in the arterial pulse when the systole of the left 
ventricle continues until the walls of the arteries begin to 
oscillate during the diastole. It occurs in hypertrophy 
and dilatation of the left ventricle (aortic insufficiency). 

Anacusia (an-ak-u' -se-ali) \av priv. ; hiwveiv, to hear]. 
Complete deafness ; abolition of the sense of hearing. 

Anadenia (an-ad-e' -ne-ali) \_av priv.; ath'/r, gland]. In- 
sufficiency of glandular function. Chronic want of 
gastric secretion. 

Anadicrotic (an-ah-di-krof '-Hi) [hva, upward; dig, 
twice ; uporoc, a stroke]. Characterized by anadi- 
crotism. 

Anadicrotism (dn-ah-di' -krot-izni) \_ava, upward ; die, 
twice ; uporoc;, a stroke]. Dicrotism of the pulse- 
wave occurring in the upward stroke. 

Anadidymous (an-ad-id'-im-us) [hva, up; 6idv/j.oc, a 
twin]. Cleft upward into two, while single below — 
said of certain joined twins. 

Anadidymus (an-ad-id* '-im-us) [hva, up; didvfior, a 
twin]. An anadidymous monster. 

Anadiplosis (an-ah-dip-lo'-sis) [ava, up, back ; SnrXoeiv, 
to double]. The reduplication or redoubling of a fever- 
paroxysm. 

Anadiplotic (an-ah-dip-lot'-ik) [hva, up; 6i~Xbtiv, to 
double]. Characterized by anadiplosis. 

Anadipsia (an-ah-dip' -se-ali) [hva, intensive ; diipa, 
thirst]. Intense thirst. 

Anadipsic (an-ah-dip' -sik) [hva, intensive ; 8'npa, 
thirst]. Causing or relating to great thirst. 

Anadosis (an-ad'-o-sis) [avadoatg, distributing]. Vomit- 
ing ; upward determination of blood. 

Anadrom (an-ad'-rom) [and, up; Spa/ieiv, to run]. In 
biology, a fish that ascends rivers to spawn. 

Anadromous (an-ad'-ro-mus) [hvadpo/nog, running up]. 
Ascending ; moving upward. Said of pains, etc. 

Anaematopoiesis (an-e-tnat-o-poi-e' -sis). See Ane- 
amatopoiesis. 

Anaematosis (an-e-mat-o'-sis). See Anematosis. 

Anaemia (an-e'-me-ah). See Anemia. 

Anaemotrophy (an-e-mof -ro-fe). See Anemotrophy. 

Anaerobia (an-a-er-o'-be-ali) [av priv. ; d^p,air; fiioc, 
life]. Microorganisms having the power of living 
without either air or free oxygen. A. , Facultative, ap- 
plied to organisms normally or usually living in the 
presence of oxygen, but under certain circumstances 
becoming anaerobic. 

Anaerobic (an-a-e-ry-bik)[hv -priv. ; hr/p, a.\r; /3iog, life], 
A term used of microorganisms, that live in the ab- 
sence of free oxygen or air. See Aerobic. 

Anaerobiosis (an-a-er-o-bi-o'-sis) [av priv. ; hijp, air; 
pioc, life]. Life sustained in the absence of free oxy- 
gen ; the power of living where there is no free 
oxygen. 

Anaerobiotic (an-a-er-o-bi-of '-ik). Same as Anaerobi- 
oiis. 

Anaerobious (an-a-e-ro'-be-us) [av priv.; d^p, air; P'ioq, 
life]. In biology, capable of existing without free 



oxygen by a power of obtaining oxygen from organic 
substances. 

Anaerophyte (an-a'-e-ro-fii) [dvpriv.; d/}p,air; (j>v~6v, 
a plant]. In biology, a plant capable of living with- 
out a direct supply of oxygen. 

Anaeroplastic {an-a-cr-o-plas'-tik) [av., priv.; hi/p, 
air; TrAaaaeiv, to shape]. Pertaining to anaeroplasty. 

Anaeroplasty (an-a' -er-o-plas-tc) [hv priv. ; ai/p, air ; 
-ir'/.aacEiv, to shape]. The treatment of wounds by im- 
mersion in warm water, so as to exclude the air. 

Anaesthesia (an-es-the' -ze-ali). See Anesthesia. 

Anaesthetic (an-es-thet'-ik). See Anesthetic. 

Anaetiological (an-e-le-o-loj' -ik-al). See Anetiological. 

Anagallis (an-ag-al'-is) [L. ]. A genus of plants. A. 
arvensis, Pimpernel. An herb having some local 
reputation as a remedy for rheumatism and as a pre- 
ventive of hydrophobia. Dose of the fluid extract gj. 

Anagennesis (an-aj-en-e'-sis) [avayevv^aig, regenera- 
tion]. Reparation or reproduction of tissues. 

Anagnostakis's Operation. See Operations, Tabic of. 

Anagraph (au'-a-graf) [avaypacjii/ , a writing out]. A 
physician's prescription or recipe. 

Anagyrin (an-aj-i' -rin) [Anagyris, from hva, back- 
ward; yvpoc, a circle], C u H I8 N 2 0.,. An alkaloid 
from the seeds of Anagyris ftxtida, L., a leguminous 
shrub of Southern Europe. Its hydrochlorate is poi- 
sonous, slowing the respiration, and interfering with 
the heart's action. Unof. 

Anakroasia (an-ak-ro-a' -ze-ali). See Anacroasia. 

Anakusis (an-ak-u' -sis). See Anacusia. 

Anal (a'-nal) \_anus, the fundament]. Pertaining to 
the anus. 

Analepsia (an-al-ep' -se-ali). See Analepsis. 

Analepsis (an-al-ep' -sis) [hva7^jipic, a taking up.] Re- 
covery of strength after disease. 

Analepsy (an'-al-ep-se). See Analepsis. 

Analeptic (an-al-ep '-tile) [hvaXq-riiids , restorative]. I. 
Restorative. 2. Any agent restoring strength after ill- 
ness, as nourishing foods and tonics. 

Analgen (an-al'-jen) [av priv. ; d?;oc, pain], C 2fi H u - 
N 2 4 . A white, tasteless, crystalline powder, almost 
insoluble in water, soluble with difficulty in cold 
alcohol, but more readily in hot alcohol and dilute 
acids. It melts at 406.4° F. It is employed as an 
analgesic, antineuralgic, and antipyretic, in doses of 
from seven and a half to thirty grains. Unof. 

Analgesia (an-al-je'-ze-ah) [av priv. ; oa~)oc, pain]. 
Insensibility to or absence of pain. 

Analgesic (an-al-je' -sik) [hv priv. ; akyoq, pain]. I. 
Anodyne; relieving pain. 2. Affected with analgesia. 
t,. A remedy that relieves pain either by depressant 
action on the nerve centers or by impairing the con- 
ductivity of nerve fibers. 

Analgesin (an-al-je' -sin). See Antipyriti. 

Analgia (an-aU -je-ali) [an priv. ; alyog, pain]. Paral- 
ysis of the sense of pain ; absence of pain. 

Analgic (an-a I'-jik) [av priv.; akyoc, pain]. Analgesic. 

Analogism (an-al'-o-jisni) [avakoyiaiidc., reasoning; 
ava, through; 7oyoc, ratio]. Diagnosis by analogy 
or by reasoning. 

Analogous (an-al'-o-gus)[ava7.oyoc, conformable]. Con- 
forming to, proportionate, answering to. See, also, 
Analogue. A. Tissues, morbid tissues similar to 
the elementary and normal tissues of the body. 

Analogue (an'-al-og) [dvd/oyoc, conformable]. Apart 
or organ having the same function as another, but 
with a difference of structure. The correlative term, 
homologuc, denotes identity of structure with difler- 
ence of function. The wing of the butterfly and that 
of the bird are analogous, but the wing of a bird 
and the arm of a man are homologous. A., Non- 
homologous, are parts that have a similarity of 



ANALYSIS 



75 



ANAPNEOMETER 



function without any similarity as to relative posi- 
tion, e.g. , the legs of a lizard and those of a lobster. 
A., Homologous, is used of parts that are similar 
both as to function and relative position, e. g. , the 
wings of a bat and of a bird. 

Analysis [an-aV -is-is) [avaXvuv, to unloose]. The 
resolution of compound bodies into simpler, or con- 
stituent parts. A., Densimetric, analysis of a subject 
by means of determining the specific gravity of the 
solution and thus estimating the amount of dissolved 
matter. A., Gasometric, the determination of the 
constituents of gaseous compounds, especially the 
determination of the amount of oxygen in samples of 
atmospheric air. A., Gravimetric, the quantitative 
determination by weight of the elements of a body. 
A., Organic, the determination of the elements of 
matter formed under the influence of life. The 
analysis of animal and vegetable tissues. A., Proxi- 
• mate, the determination of the simpler compound 
elements into which a substance may be resolved. 

• A., Qualitative, the determination of the nature and 
number of elements that compose a body. A., Quan- 
titative, the determination of the proportionate parts 
of the various elements of a compound. A., Spectral, 
the determination of the composition of a body by means 
of the spectroscope. A., Ultimate, the resolution of 
a compound, not into its simpler constituents, but its 
ultimate elements. A., Volumetric, the quantitative 
determination of a constituent by ascertaining the 
volume of a liquid required to complete a given re- 
action. 

Analyzer [an' -al-i-zer) [dvaXveiv, to unloose]. In 
microscopy, the Nicol prism placed at some level 
above the object which receives and exhibits the 
properties of light after polarization. 

Anamirtin [an-am-er 1 '-/in) \_Anamirta, a genus of 
plants], C 19 H 3ti 2 . A glycerid derived from Cocculus 
indicus, the berry-like fruit of Anamirta paniculata, 
L. 

Anamnesia [an-am-ne' -ze-ah). See Anamnesis. 

Anamnesis [an-am-ne' -sis') [dva/uvr/mc, a recalling to 
mind]. I. The faculty of memory ; recollection. 2. 
That which is recollected : information gained re- 
garding the past history of a case from the patient or 
from his friends or from other persons. 

Anamnestic (an-am-nes' -tik) [avapvr/oic; , a recalling 
to mind]. 1. Recalling to mind ; remembering. 2. 
Restorative of the memory. 

Anamnia [an-am'-ne-ah). See Amniota. 

Anamnionic (an-am-ne-on'-ik). Same as Anamniotic. 

Anamniotic [an-am-ne-of -ik) [av priv. ; auviov, am- 
nion]. In biology, without an amnion, as fishes. 

Anamorphism [an-am-orf'-izm). Same as Anamor- 
phosis. 

Anamorphosis [an-am-orf-o' -sis) [dvapopcpuatc ; ava, 
again ; fiop(f>6eiv, to form]. Distortion or anomaly of 
development. In biology, gradual change of form in 
successive members of a group. 

Anamorphosy [an-am-or' -fo-se). See Anamorphosis. 

Anam Ulcer. A form of phagedena such as is common 
in hot countries. It begins with an inflammation 
starting from a small abrasion of the skin, generally 
on the foot and leg, with sloughing of the inflamed 
skin, producing a sharp-cut ulcer that spreads 
slowly, preceded by an area of inflammation. Its 
course is remarkably slow, and its resistance to treat- 
ment obstinate. Syphilis and anemia are predisposing 
factors. 

Anandria (an-an 1 '-dre-ah) [av priv. ; avijp, man]. 
Lack of virility ; male impotence. 

Anandrous [an-an' -drus) [av priv. ; dvyp, a male]. 
In biology, without stamens. 



Anantherous [an-an' -ther-us) [dv priv. ; anthera, 
anther]. In biology, without anthers. 

Ananthous [an-an' -thus) [av priv. ; dvdog, a flower]. 
In biology, destitute of flowers. 

Anantochasmus [an-an-lo-kaz'-mzts) [dvavryg, steep ; 
Xaoim, a chasm], Lissauer's term for a skull in 
which there is a forward inclination of the line con- 
necting the basion and staphylion. 

Anantocoryphus (an-an-to-kor'-if-us) [dvavry^, steep ; 
Kopvtpij, the crown]. Lissauer's term for a skull in 
which the angle formed between the radius fixus and 
the line connecting the bregma and lambda is between 
52 and 41 . 

Anantopyl [an-ant' -o-pll) [dvdvrr/g, steep, up-hill ; 
-Kvh], an entrance], A term applied by Lissauer to 
skulls in which the foramen magnum looks slightly 
forward when referred to the radius fixus as a hori- 
zontal. 

Ananturaniscus [an-an-tu-ran-is' -kus) [dvavryg, steep ; 
bvpaviGX'K, canopy, vault]. Lissauer's term for a 
skull in which there is a forward inclination of the 
line joining the alveolar point and the posterior border 
of the incisive foramen. 

Ananturanus [an-an-tu-ra' -nns) [dvdvTijg, steep ; 
bvpai'dg, the vault]. Lissauer's term for a skull in 
which the radius fixus being horizontal, there is a 
forward-looking of the palate. 

Anapeiratic [an-ap-i-rat' -ik) [dvaira.pdoOai, to do 
again]. Due to frequent repetition; a general term 
for such affections as writers' and telegraphers' cramp, 
or paralysis. 

Anaphalantiasis [an-af-al-an-W -as-is) [ava, up ; 
tf>d?.avdog , bald in front]. The falling out of the eye- 
brows. 

Anaphases [an-af-a' sez) [ava, up; (f>daig, a phase]. In 
biology, the phenomena of karyokinesis immediately 
preceding the formation of the daughter stars, and up 
to the formation of the resting daughter nuclei. See 
Metaphases. 

Anaphia [an-a' -fe-ah) [av priv; dtpy, touch]. Defect in 
the sense of touch. 

Anaphrodisia [an-af-ro-diz' -e-ah) [av priv. ; ' 'A<ppodirrj , 
Venus]. Absence or impairment of sexual appetite. 

Anaphrodisiac [an-af-ro-diz' -e-ak) [ai>priv.; 'Acj>po6iry, 
Venus]. 1. Relating to, affected by, or causing 
anaphrodisia. 2. An agent that allays the sexual 
desire. 

Anaphroditic [an-af-ro-dif -ik) [av priv. ; Atypodiry, 
Venus]. Asexually produced. 

Anaphroditous [an-af-rod' -it-tis) [av priv. ; A<j>podiry, 
Venus]. Having no sexual impulses or appetite. 

Anaplase [an'-ap-laz) [ava, up; izXdooEiv, to build]. 
The stage of growth and development ; the period 
before full maturity. 

Anaplast [an'-ap-last) [avaizAaaaeiv , to shape]. See 
Lencoplast. 

Anaplastic [an-ap-las'-tik) [avair'Aaoaeiv, to build up]. 

1. Relating to anaplasty ; restoring a lost or defective 
part. 2. An agent that facilitates repair by restoring or 
increasing the plastic elements of the blood. 

Anaplasty [an'-ap-las-te) [dvaTr'/Aaat/v, to build up]. 
Operation for the renewal or restoration of lost 
parts, commonly called a plastic operation; plastic 
surgery. 

Anaplerosis [an-ap-le-ro'-sis) [ava, up; ir/.ypdetv, to 
fill]. The restoration or repair of a wound, sore, or 
lesion in which there has been a loss of substance. 

Anaplerotic [an-ap-le-rof -ik) [ava, up; -/ypdeir, to 
fill]. 1. Promotive of repair, favoring granulation. 

2. A remedy or application that promotes repair. 
Anapneometer [an-ap-ne-om' -et-er) [dvanvoy, respira- 
tion ; /lETpov, a measure]. An anapnograph. 



ANAPNOGRAPH 



76 



ANAZOTURIA 



Anapnograph (an-ap' -tio-graf) [dva-Kvori, respiration ; 
ypdipeiv, to write]. An apparatus registering the move- 
ments of inspiration and expiration, together with the 
quantity of air inhaled. 

Anapnoic (an-ap-no' -ik) [ava, against; anvoia, want 
of breath]. Favoring respiration ; relieving dyspnea. 

Anapnometer (an-ap-nom' -et-er) [dvawvoi], respiration ; 
/xerpov, a measure]. An anapneometer. 

Anapophysis (an-ap-off' -is-is) [dvd, back; aTrd^voig , 
an offshoot]. An accessory process of a lumbar or 
posterior dorsal vertebra, corresponding to the inferior 
tubercle of the transverse process of a typical dorsal 
vertebra. 

Anarcotin (ah-nar' -ko-tin) [a priv. ; vapKurmog, nar- 
cotic]. Narcotin, so called from its lack of narcotic 
power. 

Anargyrus (an-ar' -jir-ns) [dv priv. ; apyvpoc, silver : 
pi. , Anargyri\. An old name for a practitioner who 
treated the sick gratuitously. 

Anarrhea,or Anarrhcea (an-ar-e' -ah) [aw, up; pola, 
flow]. Afflux to an upper part, as of blood to the head. 

Anarrhexis (an-ar-eks' '-is) [dvd, up; pv^g, fracture]. 
Surgical refracture of a bone. 

Anarthria (an-ar' '-thre-ah) [dv priv. ; apOpov, articula- 
tion]. I. Partial aphasia from partial destruction of the 
paths of the motor tracts of speech, and characterized 
by defective articulation. 2. Without joints. 

Anarthrous [an-ar' -thr us) [dv priv. ; dpdpuv, a joint], 
Jointless. So corpulent that no joints are visible. 

Anasarca [an-ah-sar' -kah) [dvd, through ; ffdp^, the 
flesh]. An accumulation of serum in the areolar tis- 
sues of the body. If associated with effusion of fluid 
into serous cavities it is called general dropsy. If the 
affection is local, it is called edema. This local form 
is generally the result of some mechanical obstruction 
to the flow of blood in the part. 

Anasarcous [an-ah-sar' '-ktts) [ava, through ; ffdp^, the 
flesh]. Affected with anasarca. 

Anaspadias [an-as-pa' -de-as) [ava, up; CTraeiv, to 
draw]. An urethral opening upon the upper surface 
of the penis. 

Anastaltic [an-as-taV -tik) [dvaaraXriKdi;, checking, 
putting back, or up ; oreTJieiv, to send]. I. Strongly 
astringent. 2. Centripetal ; afferent ; used of nerve- 
currents. 

Anastasis [an-as' -fas-is) [dvdoraaic, a setting up]. Re- 
covery ; convalescence ; a state of improving health, 
vigor, or development. 

Anastate [an'-as-tdt) [avdararoc, caused to rise]. Any 
substance that appears in or is characteristic of an 
anabolic process. 

Anastatic [an-as-taf-ik) [avdararoc , caused to rise]. 
Tending to recovery ; restorative. 

Anastole [an-as' -to-le) [dvarsTolr/ , retracted]. Retrac- 
tion ; shrinking away, as of the lips of a wound. 

Anastom [an' -as-tom) [ava, above; ar6p.a, mouth]. 
Any mouthless organism ; specifically, a member of 
the genus Anastoma, among the Gasteropods or Orthop- 
tera, or Anactomns among the Salmonidas. 

Anastomosis [an-as-to-tno' -sis) [dvaoTOjidetv, to bring 
to a mouth]. The intercommunication of vessels. 
Anastomotic arteries of the thigh, etc., branches of the 
brachial, femoral, etc., whereby the collateral circula- 
tion is established after ligature for aneurysm, etc. 
The term has been inaccurately used of the junction 
of the nerve-filaments. A., Crucial, an arterial an- 
astomosis in the upper part of the thigh, formed by the 
anastomotic branch of the sciatic, the first perforating, 
the internal circumflex, and the transverse branch of 
the external circumflex. A., Intestinal, an opera- 
tion consisting in establishing a communication be- 
tween the intestine above and that below the obstruc- 



tion, in cases of intestinal obstruction. In this way 
the impermeable portion of the bowel is excluded 
from the fecal circulation. 

Anastomotic [an-as-to-mof -ik) [avaaropoeiv, to bring 
to a mouth]. Pertaining to anastomosis. 

Anatherapeusis [an-ath-er-ap-u' -sis) [ava, forward ; 
Hepanevoic, medical treatment]. Treatment by in- 
creasing doses. 

Anathrepsis [an-ath-rep' -sis) [dvdOpeip/r, a fresh 
growth]. A renewal of lost flesh after recovery. 

Anathreptic (an-ath-rep' -tik) [dvddpeipig, a fresh 
growth]. Restorative of lost flesh ; nutritive. 

Anatomical [an-at-om'-ik-al) [dvaTop.!a, anatomy]. 
Pertaining to anatomy. A. Tubercle. See Ver- 
ruca necrogenica. 

Anatomism [an-af -om-izni) [avaro/xla, anatomy]. The 
theory that anatomical conditions determine all the 
phenomena of life, health, and disease. 

Anatomist (an-af -om-ist) [dvaropia, anatomy]. One 
who is expert in anatomy. A.'s Snuff-box, the tri- 
angular space between the tendons of the extensor of 
the metacarpal bone of the thumb and the extensor of 
the first phalanx on the* back of the hand. 

Anatomy [an-af -o-me) [ava, up, apart ; rt/xveiv, to cut]. 
The dissection of organic bodies in order to study their 
structure, the situations and uses of their organs, etc. 
A., Applied, anatomy as concerned in the diagnosis and 
management of pathological conditions. A., Compar- 
ative, the investigation and comparison of the anatomy 
of different orders of animals or of plants, one with an- 
other. A., Descriptive, a study of the separate and 
individual portions of the body, apart from their rela- 
tionship to surrounding parts. A., Gross, anatomy 
of the macroscopic tissues. A., Homological, the 
study of the correlations of the several parts of the 
body. A., Minute, that studied under the micro- 
scope. A., Morbid or Pathological, a study of 
diseased structures. A., Physiognomical, the study 
of expressions depicted upon the exterior of the body, 
especially upon the face. A., Regional, a study of 
limited parts or regions of the body, the divisions of 
which are collectively or peculiarly affected by disease, , 
injury, operations, etc. A., Surgical, the application 
of anatomy to surgery. A., Topographical, the 
anatomy of a single portion or part of the body. A., 
Transcendental, the study of the general design of 
the body, and of the particular design of the organs. 
A., Veterinary, the anatomy of domestic animals. 

Anatripsis [an-at-rip' -sis) [dvaTpifig , a rubbing]. Rub- 
bing ; the removal of a part or growth by scraping or 
rubbing; inunction. Also an upward or centripetal 
movement in massage. 

Anatripsology (an-at-rip-sol'-o-jc) [avdrpiilnc , a rub- 
bing; 7.6yoq, science]. The science of friction as a 
remedial agent. 

Anatriptic [an-at-rip' -tik) [avdrpifig, a rubbing]. A 
medicine to be applied by rubbing. 

Anatropal (an-af -ro-pal) [dva-perreiv. to turn upside 
down]. See Andtropons. 

Anatropous (an-af -ro-pus) [cba, up; rpeTreiv, to turn]. 
In biology, inverted. Applied to the ovule when com- 
pletely inverted, so that the hilum and micropyle are 
brought close together. 

Anaudia [an-aw' -de-afi) [oi'priv.; avSij, voice]. Loss 
of voice ; dumbness ; inability to articulate. 

Anaxonia (an-aks-o'-ne-ah) [awpriv.; afwv, axle, axis]. 
In biology, organic forms wholly irregular or varying, 
and without axes. 

Anazoturia (an-az-ot-u'-re-ah) [aupriv. ; azotum, nitro- 
gen ; ovpm\ urine]. A name applied to that form of 
chronic diuresis in which urea is deficient or absent 
from the urine. 



ANBURY 



ANDROPOGON 



Anbury (an'-ber-e) [E. dialect]. A soft tumor or 
pendulous wart, chiefly on horses and cattle. 

Ancecerite (an-se'-ser-it) [aynr/, bent ; Kspac, a horn]. 
In biology, a curved process attached to the peduncle 
of the second pair of antennae in certain Crustacea. 

Ancestral germ-plasms. Weismann's "Ahnenplas- 
men." See Id. 

Anchieta (an-che-a'-tah) [Anchietea, a Brazilian botan- 
ist]. A genus of violaceous plants. A. salutaris, 
vegetable mercury. The root of a violaceous plant 
growing in Brazil, highly recommended as a purga- 
tive, and as an alterative in syphilitic affections; it is 
possibly identical with Manaca, q. 7). 

Anchilops (ang'-kil-ops). See Ancliylops. 

Anchorage (ang'-kor-dj) [M. E., ankren, an anchor]. 
The fixation of a floating or displaced viscus, whether 
by a natural process or by surgical means. 

Anchusa (ang-ku'-sah) [axovca, alkanet]. A genus 
of boraginaceous herbs. See Alkanet. 

Anchusin (ang'-ku-sin) [axovaa, alkanet], C 3 .H 40 O 8 . 
The red coloring matter characteristic of alkanet-root. 
See Alkanet. 

Anchyloglossia (ang-kil-o-glos' -e-ah). See Tongue-tie. 

Anchylops (ang'-kil-ops) [ayxh near; atp, the eye]. 
Abscess at inner angle of eye, prior to rupture. 

Anchylosis (ang-kil-o'-sis). See Ankylosis. 

Anchylostomiasis (ang-kil-o-sto-mi' -as-is). See Dock- 
miosis. 

Anchylostomum (ang-kil-os' -to-muni) [aynoXoc, crook- 
ed ; arofia, mouth]. A genus of slender nematoid 
worms inhabiting the human intestines. Dochmius 
(Anchylostoma) duodenalis. Leuck. See Parasites, 
Animal, Table of. 

Ancipital (an-sip' -it-al) [anceps, double]. In biology, 
two-edged. 

Ancome (an'-kum) [E. dialect]. An inflammation or 
swelling that comes on suddenly. 

Ancon (ang'-kon) [aynuv, the elbow]. Originally the 
olecranon process ; applied to the elbow generally. 

Anconad (ang'-ko-nad) [aynuv, the elbow]. Toward 
the olecranon, or elbow. 

Anconagra (ang-kon-a'-grah) [aynwv, the elbow ; aypa, 
a seizure]. Arthritic pain at the elbow. 

Anconal (ang'-kon-al) [ayauv, the elbow]. Pertain- 
ing to the elbow. 

Anconeal (ang-ko'-ne-al). Same as Anconal. 

Anconen (ang'-kon-en) [ayKuv, the elbow]. Belonging 
to the ancon in itself. 

Anconeus (ang-ko-ne' -tts) [aymv, the elbow], A 
small muscle, an extensor of the forearm, inserted 
into the olecranon and upper third of the forearm. It 
arises from the external condyle of the humerus. See 
Aluscles, Table of. 



Anconoid (ang'-kon-oid) [a 



the elbow] . Re- 



sembling the elbow. 

Ancora (ang'-ko-rali) [L., an anchor]. In biology, 
an anchor-shaped Synapta spicule. 

Ancyloblepharon (an-sil-o-blef -ar-on). See Ankylo- 
blepharon. 

Ancyloglossum (an-sil-o-glos'-um). See Tongue-tie. 

Ancylomele (an-sil-o-me' '-le). See Ankylomele . 

Ancyroid (an'-sir-oid) [aynvpa, anchor; A&oq, form]. 
Shaped like an anchor. 

Andersen's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. 

Anderson's Antipruritic Powder. A powder used in 
eczema. It consists of powdered starch, 3 vj ; oxid 
of zinc, 3 iss ; powdered camphor, 3 ss. 

Anderson's (AlcCall) Ointment. An ointment consist- 
ing of powdered bismuth oxid 3J, oleic acid f^j, 
white wax 3 iij , vaselin gix. These are heated 
together and when nearly cool a little oil of rose is 
added. It is an excellent soothing ointment for the skin. 



Anderson's Pill. The compound gamboge pill. 
Andira (an-di'-rah) [L.]. A genus of tropical legumi- 
nous trees. A. araroba, affords the Goa Powder (see 

Araroba). Several species yield active medicines, 

chiefly of local repute. A. inermis (Cabbage-tree). 

A. anthelmintica, of Brazil, and A. retusa, of Guiana, 

have barks efficacious against worms. 
Andranatomy (an-dran-af -o-me) \_hvijp, a man ; 

avaropia, anatomy]. Human anatomy; the anatomy 

or dissection of the male human subject. 
Andrecium, or Andrcecium (an-dre' -se-um) [avr/p, a 

man; alitor, a house]. In biology, a term applied to 

the stamens as a whole. 
Androclinium (an-dro-klin' -e-um) . See Clinandrium. 
Andro-diecious (an-dro-di-e'-s/ie-us) [avi/p, male; 

Sic, two; oikoc, a house]. In biology, flowers stami- 

nate on one plant, perfect on another. 
Androgalactozemia (an-dro-gal-ak-to-ze' -me-ah) [avi/p, 

man; ya/.a, milk; C,r/iiia, loss]. The presence of 

milk in the male mammae. 
Androgonidium (an-dro-gon-id'-e-um). See Andro- 

spore. 
Androgyna (an-droj' -in-ali) [avi/p, man; yvvr/, 

woman]. An hermaphrodite ; a female in whom the 

genital organs are similar to those of the male. 
Androgyneity (an-droj-in-e'-it-e) [avi/p, man ; yvvr),. 

woman]. Hermaphroditism. 
Androgynism (an-droj' -in-izni) [avr/p, man ; yvvij, 

woman]. Hermaphroditism. 
Androgynous (an-droj' -in-us) [avr/p, man; yvvi/ + 

woman]. Hermaphrodite. In biology, having male 

and female flowers in the same inflorescence. 
Androgynus (an-droj' -in-us) [avi/p, man; yvvr/, 

woman]. An hermaphrodite. A male with genital 

organs similar to those of the female. 
Androgyny (an-droj' -in-e). See Androgynism. 
Andrology (an-drol'-o-je) [avi/p, man; Aoyoc, science]. 

1. The science of man, especially of the male sex. 

2. The science of the diseases of the male genito- 
urinary organs. 

Andromania (an-dro-ma' -ne-ah) [avr/p, a man ; jiavla, 
madness]. Nymphomania, q. v. 

Andromeda (an-drom' -e-dah) ['AvSpop.e6r/, a mytholo- 
gical character]. A genus of ericaceous shrubs hav- 
ing poisonous or narcotic properties. The leaves of 
A. mariana and A. nitida, of North America, and 
of A. polyfolia of both continents, are useful in the 
external treatment of old ulcers, a decoction being ap- 
plied hot to the sore. Unof. 

Andromoncecious (an-dro-mo-ne' -ske-us) [avr/p, male ; 
pdvog, single; oIkoc, house]. In biology, of or per- 
taining to a plant that bears staminate and perfect, but 
no pistillate flowers. 

Andromorphous (an-dro-mor' -fits') [avi/p, man ; poptpi/, 
form]. Shaped like a man. 

Androphobia (an-dro-fo' -be-all) [avi/p, man; <t>6j3o^, 
dread]. Fear or dislike of man. 

Androphonomania (an-dro-fo-no-ma' -ne-ah) [avfipo- 
<j>6vog, man-killing ; pavia, madness]. Homicidal in- 
sanity. 

Androphore (an'-dro-for) [avi/p, man ; (pepctv, to bear]. 
In biology, a stalk supporting an andrecium, a stami- 
neal column, or a body supporting an antheridium. In 
biology, a generative bud of a hydrozoan producing 
male elements only. 

Andropogon (an-dro-po'-gon) [avi/p, man ; 7r6yo)v, 
beard]. A genus of coarse grasses of many species. 
A. nardus affords oil of citronella ; A . citratus, lemon- 
grass oil ; A. schcenanthus, oil of rusa, etc. These 
oils are employed in perfumery, and are said to be use- 
ful in rheumatism. The oil-bearing andropogons are 
chiefly S. Asiatic. Unof. 



ANDROSPORANGIUM 



78 



ANENCEPHALOTROPHIA 



Androsporangium (an-dro-spo-ran' -je-um) [avr/p, man ; 
CTiopa, a spore; ayyslov, a vessel]. In biology a 
sporangium producing androspores. 

Androspore (an'-dro-spor) [avi/p, a man ; airopor, seed]. 
In biology, the peculiar swarmspore of the CEdog07iiece 
which develops to a " dwarf male " and gives rise to 
antherozoids. 

Androtomous (an-drof '-o-mus) [avr/p a man ; re/ivelv, to 
cut]. In biology, characterized by congenital division 
of the stamens into several parts. 

Androtomy (an-drof -o-me). See Andranatomy. 

Andrum (an' '-drum) [Guzerali andritm ; avSp6uif\. 
A form of elephantiasis Arabum characterized by 
edema of the scrotum. 

Aneccrisia (an-ek-ris' -e-ali) [av priv. ; in, out ; npiair, 
separation]. The suppression or deficiency of any 
excretion. 

Anechinoplacid (an-ek-i-no-plas 1 '-id) [av priv. ; kxivoq, 
a hedgehog; nvidf, a plate]. In biology, having the 
madreporic plate destitute of spines ; the opposite of 
Echinoplacid. 

Anectasia (an-ek-ta'-se-ah). See Anectasis. 

Anectasis (an-ek' -tas-is) [av priv. ; EKraatr, extension]. 
Deficient size of an organ or part. 

Aneilema (ati-i-le' '-?nah) [ava, up; ukieiv, to roll]. 
Flatulence ; air or wind in the bowels ; colic. 

Anelectric (an-el-ek'-trik) [av priv. ; f/AsKTpov, amber]. 
Readily giving up electricity. 

Anelectrode (an-el-ek' -trod) [ava, upward ; rfAiKrpov, 
amber ; 666c, a path]. The positive pole of a gal- 
vanic battery. 

Anelectrotonic (an-el-ek-tro-ton' -ik) [av priv. ; tjaek- 
Tpov, electricity; rovor, tension]. Relating to anelec- 
trotonus. A. Zone. See Zone. 

Anelectrotonos (an-el-ek-trof -o-7ios) [av priv. ; ijXsk- 
rpov, electricity; r6vor, tension]. Anodal electrotonus. 

Anelectrotonus (ci7i-el-ek-trot> '-o-nus) [av priv ; tjAsk.- 
rpov, electricity ; rdvor, tension]. In electrotherapy, 
the decreased functional activity that occurs in a nerve 
in the neighborhood of the anode. See Electrotonus 
and Catelectrotonus. 

Ariel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. A. 
Probe, or Sound, a fine probe used in operations 
upon the lachrymal passages. A. Syringe, a syringe 
used in injecting fluids into the lachrymal passages. 

Anelytrous (an-el' -it-rus) [av priv. ; eAvrpov, shard]. 
In biology, with membranous wings, and no elytra. 

Anematopoiesis (an-e-mat-o-poi-e' -sis) [av priv. ; 
ai/ia, blood; Troir/air, a making]. Deficient formation 
of blood. 

Anematosis, or Anaematosis (an-e-mat-o / -sis) [aval/ia- 
roc, bloodless]. I. General, or idiopathic anemia; the 
morbid state or process that leads to anemia ; that 
diathesis that is associated with an anemic tendency. 
2. Anemia dependent on want of development of the 
red corpuscles of the blood. 

Anemia (an-e' -me-ah) [av priv. ; aijia, blood]. Defi- 
ciency of blood, or deficiency of the relative number 
of its red corpuscles, the latter being the most gener- 
ally understood meaning and use of the term. It 
may be general or local. Ischemia is a form of 
local anemia, and is the result of mechanical inter- 
ference with the circulation ' of the affected part, 
either from vaso-motor spasm, thrombosis, embolism, 
or the action of styptics. The cause of general ane- 
mia is often obscure, or it may be due either to 
an insufficient food-supply and excessive drain or 
blood-waste, or from repeated hemorrhages or exhaust- 
ing discharges. The action of certain poisons, as 
mercury and lead, will also produce a form of anemia. 
Prolonged anemia will give rise to fatty degeneration 
of the organs and tissues. Idiopathic, pernicious, es- 



sential , progressive , malignant , etc., are terms denoting 
a type resisting all treatment and steadily progressing 
to a fatal termination. A., Idiopathic, advances to a 
fatal issue, and is associated with febrile symptoms ; 
its causation is not evident ; it is called also Primary 
Anemia. A., Local. See Hyperemia, Ischemia, and 
Anemia. A. lymphatica. Synonym of Hodghi?i's 
Disease. See Lymphadenoma. A., Primary. See 
A. Idiopathic. A., Secondary, or Symptomatic, 
follows some ascertainable lesion or injury, or from 
some other disease. A., Symptomatic. See A., 
Secondary. 

Anemiate, or Anaemiate (an-e'-me-at) [av priv; al/ia, 
blood]. Affected with anemia. 

Anemiated, or Anaemiated (an-e'-me-a-ted). See 
Anemic. 

Anemied, or Anaemied (an-e' -mid) [av priv. ; al/j,a, 
blood]. Anemic. 

Anemic, or Anaemic (an-em' -ik, an-e'-mik) [av priv. ; 
a'l/ia, blood]. Pertaining to anemia. A. Murmur, a 
blood murmur, or soft murmur heard at the base of 
the heart over the great vessels. A. Necrosis, a ne- 
crosis or death of scattered patches of the heart mus- 
cle, due to a want of nourishment. It arises from 
atheroma occluding the cardiac arteries and their 
branches. 

Anemometer (an-e-mom' -et-er) [ave/ior , wind ; pirpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for measuring the velocity 
of the wind. 

Anemometry (an-e-mom' -et-re) [avepor , wind ; perpov, 
a measure]. The art of measuring the velocity and 
direction of the wind, principally by means of the 
anemometer. 

Anemone (an-em' -o-ne) [avepuvr/, wind flower]. An 
important genus of ranunculaceous herbs, most of 
which have active medicinal and poisonous qualities, 
and some of which are used in medicine. See Pulsa- 
tilla. 

Anemonin (a)i-em' -o-nin) [avepuvr/, wind-flower], C 15 - 
H 12 6 . The active principle of the Ancnwne. It is 
given in bronchitis, asthma, and convulsive cough. 
Dose gr. )4-- 3 A twice daily. 

Anemonol (an-em' -on-ol) [avepuvrj, wind-flower; oleum, 
oil]. The volatile oil extracted from anemone; it is 
a powerful vesicant. 

Anemophilous (an-em-off' -il-us) [avepor , wind ; (j>i?ior, 
loving]. Depending for cross-fertilization upon the 
agency of the wind, as certain flowers. 

Anemosis, or Anaemosis (an-em-o'-sis) [av priv. ; 
aifia, blood]. Defective supply of blood; anemia 
dependent on want of red blood corpuscles. See An- 
ematosis. 

Anemotrophy, or Anaemotrophy (an-em-of -ro-fe) [av 
priv. ; alpa, blood; rpoipij, nourishment]. A deficiency 
of blood nourishment ; an impoverished state of the 
blood. 

Anencephalia (an-en-sef-a' -le-ah ) [av priv. ; b/nifa/loc, 
brain]. Congenital absence of the brain. 

Anencephalic (an-en-sef-al'-ik ) [av priv. ; kyuefaAoc, 
brain]. Pertaining to or characterized by anencephalia. 

Anencephalohemia (an-en-sef-al-o-he' -me-ah) [av 
priv. ; hyK.e<pa\oc, brain ; alfia, blood]. Insufficiency 
of blood in the brain. 

Anencephaloid (an-en-sef -al-oid) [av priv. ; eyidtpa/X- 
or, brain]. Pertaining to anencephalia. 

Anencephaloneuria (an-en-sef-al-on-u' '-re-ah ) [av 
priv.; kyKetya't or, brain ; vevpov, a nerve]. Imperfect 
nerve-action of the brain. 

Anencephalotrophia, or Anencephalotrophy (an-en- 
sef-a l-o-tro'-fe-ah or -lot' -ro-fe) [av priv.; i}Kioa/or, 
brain; rpoipi/, nutrition]. Atrophy, or lack of nutri- 
tion of the brain. 



ANENCEPHALUS 



79 



ANESTHETIC 



Anencephalus [an-en-sef '-al-zis) [av priv. ; f)K£0aAoc, 

brain]. I. A species of single autositic monsters in 
which there is neither a trace of the brain nor a rudi- 
mentary representative of it. 2. According to Saint- 
Hilaire, a variety of the above species in which there 
is extensive laying open of the spinal canal with ab- 
sence of the spinal cord. 

Anencephaly {an-en-sef f -al-e). See Anencephalia. 

Anenergesia (an-en-er-je'-ze-ah'). See Anenergia. 

Anenergia (an-en-er 1 '-Je-aA) [av priv.; evepyeca, en- 
ergy]. Lack of vigor or power. 

Anenteremia (an-e>i-ter-e'-me-ah) [av priv. ; evrepov, 
an intestine; aifia, blood]. Bloodless condition of 
the bowels. 

Anenteroneuria {an-en-ter-o-nu' '-re-ah ) [av priv. ; 
evrepov, an intestine; vevpov, a nerve]. Intestinal 
atony. 

Anenterotrophia (an-en-ter-o-tro' -fe-ah ) [av priv. ; 
evrepov, an intestine; rpo(j>i/, nourishment]. Defective 
intestinal nutrition. 

Anenterous (an-en' -ter-us) [av priv. ; evrepov, intes- 
tine]. In biology, having no intestine, as a tapeworm 
or a fluke. 

Anepia (an-ep'-e-ah) [avenijc, speechless]. Inability 
to speak. 

Anepiploic (an-ep-ip-lo'-ik) [av priv. ; eiriir?Mov, the 
caul]. Having no epiploon. 

Anepithymia (an-ep-e-thim' '-e-ah) [av priv. ; eirSvpla, 
desire]. Loss of any natural appetite. 

Anerethisia (an-er-eth-iz'-e-ah) [av priv.; eped'i r eiv, to 
excite]. Imperfect irritability, as of a muscle or nerve. 

Anergia (an-er' '-je-ah) [av priv. ; epyov, work]. Slug- 
gishness ; inactivity. 

Anergic (an-er' -Jih) [av priv. ; epyov, work]. Char- 
acterized by sluggishness ; as anergic dementia. A. 
Stupor. See Insanity, Stuporous. 

Aneroid (an'-er-oid) [a priv.; vripoc, wet; elSoc, 
form]. Dispensing with a fluid, as quicksilver. A. 
Barometer. See Barometer. 

Anerythroblepsia (an-er-ith-ro-blcp' '-se-ah). Same as 
Anerythropsia. 

Anerythroblepsy (an-er' '-M-ro-6/ep-se). Same as An- 
erythropsia. 

Anerythropsia (an-er-ith-rop' -se-aE) [av priv. ; kpv- 
dpoc, red; ot/«c, sight]. Subnormal color perception 
of red. See Blindness. 

Anesis (an'-es-is) [Uveas, remission]. An abatement 
or relaxation in the severity of symptoms. 

Anesthesia, or Anaesthesia (an-es-the'.-ze-ah ) [avaia- 
07/o-ia, want of feeling]. A condition of insensibility 
or loss of feeling due to pathological conditions of the 
centers, conducting paths of the nerves, or the peri- 
pheral terminations of the same, or to artificial pro- 
duction by means of anesthetics. A., Bulbar or 
Central, due to central disease. A., Crossed, anes- 
thesia on one side of the organism, due to a central 
lesion of the other side. A., Doll's Head, a form of 
anesthesia extending over the head, neck, and upper 
part of the chest. A. dolorosa, severe pain experi- 
enced after the occurrence of complete motor and 
sensory paralysis, a symptom observed in certain 
diseases of the spinal cord. A., Local, of a limited 
part of the body. A., Muscular, loss of the muscular 
sense. A., Peripheral, depending upon conditions 
of the end-organs of the nerves. A., Surgical, by 
means of anesthetics for the purpose of preventing 
pain, producing relaxation of muscles, or for diagnos- 
tic purposes. 

Anesthesimeter {an-es-thes-im' '-et-er) [hvaiaftrjaia, want 
of feeling; perpov, a measure]. An instrument to 
measure the amount of an anesthetic administered in a 
given time. 



Anesthetic, or Anaesthetic (an-es-thet'-ik) [av priv. ; 
aladdveadat, to feel]. A substance that produces in- 
sensibility to feeling or to acute pain, diminished mus- 
cular action, and other phenomena. Anesthetics may 
be general, local, partial and complete. A., General ; 
the following are the substances that have been used 
for general anesthesia : Amylene, C 5 H 10 , a mobile 
liquid, thin, colorless, translucent ; action rapid, pro- 
ducing partial anesthesia. It is used in Germany 
under the name of Pental ; it is best administered by 
means of Junker's inhaler, which modifies its unplea- 
sant odor ; it should not be brought near a flame. 
Carbon Tetrachlorid, not so irritating to the 
organs of respiration, but far more dangerous than 
chloroform. Chloral Hydrate, action indirect 
and incomplete. Rarely, if ever, now used. Chloro- 
form, by inhalation. Largely employed in general 
surgery. It seems to have a selective action upon the 
nervous system, and also exercises a direct influence 
upon the muscular tissues of the heart. It paralyzes 
the vaso-motor system, and death results from cardiac 
paralysis. Chloroform should always be administered 
freely mixed with air. The Method of definite 
mixtures, however, as recommended by Clover, and 
Bert, while admirable in theory, is not entirely practi- 
cal. The Lister Method, also known as the Scotch or 
Open Method of administering chloroform, consists in 
pouring a small amount of the anesthetic upon a com- 
mon towel arranged in a square of six folds, and hold- 
ing this as near to the face as can be borne without 
inconvenience. Various inhalers have been devised 
for the administration of chloroform, the best of which 
are Clover s, which consists of a large bag capable of 
containing a given volume of air, into which the vapor 
of a given quantity of chloroform is allowed to enter, 
the mixture being so arranged that the tension of 
chloroform vapor in the air is maintained below 4.5 
per cent ; Junker' s, as modified by Dudley Buxton, 
which consists in the inhalation of air containing the 
chloroform vapor, the latter being taken up by pump 
ing the air through a bottle containing half an ounce 
of the anesthetic ; Krohne and Sesemann have modi- 
fied the foregoing by doing away with the intermit- 
tent, jerky delivery of the vapor and by adding to the 
face-piece an expiration-valve guarded by a stiff 
feather, which, rising in expiration and falling in in- 
spiration, registers the force and strength of respira- 
tion (Feather respiration register') ; Sansom's apparatus 
is a modification of Sno?u's, substituting a gutta-percha 
covering for the cold-water jacket of Snow ; Snorv's 
inhaler consists of a metallic cylindrical vessel, con- 
taining two coils of blotting paper, permitting free 
circulation of air, and surrounded by another cylinder 
containing water, the latter being for the purpose of 
equalizing the temperature. Syncope resulting from 
chloroform administration should be treated by lower- 
ing the head, artificial respiration, inhalation of nitrite 
of amyl, electrical stimulation, and possibly acupunc- 
ture of the heart. Ethene Chlorid, formerly called 
ethylene chlorid, Dutch liquid, chloric ether, closely re- 
sembles chloroform, but is less of a cardiac depres- 
sant. It is considered safer than chloroform. Death 
results from paralysis of the respiratory centers. 
Ether, by inhalation, is probably the safest known 
agent for the production of prolonged narcosis. Its 
action is directed largely to the nervous system, which 
becomes profoundly affected. It frequently causes 
spasmodic action and suspension of respiratory action. 
Death results from paralysis of respiration. It may 
be administered alone or in combination with nitrous 
oxid gas, in which case the patient is more rapidlv 
narcotized. A variety of inhalers have been devised 



ANESTHETIC 



80 



ANESTHETIC 



for its administration, as follows : Allis's is probably 
the best form of open inhaler. It consists of a metal 
frame, so arranged that a flannel bandage can be 
stretched across and the whole surrounded with a 
leather case, which acts as a face-piece. Clover' s port- 
able ether i/i/ialer consists of a dome-shaped receptacle 
pierced by a central shaft connecting with a rubber 
bag into which the patient breathes. Moving with the 
face-piece is a metal indicator to register the amount 
of ether admitted. A water chamber surrounds the 
ether vessel to regulate the temperature. The Cone is 
much used in America. A towel is folded into the 
shape of a cone, a sponge is placed at the apex, and 
the ether poured upon this. Hewitt ' s apparatus may 
be used for giving gas and ether. In his inhaler the 
inspiratory and expiratory valves are placed in a little 
chamber near the face-piece ; a free draught of air is 
permitted. Ornish/ s inhaler consists of a leather 
face-piece, crowned with a cone-shaped wire cage 
covered with leather and joined to a soft leather bag, 
covered by a loose net to prevent excessive expansion. 
The wire cage contains a sponge on which the ether 
is poured. Rendle adds to a cone containing a flan- 
nel cap a mask for the face. Rectal etherization may 
be resorted to in operations about the face and throat. 
The ether vapor is introduced into the bowel, the pro- 
cess taking longer for complete anesthetization than 
by the usual method. Ethidene Chlorid is similar 
in its action to chloroform. Patients take a longer 
time to recover consciousness than when chloroform 
is used, but they experience fewer after-effects, and re- 
cover rapidly. Anesthetization occurs in three to five 
minutes. Hydrobromic Ether {bromid of ethyl) 
produces unconsciousness and anesthesia in one 
minute, and complete muscular relaxation in two or 
three minutes. The heart's action is somewhat 
weakened. Return to consciousness after withdrawal 
of the ether is very prompt. Its use may be followed 
by vomiting. According to some observers, death re- 
sults from cardiac failure, while others believe it kills 
by direct action upon the respiratory center. It is best 
administered by an Allis inhaler, and is of most service 
in minor surgery for short operations. Nitrous Oxid, 
by inhalation, is much used by dentists for extraction 
of teeth. The symptoms resemble those of asphyxia, 
hence it is more important to watch the respiration 
than the pulse. It may be employed in minor surgical 
operations. There are but few after-effects, those 
most often observed being headache and malaise. 
Bert's method of administering nitrous oxid consists 
in giving it in conjunction with oxygen under pres- 
sure ; by this method the administration may be pro- 
longed indefinitely. Clover's Gas and Ether Jnhaler 
is intended for the administration of a mixture of 
these anesthetics ; it is so arranged that gas can be 
given alone, or in combination with the ether. 
Buxton's apparatus is used for the administration of 
gas only, and possesses a special contrivance to filter 
the air. Fontaine ' s chamber is an apparatus devised 
to keep the patient under an atmospheric pressure 
equal to 26 inches mercury, so that the vapor inhaled 
would be 50 per cent, gas and 50 per cent, air, and 
asphyxia thus be prevented. The employment of 
supplemental bags has been advocated by Braine. The 
patient breathes into these bags, the gas supply being 
turned off and the expiratory vaVe closed. It is 
claimed that this method produces a more prolonged 
period of unconsciousness. Various accessory instru- 
ments are needed in the use of gas, such as gags, 
mouth openers, and mouth props, spoons, etc. A., 
Local, an anesthetic that, locally applied, produces 
absence of sensation in the organ or tissue so treated. 



Alcohol, locally, removes sensation to pain, while 
tactile sense persists. Cool the alcohol to about lo° 
below the freezing point, by placing it in ice and salt, 
and place the part to be numbed in it. BlSULPHID 
OF Carbon, by spray or irrigation, has a disgusting 
odor, and is a powerful poison. Carbolic Acid, 
painted over the skin — its action, however, is caustic. 
Chlorethyl, in vapor form, is useful in minor and 
dental surgery. Chlorid of Methyl, CH 3 C1, al- 
lowing the liquid chlorid to drop on the skin or mucous 
membrane. Unless kept carefully under control the 
vitality of the tissues may be affected. Cocain is 
used in subcutaneous injections, by painting over mu- 
cous surfaces, or by instillation into the eye. As a 
paint a 20 per cent solution is used, weaker prepara- 
tions being of little value over cutaneous surfaces ; 
several coats are necessary. A 10 per cent, solution 
should be used on mucous surfaces ; for the eye a 4 
per cent, solution will answer, and this solution is 
strong enough when cocain is employed as a spray. 
Hypodermatically, rnjj-v of a 10 to 20 per cent, 
solution are usually injected, and this may be repeated 
two or three times during the operation. Drumin is 
oxalate of lime prepared from a euphorbiaceous plant. 
It was formerly suggested as a local anesthetic, but has 
been found not to possess anesthetic properties. 
Ether, in spray, is recommended by Dr. B. W. 
Richardson. The anesthesia thus produced is con- 
fined to the skin, and is very transient. It may pro- 
duce a slough from excessive freezing. Faradic 
Currents were formerly used by dentists, but are of 
no value. Rhigolene, in spray, its use being similar 
to that of ether. A. Mixtures contain combinations 
of substances for producing anesthesia. The follow- 
ing are the most important : A. C. E. Mixture: — 
alcohol, sp. gr. .838, I part; chloroform, sp. gr. 1.497, 
2 parts; ether, sp. gr. .735, 3 parts. BlLLROTH's: 
— chloroform 3 parts, alcohol and ether each 1 
part. It is best administered by the open method. 
Linhart's : — alcohol I, chloroform 4. It is admin- 
istered similarly to chloroform. MARTINDALE's : — 
a volumetric mixture, the ingredients of which evap- 
orate almost uniformly ; it consists of absolute alcohol, 
S P- g r - -795> one volume ; chloroform, sp. gr. 1.498, 
two volumes; pure ether, sp. gr. .720, three volumes. 
Medico-Chirurgical Society of London : — ether 
3, chloroform 2, alcohol I. Methylene, or Bi- 
chlorid of Methylene, a mixture of methylic 
alcohol 30 per cent. , and chloroform 70 per cent. The 
so-called " Liquid of Regnauld" consisted of 80 per 
cent, chloroform, 20 per cent, methylic alcohol. 
Methylene is not much used, several deaths from car- 
diac paralysis having occurred from its employment. 
Nussbaum's, ether 3, chloroform I, alcohol I. 
Richardson's : — alcohol 2, chloroform 2, ether 3. 
Sanford's : — the so-called " Chloramyl " is a mix- 
ture of chloroform and amyl nitrate in the proportion of 
two drachms of the nitrate to the pound of chloro- 
form. It is a dangerous mixture, both drugs depress- 
ing the heart. Vienna General Hospital : — ether 
9, chloroform 30, alcohol 9. Vienna Mixture: — 
ether 3, chloroform 1. Von Mering's : — chloroform 
one volume, dimethylacetal two volumes. It is said 
to produce no failure of respiration or heart, and no 
lowering of the blood pressure. WACHSMUTH'S : — 
one-fifth part of oil of turpentine is added to the 
chloroform. It is said to prevent any danger of heart- 
failure. 

Various methods have been suggested by means of 
which the influence of the anesthetic may be prolonged 
or its dangers and sequelre largely averted. The follow- 
ing are the most important : — Dastrf.-Morat's; con- 



ANESTHETICISM 



81 



ANGEIO- 



sists in the injection of I or 1. 5 c.c. of the following 
mixture : — morph. hydrochlor. 10 centigrm. , atropin. 
sulph. 5 milligrm. , aq. destill. 10 grnis. The atropin 
is said to lessen the after-sickness and abrogate saliva- 
tion and bronchial secretion. Forne's: — the prelimi- 
nary administration of chloral before using chloroform, 
2 to 5 grams an hour before. Kappeler's: — a com- 
bination of chloral hydrate and ether, 40 grains of the 
former. The duration of anesthesia is prolonged and 
the recovery retarded, but the after-effects are more 
marked. NUSSBAUM'S: — injection of J to h grain of 
morphin previous to the administration of chloroform. 
Less of the anesthetic is needed, while the stupor is 
prolonged; vomiting is increased. Obalinski's: — 
hypodermatic injection of cocain, 2 to 5 centigrams 
of a three per cent, solution during chloroform anes- 
thetization. TRELAT'S: — administration of 2 to \\ 
grams of chloral hydrate, and 10 to 20 grams of 
syrup of morphin in 60 grams of water, repeating the 
dose in 15 minutes, and following by chloroform anes- 
thesia. 

Attempts have repeatedly been made to estimate 
the comparative safety of the various anesthetics used 
for the production of general anesthesia. In 1S79 the 
" Glasgow Committee " of the British Medical As- 
sociation concluded in favor of ether, declaring that 
chloroform lowered the blood tension and depressed 
the action of the heart. In 1889 the Hyderabad 
Commission arrived at the conclusion that chloroform 
produced an arrest of respiration before there was a 
stoppage of the heart. It is thought, however, that 
the climate — that of India — may have had some effect 
in producing this result, since in temperate climates 
the heart usually fails before there is a depression of 
respiration. 

Anestheticism (an-es-thef '-is-izni) \avai<jBrj-oq, insensi- 
ble]. The quality of being anesthetic. 

Anesthetization (an-es-thet-iz-a' -shun\ [ avaiadrj-cx;, in- 
sensible]. The process of rendering insensible. 

Anesthetize {an-es> '-thet-lz) [avaiatii/ror, insensible]. 
To put under the influence of an anesthetic. 

Anesthetizer (an' -es-tket-i-zer) [avaiadr/roc, insensible]. 
One who administers an anesthetic. 

Anethol (an'-eth-ol) [ava, up ; alOuv, to burn ; oleum, 
oil], Ci H 12 O. The methyl ether of anol ; it occurs in 
ethereal oils, from which it separates in the cold in the 
form of white, shining scales, melting at 21° and boiling ■ 
at 232 . It is the chief constitutent of the essential oils 
of anise and fennel. It is employed in preparing the 
Elixir anethi, N. F. , being more fragrant and agree- 
able than the anise oil. 

Anethum (an-e'-thuni) [avtfiov, anise : gen., Anethi~\. 
Dill ; the dried fruit of Peiicedanum graveolens, indig- 
enous to Southern Europe. Aromatic, carminative, 
and stimulant. A. Aqua (B. P.). Dose^i-ij. A. 
Oleum (B. P.). Dose 111, i-iv. 

Anetic (an-et'-ik) [avert/cos, relaxing]. Soothing; 
calmative ; anodyne. 

Anetiological [an-e-te-o-loj' -ik-al) [av priv. ; airia, 
cause; Aoyoc, word]. Having no known cause ; dys- 
teleological. 

Anetus (an'-et-zcs) \avt~6r, loosened]. Any inter- 
mittent fever. 

Aneuria (an-u' -re-ali) [a priv. ; vevpov, a nerve or 
fiber]. Lack of nervous power or stimulus. 

Aneuric (an-u'-rik) [a .priv. ; vevpov, a nerve or 
fiber]. Characterized by aneuria; impairing the 
nervous activity. 

Aneurysm (an' -u-rizni) [avevpvo/ia, a widening]. A 
tumor consisting of a dilated artery, or communicat- 
ing with an artery. In the early stages there is an 
expansile pulsation of the tumor generally associated 
6 



with a systolic murmur or bruit. In the later stages 
the laminated coagulum increases, so that pulsation 
may be absent, and pressure of the growing aneurysm 
upon the adjacent organs may give rise to secondary 
troubles, as pain, dyspnea, dysphagia, paralysis, or 
spasm. Inequality in the pupils follows from pressure 
on the sympathetic in thoracic aneurysm. Aneu- 
rysm may be caused by rupture, wounding, disease, or 
weakness of the arterial walls, or by increased blood 
pressure following over-exertion. Embolism also may 
be a cause ; gout and alcoholism act as predisposing 
causes. Cardiac dilatation is sometimes spoken of as 
aneurysm of the heart. A., Abdominal, one of 
the abdominal aorta. A. by Anastomosis, a dila- 
tation of a large number of vessels — small arteries, 
veins, and capillaries — the whole forming a pulsating 
tumor under the skin. This form of aneurysm is es- 
pecially seen upon the scalp. A., Arterio-venous, 
the formation of an abnormal communication between 
an artery and a vein. If the communication is direct 
it is termed aneurysmal varix, but when there is an 
intervening sac it is called a varicose aneurysm. A., 
Berard's, a varicose aneurysm with the sac in the 
tissues immediately around the vein. A., Cirsoid, a 
tortuous lengthening and dilatation of a part of an 
artery. A., Compound, one in which one or several 
of the coats of the artery are ruptured and the others 
merely dilated. A. .Consecutive, or Diffused, follows 
rupture of all the arterial coats with infiltration of sur- 
rounding tissues. A., Dissecting, when the blood 
forces its way between the media and adventitia. A., 
Ectatic, an expansion of a portion of an artery due 
to yielding of all the coats. It is merely a dilatation 
of the vessel. A., Endogenous, one formed by 
disease of the vessel walls. A., Exogenous, one due 
to traumatism. A., False, or Spurious, one in 
which there has occurred a rupture of all the coats, 
and the effused blood is retained by the surrounding 
tissues. A., Fusiform, a spindle-shaped dilatation 
of the artery. A., Medical, an internal aneurysm ; 
i. e. , one situated within the thoracic or abdominal 
cavity. A., Mixed. See A., Compound. A., Sac- 
culated, a sac-like dilatation of an artery communi- 
cating with the main arterial trunk by an opening that 
may be relatively large or small. A., Park's, a variety 
of arterio-venous aneurysm in which the arterial dila- 
tation communicates with two contiguous veins. A., 
Pott's. Same as Aneurysmal Varix. A., Rod- 
rigues's, a varicose aneurysm in which the sac is im- 
mediately contiguous to the artery. A., Spurious. 
See A., False. A., Verminous, one containing hema- 
tozoa. 

Aneurysmal (a?i-u-riz'-mal) [avevpva^a, a widening]. 
Of the nature of or pertaining to an aneurysm. A. 
Varix. See Aneurysm. 

Aneurysmatic (an-u-riz-mat' -ik) [hvevpvajxa, a widen- 
ing]. Affected with or of the nature of aneurysm. 

Aneuthanasia (an-u-tlian-a'-ze-ak) [a priv. ; evdavaaia, 
an easy death]. A painful or difficult death. 

Anfract (an' -frakt) [anfractus, a winding]. An anfrac- 
tuosity or sinuosity ; an anfractuous organ or structure. 

Anfractuose (an-frak' -hi-os) [anfractus , a winding]. 
In biology, bent back and forth, winding, as certain 
stamens, or the brain fissures. 

Anfractuosity (an-frak-tu-os' -it-e) [anfractus, a bend- 
ing round]. Any one of the furrows or sulci between 
the cerebrai convolutions. 

Anfractuous (an-frak' -tu-us) [anfractus, a bending 
round]. Characterized by windings and turnings; 
sinuous. 

Angeiectasis (an-je-ek'-tas-is). See Angiectasis. 

Angeio- (an'-je-o). See Angio-. 



ANGELIC ACID 



82 



ANGIOMETER 



Angelic Acid (an-jel'-ik as'-id). See Acid. 

Angelica (an-jel' '-ik-ah) [L.]. The seeds and root of 
Archangelica officinalis and other species. An aro- 
matic stimulant and emmenagogue. Dose of the fid. 
ext. : Seeds tr\_ v-x ; root g ss-j. Unof. 

Angel's Wing (an'-jeh wing). A deformity of the 
scapula in which it turns forward and then backward, 
giving the shoulder a peculiar dorsal bulge, as in a 
scoliotic chest. 

Anger's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Angiectasis (im-je-ek' -tas-is) [ayyeiov, a blood-vessel ; 
enraaig, dilatation]. Abnormal dilatation of a vessel, 
as in aneurysm, etc. ; enlargement of capillaries. 

Angiectopia (an-je-ek-to' '-pe-ah ) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; 
ektottoc, displaced]. Displacement or abnormal posi- 
tion of a vessel. 

Angielcus, or Angeielcus (an-je-el' -kits) [ayyeiov, a 
vessel; eAuoc, an ulcer]. An ulcer in the walls of a 
vessel. 

Angiemphraxis (an-je-em-fraks' -is) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; 
ip<bpa£,ic, obstruction]. Obstruction of a vessel, or of 
vessels. 

Angiitis, or Angeiitis (an-je-i'-tis) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; 
mg, inflammation]. Inflammation of a lymph vessel 
or blood vessel. 

Angina (an' -jin-ah or an-ji'-nah ) [angere, to stran- 
gle]. A sense of choking or suffocation, a symptom 
of inflammatory affections of the pharynx. It is 
synonymous with Cynanclie. A. acuta or simplex, 
simple sore-throat. A. externa. Synonym of 
Mumps. A., Hogskin. Synonym of Diphtheria. 
A. laryngea. Synonym of Laryngitis. A. lin- 
gualis. Same as Glossitis. A., Ludwig's, acute 
suppurative inflammation of the connective tissue sur- 
rounding the submaxillary gland. A. membranacea. 
Synonym of Croup. A. parotidea, the mumps, or 
Parotitis, a. v. A. pectoris, a paroxysmal neurosis 
with intense pain and oppression about the heart. It 
usually occurs in the male after forty years of age, and 
is generally associated with diseased conditions of the 
heart and aorta. There is a sense of impending 
death, and frequently there is a fatal termination. A. 
pectoris-vasomotoria, a term given by Nothnagel 
and Landois to an angina associated with vaso-motor 
disturbances, coldness of the surface, etc., but never 
resulting fatally. A., Pseudo-, is a neurosis occurring 
in young anemic females, characterized by a less grave 
set of symptoms and never resulting fatally. A. 
simplex. See A. acuta. A. tonsillans, Quinsy, q. v. 
A. trachealis, the Croup, q. v. A. ulcero-mem- 
branous. See Tonsillitis, herpetic. 

Anginoid {an' -jin-oid) [angere, to strangle]. Re- 
sembling angina. 

Angioasthenia (an-je-o-as-the' -ne-ah) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; 
aoBeveia, weakness]. Atony of the blood-vessels. 

Angiocarditis (an-je-o-kar-di'-tis) [ayyeiov, a blood- 
vessel; KapSia, the heart; trig, inflammation]. An 
inflammation of the heart and blood-vessels (hypothet- 
ical). 

Angiocarpous (an'-je-o-kar-pus) [ayyeiov, a vessel; 
napiroq, fruit]. In biology, having the fruit invested 
with a distinct covering or husk; having a closed 
apothecium ; having the hymenium inclosed by the 
sporocarp. 

Angiochalasis, or Angeiochalasis (an-je-o-kal' -as-is) 
[ayyeiov, a vessel ; ^dAaoYf, relaxation]. Dilatation 
or relaxation of the blood-vessels. 

Angiocholitis (an-jc-o-ko-li' -tis) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; 
K.aAii, bile; nig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
biliary ducts. 

Angioderma pigmenotosum (an-je-o-der'-mah pig- 
men-to'-sum). See Atrophoderma. 



Angiodiastasis (an-je-o-di-as' -las-is) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; 
SiaoTaoic a separation]. I. Displacement or dilatation 
of a vessel. 2. Retraction of the severed ends of a 
blood-vessel. 

Angioembolus (an-je-o-cm' -bo-lus) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; 
eppaAoc, anything thrown in]. A plug (as of clotted 
blood) in a vessel. 

Angiogenesis {an-je-o-jen' -es-is). See Angiogeny. 

Angiogeny (an-je-og' -en-e) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; yevva- 
eiv, to produce]. The development of the vessels. 

Angioglioma (an-je-o-gli-o' -viah ) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; 
y'kia, glue; bpa, a tumor: //., Angiogliomata\ A 
gliomatous vascular tumor of the spinal cord. 

Angiograph (an'-je-o-graf) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; ypafeiv, 
to write]. A form of sphygmograph invented by Lan- 
dois. 

Angiography (an-je-og' -ra-fe) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; 
ypafyij, a writing]. A description of the vessels; 
angiology. 

Angiohemothrombus (an-je-o-hem-o-throm'-bus) [ay- 
yeiov, a vessel; alpa, blood; Opopfioc, thrombus]. A 
clot in a blood-vessel. 

Angiohydrology (an-je-o-hi-drol' -o-je) [ayyeiov, a ves- 
sel ; vfiup, water; \6yoc, science]. The science of 
the lymphatic vessels, their contents, etc. 

Angiokeratoma (an-je-o-ker-at-o' -mah\ [ayyeiov, a ves- 
sel ; nepar, horn ; bpa, tumor] . Lymphangiectasis ; 
Telangiectic warts ; a very rare disease of the ex- 
tremities characterized by warty-looking growths that 
develop on dilated vessels in persons with chilblain, 
etc. Dark spots the size of pins' points or pins' 
heads, evidently vascular, develop as an attack of 
chilblains is subsiding. The disease is peculiar to 
childhood, and especially occurs in females. 

Angioleucitis (an-jc-o-lu-si' -tis) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; 
Aevadq, white; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the lymphatic vessels. 

Angiolithic (an-je-o-lith' -ik) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; TiiOoc., 
a stone]. Literally, a qualification applied to avascu- 
lar and crystalline formation. Practically applied to 
neoplasms in which crystalline or mineral deposits take 
place, with hyaline degeneration of the coats of the 
vessels. 

Angiology (an-je-ol'-o-je) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; ?t,6yo$, 
science]. The science of the blood-vessels and lym- 
phatics. 

Angiolymphitis (an-je-o-limf-i' -tis) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; 
lympha, lymph; itic, inflammation]. Same as An- 
gioleucitis. 

Angiolymphoma (a?i-je-o-limf-o'-mah) [ayyeiov, a ves- 
sel ; lympha, water ; bpa, tumor : //. , Angiolympho- 
mata~\. A tumor formed of lymphatic vessels. 

Angioma (an-je-o'-mah) [ayyeiov, a vessel; bpa, a 
tumor: //. , Angiomata\ A tumor formed of blood- 
vessels. Called also Erectile or Vascular Tumor. 
A., Cavernous, with communicating alveolar spaces. 
See Varix, Cirsoid. Capillary and venous angiomata 
are called Nevi, or Mothers' 1 Marks. A., Cystic. 
Synonym of Lymphangioma circumscriptum. A., In- 
fective. See A. serpiginosum. A. pigmentosum 
atrophicum. See Xeroderma pigmentosum. A. 
serpiginosum, infective angioma ; nevus lupus ; 
a very rare disease of the skin in which minute vascu- 
lar points are formed in rings or other groups, that 
spread at the borders, while fresh points are continu- 
ally developing beyond them. The points look like 
grains of cayenne pepper. It occurs usually in girls, 
but its etiology and pathology are unknown. 

Angiomalacia (an-je-o-mal-a' -sc-ah ) [ayyeiov, a ves- 
sel ; paAaKta, a softening]. Softening of the blood- 
vessels. 

Angiometer (an-je-om'-ef-er). See Sphygmograph. 



AX( IIOMONOSPERMOUS 



83 



ANGLE 



Angiomonospermous (an-je-o-mon-o-sper' -tnus) [ay- 
yelov, a vessel ; /i6voq, alone; airep/ia, seed]. In bi- 
ology, producing seeds within a closed ovary. 

Angiomyoma, or Angimyoma (an-je-o-mi-o' -mah or 

an-je-mi-o'-mah) [ayyelov, a vessel ; pve, a muscle; 

bfia, a tumor: pi. , Angiomyomata~\. A vascular and 

erectile muscular tumor. 
Angioneoplasm (an- je-o-ne'-o-plazm). SeeAngioneo- 

plasnia. 
Angioneoplasma (an-je-o-ne-o-plaz 1 -man) [ayyelov, a 

vessel; veoc, new ; ir'^aa/ua, moulded substance://., 

Angioneoplasmata\ A neoplasm made up of blood- 
vessels or lymph-vessels. 
Angioneurosin (an-je-o-nu' '-rosin). Synonym of 

Nitroglycerin. 
Angioneurosis (an-je-o-nu-ro' -sis) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 

vevpov, a nerve]. A neurosis of the blood-vessels; a 

disturbance of the vaso-motor system, — a symptom of 
' many diseases. 
Angio-neurotic (an-j'e-o-nu-rof'-ik) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 

vevpov, a nerve]. Pertaining to angioneurosis. A. 

Edema, a swelling, with associated symptoms, proba- 
bly due to vaso-motor lesion. 
Angionoma (an-je-on'-o-mah) [ayyelov, a vessel ;vopi/, 

ulcer]. Ulceration of a vessel. 
Angioparalysis (an-je-o-par-al' -is-is) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 

irapa/.veiv, to disable on one side]. Vaso-motor paralysis. 
Angioparalytic (an-je-o-par-al-if '-ik) [ayyelov, a vessel; 

trapa/.vetv, to disable on one side]. Relating to or 

characterized by angioparalysis. 
Angioparesis (an-je-o-par 1 '-es-is) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 

Trapeoic, a letting go]. Paresis or partial paralysis of 

the vaso-motor apparatus. 
Angiopathy (an-je-op' -a-tlie) [ayyelov, a vessel ; iradoc, 

disease]. Any disease of the vascular system. 
Angioplania (an-je-o-pla' '-ne-ah) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 

irXavrj, a wandering]. Irregularity or abnormality in 

the course of a vessel. 
Angioplastic (an-je-o-plas' -tik). See Vasifactive. 
Angiorrhagia or Angeiorrhagia (an-je-or-a' -je-ah) 

[ayyelov, a vessel ; pjfyvvvcu, break]. Bleeding from a 

vessel. 
Angiorrhea (an-je-or-e'-ah) [ayyelov, a vessel ; pelv, to 

now]. An oozing of blood. 
Angiorrhexis (an-je-o-reks' -is) [ayyeiov, a vessel ; 

pij^ic, a bursting]. Rupture of a blood-vessel. 
Angiosarcoma (an-je-o-sar-ko' -mail) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 

caps, flesh; baa, a tumor: pi. , Angiosarcomata~\. A 

vascular sarcoma. 
Angiosarcomatous {an-je-o-sar-ko' -mat-its) [ayyelov, 

a vessel ; crdpf, flesh; bpa, a tumor]. Of the nature 

of or affected with angiosarcoma. 
Angioscope (an' ' -je-o-skop) [ayyelov, a vessel ; oiwrrelv, 

to inspect]. An instrument for examining the capillary 

vessels. 
Angiosialitis (an-je-o-si-al-i'-tis) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 

aialov, saliva; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of 

the duct of a salivary gland. 
Angiosis (an-je-o' -sis) [ayyelov, a vessel]. Any disease 

of blood-vessels or lymphatics. 
Angiospasm (an'-je-o-spazm) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 

oiraaiwc, a spasm]. A convulsive neurosis of the 

blood-vessels ; a vaso-motor spasm. 
Angiospastic (an-je-o-spas' -tik) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 

oiraopbc, spasm]. Characterized by or of the nature 

of angiospasm. 
Angiosperm (an'-je-o-sperm) [ayyelov, a vessel ; oneppa, 

seed]. In biology, a plant the seeds of which are pro- 
duced within a closed vessel. 
Angiosporous (an-je-os' -po-rus) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 

oiropoc, a seed]. In biology, producing spores or asci 

within a hollow receptacle, said of fungi. 



Angiostegnosis (an-je-o-steg-no' -sis) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 
OTeyvacis, stoppage]. Stoppage or constriction of a 
vessel. 

Angiostegnotic (an-jc-o-steg-not'-ik) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 
art) I'uc/c, stoppage]. Relating to angiostegnosis ; as- 
tringent ; causing contraction of blood-vessels. 

Angiostenosis (an-je-o-ste-no' -sis) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 
o-evudic, a straitening]. Constriction or narrowing of 
a vessel. 

Angiostomatous (an-je-o-sto' -mat-us) [ayyelov, a ves- 
sel ; arbpa, mouth]. In biology, having the mouth 
or opening narrow or not dilatable. 

Angiostrophe (an-je-os' -tro-fe) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 
orpotpr/, twist]. Torsion of a vessel, as for the control 
of hemorrhage. 

Angiotasis (an-je-ot'-as-is) [ayyelov, a vessel ; rdoic, 
tension]. The tension of the vessels. 

Angiotatic (a)i-je-ot-at'-ik) [ayyelov, a vessel ; raoic, 
tension]. Relating to angiotasis. 

Angiotelectasia (an-je-o-tel-ek-ta' -ze-ah) [ayyelov, a ves- 
sel ; ri'Aoc, end; earaoLC, dilatation]. Dilatation of 
capillary vessels. 

Angiotomy (an-je-ot'-o-me) [ayyelov, a vessel ; ~6prj, a 
cutting]. The incision or dissection of a vessel. 

Angle (ang'-gl) or Angulus (ang'-gu-lus) [angulus, 
an angle]. The degree of divergence of two lines 
that meet each other; the space between two such 
lines. A. a., that one of Lissauer's angles between 
the radius fixus and a line joining the alveolar and 
subnasal points. A. of Aberration. See A. of De- 
viation. A., Ackermann's, certain angles, character- 
istic of kyphosis, which mark the base of the skull in 
cases of encephalocele and hydrocephalus ; for ex- 
ample, the occipito-sphenoidal angle is abnormally 
sharp. A., Acromial, that formed between the head 
of the humerus and the clavicle. A., Alpha. I. In 
optics, that formed by the intersection of the visual 
line and optic axis. 2. In craniometry, that one of 
Lissauer's angles between the radius fixus and a line 
joining the hormion and subnasal point. A., Al- 
veolar, that formed between a line passing through a 
spot beneath the nasal spine and the most prominent 
point of the lower edge of the alveolar process of the 
superior maxilla and the cephalic horizontal line. 
A., Alveolo-condylar. See A., Orbito-alveolo-con- 
dylar. A., Anterior (of Ilium). See A., External (of 
ilium). A., Anterior (of Scapula). See A. , Cer- 
vical (of Scapula). A., Anterior Parietal. See 
A., Parietal (of Quatrefages). A., Antero-external 
(of Ischium), in veterinary anatomy, the posterior 
extremity of the supracotyloid crest. A., Antero- 
internal (of Ischium), in veterinary anatomy, the 
portion of the ischium that helps to close the obtu- 
rator foramen inwardly. A. of Aperture, in optics, 
that included between two lines joining the oppo- 
site points of the periphery of a lens and the focus. 
A.. Auricular, in craniometry, those cephalic angles 
having their apices at Broca's auricular point. A., 
Auriculo-cranial, in craniometry, the auricular angles 
whose sides pass through the cranium. A., Auriculo- 
facial, in craniometry, those auricular angles whose 
sides pass through the face. A., Auriculo-frontal. 
See A., Frontal. A., Auriculo-occipital, in cranio- 
metry, the combined sub-occipital and supra-occipital 
angles. A., Auriculo-parietal. See A., Parietal 
(of Broca). A. b., that one of Lissauer's angles in- 
cluded between the radius fixus and a line joining the 
bregma and nasion. A., Barclay's. See A., Orifa- 
cial. A., Basifacial, in craniometry, that between 
the basi-cranial and basifacial axes. A., Basilar, in 
craniometry, that between the naso-basilar and basi- 
alveolar lines. A., Beta, that one of Lissauer's angles 



ANGLE 



84 



ANGLE 



included between the radius fixus and a line joining 
the hormion and bregma. A., Bi-orbital, in optics, 
that formed by the intersection of the axes of the 
orbits. A., Broca's. See A. , Facial, A. , Occipital, 
and A., Parietal. A. c, that one of Lissauer's angles 
included between the radius fixus and a line joining 
the lambda and opisthion. A., Camper's. See .,4., 
Facial, and A., Maxillary. A., Carpal, in biology, 
the bend of the wing. A., Cephalic, in craniom- 
etry, a general term for the cranial and facial angles. 
A., Cerebellar. See A., Suboccipital. A., Cerebral, 
i. In craniometry, that formed by the frontal, Broca's 
parietal, and the supra-occipital angles. 2. See A. 
of Segond. A., Cervical (of Scapula), in veterin- 
ary anatomy, the point of union of the anterior and 
superior borders of the scapula. A., Chi, that one 
of Lissauer's angles included between two lines run- 
ning from the hormion to the basion and staphylion. 
A., Cloquet's. See A., Facial. A., Condylar, that 
between the planes of the basilar groove and the occi- 
pital foramen. A., Co-orbital, in craniometry, that 
formed by the crossing of the anatomical plane of the 
head by the bi-orbital plane. A., Coracoscapular, 
in biology, that between the axes of the coracoid 
and scapula. A., Coronofacial (of Gratiolet), in 
craniometry, the angle that the facial line of Cam- 
per forms with the plane passing through the coronal 
suture. A., Costal. See A., Subcostal. A., Coty- 
loid, in veterinary anatomy, the portion of the ilium 
included between the cotyloid foramen and the supra- 
cotyloid crest. A., Cotyloidean. See A. , A7itero- 
external (of Ischium). A., Cranial, in craniometry, 
angles corresponding to the auricular angles, but having 
their apices at the anterior border of the occipital fora- 
men. A., Craniofacial (of Ecker). See A., Meta- 
facial. A., Craniofacial (of Huxley), in craniometry, 
that formed at the middle of the anterior border of 
the jugum sphenoidale by lines drawn from the basion 
and nasal spine. A., Critical, that made by a beam 
of light passing from a rarer to a denser medium, with 
the perpendicular, without being entirely reflected. 
A. of Cuvier. See A., Facial. A. of Daubenton. 
See A., Occipital. A., Deschamps's. See A., Inio- 
facial. A. of Deviation. I. In botany, that formed 
by a leaf, branch, or root with the axis upon which 
it is borne. 2. In magnetism, the angle traversed 
by the needle when disturbed by some magnetic force. 
3. In optics, that formed by a refracted ray and the pro- 
longation of the incident ray. A. of Divergence, in 
botany, that formed between succeeding organs in the 
same spiral or whorl. A., Dorsal (of Scapula), in 
veterinary anatomy, the junction of the superior and 
posterior borders of the scapula. A. of Durer. See 
A., Facial. A., Ecker's. See A. , Sphenoidal and A. , 
Craniofacial. A. of Elevation, in optics, that made 
by the visual plane with its primary position when moved 
upward or downward. A., Ephippial ( Welcker's). 
See A. , Sphenoidal. A., Ethmocranial. See A., 
Oljactory. A., External (of Ilium), in veterinary 
anatomy, the anterior superior spine of the ilium. 
A., External (of Mulder), in craniometry, that pro- 
duced by the junction of Camper's line and a line 
joining the basi-occipital bone and the nasion. A., 
External (of Pubes), in veterinary anatomy, the por- 
tion of the pubic bone constituting the chief part of 
the cotyloid cavity. A. of the Eye. See Canthus. 
A. {., that one of Lissauer's angles included between 
the radius fixus and a line joining the inion and opis- 
thion. A., Facial (of Broca). See A., Ophryo- 
spinal Facial. A., Facial (of Camper), in cranio- 
metry, that between the facial line of Camper and the 
line drawn through the auricular and subnasal points. 



A., Facial (of Cloquet), in craniometry, that be- 
tween the line drawn through the ophryon and the 
alveolar point and the auricular-alveolar line. A., 
Facial (of Cuvier). See A., Facial (of Geoffroy 
St. Hilaire). A., Facial (of Durer), in crani- 
ometry, that formed by a line tangent to the brow and 
the lobule of the nose and a line joining the lobe of the 
ear and the lower part of the nasal septum. A., 
Facial (of Jacquart), in craniometry, that between 
the line joining the subnasal point and the glabella and 
the line joining the subnasal and auricular points. 
A., Facial (of Segond). See A. of Segond. A., 
Facial (of Geoffroy St. Hilaire), in craniometry, 
that between the facial line of Camper and the line 
joining the auricular point and the edge of the incisors. 
A., Facial (of Topinard.) See A., Ophryo-spinal 
Facial. A., Facial (of Virchow and Holder), in 
craniometry, that formed by the union of a line joining 
the naso-frontal suture and. the most prominent point 
of the lower edge of the superior alveolar processes, 
and a line joining the superior border of the external 
auditory meatus and the lower border of the orbit. 
A., Fick's, in craniometry, one formed by the inter- 
section of the basilar groove, and a line joining the 
symphysis menti and the basion. A., Frontal, in 
craniometry, one formed by lines joining the auricular 
point and the ophryon and bregma. In ornithology, 
that formed between the forehead and the upper mar- 
gin of the beak. A., Frontal (of Lissauer), that 
one included between lines joining the metopion and 
the bregma and nasion. A., Fronto-glabellar, the 
degree of inclination of the forehead. A., Gamma, 
in optics, that formed at the center of rotation of the 
eyes by the optic and visual axes. A., Genal, in 
biology, the posterior angle of the movable gena of 
trilobites. A., Gratiolet's. See A. , Coronofacial. 
A., Humeral (of the Scapula), in veterinary anat- 
omy, a name given to the head of the shoulder blade. 
A., Huxley's. See A., Craniofacial. A. i., that one 
of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus 
and a line joining the posterior border of the incisor 
foramen and the alveolar point. A., Ilio-ischial, 
that between the ischium and the cotylo-sacral rib of 
the ilium. A., Ilio-pubic, in veterinary anatomy, 
that existing between the ilium and pubes. A., Ilio- 
vertebral, that existing between the iliac bones and 
the spinal column. A. of Incidence, in optics, the 
angle at which a ray of light strikes a denser medium 
and undergoes reflection or refraction. A. of Incli- 
nation (of Pelvic Canal), in obstetrics, that formed 
by the anterior wall of the pelvis with the conjugate 
diameter. A. of Inclination (of Pelvis), in obstet- 
rics, that formed by the pelvis with the general line 
of the trunk, or that formed by the plane of the infe- 
rior strait with the horizon. A., Inferior (of Scapu- 
la). See A., Humeral. A. of Inflexion, in veter- 
inary anatomy, that formed by the quarter of the hoof 
of a soliped with the commencement of the bar. A., 
Inio-facial, in craniometry, Deschamps's modifica- 
tion of Camper's line. It is the angle included be- 
tween the two lines extending from the inion to the 
glabella and from the inion to the symphysis of the 
chin. A., Internal (of Ilium), in veterinary anat- 
omy, the posterior superior spine of the ilium. A., 
Internal (of Pubes), in veterinary anatomy, the 
name for the angle of the pubes. A., Internal (of 
Walther), in craniometry, that included between a 
line joining the glabella and the nasion and another 
from the occipital protuberance to the crista galli. A., 
Interradial, in biology, that formed in the star-fish 
by the coming together of the lateral walls of two 
adjacent ambulacral grooves. A. of the Ischio-pubic 



ANGLE 



85 



ANGLE 



Arch, that formed by the junction of the iscbio-pubic 
rami. A. of Jacquart. See A. , Facial. A. of 
Jaw, the junction of the lower border of the ramus of 
the mandible with its posterior border. A. of Land- 
zert, that formed by the plane of the basilar groove 
and the horizontal line of the jugum sphenoidale. 
A. of Lavater, in craniometry, that contained be- 
tween a line joining the point of the nose and the 
outer angle of the eye, and a line running from the 
same point to the angle of the mouth. According to 
Lavater, the greater the angle the more intelligent the 
individual. A., Limiting. See A., Critical. A. 
of the Lips, those formed by the union of the lips at 
either extremity of the mouth. A., Lissauer's, in 
craniometry, a number of angles in the median plane 
of the skull included between lines radiating from a 
fixed line connecting the inion and hormion [radius 
fxus.) See also A., Frontal, and A. , Parietal. A., 
Louis's, that between the manubrium and gladiolus 
of the sternum due to retraction in the upper part of 
the thorax. A. of Ludovici. See A., Louis's. A., 
Ludwig's. See A., Lotiis's. A., Lumbo-iliac, in 
veterinary anatomy, that formed by the junction of the 
sacrum and ilia. A. m., that one of Lissauer's angles 
included between the radius fixus and a line joining 
the opisthion and the basion. A., Maxillary (of 
Camper), in craniometry, that included between two 
lines extending from the point of contact of the upper 
and lower central incisor teeth, one to the ophryon and 
the other to the most prominent point of the lower jaw. 
A., Metafacial (of Serres), that which the pterygoid 
processes form with the base of the skull. A., Meter-, 
in optics, the degree of convergence of the eyes 
when centered on an object one meter distant from 
each. A. of the Mouth. See A. of the Lips. A., 
Mu, that one of Lissauer's angles included between 
the radius fixus and a line joining the hormion and 
basion. A., Mulder's. See A. , External. A. n., 
that one of Lissauer's angles included between the 
radius fixus and a line joining the nasion and alveolar 
point. A. n'., that one of Lissauer's angles included 
between the radius fixus and a line joining the nasion 
and subnasal point. A., Nasal (of Ranke), in 
craniometry, that included between the horizontal 
plane of the skull and a line passing through the mid- 
dle of the alveolar border beneath the nasal spine and 
the center of the naso-frontal suture. A., Nasal (of 
Welcker), in craniometry, that included between the 
naso-basilar and naso-subnasal lines. A., Naso- 
basal (of Welcker). See A., Nasal. A., Naso- 
malar, in craniometry, that formed by two lines 
converging from the outer margins of the orbits to the 
base of the nose. A. of the Neck. See A. of the Nucha. 
A. of the Neck of the Femur, that formed between 
the neck and shaft of the femur. A., Negative, the 
name given to Quatrefages' parietal angle when it is 
inversed. A. of the Nose, that between the nose 
and the cheek. A., Nu, that one of Lissauer's angles 
included between the radius fixus and a line joining 
the hormion and nasion. A. of the Nucha, that formed 
by the junction of the nucha with the neck. A. o., 
that one of Lissauer's angles included between the 
radius fixus and a line joining the lambda and bregma. 
A. of Obliquity of Femur, that formed by the shaft 
of the femur and a vertical line. A., Occipital, in 
craniometry, that formed by the intersection of the 
basicranial axis and the plane of the occipital foramen. 
A., Occipital (of Broca), in craniometry, that be- 
tween the lines joining the opisthion and the basion 
and nasal points. A., Occipital (of Daubenton), 
in craniometry, the angle that Daubenton's line makes 
with the line joining the basion and opisthion. A., 



Occipital, Second, in craniometry, that formed by 
two lines joining the opisthion and the nasion and 
nasal spine. A., Olfactory, in craniometry, that 
formed by the intersection of the plane of the cribri- 
form plate of the ethmoid and the basicranial axis. 
A., Omega, that one of Lissauer's angles between 
the radius fixus and a line joining the hormion and 
lambda. A., Ophryo-alveolo-auricular. See A. , 
Facial (of Cloquct). A., Ophryo-spinal-facial, in 
craniometry, that included between two lines from 
the nasal spine to the ophryon and auricular point. 
A., Optic, that included between lines joining the 
extremities of an object and the nodal point. The 
smallest is about 30 seconds. A., Orbito-alveolo- 
condylar, in craniometry, that included between the 
horizontal visual and alveolo-condylar planes. A., 
Orbito-basilar, in craniometry, that included between 
Barclay's basifacial plane and the plane of the orbital 
axes. A., Orbito-facial. See A. , Orbito-maxillary. 
A., Orbito-maxillary, in craniometry, that included 
between the two lines joining the auricular point and 
the glabella and alveolar border. A., Orbito-occi- 
pital, in craniometry, that included between the plane 
of the occipital foramen and the bi-orbital plane. 
A., Orifacial (of Barclay). 1. That included be- 
tween Camper's line and the plane of mastication. 
2. That included between the median antero-posterior 
line of the palatine arch and the median antero-poste- 
rior line of the plane of the lower border of the in- 
ferior maxilla. A. p., that one of Lissauer's angles 
included between the radius fixus and a line joining 
the staphylion and alveolar point. A., Palatine, in 
craniometry, that included between Camper's line and 
a line on the plane of the alveolar arch. A., Parietal 
(of Broca), in craniometry, that included between 
two lines joining the auricular point and the bregma 
and lambda. A., Parietal (of Lissauer), that in- 
cluded between lines drawn from the bregma and 
lambda to the most prominent point of the parietal 
bone. A., Parietal (of Quatrefages"), in craniome- 
try, that formed by the lines drawn through the ex- 
tremities of the transverse maximum or bizygomatic 
diameter and the maximum transverse frontal diameter 
(called positive when it opens downward, negative 
when it opens upward). A., Parietal, Posterior, in 
craniometry, that included between two lines tangent to 
the parietal eminence and the most prominent points 
of the zygomatic arch. A., Pi, that one of Lissauer's 
angles included between the radius fixus and a line 
joining the hormion and alveolar point. A. of Polari- 
zation, in optics, the angle of reflection at which light 
is most completely polarized. A., Positive. See A., 
Parietal (of Quatrefages). A., Posterior (of Ilium). 
See A. , Cotyloid. A., Posterior (of Pubes), in vet- 
erinary anatomy, that portion of the pubes that 
helps to close in the obturator foramen internally. A., 
Posterior (of Scapula). See A., Dorsal (of Scap- 
ula). A., Postero-external (of Ischium), in vet- 
erinary anatomy, the tuberosity of the ischium. A., 
Postero-internal (of Ischium), in veterinary 
anatomy, the ischiadic arch. A., Premax- 
illary. See A. , Basifacial. A., Prepubic, that 
formed by the male urethra in front of the pubes, 
the penis being in a flaccid state. A. of Prognath- 
ism, in craniometry, the angle indicating the degree 
of forward projection of the face. A., Psi. I. That 
one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius 
fixus and a line joining the hormion and opisthion. 
2. In optics, that between the optic axis and line 
of fixation. A. of the Pubes, that formed by the 
junction of the pubic bones at the symphysis. A., 
Pyramidal. See A., Positive. A. of Quatrefages. 



ANGLE 



86 



ANGUSTICOLLIS 



See A. , Parietal. A. of Ranke. See A. , Nasal. 
A. of Reflection, in optics, that which a reflected 
ray of light makes with a line drawn perpendicular 
to the point of incidence. A. of Refraction, in optics, 
that which exists between a refracted ray of light 
and a line drawn perpendicular to the point of inci- 
dence. A. of Rib, aline on the external surface of the 
shaft of the vertebral extremity of the rib, to which is at- 
tached the tendon of the sacro-lumbalis muscle. A. s., 
that one of Lissauer's angles included between the 
radius fixus and a line joining the basion and staphy- 
lion. A., Sacro-vertebral, that which the sacrum 
forms with the last lumbar vertebra. A. of Segond, 
in craniometry, angles formed between lines drawn 
from the basion to the various other craniometrical 
points. The Facial angle of Segond is that be- 
tween the line passing through the basion and mental 
points and the line passing through the basion and 
ophryon. The Cerebral angle of Segond is that 
between the line passing through the basion and oph- 
ryon, and the line passing through the basion and 
opisthion. A. of Serres. See A. , Metafacial. A. 
Sigma, that one of Lissauer's angles included be- 
tween the radius fixus and a line drawn from the hor- 
mion to the staphylion. A., Sincipital. Ste A., Ex- 
ternal (of Mulder). A. Spal. See A. Summi 
Palali. A., Sphenoidal, in craniometry, that included 
between two lines joining the nasion and the basion 
with the center of the transverse groove of the optic 
commissure, at the point where the sloping anterior 
surface of the sella turcica passes over into the hori- 
zontal surface of the olivary eminence. A., Squint- 
ing, that indicating the degree of divergence of the 
affected eye in strabismus. A., Sterno-clavicular, 
that existing between the clavicle and the sternum. 
A. of St. Hilaire (Geoffroy). See A., Facial. A., 
Subcostal, that formed by the outward inclination 
of the false ribs with the middle line of the body. 
A., Suboccipital, in craniometry, that included 
between two lines joining Broca's auricular point 
with the posterior border of the occipital foramen 
and the external occipital protuberance. A. , Sub- 
pubic, that formed at the pubic arch. A., Summi 
Occipitis, Lissauer's angle included between lines 
connecting the most prominent point of the occipital 
squama and the lambda and inion. A., Summi 
Palati, Lissauer's angle included between lines drawn 
from the staphylion and alveolar point to the highest 
point of the arch of the palate. A., Supra-occipital, 
in craniometry, that formed by two lines joining 
Broca's auricular point with the lambda and the exter- 
nal occipital protuberance. A., Symphysian, that 
which the profile of the symphysis of the lower jaw 
makes with the plane of the inferior border of the 
lower jaw. A., Tentorial, in craniometry, that in- 
cluded between the plane of the tentorium and the 
basicranial axis. A. of Topinard. See A., Facial. 
A. of Torsion, the amount of twisting in the shaft of 
a bone. A., Total Cranial, in craniometry, that 
measuring the cranial cavity between lines drawn 
from the auricular point to the ophryon and opisthion. 
A. of the Uterus, that at the cornua of the uterus, 
where the oviducts enter. A., Venosus, that formed 
between the right and left brachio-cephalic veins. 
A., Vertebro-iliac. See A., Jlio-vertebral. A., 
Vestibular, that formed in the vestibule by the junc- 
tion of its posterior and middle walls. A. of Virchow 
and Holder. See A. , Facial. A., Visual. See A., 
Optic. A. of Vogt, in craniometry, that included 
between lines joining the nasion and the basion and 
alveolar point. A., Walther's. See A. , Internal. 
A., Welcker's. See A. , Ephippial, A. , Nasal, and 



A. , Nasobasal. A., Xiphoid, in anatomy, that formed 
by the sides of the xiphoid notch. A. y., that one 
of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus 
and a line joining the lambda and inion. 

Angleberry (ang' -gl-ber-e) [M. E., angle; bery\. 
Butchers' name for bovine tuberculosis. See Grapes. 

Anglesey Leg (ang' -gl-se leg) [so called after the 
Marquis of Anglesey]. An artificial limb formed 
from a solid piece of wood hollowed out to receive the 
stump and provided with a steel joint at the knee. 
The ankle joint was made of wood, to which motion 
was communicated by strong cat-gut strings posteriorly 
and a spiral spring anteriorly. 

Anglicus sudor (ang' -lik-us su'-dor) [L.]. English 
sweating fever. A contagious malignant fever, also 
known as Ephemera maligna, characterized by black 
or dark-colored sweat. 

Anglo-Swiss Food, an artificial infant food with the 
following composition : Water, 6.54; fat, 2.72 ; grape- 
sugar and milk-sugar, 23.29; cane-sugar, 21.40; 
starch, 34.55 ; soluble carbohydrates, 46.43 ; albumin- 
oids, 10.26; ash, 1.20. 

Angophrasia (ang-go-fra' -ze-ali) \_a.yx?iv, to choke ; 
(ppdaic, utterance]. A speech-defect consisting of a 
choking, drawling, and agitated utterance, with repeti- 
tions and nasal sounds, occurring in paralytic dementia. 

Angor (ang'-gor) \angor, a strangling]. Synonymous 
with Angina. Applied by some to epigastric pain. 

Angry (ang'-gre) [M. E., angericli\. Characterized by 
acute inflammation and pain, as an angry sore. 

Angstrom's Law. See Law. 

Anguilulidse (ang-gwil' -u-lid-e) [anguilla,a.neeY]. The 
small nematoid worms that live in vinegar and sour 
paste. 

Anguilliform (ang-gwil' -if-orm) \anguilla, an eel ; 
fortna, form]. In biology, having the characters or 
form of an eel. 

Anguillula (ang-gwil' -u-lali) [dim. of anguilla, an 
eel]. A genus of parasitic round worms. A. Ster- 
coralis. See Thread-worms and Parasites, Animal, 
Table of. 

Anguine (ang'-gwin) [anguis, a snake]. In biology, 
snake-like. 

Anguish (ang'-g7dish) \_angustia, narrowness, distress]. 
Extreme bodily or mental distress. 

Angular (ang'-gu-lar) [angulus, an angle]. Pertaining 
to an angle. A. Artery and Vein, the terminal 
branches of the facial artery and vein. A. Gyrus, or 
Convolution, the pli courbe, a convolution of the 
brain. A. Movement, the movement between two 
bones that may take place forward and backward, 
or inward and outward. A. Processes, the external 
and internal extremities of the orbital arch of the 
frontal bone. 

Angularis scapulae Muscle (ang-gu-la' -ris skap' -u-le). 
The levator anguli scapuLc. See Muscles, Table of. 

Anguliferous (ang-gu-lif -er-us) [angulus, an angle ; 
ferre, to bear]. In biology, having the last whorl 
angled or cornered. 

Angulinerved (ang' -gu-lin-ervd) [angulus, an angle ; 
nervum, a nerve]. In biology, said of leaves in 
which the veins or nerves diverge from the midrib ; 
pinnately nerved. 

Angulo-dentate (ang'-gu-lo-den'-tat) [angulus, an 
angle; dentatus, toothed]. With angular teeth. 

Angulus (ang'-gu-lus) [L.]. See Angle. 

Angustate (ang-gus'-tat) \_angustare, to straiten ; to 
narrow]. Narrow. 

Angustia (ang-gus'-fe-ah) [L.]. Constriction; abnor- 
mal narrowness ; distress. 

Angusticollis (ang-gus-te-kol'-is) [angustus, narrow ; 
collian, a neck]. In biology, with a slender neck. 



ANGUSTIDENTATE 



87 



ANIMALCULE 



Angustidentate (ang-gus-te-den' '-tat) [angustus, nar- 
row; dens, a tooth]. In biology, with slender teeth. 
Angustifoliate (ang-gus-te-fo* -le-at) [angustus, narrow; 

folia/us, leaved]. In biology, with narrow leaves. 

Angustirostrate (ang-gus-te-ros' -trat) [angustus, nar- 
row; rostrum, beak]. In biology, having a narrow or 
compressed beak. 

Angustiseptate (ang-gus-te-sep'-tat) [angustus, narrow; 
septum, a partition]. In biology, having a narrow 
septum. 

Angustura (ang-gus-tu' '-raft) [Sp. , Angostura, a S. A. 
town]. Cusparia Bark. The bark of Galipea cus- 
paria. A stimulant tonic and febrifuge used in malig- 
nant bilious fever, intermittent fever, and dysentery. 
In large doses emetic. Dose of fid. ext. TT^x-xxx; of 
the bark gr. x-xl. Unof. Infus. Cuspariae (B. P.). 
Dose ,5i-ij- 

Angusturin (ang-gus'-tu-rin) [Sp. , Angostura, a S. A. 
town]. Synonym of Brucin, a. v. 

Anhaloin (an-hal' '-o-in) [Anhalonium\. An intensely 
poisonous alkaloid, derived from the fruit of Anhalo- 
nium (Mamillaria) lewinii, a. cactus. It produces 
collapse, followed by tetanus. Unof. 

Anhalonium lewinii (an-ha-lo' -ne-um le-win'-e-i) 
[L.]. The cactus of this name is a native of Mexico. 
Its active principle is intensely poisonous and resembles 
strychnin in action. Dose of the extract gtt. j. 
Unof. 

Anhaphia (an-ha'-fe-ali). See Anaphia. 

Anhela. (an-he'-lah) [anhelatio, asthma] . A difficulty in 
breathing. A. amphemerina, A. asinina, A. 
canina, A. clamosa, A. clangosa, A. delassans, 
A. perennis, A. puerilis, A. spasmodica, A. 
strangulans, A. suffocans, A. tussiculosa, syno- 
nyms of Pertussis. 

Anhelation (a)i-he-la' -shun) [anhelare, to pant]. Short- 
ness of breath ; dyspnea. 

Anhematosis (an-hem-at-o' -sis) [av priv. ; alfiarottv, to 
make bloody]. Defective formation of the blood. 

Anhidrosis [an-hid-ro' -sis) [av priv. ; (rfpwc, sweat]. 
Absence or deficiency of sweat excretion. 

Anhidrotic (an-hid-rot'-ik) [av priv. ; idpuc, sweat]. 
I. Tending to check sweating. 2. An agent that 
checks sweating. 

Anhistous (an-his' -tus) [av priv. ; lardc, a web]. 
Structureless ; not organized ; plasmic. 

Anhydremia (an-hi-dre'-me-ah) [av priv.; v&up, water ; 
aljia, blood]. The opposite of hydremia; an abnor- 
mal decrease in the relative proportion of the water to 
that of the salts of the blood. 

Anhydrid (an-hi' -drid) [av priv. ; vSup, water]. One 
of a class of chemic compounds that may be regarded 
as made up of one or more molecules of water in 
which the whole of the hydrogen is replaced by nega- 
tive or acid radicals (that may themselves contain 
hydrogen). 

Anhydro-ecgonin (an-hi' '-dro-ek' '-go-nin) [av priv. ; 
vSup, water; in, out of; yovog, born]. A basic sub- 
stance in the cocain and ecgonin series, but more 
remote from cocain than ecgonin. 

Anhydr o-glycochloral {an-hi' -dro-gli-ko-klo' -ral ) . 
See Chloralose. 

Anhydromyelia (an-hi-dro-mi-e' -le-ah) [av priv. ; 
irSup, water; /iveXov, marrow]. A deficiency of the 

. fluid that normally fills the spinal cavity. 

Anhydrous (an-hi' -drus) [av priv. ; vfiup, water]. In 
chemistry, a term used to denote the absence of 
hydroxyl or of constitutional water. 

Anhysteria (an-his-te' -re-ah) [av priv. ; varepa, the 
womb]. Absence of the uterus. 

Anideus (an-id' -e-us) [av priv. ; elfiat;, form]. The 
lowest form of omphalosite, in which the parasitic 



fetus is reduced to a shapeless mass of flesh covered 
with skin. 

Anidous (an-i'-dus) [av priv. ; eltiog, form]. Form- 
less, from general arrest of development ; used of 
fetal monsters. 

Anidrosis (au-id-ro'-sis). See Anhidrosis. 

Anidrotic (an-id-rot'-ik). See Anhidrotic. 

Anile (an'-il) [anilis, an old woman]. Imbecile. 

Anilid (an'-il-id) [Arab., al, the; nil, dark blue]. 
Compounds formed by the action of acid chlorids or 
acid anhydrids upon the anilins. They are very stable 
derivatives. 

Anilin (an'-il-in) [Arab., al, the; nil, dark blue], 
C 6 HjN. Amidobenzene ; formed in the dry distillation 
of bituminous coal, bones, indigo, isatin, and other 
nitrogenous substances. It is made by reducing nitro- 
benzene. It is a colorless liquid with a faint peculiar 
odor, boiling at 183 ; its sp. gr. at o° is 1. 036. When 
perfectly pure it solidifies on cooling, and melts at — 8°. 
It is slightly soluble in water, but dissolves readily in 
alcohol and ether. Combined with chlorin, the 
chlorates, and hypochlorites, the various anilin dyes 
are produced. It is a powerful narcotic poison. It is 
used in chorea and epilepsy with benefit in one-half 
grain doses. Unof. A. Black, C 1S H I5 N 3 , one of the 
indulins formed by the oxidation of anilin by means 
of potassium chlorate in the presence of copper or 
vanadium salts. It is a dark-green amorphous pow- 
der, insoluble in the ordinary reagents, and is used in 
calico printing as a black color. See Conspectus of 
Pigments, under Pigment. A. Colors. See Con- 
spectus of Pigments, under Pigment. A. Red. See 
Fuchsin. A. Sulphate, [C 6 H 3 NH 2 ] SO^Hj, used as 
a test for lignin. See Stains, Table of. A. Violet. 
See Tyrolin. 

Anilinophile (an-il-in' -o-fil) [anilin; <piMeiv, to love]. 
Readily stained with anilin. 

Anilism (an 1 '-il-izm) [anilin']. An acute or chronic 
disease produced in workmen in anilin factories by the 
poisonous fumes. 

Anility (an-il'-it-e) [anilis, an old woman]. The state 
of being imbecile or childish. 

Anima (an'-im-ah) [animus, spirit]. The soul; the 
vital principle ; formerly, the active principle of a drug 
or medicine. 

Animal (an'-im-al) [anima, the spirit, breath, or life]. 
An organic being having life and power of motion. 
Pertaining to the same. The animal kingdom is com- 
posed of the Vertebrata, Mollusca, Articulata, and 
Radiata. A. Black. See Conspectus of Pigments, 
under Pigment. A. Charcoal, bone-black, ivory- 
black, etc. , is the product of calcining bones in close 
vessels. A. Chemistry, that concerning itself with 
the composition of animal bodies. A. Electricity, 
electricity generated in the body. A. Function, any 
physiological action or process. A. Gum, C 12 H. 20 O 10 -|- 
2H 2 0. A substance prepared from mucin by Landwehr, 
and so named on account of its resemblance to the 
gum of commerce. It occurs in many tissues of the 
body, is soluble in water, and in alkaline solution 
readily dissolves cupric oxid, the solution not being 
reduced on boiling. It yields no coloration with 
iodin, and is very feebly dextrorotatory. A. Heat, 
the normal temperature of the body, about 98. 5 F. 
A. Kingdom, a name for all animals considered col- 
lectively. A. Magnetism, mesmerism, hypnotism, 
etc. A. Oil. See DippeP s Oil. A. Starch. See 
Glycogen. A. Tissue. See Tissue. 

Animalcule (an-im-al'-kiil) [animalculum, dim. of 
animal, a minute animal: //. , Animalcula~]. An 
organism so small as to require the microscope for its 
examination. 



ANIMALCULISM 



88 



ANKYLOBLEPHARON 



Animalculism {an-im-al' -ku-liziri) [animalculum, a 

little animal]. See Spemiism and Incasement. 

Animalculist (an-im-al' -ku-list) [animalculum, a little 
animal]. See Incasement. 

Animalization (an-im-al-iz-a' -shun) \animalis, ani- 
mate]. The process of assimilating food to the tis- 
sues of the body. 

Animation (an-im-a' -shun) [animare, to have life or 
existence]. To be possessed of life. Formerly used 
to denote the effect of the vital principle by which the 
fetus acquires the power of continuing its existence. 
A., Suspended, a condition marked by interrupted 
respiration and consciousness ; caused by strangulation, 
the inhalation of carbon dioxid or other gases,. etc. 

Anime (an'-im-e) [Fr. , animi, origin doubtful]. A 
name of various resins, especially that of Iiymencea 
courbaril, a tree of tropical America ; sometimes used 
in plaster, etc. Unof. See Copal. 

Animism (an'-im-izm) \_anima, soul]. Stahl's theory 
of life and disease, namely, that the soul is the source 
of both normal and pathologic activities. 

Anion (an'-e-on) [ava, up; wv, going]. In electroly- 
sis, an electro-negative element. See Ion. 

Anions (an'-e-onz) [aviuv, going up]. The atoms that 
collect around either pole when a compound is decom- 
posed by electricity. 

Aniridia (an-ir-id' -e-ah) \_av priv. ; Ipic, the rainbow]. 
Absence or defect of the iris. 

Anisandrous (an-is-an'-drus) [aviaoq, unequal ; avrjp, 
male]. Same as Anisostemenous. 

Anisanthous (an-is-an' -thus) \avicoq, unequal ; ai>8o<;, 
flower]. In biology, varying as to the form of the 
perianth. 

Anischuria (an-is-ku' -re-ah) \av priv. ; toxovpia, re- 
tention of urinel. Enuresis or incontinence of urine. 

Anise [an' -is). See Anisum. 

Anisic (an-is'-ik) [anisum, anise]. Pertaining or be- 
longing to anise. A. Acid. See Acid. A. Aldehyd. 
See Aldehyd. 

Anisin (an'-is-in) \_anisum, anise], C 22 H 24 N 2 3 . An 
artificial crystalline alkaloid, a derivative of anise. 

Anisobryous (an-is-ob' -re-us) \avioor, unequal; jipbov, 
growth]. Same as Monocotyledonous. 

Anisocoria (an-is-o-ko' -re-ah) [aviaog, unequal ; Koprj, 
pupil]. Inequality in the diameter of the pupils. 

Anisodont (an-i'-so-dont) \hviaoc, unequal ; b&ovc, 
tooth]. In biology, having irregular teeth of unequal 
length. 

Anisognathous (an-is-og' '-na-thus) [avuxog, unequal ; 
yvaBoc, jaw]. In biology, having the two jaws 
unlike as to the molar teeth. 

Anisogynous (an-is-oj' -in-us) [aviaot;, unequal ; yvvi), a 
female]. In biology, with fewer carpels than sepals. 

Anisol (an'-is-ol) [anisum, anise], C 7 H 8 0. Methyl 
phenyl ether, produced by heating phenol with potas- 
sium and methyl iodid or potassium methyl sulphate 
in alcoholic solution. It is an ethereal-smelling 
liquid, boiling at 152 ; its sp. gr. at 15 is 0.991. 

Anisomelous (an-is-om' -el-us) [dwcoc, unequal ; fi£?ior, 
a limb]. With limbs of unequal length. 

Anisomerous (an-is-om 1 '-er-us) [di>«joc, unequal; pipoc, 
part]. In biology, having the parts or organs unequal 
in successive series, as parts of the flowers in different 
whorls, or ridges, or successive molar teeth. 

Anisometropia (an-is-o-me-tro' -pe-ah) \av priv. ; laor, 
equal ; pkrpov, a measure; &%l>, the eye]. A differ- 
ence in the refraction of the two eyes. 

Anisometropic (an-is-o-me-trop' -ik) \_av priv. ; laoc, 
equal; perpov, a measure; wi/', the eye]. Affected 
with anisometropia. 

Anisopetalous (an-is-o-pet' -al-us) [dr/cror, unequal ; 
Tverakov, leaf]. In biology, with unequal petals. 



PLTaso , phy\\o\is(an-is-off' / -il-us) [aviaoQ, unequal; pi'// or, 
leaf]. In biology, applied to the leaves of a pair of 
whorls when they are unequal. 

Anisopia (an-is-o' -pe-ah) \hvtooq, unequal; Zn\>, eye]. 
Inequality of visual power in the two eyes. 

Anisopleural (an-is-o-plu' -ral ) [diwof, unequal ; 
K/ievpa, the side]. In biology, bilaterally asym- 
metric. 

Anisopogonous (an-is-o-pog' -o-tius) \_avwoc, unequal ; 
iruyuv, beard]. In biology, applied to feathers the 
vanes of which are asymmetric. 

Anisopterous (an-is-op' -ter-us) [avicoc, unequal ; 
Tirepov, a wing]. In biology, with asymmetric or 
unequal wings. 

Anisospore (an-i r -so-spbr) [aviaog, unequal ; OTv6pa, a 
spore]. In biology, one of the two varieties of spores 
produced by colonial species of Radiolarians. 

Anisostemenous (an-is-o-ste?n' -en-us) [aviooc, un- 
equal; or?/put>, a thread]. In biology, applied to 
plants the stamens of which are not of the same num- 
ber as the petals. 

Anisosthenic (an-is-o-sthen'-ik) [clvlooq, unequal ; 
aOsvor, strength]. Not of equal power; used of pairs 
of muscles, etc. 

Anisostomous {an-is-os' -tom-us) [aviaog, unequal ; 
cropa, mouth]. With an irregular mouth or orifice. 

Anisotropic (an-is-o-trop' -ik) [avicor, unequal ; 
rponog, turning]. Not possessing the same properties 
in all directions with respect to light. In biology, 
varying in irritability in different parts or organs. 

Anisotropous (an-is-of -ro-pus) [avicoc, unequal; Tpineiv, 
to turn]. Not isotropous ; not having the same re- 
fracting power in all directions. A term applied to 
doubly refracting bodies. 

Anisum (an' -is-um) [L. ; gen., Anisi]. Anise. The 
fruit of Anisum pimpinella. Its properties are due 
to a volatile oil. It is slightly stimulant to the heart 
action. It is useful chiefly to liquefy bronchial secre- 
tions, and is therefore a favorite ingredient in cough 
mixtures. Dose gr. x-xx. A. Aqua, oil of anise I, 
water 500 parts. Dose indefinite. A. Essentia 
(B. P.). Dose ttlx-xx. A. Oleum, an ingredient in 
tinct. opii camph. Dose, Tr\J-v. A. Spt., a ten per 
cent, solution of the oil in alcohol. Dose, gi— ij. 

Anisyl (an'-is-il) [anisum, anise], C 8 H 7 2 . A hypo- 
thetic radicle supposed to be found in anise and its 
derivatives. 

Anitrogenous (ah-ni-troj' -en-us) [d priv. ; nitrum, 
niter; yevrjc;, producing]. Non-nitrogenous. 

Anixyus (ali-niks'-e-us) [d priv. ; if(';c, the loins]. In 
biology, without hips and thighs. 

Ankle (ang'-kl) [M. E., ancle]. The joint between 
the tibia and fibula above and on the sides, and the 
astragalus below. It is a ginglymus joint, with three 
ligaments, the anterior, internal, and external. 
A. -bone, the astragalus. A. Clonus, the succession of 
a number of rhythmic muscular contractions in the 
calf of the leg, when the limb is extended and the foot 
flexed suddenly by a pressure upon the sole. It is a 
symptom of various diseases of the myelon, such as 
meningo-myelitis. See Reflexes, Table of. A. -jerk. 
See A. Clonus. A. -joint. See Ankle. In biology, 
the tarsal joint. A. Reflex. See A. Clonus. 

Anklet (angk'-lct) [M. E. , ancle']. A leathern band to 
pass around and support the ankle. 

Ankuroid (ang'-ku-roid). See A /thyroid. 

Ankylenteron (ang-kil-en' -ter-on) \ayKvXrj, a coil ; 
ivTEpov, an intestine]. An adhesion between intesti- 
nal coils. 

Ankyloblepharon (ang-kil-o-blef -ar-on) [ayKv?>/, a 
thong or loop; filetpapov, the eyelid]. The adhesion 
of the ciliary edges of the eyelids. 



ANKYLOCHEILIA 



89 



ANODIC 



Ankylocheilia (ang-kil-o-ki' -le-aK) [aXuvli), loop ; 
Xei'Aog, lip] . Adhesion of the lips. 

Ankylocolpos (ang-kil-o-koV -pos) [aymikri, a noose ; 
Ku/nvog, the vagina]. Atresia or closure of the vagina 
or vulva. 

Ankylocore (ang-kil-ok f -o-re) [ayicb/Xr], a noose ; K.6prj, 
the pupil]. Obliteration of the pupil by closure and 
adhesion. 

Ankylodontia (ang-kil-o-don' -she-afi) [hyttvkri, a loop ; 
bSovg, a tooth]. Irregularity in the position of the 
teeth. 

Ankyloglossia (a/ig-kil-o-glos' -e-ah) [aynvATj, a noose ; 
yXuaaa, the tongue]. Tongue-tie. 

Ankyloglossotome (a?ig-kil-o-glos' -o-to??i) [_aynv?a/, a 
noose ; y?.uaaa, the tongue; rop.ii, a cut]. An instru- 
ment used in treating tongue-tie. 

Ankylomele [a7ig-kil-o-?ne' -le) [hyKvkoprfkri ; aynv/Xog, 
bent ; pi)t-ri, a probe] . A curved probe. 

Ankylomerism (ang-kil-om' '-er-izni) [ayKvk-q, a tie ; 
uepog, a part]. Abnormal adherence of parts to each 
other. 

Ankylopodia (ang-kil-o-po' -de-ali) [ayKvlrj, a loop ; trove;, 
a foot]. Ankylosis of the ankle-joint. 

Ankyloproctia (a7ig-kil-o-prok' -te-ah) [aynv/X?/, a loop ; 
TTpunToc, the anus]. Atresia of the anus. 

Ankylorrhinia (ang-kil-o-rin' -e-ali) [aynvAog, a loop ; 
pig, the nose]. Marked adhesion between the walls 
of a nostril. 

Ankylose {ang'-kil-os) [aynvlog, bent]. To be, or to 
become, consolidated or firmly united, as two bones ; 
used commonly of pathologic, but sometimes of nor- 
mal, union. 

Ankylosis (ang-kil-o'-sis) [ayitvXog, a stiff joint]. Union 
of the bones forming a joint, resulting in a stiff joint. 
A., False, or Spurious, is due to the rigidity of sur- 
rounding parts. A., True, or Bony, when the con- 
necting material is bone. A., Ligamentous, when 
the medium is fibrous. 

Ankylostoma (a7ig-kil-os' '-to-maK) , or Ankylostomum 
(ang-kil-os' -to-mum) [aynvkog, crooked ; ardua, a 
mouth]. A genus of nematoid worms, one species of 
which, A. duodenale , is found in the human intestine. 
This is now referred to the genus Dochmius. See 
A n kylostom iasis. 

Ankylostomiasis (ang-kil-os-to-tni' -as-is) [aynvlog, 
crooked; ardpa, a mouth]. A peculiar anemia 
produced by the parasite Ankylostoma duode7iale 
{Dochmius duodenalis. Leuck), sucking the blood 
from the walls of the duodenum. It is especially 
prevalent among brickmakers and other workmen in 
Europe. It is called also Dochmiasis, Brickmakers' 
Anemia, Tunnel Anemia, Miners' Cachexia, Egyp- 
tian Chlorosis, Tropical Chlorosis, etc. Male fern 
and thymol expel the worm. 

Ankylotia {ang-kil-o' -she-aK) [aynvlrj, a noose ; ovg, 
ear]. Union of the walls of the meatus auditorius. 

Ankylotome [ang-kW '-o-tom) [aynii/Xr], a loop ; t6utj, a 
cut]. I. A knife for operating on tongue-tie. 2. Any 
curved knife. 

Ankyrism (cing' -kir-izni) [ayKvptapa, a hooking]. 
Articulation or suture by one bone hooking upon 
another. 

Ankyroid (ang f -kir-oid) [aynvpa, a hook]. Hook- 
shaped. A. Cavity, in the brain, the posterior 
cornu of the lateral ventricle. A. Process, the 
coracoid process. 

Anlage [an'-lag-e) [Ger., "a laying out"]. In bi- 
ology, a term adopted from the German to indicate 
(1) a primary constituent of the germ or organism ; (2) 
a constitutional predisposition. 

Annandale's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Annatto (an-at'-o). See Annotto. 



Anneal (an-il') [Saxon, annelan, to heat]. To heat 
and cool slowly, as gold or other metals. 

Annealing (an-el'-ing) [Saxon, annelan, to heat]. 
The process of applying heat to a metal for the 
purpose of removing brittleness and increasing its 
ductility and malleability. 

Annectent (an-ek'-te/it) [ad, to; nectere, to bind]. 
In biology, linking or binding together. 

Annelism (an' '-el-izr/i) \_anellus, dim. of annulus, aring]. 
In biology, possessing a ringed structure. 

Annidalin (an-id'-al-in). See Aristol. 

Annotin (an'-o-tin) [annotinus, of last year]. In 
biology, one year old. 

Annotinous (an-ot' -in-us) \annotinus, of last year]. 
In biology, having distinct yearly growths. 

Annotto (an-ot'-d) [native American]. Annatto, 
arnotto. A coloring matter obtained from the pel- 
licles of the seeds of Bixa orellana. L. Used to color 
plasters. Also employed as an artificial color for 
butter. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Annual (an'-u-al) [annus, a year]. Yearly. In 
biology, plants that mature and die in one year. 

Annuens (an' -u-enz) [annuere, to nod]. The rectus 
capitis anticus minor muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Annuent (an'-u-ent) [annuere, to nod]. Serving to 
bend the head forward ; as annuent muscles. 

Annular (an'-u-lar) [annulus, a ring]. Ring-like. A 
number of ligaments of the joints are called annular, 
as those of the ankle, wrist, etc. A. Cartilage, the cri- 
coid cartilage. A. Finger, the ring finger. A. Mus- 
cle of Muller, the circular fibers of the ciliary muscle. 
A. Process, or Protuberance, the pons varolii. A. 
Reflex (of macula), a ring-like reflection sometimes 
seen with the ophthalmoscope surrounding the macula. 

Annulism (an'-u-lizm) [annulus, a ring]. The state or 
quality of being ringed, as shown in certain worms. 

Annulose (an'-u-los) [annidus, a ring]. In biology, 
possessing rings. 

Annulus (an'-u-his) [annulus, a ring]. A ring-shaped 
or circular opening. A circular or rounded margin. 
In biology, an encircling band, as those about the cap- 
sules of mosses; the spore-cases of ferns, the mantle. 
Cf. Molluscs, etc. A. abdominalis, the external and 
internal abdominal rings. A. abdominis, the inguinal 
ring. A. ciliaris, the boundary between the iris and 
choroid. A. fibrosus, the external part of the inter- 
vertebral discs. A. membrani tympani, an incom- 
plete bony ring that forms the fetal auditory process of 
the temporal bone. A. osseus, the tympanic plate. 
A. ovalis, the rounded or oval margin of the Foramen 
ovale. A. subgenitalis, a firm, cartilaginous-like, 
subgenital ring, the supporting plate of the subum- 
brella in medusee. A. tracheae, any tracheal ring. 
A. umbilicus, the umbilical ring. A. of Vieus- 
sens. Same as A. ovalis. 

AnocaTpous(a/t-o-ka?- / -pus) [ai>u, upward; Kapnbg, fruit]. 
In biology, bearing fruit on the upper side of the frond. 

Anocathartic (an-o-kath-a7-' -tik) [aw, upward ; ko.0- 
apriKog, purging]. Emetic. 

Ano-coccygeal (a-no-kok-sij' -e-al) [anus, the funda- 
ment; KOKicoi;, the coccyx]. Pertaining to the anus 
and the coccyx. A. Ligament, connects the tip of 
the coccyx with the external sphincter ani muscle. 

Anodal (a7i' -o-dal) [ava, up; bddg, a way]. Relating to 
an anode ; electrically positive. A. Diffusion. Same 
as Cataphoresis. A. Opening Contraction. See 
Contraction. 

Anode (an'-od) [ava, up; bS6g, a way]. The positive 
pole of a galvanic battery. 

Anodic (an-od r -ik) [ava, upward ; bS6g, way]. In biol- 
ogy, applied to the upper edges of leaves arranged in 
ascending spirals. 



ANODONTIA 



90 



ANOSTOMUS 



Anodontia (an-o-don' -she-ah) [av priv. ; bdo'vc, tooth]. 
Absence of the teeth. 

Anodyne (an'-o-din) [av priv. ; b&vvii, pain], A med- 
icine that gives relief from pain. From their tendency 
to produce sleep they are called hypnotics. A., Hoff- 
man's. See Ether. 

Anodynia (an-o-din 1 '-e-ah) [av priv. ; bdvvq, pain]. 
Absence of pain. 

Ancea (an-e'-ah). See Anoia. 

Anoesia (an-o-e'-ze-ah) [avor/oia, a want of sense]. 
Want of understanding. 

Anogenic (an-o-jen' -ik) [ava, upward; yevijc, produced]. 
In biology, of ascending or inward growth. 

Anoia (an-oi'-ah) [avoia, idiocy]. Synonym of Idiocy. 

Anol (an'-ol) [see Anethol~\, C 9 H 10 O. A substance 
obtained from anethol by heating it with caustic alkali 
to 200-230° It consists of brilliant leaflets, melting 
at 92°. 

Anomaliflorous (an-om-al-iflo' -rus) \_anomalus, irreg- 
ular; flos, flower]. In biology, bearing irregular 
flowers. 

Anomaliped (an-om' -al-ip-ed) \_anomalns, irregular; 
pes, foot]. In biology, characterized by having one 
of the phalanges of the middle toe joined to the inner 
toe, and three to the outer toe, as in syndactylous 
birds, the kingfisher, etc. 

Anomalocephalous (an-om-al-o-sef ' -al-us) [avufiaJoc, 
strange; KC<paAi/, the head]. Having a deformed 
head. 

Anomalocephalus {an-om-al-o-sef' '-al-us) [avu/xaAoc, 
strange ; KEipa'A?/, the head] . One who has a deformed 
head. 

Anomalogonatous (an-om-al-o-gon'-at-us) [avu/jaAoc , 
strange; yovariov, hip-joint]. In biology, said of 
birds (Passeres) having no ambiens muscle. 

Anomalous (an-om' -al-us) [avafiaAoc, not ordinary]. 
Irregular ; characterized by deviation from the com- 
mon or normal order. 

Anomalus (an-om' -al-us) [avufiaAoc, not ordinary]. 
A muscle or muscular slip sometimes occurring be- 
neath the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. 

Anomaly (an-om' -al-e) [avco/jaAia, irregularity]. A 
marked deviation from the normal or typical structure 
or occurrence. 

Anomobranchiate (an-o-mo-brang'-ke-at)[avojioc, irreg- 
ular ; ppayxta, gills]. In biology, characterized by 
having anomalous gills. 

Anomo-carpous (an-o-mo-kar' '-pus) [avojioc, irregular ; 
Kap-rroc, fruit]. In biology, producing anomalous 
or irregular fruits. 

Anomocephalus (an-o-mo-sef -al-us) [a priv.; v6/uor, 
law; neipa/J/, head]. See Anomalocephalus. 

Anomophyllous (an-o-mof'-il-us) [a priv.; vdfioc, a 
law; (pbX'Aov, a leaf]. In biology, with irregularly- 
arranged leaves. 

Anomphalous (an-om' -fal-us) [av priv. ; bfidaAbr, 
navel]. Having no navel, a condition that may 
result from disease or from a surgical operation. 

Anomural (an-o-mu' ral) [avounc, irregular; ovpa, 
tail]. In biology, characterized by having a small, 
irregular tail. 

Anonychia (an-o-nik'-e-ali) [av priv.; 6vv!-, nail]. 
Absence or defect of the nails. 

Anonym (an'-o-nim) [civuvvuoc, nameless]. In biology, 
an insignificant or unscientifically formed name. 

Anonyma (an-on'-im-ah) [av priv.; hw/ia, name]. 
The innominate artery. 

Anonymous (an-on'-im-us) [av priv.; bvvpa, a name]. 
Nameless. A. Bone. See Innominatum. 

Anoopsia (an-o-op'-se-ah) [avu, upward; bipic, vision]. 
Strabismus in which the eye is turned upward. 

Anophthalma (an-off-thal' -mah). See Anophthalmia. 



Anophthalmia (an-off-thal' -me-ah) [av priv.; btpfiaAitdc, 
eye]. Congenital absence of the eyes. A. cyclo- 
pica, a congenital malformation in which the eye- 
socket is very ill-developed and the orbit rudimentary 
or altogether absent. 

Anophthalmos (an-off-thal '-mus) [av priv.; b(j>ftaAp6c, 
eye]. I. Congenital absence of the eyes. 2. A person 
born without eyes. 

Anopia (an-o'-pe-ah) [av priv.; £)ip, the eye]. Ab- 
sence or rudimentary development of the eye. 

Anopluriform (an-o-plu'-riform) [arorr/.or, unarmed ; 
ovpa, tail; forma, form]. Resembling or related to 
a louse. 

Anopsia (an-op'-se-ah) [av priv.; bipcc, vision]. See 
Amblyopia. 

Anopsy (an'-op-se). Same as Anopsia. 

Anopylus (an-o-pi'-lus) [avu, forward; ttvAt), a gate]. 
Lissauer's term for a skull in which there is a strong 
forward inclination of the foramen magnum. 

Anorchia (an-or'-ke-ah). See Anorchism. 

Anorchism (an'-or-kizm) [av priv. ; bp%ig, the testicle]. 
Absence of the testicles. 

Anorchous (an-or'-kus) [av priv. ; bp^ic, the testicle]. 
Without testicles. 

Anorchus (an-or'-kus) [a priv.; 6p^;c, the testicle]. A 
person in whom the testicles are absent or not de- 
scended. 

Anorectic, Anorectous (an-o-rek' -tik, an-o-rek' -tus) 
[av priv. ; bpegic, appetite]. Without an appetite. 

Anorexia (an-o-rek' -se-ah) [av priv. ; bpet;i.c, appetite]. 
Absence or diminution of appetite, occurring in gastric 
diseases, fevers, and many chronic affections. A., 
Hysteric. See Apepsia, Hysteric. A. nervosa, an 
hysteric affection occurring chiefly in young neurotic 
females. It is characterized by extreme emaciation 
and a great aversion to food. 

Anorganic (an-or-gan' -ik) [a priv. ; bpyavov, an organ]. 
Not containing organs, as the epidermis. 

Anorhin (an'-or-in) [avu, upward ; pic, the nose] . A 
term applied by Lissauer to skulls in which the sub- 
nasal point lies above the radius fxus taken as a 
horizontal. 

Anorophos (an-o'-ro-fos) [a priv. ; bpcxpoc, a roof]. 
Not having the skull-cap. 

Anorthopia (an-or-tho'-pe-ah) [ai'priv. ; bpdoc, straight ; 
bxlnc, vision]. I. A defect in vision in which straight 
lines do not seem straight, and parallelism or symmetry 
is not properly perceived. 2. Squinting ; obliquity of 
vision. 

Anorthosis (an- or -t ho' -sis) [av priv. ; opBuaic, a making 
straight]. Absence or defect of erectility. 

Anosia (an-o'-se-ah) [a priv. ; voaoc, disease]. With- 
out disease ; normal health. 

Anosmia (an-oz'-me-ah) [av priv. ; bcpij, smell]. 
Partial or complete loss of the sense of smell, due 
either to local disease or disease of the olfactory 
nerves or bulb. It is associated with impairment or 
loss of the sense of taste. 

Anosphrasia (an-os-fra' -ze-ah) [av priv. ; boQpaaia, 
smell]. Defect or absence of the sense of smell. 

Anosphresia (an-os-fre' -se-ah). See Anosphresis. 

Anosphresis (an-os-fre' -sis) [av priv. ; baQpricic, odor]. 
Same as Anosphrasia. 

Anosphresy (an-os'-fre-se). See Anosphresia. 

Anospinal (a-no-spi'-nal) [anus, the fundament ; spina, 
the backbone]. Relating to the anus and the spinal 
cord. A. Center is situated in the lumbar portion of 
the spinal cord ; it controls the anal sphincters. 

Anostomus (an-o-sto'-mus) [avu, upward ; aropa, 
mouth]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the 
alveolar point is elevated above the radius fixus, the 
latter being horizontal. 



AN< 1STOSIS 



91 



ANTEPECTUS 



Anostosis (an-os-to'-sis) [av priv. ; bariov, bone]. De- 
fective development of bone. 

Anotus (an-o'-tus) [av priv. ; ovg, the ear]. An earless 
monstrosity. 

Anovesical (a-no-ves'-ik-al) [anus, the fundament; 
vesica, the bladder]. Pertaining conjointly to the 
anus and urinary bladder. 

Anoxyemia [an-oks-e-e'-tne-ali) [avpriv.; oxygen; aifia, 
blood]. An abnormal condition due to the breathing 
of an insufficient amount of oxygen ; mountain sick- 
ness ; balloon sickness. 

Ansa (an'-sah) [L. , a " handle :" //., Ansce\. A loop 
or curved structure suggesting by its form the handle 
of a vessel ; a loop in a nerve, intestine, or vessel, or 
in a surgeon's thread. A. capitis, the zygomatic 
arch. A., Haller's, the loop formed by the nerve 
joining the facial and glosso-pharyngeal nerves. A., 
Henle's. See Henle's Loop. A. hypoglossi, a 
loop formed at the middle of the neck by the junction 
of the descendens noni nerve with branches of the 
second and third cervical nerves. A. of Reil, the 
name given to that portion of the brain just ventrad of 
the thalamus. A. sacralis, a loop joining the gan- 
glion impar (G. Waited) with the sympathetic trunks 
of the two sides. A. of Vieussens, a loop extend- 
ing from the third cervical ganglion and surrounding 
the subclavian artery. A. of Wrisberg, the nerve 
joining the right great splanchnic and right pneumo- 
gastric nerves. 

Anserine (an' '-ser-in) [anserinus ; anser, a goose]. 
Resembling a goose. A. Disease, an emaciation of 
the hands, rendering the tendons unduly prominent, 
and suggesting the appearance of a goose's foot. A. 
Skin. See Cutis anserina. 

Anstie's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Ansulate (an'-su-lat) [ansitla, a little handle]. The 
coiled and bent-over extremity of a stem or tendril. 

Ant-, Anti- (ant- or an'-te) [avri, against]. Prefixes 
to compound words signifying opposed to, against, 
counteracting, etc. 

Antacid (ant-as'-id) [anti, against; acidus, acid]. A 
substance counteracting or neutralizing acidity ; an 
alkali. 

Antacrid (ant -ak' -rid) \_anti, against; acer, sharp]. 
Correcting acridity in the secretions. A. Tincture. 
See Guaiac Mixture, Fenner 's. 

Antadiform (ant-ad' -if-orm) \_anti, opposite ; ad, 
toward; forma, form]. In biology, having the dor- 
sal and ventral contours inversely similar, as in certain 
fishes. 

Antagonism (an-tag'-o-nizm) [avTayoivi(eo8ai, to strug- 
gle against]. Opposed activity, as of two sets of 
muscles or of two remedial agents. 

Antagonist (an-tag' '-o-nist) [avrayovta-rji;, counteract- 
ing]. A term applied to a drug that neutralizes the 
therapeutic effects of another. In anatomy, a muscle 
that acts in opposition to another. Applied also to 
diseases that seem to exclude each other. See Drug. 
A., Associated, a name given to that muscle of a 
healthy eye that turns the globe in the same direction 
as the affected muscle of the opposite eye would, if 
normal, turn the eye to which it belongs. 

Antagonistic (an-tag-o-nis'-tik) [avrayoviOTr/g, counter- 
acting]. Opposing. A. Drugs, Table of. See 
Drug. 

Antalgic (ant-al' -jik) [avri, against; aXyog, pain]. I. 
Relieving pain. 2. A remedy relieving pain. 

Antalkaline (ant-al' -kal-in or -en). An agent neutral- 
izing alkalies, as acids. 

Antambulacral (ant-am-bu-la' -kral) [avri, against; 
ambulacrum, a walk]. In biology, located opposite 
or away from the ambulacra. 



Antaphrodisiac (ant-afro-diz'-e-ak) [avri, against; 
afpodiata, sexual desire]. I. Lessening the venereal 
desires. 2. An agent that lessens the venereal im- 
pulse ; an anaphrodisiac. 

Antapoplectic (ant-ap-o-phk' ' -tik) [avri, against ; 
a~<nr'/j/i;ia, apoplexy]. Efficient in preventing or 
treating apoplexy. 

Antarthritic (ant-ar-thrit 1 '-ik) [avri, against ; apBpiTCKdc, 
gouty]. I. Relieving the gout. 2. A medicine for 
the relief of gout. 

Antasthenic (ant-as-then' -ik) [avri, against ; auOevEi.a, 
weakness]. Tending to correct debility and restore 
the strength. 

Antasthmatic (ant-az-mat' -ik) [avri, against ; aad/na, 
short breath]. I. Relieving the asthma. 2. A 
medicine serving for the relief of asthma. 

Antatrophic (aut-at-rof'-ik) [avri, against ; arpotpia, 
wasting]. I. Preventing atrophy. 2. A drug that 
will prevent wasting or atrophy. 

Antebrachium (an-te-bra' -ke-um) [ante, before ; 
brachium, the arm]. The forearm. 

Antechamber (an' -te-cham-ber) [ante, before; ME., 
chamber, a room]. In biology, the space between 
the guard-cells of a stoma. 

Antecoxal (an-te-koks'-al) [ante, before; coxa, the 
hip joint]. In biology, located anterior to a coxa. 

Antecurvature (an-te-ker' -vat-chur) [ante, forward ; 
curvatus, bent]. A forward curvature. 

Antedisplacement (an-te-dis-plas' -ment) [ante, for- 
ward ; O. F., desplacer, to put out of place]. For- 
ward displacement of a part or organ. 

Antedonin (an-te-don'-in) [Antedon, a crinoid, from 
av&rjduv, the Greek medlar]. A pigment obtained 
from Comatula rosacea, a crinoid echinoderm. 

Anteflexion (an-te-flek' -shun) [ante, before ; flectere, 
to bend]. A bending forward. A. of Uterus, a 
condition in which the fundus sinks between the 
cervix and the neck of the bladder. 

Antefurca (an-te-fer'-kali) [ante, before ;' furca, a 
fork]. In biology, a Y-shaped chitinous prop affixed 
to the under surface of the thorax of insects and 
projecting into the thoracic cavity. Cf. APedifurca 
and Postfurca. 

Antegrade (ait'-te-grad) [antegredi, to precede]. 
Anabolic ; not retrograde or catabolic. 

Antehelix (ati-te-he'-liks). See Anthelix. 

Antelocation (an-te-lo-ka' -shun) [ante, before ; locus, 
a place]. The forward displacement of an organ or 
viscus. 

Antembasis (ant-em' -bas-is) [avTEuftaoic;, interlocking]. 
The setting or locking of bones. 

Antemetic (ant-e-met' -ik). See Antiemetic. 

Ante mortem (an'-te mor'-tem) [L.]. Before death. 

Antenarial (an-te-na' -re-al ) [ante, before ; nares, the 
nostrils]. Situated in front of the nostrils. 

Antenna (cut-ten' -ah) [avreiveiv, to stretch out]. In 
biology, one of the paired, articulated, sensory appen- 
dages of the head of an arthropod. One of a pair of 
long additions to the male flower in certain orchids. 

Antennaria (an-ten-a' -re-ah). See Everlasting. 

Anteocular (an-te-ok' -u-lar) [ante, before ; oculus, the 
eye]. In biology, situated in advance of the eyes. 

Anteoperculum (an-te-o-per' -ku-lum) [ante, before ; 
operculum , a lid]. In biology, the Preoperculum , iw. 

Anteorbital (an-te-or' -bit-al) [ante, before; orbita, the 
track of a wheel]. In comparative anatomy, placed 
in advance of the eyes. 

Ante partum (an'-te par' '-turn) [L.]. Before delivery. 

Antepectoral (an-te-pek'-tor-al) [ante, before; pectus, 
the breast] . Placed in front of the chest. 

Antepectus (an-te-pek' -tus) [ante, before ; pectus, the 
breast]. In biology, the sternal region of the prothorax. 



ANTEPHIALTIC 



92 



ANTHRACENE 



Antephialtic (ant-efe-al' -tik) [avri, against; k<pia?i.T?/g, 
nightmare]. Preventive of nightmare. 

Antepileptic (ant-ep-il-ep' -tik) [avri, against ; £7ri?i?/iptg, 
epilepsy]. Relieving epilepsy. 

Anteprostatic (an-ts-pros-taf '-ill) [ante, before ; irpoo- 
t&ttjc, one who stands before]. Situated before the 
prostate. A. Glands, certain small accessory glands 
sometimes found between Cowper's gland and the 
prostate. 

Anterethic (an-ter-eth' -ik) [avri, against ; epediofioc, 
irritation]. Soothing; allaying irritation. 

Anterior (an-te' -re-or) [anterius, forward]. Situated 
ventrad or hemad of a corresponding organ, the latter 
being designated as posterior (or posterius). A. Po- 
liomyelitis, inflammation in the anterior horns of the 
spinal cord, giving rise to a characteristic paralysis ; 
common in children. A. Rotation, the forward turn- 
ing of the presenting part in labor. 

Antero- (ati' ' -te-ro-)[anterior ■, before]. A prefix signify- 
ing position in front. 

Anterograde (an' -te-ro-grad) [anterior, before; gredi, 
to go]. Proceeding from before ; moving back. 

Antero-inferior (an' -te-ro-in-fe' -re-or) [anterior, for- 
ward ; inferior, lower]. Situated in front and below. 

Antero-lateral (an' -te-ro-lat' -er-al) [anterior, before ; 
latus, a side]. In front and to or on one side ; from 
the front to one side. 

Antero-parietal (an' -te-ro-par-i' -et-al) [anterior, be- 
fore ; paries, a wall]. Anterior and also parietal. A 
Area, the anterior part of the parietal area of the 
cranium. A. Gyrus, or Convolution, the ascending 
frontal convolution of the brain. 

Antero-posterior (an' -te-ro-pos-te' -re-or) [anterior, for- 
ward ; posterior, backward] . From before backward. 
A. Plane. See Median platie. 

Antero-superior (an' -te-ro-su-pe' -re-or) [anterior, for- 
ward; superior, upper]. In front and above. 

Anterotic (ant-e-rot'-ik) [avri, against; ipuriKoq, per- 
taining to love]. Anaphrodisiac. 

Ante-uterine (an-te-ti'-ter-in) [ante, before ; uterus, 
the womb]. In front of the womb. 

Anteversion (an-te-ver' -shini) [ante, before ; vertere, 
to turn]. A turning forward. A. of Uterus, the 
fundus is bent toward the symphj'sis pubis, the cervix 
toward the sacrum. 

Anthela (an' -the-lah) [avdijXr;, the downy plume of 
the reed]. In biology, an open paniculate cyme. 

Anthelicine (an-thel' -is-in) [civdeAi^, the inner curva- 
ture of the ear]. Pertaining to the anthelix. 

Anthelix (ant' -he-liks or an'-the-liks) [avSi'A^, the inner 
curvature of the ear]. The ridge surrounding the 
concha of the external ear posteriorly. 

Anthelmintic (an-thel-min' -tik) [avrl, against ; sk/iivg, 
a worm]. I. Efficacious against worms. 2. A ver- 
micide. An agent either killing or rendering power- 
less intestinal parasites ; a vermifuge expels worms. 

Anthemis (an'-them-is) [av6ejj.ii;, a flower]. Camo- 
mile. The flower-heads of A. nobilis, with properties 
due to a volatile oil, a camphor, and a bitter principle. 
Useful in coughs and spasmodic infantile complaints. 
An excellent stomachic tonic. Infusion of g iv to Oj, 
given in doses of j|j— ij. No official preparations. 
A., Extract (B. P.), dose gr. ij-x. A., Infus. 
(B. P.), dose gj-iv. A. Ol., the volatile oil of 
camomile. Dose rnjj-x, in sugar. 

Anthemoptyic (ant-Aem-op'-te-ik) [avrl, against; dl/xa, 
blood; 7rr!'cr«f, a spitting]. Checking pulmonary 
hemorrhage. 

Anthemorrhagic (ant-hem-or-aj' -ik) [avri, against ; 
aifta, blood ; payia, a bursting]. Checking or tending 
to prevent hemorrhage. 

Anther (an'-tker) [avdijpdc-, in full bloom]. In biology, 



the male sexual organ in plants ; the summit and essen- 
tial part of the stamen. It contains the pollen or 
fecundating substance of the flower. 

Antheridia (an-ther-id'-e-ah). Plural of Antheridi- 
um, q. v. 

Antheridium (an-ther-id' -e-um) [anthera, anther ; Gr. 
dim., i&wv~\. The male or fertilizing organ of higher 
cryptogams ; the organ that produces antherozoids. 

Antherozoid (an'-t/ier-o-zo-id) [ant/iera, anther; zooides, 
zooid]. In biology, one of the motile fertilizing 
bodies of higher cryptogams, analogous to the sper- 
matozoid of animals. The male reproductive cell of 
cryptogams. 

Anthesis (an-tke'-sis) [av8?/aic, the full bloom of a 
flower]. The act of flowering; florescence. 

Anthocarpous (an-tho-kar' -pus) [avdog, flower ; napndg, 
fruit]. In biology, applied to collective or accessory 
fruits characterized by thickened floral envelopes. 

Anthoclinium (an-tho-klin'-e-ttm) [avdoc, flower; nXivr), 
a bed]. See Clinanthiian. 

Anthocyanin (an-tho-si' -an-in) [avdoq, flower ; Kravog, 
blue]. The soluble pigment of blue flowers. 

Anthodium (an-tho' -de-tan) [avfjog, a flower; eldog, 
form]. In biology, the so-called "flower" of the 
Composite, really a capitulum or head of flowers. 

Anthogenesis (an-tho-jen' -es-is) [avOoq, a flower; 
ysveaic, production]. In biology, a phase of alterna- 
tion of generations exhibited by certain hemipterous 
insects, plant lice, etc. 

Antholeucin (an-tho-lu' -sin) [avdog, a flower ; Xevtcog, 
white]. The soluble pigment of white flowers. 

Antholysis (an-thol 1 ' -is-is) [avdog, a flower ; Xvoig, a 
breaking up]. In biology, that retrograde metamor- 
phosis in which the normal character or location of 
the parts of a flower is altered. 

Anthony's Fire, St. A popular name for Erysipelas. 

Anthophilous (an-thoff' -il-us) [avdoQ , a flower ; <p'iAog, 
loving]. In biology, fond of flowers, as a bee. 

Anthophore (an' -tho-for) [avOog, a flower; <j>eptiv, to 
bear]. In biology, the stalk that bears the corolla, 
stamens, and pistil in certain flowers, formed by the 
elongation of the internode between the calyx and 
corolla. 

Anthotaxis (an-tho-taks' -is) [avdoq, a flower ; rd^ig, 
order] . The arrangement of flowers in flower-clusters. 

Anthoxanthin, Anthoxanthine (an-tho-zan' -thin) 
[avdog, flower; ^au66i;, yellow]. In biology, the yel- 
lowish pigments of fruits and flowers. 

Anthozooid (an-tko-zo'-oid) [avdoc , a flower ; r (^ov, an 
animal ; eitSoc, likeness]. A single zooid of the flower- 
like animals, Actinozoa ; e. g. , a coral polyp. 

Anthracemia (an-thras-e' -nie-ah) [avdpa^, a coal ; 
alfja, blood]. Wool-sorter's disease ; splenic fever of 
animals ; the presence in the blood of Bacillus 
anthracis, the microbe of true anthrax or malignant 
pustule. 

Anthracene (an'-t/ira-sen) [avdpa^, a coal], C U H UV 
A hydrocarbon formed from many carbon compounds 
when they are exposed to a high heat ; also from 
coal-tar. It crystallizes in colorless, monoclinic 
tables, showing a beautiful blue fluorescence ; dis- 
solves with difficulty in alcohol and ether, but easily 
in hot benzene ; melts at 213 . It is the base from 
which artificial alizarin is prepared. A. Colors. See 
figments, Conspectus of. A. Oil, the fraction of coal- 
tar distilling from 270° C. and over. It consists of 
that portion of the tar that is made up of bodies 
possessing the highest boiling points, and is distin- 
guished from the heavy oil fraction by a separation, 
on cooling, of solid matters. In it has been found 
naphthalene, methyl-naphthalene, anthracene, phen- 
anthrene, methyl-anthracene, pyrene, carbazol, etc. 



ANTHRACIA 



93 



ANTHYPOCIIONDRIAC 



Anthracia (an-thra' -se-ah) [avOpai;, a coal]. A name 
for diseases characterized by the formation of carbun- 
cles. A. pestis, the plague. A. rubula. Synonym 
of Frambesia. 

Anthracic (an-thras'-ik) [avdpa!;, a coal]. Pertaining 
to or of the nature of anthrax. 

Anthracite (an f -thras-it) [avdpa!;, a coal]. A variety 
of mineral coal containing but little hydrogen, and 
therefore burning almost without flame. 

Anthracnosis (an-thrak-no' -sis) [avdpa!;, a coal ; voaoc, 
disease]. Black rot, a fungus disease of vines, caused 
by the Phoma uvicola, or Sphaceloina ampelium. 

Anthracoid (an'-thrak-oid) [avdpai,, coal; eldoc, form]. 
Resembling anthrax. 

Anthracometer (an-thrak-om' '-et-er) [avdpa!;, coal ; 
pkrpov, a measure]. An instrument for estimating 
the amount of carbon dioxid in the air. 

Anthracometry (an-thrak-om' -et-re) [avdpa!;, carbon ; 
pt'rpov, a measure]. The determination of the amount 
of carbon dioxid in air. 

Anthraconecrosis (an-thrak-o-ne-kro' '-sis) [avdpa!;, 
coal; vkicpuatg, death]. The necrotic transformation 
of a tissue into a black mass, as in dry gangrene. 

Anthracosis (an-thrak-o' -sis) [avdpa!;, carbon ; vogoq, 
disease]. A chronic interstitial pneumonitis with pig- 
mentation of the lung, in coal-miners. 

Anthracotyphus (an-tkrak-o-ti'-fus) [avdpa!;, a coal ; 
rvtpoQ, smoke, stupor]. Synonym of the Plague. 

Anthrakokali (an-thrak-o' -kal-e) [avdpa!;, coal; Ar. , 
qali, soda ash]. An alkaline powder made by heating 
powdered mineral coal with a strong solution of 
caustic potash, with or without sulphur. It is used 
internally and externally in skin diseases, rheumatism, 
etc. Unof. 

Anthranilic Acid (an-thran-W -ik). See Acid. 

Anthranol (an'-thran-ol) [avdpa!;, coal; oleum, oil], 
C u H ]0 O. A body isomeric with anthrol. It is pro- 
duced by the careful reduction of anthraquinone with 
tin and acetic acid. It crystallizes from alcohol in 
shining needles, melting with decomposition at 165 . 

Anthraquinone (an-thra- kwin-on') [avdpa!;, coal; Sp., 
quina, bark], C u H g 2 . Produced by oxidizing an- 
thracene with HNO3. It sublimes in yellow needles, 
melting at 277 , soluble in hot benzene and HN0 3 . 

Anthrarobin (an-thra-ro' -bin) [avdpai;, coal ; aroba, 
E. Ind. name for the bark of a leguminous tree]. 
A derivative of alizarin, similar to chrysarobin. A 
yellowish-white powder, insoluble in water, but solu- 
ble in alcohol and dilute alkaline solutions. Useful 
in psoriasis. Unof. 

Anthrax (an'-thraks) [avdpa!;, a coal or carbuncle]. I. 
A carbuncle; a painful, dark-colored tumor of the 
cellular tissue, ending in mortification of the part and 
the discharge of a fetid, bloody pus. The benignant 
anthrax has no fatal consequences. 2. The true or 
malignant anthrax, called also malignant pustule, is 
caused by the infection from animals suffering from 
splenic apoplexy, and is due to a specific bacillus, 
which, from a single center, may extend over the body 
and invade the intestinal tract, producing in this way, 
or by direct infection of diseased meat, the intestinal 
type of the disease. See Bacillus (anthrax). 3. The 
disease called black-leg, or quarter-evil (of sheep, 
cattle, etc.), is associated with what is called symptom- 
atic anthrax. It is due to the microorganism called 
Bacillus chauvai, (Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas). 
A. Fever. Synonym of Anthrax. A., Internal. See 
Pustula maligna. A., Symptomatic. See Black-leg. 

Anthrol (an'-throl) [avdpa!;, a coal], C u H 10 O. A 
body obtained from anthracene-sulphonic acid. It crys- 
tallizes in leaflets, dissolving with a yellow color in the 
alkalies, and in H 2 S0 4 with a blue color when heated. 



Anthrophobia [nu-thro-fo'-be-ah). See Antkropophobia. 

Anthropiatrics (an-thro-pe-at' -riks) [avdpuwoc, man ; 
carpiiir/, the art of medicine]. Ordinary human (non- 
veterinary) medicine. 

Anthropobiology (an-thro-po-bi-ol' -o-je) [avdpuivoc, man ; 
(3ioc, life; Aoyoc, word]. The science of the life- 
history of man. 

Anthropocholic Acid (an-thro-po-kol ' -ik). See Acid. 

Anthropogenesis (an-thro-po-jen'-es-is)[avdpuKoc, man ; 
ytvEGic, generation]. The development of man, as a 
race (phylogenesis) and as an individual (ontogenesis). 

Anthropogenous (an-lhro-poj' -en-us) [avdpujroc, man ; 
yevvaeiv, to produce]. Pertaining to Anthropoge- 
nesis. 

Anthropogeny (an-thro-poj' -en-e) [avdpu-og, man ; 
yevvaeiv, to produce]. The study or science of the 
descent of man. 

Anthropoglot (an' ' -thro-po-glot) [avBpuTroc, man; y7.ua- 
aa, the tongue]. Human-tongued, as a parrot. 

Anthropography (an-thro-pog' -ra-fe) [avdpu-oc, man ; 
ypdtpetv, to write]. A treatise upon the human struc- 
ture or organism. 

Anthropoid (an' -thro-poid) [avdpuiroc, a man; elSoc, 
form]. Man-like, as an ape, or as all primates above 
the lemuroids. 

Anthropology (an-thro-pol ' ' '-o-/e)[av6puTroc, man; \6yoc, 
discourse]. The science of the nature, physical and 
psychological, of man and of mankind. 

Anthropometalism (an-thro-po-mef '-al-izm) [dvdpuKoc, 
man; M.E. , metal~\. Hypnotism or the like condition, 
induced by looking at a metallic disc. 

Anthropometer (an-thro-pom 1 -et-er) [avdpuiroQ, man ; 
pirpov, a measure]. An instrument used in anthro- 
pometry. 

Anthropometry (an-thro-pom' -et-re) [avdpairoc, man ; 
pkrpov, a measure] . The determination of the meas- 
urement, weight, strength, and proportions of the 
human body. 

Anthropomorphic (an-thro-po-mor' -fik) [avdpunoc, 
man; poptyf/, form]. Man-like. 

Anthroponosography (an-thro-po-710-sog' -ra-fe) [hvdpu- 
noc, man ; voaoc, sickness ; ypdtyeiv, to write] . A 
description of the diseases of mankind. 

Anthropophagy (an-thro-pojf' -a-je) [avdpuTroc, man ; 
(payelv, to devour]. I. Cannibalism. 2. Sexual per- 
version leading to rape, mutilation, and cannibalism. 

Anthropophobia (an-thro-po-fo' -be-ali) [avdpu-oc, man ; 
(jibjioc, fear]. A symptom of mental disease consist- 
ing in fear of society. 

Anthropophysiography (an-thro-po-fiz-e-og' -ra-fe) [av- 
dpunoc, man; (pvete, nature; ypafyuv, to write]. The 
science or description of the natural characters of the 
human species. 

Anthroposomatology (an-thro-po-so-mat-ol' -o-je) [av- 
dpuKoc, man; au/ia, body; toyoc, science]. The 
sum of what is known regarding the human body. 

Anthropotomy (an-thro-pof -o-me) [avdpunoc, man ; 
roprj, section]. Human anatomy, or dissection of the 
human body. 

Anthropotoxin (an-thro-po' -toks-in) [avflpw-oc, man ; 
to^ikov, poison]. The toxic substance excreted by the 
lungs of human beings. 

Anthropurgic (an-thro-per' -jik) [avOpunoc, man ; 
epyov, work]. Acted upon or influenced by man. 

Anthydropic (ant-hi-drop'-ik) [avri, against ; vdup, 
water]. Effective against dropsy. 

Anthypnotic (ant-hip-not 1 ' -ik) [avri, against ; virvoc;, 
sleep]. 1. Preventive of sleep. 2. An agent that 
tends to induce wakefulness. 

Anthypochondriac ( ant-hip-o-kon' -dre-ak ) [ avri, 
against ; vTroxovdpiaKoc, affected in the hypochond- 
rium]. Efficient in overcoming hypochondriasis. 



ANTHYSTERIC 



94 



ANTIDOTAL 



Anthysteric (ant-kis-ter'-ik) [aim, against ; varepa, the 
womb]. Overcoming hysteria. 

Anti- (an'-te-) (sometimes contracted to ant-) [dvri, 
against]. A prefix of compound words signifying 
counteraction, opposition, etc. 

Antiaditis (an-ti-ad-i' -tis) [avridq, a swollen tonsil ; 
mc, inflammation]. Tonsillitis. 

Antiadoncus (an-ti-ad-ong' -kits) [dvridc, a swollen 
tonsil ; ay/tog, a heap]. Any tumor or swelling of the 
tonsils. 

Antise (an'-ti-e) [antiae, the hair growing on the fore- 
head]. In biology, the frontal points or feathers 
growing forward on the base of the upper mandible. 

Antialbumate (an-te-al' -bu-mdt) [avri, against ; albu- 
men, white of egg]. Parapeptone ; a' product of 
hydrochloric-acid digestion on albumin. The pancre- 
atic ferment changes it into antipeptone. When 
treated with acids it is converted into the substance 
called by Kiihne antialbumid, which is identical with 
the hemiprotein of Schiitzenberger and the dyspeptone 
of Meissner, q. v. 

Antialbumid (an-te-al' -bu-mid). See Antialbumate. 

Anti-albumin (an-te-al-bu' -min) [avri, against ; albu- 
men, white of egg]. An alleged product of the 
action of dilute hydrochloric acid upon albumin ; it is 
probably one of the preformed substances existing in 
the proteid molecule. The other has been called 
Iiemi-albumin. Gastric juice first converts them into 
anti-albumose and hemi-albumose , and these finally 
into anti-peptone and liemi-peptone. 

Anti-albumose (an-te-al-bu' -mds) [avri, against ; 
albumen, white of egg]. One of the albumoses pro- 
duced by the action of pancreatic juice on albumin. 
It resembles syntonin or acid albumin, and is con- 
vertible into antipeptone. 

Antiaphrodisiac (an-te-af-ro-dis' -e-ak). See Anaphro- 
disiac. 

Antiar (an'-te-ar). See Antiarin. 

Antiarin {an' -te-ar-in) [Javanese, antiar or antschar~\, 
C u H 20 O 5 -(- 2H 2 0. The active principle of Antiaris 
toxicaria or Upas antiar, the Javanese poison-tree. 
It is used as an arrow poison, and is intensely 
poisonous. It is a cardiac depressant. Dose gr. jfa. 

Antiarthritic (an-te-ar-thrit' -ik) [dvri, against; dpdpiric, 
the gout]. A remedy against gout. 

Antiasthmatic (an-te-az-mat' -ik) [avri, against ; aadfia, 
short breath]. Relieving or preventing asthma. 

Antibacterial (an-te-bak-te' -re-al) [avri, against; 
fianrrjpia, a staff, stick]. Opposed to the germ theory 
of disease. 

Antibacteric {an-te-bak-te' -rik) [avri, against ; (3anr//pia, 
a staff, stick]. Destructive to bacteria. 

Antibechic (an-te-bek'-ik) [avri, against; /3^f, a cough]. 
I. Alleviating or curing cough. 2. A remedy for 
cough or hoarseness. 

Antibilious (an-te-bil' -yus) [avri, against ; biliosus, full 
of bile]. Effective against bilious disorders. 

Antibiotic (an-te-bi-ot'-ik) [avri, against; fiiog, life]. 
I. Tending to destroy life. 2. Antagonistic to a 
belief in life. 

Antiblenorrhagic (an-te-blen-or-aj' -ik) [dvri, against ; 
flAewog, mucus ; pr/yvv/iat, to burst] . Efficient in 
preventing gonorrhea. 

Antibrachial (an-te-bra'-ke-al) [dvri, against ; /ipaxiuv, 
the arm]. Pertaining to the forearm. 

Antibrachium ian-te-bra' -ke-uni) [dim, against ; flpa- 
%iav, the arm]. The forearm; incorrectly antebrachium. 

Antibromic (an-te-bro'-mik) [avri, against ; fipufiog, a 
stench]. I. Deodorant. 2. A drug that destroys 
offensive smells. A deodorizer. 

Anticachectic (an-te-kak-ek'-tik) [dvri, against; KaKvg, 
bad; efif, habit]. Effective in destroying cachexia. 



Anticalcareous (an-te-kal-ka'-re-us) [avri, against; 

calx, lime]. In veterinary medicine, preventing 

glanders. 
Anticalculous [an-te-kal' -ku-lus) [avri, against ; cal- 

culus, a pebble]. Good against calculus ; antilithic. 
Anticarcinomatous (aii-te-kar-sin-o'-inat-us) [avri, 

against; napntvu/ia, cancer]. Preventing carcinoma. 
Anticardium (an-te-kar' -de-um) [avri, over against ; 

aapdia, the heart]. The scrobiculus cordis, or pit of 

the stomach ; the infrasternal depression. 
Anticarious {an-te-ka' -re-us) [avri, against ; caries, 

decay]. Preventing decay, as of the teeth. 
Anticatarrhal (an-te-kat-ar'-al) [avri, against ; nardp- 

pooc, a flowing down]. Counteracting catarrh. 
Anticausotic (an-te-kaw-sof -ik) [avri, against ; Kavaog, 

heat]. Counteracting fever. 
Anticaustic (an-te-kaws'-tik) [avri, against ; Kavcrindc, 

caustic]. Arresting the action of a caustic agent. 
Antichirotetanus (an-te-ki-ro-tef -an-us) [dvrixeip, the 

thumb; rkravoq, spasm]. Same as Antichirotonus. 
Antichirotonous (an-te-ki-rof '-o-nus) [avrix^ip, the 

thumb; tovoc, convulsive tension]. Affected with or 

manifesting antichirotonus. 
Antichirotonus {an-te-ki-rof -o-nus) [dvrixsip , thumb ; 

tovoc, tension]. Forcible and steady inflection of the 

thumb, seen in or before some attacks of epilepsy. 
Antichlorotic (an-te-klo-rot'-ik) [avri, against ; X' M ~ 

pdrijc, greenness]. Counteracting chlorosis. 
Anticholeric (an-te-kol-er' -ic) [avri, against ; ,^0/lfpa, 

cholera]. Good against cholera. 
Anticholerin (an-te-kol' -er-in) [avri, against ; ^o/lfpa, 

cholera]. A product isolated by Klebs from cultures 

of cholera-bacilli, and thought to be bactericidal, 

curative, and immunifying. 
Anticipating (an-tis'-ip-a-ting) [anticipare, to take 

before]. Applied to the occurrence of periodical phe- 
nomena in disease or health, before their customary 

time, as in intermittent fever or the catamenia. 
Anticlinal (an-te-kli'-nal) [avri, against ; n'Aiveiv, to 

slope]. Sloping in opposite directions. A. Vertebra, 

in man, the tenth thoracic vertebra, where the thoracic 

vertebras begin to assume the characters of the lumbar. 
Anticnemion (an-tik-ne' -me-on) [avri, against ; kvtjixti, 

leg]. The shin or front of the leg. 
Anticolic {an-te-kol' -ik) [dvri, against; kcoAiktj, colic]. 

Efficacious against colic. 
Anticontagious (an-te-kon-ta' -jus) [dvri, against ; con- 

tagiosus, contagious]. Counteracting contagion. 
Anticonvulsive (an-te-kon-vuV -siv) [avri, against ; con- 

vulsus, convulsed]. Effective against convulsions. 
Anticopometer (an-te-ko-pom'-et-er) [avriKonr), reson- 
ance; fierpov, a measure]. A pleximeter. 
Anticous (an-ti'-kus) [anticus, that which is in front]. 

In biology, turned toward the center of the flower, as 

introrse anthers. 
Anticritical (an-te-krit'-ik-al) [dvri, against; Kpiaig, a 

crisis]. Preventing the crisis of a disease. 
Anticryptic (an-te-krip'-tic) [avri, against ; upvirreiv, 

to hide, to keep secret]. In biology, applied to such 

mimetic colors as enable animals to approach their 

prey, as in the frog, Ceratophrys cornuta. 
Anticus (an-ti'-kus) [anticus, that in front]. Anterior, 

in front of. 
Antidiarrheal (an-te-di-ar-e'-al) [avri, against ; Siappelv, 

a flowing through]. Preventing or overcoming diarrhea. 
Antidigestive (an-te-di-jes'-tiv) [avri, against ; digestio, 

digestion]. Preventing the proper digestion of the 

food. 
Antidinic (an-te-din'-ik) [avri, against; Sivoc, a whirl]. 

Curing or preventing vertigo. 
Antidotal (an-te-do'-tal) [avri, against ; SiAovat, to 

give]. Of the nature of an antidote. 



ANTIDOTE 



95 



ANTIMONIUM 



Antidote [an'-te-ddt) [avri, against; Sidmiai, to give]. 
An agent preventing or counteracting the action of a 
poison. The official A., Arsenical, of the German 
Pharmacopeia is prepared by dissolving ioo parts of 
the hydrated sulphate of iron in 250 parts of water, 
to which add (without heat) 15 parts of burnt mag- 
nesia and 250 parts of water. A., Chemical, 
changes the chemical nature of the poison so that it 
becomes insoluble or harmless. A., Mechanical, 
prevents absorption by holding the poison in mechani- 
cal suspension or by coating the stomach. A., 
Physiological, supplies its own peculiar and neutraliz- 
ing effect upon the system. A., Universal, a 
mixture of one part of dissolved iron sulphate in two 
parts of magnesia water. See Drug. 

Antidotum (an-tid'-o-lum). See Antidote. 

Antidromy (an-tid'-ro-me) [avri, against; dpafielv, to 
run]. In biology, having a spiral arrangement the 
opposite of that of contiguous parts. Cf. Heterodromy. 

Antidynamic (an-te-di-nam'-ik) [avri, against ; 6'vvajuq, 
force]. Weakening; depressing. 

Antidyscratic (an-te-dis-krat'-ik) [avri, against ; 6va- 
Kpaaia, bad temperament]. Tending to overcome, as a 
dyscrasia. 

Antidysenteric (an-te-dis-en-ter 1 '-ik) [avri, against ; 
dvaevrepia, dysentery]. I. Serviceable against dys- 
entery. 2. A remedy for dysentery. 

Antidysuric (an-te-dis-u'-rik) [avri, against ; Svoovpia, 
difficult micturition]. Relieving dysury. 

Antiemetic (an-te-e-mef -ik) [avri, against ; kfiercKdg, 
causing vomit]. Preventing emesis ; relieving nausea. 
A. Root. See Adrue. 

Antifat (an'-te-fat). See Funis vesiculosus. 

Antifebrile (an-te-feb' -ril) [avri, against ; febris, a 
fever]. An agent reducing a fever ; a febrifuge. 

Antifebrin (an-te-feb' -rin) [avri, against ; febris, a 
fever], C 6 H 5 .C 2 H 3 O.NH. Phenyl-acetamid acetanil- 
id. A white, crystalline powder insoluble in water, 
freely soluble in alcohol. An antipyretic more power- 
ful than quinin. Its effects are manifest in one hour, 
passing away in 3-10 hours. It is efficacious in fevers 
characterized by high temperature, and also is a valu- 
able analgesic and antispasmodic. Dose gr. iv— xv. 
Unof. A., Bromated. See Antisepsin. 

Antiferment (an-te-fer' -ment) [avri, against ; fermen- 
tum, leaven]. An agent that prevents fermentation. 

Antigalactagogue (an-te-gal-ak' -ta-gog) [avri, against ; 
yaka, milk; ayuyog, leading]. Same as Anligalactic. 

Antigalactic (an-te-gal-ak' -tik) [avri, against ; yaXa, 
milk]. 1. Lessening the secretion of milk. 2. A 
drug that lessens the secretion of milk. 

Antigeny (an-tij' -en-e) [avri, against; yevoc, race]. 
In biology, existing in two distinct sexual forms. 

Antiguggler (an-te-gug' -ler) [avri, against; gurgle~\. 
A tube inserted into the mouth of a bottle to prevent 
the splashing or gurgling of liquid that is poured out. 

Antihectic (an-te-hek'-tik) [avri, against ; ektik6q, con- 
sumptive]. A remedy preventing or overcoming a 
hectic condition. 

Antihelix (an-te-he'-lik). See Anthelix. 

Antiherpetic (an-te-her-pef -ik) [avri, against; epirrj^, 
herpes]. Preventing herpes. 

Antihidrotic (an-te-hi-drot' '-ik) [avri, against ; iSpug, 
sweat]. I. Diminishing the excretion of sweat. 2. An 
agent lessening the secretion of sweat. 

Antihydropic (an-te-hi-drop'-ik). See Anthydropic. 

Antihydropin (an-te-hi' -dro-pin) [avri, against ; iidup, 
water]. A crystalline principle obtainable from the 
common cockroach, Blatta (Periplaneta) orientalis, 
said to be a good diuretic. Formerly used in dropsy. 

Anti-icteric (an-te-ik-ter'-ik) [avrl, against ; iKrepog, 
jaundice]. Serviceable against jaundice. 



Antikamnia (an-te-kam'-ne-ali) [avri, against; nauveiv, 
to suffer pain]. A proprietary remedy said to be com- 
posed of sodium bicarbonate, antifebrin, and caffein. 
Used as a nervin in doses of gr. v-x. Unof. 

Antikol (a-n'-tik-ol). A proprietary antipyretic mixture 
said to contain acetanilid, soda bicarbonate and tar- 
taric acid. 

Antilemic.or Antilcemic (an-te-le'-mik), or Antiloimic 
(an-te-loi' -mik) [avri, against; Acu/vdc, the plague]. 
Efficacious against the plague or other pestilence. 

Antilepsis (an-til-ep' -sis) [avTihrj-ipig, a receiving in re- 
turn]. The treatment of disease by the application of 
the remedy to a healthy part ; revulsive treatment. 

Antileptic (an-til-ep' -tik) [avTikrjTpK; , a receiving in 
return]. Revulsive. 

Antilithic (an-te-lith'-ik) [avri , against ; Xidog, a stone]. 
I. Efficacious against calculus. 2. An agent pre- 
venting the deposit of urinary calculi or sediment. 

Antilobium (an-te-lo' -be-um) [avri, against ; \o(16c, the 
lobe of the ear]. The tragus or part of the ear oppo- 
site the lobe. 

Antilcemic. See Antilemic. 

Antiluetic (an-te-lu-et'-ik) [avri, against ; lues, the 
plague; syphilis]. Efficacious against syphilis. 

Antilyssic (an-te-lis'-ik) [avri, against ; ?ivoaa, rabies]. 
I. Tending to cure rabies. 2. A remedy for rabies. 

Antilytic (an-te-lif '-ik) [avri, against ; Xveiv, to loosen]. 
Antiparalytic. 

Antimaniacal (an-te-ma-ni' '-ak-al) [avri, against ; 
fiavla, madness]. Overcoming insanity. 

Antimephitic (an-te-mef-if -ik) [avri, against ; mepliitis, 
a pestilential exhalation]. Efficacious against foul 
exhalations or their effects. 

Antimere (an' '-te-mer) [avri, against ; fikpos, a part]. 
Any one of the segments of the body that are 
bounded by planes typically at right angles to the 
long axis of the body. 

Antimiasmatic (an-te-mi-as-maf -ik) [avri, against ; 
fiiaap-a, exhalation]. Preventive of malaria. 

Antimicrophyte (an-te-mik'-ro-fit) [avri, against ; 
/xiKpds, small ; Qvtov, plant]. A germicide. 

Antimonial (an-te-mo' -ne-al) [antimonium, antimony]. 
Containing antimony. 

Antimonic (an-te-mon'-ik) \antimonizim, antimony]. 
A term applied to those compounds of antimony 
that correspond to its higher oxid. 

Antimonii(rt«-/^-7W'-tt<?-7'). Genitive of Antimonium,q.v. 

Antimonious [an-te-mo' -ne-us) \antimonium, anti- 
mony]. A term noting those compounds of antimony 
that correspond to its lower oxid. 

Antimonium (an-te-jno' -ne-um) [L. , gen., Aritimonii\. 
Sb = 122 ; quantivalence I, in, v. A non-metal, 
having a metallic luster. Only the combinations are 
used in medicine. Antimonial salts are cardiac de- 
pressants and promote rapid excretion of waste pro- 
ducts of the body ; in large doses they produce vomit- 
ing and purging, with symptoms similar to those of 
cholera. They are valuable in inflammatory ailments 
of the respiratory organs, puerperal peritonitis and 
muscular rheumatism. A. chlorid., SbCl 3 , the "but- 
ter" of antimony; a strong caustic. Unof. A. 
Comp., Pil., Plummer's pills, contain calomel and 
antimony sulphuratum, aa gr. ss. A. oxid., Sh,0 3 ; 
soluble in hydrochloric and tartaric acids. Dose gr. 
j-ij. A. oxychlorid., the "powder of algaroth " ; 
now little used. Unof. A. et Potass, tartras, 
(A. tartaratum) (B. P.), 2KSbOC 4 H 4 6 .H 2 0, tartrate 
of antimony and potassium, "tartar emetic." Dose 
gr. T V-/f(- A. pulvis, powder of antimony, James' 
powder, consists of antimonious oxid 33, and calcium 
phosphate, 67 parts. A prompt diaphoretic. Dose 
gr. iij-viij. In larger doses, emetic and cathartic. 



ANTIMYCOTIC 



96 



ANTIPYRIN 



A. sulphid, Sb,S,, black sulphid of antimony. Dose 
gr. %-y A. sulphuratum, the sulphid with a small 
but indefinite amount of the oxid. Dose gr. j-v. 
A. sulph. purificatum. Dose gr. %-]■ Syr. 
Scillae Comp., Cox's hive mixture, hive syrup. Each 
\) contains gr. ^ of tartar emetic. Dose TTLv-^j 
cautiously. A. tartarato, Ung. (B. P.), one part 
of tartar emetic to five of simple ointment. A. 
vinum, wine of antimony, boiling water 60, tartar 
emetic 4, stronger white wine 1000 parts. A good 
expectorant. Dose Vt\v— xv. 

Antimycotic [an-te-mi-kof -ik) [avri, against ; pvicr/s, 
a fungus]. Destructive of fungal microorganisms. 

Antinarcotic [an-te-nar-kof -ik) [avri, against ; vapna- 
oig, a benumbing]. Preventing narcosis. 

Antinephritic [an-te-nef-rit' -i k) [avri., against ; vepp6?, 
the kidney; iric, inflammation]. Preventing or cura- 
tive of renal disease. 

Antinervin [an-te-ner' -vin) [avri, against ; nervus, a 
tendon or nerve]. Salbromalid, a mixture of brom- 
acetanilid and salicylanilid ; used for the relief of 
neuralgia. Unof. 

Antineuralgic [an-te-nu-ral' '-jik) [avri, against ; vevpov, 
a nerve; a'Xyoc, pain]. Overcoming neuralgia. 

Antineurotic [an-te-nu-rof -ik) [avri, against ; vevpov, 
a nerve]. A remedy of service in nervous diseases. 

Antiniad (an-tin'-e-ad) [avri, against ; Iviov, the nape 
of the neck]. Toward the antinion ; glabellad. 

Antinial [an-tin' -e-al) [avri, against ; Iviov, the nape 
of the neck]. Pertaining to the antinion. 

Antinien [an-tin' '-e-eri) [avri, against ; Iviov, the nape 
of the neck]. Belonging to the antinion in itself. 

Antinion [an-tin' -e-on) [avri, against ; iviov, the nape 
of the neck]. See Craniometrical Points. 

Antiodont [an'-te-o-dont) [avri, opposite to; bSovc, 
tooth]. A form of dentition in which the crown ridges 
of the molar teeth are opposite, instead of alternate as 
in amebodont dentition. 

Antiodontalgic [an-te-o-don-tal' -jik) [avri, against; 
bdovr, tooth; aXyoc, pain]. Curative of toothache. 

Antiorgastic [an-te-or-gas' -tik) [avri, against ; bpyaap.6r, 
swelling, excitement]. Anaphrodisiac. 

Antiopelmous [an-te-o-peV -mus) [avrioq, set against ; 
•Ktkjia, the sole]. In biology,' characterized by having 
the flexor perforans supply the third toe only and the 
flexor halhtcis the first, second and fourth toes. Cf. 
Sympelmous , Heteropelmous. 

Antiparasitic [an-te-par-as-if -ik) [avri, against ; wapa- 
airoc, a parasite]. I. Destroying parasites. 2. An 
agent destroying or preventing increase of parasites. 
Insecticide. 

Antiparastatitis [an-te-par-as-tat-i' -tis) [avri, over 
against; napaararr/g, a testicle]. Inflammation of 
Cowper's glands. 

Antipathetic [an-te-path-ef -ik) [avri, against ; rrdBog, 
feeling, i.e., antipathy or constitutional aversion]. 
In biology, applied to plants not easily grafted. 

Antipathic [an-te-path' -ik) [avri, against ; naOog, dis- 
ease]. A synonym of allopathic, both terms alike 
being rejected by the advocates of rational medi- 
cine. 

Antipathy [an-tip' -a-the) [avri, against ; nadoc, affec- 
tion]. Aversion ; an opposing property or quality. 

Antipeduncular [an-te-pe-dung' '-ku-lar) [avri, against ; 
pcdunculus , a little foot]. In biology, placed opposite 
a peduncle. 

Anti-peptone [an-te-pep' -ton) [avri, against ; neizreiv, 
to cook, digest]. A variety of peptone forrried in the 
pancreatic digestion, and incapable of further peptonic 
change. 

Antiperiodic [an-te-pe-re-od' -ik) [avri, against ; irepiodog, 
a paroxysm]. I. Efficacious against periodic attacks 



of disease. 2. A remedy against periodic disease, 
especially intermittent fever. Quinin is the best 
known. A. Tincture. See Warburg's Tincture. 

Antiperistalsis [an-te-per-is-tal' -sis) [avri, against ; 
irepi, around; araXaic, compression]. Reversed 
peristalsis ; inverted or upward peristaltic action. 

Antiperistaltic {an-te-per-is-tal' -tik) [avri, against ; 
rrepi, around; ardloig, compression]. Relating to 
antiperistalsis. 

Antipestilential [an-te-pes-til-en'-shal) [avri, against ; 
pestilentia, the plague]. Counteracting the influence 
of the plague. 

Antipetalous [an-te-pef -al-us) [avri, against ; ireralov, 
a leaf]. In biology, inserted opposite to, instead of 
alternate with, the petals. 

Antipharmic [an-te-far' -mik). See Alexipharmac. 

Antiphlogistic [an-te-flo-jis' -tik) [avri, against ; 
tykoyuaiq, inflammatory heat]. I. Counteracting or 
directed against fever. 2. An agent subduing or 
reducing inflammation or fever. A. Treatment, 
consists in bloodletting, the application of cold, 
administration of antipyretics, etc. 

Antiphysic [an-te-fiz' -ik) [avri, against ; fvaa, wind]. 
Carminative ; overcoming flatulence. 

Antiplastic [an-te-plas' -tik) [avri, against; rcXaaaeiv, 
to form]. 1. Unfavorable to granulation or the heal- 
ing process. 2. An agent impoverishing the blood. 

Antipleuritic [an-te-plu-rit' -ik) [avri, against ; n'Aevpiric, 
pleurisy]. Overcoming pleurisy. 

Antipneumonic [an-te-?iu-mon' -ik) [avri, against ; 
Ttvev/wvia, pneumonia]. Of value in treating pneu- 
monia. 

Antipneumotoxin [an-te-nu-mo-toks'-in). See Pneu- 
motoxin. 

Antipodagric [an-te-po-dag' -rik) [avri, against ; KoSa- 
ypa, gout in the feet]. Efficacious against gout. 

Antipodal Cells [an-tip' -o-dal) [avri, opposite ; 7r6vc, 
foot] . A term applied to a group of four cells formed 
in the lower end of the embryo-sac opposite to the 
cells constituting the egg-apparatus. 

Antipoison [an' -te-poi-zn) [avri, against; ME., poi- 
son?!, a potion]. A counter poison. 

Antipraxia [an-te-praks'-e-ah) [a vri, against ; irpaaoeiv, 
to do]. Antagonism of functions or of symptoms. 

Antiprostate [an-te-pros'-tat). See Anteprostate. 

Antipruritic [an-te-pru-rif -ik) [avri, against ; pruritus, 
itching]. I. Relieving the sensation of itching. 2. 
A drug that relieves the sensation of itching. 

Antipsoric [an-tip-so'-rik) [avri, against ; ipapa, the 
itch]. Effective against the itch. 

Antiputrefactive [an-te-pu-trefak'-tiv). See Antiseptic. 

Antipyic [an-te-pi'-ik) [avri, against ; nvov, pus]. 
Checking or restraining suppuration. 

Antipyresis [an-te-pi-re' -sis) [avri, against ; rtvpeoaeiv, 
to be feverish]. The employment of antipyretics in 
fever. 

Antipyretic [an-te-pi-ref -ik) [avri, against ; Kvper6c, 
fever]. I. Cooling; lowering the temperature. 2. 
An agent reducing the temperature of fever ; any 
antifebrile medicine, or febrifuge. Most such also 
reduce the normal bodily temperature slightly. They 
act either by preventing oxidation processes, or en- 
couraging the radiation of heat. 

Antipyrin [an-te-pi' -rin) [avri, against; ■nvperoc, fever], 
C 20 H, s N 4 O 2 . Phenazonum. Dimethyl-oxy-chinicin. An 
alkaloidal product of the destructive distillation of 
coal-tar. It may be produced by heating acetoacetic 
ester with methyl-phenyl hydrazin. It is a grayish or 
reddish-white crystalline powder, slightly bitter, solu- 
ble in water, alcohol, and chloroform, and crystallizes 
from ether in shining leaflets, melting at 113 . Adult 
dose gr. v-xv every hour for two or three hours. It 



ANT1PVROTIC 



97 



ANTITRAGUS 



reduces the temperature three to five degrees in fevers, 
causes sweating, at times vomiting, but no serious 
result. Antipyrin is incompatible with nitrous com- 
pounds. It is a powerful antipyretic, a local anesthe- 
tic, and a general analgesic. It is efficient in hyper- 
pyrexia from any cause, and in rheumatism. Injectio 
antipyrin hypodermica, gr. j in tT\j.j. Dose rt\viij-xxx. 

Antipyrotic (an-te-pi-rot'-ik) [avri, against ; rcvpuaic, 
a burning]. I. Efficacious against burns. 2. An 
agent curative of burns. 

Antirabic (an-te-rab'-ik) [avri, against ; rabies, mad- 
ness]. Effective against rabies ; antagonistic to rabies. 

Antirhachitic [an-te-rak-it r -ili) [avri, against ; p&xt£, 
the spine]. Serviceable against rickets. 

Antirheumatic (an-te-ru-inat 1 -ik) [avri, against ; pev- 
fiariKog, of or pertaining to a flux]. Relieving or 
curing rheumatism. 

Antirrhinum (an-te-ri' '-num) [L.]. A genus of scro- 
phulariaceous plants. A.linaria. Called also Linaria 
vulgaris, Toad- flax, Ramsted, Butter-and-Eggs ; a 
herbaceous plant of Europe and North America ; 
diuretic, cathartic, and irritant ; used as a poultice and 
fomentation. Unof. 

Antiscolic (an-te-skot'-ik) [avri, against ; C7«j/v/f, a 
worm]. Vermifuge. See Anthelmintic. 

Antiscorbutic (an-te-skor-bu' -tik) [avri, against ; scor- 
butus, scurvy]. I. Effective against scurvy. 2. A 
remedy for or preventive of scurvy ; such are mainly 
vegetable acids. 

Antisecosis (an-le-sek-o'-sis) [avri-, against ; cr/noeiv, to 
weigh, balance]. I. A restoration to health, strength, 
etc. 2. Regulation of the food. 

Antisepalous (an-te-sep' -al-us) [avri, against; Fr. , 
sepale~\. In biology, placed opposite the sepals. 

Antisepsin (an-te-sep' -sin) [avri, against ; arjipic, putre- 
faction], C 6 H 4 BrNHC,H 3 0. Asepsin ; bromated 
antifebrin ; soluble in alcohol and ether. Recom- 
mended for use as an antipyretic and analgesic but is 
dangerous as a febrifuge. It has antiseptic properties. 
Dose gr. j, four times daily. 

Antisepsis {an-te-sep' -sis) [avri, against ; arjipig, putre- 
faction]. Exclusion of the germs that cause putrefac- 
tion ; the totality of measures taken to prevent septic 
poisoning. 

Antiseptic (an-te-sep' -tic) [avri, against ; or/iptg, putre- 
faction]. 1. Having power to prevent or destroy 
putrefaction, or, what is the same thing, the bacteria 
upon which putrefaction depends. 2. A remedy or 
agent that prevents a septic process. The principal 
in use are corrosive sublimate, creolin, carbolic acid, 
iodoform, thymol, salicylic acid, boric acid, etc. A. 
Gauze, open cotton cloth charged with carbolic acid, 
resin, and paraffin. A. Ligature, catgut or other 
material rendered aseptic by soaking in antiseptic 
solutions. The antiseptic treatment of wounds 
looks to thorough asepsis and antisepsis as regards 
the wound, the instruments, the operator's hands, the 
dressings, etc. See, also, Listerian Method. 

Antisepticism (an-te-sep' -tis-izm) [avri, against ; Gf/\[>ic, 
putrefaction]. The theory or systematic employment 
of antiseptic methods. 

Antisepticize (an-te-sep' -tis-iz) [avri, against; ar/^nc, 
putrefaction]. To render antiseptic; to treat with 
antiseptics. 

Antiseptin (an-te-sep' -tin) [avri, against ; ci/ipic, putre- 
faction]. Zinc boro-thymate iodid. Consists of 85 
parts zinc sulphate, 2.5 parts each of zinc iodid and 
thymol, and ten parts boric acid. An antiseptic. 
Unof. 

Antiseption (an-te-sep' -shun) [avri, against ; arj^iQ, 
putrefaction]. Same as Antisepsis. 

Antiseptol (an-te-sep' -tol) [avri, against; or/ilitr, putre- 
7 



faction]. Cinchonin iodosulphate. An odorless and 
fairly effective substitute for iodoform. 
Antisialagogue (an-te-si-aV-a-gog) [avri, against ; 
aia'Aov, spittle; ayuyog, leading]. I. Acting against 
ptyalism. 2. A remedy or a medicine that is effective 
against salivation. 

Antisialic (au-tc-si-al'-ik) [avri, against ; aiaXov, saliva]. 
1. Checking the flow of saliva. 2. An agent that checks 
the secretion of saliva. 

Antispadix (an-te-spa' -diks) [avri, against ; o-rraSi!;, 
a palm branch]. In biology, a group of four tentacles 
on the right side of the male Nautilus, the spadix, an 
organ analogous to the hectocolylised arm, being on 
the left side. 

Antispasis (an-tis' -pas-is) [avri, against ; airaeiv, to 
draw]. Revulsion; revulsive treatment. 

Antispasmodic (an-te-spas-mod'-ik) [avri, against ; 
cnaafioc, a spasm]. I. Tending to relieve spasm. 2. 
An agent allaying or relieving convulsions or spas- 
modic pains, as the narcotics, the nitrites, etc. 

Antispastic (an-te-spas' -tik) [avri, against ; c-aariKoq, 
drawing]. I. Revulsive ; counter-irritant. 2. Anti- 
spasmodic. 3. A revulsive agent. 4. That which 
counteracts spasm. An antispasmodic. 

Antisplenetic (an-te-splen-et' -ik) [avri, against ; splen, 
the spleen]. Remedial in diseases of the spleen. 

Antistasis (an-tis' -tas-is) [avri, against; ardent;, a 
standing]. Opposition ; opposing effect. 

Antistrumatic (an-te-stru-mat' -ik). Same as Anti- 
strumous. 

Antistrumous (an-te-slru'-mus) [avri, against ; strtima, 
a scrofulous tumor]. Effective against struma or 
scrofula. 

Antisudorific (an-te-su-dor-if'-ik) [avri, against ; sudor, 
sweat ; facere, to make]. Checking the excretion 
of sweat. 

Antisyphilitic (an-te-sif -il-it' -ik) [avri, against ; Syphi- 
lids, a Latin proper name]. 1. Effective against 
syphilis. 2. A remedy directed against, or used for 
the relief of, syphilis. Usually an alterative. 

Antithenar (an-tith' ' -en-ar) [avri, against; 6hap, the 
hollow of the hand or foot]. I. Opposite to the thenar. 
2. A muscle that extends the thumb, or opposes it 
to the hand : an antithenar muscle. A. Eminence, 
the border of the- palm of the hand from the base 
of the little finger to the wrist. A. Muscles, of the 
toe and of the thumb : the abductor pollicis pedis, and 
the flexor brevis pollicis manus ; also, the first dorsal 
interosseous muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Antithermic (an-te-thcr' -mik) [avri, against ; depfxij, 
heat]. Cooling; antipyretic. 

Antithermin (an-te-thcr' '-min) [avri , against ; depfir], 
heat], C n H I4 0. 2 N 2 . Phenylhydrazin-levulinic acid, a 
coal-tar derivative used in four to eight grain doses as 
an antipyretic, analgesic, and antiseptic. It is apt to 
give rise to gastralgia. Unof. 

Antitoxic (an-te-toks'-ik) [avri, against ; rot;iK.6v, 
poison]. Antidotal ; counteracting poisons. 

Antitoxin (an-te-toks' -in) [avri, against ;. toxin, a toxic 
ptomaine; to^ikov, poison]. A substance formed in 
the body of animals, either naturally or in consequence 
of inoculation with some pathogenic bacteria, that 
neutralizes the toxic products of these organisms. 

Antitragic (an-tit-raj'-ik) [avri, opposite to ; rpayoc, 
the tragus]. Pertaining to the antitragus. 

Antitragicus (an-tit-raj' -ik-its) [avri, opposite to ; 
rpayog, the tragus]. Pertaining to the antitragus. A. 
Muscle, a mere rudiment in man; it arises from the 
antitragus, and extends to the cauda of the helix. 

Antitragus (an-tit'-rag-us) [avri, opposite to ; rpayog, 
the tragus]. An eminence of the external ear opposite 
the tragus. 



ANTITKOCHANTER 



AORTIC 



Antitrochanter (an-te-tro-kan' '-ter) [avri, opposite to ; 

rpoxavri/p, the head of the hip bone]. An articulating 

surface on the ilium for the great trochanter. 
Antitrope (an' -tc-trop) [avri, against ; rpkirew, to turn] . 

Any organ set over against another to form a symmet- 
ric pair. Thus, the right eye is an antitrope to the left. 
Antituberculotic (an-te-tu-ber-ku-lof '-ik) [avri, against ; 

tuberculum, a tubercle]. Good against tuberculosis. 
Antitype (an'-te-tlp) [iivri, against, corresponding to ; 

t'vttoc, a type]. In biology, same as Antitrope. 
Anti vaccinationist (an-te-vak-sin-a' -shien-isf) [avri, 

against; vaccinus, of a cow.]. One who opposes 

vaccination. 
Antivaccinist (an-te-vak' -sin-ist). Same as Antivacci- 

nationist. 
Antivenene (an-te-ven'-en) [avri, against; venemim, 

poison]. A term given to the blood-serum of animals 

rendered immune against snake-poison, on account of 

its antidotal properties. 
Antivenereal (an-te-ven-e' -re-al) [avri, against ; vene- 

reus, pertaining to Venus, or to sexual intercourse]. 

Antisyphilitic ; anaphrodisiac. 
Antivivisectionist (an-te-viv-is-ek'-shun-ist) [avri, 

against; vivus, living; sectio, a cutting.] One who 

opposes the practice of vivisection. 
Antizobtic (an-te-zo-o' -tik) [avri, against ; r uov, ani- 
mal]. A substance poisonous or injurious to animals. 
Antizymic, Antizymotic (an- te-zi'-mik, an-te-zi- 

viot'-ik) [avri, against; r vpuoic, fermentation]. I. 

Preventing or checking fermentation. 2. An agent 

preventing the process of fermentation ; an antiferment. 
Antlia (ant'-le-ah) [ava, up ; rXaeiv, to lift]. A syringe 

or pump. In biology, the flat spiral, suctorial tube or 

proboscis of lepidoptero.us insects. A. lactea, a pump 

for drawing milk from the breast. A. mammaria, 

same as A. lactea. 
Antodontalgic (an-to-don-tal' -jik). See Antiodontalgic. 
Antophthalmic (ant-off '-thai' ' -mill) [avri, against ; 

b^OaX/iia, ophthalmia]. Preventive or curative of 

ophthalmia. 
Antorgastic (ant-or-gas' -tik). See Antiorgastic. 
Antozenic (ant-o-ze' -nik) [avri, against; bC,aiva, a fetid 

nasal polypus]. Curative of ozena. 
Antozone (ant-o-zon') [avri, against ; of eiv, to smell]. 

An imaginary allotropic modification of oxygen, now 

known to be only hydrogen peroxid. 
Antozostomatic (ant-o-zos-to-maf '-ik) [avri, against ; 

b^ooTofiug , having a foul breath]. Corrective of a foul 

breath. 
Antra (an'-trah). Plural of Antrum, a. v. A. Gastralia, 

four broad perradial niches or pouches in the gastric 

cavity of scyphomedusse. A. Rhopalaria, niches formed 

on the umbrella margin of most Discomedusse for the 

reception of sense-clubs or rhophalia. 
Antracele (an' -tras-el) [antrum, a cavity; K/'/fo/, a 

tumor]. Dropsy of the antrum; an accumulation of 

fluid in the maxillary sinus. 
Antral (an'-tral) [antrum, a cave]. Relating to an 

antrum. 
Antrectomy (an-trek'-to-me) [avrpov, antrum ; wrofir/, 

excision]. Surgical removal of the walls of the 

antrum. 
Antritis (an-tri 1 '-lis) [avrpov, a cave ; itis, inflammation]. 

Inflammation of any of the cavities of the body, 

especially the A. highmorianum. 
Antrophore (an' -tro-for) [avrpov, & cavity; <j>kpeiv, to 

bear]. A soluble, medicated bougie. 
Antrorse (an-lrors' ) [ante, before ; versus, turned]. 

In biology, directed upward or forward. 
Antro-tympanic (an-tro-tim-pan' -ik) [avrpov, a cave ; 

rv/nravov, a drum]. Relating to the cavity of the 

tympanum as welt as to the tympanic antrum. 



Antrum (an'-lrum) [L.]. A physiological cavity or 
hollow place, especially in a bone. A. ethmoidale, 
the ethmoidal sinuses. A. highmorianum, Antrum 
of Highmore, a cavity in the superior maxillary bone. 
A. highmori testis. See Mediastinum testis. A. of 
Malacarne. See Tarinus, Space of. A., Mastoidal, 
the hollow space beneath the roof of the mastoid 
process. A., Maxillary. See A. highmorianum. A. 
pyloricum willisii, the cavity of the pylorus. 

Antwerp Blue. Same as Mineral Blue. A. Brown. 
See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. 

Antyllus-Kuhnt's Operation. SeeOperations, Table of . 

Antyllus's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Anuresis (a7i-u-re' -sis) [av priv. ; ovpov, urine]. 
Anuria. 

Anuretic (an-u-ret' -ik) [av priv. ; ovpov, urine]. Per- 
taining to or affected with anuria. 

Anuria (an-u'-re-ah) [ixv priv.; urina, urine]. Absence, 
deficiency, or retention of the urine. 

Anuric (an-ti'-rik) [av priv. ; urina, urine]. Pertain- 
ing to anuria. 

Anurous (an-u'-rus) [av priv. ; oiipd, a tail]. In 
biology, without a tail. 

Anus (a'-nus) [anus, the fundament]. The extremity 
of the rectum ; the lower opening of the alimentary 
canal. A., Artificial, an artificial opening, the natural 
for any reason being closed. A., Fissure of, rupture 
of the skin at the side, due to passage of hardened 
feces. A., Fistula of, a sinus, or fistulous ulcel 
opening from the rectum into the connective tissue 
about the rectum, or discharging externally. A., Im- 
perforate, absence of the anus, the natural opening 
being closed by areolar tissue or a membranous septum. 
A., Prolapse of, protrusion of the rectum or its 
mucous membrane. A., Pruritus of, persistent itch- 
ing of the anal orifice. 

Anvil (an'-vil). See Incus. 

Anxietas (a?zg-zi'-et-as). See Anxiety. 

Anxiety (ang-zi' -et-e) [anxius, anxious]. Restlessness, 
agitation, and general malaise, or distress, often 
attended with precordial pain, and a noticeable appear- 
ance of apprehension or worry visible in the features. 

Anydremia or Anydraemia (an-id-re'-me-ah) [av 
priv. ; vSup, water; alfia, blood]. A deficiency of 
water in the blood. 

Anypnia (an-ip' -ne-ah) [av priv. ; vttvoc, sleep]. 
Sleeplessness. 

A. O. C. ' Anodic opening contraction. 

Aochlesia (ah-ok-le' -ze-ah) [a priv. ; 6\"?//c7c, disturb- 
ance]. Rest; tranquillity; catalepsy. 

Aorta (a-ort'-ah) [aopri/, aorta]. The great arterial 
vessel arising from the left ventricle and ending with 
its bifurcation into the two common iliacs at the fourth 
lumbar vertebra. The arch, that extending from the 
heart to the third thoracic vertebra, is divided into an 
ascending, a transverse, and a descending part. The 
thoracic portion extends to the diaphragm ; the abdom- 
inal, to the bifurcation. The diseases of the acuta 
are acute aortitis, due to traumatism, thrombosis, etc. ; 
and the chronic form, or atheroma of the aorta ; fitly 
degeneration ; stenosis ; aneurysm. See Artery. 

Aortal (a-ort'-al) [aopri/, the aorta]. Relating to the 
aorta. 

Aortarctia (a-ort-ark' -she-ah) [aopri], aorta ; arctare, to 
constrict]. A constriction or stenosis of the aorta. 

Aortectasia (a-orl-ek-la' -ze-ah) [aocri/, aorta; tn, out; 
raaic, a stretching]. Aortic dilatation. 

Aorteurysma (a-ort-u-riz'-mah) [aopri/, aorta ; Evpvafta, 
a widening: //. , Aorteurysmata~\. Aortic aneurysm 
or dilatation. 

Aortic (a-ort'-ik) [aopri/, the aorta]. Pertaining to the 
aorta. A. Arch. See Aorta. A. Foramen. See^4. 



AORTITIS 



99 



APHASIA 



Opening of Diaphragm. A. Murmur. Set Murmur. 
A. Opening of Diaphragm, the lowest and most 
posterior of the three large apertures connected with 
this muscle. It is situated in the middle line, imme- 
diately in front of the bodies of the vertebra, and is 
behind the diaphragm, not in it. A. Opening of 
Heart, a small circular aperture in front and to the 
right side of the auriculo-ventricular opening, from 
which it is separated by one of the segments of the 
mitral valve. A. Plexus, the plexus of sympathetic 
nerves, situated on the front and sides of the aorta, 
between the origins of the superior and inferior 
mesenteric arteries. A. Sinus, a deep depression 
between each valve and the cylinder of the aorta. 

Aortitis (a-ort-i'-tis) \_aopT>/, the aorta ; trie, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the aorta. 

Aortomalacia, or Aortomalaxia {a-ort-o-mal-a' '-se-ali, 
or -aks'-e-ah) [anpri/, aorta ; /la'Aania, softening]. Soft- 
ening of the aorta. 

Aortostenosis {a-ort-o-sten-o'-sis) \aoprfj, aorta ; crevdc, 
narrow]. Stenosis or narrowing of the aorta. 

Aosmic {a-oz'-mik) [d priv. ; day;//, smell]. Having no 
odor. 

Apagma {ap-ag' '-mail) \_ano, from; ayvvpai, to break: 
//. , Apagmata~\. I. Separation, as of a fractured bone. 
2. The part separated. 

Apandria {ap-an'-dre-ah) [d-d, from; av/'/p, a man]. 
Morbid dislike of the male sex. 

Apanthropia {ap-an-thro' -pe-ali). See Apanthropy. 

Apanthropy {ap-an' -thro-pe) \jnr6, from ; av6punro<;, 
man]. Aversion to society; morbid desire for soli- 
tude. 

Aparthrosis {ap-ar-thro'-sis) \Jitto, from ; apdpov, a 
joint]. I. Dislocation ; luxation of a joint. 2. In 
anatomy, diarthrosis. 

Apastia {ap-as'-te-ah) [airaaria, fasting]. Abstinence 
from food, as a symptom of mental disorder. 

Apathetic {ap-ath-ef '-ik) [d priv.; TtaOoc, feeling]. 
Affected with apathy ; listless ; without emotion. 

Apathy (ftp'-ath-e) [d priv. ; iradoc;, feeling]. Insensi- 
bility ; want of passion or feeling. 

Apatropin {ap-af '-ro-piii) [dird, from ; arpoirog, un- 
changeable] , C 17 H 21 N0 2 . A compound derivable 
from atropin by the action of nitric acid. It is said to 
produce peculiar convulsions. 

Ape (dp) [ME., ape~\. A man-like monkey. A. fis- 
sures, those fissures of the human brain that are also 
found in apes. See Fissure. A. -hand, wasting of 
the thumb-muscles, as seen in some cases of progres- 
sive muscular atrophy. 

Apella (ap-eU -lah) [d priv. ; irkXAa, skin]. A circum- 
cised person ; one with a short prepuce. 

Apellous {ap-el'-us) [d priv. ; %s7iXa, skin]. Skinless; 
having no skin. 

Apepsia {ah-pep' -se-ah) [d priv; tte-teiv, to digest]. 
Cessation or absence of the digestive function. A., 
Hysteric, an hysterical condition with deficient nerve 
power, and impaired function of the stomach, and 
very possibly of the abdominal glands. Also called 
Hysteric anorexia. A. nervosa. See Anorexia 
nervosa. 

Apeptic {ah-pep' -tik) [d priv. ; wk-n-eiv, to digest]. 
Affected with apepsia. 

Aperient {ap-e' -re-ent) [aperire, to open]. I. Laxative ; 
deobstruent ; mildly purgative. 2. A mild purgative ; 
a laxative, or aperitive. 

Aperinous {ah-per' -in-us) [d priv. ; -rvi/piv, the scrotum]. 
I. Having no scrotum. 2. Castrated. 

Aperispermic {ah-per-is-per' -mik) [d priv. ; nepi, around; 
antppa, seed]. See Exalbuminous. 

Aperistalsis {ah-per-is-tal' -sis) [d, without ; ^tpi, 
around; orakaic, copstrkypn]. Absence or cessation 



of the movements of the intestine, due to lack of stimu- 
lus to Auerbach's plexus. 

Aperitive (ap-er' -it-iv) [aperire, to open]. Aperient. 

Apertor (ap-er'-tor) [L., an opener or beginner]. In 
anatomy, anything that opens. A. Oculi, the levator 
palpebral muscle. 

Aperture (ap'-er-chur) \jipertura, an opening]. An 
opening. A., Angular, in the microscope, the angle 
formed between a luminous point placed in focus and 
the most divergent rays that are capable of passing 
through the entire system of an objective. A. antri, 
the aperture of the umbrella cavity in medusa;. A., 
Numerical, the capacity of an objective for admit- 
ting rays from the object and transmitting them to the 
image. A common measure is obtained as proposed 
by Abbe, by taking the product of the half angle into 
the refractive index of the medium employed. It is 
usually expressed n. a. =« sin u. , /; the index of 
•refraction and u the semi-angle of the aperture. A. of 
Objective, the capacity for receiving and transmit- 
ting rays. 

Apetalous [ah-pef '-al-us) [d priv.; Tiha?vov, a leaf ]. 
In biology, without corolla or petals. 

Apex (a'-peks) \apex, the extreme end of a thing]. The 
summit or top of anything ; the point or extremity of 
a cone. A. Beat, the impulse of the heart felt in the 
fifth intercostal space about 3 \A inches from the middle 
of the sternum. A. Murmur, a murmur heard over 
the apex of the heart. Apices of the Lungs, the 
upper extremities of the lungs behind the border of the 
first rib. 

Aphacia {ah-fa' -se-ah). Same as Aphakia. 

Aphacic [ah-fa' -sik) [d priv. ; <j>an6c, the crystalline 
lens]. Relating to or affected with aphacia. 

Aphaeresis {afer'-es-is). See Apheresis. 

Aphagia {ah-fa' -je-ah) [d priv. ; ipayelv, to eat]. Inabil- 
ity to eat or to swallow. 

Aphakia {ah-fa' -ke- ah) [d priv. ; <pano<;, a lentil, the 
crystalline lens]. The condition of an eye without the 
lens, whether the result of congenital defect, luxation, 
traumatism, or cataract operation. 

Aphakic (ah-fa' -kik) [d priv. ; (fanoc, the lens]. Having 
no lens, as the eye after the removal of a cataract. 

Aphalangiasis (ah-fa-lan-je' -as-is) [d priv. ; tyaAay!-, a 
line of battle ; phalanx] . The loss or absence of 
fingers and toes, as in leprosy. Cf. Ainhum. 

Apharyngeal (a/i -far-i/?/ -Je-a/ )[a priv .; (papv'Ai;, throat]. 
In biology, without a pharynx. 

Aphasia {ah-fa' -ze-ah) [d priv. ; <j>aa/c, speech]. Partial 
or complete loss of the power of expression or of com- 
prehension of the conventional signs of language, from 
no lesion of the peripheral organs or nerves, but from 
lesions of the cortical centers concerned. Aphasia 
may be either motor or sensory. Motor or Ataxic 
Aphasia consists in a loss of speech owing to inability 
to execute the various movements of the mouth 
necessary to speech, the muscles being not paralyzed 
but not coordinated, owing to disease of the cortical 
center. It is usually associated with agraphia, "aphasia 
of the hand," inability to write, and right-sided hemi- 
plegia. Some aphasics can write, but are unable to 
articulate words or sentences ; this variety is variously 
named aphemia, alalia, or anarthria, according as 
the impairment of speech is more or less marked. 
Charcot supposes the center for articulate language 
divided into four sub-centers, a visual center for words, 
an auditory center for words, a motor center of articu- 
late language, and a motor center of written language. 
Lesions of one or more of these centers produce the 
characteristic forms of aphasia, all of which have 
clinical exemplifications. Sensory Aphasia, or 
Amnesia is the loss of memory for words, and may 



APHASIAC 



100 



APIOLIN 



exist alone or in association with the motor aphasia. 
Amnesia appears clinically in three distinct forms; I. 
Simple loss of memory of words. 2. Word-deafness, or 
inability to understand spoken words (there is usually 
some paraphasia connected with this form). 3. Word- 
blindness, or inability to understand written or printed 
words. Paraphasia, a form of aphasia in which there 
is inability to connect ideas with the proper words to 
express the ideas. Agrammatism, a phenomenon of 
aphasia consisting in the inability to form words gram- 
matically, or the suppression of certain words of a 
phrase. Ataxaphasia, inability to arrange words 
synthetically into sentences. Bradyphasia, abnormal 
slowness of speech, from pathological cause. Tumul- 
tus sermonis, a stuttering manner of reading, from 
pathological cause. A., Conduction, such as is due 
not to any central lesion, but to defect in some commis- 
sural connection between centers. A., Gibberish, 
aphasia in which the patient can utter many words, 
but uses them in such a way that they express no 
meaning 

Aphasiac [ah-fa f -ze-ak) [d priv. ; fdaig, speech]. One 
who is aphasic. 

Aphasic (ah-fa'-zik) [d priv. ; tjxioic, speech] . Relat- 
ing to, or affected with aphasia. 

Aphelexia (af-el-eks' -e-ah) . An incorrect form of the 
word Aphelxia, q. v. 

Apheliotropism (af-el-e-ol* '-ro-pizm) \a-n6, from ; ij?uoc, 
the sun ; Tpoiroc, a turn]. In biology, turning away 
from the sunlight ; negative heliotropism. 

Aphelotic [af-et-ot'-ik) [a<pk'Aneiv, to draw away]. 
Absent-minded ; lost in reverie. 

Aphelxia (af-elks'-e-ah) [afeAKew , to draw away]. 
Absence of mind ; inattention to external impres- 
sions. 

Aphemia (ah-fe' -me-ah) [d priv. ; <pr//J.r/, voice]. Motor 
aphasia ; inability to articulate words or sentences, 
from focal and not from peripheral disease of the 
organs of speech {Alalia). This term is variously 
used ; sometimes it is equivalent to aphasia ; some- 
times it means loss of voice, from local causes ; some- 
times hysterical or wilful refraining from speech. 
See Aphasia. 

Aphemic [ah-fem'-ik) [d priv. ; <j>i]firj, voice]. Relating 
to or affected with aphemia. 

Aphephobia [af-e-fo'-be-ali) \_d(f>7/, touch ; <$>6(3oc, fear] . 
Hyperesthetic dread of contact with other persons. 

Apheresis, or Aphseresis (af-er' -es-is) \lmb, away ; 
alpelv, to take]. Removal; amputation; abstraction, 
as of blood. 

Apheter (af'-et-er) [d^er^p, one who lets go or sends 
away]. A supposed impulse-carrying, or trigger- 
material, proba-bly a catastate, which communicates to 
the inogen the nerve impulse that causes its destruc- 
tion, and the consequent muscular contraction. In a 
larger sense, any trigger-material that takes part in 
any functional process may be called an apheter. 

Aphidein [af-id-e' -in) \_aphis, a plant louse]. A re- 
spiratory pigment obtained from the aphis. 

Aphilanthropy (ah-fil-an'-thro-pe) [d priv. ; /piAeiv, to 
love ; avBpuirog, man]. Absence of social feeling ; a 
frequent sign of approaching melancholia. 

Aphonia (ah-fo'-fte-ah) [d priv.; ipuvfj, voice]. I. 
Dumbness, due to some peripheral lesion. 2. Hysteri- 
cal, or paralytic absence of the power of speech. 3. 
Voicelessness. 

Aphonic (ah-fon'-ik) [d priv. ; <puvi], voice]. Speech- 
less ; dumb ; voiceless. 

Aphoresis (ah-for-e' '-sis) [d priv. ; <p6p7jm<;, bearing (by 
error for Apheresis) ] . I. Separation or ablation of a 
part, either by excision or amputation. 2. Lack of 
the power of endurance, as of pain. 



Aphoria {cih-fo'-re-ah) [d priv.; cpipsiv, to bear]. 
Sterility ; unfruitfulness. 

Aphrasia (ah-fra'-ze-ah) [d priv. ; <f>pd(£iv, to utter] . 
Absence of the power to utter connected phrases. 

Aphrodisia [af-ro-diz' '-e-ah) [drppodicta, venery]. Sex- 
ual desire, especially when morbid, or immoderate ; 
sexual congress. 

Aphrodisiac [iifro-diz'-e-ak) \_d<ppofii<7/a, venery]. I. 
Stimulating the sexual appetite ; erotic. 2. An agent 
stimulating the sexual passion. 

Aphtha (af'-thah) [a<p6a, an eruption]. An eruption; 
an ulcer. 

Aphthae (af'-the) [a(j>6a, an eruption]. Also called 
Aphthous stomatitis. Small white ulcers, spots or 
vesicles of the mouth, chiefly occurring in children 
under three years of age, and generally associated with 
some febrile affection. Itmust not be confounded with 
thrush, in which disease the spots are smaller and are 
due to the pre-ence of the parasitic fungus characteris- 
tic of that disease. A., Bednar's, two symmetri- 
cally placed ulcers seen on the hard palate of certain 
cachectic infants near the velum, one on either side of 
the mesial line. The prognosis is exceedingly grave. 
A., Cachectic, aphtha? appearing beneath the tongue, 
and associated with grave constitutional symptoms ; 
Riga's disease. 

Aphthaphyte {af-thali-fit). See Aphthophyte. 

Aphthenxia (afthengks' -e-ah) [d priv. ; (pdi) f*c, utter- 
ance]. A form of aphasia with impaired expression of 
articulate sounds. 

Aphthoid (af-thoid) \h(j>da, an eruption]. Like or re- 
sembling aphtha;. 

Aphthongia (af-thong' -ge-ali) [d priv. ; tpdbyyoc, a 
sound]. A peculiar form of aphasia due to spasm of 
the muscles supplied by the hypoglossal nerve. 

Aphthophyte [af'-tho-fit) [a<f>0a, aphtha; tyvrov, plant]. 
The Oidium albicans, or Saccliaromyces albicans, a 
yeast-fungus often seen on the mucous membrane of the 
mouths of infants ; regarded by some as the cause of 
true aphthse. See Sprue. • 

Aphthous [af'-thus) \ayda, an eruption]. Pertaining to 
or affected with aphthae or thrush. 

Aphyllon (ah-fil'-on) [d priv. ; (fibXAov, a leaf.]. A 
genus of orobanchaceous plants. A. uniflorum, a 
plant, the naked broom-rape or cancer-root of North 
America. It is astringent, and has been employed as 
a cure for cancer. Unof. 

Aphyllous (ali-fiF-us) [d priv.; tjivAlov, a leaf]. In 
biology, naturally leafless. 

Apical {a'-pil;-al) \apex, the top]. Pertaining to the 
apex. A. Cell, in biology, the cell at the apex of 
every branch, leaf or other organ, and from the divi- 
sion of which all succeeding cells are formed. 

Apices [a'-pis-ez) [L.]. Plural of Apex. Summits. 

Apiculus [ap-ik' -u-lus) \apic, a point]. In biology, a 
short abrupt point formed by the mid-rib of a leaf pro- 
jecting beyond the blade. 

Apinoid (ap'-in-oid) [d priv. ; ■k'ivoc, dirt ; ti&oc, form]. 
Clean ; not foul. A. Cancer, schirrhus ; so called 
from its cleanly section. 

Apiol [ap'-e-ol) \apium, parsley ; oleum, oil], C 12 H 14 - 
4 . A poisonous principle occurring in parsley seeds ; 
it crystallizes in long white needles, with a slight 
parsley odor; melts at 30 C. (86° F.), and boils at 
294° C (572 F.). It is used in dysmenorrhea and in 
genito-spinal atony. It acts upon the reflex and vaso- 
motor centers. It is also called parsley-camphor. 
Dose tt\jij-x. In doses of rr\,xxx it is narcotic. Unof. 

Apiolin [ap' -c-o-Iin) \_apium, parsley ; oleum, oil], A 
pseudo-apiic alcohol, the active principle of Apium 
petroselinum, and a reliable emmenagogue. Dose 
TTL iij in capsule, night and morning. 



APIOS 



101 



APOGAMY 



Apios (ap'-e-os) [dxmc, a pear]. A genus of plants. 
A. tuberosa, a twining papilionaceous plant of North 
America, bearing tubers which when cooked are edible. 
It is called ground-nut, wild-bean, Indian potato, etc. 
Said to be alterative. Unof. 

Apis {a?-pis) [L.,abee]. A genus of hymenopterous 
insects. A. mellifica, the honey-bee ; in homeopathy 
the poison of the honey-bee's sting, or a preparation 
thereof. 

Apium (a'-pe-um) [L.]. A genus of umbelliferous 
plants. A. graveolens. See Celery. A. petroseli- 
num, is the common garden parsley ; aperient, diuretic, 
somewhat antiperiodic ; useful in dysmenorrhea. Dose 
of the fid. ext (of the root) gtt. xv-^j. 

Apjohn's Formula. A formula for determining the 
dew-point by means of the elastic tension. 

Aplacental {ah-piasen'-tal) [d priv.; placenta, a cake]. 
Destitute of placenta. 

Aplanatic (ak-plan-at'-ik) [d priv. ; n'Aavdecv, to 
wander]. Not wandering ; rectilinear. A. Lens, a 
lens conected for all aberration of light and color. A 
rectilinear lens. See Objective. 

Aplanogamete [ah-plan-o-gam' '-el-e) [d priv. ; nXdvoc, 
roaming ; ya/neri/, a wife]. In biology, the non-motile 
conjugating cell in certain green algce, i. e. Conjugates.. 
See Planogamate. 

Aplanospore {ak-plan 1 '-o-spor) . Same as Apia noga- 
i/iete. 

Aplasia (ah-pla'-se-ah) [d priv. ; Trlbuoeiv, to form]. A 
type of incomplete structure by reason of the non-for- 
mation of a necessary cell-group during the develop- 
mental stage. Called also Hypoplas ia. A., Laminar. 
Synonym of Facial Hemiatrophy. 

Aplastic [ali-plas'-tik) [a. priv. ; ■KAaaaem, to form]. 
I. Structureless, formless. 2. Not characterized by 
plasticity : preventive of plastic process within the 
organism. A. Lymph, one of the products of inflam- 
mation or disease. A non-fibrinous material incapable 
of coagulation or organization. 

Ap\euria.'(ah-plu'-?-e-ah) [d priv. ; rcA.evpd, a rib]. Con- 
genital absence of the ribs. 

Aplotomia [ap-lo-tom' -e-ah), or Aplotomy [ap-lot'-o- 
me). See Haplotomy. 

Aplysiopurpurin (ap-liz-e-o-per' -pu-rin) [cnrlvaia, filth- 
iness ; izopipvpa, a purple dye]. A reddish pigment 
derived from the Aplysiidse. 

Apnea (ap-ne'-ali) [d priv. ; irveeiv, to breathe]. For- 
merly used as synonymous with asphyxia, meaning 
breathlessness ; difficult respiration ; partial or com- 
plete suspension of breathing. It is employed now 
only in the physiological sense, to denote the 
condition in which the blood is too highly oxygen- 
ized. The presence of an over-abundance of oxy- 
gen prevents stimulation of the medullary respira- 
tory center, and respiration is arrested in conse- 
quence. A. infantum. Synonym of Laryngismus 
stridulus. A. neonatorum, apnea of "the new- 
born child, caused by difficult labor, pressure upon 
the cord, etc. 

Apneumatic (ap-nu-mat'-ik) [a priv. ; vrvevfia, breath] . 
I. Collapsed ; uninflated, not inflatable : said of parts 
of the lung. 2. Carried on with the exclusion of air, 
as an apneumatic operation or process. 

Apneumatosis (ap-nu-mat-o'-sis) [a priv. ; Trvevudruair, 
inflation]. Collapse of the air cells of some parts of 
the lung caused by blocking of the bronchial tubules, 
and resulting in a condition of non-inflation whereby 
the lung tissue is reduced to a condition similar to that 
of atelectasis, or congenital apneumatosis. 
Apneumia [ap-nu'-??ie-ali) [d priv. ; ttvev/iuv, lung]. 

Congenital absence of the lungs 
ApneumoneTvia^ap-nu-mo-ner'-ve-ah) [d priv.; irve'v/aoyv, 



lung ; nervus, a nerve]. Deficient nerve stimulus in 
the lung. 

Apneumoneuria (ap-nu-mo-nu' '-re-ah). Same as Ap- 
neumoncri'iii . 

Apneustia (ap-nfts'-fe-ali) [d priv. ; ttvulv, to breathe]. 
Apnea ; breathlessness. 

Apncea (ap-ne'-aK). See Apnea. 

Apo- (ap'-o) [ctTrd, from]. A prefix denoting from, 
away, separation. 

Apoaconitin [ap-o-ak-on' -it-in) [into, from ; aconitum, 
aconite], C 33 H 41 NO u . An alkaloid prepared from 
aconitin by dehydration. 

Apoatropin [ap-o-at f -ro-pi>i) [_a-6, from; arpoTtoc, un- 
changeable], C 17 H 2] N0. 2 . An alkaloid obtained by 
the action of HN0 3 on atropin. 

Apoblast (ap'-o-blast) \anb, away; fi'kaaroq, a germ]. 
In biology the unimpregnated ovum; an outcast cell. 
See Outcast Cell. 

Apoblema [ap-o-ble'-mah) \a-Kbfi\rip.a ; enrb, away; 
jiaAAeiv, to throw]. The product of abortion. 

Apobole (ap-ob / -o-le) [jnrofloTJ], a throwing away]. 
Expulsion ; abortion. 

Apocarpous {ap-o-kar' '-pus) [a/r<5, from ; /capirdc, fruit]. 
In biology, composed of separate or easily separable 
carpels . 

Apocarteresis (ap-o-kar-ter-e' -sis) [dnoKaprkpriaic, lack 
of fortitude]. Suicide by starvation. 

Apocatastasis (ap-o-kat-as' -tas-is) [d-onardaraotr , res- 
toration]. The subsidence of an abscess or tumor. 

Apocatharsis (ap-o-kath-ar' -sis) \h-xb, away ; uddapoic, 
purgation]. Purgation ; abevacuation. 

Apocathartic (ap-o-kath-ar' -tik). Same as Cathartic. 

Apocenosis (ap-o-scn'-o-sis) [d-onevbav, to drain]. An 
increased flow or evacuation of blood or other humors. 

Apocenotic [ap-o-sen-of -ik) \_d—0Kevbeiv, to drain]. 
Producing apocenosis. 

Apochromatic (ap-o-kro-mat'-ik) [dird, away; xp^ d ! la t 
color]. Without color. A Lens, a lens for micro- 
scopic and optical purposes, with high correction of 
spherical and chromatic aberrations, and better " defini- 
tion." A. Objective. See Objective. 

Apocodein (ap-o-ko' -de-in) [d— 6, from ; Kufieia, the 
head], C ]8 H ]9 N0 2 . An alkaloid prepared from codein 
by dehydration. It is e'metic and expectorant, with 
other qualities much like those of codein, and is 
recommended in chronic bronchitis. Unof. 

Apocope (ap-ok'-o-pe) \Jnzb, from; nonij, a cutting]. 
Amputation or abscission; an operation or a wound 
that results in loss of substance. 

Apocrustic (ap-o-krus'-tik) [inroKpo'vEiv, to beat off]. 
Repellent; defensive ; astringent. 

Apocynin (ap-os'-in-in) [apocynon, dogbane]. The 
precipitate from a tincture of Apocynum cannabinum ; 
tonic, alterative, and evacuant. Dose gr. }{.-). Unof. 

Apocynum (ap-os' '-in-um) \_apocynon, dogbane]. Can- 
adian Hemp. The root of A. cannabinum. Proper- 
ties due to an alkaloid, apocynin. A good expectorant. 
In full doses an emetic and cathartic. Valuable in 
dropsy. Dose gr. v-xx ; of the alkaloid, gr. }(-%. 
A. Ext., Fid. Dose n\v-xx. A., Tinct. Dose 
ITLv-xl. Should not be confounded with Cannabis 
indica. Unof. Another American species, A. an- 
drossemifolium, has similar properties. Unof. 

Apodemialgia (ap-o de-me-al* -je-ah)\a-KO&rijj.'ia, journey : 
aXyeiv, to grieve]. A morbid dislike of home-life with 
a desire for wandering. 

Apodia (ah-po'-de-ah) [d priv. ; Trovg, a foot]. Absence 
of feet. 

Apodous (ap'-o-dus) [dpriv. ; ttovc, afoot]. Footless; 
characterized by apodia. 

Apogamy (ap-og'-am-e) [a~6, away from ; yd/xnc, mar- 
riage]. In biology, I. Asexual reproduction where 



APOGEOTROPISM 



102 



APOPLEXY 



the opposite usually occurs. 2. The total and normal 
absence of sexual reproductive power. 

Apogeotropism (ap-o-je-ot' -ro-pizm) [rnroyaioc , from 
the earth ; rpoTTtKoc, turning]. In biology, tending to 
turn upward or away from the ground. 

Apohyal (ap-o-hi' -al) [a-6, from ; vosiSijc, shaped like 
the letter upsilon]. Relating to the anterior (styloid) 
cornua of the hyoid bone. 

Apokenosis {ap-o-ken 1 -o-sis) . See Apocenosis. 

Apokenotic [ap-o-ken-ol'-ik). See Apocenotic. 

Apolar (ah-po' -lar) [d priv. ; it6/\oc, the end of an axis]. 
Having no pole. A. Cells, nerve cells without pro- 
cesses. 

Apolepsis iap-o-lep' -sis) [andlqipic; , a leaving off]. Sup- 
pression or retention of a secretion or excretion ; 
cessation of a function. 

Apolexis {ap-o-leks'-is) [awd^ic, a declining]. The 
decline of life ; the stage of catabolism or decay. 

Apollinaris Water (ap-ol-in-a'-ris). A German alka- 
line mineral water, highly charged with carbonic acid, 
largely used for gout, rheumatism, etc., but possessing 
little medicinal value. See Mineral Water. 

Apomorphia, or ApomoTphin(ap-o-mor / -/e-a/i, or -mor'- 
fin) [cltt6, from ; Morpheus, the god of sleep], C 17 H n - 
2 N, = morphia — H 2 0. An artificial alkaloid, derived 
from morphin. The hydrochlorate is the salt used, 
and is a grayish crystalline powder. It is a systemic 
emetic acting directly upon the vomiting center, and 
is the quickest, most certain and least irritating of all 
emetics. Unof. Dose gr. ^5— rV hypodermatically, or 
gr. x$~\ b v the mouth. An expectorant in small 
doses. A. injectio hypodermica (B. P.). Dose as 
an expectorant by the mouth, gr. ss ; as an e7iietic, by 
the mouth, gr. y^ ; hypodermatically, gr. i. Syrupus 
apomorph. hydrochloratis. Dose ^ss-j. 

Apomyelin [ap-o-mV -el-in) \_aix6, from ; pvs?i6c, mar- 
row]. A peculiar phosphatized principle reported to 
exist in the brain tissue and containing no glycerol. 

Apomyttosis (ap-o-mit-o'-sis) \JnropvaoELv , to blow the 
nose] . Any disease marked by stertor ; a sneezing. 

Apone (ap-on') [Fr. : d priv. ; ttSvoc, pain]. An ano- 
dyne ; especially the concentrated tincture of capsi- 
cum ; used externally for the relief of pain, and inter- 
nally in small doses, diluted, for hemorrhoids, dyspep- 
sia, and mania. Dose gtt. iij-x. Unof. 

Aponeurography (tip-o-nu-ro^'-ra-fe') [inrovEvpuaiQ, 
aponeurosis ; ypacpij, a writing]. A description of the 
fasciae, or aponeuroses. 

Aponeurology (ap-o-mi-rol'-o-je) [(nrovEvpcxuc, apon- 
eurosis; Aoyoc, an account]. The science of the 
fascire or aponeuroses. 

Aponeurosis (ap-on-u-ro'-sis) \_a—6, from ; vevpov, a ten- 
don]. A fibrinous membranous expansion of a tendon 
giving attachment to muscles or serving to enclose 
and bind down muscles. Remarkable for their size or 
importance are the infra-spinous, enclosing the infra- 
spinous muscle; that of the arm, of the deltoid muscle, 
of the external oblique or abdominal, of the forearm, 
of the leg, of the transversalis , of the head, etc., etc. 
A. of Occipito-frontalis, the tendinous aponeur- 
osis that separates the two slips of the occipito-frontalis 
muscle. A. of Soft Palate, a thin but firm fibrous 
layer, attached above to the hard palate, and becom- 
ing thinner toward the free margin of the velum. A. 
of Subscapular, a thin membrane attached to the 
entire circumference of the subscapular fossa, and 
affording attachment by its inner surface to some of 
the fibers of the subscapulars muscle. A., Supra- 
spinous, a thick and dense membranous layer that 
completes the osseo-fibrous case in which the supra- 
spinatus muscle is contained, affording attachment by 
its inner surface to some of the fibers of the muscle. 



A., Vertebral, a thin aponeurotic lamina extending 
along the whole length of the back part of the thoracic 
region, serving to bind down the erector spina?, and 
separating it from those muscles that connect the spine 
to the upper extremity. 

Aponeurositis {ap-on-u-ro-si' ' -tis)\_awov£vpw§ic , an apon- 
eurosis ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of an 
aponeurosis. 

Aponeurotic {ap-on-n-rof '-ik) [cnrovevpuaic, aponeuro- 
sis] . Pertaining to or of the nature of an aponeurosis. 

Aponeurotome (ap-o/t-id-ro-lom) [anovEvpuaic, apon- 
eurosis; to/17}, a cut]. An instrument for dividing 
fasciae. 

Aponeurotomy (ap-on-u-rot'-o-me) [cnrovEvpuaic, apon- 
eurosis ; ropjj, a cut]. The incision, dissection, or 
anatomy of the fasciee ; fasciotomy. 

Aponipsis {ap-o-7iip f -sis) [anoviipiq, a washing]. A 
washing ; especially an internal washing, anciently 
performed by copious draughts of milk whey. 

Apopetalous (ap-o-pet' -al-its) [a-ao, away from ; -keto/ov, 
leaf]. In biology, same as Polypetaloics. 

Apophlegmatic (ap-o-fleg-mat'-ik') \_a-ab, away; 
(fkeyp.a, phlegm]. Promoting the expulsion of mucus 
from the air passages. 

Apophyllous (ap-o-fil' -its) \cnxo, from; <pvk/\ov, a leaf]. 
In biology, having distinct calyx or perianth leaves. 

Apophysar (ap-ojf'-is-ar). See Apophysary . 

Apophysary (ap-off'-is-a-re) \inro§vEiv , to put forth]. 
Pertaining to or of the nature of an apophysis. 

Apophyseal, Apophysial (ap-ofir/-e-al). Same as 
Apophysary. 

Apophysis [ap-off'-is-is) \Jnr6, from; tyvoic, growth]. 
In biology, a process, outgrowth, or swelling of some 
part or organ, as of a bone, the internal process of the 
mandible of a crustacean, or some part of a plant, e.g. 
the seta of certain mosses. A. lenticularis, the 
orbicular process of the temporal bone. A. raviana, 
the processus gracilis of the malleus. 

Apoplectic {ap-o-plek'-tik) [inronAE^ia, apoplexy]. 
Pertaining to or affected with apoplexy. A. Equiva- 
lents, a name given to the premonitory symptoms 
of apoplexy, indicating that the brain is subject to 
alterations in the blood pressure, a condition that may 
lead to serious consequences if the arterial walls are 
diseased. 

Apoplectiform (ap-o-plek' -tif -orni) \a~on\E^ia, apo- 
plexy ; forma, form]. Sudden, like apoplexy. 

Apoplectigenous \ap-o-plek-tij' -en-its) [awon^E^ia, 
apoplexy; y£vv&Eiv,to produce]. Producing apoplexy 
or cerebral hemorrhage. 

Apoplectoid [ap-o-plek' -toid). Same as Apoplectiform. 

Apoplexia (ap-o-pleks'-e-ali) [L.]. Apoplexy. A. 
splenitis. Synonym of Anthrax. 

Apoplexy (ap'-o-pleks-e) [a-on'Arj^'ia, a striking down]. 
The symptom-complex resulting from cerebral hemor- 
rhage, effusion, or from the plugging of a cerSbral 
vessel. Modern writers mostly describe the post- 
mortem appearances by other terms, as cerebral hemor- 
rhage, effusion, thrombosis, etc. The chief symptom 
is sudden loss of motion, sensation and consciousness, 
the patient falling and lying as if dead. There is 
frequently a conjugate deviation of the eyes and a 
rotation of the head aiuay from the paralyzed side, 
and toward the side on which the cerebral lesion exists. 
Death may result instantaneously, or shortly, or the pa- 
tient may recover consciousness and then be found to be 
suffering from paralysis of one-half of the body {Hemi- 
plegia, q. v.). The bursting of a vessel in the lungs, 
liver, etc., is sometimes called apoplexy of the lungs, 
liver, etc. A., Capillary, from rupture and effusion 
of capillaries. A., Ingravescent, a term applied 
to a form of apoplexy in which there is a slowly pro- 



APOPSYCHIA 



103 



APPENDICITIS 



gressive loss of consciousness due to a gradual leakage 
of blood from a ruptured vessel. A., Pulmonary, 
escape of blood into the pulmonary parenchyma, with 
laceration of its substance. A., Simple, the name 
given to those cases of death from coma in which no 
cerebral lesion is found. A., Spinal. See Hematomye- 
lia. A., Splenic. Synonym of Anthrax. 

Apopsychia (ap-op-sik' '-e-a/i) [d^rd, away; ipv^A) spirit]. 
Syncope; fainting; a faint. 

Apoptosis (ap-op-to'-sis) [d-d, away ; nruaig, a falling]. 
A falling off, as of a crust, or of the hair; loosening 
of a scab or crust. 

Aporetin (ap-o-re'-tin) [d-d, from; prjrivr], a resin]. A 
resinous substance found in rhubarb. 

Aporrhinosis (ap-or-in-o'-sis) [d-d, from ; pig, nose]. 
A discharge from the nostril 

Aporrhipsis (ap-oi'-ip' -sis) [d-d, away from ; pi-rziv, to 
throw]. The throwing off of the clothes or the bed- 
clothes ; a symptom seen in some cases of insanity and 
in delirium. 

Aposcythisis (ap-o-sith'-is-is) [airotymdi^ELV , to scalp in 
the Scythian manner]. The surgical or traumatic re- 
moval of the scalp. 

Aposematic (ap-o-sem' '-at-ik) \_a~6, away from ; ai/p.a,a. 
sign]. Applied to such colors as are used by ani- 
mals as signals or warnings of some dangerous or 
unpleasant quality, in repelling enemies. 

Aposepalous (ap-o-sep'-al-us). See Pofysepalons. 

Aposepsis (ap-o-sep'-sis) \_a-6aipfiig, putrefaction; see 
Sepsis]. Complete putrefaction. 

Aposia (ah-po'-ze-ah) [dpriv. ; Trdovc, a drinking]. Ab- 
sence of thirst ; adipsia. 

Apositia (ap-o-sil'-e-ah) [a-nd, from; airog, food]. 
Aversion to or loathing of food. 

Apositic (ap-o-sit'-ik) [d to, from ; gitoc, food]. Im- 
pairing the appetite ; affected with apositia. 

Aposorbic Acid (ap-o-sor'-bik). See Acid. 

Aposphacelisis (ap-o-sfas-el' -is-is) [cnTootpaKelioir , a 
dying of gangrene] . Mortification ; gangrene due to 
constriction. 

Apospory (ap-os' -po-re) [d~d, away from ; mropoc, seed] . 
In biology, reproduction without the intervention of 
spores in cases where sporogenesis ordinarily occurs. 

Apostasis (ap-os* -tas-is) [a-aoaraaig, a standing away 
from]. I. An abscess. 2. The end or the crisis of an 
attack of disease ; termination by crisis. 3. An exfolia- 
tion. In biology, the separation of organs by unusual 
elongation of internodes. 

Apostatic (ap-os-tat'-i/t) [a-izoaraaig, a standing away 
from]. Relating to or of the nature of an apostasis. 

Apostaxis (ap-o-staks'-is) [d7rd, from ; ordf/c, a 
dropping]. A discharge of fluid by drops ; epistaxis. 

Apostem (ap'-o-stem), or Apostema (ap-o-ste'-mah) 
\a-KoaTTjp.a, an abscess] . An abscess. 

Apostematic (ap-os tern- at' -ik) [aTToorrjixa, an abscess]. 
Relating to or of the nature of an abscess. 

Apostemation (ap-os-tem-a' -shun) [apostematio, abscess 
formation]. The formation of an apostem or abscess. 

Apostematoid (ap-os-tern'-at-oid)[air6oTriiia, an abscess; 
elSog, form]. Resembling an apostem or abscess. 

Aposthia (ah-pos'-the-ah) [d priv; Koaffn, penis, pre- 
puce]. Absence of the penis or of the prepuce. 

Apostoli's Method. The use of strong electrolytic or 
chemical galvano-caustic currents in the treatment of 
diseases of the female generative organs, especially 
uterine fibroids. 

Apostrophe (ap-os' -tro-fe) \_a-6, away ; GTpetbeiv, to 
turn]. The arrangement of chlorophyll bodies along 
the side walls of the cells as a result of excess or 
deficiency of light. Cf. Epistrophe and Dystrophe. 

Apostume (ap'-os-tum) \inr6<j~rip.a, an abscess]. An 
abscess. 



Aposyringosis (ap-o-sir-in-go'-sis) [cnro, from; a'vpiy^, 
pipe]. The formation of or change into a fistula. 

Apotelesm (ap-ot'-el-ezm) [aTTOTi'/.eo/m, result.] The 
termination of a disease. 

Apothecaries' Weight. A system of weights and 
measures used in compounding medicines. The Troy 
pound of 5760 grains is the standard. It is subdivided 
into 12 ounces. The ounce is subdivided into eight 
drachms, the drachm into three scruples, and the 
scruple into 20 grains. For fluid measure the quart of 
32 fluid ounces is subdivided into pints, the pint into 
16 fluid ounces, the ounce into eight fluid drachms, 
and the fluid drachm into 60 minims. The following 
abbreviations are used : — 



n\, minim. 

gtt., gutta, a drop. 

3, scrupulus, a scruple 

(20 grains) 
5, drachma, a drachm 

(60 grains). 



3, uncia, an ounce ( 

grains)- 
B), libra, a pound. 
0-,octarius, a pint, 
gr., granum, a grain, 
ss., semissis, one-half. 



See Weights and Measiwes. 

Apothecary (ap-oth' -e-ka-re) \_anoBijKij , a storehouse]. 
A druggist. One who prepares and sells drugs, fills 
prescriptions, etc. In Great Britain the apothecary is 
also a physician, filling his own prescriptions. In the 
United States it frequently happens that an authorized 
practitioner is also an apothecary, but without the 
degree of M. D. the practice of medicine is illegal. 

Apothecium (ap-o-the' -se-wu) [airotiijKr/, a storehouse]. 
In biology, the saucer-shaped fruiting organ, or asco- 
carp, of lichens and certain ascomycetous fungi. 

Apothem, or Apothema (ap'-o-them or ap-oth' -em-ah) 
\_air6, from; Oe/ia, a deposit]. A brown powder 
formed by the open-air evaporation of a vegetable in- 
fusion or decoction. 

Apothesis (ap-oth' -es-is) [_a.7r60eaic, a putting back]. 
The reduction of a fracture or luxation. 

Apotheter (ap-oth' -et-er). A navel-string repositor de- 
vised by Braun, consisting of a staff with a sling 
attached in which the prolapsed funis is placed and 
carried up into the uterine cavity. 

Apothymia (ap-o-thl'-me-ah) [a.Kodb[uoc, distasteful, 
disagreeable]. An aversion. 

Apotrepsis (ap-o-trep' -sis) [airoTpeTpic-, a turning away]. 
The resolution of an abscess. 

Apozem, or Apozema (ap'-o-zem, or ap-oz' -em-ah) 
[d7rd,away; fmv, to boil] . A decoction, especially 
one to which medicines are admixed. 

Apparatus (ap-ar-a'-tus) \apparatns, prepared]. The 
instruments used in any science, art, or surgical opera- 
tion. Anatomically the word is used to designate col- 
lectively the organs effecting any specified work or 
action. A. ligamentosus colli, the occipito-axoid lig- 
ament, a broad band at the front surface of the spinal 
canal that covers the odontoid process. 

Apparent (ap-a' -rent) \apparere, to appear] . Seeming ; 
appearing to be like. A. Death. Sue Death. 

Apparition (ap-ar-ish'-un) \_apparitio, an appearance]. 
A visual delusion or hallucination. 

Apparitor (ap-ar' -it-or) [L., a helper]. A small coiled 
tube worn at the ear to assist the hearing. 

Appendage (ap-en'-ddj) \_appcndere, to weigh ; hang] . 
That which is attached to an organ as a part of it. 
See Appendix. A., Auricular, the projecting part of 
the cardiac auricle. A., Epiploic. See Appendix. 
A., Ovarian, the parovarium. 

Appendicectomy (ap - en - dis - ek'- to - me) [appendix ; 
(KTOjjfj, excision]. Excision of the appendix vermi- 
formis. 

Appendicitis (ap-en-dis-i'-tis) \appendere, to hang upon 
or to ; L-ic-, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ap- 
pendix vermiformis ; ecphyaditis. 



APPENDICULAR 



104 



APTYALISM 



Appendicular (ap-en-dik' -u-lar) [appendicula, a small 
appendix]. Pertaining to the appendix vermifonnis. 
A. Gland, a biramose gland attached to the sper- 
matheca of queen bees. 

Appendix [ap-en' -diks) [appendere , to hang upon or to : 
pi. , Appendices]. What is accessory to or dependent 
upon another. An appendage. A. auricularis, the 
auricular appendage, a process of the auricles of the 
heart. A. caeci vermiformis, a worm-shaped pro- 
cess of the cecum. A. cerebri, the pituitary body. 
A., Ensiform. See Xiphoid. A. epiploicae, pouch- 
like, fatty projections of the peritoneum of the large 
intestine. A., Xiphoid. See Xiphoid. 

Apperception ( ap-er-sep'-shun ) [ appercipere, to 
receive]. The conscious reception or perception of a 
sensory impression ; the power of receiving and appre- 
ciating sensory impressions. 

Appert's Process. The preservation (" canning ") of 
meat, fruits, and vegetables by exclusion of air and 
germs ; effected by hermetically sealing the substances 
in tin cans after heating the contents to 1 10° or more. 

Appetence (ap'-e-tens) \_appetentia, appetite]. An 
appetite, or desire ; the attraction of a living tissue for 
those materials that are appropriate for its nutrition. 

Appetency (ap'-e-ten-se). I. See Appetence. 2. In 
biology, the doctrine propounded by Lamarck, in 
which it is maintained that new organs can be pro- 
duced in animals by the simple assertion of the will 
called into action by new wants, and that the organs 
thus acquired can be transmitted by generation. 

Appetite (ap'-e-tlt) [appetere, to desire]. The desire 
for food ; also any natural desire ; lust. A., Perverted, 
that for unnatural and undigestible things, frequent in 
disease and pregnancy. Anorexia, loss of appetite ; 
Bulimia, insatiable appetite ; Hunger, the strong 
desire and need of food. 

Appetizer (ap' -e-tl-zer) \appetere, to desire]. A medi- 
cine, or dose, taken to stimulate the appetite. 

Applanate (ap'-lan-at) [ad, to; planus, flat]. In 
biology, horizontally flattened. 

Applanatio (ap-lan-a' -she-o) [L.]. A flattening. A. 
corneae, flattening of the entire surface of the cornea 
from disease. 

Applanation [ap-lan-a' -shun) [applanatio , a flattening]. 
A flattening, as of the cornea. 

Apple (ap'-l) [AS., appel, an apple]. The fruit of the 
tree, Pyrus mains. A., Adam's. See Ponmm adami '. 
A. -brandy, an alcoholic spirit distilled from cider; 
cider-brandy. A. Extract. See Extractum ferri 
pomatum. A. -eye, a synonym of Exophthalmos. 
A. of the Eye, the pupil ; also, the eyeball. A. -jack. 
See A. -brandy. A. -oil, amyl valerianate; prepared 
from isoamyl- isovaleric ester. 

Application (ap-lik-a' '-shun) [applicatio, an application]. 
The act of applying anything, as a plaster, leech, band- 
age, lotion, pad, or compress; the thing so applied. 
A. Colors. See Pigments, Colors, and Dyestuffs. 

Applicative [ap'-lik-a-tiv). See Conduplicate. 

Applicator (ap'-lik-a-tor) [L.]. An instrument used 
in making applications; especially, one used in uterine 
or urethral surgery. 

Applier (ap-li'-er) [applicare, to apply]. A dental in- 
strument for making applications to teeth. 

Appolito's Operation. See Operations , Table of. 

Appolito's Suture. See Suture. 

Apposition (ap-o-zish'-un) [apponere, to apply to] . The 
act of fitting together ; the state of being fitted to- 
gether. A. Theory, a theory concerning the growth 
of the cell-wall, as held by Schmitz, Strasburger, etc., 
viz., that stratified and other cell-walls of plants grow 
in thickness by the deposition of new particles upon 
the inner face of the cell. Growth in surface is the re- 



sult of a simple stretching of the wall by the pressure 
of the contents. 

Approach (ap-roch') [ME., approche~\. A drawing near. 
A. Grafting, to inarch. 

Appropriation (ap-ro-pre-a / -shun) [appropriatio, a set- 
ting apart]. Assimilation of nutriment. 

Approximal (ap-roks' -im-al) [ad, to ; proxiimis, next]. 
That which is next to ; contiguous. In dentistry, per- 
taining to contiguous surfaces, as approximal fillings. 

Appun's Apparatus. A device for determining the 
overtones of a vowel by means of reeds. 

Apraxia (ah-praks' -e-ah) [d priv. ; irpaaoeiv, to do] . 
Soul-blindness ; mind-blindness ; object-blindness ; an 
affection in which the memory for the uses of things 
is lost, as well as the understanding for the signs by 
which the things are expressed. 

Aprication (ap-re-ka' -shun) [_apricatio, a basking in the 
sun]. The sun-bath ; sun-stroke. 

Aproctia (ah-prok-te' -ah) [d priv. ; irpun-og, anus]. 
Imperforation of the anus. 

Aproctosis ( ah-prok-tc/ -sis) [d priv. ; Trpuicrog, anus]. 
See Aproctia. 

Aproctous (ah-prok'-tus) [d priv. ; -wpuKTOQ, the anus] . 
Having imperforation of the anus. 

Apron (a'-prun) [ME., apem~\. I. In surgery, a pro- 
tection or covering for the body in surgical opera- 
tions. 2. The omentum. A., Hottentot, artificially 
elongated labia minora ; velamen vulva:. A. of 
Succor, a canvas appliance borne by two men, and 
used for the transportation of wounded persons. 

Aprosexia (ap-ro-seks' -e-ah) [d priv. ; ■Kpookx^w, to 
give heed]. A mental disturbance consisting in in- 
ability to fix the attention upon a subject. An inability 
to think clearly and to readily comprehend what is read 
or heard, sometimes observed in the course of chronic 
catarrh of the nose or of the nose and pharynx. 

Aprosopa [ap-ros' -o-pah). See Aprosopia 

Aprosopia [ap-ro-so' -pe-ali) [d priv. ; irpoauTrov, the 
face]. A form of fetal monstrosity with partial or 
complete absence of face. 

Aprosopous [ap-ros' -o-pus) [d priv. ; npoconov, the 
face]. Exhibiting aprosopia. 

Aprosopus (ap-ros' -o-pus) [d priv. ; -poooKov, the face] . 
An aprosopous fetus. 

Apselaphesia [ap-sel-af-e' -ze-ah) [d priv. ; iprjAa<pi)ai<;, 
touch]. Paralysis of the tactile sense. 

Apsithyria, or Apshhurea[ap-sith-i'-re-ah, or -u'-re-ah) 
[d priv. ; TJiiflvpi^Eiv, to whisper]. A term suggested 
by Solis-Cohen for hysterical aphonia, in which the 
patient not only loses the voice, but is unable even to 
whisper. It is generally accompanied by double 
paralysis of the vocal cords, but there is no paralysis of 
the tongue, lips, or expiratory muscles. Charcot 
especially advocates hypnotism in the treatment of the 
condition. 

Apsychia [ap-sik' -e-ah) [a priv. ; ij>vx>/, spirit]. Un- 
consciousness ; a faint or swoon. 

Apta viro {ap'-tah vi'-ro) [L. : pi. , Apia viris]. A 
young girl who by mechanical means has been rendered 
available for prostitution. 

Apterium [ap-te' -re-um) [a priv. ; nrepov, a feather]. 
In biology, a normally naked tract on a bird's skin. 

Apterous (ap' -ter-us) [d priv. ; tttcpov, a wing, a 
feather]. In biology, destitute of wings or membran- 
ous expansions. 

Aptitude (ap'-te-tild) [aptitude, fitness]. Fitness, ten- 
dency. The natural proneness of an organism toward 
certain functions or pathological conditions. 

Aptyalia (ap-ti-a'-lc-ah) [dpriv. ; -rva'Aov, saliva]. See 
Aptyalism . 

Aptyalism (ap-ti'-al-izm) [d priv. ; rcrvaAi^eiv, to spit] 
Deficiency or absence of saliva. 



APTYSTIA 



105 



AKACHNIDIUM 



Aptystia (ap-tis'-te-ah) [a priv. ; tttveiv, to spit]. See 
Aptyalism. 

Apulosis {ap-u-lo'-sis) [aTcovTiwaig ; obXeiv, to cicatrize]. 
Cicatrization, or a cicatrix. 

Apulotic (ap-u-lot' -ik) \JiKov\uTui6g, healing]. Pro- 
moting cicatrization, or apulosis. 

Apus (a'-pits) [a priv., and irorc, foot]. I. A monstro- 
sity consisting in absence of the lower limbs, or feet. 
2. An apodous fetus. 

Apyonin (ah-pi' -on-in) [a priv. ; irvov, pus]. A 
remedy introduced as a substitute for pyoktanin in 
ophthalmic practice. It is said to be identical with 
yellow pyoktanin. Unof. 

Apyretic [ah-pi-ref '-ik) -[a priv. ; izvperor-, fever]. 
Without fever or pyrexia. 

Apyrexia (ah-pi-rehs'-e-ah) [a priv. ; Trvpenrdg, feverish]. 
The non-febrile stage of an intermittent fever ; intermis- 
sion or absence of fever. 

Apyrexial (ah-pi-reks' -e-al) [invvpeKToc, without fever]. 
Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, 
apyrexia. 

Apyrexy (ald-pi-reks-e). See Apyrexia. 

Aqua (a'-hiuah) [L. : gen. and //., Aqua, a'-kwe~\. 
Water. An oxid of hydrogen having the composition 
H.,0. It is a solid below 32 , a liquid between 32 
and 212°, vaporizes at 212 at the sea level (bar. 760 
mm.), giving off vapor of tension equal to that of the 
air. It covers four-fifths of the surface of the earth, but 
is never pure in nature, containing from a trace of 
soluble matter, in rain water, to 26 per cent, of soluble 
mineral salts, in the Dead Sea. Water is an essential 
constituent of all animal and vegetable tissues. In the 
human body it forms two per cent, of the enamel 
of the teeth, 77 per cent, of the ligaments, 78 per 
cent, of the blood, and 93 per cent, of the urine. 
Externally, water has a stimulating effect upon the 
skin, either by direct or reactionary means. Cold 
water when continued too long may lower the general 
temperature of the body so as to produce serious depres- 
sion of the circulation and muscular power. When pro- 
perly used it is a valuable antipyretic. Hot water and 
vapor increase circulation and produce diaphoresis. 
Its too long-continued use debilitates. Internally, 
water is a diuretic. It is the most useful of all the sol- 
vents in pharmacy. The following are the official pre- 
parations and forms : A. bulliens, boiling water. A. 
communis, common water. A. destillata, distilled 
water. A. fervens, hot water. A. fluvialis, river- 
water. A. fontana, well- or spring-water. A. 
marina, sea-water. A. pluvialis, rain-water. See 
also Mineral Water. Aqua in pharmacy also 
designates various medicated waters : as A. ammonia?, 
water of ammonia ; A. anethi, dill water; A. chlori, 
chlorin water; A. rosa?, rose water. A. fortis. See 
Acid, Nitric. A. regia. See A. Nitrohydrochloric. 
A. tofana, a celebrated secret poison, prepared in the 
17th century at Palermo by a woman named Toflana. 
It was probably arsenical. A. Vitae, Brandy or 
Spirit, q. v. In anatomy, A. labyrinthi, the clear 
fluid existing in the labyrinth of the ear. 

Aquacapsulitis (a-kwe-kap-sit-ti' -tis) [aqua, water ; 
capsula, a capsule ; mc, inflammation]. Serous iritis. 

Aqusductus (11-kwe-duk' -tus). See Aqueduct. 

Aquamalarial Fever (a-kwa-mal-a'-re-al). Synonym 
of Malarial Fever. See Fever. 

Aquapuncture {ak-wah-pungk' -chur) \_aqua, water ; 
punctura, a puncture]. Counter-irritation by means 
of a very fine jet of water impinging upon the skin ; 
useful in neuralgia and other nerve disorders. 

Aquatic (a-kwat'-ik) \_aqua, water]. Pertaining to 
water. A. Cancer. Synonym of Cancrum oris. 

Aqueduct, or Aqueductus (ak'-we-dukt, or ak-we- 



duk' -tits') [aqua, water; ductus, a leading]. Used of 
ducts or canals in various parts of the body. A. 
cerebri, the infundibulum. A. cochleae, aqueduct of 
the cochlea. A. of Cotunnius, the aqueduct of the 
vestibule, extending from the utricle to the posterior 
wall of the pyramid in the brain. A. Fallopii, the 
canal of the portio dura in the petrous portion of the 
temporal bone. A. Sylvii, the aqueduct of Sylvius 
from the third to the fourth ventricle, the iter a tertio 
ad quartum ventricitlum. A. vestibuli, aqueduct of 
the vestibule of the ear. 

Aqueous {a f -kwe-ns) [aqua, water]. Referring to 
water ; watery. A. Chamber of the Eye, the 
space between the cornea and the lens ; the iris 
divides it into an anterior and a posterior chamber. 
A. Extract, a solid preparation of a drug made by 
evaporation of its aqueous solution. A. Humor, the 
fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye. 

Aquiducous (a-kwe-du' '-kits) [aquiducus ; aqua, water ; 
ducere, to lead]. Hydragogue. 

Aquilaria {a-kwil-a' -re-aft) [L.]. A genus of trees. 
A. agallocha, a tree of S. E. Asia producing the 
true aloes-wood, or eagle-wood, valued in perfumery, 
but no longer employed in regular pharmacy or prac- 
tice. A. ovata and A. secundaria also furnish 
varieties of aloes- wood. Unof. • 

Aquilegia {ak-wil-e'-je-aK) [L.]. A genus of ranun- 
culaceous plants of many species. A. vulgaris has 
active medicinal qualities ; but none of the species are 
now much used in regular practice. 

Aquiparous [a-kwip' '-ar-us) [aqua, water ; parere, to 
bring forth]. Producing water, or affording watery 
secretions ; said of glands, as the lachrymal and 
parotid. 

Aquocapsulitis {a-kwo-kap-su-li'-tis) [aqua, water; 
capsnla, a small box]. Serous iritis, q. v. 

Aquosity [a-kwos'-it-e) [aquositas, watery]. The state 
or condition of being watery. 

Aquula (ak-wu'-lah) [L.]. A small aqueous collec- 
tion. A. cotunnii, the perilymph, q. v. 

Arabic [ar'-ab-ik') [Apa-fit/cdg, Arabic]. Of or pertain- 
ing to Arabia. A. Acid. See Arabin. A. Gum. 
See Acacia. 

Arabin (ar'-ab-hi) [ApafiiKoc-, Arabic], (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) 2 - 
-j- H 2 0. Arabic Acid. A transparent, glassy, amor- 
phous mass, an exudate from many plants, making a 
clear solution in water. It is the principal constituent 
of gum arabic. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Arabinose (ar> '-ab-in-os) ['Apafititoc, Arabic], C 5 H 10 O 5 . 
One of the glucoses. Made from gum arabic on boil- 
ing with dilute H 2 S0 4 . It crystallizes in shining 
prisms that melt at 100 ; is slightly soluble in cold 
water, has a sweet taste, and reduces Fehling's solu- 
tion, but is not fermented by yeast. See Carbohydrates, 
Table of. 

Arabis (ar'-ab-is) ['Apa/3iK6g, Arabic]. A genus of 
cruciferous herbs ; rock cresses, or wall cresses. A. 
chinensis, of Asia, and A. sagittata and A. tha- 
liana, of Europe, are stimulant and stomachic. The 
seeds of some species yield an oil much like that of 
rape-seed. Unof. 

Arabite {ar'-ab-lt) ['Apa/3«c6c, Arabic], C 5 H ]2 5 . A 
substance formed from arabinose by the action of 
sodium amalgam. It crystallizes from hot alcohol 
in shining needles, melting at 102 . It has a sweet 
taste, but does not reduce Fehling's solution. 

Arabonic Acid (ar-ab-on'-ik). See Acid. 

Arachis [ar'-ak-is) [apa^cr-, a leguminous plant]. A 
genus of leguminous plants. A. hypogasa. See 
Ground Nut. 

Arachnidium (ar-ah-nid'-e-um) [ap&xvri, a spider]. 
In biology, the secreting spinning apparatus of spiders. 



ARACHNITIS 



106 



ARCHEBIOSIS 



consisting of five kinds of glands, over one thousand 
in all, producing a secretion insoluble in water and 
with a nitrogenous basis, forming the fine, silky threads 
of the web. 

Arachnitis [ar-ak-nV -tis) [apa%vr/, a spider's web; trie, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the arachnoid mem- 
brane of the brain. 

Arachnoid (ar - ak' '- noid) [apaxvi], a spider's web; 
eidog, form]. Resembling a web. A. Cavity, the 
space between the arachnoid membrane and the dura 
mater. A. Membrane, the delicate serous membrane 
of the brain and cord between the dura and pia mater. 
Sub-arachnoid fluid. See Cerebrospinal Fluid. 

Arachnoidal {ar-ak->ioid'-al) [apdxvr;, a spider's web; 
eJSoc, form]. Pertaining to the arachnoid. 

Arachnoiditis (ar-ak-noid-i' -tis). Same as Arachnitis. 

Arachno-pia {ar - ak' - no - pi' - ah) [apaxvrj, a spider's 
web; pia, fem. of pius~\. The arachnoid and the pia 
considered together. 

Arachnorrhinitis (ar-ak-nor-in-i' '-tis) [apaxvrj, spider; 
pic, nose ; uric, inflammation]. A disease of the nasal 
passages supposed to be due to the presence of a spider. 

Arachnotitis {ar-ak-no-ti' -tis) \_apaxv7], spider ; ovc, 
ear; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation said to be 
caused by a spider in the auditory canal. 

Arack (ar'-ah) [Ind.\ A spirituous liquor distilled 
from rice, dates, palm-sap, or cocoanut juice, used in 
Asia, etc. 

Araeometer (ar-e-om'-et-er). See Areometer. 

Araeotic (ar-e-ot'-ik). See Areotic. 

Aralia (ar-a'-le-ah) [L. ]. A genus of plants, order 
Araliacese, embracing several species, having aromatic, 
diaphoretic, and resolvent properties. Ginseng, wild 
sarsaparilla, petty morrel, and other plants esteemed in 
popular medicine belong here ; few have active quali- 
ties of high value in any disease. Unof. 

Aran-Duchenne's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Araneas Tela (ar-a'-ne-e te'-lah). See Cobweb. 

Araneous [ar-a' -ne-us) [aranea, a spider's web]. Full 
of webs ; resembling a cobweb. A. Membrane, 
the arachnoid. 

Arantius, Bodies of. See Corpora. A., Canal of. 
See Canal. A., Duct of. See Duet. A., Nodules 
of. See Arantius, Bodies of. A., Valves of. See 
Valvule arantii. A., Ventricle of, a small cul-de-sac 
in the medulla oblongata. 

Arar (af-rar) [Barbary]. The tree Callitris quadri- 
valvis of N. W. Africa. It produces sandarac. 

Araroba (ar-ar-o / -bah) [Brazil]. Goa Powder. An 
oxidation product of resin found deposited in the wood 
of the trunk of the Andira araroba of Brazil. Its 
active principle is Chrysarobin or Chrysophanic acid, 
q. v. It is largely used in skin affections. 

Arasa (ar-a'-sah) [S. Am.]. The root of a plant 
native to Brazil and Uruguay. The active principle of 
the drug is found in the tuberosities of the root, espe- 
cially in the bark, which is quite thick. In taste a 
decoction of the drug resembles that of cascarilla. It 
is an excellent remedy in metrorrhagia, acting where 
hydrastis is ineffectual. No unpleasant secondary 
effects have been noted. Unof. 

Arbor (ar'-bor) [L.]. A name for the arbor vitre of the 
cerebellum. A. Vitae, a term applied to the arbores- 
cent appearance of a section of the cerebellum, and 
also to a similar appearance of the folds of the interior 
of the cervix uteri. See Thuja. 

Arborization (ar-bor-is-a'-shun) [arbor, a tree]. A 
form of nerve termination in which the nerve fibers 
are brought into contact with the muscle fiber by 
means of an expansion. 

Arbuscula (ar-bus' ' -ku-lah) [L. ]. A small shrub hav- 
ing the appearance of a diminutive tree. 



Arbutin (ar'-bu-tiu) [arbutus, the wild strawberry tree], 
C,.,H, 6 7 . A bitter glucosid obtained from Uva ursi, 
orbearberry. It is neutral, crystalline, and resolvable 
into glucose and hydroquinon. Arbutin is an efficient 
diuretic. Dose gr. xv-xxx. See Uva ursi. 

Arbutus [ar-bu'-tus) [L.]. A genus of ericaceous 
shrubs and trees. A. menziesii, the madrono of 
California, has an astringent bark, useful in diarrheas. 
Unof. A. unedo, the European arbute, is astringent 
and narcotic. A., Trailing. See Epigtca. 

Arc (arte) [arcus, a bow]. In craniometry, a measure- 
ment taken on the outside of the skull, following its 
curves. A., Binauricular, a measurement from the 
center of one auditory meatus to the other, directly up- 
ward across the top of the head. A., Bregmato- 
lambdoid, a measurement along the sagittal suture. 
A., Naso-bregmatic, from the root of the nose to the 
bregma. A., Naso-occipital, measurement from the 
root of the nose to the lowest occipital protuberance. 

Arcanum [ar-ka' -num) [arcanum, a secret]. A medi- 
cine whose composition is kept secret. 

Arcate (ar'-kat) [arcatus, bow-shaped]. Bow-shaped; 
curved ; arcuate. 

Arch [arch) [arcus, a bow]. A term applied to the 
curved shape of several various parts of the body. A. 
of Aorta. See Aorta. A., Branchial, the cartilagin- 
ous arches that support the gills (branchiae) of fishes. 
In the human fetus they are also present. See Cleft. 
A. of Colon. See Colon. A. of Corti, the arch that 
the pillars of the organ of Corti make over the basilar 
membrane of the cochlea. A , Crural. See Pou- 
part's Ligament. A. of Fallopius, a name for the 
arch formed by Poupart's ligament. A. Femoral, 
same as A. Crural. A., Palmar, the arch formed by the 
radial artery in crossing the bones of the metacarpus. 
A., Plantar, the arch made by the external plantar 
artery. A., Post-oral, arches in the fetus, five in num- 
ber, that develop into the lower jaw and throat. See 
A., Branchial. A. of Pubes, that part of the pelvis 
formed by the convergence of the rami of the ischia 
and pubes on each side. A., Supra-orbital, the curved 
and prominent margin of the frontal bone beneath the 
superciliary ridge, that forms the upper boundary of 
the orbit. A. of a Vertebra, the part of a vertebra 
formed of two pedicles and two laminae and enclosing 
the spinal foramen. A., Zygomatic, the arch formed 
by the malar and temporal bones. 

Archaeocyte (ar'-ke-o-sit) [apxaioc, ancient ; avrog, a 
hollow (a cell)]. In biology, one of the irregular 
ameboid cells — mesameboids — imbedded in a jelly-like 
matrix and occurring between the two primitive epi- 
thelia of the body, in the Porifera. 

Archaeostoma, Archaeostome (ar-ke-os' -to-mah, ar'- 
ke-o-stom). See Archistome. 

Archaeus (ar-ke'-us) [apxaioc, ancient]. In spagiric 
medicine, the invisible counterpart of the visible body ; 
solar heat as a source of life. 

Archamceba (ark-am-c'-bali) [apx'l, primitive ; auoifir), 
change]. Haeckel's hypothetical progenitor of all 
amebae and of all higher forms of life. 

Archamphiaster, or Archiamphiaster (ark-am-fe-as'- 
ter, or ar-ke-am-fe-as' -tcr) [apx'h nrs t ; a/i<pi, around ; 
aari/p, star]. In biology, those amphiasters concerned 
in the production of the polar globules. 

Archangelica [ark-an-jel' -ik-ah) [apxayyttaKOc, arch- 
angel]. A genus of umbelliferous plants ; A. abropur- 
purea, officinalis, and saliva afford Angelica Root, q.v. 

Archebioiogy (ar-ke-bi-ol'-o-je) [apxv, beginning; /3/oc, 
life ; A6yoc, discourse]. The study of the simplest or 
most primitive forms or beginnings of life. 

Archebiosis (ar-ke-bi-o'-sis) [apxv, the beginning ; 
(jiuo/g, life]. The theoretical origin of living organ- 



ARCHECPTOMA 



107 



ARCHOSYRINX 



isms from non-living matter. See Generation, Spon- 
taneous : -Biogenesis, and Aliiogenesis. 

Archecptoma [ark-ek-to* -maK) [apxoc , anus ; ha, out; 
■nTu/ia, a falling]. Prolapse of the rectum. 

Archegenesis [ark-e-jen'-es-is). The same as Archebi- 
osis. 

Archegonium [ark-e-go' -ne-um) [apx'l, fi rst ; yfooc, 
race]. The female reproductive organ of the higher 
cryptogams. 

Archegony [ar-keg'-o-ne) [iipxiyovoc, first of a race] . 
The doctrine of spontaneous generation. 

Archenteric [ark-en-ter' '-ik) [apxi/, first ; ivrepov, in- 
testine]. Relating to the archenteron. 

Archenteron [ark-en' '-ter-ori) [apx'l, a beginning ; 
ivrepov, intestine]. In biology, the embryonic ali- 
mentary cavity. The entodermal sac of the gastrula ; 
archigaster ; ccelenteron. 

Archepyon [ar-ke-pi'-on) [apxv, a beginning ; ■kvov, 
pus] . Pus that has become caseated, or so thick that 
it does not flow. A term proposed by Roswell Park. 

Archespore, Archesporium [ar'-ke-spor, -e-um) [apx'l, 
a beginning ; oiropa, a seed] . In biology, the cells 
that give rise to the lining of the anther-cell and to 
the mother-cells of the pollen. 

Archesthetism [ark-es'-thet-izm) [apx'l, first ; aladdve- 
aOac, to perceive]. The doctrine that animal move- 
ments are primitively determined by sensibility or 
consciousness. 

Archet [ar-chef or ar-ska') [Fr.]. A bow formerly used 
to operate the drill in lithotrity. 

Archetype [ar' -ke-tlp) [apxv, a beginning ; tvtvoc, a 
type]. In comparative anatomy, an ideal type or form 
with which the individuals or classes may be compared. 
A standard type. 

Archhydra [ark- hi' '-drah) [apx'l, first; vfiup, water]. 
A primitive polyp. 

Archiater [ar-ke-a' -ter) [apxtarpoc, a chief physician]. 
The head physician in a court, as in that of Russia. 

Archiblast [ar 1 '-ke-blast) [apx'l, first; (5'AaoToc, germ]. 
In embryology, the granular areola surrounding the 
germinal vesicle. It is composed of three layers, the 
outer, or epiblast, from which the skin and its adnexa, 
the nervous system, and the terminal portions of the 
alimentary canal are formed ; the middle, or mesoblast, 
from which the epithelium of the genito-urinary 
organs and the smooth and striated muscle-tissue is 
derived ; and the inner, or hypoblast, for the develop- 
ment of the epithelium of the respiratory tract and of 
the alimentary canal. 

Archiblastic [ar-ke-blas'-tik) [apxi/, first ; ji\aaT6c, 
germ]. Derived or supposed to be derived from 
the archiblast. The parenchymatous elements are 
regarded as archiblastic. 

Archiblastoma [ar-ke-blas-to' -mah) [apxi/, first ; fiXaa- 
t6c, germ; 6/ia, a tumor: pi. , Archiblastomata~\. 
Any tumor composed of archiblastic or parenchyma- 
tous elements, such as myoma, neuroma, papilloma, 
epithelioma, adenoma, carcinoma, etc. 

Archiblastula [ar-ke-blas' '-tu-lah)\jipxv, first ; j3Aaar6c, 
a germ or bud]. In embryology, a ciliated, vesicular 
morula, resulting from complete and regular yelk- 
division and by invagination forming the archigastrula. 

Archicercal (ar-ke-ser'-kal) [apxi/, chief; nkpoc, tail]. 
In biology, having the tail primitive, without fin-folds. 

Archicharp [ar'-ke-karp) [apx'l, first ; Kapiroc, fruit]. 
See Ascogonium. 

Archicytula [ar-ke-sif -u-lah) [apxi/, a beginning ; 
kvtoc;, a cell]. A fertilized egg cell in which the 
nucleus is discernible. 

Archigaster [ar-ke-gas'-ter) [apxi/, first ; yaorrjp, belly]. 
The primitive, perfectly simple intestine ; archenteron. 

Archigastrula [ar-ke-gas' -tru-lah) [apx'l, beginning ; 



yaari/p, belly]. The gastrula as it is observed in the 

most primitive types of animal development ; called also 

bell-gastrula from its shape. 
Archigenesis [ar-ke-jen' '-es-is\. See Archebiosis. 
Archil {or'-kit) [ME. , orchell\ A coloring matter 

somewhat like litmus, chiefly obtained from the lichen, 

Roccella tinctoria ; used for staining animal tissues. 

See Conspec/us of Pigments, under Pigment. 
Archimonerula [ar-ke-mon-er' '-u-laK) [apx'l, first; 

/xoi-i/pi/c, single, solitary]. In embryology, a special 

name given by Haeckel to the monerula stage of an 

egg undergoing primitive and total cleavage. 
Archimorula [ar-ke-mor' -u-lah) [apXi/, first ; fiopov, a 

mulberry]. In embryology, the solid mass of cleavage 

cells, or mulberry mass, arising from the segmentation 

of an archicytula, and preceding the archiblastula and 

archigastrula. 
Archinephric (ar-ke-nef ' -rik) {apx'l, first; veippoc, the 

kidney]. Pertaining to the archinephron. 
Archinephron [ar-ke-nef '-ron) [apx'l, beginning ; 

vetppoc, the kidney]. The primitive or embryonic 

stage of the kidney or renal apparatus. 
Archipin [ar-kip'-in). See Chibou. 
Archipterygium [ar-kip-ter-ij' -e-uni) [apxv, first; 7ri-£- 

pbv, a wing]. In biology, a ground form, persisting 

in a few cases only, and representing the first and 

lowest stage of the skeleton of the anterior extremity 

of vertebrates. 
Archistome (ar'-kis-tom) [apx'l, first ; aro/ia, mouth]. 

The gastrula mouth or opening to the archenteron ; 

blastoporus. 
Architis [ar-ki'-tis) [apxoc, anus] . Proctitis ; inflam- 
mation of the anus. 
Architroch [ar'-ke-trok) [apxri, first ; rpox^c, a disk]. 

The ciliated band about the mouth of a planula. 
Archocele [ar'-ko-sel, or ar-ko-se' -le~) [apxbc, anus ; 

K.rfkrj, hernia]. Rectal hernia. 
Archocystocolposyrinx, or Archocolpocystosyrinx 

[ar-ko-sis-to-kol-po-sir 1 ' -ingks, or ar-ko-kol-po-sis-to- 

sir'-ingks') \_apx6c, anus ; Koorig, bladder ; ko/Lttoc, 

vagina; avpiy^, fistula]. Recto-vesico-vaginal fistula. 
Archometrum [ar-ko-met' -rum) [apxoc, anus ; fierpov, 

measure]. A device for ascertaining the caliber of 

the anus, or for dilating its sphincters. 
Archoptoma [ar-kop-to' -mah) \_apxoc, anus ; wra/ia, a 

fall]. A prolapse of the rectum. 
Archoptotic [ar-kop-tol'-ik) [apxoc, anus ; 7rra//a, a 

fall]. Relating to archoptoma or archoptosis. 
Archoptosis [ar-kop-to' -sis) [apxbc, anus ; tttuoic, a 

falling]. Rectal prolapse. 
Archorrhagia [ar-ko-ra' -je-ali) [apxoc, anus ; pip/vvadai,, 

to break out]. Rectal hemorrhage. 
Archorrhagic (ar-ko-raj' -ik) [apxoc, anus ; pijyvvadai, 

to break out]. Relating to rectal hemorrhage. 
Archorrhea [ar-ko-re' -ah) [apxoc, anus; peiv,to flow]. 

A discharge of blood or of any pathologic fluid from 

the anus. 
Archos [ar f -kos) [apxoc, the anus]. The anus. 
Archostegnoma [ar-ko-steg-no' -mah) [apxoc, anus ; 

areyvoELv, to consolidate] . Archostenosis ; a rectal 

stricture. 
Archostegnosis [ar-ko-steg-no' -sis) [apxoc, anus ; 

areyvoiaic, a stopping]. A rectal stricture. 
Archostegnotic [ar-ko-steg-not'-ik) [apxoc, anus ; 

OTiyvuotc, a stopping]. Relating to a rectal stricture. 
Archostenosis [ar-ko-sten-o' -sis) [apxoc, anus ; crevdc, 

narrow]. Stricture of the rectum. 
Archostenotic [ar-ko-sten-of -ik) [apx°c, anus ; crevoc, 

narrow]. Relating to rectal stricture. 
Archosyrinx [ar-ko-sir' -ingks) [apxoc, anus ; avpiy^, a 

pipe]. I. A syringe for the rectum. 2. Fistula in 

ano. 



ARCIFORM 



108 



ARGENTUM 



Arciform (ar' -se- form) [arcus, bow, arch; forma, 
form]. Bow-shaped; especially used to designate 
certain sets of fibers in the oblongata. 

Arctation (ark-ta'-sliun) \_arctatio ; arc/are, to draw 
close together]. I. Contraction or lessening of an 
opening or of the lumen of a canal. . 2. Infibulation. 

Arctium (ark' 'she-urn) [L.]. Burdock. See Lappa, 

Arctostaphylos (ark-to-staf'-il-os). See Uva ursi 
and Manzanita. 

Arcual (ar' '-ku-al) [arcualis, arched]. Arched; bent 
or curved. 

Arcuate (ar'-ku-at) [arcuatio, a bowing]. Arched; 
curved; bow-shaped. 

Arcuation (ar-ku-a' -shun) \_arcuatio, a bowing]. Curva- 
ture of any bone, as of the tibia or sternum ; curvature 
of the vertebral column. 

Arcuatus (ar-ku-a' '-(us) [arcus, a bow]. Bent or 
curved in an arched form. A. morbus, a former 
name for jaundice. 

Arculus (ar'-ku-lus) [dim. of arcus, a bow]. An 
arching support for bed-clothes. 

Arcus (ar'-kus) [arcus, a bow]. A bow or arch. A. 
dentalis, the dental arch. A. senilis, in the old, the 
ring of fatty degeneration of the corneal tissue about 
the periphery. A. zygomaticus, the zygomatic arch. 

Ardent (ar'-denl) [ardere, ardens, to burn]. Burning; 
fiery ; glowing ; accompanied by a sensation of burn- 
ing. A. Fever, heat fever or thermal fever. A. 
Spirits, alcoholic liquors. See Spiritus. 

Ardor (ar'-dor) [ardor, heat]. Violent heat, burning; 
applied to fevers and the sexual passion. A. urinse, 
burning pain in the inflamed urethra during micturition. 

&.rea.(a'-re-ah) [area, an open space]. Any space with 
boundaries. A. celsi. See Alopecia areata. A's., 
Cohnheim's, certain clear-cut areas seen in a trans- 
verse section of muscle-fiber. A., Crural, a space 
at the base of the brain included between the pons 
and chiasm. A. germinativa, or embryonic spot, 
the oval germinating spot of the embryo. A. opaca, 
the opaque circle about the A. pellucida. A. pellu- 
cida, the light central portion of the A. germinativa. 
A., Postpontile, the ventral aspect of the mesen- 
cephalon. A. vasculosa, the vascularization of the 
A. opaca. 

Areca Nut (ar'-ek-ah). See Betel. 

Arecane, Arekane (ar'-ek-an) [Malay]. An oily and 
volatile basic substance obtainable from areca nut ; said 
to be a purgative and sialagogue, and to slow the 
pulse. Unof. 

Arecin (ar'-es-in) [Sp., areca], C M H 2(i N 2 0. A brown- 
red coloring matter, obtained from areca nuts ; areca 
red. 

Arecolin (ar-e'-ko-lin) [Sp., areca], C 8 H ]3 NO,. A 
liquid alkaloid isolated from the seeds of Areca cate- 
chu. It is strongly alkaline, very soluble in water, 
alcohol, ether, or chloroform, and boils at 220° C. 
It is a powerful poison, affecting the heart similarly to 
muscarin. It has anthelmintic properties. Dose gr. 
1 _ 1 
1T> 10; 

Arefaction (ar-e-fak'-sliun) [arefaclro ; arefacere, to 
make dry]. I. Exsiccation or desiccation. The removal 
of the structural or constitutional water from a sub- 
stance. 2. The drying of drugs before powdering 
them. 3. Dryness, as of the skin. 4. Withering, 
as of a paralyzed limb. 

Arena (ar-e'-nafi) [arena, sand]. I. Brick-dust deposit 
from urine ; gravel. 2. Sabulous matter; brain-sand. 

Arenaceous (ar-e-na' -se-us) [arena ecus ; arena, sand]. 
Of the nature of sand or gravel ; sabulous. 

Arenation (ar-e-na' -shun) [arena, sand]. A sand-bath. 
The application of hot sand to a limb or part of the 
body. See Ammotherapy. 



Areola (ar-e'-o-lah) [dim. of area, an open space: pi., 
Areola]. 1. The brownish space surrounding the 
nipple of the female breast. This is sometimes called 
Areola papillaris. A secondary areola, surrounding 
this, occurs during pregnancy. The pigmentation 
about the umbilicus is called the umbilical areola. 2. 
Any interstice or minute space in a tissue. 

Areolar (ar-e'-o-lar) [areola, dim. of area, an open 
space]. Relating to or characterized by areolse. A. 
Tissue, cellular tissue ; connective tissue. 

Areolate, or Areolated (ar-e'-o-lat, or ar-e' ' -o-la-ted) 
[areola, dim. of area, an open space]. Marked or 
characterized by areolae. 

Areometer (ar-e-om'-et-er) [apaidc;, thin, light ; fitrpnv, 
a measure]. An instrument for estimating the specific 
gravity or strength of liquids, especially alcoholic 
liquids. 

Areometry (ar-e-om' '-et-re) [apndQ, thin, light ; fikrpov, 
a measure] . The use of the areometer ; estimation of 
the specific gravity of fluids. 

Areotic (ar-e-ot' -ik) [apaidc, thin] . I . Attenuant ; 
thinning the humors ; increasing perspiration. 2. An 
attenuant remedy. 

Arethusa (ar-elh-u'-sah) [' Apidovoa, a fountain]. A 
genus of orchidaceous plants. A. bulbosa, of North 
America, has root-tubes that are popularly used as 
a material for poultices, and are said to form a useful 
application for toothache. Unof. 

Arevareva (ar-a-var-a'-vah) [Tahitian]. A scaly 
skin-disease said to be caused by the habitual use of 
the drug Kava, q. v. It is accompanied by eye-disease, 
with dimness of vision. 

Argal (ar'-gal). See Argol. 

Argamblyopia (ar-gam-ble-o' -pe-ah) [apyoq, idle, dis- 
used ; afi(3Avu>Tria, dim-sightedness]. Amblyopia due 
to disuse of the eye. 

Argamblyopic (ar-gam-ble-op' -ik) [apydc, idle ; 
a/j.p'Avu~ia, dim-sightedness]. Affected with argam- 
blyopia. 

Argand-lamp. A form of lamp with a tubular wick. 

Argan-oil (ar'-gan-oil) [Arab., organ]. An oil 
derived from the seeds contained in the fruit of the 
argan-tree. It is a good substitute for olive-oil. 

Argan-tree (ar' -gan-tre) [Arab., argan]. The 
Argania sideroxylon, an evergreen tree of the N. W. 
of Africa, order Sapotacec? ; it yieids a useful oil. 

Argel (ar'-gel) [Syrian]. A plant, Solenostemma 
argel, of the eastern Mediterranean region ; also its 
leaves, which are used to adulterate senna; also the 
Comphocarpus fruticosus , of Africa, whose leaves are 
similarly employed. Unof. 

Argema (ar' - jem-ah) [apysfia, an ulcer : pi. , Argemata] . 
A white ulcer of the margin of the cornea, following 
phlyctenula. 

Argemone (ar-jem-o'-ne) [apye/xov, an ulcer]. A genus 
of plants. A. mexicana, the horned or prickly 
poppy, a plant native to North America. It is said to 
have hypnotic qualities, and its seeds afford a purga- 
tive oil. Unof. 

Argentation (ar-jen-tn'-shun) [argentum, silver]. 
Staining with a preparation of silver. 

Argentic (ar-jen'-tik) [atgentum, silver]. Pertaining 
to, or of the nature of silver. Containing silver as a 
univalent radical. 

Argentine (ar'-jen-tin) [argentum, silver]. Contain- 
ing or resembling silver. 

Argentum (ar-jen' '-turn) [L. : gen., Argent/']. Silver. 
Ag=lo8; quantivalence, 1. A malleable and ductile 
metal of brilliant white luster. It tarnishes only in the 
presence of free sulphur, sulphur gases, and phosphorus. 
It is an excellent substance for vessels used in pharmacy 
and for sutures used in surgery. The following salts 



ARGIAMBLYOPIA 



109 



ARMY ITCH 



are used: A. cyanidum, AgCN.used in the prepara- 
tion of hydrocyanic acid. A. iodidum, Agl, some- 
times used internally instead of A. nitras. Dose 
gr. }£-). A. nitras, AgNO.,, " nitrate of silver," 
argentic nitrate, " lunar caustic," a powerful astringent 
and an escharotic of moderate strength. It stains 
skin and other tissues black when applied in strength. 
In small doses it stimulates the heart and nerve centers. 
If too long continued, it leaves a slate-colored, insolu- 
ble deposit of silver under the skin (Argyria). Dose 
gr. )/(,- l A- A. nitras dilutus, the mitigated caustic or 
dilute stick is fused with an equal weight of potassium 
nitrate. A. nitras fusus, "stick caustic." Con- 
tains four percent, of silver chlorid. It is used locally. 
A. oxidum, Ag 2 0, explosive when treated with am- 
monia. Dose gr. ^-ij. A. vivum, an old name for 
mercury or quicksilver. 
Argiamblyopia (ar-ge-am-ble-o' -pe-ah) [apyia, disuse ; 

a/ipAvuiria, dim-sightedness]. See Argamblyopia. 
Argilla (ar-jil'-ah) [apyiXAoc, potter's clay]. White 

or potter's clay, alumina. See Bole. 
Argol (ar'-gol) [apyoc, white]. The impure tartar 

derived from wine. See Tartar. 
Argyll- Robertson Pupil. See Signs and Symptoms, 

Table of, and Pupil. 
Argyll- Robertson's Operation. See Operations, 

Table of. 
Argyria (ar-jii-'-e-ali) [argentum, silver]. A form of 
chloasma or discoloration of the skin and mucous 
membranes produced by the prolonged administration 
of nitrate of silver, the molecules of silver being de- 
posited in much the same position as those of the 
natural pigment of the skin. It may he. general, from 
internal administration, or local, from its local applica- 
tion. 
Argyriasis (ar-jir-i'-as-is). See Argytia. 
Argyrosis (ar-jir-o'-sis). Same as Argyria, q.v. 
Arhinia (ah-rin' -e-ah) [a priv. ; pic, nose]. Congen- 
ital absence of the nose. 
Arhythmia (ar-ith' -me-ah). See Arrhythmia. 
Aricin (ar'-is-in) \_Arica, in Peru], C 23 H 2f N 2 4 . An 
alkaloid obtained from several varieties of cinchona 
bark. 
Ariditas (ar-id' '-it-as) [L., " dryness"]. A dried or 

withered condition of any part or organ. 
Aridura (ar-id-u'-rah) [L.]. Dryness; a drying up, 
withering, or wasting of a part, or of the organism as 
a whole. 
Aril, or Arillus (ar'-il, or ar'-il-us) \_aridus, dry]. In 
biology, the accessory coat of certain seeds, growing 
from the funiculus, hilum, or placenta, as the mace of 
nutmegs. 
Arisema (ar-is-e'-mah) [apov, arum; otjjjux, a sign]. 
A genus of araceous herbs. A. atrorubens, the wild 
or Indian turnip, or Jack-in-the-Pulpit of Eastern N. 
America. Its corm is strongly stimulant and acrid, 
with emetic, expectorant, and sternutatory qualities. 
Other species have similar properties. Unof. 
Arista (ar-is' '-tali) [L. ]. In biology, the awn or beard 

of certain flowers or animals. 
Aristate (ar-is'-tat) [arista, the awn or beard of grain]. 

In biology, awned. Tipped with a bristle. 
Aristol (ar'-is-tol) [apwror, best; oleum, oil], (C 6 H 2 - 
CH :i OI.C 3 H 7 ) 2 . Annidalin ; Dithymol-iodid. An 
iodin compound used as a substitute for iodoform as an 
antiseptic dressing. It has the advantage of being 
odorless, and is used either in the powder form or as 
a five to ten per cent, ointment with vaselin or lanolin. 
Aristolochia (ar-is-to-lo'-ke-ali) [apiaroc, best; ?u)xeia, 
the lochia]. A genus of exogenous herbs, many 
species of which have active medicinal qualities. A. 
clematitis, of Europe, has been used as a tonic, stimu- 



lant, and diaphoretic. A. cymbifera, of S. America, 
furnishes a part of the drug called Guaco (q.v.), and 
is a good tonic and stimulant. A. serpentaria (see 
Serpentaria) is at present more used in medicine than 
any other species. 

Aristolochic (a.r-is-to-lo'-kik) [apiaroc, best ; ?io,xeia, the 
lochia]. I. Having the property of expelling the 
placenta, or of exciting or promoting the lochial dis- 
charge. 2. A medicine used for expelling the secun- 
dines or for exciting the lochial flow. 

Aristolochin (ar-is to-lo'-kiu) \_apioToc, best ; Tio^ela, 
the lochia]. A bitter principle found in Virginia 
snake-root. See Serpentaria. 

Aristotle's Experiment. The double feeling experi- 
enced by the fingers when a single pebble is placed 
between the crossed fingers of one hand. 

Aristulate (ar-is' -tu-lat) [aristula, dim. of Arista, awn 
or beard of grain]. In biology, having a short awn. 

Arithmomania (ar-ith-mo-ma' -ne-ah) [apidp.6c, a num- 
ber ; fiavta, madness] . An insane anxiety with 
regard to the number of things that fall under 
the observation. Sometimes it consists in constant 
or uncalled-for counting, either of objects or in mere 
repeating of consecutive numbers. 

Arlt-Jaesche's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Arlt's Ointment. An ointment containing grs. viiss of 
belladonna to JJJX °f blue ointment, for use in bleph- 
arospasm. 

Arlt's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Arm (arm) \_armare, to arm] . I . That part of the upper 
extremity from the shoulder to the wrist. 2. That por- 
tion of the stand connecting the body or tube of a 
microscope to the pillar. 

Armadillo (ar-ma-dil'-o) [Sp., dim. of armado, armed]. 
A trade-name for a proprietary arrangement of plates, 
straps, and buckles worn upon the person for its 
alleged electric effects. 

Armamentarium (a r-ma-men-ta' '-re-um) [L. , an 
arsenal]. The outfit of medicines or instruments of 
the physician or surgeon. 

Armarium (ar-ma' -re-um) [L.] . See Armamentarium. 

Armature (ar'-mat-chur) \_armatura, equipment]. A 
mass of soft iron at the extremity of a magnet. Also, 
the core of iron around which coils of insulated wire 
are wound or disposed. 

Arma urticaria (ar'-mak er-tik-a'-re-ah) [L.]. The 
urticating weapons of Calenterates. 

Arm-chair, Charcot's. See Shaking Cure. 

Armed Tape-worm. See Tenia solium. 

Armenian (ar-me'-ne-an) [Armenia]. Of or belonging 
to Armenia. A. Blue. Same as Ultramarine. A. 
Bole, a reddish, unctuous earth or clay formerly 
much used in medicine, now used in tooth-powders 
and in veterinary practice. It is absorbent and 
astringent. 

Armilla (ar-mil'-ah) [armilla, a bracelet, ring]. I. In 
biology, the annular ligament of the wrist ; a colored 
ring on the tibia of a bird or the plaited frill on the 
stipe of certain mushrooms. 2. The Gasserian gang- 
lion. 

Armpit (arm' -pit) [annus, shoulder ; puteus, a well]. 
The axilla. 

Armus (ar'-mus) [annus, apfioe, the shoulder]. The 
arm, or the arm and shoulder. 

Army Itch (ar'-me itch). A distressing chronic form 
of itch prevalent in the United States at the close of 
the civil war. The itching was intense. The erup- 
tion was seen especially on the arms, forearms, chest, 
abdomen, and lower extremities, particularly on the 
ulnar side of the forearm and inner aspect of the 
thigh. It resembled prurigo associated with vesicles, 
pustules, and eczema. 



ARNANDON GREEN 



110 



ARSENICAL 



Arnandon Green. Same as Mittler's Green. 

Arnatto (ar-nat'-o). See Annotto. 

Arnica (ar' -uik-ah) [L.: gen., Arnica], A genus of com- 
posite-flowered plants. The name in medicine de- 
notes the plant commonly known as " Leopard's 
bane," A. montana. Both flowers and roots are used 
in medicine. Its properties are probably due to an 
alkaloid, trimethylamin, C 3 H 9 N. In small doses it is 
a cardiac stimulant ; in larger doses a depressant. In 
toxic doses it frequently causes death. It is a popular 
remedy, when locally applied, for sprains, bruises and 
surface wounds, and is valuable also in typhus and 
typhoid fevers as an antipyretic. A., Emplastrum, 
contains ext. of root j,t„ resin plaster 67 parts. A., 
Ext. Radicis. Dose gr. j-iij. A., Ext. Rad. Fid. 
Dose TTLv-xx. A., Infusum, 20 parts flowers, 100 
parts water. Superior to the tincture for local use. A., 
Tinct., 2opercent. Dose TTlv-xxx. A., Tinct. Rad., 
10 per cent. Dose rr\,v-xxx. Trimithsylamin, (unof.). 
Dose gr. ij-iij in syrup. Arnicae flores, arnica flow- 
ers. Arnicse radix, the root of arnica. 

Arnicin (ar'-nis-in) [arnica], C 20 H 30 O 4 . A brownish, 
bitter glucosid extracted from the flowers of Arnica 
montana. 

Arnold's Convolution. See Convolutions, Table of. 
A. Fold, valvula lachrymalis superior, a fold of the 
mucous membrane seen in the lachrymal sac. A. 
Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. A. Nerve. See 
Nerves, Table of. A. Plexus. See Plexus. 

Arnott's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. A. 
Mixture. See Frigorific Mixture. A. Ventilator. 
See Ventilation. 

Aroma (ar-o'-mali) [apupa, spice]. The volatile fra- 
grant or odorous emanation of certain vegetable sub- 
stances. 

Aromatic (ar-o-mat' -ik) [apupa, spice]. I. Having a 
spicy odor. 2. A substance characterized by a frag- 
rant, spicy taste and odor, as cinnamon, ginger, the es- 
sential oils, etc. A stimulant to the gastro-intestinal 
mucous membrane. 3. A qualification applied to a 
series of carbon compounds originating from a nucleus 
composed of six carbon-atoms, C 6 H 6 . Their stability 
is relatively great as compared to the fatty bodies. A. 
Acids, those of the benzin-group of hydrocarbons. 
A. Compound, any benzyl-derivative. A. Fid. Ext., 
aromatic powder 100, alcohol q. s. A. Group, a 
series of hydrocarbons having the composition C I0 - 
H 16 . A. Powder. See Cinnamomum. A. Vine- 
gar, any mixture of aromatic oils with vinegar. It is 
used as a stimulating agent. See Acetum. 

Aromin (ar-o'-min) [apupa, spice]. An alkaloid ob- 
tainable from urine, after creatinin, etc., have been 
removed from the mother-liquor. When heated it 
emits a fragrant odor. 

Arquatus (ar-kwa' -tus) [L., a rainbow]. Showing 
several colors. A. morbus, an old name for jaun- 
dice, from the discoloration of the skin ; rainbow 
disease. 

Arrack (ar'-ak) [Ind.]. Any alcoholic liquor is called 
arrack in the East, but arrack proper is a liquor dis- 
tilled from toddy, malted rice, or dates. 

Arrak (ar'-ak). See Arrack. 

Arrector (ar-ek'-tor) [L., an erector]. A name applied 
to certain muscles. A. pili Muscle, a fan-like ar- 
rangement of a layer of smooth muscular fibers sur- 
rounding the hair follicle, whose contraction erects 
the follicle and produces cutis anserina or " goose- 
skin." 

Arrest (ar-csf ) [ad, to ; restare, to withstand] . Stop- 
page, detention. Arrested development, is when 
an organ or organism fails in its normal evolution, 
stopping at the initial or intermediate stages of the 



process. Arrested head, when in parturition the 
child's head is hindered but not impacted in the pelvic 
cavity. 

Arrestation (ar-es-ta'-shun). Same as Arrest. 

Arrhea (ah-re'-ah) [a priv.; poia, a flow]. The cessa- 
tion or suppression of any discharge. 

Arrhenotocia (ar-cn-o-to' -se-ah) [apprpi, male; tokoc, 
a bringing forth] . A form of parthenogenesis in which 
without coitus male eggs are deposited, as in bees. 

Arrhinia (ah-rin'-e-ah). Same as Arhinia. 

Arrhizous (ah-ri'-zus) [a priv.; pi r a, a root]. In 
biology, destitute of roots or rhizoids, as parasitic 
plants, certain mosses, hepaticae, etc. 

Arrhythmia (ah-rith' -me-ah) [a priv. ; pvQpoq, rhythm]. 
Absence of rhythm ; chiefly used in the expression ar- 
rhythmia cordis, denoting irregularity or lack of rhythm 
in the heart's action. See Cardiac Rhythm. 

Arrhythmic (ah-rith' -mik) [a priv. ; pvtipuc, rhythm]. 
Without rhythm ; irregular. 

Arrhythmous (ah-rith' -mus). See Arrhythmic. 

Arrhythmy (ah-rith' -me) . Same as Arrhythmia. 

Arrow-poison (ar'-o-poi'-zuii). See Curare and Gua- 
chamaco. 

Arrowroot (ar'-o-rooi) [ME., arow ; roote]. A kind 
of starch derived from Maranla arundinacea of the 
West Indies, Southern States, etc. It is a popular 
remedy for diarrhea, and is widely used as a food. 
Many other starchy preparations are sold as arrow- 
root. 

Arsenate, or Arseniate (ar'- sen- at, ar-se'-ne-dt) 
[arsenium]. Any salt of arsenic acid. Ferrous 
arseniate, arseniate of iron, sparingly used in medi- 
cine : it is the ferri arsenias of the B. P. It is a 
tasteless, greenish powder, combining the effects of 
iron and arsenic ; used largely in anemia and skin 
diseases. Dose gr. yg— i- 

Arseniasis (ar sen-i'-as-is). Same as Arsenism. 

Arsenic, Arsenicum, or Arsenum (ar'-sen-ik, ar- 
sen'-ik itm, or ar-sc'-num). As = 75 ; quantivalence 
ill, v. A non-metal having a metallic luster and crys- 
talline structure. In small doses it is a stomachic and 
general tonic, promoting appetite and cardiac action, 
and stimulating mental activity. It is of great value in 
irritative dyspepsia, and is sometimes used internally to 
blanch and clear the skin. In larger doses it creates 
skin-eruptions and behaves as a violent corrosive poison, 
acting with cumulative effect. Externally, it is a pow- 
erful escharotic, used in cancer. Only the salts and 
oxids are used in medicine. A. acid., arsenous acid, 
white arsenic, " ratsbane," As 2 3 . Dose gr. 3 V~rV- 
A., acid., liquor. (Liq. arsenici hydrochlorici, B. P.), 
a 1 per cent, solution of the acid in hydrochloric 
acid and distilled water. Dose tTLij-x. Ferri 
arsenas, Fe 3 As 2 8 . Dose gr. * t \ . Liq. Ar- 
senici hydrochlor. (B. P.). Dose rr\jj-viij. Po- 
tassii arsenit., Liq. {Liquor Arsenicalis, B. P.). 
Fowler's solution, contains A. acid I, potass, bicar- 
bonate 1, comp. tinct. lavender 3, and distilled water 
q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose TTLij-x. Sodii arsenas, 
Na 2 HAsCv7H 2 0. Dose of the dried salt gr. sWir- 
Sodii arsenat., Liq., Pearson's solution. Dose, 
m„ij-xv. A. iodid, Asl 3 . Dose gr. J5-J. A. et 
hydrargyri iod., Liq., liquor of the iodid of arsenic 
and mercury, Donovan's solution, contains A. iodid 
1, mercuric iodid I, distilled water 100 parts. Dose 
rnjj-x. A. bromas, AsBr, valuable in diabetes. 
Dose gr. $g. A. brom., Liq., Clemens' solution, a 
one per cent, solution of the arsenite of bromin. Dose 
TTL j-iv. The tests for arsenic are Fleitmann's, Marsh's, 
and Reinsch's, for which see Tests, Table of. 

Arsenical (ar-sen'-ik-al) [arsenum, arsenic]. Per- 
taining to arsenic. A. Devitalizing Fiber, used 



ARSENICALISM 



111 



ARTERIOSITY 



in places where pastes would be dangerous, lrom 
leakage. 

Jjfc. Absorbent cotton (cross-cut fine) 
Arsenous oxid, gr. v 

Acetate of morphin, gr. x 

Oily carbolic acid, q. s., to very thin paste. 
Saturate cotton with paste and dry. 

A. Paste (Pate Arsenicale), a French composition, 
used as application for destroying the pulps of decayed 
teeth. 

IJfc. Arsenous oxid, gr. v 

Acetate of morphin, gr. x 

Mull in mortar; moisten cotton pellet in either oil of 
cloves, eugenol, oily carbolic acid, or dental aconite, 
and dip into powder. See also Frere Come. 

Arsenicalism (ar-sen' -ik-al-iztn). Same as Arsenism. 

Arsenicism [ar-sen' -is-izm). Same as Arsenism. 

Arsenicophagy (ar-sen-ik-off' -a je) \_arsenum, arsenic ; 
<j>a'yeiv, to eat]. The habitual eating of arsenic. 

Arsenism (ar' -sen-izm) [arsenum, arsenic]. Chronic 
arsenical poisoning ; arsenicalism. 

Arsenite (ar' -sen-it) [arsenum, arsenic]. Any salt of 
arsenous acid. 

Arsenization (ar-sen-iz-a' -shun) [arsenum, arsenic]. 
Treatment with arsenical remedies. 

Arsenoblast (ar-sen' -o-blast) [apa?]v, male; (ilaaruc, 
germ]. In biology, the male element of the sexual 
cell, capable of multiplication by division ; the oppo- 
site of the thelyblast or female element. 

Arsenous, or Arsenious (ar'-seti-us, ar-se' -ne-us) [ar- 
senum, arsenic]. Containing arsenic. A. Acid. See 
Arsenic. 

Arse-smart (ars' '-smart). See Polygonum hydropiper. 

Arsins (ar'-sinz) [arsenum, arsenic]. Peculiar volatile 
arsenical bases found by Selmi to be produced by the 
contact of arsenous acid and albuminous substances. 

Arsonium (ar-so'-?ie-um) [arsenum, arsenic ; ammo- 
nium'], AsH 4 . A univalent radical in which arsenic 
replaces the nitrogen of ammonium. 

Arsura (ar-su'-rah) [L., a " burn "]. An old name for 
gonorrhea. 

Art [art) [ars, artis, skill]. Skill; dexterity. A., 
Dental, the application of the rules of dental surgery 
to the treatment of the diseases of the teeth and the 
replacement of the loss of those organs. 

Artanthe [ar-tan' -the) [L.]. A genus of piperaceous 
plants. A. elongata, the plant that affords the drug 
Matico, q. v. It is a vine of the pepper family, a 
native of Peru. 

Artefact [ar' -te-fakt) . See Artifact. 

Artemisia (ar-tem-is'-e-ah) ['Apre/iic, the goddess 
Diana] . A genus of plants of the order composite. 
A. abrotanum, southern 'wood, is stimulant, tonic, and 
vermifuge, and is popularly used as a vulnerary. It 
is similar in properties to wormwood. Dose of fid. 
ext. n\x-xx. Unof. A. absinthium. See Absinthe. 
A. maritima affords pure Wormseed, a. v. A. vul- 
garis, mugwort, is a popular remedy in various 
diseases. 

Arteria (ar-te' -re-ah) [aprepia, the trachea]. Hollow 
tubes. The plural was applied to the bronchial 
tubes. The ancients supposed these filled with vital 
spirit during life. See Artery. 

Arteriac (ar-te' -re-ak) [aprepia, the trachea]. I. Per- 
taining to the trachea, or to the arteries. 2. A remedy 
used in diseases of the trachea or of the arteries. 

Arteriagra (ar-ter-e-a'-grah) [aprepia, trachea ; aypa, 
a seizure]. Neuralgia of an artery. 

Arterial (ar-te' -re-al) [aprepia, the trachea]. Pertain- 
ing to an artery. 

Arterialization (ar-te-re-al-iz-a' -shun) [aprepia, the 
trachea]. The process of making or becoming arte- 



rial ; the change from dark, venous blood into that 

which is bright-red, as in the arteries. 
Arteriarctia (ar-te-re-ark' -te-ah) [aprepia, trachea; 

arc/us, bound]. Constriction or stenosis of an artery. 
Arteriectasis (ar-te-re-ek' -tas-is) [aprepia, trachea; 

etiraoic, a stretching out]. Arterial dilatation. 
Arteriectopia (ar-te-re-ek-to' '-pe-ak) [aprepia, trachea; 

enroxoc, out of place]. Displacement or abnormality 

in the course of an artery. 
Arterin (ar'-fer-in) [aprepia, trachea]. Hoppe-Seyler's 

term for the arterial blood-pigment as contained in the 

corpuscles. 
Arterioarctia (ar-te-re-o-ark' -te-ah) . See Arteriarctia. 
Arterio-capillary (ar-te-re-o-kap'-il-a-re) [aprepia, 

trachea ; capillus, a hair]. Pertaining to arteries and 

capillaries. A. Fibrosis, the undue augmentation, 

or abnormal preponderance, of connective- tissue ele- 
ments in the walls of capillaries and arteries. 
Arteriodiastasis [ar-te-re-o-di-as' -tas-is) [aprepia, 

trachea ; diaaramc, separation] . The retraction of the 

two ends of a divided artery. 
Arterio-fibrosis (ar-te-re-o-fi-bro' -sis) [aprepia, trachea; 

fibra, a fiber]. A term applied to the condition of 

the arterial capillaries in chronic interstitial disease. 
Arteriogram (ar-te' -re-o-gram). See Sphygmogram. 
Arteriograph (ar-te' -re-o-graf) . [aprepia, trachea ; 

ypdtyeiv, to record]. A form of sphygmograph . 
Arteriography (ar-te-re-og' -ra-fe) [aprepia, trachea ; 

ypa<p!/, a writing] . I . A description of the arteries. 

2. The graphic representation of the pulse- waves or of 

the arterial blood-current. 
Arteriola (ar-te-ri'-o-lah) [L. : //. , Arteriolar]. An 

arteriole. 
Arteriolae Rectae (ar-te-re-o' -le rek'-te) [L. ] . The 

small blood-vessels that supply the medullary pyramids 

of the kidneys. 
Arteriole (ar-te' -re-ol) [arteriola]. A very small 

artery. 
Arteriology (ar-te-re-oF -o- je) [aprepia, trachea ; \6yoc, 

science]. The science of the arteries; the anatomy, 

physiology, and pathology of the arteries. 
Arteriomalacia (ar-te-re-o-mal-a'-se-ah) [aprepia, 

trachea ; fia'Aania, softness] . The softening of an 

artery. 
Arteriopathy (ar-te-re-op' '-a-the) [aorepia, trachea; 

ttMoc, illness]. Any disease of an artery or of arteries. 
Arteriophlebotomy (ar-te-re-o- Jle-bot' -o-me) [aprepia, 

trachea ; (piei\>, a vein ; rkjiveiv, to cut] . Local blood- 
letting. 
Arterioplania (ar-te-re-o-pla' -ne-ah) [aprepia, trachea : 

TrXavaaftai, to wander]. Deviation or tortuousness in 
•the course of an artery. 
Arterio-renal (ar-te-re-o-re'-nal) [aprepia, trachea; ren, 

the kidney]. Pertaining to the renal blood-vessels. 

A. Disease, a pathologic condition of middle life 

characterized by an early stage of renal cirrhosis due 

primarily to vascular lesions. Its symptoms are mainly 

high vascular tension, albuminuria, and tendency to 

apoplectic seizures. 
Arteriorrhagia (ar-te-re-or-a' -je-ah) [aprepia, trachea ; 

pf/yvvaflai, to break forth]. Arterial hemorrhage. 
Arteriorrhexis (ar-te-re-or-eks' -is) [aprepia, trachea ; 

pf/^ic, a bursting]. Rupture of an artery. 
Arteriosclerosis (ar-te-re-o-skle-ro' -sis) [aprepia, 

trachea; oKAr/pdc, hard]. The hardening of the walls 

of an artery, and especially of the intima. See 

Endarteritis. 
Arterio-sclerotic (ar-te-re-o-skle-rof '-ik ) [aprepia, 

trachea ; OK'Krjpdc, hard] . Pertaining to arteriosclerosis. 

A. Kidney. See Bright 's Disease. 
Arteriosity (ar-te-re-os'-it-e) [aprepia, trachea]. The 

quality of being arterious, or arterial. 



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115 



ARTHROGRYPOSIS 



Arteriostenosis (ar-ie-re-o-ste-no' -sis) [aprepia, trachea; 
orfvoc, narrow]. The narrowing of the caliber of an 
artery in any part. 

Arteriostrepsis (ar-te-re-o-strep 1 '-sis) [aprepia, trachea; 
OTpiftc-, a twisting]. The twisting of an artery for 
the purpose of staying a hemorrhage. 

Arteriotome (ar-te' ' -re-o-tom) [aprepia, trachea ; rkjivetv, 
to cut]. A knife for use in arteriotomy. 

Arteriotomy (ar-te-re-of '-o-me) [aprzp'ia, trachea ; 
Te/iveiv, to cut]. I. The cutting or opening of an 
artery, as for the purpose of letting blood. 2. Dissec- 
tion or anatomy of the arteries. 

Arterious {ar-te' -re-us) [aprepia, trachea]. Relating 
to anatomy or to the arteries ; arterial. 

Arterio-venous (ar-te-re-o-ve'-nus) [aprepia, trachea ; 
vena, vein]. Both arterial and venous ; involving an 
artery and a vein, as an arterio-venous aneurysm. 

Arterio-version (ar-te-re-o-ver' '-shun) [aprepia, trachea ; 
vertere, to turn] . Weber's method of arresting hemor- 
rhage by turning vessels inside out by means of an 
instrument called the arterio-verter. 

Arterio-verter. See Arterioversion. 

Arteritis (ar-te-ri'-tis) [aprr/pia, trachea ; iric, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of an artery. The acute form, 
always local, is generally consecutive to trauma, 
thrombosis, or embolism, and may be purulent in 
character, and attended with ulceration ; the chronic, 
more properly Endarteritis, a. v. , arterial sclerosis, 
leading to atheroma or atheromatous changes, is a 
frequent disease of the aged. A. deformans, the 
result of atheromatous changes producing crumpling or 
irregularities of the walls. See Chronic Endarteritis . 
A. obliterans, great inflammatory development of the 
endothelium of an artery, resulting in obliteration of the 
lumen by thrombosis. See Endarteritis obliterans. 

Artery (ar'-ter-e) [arteria ; 
aprrjpia, trachea] . Arteries 
are the tube-like vessels 
through which the blood 
is propelled by the heart 
to the peripheral organs. 
They end in arterioles and 
capillaries. They are com- 
posed of three layers : the 
outer, or tunica adventitia: 
the middle, or tunica 
media, the muscular coat ; 
the internal, or intima, 
composed of nucleated en- 
dothelial cells, connective 
and elastic tissue. A. 
Terminal, an artery 
whose branches do not 
form anastomoses with 
other arteries. A table of 
the arteries is appended. 

Arthragra (ar-lhra'-grah) 
[apdpov, a joint; aypa, 
seizure]. Gout. 

Arthral (ar'-thral) [apdpov, 
a joint]. Articular; relat- 
ing to an arthron. 

Arthralgia (ar-thral'-je-ah) 
[apdpov, a joint ; d/lyoc, 
pain]. Pain in a joint; 
gout ; arthritis ; rheumatism. 

Arthralgic (ar-thral'-jik) [apdpov, a joint ; aXyoc , pain] . 
Relating to arthralgia. 

Arthrectomy [ar-threk 1 ' -to-me) [apdpov, a joint ; euro/if/, 
a cutting out]. Surgical excision of a joint. 

Arthrelcosis (ar-threl-ko'-sis) [apdpov, a joint ; eXuoxng, 
ulceration]. Ulceration of a joint. 




Coats of a Small Artery. 
a, endothelium; 6, internal 
elastic lamina; c, circular 
muscular fibers of the middle 
coat ; d, the outer coat. 
{Landois.) 



Arthremia (ar-thre'-me-ah) [apdpov, a joint ; <ii/ia, 
blood]. A congested condition of a joint. 

Arthrempyema (ar-threm-pi-e' -mah) [ap0poi>,ajoint; ift- 
iri'i/pa, suppuration]. Suppuration or abscess of a joint. 

Arthrempyesis {ar-threm-pi-e' -sis). See Arthroem- 
pyesis. 

Arthritic (ar-thrit' -ik) [apdpov, a joint]. Relating to 
arthritis or to gout. 

Arthritis (ar-thri'-tis) [apdpov, a joint ; trie, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a joint. A. chlorotica. 
Synonym of Enteritis pseudomembranous. A. defor- 
mans, chronic inflammation of a joint with deformity ; 
rheumatoid arthritis. A. fungosa, scrofulous or tuber- 
cular disease of the joints ; white swelling. A. pau- 
perum. Synonym of Rheumatoid arthritis. A. 
proliferating. See A. deformans. A. rheumatic, 
Chronic rheumatoid arthritis ; Osteo-artln-itis ; Rheu- 
matic gout ; Nodular rheumatism; Arthritis defor- 
mans ; a chronic joint-affection characterized by 
inflammatory overgrowth of the articular cartilages 
and synovial membranes, with destruction of those 
parts of the cartilages subject to intra-articular pressure, 
and progressive deformity. The disease attacks those 
who present the rheumatic diathesis, and is chiefly seen 
in advanced life, though the young are not exempt. 
A., rheumatoid. See A. deformans. A. uritica, 
arthritis due to gout. 

Arthritism (ar'-thrit-izm) [apdpov, a joint]. Gout or 
the gouty diathesis. 

Arthritolith (ar-thrit' -o-lith) [apdpov, a joint ; lidoc , a 
stone]. Gouty calcareous deposit or concretion in or 
around a joint. 

Arthrobranchia (ar-thro-brang' '-ke-ah) [apdpov, a joint; 
Ppdyxia, gills]. In biology, a branchial plume at- 
tached to the membranous articulation between the 
coxa and the body of decapod crustaceans. 

Arthrocace (ar-throk' -as-e) [apdpov, a joint ; kokoc, ill]. 
Fungous, strumous, or tuberculous arthritis. 

Arthrocacology (ar-thro-kak-ol' -o-je) [apdpov, joint ; 
Kauri, fault; Aoyog, science]. The sum of knowledge 
regarding joint-diseases. 

Arthrocele (ar'-thro-sel, or ar-thro-se'-le) [apdpov, a 
joint; ar/Ar/, a tumor]. Swelling of a joint, especially 
of a knee-joint in gonorrheal rheumatism. 

Arthrochondritis (ar-thro-kon-dri'-tis) [apdpov, a joint; 
Xov&pot;, a cartilage; trig, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the cartilaginous parts of a joint. 

Arthroclasia (ar-thro-kla'-se-ah) [apdpov, a joint; 
nlaeiv, to break]. The breaking down of ankyloses in 
order to produce free movement of a joint. 

Arthroclasy (ar'-thro-kla-se). Same as Arthroclasia. 

Arthroderm (ar'-thro-derm) [apdpov, a joint ; depua, 
skin]. The parietes of an arthropod. 

Arthrodesis (ar-throd' -es-is) [apdpov, joint ; <5t'ff<c, a 
binding]. Surgical fixation of paralyzed joints. 

Arthrodia (ar-thro'-de-ah) [apdpwdia, a kind of articula- 
tion]. A form of joint permitting a gliding movement. 
See Diarthrosis. 

Arthrodial (ar-thro'-de-al) [apdpuSia, a kind of articu- 
lation]. Pertaining to or of the nature of arthrodia. 

Arthrodynia (ar-thro-din' -e-ah) [apdpov, ajoint ; bdiivn, 
pain]. See Arthralgia. 

Arthrodynic (ar-thro-din' -ik) [apdpov, a joint ; bdbvt], 
pain] . Relating to or affected by arthrodynia. 

Arthroempyesis (ar-thro-em-pi-e' -sis) [apdpov, a joint ; 
kjnxvr)(iiq, suppuration]. Suppuration in ajoint. 

Arthrography (ar-throg'-ra-fe) [apdpov, a joint ; 
ypaipei.v, to write]. A description of the joints. 

Arthrogryposis (ar-thro-grip-o'-sis) [apdpov, a joint ; 
ypvTroaig, flexure]. I. Permanent flexure of ajoint; 
ankylosis. 2. Persistent idiopathic contracture of a 
ioint. 3. Tetany or tetanilla. 



ARTERIES 116 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Aberrant (from brach- 
ial or axillary). 


Connect the brachial 
or axillary with the 
radial usually, at 
times with the ulnar 
or interosseous. 






Acromial. 


Acromio-thoracic. 


Deltoid muscle (in part), assists in the 
formation of the acromial rete. 




Acromial. 


Suprascapular. 


Acromial rete. 




Acromio-thoracic 
(thoracic axis). 


Second branch of first 
part of axillary. 


Shoulder, arm, upper anterior part of 
chest, and mammary gland. 


Acromial, humeral, pectoral, clavicu- 
lar. 


Adipose. 


Thoracic aorta. 


Adipose tissue of heart. 




Afferent. 


Interlobular of kidneys. 


Glomeruli. 




Alar thoracic. 


Second part of axillary. 


Lymphatic glands in axilla. 




Alveolar (gingival). 


Posterior dental. 


The gums. 




Anastomotic (of exter- 
nal plantar). 


External plantar. 


Outer border of foot. 


Anastomoses with the tarsal and 
metatarsal branches of the dorsalis 
pedis. 


Anastomotic (of inter- 
nal plantar). 


Internal plantar. 


Inner side cf foot. 


Anastomoses with internal tarsal 
branch of the dorsalis pedis. 


Anastomotic (of mid- 
dle meningeal), also 
called perforating. 


Middle meningeal. 


Around greater wing of sphenoid. 


Anastomose with deep temporal. 


Anastomotic (of sci- 
atic). 


Sciatic. 


External rotator muscles of thigh. 


Assists in the formation of the crucial 
anastomosis. 


Anastomotica magna 
(of brachial). 


Brachial. 


Elbow. 


Posterior and anterior. 


Anastomotica magna 
(of superficial fe- 
moral). 


Superficial femoral (in 
Hunter's canal). 


Knee. 


Superficial and deep. 


Angular. 


The termination of the 
facial. 


Lachrymal sac and lower part of or- 
bicularis palpebrarum. 


Anastomoses with infraorbital. 


Anterior (of corpora 
quadrigemina). 


Posterior cerebral. 


Anterior portion of corpora quadri- 
gemina. 




Anterior (of recepta- 
cle). 


Internal carotid. 


Dura mater of cavernous sinus and ad- 
jacent parts. 




Antral. 


Posterior dental. 


Antrum of Highmore. 




Aorta, abdominal. 


Thoracic aorta. 


Two common iliacs. 


Phrenic (right and left), celiac axis, 
suprarenal or capsular (right and 
left), superior mesenteric, lumbar 
(four pairs), renal (right and left), 
spermatic (right and left), inferior 
mesenteric, right and left common 
iliac, middle sacral. 


Aorta, arch. 


Left ventricle of heart. 


Thoracic a^rta. 


Two coronary, innominate, left com- 
mon carotid, left subclavian. 


Aorta, primitive. 


That portion from thf 
origin to the point at 
which the first branch 
is given off. 






Aorta, thoracic. 


Arch of aorta. 


Abdominal aorta. 


Two or three pericardiac, three 
bronchial, four or five esophageal, 
twenty intercostal, subcostal (or 
twelfth dorsal), diaphragmatic, 
aberrans. 


Aortae, primitive (2). 


Cardiac (in the em- 
bryo). 


Pass through the first visceral arch. 


Unite to form the dorsal. 


Appendicular. 


Ilio-colic. 


Mesentery of vermiform appendix. 




Articular, middle (of 
knee). 


Popliteal 


Crucial ligaments and joint. 




Articular, superior ex- 
ternal (of knee). 


Popliteal. 


Crureus and knee. 





ARTERIES 117 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Articular, superior, in- 
ternal. 


Popliteal. 


Knee. 




Ascending. 


External circumflex. 


Deep structures of gluteal region and 
hip-joint. 




Asternal. 


Internal mammary. 


Inner surface of costal cartilages. 




Atrabiliary. See Cap- 
sular. 








Auditory, internal. 


Basilar. 


Internal ear. 




Auricular. 


Occipital. 


Pinna and concha. 




Auricular, anterior, in- 
ferior. 


Superficial temporal. 


Auricle and external auditory meatus. 




Auricular, anterior, 
superior. 


Superficial temporal. 


Auricle and external meatus. 




Auricular, deep. 


Internal maxillary (first 
part). 


Membrana tympani and skin of ex- 
ternal auditory meatus. 




Auricular, left. 


Left coronary artery. 


Left auricle, pulmonary artery, and 
commencement of aorta. 




Auricular, posterior. 


Fifth branch of external 
carotid. 


Back of auricle, scalp, and part of neck. 


Parotid, muscular, stylo-mastoid, an- 
terior terminal or auricular, and pos- 
terior terminal or mastoid. 


Auricular, right. 


Right coronary artery. 


Right auricle, aorta, auricular septum. 




Axillary. 


Subclavian. 


Brachial and seven branches. 


Superior thoracic, acromio-thoracic, 
long thoracic, alar thoracic, subscap- 
ular, anterior and posterior circum- 
flex. 


Azygos (articular, of 
external plantar). 


External plantar. 


Articulations of tarsus. 




Azygos (articular, of 
internal plantar). 


Internal plantar. 


Articulations on inner side of foot. 


Anastomoses with branches of external 
plantar. 


Azygos (articular, of 
popliteal). 


Popliteal. 


Knee. 




Azygos (articular, of 
sciatic). 


Sciatic. 


Posterior part of capsule of hip-joint. 




Azygos (articular, of 
superior profunda). 


Superior profunda. 


Elbow-joint, posterior part. 


Anastomoses with anastomotica mag- 
na and interosseous recurrent. 


Azygos (articular, of 
suprascapular). 


Suprascapular. 


The acromio-clavicular and shoulder 
joints. 




Azygos (articular, of 
temporal). 


Temporal. 


Temporo-maxillary joint. 




Basilar. 


By confluence of right 
and left vertebral. 


Brain. 


Transverse (or pontile), internal audi- 
tory, anterior cerebellar, superior 
cerebellar, two posterior cerebral. 


Bicipital (or ascend- 
ing)- 


Anterior circumflex. 


Long tendon of biceps and shoulder- 
joint. 




Brachial. 


Axillary. 


Arm and forearm. 


Superior and inferior profunda, anas- 
tomotica magna, nutrient, muscular, 
radial and ulnar. 


Brachio-cephalic. 


See Innominate. 






Bronchial (inferior). 


Thoracic aorta. 


Bronchi and parenchyma of the lungs. 




Bronchial (superior). 


Arch of aorta. 


Bronchi. 




Buccal. 


Racial. 


Vluscles of cheek. 


Anastomoses with buccal branch of 
internal maxillary, the transverse 
facial and infraorbital. 


Buccal. 


Internal maxillary. 


Buccinator muscle and mucous mem- 
brane of mouth. 


Anastomoses with the buccal branch 
of the facial, the transverse facial 
and infraorbital. 


Buccal. 


Posterior dental. 


Buccinator muscle. 




Of the bulb. 


First part of internal 
pudic. 


Erectile tissue of the bulb and the cor- 
pus spongiosum. 





ARTERIES 118 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Calcanean, external 
and internal. 


Peroneal. 


Over the os calcis and surrounding 
soft parts. 




Calcanean, inferior (of 
external plantar). 


External plantar. 


Over inner surface of os calcis. 


Anastomoses with internal calcanean 
of peroneal. 


Calcanean, middle. 


Posterior tibial. 


Os calcis. 




Callosal. 


See Calloso-marginal. 






Calloso-marginal. 


Anterior cerebral. 


Callosal and upper part of marginal 
convolutions. 




Capsular (or atrabili- 
ary). 


Abdominal aorta. 


Suprarenal capsule. 




Capsular. 


See Perirenal. 






Cardiac. 


Gastric. 


Cardiac end of stomach. 




Cardiac, right. See 
Coronary ', right (of 
heart) . 








Carotid, common. 


Right side, innominate; 
left side, arch. 


External and internal carotid. 


External and internal carotid. 


Carotid, external. 


Common carotid. 


Anterior part of neck, face, side of 
head, integuments and dura mater. 


Ascending pharyngeal, superior thy- 
roid, lingual, facial, occipital, pos- 
terior auricular, temporal, internal 
maxillary. 


Carotid, internal. 


Common carotid. 


Greater part of brain, the orbit, inter- 
nal ear, forehead, and nose. 


Tympanic, vidian, arteria receptacuii, 
pituitary, gasserian, meningeal, oph- 
thalmic, posterior communicating, 
anterior choroid, anterior cerebral, 
middle cerebral. 


Carotid, primitive. See 
Carotid, common. 








Carotid, superficial. 
See Carotid, exter- 
nal. 








Carpal. 


Radial. 


Branches to lower end of radius, wrist, 
and carpal-joints. 


Enters into formation of anterior car- 
pal rete. 


Carpal. 


Ulnar. 


Carpus. 


Enters into formation of the posterior 
carpal rete. 


Caudate. 


Middle cerebral. 


Head of caudate nucleus. 




Caval. 


Right phrenic. 


Vena cava. 




Cecal, anterior. 


Inferior mesenteric. 


Anterior surface of cecum. 




Cecal, posterior. 


Posterior mesenteric. 


Posterior part of cecum. 




Celiac. 


Abdominal aorta. 


Stomach, duodenum, spleen, pancreas, 
liver and gall-bladder. 


Gastric, hepatic, splenic. 


Central (of retina). 


Ophthalmic. 


Retina. 




Central, of Zinn. See 
Central (of retina). 








Cerebellar, anterior. 


Basilar. 


Anterior inferior surface of cerebellum. 




Cerebellar, inferior. 


Vertebral. 


Vermiform process, and cortex of cere- 
bellum. 


Inferior vermiform and the hemi- 
spheral. 


Cerebellar, superior. 


Basilar. 


Superior vermiform process and cir- 
cumference of cerebellum. 


Superior vermiform and hemispheral. 


Cerebral, anterior. 


Internal carotid. 


Anterior portion of cerebrum. 


Anterior communicating, ganglionic 
(or central), commissural, hemi- 
sprieral (or cortical). 


Cerebral, inferior. 


See Cerebral, posterior. 






Cerebral, middle. 


Internal carotid. 


Middle portion of cerebrum. 


Ganglionic (or central), hemispheral 
(or cortical). 


Cerebral, posterior. 


Basilar. 


Temporo-sphenoidal and occipital 
lobes. 


Ganglionic (or central), and hemi- 
spheral (or cortical). 


Cervical. 


Uterine. 


Cervix uteri. 





ARTERIES 119 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Cervical, anterior. See 
Thyroid, anterior. 








Cervical, ascending. 


Inferior thyroid. 


Deep muscles of neck and spinal canal. 


Muscular, spinal and phrenic. 


Cervical, deep. 


Superior intercostal. 


Deep muscles of neck and spinal canal. 


Muscular, anastomotic, vertebral (or 
spinal). 


Cervical, descending. 


Deep cervical. 


Tissues of neck. 




Cervical, superficial. 


Transverse cervical. 


Trapezius, levator anguli scapulae, 
splenius muscles and posterior chain 
of lymphatic glands. 




Cervical, transverse 
(transversalis colli). 


Thyroid axis. 


Posterior cervical and scapular regions. 


Posterior scapular and superficial 
cervical. 


Chiasmic. 


Anterior cerebral. 


First portion of optic nerve. 




Choroid, anterior. 


Internal carotid. 


Hippocampus major and corpus fim- 
briatum. 




Choroid, posterior. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Velum interpositum and joins the cho- 
roid plexus. 




Ciliary, short and long, 
posterior and an- 
terior. 


Ophthalmic. 


The eye. 




Circular, of uterus. 


Uterine. 


Cervix uteri. 




Circumflex, anterior 
(of axillary). 


Axillary. 


Pectoralis major, biceps, and shoulder- 
joint. 


Bicipital and pectoral. 


Circumflex, external. 


Profunda femoris. 


Muscles of thigh. 


Ascending, transverse. and descending. 


Circumflex iliac, deep. 


External iliac. 


Upper part of thigh and lower part of 
abdomen. 


Muscular and cutaneous. 


Circumflex iliac, su- 
perficial. 


Common femoral. 


Iliacus and sartorius muscles, inguinal 
glands, and skin of thigh. 




Circumflex, internal. 


Profunda femoris. 


Muscles of thigh. 




Circumflex, posterior 
(of axillary). 


Axillary. 


Deltoid, teres minor, triceps, and shoul- 
der-joint. 


Nutrient, articular, acromial, muscu- 
lar. 


Clavicular. 


Acromio-thoracic. 


Subclavius muscle. 




Of the clitoris, cavern- 
ous. 


Internal pudic (in the 
female). 


Corpus cavernosum of clitoris. 




Of the clitoris, profun- 
da. 


See A., of the clitoris 
{cavernous) 






Coccygeal. 


Sciatic. 


Integument over lower part of sacrum 
and coccyx. 




Cochlear. 


Internal auditory. 


Cochlea. 




Colic, left. 


Inferior mesenteric. 


Colon, descending. 




Colic, middle. 


Superior mesenteric. 


Transverse colon. 




Colic, right. 


Superior mesenteric. 


Colon, ascending. 




Colic, transverse. 


Colic, middle. 


Transverse colon. 




Comes nervi phrenici. 
See Phrenic , superior 








Commissural. 


Anterior cerebral. 


Callosum. 




Communicating. 


Dorsalis pedis. 


Enters into formation of plantar arch. 


The fifth plantar digital, or princeps 
hallucis. 


Communicating. 


Occipital. 


Muscles of posterior part of neck. 


Anastomoses with branches of the 
vertebral. 


Communicating (or 
perforating). 


Deep palmar arch. 


Join proximal ends of metacarpal and 
second and third dorsal interosseous 
arteries. 




Communicating. 


Peroneal. 


Anastomoses with communicating 
branch of posterior tibial. 




Communicating. 


Posterior tibial. 


Anastomoses with communicating of 
peroneal. 





ARTERIES 120 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Communicating, ante- 
rior. 


Anterior cerebral. 


Assists in formation of anterior boun- 
dary of circle of Willis; sends bran- 
ches to caudate nucleus. 




Communicating, pos- 
terior. 


Posterior carotid. 


Enters into formation of circle of Wil 
lis ; uncinate convolution and optic 
thalamus. 


Uncinate, middle thalamic. 


Coronary. See Gas- 
tric. 








Coronary, inferior. 


Facial. 


Lower lip. 




Coronary, left. 


Left anterior sinus of 
Valsalva. 


Heart. 


Left auricular, anterior interventricu- 
lar, left marginal, terminal. 


Coronary, right. 


Right anterior sinus of 
Valsalva. 


Heart. 


Right auricular, preventricular, right 
marginal, posterior interventricular, 
transverse. 


Coronary, right, of 
stomach. See Py- 
loric. 








Coronary, superior. 


Facial. 


Upper lip. 


Arteria septum narium. 


Of the corpus caverno- 
sum. 


Dorsal artery of the 
penis. 


Corpus cavernosum. 




Costo-cervical. 


That part of superior 
intercostal between 
its origin and first 
branch. 






Cremasteric. 


Deep epigastric. 


Cremaster muscle. 




Cremasteric. 


Spermatic. 


Cremaster muscle. 


Anastomoses with cremasteric from 
deep epigastric. 


Cremasteric. SeeSper- 
matic, external. 








Crico-thyroid. 


See Laryngeal, inferior 






Crural, see Femoral. 








Cubital, see Ulnar. 








Cubital recurrent, an- 
terior. See Ulnar 
recurrent, anterior. 








Cubital recurrent, pos- 
terior. See Ulnar 
recurrent, posterior. 








Cystic. 


Hepatic. 


Gall-bladder. 




Deferential. 


Superior vesical. 


Vas deferens. 




Dental, anterior. 


Infraorbital. 


Incisor and canine teeth, and mucous 
membrane of antrum. 


• 


Dental, inferior. 


See Mandibular. 






Dental, posterior (or 
alveolar). 


Internal maxillary. 


Antrum, teeth, gums, and cheek. 


Antral, dental, alveolar, buccal. 


Dental, superior. 


Posterior dental. 


Molar and bicuspid teeth of superior 
maxilla. 




Descending. 


External circumflex. 


Muscles of thigh. 




Descending, superfi- 
cial. 


External carotid. 


Neck. 




Diaphragmatic. 


Thoracic aorta. 


Diaphragm. 




Digital. 


External plantar. 


Outer side of the 2d and 3d, 4th and 
5th toes. 




Digital, palmar. 


Superficial palmar arch. 


Both sides of little, ring, and mid- 
dle finger and ulnar side of index 
finger. 




Digital, plantar. See 
Communicating, of 
dorsalis pedis. 









ARTERIES 121 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Digital, superficial. 


Internal plantar. 


Toes. 




Diploic. 


Supraorbital. 


Diploe of frontal sinuses. 




Dorsal. 


Intercostal. 


Spine and muscles of throat. 


Spinal and muscular. 


Dorsal. 


Lumbar. 


Muscles of back. 




Dorsal, interosseous. 


Radial. 


Contiguous of 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th toes. 




Dorsal (of penis). 


Termination of pudic. 


Penis. 




Dorsal (scapular). 


Subscapular. 


Muscles of scapula and shoulder-joint. 


Infrascapular. 


Dorsal of tongue. 


Lingual. 


Dorsum of tongue, tonsils, and epi- 
glottis. 




Dorsal (12th). See 
Subcostal. 








Dorsalis hallucis. 


Continuation of dor- 
salis pedis. 


Great and second toe. 




Dorsalis indicis. 


Radial. 


Index finger. 




Dorsalis linguae. 


Lingual. 


Mucous membrane of tongue, pillars 
of fauces and tonsils. 




Dorsalis pedis. 


Continuation of ante- 
rior tibial. 


Assists to form plantar arch. 


Tarsal, metatarsal, dorsalis hallucis, 
communicating. 


Dorsalis pollicis. 


Radial. 


Thumb. 




Dorso-scapular. 


See Scapular, superior. 






Duodenal, superior, 
right. SeePancrea- 
tico-duodenal, supe- 
rior. 








Duodeno-gastric. 


See Castro-duodenal. 






Dural. 


See Meningeal. 






Emulgent. 


See Renal. 






Epicondyloid. See 
Ulnar. 








Epididymal. 


Spermatic. 


Epididymis. 




Epigastric, deep (or 
inferior). 


External iliac. 


Abdominal wall. 


Cremasteric, pubic, muscular, cuta- 
neous, terminal. 


Epigastric, superficial. 


Common femoral. 


Inguinal glands, skin, superficial fascia, 
and abdominal wall. 




Epigastric, superior. 


Internal mammary. 


Abdominal wall and diaphragm, liver 
and peritoneum. 


Phrenic, xiphoid, cutaneous, muscular, 
hepatic and peritoneal. 


Epiploic. 


Right and left gastro- 
epiploic. 


Omentum. 




Epiploic. SeeOmental. 








Esophageal. 


Gastric. 


Esophagus. 




Esophageal. 


Inferior thyroid. 


Esophagus. 




Esophageal. 


Left phrenic. 


Esophagus. 




Esophageal (4 or 5). 


Thoracic aorta. 


Esophagus. 




Esophageal, inferior. 


Coronary (of stomach). 


Esophagus. 




Ethmoidal, anterior. 


Ophthalmic. 


Part of anterior portion of brain, nose, 
frontal sinuses and skin of face. 


Ethmoidal, meningeal, nasal, frontal, 
cutaneous. 


Ethmoidal, posterior. 


Ophthalmic. 


Posterior ethmoidal cells, dura mater, 
nose. 


Ethmoidal, meningeal, nasal. 


Eustachian. 


Pterygo-palatine. 


Eustachian tube. 




Facial. 


Third branch external 
carotid. 


Pharynx and face. 


Ascending, or inferior palatine, tonsil- 
lar, glandular, muscular, submental, 
masseteric, buccal, inferior labial, 
inferior and superior coronary, lat- 
eralis nasi, angular. 



ARTERIES 122 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Facial, transverse. 


Temporal. 


Parotid gland, masseter muscle, skin 
of face. 


Fallopian. 


Ovarian. 


Isthmus, ampulla and fimbriated ex 
tremity of fallopian tube. 




Femoral, common. 


Continuation of exter 
rial iliac. 


- Lower part of abdominal wall, uppe 
part ol thigh and genitalia. 


r Superficial epigastric, superficial cir- 
cumflex iliac, superficial external 
pudic, deep external pudic, pro- 
funda. 


Femoral, deep. Set 
Femoral, profunda. 








Femoral, profunda. 


Common femoral. 


Muscles of thigh. 


External circumflex, internal circum- 
flex and three perforating. 


Femoral, superficial. 


Continuation of com- 
mon femoral. 


Muscles of thigh and knee-joint. 


Muscular, saphenous, anastomotica 
magna. 


Fibular, superior. 


Anterior or posterior 
tibial or popliteal. 


Soleus and peroueus tertius muscles 
and integument. 




Of the frenum linguae 


Sublingual. 


Frenum of tongue. 




Frontal, anterior. 


Anterior cerebral. 


Inferior frontal convolutions. 




Frontal, ascending. 


Middle cerebral. 


Lower part of ascending frontal con- 
volution. 




Frontal, internal. 


Anterior cerebral. 


Inferior frontal convolutions. 




Frontal, middle. 


See Medifrontal. 






Funicular. 


Superior vesical. 


Round ligament. 


« 


Gasserian. 


Internal carotid. 


Gasserian ganglion. 




Gasserian. 


Middle meningeal. 


Gasserian ganglion, and Meckel's 
space. 




Gastric (or coronary). 


Celiac axis. 


Stomach, liver, and esophagus. 


Esophageal, cardiac, gastric, and hepa- 
tic. 


Gastric, right. See 
Gast ro-ep ip lo ic, 
right. 








Gastro-duodenal. 


Hepatic. 


Stomach and duodenum. 


Right gastro-epiploic and superior pan- 
creatico-duodenal. 


Gastro-epiploic, left. 


Splenic. 


Stomach and omentum. 




Gastro-epiploic, right 


Gastro-duodenal. 


Stomach and omentum. 




Gastro-hepatic. 


See Coronary, of stom- 
ach. 






Geniculate. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Geniculate convolution. 




Genital. 


See Pudic, internal. 






Gingival. See Alveo- 
lar. 








Glandular. 


Facial. 


Submaxillary gland. 




G 1 a s e r i a n (or tym- 
panic). 


nternal maxillary. 


Lining membrane of tympanum and 
laxator tympani muscle. 




Gluteal. 


nternal iliac, posterior 
division. 


3 elvic and glutei muscles, etc. 


Muscular, superficial and deep. 


Gluteal, deep. ( 


Gluteal. ] 


Deep muscles of posterior gluteal 
region. 




Gluteal, inferior. < 


Sciatic. ( 


gluteus maximus. 




Gluteal, superficial. ( 


Gluteal. ( 


Gluteus maximus and integument over 
sacrum. 




Gluteal, superior. 


Jeep gluteal. ] 


Muscles adjacent. 




Gustatory (or lingual). I 


nferior dental. I 


lingual nerve. 




Guttural, superior. 
See Thyroid, supe- 
rior. 









ARTERIES 123 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Gutturomaxillary. See 
Maxillary, internal. 








Helicine. 




The arteries found in cavernous tissue, 
as in the uterus, ovary, etc. 




Hemispheral. 


Inferior cerebellar. 


Cortex of cerebellum. 




Hemispheral. 


Superior cerebellar. 


Cortex of cerebellum. 




Hemorrhoidal, inferior 
(or external). 


Pudic. 


Sphincter muscle, levator ani. 




Hemorrhoidal, inter- 
nal. See Hemorrhoi- 
dal, superior. 








Hemorrhoidal, middle 
(rectal, middle). 


Internal iliac, anterior 
division. 


Middle part of rectum. 




Hemorrhoidal, supe- 
rior. 


Inferior mesenteric. 


Upper part of rectum. 




Hepatic. 


Celiac axis. 


Liver, pancreas, part of duodenum, 
and stomach. 


Pancreatic, sub-pyloric, gastro-duode- 
nal, right and left terminal. 


Hepatic. 


Gastric. 


Left lobe of liver. 




Hepatic. 


Right phrenic. 


Liver. 




Hepatic. 


Superior epigastric. 


Liver. 




Hepatic, right. 


Hepatic. 


Liver substance. 


Cystic. 


Humeral. See Brach- 
ial. 








Humeral, thoracic. 


Acromio-thoracic. 


Pectoralis major, deltoid and adjacent 
integuments. 


Anastomoses with anterior and pos- 
terior circumflex. 


Humeral, transverse. 
See Suprascapular. 




■* 




Hyaloid. Central ar- 
tery of retina. 


Crystalline lens. 






Hyoid. See In/ra-liy- 
oid and Supra-hyoid. 








Hypogastric. 


Continuation of ante- 
rior branch of inter- 
nal iliac. 


Vesical branches, impervious in the 
adult. 




Ileo-colic. 


Superior mesenteric. 


Cecum and adjacent bowel. 




Iliac. 


Ilio-lumbar. 


Iliac fossa and ilium. 




Iliac. 


Obturator. 


Ilium. 




Iliac, circumflex deep. 
See Circumflex iliac, 
deep. 








Iliac, circumflex, su- 
perficial. 


See Circumflex iliac, 
super icial. 






Iliac, common. 


Terminal branch of ab- 
doriinal aorta. 


Peritoneum, subperitoneal fat, ureter, 
and terminates in external and inter- 
nal iliac. 


Peritoneal, subperitoneal, ureteric, ex- 
ternal and internal iliac. 


Iliac, external. 


Common iliac. 


Lower limb. 


Deep epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, 
muscular, and continues as femoral. 


Iliac, external, small. 
See Circumflex iliac, 
external. 








Iliac, internal. 


Common iliac. 


Pelvic and generative organs, and inner 
side of thigh. 


Anterior and posterior trunk. 


Iliac, internal, anteric r 
trunk. 


Internal iliac. 


Pelvic and generative organs and thigh. 


Hypogastric, superior middle and vesi- 
cal, middle hemorrhoidal, uterine, 
vaginal, obturator, sciatic, internal 
pudic. 


Iliac, internal, poste- 
rior trunk. 


Internal iliac. 


Muscles of hip and sacrum. 


Ilio-lumbar, lateral sacral and gluteal. 



ARTERIES 124 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Iliac, primary. See 
Iliac, common. 








Iliac, primitive. See 
Iliac, common. 








Iliolumbar. 


Internal iliac, posterior 
trunk. 


Muscles of pelvis and pelvic bones. 


Iliac and lumbar. 


Incisive. 


Mandibular. 


Incisor teeth. 




Infracostal, labial. 


Internal mammary. 


Ribs. 




Infrahyoid. 


Superior thyroid. 


Infrahyoid bursa and thyro-hyoid mus- 
cle. 




Infraorbital. 


Internal maxillary. 


Upper lip, lower eye-lid, lachrymal sac, 
side of nose. 


Orbital, anterior dental, nasal. 


Infrascapular. 


Dorsal scapular. 


Subscapularis, scapula, and shoulder- 
joint. 




Infraspinous. 


Posterior scapular. 


Infraspinous fossa. 




Infraspinous. 


Suprascapular. 


Infraspinous fossa. 




Innominate. 


Arch of aorta. 


Right side of head and right arm. 


Right common carotid, right subcla- 
vian, occasionally thyroidea ima. 


Intercostal, anterior. 


Internal mammary. 


Intercostal muscles, ribs (upper 5 or 6), 
and pectoralis major. 




Intercostal, anterior. 


Musculo-phrenic. 


Lower 5 or 6 intercostal spaces. 




Intercostal, aortic. 10 
pairs. 


Thoracic aorta. 


Lower intercostal spaces. 


Dorsal, intercostal collateral, pleural, 
muscular, lateral cutaneous, mam- 
mary glandular. 


Intercostal, first. 


Superior intercostal. 


First intercostal space. : 




Intercostal, superior. 


Subclavian. 


Neck and upper part ' f thorax. 


Deep cervical, first intercostal, arte- 
ria aberrans. 


Interlobular (of kid- 
ney). 


Renal. 


Malpighian bodies and uriniferous 
tubules. 




Interosseous, anterior. 


Interosseous (common). 


Muscles of forearm. 




Interosseous, common. 


Ulnar. 


Interosseous membrane and deep mus- 
cles of the forearm. 


Anterior and posterior interosseous. 


Interosseous, dorsal 
(3)- 


Metatarsal. 


Contiguous sides of 2d and 3d, and 4th 
and 5th toes. 




Interosseous, dorsal. 


Posterior radial carpal. 


Dorsal aspect of fingers. 




Interosseous, palmar 
(3). 


Deep palmar arch. 


Interosseous muscles, bones, and 2d, 
3d, and 4th lumbricales. 




Interosseous, plantar. 


Plantar arch. 


Toes. 




Interosseous, posterior 
(forearm). 


Common interosseous. 


Muscles, back of forearm. 


Posterior interosseous recurrent. 


Interosseous, posteri- 
or, recurrent. See 
Radial recurrent, 
posterior. 








Interosseous, recur- 
rent. 


Interosseous, posterior. 


Elbow-joint. 




Interpeduncular. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Posterior perforated space and lower 
part of peduncles. 




Interventricular, ante- 
rior. 


Left coronary. 


Both ventricles and interventricular 
septum. 




Interventricular, pos- 
terior. 


Right coronary. 


Both ventricles and interventricular 
septum. 




Intestinal (vasa intes- 
tini tenuis), 12 to 16. 


Superior mesenteric. 


Mesentery. 




Ischiadic. See Gluteal, 
inferior. 








Labial, inferior. 


Facial. 


Muscles and integuments of lower lip. 





ARTERIES 125 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Labial, superior. 


See Coronary, superior. 






Lachrymal (or orbital). 


Middle meningeal. 


Orbit. 




Lachrymal. 


Nasal. 


Lachrymal sac. 




Lachrymal. 


Ophthalmic. 


Lachrymal gland, muscles of eye and 
cheek, and upper and lower eye- 
lids. 


Recurrent lachrymal, muscular, palpe- 
bral, malar, ciliary. 


Lachrymal, recurrent. 


Lachrymal. 


Lachrymal sac. 




Laryngeal, inferior. 


Inferior thyroid. 


Larynx. 




Laryngeal, inferior (or 
crico-thyroid). 


Superior thyroid. 


Crico-thyroid membrane and larynx. 




Laryngeal , 1 n t e r n a I . 
See Laryngeal, su- 
perior. 








Laryngeal, superior. 


Superior thyroid. 


Intrinsic muscles and mucous mem- 
brane of larynx. 




Lenticular. 


Middle cerebral. 


Lenticular nucleus. 




Lenticulo-optic. 


Middle cerebral. 


Posterior part internal capsule and an- 
terior part of optic thalamus. 




Lenticulo-striate. 


Middle cerebral. 


Lenticular and caudate nuclei. 




Lenticulo-thalamic. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Posterior extremity of lenticular nu- 
cleus and the thalamus. 




Ligamentous. 


Ovarian. 


Round ligament. 




Lingual. See Gusta- 
tory. 








Lingual. 


External carotid. 


Tongue. 


Hyoid, dorsalis linguae, sublingual, 
ranine. 


Lingual. 


Mandibular. 


Lingual nerve. 




Lumbar (4 pairs). 


Abdominal aorta. 


Bodies and ligaments of vertebrae, lum- 
bar muscles, and capsules of kid- 
neys. 


Vertebral, muscular, dorsal, renal. 


Lumbar. 


Ilio-lumbar. 


Psoas muscle, quadratus lumborum, 
and spinal canal. 




Malar. 


Lachrymal. 


Temporal fossa. 




Malleolar, external. 


Anterior tibial. 


External portion of ankle. 




Malleolar, internal. 


Anterior tibial. 


Internal portion of ankle. 




Malleolar, internal. 


Posterior tibial. 


Internal malleolus. 




Mammary, external. 
See Thoracic, long. 








Mammary glandular. 


Dorsal branch of aortic 
intercostal. 


Mammary gland. 




Mammary, internal. 


Subclavian. 


Structures of thorax. 


Superior phrenic, mediastinal (or thy- 
mic), pericardiac, sternal, anterior 
intercostals, perforating, lateral in- 
fracostal, superior epigastric, inter- 
nal mammary. 


Mandibular. 


Internal maxillary. 


Teeth of lower jaw. 


Incisive and mental. 


Marginal. 


Left coronary. 


Walls of ventricle. 




Marginal. 


Right coronary. 


Right ventricle. 




Margino-frontal. 


Anterior cerebral. 


Marginal and frontal convolutions. 




Masseteric. 


Facial. 


Masseter. 




Masseteric. 


Internal maxillary. 


Masseter. 




Masseteric. 


Temporal. 


Masseter. 




Mastoid. 


Occipital. 


Dura, diploe, walls of lateral sinus, 
mastoid cells. 





ARTERIES 126 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES. — Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Mastoid. 


Posterior auricular. 


Occipito- frontalis muscle (posterior 
belly). 




Mastoid. 


Stylo-mastoid. 


Mastoid cells and mastoid antrum. 




Mastoid, middle. See 
Sterno-mastoid. 








Maxillary, external. 
See Facial. 








Maxillary, inferior. 
See Dental, inferior. 








Maxillary, internal 
(maxillary group). 


External carotid. 


Structures indicated by names of 
branches. 


Deep auricular, tympanic, middle 
meningeal, mandibular, small men- 
ingeal. 


Maxillary, internal 
(pterygoid group). 


External carotid. 


Structures indicated by names of 
branches. 


Masseteric, posterior deep temporal, 
internal and external pterygoid, buc- 
cal, anterior deep temporal. 


Maxillary, internal 
(sphe n o-maxillary 
group). 


External carotid. 


Structures indicated by names of 
branches. 


Posterior dental (or alveolar), infraor- 
bital, posterior (or descending) pala- 
tine, vidian, pterygo-palatine, nasal, 
or spheno-palatine. 


Meatal. 


Stylo-mastoid. 


External auditory meatus. 




Median (arteria comes 
nervi mediani). 


Anterior interosseous. 


Median nerve and superficial palmar 
arch. 




Median anterior (of 
spinal cord). 


Formed by union of the 
anterior spinal arte- 
ries. 


Spinal cord. 




Mediastinal, anterior 
(or thymic). 


Internal mammary. 


Connective tissue, fat and lymphatics, 
in superior and anterior mediastina, 
thymus gland. 




Mediastinal, posterior 
(several). 


Thoracic aorta. 


Glands and loose areolar tissue in me- 
diastinum. 




Medicerebellar. 


Cerebellar, anterior, in- 
ferior. 


Middle cerebellar crus. 




Medicerebral. See 
Cerebral, middle. 








Medichoroid. 


See Choroid, posterior 






Medidural. See Me- 
ningeal, middle. 








Medifrontal. 


Anterior cerebral. 


Callosal convolution and paracentral 
lobule. 




Medioptic (or median 
quadrigeminal) 


Posterior cerebral. 


Crus cerebri and optic lobes. 




Medullary. 


Peroneal. 


Fibula. 




Medullary. 


Posterior tibial. 


Tibia 


Ascending and descending. 


Medullary. 


Renal. 


Malpighian pyramids. 




Meningeal. 


Ascending pharyngeal. 


Membranes of brain. 




Meningeal. 


Posterior ethmoidal. 


Dura mater. 




Meningeal, anterior. 


Internal carotid. 


Dura mater. 




Meningeal, inferior. 
See Meningeal (of 
ascending pharyn- 
geal). 








Meningeal, middle or 
great. 


Internal maxillary. 


Cranium and dura mater. 


Anterior and posterior. 


Meningeal, posterior. 


Occipital. 


Dura mater. 




Meningeal, posterior. 


Vertebral. 


Dura mater. 




Meningeal, small. 


Internal maxillary. 


Gasserian ganglion, walls of cavernous 
sinus and dura mater. 





ARTERIES 127 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Mental. 


Facial. 


Muscles of chin and lower lip. 




Mental. 


Mandibular. 


Muscles of chin and under lip. 


Lingual and mylo-hyoidean. 


Mesenteric accedens, 
praecipua. See Mes- 
enteric, superior. 








Mesenteric, inferior. 


Abdominal aorta. 


Lower half of large intestine. 


Left colic, sigmoid, superior hemor- 
rhoidal. 


Mesenteric, middle. 


Common iliac (occa- 
sional branch). 


Transverse and descending colon. 




Mesenteric, superior. 


Abdominal aorta. 


Whole of small intestine and upper 
half of large. 


Inferior pancreatico-duodenal, middle 
right and ilio-colic, vasa intestina 
tenuis. 


Meso-lobar. See Cere- 
bral, anterior. 








Metacarpal (ist dorsal 
interosseous). 


Radial. 


Sides of fingers on dorsal aspect. 




Metatarsal. 


Dorsalis pedis. 


Toes. 


Third dorsal interosseous. 


Middle (of corpora 
quadrigemina). 


Posterior cerebral. 


Space between the corpora quadri- 
gemina. 




Muscular, deep. See 
Feynoral, deep. 








Musculo-phrenic. 


Internal mammary. 


Diaphragm, fifth or sixth lower inter- 
costal spaces, oblique muscles of ab- 
domen. 


Phrenic, anterior intercostals, muscu- 
lar. 


Mylo-hyoidean. 


Mental. 


Mylo-hyoid muscle. 




Nasal. 


Infraorbital. 


Nose. 




Nasal. 


Ophthalmic. 


Lachrymal sac and integuments of 
nose. 


Lachrymal, and transverse nasal. 


Nasal. 


Spheno-palatine. 


Turbinated bones, lateral walls of nose, 
ethmoidal and frontal sinuses and 
lining membrane of antrum. 




Nasal, anterior. 


Anterior ethmoidal. 


Nose. 




Nasal, lateral. 


Facial. 


Integuments, muscles and cartilage of 
nose. 




Nasal, middle. See 
Nasal, anterior. 








Nasal, transverse. 


Nasal. 


Integuments of nose. 




Naso- palatine. See 
Spheno-palatine. 








Navel. See Umbilical. 








Neubauer's. 


See Thyroid, deep. 






Nutrient. 


Brachial. 


Humerus. 




Nutrient. 


Interosseous, anterior. 


Radius. 




Nutrient. 


Interosseous, anterior. 


Ulna. 




Nutrient. 


Middle per fo rating 
branch of profunda 
femoris. 


Femur. 




Nutrient. 


Obturator. 


Ilium. 




Nutrient (of peroneal). 
See Medullary. 


• 






Nutrient. 


Posterior tibial. 


Tibia. 




Nutrient. 


Suprascapular. 


Clavicle. 




Obturator. 


Anterior division, inter- 
nal iliac. 


Pelvis and thigh. 


Iliac (or nutrient), vesical, pubic, ex- 
ternal and internal pelvic 


Obturator, external. 


Obturator. 


Muscles about obturator foramen. 





ARTERIES 128 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Obturator, internal. 


Obturator. 


Muscles about obturator foramen. 




Occipital. 


Fourth branch of ex 
ternal carotid. 


- Muscles of neck, and scalp. 


Sterno-mastoid, posterior meningeal, 
auricular, mastoid, princeps cervi- 
cis, communicating, muscular, ter- 
minal. 


Occipito-meningeal. 


Vertebral. 


Dura mater. 




Omental (or epiploic) 


Hepatic. 


Omentum. 




Omphalo-mesenteric. 


Primitive aorta. 


Subsequently becomes the umbilical. 




Ophthalmic. 


Internal carotid. 


The eye, adjacent structures, portion of] Lachrymal, supraorbital, central ar- 
iace - tery of retina, muscular, ciliary, pos- 
terior and anterior ethmoidal, pal- 
pebral, frontal, nasal. 


Optic, internal and an 
terior. 


Posterior communicat 
ing. 


Optic thalamus. 




Optic, posterior, inter 
nal. 


Posterior communicat- 
ing or posterior cer 
ebral. 


Optic thalamus. 




Orbital. See Lachry- 
mal. 








Orbital (three or four) 


Anterior cerebral. 


First frontal convolution and olfacton 
bulb. 




Orbital. 


Infraorbital. 


Fat of orbit ; inferior rectus and in- 
ferior oblique muscles. 




Orbital. 


Temporal. 


Orbicularis palpebrarum and orbit. 




Orbito-frontal. 


Middle cerebral. 


Inferior frontal convolutions. 




Ovarian. 


Abdominal aorta. 


Ovary, ureter, fallopian tube, uterus. 


Ureteral, fallopian, uterine, ligament- 
ous. 


Palatine. 


Ascending pharyngeal. 


Soft palate and its muscles. 




Palatine, ascending 
(or inferior). 


First branch of facial. 


Upper part of pharynx, palate and 
tonsils. 


Palatine, tonsillar. 


Palatine, descending. 


Internal maxillary. 


To soft and hard palate. 


Anterior and posterior. 


Palatine, inferior. See 
Palatine, ascending. 








Palatine, posterior or 
descending. 


Internal maxillary. 


Hard palate. 


Anterior and posterior. 


Palatine, superior. See 
Palatine descending. 








Palato-maxillary. 


See Palatine, descend- 
ing. 






Palmar, digital. See 
Digital, palmar. 








Palmar, interosseous. 
See Interosseous, 
palma r. 








Palmar arch, deep. 


Radial and communi- 
cating of ulna. 


Palm and fingers. 


'rinceps pollicis, radialis indicis, pal- 
mar interosseous (3), recurrent car- 
pal, posterior perforating. 


Palmar arch, superfi- 
cial. 


Jlnar and superficialis 
volae. 


Palm and fingers. 


Digital (4), muscular, cutaneous. 


Palpebral. 


-aehyrmal. 


Bye-lids and conjunctivae. 




Palpebral. « 


Supraorbital. \ 


Jpper eye-lid. 




Palpebral, external. ( 


Ophthalmic. ] 


iye-lid. 




Palpebral, inferior. ( 


Ophthalmic. < 


Conjunctiva, lachrymal sac, caruncle 

and lower lid. 




Palpebral, superior. ( 


Ophthalmic. 1 


Jpper eye-lid. 




Pancreatic. 1 


-lepatic. ] 


'ancreas. 




Pancreatic. £ 


>plenic. 1 


'ancreas. 





ARTERIES 129 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Pancreatico-duodenal, 
inferior. 


Superior mesenteric. 


Pancreas and duodenum. 




Pancreatico-duodenal, 
superior. 


Gastro-duodenal. 


Duodenum and pancreas. 




Parietal. 


Middle cerebral. 


Inferior and ascending parietal convo- 
lutions. 




Parietal, anterior. 


Middle cerebral. 


Second frontal convolution. 




Parietal, ascending. 


Middle cerebral. 


Ascending parietal convolution and 
superior parietal lobule. 




Parieto-sphenoidal. 


Middle cerebral. 


Inferior parietal lobule, angular gyrus, 
cortex of sphenoidal lobe. 




Parieto-temporal. 


Middle cerebral. 


Convolutions around posterior limb of 
fissure of Sylvius. 




Parotid. 


Posterior auricular. 


Parotid gland. 




Parotid. 


Temporal. 


Parotid gland. 




Parvidural. See Me- 
ningeal, small. 








Pectoral. 


Acrom io-thoracic. 


Pectoral muscles and mammary gland. 




Pectoral. 


Anterior circumflex. 


Pectoralis major. 




Pedal. See Dorsal of 
fool. 








Peduncular, anterior. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Internal surface of peduncle. 




Peduncular, external. 


Posterior, communicat- 
ing. 


Peduncles of the cerebellum. 




Peduncular, internal. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Internal surface of peduncle. 




Of the penis, perforat- 
ing. See A., oj the 
corpus caverrwsitm. 








Perforans stapedis 
(branch of internal 
carotid or stylo-mas- 
toid). 


Tympanum. 


No branches. 




Perforating (or poste- 
rior communicat- 
i»g), (3). 


Deep palmar arch. 


Interosseous spaces. 




Perforating. 


Middle meningeal. 


Sphenoid. 




Perforating. 


Profunda femoris. 


Hamstring muscles. 




Perforating. 


Spheno-palatine. 


Ethmoidal cells. 


Anastomoses with ethmoidal arteries. 


Perforating. 


Submental. 


Mylo-hyoid. 




Perforating, anterior 
(5 or 6). 


Internal mammary. 


Pectoralis major and integument, and 
mammary gland. 




Perforating, posterior. 


External plantar. 


Dorsal interosseous muscles. 




Pericardiac. 


Internal mammary. 


Anterior surface of pericardium. 




Pericardiac. 


Right and left phrenic. 


Pericardium. 




Pericardiac. 


Thoracic aorta. 


Pericardium. 




Pericephalic. See 

Carotid, external. 








Perineal, superficial. 


Pudic. 


Muscles of perineum and integuments 
of scrotum. 


Transverse perineal. 


Perineal, transverse. 


Perineal, superficial. 


Muscles and integuments of perineum. 




Perirenal (or capsular). 


Renal. 


Capsule of kidney and perirenal fat. 




Peritoneal. 


Iliac, common. 


Peritoneum. 




Peritoneal. 


Superior epigastric. 


Peritoneum. 





ARTERIES 130 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES. — Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Peroneal. 


Posterior tibial. 


Muscles and integument of leg and 
foot. 


Anterior peroneal, muscular, medul- 
lary, communicating, cutaneous, ex- 
ternal calcaneum, terminal (or pos- 
terior peroneal). 


Peroneal, anterior. 


Peroneal. 


Peroneus tertius and inferior tibio-fibu- 
lar joint. 




Peroneal, posterior. 


Peroneal. 


External malleolus and heel. 




Petrosal. 


Middle meningeal. 


Tympanum. 




Pharyngeal. 


Pterygopalatine. 


Roof of pharynx. 




Pharyngeal. 


Spheno-palaline. 


Roof and contiguous portions of pha- 
rynx. 




Pharyngeal. 


Vidian. 


Roof of pharynx. 




Pharyngeal, ascend- 
ing. 


First branch external 
carotid. 


Pharynx, soft palate, tympanum, pos- 
terior part of neck, and membranes 
of brain. 


Prevertebral, pharyngeal, palatine, 
tympanic, meningeal. 


Pharyngeal, descend- 
ing. 


Spheno-palatine. 


Roof of mouth and of pharynx. 




Pharyngeal, inferior. 
See Pharyngeal, as- 
cending. 








Pharyngeal, superior 
See PteTj'go- pala- 
tine. 








Phrenic. 


Ascending cervical. 


Phrenic nerve. 




Phrenic. 


Musculo-phrenic. 


Diaphragm. 




Phrenic. 


Superior epigastric. 


Diaphragm. 




Phrenic, inferior, left. 


Aorta, abdominal. 


Diaphragm and structures indicated 
by names of branches. 


Esophageal, left superior suprarenal, 
splenic, pericardiac, terminal. 


Phrenic, inferior 
right. 


Aorta, abdominal. 


Diaphragm and structures indicated 
by names of branches. 


Right superior suprarenal, caval, 
hepatic, pericardiac, and terminal. 


Phrenic, superior (or 
comes nervi phre- 
nici). 


Internal mammary. 


Pleura, pericardium and diaphragm. 




Pituitary. 


Internal carotid. 


Pituitary body. 




Plantar arch. 


External plantar art- 
ery. 


Anterior part of foot and toes. 


Articular and plantar digital. 


Plantar, deep. 


Metatarsal. 


Assists in formation of plantar arch. 




Plantar, digital (4). 


Plantar arch. 


Third, fourth, and fifth toes, and outer 
side of second. 




Plantar, external. 


External, tibial. 


Sole and toes. 


Muscular, calcaneal, cutaneous, anas- 
tomotic, posterior perforating, plan- 
tar arch. 


Plantar, internal. 


Posterior tibial. 


Inner side of foot. 


Muscular, cutaneous, articular, anas- 
tomotic, superficial digital. 


Plantar, interosseous. 
See Interosseous, 
plantar. 








Plantar, metatarsal. 
See Interosseous, 
plantar. 








Plantar, pollicar. 


Anterior tibial, or ex- 
ternal plantar. 


Great toe. 




Pleural. 


Intercostal. 


Pleura. 




Pontal. 


Basilar. 


Pons. 




Popliteal. 


Continuation of femo- 
ral. 


Knee and leg. 


Cutaneous, muscular (superior and in- 
ferior) or sural, articular, superior 
and inferior external, superior and 
inferior internal and azygos, ter- 
minal (anterior and posterior tibial). 



ARTERIES 131 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Post-cerebellar. See 
Cerebellar, posterior. 








Post-cerebral. See 
Cerebral, posterior. 








Post- choroid SeeClio- 
roid. Posterior. 








Post-communicant. 
See Communicating , 
posterior. 








Post-dural. See Men- 
ingeal, posterior. 








Postero-lateral. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Hind part of optic thalamus, crus and 
optic lobes. 




Postero-median. 


Posterior central. 


Inner part of thalamus, neighboring 
wall of third ventricle. 




Post-frontal. 


Anterior meningeal. 


Precuneus and part of occipital fis- 
sure. 




Post-temporal. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Basal surface of occipital lobe. 




Post-thalamic. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Thalamus. 




Precerebellar. See 
Cerebellar, superior. 








Precerebral. See Cere- 
bral, anterior. 








Prechoroid. See Cho- 
roid, anterior. 








Precommunicant . See 
Communicating, an- 
terior. 








Predural. See Mening- 
eal, anter ior. 








Prefrontal. 


Anterior cerebral. 


Mesal and convex surfaces of super- 
frontal and part of medi-frontal con- 
volutions. 




Preoptic (or anterior 
quadrigeminal). 


Posterior cerebral. 


Optic lobe. 




Preperforant. 


Anterior cerebral. 


Caudate nucleus. 




Pretemporal. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Uncinate and basal surface of temporal 
lobe. 




Prethalamic. 


Posterior communicat- 
ing 


Thalamus- 




Preventricular (2) 


Right and left coron- 
aries. 


Walls of ventricle, heart. 




Primitive, See Aorta, 
primitive. 








Princeps cervicis. 


Occipital. 


Muscles of neck. 


Superficial and deep. 


Princeps hallucis. 


Communicating (0 f 
dorsalis pedis). 


First and second toes. 




Princeps pollicis. 


Radial. 


Thumb. 




Profunda (or deep 
femoral). 


Femoral. 


Thigh. 


External and internal circumflex, three 
perforating. 


Profunda, inferior. 


Brachial. 


Triceps, elbow-joint 




Profunda, superior. 


Brachial. 


Humerus, muscles and skin of arm. 


Ascending, cutaneous, articular, nutri- 
ent, muscular. 


Pterygoid, external. 


Internal maxillary. 


External pterygoid muscle. 




Pterygoid, internal. 


Internal maxillary. 


Internal pterygoid muscle. 




Pterygopalatine (or Internal maxillary, 
pterj-go-pharyngeal)! 


Pharynx, Eustachian tubes and sphe- 
noidal cells. 


Pharyngeal, Eustachian, sphenoidal. 



ARTERIES 132 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Pterygo - pharyng e a 1. 
See Pterygopala- 
tine. 








Pubic. 


Epigastric, deep. 


Pubic region. 




Pubic. 


Obturator. 


Pubic region. 




Pudic, accessory. 


Inferior vesical. 


When large, supplies the parts nor- 
mally supplied by the internal pudic, 
prostate. 




Pudic, external, deep, 
(or inferior). 


Femoral, common. 


Skin of scrotum (or labia in female). 




Pudic, external, super- 
ficial (or superior). 


Common, femoral. 


Integument above pubes and external 
genitalia. 




Pudic, internal. 


Iliac, anterior division 
of internal branch. 


Generative organs. 


External (or inferior) hemorrhoidal, 
superficial perineal, muscular, arter- 
ies of bulb, crus, and dorsal of 
penis. 


Pulmonary. 


Right ventricle. 


Lungs. 


Right and left. 


Pyloric, inferior. 


Gastro-d u o d e n a 1 or 
right gastro-epiploic. 


Pyloric end of stomach. 




Pyloric, superior. 


Hepatic. 


Pyloric end of stomach. 




Quadrate. 


Anterior cerebral. 


Quadrate convolution of brain. 




Quadrigeminal, ante- 
rior. See Preoptic. 








Quadrigeminal, me- 
dian. SeeMediofitic. 








Radial. 


Brachial. 


Forearm, wrist, hand. 


Radial recurrent, muscular, anterior 
and posterior radial carpal, super- 
ficial volar, metacarpal, dorsalis 
pollicis, dorsalis indicis, deep pal- 
mar arch. 


Radial carpal, anterior 
and posterior. 


Radial. 


Wrist and carpal joints. 




Radial, profunda. 


Superior profunda of 
arm. 


Back of elbow. 




Radial recurrent, an- 
terior. 


Radial. 


Elbow-joint and muscles of forearm. 




Radial recurrent, pos- 
terior. 


Posterior interosseous 
(forearm). 


Elbow. 




Radialis indicis. 


Radial. 


Index finger. 




Radio- carpal, palmar 
transverse. 


See Radial carpal, an- 
terior. 






Radio -palmar. See 
Volar, superficial. 








Ranine. 


Lingual. 


Tongue and mucous membrane of 
mouth. 




Rectal. 


Lateral sacral. 


Rectum. 




Rectal. 


Middle sacral. 


Rectum. 




Rectal, middle. See 
Hemorrhoidal, mid- 
dle. 








Recurrent. 


Deep palmar arch. 


Carpal joints. 




Recurrent, posterior 
interosseous. 


Posterior interosseous 


Elbow. 




Recurrent, radial. See 
Radial, recurrent. 








Recurrent, tibial, an- 
terior and posterior. 


Anterior tibial. 


Popliteus and ligaments of knee. 




Recurrent, ulnar, an- 
terior and posterior. 


Ulna. 


Elbow-joint and contiguous structures. 





ARTERIES 133 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Renal. 


Abdominal aorta. 


Kidney. 


Inferior suprarenal, capsular (or peri- 
renal), ureteral. 


Rhachidian. See 

Spinal. 








Sacra media. See 
Sacral, middle. 








Sacral, lateral (i or 2). 


Internal iliac, posterior 
division. 


Structures about sacrum. 


Spinal, rectal, muscular. 


Sacral, middle. 


Continuation of aorta. 


Sacrum and coccyx. 




Saphenous (occasional 
branch of common 
-femoral). 


Accompanies saphen- 
ous vein. 






Saphenous, small. 


Popliteal (occasional). 


External malleolus. 




Scapular, dorsal. 


Subscapular. 


Muscles of infraspinous fossa. 


Infrascapular. 


Scapular, external. 
See Acromial. 








Scapular, inferior. See 
Subscapular. 








Scapular, internal. See 
Subscapular. 








Scapular, posterior. 


Continuation of trans- 
verse cervical. 


Muscles of scapular region. 


Supra-spinous and infra-spinous, sub- 
scapular, muscular. 


Scapular, superficial* 
See Suprascapular. 








Scapular, superior. 
See Suprascapular. 








Scapular, transverse. 
See Suprascapular. 








Scapulo-humeral. See 
Circunijlex, posterior 








Sciatic. 


Internal iliac, anterior 
division. 


Pelvic muscles and viscera, and 
branches. 


Coccygeal, inferior gluteal, muscular, 
anastomotic, articular, cutaneous, 
comes nervi ischiadici, vesical, rec- 
tal, prostatic, etc. 


Scrotal, anterior. 


Inferior external pudic. 


Anterior portion of scrotum. 




Scrotal, posterior. 


Internal pudic. 


Posterior part of scrotum. 




Septal, ascending. 


Spheno-palatine. 


Upper part of mucous membrane of 
nasal septum. 




Sigmoid. 


Inferior mesenteric. 


Sigmoid flexure. 




Spermatic. 


Abdominal aorta. 


Scrotum and testis. 


Ureteral, cremasteric, epididymal, tes- 
ticular. 


Spermatic, external. 


Deep epigastric. 


Cremaster muscle, and spermatic cord. 




Sphenoidal. 


Middle cerebral. 


Sphenoidal lobe, lower part of cortex. 




Sphenoidal. 


Pterygo-palatine. 


Sphenoidal cells. 




Sphenoidal. 


Spheno-palatine. 


Sphenoidal cells. 




Spheno -palatine (or 
naso-palatine). 


Internal maxillary. 


Pharynx, nose, and sphenoidal cells. 


Pharyngeal, sphenoidal, nasal, ascend- 
ing septal. 


Spheno-spinous. See 
Meningeal, middle. 








Spinal. 


Ascending cervical. 


Spinal canal. 




Spinal. 


Intercostals. 


Spinal canal and spine. 




Spinal. 


Lateral sacral. 


Spinal membranes and muscles and 
skin over sacrum. 




Spinal, anterior. 


Vertebral. 


Spinal cord. 




Spinal, lateral. 


Vertebral. 


Vertebrae and spinal canal. 





ARTERIES 134 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Spinal, posterior. 


Vertebral. 


Spine. 




Splenic. 


Celiac axis. 


Spleen, pancreas, part of stomach 
omentum. 


Small and large pancreatic, left gastro- 
epiploic, vasa brevia, terminal. 


Splenic. 


Left phrenic. 


Spleen- 




Splenico-pancreatic. 


Splenic. 


Spleen. 




Stapedic. 


Stylo-mastoid. 


Stapedius muscle. 




Staphylini. 


See Palatine, posterior 






Sternal. 


Internal mammary. 


Sternum and triangularis sterni. 




Sterno-mastoid. 


Occipital. 


Sterno-mastoid muscle. 




Sterno- mastoid (or 
middle mastoid). 


Superior thyroid. 


Sterno-mastoid, and other muscles of 
neck. 




Sterno-mastoid, infe- 
rior. 


Suprascapular. 


Sterno-mastoid muscle. 




Stylo-mastoid. 


Posterior auricular 


Mastoid cells, tympanic cavity, etc. 


Meatal, mastoid, stapedic, tympanic, 
vestibular, terminal. 


Subcerebellar. 


Basilar. 


Inferior and anterior portion of cere- 
bellum. 




Subclavian. 


Right, innominate. 
Left, arch of aorta. 


Neck, thorax, arms, brain, meninges, 
etc. 


Vertebral, thyroid axis, internal mam- 
mary, superior intercostal. 


Subclavian. 


Suprascapular. 


Subclavius muscle. 




Subclavian, right. A 
term sometimes 
given to the inno- 
minate. 








Subcostal (or 12th dor- 
sal). 


Thoracic aorta. 


Intercostal space. 




Subdural. See Menin- 
geal (of ascending 
pharyngeal). 








Subfrontal. 


Anterior cerebral. 


Olfactory groove. 




Sublingual. 


Lingual. 


Sublingual gland, side of tongue, and 
floor of mouth. 


Artery of frenum. 


Submaxillary. See 
Glandular. 








Submental. 


Facial. 


Tissues under jaw. 


Muscular, perforating, cutaneous, 
mental. 


Suborbital. See Infra- 
orbital. 








Subsacral. See Sacral, 
lateral. 








Subscapular. 


Axillary. 


Suhscapularis, teres major, latissimus 
dorsi, serratus magnus, axillary 
glands. 


Dorsal and infrascapular. 


Subscapular. 


Posterior scapular. 


Subscapular fossa. 




Subscapular. 


Suprascapular. 


Subscapular fossa. 




Super-cerebellar. See 
Cerebellar, superior. 








Super maxillodental. 
See Dental, superior. 








Superscapular. See 
Suprascapular. 








Supra-acromial. 


Suprascapular. 


Acromial region. 




Supra-dural. 


External carotid. 


Meninges. 




Supra-hyoid (orhyoid) 


Lingual. 


Muscles above hyoid bone. 




Supramaxillary. See 
Dental, superior. 









ARTERIES 135 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Supraorbital. 


Ophthalmic. 


Orbit, frontal sinuses, diploe and upper 
eye-lid. 


Periosteal, muscular, diploic, troch- 
lear, palpebral. 


Supra-renal, inferior. 


Renal. 


Supra-renal body. 




Supra-renal, middle 
(or supra-renal). 


Aorta. 


Supra-renal bodies. 




Supra-renal, superior. 


Phrenic. 


Supra-renal bodies. 




Suprascapular ( o r 
transversalis hum- 
eri). 


Thyroid axis. 


Muscles of shoulder. 


Inferior sterno-mastoid, subclavian, 
nutrient, supra-sternal, acromial, 
articular, subscapular, supra-spinous 
and infraspinous. 


Supraspinous. 


Posterior scapular. 


Supraspinous muscles and trapezius. 




Supraspinous. 


Suprascapular. 


Supraspinatus muscle. 




Suprasternal. 


Suprascapular. 


Skin of upper part of chest. 




Sural (or muscular). 


Popliteal. 


Muscles of popliteal space and calf. 




Tarsal, external and 
internal. 


Dorsalis pedis. 


Skin and joints, etc , of foot. 




Temporal. 


External carotid. 


Forehead, parotid gland, masseter, 
ear. 


Parotid , articular, masseteric, anterior 
auricular, transverse facial, middle, 
temporal, and anterior and posterior 
terminal. 


Temporal. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Inferior part of temporal lobe of brain. 




Temporal, deep, an- 
terior. 


Internal maxillary. 


Anterior part of temporal fossa. 




Temporal, deep, ex- 
ternal. See Tem- 
poral, deep, ante- 
rior. 








Temporal, deep, in- 
ternal. 


See Temporal, deep, 
posterior. 






Temporal, deep, post- 
erior. 


Internal maxillary, 
pterygoid portion. 


Temporal fossa. 




Temporal, frontal. See 
Temporal, anterior. 








Temporal, middle. 


Temporal. 


Squamous portion temporal lobe. 




Temporal, posterior. 


Superficial temporal. 


Side of head and vertex. 




Temporal, superficial. 


See Temporal. 






Temporo-oceipital. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Cuneus, lingual, convolution and ex- 
terior of occipital lobe. 




Termatic. 


Anterior communicat- 
ing. 


Cinerea and callosum. 




Testicular. 


Spermatic 


Testicle. 




Testicular, great. See 
Spermatic, internal. 








Testicular, small. See 
Spermatic, external 








Thalamic, middle. 


Posterior communi- 
cating. 


Optic thalamus. 




Thoracic, acromial 
(thoracic axis). 


Axillary. 


Muscles of shoulder, arm, and chest. 


Acromial, humeral, pectoral, clavic- 
ular. 


Thoracic, alar. 


Axillary. 


Axillary glands. 




Thoracic axis. See 
Thoracic, acromial. 








Thoracic, external. 
See Mammary, ex- 
ternal. 








Thoracic, inferior. See 
Mammary, external. 









ARTERIES 136 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Thoracic, internal. 
See Mammary, inter- 
nal. 








Thoracic, long (exter- 
nal mammary). 


Axillary. 


Pectoral muscles, serratus magnus, 
mammary and axillary glands. 




Thoracic, short (or 
superior). 


Axillary. 


Intercostal muscles, serratus magnus 




Thoracic twelfth. See 
Subcostal. 








Thymic. 


Internal mammary. 


Connective tissue, fat and lymphatics, 
or mediastinum and thymus. 




Thymic. See Medias- 
tinal. 








Thyroid, ascending 
See Thyroid, infe- 
rior. 








Thyroid axis. 


Subclavian. 


Shoulder, neck, thorax, spine, cord. 


Inferior thyroid, suprascapular and 
transverse cervical. 


Thyroid, deep. 


Arch of aorta, innom- 
inate (occasional 
branch). 


Same as inferior thyroid. 




Thyroid, descending. 
See Thyroid, supe- 
rior. 








Thyroid, inferior. 


Thyroid axis. 


Larynx, esophagus and muscles of 
neck. 


Muscular, ascending cervical, esopha- 
geal, tracheal and inferior laryngeal. 


Thyroid, middle. See 
Thyroidea ima. 








Thyroid, superior. 


External carotid. 


Omo-hyoid, sterno-hyoid, sterno-thy- 
roid, thyroid gland. 


Hyoid, sterno-mastoid, superior 
laryngeal, crico-thyroid. 


Thyroidea ima. 


Innominate (usually). 


Thyroid body. 




Thyro-laryngeal. 


Thyroid superior. 


Larynx and thyroid body. 




Tibial, anterior. 


Popliteal. 


Leg. 


Posterior and anterior tibial recurrent, 
muscular, internal and external mal- 
leolar. 


Tibial, anterior, recur- 
rent. 


Anterior tibial. 


Tibialis anticus muscle. 




Tibial, posterior. 


Popliteal. 


Leg, heel and foot. 


Peroneal, muscular, medullary, cuta- 
neous, communicating, malleolar, 
calcanean, internal and external 
plantar. 


Tibial, profunda (of 
foot). 


Internal plantar, (in- 
nermost branch). 


Abductor pollicis muscle. 


Unites with the plantar pollicar. 


Tibial, recurrent, post- 
erior. 


Anterior tibial. 


Back of knee joint. 


Anastomoses with the inferior articu- 
lar arteries of knee. 


Tonsillar. 


Ascending palatine. 


Tonsil and Eustachian tube. 




Tonsillar. 


Facial. 


Tonsil and root of tongue. 




Tracheal. 


Inferior thyroid. 


Trachea. 




Trachelo-m u s c u I a r. 
See Cervical, infe- 
rior. 








Transversalis colli. 


Thyroid axis. 


Neck and scapular region. 


Superficial cervical and posterior 
scapular. 


Transversalis humeri. 
See Suprascapular. 








Transverse. 


External circumflex. 


Muscles of upper part of thigh. 




Transverse. See Pon- 
tal. 








Transverse. 


Right coronary. 


Heart muscle. 





ARTERIES 137 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Transverse humeral. 
See Suprascapular. 








Transverse nasal. 


Nasal (of ophthalmic). 


Root of nose. 




Transverse perineal. 


Superficial perineal. 


Muscles and integuments of perineum. 




Tricipiial. 


Posterior circumflex. 


Triceps muscle (of arm). 




Tympanic. See Gla- 
serian. 








Tympanic. 


Ascending pharyngeal. 


Tympanum. 




Tympanic. 


Middle meningeal. 


Tensor tympani. 




Tympanic. 


Stylo-mastoid. 


Membrana tympani. 




Tympanic. 


Vidian. 


Tympanum. 




Tubal. 


Ovarian 


Fallopian tube. 




Ulnar. 


Brachial. 


Forearm, wrist, and hand. 


Anterior and posterior ulnar recur- 
rent, common interosseous, muscu- 
lar, nutrient, anterior and posterior 
ulnar carpal, palmar arch. 


Ulnar carpal, anterior 
and posterior. 


Ulnar. 


Carpal region. 




Ulnar, recurrent, ante- 
rior and posterior. 


Ulnar. 


Muscles of arm and elbow-joint. 




Ulno-carpal, anterior. 


Ulnar. 


Muscles of hand. 




Umbilical. 


Hypogastric. 


Chorionic villi. 




Uncinate. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Uncinate convolution. 




Uracheric. 


Superior vesical. 


Urachus 




Ureteral. 


Ovarian. 


Ureter. 




Ureteral. 


Renal. 


Ureter. 




Ureteral. 


Spermatic. 


Ureter. 




Ureteric. 


Common iliac. 


Ureter. 




Ureteric, inferior. 


Superior vesical (or 
uterine). 


Ureter and bladder. 




Ureteric, middle. 


Of aorta, common iliac, 
or internal spermatic 


Middle part of ureter. 




Ureteric, superior. 


Renal. 


Upper part of ureter. 




Urethro-bulbar. 


See Perineal, trans- 
verse. 






Uterine. 


Internal iliac, anterior 
branch. 


Uterus. 


Cervical, vaginal, azygos. 


Uterine. 


Ovarian. 


Uterus. 




Utero-placental. 


Uterine. 


Gravid uterus and placenta. 




Uveal. See Ciliary, 
posterior and short 








Vaginal (2 or 3). 


Internal iliac, anterior 
division. 


Vagina. 




Vaginal azygos. 


Uterine. 


Vagina. 




Vasa brevia. 


Splenic. 


Stomach. 




Vermiform, inferior. 


Cerebellar, posterior in- 
ferior. 


Vermiform process of cerebellum. 




Vermiform, superior. 


Superior cerebellar. 


Superior vermiform process of cerebel- 
lum. 




Vertebral. 


Subclavian. 


Neck of cerebrum. 


Lateral spinal, muscular, anastomotic, 
posterior meningeal, posterior and 
anterior spinal, posterior cerebellar. 



ARTHROMENINGITIS 138 ARTICULATE 

TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Vertebral, posterior. 
See aortcz, primitive. 








Vesical, inferior. 


Internal iliac, anterior 
division. 


Bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, and 
vagina (in female). 




Vesical, middle. 


Superior vesical. 


Bladder. 




Vesical, superior. 


Internal iliac, anterior 
division. 


Bladder. 


Deferential, uracheric, ureteric, mid- 
dle vesical (occasionally). 


Vesico-prostatic. 


Middle hemorrhoidal. 


Prostate and seminal vesicles. 




Vesico- vaginal. See 
Vaginal. 








Vestibular. 


Internal auditory. 


Membranous labyrinth. 




Vestibular. 


Stylo-mastoid. 


Vestibule and semicircular canals. 




Vidian. 


Internal maxillary. 


Roof of pharynx, Eustachian tube, and 
tympanum. 


Pharyngeal, Eustachian, tympanic. 


Vitelline. See Om- 
phalo-mesenteric. 








Volar, superficial. 


Radial. 


Ball of thumb. 


Enters into formation of superficial 
palmar arch. 


Volar, superior. See 
Volar, superficial. 








Xiphoid. 


Superior epigastric. 


Ensiform cartilage. 




Zygomatico-o r b i t a 1 . 
See Orbital (of tem- 
poral). 









Arthromeningitis (ar-thro-men-in-jV -tis) [apOpov, a 
joint; p^viy^, membrane]. Synovitis. 

Arthromere (ar' '-thro-mir) [apOpov, a joint ; fiipoc, a 
part]. In biology, one of the rings or somites 
characteristic of the articulated invertebrates. 

Arthron (ar'-thron) [apOpov, a joint]. A joint; espe- 
cially a movable joint. 

Arthronalgia (ar-thron-al'-je-ah). See Arthralgia. 

Arthroncus (ar-throng' -kus) [apOpov, a joint ; bynoc, 
a swelling]. I. A cartilaginous body such as occa- 
sionally forms within the knee-joint. 2. Swelling of a 
joint. 

Arthropathia (ar-thro-path' -e-ali). See Arthropathy. 
A. Tabidorum. See Charcot's Disease. 

Arthropathies (ar-thro-path' -iks) [apOpov, a joint ; 
irdOor, disease]. Disease of the joints. 

Arthropathy (ar-throp' '-a-the) [apOpov, a joint ; tt&Ooc, 
disease]. I. Any joint disease. 2. A peculiar dis- 
ease of the joints similar to rheumatoid arthritis, but, 
according to Charcot, a distinct disease. It belongs to 
the prodromal stage of tabes, rapidly destroys the 
joint, is painless, without fever or inflammation, pre- 
fers the large joints, and is connected with hydrar- 
throsis and swelling of the joints. 

Arthrophlogosis (ar-thro-fJo-go'-sis) [apOpov, joint ; 
fXiyeiv, to burn]. Inflammation of a joint. 

Arthrophragm (ar' -thro-fram) [apOpov, a joint ; 
<ppaypa,& fence]. Partitions between the articulations 
of arthropods. 

Arthroplasty (ar' ' -thro-plas-te) [apOpov, a joint ; 
ir'Aaoaeiv, to form]. The making of an artificial joint. 

Arthropleure (ar' -thro-plur) [apOpov, a joint ; irAevpa, 
the side]. One of the pleurites or lateral pieces com- 
posing a somite of an arthropod. 

Arthropodous (ar-throp' ' -o-dus) [apOpov, a joint ; irovc, 
a foot]. In biology, having jointed legs. 



Arthropyosis (ar-thro-pi-o' -sis) [apOpov, a joint ; ttvuoic, 
suppuration]. Pus-formation in a joint. 

Arthrosia (ar-thro'-ze-ah) [apOpov, a joint]. Painful 
inflammatory or other affection of a joint. 

Arthrosis (ar-thro' -sis) [apOpdeiv, to fasten by a joint]. 
Articulation or jointing. 

Arthrospore (ar'-tliro-spor) [apOpov, a joint ; airopac, 
a seed]. In biology, a spore formed by fission, as 
opposed to an endospore. 

Arthrosterigma (ar-thro-ster-ig' -mah) [apOpov, a joint ; 
OTrjpiypa, a support: //. , Arthrosterigmata~\. In biol- 
ogy, a jointed sterigma, as in many lichens. 

Arthrostome (ar' ' -thro-slo?n) [apOpov, a joint ; ardpa, a 
mouth]. L. Agassiz's name for the mouth of articu- 
lates. Compare Actinoslome. 

Arthrosyrinx (ar-thro-sir' -ingks) \_ap6pov, a joint ; 
ovpiyl;, a pipe]. A fistulous opening into a joint. 

Arthrotome (ar'-thro-tbm) [apOpov, joint ; rofioc, a cut- 
ting]. A stout knife used in the surgery of the 
joints. 

Arthrotomy (ar-thro/'-o-me) [apOpov, a joint ; rijiveiv, 
to cut]. Incision of a joint. 

Arthrous (ar'-thriis) [apOpov, a joint]. Pertaining to a 
joint or joints ; jointed. 

Arthroxesis (ar-throhs'-es-is) [apOpov, joint ; !jio-ic, a 
scraping] . The surgical treatment of an articular sur- 
face by scraping. 

Artiad (ar'-te-ad) [apTLoc, even]. In chemistry, a term 
used to designate atoms having an even quantivalence, 
as oxygen, which is bivalent, iron quadrivalent, and 
sulphur hexivalent. 

Articular (ar-tik'-it-lar) [articularis, of the joints]. 
Pertaining to an articulation or joint. 

Articulate (ar-tik' -u-ldt) [articulare to divide in joints]. 
Divided into joints, distinct. A. Speech, the com- 
munication of ideas by spoken words. 



ARTICULATION 



139 



ARTIFICIAL 



Articulation (ar-tik-u-la'-shun) \articulus, a joint]. I. 
A joint or arthrosis ; a connection between two or 
more bones, whether allowing movement between 
them or not. The articulations are divided into : (i) 
Synarthroses, immovable, subdivided into schindyleses, 
or grooved joints, gomphoses, in sockets, as the teeth, 
and sutures, as in the bones of the skull ; (2) Diarth 
roses, or movable joints, subdivided into the arthrodia, 
or gliding joints, the ginglymus, or hinge-like, the 
enarthroses, or ball-and-socket joints; (3) Amphiar- 
throses, or those of a mixed type. 2. The enuncia- 
tion of spoken speech. A. of Artificial Teeth, the 
adjustment and arrangement of one or more artificial 
teeth, so that it, or they, when placed in the mouth, 
shall sustain the same relationship to the organs with 
which they antagonize, when the jaws are closed, as 
the natural teeth did previous to their loss. A., Con- 
fluent, the clipping of words, or running together of 
syllables — a symptom of certain cerebral diseases. A. 
of Models. See Models for Artificial Teeth, Antago- 
nizing. A. Positions. See Consonants. A. of the 
Teeth. See Teeth, Articttlation of. 

Articulator (ar-tik 1 '-u-la-tor) \articulus, a joint]. An 
instrument used in mechanical dentistry for holding 
the models in position while the artificial teeth are 
being arranged and antagonized upon the plates. 

Articuli (ar-tik' -u-li). See Lenticida. 

Articulo mortis, In (ar-tik r -u-lo mor'-tis) [L.]. At the 
moment of death. In the act of dying. 

Artifact (ar'-te-fact) [ars, art ; face) -e, to make]. In 
microscopy and histology, a structure that has been 
produced by mechanical, chemical, or other artificial 
means ; a structure or tissue that has been changed 
from its natural state. 

Artificial (ar-te-fish'-al) \artificialis~\. Made or imitated 
by art. A. Anus, an opening in the abdomen to give 
exit to the feces ; an opening made in case of 
imperforate anus. A. Crowns, porcelain crowns of 
teeth designed to be united to the roots of natural 
teeth ; what is commonly called by the misnomer 
"pivot tooth." A. Dentine, a preparation composed 
of pure gutta-percha, while in a softened state, mixed 
with mineral substances, and used for temporary fill- 
ings. See Temporary Stopping. A. Eye, a film of 
glass, celluloid, rubber, etc., made in imitation of the 
front part of the globe of the eye and worn in the 
socket or over a blind eye for cosmetic reasons. A. 
Feeding, the feeding of an infant by other means 
than mother's milk. Various mixtures and foods are 
to be had, such as Meigs's, Patch's, Biederf s 
Mixtures, etc. , q. v. See Table at end of this article. 
A. Joint, or false joint, the non-united ends 
of a broken bone. A. Leech. See Leech. A. 
Palate, a mechanical contrivance for supplying the 
loss of the whole or a portion of the hard or soft 
palate, or both. A. Pupil, removal of a piece of the 
iris (iridectomy, iridodialysis, etc.), to allow the light 
to pass through the opening. A. Respiration, the 
aeration of the blood by artificial means. A method 
of inducing the normal function of respiration when 
from any cause it is temporarily in abeyance, as in 
asphyxia neonatorum, drowning, etc. Bain's Method. 
a modification of Sylvester's method, the axilla itself 
being seized so that the traction is made directly upon 
the pectoral muscles. Byrd [ s(H.L.) Method ; the physi- 
cian's hands are placed under the middle portion of the 
child's back with their ulnar borders in contact.and at 
right angles to the spine. With the thumbs extended, 
the two extremities of the trunk are carried forward by 
gentle but firm pressure, so that they form an angle of 
45 degrees with each other in the diaphragmatic region. 
Then the angle is reversed by carrying backward the 



shoulders and the nates. Dew's Method ; the infant is 
grasped in the left hand, allowing the neck to rest 
between the thumb and forefinger, the head falling far 
over backward. The upper portion of the back and 
scapula; rest in the palm of the hand, the other three 
fingers being inserted in the axilla of the babe's left 
arm, raising it upward and outward. The right hand 
grasps the babe's knees, and the lower portion of the 
body is depressed to favor inspiration. The move- 
ment is reversed to favor expiration, the head, 
shoulders, and chest being brought forward and the 
thighs pressed upon the abdomen. Forest's Method ; 
the child is placed on its face and quick, violent pres- 
sure is made on the back ; then it is placed in a 
pail of hot water, and the hands carried upward 
until the child is suspended by its arms, and mouth- 
to-mouth insufflation is practised ; the arms are then 
lowered and the body doubled forward ; these move- 
ments are repeated at the rate of 40 per minute. Hall 's 
Method ; by turning the body alternately upon the side 
or face to compress the chest, and then upon the 
back to allow the lungs to expand. Howard's 
Method ; by pressure upon the lower ribs every few 
seconds. Pacini's Method ; for resuscitating asphyxi- 
ated infants. The child lying on "its back, the 
operator stands at its head, and grasps the axillae, 
pulling the shoulders forward and upward to com- 
press the thorax, and allowing them to fall in order 
to expand the chest. Satterthwaite' s Method ; pres- 
sure upon the abdomen alternating with relaxation to 
allow descent of the diaphragm. Schrceder's Method ; 
the babe while in a bath is supported by the opera- 
tor on the back, its head, arms, and pelvis being 
allowed to fall backward ; a forceful expiration is 
then effected by bending up the babe over its 
belly, thereby compressing the thorax. Schultze 's 
Method : the child is seized from behind with both 
hands, by the shoulders, in such a way that the right 
index finger of the operator is in the right axilla of the 
child from behind forward, and the left index finger in 
the left axilla, the thumbs hanging loosely over the 
clavicles. The other three fingers hang diagonally 
downward along the back of the thorax. The opera- 
tor stands with his feet apart and holds the child as 
above, practically hanging on the index fingers in the 
first position, with the feet downward, the whole 
weight resting on the index fingers in the axilla, the 
head being supported by the ulnar borders of the 
hands. This is the first inspiratory position. At once 
the operator swings the child gently forward and up- 
ward. When the operator's hands are somewhat above 
the horizontal the child is moved gently, so that the 
lower end of the body falls forward toward its head. 
The body is not flung over, but moved gently until the 
lower end rests on the chest. In this position the 
chest and upper end of the abdomen are compressed 
tightly. The child's thorax rests on the tips of the 
thumbs of the operator. As a result of this forcible 
expiration the fluids usually pour out of the nose and 
mouth of the infant. The child is allowed to rest in 
this position (the first expiratory position) about one or 
two seconds. The operator gradually lowers his 
arms, the child's body bends back, and he again holds 
the infant hanging on his index fingers with its feet 
downward ; this is the second inspiratory position. 
These movements are repeated 15 to 20 times in the 
minute. Sylvester's Method, chiefly by movements of 
the arms. This method is valueless in asphyxia neo- 
natorum, owing to non-development of the pectoral 
muscles. A. Urticaria, a condition much resembling 
that seen in the autographic skin q. v. A. Vitre- 
ous. See Evisceration. 



ARTUS 



140 



ASCHISTODACTYLISM 



ARTIFICIAL FEEDING OF INFANTS. 
Table of Quantity Required. 







b 




■* 




< 


z . 

~ °~ "> 


h w z 

Z H 5 

2 Q a 
< 


J - in 


w 
< 


> 
a, 

a 

h 
Z 


a in « 

£ a 
5 z 
5 qX 
2 a 


,■* 1- x 

2§° 

3 

< 


ret week 


2 hours. 


10 


1 oz. 


10 ozs. 


2d to 4th week, . . . 


2 " 


9 


iH ° zs - 


I3J*" 


2d to 3d month, . . 


3 " 


6 


3 


18 " 


3d to 4th month, . . 


3 " 


6 


4 


24 " 


4th to 5th month, . . 


3 " 


6 


4-4^ " 


24-27 " 


6th month, 


3 " 


6 


5 


30 " 


8th month, 


3 " 


6 


6 


36 " 


10th month, .... 


3 " 


5 


8 


40 " 



Artus [ar'-tus) [L.:pl., Artus']. A joint ; a limb; the 
joints collectively. 

Aryepiglottic (ar-e-ep-e-glot'-ik). Same as Aryteno- 
epiglottic. 

Arytenoepiglottic [ar-i' -ten-o-ep-e-glot' -ik) [apbraiva, 
a pitcher ; eldog, likeness ; k-xi, upon ; yAonvc, 
glottis]. Relating to an arytenoid cartilage and to the 
epiglottis ; as the aryteno-epiglottic fold (or folds) , con- 
sisting of a fold of mucous membrane that extends 
from either arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis. 

Arytenoid [ar-i-te'-tioid) [apbraiva, a pitcher; ElSoc, 
likeness]. Resembling the mouth of a pitcher. A. 
cartilages, two cartilages of the larynx regulating, by 
the means of the attached muscles, the tension of the 
vocal cords. A. Glands, muciparous glands found in 
large numbers along the posterior margin of the 
aryteno-epiglottidean fold in front of the arytenoid 
cartilages. A. Muscle, arises from the posterior sur- 
face of one arytenoid cartilage and is inserted into the 
corresponding parts of the other. It is composed of 
three planes of fibers, two oblique and one transverse. 
It draws the arytenoid cartilages together. 

Arythmia {ar-ith'-me-aE). See Arrhythmia. 

Arythmic [ar-ith'-mik). See Arrhythmic 

Asa (a'-sah) [Pers., aza, mastic]. A gum. A. dulcis, 
benzoin ; also the drug called laser. 

Asafetida (as-a-fel 1 '-id-ah) [asa, gum ; fxtida, stink- 
ing]. A resinous gum obtained from the root of 
Ferula fcetida and F. scordosoma. It is somewhat solu- 
ble in alcohol and forms an emulsion with water. Its 
properties are due to allylsulphid, C 6 H, S. It is a power- 
ful antispasmodic, stimulant, and expectorant, and is 
very serviceable in hysteria and bronchial affections. 
Dose gr. v-xx. A. tinct., strength 20 per cent. Dose 
gss-ij. A. emplastrum, asafetida 35, lead plaster 
35, galbanum 15, yellow wax 15, alcohol 120 parts. 
A., Enema (B. P.), asafetida and distilled water. A., 
Emulsum, a 4 per cent, emulsion. Dose 3 ss— 3 ij . 
A. et magnesise mist., Dewees's carminative, magne- 
sium carb. 5, tinct. asafetida 7, tinct. opii 1, sugar 10, 
aq. dest. ad 100 parts. Dose ^ss-Sss. A. pilulae, 
contain each gr. iij of asafetida and gr. j of soap. 
Dose j-iv. A. et Aloes pil., have gr. l>( of each 
ingredient. A. pil. comp. (B. P.). Galbani pil. 
comp. SeeGalbanum. Ammonia faetidus spt. , contains 
asafetida \Vz, liq. ammoniae fort. 2, spirit 20 parts. 
Dose .^ss-j. Unof. 

Asagrea, or Asagraea (as-a-gre'-aJi) [Asa Gray, an 
American botanist]. A genus of melanthaceous herbs. 
A. officinalis. See Cebadilla. 



Asak [as'-ak). See Saraca indica. 

Asaphatum (as-af'-at-um) [Arab.]. An old name for 
comedones. 

Asaphia (as-af-i'-ah) [aaa.(p£ia, indistinctness]. Indis- 
tinctness of utterance, especially that due to cleft 
palate. 

Asaprol (as'-ap-rol), Ca(OH.C 10 H g SO 3 ). 2 ,3Aq. Cal- 
cium - /? - naphthol - a -mono- sulphonate, a substance 
readily soluble in water and alcohol, and recommended 
as an antiseptic in 5 per cent, solution. It is also used 
in acute articular rheumatism in doses of from 15 to 
60 grains. 

Asarabacca (as-ar-ab-ak' '-ah) [a priv. ; ae/pa, a band ; 
bacca, a berry]. The plant Asarum europczum, an 
errhin, aperient, and emetic. Unof. 

Asarcia (ah-sar'-se-ah) [d priv. ; crapf, flesh]. Ema- 
ciation ; leanness. 

Asarin las'-ar-in). Same as Asarone. 

Asarkia (ah-sar'-ke-ah). See Asarcia. 

Asarol (as'-ar-ol) \_aaapov, asarabacca; oleum, oil], 
C 10 H 18 O. A camphor-like body derived from asarum. 

Asarone (ast-ar-dii) \_aaapov, asarabacca], C 20 H 26 O 5 . 
Asarin. The solid component of the oil from Asarum 
europceian. It forms monoclinic prisms, melting at 61°, 
and boils at 295 . It has an aromatic taste, and 
smells like camphor. 

Asarum [as'-ar-uni) \aeapov, asarabacca]. A genus 
of aristolochiaceous plants. A. europaeum has diaph- 
orectic, emetic, purgative, and diuretic qualities, but 
is now little used except in veterinary practice. A. 
canadense, called wild ginger, Canada snakeroot, 
with other N. American species, are used chiefly in 
domestic practice. A. canadense is a fragrant, aro- 
matic stimulant. Dose of fid. ext. tr^ xv-gss. 
Unof. 

Asbestos {as-bes' -tos) [ao-focrroc, unquenchable]. A 
mineral more or less flexible and fibrous. It is used in 
mechanical dentistry, mixed with plaster, as a substi- 
tute for sand, to form the investment preparatory to 
soldering. In surgery, it has also a limited use. 

Ascariasis (as-kar-i' -as-is) [aonapi&iv, to jump]. The 
symptoms produced by the presence of ascarides in 
the gastro-intestinal canal. 

Ascaricide (as-ha>-'-is-ld) \_ascaris, a mite; ccedere, to 
kill]. A medicine that kills ascarides. 

Ascarides [as-kar'-id-ez). See Thread-worms . 

Ascaridiasis {as-kar-id-i' -as-is) \a.GKap'ii,ziv, to jump] . 
The presence of ascarides in the intestine. 

Ascaris {as'-kar-is) [iianapi&iv to jump : //. , Ascarides']. 
A genus of the family Ascaridcr. Parasitical worms 
inhabiting the bodies, and especially the intestines, of 
most animals. A. lumbricis, is found in the ox, 
hog and man. It inhabits the small intestine, especi- 
ally of children. A. mystax, the round-worm of 
the cat, and A. alata have rarely been found in 
man. A. vermicularis, a synonym of Oxyuris ver- 
micularis. See Parasites, Tabic of. 

Ascending (as-end'-ing) \ascendere, to rise]. Taking 
an upward course (as parts of the aorta, and colon , and 
as one of the venae cavoe). A. Current, in electricity, 
one going from the periphery to a nerve-center. A. 
Metamorphosis. Same as Anabolism. A. Para- 
lysis. See Paralysis. 

Ascherson's Vesicles. The peculiar small globules 
formed when oil and an albuminous fluid are agitated 
together. Formerly thought to be cells. 

Ascheturesis [ as-h,t-u-rc'-sis) [ anx^roc, resistless; 
ovpr/aic, urination]. An uncontrollable desire to 
urinate; irrepressible urination. 

Aschistodactylism (as-his-to-dah / -til-izm)[an / xi'y~oc,un- 
cloven ; d&KTV/.or, a finger], A synonym of Syndacty- 
lism. 



ASCIA 



141 



ASEXUAL 



Ascia [a'-se-ah or as'-ke-ah) [d priv. ; c/c/d, shadow]. 
fascia spiralis ; dolabra currens ; a spiral bandage 
applied without reverses, each turn of which overlaps 
the preceding for about a third of its width. Dolabra 
repens, is the same as the preceding, in which, how- 
ever, the spirals are formed more obliquely, and do 
not overlap each other, but are separated by a greater 
or less interval. 

Ascidium [as-id'-e-um) [aaahhov, dim. of aen6c , a wine- 
skin] . In biology, a pitcher, or a pitcher-shaped organ, 
as in the pitcher plant or bladder wort. 

Asciferous [as-if'-er-us) [dovcdc, a bladder (spec, a 
spore case) ; ferre, to bear]. Producing asci. 

Ascigerous [as-ij' -er-us) \_ascus, a spore case ; gerere, 
to bear]. Ascus-bearing. 

Ascites [as-i'-tez) [dcr/iirz/c, a kind of dropsy ; from 
a.OK.6g , a bag] . An abnormal collection of serous fluid 
in the peritoneal cavity ; dropsy of the peritoneum. It 
is either local in origin or a part of a general dropsy. 
The ascitic fluid is usually clear, yellow, coagulating on 
standing, and if renal in origin contains urea. It may 
be turbid, blood-stained, and contain lymph-particles 
or shreds. There is a uniform enlargement of the ab- 
domen, fluctuation, percussion-dulness, etc. A. adi- 
posus. A milky appearance of ascitic fluid due to the 
presence in it of numerous cells that have undergone 
fatty degeneration and solution. It is seen in certain 
cases of cancer, tuberculosis, or chronic inflammation 
of the peritoneum. A. chylosus. The presence of 
chyle in a greater or less degree of purity in ascitic 
fluid. It follows rupture of the chyle duct. 

Ascitic, Ascitical [as-it'-ik, as-it'-ik-al) [axjuiTTjc, a 
kind of dropsy]. Pertaining to or affected with ascites. 

Asclepiad (as-kle' '-pe-ad) ['AoK%7/-iadr/g, a Greek poet]. 
In ancient Greece, any priest of Asclepias (yEscula- 
pius),of the family or class that claimed descent from 
that hero or demigod. The Asclepiads were also 
physicians, at least in some period of their history. 

Asclepiadin [as-kle-pi'-ad-in) [dcr/cA^dc] . A bitter 
glucosid obtainable from various species of Asclepias. 
It is poisonous, with emetic, purgative, and sudorific 
effects. Unof. 

Asclepias [as-kle' -pe-as) [aciilrj-wg']. Pleurisy Root. 
The root of Asclepias tuberosa. A popular remedy in 
the Southern States for pleurisy. A powerful diapho- 
retic and a moderate emetic and cathartic. The in- 
fusion recommended has a strength of ^j of the 
powdered root to ^ xxxij of water. Dose, a teacupful 
every 3 or 4 hours. Also, A. curassavica, Blood- 
flower, an herb common to tropical America ; astrin- 
gent, styptic, and anthelmintic against the tapeworm. 
A popular remedy for checking capillary hemorrhage. 
Dose of fld. ext. 3J-ij ; of the drug, gr. xx— xl. 
Unof. Many other species of this genus have active 
medicinal qualities, at present but little understood. 
A., Ext., Fid., the fluid extract. Dose 3 i— ij - 

Asclepin [as-kle 1 '-pin) [da7cA??777<$c] . I . A poisonous 
principle obtainable from asclepiadin by the separation 
of glucose from the latter. It is a heart paralyzant, 
with reputed alterative, purgative, and diaphoretic 
effects. It is offensive to the taste and smell. Unof. 
2. The precipitate from a tincture of Asclepias tuberosa ; 
alterative, evacuant, tonic, sedative. Dose grs. ij-iv. 
Unof. 

Ascocarp [as' '-ko-karp) \_aan6c, a bag; napTtog, fruit]. 
In biology, the organ that in Ascomycetes and Lichenes 
produces ascospores. 

Ascococcus [as-ko-kok'-us) \aan6c , a leather bag ; 
kokkoc, a kernel]. A genus of the family of Schizo- 
mycetes. The ascococci are microorganisms made 
up of round or ovoid cells ; with elements united in 
massive colonies, surrounded by tough, thick, gelatin- 



ous envelops. A. Billrothii, found in putrefied 
meat; its natural habitat is the air; zymogenic, 
probably not pathogenic. See Bacteria, Table of. 

Ascogenous [as-kof '-en-us) [dovcdc, a bag ; ytvi/c, pro- 
ducing]. In biology, producing asci. 

Ascogonium [as-ko-go' -ne-icm) [dc/cdc, a bag ; yovdc, pro- 
ducing]. In biology, the corkscrew-shaped female 
organ of the mould-fungi. It is formed by several fine 
branches given oft from a mycelium ; an archicarp, or, 
generally, an imperfectly developed carpogonium. 

Ascomyceter [as-ko-mi-se / -ter) [d<7«ic, a bag ; fii'itqc, 
mushroom]. In biology, a group of fungi including 
morchella, helvella, leotia,etc, which have cup-shaped 
depressions, lacunae, and sinuosities. Aspergillus, 
penicillium, and oi'dium belong here. 

Ascophora [as-koff ' -o-rah) \_aan6c, a bag ; <pcpuv, to 
bear]. A genus of fungi. A. elegans, a vegetable 
growth occasionally found in the ear; bread-mould. 
A. mucedo, a microscopic fungus, of which the 
mould of bread is an example. 

Ascophore [as'-ko-for) \_aaiwc, a bag ; <f>Epelv, to bear]. 
The spore-bearing stage, surface, or hyphre of a fungus. 

Ascospore [as'-ko-spbr) \Jwk.uc, a bag; anopog, seed]. 
In biology a spore produced by or in an ascus. 

Ascus [as'-kus) [dovcdc, a bag, or bladder]. In biology, 
the characteristic spore case of some fungi and 
lichens, usually consisting of a single terminal cell 
containing eight spores. 

Ascyphous [as'-if-us) [d priv.; ani'ipoc, a cup]. In 
botany, without scyphi or cup-shaped fruiting organs, 
as some lichens. 

Asecretory [ah-se'-kret-o-?-e)[_a^n\ .; secretus, separate]. 
Dry ; without secretion. 

Asellus [as-el'-us) [L.]. An old name for the cod. 
Oleum jecinoris aselli, cod-liver oil. 

Asemasia [as-em-a' -ze-ali) [d priv. ; arjfiac'ia, a signal- 
ing]. Absence of the power to communicate either 
by signs or language. 

Asemia (ah-se'-me-ah) [d priv.; cfjfia, a sign]. In 
ability to form, express, or understand any sign, token, 
or symbol of thought or feeling, whether speech, 
writing or gesture. 

Asepsable [ak-sep'-sa-bl) [d priv.; of/ipig, putrefaction]. 
A less correct form of the word Aseptizable. 

Asepsin [ah-sep' -sin). See Antisepsin. 

Asepsis [ah-sep' -sis) [d priv. ; ar/nniv, to putrefy]. The 
condition of non-putrefaction ; absence of all septic 
material or pathogenic microorganisms. 

Aseptic [ak-sep'-tik) [d priv. ; oijipig, putrefaction]. 
Free from pathogenic bacteria, or septic matter. The 
antiseptic treatment of wounds, including aseptic and 
antiseptic dressings, renders the wound aseptic. 

Asepticism (ah-sep' -tis-izm) [d priv. ; ci^KTog, septic]. 
The doctrine or principles of aseptic surgery. 

Asepticity (ah-sep-tis'-it-e) [d priv. ; cr/Krog, septic]. 
Quality of being aseptic. 

Asepticize (ah-sep' -tis-lz) [d priv. ; cr/Trrog, septic]. To 
render aseptic ; to free from the power of conveying 
septic poison. 

Aseptin [ah-sep' -tin) [d priv.; cr/TTrug, septic]. A secret 
preparation containing boric acid, used for preserving 
articles of food. 

Aseptizable (ali-sep / -tiz-a-bl) [d priv. ; ar/nTog, septic]. 
Susceptible of being rendered aseptic. 

Aseptol [ah-sep' -tol) [d priv. ; ajj-KTog, septic], C 6 H 6 - 
S0 4 . Sulphocarbolic acid; sozolic acid. A reddish 
liquid, with an odor of carbolic acid, recommended 
as a disinfectant and antiseptic. It is used externally 
(1 : 1000), and internally in about the same dose as 
carbolic acid. 

Asexual (ah-seks'-u-al) [d priv. ; sexus, sex]. With- 
out sex ; non-sexual. 



ASH 



142 



ASPIRATE 



Ash (ash) [ME. asch~\. See Fraxinus. A. manna. 
See Fraxinus. A., Poison. See Chionanthus. A., 
Prickly. See Xanthoxylum. 

Asialia (as-e-a' -le-ali) [d priv. ; aia'/.ov, spittle]. Defect 
or failure of the secretion of saliva. 

A sialorrhea (as-e-al-or-e'-ah). Same as Asialia. 

Asiatic (a-ze-af -ik) [Asia]. Pertaining or belonging 
to Asia. A. Cholera. See Cholera. A. Pill, a 
method of administering arsenic in skin diseases. The 
formula is, arsenious acid gr. ij ; black pepper, powdered 
licorice, each gr. xxxij ; mucilage q. s. M. et ft. pil. 
no. xxxij. S. One to be taken t. d. after meals. 

Asimina (as-im-e' -nah) [L. ]. A genus of trees. A. 
triloba. The papaw or pawpaw tree of North 
America, bearing an edible fruit. 

Asiminin (as-im' -in-in) [asimina~\. An alkaloid de- 
rived from the seeds of Asitnina tiiloba. It has active 
medicinal properties but is not much used. Unof. 

Asitia (ah-sish'-e-ah) [ri priv. ; airog, food]. The want 
of food. Also a loathing for food. 

Asmegmatia (ah-smeg-ma' -she-ah) [d priv. ; opijypa, 
an unguent]. Deficiency or lack of smegma. 

Asomata (ah-so' -mat-ah) [d priv. ; cupa, body]. A 
species of omphalositic monster characterized by an 
absence of the trunk. The head is never well-formed, 
and the vessels run from it to the placenta in the 
membranes. Beneath the head is a sac in which 
rudiments of body organs may be found. This is the 
rarest form of omphalosites. Also called Acardiacus 



acormus. 



Asomia (ah-so' -me-ah). See Acormus. 

Aspalasoma (as-pal-as-o' -mah) \aoTTahai-, mole ; aupa, 
body]. A variety of single autositic monsters of the 
species celosoma, in which there is a lateral or median 
eventration occupying principally the lower portion of 
the abdomen, with the urinary apparatus, the genital 
apparatus, and the rectum opening externally by three 
distinct orifices. 

Asparagin (as-par' -ag-bi) [aairapayoc, asparagus], 
C 4 H 8 N 2 3 . H 2 3 . An alkaloid isomeric with malamid. 
It is found in the seeds of many plants, in asparagus, 
beet root, peas and beans. It forms shining, four- 
sided, rhombic prisms, readily soluble in hot water, 
but not in alcohol or ether. It is an amid of aspartic 
acid, and forms compounds with both acids and 
bases. It is diuretic and sedative to the circulation. 
Dose gr. j-vj. 

Asparagus (as-par' -ag us) \acnrapayoc, asparagus]. 
The green root of Asparagus officinalis, a mild 
diuretic. Dose of fid. ext. 3ss-j. Unof. 

Aspartic Acid (as-par' -tik). See Acid. 

Asper-artery (as' -per-ar' -ter-e) \_arteria aspera, rough 
artery]. The trachea. 

Aspergilliform (as-per-jil' -if-orm) \aspergere, to sprin- 
kle ; forma, shape] . In biology, shaped like the 
brush used to sprinkle holy water ; as the stigmas of 
many grasses. 

Aspergillus {as-per-jil' -us) \aspergere, to scatter]. A 
nominal genus of fungi, probably containing only the 
conidial forms of Eurotium. A. auricularis, a fun- 
gus found in the wax of the ear. A. fumigatus, 
found in the ear, nose, and lungs. A. glaucus, the 
bluish mould found, e. g., upon dried fruit. A. 
mucoroides, a species found in tuberculous or gan- 
grenous lung tissue. 

Aspergillusmycosis (as-per-jil' -us-mi-ko' -sis). See 
Otomycosis. 

Asperifoliate (as-per-if-o'-le-at) \_asper, rough; folium, 
a leaf]. With leaves producing a sensation of rough- 
ness when handled. 

Aspermatia (ah-sper-ma'-she-ah), [d priv. ; oireppa, 
seed] . Aspermatism. 



Aspermatic (ah-sper-maf -ik) [d priv. ; a-ippa, seed]. 
Affected with or relating to aspermatism. 

Aspermatism (ah-sper' '-mal-izm) [d priv. ; cireppa, 
seed]. Non-emission of semen, whether owing to 
non-secretion or non-ejaculation. 

Aspermous (ah-sper' -mus) [d priv. ; airepfia, seed]. 
Without seed. 

Aspersion (as-per' -zhun) [aspersio, aspergere, to sprin- 
kle]. Treatment of disease by sprinkling with a 
medicinal agent, or by dropping a medicine slowly 
upon the body or part affected. 

Asperula (as-per' -u-lah) [L.]. A genus of rubiaceous 
plants, of which the European woodruff (A. odorata) 
is an example. This plant is a fragrant aromatic, 
rich in coumarin, and has diaphoretic and astringent 
qualities. The Maitrank or Mahuein of the Germans 
is flavored with this herb. Unof. 

Asphalt (as'-falt) [ao<pa?iTov, bitumen]. Bitumen (q. v.). 
Asphalt is now scarcely used in medicine, but a varnish 
prepared with it is employed in making cells for use 
in microscopy. 

Asphyctic (as-fik' -tik) , or Asphyctous (as-jik'-tus) [d 
priv. ; o(pi>t;ic, pulsation]. Affected with asphyxia. 

Asphyxia (as-fiks'-e-ah) [d priv.; a<pi'^ig, the pulse]. 
The effect upon the body of the non-oxygenation of 
the blood ; the suspension of vital phenomena when 
the lungs are deprived of air. The excess of carbon 
dioxid in the blood at first stimulates, then paralyzes 
the respiratory center of the medulla. Artificial res- 
piration is therefore required in cases of sudden as- 
phyxia. Asphyxia is characterized by extreme lividity 
of the features, and prominence of the eyeballs, with 
obstruction to respiration. It is the cause of death in 
suffocation, drowning, obstruction of the larynx, etc. 
A. neonatorum, the inability of new-born infants to 
begin respiration spontaneously, or to continue it. 

Asphyxiant (as-fks'-e-ant) [aatyvuroc, pulseless]. I. 
Producing asphyxia. 2. An agent capable of produc- 
ing asphyxia. 

Asphyxiate (as-Jiks'-e-af) [d priv. ; a<f>i^en>, to pulsate] . 
To produce or cause asphyxia; to suffocate, or to 
nearly suffocate. 

Aspic (as'-pik) [a and spic, lavender spike]. The great 
lavender, or spike lavender, Lavandula spica. Its oil 
is at present used in veterinary practice and occasionally 
in liniments. Unof. 

Aspidium (as-pid'-e-um) [L. : gen. AspidiQ. A genus 
of ferns, known as shield-ferns. There are many 
recognized species. The rhizome of Dryopteris jilix 
mas, and of D. marginalis or male fern. Its proper- 
ties are due to a resin containing filicic acid, it is valu- 
able chiefly as a vermicide against tapeworm. Dose 
3 ss- 3 ss. A., Oleoresina, an ethereal extract. Dose 
gss-j. Ext., filicis Liq., (B. P.). Dose TTlxv-^j. 

Aspidosamin (as-pid-os' ' -am-in) [dair/c, a shield ; 
a-ippa, a seed]. C 22 H 28 N 2 2 . A basic principle, 
from quebracho-bark. Emetic. Unof. 

Aspidosperma (as-pid-o-sper'-mah) \aa-ic, a shield; 
urreppa, seed]. The bark of Aspidosperma quebracho- 
bianco. A., Ext., Fid., an alcoholic preparation. 
Dose 3J. 

Aspidospermatin (as-pid-o-spcr' -mat-in) \ao~ic, a 
shield; a-eppa, seed]. A basic substance, from que- 
bracho bark, said to be isomeric with aspidosamin and 
to depress the temperature when administered. Unof. 

Aspidospermin (as-pid-o-sper'-mm) [atnnc, shield ; 
aneppa, seed], C 22 H. i0 N,O 2 . An alkaloid extracted 
from Quebracho, q. v. (Aspidosperma quebracho). It 
has the general effects of quebracho. Unof. 

Aspirate (as'-pir-af) [ad, to; spirare, to breathe]. 
Any consonant sound that is aspirated or pronounced 
with a roush breathing. See Consonants. 



ASPIRATION 



143 



ASTHMA 



Aspiration (as-pir-a' 'shun) [ad, to ; spirare, to 

breathe]. Used as a synonym of inspiration, also of 
imbibition. The act of using the aspirator. A method 
of withdrawing the fluids and gases from a wound, or- 
gan or cavity. A. of Cataract Extraction. See 
Extraction of Cataract, Suction Method. A. Theory 
(of Weber and Hasner), the theory that accounts 
for the transmission of tears into the nose by suction 
into the lachrymal sac through the rarefaction of the 
air in the nose during inspiration. 

Aspirator (as' -pir-a-tor) [ad, to; spirare, to breathe] . 
An instrument for withdrawing the contents of an 
abscess, tumor, etc. , without the admission of air. 

Asplenium (ah-sple' -ne-um) [a priv. ; airAi/v, spleen ; a 
plant of this name was once thought to destroy the 
spleen]. A genus of ferns called spleen- worts, or 
miltwastes. A. ceterach and A. filix-femina for- 
merly had a great repute as medicines, but are now 
little used. Unof. 

Asporogenic (ah-spor-o-jen'-ik) [d priv. ; oiropa, seed; 
yevi/c, producing]. Not reproducing by means of 
spores ; not producing spores. 

Assafetida (as-a-fef -id-ah) . See Asafetida. 

Assalini's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Assault (as-atvlf) \_assalire, to assail]. An attack. A., 
Criminal, in medical jurisprudence, the touching or 
attempting to touch, on the part of a male, any of 
the sexual organs (the breasts included) of a female, 
against her will, even though they be covered by 
clothing. 

Assibilation (as-ib-il-a' -shun) [assibilare , to whisper 
to] . The utterance of sounds with a sibilant or hiss- 
ing quality. 

Assideration (as-id-er-a' -shun) [ad, intensive ; sidera- 
tio, an evil influence] . In forensic medicine, infanti- 
cide by immersing in ice-water. 

Assimilable (as-im' -il-a-bl) [assimulare, to make like]. 
Capable of being assimilated ; nutritious. 

Assimilation (as-im-il-a' -shun) [assimulare, to make 
like] . The process of transforming food into such a 
nutrient condition that it is taken up by the circula- 
tory system, to form an integral part of the economy ; 
synthetic or constructive metabolism ; anabolism. In 
biology, the formation of carbohydrate from water and 
carbon dioxid by the agency of chlorophyll. A., 
Mental, the mental reception of impressions and their 
assignment by the consciousness to their proper place. 
A., Primary, that concerned in the conversion of food 
into chyle and blood. A., Secondary, that relating 
to the formation of the organized tissues of the body. 

Associated (as-o'-se-a-ted) [associatus, united]. Joined. 
A. Antagonist. See Antagonist. A. Movements, 
coincident or consensual movements of other muscles 
than the leading one, and which by habit or unity of 
purpose are involuntarily connected with its action. 
Both eyeballs move alike in reading, though one be a 
blind eye. Movement of the normal arm will some- 
times produce slight motion of the opposite paralyzed 
arm. Uniformity of innervation is usually the cause 
of these movements. A. Paralysis, a common para- 
lysis of associated muscles. 

Assurgent (as-er'-jent). Set Ascending. 

Assurin (as'-u-rin), C 46 H 94 N 2 P 2 O a . A name given 
by Thudichum to a complex substance occurring in 
brain tissue, classed as a di-nitrogenized diphosphatid. 

Astacolith (as-tah'-o-li/h) [acra/cor, a lobster; hidoc,, 
a stone]. A concretion obtainable from the stomach 
of a European craw-fish, Astacus fluviatilis, and often 
gathered from brooks. These are called Crabs' Eyes, 
and Eye-stones, q.v. 

Astasia (as-ta'-se-ah) [a priv. ; araaic, standing]. 
Motor incoordination for standing. See Abasia. A. 



Abasia, a symptom consisting in inability to stand 
or walk in a normal manner. 

Asteatodes (as-te-at-o'-dez) [a priv. ; areap, tallow : 
axlr/c, fullness]. Deficient in the secretion of the 
sebaceous glands. 

Asteatosis (as-te-at-o'-sis) [a priv.; areap, tallow; 
udrjg, fullness]. I. A deficiency or absence of the 
sebaceous secretion. 2. Any skin disease (as xero- 
derma) characterized by scantiness or lack of the 
sebaceous secretion. A. cutis, a condition of di- 
minished sebaceous secretion, as the result of which 
the skin becomes dry, scaly, and often fissured. 

Aster (as'-ter) [aster, a star]. I. An extensive genus 
of composite flowered plants, mainly N. American. 
A. cordifolius is a nervine and antispasmodic. A. 
puniceus is a stimulant and diuretic. Unof. 2. See 
Karyokinesis, Mother-star, Dyaster, Amphiaster, and 
Cytaster. 

Asterion (as-te'-re-on). See Craniometric Points. 

Asternal (ah-sler'-nal) [a priv.; orepvov, the breast- 
bone]. Not connected with the sternum. A. Ribs, 
the five lower pairs, because not joined directly to the 
sternum. Also called false ribs. 

Asternia (ah-ster'-ne-ah) [a priv. ; orepvov, the breast- 
bone]. Absence of the sternum. 

Asteroid (as'-ter-oid) [aarr/p, a star; tlooc, resem- 
blance]. I. Shaped like a star. 2. In biology, with 
radiate lobes. 

Asthenia (as-the'-ne-ah, or as-then-i'-ah) [aodeveia ; 
a priv. ; aQ'evoc, strength]. General loss or absence 
of strength ; adynamia. 

Asthenic [as-then' -ik) [a priv.; odevoc, strength]. 
Characterized by asthenia. 

Asthenometer (as-then-om' -et-er) [aodeveia, want of 
strength ; /nerpov, a measure] . An instrument for de- 
tecting and measuring asthenia; especially, a device 
for measuring muscular asthenopia. 

Asthenopia (as-then-o' -pe-ah)[a priv. ; od'evoc, strength ; 
mp, eye]. Weakness, speedy fatigue of, the ocular 
muscles or visual powers, due to errors of refraction, 
insufficiency, over-use, anemia, etc. A., Accommo- 
dative, due to hyperopia, astigmatism, or a combina- 
tion of the two, producing strain of the ciliary muscle. 
A., Muscular, due to weakness, incoordination (het- 
erophoria), or strain of the external ocular muscles. 
A., Retinal, or Nervous, a rare variety, caused by 
retinal hyperesthesia, anesthesia, or other abnormality, 
or by general nervous affections. 

Asthenopic (as-then-op' -ik) [a priv. ; adevoc, strength ; 
uip, eye]. Characterized by asthenopia. 

Asthma (az'-mah) [aadfia, panting]. Paroxysmal or 
intermittent dyspnea, generally accompanied by cough, 
bronchial secretion, and a feeling of constriction and 
suffocation. The etiology is obscure, being ascribed 
to heredity, nasal disease, gout, exhalations of plants 
and atmospheric impurities, colds, etc. It is undoubt- 
edly a neurosis, the spasm of the muscular tissue of 
the bronchial tubes being due either to central or to 
peripheral nervous irritation. The duration of a 
paroxysm may be from two to six hours to four or five 
nights. When dependent upon disease of the heart, 
the kidneys, stomach, thymus, etc., it has been 
designated, cardiac, renal, peptic, thymic, etc. A. 
convulsivum. Synonym of Bronchial Asthma. 
A. Crystals, acicular crystals contained in the 
sputum of asthmatic patients. A. dyspepticum, 
is due to nervous reflexes through the vagus. A., 
Grinders'. Same as Eibroid Phthisis. A., Hay. See 
Hay Fever. A., Heberden's, angina pectoris. A., 
Kopp's, spasm of the glottis. A., Marine. See 
Beriberi. A., Millar's. See Laryngismus stridulus. 
A., Miner's. See Anthracosis. A. nervosum 



ASTHMATIC 



144 



ATAVISM 



Synonym of Bronchial Asthma. A., Thymic. Syn- 
onym of Laryngismus stridulus. A. uteri. Syn- 
onym of Hysteria. 

Asthmatic (az-mat'-ik) [aadfia, panting]. Relating to 
or affected with asthma. 

Astigmagraph (as-tig' -ma-graf) [a priv. ; arly/ia, a 
point; ypCHpetv, to write] . An instrument for illustrat- 
ing the phenomena of astigmatism. 

Astigmatic (as-tig-mat' -ik) [a priv. ; criy/ia, a point]. 
Pertaining to or affected with astigmatism. 

Astigmatism (as-tig' -mat-izm) [d priv. ; ariy/ia, a point, 
because rays of light from a point are never brought to 
a point by the refractive media of the eye]. That 
condition of the eye wherein homocentric rays of light 
are not brought to a focus by the media. It is usually 
due to inequality of curvature of the different merid- 
ians of the cornea (corneal A.), but may be caused by 
imperfections of the lens (lenticular), unequal con- 



i= f 


fr 


V 

L i 


h" 1 """ 


_.; 


>A 


h 


- 1 


* 





•©- 



•» v 1 



Diagram Illustrating ths Formation of Astigmatic 
Images. 

The figures below give the images corresponding to the posi- 
tions of the perpendicular lines above. The vertical rays 
are brought to a focus anterior to the horizontal. V. = ver- 
tical rays ; H.= horizontal. 

traction of the ciliary muscle, or may perhaps be due 
to retinal imperfection. It may be acquired or con- 
genital, and may complicate hypermetropia or myopia, 
producing either simple hypermetropic A., in which 
one principal meridian is emmetropic, the other hyper- 
metropic ; or compound hypermetropic A., in which 
both meridians are hypermetropic, but one more so 
than the other. Complicating myopia, we may in the 
same way have simple myopic or compound myopic 
A. In mixed A., one principal meridian is myopic, 
the other hypermetropic. Regular A. is when the 
two principal meridians are at right angles to each other. 
Irregular A., when different parts of a meridian have 
different refracting powers. 

Astigmatometer (as-tig-mat-om' '-et-er) [a priv. ; crly/ia, 
a point ; fikrpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
measuring the degree of astigmatism. 

Astigmometer (as-tig-mom' '-et-er). See Astig?natom- 
eter. 

Astigmometry (as-tig-mom? '-et-re) [a priv. ; ariy/ua, a 
point; fisrpov, a measure]. The measurement of astig- 
matism. 

Astomous (ah-sto'-mus) [d priv. ; ard/xa, mouth]. In 
biology, without a mouth or aperture. 

Astragalectomy (as-trag-al-ek'-to-me) [acrpayakoQ, 
astragalus ; huToiii], excision]. Surgical excision of 
the astragalus. 

Astragaloscaphoid (as-trag-al-o-skaf'-oid) [aorpaya- 
/loc, astragalus ; aaaipoeidr/g, like a boat]. Relating to 
the astragalus and the scaphoid bone. 

Astragalotibial (as-trag-al-o-tib'-e-al) [dcrrpdya/loc, 
astragalus; tibia, the shin-bone]. Relating to the 
astragalus and the tibia. 



Astragalus (as-trag'-al-us) [<xaTpaya%oq, a dice ; the ana- 
logous bones of the sheep were used by the ancients 
as dice]. The ankle-bone, upon which the tibia rests. 
Also, a genus of leguminous plants from some varieties 
of which gum tragacanth is derived. A. mollissi- 
mus, Loco Plant. The active principle of this plant 
has mydriatic properties. Unof. 

Astrapaphobia (as-trap-af-o' -be-ah) [aarparrn, light- 
ning; mojiog, fear]. Morbid and unreasonable fear 
of lightning. 

Astraphobia (as-trah-fo'-be-ali). See Astrapaphobia. 

Astriction (as-trik'-shun) \_astrictio ; ad, to ; stringere, to 
bind] . Constipation or any condition resulting from the 
use of astringents. 

Astringency (as-trin' -jen-se) [ad, to ; stringere, to bind]. 
The quality of being astringent. 

Astringent (as-trin' -jent) [ad, to; stringere, to bind]. 
I. Causing contraction; binding. 2. An agent pro- 
ducing contraction of organic tissues, or that arrests 
hemorrhages, diarrheas, etc. Tannin, alum, opium, 
alcohol, the salts of silver, lead, etc., are examples. 

Astrokinetic (as-tro-kin-et'-ik) [aarpov, a star; Kiveiv, 
to move] . In biology, applied by Ryder to the pheno- 
mena of motion as exhibited by the centrosomes of 
cells. 

Astrostatic (as-tro-stat'-ik) [aarpov, a star ; laracQai, to 
stand]. In biology, applied by Ryder to the resting 
condition of the centrosomes of cells. 

Asylum (as-i'-lum) [asylum, a place of refuge]. An 
institution for the support, safe-keeping, cure, or edu- 
cation of those incapable of caring for themselves, such 
as the insane, the blind, etc. A. Ear. See Hematoma 
auris, and Ear Deformities. 

Asymbolia (ah-sim-bo' -le-ah) [a priv. ; a'viifiokov, sym- 
bol]. The loss of all power of communication, even 
by signs or symbols. 

Asymmetry (ah-sim' -et-re) [d priv. ; avfifierpla, sym- 
metry]. I. Unlikeness of corresponding organs or 
parts of opposite sides of the body that are normally 
of the same size, etc., as e.g., asymmetry of the two 
halves of the skull or brain. 2. The linking of carbon 
atoms to four different groups ; the combination of 
carbon atoms with different atoms or atomic groups. 

Asynergia (ah-sin-er' -je-ah) [a priv. ; awepyia, co- 
operation]. Faulty coordination of the different or- 
gans or muscles normally acting in unison. 

Asynesia (as-in-e' -ze-ali) [aavveaia, stupidity] . Stupid- 
ity ; loss or disorder of mental power. 

Asynodia (ak-sin-o'-de-ah) [a priv. ; avvoSia, a travel- 
ling together] . Impotence. 

Asystematic (ah-sis-lem-af -ik) [a priv. ; avarij/ia, 
system] . Diffuse ; not restricted to any one or several 
systems of nerve fibers ; applied to nervous diseases 
that are general. 

Asystole (ah-sis'-to-le) [a priv ; avaroTii/, a shortening]. 
Absence or imperfection of the cardiac systole, due 
to feebleness, dilatation, etc., of the heart. 

Asystolic (ah-sis-tol'-ik) [a priv ; avaro?^, a shorten- 
ing]. Marked by, due to, or suffering from asystole. 

Asystolism (ah-sis'-tol-izm) [dpriv. ; avaroWr], a shorten- 
ing]. Inability of the right ventricle of the heart to 
empty itself of its contents, a condition encountered in 
the last stages of mitral incompetence. See Asystole. 

Asystoly (ah-sis'-to-le) . Same as Asystole. 

Atactic (at-ak'-tic) [aranToc, irregular]. Irregular, 
incoordinate. Pertaining to muscular incoordination, 
especially in aphasia. Also applied to atypical fevers. 

Atavic (at-av'-ik) [atavus, a forefather]. Relating to 
or characterized by atavism. 

Atavism (at'-av-izm) [atavus, a forefather]. The re- 
appearance of an anomaly, physical, mental, or patho- 
logic, in an individual whose more or less remote 



ATAVISTIC 



145 



ATHEROMASIA 



progenitors were similarly affected, but in whose 
immediate ancestors it had not been shown. 

Atavistic [at-av-is' '-tik) . Same as Atavic. 

Ataxaphasia {at-aks-af-a? '-ze-ah). See Aphasia. 

Ataxia [at-aks' '-e-ak) [iiraiia, want of order]. The 
word means primarily irregularity or want of order, 
but it is most commonly used to express incoordination 
of muscular action ; an excess or deficiency in contrac- 
tion of the various muscles concerned in a given action. 
Both static and locomotor ataxia are prominent symp- 
toms of tabes or disease of the posterior columns of the 
cord, but it is absurd to speak of ataxia as if it were a 
disease itself, instead of being only one of many symp- 
toms of many diseases. A., Briquet's, a hysterical 
state marked by loss of sensation in the skin and in 
the leg muscles. A. cordis. See Delirium cordis. 
A. of Drunkards. See Polyneuritis potatorum. A., 
Family. See A., Hereditary. A., Hereditary, 
Friedreich's ataxia, a family disease of children 
and the young. See Friedreich's Disease. A., 
Locomotor, the failure of muscular coordination as 
regards movements, and especially in walking. A., 
Motor, inability to coordinate the muscles in walking. 
A., Signs of. I. Romberg (or Brack- Romberg sign), 
swaying of the body with closed eyes. 2. Signe de 
cloche-pied ; standing on one leg with open eyes, and 
with closed eyes. The ataxic finds difficulty in 
standing upon one foot while the other is raised 
from the ground, particularly when the eyes are 
closed. 3. Sign of crossing the legs ; in crossing the 
legs a normal person raises the one leg to the level 
of the other knee and deposits the former upon the 
latter. The ataxic raises the one leg a considerable 
distance above the other knee, and in depositing 
the former upon the latter makes the arc of a large 
circle. 4. Sign '■'de rescalier;" sign of descending 
stairs; difficulty in descending stairs experienced by 
the ataxic. 5. Marching at command; a. march! 
b. halt ! c . about face ! a. When an ataxic that has 
been seated is told to walk, he manifests uncertainty 
or hesitation in his effort, first on rising, to gain his 
equilibrium. b. The marching ataxic finds great 
difficulty and is likely not to succeed in halting with 
precision when commanded to do so. c. The ataxic 
patient cannot turn about face with the same promptitude 
and the same certainty as the normal individual. 6. 
WestphaP s sign ; abolition of the knee-jerk. A., 
Static, the failure of muscular coordination in standing 
still, or in fixed positions of the limbs. A., Thermal, 
peculiar large and irregular fluctuations of the body 
temperature, due to a condition of incoordination, or 
a disordered or weakened thermotaxic mechanism. 
This may give rise to the so-called paradoxic or 
hysterical temperatures, rising occasionally to 108 or 
110° F., without grave or permanent injury. 

Ataxiagram (at-aks 1 ' -e-a-gram) [draf ia, want of order ; 
ypafifia, a marking] . A line drawn by a patient suffer- 
ing with an ataxial disease. The patient's eyes are 
open or closed and he attempts to make a straight line. 
The character, of the deviations from a straight line 
that result are conceived to have a certain diagnostic 
value. 

Ataxiamnesia (at-aks-e-am-ne' -ze-ah) [draf/a, want of 
order; ativrjoia, forgetfulness]. Muscular ataxia with 
loss of or impairment of memory. 

Ataxic {at-aks' -ik) [drafaz, want of order]. I. Per- 
taining to or affected with ataxia. 2. A person affected 
with ataxia. A. Aphasia. See Aphasia. A. Fever. 
Synomyn of Typhus Fever, q. v. 

Ataxophemia [at-aks-o-fe' -me-ah) [drafi'a, want of 
order; fr/fii, to speak]. Lack of coordination in 
speech. 



Ataxy (at-aks'-e). See Ataxia. 

Atelectasis (at-el-ek' '-tas-is) [dr£/l?/c, imperfect; EKraffic, 
expansion]. Pulmonary collapse, with failure of the 
air to enter the vesicles. It may be either acquire,! 
(apneumatosis), or fetal. The condition is due not 
to disease of the lungs, but to nerve injuries, weakness, 
etc. In fetal cases the lung has never been inflated, 
whilst in apneumatosis it has been inflated. 

Atelectatic (at-el-ek-tat'-ik) [dre^//c, imperfect ; inraaic, 
expansion]. Relating to or characterized by atelec- 
tasis. 

Ateleocephalous (at-el-e-o-sef / -al-us) [dre/^c, imperfect; 
KE^iakij, head]. Having the skull or head more or 
less incomplete. 

Atelia (at-el-i' -ak) [arklEta, imperfection]. A terato- 
logic term for imperfection or failure of development 
of some part of the fetus. The word is compounded 
with others to designate the member wanting, as 
atelocardia, etc., expressing such a defect of the 
heart, etc. 

Atelocardia (at-el-o-kar' -de-ah) \a.Ttkr]c, imperfect ; 
KapiYia, heart]. An imperfect or undeveloped state of 
the heart ; cardiatelia. 

Atelocheilia (at-el-o-ki' -le-ah) [aTEAr/c, imperfect ; 
Xe'iaoc, lip]. Defective development of a lip. 

Atelochiria (at-el-o-ki' -re-ah) [areAr/c, imperfect ; ^s/p, 
hand]. Deficiency in the development of the hand. 

Ateloencephalia (at-el-o-en-sef-a' -le-ah) [arsAi/g, incom- 
plete ; kyK£(j>a/iX)v, brain]. Incomplete development 
of the brain. 

Ateloglossia (at-el-o-glos* -e-ali) [arelr/r, imperfect ; 
yXuaaa, tongue]. Congenital defect in the tongue. 

Atelognathia (at-el-og-na' -the-ah) [dre/lr/c, imperfect ; 
yvadoc, jaw]. Imperfect development of a jaw, espec- 
ially of the lower jaw. 

Atelomyelia (at-el-o-mi-e' -le-ah) [areAqc, imperfect ; 
/jve?Mc, marrow]. Congenital defect or incomplete- 
ness of the spinal cord. 

Atelopodia (at-el-o-po' -de-ah) \_areATjc , imperfect ; 7rot»c, 
foot]. Defective development of the foot. 

Ateloprosopia (at-el-o-pro-so' -pe-ah) [dre/l^c, incom- 
plete ; TTpoouTTov, face]. Incomplete facial develop- 
ment. 

Atelorrhachidia [at-el-o-rak-id'-e-ah) [areArjc, imper- 
fect ; pa-x^c, spine] . Imperfect development of the 
spinal column, as in spina bifida. 

Atelostomia (at-el-o-sto' -me-ah) [citcatjc, incomplete ; 
ordfia, mouth]. Incomplete development of the 
mouth. 

Athalamous (ah-fhal' '-am-us) [dpriv.; dalaiwc, a bed] 
Absence of the optic thalamus. In biology, without 
apothecia, as certain lichens. 

Athalline (ah-lhal'-in) [d priv. ; 6a726c;, a frond]. In 
biology, destitute of a thallus. 

Athelasmus (ah-thel-az'-mus) [d priv. ; Bri\acsu6c, a 
suckling]. Inability to give suck, from defect or want 
of the nipples. 

Athelia (ah-the' '-le-ah) [d priv.; OriTJj, a nipple]. Ab- 
sence of the nipple. 

Athermasia [ah-ther-ma' -ze-ah) [d priv. ; Oepuaoia, 
heat]. Lack or deficiency of heat. 

Atheroma (ath-er-o' -mah) [adi/pq, gruel ; bfia, tumor]. 
Primarily, a soft encysted tumor ; more commonly, the 
fatty degeneration of the walls of the arteries in con- 
sequence of chronic arteritis, and called atheromatous 
degeneration. Atheromatous abscess, resulting from 
chronic arteritis, is a collection of soft matter beneath 
the intima, while an atheromatous ulcer is formed by 
the abscess breaking through the intima. 

Atheromasia (ath-er-o-ma' -ze-ah) [adr/pu/ia, an athero 
matous tumor] . Atheromatous degeneration ; the 
condition of atheroma. 



ATHEROMATOUS 



146 



ATRACTYLIS 



Atheromatous [ath-er-o' -mat-us) [afii/pupa, an athero- 
matous tumor]. Characterized by or affected with 
atheroma. 

Atherosperma (atk-er-o-sper' '-mah) [afl/'/p, beard ; 
airkpixa, seed]. A genus of trees. A. moschatum, 
Australian sassafras, a diaphoretic and diuretic some- 
times used in pulmonary affections and asthma. Dose 
of the tincture. 3ss-j. Unof. 

Athetoid [ath'-et-oid) [afir/rog, unfixed]. Pertaining to 
or affected with athetosis. A. Spasm, a symptom of 
hemiplegia and some cerebral lesions. 

Athetosis [ath-et-o' -sis) \aOtj-oc, unfixed ; changeable]. 
A symptom most frequently occurring in children, and 
characterized by continual change of position of the 
fingers and toes, and inability to keep them still, save in 
sleep. It is due to some lesion or derangement of 
the brain or cord. It is also called " post-hemiplegic 
chorea," from its occurrence after hemiplegia, in 
adults. A., Double Congenital. See Paraplegia, 
Infantile Spasmodic ; also Double Athetosis. 

Athlete [ath-lef) [adXelv, to contend with]. Robust ; 
vigorous. A.'s Heart, incompetency of the aortic 
valves, a condition frequently found in athletes. 

Athletics {ath-lef '-iks) [adlelv, to contend]. The art 
of physical exercise for development or for health. 

Athrepsia [ah-th reps' -e-ah) [d priv ; rpttyeiv, to nourish] . 
The symptom-complex resulting from imperfect nutri- 
tion in children. 

Athroisemia [alh-roi-se'-me-ah) \_a8powfia, accumula- 
tion ; ai/ia, blood] . Congestion or accumulation of 
blood. 

Athymia [ah-thi' -me-ali) [a priv. ; dvpoc, mind]. I. 
Despondency. 2. Loss of consciousness. 3. Insanity. 

Athymic [ah-thi' -mik} [d priv. ; O'u/lioq, mind]. Affected 
with athymia. 

Atlantad [at-lan' '-tad) [*Ar/laf, a Greek hero]. Toward 
the atlas in situation or direction. 

Atlantal [at-lan' -tal) ["Ar/ktc, a Greek hero]. Relating 
to the atlas. 

Atlanten [at-lan' -ten) ["Ar/lac, a Greek hero]. Belong- 
ing to the atlas in itself. 

Atlanti-obliquus [at-latt' -ti-ob-li' -kwus) [L.]. The 
obliquus capitis superior muscle. 

Atlanti-rectus [at-lan' -ti-rek' -tits) [L.]. The muscle 
called rectus capitis posticus minor. 

Atlanto- [at-lan' -to) ["ArAac, a Greek hero]. A prefix 
signifying relation to the atlas ; seen in the words 
Atlanto-axial, (relating to the atlas and the axis) Atlan- 
ta-occipital, Atlanto-odonloid, etc. 

Atlas [at' -las) [arAac, able]. The uppermost of the 
cervical vertebrae. It articulates with the occipital bone 
of the skull. A. Silk. See Silk. 

Atlee's Operation. See Operations , Table of 

Atlodidymus [at-lo-did'-im-us). Same as Atlodymus. 

Atlodymus [at-lod'-im-us) [arAar, able ; difiv/j,oc, 
double], A monosomic dual monstrosity; with two 
heads and a single body. 

Atloido- [at-loi'-do) [arlac, able]. In composition, the 
same as atlanto ; seen in such examples as atloido- 
axoid, atloido-odontoid, etc. 

Atmiatry [at-mi'-at-re) \_arptc, vapor ; tarpda, medical 
treatment]. Treatment of diseases of the lungs or 
mucous membranes, by inhalation, fumigation, or by 
directing a current of vapor or gas upon the part. 

Atmid-albumose [at-mid-al' -bu-mos) \_a-filc, vapor; 
albutnen\ . Neumeister's term for the albumose formed 
by the action of superheated steam. 

Atmidometer [at-mid-om' -et-er) . See Atmometer. 

Atmidoscope [at-mid' -o-skop) \arpiq, vapor; GKoneiv, 
to view]. See Atmometer. 

Atmograph [a/'-mo-graf) [arpdc, breath ; ypa<j>et.v, to 
record]. A form of self-registering respirometer. 



Atmometer, or Atmidometer [at-mom' -et-er ; at-mid- 
om' -et-cr) [iiriMC, vapor; fiirpov, a measure]. An in- 
strument to measure the amount of water exhaled 
from a given surface in a given time, in order to deter- 
mine the humidity of the atmosphere. 

Atmosphere [at'-mos-fer) [arp.de, vapor; c<patpa, a 
sphere]. The mixture of gases, vapor of water, and 
other suspended matters, surrounding the earth, as an 
elastic fluid envelop, to the height of about 200 
miles. 

Atmospheric [at-mos-fer'-ik) [arpoc, vapor ; coal pa, a. 
sphere]. Pertaining to the atmosphere. A. Moisture, 
the vapor of water mingled with the atmosphere. It 
varies in quantity according to the temperature. A. 
Pressure Cavity, a cavity formed on the palatine sur- 
face of a set of artificial teeth to retain them in the 
mouth. A. Tension, the pressure of the air per 
square inch on the surface of a body. Normally, at 
the sea level it is about 14. 7 lbs. per square inch, or 
equal to that of a column of mercury about 30 in. in 
height. It decreases about J^ in., or J ff lb. per square 
inch for every 90 feet of altitude. Above 10,000 feet, 
the rarity of the atmosphere is usually noticeable in 
quickened breathing and pulse rate. 

Atocia [at-o'-se-ah) [dro/coc, barren]. Sterility of the 
female. 

Atom [at'-um) [d priv. ; rsfivEiv, to cut]. The ulti- 
mate unit of an element ; that part of a substance 
incapable of further division, or the smallest part 
capable of entering a chemical compound, or uniting 
with another to form a Molecule — which last is the 
smallest quantity of a substance that can exist free or 
un combined. See Elements, Table of 

Atomic [at-om'-ik) [d priv.; re/iveiv, to cut]. Of or 
pertaining to atoms. A. Heat of an atom is its 
specific heat multiplied by its atomic weight. A. 
Theory, the theory of Dalton, that all matter is com- 
posed of atoms, the weight of each atom differing for 
the different substances. A. Valence, Equivalence, 
or the Atomicity of an element, is the saturating 
power of its atom as compared with that of hydrogen. 
A. Weight, the weight of an atom of an element as 
compared with the weight of an atom of hydrogen. 

Atomicity [at-om-is' -it-e) [d priv. ; rijxveiv, to cut]. 
Chemical valence ; quantivalence. 

Atomization [at-om-iz-a' -shun) [d priv. ; repveiv, to 
cut]. The mechanical process of breaking up a liquid 
into fine spray. 

Atomizer [at'-om-i-zer) [d priv. ; re/iveiv, to cut]. An 
instrument for transforming a liquid into a spray or 
mist. 

Atonia [at-o'-ne-ah) [avovia, want of tone]. Atony. 

Atonic [at-on'-ik) \_arovia, want of tone] . Relating to. 
or characterized by, atony. 

Atony [al'-o-ne) [d priv. ; rovnc, tone]. Want of tone. 
Debility. Loss or diminution of muscular or vital 
energy. 

Atopomenorrhea (at-o-po-men-or-e'-ah) [citotcoc, out of 
place ; pl/v, month ; pcsiv, to flow] . Vicarious men- 
struation. 

Atoxic (ah-toks'-ik) [d priv. ; to^ikov, poison]. Not 
venomous ; not poisonous. 

Atrabiliary [at-rah-biV -e-a-re) [ater, black ; bills, bile]. 
An obsolescent term relating to melancholy and hypo- 
chondriasis ; also referring to the renal and supra-renal 
glands, once believed to produce black bile, or atra- 
bilis, the cause of the gloomy disposition. A., 
Capsules, an old name for the supra-renal capsules. 

Atractylis [at-rak' -til-is) [drpa/cnv./c]. A genus of 
composite-flowered plants, nearly related to the saf- 
flower [Carthamus). A. gummifera, of the Mediter- 
ranean retrion, affords acanthomastic. A. lancea, of 



ATRAMENTAL 



14; 



ATROPHODERMA 



China and Japan, is stomachic and tonic. A. ovata, 
of the same regions, is tonic, diuretic, sudorific, and 
stimulant. 

Atramental (at- ram-en' -tal) [atramentum, ink]. Of an 
inky-black color. 

Atremia (ak-tre' -me-aK) [d priv. ; rpef/ew, to tremble]. 
I. An absence of tremor. 2. An hysterical condition 
in which there is an imaginary inability to walk, stand, 
sit, or read. 

Atreselytria [at-res-el-i'-tre-afi). See Atretelytria. 

Atresenteria (at-res-en-te'-re-afi). See Atretenteria. 

Atresia (ah-tre* -ze-aK) [d priv. ; rpijaic, perforation]. 
Imperforation, either congenital or acquired, of a nor- 
mal opening or canal, as of the anus, vagina, meatus 
auditorius, pupil, etc. The word is often compounded 
with the name of the organ affected ; e.g., atrestocystia, 
atretenteria, etc., denoting, respectively, imperforation 
of the bladder, intestine, etc. 

Atresic (ali-tre 1 '-zik) [a, priv. ; -pf/aic, perforation] . 
Marked by atresia or imperforation. See Teratism. 

Atresoblepharea (at-res-o-blef-a' -re-ah). See Atreto- 
blepharea. 

Atresocysia (at-res-o-sis'-e-ah). See Atretocysia. 

Atresocystia (at-res-o-sis' '-te-ah). See Atretocystia. 

Atresogastria (at-res-o-gas' -tre-ali). See Atretogastria. 

Atresometria (at-res-o-me 1 '-tre-ah). See Atretometria. 

Atresopia (ah-tres-o' -pe-ah). See Atretopsia. 

Atretelytria (at-ret-el-i' -tre-ah) \hrpri-oc, imperforate ; 
iXv-pov, sheath]. Atresia of the vagina. 

Atretenteria (at-ret-en-te' -re-ah) \arpj]-oi;, imperforate; 
evrepov, intestine]. Atresia, or imperforation of the 
intestinal canal. 

Atreto- (at-ret'-o). As a prefix, represents the Gr. 
a.Tpr/Tog, imperforated. 

Atretoblepharia (at-ret-o-blef-a' -re-ah) [arpjjToc, imper- 
forate ; fi'Atyapov, lid]. Symblepharon, q. v. 

Atretocysia (al-ret-o-sis' -e-ali) \_a-pEroc, imperforate ; 
kvooc;, anus]. Atresia of the anus. 

Atretocystia (at-ret-o-sis' -te-ah) [arperoc, imperforate ; 
KvoTtc, bladder]. Atresia of the bladder. 

Atretometria (at-ret-o-me' -tre-ah) [arperog, imperforate ; 
firjrpa, womb]. Atresia of the uterus. 

Atretopsia (at-ret-op' -se-ah) [drp;/roc, imperforate ; hip, 
eye]. Imperforation of the pupil. 

Atrial (a'-tre-al) \atrium, the fore-court, or hall]. Re- 
lating to an atrium. 

Atrichia (ah-trik'-e-ah) [d priv. ; dpi!;, hair]. Loss or 
absence of the hair. 

Atrichosis (ah-trik-o'-sis) [arpixoc, hairless] . Failure of 
the hair to grow ; a condition characterized by absence 
of hair. 

Atrioventricular (a-tre-o-ven-trik' -ic-lar) \_atrium, the 
hall ; ventricuhts, ventricle]. Relating both to the 
atrium (or auricle) and to the ventricle of the heart. 

Atrium (a' -tre-nm) \_atriiim, the fore-court, or hall]. I. 
That part of the auricle of the heart into which the 
venous blood is poured. 2. The principal part of the 
tympanic cavity of the ear, exclusive of the attic. A. 
cordis, the auricle of the heart. A. vaginae, the 
vestibule of the vulva. 

Atrocha (ah-tro'-kah) [d priv. ; rpox6c, a wheel]. In 
biology, wheelless, as certain annelid embryos, roti- 
fers, etc. ; destitute of cilia. 

Atrolactinic Acid (at-ro-lak-tin'-ik). See Acid. 

Atropa (al'-ro-pah) ['Ar/M/roc, "she who turns not, " 
undeviating ; one of the three Fates, who cut the thread 
of life, in allusion to the poisonous effects of the plant]. 
A genus of the natural order Solanaceie. A. bella- 
donna, the deadly nightshade, whence is obtained 
atropin. See Belladonna. 

Atropal, or Atropous (at'-ro-pal; at' -ro-pus) . See 
Orthotropous. 



Atrophia (at-ro' -fe-ali) [d priv. ; rpo<pi/, nourishment]. 
Atrophy, q. v. A term applied to a condition marked 
by wasting or innutrition. A. cordis, atrophy of 
the heart, following senile changes, or occurring in 
cachectic conditions, or as a result of pressure exerted 
by mediastinal tumors, etc. A. cutis, Atrophoderma ; 
a term applied to various changes in the skin charac- 
terized by the diminution or disappearance of certain 
of its elements, especially seen in advanced age. 
The skin becomes thin, loose, wrinkled, and discolored. 
A. cutis senilis, Senile Atrophoderma ; an atrophy 
of the skin usually associated with general signs of 
senile degeneration. The whole skin may be affected, 
together with its appendages and the subcutaneous 
tissues. The skin is in folds, slightly shrunken, 
wrinkled, and dry. It feels thin, and is transparent 
and shining. Pruritus is sometimes present, and there 
is usually an increased pigmentation, with warty de- 
velopments. A. infantum. Synonym of Tabes mesen- 
terica. A. mesenterica. Synonym of Tabes mesen- 
terica. A. pilorum propria, atrophy of the hair, 
either symptomatic or of idiopathic origin. It may 
be local or generalized. The hair becomes lusterless, 
brittle, fibrillated, readily cleft, and readily fractured. 
A. unguis, atrophy of the nails ; marked by pitting, 
brittleness, furrowing, thinning, crumbling, etc. It 
may be symptomatic of such disorders as lepra and 
syphilis, or it may be idiopathic. 

Atrophic (at-ro' -fik) [d priv. ; rpofq, nourishment]. 
Pertaining to, affected with, due to, characterized by, 
or causing atrophy. A. Catarrh, a chronic form of 
rhinitis in children characterized by marked atrophy 
and anemia of the pituitary membrane, with the for- 
mation of crusts in the nasal and naso-pharyngeal 
cavities and a peculiar and offensive odor. A. Forms, 
the name suggested by His for those malformations 
that are characterized by want of general development, 
and, in some instances, by subsequent atrophy, 
whereby all resemblance to the human embryo is lost. 

Atrophicum melanosis progressiva (at-ro' -fik-um 
mel-an-o'-sis pro-gres'-iv-ah). See Atrophoderma. 

Atrophied (at'-ro-fid) [d priv. ; rpo<p>j, nourishment]. 
Wasted ; affected with atrophy. 

Atrophoderma (at-ro-fo-der' '-niaK) [d priv. ; rpotyi], 
nourishment ; 6epp.a, the skin]. Atrophia cutis, 
atrophy of the skin, a wasting of the skin due to in- 
nutrition. See Atrophia cutis. A. albidum, a type 
of xeroderma in which the skin from the middle of the 
thigh to the sole, more rarely from the upper arm to 
the palm, is in places very white, stretched, and diffi- 
cult to pick up, with the epidermis extremely thinned, 
faintly glistening, wrinkled, and peeling off in thin, 
shining flakes. There is extreme sensibility on the 
finger-tips, palms, and soles. The condition remains 
stationary from the earliest childhood. A. neuri- 
ticum, Glossy Skin ; an atrophy of the skin in the 
area of a nerve affected by disease or injury. It 
chiefly attacks the extremities. The skin of the 
affected part becomes very dry, smooth, and glossy, 
like a thin scar ; the fingers are tapering, hairless, and 
almost void of wrinkles and of a pink or deep-red 
color. A severe and persistent burning pain precedes 
and accompanies this condition. The nails become 
curved both longitudinally and transversely, and there 
is some thickening of the cutis beneath the free end. 
A. pigmentosum. See Xeroderma pigmentosum. 
A., Senile. See Atrophia cutis senilis. A. striatum 
et maculatum, an atrophic condition of the skin of 
adults characterized by streaks of a pearly or bluish- 
white color, glistening, scar-like, from one inch to 
several inches long and a quarter of an inch or more 
wide, and which follow the natural cleavage of the 



ATROPHY 



148 



ATTENUATING 



skin, and are situated chiefly about the buttocks, 
anterior border of the ilium, trochanters, and thighs. 
The " spots " are less common, small, usually isolated, 
and are seen mostly on the trunk and neck. 
Atrophy [at'-ro-fe) [arpotiia, want of nourishment]. A 
retrogressive change in parts originally well-formed and 
well-nourished, consisting in loss of weight, size, and 
function of an organ or tissue, owing to some disorder 
of nutrition, disuse, continuous pressure, or a dimin- 
ished blood-supply to the part. A., Active, due to 
the inherent inability of the cells of a tissue to assimi- 
late the nutriment brought to them. A., Acute 
Yellow. See Icterus gravis. A., Brown, a form 
of atrophy in which the normal pigment of the organ 
is retained, and in which there is also frequently the 
addition of new pigment from the blood and disinte- 
grated albuminates. It occurs most frequently in the 
heart, muscles, and liver, and is caused by chronic 
congestion ; also called Pigmented Atrophy. A. of 
the Bulb, progressive shrinking of the eyeball. A., 
Correlated, an atrophy of certain portions of the 
body following the removal or destruction of other 
portions. Thus amputation of an arm will be fol- 
lowed by an atrophy of the scapula ; of a leg, of 
the corresponding os innominatum, together with 
a diminution in the size of the heart and large 
blood-vessels. A., Cruveilhier's. See Diseases, 
Table of. A., Gray, a degenerative change in the 
optic disc in which the latter assumes a grayish color. 
A. of Hair, a wasting or deficient growth of the 
hair. A., Idiopathic Muscular, primary muscular 
dystrophy ; muscular wasting, with or without an 
initial hypertrophy, beginning in various groups of 
muscles, usually progressive in character, and depend- 
ent on primary changes in the muscles themselves. 
There is a strong hereditary predisposition to the dis- 
ease. A., Muscular, affects the muscles and may be 
hereditary or acquired, idiopathic, myelopathic, myo- 
pathic, neuropathic, primary, secondary, simple, or 
progressive. A., Passive, caused by diminished 
nutrition supplied to the part. A., Pigmentary, so 
called irom a deposit of pigment (yellow or yellowish- 
brown) in the atrophied fat-cells. A., Pigmented. 
See A., Brown. A., Progressive Muscular; 
Chronic Anterior Poliomyelitis ; Wasting Palsy. A 
chronic disease characterized by progressive wasting 
of individual muscles or physiologic groups of mus- 
cles, and by an associated and proportional amount 
of paralysis. It is due to a degeneration and atrophy 
of the multipolar cells in the anterior gray matter of 
the cord, with consecutive degeneration of the anterior 
nerve-roots and muscles. The right hand is usually 
the part first attacked, and it takes on a peculiar claw- 
like form {main en griffe). The disease is most fre- 
quent in males of adult life, and follows excessive 
muscular exertion. A., Progressive Unilateral 
Facial, a disease characterized by progressive wasting 
of the skin, connective tissue, fat, bone, and more 
rarely the muscles of one side of the face. It is most 
common in females ; its course is slow and generally 
progressive. Opinions vary as to whether the disease 
is central or peripheral in origin. A., Red, a form 
of cirrhosis of the liver due to chronic congestion, as 
seen in mitral and tricuspid valvular lesions. It is also 
seen in emphysema and chronic pleurisy with contrac- 
tion. The cut surface of the liver presents a nutmeg 
appearance, and is therefore called the nutmeg liver. 
A., Serous, that characterized by a transudation of 
serum into the tissue after the fat has gone, giving 
it a gelatinous appearance. A. Senile, the physio- 
logical variety of Simple Atrophy. A., Simple, the 
retrogressive processes and shrinking due to patho- 



logic causes, allied to the physiologic retrogression of 
senility, but occurring, as it were, prematurely. A. 
of the Teeth, a name formerly used to designate 
erosion of the teeth, an affection characterized either 
by perforations in, or discolored spots of a shriveled, 
yellowish, or brownish aspect, on the enamel, of two, 
four, or more teeth in each jaw. A., Trophoneuro- 
tic, that dependent upon abnormality of the nervous 
supply or control of an organ or tissue, best illustrated 
in muscular atrophy from injury of the proper nerves 
of the muscle, or in disease of the anterior horns of 
gray matter of the cord. 

Atropina, or Atropin (at-ro-pi' -nah ; at'-ro-pin) ["Arpn- 
7roc, one of the Fates who cut the thread of life : 
gen., Atropince~\, C, 7 H 23 N0 3 . A crystalline alka- 
loid derived from Atropa belladonna. The sulphate 
is a white powder of bitter taste, neutral reaction, 
soluble in water. Homatropin, C 16 H 2] N0 3 , is a de- 
rivative alkaloid, the hydrobromate being used by 
ophthalmologists as a mydriatic, principally because 
its effects pass off more quickly than those of atropin. 
Homatropin slows the heart, atropin quickens it. 
Atropin is an irritant narcotic, a mydriatic, antispas- 
modic, and anodyne ; in small doses a cardiac, respira- 
tory, and spinal stimulant, in large doses a paralyzant 
of the cardiac and respiratory centers, the spinal cord, 
motor nerves, and voluntary muscles. It produces 
congestion and dryness of the mucous membrane of 
the mouth, nose, pharynx, and larynx, at first lessen- 
ing the gastric and intestinal secretion, to be followed 
by an increase of the same. It is extensively used 
in ophthalmic practice to dilate the pupil, paralyze 
accommodation, and also in various corneal, iritic, and 
other ocular diseases. Its therapeutic use in general 
medicine is also manifold; e.g., in inflammatory 
affections and the pain of cerebral and spinal hypere- 
mia, atonic constipation, cardiac failure, hypersecre- 
tions, etc., and as a physiologic antagonist in opium 
poisoning. Dose of atropin sulphate gr. yjiJ - ^V 
Injectio Homatropina Hypodermica, I in 120. 
Dose gr. y^ — 575- A. -catarrh. See Conjunctivitis,. 
Atropin. A. -conjunctivitis. See Conjunctivitis. 

Atropinism (al'-ro-pin-izm). See Alropism. 

Atropinize (at 1 ' -ro-pin-iz) [ v Arpo7ror]. To bring under 
the influence of, or treat with atropin. 

Atropism {at' '-ro-pizni) ["Arpo-oc] . Poisoning with, 
or the morbid condition induced by, atropin. 

Attachement [at-tash'-mo)t(g) ) [Fr. ]. In massage, 
concentric curves eccentric ; starting from a point 
taken as a center, one describes, by circular move- 
ments, circumferences wider and wider till the outside 
of the part is reached ; return is then made by circles 
smaller and smaller till the starting point is reached. 

Attack (at-tak') [Fr., at/aaue~\. The onset of a seizure 
or of a disease. 

Attar (at'-ar) [Pers., afar']. A general name for any of 
the volatile oils. A. of Rose, Oil of Rose. The vol- 
atile oil distilled from the fresh flowers of the Damas- 
cene rose. It comes mainly from E. Roumelia and 
is generally adulterated with other volatile oils. It 
is used only as a perfume. 

Attendant (at-ten' -dant') fatten dere, to attend]. Anon- 
professional attache of an asylum or hospital, espe- 
cially of an insane asylum. 

Attention (at-ten' -shuii] \attentio, a giving heed to]. 
The direction of the will or thought upon an object or 
to a particular sensation. A. Time. See Time. 

Attenuant [at-ten' '-u-ant) pattern/are, to make thin]. A 
medicine or agent increasing the fluidity or thinness of 
the blood or other secretion. 

Attenuating [at-ten' '-u-a-tmg) [attenuare, to make thin]. 
Making thin A. Medium. See Fractional Cultivation. 



ATTENUATION 



149 



AURA 



Attenuation (at-ten-u-a'-shuri)[attenuare, to make thin]. 

A thinning, narrowing, or reduction of the strength 
or size of a substance. A. of Microbes, weakening the 
pathogenic virulence of microbes by successive cul- 
tures and other methods, so that they may be used as a 
vaccine to confer immunity from future attacks of the 
disease. A., Sanderson's Method of, by passing 
the virus through the system of another animal {e.g., 
the guinea-pig, in anthrax), so that it becomes modified 
in virulency. Toussaint and Chauveau have shown 
that heat is a valuable means of attenuation ; oxygen, 
chemical reagents, exposure to sunlight, etc., have also 
been used. 

Atterminal {at-er'-min-al). See Adterminal. 

Attic (at' -ill) [Atlicus, Attic]. Part of the tympanic 
cavity situated above the atrium. A. Disease, chronic 
suppurative inflammation of the attic of the tympanum. 

Attitude (at'-e-tud) [aplitudo, aptitude]. See Posture. 
A., Crucifixion, in hystero-epilepsy, a rigid state of 
the body, the arms stretched out at right angles. A., 
Frozen, a peculiar stiffness of the gait characteristic 
of disease of the spinal cord, especially of amyotrophic 
lateral sclerosis. A., Passionate, the assumption 
of a dramatic or theatrical expression, a position 
assumed by some hysterical patients. 

Attollens {at-ol'-enz) [attollere, to rise up] . Applied to 
muscles raising or elevating the part, as the A. Auris, 
a muscle raising the external ear. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Attraction {at-rak'-shun) [attrahere, to draw to]. The 
tendency of one particle of matter to approach another. 
Affinity. As existing between celestial bodies it is 
termed gravitation, while molecular attraction or cohe- 
sion expresses the force aggregating molecules into 
masses. A., Chemical, the attraction of affinity, re- 
lates to the attraction of atoms of one element to those 
of others, resulting in chemical compounds. A., Cap- 
illary, the tendency of a curved surface or a tube to 
exert traction on a liquid. A., Electrical, the ten- 
dency of bodies toward each other when charged 
with opposite electricities. A., Magnetic, the influ- 
ence of a magnet upon certain metallic substances, 
chiefly iron. 

Attrahens (at' '-rah-enz) \_attrahcns, drawing]. Applied 

to muscles, as Attrahens aurem, a muscle drawing 

the ear forward and upward. See Muscles, Table of. 

Also applied to medicines attracting fluids to a part, 

, as stimulants, epispastics, etc. 

Attrahent (at' -rah-ent) [attrahens, drawing]. I. 
Drawing to ; adducent. 2. A drawing application ; 
an epispasticor rubefacient. 

Attrition {at-risk' -un) [atterere, to rub against]. An 
abrasion or chafing of the skin. In physics, any rub- 
bing or friction that breaks or wears the surface. 

Attypic {at-ip'-ik) [at, to ; rviroc, a type]. In biology, 
possessing by acquisition or specialization the charac- 
ters of a prototype. 

Atypic {ah-tip'-ik) [a priv. ; rinrog, a type]. Irregular; 
not conformable to the type. A. Fever, an inter- 
mittent fever with irregularity of the paroxysm. 

Atypical {ah-tip'-ik-al). See Atypic. 

Auante {aw-an'-te) [avavri] ; avalvuv, to dry]. A wast- 
ing or atrophy. 

Auantic (aw-an'-tik) \_avav-in6c, wasted]. Character- 
ized by wasting ; atrophic. 

Aubernage {o-bar-nahzh') [Fr. ]. A contagious disease 
of the vine, called by the Italians the Black Disease. 
It is doubtful whether it is due to a fungus or a bac- 
terium. Cf. Bacterium gummis, comes, under Bac- 
teria, Synonvmatic Table of. 

Auburn System. See Ventilation. 

Auctioneers' Cramp. See Cramp. 



Audimeter {atu-dim' -et-er). See Audiometer. 

Audiometer {aw-de-om' -et-er) [audire, to hear ; fikrpov 
a measure]. An instrument for measuring the acute- 
ness of hearing. 

Audiometric (aw-de-o-met' -rik) \_audire, to hear; 
pirpov, a measure]. Relating to audiometry. 

Audiometry {aw-de-om' -et-re) [audire, to hear; pirpov, 
a measure]. The measurement, or testing, of the 
sense of hearing. 

Audiphone (aw' -dif-on) [audire, to hear; <j>uvr/, a 
sound]. An instrument for improving the power of 
hearing by conveying sounds through the bones of 
the head to the labyrinth. 

Audition {aw-dish' -un) [audire, to hear]. The act of 
hearing. A. coloree, a peculiar association between 
the auditory and optic nerves, by which a certain 
sound or musical note will give rise to a subjective 
sensation of color, the same note in the same person 
being always associated with the same color. 

Auditory {aw'-dit-o-re) \_audire, to hear]. Pertaining 
to the act or the organs of hearing. A. After-Sensa- 
tions, the sensations of sounds continuing or occurring 
after the cessation of the stimulus. A. Amnesia. See 
Mind-deafness. A. Area, the cerebral center for hear- 
ing ; its location is not definitely determined. A. 
Aura, auditory sensation preceding an attack of epi- 
lepsy. A. Center, same as A. Area. A. Hairs, the 
processes of the crista acustica, at present of indeter- 
minate function. A. Meatus (external and internal), 
the external and internal canals or openings of the ear. 
A. Nerve, the portio mollis of the seventh pair of 
cranial nerves. A. Ossicles, the chain of small bones 
of the middle ear. A. Sac, the labyrinth, pit, or de- 
pression in the epiblast on both sides of the embryo- 
logic after-brain. When cut off from the epiblast it 
is called the vesicle of the labyrinth, or Primary 
Auditory Vesicle. A. Teeth. See Teeth. A. 
Vertigo, dizziness due to pathologic conditions of 
the ear. See Vertigo and Meniere 1 s Disease. 

Auditus {azu-di'-tus) [L.]. Hearing; the sense or 
power of hearing. 

Auerbach's Ganglia. See Ganglia, Table of. 

Auerbach's Plexus. See Plexuses, Table of. 

Augment {awg ■ -ment) [azigmentum, increase]. The 
increasing stage of a fever or other acute disease. 

Augmentation {a-wg-men-ta' -shun) [augmentatio, an 
increasing]. I. Same as Augment. 2. Increase in the 
violence of symptoms. 

Augnathus {awg-na' -thus) [av, besides ; yvafioc, the 
jaw]. A monster with two lower jaws. See Dipro- 
sopus. 

Aula (aw'-lali) [avAij, a hall or open court]. I. The 
common mesal cavity of the cerebrum, it being also 
the anterior portion of the third ventricle. 2. In 
biology, a space or cavity formed by a colony of 
infusorians. 

Aulatela (aw-lat-e'-lah) [aula, a hall; tela, a web]. 
The roof or covering membrane of the aula. 

Aulic {aw'-lik) [aiiAfj, a hall]. Belonging or pertaining 
to the aula. A. Recess, a triangular depression 
between the precommissure and the two fornicolumns 
of the brain. 

Auliplexus {aw-le-pleks' -us) [aula, hall ; plexus, a net- 
work]. The choroid plexus of the aula. 

Aulix {aw'-liks) [aulix, a furrow]. The sulcus of Monro, 
a groove on the mesal surface of the thalamus just 
ventrad of the medicommissure. 

Aulophyte (aw'-lo-fit) [avAoc , a pipe or tube ; (pvr6v, a 
plant]. In biology, a symbiotic plant ; one that lives 
within another, but not as a parasite. 

Aura (aw' -rah) [avpa, a breath]. A breath of wind ; 
a soft vapor. A sensation sometimes like a gentle 



AURAL 



150 



AUSCULTATION 



current of air rising from the limbs or body to the 
head ; a frequent forerunner of an epileptic attack, — 
aura epileptica. Also applied to any slight symptom 
preceding an attack of any disease or paroxysm, as the 
aura hysterica, aura vertiginosa, etc. A. seminalis 
theory, a theory of Swammerdam, who, observing a 
strong odor from drone bees, supposed that this, per- 
meating the body of the queen, fertilized the eggs. 

Aural (aw'-raP) [auris, the ear]. Relating to the ear 
or to hearing. A. Vertigo. See Meniere's Disease. 

Aurally (aw'-ral-e) [auris, the ear]. By means of the 
ear. 

Auramin (azv' -ram-iri) [aurum, gold ; amin\. Yellow 
Pyoktanin, q. v. ; a yellow anilin color used to some 
extent as a bactericide and preventive of suppuration. 
Unof. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. 

Aurantia (aw-ran' -she-ali) \_aarantium, an orange]. 
An orange coal-tar dye ; an ammonium salt of hexa- 
nitro-diphenyl-amin. The use of this dye has been 
said to produce skin-diseases. See Conspectus of 
Pigments, under Pigment. 

Aurantium (aw-ran' -she-um) [L. : gen., Aurantii\. 
Orange. The fruit of Citrus vulgaris and C. auran- 
tium. Both the flowers and the rind of the fruit are 
employed in medicine. The volatile oil from the rind 
is aromatic and a mild tonic but is used mainly as a 
flavor. A. amara, Ext. Fid., bitter orange peel, alco- 
hol, and water. Used as a flavor. Dose^ss-j. A. 
amara, Tinct., bitter orange peel 20, dilute alcohol, 
q. s. ad 100. Dose gj-ij. A. corticis, Ol., the vola- 
tile oil expressed from the rind of the orange. Dose 
gtt. j-v. A. dulcis, Tinct., sweet orange peel 20, 
dilute alcohol, q. s. ad 100. Dose 3J-ij. A., Elixir, 
oil of orange I, sugar 100, alcohol and water, q. s. ad 
300. A. flores, Aq., fresh orange flowers 40, water- 
200. Distil to 100 parts. A. florum, OL, " oil of 
neroli," a volatile oil distilled from fresh orange 
flowers. Dose gtt. i-v. A. florum, Syr., sugar 85, 
orange-flower water q. s. A flavoring-agent. A., 
Infus. (B. P.). Dose ^j-ij. A., Infus., Comp. 
(B. P.). Dose §j-ij. A., Spt., oil of orange 6, 
alcohol 94. Dose according to quantity of alcohol 
desired. A., Spt., Comp., oil of orange-peel, 20, oil 
of lemon 5, oil of coriander 2, oil of anise 5, deodor- 
ized alcohol q. s. A., Syr., sweet-orange peel, precipi- 
tated calcium phosphate, each 5, sugar 70, alcohol and 
water q. s. A., Tinct. (B. P.). Dose gj— ij. A., 
Tinct. Recentis (B. P.), tinct. of fresh orange-peel. 
Dose 3 j-ij. A., Vinum (B. P.), 1 2 per cent, of alcohol. 

Auricle (aw'-rik-l) [auricula, the outer ear]. The 
pinna and external meatus of the ear. The auricles 
of the heart are the two cavities between the veins and 
the ventricles. See Circulation, and Heart. 

Auricular (aw-rik' '-u-lar) [auricula, the outer ear]. 
Relating to the auricle, or to the ear ; as the auricular 
nerve, arteries, veins, etc. The Auricular arteries, 
anterior and posterior, are branches of the temporal 
and external carotid, supplying the auricle of the ear. 
A. Finger, the little finger. A. Fissure. See 
Fissure. A. Foramen, the outlet of the meatus of 
the ear. A. Lymphatics, small lymphatic glands 
near the upper end of the sterno-mastoid muscle. A. 
Point, the central point of the auricular foramen. 
See Craniometrical Points. 

Auriculars (aw-rik'-u-larz) [auricula, the ear]. In 
biology, the feathered area that conceals the ears in 
most birds ; regio-auricularis. 

Auriculo-bregmatic [aw-rik' ' -u-lo-breg-mat' '-ik) [auri- 
cula, the ear ; fiptyfia, a soft spot]. Relating to the 
auricle and to the bregma. 

Aw:\cu\o-occYp\taA(aw-7-ik'-u-lo-ok-sip'-it-al)[auricitl(7, 
the ear ; occiput, the back of the head] . Pertaining 



both to the ear and the back of the head. A. Trian- 
gle. See Triangle. 

AuTiculo-paTotidean (aw-rik'-u-lo-par-ot-id'-e-an) [au- 
ricula, the ear; Ttapuriq, the parotid gland]. Relat- 
ing to the auricle and to the parotid gland. 

Auriculo-temporal (aw-rik' -u-lo-tem'-po-ral) [auric- 
ula, the ear; tempora, the temples]. Relating to the 
auricle and to the temporal region. A. nerve, a 
branch of the inferior maxillary, supplying superficial 
parts about the auricle. 

Aunculo-ventricu\ar(aw-7-ik' -u-lo-ven-trik'-u-lar)[au- 
ricula, the ear ; ventriculus, the ventricle]. Relating 
to an auricle and a ventricle of the heart. A. open- 
ing, the opening between the auricles and the ventri- 
cles of the heart. 

Auriform (aw'-Hf-onii) [auris, the ear; forma, shape]. 
Ear-shaped. 

Aurigo (aw-ri'-go) [L. ] . An incorrect form of the word 
aurugo. 

Aurilave (aw' -ril-av) [auris, the ear; lavare, to wash]. 
An ear-brush or ear-sponge mounted upon a handle. 

Aurin (aw'-rin) [aurum, gold], C 19 H 14 3 . Pararosolic 
acid ; a body produced on boiling the diazo-hydro- 
chlorid of para-rosanilin with water. It dissolves in 
glacial acetic acid and alcohol, crystallizes in dark-red 
needles or prisms with metallic luster, and decomposes 
when heated above 220 . It is a dye-stuff used in 
printing calicoes and woolens, and for pigments, and 
produces orange-red colors. See Conspectus of Pig- 
ments, under Pigment. 

Au.ripigment(aw-rip-ig'-77ie/it ) [auripigmentum , golden 
pigment]. See Orpiment. 

Auripuncture (aw'-re-punkt-chiii-) [auris, ear; punc- 
tura, puncture]. Surgical or traumatic puncture of 
the membrana tympani. 

Auris (aw'-ris) [L.]. The ear. 

Auriscalp (aw'-ris-kalp) [auris, the ear; scalpare, to 
scrape]. An ear-pick or probe for the ear. 

Auriscope (aw' -ris-kop) [auris, the ear ; ckokelv, to 
examine]. An instrument for examining the ear, and 
especially the Eustachian passage ; an otoscope. 

Aurist (aw'-rist) [auris, the ear]. A specialist in dis- 
eases of the ear. 

Aurugo (aw-ru'-gd) [L.]. Yellowness; jaundice; 
icterus. 

Aurum (aw'-rum) [L. : gen., Auri~\. Gold. Au =• 
196.7; quantivalence, ill. One of the metals char- 
acterized as "noble" by the ancients, because of its 
weight and luster. It has a brilliant yellow color and 
will not tarnish. The metal is sometimes used as a 
plate on which artificial teeth are set. The chlorid 
locally is an escharotic. Internally its action resem- 
bles that of mercuric chlorid. In small doses it pro- 
motes digestion and stimulates the functions of the 
brain ; in large doses it is a violent poison. It is useful 
in certain forms of dyspepsia, hypochondriasis, amen- 
orrhea, and functional impotence. Poisoning is 
treated by albumen (eggs) or flour, and evacuation 
of the stomach. A. brom., AuBr 3 , is used in epi- 
lepsy and migraine. Dose gr. -jV" s- A. et sodii 
chlor., soluble in water. Dose gr. jV-jV A. chlo- 



ridum (unof.). Soluble. Dose gr. 



Gold 
chlorid is also valued as a stain for sections of brain- 
tissue and of nerve-ganglia ; it has been vaunted as a 
cure for the alcoholic habit. 

Auscult, or Auscultate (aws-kulf '; aws'-kul-tat) [aus- 
cultare, to listen to]. To perform or practise ausculta- 
tion ; to examine by auscultation. 

Auscultation (aws-kul-ta' -shun) [auscultare, to listen 
to]. A method of investigation of the functions and 
condition of the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and 
other organs by the sounds they themselves give out, or 



AUSCULTATORY 



151 



AUTOPHAGIA 



that are elicited by percussion. It is called immediate, 
when the ear is directly applied to the part, and 
mediate, if by the aid of the stethoscope. Obstetric 
auscultation is practised in pregnancy to detect or 
study the fetal heart-sounds or the placental murmur. 
See Murmur, Respiration, Rates, Rhonchus, Bron- 
chophony, Pectoriloquy, Egophony, Bruit, Souffle, etc. 
A. -tube, in otology, an instrument for listening to 
the forced passage of air through the ear of another. 

Auscultatory (aws-kul' -tat-or-e) [auscultare, to listen 
to]. Relating to auscultation. A. Percussion, the 
practise of auscultation by one person, while another 
practises percussion. 

Australian (aws-tral'-yan) [Australia]. Of or belong- 
ing to Australia. A. Blight. See Angio-neurotic 
Edema. A. Sassafras. See Atherosperma mos- 
chata. 

Autacanthid (aw-tak-an' -thid) [avrdc, self; anavda, 
a spine]. In biology, applied to a star- fish having 
many of the spines on special plates. 

Autechoscope (a7v-tek'-o-skdp) [avrdc, self; l/X°Sj 
sound; okotteIv, to inspect]. A device for enabling 
a person to listen to sounds produced within his own 
body. 

Autecious, or Autcecious (aw-te' '-shies) [avrdc, self; 
o'ikoc, dwelling]. In biology, same as Monecious ; 
also applied to parasitic fungi that pass through all 
the stages of their existence on the same host. 

Autenrieth and Hinsberg's Test. See Tests, Table 
of- 

Autocarpous (ww-to-kar' -pus) [avrdc, self; Kap-rtdc, 
fruit]. In biology, said of a fruit consisting of a supe- 
rior and free ovary. 

Autocatheterism (aw-to-kath' -et-er-izm) [avrdc, self; 
Katferr/p, a catheter]. The passage of a catheter by 
a person upon himself. 

Autocatheterist {aw-to-kath' -et-er-ist) [avrdc, self; 
Kaderf/p, a catheter] . One who practises autocatheter- 
ism. 

Autocatheterization (aw-to-kath-et-er-iz-a' -shun) . The 
process of catheterizing one's self. 

Autochthon (aw-tok' -thun) [avrdxOuv, sprung from the 
land]. An aboriginal inhabitant. 

Autochthonous (aw-tok' '-thon-us) [avrd^Ooiv, sprung 
from the land]. Aboriginal; formed (as a clot) in 
the place where it is found. 

Autocinesis (aw-to-sin-e' -sis) [avrdc, self; kIvt/bic, mo- 
tion] . Motion that is voluntary, or apparently so. 

Autocinetic (aw-to-shi-ef -ik) [avrdc, self; Kivnaic, mo- 
tion]. Possessed of the power of spontaneous motion. 

Autoclave (aw'-to-kldv) [avrdc, self; clavis, a key]. 
I. Self-fastening ; closing itself. 2. An instrument for 
sterilizing or killing germ-life by steam-heat, the gauge 
indicating automatically the pressure, and therefore the 
degree of heat, to which the microorganism is sub- 
jected. 

Autodiagnosis (aw-to-di-ag-no' '-sis) [avroc;, self; 
Sidyvuoic, a discovering]. Self-diagnosis; the morbid 
impression sometimes possessed by a patient that he is 
affected with some particular disease. This impression 
may amount to a fixed and dominant idea. 

Autodidact (aw'-to-di-dakt) [avrdc, self; diSaardc, 
taught]. One who is self-taught in his profession. 

Autodigestion (aw-to-di-jes' -chun) [avrdc, self; digere, 
to digest] . Digestion of the walls of the stomach by 
the gastric juice consequent upon loss of the epithe- 
lium, or upon other gastric disease. Autopepsia. 



Autogamous (aw-tog' 



[avrdc, self; ydfioc. mar- 



riage]. In botany, a name applied to flowers that are 
habitually self-fertilizing. 
Autogenesis (aw-to-jen' -es-is) [avroc, self; yeveaig, 
production]. Spontaneous generation ; self-production. 



Autogenetic (aw-to-jen-et' -ik) [avroc, self; yiveatc, pro- 
duction]. Developed by or due to autogenesis ; pro- 
duced, as disease, within the organism ; not enthetic. 

Autogenous (aw-toj 1 -en.-us) [avroc, self; yiveaic, pro- 
duction]. Pertaining to diseases or conditions self- 
producing within the body and not derived from exter- 
nal or objective sources ; applied to poisons generated 
in the body by its inherent processes, — e.g., puerperal 
fever has been falsely supposed to be due to self-gen- 
eration of the septic material. 

Autographic (aw-to-graf'-ik) [avroc, self; ypcujietv, to 
write]. Self-registering. A. Skin, a condition of 
vaso-motor paralysis, usually in hysterical patients, in 
which markings made upon the skin form quite per- 
sistent and intensely red traces. A. Woman, one 
with an Autographic Skin. 

Autographism (aw 1 ' -to-graf-izm) [avrdc, self; ypdtyuv, 
to write]. The condition observed in the so-called 
autographic skin ; dermographism. See Urticaria 
faclitia. 

Autographist (aw' ' -to-graf-isf) [avrdc, self; ypaqetv, to 
write] . One who has an autographic skin. 

Autohypnotism (ato-to-hip' -not-izm) [avroc, self; 
i)~voc, sleep]. Mental stupor induced by dwelling in- 
tensely upon some all-absorbing delusion. See also 
Statuvolence. 

Autoinoculation (aw-to-in-ok-u-la' -shun) [avrdc, self; 
inocidare, to implant]. Reinoculation by virus ob- 
tained from the same person. 

Autointoxication (aw-to-in-toks-ik-a' -shun). See Au- 
to toxic. 

Autokinesis (aw-to-kin-e' -sis) [avrdg, self; nivr/atc, 
movement]. 1. Voluntary movement ; movement not 
reflex or allokinetic. 2. Movement that is appar- 
ently not volitional, but that arises from causes within 
the organism. 

Autokinetic (aw-to-kin-ef '-ik)[avrdc, self; Kivrjaic, move- 
ment]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, autokinesis. 

Autolaryngoscopy (aw-to-lar-ing-gos' '-ko-pe) [avrdc, 
self; Aapvy!;, the larynx ; o-noirelv, to examine]. The 
examination of one's larynx by himself. 

Auto-massage (aw-to-mas-sahzh') [avrdc, self; jjiaa- 
oeiv, to knead]. Self-massage; therapeutic manipula- 
tions of the body performed by the patient himself. 

Automatic (aw-to-mat' -ik) [avroftari^eiv, to act spon- 
taneously]. Performed without the influence of the 
will. A. Plugger, an instrument adapted for pound- 
ing gold foil in the cavities of teeth. 

Automatism (aw-tom' -at-izm) [avro/iarl^eiv, to act 
spontaneously]. The performance of acts without 
apparent volition, as seen in certain somnambulists 
and in some hysterical and epileptic patients. 

Automatograph (aw-to-mat' '-o-graf) [avro/iart^eiv, to 
act spontaneously ; ypdipeiv, to record]. An instru- 
ment for registering involuntary movements of the hand. 

Automaton (aw-tom' '-at-on) [avrdparoc, spontaneous]. 
One who acts in an involuntary or mechanical man- 
ner. A. Blowpipe. See Blowpipe. 

Automysophobia (aw-to-mis-o-fo'-be-ah) [avroc, self; 
/j-vooc, filth; fojioc, fear]. Insane dread of personal 
uncleanliness. 

Autonomy (aw-ton' '-o-me) [avroc, self; vdfioc, law]. 
The independent existence of a disease or of a materies 
morbi within the organism. 

Autonyctobatesis (atu-to-nik-to-bat-e' -sis) [avroc, self; 
v'v^, night; fiaiveiv, to walk]. Somnambulism. 

Autopathic (aw-to-path' -ik) [avrdc, self ; irdOoc, suffer- 
ing]. The same as Endopathic. 

Autopepsia (aw-to-pep' -se-ah) [ahrdc, self; ■nkirrtiv, to 
digest]. Autodigestion. 

Autophagia (aw-to-pha' -je-ah) [avrdc, self ; (payelv, to 
eat]. Self-consumption; emaciation. 



AUTOPHAGOUS 



152 



AVEXIN 



Autophagous (aw-toff ' -ag-us) [avroc-, self; (payetv, to 
eat]. In biology, self-feeding as soon as hatched. 

Autophagy (aw-toff' -a-je) [air<5c, self; <payelv, to eat]. 
In starvation the absorption of the tissues themselves 
for nutrition. Life may be thus continued until about 
half the body-weight has been consumed. 

Autophilia (aw-to-fiF -e-ali) [aurdc,self ; Qikeiv, to love]. 
Morbid self-esteem. 

Autophobia (aw-to-fo' -be-ah) [airtSc, self; <j>6j3og, fear]. 
A morbid dread of one's self, or of solitude. 

Autophonia (aw-to-fo' -ne-ah). See Autophony. 

Autophonomania (aw-to-fo-no-ma' -ne-ah) \_avTo<povia, 
suicide ; /xavia, madness]. Suicidal mania. 

Autophonous (azu-toff'-on-us) [ciiiTug, self; ipuvr/, 
voice]. Having the character of autophony. 

Autophony (aw-toff' -o-ne) [airtic, self ; ipuvi/, voice]. In 
auscultation, the peculiar quality of the physician's 
own voice while listening to the patient's chest- 
sounds. 

Autophthalmoscope (aw-toff-thal'-mo-skop). See Oph- 
tlialmoscope. 

Autophyllogeny (aw-to-fil-of -en-e) \_avrog, self; (fivXkov, 
leaf; yeveoig, production]. In biology, the production 
of leaves by leaves. 

Autoplast (aw f -to-plast) [airoc,self; ir'Aaaaeiv, to form]. 
In biology : I. The chlorophyll body. 2. A cell of 
independent spontaneous origin. 

Autoplasty (aw' ' -to-plas-te) \_avr6g, self; likaoouv, to 
form] . A method of repairing the effects of a wound 
or lesion involving loss of tissue by grafting or implant- 
ing fresh parts taken from other portions of the patient's 
body. 

Autopsic (aw-top'-sik) [ai'-<5c, self; dipic, a seeing]. 
Relating to an autopsy. 

Autopsy (aw'-top-se) [avrdg, self ; oipig, a seeing]. I. 
Examination, or seeing one's own self; self-inspec- 
tion. 2. The post-mortem study of the body of another. 
The use of the word in this sense, however, is ety- 
mologically absurd. See Necropsy.. 

Autoscope (aw' -to-skop) \_avr6g, self; okotteiv, to see]. 
An instrument, e.g., the ophthalmoscope, arranged 
for the examination of an organ by oneself. 

Autoscopy (aw-tos' -ko-pe) \_av~6c, self; UKondv, to see]. 
The examination of one's own organs or disease by 
means of an autoscope. 

Autosite (aw'-to-sit) [m','rdc,self ; oiroc, food] . I.Amon- 
ster capable of an independent existence after birth. 
2. That member of a double fetal monstrosity that 
nourishes itself by its own organs as well as the other 
member, which is called the parasite. 

Autositic (aw-to-sif -ik) [avrog, self; airog, food]. Of 
the nature of an autosite. 

Autostethoscope (aw-to-steth'-o-skop) \_avr6g, self; 
arrflog, the breast ; anoirsiv, to examine]. A stetho- 
scope so arranged that by it one may listen to his own 
chest-sounds. 

Autosuggestion (aw-to-sug-jes'-chun) \_av~6g, self; 
suggestio, an intimation]. A term suggested by Page 
for that peculiar mental condition, often developing 
after railway accidents ; it is intimately associated with 
the hypnotic state. In both of these conditions 
the mental spontaneity, the will, or the judgment, is 
more or less suppressed or obscured, and suggestions 
become easy. Thus the slightest traumatic action 
directed to any member may become the occasion of a 
paralysis, of a contracture, or of an arthralgia. It is also 
called traumatic suggestion . 

Autotemnon (aw-to-tem' -non) \avrbg, self; rqiveiv, 
cut]. In biology, the self-dividing unicellular organism. 

Autotherapy (aw-to-ther' -a-pe) \_av-6g, self; oepaneia, 
a waiting on]. The spontaneous or self-cure of a 
disease. 



Autotoxemia (a~v-to-toks-e'-me-ah)\avj6g, self; to!-ik6v, 
a poison ; al/ia, blood]. Toxemia from poisons de- 
rived from the organism itself. 

Autotoxis (aw-to-toks' -is) \am6g, self; rofcuov, poison]. 
Self-empoisonment through the absorption of noxious 
products of katabolism, as in uremia. Cf. Autointoxi- 
cation. 

Autotoxin (aw-to-toks 1 '-in) [av-og, self; toS;ik6v, a 
poison]. Any product of tissue-metamorphosis with- 
in the organism that has a toxic effect upon that or- 
ganism. 

Autotransfusion (aw-to-tranz-fu' -zhun) [ahrdg, self; 
transfusio, a pouring from one vessel into another]. 
The transfer of the blood to the brain and other cen- 
tral organs by elevating the hips and legs, and by the 
use of elastic bandages. 

Autovaccination (aw-to-vaks-in-a' -shun) \_avr6g, self; 
vaccinare, to vaccinate]. The reinsertion of fresh 
vaccine-lymph upon the same person from whom 
it is taken, either by the vaccinated person himself 
or by some other person, whether intentionally or by 
accident. 

Autumn (aw' -turn) \autumnus, autumn] . The fall of 
the year. A. Catarrh. Synonym of Hay-fever, occur- 
ring in August and the fall of the year. 

Autumnal (aw-tum' -nal) [autumnus, autumn]. Per- 
taining to the fall of the year. A. Fever. Synonym 
of Typhoid Fever, q. v. 

Auxanometer {awks-an-om' -et-er) \_av^av£tv, to grow; 
//.ETpov, measure]. An instrument used in biologic 
study for measuring the growth of young organisms. 

Auxe (awks'-e) \_av^i, increase]. Enlargement in bulk 
or volume. 

Auxesis (awks-e'-sis) [aDf ijoig, enlargement]. Increase 
in size or bulk. Hypertrophy is a word often incor- 
rectly used where Auxesis is meant. 

Auxetic (awks-et'-ik) [aif T/riKog, enlargement] . Charac- 
terized by auxesis. 

Auxiliary (awks-il'-e-a-re) [auxilium, a helper]. Aid- 
ing. 

Auxilium (awks-W -e-tim) [L., "help'']. A wheeled 
vehicle or ambulance with couch and mattresses, for 
use in the service of field military hospitals. 

Auxocardia (awks-o-kar' -de-ali) [av^ri, an increase ; 
Kapdia, the heart]. The normal increase of the 
volume of the heart during diastole, in distinction 
from meiocardia, the diminution during systole. 

Auxospore (awks' -o-spor) [wbl-uv, to grow ; owopog, 
seed, offspring]. A large spore produced, either 
asexually, or by conjugation, in the Diatomaceas. 

Auxotonic (awks-o-ton' -ik) [ai^etv, to grow ; rdvog, 
tension]. Determined by growth. A. Move- 
ments, in biology, movements due to growth rather 
than to stimulation. 

Ava Kava (ah'-vah kah'-vah). See Kava-Kava. 

Avalanche Theory. Pfliiger's opinion that nerve- 
energy gathers intensity as it passes toward the muscles. 

Aveling's Apparatus. An apparatus employed in the 
immediate transfusion of blood. A. Curve. The 
S-shaped curve of the handles of obstetric forceps. 
A. Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Avena (av-e'-nah) [L.]. A genus of plants. Oat. 
A. farina, oatmeal. A. sativa, the embryo of the 
the seed of the common oat plant. It contains starch, 
gluten, a ferment called diastase, and a small amount 
of alkaline phosphates, and is a nutritious food. Dose 
of the concentrated tinct. or fid. e\t. ITLx-^ij. The 
pericarp contains an alkaloid possessed of slight nar- 
cotic powers. Unof. 

Avenin [av-e'-nin) [avena,ihe oat]. 1. A precipi- 
tate made from a tincture of avena sativa, or the 
oat. It is a nerve-stimulant and tonic. Unof. 2. A 



AVENS 



153 



AZOIC 



nitrogenous principle obtained from the oat, and 
nearly identical with legumin ; the gluten-casein 
of oats. 

Avens (av'-enz) [Welsh, afans], A name given to 
several plants of the genus Geitni. A. Root, the root 
of Geum rivale, a tonic and astringent. It contains 
gallic and tannic acids. Dose of fid. ext. ^ss-j. Unof. 

Avery's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Aviation (a-ve-a'-shiin) [avis, a bird]. Artificial flight. 

Avidity (av-id 1 '-it-e) [avidus, greedy]. In chemistry, 
the tendency of certain weak acids, in suitable con- 
ditions, to dispossess even the strongest acids and to 
unite with their bases. 

Avocado Pear (av-o-ka'-do). See Alligator Pear. 

Avogadro, Law of. See Law and Ampere. 

Avoirdupois Weight (av-or-du-poiz' wat) [Fr. , avoir, 
to have ; du poids, of weight]. The common English 
weight used for all commodities except precious metals, 
gems and medicines. The pound is equal to 7000 
grains Troy, or 453-54 grams, or 16 ounces. The 
ounce is divided into 16 drams, each of 27.34 grains. 
See Weights and Measures. 

Avulsion (av-ul' '-shim) [avulsio ; avellere, to tear 
away]. A traumatic or surgical tearing or wrenching 
away of a part, as a polypus, a limb, etc. 

Awn (awn) [axva, chaff]. The bristle or beard of 
barley, oats, etc ; or any other similar appendage. 

Axial (aks'-e-al) \_axis, axis]. Pertaining to or situated 
in an axis. A. Current. Same as A. Stream. A 
Hypermetropia. See Hypermetropia. A. Stream. 
The name given to the red column in a vessel at the 
seat of inflammation. The blood-corpuscles are 
separated, the red being packed together in the center 
of the vessel, while between this and the walls of the 
vessel is a clear layer of serum in which the white cor- 
puscles roll along. See Poiseuille's Space. 

Axiferous (aks-if -er-us) [axis, axis; ferre, to bear]. 
In biology, producing a stem-like, leafless axis, ascer- 
tain fungi and algse. 

Axilemma (aks 1 ' -il-em-ah) [axis, axis ; li/ijua, husk, 
skin]. In histology, an elastic sheath composed of 
neurokeratin enclosing the axis cylinder of medullated 
nerve-fibers. 

Axilla (aks-il'-ah) [L. : pi., Axillce]. The armpit. 

Axillar (aks' -il-ar) [axilla, axil] . In biology, one of 
the tufts of soft feathers growing from the axilla, and 
forming part of the under wing-coverts of a bird. 

Axillary (aks'-il-a-re) [axilla, axil]. Pertaining to the 
axilla. A. Artery, the continuation of the subclavian 
artery, extending from the lower border of the first rib 
to the insertion of the pectoralis major muscle, where 
it becomes the brachial. See Arteries, Table of. A. 
Glands, the lymphatic glands in the axilla. A. 
Plexus, the brachial plexus, formed by the last three 
cervical and the first dorsal nerves. A. Space, the 
irregular conical space of the axilla. A. Vein, a 
continuation of the brachial, corresponding with the 
artery and terminating in the subclavian vein. 

Axin (aks' -in) [aximis~\. A fatty and varnish-like sub- 
stance produced in Mexico by an insect, Coccus 
axinns. It is used in the arts and locally in medicine, 
being regarded as a good vulnerary and resolvent. 

Axis (aks' -is) [L. for axletree]. I. An imaginary line 
passing through the center of a body. 2. The second 
cervical vertebra. A., Basicranial, in craniometry, a 
line drawn from the basion to the middle of the anterior 
border of the cerebral surface of the sphenoid bone. 
A., Basifacial, in craniometry, a line drawn from the 
anterior border of the cerebral surface of the sphenoid 
to the alveolar point. A., Binauricular, in cranio- 
metry, the imaginary line joining the two auricular 
points. A., Cerebrospinal, the central nervous 



system. A. Cylinder (of a nerve), the conducting or 
essential part of a nerve lying in the center and sur- 
rounded by the sheath of Schwann. It is also 
called the axis-cylinder of Purkinje. A., Frontal (of 
the eye), an imaginary line running through the eyeball 
from right to left, and corresponding with the move- 
ments of elevation and depression of the eyeball. A., 
Optic, the line from the corneal apex to the macula 
lutea. A., Optical, an imaginary line passing from 
the center of the eye-piece of a microscope through 
the body, objective, stage and sub-stage, to the 
mirror. A., Sagittal (of the eye), an imaginary line 
running through the eyeball from before backward, 
and coinciding with the line of vision. A., Visual, 
the line from the object through the nodal point to 
the macula. 

Axle Teeth (aks' -I teth). See Azzle Teeth. 

Axogaster (aks'-o-gas-ter) [aguv, axis ; yaurr/p, stom- 
ach]. In biology the principal intestine, the gaster 
principalis. 

Axon (aks' -on) [agcov, an axis]. The axis of the body ; 
especially the bony axis of the neuro-skeleton. 

Axospermous (aks-o-sperm' -us) [dfuv, axis ; otiepfia, 
seed]. In biology, applied to fruits the seeds of 
which are attached to an axial placenta. 

Axungia (aks-un'-je-ah) [L.: gen., Axungiaf\. Fat; 
lard ; adeps. 

Ayres's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Azale (az-al'). See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pig- 
ment. 

Azalein (az-a'-le-in). Same as Posa?iilin. See also 
Conspectus of Pigments , under Pigment. 

Azarin (az' -ar-in). See Conspectus of Pigments, under 
Pigment. 

Azedarach (az-ed'-ar-ak) [Pers. azad, free ; dirakht, a 
tree]. Pride of China, the bark of Melia azedarach, 
an Asiatic tree naturalized in the southern U. S. It 
occurs in curved pieces or quills, having a sweetish 
taste. The decoction, ^ ij to Oj, is a gastro-intestinal 
irritant and anthelmintic against the round-worm. 
Dose 3ss-j. A., Ext. Fid. Dose gj. A., Tinct- 
ura, 1 to 8. Dose ^ss-ij. Unof. 

Azerin (az'-er-in) [badly formed from a priv. ; %rip6<;, 
dry]. A ferment analogous to ptyalin and found in 
the digestive secretions of Drosera, Nepenthes , and 
probably all other insectivorous plants. It is actively 
antiseptic and strongly deliquescent, and hastens 
rapidly the wetting of flies that fall into its solution. 

Azobenzene (az-o-ben' -ze?i) [a priv.; fwrdc, living; 
benzoin'] , C 12 H !0 N 2 . A compound formed by the action 
of sodium amalgam upon the alcoholic solution of 
nitro-benzene. It forms orange-red, rhombic crystals, 
readily soluble in alcohol and ether, but sparingly 
soluble in water. It melts at 68°, and distils at 

293°- 

Azo-compounds. In chemistry, compounds interme- 
diate between the nitro-compounds and the amido- 
compounds, and made from the former by partial 
reduction, or from the latter by partial oxidation. 

Azodiphenyl Blue. Same as Cozipier's Blue. 

Azo-dyes. A well defined group of the coal-tar colors, 
all containing the diatomic group — N — N — , bound 
on either side to a benzene radical. They may be 
prepared by reduction of the nitro-compounds in 
alkaline solutions, or by acting on diazo-compounds 
with phenols or amins of the aromatic series. The 
azo-dyes are the amido-derivatives of simple azo- 
compounds, and are to be distinguished as amidoazo- 
dyes and oxyazo-dyes. See Conspectus of Pigments, 
under Pigment. 

Azoic (az-o'-ik) [a priv. ; f or/, life]. In biology, desti- 
tute of living organisms. 



AZOLITMIN 



154 



BACILLURIA 



Azolitmin {az-o-lit 1 '-miri) [a priv.; Cur/, life; Dan. lak, 
lac; moes, pulp], C 7 H 7 N0 4 . A deep blood-red color- 
ing matter obtained from litmus. See Conspectus of 
Pigments, under Pigment. 

Azoospermia (ak-zo-o-sper' -me-ah) [a priv.; Cur/, life ; 
0-nip/j.a, seed]. Want of, or deficient vitality of, the 
spermatozoids. 

Azoospermism (ah-zo-o-sperm' -iztti) [a priv.; Cut), 
life; cmpfia, seed]. Absence of the spermatic ele- 
ments from the seminal fluid. 

Azorella (az-o-rel'-ah) [L.]. A genus of umbellifer- 
ous plants. A. glebaria. See Balsam Bog. 

Azoresorcin (az-o-rez-or' -siii) [d priv. ; Cutoc, living ; 
Fr. , resorcine], C 12 H g N0 4 . A derivative of resorcin, 
occurring as dark-red and greenish crystals. 

Azote (az'-oi) [d priv. ; fw?/,life]. A synonym of ni- 
trogen. Azotic acid, nitric acid. 

Azotemia (az-o-te'-me-a/i) [azotum, nitrogen ; aifia, 
blood]. The presence of nitrogenous compounds in 
the blood ; uremia. 

Azotenesis (az-o-ten-e'-sis) [azotum, nitrogen]. Any 
one of a class of diseases said to be due to a supera- 
bundance of nitrogen in the system, such as carcinoma, 
scurvy, gangrene, etc. 

Azotometer (az-o-tom'-et-er) [azotum, nitrogen ; fiirpov, 
a measure]. A device for the measurement of nitrogen. 

Azoturia [az-o-tu' -re-aK) \_azotum, nitrogen ; ttrina, 
the urine]. An increase of the urea and urates in the 
urine. 

Azoxybenzene (az-oks-e-ben' -zeii) [azotum, nitrogen ; 
d£ i'C, sharp ; benzene'] , C 12 H 10 N 2 O. A compound 



obtained by the reduction of nitrobenzene. It forms 
long yellow needles, easily soluble in alcohol and 
ether, but not in water. It melts at 36°. 

Azulene (az'-u-len). Same as Cerulein. 

Azulin (a-J-u-lin). See Conspectus of Pigments, under 
Pigment. 

Azure (az'-iir) [ME., azure, blue]. Sky-blue. A. Blue. 
Same as Cobalt Blue, and Ultramarine. A. Mala- 
chite. See Azurite in Conspectus of Pigments, under 
Pigment. 

Azurin (az'-iir-iii). Same as Azulin. 

Azurite (az'-ilr-it). See Conspectus of Pigments, under 
Pigment. 

Azygomatous (ah-zi-gom' '-at-us) [d priv. ; C'ryu/ia, the 
zygomatic arch]. Destitute of zygomatic arches, as 
the shrews. 

Azygos (az'-ig-os) [d priv. ; Cv) df , a yoke]. Applied to 
parts that are single, not in pairs. A. uvulae, a small 
muscle of the uvula. A. Vein, a vein connecting 
the superior and inferior venre cavae. 

Azygospore (az-i' '-go-spor) [d priv. ; Cvybv, yoke ; 
ciropd, seed]. An asexually produced spore, but re- 
sembling the sexual spore or zygospore. 

Azygous (az'-ig-us) [d priv. ; Cvyoc, a yoke]. Not 
paired ; or, if paired, so blended as to seem one organ. 

Azymia (ah-zim'-e-ali) [d priv. ; C'v[iT), a ferment]. Ab- 
sence or lack of ferment. 

Azymic (ah-zim' -ik) [d priv. ; Cv/itj, a ferment]. Not 
giving rise to fermentation. 

Azzle Teeth (az'-l-teth) [E. dial., assal teeth~\. A name 
given to the molar teeth. 



B. In chemical terminology the symbol of Boron. 

Ba. The chemical symbol of Barium. 

B. A. A contraction of Balneum aqua, a water-bath ; 
also, of Balneum arena, a sand-bath, and of Artium 
Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Arts. > 

B. M. A contraction of Balneitm maris a sea- water 
bath ; also of Medicince Baccalaureus, Bachelor of 
Medicine. 

B. V. A contraction of Balneum vaporis, a vapor-bath. 

Babbitt Metal, a compound of metals used in prosthetic 
dentistry for dies in swaging plates. 

Babe (bd'b) [ME., babe]. An infant. 

Babes' Method. See Stains, Table of. B. Oven. 
See Oven. 

Babul Gum [ba-bool'\ [Bengal]. The gum of the tree 
Acacia arabica, or babul ; an inferior sort of gum arabic. 

Baby yba'-be). Same as Babe. B.-farm. An institu- 
tion for raising orphan and pauper infants. B.- 
farming, the business of receiving and caring for the 
infants of those who, for any reason, may be unable 
or unwilling to bring up their own children. 

Baccaceous (bak-a'-she-us) [bacca, a berry]. Like a 
berry ; baccate. 

Baccate (bak'-at ) [bacca, a berry] . Berry -like, or 
bearing berries. 

Baccelli's Method. A method of treating aneurysm 
by passing a wire thread into the sac. See Treat- 
ment. B. Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Baccharis (bak'-ar-is) [j3a.Kxa.pic, a fragrant herb]. A 
genus of composite trees. B. halimifolia, the ground- 



sel tree, a composite-flowered shrub of N. America; 
a decoction of the leaves and bark is a popular demul- 
cent and pectoral medicine. Unof. 

Bacchia (bak-'e-a/i, or bak-i'-ah) \_Bacchus, the god of 
wine]. A synonym of Acne rosacea, a condition often 
found in drunkards. B. rosacea. Synonym of Acne 
rosacea. 

Bacillar, or Bacillary (bas'-il-ar; bas'-il-a-rc) [bacil- 
lum, a. rod; bacillus]. I. Relating to bacilli or to a 
bacillus. 2. Consisting of or containing rods. 

Bacilli (bas-il'-i) \_bacillum, a rod]. 1. Plural of 
Bacillus, q. v. 2. In pharmacy, cylindrical lozenges 
made by cutting the lozenge mass, and rolling it into 
a soft cylinder, on a pill-machine. . 

Bacillicidal (bas-il-is-ld'-al) \_bacillum, a rod ; ccedere, 
to kill]. Destructive to bacilli. 

Bacillicide (bas-il' -is-'id) [bacillum, a rod; ctcdere, to 
kill]. 1. Destructive to bacilli. 2. An agent that 
destroys bacilli. 

Bacilliculture [bas-il' ' -e-kul-chur) \_bacillum, a rod ; 
cultura, cultivation]. The artificial culture of bacilli 
for the purpose of studying their nature and life. 

Bacilliform (bas-il' -if-orm) [bacillum, rod; forma, 
form]. Having the shape or appearance of a bacillus. 

Bacillum (bas-il'-um) [L., a rod, a stick]. A stick ; 
a cylindrical troche ; an instrument for carrying a 
sponge ; any one of the rods in the layer of rods and 
cones of the retina. 

Bacilluria [bas-il-ti' '-re-ah\ [bacillum, a rod ; ovpov, 
urine]. The presence of bacilli in the urine. 



B. ACIDIFORMANS 



155 



B. MALLEI 



TYPES OF BACILLI, 

SHOWING MORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERS AND ARRANGEMENT. 



& 



B. acidiformans (X 1000). 



B. acidi lactici (X 1000). 



I 



B. capsulatus (X 1200). 



t& 



B. cavicida havaniensis (X 1000). 



4S- 



B erysipelatos suis (X 1000). 




B. gracilis cadaveris (X 1200). 




B. cedematis maligni (X 1000). 




B. anthracis (X 1200). 




*R 



B. arborescens (X 1200). 




B. buccalis maximus (X 1000). 
B. buccalis minutus (X 1000). 



m 



B. butyricus (X woo). 



» 



m. 



B. circulans (X 1200). 




to 



B. crassus sputigenus (X 1200). 






B. cuniculicida havaniensis (X 1200). 



B. cyanogenus (X 7 00 )- 



m 



B. of Dantec (X 1000). 




B. cadaveris (X 1000). 



B. diffusus (X 1000). 
B. diphtheria (X 1000). 



B. granulosus (X 800). 
Those without granules represent ab- 
normal forms. 



." 



B. havaniensis (X 1000). 



B. of Hog Cholera (X 1000). 



B. of influenza (X 1000). 

**- 

B. leprae (X 1200). 
B. limosus (X 1000). 



B. mallei (X 1200). 



B. MEGATERIUM 



156 



B. ZOPFII 




B. megaterium (X 1200). 



B. scissus (X 1200). 




B. thalassaophilus (X 1000). 




B. mesentericus vulgatus (X 1200). 



B. septicaemiae haemorrhagicae (X 1200). 



7L*$ 



B. tuberculosis (X 1000). 



v 

B. neapolitanus (X 1000). 



Nitrifying B. of Winogradsky (X 900). 






B. pneumoniae friedlanderi (X 1000). 

m 

B. prodigiosus (X 1000). 



& 



B. rhinoscleromatis (X 1400). 






B. of symptomatic anthrax fX 1000). 




B. of symptomatic anthrax, flagellate 
form (X 1000). 




B. syphilidis (Lustgarten) (X 1000). 




B. subtilis (X 1200). 




B. tctani (X 1200). 




B. typhi abdominalis (X 1200). 




B. typhi abdominalis, showing flagella 
(X 1200). 



8£ 

B. ulna of Vignal (X 1000). 



(9c 

B. vermicularis (X 1000). 




B. zopfii (various stages of growth) 
(X 1000). 



BACILLUS 



157 



BACTERIA 



Bacillus [bas-il'-ns) [dim. of baculum : bacillum, 
a small staff: />/. , Bacilli\ (a) A genus of the Schizo- 
mycetes established by Cohn ; synonym, Bacteridium, 
Davaine ; Bacterium, Delafond ; Vibrio, Cohn; and 
including all the elongated forms except such as are 
spiral and have a gyratory motion, which are classed 
in the genus Spirillum. The bacilli are rigid or 
flexible, motile or non-motile, and reproduce either by 
direct fission or by endogenous spore-formation. See 
Bacteria, Svnouymatic Table of. (6) An individual 
of the genus Bacillus. (c) A medicated rod or 
bougie. (</) Any rod-like body, or specifically, one 
of the retinal rods, (e) In botany, the term applied 
to the cotyledon of certain plants, e. g. , the hyacinth ; 
or to the basal portion of some flower-clusters. 

Back [bale) [ME., bak~\. Dorsum; posterior aspect. 
B. Combination. See Combination. B. Draught 
[bak' draft), the inspiration of whooping-cough. 
B. Posture. See Postures. B. Stroke of the 
Heart. See Diastole. 

Backache (bak'-ak) [ME., bak ; aken~\. Pain in the 
back. 

Backbone (bak'-bd)i) [ME., bak ; boon]. The verte- 
bral column. 

Back-cut of Salmon. See Salmon, and Operations, 
Table of. 

Bacony Infiltration (ba'-kon-e in-fil-tra' -shun) . Same 
as Albuminoid Infiltration. 

Bacteremia {bak-ter-e' -me-ali) \bacterium, rod ; alfia, 
blood]. The presence of bacteria in the blood. 

Bacterium (bak-te' -re-um) [fianri/piov, a little stick://., 
Bacterid]. I. A genus of schizomycetous fungi estab- 
lished by Ehrenberg (1838) and Dujardin (1841) ; 
characterized by short, linear, inflexible, rod-like 
forms, without tendency to unite into chains or fila- 
ments. 2. The distinction between the genus Bacte- 
rium (Dujardin), and the genus Bacillus (Cohn) is not 
well founded, and all straight, elongated forms should 
be referred to the latter genus. The word bacteria as 
now employed is practically synonymous with Schizo- 
mycetes, Microorganisms, or Microbes, and includes 
those minute Thallophytes, with or without chloro- 
phyll, related on the one hand to the Nostocacea, and 
on the other to the Flagellata. Morphologically, 
bacteria are either spherical (cocci) ; in the form of 
straight rods (bacilli); or of twisted rods (spirilli). 
They occur either free, as filaments in layers, or in 
cube-like packets. Frequently large gelatinous masses 
called Zooglcea are formed. As regards growth they 
are grouped either as Endosporous bacteria, includ- 
ing those that form spores endogenously ; or as 
Arthrosporous bacteria, including those that mul- 
tiply by fission. Bacteria are either aerobic, i.e., 
dependent upon the presence of free oxygen for the 
purpose of vegetation, or anaerobic, in which free 
oxygen is not essential, as they possess the power of 
appropriating the oxygen of unstable organic combi- 
nations, thus acting as disorganizing, fermentative, 
or putrefactive agents. Again, certain forms appear 
to possess the ability to flourish in either condition, 
and are known as facultative anaerobic. Bacteria 
are either motile or non-motile ; they may exist as 
saprophytes, facultative parasites, strict, obligate, 
or true parasites. Those that produce pigment are 
known as chromogenic ; those that produce fer- 
mentation as zymogenic ; those that affect adversely 
the health of plants or animals as pathogenic. See 
Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of, and special terms 
under appropriate headings. 



SYNONYMATIC TABLE OF BACTERIA.* 

Actinobacter du lait visqueux, Duclaux. Found in 
ropy milk, aer., nliqf., npg. Actinobacter poly- 
morphus. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. 
Actinomyces bovis, Harz. Syn. Cladothrix bovis, 
Cladothrix canis, Rabe (?) Found in Actinomycosis 
and in sputum of tuberculous patients. Discovered 
by Langenbeck (1845) ; first correctly described by 
Israel (1878). Bollinger first to recognize it in cattle. 
Considered by Paltauf, Israel, and Wolf as a pleo- 
morphic schizophyte. Occurs in grains the size of 
a poppy-seed ; composed of radiating threads. Stains 
with anilin dyes ; is not decolorized by Gram's 
method. Grows on egg albumin, gelatin, potato, and 
bouillon. liqf.,pg.,chg. (Sulphur- yellow. ) j3£thyl- 
bacillus de Fitz. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg, 
etc. Amylobacter Clostridium, Trecul. See Bacillus 
butyricus, Prazmowski. A New Bacillus of Ma- 
lignant Edema, Klein. See Bacillus a-dematis 
aerobian, Klein. Anthrax bacillus. See Bacillus 
anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Arthrobacterium 
aceti, De Bary. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing. 
Arthrobacterium chlorinum, De Bary. See Ba- 
cillus chlorinus, Engelmann. Arthrobacterium 
merismopcedioides, De Bary. See Bacillus meris- 
mopcedioides, Zopf. Arthrobacterium pastorianum, 
De Bary. See Bacillus pasteurianus , Hansen. 
Arthrobacterium viride, De Bary. See Bacillus 
viridis, Van Tieghem. Arthrobacterium zopfii. 
See Bacillus zopfii. Arthro-kokkaceen, Ger. Arthro- 
spore bacteria forming only cocci and cocci-chains. 
Ascobacillus citreus, Unna and Tommasoli. Syn. 
Ascococcus citreus. On the skin, in cases of eczema 
seborrhoeicum. aer. , liqf. , mot., chg. (lemon-yellow) , 
npg. Ascobacterium ulvina, Van Tieghem. Short 
rods occurring in liquids containing decaying legumi- 
nous seeds. Ascococcus billrothii, Cohn. Lobu- 
lated masses, producing a viscous fermentation of 
saccharine fluids and evolving butyric acid in solution of 
ammonium tartrate. Ascococcus citreus, Unna and 
Tommasoli. See Ascobacillus citreus. Ascococcus 
johnei, Cohn. See Micrococcus botryogenus, Rabe. 
Ascococcus mesenteroides, Cienkowski. See Leu- 
conostoc mesenteroides, Cienkowski. Ascococcus 
vibrans, Van Tieghem. Upon water containing 
Beggiatoce ; distinguished from A. billrothii by the 
whirling and oscillating of the cells. Aussatz- 
bacillus, Ger. See Bacillus lepra, Hansen. 
Bacille aerogene, Fr. See Bacillus lactis aerogenes. 
Miller. Bacille aerophile, Fr. See Bacillus aero- 
philus, Liborius. Bacille brun de la pomme 
de terre, Fr. See Bacillus mesentericus fuscus, 
Fliigge. Bacille butylique, Fr. See Bacillus buty- 
licus, Fitz. Bacille butyrique, Fr. See Bacillus 
butyriczts, Pasteur. Bacille commune de la pomme 
de terre, Fr. See Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus, 
Fliigge. Bacille coprogene fetide, Fr. See Bacillus 
eoprogenes fcetidus, Schottelius. Bacille cyanogene, 
Fr. See Bacillus cyanogenus , Hueppe. Bacille de 
Bienstock, I, II, Fr. See Bacillus subtilis simulans, 
Bienstock. Bacille de Brieger, Fr. See Bacillus 
cavicidus, Brieger. Bacille deDenecke, Fr. See Spir- 
illum tyrogetium, Denecke. Bacille de Finkler et 
Prior, Fr. See Spirillum of Finkler and Prior. 
Bacille de Hauser. See Proteus mirabilis, Proteus 
vulgaris, Proteus zenkeri, Hauser. Bacille de Koch. 
See Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Bacille de la 
chylurie, Fr. See Bacillus of chyluria, Wilson. 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic. anaer. = anaerobic, chg. = chromogenic. facana'er. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
oW. = obligate. oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic. phos.= phosphorescent pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



158 



BACTERIA 



Bacille de la coqueluche, Fr. .See Bacillus tussis 
convulsiva, Afanassiew. Bacille de la decomposi- 
tion de l'albumine, Fr. See Bacillus putrificus coli, 
Bienstock. Bacille de la diarrhee verte infantile, 
Fr. See Bacillus of green diarrhea in children, 
Lesage. Bacille de la diphtheric See Bacillus 
diphtheria , Loffler. Bacille de la diphtherie des 
pigeons, Fr. See Bacillus diphtheria columbarum, 
Loffler. Bacille de la diphtherie des veaux, Fr. 
See Bacilhis diphtheria vitulorum, Loffler. Bacille 
de la diphtherie intestinale chez les lapins, Fr. 
See Bacillus of intestinal diphtheria in rabbits, Rib- 
bert. Bacille de la dysenterie epidemique, Fr. 
See Bacillus dysenteries, Chantemesse and Widal. 
Bacille de la dysenterie epizootique des poules 
et des dindes, Fr. See Bacillus of Lucet. Bacille 
de la fermentation butyrique, Fr. See Bacillus 
butyricus, Prazmowski. Bacille de la fermentation 
lactique, Fr. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. 
Bacille de la fievre jaune, Fr. See Bacillus of 
yellow fever. Bacille de la fievre puerperale, Fr. 
See Bacillus of puerperal fever. Bacille de la fievre 
typhoide, Fr. See Bacillus typhi abdominalis, Eberth. 
Bacille de la gangrene emphysemateuse pro- 
gressive. Bacille de la gangrene gazeuse, Fr. 
See Bacillus cedematis maligni, Koch. Bacille de la 
gangrene senile, Fr. See Bacillus of senile gangrene, 
Tricomi. Bacille de la lepre, Fr. See Bacillus 
lepra, Hansen. Bacille de la malaria, Fr. See 
Bacillus malaria, Klebs and Tommasi-Crudeli. Ba- 
cille de la morve, Fr. See Bacillus mallei, Loffler. 
Bacille de la necrose du foie des cochins d'inde, 
Fr. See Bacillus of necrosis of the liver of guinea- 
pigs, Eberth. Bacille de la pest porcine, Fr. See 
Bacillus of swine-plague, Marseilles, Rietsch, and 
Jobert. Bacille de la pseudo-tuberculose du 
lapin, Fr. See Bacillus of pseudo-tuberculosis in 
rabbits, Mallassez and Vignal. Bacille de la pyemie, 
Fr. See Bacillus of pyemia, Beltzow. Bacille de 
la rage, Fr. See Bacillus lyssa, Pasteur. Bacille 
de la scarlatine, Fr. See Bacillus of scarlet fever, 
Crooke. Bacille de la septicemic See Bacillus 
of septicemia in man, Klein. Bacille de la septi- 
cemic du lapin, Fr. See Bacillus septicemia hemor- 
rhagica, Sternberg. Bacille de la septicemie de 
la souris, Fr. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Loffler, 
Schiitz. Bacille de la septicemie gangreneuse de 
la grenouille, Legrain, Fr. See Bacillus hydro- 
philus fuscus, Sanarelli. Bacille de la sueur des 
pieds, Fr. See Bacillus saprogenes, II, Rosenbach, 
Bacillus fcetidus, Passet, and Bacillus graveolens, 
Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Bacille de la syphilis, Fr. 
See Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. Bacille de la 
tuberculose, P'r. See Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. 
Bacille de la tuberculose des vignes, Fr. See 
Bacillus of tuberculosis of vines, Corvo. Bacille de 
la tuberculose zoogleique, Fr. See Bacillus of 
pseudo-tuberculosis in rabbits, Mallassez and Vignal. 
Bacille de la tetanie, Fr. See Bacillus tetani, 
Nicolaier. Bacille de l'erysipele du lapin, Fr. 
See Bacillus of erysipelas in rabbits, Koch. Bacille 
de liborius, Fr. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. 
Bacille de l'cedeme, bacille de l'cedeme malin, 
Fr. See Bacillus cedematis maligni, Pasteur, Koch. 
Bacille de Puree, Fr. See Bacillus urea, Miquel. 
Bacille de Lustgarten, Fr. See Bacillus syphilidis, 
Lustgarten. Bacille de pneumonie, Fr. See 
Bacillus pneumonia fricdldnderi. Bacille de Praz- 
mowski, Fr. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. 



Bacille des pomme de terre, Fr. See Bacillus 
mesentericus vulgatus, Fliigge. Bacille du beri- 
beri, Fr. See Bacillus beribericus, De Lacerda. 
Bacille du cancer, Fr. See Bacillus of carcinoma, 
Rappin and Scheurlen. Bacille du catarrhe con- 
jonctival. See Bacillus of conjunctival catarrh, Koch. 
Bacille du charbon, Fr. See Bacillus anthracis, 
Pollender. Bacille du charbon symptomatique, 
Fr. See Bacillus chauvai, Bollinger and Feser. 
Bacille du cholera, Fr. See Spirillum cholera 
asialica, Koch. Bacille du cholera des poules, 
Fr. See Bacillus septicemia hemorrhagica, Stern- 
berg. Bacille du erysipele du pore, Fr. See 
Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pasteur. Bacille du farcin 
du bceuf, Fr. See Bacillus of Nocard. Bacille du 
foin, Fr. See Bacillus subtilis, Cohn. Bacille du 
jequirity, Fr. See Bacillus of jequirity ophthalmia. 
Bacille du lait bleu, Fr. See Bacillus cyanogenus, 
Hueppe. Bacille du lait jaune, Fr. See Bacillus 
synxanthus, Ehrenberg. Bacille du lait rouge, Fr. 
See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bacille du 
mal rouge, Fr. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pas- 
teur. Bacille du pain rouge, Fr. See Bacillus 
prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bacille du rouget du 
pore, Fr. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pasteur. 
Bacille du pus bleu, Fr. See Bacillus pyocyaneus, 
Gessard. Bacille du pus vert, Fr. See Bacillus 
pyocyaneus, Gessard. Bacille du rhinosclerome, 
P'r. See Bacillus rhinoscleromatis, Cornil and Alva- 
rez. Bacille du rhumatisme, Fr. See Bacillus 
rheu?narthritidis, Kussmaul. Bacille du rouge de 
morue, Fr. See Bacillus of Dantec. Bacille du 
tetanos, Fr. See Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier. Bacille 
du xerosis conjunctiva, Fr. See Bacillus of xerosis 
epithelialis conjunctivae, Leber, Kuschbert, and Neisser. 
Bacille en virgule, Fr. See Spirillum cholera 
asiatica, Koch. Bacille erythrospore, Fr. See 
Bacillus erythrosporus , Eidam, Cohn. Bacille muri- 
septique, Fr. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pasteur. 
Bacille mycoide, Fr. See Bacillus mycoides, Fliigge. 
Bacille neapolitaine, P'r. See Bacillus neapolitanus, 
Emmerich. Bacille pneumonique, P'r. See Bacillus 
pneumoniae agilis, Schou. Bacille puerperale, Fr. 
See Bacillus puerperalis, Spillman. Bacille pyogene 
fetide, Fr. See Bacillus pyogenes fcetidus, Passet. 
Bacille rouge de globig, Fr. Bacille rouge de la 
pomme de terre, Fr. See Bacillus mesentericus 
ruber, Globig. Bacille saprogene, P'r. See Bacil'us 
saprogenes, Rosenbach. Bacille septique. See 
Bacilhis septicus, Klein. Bacille septique agri- 
gene, Fr. See Bacillus septicus agregenus, Nicolaier. 
Bacille typhique, Fr. See Bacillus typhi abdomi- 
nalis, Eberth. Bacille virgule, bacille virgule 
cholerique, Fr. See Spirillum cholera asiatica, 
Koch. Bacillen der Vergahrung von Kohlenhy- 
draten, Ger. See Bacilli of fermentation of carbo- 
hydrates. Bacillen aus Faeces, Ger. Microbes of 
the feces. Bacilles de la bouche, Fr. Microbes 
of the mouth. Bacilles de la fermentation des 
carbohydrates, P'r. See Bacilli of fermentation of 
carbohydrates. Bacilles de Pair, Fr. Microbes of 
the air. Bacilles de l'eau, Fr. Microbes of water. 
Bacilles <l e l'intestin, Fr. Microbes of the intestine. 
Bacilles de Purine, Fr. Microbes of the urine. 
Bacilles d? la terre, Fr. Microbes of the soil. 
Bacilles des selles, Fr. Microbes of the feces. 
Bacilles du crachat, Fr. Microbes of the sputum. 
Bacilles du pus, Fr. Microbes of pus. Bacilles 
chromogeniques, P'r. Chromogenic microbes. Ba- 



Abbreviations. — a'er. = aerobic, ana'er. = anaerobic, chg. = cbromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. vionom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obl. = obligate. oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic. pbos.= phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



159 



BACTERIA 



cilles fluorescentes, Fr. Fluorescent microbes. 
Bacilles pathogeniques, Fr. Pathogenic microbes. 
Bacilles du sang, Fr. Microbes of the blood. 
Bacilles du smegma, Fr. Microbes of the smegma. 
Bacilles zymogenes, Fr. Zymogenic microbes. 
Bacilli zymogeni, L. Zymogenic microbes. Ba- 
cilli of Butyric Acid Fermentation. Syn., Bacilles 
de la fermentation butyrique, Fr. ; Bacillen der Butter- 
sauregahrung, Ger. See Bacillus butyricus, Hueppe 
and Prazmowski. Bacillus butylicus, Fitz. Bacilli 
of Fermentation of Carbohydrates. Syn., Bacilles 
de la fermentation des carbohydrates, Fr. ; Bacillen 
der Vergahrung von Kohlenhydraten, Ger. See Bacil- 
lus acidi lactici, Hueppe. Bacillus butyricus, Hueppe 
and Prazmowski. Bacillus butylicus, Fitz. Bacillus 
dy socles, Zopf. Bacillus polymixa, Prazmowski. Ba- 
cilli of Guillebeau (a, b, c) , obtained from milk of 
cows with mastitis; give rise to a peculiar fermentation 
of cheese, (a) air. , facanaer., mot., nliqf. ; (b) 
aer., facanaer., liqf., mot. ; (c) aer., nliqf. Bacilli 
of Ice. Syn., Eisbacillen. Microbes of ice. Bacilli 
of Pus. Syn., Bacilles die pus, Fr. ; Eiterbacillen, 
Ger. Microbes of pus. Bacilli of Putrefaction. 
Syn. , Faulniss erregende Bacillen, Ger. Microbes of 
putrefaction. Bacilli of Sputum. Microbes of the 
mouth. Bacilli of the Air. Syn., Bacilles de l'air, 
Fr. ; Luftbacillen, Ger. Microbes of the air. Bacilli 
of the Feces. Syn., Bacilles des selles, Fr. ; Kot- 
bacillen, Bacillen aus Faeces, Ger. Microbes of the 
feces. Bacilli of the Intestine. Syn. , Bacilles de 
Pintestine, Fr. ; Darmbacillen, Ger. Microbes of the 
intestine. Bacilli of the Mouth. Syn., Bacilles de 
la bouche, Fr. ; Mundhohlebacillen, Ger. Microbes 
of the mouth. Bacilli of the Soil. Syn., Bacilles 
de la terre, Fr. ; Erdbacillen, Bodenbacillen, Ger. 
Microbes of the soil. Bacilli of the Urine. Syn., 
Bacilles de Purine, Fr. ; Bacillen des Harns, Ger. 
Microbes of the urine. Bacilli of Water. Syn. , 
Bacilles de 1'eau, Fr. ; Wasserbacillen, Ger. Microbes 
of water. Bacillo a virgola, Ital. See Spirillum 
cholera asiaticce, Koch. Bacillo buterrico, Ital. 
See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. Bacillo del 
carbonchio, Ital. See Bacillus anthracis, Pol- 
lender. Bacillo del carbonchio sintomatico, Ital. 
See Bacillus chauvcei, Bollinger and Feser. Bacillo 
del fieno, Ital. See Bacillus subtilis, Cohn. Bacillo 
della malaria, Ital. See Bacillus malaria, Klebs 
and Tommasi-Crudeli. Bacillo del mollusco con- 
tagioso, Ital. See Bacillus mollusci, Dominico. 
Bacillo del sifilide, Ital. See Bacillus syphilidis, 
Lustgarten. Bacillo della tuberculosi, Ital. See 
Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Bacillo tifoso, Ital. 
See Bacillus typhi abdominalis, Eberth. Bacillo 
tuberculare, Ital. See Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. 
Bacillo virgolato, Ital. See Spirillum cholerce asi- 
atica, Koch. Bacillus a, Vignal. See Bacillus 
buccalis, Vignal. Bacillus aceti, Kutzing, Sommer. 
Syn. , Arthrobacterhcm aceti, De Bary. Bacillus 
aceticus, Fliigge ; Bacterie du vinaigre ; Bacterium 
aceti, Lanzi. Bacterium der Essiggahrung ; Essigfer- 
ment ; Essigpilz; Alicrococcus aceti; Mycoderma 
aceti, Pasteur. Mycoderme du vinaigre. Ulvina aceti, 
Kiitzing. Found in air and vinegar; cumon. Large 
cylindrical cells of varying size. Absorbs oxygen 
from air and oxidizes alcohol to ace.'" acid; produces 
vinegar; may, by further oxidation, convert this into 
carbonic acid and water, aer., nliqf., mot., npg., 
pleom. Cf. Bacillus pastetirianum, Hansen ; Bacte- 
rium xylinum, A. J. Brown. Bacillus aceticus, 



Fliigge. See Bacillus aceti, Kutzing. Bacillus 
acidiformans, Sternberg. Obtained from the liver 
of a yellow fever cadaver, aer. , facanaer., nliqf., 
nmot.,pg. Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. Syn., 
Bacterium lactis, Lister. Bacterie ou Bacille de 
la fermentation lactique, Fr. ; Bacterium der Milch- 
sauregahrung, Ger. Found in the air and in sour 
milk. aer. , facanaer. , nliqf, nmot., npg. Ba- 
cillus actinobacter, Duclaux. Syn., Actinobacter 
polymoiphus. A minute capsulated bacillus, ren- 
dering milk gelatinous and ropy. aer. , nmot. See 
Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. Bacillus aero- 
genes, I, II, III, Miller. Syn., Bacterium aero- 
genes, Miller. Helicobacterium aerogenes, Miller. 
Three small bacilli from the alimentary tract of 
healthy persons, aer., nliqf., mot. , npg. See. Bacillus 
lactis aerogenes, Escherich. Bacillus aerogenes 
capsulatus, Welch and Nuttall. Found in the blood- 
vessels in a case of thoracic aneurysm, anaer. , nliqf. , 
nmot., npg. Bacillus aerophilus, Liborius. Ob- 
tained from the air. aer., liqf, nmot., npg. Syn., 
Bacille aerophile, Fr. Bacillus aeruginosum. See 
Bacillus pyocyaneus , Gessard. Bacillus albuminis, 
Biehstock. Found abundantly in feces. Decomposes 
albumin, hence its name. aer. , mot. , npg. Bacillus 
albus, Becker, Eisenberg. The white bacillus of 
water. Weisser Bacillus aus Wasser, Ger. aer., nliqf. , 
mot., npg. Bacillus albus anaerobiescens,Vaughan. 
Found in water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. 
Bacillus albus cadaveris, Strassmann and Strieker. 
Found in blood of cadaver, aer. , liqf. , mot. , pg. 
Bacillus albus putridis, De Bary. Found in water. 
aer. , liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus allantoides, Klein. 
Obtained from the air. aer. , mot., npg. Not suffi- 
ciently studied. Bacillus allii, Griffiths. Syn., 
Bacterium allii. Found on surface of decaying onions. 
aer., dig. (green), npg. Bacillus alvei, Cheshire 
and Cheyne. Syn., Bacillus preussii, Ciesiekki. 
Bacillus melittopthorus, Cohn. Bacillus of foul brood. 
Bacillus der Faulbrut, Ger. Obtained from bee larvae 
infected with "foul brood." aer., facanaer., liqf. , 
mot. , pg. Also pathogenic for mice and guinea pigs. 
Cf. Bacillus of Canestrini. Bacillus amylobacter, 
Van Tieghem. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. 
Bacillus amylovorous , Burrill. See Bacillus butyricus, 
Botkin, Prazmowski. Bacillus amylozyma, Perdrix. 
Found in hydrant water (Paris), anaer., nliqf., mot. 
Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus anaero- 
bicus liquefaciens, Sternberg. Obtained from con- 
tents of intestine of yellow fever cadaver, anaer., 
liqf, nmot. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus 
anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Syn. , Bacteriuni 
anthracicum, Bollinger. Bacterium anthracis, Zopf. 
Bacterium carbunculare, Pollender, Brauell, Dela- 
fond, Davaine. Metallacter anthracis, Trevisan. Ba- 
cille du charbon, Fr. ; Bacteridie charbonneuse, Fr. ; 
Bacteridie du charbon, Fr. ; Bacillus anthracis e car- 
bonchio, Bacillo del carbonichio, It. ; Milzbrand- 
bacillus, Ger. Bacillus of Braxy. Found in the 
blood of animals and persons infected with anthrax. 
aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , nmot. , pg. Bacillus aquaticus 
liquefaciens, Pokrowsky. Found in river water 
(Kura), and hydrant water (Tiflis). Bacillus aqua- 
tilis, Frankland. Found in well-water in the chalk- 
formations of Kent, Eng. aer., liqf, mot., npg. 
Bacillus aquatilis sulcatus, I, II, III, IV, V, 
Weichselbaum. Found in hydrant water (Vienna). 
aer. , facanaer. , nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus arbo- 
rescens, Frankland. Found in hydrant water (Lon- 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic. chg.= chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obl. = obligate. oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic. phos.= phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic. sap.= saprophytic 



BACTERIA 



160 



BACTERIA 



don). aer., liqf. ,oscl., chg. (orange red), npg. Bacil- 
lus argenteo-phosphorescens, I, II, III, Katz. 
Obtained respectively from sea-water, phosphorescent 
pieces of fish, and cuttle-fish (Sydney, N. S. W). 
aer., nliqf., mot. (except II), phos., npg. Bacillus 
argenteo-phosphorescens liquefaciens, Katz. Ob- 
tained from sea- water, near Sydney, N. S. W. aer. , 
facanaer., liqf., mot., phos., npg. Bacillus auran- 
tiacus, Frankland. Found in well-water, aer., nliqf., 
mot, chg. (orange), npg. Bacillus aureus, Adametz. 
Found in water ; also on the skin in cases of eczema 
seborrhoeicum, Unna and Tommasoli. aer., nliqf., 
mot., chg. (golden yellow). Bacillus b, Vignal. See 
Bacillus buccalis, Vignal. Bacillus B., Hofmann. 
Found in the larvae of Liparis monacha. The 'Cause of 
Flacherie, or Schlaffsucht. Bacillus bei Diphtherie 
des Menschen, Ger. See Bacillus diphtheria, Klebs 
and Loffler. Bacillus bei Erysipel am Kaninchen, 
Bacillus bei Erysipel am Kaninchenohr, Ger. 
See Bacillus erysipelatosus leporis, Koch . Bacillus bei 
Lichen ruber, Ger. See Bacillus of Lichen ruber, 
Laser. Bacillus bei Keuchhusten, Ger. See Bacil- 
lus tussis convulsive, Afanassiew. Bacillus beri-beri- 
cus, Lacerda. Syn. ,Micrococcus of beri-beri, Lacerda, 
Neisseria, Winkleri. Bacille du beri-beri, Fr. Bacil- 
lus of Beri-beri, Eykmann. Found by Lacerda, Pekel- 
haring, and Winkler, in the blood of persons affected 
with beri-beri. Negative results were obtained by Eyk- 
mann and Sternberg. The disease is now held to be 
identical with dochmiasis, produced by the nematode 
worm Dochmius duodenalis, Leuckart. See Beri-beri. 
Bacillus berolinensis indicus, Classen. Found in 
water of the Spree, aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (indigo- 
blue),;?/^-. Bacillus bienstockii, Bienstock. Found 
in human feces. mot.,pg. Bacillus brassicae, Pom- 
mer. Found in infusions of cabbage-leaves, aer., facan- 
aer., liqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus brunneus, Adametz 
and Weichmann. Found in water, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus buccalis, Vignal. Syn., 
Bacillus ulna, Vignal. Bacillus a, Vignal ; Bacillus b, 
Vignal ; Bacillus f Vignal ; Bacillus g, Vignal ; Bacillus 
j, Vignal. Bacillus buccalis fortuities, Vignal. Bacillus 
buccalis minutus, Vignal. Leptothrix buccalis, Vignal. 
From the salivary secretions of healthy persons, aer. , 
liqf, npg., chg. (golden yellow). Bacillus buccalis 
maximus, Miller. Found in the mouth of man. 
Common. Biologic characters undetermined. Ba- 
cillus' buccalis minutus, Vignal. See Bacillus 
buccalis, Vignal. Bacillus butylicus, Fitz. Syn., 
Bacille butylique, Fr. See Bacillus butyricus, Hueppe. 
Bacillus butyricus, Botkin, Hueppe, Prazmowski. 
Obtained from milk, hydrant water and well-water, old 
cheese, garden earth, dust, etc. Syn., Actinobacter 
polymorphus, Duclaux. Amylobacter Clostridium, 
Trecul. Bacillus actinobacter, Duclaux. Bacillus 
amylobacter, Van Tieghem. Bacillus butylicus, P'itz. 
Bacterium navicula, Reinke and Berthold. Clostridi- 
um butyricum, Prazmowski. Micrococcus amylovo- 
rous, Burrill. Vibrione butyrique, Pasteur. Bacille 
de la fermentation butyrique, Bacille de Liborius, 
Bacille de Prazmowski, Bacterie de la fermentation bu- 
tyrique, Fr. ; Bacillo buterrico, Ital. Bacterium der But- 
tersauregahrung, Butterbacillus, Buttersaurebacillus, 
Fettbacillus, Liborius' Buttersaure bildender Bacillus, 
Kartoffelfaulebacillus, Ger. Butylbacillus ; Bacillus 
of butyric acid fermentation ; Bacillus of fire-blight ; 
Bacillus of pear-blight ; Micrococcus of apple-blight ; 
Micrococcus of pear-blight. One of the most widely 
diffused forms, exceedingly important and varied in 



its powers of decomposition. It is typically anaerobic 
and the chief of all the ferments giving rise to butyric 
acid as a primary product. It plays an important 
part in the human economy and in the destruction 
of plant cellulose. Botkin regards the form observed 
by him as distinct, aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., npg., 
pleom. Bacillus butyri fluorescens, Lafar. Occur- 
ring in every sample of natural butter examined. 
See Bacterium butyri colloidcum, Lafar. Bacillus 
melochloros, Winkler and Schroter. Bacillus butyri 
viscosus, Lafar. Found in butter, aer. , nliqf. , npg. 
Bacillus cadaveris, Sternberg ; obtained from yellow 
fever cadavers. obi., anaer. (strict), nmot. ,pg. Bacillus 
canalis capsulatus, Mori. Found in sewer water. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. (for mice; guinea 
pigs, and rabbits immune). Bacillus canalis parvus, 
Mori. Found in sewer water, aer. , nliqf, nmot., 
pg. (for mice and guinea pigs). Bacillus candicans, 
Frankland. Found in soil, aer., nliqf, nmot, npg. 
Bacillus capsulatus, Pfeiffer. Obtained from the 
blood of a guinea pig. aer., facanaer., nliqf, nmot, 
pg. (for white mice and house mice, guinea pigs, 
rabbits and pigeons (septicemia). Cf. Capsule ba- 
cillus of Loeb. Bacillus capsulatus mucosus, 
Fasching. Found in the nasal secretions of man in 
cases of influenza, aer. , facanaer. , nmot. , nliqf. , pg. 
(for white mice and field mice), npg. (for rabbits and 
pigeons). Bacillus capsulatus smithii, a, b, c, Theo- 
bald Smith. Syn. , Capsule bacillus of Smith. Found 
in the intestines of swine, aer., facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot. , 
npg. According to Smith, possibly identical with Ba- 
cillus lactis aerogenes, Escherich. Bacillus carabi- 
formis, Kaczynsky. Found in the stomach of meat- 
fed dogs. aer. , liqf , mot. , npg. Bacillus carotarum, 
A. Koch. Obtained from cooked carrots and sugar 
beets, aer., liqf., nmot, npg. Bacillus catenula, 
Duclaux. Syn. , Tyrothrix catenula. Found in cheese. 
anaer. (will however grow in air), nmot, npg. 
Bacillus caucasicus, Kern. Syn., Bacterium cau- 
casicum. Dispora caucasica, Kern. Grains de Ke- 
phyr, Fr. ; Kefirbacillus, Kefirferment, Kefirpilz- 
glomerat, Hirse des Propheten, Ger. Used in the 
preparation of the peculiar milk-wine, " Kefir." 
aer., facanaer., nmot, npg. Bacillus cavicida, 
Brieger. See Bacillus cavicidus, Brieger. Bacillus 
cavicida havaniensis, Sternberg. Obtained from 
intestine of yellow fever cadaver, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., mot. Bacillus cavicidus, Brieger. Syn., 
Bacillus cavicida. Brieger' s bacillus. Bacillus de 
Brieger, bacterie de la fermentation propionique, Fr. 
Obtained from human feces, aer., facanaer., nliqf., 
pg. (not for rabbits or mice). Perhaps identical with 
Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich. Bacillus caviae 
fortuitus, Sternberg. Found in exudates of guinea 
pig inoculated with liver from yellow fever cadaver. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus chau- 
vaei, Bollinger and Feser, Arloing, Cornevin, and 
Thomas. Syn., Bacillus of symptomatic anthrax. 
Bacille du charbon symptomatique, Bacteridie du 
charbon symptomatique, Fr. ; Rauschbrandbacillus, 
Bacillus des Rauschbrandes, Ger. ; Bacillo del car- 
bonchio sintomatico, Ital. Clostridium of sympto- 
matic anthrax, Neelsen and Ehlers. Found in 
tissues of cattle suffering from symptomatic anthrax, 
"black leg," or "quarter evil." anaer., liqf., 
mot., pg. Bacillus chlorinus, Engelmann. Syn., 
Arthrobacterium chlorinum, De Bary. Bacterium 
chlorinum, Engelmann. Found in infusions of de- 
caying vegetable matter, aer. , sap. , chg. (green) , npg. 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, chg. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = lique- 
factive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot.= non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obl. = obligate. oscl. = oscillating. pg.= pathogenic. p/ios.= phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic. safo. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



161 



BACTERIA 



Bacillus cholerae asiaticae, Koch. See Spirillum 
cholera asiatice, Koch. Bacillus cholerae galli- 
narum, Fliigge. See Bacillus septicemia htzmor- 
rhagiaZy Sternberg. Bacillus chromo-aromaticus, 
Galtier. Obtained from the carcass of a diseased pig. 
aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , mot. ,pg. (for rabbits) . Bacillus 
circulans, Jordan. Found in the water of Merrimac 
River. aer. , facanaer. , liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus 
citreus. See Ascobacillus citreus, Unna and Tom- 
masoli. Bacillus citreus cadaveris, Strassmann. 
Found in cadaver, aer., liqf., nmot., chg. (yellow). 
Bacillus claviformis, Duclaux. Syn. , Tyrolhrix 
claviformis, Duclaux. Found in fermenting casein. 
anaer.,pg. Bacillus cloacae, Jordan. One of the 
most common microbes in sewage. aer., facanaer., 
liqf , mot., npg. Bacillus cceruleus, Smith. Found 
in river water (Schuylkill), aer. , liqf ., chg. (blue), 
npg. Bacillus coli communis. See Bacillus nea- 
politanus, Emmerich. Bacillus coli similis, Stern- 
berg. Obtained from human liver, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf, nmot., npg. Bacillus constrictus, Zim- 
mermann. Found in water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., 
mot., chg. (cadmium yellow) , npg. Bacillus copro- 
genes fcetidus, Schottelius. Syn., Darmbacillus 
von Schottelius, Ger. ; Bacille coprogene fetide, Fr. 
Obtained from intestinal contents of pigs dead of 
malignant erysipelas, aer., nliqf, nmot., pg. Ba- 
cillus coprogenes parvus. Syn., Mausesepti- 
kamieahnlicher Bacillus, Eisenberg. Obtained from 
human feces. air., nliqf., nmot., pg. Bacillus 
ciassus, Van Tieghem. The broadest known 
bacterium, 4 fi. mot., npg. Bacillus crassus 
sputigenus, Kreibohm. Syn. , Bacillus sputigenus 
crassus. From the sputum and tongue of man. aer. , 
nliqf ., nmot. , pg. Bacillus crystallosus. Bacillus 
cuneatus. Syn., Bacterium cuneatum, Rivolta. Found 
in the blood and viscera of horses, cattle, and dogs 
dead of septic processes, pg. Bacillus cuniculicida, 
Fliigge. Bacillus cuniculicidus, Koch. See Bacil- 
lus septicemia hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus 
cuniculicida havaniensis, Sternberg. Found in 
viscera of yellow fever cadavers, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. 
pg. Bacillus cuticularis, Tils. Found in water, aer., 
liqf. , mot. , chg. (yellow) , npg. Bacillus cyaneo 
phosphorescens, Katz. Obtained from sea water 
(Australia), aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., phos. , chg. 
(greenish), npg. Bacillus cyanofuscus, Beyerinck. 
Obtained from glue and Edam cheese, aer., chg. , (green, 
changing to fclue, brown, black), liqf., mot., npg. 
Bacillus cyanogenus, Fuchs. Hueppe, Neelsen. 
Syn. , Bacillus lactis cyanogenus. Bacillus syncyanum. 
Bacterium cyanogenum, Fuchs, Bacterium syncy- 
anum, Ehrenberg, Schroter. Vibrio cyanogenus, 
Fuchs. Vibrio syncyanus, Ehrenberg. Bacille du 
lait blue, Bacille cyanogene, Microbe du lait blue, 
Fr. Pilz der blauen Milch, Ger. Bacillus of 
blue milk. Found in milk. aer., nliqf., mot., 
chg. (grayish blue) , npg. Bacillus cystiformis, 
Clado. Found in urine of patient with cystitis, aer., 
nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus delicatulus, Jordan. 
Found in hydrant water (Lawrence, Mass.). aer., 
liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus dentalis viridans, 
Miller. Syn., Miller's bacillus. Found in carious 
dentine, aer., facanaer., nliqf. ,pg. Bacillus deni- 
trificans, Giltay and Aberson. Obtained from the 
soil, air, and sewage, aer. , nliqf., mot., npg. Cf. 
Bacteriu?n denitrificans , Gayon and Dupetit. Bacil- 
lus der Akne contagiosa des Pferdes. See Bacil- 
lus of horse pox. Bacillus der amerikanischen 



Rinderseuche, Canerva. See Bacillus of swine plague, 
Marseilles. Bacillus des Bindehautcatarrhs, Koch. 
See Bacillus of conjunctival catarrh. Bacillus der 
blauen Milch. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Fuchs. 
Bacillus der Biiffelseuche, Oreste, Armenni. See 
Bacillus septicemia hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacil- 
lus der Buttersauregahrung. See Bacillus butyri- 
cus, Prazmowski. Bacillus der Chyluria. See 
Bacillus of chyluria, Wilson. Bacillus der Dachs- 
leber, Marpmann. Found in the necrotic por- 
tions from the abscesses in the liver of a badger. 
Bacillus der Eiweisszersetzung. See Bacillus 
putrifcus coli, Bienstock. Bacillus der Faulbrut. 
See Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Bacil- 
lus der Frettchenseuche (ferret disease), Eberth 
and Schimmelbusch. See Bacillus of swine plague, 
Marseilles. Bacillus des gelben Fiebers. See 
Bacillus of yellow fever. Bacillus der Hadern- 
krankheit. See Bacillus hominis capsulatus, Bordoni- 
Uffreduzzi. Bacillus der Hamstoffgahrung. See 
Bacillus urea, Leube. Bacillus der Hiihner- 
cholera. See Bacillus septicamie hemorrhagica, 
Sternberg. Bacillus der Jequirity Opthalmie, 
Ger. See Bacillus of jequirity ophthalmia, De 
Wecker. Bacillus der Kalberdiphtherie, Ger. 
See Bacillus diphtheria vitulorum, Loftier. Bacillus 
der Kaninchenseptikamie, Koch. See Bacillus 
septicemia hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus der 
Lepra. See Bacillus lepra, Hansen. Bacillus 
der Lungen des Rindviehs, Ger. See Bacillus 
of the lungs of cattle, Liistig. Bacillus der Mala- 
ria, Ger. See Bacilhis malaria, Klebs and Tommasi 
Crudeli. Bacillus der Mauseseptikamie. See 
Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Sternberg. Bacillus der 
Pseudotuberculose der Kaninchen, Ger. See 
Bacillus of pseudotuberculosis in rabbits. Bacillus 
des Puerperalfiebers, Ger. See Bacillus puerperalis , 
Engel and Spillman. Bacillus der Pyamie, Ger. See 
Bacillus of pyemia, Beltzow. Bacillus der Rinder- 
seuche, Kitt. , Ger. See Bacillus septice?nie hemor- 
rhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus der roten Milch. 
See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bacillus der 
schleimigen Milch, Loffler, Ger. See Bacillus lactis 
pituitosi, Loffler. Bacillus der Schweinepest, Ger. 
See Bacillus ex pnettmo-enteritide suis, Klein. Bacil- 
lus der Schweineseuche, Loffler and Schutz. See 
Bacillus septice?nie hemorrhagice, Sternberg. Bacil- 
lus der Schweineseuche Marseilles, Rietsch and 
Jobert. See Bacillus of swine plague, Marseilles. 
Bacillus der Septikaimie bei Mausen, Ger. See 
Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Sternberg. Bacillus der 
Taubendiphtherie. See Bacillus diphtheria colum- 
barum, Loffler. Bacillus der Wildseuche, Hueppe, 
Ger. See Bacillus septicamia hemorrhagice , Stern- 
berg. Bacillus der Wurmkrankheit. See Bacillus 
of Nocard. Bacillus der Xerosis epithelialis con- 
junctivae. See Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis conjunc- 
tivae, Leber, Kuschbert, and Neisser. Bacillus des 
Aussatzes, Ger. See Bacillus lepre, Hansen. 
Bacillus des Blutes, Ger. See Bacillus of the 
blood. Bacillus des Erysipelas malignum beim 
Schwein, Ger. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Stern- 
berg. Bacillus des Gefliigeltyphoid, Ger. See 
Bacillus septicemie hemorrhagice, Sternberg. Bacil- 
lus des griinblauen Eiters, Ger., also Bacillus 
des griinen Eiters. See Bacillus pyocyaneus, Ges- 
sard. Bacillus des Harns, Ger. Microbe of the 
urine. Bacillus des Keuchhustens, Ger. See 
Bacillus tussis convulsive , Afanassiew. Bacillus des 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, ana'er. = anaerobic, chg. =chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = Iiquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obi. = obligate. oscl. = oscillating. pg. = pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent. pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. ^saprophytic. 
II 



BACTERIA 



162 



BACTERIA 



Milchfaeces, Bacillus des Milchkotes, Ger. See 
Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich, and Bacillus lactis 
aerogenes, Escherich. Bacillus des Pseudo- 
schweinerotlaufs, Ger. See Bacillus parvus ova- 
tus, Loffler. Bacillus des Rauschbrandes, Ger. 
See Bacillus chauvai, Bollinger and Feser. Bacil- 
lus des Rhinoscleroms, Ger. See Bacillus rhino- 
scleromatis, Cornil and Alvarez. Bacillus des 
roten Brodes, Ger. See Bacillus prodigiosus, 
Ehrenberg. Bacillus des Rotzes. See Bacillus 
mallei, Loffler. Bacillus des Schweinerotlaufs, 
Loffler and Schiitz,Ger. Syn. , Bacillus erysipelatos suis, 
Sternberg. Bacillus des Wundstarrkrampfes, 
Ger. See Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier. Bacillus de- 
vorans, Zimmermann. Found in well water, aer. , 
facanaer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus diffusus, 
Frankland. Found in the soil. aer. , liqf., npg. 
Bacillus diphtherias, Klebs and Loffler. Syn., Ba- 
cillus dipktlieriticus , Bacillus diphtheritidis, Micro- 
coccus diphtlieriticus, Colin. Bacillus bei Diphtherie 
des Menschen, Bacterie der Diphtherie, Ger. Bacille 
de la diphtherie, Bacterie de la diphtherie, Fr. Found 
in diphtheritic false membranes, aer. , nliqf., nmot., 
facanaer., pg. Bacillus diphtherias columbarum, 
Loffler. Bacillus der Tauben diphtherie, Bacterium 
der Diphtherie bei Menschen und Tauben, Ger. 
Bacille de la diphtherie des pigeons, Fr. From the 
pseudomembrane? in the mouths of pigeons infected 
with pigeon diphtheria. aer. , nliqf., nmot., pg. 
Bacillus diphtherias vitulorum, Loffler. Bacille de 
la diphtherie des veaux, Fr. Bacillus der Kalber- 
diphtherie, Ger. From the pseudomembranes in the 
mouths of calves infected with epidemic diphtheria ; 
culture experiments unsuccessful, pg. Rabbits and 
guinea pigs immune. Bacillus diphtheriticus, Ba- 
cillus diphtheridis, Bacillus diphtheritis. See 
Bacillus diphtheria:, Klebs and Loffler. Bacillus 
distortus, Duclaux. Syn. , Tyrothi ix distortus. Found 
in milk and cheese. aer. , mot. , npg. Bacillus 
dysenteriae, Chantemesse and Widal. Syn., Bacille 
de la dysenterie epidemique ; Microbe de la dysenterie 
epidemique, Fr. Found in the intestinal contents and 
viscera of dysentery cadavers. aer. , nliqf. , pg. 
Bacillus dysodes, Zopf. Syn., Bacterium dysodes. 
Found in yeast, inducing fermentative changes in 
bread, causing it to smell disagreeably and to become 
greasy and unfit for use. Bacillus Emmerich. See 
Bacillus neapolitanus , Emmerich. Bacillus endo- 
carditidis capsulatus, Weichselbaum. From viscera 
of man who died of endocarditis with thrombi, aer. , 
nliqf, pg. Bacillus endocarditidis griseus, Weich- 
selbaum. From the heart in a case of endocarditis 
recurrens ulcerosa, aer., nliqf ., mot., pg. Bacillus 
enteritidis, Gartner. Obtained from the tissues of a 
cow killed on account of sickness attended with 
mucous diarrhea, and from the spleen of a man who 
died shortly after eating of the flesh of this cow. 
aer., nliqf., mot., pg. Dogs, cats, chickens, and 
sparrows are immune. Bacillus epidermidis, Bizzo- 
zero. Syn. , Leptothrix epidermidis. Rlicrosporon min- 
utissimtim, Burchart. From the epidermis between the 
toes. aer. , nliqf ., npg. Bacillus epidermidis, Bor- 
doni-Uffreduzzi. See Bacillus of Scheurlen. Bacillus 
Epsilon, von Miller. See Spirillum, Finkler-Prior. 
Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Koch, Loffler, Schiitz, 
Pasteur. Syn., Bacillus erysipelas malignum, Bacillus 
minimus, Bacillus murisepticus, Fliigge. Bacillus 
septicus, Koch. Bacille de la septicemie de la souris, 
Bacille du erysipele du pore, Bacille du mal rouge, 



Bacille du rouget du pore, Pasteur, Bacille murisep- 
tique, Fr. Bacillus der Mauseseptikamie, Koch. 
Bacillus des Rotlaufs, Bacillus des Schweinerot- 
laufs, Loffler, Schiitz. Rotlauf bacillus, Ger. Bacillus 
of mouse septicemia. Bacillus of hog erysipelas. First 
obtained by Koch by injecting putrefying flesh beneath 
the skin of mice, afterward by Loffler and Schiitz from 
carcasses of swine dead of " Rotlauf." aer., faca- 
naer., nliqf., pg. Bacillus erysipelatos leporis, 
Koch. Syn., Bacillus bei Erysipel am Kaninchen, 
Bacillus bei Erysipel am Kaninchenohr, Ger. Bacille 
de 1' erysipele du lapin, Fr. Bacillus of erysipelas in 
the rabbit. Found in the erysipelatous inflammation 
in a rabbit's ear caused by the injection of mouse's 
dung. Bacillus erythrosporus, Eidam, Cohn, and 
Miflet. Syn., Bacille erythrosopore, Fr. Found in 
putrefying albuminous fluids, water, etc. aer. , nliqf., 
mot., chg. (greenish yellow, fluorescent), npg. Ba- 
cillus ethaceticus, Frankland. Cause of fermentation 
of arabinose. Bacillus ex pneumo-enteritide suis, E. 
Klein, Schiitz, Salmon, Cornil, Chantemesse, Selander. 
Syn., Microbe der Schweinspocken, Ger. ; Bacille de 
la pneumo-enterite du pore, Fr. Bacillus of hog 
cholera. Found in the intestinal contents, blood, and 
viscera of swine dead of hog cholera, aer. , facanaer. , 
nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus/", Vignal. See Bacillus 
buccalis, Vignal. Bacillus facultatus, Sadebeck and 
E. Frankel. Found in non-malignant pharyngeal 
mycosis. Bacillus figurans, Crookshank. See Ba- 
cillus mesentericus vulgatus. Bacillus figurans, 
Vaughan. Found in water, aer. , liqf., mot., npg. 
Bacillus filiformis, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix fili- 
formis. Found in cheese and milk. aer. , mot. , npg. 
Bacillus filiformis, Tils. Found in water, aer., 
liqf, oscl., npg. Bacillus filiformis havaniensis, 
Sternberg. From the liver of a yellow fever cadaver. 
anaer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus fit- 
zianus, Zopf. See Bacillus subtilis, Cohn. Bacillus 
flavescens, Pohl. Found in swamp water, air., 
nliqf., chg. (yellow). Bacillus fcetidus, Liborius. 
Syn., Bacterium fostidum. Clostridium fcetidus, Libo- 
rius. Corpuscles brillants, Micrococci of S. Le. M. 
Moore. Obtained from soil. anaer , liqf., mot. 
Bacillus fcetidus lactis, Jensen. From milk, aer., 
nliqf., npg. Bacillus fcetidus ozaenae, Hajek. Ob- 
tained from nasal secretions of patients with ozena. 
aer., facanaer., liqf., mot.,pg. Bacillus flavoco- 
riaceus, Elsenberg. Syn. , Sulphur yellow bacillus 
(Adametz). Found in water, aer. , nliqf., nmot., 
chg. (sulphur yellow), npg. Bacillus flavus, Mace. 
Found in drinking water. aer., liqf, chg. (golden 
yellow), nmot. Bacillus fluorescens aureus, Zim- 
mermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz), aer., 
nliqf., mot., chg. (ocher yellow), npg. Bacillus fluo- 
rescens longus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant 
water (Chemnitz), aer., nliqf, mot., chg. (grayish 
yellow), npg. Bacillus fluorescens liquefaciens, 
Fliigge. Common in water and putrefying infusions. 
aer., liqf, mot., chg. (greenish yellow), npg. Cf. 
Bacillus viscosus, Frankland. Bacillus fluorescens 
liquefaciens minutissimus, Unna and Tommasoli. 
Found upon skin in cases of eczema seborrhoeicum. 
aer. , facanaer., liqf, mot., chg., (greenish yellow), 
npg. Possibly identical with the preceding species. 
Bacillus fluorescens nivalis, Schmolck. Syn., Ba- 
cillus nivalis, Gletscher bacillus, Glacier bacillus. 
Found in snow and ice water from Norwegian 
glaciers, aer. , liqf. , mot., chg. (bluish green), npg. 
Bacillus fluorescens non-liquefaciens, Schiller. 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, chg. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphie. mot. = motile, nliqf . = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
oi/.=obligate. oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic. " phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



163 



BACTERIA 



hepaticus fortuitus, Sternberg. Obtained from the 
exudations of a guinea pig inoculated with liver from a_ 
yellow fever patient. aer., nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus 
hessii, Guillebeau. Found in cow's milk. aer f liqf, 
mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus homi- 
nis capsulatus, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Syn. , Proteus 
capsulatus septicus, Band. Proteus hominis capsulatus, 
Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Bacillus der Hadernkrankheit, 
Bacillus of rag-picker's disease. Obtained from persons 
dead from rag-picker's disease, aer., nliqf., nmot., 
pg. Bacillus hyacinthi septicus, Heinz. Found in 
diseased hyacinths, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , npg. 
Cf. Bacterium hyacinthi, Wakker. Bacillus hya- 
linus, Jordan. Found in hydrant water (Lawrence, 
Mass.). aer., facanaer., liqf, mot., npg. Reduces 
nitrates rapidly. Bacillus hydrophilus fuscus, 
Sanerelli. Syn. , Bacille de la septicemic gangreneuse de 
la grenouille, Legrain. From the lymph of diseased 
frogs, aer., liqf. , mot., pg. Bacillus implexus, Zim- 
mermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz), aer., 
liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus incanus, Pohl. Found in 
swamp water, aer. , liqf. , mot. Not sufficiently studied. 
Bacillus indicus, Koch. Syn., Bacillus indicus 
ruber, Koch. Micrococcus indicus, Koch. Found in 
the intestinal contents of a monkey, aer., facanaer., 
liqf. , mot. , chg. (brick-red) , pg. (for rabbits) . Bacillus 
indigoferus, Classen. Found in river water (Spree). 
aer. , nliqf, mot., chg. (deep indigo blue), npg. 
Bacillus indigogenus, Alvarez. Found in an in- 
fusion of the leaves of the indigo plant. (fndigofera 
tinctoria, L.). aer. , mot. chg. (indigo blue), pg. 
Bacillus inflatus, A. Koch. Obtained from the 
air. aer. , liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus intestinus 
motilis, Sternberg. From the intestinal contents of 
yellow fever cadavers, aer. , facanaer., nliqf., mot., 
npg. Bacillus inunctus, Pohl. Found in swamp 
water, aer., facanaer., liqf-, mot. Pathogenesis not 
determined. Bacillus invisibilis, Vaughan. Found 
in water, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus 
iodococcus vaginatus, Miller. See Iodococcus 
vaginalus. Bacillus iris, Frick. aer., nliqf., nmot. 
(green), npg. Bacillus janthinus, Zopf. Syn., Bac- 
terium janthinus, Zopf. Violet bacillus, found in 
sewage (Lawrence, Mass.). aer., liqf, mot., chg. 
(bluish violet), npg. Bacillus kaukasicus, Ger. 
See Bacillus caucasicus, Kern. Bacillus klebsii. 
See Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. Bacillus lacti- 
cus, Pasteur. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. 
Bacillus lactis aerogenes, Escherich and Abelous. 
Syn., Bacillus aerogenes, Bacillus capsulatus, Smith. 
Bacterium lactis aerogenes, Escherich. Bacille aero- 
gene, Fr. ; Bacillus des Milchkotes, Bacillus des 
Milchfaeces, Ger. Found in the stomach and in- 
testine of healthy adults. aer., facanaer., nliqf., 
npg. Bacillus lactis albus, Loffler. Found in 
milk, aer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus lactis cy- 
anogenus. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Hueppe. Ba- 
cillus lactis erythrogenes, Hueppe and Baginsky. 
Syn., Bacillus of red milk. Found in milk and the 
feces of a child, aer. , liqf., nmot., chg. (yellow and 
red), npg. Bacillus lactis pituitosi, Loffler. Syn., 
Bacillus lactis viscosus, Adametz, Loffler' che Bacil- 
lus der schleimigen Milch. Found in milk. aer. , 
nliqf., npg. Bacillus lactis viscosus, Adametz. 
Found in ropy milk, der., nliqf, nmot., npg. Capsu- 
lated. Bacillus latericeus, Eisenberg. Syn., Ziegelro- 
ter bacillus, Adametz. Found in water, aer., nliqf., 
nmot., chg. (brick red), npg. Bacillus leioder- 
mos, Loffler. Syn., Bacillus liodermos, Fliigge. 

Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, clip. = chromogenic. facanaer. ^facultative lanaerobic. liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefaetive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obi. — obligate, oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic. sap.= saprophytic. 



Found in water, aer. , nliqf. , nmot. , chg. (greenish 
yellow), npg. According to Baumgarten identical 
with the Bacillus of Lesage. Bacillus fluorescens 
putidus, Fliigge. Found in water, aer., nliqf, 
mot., chg. (greenish), ?ipg. Bacillus fluorescens 
tenuis, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water 
(Chemnitz), aer., nliqf, nmot., chg. (greenish yel- 
low), npg. Bacillus fcetidus, Passet. Syn., Bac- 
terium fcetidum, Thin. Clostridium fitidum, Libo- 
rius. Corpuscles brillants. Found in cases of fetid 
sweating feet, in the exudations of mice inoculated 
with garden earth, and in cases of malignant 
edema, anaer., liqf. , mot., npg. Bacillus fcetidus 
lactis, Jensen. Found in milk. aer. , nliqf , npg. 
Resembles Bacillus ncapolitanus, Emmerich. Bacil- 
lus fulvus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water, 
(Chemnitz) . aer. , liqf. , nmot. , chg. (gamboge yellow) , 
npg. Bacillus fuscus. Obtained from a putrefying 
infusion of maize, from the air, etc. Cf. Bacterium 
bnmneum, Schroter. Bacillus fuscus limbatus, 
Scheibenzuber. Obtained from rotten eggs. aer. , 
facanaer., nliqf, mot., chg. (brown), npg. Bacillus 
galinarum, Klein. Found in blood of chickens 
dead of a disease resembling chicken cholera, aer. , 
nliqf. , nniot. , pg. Bacillus gasoformans, Eisenberg. 
Found in water, aer., facanaer., liqf, mot., npg. 
Bacillus gaytoni, Cheshire. The cause of a disease 
of honey-bees. Cf. Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and 
Cheyne. Bacillus geniculatus, De Bary. Syn., 
Tyrothrix geniculatus, Duclaux, Bacterium en zig- 
zag, Fr. Found in the contents of the stomach, aer., 
nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus gingivae, Miller. Ba- 
cillus gingivae pyogenes, Miller. See Bacterium 
gingiva pyogenes, Miller. Found in a filthy mouth, 
and in purulent dental pulp, aer., facanaer., liqf-, 
pg. (for white mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits). Ba- 
cillus glaucus, Maschek. Found in water, aer., 
liqf., n?not.,chg. (gray), npg. Bacillus gliscroge- 
num. See Bacteriiun gliscrogenum , Malerba. Bacil- 
lus glycerinae, Buchner. See Bacillus subtilis, Cohn. 
Bacillus gracilis, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant 
water, (Chemnitz), aer. , facanaer., liqf., oscl., npg. 
Bacillus gracilis anaerobiescens, Vaughan. Found 
in water, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus 
gracilis cadaveris, Sternberg. Obtained in human 
liver, aer., facanaer., nmot., nliqf. , pg. Bacillus 
granulosus, Russel. Found in mud (Bay of Naples). 
aer., facanaer., liqf., nmot. Pathogenesis not deter- 
mined. Bacillus graveolens, Bordoni and Uffre- 
duzzi. Syn., Bacille de la sueur des pieds, Fr. Com- 
pare Bacillus saprogenes, II, Rosenbach, and Bacillus 
fcetidus, Passet. Found on epidermis between the toes 
of man. aer. , liqf., npg. Bacillus guttatus, Zim- 
mermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz), aer., 
facanaer., liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus halophilus, 
Russel. Obtained from water and mud (Bay of 
Naples), aer., liqf. , mot. Pathogenesis not determined. 
Bacillus hansenii, Raspmussen. Found in various 
nutrient liquids. aer. , mot. , chg. (chrome yellow to 
yellowish brown). Bacillus havaniensis, Sternberg. 
Syn., Micrococcus havaniensis , (?) Sternberg. Bacil- 
lus havaniensis liquefaciens, Sternberg. Obtained 
from the surface of the body of patients in the hospital 
at Havana, aer., nliqf, chg. (blood-red). Bacillus 
helvolus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water 
(Chemnitz), aer., liqf, mot. (rotary only), chg. (Naples 
yellow), npg. Bacillus heminecrobiophilus, Ar- 
loing. Found in a caseous lymphatic gland of a guinea 
pig. aer. , facanaer. , nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus 



BACTERIA 



164 



BACTERIA 



Glatthautbildender Kartoffelbacillus, Gummibacillus. 
Found in milk. aer. , liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus 
leporis lethalis, Gibier and Sternberg. From the 
intestinal contents of yellow fever patients, aer. , liqf. , 
mot. , pg. Bacillus leprae, Armauer and Hansen. 
Syn. , Aussatzbacillus, Bacillus der Lepra, Bacillus des 
Aussatzes, Ger. ; Bacille de la lepre, Fr. ; Bacillo 
della lebbra, It. Found in leprous tubercles. Can- 
not be cultivated in ordinary media. Specific patho- 
genesis settled by inoculation of a condemned criminal. 
Bacillus leptosporus, L. Klein. Obtained from 
the air. air., mot., npg. Bacillus lethalis, Babes. 
Syn., Proteus lethalis. Proteus bei Lungengangrane 
des Menschen. Obtained from spleen and lung of 
patient dead of septicemia, aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , 
mot., pg. Bacillus limbatus acidi lactici, Marp- 
mann. Found in cow's milk, aer., nliqf, nmot., 
npg. Bacillus limosus, Russel. Obtained from mud 
(Bay of Naples), aer. , liqf ., mot. Pathogenesis not 
determined. Bacillus lineola. See Bacterium line- 
ola, Cohn. Bacillus liodermos, Fliigge. See Ba- 
cillus leiodermos, Loffler. Bacillus liquefaciens, 
Eisenberg. Found in water, aer. , liqf, mot., npg. 
Bacillus liquefaciens bovis, Arloing. Syn., Pneu- 
mobacillus liquefaciens bovis. From the lungs of a 
diseased ox. aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , nmot. , pg. Bacil- 
lus liquefaciens communis, Sternberg. Obtained 
from the feces of yellow fever patients, aer. , facanaer., 
liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus liquefaciens magnus, 
Liideritz. Found in the exudates of mice inoculated 
with garden earth. anaer., liqf, mot., npg. Bacil- 
lus liquefaciens parvus, Liideritz. Source same 
as last, anaer., liqf ., nmot., npg. Bacillus liquidus, 
Frankland. Found in river water (Thames). Com- 
mon, aer., liqf-, mot., npg. Bacillus litoralis, 
Russel. Obtained from mud (Bay of Naples), aer. , 
facanaer., liqf, mot. Pathogenesis not determined. 
Bacillus lividus, Plagge and Proskauer. Found in 
hydrant water (Berlin), aer., facanaer., liqf. , mot., 
chg. (brick red), npg. Bacillus lucens, Van Tieg- 
hem. Syn., Bacterumi lucens, Van Tieghem. Found 
on the surface of water, aer., nmot. Brilliant. Ba- 
cillus luteus, Fliigge. Syn., Bacterium luteum, 
List. Gelber Bacillus, Ger. Found in superficial 
layers of gelatin plate culture, aer. , nmot., nliqf, 
chg. (yellow), npg. Bacillus luteus suis, Salmon 
and Smith. Found in the perivisceral fluids of swine. 
aer., liqf., mot., chg. (yellow red). Smells like glue. 
Bacillus lyssae, Pasteur. Syn., Coccobacterium lyssce, 
Rivolta. Lissophyton suspectum, Hallier. Micrococci 
della rabbia, Ital. Bacille de la rage, Fr.; Hundswut- 
bacillus, Ger. Cf. Bacterium septicum sputigenum, 
Fraenkel. Found in saliva of hydrophobic patients 
and animals. Cf. Bacilltcs septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. 
Bacillus maidis, Cuboni. From macerated corn and 
the feces of pellagra patients, aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. 
Bacillus malandria, Israel. See Bacillus mallei, 
Loffler. Bacillus malarias, Klebs and Tommasi-Cru- 
deli. Syn., Bacille de la malaria, Bacille du sang, 
Fr. ; Bacillus der Malaria, Bacillus des Blutes, Blut- 
bacillus, Ger. ; Bacillo della malaria, It. Bacillus of 
the blood. Obtained from the soil and air of the 
Campagnia, from swamps, from the blood of malarial 
patients, etc. Pathogenesis disputed. Bacillus 
mallei, Loffler. Syn. , Bacillus malandrice, Israel ; 
Rotzbacillus, Bacillus des Rotzes, Ger.; Bacille de la 
morve, Fr. Found in the nasal discharges, nodules, 
etc., of animals with glanders, aer., facanaer. , nmot. 
(strictly parasitic), pg. (proven by inoculation). 



Bacillus martinez, Sternberg. Obtained from the 
liver of a yellow fever cadaver, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf, nmot., npg. Bacillus maydis. See Bacillus 
maidis, Cuboni. Syn. , Bacterium maydis, Cuboni; 
Batterio della pellagra, It. Bacillus megaterium, 
De Bary. Found on the leaves of boiled cabbage. 
aer. , liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus melanosporus, 
Eidam. Obtained from the air. aer. , facanaer., 
chg. (black), npg. Bacillus melittopthorus. See 
Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Bacillus melo- 
chloros, Winkler and Schrotter. Syn. , Bacillus 
butyri fluorescens, Lafar. Obtained from the dejec- 
tions of the larva in a wormy apple, aer., liqf., mot., 
chg. (emerald green), pg. (for rabbits). Bacillus 
membranaceus amethystinus, Eisenberg. Found 
in well water (Spalato). aer., liqf., nmot., chg. 
(dark violet), npg. Bacillus meningitidis puru- 
lentas, Naumann and Schaffer. Obtained from pus 
taken from beneath the pia mater in a person dead of 
purulent meningitis, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf , mot. , pg. 
Bacillus merismopcedioides, Zopf. Syn., Arthro- 
bacterium or Bacterium merismopcedioides , De Bary. 
Obtained from sewage mud ; the type of the so-called 
"tablet cocci." Bacillus mesentericus fuscus, 
Fliigge. Syn., Kartoffelbacillus, Ger.; Bacille 
brun de la pomme de terre, Fr. Potato bacillus. 
Obtained from the air, hay dust, water, etc. Common. 
aer. , liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus mesentericus 
ruber, Globig. Syn. , Kartoffelbacillus ; Roter Kar- 
toffelbacillus, Ger. ; Bacille rouge de la pomme de 
terre, Bacille rouge de Globig, Fr. Potato bacillus. 
Found upon potatoes, aer. , liqf. , mot. , chg. (reddish 
yellow or pink), npg. Bacillus mesentericus vul- 
gatus, Fliigge. Syn., Bacillus figurans, Crook- 
shank. Proteus vulgaris. Bacille commun de la 
pomme de terre, Bacille des pomme de terre, Fr. ; 
Kartoffelbacillus, Ger. Potato bacillus. Common. 
Found in potatoes, water, milk, intestinal contents of 
man, etc. aer. , liqf, npg. Bacillus miniaceus, 
Zimmermann. See Bacillus ruber, Frank and Cohn. 
Bacillus minimus, Klebs. See Bacillus erysipe- 
latous sziis, Koch, etc. Bacillus miriabilis, Hau- 
ser. Syn. , Proteus mirabilis. Bacille de Hauser, Fr. 
Obtained from decaying animal matter, aer., facan- 
aer., liqf., mot.,pg. Bacillus mollusci, Domenico. 
Syn., Bacillo del mollusco contagioso, Dominico, 
Ital. Found in molluscum contagiosum ; resembles 
somewhat Bacillus lepra: and Bacillus malaria:. Pa- 
thogenesis disputed, the disease being attributed by 
some to psorosperms. Bacillus multipediculosus, 
Fliigge. Syn., Bacillus multipediculus. Found in 
air and water, aer., nliqf, nmot., npg. Bacillus 
murisepticus, Fliigge. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, 
Koch. Bacillus murisepticus pleomorphus, Kar- 
linski. Found in purulent uterine discharges, aer. , 
facanaer., liqf, mot., pg. Probably identical with 
Proteus vulgaris, Hauser. Bacillus muscoides, 
Liborius. Found in soil, old cheese, cow dung, etc. 
anaer., nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus mycoides, 
Fliigge. Syn. , Erdbacillus, Ger.; Bacille mycoide, 
Fr. Common in soil and water, aer. , nliqf. , mot. , 
npg. Bacillus mycoides roseus, Scholl. Found 
in the soil, aer., liqf, chg. (red), npg. Bacillus 
neapolitanus, Emmerich. Syn., Bacillus roli com- 
munis, Bacterium coli commune, Escherich, Bacterium 
neapolitanum , Colon bacillus of Escherich, Emmer- 
ich's Bacillus, Emmerich's Neaplerbacillus ; Bacille 
neapolitaine, Fr. ; Bacillus des Milchkotes, Bacillus 
des Milchfaeces, Ger. ; Bacillus of Booker, a to n. 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, chs:. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, hqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monotn. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obl.= obligate, oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic. phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



165 



BACTERIA 



Found in the air, in putrefying infusions and con- 
stantly in the alvine discharges of healthy and un- 
healthy human beings, also in those of many animals. 
From the blood, various organs and feces of cholera 
patients at Naples, hence the name, air., facanaer., 
nliqf, pg. Bacillus necrophorus, Loffler. Obtained 
from rabbits after inoculation in the anterior chamber 
of the eye with portions of condyloma, air., facanaer., 
nliqf., pleom. , pg. Bacillus nivalis, Schmolck. See 
Bacillus fluorescens nivalis, Schmolck. Bacillus 
nodosus parvus, Lustgarten. From the healthy 
urethra of man. a'er. , facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot. , npg. 
Bacillus nubilus, Frankland. From hydrant water 
(London), a'er. , facanaer., liqf., npg. Bacillus 
ochraceus, Zimmermann. From hydrant water 
(Chemnitz), a'er. , liqf, mot., chg. (ocher-yellow), 
npg. Bacillus cedematis aerobicus. A new bacil- 
lus of malignant edema, Klein. Found in the exu- 
dates of guinea pigs after inoculating with garden 
earth, a'er., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus 
cedematis maligni, Koch. Syn. , Bacillus edematis, 
Koch ; Bacillus septicus, Pasteur ; Vibrion sep- 
tique, Vibrion pyogenique, Pasteur; Bacille de 
l'cedeme, Bacille de l'cedeme malin, Bacille de la 
gangrene emphysemateuse progressive, Bacille de la 
gangrene gazeuse, Fr. ; Microben der gasigen Gan- 
grane, Ger. Bacillus of gangrene, Bacillus of gangre- 
nous septicemia. Pink bacillus of spreading edema, A. 
B. Harris. A widely scattered species, obtained from 
surface soil, dust, putrefying matter, foul water, etc., 
and from the exudates produced by inoculating animals 
with garden earth, anaer.fiqf, mot., pg. Bacillus 
of Acne Contagiosa of Horses. See Bacillus of 
horse pox. Bacillus of Afanassiew. See Bacillus 
hissis convulsive, Afanassiew. Bacillus of Albumin- 
ous Decomposition. See Bacillus putrificus coli, 
Bienstock. Bacillus of Allantiasis, Muller, Hoppe- 
Seyler. See also Sarcina botulina, Van den Corput. 
Cf. Bacillus of choleraic diarrhea from meat poison- 
ing, Klein. Found in poisonous sausages, particularly 
in"Blunzen." aer., liqf, pg. Bacillus of Alopecia 
areata, Kasauli. Found attached to the hairs from 
the diseased patches ; easily cultivated. See Mi- 
crococcus of Alopecia areata, Robinson, and Bac- 
terium decalvans, Thin. Bacillus of Babes and 
Oprescu. Obtained from a case presenting symp- 
toms of typhus fever, a'er. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , 
pg. Bacillus of Belfanti and Pascarola. Syn., 
Impftetanusbacillus, Ger. From the pus of wounds 
in a person dead of tetanus, a'er. , facanaer. , nliqf. , 
nmot., pg. Bacillus of Beri-beri, Eykmann. See 
Bacillus beribericus, Lacerda. Bacillus of Blue 
Milk. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Hueppe. Bacillus 
of Blue or Green Pus. See Bacillus pyocyaneus, 
Gessard. Bacillus of Booker, a to n. Found in 
alvine discharges of children suffering from cholera 
infantum ; probably varieties of Bacillus neapolitanus , 
Emmerich. Bacillus of Bovet. Obtained from the 
intestines of a woman dead of acute choleraic enteritis. 
a'er., nliqf, mot., pg. Bacillus of Braxy. See 
Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Bacillus 
of Bronchitis, Lumnitzer. Syn., Bacillus of Lum- 
nitzer. From the bronchial secretions in cases of 
putrid bronchitis. a'er. , mot. Cf. Micrococcus of 
bronchitis, Picchini. Bacillus of Butyric Acid 
Fermentation. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. 
Bacillus of Carcinoma, Rappin and Scheurlen and 
Domingo- Freire. Syn., Bacille du cancer, Fr. See 
Bacillus of Scheurlen. Bacillus of Canestrini. 



Found in larva; and bees suffering from a malady com- 
mon among bees in certain parts of Italy, a'er. , liqf., 
mot., dig. (pink), pg. Bacillus of Canon and Pie- 
licke. See Bacillus of measles. Bacillus of Cattle 
Plague, Metschnikoff. See Bacillus septicemia hemor- 
rhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus of Cazal and Vaillard. 
Obtained from cheesy nodules upon the peritoneum 
and in the pancreas, a'er. , facanaer. , liqf. , mot. , pg. 
Bacillus of Chancroid, Ducrey. Found in pustules 
developed upon the arm from the inoculation of 
chancroidal virus ; does not grow in artificial cultures. 
Cf. Micrococcus ulceris mollis. Bacillus of Cheese. 
See Spirillum tyrogcnum, Denecke. Bacillus 
of Chicken Cholera. See Bacillus septicemia 
hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus of Cholera. 
See Spirillum cholera asiatica, Koch. Bacillus 
of Choleraic Diarrhea from Meat Poisoning, 
Klein. Found in the blood and feces of persons 
poisoned with tainted meat. Cf. Bacillus of allantiasis, 
Muller and Hoppe-Seyler. Bacillus of Cholera in 
Ducks, Cornil and Toupet. Obtained from the blood 
of ducks that had died of an epidemic disease char- 
acterized by choleraic symptoms, a'er. , nliqf. , nmot. , 
pg. (for ducks, but not for chickens or pigeons). 
Bacillus of Chyluria, Wilson. Syn. , Bacillus der 
Chyluria, Ger. ; Bacille de la chylurie, Fr. ; Found in 
the coagulum of chylous urine, aer. , facanaer. , mot. 
Bacillus of Colomiatti. Obtained from cases of 
conjunctivitis and xerotic masses in the eye. aer., 
nliqf. , nmot. , npg. Cf. Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis 
conjunctivae, Leber. Bacillus of Conjunctival 
Catarrh, Koch. Syn., Bacille du catarrhe conjonc- 
tival, Fr. ; Bacillus des Bindehautcatarrhs, Ger. ; 
Bacillus of conjunctivitis, Bacillus of pink eye, Weeks. 
a'er., nliqf, pg. Resembles Bacillus xerosis. Bacillus 
of Dantec. Syn., Bacille du rouge de morue, Fr. 
Obtained from salted codfish to which it gives a red 
color, aer., liqf, mot., chg. (red), npg. Bacillus 
of Davaine's septicemia. See Bacillus septicamia 
hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus of Demme. 
Obtained from the contents of tumors and pustules and 
from the blood of patients suffering from erythema 
nodosum, a'er., facanaer., (?) nliqf, pg. (to guinea 
pigs ; rabbits, dogs and goats refractory). Bacillus of 
Diphtheria in Calves. See Bacillus diphtheria 
vitulorum, Loffler. Bacillus of Diphtheria in 
Doves. See Bacillus diphtheria columbarum, Loffler. 
Bacillus of Diphtheria in Man. See Bacillus 
diphtheria, Klebs and Loffler. Bacillus of D6der- 
lein. See Bacillus vaginalis, Doderlein. Bacillus 
of Endocarditis. See Bacillus pyogenes fetidus, 
Frankel and Saenger. Bacillus of Egyptian Ca- 
tarrhal Conjunctivitis. See Bacillus of Kartulis. 
Bacillus of Erysipelas in the Rabbit, Koch. See 
Bacillus erysipelatos leporis, Koch. Bacillus of False 
Hog Cholera. See Bacillus parvus ovatus, Loffler. 
Bacillus of False Tuberculosis in Rabbits. See 
Bacillus of pseudo-tuberculosis in rabbits, Malassez 
and Vignal. Bacillus of Fiocca. Found in the 
saliva of cats and dogs. a'er., facanaer., nliqf, 
nmot., pg. (for rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice). 
Bacillus of Foot Sweat. Syn., Fussschweissbacillus, 
Ger. ; Bacille de la sueur des pieds, Fr. See Bacillus 
fetidus, Bacillus saprogenes No. II, and Bacterium 
graveolens. Bacillus of Foul Brood of Bees. See 
Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Bacillus of 
Fowl Cholera. See Bacillus septicamia hemorrhagica, 
Sternberg. Bacillus of Friedlander. See Bacillus 
pneumonia friedldnderi. Bacillus of Fulles, III. 



Abbreviations. — a'er. = aerobic, ana'er. = anaerobic. chg. = chromogenic. facanaer. = {a.cu\tad\e anaerobic, liqf. = liquefae- 
tive. mouom. == monomorphic. mot. — motile nliqf. = non-liquelactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obi. = obligate. oscl.= oscillating, pg. = pathogenic. phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



166 



BACTERIA 



Found in the soil, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus 
of Gangrene. See Bacillus cedematis maligni, Koch. 
Bacillus saprogenes, III, Rosenbach, and Bacillus of 
senile gangrene. Bacillus of Gangrenous Sep- 
ticemia. Syn. , Bacille de la gangrene gazeuse. 
See Bacillus osdematis maligni, Koch. Bacillus of 
Gessner. See Bacterium tholoideum, Gessner. Bacil- 
lus of Glanders. See Bacillus mallei, Loftier. Bacillus 
of Green Diarrhea in Children, Lesage. See Bacillus 
of Lesage. Bacillus of Green Pus. See Bacillus 
pyocyaneus , Gessard. Bacillus of Grouse Disease, 
Klein. Obtained from the lungs and liver of grouse 
that had died of an epidemic disease, aer., nliqf., 
nmot.,pg. (for mice, guinea pigs, linnets, green finches, 
sparrows; chickens, pigeons and rabbits immune). 
Bacillus of Hay Infusions. See Bacillus subtilis, 
Ehrenberg. Bacillus of Heminecrobiophilus, 
Arloing. Obtained from the callous lymphatic glands 
of a guinea pig. aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pleom., 
pg. Bacillus of Hog Cholera, Salmon and Smith. 
See Bacillus ex pneitmo-enteritide suis, Klein. Bacil- 
lus of Hog Erysipelas. See Bacillus erysipelatos 
suis, Koch, etc. Bacillus of Horse Pox, Diecker- 
hoff and Grawitz. Syn., Bacillus of acne contagiosa 
of horses. Bacillus der Akne contagiosa des Pferdes, 
Ger. Obtained from the pustules of horses suffering 
from acne contagiosa, aer. , nliqf. , pg. Bacillus of 
Hydrophobia. See Bacillus lyssa, Pasteur. Bacillus 
of Icterus, Karlinsky and Ducamp. Found in the 
blood during an attack of infectious icterus. Did not 
thrive on ordinary culture media. Bacillus of Influ- 
enza, Pfeiffer, Kitasato and Canon. Syn., Bacille de 
Pfeiffer, Bacille de rinfluenza, Influenza bacillus. Found 
in the purulent bronchial secretions and in the blood 
of persons suffering from epidemic influenza, aer., 
nmot. , pg. Cf. Micrococcus influenza, Letzerich. 
Bacillus of Intestinal Diphtheria in Rabbits, Rib- 
bert. Syn., Bacille de la diphtherie intestinale chez 
les lapins, Fr. Obtained from the viscera of rabbits 
dead of a disease characterized by a diphtheritic in- 
flammation of the intestinal mucous membrane, aer. , 
nliqf, nmot. (?) pg. Bacillus of Jeffries. A 
group (A, G, J, K, P, S, Z,) of bacilli, resembling 
Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich, and Bacillus lactis 
aerogenes, Escherich. Found in the alvine discharges 
of children suffering from summer diarrhea, anaer. , 
npg. Bacillus of Jequirity Ophthalmia, DeWecker 
and Sattler. Syn., Bacille du jequirity, Fr. ; Jequiri- 
typilz, Ger. Found in cases of jequirity ophthalmia and 
in infusions of jequirity seeds [Abfus precatorius), the 
supposed source of Abrin. aer. , liqf., mot., npg. 
The disease is now held to be caused by a soluble 
poison, jequiritin. Bacillus of Karlinski. See 
Bacillus murisepticus pleomorphics, Karlinski. Bacil- 
lus of Kartulis, Koch and Kartulis. Obtained from 
the conjunctiva in cases of Egyptian catarrhal conjunc- 
tivitis, aer. Pathogenesis not well determined. Ba- 
cillus of Koubasoff. Obtained from carcinomatous 
growth in the human stomach, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf., 
mot., pg. (for guinea pigs and rabbits). Cf. Bacillus of 
Scheuerlen. Bacillus of Lactic Acid Fermenta- 
tion. See Bacillus acidi lactici. Hueppe. Bacillus 
of Laser. Obtained from mice infected with an 
epidemic disease, aer. , facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. 
(for field mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and pigeons). 
Bacillus of Leprosy. See Bacillus lepra:, Hansen. 
Bacillus of Lesage. Syn., Bacille de la diarrhea 
verte infantile, Fr. Bacillus of green diarrhea in 
children. Obtained in the green alvine discharges of 



infants suffering from green diarrhea, aer., nliqf., 
mot., pg. According to Baumgarten identical with 
Bacillus fluorescein non-liquefaciens, Schiller. Ba- 
cillus of Letzerich. Obtained from the urine of 
children suffering from nephritis interstitialis primaria. 
aer. , liqf., pg. Bacillus of Liborius. See Bacillus 
amylobacter, Prazmowski. Bacillus of Lichen Ru- 
ber, Laser. Syn. , Bacillus bei Lichen ruber, Ger. 
Found in the lymph passages in cases of lichen ruber. 
Bacillus of Lucet. Syn., Bacille de la dysenterie 
epizootique des poules et des dindes, Fr. Obtained 
from chickens and turkeys suffering from an infectious 
form of septicemia characterized by dysenteric dis- 
charges, aer., facanaer. , nliqf., nmot. , pg. Bacillus 
of Lumnitzer. See Bacillus of Bronchitis. Bacillus 
of Lupus. See Bacillus Tuberculosis, Koch. Bacil- 
lus of Lustgarten. See Bacillus syphilidis, Lust- 
garten. Bacillus of Lymph in Fishes, Oliver and 
Richet. Observed in the lymph of certain fishes, aer. , 
mot. , npg. Bacillus of Malaria. See Bacillus 
malaria, Klebs and Tommasi-Crudeli. Bacillus of 
Malignant Edema. See Bacillus cedematis maligni, 
Koch. Bacillus of Measles, Canon and Pielicke. 
Syn., Bacillus of Canon and Pielicke. Found in the 
blood and in the secretions of the nose and conjunctiva 
of persons with measles. Cf. Micrococcus of measles, 
Klebs and Keating. Bacillus of Mouse Septicemia. 
See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pasteur. Bacillus of 
Necrosis of the Liver in Badgers, Eberth. Found 
in the necrotic liver of a badger. Bacillus of 
Necrosis of the Liver in Guinea Pigs, Eberth. 
Found in the necrotic liver of a guinea pig. Bacillus 
of Nephritis, Letzerich. See Bacillus of Letzerich. 
Bacillus of Nocard. Syn., Bacille du farcin du 
boeuf, Fr. ; Bacillus der Wurmkrankheit, Ger. Found 
in the superficial abscesses of cattle suffering from 
farcy, aer., nmot. , pg. Bacillus of Okada. Ob- 
tained from the dust between the boards of a floor. 
aer. , facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. Bacillus of 
Osteomyelitis, Kraske and Becker. Found in 
cases of osteomyelitis, aer., liqf. (or in some forms 
nliqf), mot., pleom., pg. Held by Pasteur as iden- 
tical with the micrococcus of furuncle, q. v. Bacillus 
of Phthisis. See Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Ba- 
cillus of Pink Eye, Weeks. See Bacillus of con- 
junctival catarrh, Koch. Bacillus of Potato Rot, 
Kramer. Syn. , Nassfaulebacillus. Obtained from 
potatoes affected with wet rot. aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. 
Putrefies the albuminous substances of potatoes. Ba- 
cillus of Pseudo-tuberculosis in Rabbits, Eberth, 
Malassez, and Vignal. Syn. , Baciile de la tubercu- 
lose zoogleique, Bacille de la pseudo-tuberculose du 
lapin, Fr. ; Bacillus der Pseudo-tuberculose der 
Kaninchen, Ger. Found in the nodular deposits 
characteristic of this disease. Bacillus of Puerperal 
Fever. See Bacillus puerperalis, Engel and Spill- 
mann. Bacillus of Purpura Haemorrhagica of 
Babes. Obtained from the viscera of a patient dead 
of purpura haemorrhagica. aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , 
nmot.,pg. Resembles the next two forms. Bacillus 
of Purpura Haemorrhagica of Kolb. Obtained 
from the viscera of patients dead of purpura, aer. , 
facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. Bacillus of Purpura 
Haemorrhagica of Tizzoni and Giovannini. Ob- 
tained from the blood of two children dead of purpura 
hemorrhagica, aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. 
Bacillus of Pyemia, Beltzow. Syn., Bacille de la 
pyemie, Fr. ; Bacillus der Pyamie, Ger. Two forms found 
in pyemia, one of which resembles Bacillus osdematis 



Abbreviations.— aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic. c/i,$-. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. — motile, nliqf. = non-liquelactive. nmot. = non-motile. nt>g. = non-pathogenic. 
obi. = obligate. oscl.= oscillating, pg. = pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



167 



BACTERIA 



maligni, Koch. Bacillus of Rabbit Septicemia. 
See Bacillus septicemia hmmorrhagicce, Sternberg. 
Bacillus of Rabies. See Bacillus lyssa-, Pasteur. 
Bacillus of Rag Pickers' Disease. See Bacillus 
hominis capsulatis, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Bacillus of 
Red Bread. See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. 
Bacillus of Red Milk. See Bacillus lactis erythro- 
genes, Hueppe; and Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. 
Bacillus of Rheumatism. See Bacillus rheumar- 
thritidis, Kussmaul. Bacillus of Rhinoscleroma. 
See Bacillus rkinoscleromatis, Cornil and Alvarez. 
Bacillus of Roth, I, II. Obtained from old rags. 
air. ,facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot. , pg. Resembles Bacillus 
ncapolitanus, Emmerich ; and Bacillus cavicidus, 
Burger. Bacillus of Rouget. See Bacillus erysipe- 
latos suis, Koch, etc. Bacillus of Scarlet Fever, 
Crooke. Syn., Bacille de la scarlatine, Fr. Found 
in the nasal mucus and tissues of the throat in a 
case of anginose scarlet fever. mot. Resembles 
Bacillus ccdematu maligni, Koch, and the Proteus of 
Hauser. According to Dcehle the parasite of this 
disease is a protozoon. Cf. Micrococcus Scarlatina?. 
Bacillus of Scheurlen, Scheuerlen, Rapin, and 
Domingo-Freire. Syn., Bacillus epidermidis, Bordoni- 
Uffreduzzi. From cancerous tissues and from mam- 
mary epithelia of healthy persons. According to 
Mace possibly identical with a variety of Bacillus 
me'sentericus vulgatus, Fliigge. aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. 
Bacillus of Schimmelbusch. Obtained from the 
necrotic tissues of a case of cancrum oris or noma. 
aer., nliqf. ,pg. Bacillus of Schou. See Bacillus 
pneumonicus agilis, Schou. Bacillus of Senile 
Gangrene, Tricomi. Syn., Bacille de la gangrene 
senile, Fr. Bacillus of gangrene, Bacillus of Tricomi. 
Found in the blood, in the tissues along the line of 
demarcation, in the subcutaneous tissue and the lymph 
spaces of the skin, and in the ichorous discharge. 
aer. , liqf. , nmot. , pg. Cf. Bacillus a-dematis maligni, 
Koch, and Bacillus saprogenes, III, Rosenbach. Ba- 
cillus of Septicemia in Man, Klein. Syn., Bacille 
de la septicemic, Fr. Bacillus of Southern Cattle 
Plague, F. S. Billings. Syn., Bacillus of Texas 
fever in cattle. Bacillus der amerikanischen Rinder- 
seuche, Canerva. Found in the blood, viscera, and 
manure of cattle infected with cattle plague or Texas 
fever ; also in the ticks {Boophilus bovis, Curtice) 
infecting the cattle, and in their discharges. The 
spread of the disease is largely due to the manure of 
the cattle and also indirectly to the ticks, aer., nliqf., 
mot., pleom., pg. Smith and Kilborn now attribute 
this disease to the psorosperm Pyrosoma bigeminum. 
Bacillus of Spontaneous Rabbit Septicemia, 
Eberth. See Bacillus of swine plague, Marseilles. 
Bacillus of Symptomatic Anthrax. See Bacillus 
chauva'i, Bollinger and Feser. Bacillus of Swine 
Pest, Selander. See Bacillus ex pneumo-enteritide 
suis,.K\e'm. Bacillus of Swine Plague, Marseilles, 
Reitsch, and Jobert. Syn., Bacillus suis, Detmers. 
Bacillus der Schweineseuche, Marseilles ; Bacillus der 
Frettchenseuche (ferret disease), Eberth and Schim- 
melbusch ; Bacille de la pest porcine, Fr. ; Bacillus 
of spontaneous rabbit septicemia ; Bacillus of swine 
plague, Detmers and Billings; Swine plague, Schizo- 
phyte, Detmers. First obtained from swine attacked 
by a fatal epidemic disease in Marseilles, aer., nliqf, 
mot. , pg. Canerva and others identify this with the 
Bacillus of ferret disease and with that of American 
swine plague ; also with the Bacillus of Southern cattle 
plague, Billings ; but this latter seems to be a distinct 



species. See Bacillus tardigradus. Bacillus of 
Syphilis. See Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. Ba- 
cillus of Tetanus. See Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier. 
Bacillus of Texas Cattle Fever, F. S. Billings. 
See Bacillus of Southern cattle plague. Bacillus of 
the Blood. Syn., Bacille du sang, Fr.; Blutbacillus, 
Bacillus des Blutes, Hoffmann, Ger. Bacillus of 
the Lungs of Cattle, Lustig. Found in the lungs 
of healthy and diseased cattle, aer. , liqf. Bacillus 
of the Meconium, Escherich Found in the meco- 
nium. Bacillus of the Pneumo-enteritis of the 
Pig. See Bacillus ex pneumo-enteritide suis, Klein. 
Bacillus of the Smegma. Syn., Bacille du smegma 
preputial, Fr. ; Smegmabacillus, Ger. Found in the 
smegma of the male and female genitals. Bacillus 
of Tommasoli. See Bacillus sycosiferus fatidus, 
Tommasoli. Bacillus of Tricomi. See Bacillus of 
senile gangrene. Bacillus of Tuberculosis of 
Vines. Syn., Bacille de la tuberculosis des vignes, 
Corvo, Fr. Regarded by Corvo as the cause of the 
diseased condition of vines usually attributed to Phyl- 
loxera vastatrix, Planchon. Bacillus of Ulcerative 
Stomatitis of Cattle, Lingard and Batt. ' Found on 
the skin, the mucous membranes, and in the lungs of 
young cattle. Cf. Streptocytus of eczema epizootica, 
Schottelius. Bacillus of Ulcus Molle, Krofting. 
Identical with that described by Ducrey as the Bacil- 
lus of Chancroid. Bacillus of Utpadel, Utpadel and 
Gessner. Obtained from the stuffing of the bed quilts in 
a military hospital (Augsburg), and from the intestinal 
contents of man. aer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus 
of Vagus Pneumonia. See Bacillus pneumonicus 
agilis, Schou. Bacillus of Verruga Peruana, Izqui 
erdo. Found in the intercellular spaces and blood- 
vessels in the nodules characteristic of Peruvian wart. 
Bacillus of Vignal. See Bacillus buccalis minutus, 
Vignal. Bacillus of Whooping Cough. See 
Bacillus tussis co>tvulsivce, Afanassiew. Bacillus of 
Xerosis Epithelialis Conjunctivae, Leber, Kusch- 
bert, Frankel, and Neisser. Syn. , Bacillus xerosis, 
Frankel ; Bacillus of Colomiatti, Bacillus of xerosis, 
Schreiber ; Xerosebacillus, Bacillus der Xerosis epi- 
thelialis conjunctivae, Ger. ; Bacille du xerosis con- 
jonctivse, Fr. Found in the white, fatty scales of the 
conjunctiva? in cases of Xeropthalmia. nmot. Does 
not grow on gelatin or potato. Pathogenesis not fully 
determined. Bacillus oxytocus perniciosus, Wysso- 
kowitsch. Found in milk left standing a long time. 
aer., nliqf, pg. Bacillus ovatus minutissimus, 
Unna. Found upon the skin in cases of eczema 
seborrhoeicum. aer., facanaer., nliqf. , npg. Bacillus 
of Yellow Fever. Bacille de la fievre jaune, Fr. ; 
Bacillus des gelben Fiebers, Ger. Found in the mucous 
membrane of the small intestine in two cases of yellow 
fever. Sternberg has found many forms in the intes- 
tinal contents and viscera of yellow fever cadavers, 
the most frequent and abundant being the Bacillus 
neapolitanus , Emmerich ; Bacillus cadaverus, Stern- 
berg ; and Bacillus X, Sternberg. This latter is 
held by Sternberg as being possibly concerned in 
the etiology of yellow fever. Cf. Microbe de la 
fievre jaune, Freire et Rebougeon. Bacillus of 
Yellow Milk. See Bacillus synxanthus, Ehrenberg 
and Schroter. Bacillus panificans, Laurent. Claimed 
as the active agent in the raising of bread. Found 
especially in black bread. Dunnenberger considers it 
a mere impurity and not concerned in the leavening 
processes. Bacillus parvus ovatus, Loffler. Syn. , 
Pseudorotlaufbacillus, Ger. Bacillus of false hog 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, ana'er. = anaerobic, chg. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obl. = obligate. oscl. = oscillating. pg.= pathogenic, pho's. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic. jo/>. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



168 



BACTERIA 



cholera. Found in the carcass of a pig dead of a dis- 
ease resembling rouget. It resembles Bacillus septica- 
mia /Hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus pasteuri- 
anus, Hansen. Syn. , Bacterium pasteurianum, Ar- 
throbacterium pasteurianum , Micrococcus pasteurianus. 
Found in beer-wort and beer, especially that poor in 
alcohol. Resembles Bacillus aceti, Kutzing and Som- 
mer. Bacillus pestifer, Frankland. Found in the 
air. aer. , liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus phospho- 
rescens, Fischer. Syn., Bacillus phosphorescens indi- 
cus, Fischer; Photobacterium indicum, Fischer; In- 
discher Leuchtbacillus, Ger. Found in sea water (Gulf 
of Mexico), aer., liqf., mot., phos., npg. Bacillus 
phosphorescens gelidus, Forster. See Bacillus 
phosphoreus, Cohn. Bacillus phosphorescens indi- 
cus, Fischer. See Bacillus phosphorescens, Fischer. 
Bacillus phosphorescens indigenus, Fischer. 
Syn., Einheimischer Leuchtbacillus, Ger. Found in 
sea water (Harbor of Kiel) and upon herring, air., 
liqf., mot., phos., npg. Bacillus phosphoreus, 
Cohn. Syn., Micrococcus phosphoreus, Cohn; Bacte- 
rium phosphorescens , Hermes ; Bacillus phosphorescens 
gelidus, Forster. Found on sea fish, raw and cooked 
(cooked salmon, Cohn). aer. , nliqf, phos., npg. 
Bacillus plicatus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant 
water (Chemnitz), aer, liqf-, nmot., chg. (grayish 
yellow), npg. Bacillus pneumoniae, Fliigge. See 
Bacillus pneumonice friedlanderi. Bacillus pneu- 
moniae friedlanderi. Syn., Bacillus pneumonia, 
Fliigge ; Diplococcus pneumonia fibrinosa, Friedlan- 
der ; Micrococcus pneumonia infectiosa, Friedlander ; 
Bacille de pneumonie, Fr. ; Bacillus of Friedlander ; 
Microbe of Friedlander. Occasionally obtained from 
the exudates in the pulmonary alveoli in cases of 
croupous pneumonia, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf., nmot., 
pg. Bacillus pneumonicus agilis, Schou. Syn., 
Bacillus of Schou; Bacillus of Vagus pneumonia; 
Bacille pneumonique, Fr. Obtained from rabbits 
suffering from pneumonia induced by section of the 
vagi. aer. , liqf , mot. , pg. Bacillus pneumosep- 
ticus, Babes. Obtained from the blood and tissues 
of a person dead of septic pneumonia, aer. , facanaer. , 
nliqf , nmot. , pg. Bacillus polymyxa, Prazmowski. 
Syn. , Claustridium polymyxa, Prazmowski. Found in 
infusion of potatoes, lupin seeds, etc. aer., facanaer., 
npg. Bacillus polypiformis, Liborius. Found in 
cow dung and in the exudates of mice inoculated with 
garden earth, anaer., nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus 
preussii, Ciesielski. See Bacillus alvei, Cheshire 
and Cheyne. Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. 
Syn. , Bacteridium prodigiosum, Schroter ; Bactcriinn 
prodigiosum, Micrococcus prodigiosus, Cohn; Micro- 
coccus imetrophus , Trevisan ; Monas prodigiosa, Ehren- 
berg ; Palmella prodigiosa, Mont ; Zoogalactina ime- 
tropa, Sette ; Bacille du lait rouge, Bacille du pain 
rouge, Fr. ; Bacillus der roten Milch, Bacillus des 
roten Brotes, Hostienblut, Wunderblut, Blutpilz, Ger. 
Frequently foundupon food-stuffs, boiled potatoes, hard- 
boiled eggs, moist bread, etc. aer., facanaer., liqf, 
mot. , chg. (red) , npg. Acts as a protective to rabbits 
against anthrax. Bacillus pseudcedema, Liborius. 
Syn., Bacillus pseudosepticus, Mace ; Pseudo-cedem- 
bacillus, Ger. Obtained from the exudates of mice, 
after inoculation with garden earth, anaer., liqf., 
pg. Resembles Bacillus osdematis maligni, Koch. 
Bacillus pseudopneumonicus, Passet. Syn., Bac- 
terium pseudo-pneumonicum. Found in pus. aer. , 
nliqf. , nmot. , pg. Resembles Micrococcus pneumonia 
crouposa, Frankel. Bacillus pseudosepticus, Mace. 



See Bacillus pseudxdema, Liborius. Bacillus pseu- 
dosepticus of Mice, Bienstock. Syn., Bacillus of 
pseudosepticemia of mice. Found in feces, aer. , 
nliqf. , nmot. , pg. Found after inoculation, mostly in 
the edematous fluid and not in the blood. Bacillus 
pseudo-tuberculosis, Pfeiffer. Obtained from the 
viscera of a horse killed on suspicion of having glan- 
ders, aer., nliqf, nmot., pg. Bacillus puerper- 
alis, Engel and Spillmann. Syn., Leptothrix puer- 
peralis, Fettz ; Bacillus des Puerperal-Fiebers, Ger.; 
Bacille puerperale, Fr. ; Leptothrix of puerperal fever; 
Bacillus of puerperal fever. Found in two cases of 
puerperal sepsis, pg. (for mice and rabbits). Considered 
by Pasteur to be identical with Bacillus anthracis. 
Bacillus pulpas pyogenes, Miller. Obtained from 
gangrenous tooth-pulp. aer. , facanaer., liqf., pg. 
Bacillus punctatus, Zimmermann. Found in hy- 
drant water (Chemnitz), aer. , liqf, npg. Bacillus 
putrificus coli, Bienstock. Syn. , Bienstock's putre- 
factive bacillus from the feces ; Bienstock's putrefactive 
bacillus; Bacillus of albuminous decomposition ; Drum- 
stick bacillus; Trommelschlagelbacillus ; Bienstock's 
Bacillus aus Faeces ; Bacillus der Eiweisszersetzung, 
Ger. ; Bacille de la decomposition de l'albumine, Fr. 
Found in human feces, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf, mot., 
npg. Bacillus pyocyaneus a, Gessard. Syn., Bacil- 
lus aeruginosus, Bacterium aeruginosum, Schroter; 
Micrococcus pyocyaneus, Gessard. Bacillus of blue or 
green pus. Bacille, Bacterie ou Microbe du pus 
bleu, Bacille du pus vert, Bacille pyocyanique, Fr. ; 
Bacillus des griinblauen Eiters. A widely distri- 
buted form, found in purulent and serous wounds, 
in perspiration, and in the viscera of human cadavers. 
aer., facanaer., liqf, mot., chg., pg. Two pigments, 
one fluorescent green, the other blue, pyocyanin. 
Bacillus pyocyaneus /3, Emst. Found in pus from 
bandages stained green, aer. , liqf. , mot. , chg. (yel- 
lowish green), npg. Bacillus pyogenes fcetidus, 
Passet. Syn. , bacille pyogene fetide, Fr. Obtained 
from an ischio-rectal abscess, aer. , nliqf. , mot. , pg. 
Bacillus pyogenes soli, Bolton. Obtained from the 
exudates of a rat after inoculation with garden earth. 
aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot. , npg. Bacillus radi- 
atus, Liideritz. Obtained from the exudates of mice 
and guinea-pigs after inoculation with garden earth. 
anaer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus radiatus aquatilis, 
Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz). 
aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus ramosus, Eisenberg. 
Syn. , Wurzelbacillus. Common in soil and water. 
aer., liqf, npg. Bacillus ramosus liquefaciens. 
Obtained from the air. aer., liqf., mot., npg. Ba- 
cillus reticularis, Jordan. Found in hydrant water 
(Lawrence, Mass.). aer. , liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus 
rheumarthritidis, Kussmaul. Syn., Bacillus rheu- 
marthritis, Micrococcus rheumarthritis, Leyden. 
Bacillus of rheumatism. • Bacille du rhumatisme, Fr. 
Gelenkrheumatismus Mikro-organismen, Mikrokok- 
ken bei Gelenkrheumatismus, Ger. Found in the 
effusions in the joints in articular rheumatism. Bacil- 
lus rhinoscleromatis, Cornil and Alvarez, Von 
Frisch, Paltauf, Von Eiselsberg, Dittrich, Stepanow, 
etc. Syn., Bacille du rhinosclerome, Fr. Found in 
the newly formed tubercles of rhinoscleroma. aer. , 
facanaer., nliqf., usually nmot. (becomes motile on 
cultivation),^. Etiologic relations not established. 
Considered by many as identical with Bacillus pneu- 
monia friedlanderi. It is less virulent, gelatin cul- 
tures more transparent and the capsules more persist- 
ent. Bacillus rosaceum metalloides, Dowdeswell. 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic. c/j?\ = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic. liqf. = \\que- 
faetive. monom. = monomorph]c. mot. = motile, nliqf. — lion-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obi. = obligate. oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



169 



BACTERIA 



See Bacillus ruber, Frank and Colin. Bacillus 
rubefaciens, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water 
(Chemnitz), a'er., nliqf., mot., chg. (pale pink), npg. 
Bacillus rubellus, Okada. Found in the exudates 
of guinea-pigs after inoculation with street dust. 
ana'er., liqf, mot., chg. (red), npg. Bacillus ruber, 
Frank, Cohn, and Becker. Syn., Bacillus miniaceus, 
Zimmermann. Bacillus (or Bacterium) rosaceum 
metalloides, Dowdeswell. The red bacillus of water. 
Found in water and on boiled rice, aer., liqf. , mot., 
chg. (magenta red) , npg. Bacillus ruber indicus. 
See Bacillus indicus, Koch. Bacillus Albes- 
cens, Jordan. Found in sewage (Lawrence, Mass.). 
a'er. , uliqf., mot., chg. (pale pink), npg. Bacillus 
rubidus, Eisenberg. Found in water, a'er. , liqf., 
mot., chg. (brownish red), npg. (Lustig describes a 
red bacillus from river water which he claims to be 
different from this). Bacillus salivarius septicus, 
Biondi. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. 
Bacillus sanguinis typhi, Brannan and Cheesman. 
Obtained from the blood of typhus-fever patients. 
aer.,facanae'r., nmot. Bacillus saprogenes, I, II, 
III, Rosenbach. Syn., Bacille saprogene, Bacille 
de la sueur des pied, Fr. Faulnisbacillus, Ger. 
Found in putrefying matter on fetid feet, the white 
plugs of the pharyngeal follicles, etc. a'er., fac ana'er., 
pg. Bacillus scaber, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix 
scaber. Found in cheese, a'er. , nliqf, mot. (in early 
stages becoming non-motile), npg. Bacillus schafferi, 
Freudenreich. Obtained from cheese and fermenting 
potato infusion, a'er., facana'er., nliqf, mot., npg. 
Closely resembles Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich. 
Bacillus scissus, Frankland. Found in the soil. 
a'er., nliqf, nmot., npg. Bacillus septicaemias 
haemorrhagicae, Sternberg. Bacillus cholera; galli- 
narum, Fliigge. Bacillus cuniculicida, Fliigge. 
Bacillus niniculicidus, Koch. Bacterium septicemia? , 
Ploch. Bacterium morbilli, Lanzi. Coccobacteria 
septica, Billroth. Micrococcus septicus, Cohn. Micro- 
coccus cholera gallinarum, Micrococcus gallicidus, 
Microsporon septicus, Klebs. Bacillus der Htthner- 
cholera, Bacillus der Kaninchenseptikamie (Koch). 
Bacterium der Septikamie bei Kaninchen, Bacillus der 
Rinderseuche, Kitt. Bacillus der Schweineseuche, 
Lofflerand Schiitz. Bacillus der Wildseuche, Hueppe. 
Bacillus der Bliffelseuche, Oreste-Armanni. Rinder- 
pestbacillus, Ger. Bacille de la septicemic du lapin. 
Bacille du cholera des poules. Microbe du cholera 
des poules, Pasteur, Fr. Bacillus septicus, Koch. 
See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Koch. Bacillus sep- 
ticus, Pasteur. See Bacillus a-dematis maligni, Koch. 
Cf. Proteus septicus. Bacillus septicus acuminatus, 
Babes. Obtained from the umbilical stump, blood and 
viscera of a five days old child, dead of septic infection. 
a'er. (no growth on gelatin), pg. (for rabbits and guinea- 
pigs, not for mice). Bacillus septicus agrigenus, 
Nicolaier. Obtained from manured garden soil. aer. , 
nliqf. (?) Resembles Bacillus septicaemia hemor- 
rhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus septicus aus Speichel. 
See Bacillus septicus sputi, I, II, Kreibohm. Bacil- 
lus septicus keratomalaciae, Babes. Obtained from 
the corneal tissues and viscera of a child that died 
of septicemia following keratomalacia. aer. , 
facana'er., nliqf., pg. (for rabbits and mice, slightly 
for birds, not for guinea-pigs). Bacillus septicus 
sputi, I, II, Kreibohm. Syn. , Bacillus septicus aus 
Speichel, Ger. Obtained from human buccal secre- 
tions. Does not grow in any known culture-medium. 
Resembles Bacillus septicamia hemorrhagica, Stern- 



berg. Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. 
Syn. , Bacillus salivarius septicus, Biondi. Bacterium 
sep/icum sputigenum, Frankel. Micrococcus pneumo- 
nia crouposa, Frankel. Micrococczis pas/euri, Stern- 
berg. Diplococcus pneumonia, Weichselbaum. Strep- 
tococcus lanceolatus pasteuri, Gamaleia. Microbe of 
Pasteur. Micrococcus of Salvioli. Micrococcus of 
sputum septicemia, Frankel. Frankel'scher Diplococ- 
cus. Frankel'scher Pneumobacillus. Frankel'scher 
Pneumonie-Diplococcus. Lancet-shaped micrococcus, 
Talamon. Lanceolatecoccus, Talamon. Found both 
in healthy and in pneumonic sputum, in the fibrinous 
exudates of croupous pneumonia, and in the pus of 
meningitis, a'er. , facana'er., nmot. , nliqf. , pg. Held to 
be the cause of croupous pneumonia in man, and by 
some to be identical with Bacillus lyssae, Pasteur. 
Bacillus septicus ulceris gangrasnosi, Babes. 
Found in the blood and viscera of a boy dead of sep- 
ticemia following gangrene of the skin. a'er. , liqf, 
mot.,pg. Bacillus septicus vesicas, Clado. Found 
in the urine of a patient with cystitis, aer., facana'er., 
nliqf. , mot., pg. Bacillus sessilis, L. Klein. Found 
in the blood of a cow supposed to have died of anthrax. 
a'er., mot. (convulsive jerking), npg. Bacillus sim- 
ilis, Bienstock. See Bacillus subtilis simulans, 
I, II, Bienstock. Bacillus smaragdinus fcetidus, 
Reimann. Found in the nasal secretions in a case of 
ozena, aer., facana'er., liqf, pg- Bacillus smarag- 
dino phosphorescens, Katz. Obtained from a 
herring in fish market (Sidney, N. S. W.). aer., 
nliqf. , nmot., phos. (emerald green), npg. Resembles 
Photobacterium phosphorescens, Cohn, and Photobac- 
teriitm pfli'igeri, Ludwig. Bacillus solidus, Liide- 
ritz. Found in the exudates of mice inoculated with 
garden earth, aer. , nliqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus spin- 
iferus, Unna. Found upon the skin in cases of 
eczema seborrhceicum. a'er. , nliqf. , chg. (grayish 
yellow), npg. Bacillus sputigenus crassus. See 
Bacillus crassus sputigenus, Kriebohm. Bacillus 
stolonatus, Adametz. Found in water, a'er., nliqf, 
mot., npg. Bacillus stoloniferus, Pohl. Found in 
swamp water, aer. , liqf. , mot. Pathogenesis not 
determined. Bacillus striatus albus, Von Besser. 
Found in the nasal secretions of healthy persons, a'er. , 
nliqf, npg. Bacillus striatus flavus, Von Besser. 
Occasionally found in nasal mucus. a'er. , nliqf. , 
chg. (sulphur yellow), npg. Bacillus subflavus, 
Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz). 
aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (pale yellow) , npg. Bacillus 
subtilis, Ehrenberg, Cohn, Brefeld, Prazmowski, and 
Fitz. Syn. Bacillus glycerina, Fitz ; Bacillus fitzianus, 
Zopf; Bacterium subtile, Zopf; Metallacter subtile, 
Pertz ; Vibrio subtilis, Ehrenberg ; Bacille du foin, Fr. ; 
Bacillo del fieno, Ital.; Heubacillus ; Fitz'scher Aethyl- 
bacillus, Ger. DeBary confines B. subtilis to the form 
described by Brefeld and Prazmowski. The relation 
of the starch fermentation species of Fitz remains doubt- 
ful. An abundant form obtained from the air, water, 
soil, and on plants, aer., liqf., oscl., npg. Bacillus 
subtiliformis, Bienstock. See Bacillus subtilis simu- 
lans, I, II, Bienstock. Bacillus subtilis simulans, 
I, II, Bienstock. Syn., Bacillus similis, Bienstock. 
Heubacillusahnlicher Bacillus, Ger. Bacille de Bien- 
stock, I, II, Fr. Found in human feces, a'er., nliqf., 
nmot. , npg. Bacillus suis, Detmers. See Bacillus tar- 
digradus. Bacillus sulf-hydrogenus, Miquel. Found 
in water, aer. , mot. Decomposes albumin with evolu- 
tion of Ff 2 S. Bacillus sulfureum, Holschewnikoff 
and Rosenheim. Two forms found in urine and in mud. 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, ana'er. = anaerobic. chg. = chromogenie. facanaer. =-{a.cu\tative anaerobic, liqf. — liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. *= non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obi. =obligate. oscl. ^oscillating, pg. = pathogenic. plws.= phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. ^saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



170 



BACTERIA 



(i) aer., facanaer., nliqf., {^) liqf. , mot. , chg. (reddish 
brown), npg. Syn., Proteus sulfureus, Lindenborn. 
Found in water. Bacillus superficialis, Jordan. 
Common in sewage (Lawrence, Mass.). aer., liqf., 
mot., npg. Bacillus sycosiferus fcetidus, Tomma- 
soli. Syn. , Bacillus sycosiferus. Bacillus of Tomma- 
soli. Found on the hairs of the head of a patient 
affected with sycosis, aer. , nliqf, nmot., pg. Ba- 
cillus syncyanum. See Bacillus cyanogenus, 
Hueppe. Bacillus synxanthus, Ehrenberg and 
Schroter. Syn., Bacillus xanthogenus, Fuchs and 
Ehrenberg. Bacterium xanthinum, Schroter. Vibrio 
synxanthus, Ehrenberg. Vibrio xanthogenus, 

Fuchs. Bacillus of yellow milk. Bacille du lait 
jaune, Fr. Found in milk that has been boiled, aer. , 
mot., chg., (golden yellow), npg. Precipitates the 
casein, renders the milk alkaline. Bacillus syphi- 
lidis, Lustgarten. Syn., Bacillus syphilis, Lustgar- 
ten. Bacille de la syphilis, Bacille de Lustgarten, 
Fr. ; Syphilis bacillus, Luesbacillus, Ger. ; Bacillo 
del sifilide, Ital. ; Bacillus of Lustgarten. Found 
in syphilitic new growths and secretions ; does not de- 
velop in ordinary culture media. In staining, reaction 
seems to be identical with that of the Bacillus of the 
Smegma. Doehle describes parasitic infusoria as the 
causative agents of syphilis. Cf. Helicomonas, Klebs, 
and Syphilis of bacillus of Eve and Lingard. Bacillus 
tardigradus. Syn., Bacillus suis, Detmers. Micro- 
coccus suis, Burrill. Found in dew, water, and in 
the fluids of pigs affected with swine plague, aer., 
mot., npg. Cf. Bacillus of Swine plague, Marseilles, 
Rietsch and Jobert. Bacillus tenuis, Duclaux. Syn., 
Tyrothrix tenuis, Duclaux. Found in decomposing 
albuminoid matter, cheese, etc. aer., facanaer., (?) 
mot., npg. Used in ripening certain French cheeses. 
Bacillus tenuis sputigenus, Pansini. Obtained from 
sputum, aer., nliqf, nmot., pg. Bacillus termo, 
Dujardin and Ehrenberg. See Bacterium termo, Cohn. 
Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier. Syn. , Bacillus tetani 
traumatic! ', Rosenbach ; Bacille du tetanos, Bacille 
de la tetanie, Fr. ; Tetanusbacillus, Bacillus des 
Wundstarrkrampfes, Ger. ; Bacillus of tetanus. Found 
in garden earth and in the wounds of persons dead 
of tetanus. anaer., liqf, mot., pg. Specific etio- 
logic relations determined by Carle and Rattome. 
Bacillus tetani traumatici, Rosenbach. See next 
preceding. Bacillus thalassophilus, Russel. Ob- 
tained from mud (Bay of Naples), anaer. , liqf, mot. 
Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus thermoph- 
ilus, Miquel. Found in the intestinal tract of man 
and animals, in sewage and in the soil. aer. , nmot., 
npg. Bacillus tremelloides, Schottelius. Found 
in hydrant water (Freiburg), aer., liqf. , chg. (golden 
yellow), npg. Bacillus tremulus, Koch. Syn., 
Mctallacter tremulus, Trevisan. Found as a sur- 
face pellicle on decomposing plant infusions. Re- 
sembles Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg. Bacillus 
tuberculosis, Koch. Syn., Bacterium tuberculosis, 
Zopf; Bacterium tuberculosum, Bacillus tuberculi, 
Bacillus tuberculosus, Bacille de la tuberculeux. 
Bacille de la tuberculose ; Bacille de Koch, Fr. ; 
Tuberkelbacillus, Bacillus der Tuberculose, Ger. ; 
Bacillo tubercolare, Bacillo della tuberculose, Ital. ; 
Bacillo de la tuberculosi, Sp. Found in the 
sputum, in tuberculous organs, and elsewhere in per- 
sons and animals affected with tuberculosis. Parasitic. 
aer., facanaer. , nmot., pg. Bacillus tuberculosis 
gallinarum, Maffucci. Obtained from cases of 
spontaneous tuberculosis in fowls. This seems to be 



a distinct species, characterized by its staining re- 
actions, etc., its growth in pure cultures, and its 
pathogenic qualities, Koch. Bacillus tumescens, 
Zopf. Syn., Bacterium tumescens, Zopf. Found 
upon beets, aer. , liqf , mot. , npg. Bacillus tur- 
gidus, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix turgichcs, Duclaux. 
Found in cheese, aer. Produces alkaline reaction 
(carbonate and butyrate of ammonia) in milk. 
Bacillus tussis convulsivae, Afanassiew. Syn., 
Bacillus of Afanassiew, Bacille de la coqueluche, Fr. , 
Keuchhustenpilz, Ger., Burger. Found in the sputum 
of persons affected with pertussis, aer. , nliqf. , mot. ,pg. 
Bacillus typhi abdominalis, Eberth, Gafi'ky, Klebs, 
Eppinger, Brautlecht. Syn. , Bacillus typhosus, Bac- 
terium typhosum, Bacille typhique, Bacille de la 
fievre typhoide, Microbe de la fievre typhoide, Fr. ; 
Typhusbacillus, Ger. ; Bacillo tifoso, Ital. Found in 
water and in milk, and in the feces and organs in ty- 
phoid fever, aer., nliqf. , facanaer. Bacillus typhi 
murium, Loffler. Obtained from mice affected with 
an epidemic disease. aer. , facanaer., nliqf., mot. 
Bacillus typhosus. See Bacillus typhi abdomi- 
nalis, Eberth, etc. Bacillus ubiquitus, Jordan. 
Found in air, water, sewage (Lawrence, Mass.). 
aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot. , npg. Resembles Bacil- 
lus candicans, Frankland. Bacillus ulna, Cohn, 
and Prazmowski. Syn., Vibrio b, Ehrenberg. 
Bacterium ulna, Miller. Vibrio bacillus, Mtiller, 
Ehrenberg. Found in egg albumin, aer., mot., 
npg. Bacillus ulna of Vignal. Found in saliva 
of healthy persons ; perhaps identical with the pre- 
ceding form. aer., liqf, npg. Bacillus ureae, 
Miquel. Found in the air. aer., facanaer., nliqf., 
npg. Perhaps identical- with the preceding form. 
Bacillus ureae, Leube. Found in old urine, 
three varieties. aer. , nliqf. , npg. Converts urea 
into ammonium carbonate. Bacillus urocephalus, 
Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix urocephalus, Duclaux. 
One of the commonest forms associated with putre- 
faction of animal matter. aer. , facanaer. , npg. 
Bacillus vasculosis, Sternberg. Obtained from 
the intestine and stomach of yellow-fever cadavers. 
aer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus vaginalis, Doder- 
lein. Syn., Doderlein'scher Scheidenbacillus, Doder- 
leins Bacillus, Scheidenbacillus, Ger. Constantly found 
in the normal vaginal secretions of adults. aer., 
facatiaer.,nmot. (no growth in gelatin), npg. Bacil- 
lus varicosus conjunctivas, Gombert. Found in 
the healthy conjunctival sac of man. aer., facanaer., 
nliqf, mot., pg. Bacillus venenosus, Vaughan. 
Found in water, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , pg. 
Bacillus venenosus brevis, Vaughan. Found in 
water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacil- 
lus venenosus invisibilis, Vaughan. Found in 
water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus 
venenosus liquefaciens, Vaughan. Found in water. 
aer., facanaer., liqf, mot., pg. Bacillus ventriculi, 
Raczynssky. Obtained from the stomach of meat- 
fed dogs, aer., facanaer., nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus 
vermicularis, Frankland. Found in river water. 
aer., liqf, oscl., npg. Bacillus vermiculosus, Zim- 
mermann. Found in water, aer., liqf., oscl., npg. 
Bacillus violaceus, Becker. Found in river water. 
aer., facanaer., liqf, mot., chg. (dark violet). Bacil- 
lus violaceus laurentius, Jordan. Found in hy- 
drant water (Lawrence, Mass.). aer., facanaer., 
liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus virens, Van Tieghem. 
Syn., Sporonema gracile. Found in stagnant water. 
aer. , mot., dig. (green, held by some to be chlorophyll, 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic. chg.= chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obi. = obligate, oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic. phos.=~ phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



171 



BACTERIA 



but not sufficiently studied), npg. Bacillus virescens. 
Frick. Found in green sputum, tier. , nliqf., mot., 
chg. (green), npg. Bacillus virgula, Duclaux. Syn., 
Tyrothrix virgula, Duclaux. Found in albuminous 
solutions, aer., nmot., >ipg. Bacillus virgula. 
See Spirillum cholera: asialica, Koch. Bacillus 
viridis flavus, Frick. Syn., Bacillus viridis pal- 
lescens, Frick. aer. , nliqf., mot., chg. (yellowish 
green), npg. Resembles Bacillus virescens, Frick. 
Bacillus viridis, Van Tieghem. Syn. Bacterium 
viride, Van Tieghem, Arthrobacterium viride, De 
Bary. Found in water collected in the hollow of a 
poly porous fungus, aer., chg. (green). Not thor- 
oughly investigated. Bacillus viridis pal- 
lescens, Frick. See Bacillus viridis flavus, Frick. 
Bacillus viscosus, Frankland. Found in river 
water, aer. liqf. mot. chg. (fluorescent green). Per- 
haps identical with Bacillus fluorescens, Fliigge. 
Bacillus viscosus, I, II, Van Laer. Found in 
ropy milk, aer., nliqf., npg. Bacillus viscosus 
cerevisiae, Van Laer. Found in viscous beer 
and in milk. aer. , liqf, npg. Bacillus visco- 
sus sacchari, Kramer. Found in viscous sac- 
charine fluids. aer. , liqf, npg. Bacillus von 
Denecke. See Spirillum tyrogenum, Denecke. 
Bacillus von Finkler- Prior. See Spirillum 
Finkler- Prior. Bacillus vulgaris, Hauser; Syn., 
Proteus vulgaris. Proteus sulfureus, Holschenikoff. 
Proteus of Hauser. Commonly associated with putre- 
faction, aer., facanaer., liqf. , mot., pg. This species 
is probably one of those formerly included under Bac- 
terium termo. Bacillus X, Sternberg. Found in yel- 
low-fever cadavers. Sternberg thinks it possible that 
this form is concerned in the etiology of yellow fever. 
pg. (for rabbits). Bacillus xanthogenus, Fuchs 
and Ehrenberg. See Bacillus synxanthus, Ehrenberg. 
Bacillus xerosis, Frankel. Syn., Xerose bacillus. 
See Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis conjunctivas, Leber. 
Bacillus zenkeri, Hauser. Syn., Proteus zenkeri. 
Bacille de Hauser, Fr. Found in putrefying animal 
matter, aer., facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , pg. Bacillus 
zopfii. Syn., Bacterium zopfii, Kurth. Arthro- 
bacterium zopfii, De Bary. Knauelbildender Bacillus, 
Ger. Found in the intestinal tract of fowls, aer. , 
nliqf , mot. , npg. Bacillus zurnianum, List. 
Found in water, aer., nliqf, nmot., npg. Bacilo 
virgula, Bacilo virgulado, Sp. See Spirilhan 
cholera asialica', Koch. Bacteria of pus. Syn., 
Eitermicroben, Ger. Bacteria of putrefaction. Syn., 
Bacteries de la putrefaction, Fr.; Faulnisbacterien, 
Ger. Bacteria of sea water. Syn., Bacteries de l'eau 
de mer, Fr.; Bacterien des Meerwassers,Ger. Bacteria 
of the air. Syn., Bacteries de l'air, Fr. ; Luftbacte- 
rien, Ger. ; micrococci of the air. Bacteria of the 
mouth. Syn., Bacteries de la bouche, Fr. Bacterien 
der Mundhohle. Bacteria of the soil. Syn., Bac- 
teries de la terre, Fr. ; Erdebacterien, Ger. Bacteria 
of urine. Syn., Bacteries de 1' urine, Fr. ; Bacterien 
des Harns, Ger. Bacteria of water. Bacteries de 
l'eau, Fr. ; Wasserbacterien, Ger. Bacteridie char- 
bonneuse. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and 
Davaine. Bacteridie du charbon. See Bacillus 
anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Bacteridie du 
charbon symptomatique. See Bacillus chauvcci, 
Arloing, Cornevin, Thomas. Bacteridium prodigi- 
osum, Schroter. See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehren- 
berg. Bacterie chainette. See Bacterium catenula , 
Dujardin. Bacterie chromogene. Chromogenic 
bacteria. Bacterie commune, Miquel. See Bacil- 



lus termo, Dujardin. Bacteries de la bouche. Bac- 
teria of the mouth. Bacteries de la diphtherie, 
Emmerich. See Bacillus diphtheria-, Klebs. Bac- 
terie de la fermentation butyrique. See Bacillus 
butyricus, Prazmowski. Bacterie de la fermenta- 
tion lactique. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. 
Bacterie de la fermentation propionique. See 
Bacillus cavicidus, Brieger. Bacteries de l'eau. 
Microbes of water. Bacteries de la putrefaction. 
Microbes of putrefaction. Bacterium der Brust- 
seuche des Pferdes. See Streptococcus coryza; 
contagiosa? equorum, Schiitz. Bacterium der Butter- 
sauregahrung. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. 
Bacterium der Diphtherie, Emmerich. See Bacillus 
diphtheria;, Klebs. Bacterium der Milchsaure- 
gahrung. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. 
Bacterie du pus bleu. See Bacillus pyocyaneus a, 
Gessard. Bacterie point. Bacterium lineola, Cohn. 
Bacterium des Sauerteigs. See Bacterium farina- 
ceum, Wigand. Bacterie du vinaigre. See Bacillus 
aceti, Kiitzing. Bacterie lumineuse de la mer du 
Nord. See Photobacterium luminosum, Beyerinck. 
Bacteries de la terre. Microbes of the soil. Bac- 
terien der Mundhohle. Microbes of the mouth. 
Bacterien des Meerwassers. Microbes of sea water. 
Bacterium aceti, Lanzi. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitz- 
ing. Bacterium aerogenes, Miller. See Bacillus 
aerogenes, II, Miller. Bacterium aeruginosum, 
Schroter. See Bacillus pyocyanetts a, Gessard. Bac- 
terium allii. See Bacillus alii, Griffiths. Bacterium 
anthracis, Zopf. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender 
and Davaine. Bacterium articulatum, Ehrenberg. 
See Bacterium lineola, Cohn. Bacterium auranti- 
acum, Trelease ; a chromogenic form. Bacterium 
bacillus, Pasteur. See Bacillus termo, Davaine. 
Bacterium aus Diphtherie bei Menschen. See 
Bacillus diphtheria;, Klebs. Bacterium aus der 
Diphtherie bei Tauben. See Bacillus diphtheria; 
columbarum, Loffler. Bacterium brunneum, 
Schroter. Found in a putrid infusion of Indian 
corn, chg. (brown). Perhaps identical with Bacillus 
fuscus, Zimmermann. Bacterium butyri colloi- 
deum, Lafar. Found in every sample of natural 
butter examined. Cf. Bacillus butyri fluorescejis, 
Lafar. Bacterium candidum, Trelease. A chro- 
mogenous form, identical with Bacillus mesen/ericus 
fuscus, Fliigge. Bacterium capitatum, Davaine. 
Found in an infusion of albuminous matter, aer., mot. 
Bacterium carbuncolare, Pollender, Brauell, Dela- 
fond, and Davaine. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender 
and Davaine. Bacterium carlsbergense, Hansen. 
Found in the air. Cf. Bacterium kochii, Hansen. 
Bacterium catenula, Dujardin. Syn., Bacterium 
chainette. Bacterie chainette, Fr. Observed especially 
in putrid wine or putrefying blood, generally in albu- 
minous liquids in contact with air. Coze and Feltz 
found it in typhoid fever in man and rabbits. It resem- 
bles Bacillus acidi. lactici, Davaine, Hueppe. Bac- 
terium caucasicum. See Bacillus caucasicus, Kern. 
Bacterium chainette. See Bacterium catenula, Dujar- 
din. Bacterium chlorinum, Engelmann. Found in 
water, aer., chg. (green). Engelmann holds this to 
be chlorophyll, as a small amount of oxygen is given 
off, indicating the assimilation of carbon. Bacterium 
coli commune, Escherich. See Bacillus neapolitanus. 
Bacterium commune, Pasteur. See Bacterium 
termo, Dujardin. Bacterium cuneatum, Rivolta. 
See Bacillus cuneattts. Bacterium cyanogenum, 
Fuchs. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Hueppe. Bacterium 



Abbreviations. — fl£r. = aerobic. anaer.= anaerobic. chg-. = chromogenic. facanaer. — facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf . = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile. npg.= non-pathogenic. 
obi. =obligate. oscl. = oscillating. pg.= pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent, p'leom. — pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



172 



BACTERIA 



decalvans, Thin. See Micrococcus area celsii, Buch- 
ner and Sehlen. Bacterie de la pourriture. See 
Bacterium putredinis. Bacterium denitrificans, a ft, 
Gayon and Dupetit. See Bacillus denitrificans, Giltay 
and Aberson. Bacterium der Brustseuche des 
Pferdes. See Streptococcus coryzce contagiosa eqicorum, 
Schiitz. Bacterium der Essiggahrung. See Ba- 
cillus aceti, Kutzing. Bacterium der Milchsaure- 
gahrung. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Davaine and 
Hueppe. Bacterium der Septikamie bei Ka- 
ninchen. See Bacillus septicemia hemorrhagica, 
Sternberg. Bacterium dysodes, Zopf. See Bacil- 
lus dysodes, Zopf. Bacterium enchelys, Ehrenberg. 
Found in river water. Thought by Ehrenberg to be 
an infusorian. Bacterie en zigzag, Fr. See Bacil- 
lus geniculatus, De Bary. Bacterium farinace- 
um, Wigand. Syn., Bacterium des Sauerteigs. Found 
in sour sponge or dough. Bacterium fitzianum, 
Zopf. See Bacillus subtitis, Ehrenberg. Bacterium 
fcetidum, Thin. See Bacillus fcetidus, Passet. Bac- 
terium fusiforme, Warming. Found in sea water. 
Bacterium gingivae pyogenes, Miller. See Bacillus 
gingiva pyogenes. Bacterium gliscrogenum, 
Malerba. See Bacillus gliscrogenus. Found in viscid 
acid urine, aer. , nliqf. , mot. , npg. Bacterium gris- 
eum, Warming. Syn., Micrococcus griseus, Winter, 
a doubtful form. Bacterium gummis, Commes. 
Syn., Microbe de la mal nero, Ital. The cause of the 
gummous disease of the fig, almond, and orange trees, 
and the mal nero of vines. Cf. Bacterium putredinis, 
Davaine. Bacterium gummosum, Ritsert. Found to 
produce the viscosity of infusions of Digitalis, aer. , liqfi. , 
pleom. Bacterium hessii, Guillebeau. One of the 
two forms found by Gillebeau to cause milk to become 
ropy. Thrives best in Pasteurized milk. aer. , liqfi., 
mot., npg. Cf. Micrococcus freudenreichii. Bacterium 
hyacinthi, Wakker. Found in the bulbs and leaves 
of the hyacinth and causing the yellows of hyacinths. 
Cf. Bacterium hyacinthi septicus, Heinz. Bacterium 
janthinum, Zopf. See Bacillus janthinus, Zopf. 
Bacterium kochii, Hansen. Found in the air of 
Carlsberg. Cf. Bacterium carlsbergense, Hansen. 
Bacterium lactis, Lister. See Bacillus acidi lactici, 
Hueppe. Bacterium lactis aerogenes, Escherich. 
See Bacillus lactis aerogenes, Abelous. Bacterium 
lineola, Muller, Cohn. Syn., Bacteriu?n punctum, 
Rivolta. Bacterium tremulans, Trevisan. Bacterium 
triloculari, Ehrenberg. Bacterium articulatum, Ehren- 
berg. Vibrio lineola (Muller), Ehrenberg. Vibrio 
tremulans, Ehrenberg. Bacillus lineola, Bacterie point, 
Fr. Found in well and other water, in infusions, soil 
on vegetables, etc. aer., mot. (trembling and darting 
back and forth), pleom., npg. Probably represents 
several species, or a developmental form of a spirillum. 
Bacterium litoreum, Warming. Found only in sea 
water. aer., mot., npg. Bacterium lucens, Van 
Tieghem. See Bacillus lucens, Van T. Bacterium 
luteum, Trelease. See Bacillus luteus, Fliigge. Bac- 
terium maidis, Cuboni. See Bacillus niaidis, Cuboni. 
Bacterium merismopcedioides, Zopf. See Bacillus 
mcrismopadioides, Zopf. Bacterium morbilli, Lanzi. 
Syn., Microbe di morbillo. Found in the urine of 
persons with measles. Cf. Bacillus septicemia hamor- 
rhagica, Sternberg. Bacterium navicula, Reinke 
and Berthold. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. 
Bacterium neapolitanum. See Bacillus neapolitanus. 
Emmerich. Bacterium oblongum, Boutroux. Syn., 
Micrococcus oblongus, Boutroux. Found in beer; the 
agent of gluconic fermentation. Bacterium of Bu- 



tyric Acid Fermentation. See Bacillus butyricus, 
Prazmowski. Bacterium of Diphtheria, Emmerich. 
Syn., Bacterie de la diphtherie, Fr. Bacterium der 
Diphtherie, Ger. Found in cases of diphtheria in man 
and doves. Bacterium of Fire Blight. See Ba- 
cillus butyriats, Prazmowski. Bacterium of Infec- 
tious Pneumonia in the Horse. See Streptococcus 
coryza contagiosa equorum, Schiitz. Bacterium of 
Kefir. See Bacillus caucasicus, Kern. Bacterium 
of Pear Blight. Cf. Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski, 
and Micrococcus amylovorus, Burrill. Bacterium of 
Sheep Pox. Syn., Microbe de la clavelee. Found 
in cases of sheep pox, or " Schafblattern." Bacte- 
rium of variola, Cose and Feltz. Syn., Bacterie de 
la petite variole, Fr. Bacterium der Variola (oder der 
Blattern). Found in the vesicles of smallpox; patho- 
genic for rabbits. Bacterium oleae, Arcangeli. Said 
to cause the so-called tuberculosis (" Maladie de la 
loupe;" "Rogner") of olives. Bacterium ova- 
tum, Lebert. See Nosema bombycis, Nageli. Bac- 
terium pasteurianum, or Bacterium pastorianum. 
See Bacillus pasteurianus, Hansen. Bacterium 
periplanetae, Tichomirow. Found in the common 
cockroach [Periplaneta orientalis), and producing in 
it a specific disease. Bacterium pfliigeri, Liidwig. 
See Photobacterium pfliigeri, Ludwig. Bacterium 
phosphorescens, Hermes. See Bacillus phospho- 
reus, Cohn. Bacterium Phosphorescens, Cohn. 
See Photobacterium phosphorescens. Bacterium 
photometricum, Engelmann. Found in water; 
motion dependent on light ; possibly not a bacterium 
at all. Bacterium pneumoniae, Bacterium pneu- 
moniae crouposae, Friedlander. See Bacillus pneu- 
?nonia friedlanderi. Bacterium porri, Tommasi- 
Crudeli. Found in warts. Bacterium prodigio- 
sum. See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bac- 
terium pseudopneumonicum. See Bacillus pseudo- 
pneumonicus, Fliigge. Bacterium punctum, Rivolta. 
See Bacterium lineola (Muller), Cohn. Bacterium pu- 
tredinis, Davaine. Syn., Bacterie de la pourriture. 
Found in rapidly-decaying plants. Cf. Bacterium 
gummis, Comes. Bacterium pyriforme, Hansen. 
Found in the air. Bacterium radicicola, Praz- 
mowski. Syn., Bacillus radicicola, Beyerinck ; Rhizo- 
bium leguminosarum, Frank. Found in the soil, 
particularly in the roots of the Leguminosa, where 
they are held to stimulate the cells to unusual 
growth, affect nitrification, constitute the " bacteroids ' ' 
of Woronin, and form the so-called " bacteroid tis- 
sue. " Bacterium rosaceum metalloides, Dow- 
deswell. See Bacillus ruber, Frank, Cohn. Bacte- 
rium rubescens, Lankester. See Beggiatoa roseo- 
persicina, Zopf. Bacterium septicaemias, Koch. 
See Bacillus septicamia hamorrhagica, Sternberg. 
Bacterium septicum sputigenum. See Bacillus 
septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Bacterium subtile, 
Buchner. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg. Bacte- 
rium sulfuratum ; Bacterium sulphuratum, 
Warming. See Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, Zopf. Bac- 
terium sulfureum, Rosenheim. Found in wine. 
nliqf. Evolves H,S. Bacterium syncyaneum, 
Ehrenberg, Schroter. See Bacillus cyanogenus, 
Hueppe. Bacterium synxanthum, Schroter. See 
Bacillus synxanthus. Bacterium termo, Dujardin 
and Ehrenberg. Syn., Bacillus termo, Davaine. 
Bacterie [Bacterium) commune, Pasteur. Bacterium 
bacillus, Pasteur. Cryptococcus natans, Kutzing. 
Cryptococcus nebnlosus, Kutzing. Micrococcus crepus- 
culum, Cohn. Zooglcea termo (Muller), Cohn. Memos 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, an aer = anaerobic, cliff. = chromi">genic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic. Hqf. = liquefac- 
tive monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. — non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg, — non-pathogenic. 
obi. = obligate, oscl. = oscillating. pg.= pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



173 



BACTERIA 



ternw, Muller. Palmella infusionum, Ehrenberg. 
Long considered the most characteristic microbe of 
filth and putrefaction ; but shown by Hauser to be a 
collective species. The name is now reserved for 
Vignal's species, while Bacillus termo may perhaps be 
reserved for the flagellate forms studied by Dallinger 
and Drysdale, or discarded entirely. Bacterium 
termo, Vignal. Found in the saliva of healthy per- 
sons, aer. , liqf., mot., chg. (yellowish gray), ?ipg. 
Bacterium tholoideum, Gessner. Syn., Bacillus 
of Gessner. Found in the intestinal contents of 
healthy persons. Resembles Bacillus lactis aerogenes , 
Escherich. pg. (for mice and guinea-pigs). Bacte- 
rium tremulans, Trevisan. See Bacterium lineola, 
Cohn. Bacterium triloculare, Ehrenberg. See 
Bacterium lineola, Cohn. Bacterium tubercu- 
losis, Zopf. Bacterium tuberculosum, Koch. 
See Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Bacterium tumes- 
cens, Zopf. See Bacillus tumescens, Zopf. Bacte- 
rium typhosum. See Bacillus typhi abdominalis , 
Eberth and Gaffky. Bacterium ulna. See Bacillus 
ulna, Cohn. Bacterium ulna, Cohn. See Micro- 
coccus ttreoe. Bacterium ureae, Jaksch. Found in 
ammoniacal urine, aer. , facanaer., nliqf. Not suffi- 
ciently investigated. Bacterium vermiforme, Ward. 
Found in fermented ginger beer. Bacterium viride, 
See Bacillus viridis, Van Tieghem. Bacterium 
violaceum, Bergonzini. Syn., Chromobacterhim 
violaceum, Bergonzini. Found in putrefying solutions 
of egg albumen, chg. (violet). Bacterium xanthi- 
num. See Bacillus synxanthus, Ehrenberg and 
Schroter. Bacterium xylinum, A. J. Brown. Found 
in solutions of carbohydrates, giving rise to acetic 
acid, and converting dextrose into gluconic acid, and 
mannitol into levulose. Bacterium zopfii, Kurth. 
See Bacillus zopfii. Bacteroides, Woronin. Micro- 
organisms forming tubercles in the roots of leguminous 
plants, and assisting in the fixing of nitrogen. Batte- 
ria chromogene, Ital. Chromogenic microbes. 
Batterio della pellagra, Ital. See Bacillus maidis, 
Cuboni. Beggiatoa alba, Vaucher. Syn., Beggiatoa 
punctata, Trevisan. Beggiatoa leptomitiformis, Men- 
eghi. Oscillaria alba, Vaucher. Hygrocrocis vandelli, 
Meneghi. Next to Cladothrix the most common bac- 
terium of water, forming a superficial layer in the mud 
called baregine or glairine, q. v. Beggiatoa alba, 
var. marina, Cohn. Syn., Beggiatoa ozrstedtii, 
Rabenhorst. See Beggiatoa marina, Cohn. Beggi- 
atoa arachnoidae, Agardh. Syn., Oscillaria arach- 
noidea, Agardh. Oscillaria versatilis, Kutz. Found 
in swamps and sulphur springs. Beggiatoa lepto- 
mitiformis, Meneghi and Trevisan. Syn., Oscillaria 
leptomitiformis, Meneghi. Found in sulphur springs. 
Beggiatoa marina, Cohn. Syn., Beggiatoa alba, 
var. marina, Cohn. Beggiatoa oerstedii, Rabenhorst. 
Found in a salt water aquarium, forming a whitish 
slimy layer on dead fish. Beggiatoa minima, 
Warming. Found in sea water ; gray. Beggiatoa 
mirabilis, Cohn. Found in a salt water aquarium; 
snow white. Beggiatoa multisepta. See Prag- 
midiothrix multisepta, Engler. Held by Zopf to be 
identical with Beggiatoa alba, Vaucher. Beggiatoa 
nivea, Rabenhorst. Syn. , Leptonema niveum, Sym- 
phiothrix nivea, Brugger. Found in sulphur springs. 
Beggiatoa nodosa, Van Tieghem. A doubtful 
form characterized by nodes in the filaments, which 
differ from other members of the genus in the absence 
of sulphur grains and of motion. Beggiatoa oersted- 
tii. Rabenhorst. See Beggiatoa alba, var. marina, Cohn. 



Beggiatoa pellucida, Cohn. Found in a marine 
aquarium ; sulphur grains few. Beggiatoa punc- 
tata, Trevisan. See Beggiatoa alba, Cohn. Beggia- 
toa roseo-persicina, Zopf. Syn. , Bacterium rubes- 
cens, Lankester. Bacterium sulfuratum or Bacterium 
sulphuratum, Warming. Clathrocystis roseo-persicina , 
Cohn. Cohnia roseo-persicina, Winter, Kiitzing. 
Microhaloa rosea, Kutz. Ophidiomonas sanguinea , 
Ehrenberg. Pleurococcus roseo-persicina, Rabenhorst. 
Peach-colored bacterium. Morphologically identical 
with Beggiatoa alba, Vaucher. Forms rose-colored 
to violet pellicles on putrid matter. Produces bacte- 
rio-purpurin. Beggiatoa tigrina, Rabenhorst. Syn. , 
Oscillaria tigrina, Rcemer. Found in swamps on 
submerged wood. Forms a thin white layer. Bie- 
nenfaulbrutbacillus. See Bacillus alvei, Cheshire 
and Cheyne. Bienstock's Bacillus. Bienstock's 
Bacillus aus Faeces. Bienstock's Putrefactive 
Bacillus. Bienstock's Putrefactive Bacillus from 
the Feces. See Bacillus putreficus coli, Bienstock. 
Blutbacillus. Microbe of the blood. Blutpilz. 
See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bodenbacillus. 
Microbe of the soil. Bollingera equi, Saccardo. 
See Micrococcus botryogenes, Rabe. Brauner Kar- 
toffelbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus mesentericus fuscus, 
Fltigge. Brieger's Bacillus. See Bacillus cavicidus, 
Brieger. Brunnenfaden. See Crenothrix kiiliniana 
Rabenhorst. Buff Bacillus of Spreading Edema, 
A. B. Harris, nliqf., aer., chg. (buff), pleom. 
Butterbacillus, Ger., Buttersaurebacillus, Butyl- 
bacillus, Ger. See Bacillus butvricus, Prazmowski. 
Capsule Bacillus of Loeb. Obtained from a case 
of keratomalacia infantum, aer., facanaer., nliqf., 
nmot., pg. Resembles Bacillus capsidatus, Pfeiffer. 
Capsule Bacillus of Ozena, Marano. Found in the 
nasal secretions in ten cases of ozena. Resembles 
Bacillus pneumonice friedlanderii . Cf. Micrococcus 
Icewenbergii . Capsule Bacillus of Smith. See 
Bacillus capsulatus smithii. Champignon du tube 
digestif du lapin et autres herbivores, Remack. 
See Saccharomyces guttidatus, Robin. Cheese Spiril- 
lum. See Spirillum tyrogenitm, Denecke. Chromo- 
bacterium violaceum, Bergonzini: See Bacterium 
violaceum, Bergonzini. Chromogene Bacterien, 
Ger. Syn., Bacteries chromogenes, Fr. Batteria 
chromogeni, It. Chromogenic bacteria. Chromo- 
genic Micrococci. Chromogenous Micrococci. 
Microcoque chromogene, Fr. Chromogenic micrococci. 
Chromogenous Bacteria. Bacteries chromogenes, 
Fr. Batteria cromogeni, Ital. Chromogenic bacteria. 
Cladothrix bovis. See Actinomyces bovis, Harz. 
Cladothrix canis. Held by Rabe to be very like 
Actinomyces bovis. Cladothrix dichotoma, Cohn and 
Zopf. See Leptothrix ochracea, Kiitzing. Myconostoc 
gregarium, Cohn. Cladothrix fcersteri, Cohn. Syn. , 
Crenothrix fcersteri, Streptothrix fcersteri, Cohn. 
Leptrothrix der Thranenrohrchen, Graefe, Ger. 
Forms 3'ellowish or grayish concretions in the human 
lachrymal ducts. Cladothrix intricata, Russel. 
Obtained from sea mud (bay of Naples), aer., liqf, 
mot. Clathrocystis roseo-persicina, Cohn. See 
Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, Zopf. Clostridium buty- 
ricum, Prazmowski. See Bacillus butyricus, Praz- 
mowski. Clostridium foetidum, Liborius. See Ba- 
cillus fa-tidus, Passet. Clostridium of Symptomatic 
Anthrax (or Charbon), Neelsen and Elilers. See 
Bacillus chaz/vai, Bollinger and P'eser. Clostridium 
polymyxa, Prazmowski. See Bacillus polymyxa, 
Prazmowski. Coccobacillus pyogenes ureas, Ror- 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic. anaer.= anaerobic. rAir. = chromogenic. facanaer.= facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obi. = obligate, oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent. pleom.-= pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic 



BACTERIA 



174 



BACTERIA 



sing. See Diplococcus pyogenes urea, Rorsing. Cocco- 
bacteria septica, Billroth. The single term under 
which Billroth includes all putrefactive bacteria. See 
Bacillus septicemia hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Coc- 
cobacteria ureae, Rorsing. See Diplococcus pyogenes 
urea, Rorsing. Coccobacterium lyssae, Rivolta. 
See Bacillus lyssa, Pasteur. Cohnia roseo-persi- 
cina, Winter and Kiitzing. See Beggiatoa roseo- 
persicina, Zopf. Colon Bacillus of Escherich. See 
Bacillus neapolitanus. Comma Bacillus, Comma 
bacillus of Koch, Comma-shaped Bacillus, Waten. 
Bacillo en virgule, bacille virgule, Fr. Komma- 
bacillus, Ger. Bacillo virgola, bacillo virgolato, Ital. 
Bacillo vergula, bacillo virgulado, Sp. See Spirillum 
cholera asiatica, Koch. Cornalian Corpuscles. 
See Microbe de la pebrine. Corpuscles brillants. 
See Bacillus fcetidus, Passet. Corpuscles du ver 
du soie. See Micrococctis ovatus. Coryza diplo- 
cocci. See Micrococcus cereus aureus, Schroter and 
Winckler. Cremefarbiger Micrococcus, List, Ger. 
See Micrococcus citreus, List. Crenothrix fcersteri, 
Cohn. See Cladothrix fcersteri. Crenothrix ktih- 
niana, Saccardo and Rabenhorst. Syn. , Creno- 
thrix polyspora, Cohn. Hypccothrix kuhniana, 
Leptothrix kuhniana, Brunnenfaden. Found in 
drinking water, to which they impart a disagreeable 
taste. Crenothrix polyspora, Cohn. See Crenothrix 
kuhniana, Saccardo and Rabenhorst. Cryptococcus 
alveareus. See Bacillus alvei. Cheshire and Cheyne. 
Cryptococcus clava, Wedl. Found in the stomachs 
of ruminants. Cryptococcus cerevisiae, Robin. 
Cryptococcus fermentatum, Kiitzing. See Sacchar- 
omyces ceievisia, Reess and Robin. Cryptococcus 
glutinis, Fersen. See Saccharomyces glutinis. Cryp- 
tococcus guttulatus, Robin. See Saccharomyces gut- 
tulatus. Cryptococcus natans, cryptococcus nebu- 
losus, Kiitzing. See Bacterium termo, Dujardin and 
Davaine. Cryptococcus of Yellow Fever. See 
C. xanthogenicus , Freire. Cryptococcus xantho- 
genicus, Domingo- Freire. Considered by D. Freire 
to be the cause of yellow fever. Cf. Bacillus of 
yellow fever. Darmbacillen. Bacilli of the intes- 
tine. Darmbacillen von Schottelius. See Bac- 
illus coprogenes fcetidus, Schottelius. Denecke's 
Cheese Bacillus. See Spirillum tyrogenum. 
Dengue Micrococci. See Scheutzia laughlini. 
Detionella ochracea, Saccardo. See Leptothrix 
ochracea, Kiitzing. Diplococcus albicans amplus, 
Bumm ; Grayish white micrococcus. Found in 
mucus from the healthy vagina, a'er. , facanaer. , liqf. , 
npg. Diplococcus albicans tardus, Unna and 
Tommasoli. Found in eczema, a'er., nliqf., 7imot. 
Diplococcus albicans tardissimus. Morphologi- 
cally identical with the Gonococcus ; but more adher- 
ent, forming small masses, a'er., nliqf., npg. Dip- 
lococcus citreus conglomeratus, Bumm. Obtained 
from the air, in dust, and from gonorrheal pus. a'er. , 
facanaer., liqf. , chg. (lemon-yellow), npg. Diplococ- 
cus citreus liquefaciens, Unna and Tommasoli. 
Found on the skin in cases of eczema seborrhceicum. 
a'er., liqf., nmot., chg. (lemon-yellow), npg. Diplo- 
coccus coryzae, Klebs and Hajek. Obtained from 
the nasal secretions in cases of acute nasal catarrh. 
a'er. , nliqf., npg. Diplococcus der Pferdepneu- 
monie. See Diplococcus of pneumonia in horses, 
Schiitz. Diplococcus des Pemphigus acutus, 
Demme. See Diplococcus of pemphigus acutus, 
Demme. Diplococcus flavus liquefaciens tardus, 
Unna and Tommasoli. Found on the skin in cases of 



eczema seborrhceicum. a'er. , facanaer., liqf., chg. 
(chrome-yellow), npg. Diplococcus fluorescens 
fcetidus, Klamann. Obtained from the posterior nares. 
a'er., facanaer., liqf., chg. (grass-green to violet), npg. 
Diplococcus intercellularis meningitidis, Gold- 
schmidt and Weichselbaum. Found within the cells 
of the exudates in cerebro-spinal meningitis, a'er. , 
nliqf., pg. Diplococcus jaune blanc. 'Ass Micrococ- 
cus subflavus, Bumm. Diplococcus lacteus favi- 
formis, Bumm. Found frequently in the vaginal 
secretions, a'er., nliqf., npg. Diplococcus luteus, 
Adametz. Found in water, a'er. , liqf. , mot. , chg. 
(yellow), npg. Diplococcus of Gonorrhea. See 
Micrococcus gonorrhoea, Neisser. Diplococcus of 
Orchitis, Hugouneng and Eraud. Syn., Orchiococ- 
cus. Frequently found in gonorrheal pus during the 
first few days, a'er., nliqf. , pg. The specific microbe 
of blennorrhagic epididymitis. Diplococcus ' of 
Ozena, Loewenberg. Found in the secretions in cases 
of ozena. Diplococcus of Pemphigus, Diplococ- 
cus of Pemphigus Acutus, Demme. Syn., Micro- 
coccus of Demme. Diplococcus des Pemphigus acu- 
tus, Ger. Found in the bulls of pemphigus, a'er., 
nliqf., pg. Resembles the Gonococcus. Diplococcus 
of Pneumonia in Horses, Schiitz. Syn., Diplococ- 
cus der Pferdepneumonie. Obtained from the lungs 
of a horse affected with acute pneumonia. a'er., 
nliqf, pg. Diplococcus pneumoniae fibrinosae, 
Friedlander. See Bacillus pneumonic friedlanderi. 
Diplococcus pneumoniae, Weichselbaum. See 
Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Diplococcus 
pyogenes ureae, Rorsing. Syn. , Diplococcus urea, 
Rorsing. Coccobacillus pyogenes urea, Rorsing. Coc- 
cobacterium urea, Rorsing. Found in purulent urine. 
Cf. Diplococcus urea trifoliatus, Rorsing. Micrococ- 
cus pyogenes urea flavus, Rorsing. Diplococcus 
roseus, Bumm. Found in the air. a'er., facanaer., 
liqf., chg. (pink), npg. Diplococcus ureae, Rorsing. 
See Diplococcus pyogenes urea, Rorsing. Diplococ- 
cus ureas trifoliatus, Rorsing. Found in purulent 
urine. Cf. Diplococcus pyogenes urea, Rorsing. 
Micrococcus pyogenes urea flavus, Rorsing. Dispora 
caucasica, Kern. See Bacillus caucasicus , Kern. 
Drumstick Bacillus. See Bacillus putrificus coli, 
Bienstock. Einheimischer Leuchtbacillus. See 
Bacillus phosphorescens indigenus, Fisher. Eisbacil- 
len. Bacilli of ice. Eiterbacillen, Eiterkokken, 
Eitermikroben. Microbes of pus. Eiterketten- 
kokkus. See Micrococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach. 
Emmerich's Bacillus, Emmerich's Neapler 
Bacillus. See Bacillus neapolitanus. Endosporous 
bacteria. Syn. , Bacteries endospores, Fr. Endosporen- 
Bacterien, Ger. Bacteria that produce by endogen- 
ous spore formation. Epsilon Bacillus, Miller. 
See Spirillum finkleri. Erdbacillus. See Bacillus 
myocoides, Fliigge. Erdebacillen, Erdebacterien. 
Microbes of the soil. Erythroconus litoralis, 
GErstedt. See Sarcina litoralis, CErstedt. Essig- 
ferment, Essigpilz. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing. 
Faecesbacillen, Ger. Bacilli of the feces. Faul- 
nisbacillen, Ger. See Bacillus saprogenes, I, II, 
III, Rosengarten. Faulnisbacterium, Ger. See 
Bacterium termo. Dujardin and Davaine. Faul- 
nisbacterien. Bacteria of putrefaction. Feet-sweat 
Bacillus. See Bacillus fcetidus. Bacillus sapro- 
genes, II, and Bacterium graveolcns. Ferment de 
la fermentation butyrique, Fr. See Bacillus buty- 
ricus, Prazmowski. Fettbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus 
butyricus Prazmowski. Finkler-Prior's Bacillus. 



Abbreviations. — a'er. = aerobic. anaer.= anaerobic, chg. = chromogenie. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obi. — obligate, oscl. = oscillating, pg. «= pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent, plcom. = pleomorphic. sap, = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



175 



BACTERIA 



See Spirillum Finkler-Prior. Fiore del vino e della 
birra, Ital. See Saccharomyces mycoderma, Reess. 
Fitz'scherAethylbacillus.Ger. See Bacillus subtilis ; 
Ehrenberg, etc. Flesh colored Bacillus, Tils. 
Found in water. aer. , lii/f. mot., dig. (pink), npg. 
Flowers of Wine. See Saccharomyces mycoderma, 
Reess. Fluorescent bacilli. Bacilles fluorescents, 
Fr. Fluorescirende Bacillen, Ger. See Bacillus 
Jluorescens putidus, Bacillus erythrosporus , Bacillus 
Jluorescens liqucfaciens, etc. Fraenkel's Pneumo- 
bacillus, Fraenkel'scher Diplococcus, Fraenkel- 
Weichselbaum'scher Pneumococcus, Fraenkel'- 
scher Pneumonie - Diplococcus. See Bacillus 
septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Frog-spawn Bacte- 
rium of Sugar Factories, Frog-spawn fungus, 
Froschlaich, Froschlaichpilz, Ger. See Leuconostoc 
mesenteroides. Gaffkya tetragenes, Saccardo. See 
Micrococcus tetragenus, Gaffky. Gahrungerregende 
Bacillen, Ger. Zymogenic bacilli. Gasbildende 
Bacillen aus dem Magen, Ger. See Bacillus lactis 
aerogenes, Escherich. Gasbildende Bacillen aus 
Wasser, Ger. Bacilli of water. Gas Forming Ba- 
cillus. See Bacillus gasoformans, Eisenberg. Gelber 
Bacillus. See Bacillus luteus, Fliigge. Gelber 
Traubencoccus. See Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, 
Ogston. Ginger Beer Plant, Marshall Ward. Forms 
jelly-like, semi-transparent, yellowish-white, brain-like 
masses at the bottom of the fermentation ; resembles 
Caucasian kephir grains ; it is a symbiotic association 
of Saccharomyces pyrijormis, and of Bacterium vermi- 
Jor?ne. Glacier Bacillus, Gletscherbacillus. See 
Bacillus Jluorescens nivalis, Schmolck. Glatthaut- 
bildender Kartoffelbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus 
leiodermos, Loffler. Gliococcus, a micrococcus with 
a slimy capsule. Glycerinathylbacillus, Glycer- 
inaethylbacterium. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg, 
Cohn, etc. Golden Staphylococcus. See Staphy- 
lococcus pyogenes aureus, Ogston, Beeker. Gomme 
de sucrerie. See Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Cien- 
kowski. Gonococcus, Gonococque, Gonorrhcecoc- 
cus. Syn. , Trippercoccus. See Micrococcus gonorrhoea 
Neisser. Grains de kephyr. See Bacillus caucas- 
icus, Kern. Gray-white micrococcus, Bumm. 
See Diplococcus albicans amplus, Bumm. Griingel- 
ber Bacillus aus Wasser, Ger. Greenish-yellow ba- 
cillus of water. Gummibacillus, Ger. See, B. lio- 
dermos, Loffler. Hsematococcus bovis, Babes. Syn., 
Microbe de l'hemoglobinurie du bceuf. Zimmermann. 
Obtained from the blood and viscera of cattle dead 
of an epidemic, infectious disease characterized by 
hemoglobinuria (in Roumania). aer. , facanaer., 
nliqf. , pg. Harnmicrococcus. See Micrococcus 
urea, Cohn. Harnsarcine, Hartze. See Sarcina 
of urine. Harnstoffmicrococcus. See Micrococcus 
urea, Cohn. Hauser's Faulnisbacillen. See 
Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus zenkerii. 
Hay bacillus, Bacille du foin, Fr. Heubacillus. 
Ger. Bacillus del fieno, Ital. See Bacillus subtilis, 
Ehrenberg. Helicobacterium aerogenes, Miller. 
See Bacillus aerogenes, III, Miller. Helicobac- 
terium klebsii, Escherich. Found in the intestine 
of guinea pigs, pleom. Helicomonas, Klebs. Syph- 
ilis fungus. Cf. Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. 
Heubacillus. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg. 
Heubacillusahnlicher Bacillus, Ger. See Bacillus 
subtilis simulans, Bienstock. Heupilz, See Bacillus 
subtilis, Ehrenberg. Hirse des Propheten. See 
Bacillus caucasicus, Kern. Hormiscium cerevisiae, 
Bonard. Hormiscium vini. Hormiscium vini 



et cerevisiae, Bonard. See Saccharomyces myco- 
derma. Hostienblut. See Bacillus prodigiosus, 
Ehrenberg. Huhnercholerabacillus. Hiihner- 
micrococcus. Bacillus of chicken cholera. See Ba- 
cillus septicemics hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Huep- 
pe's Bacillus of Butyric Acid Fermentation 
— Hueppe's Buttersaurebacillus. See Bacillus 
butyricus, Hueppe. Hundswutbacillus. See Ba- 
cillus lyssa, Pasteur. Hygrocrocis vandelli, Men- 
eghi. See Beggiatoa alba, Trevisan. Hypaeothrix 
kuehniana. See Crenotkrix kuhniana. Indi= 
scher Leuchtbacillus. See Bacillus phosphorescens 
indicus, Fischer. Influenzabacillus. See Bacillus 
of Influenza, Pfeiffer. Iodococcus vaginatus, 
Miller. Found in unclean mouths; gives peculiar 
reaction with iodin, the sheath being stained yellow, 
the cocci dark blue. Jequeritypilz. See Bacillus 
of jequirity ophthalmia. Kartoffelbacillus. Potato 
bacillus, applied to Bacillus mesenterial fuscus, 
F lugge ; Bacillus mesentericus ruber, Globig ; and 
Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus, Fliigge. Kasespiril- 
lum. See Spirillum tyrogenum, Deneke. Kefir- 
bacillus. Kefirferment. See Bacillus caucasicus, 
Kern. Keuchhustenpilz, Burger. See Bacillus tussis 
convulsive, Afanassiew. Knauelbildender Bacillus, 
Ger. See Bacillus zopfii. Koch's Bacillus, Koch'- 
scher Bacillus. Kommabacillus der Cholera 
asiaticae. Koch's Comma Bacillus, Kommaba- 
cillus. See Spirillum cholera asiatica, Koch. Kot- 
bacillen. Syn., Bacilles des selles, Fr. Bacilli 
of the feces. Krankheiterregende Bacillen (or 
Bacterien). Pathogenic bacilli. Lanceolate Coc- 
cus, Lancet-shaped Micrococcus, Talamon. See 
Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Leprabacil- 
lus. See Bacillus lepra, Hansen. Leptonema 
niveum. See Beggiatoa nivea, Rabenhorst. Lepto- 
thrix buccalis, Robin. Pilz der Zahncaries, Ger. 
Syn. Leptothrix gigantea, MWler. Leptothrix pulmon- 
alis, Rasmussenia buccalis, Saccardo. Found in the 
mouth of man and animals. Falsely considered the 
cause of dental caries. Leptothrix buccalis of 
Vignal. See Bacillus buccalis (a), Vignal. Lepto- 
thrix epidermidis. Syn. , Bacillus epidermidis, Biz- 
zozero. Microsporon minutissimum, Hurchart. Found 
on the epidermis between the toes, and held by Biz- 
zozero to be non-pathogenic, but by Boeck as the cause 
of erythrasma. Leptothrix der Thranenrohrchen. 
See Cladothrix foirsteri, Cohn. Leptothrix gi- 
gantea, Miller. Found on the teeth of dogs, sheep, 
cattle and other animals affected with Pyorrhea 
alveolaris. Some consider it identical with Leptothrix 
buccalis, Robin. Leptothrix hyalina, Reinsch. 
Found on marine algse. 'Leptothrix innominata s 
Miller. See, Leptothrix buccalis, Robin. Lepto- 
thrix kuhniana. See Crenothrix kuhniana Sac- 
cardo. Leptothrix lacrimalis. Syn. Leptothrix 
der Thranenrohrchen. See Cladothrix Jarsteri, Cohn. 
Leptothrix lanugo, Kiitzing. Found on marine 
algse near Heligoland. Leptothrix maxima buc- 
calis, Miller. See Bacillus buccalis marimus, Miller. 
Leptothrix muralis, Kiitzing. See Leptothrix para- 
sitica. Leptothrix natans. See Spharotilus nalans, 
Saccardo. Leptothrix ochracea, Kiitzing. Syn. 
Detionella ochracea, Saccardo. Cladothrix dichotoma, 
Zopf. According to Zopf, this represents filaments of 
Cladothrix stained with oxid of iron. Leptothrix 
of Puerperal Fever, Leptothrix puerperalis, Fettz. 
See Bacillus puerperalis, Engel and Spillman. 
Leptothrix parasitica, Kiitzing. Parasitic on fresh 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic. anaer.= anaerobic, chg. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. nionom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic 
obi. = obligate, oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic. phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic 



BACTERIA 



176 



BACTERIA 



water algae. This and Leptothrix muralis are genetically 
connected with Drilosiphon jtilianus, Kiitzing, the 
ordinary hormogones of which produce filaments 
known as Nostoc parietiniwi , Rabenhorst ; the cells of 
these Nostoc filaments eventually separate and 
produce slender filaments constituting Leptothrix 
parasitica and mura/is, Kiitzing (Bennet and Murray). 
Leptothrix pulmonalis. See Leptothrix buccalis, 
Robin. Leptothrix pusilla, Rabenhorst. Found 
on fresh water algre, also in the mouth, Klebs. 
Leptothrix symplacoides, Dickie. Found on 
marine algae. Leptothrix vaginalis. Found in the 
vagina of animals and women. Leptothrix varia- 
bilis, Saccardo. Found in saliva of healthy persons. 
Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Van Tieghem. Syn., 
Ascococcus mesenteroides, Cienkowski. Gomme de 
Sucrerie, Fr. Froschlaich, Froschlaichpilz, Pilz der 
Dextrangahrung, Ger. Frog spawn bacterium of 
sugar factories, Frog spawn fungus. A source of 
great loss to the manufacturers of beet sugar, fre- 
quently and rapidly converting large quantities of the 
beet juice into a mucilagino-gelatinous mass. Libor- 
ius's Bacillus of Butyric Acid Fermentation, 
Liborius. Buttersaurebildender Bacillus, Ger. See 
Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. Lissophyton sus- 
pectum, Hallier. See Bacillus lysste, Pasteur. Lues- 
bacillus. See Bacillus syphilides, Lustgarten. Luft- 
bacillen. Syn., Bacilli of the air. Bacilles de Fair. 
Luftbacterien. Bacteria of the air. Lungenseuche- 
micrococcus. See Micrococcus of bovine pneumonia, 
Poels and Nolen. Lupusbacillen. Bacilli of lupus, 
identical with Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Mause- 
septikamieahnlicher Bacillus, Eisenberg. See Ba- 
cillus coprogenes parvus. Melunella flexuosa, Borg. 
See Spirillum rugula, Muller. Merismopedia chon- 
droidea, With, Merismopedia glauca. See Sar- 
cina renis, Hepworfh. Merismopedia goodsirii. 
See Sarcina ventriculi, Goodsir. Merismopedia 
hyalina, Kiitzing. Sarcina hyalina, Kiitzing. Mer- 
ismopedia litoralis, Rabenhorst. See Sarcina 
litoralis, CErstedt. Merismopedia reitenbachii, Cas- 
pary. See Sarcina reitenbachii, Caspary. Meris- 
mopedia urinae, Rabenhorst. See Sarcina urine, 
Welcker. Merismopedia ventriculi, Husem. See 
Sarcina ventriculi, Goodsir. Merismopedia viola- 
cea, Kiitzing. See Sarcina violacea, Kiitzing. 
Meerschweinchenbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus cavi- 
cidus, Brieger. Metallacter anthracis, Trevisan. 
See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. 
Metallacter tremulus, Trevisan. See Bacillus 
tremulus, Koch. Metallacter ulna, Trevisan. See 
Bacillus ulna, Cohn. Micoderma cerevisiae, Trecul. 
See Saccharomyces mycoderma, Reess. Microbe de 
l'hemoglobinurie du bceuf, Zimmerman. See Hema- 
tococcus ^<?OT.v,Babes. Microbe de l'araignee. See Mi- 
croccocus mastobius, Nocard and Mollereau. Microbe 
de la bouton d'Alep, Microbe de la bouton de 
Nil, Microbe de la bouton d' Orient, Microbe de 
la clou de Biskra, Microbe de la clou de Gafsa 
(Poncet). See Micrococcus of Heydenreich. Microbe 
de la clavelee. See Bacterium of Sheep-pox. 
Microbe de la dysenterie epidemique, Chantemesse 
and Widal. See Bacillus dysenteria, C.& \V. Microbe 
de la fievre jaune, Freire, Rebougeon andCarmonay 
Valle. Syn. , Micrococcus (Cryptococcus) xanthogenicus 
Freire, Micrococcus of Freire. Obtained from the 
blood of yellow fever patients ; attenuated by heat, 
and used by permission of the Emperor of Brazil (Nov. , 
1882) to inoculate several hundred persons. The 



organism described Carmona y Valle, appears to be 
a fungus not related to the bacteria. Cf. Bacillus 
of yellow fever, Babes. Microbe de la fievre 
typhoide, Tayon. See Bacillus typhi abdominalis, 
Eberth. Microbe de la flacherie, Microbe de la 
maladie des morts-plats. See Micrococcus bomby- 
cis, Cohn. Microbe de l'hemoglobinurie du boeuf, 
Zimmermann. See Hamatococcus bovis. Microbe de 
la pebrine. Syn. , Bacterium ovatum, Lebert ; Bacillus 
pasteurianus, Hansen; Micrococcus ovatus ; Micrococ- 
cus pasteurianus ; Nosema bombycis, Nageli ; Pan- 
hystophyton ovatum ; Lebert ; Micrococcus of pebrine ; 
Cornelian corpuscles ; Cornelian bodies ; Micrococcus 
der Fleckenkrankheit, Ger.; Corpuscles du ver a soie, 
Fr. The specific microbe of a disease of silkworms 
known for hundreds of years, called pebrine, gattine, 
petechia, maladie des corpuscles, and spotted disease. It 
was particularly destructive between 1850 and 1875. 
According to the investigations of Cornalia, Leydig, 
Balbiani, Pasteur, and Metschnikoff, these bodies 
belong to the PsorospermicE and are not bacteria at all. 
Microbe del mal nero, Ital. See Bacterium gum- 
mis, Comes ; or Bacterium putrcdinis, Davaine. 
Microbe des gasigen Gangrans, Ger. See Bacillus 
cedematis maligni, Koch. Microbe des pus blen- 
norrhagique, Weiss, Fr. See Micrococcus gonor- 
rhoea, Neisser. Microbe der Schweinspocken, Ger. 
See Bacillus ex pneumo-enteritide suis, Klein. Microbe 
di morbillo, Lanzi, Ital. Microbe du cholera des 
poules, Fr. , Pasteur. See Bacillus septicemic? hemor- 
rhagica, Sternberg. Microbe du lait bleu, Fr. See 
Bacillus cyanogenus, Fuchs. Microbe du pus bleu, 
Fr. See Bacillus pyocyaneus, Gessard. Microbe of 
Friedlander. See Bacillus pneumonia friedldndcrii. 
Microbe of Pasteur. Microbe septicemique du 
salive, Fr. See Bacillus sputigenus septicus, Fliigge. 
Micrococci della rabbia, Ital. See Micrococcus 
lyssa, and Bacillus Ivssa, Pasteur. Micrococco dell 
afta epizootica, Ital. See Streptocytus of eczema 
epizootica, Schottelius. Micrococcus aceti. See 
Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing. Micrococcus acidi lactici, 
Marpman. Found in milk ; resembles in its action 
Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. aer. , nliqf. , nmot., 
npg. Cf. Spharococcus acidi lactici, Marpman. Mic- 
rococcus acidi lactici liquefaciens, Kriiger. Found 
in butter and cheese, aer., facanaer., lit//., nmot. 
Micrococcus aerogenes, Miller. Found in the intes- 
tinal tract of man. aer., liqf., nmot., npg. Micro- 
coccus agilis, Ali-Cohen. Found in drinking water. 
aer., liqf., mot., npg. A motile coccus, provided with 
a fiagellum ; described by Menge. Micrococcus 
agilis citreus, Menge. Micrococcus (Diplococcus) 
albicans amplus, Bumm. Syn. , Neisseria albicans. 
Frequently found in the vaginal secretions, aer., liqf., 
npg. Micrococcus (diplococcus) albicans tardus, 
Unna and Tommasoli. Found in eczema, aer., nliqf. , 
nmot. Micrococcus albicans tardissimus, Eisen- 
berg, Bumm. Found in the vaginal secretions of 
puerperal women. aer. , facanaer., nliqf., npg. 
Micrococcus liquefaciens, Von Besser. Found in 
the nasal secretions of healthy persons, aer. , facanaer. , 
liqf, npg. Micrococcus albus urinae. See Micro- 
coccus urinalbus. Micrococcus amylovorus, Bur- 
rill and Arthur. Syn., Micrococcus of apple blight. 
Bacterium of pear blight. Produces fermentation in 
saccharine fluids. aer. , nliqf., mot., pg. (for apple 
and pear trees). Cf. Bacillus, butyricus, Prazmowski. 
Micrococcus aquatilis, Bolton. Found frequently 
in water, aer., nliqf, npg. Micrococcus aquatilis 



Abbreviations. — aer. 
tive. monom. = 
obi. — obligate, oscl. 



aerobic, ana'er. = anaerobic, chg. — chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 



= oscillating. pg. — pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic. sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



177 



BACTERIA 



invisibilis, Vaughan. Found in water, aer., nliqf., 
npg. Micrococcus arei celsii, Buchner and Sehlen. 
Syn., Bacterium decalvans, Thin. Found on the 
diseased hairs in Alopecia areata. Cf. Bacillus of 
alopecia areata, Kasauli, and Micrococcus of alopecia 
areata, Robinson. Micrococcus ascoformansjohne. 
See Micrococcus botryogenus, Rabe. Micrococcus 
aurantiacus, Colin. Syn., Pediococcus aurantiacus. 
P'ound in water, aer., nliqf , chg. (orange-yellow), 
npg. Micrococcus bei hepatitis enzootica porcel- 
lorum. See Micrococcus porcellorum. Micrococcus 
biskrae. See Micrococcus of Heydenreich. Micro- 
coccus blennorrhceus. See Micrococcus gonor- 
rhoea, Neisser. Micrococcus bombycis, Colin, 
Bechamp. Syn., Streptococcus bombycis, Bechamp. 
Micrococcus de la maladie des morts plat, Fr. Microbe 
de la flacherie, Fr. Micrococcus der Schlafsucht der 
Seidenraupen, Ger. Found in the intestinal tract of 
silkworms and other Lepidoptera dead of the epidemic 
disease known in France as la flacherie ; etiologic 
relation demonstrated by Pasteur. Micrococcus 
botryogenes, Bollinger, Rabe. Syn., Bollingera 
equi, Saccardo ; Ascococcus johnei, Cohn ; Micrococcus 
ascoformans, Johne ; Micrococcus of myko-desmoids 
of the horse. Found in colonies in the connective 
tissue of horses affected with "myko-desmoids." aer. , 
liqf,pg. Micrococcus candicans, Fliigge. P'ound 
abundantly in air and water. aer., nliqf., npg. 
Micrococcus candidus, Cohn. Found in water. 
aer., nliqf, npg. Micrococcus capillorum. Found 
on the scalp and said to alter the color of the hair. 
aer., chg. (reddish-yellow). Micrococcus carneus, 
Zimmermann. P'ound in water, aer., nliqf, chg. 
(red to violet) , npg. Micrococcus cerasinus siccus, 
List, aer., nliqf, chg. (cherry red), npg. Micro- 
coccus cereus albus, Passet. Syn., Staphylococcus 
cereus albus, Passet. Found in the pus of acute 
abscesses, and by Tils,in hydrant water (Freiburg), aer. , 
nliqf, npg. Micrococcus cereus aureus, Schroter 
and Winkler. Syn., Staphylococcus cereus aureus, S. 
and W. Found in the thin secretions of coryza. aer., 
nliqf, chg. (orange-red) , npg. Micrococcus cereus 
flavus, Passet. Syn., Staphylococcus cereus flavus, 
Passet. Staphylococcus passetii. Found in an acute 
abscess. aer., nliqf, chg. (lemon-yellow), npg. 
Micrococcus chlorinus. Occurs in zooglcea masses. 
aer., chg. (greenish-yellow), npg. Micrococcus 
cholera? gallinarum, Pasteur. See Bacillus septi- 
cemia hamorrhagicce, Sternberg. Micrococcus cin- 
nabareus, Fliigge. Syn., Streptococcus cinnabareus, 
Fliigge. Found in air and water, aer., nliqf., chg'. 
(reddish-brown), npg. Micrococcus citreus, List. 
Syn. , Staphylococcus citreus, List. Micrococcus couleur 
creme, Fr. Cremefarbiger Micrococcus, Ger. Found 
in water, also by Lannelongue and Achard in the seat 
of an old osteomyelitis, aer., nliqf., chg. (pale- 
yellow), npg. Micrococcus citreus conglomeratus, 
Bumm. See Diplococcus citreus conglomeratus, Bumm ; 
Micrococcus concentricus, Zimmermann. Found 
in water. aer., nliqf, sap., npg. Micrococcus 
conglomeratus, Weichselbaum. Syn., Neissera con- 
glomerata, W. Micrococcus coronatus, Fliigge. 
Syn. , Streptococcus coronatus, Fliigge. Found in 
the air. aer., liqf, npg. Micrococcus couleur 
creme, List. See Micrococcus citreus, List. Micro- 
coccus cremoides, Zimmermann. P'ound in water. 
aer., liqf., chg. (yellowish-white), npg. Micro- 
coccus crepusculum, Cohn. See Bacillus termo, 
Ehrenberg and Dujardin. Micrococcus cumulatus 



tenuis, Yon Besser. Found in abundance in the nasal 
mucus of man. aer., facanaer., nliqf, npg. Micro- 
coccus cyaneus, Schroter. Obtained from the air, on 
boiled potatoes, aer., chg. (cobalt blue, altered to car- 
mine by acids, restored by alkalies). Micrococcus de- 
calvans, Schroter. Syn. , Bacterium decalvans, Saccar- 
do. Cf. Bacillus of Alopecia areata, Kasauli, Micrococcus 
arei celsii, Buchner and Sehlen ; Micrococcus of Alo- 
pecia areata, Robinson. Micrococcus de la mam- 
mite gangreneuse de la brebis, Micrococcus de 
la mammite contagieuse de la vache, Fr. See 
Micrococcus mastobius, Nocard and Mollereau. Micro- 
coccus de la necrose progressive du tissue con- 
nective de la souris, Fr. See Micrococcus of pro- 
gressive tissue necrosis of mice, Koch. Micrococcus 
de la pyemie du lapin, Fr. See Micrococcus of 
pyemia in rabbits, Koch. Micrococcus de le rage, 
Fr. See Micrococcus lyssce, Neisser. Micrococcus de 
la septicemic consecutive du charbon, Charrin. 
Found in the blood and tissues of a rabbit inoculated 
with blood from another rabbit dead of anthrax, aer., 
mot. ,pg. Micrococcus de la septicemic du lapin, Fr. 
See Micrococcus of septicemia of rabbits, Koch. Micro- 
coccus de la suppuration progressive du lapin, 
Fr. See Micrococcus of progressive abscess-forma- 
tion in rabbits. Micrococcus der Mastitis der Kiihe, 
Ger. See Micrococcus mastobius , Nocard and Moller- 
eau. Micrococcus der Maul- und Klauen- 
seuche. See Streptocytus of eczema epizootica, Schot- 
telius. Micrococcus des mort plats, Fr. See 
Micrococcus bombycis, Cohn. Micrococcus der Osteo- 
myelitis, Becker. See Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, 
Ogston, Becker. Micrococcus der Fleckenkrank- 
heit, Ger. See Microbe de la pebrine, Pasteur. 
Micrococcus des Pende'schen Geschwiirs. See 
Micrococcus of Heydenreich. Micrococcus desi- 
dens, Fliigge. See Micrococcus flavus desidens, 
Fliigge. Micrococcus des roten Schweisses. 
See Alicrococcus hamalodes, Babes. Micrococcus 
diffluens, Schroter. Found in the air, dust, and 
in excrement; common, aer. , nliqf. , chg. (yellow, 
with a greenish fluorescence; not modified by acids). 
Resembles Bacillus fluorescens ptctidus, Fliigge. 
Micrococcus diphtheriticus, Oertel, Cohn, Loftier. 
Syn., Streptococcus articulorum, Loffler. Micrococcus 
en chaines, Fr. Kettenbildender Bacillus, Ger., 
Loffler. Found in the false membranes, and in the 
tissues of diphtheria patients ; Cornil identifies this 
with Micrococcus pyogenes , Rosenbach. aer., nliqf. ,pg. 
Micrococcus doyenii. See Micrococcus urince albus 
olearius, Doyen. Micrococcus en chaines, Loffler. 
See Micrococcus diphtheriticus, Oertel, Colin. Micro- 
coccus endocarditicus. Syn., Streptococcus endocardi- 
ticus. Micrococcus endocarditidis rugatus, Weich- 
selbaum. Found in a case of ulcerative endocarditis. 
air. , nliqf, pg. Micrococcus erysipelatis, Micro- 
coccus erysipelatos, Micrococcus erysipelatosus, 
Fehleisen. See Micrococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach. 
Micrococcus fermenti. See Micrococcus viniperda. 
Micrococcus fervidosus, Adametz. Found in 
water, aer., nliqf. ,ngp. Micrococcusfickii. Found 
in healthy and diseased eyes. Micrococcus finlay- 
ensis, Sternberg. Obtained from the viscera of a 
yellow-fever cadaver, aer. , liqf., chg. (pale-yellow), 
npg. Micrococcus flavus. See Micrococcus flavus 
liquefaciens, Fliigge. Micrococcus flavus desidens, 
Fliigge. Found in air and water, aer. , liqf., chg. 
(yellowish-brown) , npg. Micrococcus flavus lique- 
faciens, Fliigge. Syn., Micrococcus flavus , Micrococ- 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, ana'er. = anaerobic, chg. = chromogenic. facanaSr. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. mononi. = monomorphic. ?not. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
oW.=obligate. oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic, p/ios. = phosphorescent, fleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 
12 



BACTERIA 



178 



BACTERIA 



cus liquefaciens. Found in air and water, aer. , liqf. , 
chg. (yellow), npg. Micrococcus flavus tardi- 
gradus, Fliigge. Syn. , A/icrococcus tardigradus. 
Found in the air and water, aer. , nliqf, dig. (dark 
olive-green), npg. Micrococcus fcetidus, Klamann, 
Rosenbach. Found in the posterior nares of man. 
aer. , liqf., npg. Micrococcus fervidosus, Adametz. 
Found in water, aer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus 
freudenreichii, Guillebeau. One of the two forms 
found by Guillebeau to produce ropin ess in milk. aer. , 
liqf., npg. Cf. Bacterium hessii, Guillebeau. Micro- 
coccus friedlanderii. See Bacillus pneumonia 
friedlanderii. Micrococcus fulvus, Cohn. Syn., 
Staphylococcus fulvus. Found in horse and rabbit 
dung. aer. , nmot., nliqf, chg. (rose), npg. Micro- 
coccus fuscus, Maschek. Found in water, aer., 
nmot., liqf, chg. (sepia-brown), npg. Micrococcus 
gallicidus. See Bacillus septicemia liamorrhagica, 
Sternberg. Micrococcus gelatinosus. Found in 
milk, which it causes to coagulate at about 22° C. 
Micrococcus gingivae pyogenes, Miller. Found in 
the mouth of a man affected with alveolar abscess. 
aer. , facanaer., nliqf., pg. Micrococcus gon- 
orrhoeae, Neisser. Micrococcus blennorrhceus, Neissera 
gonorrhea', Micrococcus gonococcus, Microbe du pus 
blennorrhagique, Weiss, Fr. Trippercoccus, Gonor- 
rhoecoccus, Ger. Found in gonorrheal pus. aer. No 
growth on gelatin ; an obligate parasite, pg. Micro- 
coccus griseus, Winter. See Bacterium griseum, 
Warming. Micrococcus haematodes, Babes. Syn., 
Micrococcus of red sweat. Micrococque de la sueur 
rouge, Fr. Micrococcus des roten Schweisses, Ger. 
Found in foul sweat from the axilla, aer. , chg. (red) , 
npg. Micrococcus havaniensis, Sternberg. Syn., 
Bacillus havaniensis , Sternberg. Obtained by Stern- 
berg in his investigation of yellow fever, aer., nliqf., 
chg. (blood-red). Only found in the presence of free 
oxygen. Micrococcus imetrophus, Trevisan. See 
Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Micrococcus 
indicus, Koch. See Bacillus indicus, Koch. Mi- 
crococcus influenzae, Letzerich. Syn., Streptococ- 
cus seiferti, Micrococcus of influenza, Seifert. See 
Bacillus of influenza, Pfeiffer. Micrococcus insec- 
torum, Burrill, Streptococcus insectorum. Found in 
the cecal appendages or pancreatic organs in the Chinch 
bug [Blissus leucopterus , Say) and the higher Hemip- 
tera. Especially recommended as a remedy for the 
Chinch bug and for //alliens minutus, so damaging to 
the peanut. Micrococcus intercellularis meningi- 
tidis, Neumann and Schaffer. Syn. , A/icrococcus 
meningitidis, Neumann. Neisseria Weichselbaumii. 
Found in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord in 
cases of cerebro-spinal meningitis. Micrococcus 
lacteus faviformis, Bumm. Syn. , Neisseria laclea. 
Frequently found in normal vaginal mucus, aer., 
nliqf., npg. Micrococcus lactis viscosus, Conn. 
Syn., Micrococcus of bitter milk, Conn. The cause 
of the bitter taste of milk and cream, aer. , liqf, 
nmot., npg. Micrococcus liquefaciens. See 
A/icrococcus flavus liquefaciens, Fliigge. Micrococcus 
lcewenbergii. Syn., Micrococcus of ozena, Micro- 
cocque de l'ozene, Fr. Found in the secretions, in 
cases of ozena, aer. , liqf. , pg. Micrococcus luteus, 
Cohn. Found in water, the superficial soil, dust of 
bed-rooms, moist foods, etc. aer., nliqf, chg. (yel- 
low), npg. Micrococcus lyssas, Neisser. Syn., 
Neisseria lyssa, Micrococcus of hydrophobia, Micro- 
coccus of rabies, Fol. Micrococcus de la rage, Fr. 
Found in the spinal cord of rabid animals. Cornil 



and Babes throw doubt on the culture experiments of 
Fol. Micrococcus major, Doyen. See Micrococcus 
ttrina major, Doyen. Micrococcus manfredii. 
Syn., Streptococcus manfredii. Micrococcus of pro- 
gressive granuloma formation. Found in the sputum 
of two cases of pneumonia following measles; aer. , 
nliqf, pg. Micrococcus mastobius, Nocard, Mol- 
lereau and Kitt. Syn. , Streptococcus nocardi. Micro- 
coccus of bovine mastitis, Kitt. Micrococcus of 
mastitis in cows. Streptococcus of mastitis in cows. 
Micrococcus of contagious mammitis. Micrococcus 
of gangrenous mastitis in sheep, Nocard. Microbe 
de la mal de pis, Microbe de l'araignee, Micrococcus 
de la mammite contagieuse de la vache, Nocard and 
Mollereau, Fr. Micrococcus der Mastitis der Kiihe, 
Ger. Obtained from the milk of cows and sheep 
affected with mastitis, aer. , facanaer. The form found 
in cattle is said to be non-liquefactive ; that of sheep 
liquefies both gelatin and blood serum. Sternberg re- 
cognizes three distinct forms producing mastitis. 
Micrococcus meningitidis, Neumann. See Micro- 
coccus intercellularis meningitidis, Neumann and 
Schaffer. Micrococcus meningitidis purulentae, 
Heydenreich. Micrococcus morbillosus. Syn., 
Streptococcus morbillosus. Micrococcus nasalis, 
Hack. Found in the cavum pharyngonasale. aer. , 
mot. , nliqf. , npg. Micrococcus nitrificans, Van 
Tieghem. Syn. , Micrococque de la fermentation 
de l'ammoniaque. Found in water, aer., npg. Mi- 
crococcus, II, of Fischel. Found in the blood 
of two cases of influenza, aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , 
pg. Micrococcus oblongus. See Bacterium ob- 
longum, Boutroux. Micrococcus ochroleucus, 
Prove and Legrain. Syn. , Streptococcus ochroleuctis. 
Found in urine, aer., nliqf., chg. (sulphur yellow), 
npg. Micrococcus of Acute Infectious Osteo- 
myelitis. See Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosen- 
bach. Micrococcus of Alopecia areata, Von 
Sehlen, Robinson, Vaillard and Vincent. Found 
on the hairs from the diseased patches, aer., liqf, 
pg. Cf. Bacillus of Alopecia areata, and A/icrococcus 
decalvans. Schroter. Micrococcus of Ammoniacal 
Urine. See A/icrococcus urea, Cohn, and A/icrococ- 
cus urea liquefaciens, Fliigge. Micrococcus of 
Apple Blight. See Bacillus bitty ricus, Botkin, Praz- 
mowski, etc. Micrococcus of Beri-beri, Lacerda. 
See Bacillus beribericus, Lacerda. Micrococcus 
of Biskra Button. See Micrococcus of Heyden- 
reich. Micrococcus of Bitter Milk. See A/icro- 
coccus lactis viscosus, Conn. Micrococcus of 
Bronchitis, Picchini. Three distinct forms, aer. , 
nliqf. Cf. Bacillus of Lumnitzer. Micrococcus 
of Bovine Mastitis, Kitt. See A/icrococcus mas- 
tobius, Nocard, Mollereau and Kitt. Micrococcus 
of Bovine Pneumonia, Poels and Nolen. Syn., 
Lungenseuchemicrococcus, Micrococcus of cattle 
pneumonia. Found in the lungs of cattle suffering 
from infectious pleuro-pneumonia. aer., nliqf., pg. 
Micrococcus of Cerebro-spinal Meningitis. See 
A/icrococcus Intercellularis Meningitidis. Neumann 
and Schaffer. Micrococcus of Chicken Pox. See 
Staphylococcus viridis flavescens, Guttmann. Micro- 
coccus of Contagious Mammitis. See Micro- 
coccus mastobius, Nocard, Mollereau, and Kitt. 
Micrococcus of Cow Pox. See A/icrococcus vari- 
ola et vaccina:, Cohn. Micrococcus of Dantec. 
Obtained from salted codfish which had turned 
red. aer. , nliqf , chg. (yellow, changing to deep 
red), npg. Micrococcus of Demme. See Diplococ- 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, chg. = ehromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = lique- 
factive. otokoot. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile. »pg.= non-pathogenic. 
obl.= obligate. oscl. = oscillating. pg.= pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



179 



BACTERIA 



cus of pemphigus acutus, Demme. Micrococcus of 
Dental Caries. See Leptothrix vulgaris, Robin ; 
Leptotkrix gigantea, Miller ; Miller's Epsilon Bacillus, 
and Spirillum dentium, Arnt. Micrococcus of 
Dengue, McLaughlin. See Scheutzia laughliui. 
Micrococcus of Diphtheria. Streptococcus articu- 
lorum, Loffler. Micrococcus of Disse and Ta- 
guchi. Syn., Tokiobacillen. Obtained from the 
blood, the secretions of broad condyloma, as well 
as the primary indurations of syphilitica. Etiologic 
relations not confirmed. Micrococcus of Drink- 
ing Water. See Micrococcus aquatilis, Bolton. 
Micrococcus of Egyptian Ophthalmia. See 
Micrococcus of Trachoma, Sattler and Michel. Mi- 
crococcus of Endocarditis. See Streptococcus 
endocarditicus and Micrococcus endocarditicus ru- 
gatus, Weichselbaum. Micrococcus of Erysipelas, 
Fehleisen. See Micrococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach. 
Micrococcus of Foot and Mouth Disease. 
Syn., Streptocytus of eczema epizootica, Schottelius, 
Slreptocytus apthicola, Hallier. Micrococcus der 
Maul- und Klauenseuche, Ger. Micrococco dell 
afta epizootica, Ital. Found in the vesicular erup- 
tions about the mouth and feet of cattle, pigs, and 
sheep. Communicable to man. aer. , facanaer. Patho- 
genesis not fully settled. Cf. Bacillus of ulcerative 
stomatitis of cattle. Micrococcus of Forbes. Found 
in the bodies of larvae of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris 
rapa, affected with an infectious disease. Micrococ- 
cus of Fowl Cholera. See Bacillus septicemics 
hamorrhagica, Sternberg. Micrococcus of Freire. 
See Microbe de la fievre jaune, Domingo Freire. 
Micrococcus of Furuncle, Pasteur. See Bacillus 
osteomyelitidis, Becker and Kraske. Micrococcus 
of Gangrenous Mastitis in Sheep, Micrococcus 
of Gangrenous Mammitis. See Micrococcus masto- 
bius. Nocard, Mollereau and Kitt. Micrococcus 
of Gonorrhea. See Micrococcus gonorrhoea , Neisser. 
Micrococcus of Gray Parrot Disease. See Micro- 
coccus psittaci, Eberth and Wolff. Micrococcus of 
Heydenreich. Syn., Streptococcus biskree. Micro- 
coccus of Biskra Button. Clou de Biskra, Duclaux. 
Microbe de la bouton de Nil, Chantemesse, Microbe 
de la clou de Gafsa. Microbe de la bouton 
d'Alep, Poucet. Microbe de la bouton d'Orient, 
Fr. Micrococcus of Biskra button, Fr. Pendjeh- 
geschwiir, Ger. Found in the tumors and ulcers 
characteristic of Aleppo boil or Biskra button, aer., 
liqf, pg. Micrococcus of Hydrophobia. See 
Micrococcus lyssa, Pasteur. Micrococcus of Infec- 
tious Osteomyelitis. See Micrococcus pyogenes 
aureus, Rosenbach, and Micrococcus osteomyelitidis, 
Becker and Kraske. Micrococcus of Influenza, 
Seifert, Streptococcus seiferti. See Micrococcus influen- 
za, Letzerich. Micrococcus of Kirchner. Obtained 
from the sputum of patients suffering with influenza. 
aer.,pg. Micrococcus of Manfredi. See Micrococ- 
cus manfredii. Micrococcus of Mastitis, Kitt. 
See Micrococcus mastobius, Nocard and Mollereau. 
Microccocus of Measles, Klebs and Keating. Syn. 
Streptococcus morbillosns, Micrococcus morbillosus. 
Found in the blood and exudates of persons afflicted 
with measles. Fliigge considers them unimportant. 
Micrococcus of Myko-desmoids of the Horse. 
See Aficrococcus botryogenes, Rabe. Micrococcus of 
Osteomyelitis. See Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, 
Ogston. Micrococcus of Ozena. See Micrococcus 
Icewenbergii. Micrococcus of Pear Blight, Burrill. 
See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. Micrococcus 



of Pebrine. See Microbe de la pebrine, Pasteur. 
Micrococcus of Pneumonia. See Bacillus pneu- 
monia fricdldnderii and Micrococcus sep/icus, Fliigge. 
Micrococcus of Progressive Abscess Formation 
in Rabbits, Koch. Syn., Micrococcus de la suppura- 
tion progressive du lapin. Fr. Found in the exu- 
dates of rabbits inoculated with putrefying blood, pg. 
Micrococcus of Progressive Granuloma Forma- 
tion. See Micrococcus manfredii. Micrococcus of 
Progressive Tissue Necrosis in Mice, Koch. Syn., 
Micrococcus de la necrose progressive du tissue con- 
nective de la souris. Found in the exudates of mice 
inoculated with putrid blood, pg. Micrococcus of 
Pyemia in Rabbits, Koch. Found in the exudates 
of rabbits inoculated with putrefying flesh infusion. 
pg. Micrococcus of Rabies, Fol. See Aficrococcus 
lyssce, Neisser. Micrococcus of Red Sweat. See 
Aficrococcus hamatodes, Babes. Micrococcus of 
S. Le M.Moore. See Bacillus fcetidus, Liborius. 
Micrococcus of Salvioli. See Bacillus septicus 
sputigenus, Fliigge. Micrococcus of Scarlet Fever, 
Pohl and Pincus. See Micrococcus scarlatina;. Mi- 
crococcus of Septicemia in Rabbits, Koch. Syn. , 
Streptococcus Kochii. Micrococcus de la septicemic du 
lapin. Fr. Found in the exudates of rabbits inocu- 
lated with putrefying flesh-infusion, pg. Micrococ- 
cus of Smallpox. See Aficrococcus variola el vaccina, 
Cohn. Micrococcus of Sputum Septicemia. See 
Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Micrococcus 
of Swine Plague or Hog Cholera. See Bacillus of 
swine plague, Marseilles, Rietsch and Jobert, and 
Bacillus ex pneumo-enteritide suis, Klein. Micro- 
coccus of Syphilis, Haberkorn and Marcus. Found 
in the white blood corpuscles in cases of syphilis, aer. , 
osc.,chg. (red). Micrococcus of Trachoma, Sattler 
and Michel. Syn., Neisseria rebellis. Trachomcoc- 
cus, Ger. Micrococcus of Egyptian ophthalmia. 
Found in the secretions and nodules of the conjunctiva 
in cases of trachoma, aer. , nliqf , pg. Researches of 
Baumgarten and Kartulis go to show that this form 
has no etiologic relation to the diseases mentioned. 
Micrococcus of Vaccinia. See Micrococcus variolas 
et vaccinae, Cohn. Micrococcus of whooping 
cough, Letzerich. Found in the sputum in cases of 
whooping cough. See Bacillus tussis convulsiva , Afa- 
nassiew. Micrococcus olearius. See Aficrococcus 
ui ina flavus olearius. Micrococcus osteomyelitidis, 
Becker. Syn. , Micrococcus of acute infectious osteo- 
myelitis. See Aficrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach. 
Micrococcus ovalis, Escherich. Found in the meco- 
nium and feces of infants, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , npg. 
Micrococcus ovatus. See Aficrobe de la pebrine, 
Pasteur. Micrococcus pasteuri, Sternberg. See 
Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Micrococcus 
petechialis. Syn., Neisseria petechialis. Micrococ- 
cus pfltigeri, Ludwig. See Photobacterium pftiigeri, 
Ludwig. Micrococcus phosphoreus, Cohn. See 
Bacillus phosphoreus , Cohn. Micrococcus plumosus, 
Brautigam. Found in water, aer., nliqf. , npg. Mi- 
crococcus pneumoniae crouposse, Sternberg. See 
Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Micrococcus 
pneumonia? infectiosae, Friedlander. See Bacillus 
pneumonia fricdldnderii . Micrococcus porcellorum. 
Syn., Micrococcus bei Hepatitis enzootica porcellorum. 
Ger. Found in hogs affected with hepatitis (Russia). 
aer., liqf., pg. Micrococcus prodigiosus, Cohn. 
See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Micrococcus 
pseudo-cyanus, Cohn. Found in boiled potatoes 
exposed to air. aer., dig. (verdigris green), npg. 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic. chg. = chromogenic. facanaer. ^facuhative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obi. = obligate. osct. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic. sap.= saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



180 



BACTERIA 



Not sufficiently known. Micrococcus psittaci,Wolf. 
Syn. , Streptococcus perniciosus psittacorum, Eberth and 
Wolf. Micrococcus of gray parrot disease. Micro- 
coccus der Papageimycose. Ger. The cause of a 
disease of parrots resembling fowl cholera ; fatal to 
many of the parrots imported from Guinea into Europe. 
Micrococcus putridus. A form emitting a fetid 
gas from gelatin when mixed with iodoform. 
Micrococcus pyocyaneus, Gessard. See Bacillus 

pyocyaneus a, Gessard. Micrococcus pyogenes, 
Rosenbach. Syn., Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus 
erysipelatos, Streptococcus longus, Von Lingelsheim. 
Micrococcus erysipelatis (tos) (toszis), Streptococcus of 
pus. Streptococque pyogene, Vrai Streptococque de 
l'erysipele, Fr., Eiterkettenkokkus, Ger., Micrococcus 
of erysipelas, Fehleisen. Found in the pus of acute 
abscesses, and in the skin in cases of erysipelas, aer. , 

facanaer., nliqf.,pg. Micrococcus pyogenes al- 
bus, Rosenbach. Syn., Staphylococcus pyogenes all/us, 
Passet. Staphylococcus epidermidis alius, Welch. 
Frequently found in company with Micrococcus pyo- 
genes aureus. The cause of ' ' stitch abscesses. ' ' aer. , 
liqf., pg. Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosen- 
bach. Syn. , Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. Stafilo- 
cocco piogeno aureo, Ital. Staphylococque dore, Fr. 
Gelber Traubencoccus, Ger. Micrococcus of infec- 
. tious osteomyelitis. The species most frequently found 
in pus. Obtained from various suppurations, boils, an- 
thrax, osteomyelitis, ulcerative endocardititis, phleg- 
mon, etc. aer., facanaer., liqf., chg. (brilliant golden 
yellow), pg. Micrococcus pyogenes citreus, Passet. 
Syn., Staphylococcus citreus, Passet. Micrococcus 

pyogenes flavus. Found associated with the forms first 
described in acute abscesses and with Bacillus tuber- 
culosis, Koch, aer., facanaer., liqf., chg. (lemon 
yellow), pg. Held by some to be but a variety of Mi- 
crococcus pyogenes aureus. Micrococcus pyogenes 
tenuis, Rosenbach. Syn., Micrococcus rosenbachii. 
Found in pus. Culture thin, varnish-like ; pathoge- 
nesis not settled. Cf. Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. 
Micrococcus pyogenes urea? flavus, Rorsing. 
Found in purulent urine. Cf. Diplococcus pyogenes 
urea;, Rorsing ; Diplococcus urea trifoliatus , Rorsing. 
Micrococcus pyosepticus, Richet. Syn., Staphylo- 
coccus pyoseptiacs, Hericourt and Richet. Obtained 
from a carcinomatous tumor in a dog. aer. , liqf. , 

pg. Resembles Micrococcus pyogenes albus, Rosen- 
bach. Micrococcus radiatus, Fliigge. Syn., Strep- 
tococcus radiatus, Fliigge. Found in air and water. 
aer., liqf, npg. Micrococcus rheumarthritidis, 
Kiissmaul. See Bacillus rheumarthritidis , Kiiss- 
maul. Micrococcus rosenbachii. See Micro- 
coccus pyogenes tenuis, Rosenbach. Micrococcus 
rosettaceus, Zimmermann. Found in water, aer., 
nliqf., npg. Micrococcus roseus, Eisenberg. 
Found in the sputum of a person suffering from influ- 
enza, aer. , facanaer., liqf. , chg. (pink), npg. Micro- 
coccus roseus, Bumm. See Diplococcus roseus, 
Bumm. Micrococcus roseus, Maggiora, Fliigge. 
Syn. , Neisseria rosea. Found on the skin. aer. , npg. 
Micrococcus salivarius pyogenes, Biondi. Syn., 
Staphylococcus varius pyogenes, Biondi. Found in an 
abscess produced in a guinea-pig by inoculation with 
saliva from a child affected with anginose scarlatina. 
aer., liqf, pg. Micrococcus salivarius septicus, 
Biondi. Obtained from animals after inoculation with 
saliva from a person with puerperal septicemia, aer. , 
nliqf. ,pg. Cf. Micrococcus sialosepticus. Micrococ- 
cus scarlatinse, Micrococcus scarlatinosus, Coze 



and Feltz. Syn., Perroncitoa scarlatinosa. Micro- 
coccus of scarlet fever, Pohl and Pincus. Found in the 
blood on the desquamating skin, and on the palate of 
scarlet fever patients ; resembles Micrococcus septicus, 
Fliigge. Cf. Streptococcus rubiginosus, Edington, and 
Bacillus of scarlet fever, Crooke. Micrococcus 
septicus, Cohn. See Bacillus septicamia hemor- 
rhagica, Sternberg. Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. 
Syn., Streptococcus septicus, Fliigge, and Streptococcus 
pyogenes, Saccardo, Streptococcus pneumonia, Weich- 
selbaum. Found in soil, aer., nliqf., pg. Micro- 
coccus septopyaemicus. Syn., Streptococcus septo- 
pyamicus. Obtained from cases of phlegmonous angina 
and erysipelas of the larynx, aer., nliqf., pg. Re- 
sembles Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. Micrococcus 
sialosepticus. Found in the saliva in a case of puer- 
peral septicemia, aer. , nliqf. , pg. Cf. Micrococcus 
salivarius septicus, Biondi. Micrococcus subflavus, 
Fliigge, Neisser. Syn. , Neisseria subflava. Yellowish- 
white micrococcus or diplococcus, Bumm. Diplococ- 
cus jaune blanc, Fr. Obtained from the lochia of 
puerperal women, and from vaginal mucus, aer. , 
liqf., pg. Micrococcus suis, Burrill. See Bacil- 
lus tardigradus. Micrococcus tardigradus. See 
Micrococcus flavus tardigradus, Fliigge. Micro- 
coccus tetragenes, Micrococcus tetragenus, 
Gaffky. Syn., Gajfkya tetragenus, Saccardo. Obtained 
from a cavity in the lung of a person with pulmonary 
tuberculosis, aer., facanaer., nliqf., pg. Micrococ- 
cus tetragenus, Marotta. Constantly found in small- 
pox vesicles and pustules, aer. , liqf. , pg. Produces 
vaccinia in calves. Micrococcus tetragenus febris 
flavje, Finlay. Syn. , Alicrococcus tetragenus versatilis, 
Sternberg. Obtained from the excrements of mosqui- 
toes which had drawn blood from yellow fever pa- 
tients ; also from the surface of the body in the same 
disease, (Sternberg), aer. , liqf., chg. (lemon-yellow). 
npg. Micrococcus tetragenus subflavus, Von 
Besser. Found in nasal mucus, aer. , facanaer. (no 
growth in gelatin), npg. Micrococcus tetragenus 
mobilis ventriculi, Mendosa. Found in the contents 
of the stomach of man . aer. , nliqf. , mot. , npg. M icro - 
coccus tetragenus versatilis, Sternberg. See Micro- 
coccus tetragenus febris flava, Finlay. Micrococcus 
toxicatus, Burrill. Syn., Micrococcus variola et vac- 
cina, Cohn. Streptococcus toxicatus, Burrill. Found in 
the poison of the poison ivy, Rhus toxicodendron. Mi- 
crococcus ulceris mollis. See Bacillus of chancroid, 
Ducrey. Micrococcus ureae, Cohn. Syn. , Bacterium 
urea, Cohn. Streptococcus urea . Torula urea, Pasteur. 
Found in urine, in which it produces ammoniacal fer- 
mentation. Micrococcus ureae, Pasteur and Van 
Tieghem. Found in the air and in ammoniacal urine. 
aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , npg. Possibly the last two forms 
and the Bacterium urea, Jaksch, are identical. Micro- 
coccus ureae liquefaciens, Fliigge. Syn., Streptococ- 
cus athebius. Found in ammoniacal urine, aer., fac- 
anaer., liqf, npg. Micrococcus urinalbus. Syn., 
Micrococcus albus urina. Found in the urine in cases 
of pyelonephritis and cystitis. Micrococcus urinas 
albus olearius, Doyen. Syn., Micrococcus doyenii. 
Found under the same circumstances as the last form. 
aer. , liqf. Micrococcus urinae flavus olearius, 
Doyen. Syn., Micrococczts olearius. Found in the 
urine of cystitis, with the two preceding forms, aer. , 
liqf., chg. (golden-yellow). Micrococcus urinae 
major, Doyen. Syn. , Micrococcus major. Found in same 
circumstances as the three preceding forms. Micro- 
coccus variolas, Micrococcus variolas et vaccinae, 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, chg. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obi. = obligate, oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent. pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



181 



BACTERIA 



Cohn. Syn., Streptococcus variolce, Micrococcus of 
smallpox, Micrococcus of vaccinia. Obtained by Cohn, 
Guttmann, Marotta, Hlava and others from the lymph 
of vaccine pustules in man and animals ; by Coze and 
Feltz from the blood of persons affected with variola ; 
by Cornil and Babes, in the lacunas of the rau- 
cous bodies of variola papules ; by Quist and 
Voigt from vaccine ; (Pfeiffer and Loeff find certain 
ameboid or coccidian protozoans which they re- 
gard as specific ; also a ferment). Cf. Saccharomyces 
vaccincc. Micrococcus viridis flavescens, Guttmann. 
Micrococcus versatilis. Found on the skin of healthy 
persons, also in the liver, spleen and kidneys after 
death by yellow fever. Not sufficiently studied. 
Micrococcus versicolor, Fliigge. Found in water. 
air., nliqf., chg. (yellow), npg. Micrococcus vini 
perda. Syn., Streptococcus fermenti, Micrococcus fer- 
mehti. Found in spoiled wine. Micrococcus vio- 
laceus, Cohn. Found in water, aer., nliqf. , chg. 
(violet), npg. Micrococcus viridis flavescens, 
Guttmann. Found in the lymph of a varicella pus- 
tule, aer. , nliqf., npg. Micrococcus viscosus, 
Pasteur. Found in the disease of wine known as la 
graisse. Micrococcus viticulosus, Fliigge, Katz. 
Found in air and water. aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg. 
Micrococcus xanthogenicus. Cryptococcus xantho- 
genicus, Freire. Found in cases of yellow fever. Cf. 
Microbe de la fievre jaune. Micrococque de la fer- 
mentation de l'ammoniaque, Fr. See JMicrococcus 
nitrificans, Van Tieghem. Micrococque chromo- 
gene, Fr. Any Chromogenic Micrococcus. Micro- 
cocque de la mammite gangreneuse des brebis 
laiteres. See Micrococcus mastobius, Nocard, Mol- 
lereau, and Kitt. Micrococque de la sueur rouge. 
See Micrococcus hamatodes , Babes. Micrococque de 
l'ozene. See Micrococcus Imwenbergii. Microhaloa 
rosea, Kiitzing. See Bcggiatoa roseo-persicina, Zopf. 
Microsporon minutissimum, Burchardt. See Bacil- 
lus epidermidis, Bizzozero. Microsporon septicum, 
Klebs. See Bacillus septicemia hcemorrhagicm, Stem- 
berg. Microzyma bombycis, Bechamp. See Micro- 
coccus bombycis, Cohn, Beck. Milchsaurebacil- 
lus. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. Milk- 
white Micrococcus, Bumm. See Micrococcus 
albicans tardissimus , Eisenberg. Milk Yeast. See 
Saccharomyces lactis, Adametz. Miller's Bacillus. 
See Bacillus dentalis viridans, Miller, and Spirillum 
of Miller. Miller's Bacillus of the Intestine. See 
Bacillus aerogenes, I, II, III, Miller. Miller's Epsi- 
lon Bacillus. See Epsilon Bacillus, Miller. Milz- 
brandbacillus. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender 
and Davaine. Monas prodigiosa, Ehrenberg. See 
Bacillus prodigiosits, Ehrenberg. Monas termo, 
Miiller. See Bacillus termo, Dujardin. Mundhoh- 
lebacillen, Bacilli of the mouth. Mycoderma aceti, 
Mycoderm du vinaigre, Pasteur. See Bacillus aceti, 
Kiitzing. Myconostoc gregarium, Cohn. A spiral 
or crumpled condition of a filamentous schizomycete, 
perhaps Cladothrix dichotoma, Cohn. Mycoderma 
cerevisise et vini, Desm. Mycoderma mesenteri- 
cum,Pers. Mycoderma vini, Pasteur. See Saccharo- 
mycetes mycoderma, Reess. Nasenschleim vibrio, 
Weibel. See Spirillum nasale, Weibel. Nassfaule- 
bacillus. SeeBacillusof potato rot, Kramer. Neapler 
Bacillus. See Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich. Neis- 
seria albicans. See Micrococcus albicans ampins, 
Neisser. Neisseria citrea. See Micrococcus citreits con- 
glomerates, Bumm. Neisseria conglomerata. See 
Micrococcus conglomerates, Weichselbaum. Neisseria 



gonorrhoeae. See Micrococcus gonorrhoea , Neisser. 
Neisseria lactea. See Micrococcus lacteus favifor- 
mis, Neisser. Neisseria lyssae. See Micrococcus 
lyssa, Neisser. Neisseria petechialis. See Micro- 
coccus petechialis, Neisser. Neisseria rebellis. See 
Micrococcus of trachoma, Sattler. Neisseria rosea. 
See Micrococcus roseus, Maggiora. Neisseria sub- 
flava. See Micrococcus subftavus, Fliigge. Neisseria 
tardissima. See Micrococcus albicans tardissimus, 
Bumm. Neisseria weichselbaumii. See Micro- 
coccus intercellular is meningitidis, Neumann and 
Schaffer. Neisseria winckleri. See Bacillus beri- 
bericus, Lacerda. Nitrifying Bacillus of Wino- 
gradsky, Nitromonas of Winogradsky. Obtained 
from the soil. No growth on ordinary culture media. 
One of the very few nitrifying ferments. Nosema 
bombycis, Nageli. See Microbe de la pebrine, Pasteur. 
Obermeier'scher Recurrensfaden, Weigert. Ober- 
meier'scher Recurrensspirillum, Engelmann. See 
Spirillum obermeierii. Ophidomonas jenensis, 
Ophidomonas sanguinea, Ehrenberg. See Bcggi- 
atoa roseo-persicina, Zopf. Orchiococcus. See 
Diplococcus of Orchitis, Hugouneng and Eraud. 
Oscillaria alba, Vaucher. See Beggiatoa alba, Trev- 
isan. Oscillaria arachnoidea, Agardh. See Bcg- 
giatoa arachnoidea, Trevisan. Oscillaria leptomi- 
tiformis, Meneghi. See Bcggiatoa leptomitiformis, 
Trevisan. Oscillaria tigrina. See Beggiatoa tigrina, 
Rabenhorst. Oscillaria versatilis, Kiitzing. See 
Beggiatoa arachnoidea, Trevisan. Osteo-myelitis- 
kokken, Becker. See Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, 
Ogston. Palmella infusionum, Ehrenberg. See 
Bacillus termo, Dujardin. Palmella prodigiosa, 
Mont. See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Palmel- 
lina capillorum (Radlkoffer), Bulh. Syn., Zooglcca 
capillorum , Bulh. Found in the epidermis of the head ; 
supposed to affect the color of the hair. Panhystophy- 
ton ovatum, Lebert. See Microbe de la pebrine, Pas- 
teur. Passet's Faulnissbacillus. Passet's Putrefy- 
ing Bacillus of Pus. See Bacillus pyogenes fostidus, 
Passet. Peach-colored Bacterium, Lankester. See 
Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, Zopf. Pediococcus acidi 
lactici, Lindner. P"ound in hay infusion and in mash 
from malt. aer. , facanaer. , ?zliqf, tzpg. Pediococcus 
albus, Lindner. Found in well water, aer. , liqf , npg. 
Pediococcus aurantiacus, Cohn. See Micrococcus 
aurantiacus, Cohn. Pediococcus cerevisiae, Balcke. 
Syn., Sarcina cercvisia, Lindner. Found in beer and 
in the air of breweries, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf., npg. 
Peroncitoa scarlatinosa?. See Micrococcus scarla- 
tina, Pohl-Pincus. Pfeiffer's Bacillus. See Bacil- 
lus capsulatus, Pfeiffer. Photobacterium balticum, 
Fischer. Found in the waters of the Baltic, aer., 
liqf., phos., npg. Cf. Bacillus phosphorescens indigen- 
us, Fischer. Photobacterium fischeri, Katz. 
Found in the waters of the Baltic. aer. , liqf. , phos. , 
npg. Photobacterium indicum, Fischer. See 
Bacillus phosphorescens, Fischer. Photobacterium 
luminosum, Beyerinck. Syn., Bacterie lumineuse 
de la mer du nord. Found on many of the phospho- 
rescent animals, crustaceous polyps, infusoria, of the 
North Sea. aer., liqf, phos., npg. Photobacte- 
rium pfliigeri, Ludwig. Syn., Bacterium pflugei-i, 
Micrococcus pflugeri. Found upon butcher's meat and 
upon market fish. The most phosphorescent of all 
light-producing bacteria. aer., liqf., phos., ngp. 
Photobacterium phosphorescens, Fischer. See 
Bacillus phosphoreus, Cohn. Photobacterium phos- 
phorescens, Cohn. Syn., Bacterium phosphorescens, 



Abbreviations.— aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic. chg.= chromogenic. facanaer. — facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
o*/. = obligate, oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic. sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



182 



BACTERIA 



Cohn. Found upon fish and in sea water. aer., 
nliqf.,npg. Pilz der blauen Milch. Set Bacillus 
cyanogenus, Fuchs. Pilz der Dextxangahrung. 
See Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Cienkowski. Pilz der 
Zahncaries. See Leptothrix buccalis, Robin. Pink 
Bacillus of Spreading Edema, A. B. Harris, aer. , 
nliqf.,pleom., dig. (pink), npg. Cf. Bacillus cedema- 
tis, Koch. Pleurococcus roseo-persicina, Raben- 
horst. See Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, Zopf. Pneu- 
mobacillus von Friedlander, Pneumobacillus 
friedlanderi. See Bacillus pneumonia? friedlanderi. 
Pneumobacillus liquefaciens bovis. See Bacillus 
liquefaciens bovis, Arloing. Pneumococcus von 
Frankel. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. 
Pneumococcus, Friedlander. Pneumonia-coccus 
of Friedlander, Sternberg. See Bacillus pneumonia 
friedlanderi. Pneumococque de Fraenkel. See Ba- 
cillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Pneumococcenahn- 
liche Bacillen, Ger. See Bacillus pseudopneumoni- 
cus, Passet. Potato Bacillus. Applied to Bacillus 
mesentericus fuscus, Fliigge. Bacillus mesentericus 
vulgatus, Fliigge. Bacterhcm mesentericus ruber, 
Globig. Pragmidiothrix multisepta, Engler. Syn., 
Beggiatoa multisepta. Found in sea water upon crus- 
taceans (Kieler Bucht). It is distinguished from 
Beggiatoa by the absence of sulphur grains. Praz- 
mowski's Bacillus of Butyric Acid Fermentation, 
Prazmowski' s Buttersaurebacillus, Ger. See Ba- 
cillus butyricus, Botkin, Prazmowski. Proteus bei 
Lungengangran des Menschen, Babes. Bacillus 
lethalis, Babes. Proteus capsulatus septicus, Pro- 
teus hominis capsulatus. See Bacillus hominis cap- 
sulatus, Banti, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Proteus lethalis. 
See Bacillus lethalis, Babes. Proteus mirabilis. See 
Bacillus mirabilis, Hauser. Proteus of Karlinski. See 
Bacillus murisepticus pleomorphics, Karlinski. Pro- 
teus septicus. See Bacillus septicus, Pasteur. Pro- 
teus sulfureus. See Bacillus sulfureus, Lindenborn. 
Proteus sulfureus of Holochenikoff, Proteus 
vulgaris, Hauser. See Bacillus vulgaris, Hauser. 
Proteus zenkeri. See Bacillus zenkeri, Hauser. 
Pseudodiphtheric Bacillus, Loffler, Von Hoff- 
mann, Roux, Yersin and Abbott. Found in the 
mucus from the pharynx and tonsils of children suf- 
fering from non-diphtheric throat affections. Pseudo- 
diplococcus pneumonia, Bonome. Obtained from the 
sero-fibrinous exudate of a person dead of cerebro- 
spinal meningitis, aer., nliqf., pg. Cf. Micro- 
coccus meningitidis, Neumann, and Bacillus meningi- 
tidis ptirulenttz, Neumann. Pseudoodembacillus. 
See Bacillus pseudosdemalis, Liborius. Pseudorot- 
laufbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus parvus ovatus, 
Loffler. Pseudotuberkuloser Bacillus, Ger. See 
Bacillus of pseudo-tuberculosis of rabbits, Eberth. 
Rasmussenia buccalis, Saccardo. See Leptothrix 
buccalis, Robin. Rauschbrandbacillus. See 
Bacillus chauvcei, Bollinger and Feser. Recurrens- 
spirochaete, Birsch-Hirschfeld. See Spirillum ober- 
meierii. Red Bacillus of Water. See Bacillus 
ruber, Frank and Becker. Rhinosclerombacillus. 
See Bacillus rhinoscleromatis , Cornil and Alvarez. 
Rinderpestbacillus. See Bacillus septiccemice hem- 
orrhagica:, Sternberg. Rod Bacteria, Bacteries en 
batonet, Fr. Rosenbach's Putrefaction Bacilli, 
Rosenbach's Faulnisbacillen, Ger. See Bacillus 
saprogenes, I, II, III, Rosenbach. Roter Bacillus 
aus Wasser. See Red bacillus of water. Roter 
Kartoffelbacillus, Globig. See Bacillus mesenteri- 
cus ruber, Globig. Rotlauf bacillus. See Bacillus 



erysipelatos suis, Koch and Loffler. Rotzbacillus. 
See Bacillus mallei, Loffler. Saccharomyces albi- 
cans, Robin. Syn., Oidium albicans, Robin. Sac- 
charomyces apiculatus, Reess. Occurs in fermented 
wine and beer, and, in the hot seasons, on sweet suc- 
culent fruits ; in winter, in the soil beneath the trees 
that bear these fruits ; a bottom yeast. Saccharo- 
myces cerevisiae, Reess and Robin. Syn., Crypto- 
coccus cerevisice, Kiitzing, Cryptococcus fermentatuin, 
torula cerevisice, yeast plant. Under this heading are 
included a series of different over and under yeasts. 
Saccharomyces conglomeratus, Reess. As the 
result of Hansen's investigations this species has been 
dropped by recent writers. Saccharomyces ellip- 
soideus I, II, Hansen, a " wild" species of wine 
ferment, II ; gives rise to the muddiness of beer. 
Saccharomyces exiguus, Hansen. Found in Ger- 
man yeast ; acts toward sugar exactly as does Sac- 
charomyces marxianus. Saccharomyces glutinis. 
Syn., Cryptococcus glutinis, Fersen. A pullulating 
yeast that forms beautiful rose-colored patches on 
cooked potatoes. Saccharomyces guttulatus, 
Robin. Syn., Cryptococcus guttulatus, Robin, Winter. 
Champignon du tube digestif du lapin et autres her- 
bivores, Remack. Found in the esophagus, stomach 
and intestines of mammals, birds, and reptiles. The 
feces of patients suffering from tunnel anemia, or anchy- 
lostomiasis, frequently contain this species of sacchar- 
omyces. Saccharomyces inequalis, a doubtful 
species. Saccharomyces lactis, Adametz. Syn., 
Milk-yeast. Found in milk, of which it ferments the 
milk-sugar. Saccharomyces marxianus. Found 
in wine ; acts vigorously on saccharose, inverting and 
fermenting it with great activity ; it also acts on dex- 
trose. Saccharomyces membranifaciens. Forms 
a bright yellow, tough scum on beer- wort ; liquefies 
gelatin ; has no fermentative action on ordinary carbo- 
hydrates, and does not invert cane-sugar. Sacchar- 
omyces minor, Engel. According to Engel this 
is the cause of fermentation in bread. Sacchar- 
omyces mycoderma, Reess. Syn., Mycoderma 
mesentericum, Pers. Mycoderma cerevisice et villi, 
Desm. Hormiscium vini et cerevisice, Bonard. Myco- 
derma vini, Pasteur. Mycoderma cerevisice, Trecul. 
Fiore del vino e della birra, Ital. Found on the sur- 
face of wine and beer, forming the so-called " flowers 
of wine." Saccharomycetes nebulosus, a doubt- 
ful species. Saccharomyces pasteurianus, Reess. 
According to Hansen, this represents a group of 
three forms that cause disease in beer and wine. 
Saccharomyces pyriformis, Ward. Found in the 
fermentation of ginger-beer. A bottom yeast which 
develops much C0 2 but little alcohol ; it inverts cane- 
sugar and ferments the products ; does not ferment 
milk-sugar, aer. , facanaer. Saccharomyces ruber, 
Demme. Found in milk and cheese, forming red 
spots in the latter, and a red sediment in the former. 
nliqf. Saccharomyces vaccinae, Pfeiffer. Found 
in the lymph of a vaccinia pustule ; nothing known of 
its action. Saprogenic bacillus. Syn., Bacille 
saprogene, Fr. Any bacillus which produces putre- 
faction, e. g., Bacillus saprogenes, Rosenbach, q. v. 
Sarcina alba, Eisenberg. Found in air and water. 
aer., liqf, npg. Sarcina aurantiaca. Syn., 
Orange Sarcina, Koch. Found in air and water. 
aer. , liqf, dig. (orange yellow), npg. Sarcina 
aurea, Mace. Found in the pulmonary exudates of 
a person dead of a bastard pneumonia complicated 
with purulent pleurisy. aer., liqf, chg. (brilliant 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic. anaer.= anaerobic, chg. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obl. = obligate. oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic. sap.= saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



183 



BACTERIA 



golden yellow). Sarcina botulina, Van den Corput. 
Found in cases of poisoning with tainted sausage, 
[botulismus) and believed to be the active agent. Cf. 
Bacillus of allantiasis. Sarcina Candida, Reinke. 
Found in the air of breweries. aer., liqf., npg. 
Sarcina cerevisiae, Lindner. Syn., Pediococcus 
cerevisice, Balcke. Found in beer and the air of brew- 
eries, aer. , facanaer., nliqf, npg. Sarcine de 
l'estomac. See Sarcina ventriculi, Goodsir. Sar- 
cina flava, De Bary. Found in beer, aer., liqf., 
chg. (yellow), npg. Sarcina fuscescens, Falken- 
heim. Found in the human stomach. Sarcina hya- 
lina, Kutzing. Syn. , Merismopedia hyalina, Kiitz- 
ing. Found in swamps. Sarcina intestinalis, 
Zopf. Found in the intestines of chickens and tur- 
keys, principally in the cecum. Sarcina in the Mouth 
and Lungs, Fischer. According to De Bary the 
original description is not sufficiently clear for com- 
parison. Sarcina litoralis, CErstedt. Syn., Meris- 
mopedia litoralis, Rabenhorst, B/ythroconis, CErstedt. 
Found in sea water ; forms a thin reddish layer be- 
tween decomposing algae on the shore. Sarcina 
lutea, Schroter. Found in the air, and in fungus cul- 
tures, aer., liqf., chg. (yellow), npg. Sarcina 
minuta, De Bary. Occurred spontaneously in a 
culture of sour milk on a microscopic slide ; resem- 
bles Sarcina welckeri. Sarcina mobilis, Maurea. 
Found in old ascitic fluid, aer., liqf, mot., chg. 
(brick-red). Sarcina morrhuae. Obtained from 
codfish. Sarcina of the Lungs. See Sarcina 
pulmonum, Hauser. Sarcina of the Urine. See 
Sarcuia urina, Welcker. Sarcine paludosa, 
Schroter. Found in bog water. Sarcina pulmo- 
num, Hauser. Syn., Sarcina of the lungs. Lungen- 
sarcine, Ger. Found in sputum, aer., nliqf, npg. 
Sarcina reitenbachii, Caspary. Syn., Merismope- 
dium reitenbachii, Caspary — (also misprinted Reichen- 
bachii). Found in fresh water on decaying plants. 
Sarcina renis, Flepworth. Found in the lungs of per- 
sons dead of pulmonary tuberculosis. Sarcina rosea, 
Menge. Found in milk and other food-stuffs. Held to 
be distinct from the form described by Schroter. aer. , 
liqf., chg. (rose-red), npg. Sarcina rosea, Schroter. 
Found in the air. aer. , liqf. , chg. (intense red, giving 
same reaction as the pigment of Sarcina aurantiacd), 
ngp. Sarcina urinae, Welcker. Syn., Merismopedia 
urines, Rabenhorst. Sarcina of the urine ; sarcine de 
la urine, Fr. , Hartze. Found in the bladder; appears 
to be destitute of zymotic action. Sarcina ventri- 
culi, Goodsir. Syn., Sarcine de l'estomac, Fr. Harn- 
sarcine, Ger. Common in the stomach of man and 
animals. De Bary finds two forms side by side, but 
offers no information as to their genetic relations, aer. , 
nliqf., npg. Sarcina welckeri, Rossmann. Re- 
peatedly found in the human bladder and voided for 
months at a time in the urine, which is usually abnor- 
mally rich in phosphates, the patient retaining good 
health. Scheidenbacillus. See Bacillus vaginalis, 
Doderlein. Scheutzia laughlini. Syn., Micrococcus 
of Dengue, Staphylococcus of Dengue, Dengue Micro- 
cocci. Found in the blood of patients suffering from 
dengue. Pathogenetic relations not determined. 
Schweinerotlaufbacillus. See Bacillus erysipela- 
tos suis, Koch. Septischer Erdbacillus. See Ba- 
cillus septicus agrigenus, Nicolaier. Septischer Spu- 
tumbacillus. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. 
Smegma bacillus. See Bacillus of the Smegma. 
Sphaerococcus acidi lactici, Marpmann. Found 
in fresh cow's milk. aer. , nliqf. , npg. Sphaerotilus 



natans, Kutzing, Saccardo. Syn. , Lcptolhrix nutans. 
Found in running and stagnant water. Old portions 
yellowish, younger portions colorless. Spirille du 
cholera. See Spirillum cholera: asiaticar, Koch. 
Spirille du mucus nasal. See Spirillum nasale, 
Weibel. Spirillo colerogeno di Koch, Ital. See 
Spirillum cholera' asiaticcc, Koch ; Spirillum amylife- 
rum, Van Tieghem. Found in water. P'orms granu- 
lose at certain developmental stages ; gives the blue 
reaction with iodin. Cf. Bacillus butyric us, Praz- 
mowski. Spirillum anserum. Syn., Spirochete 
anserina, Sakharoff. Found in the blood of geese 
affected with a fatal form of septicemia due to this 
microbe. A disease prevalent in the swampy regions 
of Caucasia. aer., mot., pg. (not for chickens). 
Spirillum a of Weibel. See Spirillum saprophiles a, 
Weibel. Spirillum attenuatum, Warming. Found 
in sea water. Spirillum aureum. Syn., Vibrio 
aureus, Weibel. Found in the air and the slime of 
sewers, aer. , nliqf, nmot., chg. (golden yellow), 
npg. Spirillum (i of Weibel. See Spirillum sapro- 
philes p, Weibel. Spirillum cholerae asiaticae, Koch. 
Syn., Spirillum cholera'. Spirillum of cholera, Bacillus 
of cholera, Comma bacillus of Koch, Spirille du 
cholera, Bacille du cholera, Bacille en virgule, Bacille 
virgula choleregene, Fr. Bacillo a virgola, Bacillo 
virgulato, Ital. Found in the discharges of cholera 
patients and in the intestines of cholera cadavers, aer.., 
facanaer. , liqf ., mot., pg. Spirillum concentricum, 
Kitasato. Found in putrefying blood, aer. , nliqf, 
mot., npg. Spirillum denticola, Miller; or, Spiril- 
lum dentium, Arnt. Syn., Spirochata denticola, 
Spirochafa dentium. Found under the margins of 
the gums in the mouths of healthy persons ; biologic 
characters unknown, as it does not thrive in culture 
fluids. Spirillum endoparagogicum, Sorokin. 
Found in a glairy liquid exuding from a poplar tree. 
Spirillum finkleri, Spirillum Finkler-Prior. Syn., 
Vibrio proteus. Bacillus von Finkler-Prior, Bacillus 
Epsilon von Miller. Found in the feces of persons 
affected with cholera nostras, after allowing the 
discharge to stand for some time. aer. , facanaer., 
liqf. , mot. Pathogenetic relation not confirmed. 
Spirillum flavescens. Syn., Vibrio flavescens, 
Weibel. Found in the slime of sewers, aer., nliqf., 
nmot., chg. (yellowish-green), npg. Spirillum 
flavum. Syn., Vibrio flavescens, Weibel. Found in 
the slime of sewers, aer. , nliqf., nmot., chg. (ocher 
yellow), npg. Spirillum jenensis, Ehrenberg. Syn., 
Ophidomonas jenensis , Ehrenberg. A doubtful species. 
Spirillum leucomelaenum, Perty. Found in water 
containing decaying algae. Spirillum linguae. Syn., 
Vibrio lingualis, Zungenbelagvibrio, Weibel. Found 
in the deposit on the tongue of a mouse, after inocu- 
lation, aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. (for mice). 
Spirillum litorale, Warming. Syn., Vibrio spirillum, 
Muller ; Alclunella spirillum, Borg. Found in bog 
water. Spirillum metschnikovi. Syn., Vibrio 
metschnikovi, Gameleia. Found in the intestinal con- 
tents of chickens affected, in Russia, with an epi- 
demic infectious disease resembling fowl cholera, aer. , 
facanaer, [?)liqf, mot., pg. Spirillum nasale. Syn., 
Vibrio nasale, Weibel. Nasenschleimvibrio, Ger. 
Spirille du mucus nasale, Fr. Found in nasal mucus. 
aer., facanaer, nliqf, nmot., npg. Spirillum ober- 
meieri, Cohn. Syn., Spirochieta obermeieri. Spiril- 
lum of relapsing fever. Recurrensspirochaete, Ober- 
meier'scher Recurrensfaden,Weigert, Obermeier'scher 
Recurrensspirillum, Engel. Found in the blood 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, chg. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
o<W. = obligate, oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. =-- saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



184 



BACTERIA 



of persons affected with relapsing fever, aer. , mot. 
(efforts to cultivate thus far unsuccessful),/^. Spiril- 
lum of Asiatic cholera. Spirillum of cholera. See 
Spirillum cholera asiaticce, Koch. Spirillum of 
Denecke. See Spirillum tyrogenum, Denecke. 
Spirillum of Finkler and Prior. See Spirillum 
finkleri. Spirillum of Miller. Syn., Miller's 
bacillus. Found in carious teeth, aer., facanaer., 
liqf., mot., npg. Spirillum of Relapsing Fever. 
See Spirillum obermeieri, Cohn. Spirillum of 
Smith. Found in the intestines of swine. aer., nliqf, 
mot., npg. Spirillum plicatile, Dujardin. Syn., 
Spirochiete plicatilis, Ehrenberg ; Spirulina plicatilis, 
Cohn. Found in water containing decomposing algaj. 
Biologic characters undetermined. Spirillum rosa- 
ceum. Observed upon excrement in water, aer., 
dig. (red), npg. Spirillum rosenbergii, Warming. 
Found in brackish water. Contains refractive 
sulphur grains. aer., mot. Spirillum roseum, 
Mace. Found in a tube culture of blennor- 
rhagic pus. aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (rose-red), npg. 
Spirillum rubrum, von Esmarch. Obtained from 
the putrefying body of a mouse, aer. , facanaer. , 
nliqf., mot., chg. (pink), npg. Spirillum rufum, 
Perty. Found in cistern water. aer. , mot. , chg. 
(rose-red), npg. Spirillum rugula, Muller. Syn., 

Vibrio rugula. Pound in swamp water and frequent- 
ly in the alimentary canal, on the teeth, etc. aer. , 
facanaer., mot., npg. According to Prazmowski this 
species gives rise to decomposition of cellulose. 
Spirillum sanguineum. See Beggiatoa roseo- 
persicina, Zopf. Spirillum saprophiles a of 
Weibel. Syn. , Vibrio saprophiles a of Weibel. 
Found in rotting hay infusion and in the slime of 
sewers, aer., nliqf, mot., npg. Spirillum sapro- 
philes /? of Weibel. Syn. , Vibrio saprophiles j3, 
Weibel. Found in rotting hay infusion, aer. , nliqf, 
mot., npg. Spirillum saprophiles y of Weibel. 
Syn., Vibrio saprophiles y, Weibel. Found in the 
slime of sewers, aer., nliqf. , mot. , npg. Spirillum 
serpens, Muller. Syn., Vibrio serpens, Muller. 
Found in stagnant water containing decaying 
plants, etc. Biologic characters not determined. 
Spirillum sputigenum, Miller. Common in the 
neglected mouths of healthy persons. Does not 
grow on culture media. Spirillum tenue, Ehren- 
berg. Found in putrefying plant infusions. Biologic 
characters undetermined. Spirillum tyrogenum, 
Denecke. Syn., Bacille de Denecke, Fr. Bacillus 
von Denecke, Kasespirillum, Ger. Spirillum of 
Denecke, Bacillus of cheese, Denecke's cheese spiril- 
lum. Found in old cheese, aer., facanaer., liqf. , 
mot., pg. (for guinea pigs). Spirillum undula, 
Cohn, Muller. Syn., Vibrio undula, Muller; Vibrio 
prolifer, Ehrenberg. Found in zooglea masses in 
swamp water, vegetable infusions, etc. aer., mot., 
npg. Spirillum violaceum, Warming. Found in 
brackish water; cell contents violet, with a few sul- 
phur grains. Spirillum volutans, Ehrenberg. Syn., 

Vibrio spirillum, Muller ; Melunella spirillum, Borg. 
Found in infusions and in bog water. Biologic 
characters undetermined. Spirochete anserina, 
Sakharoff. See Spirillum anserum. Spirochsete 
denticola, Miller. Spirochaete dentium, Arnt. See 
Spirillum dentium. Spirochaete obermeieri. See 
Spirillum obermeieri, Cohn. Spirochete plicatilis, 
Ehrenberg. See Spirillum plicatile, Dujardin. Spiro- 
monas cohnii, Warming. Found in foul water. 
Spiromonas volubilis, Pertz. Found in putrefy- 



ing infusions and in bog water. Sporonema gra- 
cile. See Bacillus virens. Van Tieghem. Spu- 
tumbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus , 
Fliigge. Stafilococco piogeno aureo, Ital. See 
Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach. Staphy- 
lococcus albus liquefaciens, Escherich. Syn., - 
White liquefying staphylococcus. Found in the alvine 
discharges of healthy infants, aer., liqf ., npg. Sta- 
phylococcus biskrae. See Micrococcus of Heyden- 
reich. Staphylococcus cereus albus, Passet. See 
Micrococcus cereus albus, Passet. Staphylococcus 
cereus aureus, Schroter and Winkler. See Micro- 
coccus cereus aureus, S. and W. Staphylococcus 
cereus flavus, Passet. See Micrococcus cereus f/avus , 
Passet. Staphylococcus citreus. See Micrococcus 
citreus, List. Staphylococcus epidermidis albus, 
Welch. See Micrococcus pyogenes albus, Rosenbach. 
Staphylococcus pulvus. See Micrococcus pulvus, 
Cohn. Staphylococcus of Dengue, McLaughlin. 
See Scheutzia lauhglini. Staphylococcus of pem- 
phigus, De Michele. Obtained from the skin, kid- 
ney and spleen of a case of pemphigus chronica. 
Staphylococcus passetti. See Micrococcus cereus 
flavus, Passet. Staphylococcus pyogenes albus, 
Rosenbach. See Micrococcus pyogeties albus, Rosen- 
bach. Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, Ogston, 
Becker. Syn., Staphylococco pyogeno aureo, Ital. 
See Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach. Sta- 
phylococcus pyogenes citreus, Passet. See Micro- 
coccus pyogenes citreus, Passet. Staphylococcus 
pyosepticus, Hericourt and Richet. See' Micrococcus 
pyosepticus, Richet. Staphylococcus salivarius 
pyogenes, Biondi. See Micrococcus salivarius pyo- 
genes, Biondi. Staphylococcus viridis flavescens, 
Guttmann. Syn. , Micrococcus of chicken-pox. Found 
in the vesicles of varicella, aer., nliqf. , chg. (greenish 
yellow), npg. Streptococcus acidi lactici, Groten- 
feldt. Found in coagulated milk in Finland, anaer. 
(not strictly), nliqf, npg. Streptococcus aethebius. 
See Micrococcus tirece liquefaciens , Fliigge. Strepto- 
coccus albus, Maschek. Syn. , Weisser Streptococcus, 
Ger. Found in hydrant water (Freiburg), aer., liqf., 
npg. Streptococcus apthicola, Hallier. See Strep- 
tocytus of eczema epizootica, Schottelius. Strepto- 
coccus articulorum, Loffler. Syn., Micrococcus of 
diphtheria. Obtained from the affected mucous mem- 
brane in cases of diphtheria. Possibly a variety of 
Micrococcus pyogenes, pg. (for mice). Streptococcus 
bombycis. See Micrococcus bombycis, Cohn. Strep- 
tococcus brevis, Von Lingelsheim. Obtained from 
normal human saliva, aer., facanaer., nliqf, npg. 
Streptococcus cadaveris, Sternberg. Found in the 
liver of a yellow-fever cadaver. aer. , facanaer., 
nliqf. , npg. Probably identical with the pre- 
ceding species. Streptococcus cinnabareus. See 
Micrococcus cinnabareus, Fliigge. Streptococcus 
coli gracilis, Escherich. Found in the feces of 
healthy children living on a meat diet, aer., facanaer . , 
liqf, u/>g. Streptococcus conglomeratus, Kurth. 
Obtained from cases of scarlet fever, pg. (for mice). 
Streptococcus coronatus, Fliigge. See Micrococcus 
coronatus, Fliigge. Streptococcus coryzae conta- 
giosae equorum, Schiitz. Syn., Streptococcus der 
Druse des Pferdes. Bacterium der Brustseuche des 
Pferdes, Ger. Bacterium of infectious pneumonia in 
the horse. Found in the pus from diseased lymphatic 
glands in horses suffering with infectious pneumonia, 
the disease being known in Germany as Druse des 
Pferdes. aer. , facanaer., pg. (for horses and mice), 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, chg. =chromogenic. facanaer. — facultative anaerobic, liqf. = Iiquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphie. mot . = motile, nliqf. — non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obl. = obligate, oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent, plcom.— pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



185 



BACTERIA 



npg. (for rabbits, guinea pigs and pigeons). Strep- 
tococcus des Gelenkrheumatismus, Leyden. 
See Bacillus rheumarthrilidis , Kussmaul. Strep- 
tococcus endocarditicus. See Micrococcus endo- 
carditicus rugatus, Weichselbaum. Streptococcus 
erysipelatis (erysipelatos), Fehleisen. See Micro- 
coccus pyogenes, Rosenbach. Streptococcus fer- 
menti. See Micrococcus viniperda. Streptococ- 
cus giganteus urethrae, Lustgarten and Manne- 
berg. Found in the healthy human urethra, aer. , 
npg. Streptococcus havaniensis, Sternberg. Found 
in the acid vomit of a yellow-fever patient. Biologic 
characters undetermined. Streptococcus insecto- 
rum, Burrill. See Micrococcus inscctorum, Burrill. 
Streptococcus kochii. See Micrococcus of septi- 
cemia in rabbits, Koch. Streptococcus lanceolatus 
pasteuri, Gamaleia. See Bacillus septicus sputigcuits , 
Fliigge. Streptococcus liquefaciens, Sternberg. 
Obtained from the intestines and livers of yellow-fever 
cadavers. aer., facanaer., liqf, npg. Streptococcus 
longus, von Lingelsheim. See Micrococcus pyogenes , 
Rosenbach. Streptococcus lucae. Set Micrococcus 
ulceris mollis. Streptococcus manfredii. See Mi- 
crococcus manfredii. Streptococcus meningitidis. 
See Micrococcus intercellularis meningitidis, Naumann 
and Schaffer. Streptococcus monomorphus, Buj- 
wid, Heryng. Found in benign pharyngeal ulcers. 
npg. Streptococcus morbillosus. See Micrococcus 
of measles. Streptococcus nocardi. See Micrococ- 
cus mastobius, Nocard. Streptococcus ochroleucus. 
See Micrococcus ochroleucus, Prove and Legrain. 
Streptococcus of Bonome. Obtained from the ex- 
udations in the cerebro-spinal meninges and from 
hemorrhagic extravasations in the lungs, in cases of 
epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis, pg. (for white mice 
and rabbits). Streptococcus of granuloma fun- 
goides, Rindfleisch and Auspetz. See Streptococcus 
of mycosis fungoides. Streptococcus of Manneberg. 
Obtained from the urine in cases of acute nephritis. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., pg. (for dogs and rabbits). 
Streptococcus of mastitis in cows. See Alicrococ- 
c?es mastobius, Nocard and Mollereau. Streptococcus 
of mycosis fungoides. Streptococcus of granuloma- 
fungoides, Rindfleisch and Auspetz. Found in the 
capillaries and subcutaneous tissue in the parts affected 
by this disease. Not sufficiently investigated. Strep- 
tococcus of pus. See Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. 
Streptococcus perniciosus psittacorum, Eberthand 
Wolf. See Micrococcus psittaci, Wolf. Streptococ- 
cus pneumoniae, Weichselbaum. See Micrococcus 
pyogenes, Fliigge. Streptococcus putrefaciens. 
Micrococcus of putrefaction. Refers to any one of the 
many micrococci found in putrefying substances. 
Streptococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach. See Micro- 
coccus pyogenes, Rosenbach. Streptococcus pyo- 
genes, Saccardo. See Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. 
Streptococcus pyogenes maligni, Krause and 
Fliigge. Found in necrotic masses in a leukemic 
spleen, pg. (for mice and rabbits). Streptococcus py- 
ogenes ureae, Rorsing. Found in purulent urine. Cf. 
Micrococcus pyogenes urea Jiavus, Rorsing. Strepto- 
coccus radiatus. See Micrococcus radiatus, Fliigge. 
Streptococcus rubiginosus, Edington. Found in 
cases of scarlatina, npg. Does not appear till late in 
the disease. Streptococcus seiferti. See Micrococ- 
cus influenza, Letzerich. Streptococcus septicus, 
Fliigge. See Micrococcus septims, Fliigge. Streptococ- 
cus septicus liquefaciens, Babes. Obtained from 
the blood and viscera of a child who died of septicemia 



following scarlatina. a'ir.,liqf.,pg. (for mice and rab- 
bits). Streptococcus septopyaemicus. See Micro- 
coccus seplopycemicus , Biondi. Streptococcus toxica- 
tus. See Alicrococcus toxicatus, Burrill. Streptococcus 
ureae. See Micrococcus urea, Cohn. Streptococcus 
ureae rugosus, Rorsing. Found in urine. Strep- 
tococcus variolas. See Micrococcus variola et vac- 
cina, Cohn. Streptococcus vermiformis, Maschek. 
Syn. , wurmformiger Streptococcus, Ger. Found 
in hydrant water (Freiburg). aer., liqf., npg. 
Streptococque de l'erysipele, Streptococque pyo- 
gene vrai. See Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. 
Streptocytus puerperale, Doleris. See Bacillus 
puerperalis, Engel and Spillman. Streptocytus of 
Eczema epizobtica, Schottelius. Syn., Streptococcus 
apthicola, Hallier. Micrococcus of foot-and-mouth 
disease. Micrococcus der Maul- und Klauenseuche, 
Ger., Micrococco del afta epizootica, Ital. Found in 
vesicular eruptions about the mouth and feet of cattle, 
pigs and sheep. Communicable toman, aer., facanaer. 
Pathogenesis not fully settled. Cf. Bacillus of ulcera- 
tive stomatitis of calves. Streptothrix fcersteri, 
Cohn. See Cladothrix fcersteri, Cohn. Swine 
Plague Schizophyte, Detmers. See Bacillus of 
swine plague, Marseilles, Rietsch and Jobert. 
Syphilis Bacillus. See Bacillus syphilidis, Lust- 
garten. Syphilis Bacillus of Eve and Lingard. 
Obtained in cultures from the blood and diseased 
tissues of syphilitics who have not undergone mer- 
curial treatment, aer. , chg (pale yellow or brown). 
Pathogenetic relations not settled. Not stained by 
Lustgarten's method; capable of development on 
blood-serum. Tetanus Bacillus. See Bacillus 
tetani , Nicolaier. Thiothrix nivea. See Beggiatoa 
nivea, Rabenhorst. Thiothrix tenuis, "Winogradsky. 
Found in sulphur springs. Thiothrix tenuissima, 
Winogradsky. Found in sulphur springs. Torula 
cerevisiae. See Saccharomyccs cerevisice, Reess and 
Robin. Torula ureae, Pasteur. See Alicrococcus 
■urea, Cohn. Trachomcoccus, Ger. See Micro- 
coccus of Trachoma, Sattler and Michel. Tripper- 
coccus, Ger. See Alicrococcus gonorrhoea:, Neisser. 
Trommelschlagerbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus pu- 
trificus coli, Bienstock. Tubercle-bacillus. See 
Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Typhus bacillus. 
See Bacillus typhi abdominalis, Eberth. Tyrothrix 
catenula, Duclaux. See Bacillus catemda, Duclaux. 
Tyrothrix claviformis, Duclaux. See Bacillus 
claviformis, Duclaux. Tyrothrix distortus, Du- 
claux. See Bacillus distortus, Duclaux. Tyrothrix 
filiformis, Duclaux. See Bacillus filiformis, 
Duclaux. Tyrothrix geniculatus, Duclaux. See 
Bacillus geniculatus, Duclaux. Tyrothrix scaber, 
Duclaux. See Bacillus scaber, Duclaux. Tyrothrix 
tenuis, Duclaux. See Bacillus tenuis, Duclaux. 
Tyrothrix turgidus, Duclaux. See Bacillus turgidus, 
Duclaux. Tyrothrix urocephalus, Duclaux. See 
Bacillus urocephalus , Duclaux. Tyrothrix virgula, 
Duclaux. See Bacillus virgula, Duclaux. Ulvina 
aceti, Kiitzing. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing. Uro- 
bacillus duclauxi, Miquel. Found in sewage and 
river water, aer., facanaer., mot., liqf. Pathogenesis 
not determined. Urobacillus freudenreichii, Miquel, 
Obtained from air, dust, sewage. aer., liqf. , mot. 
Pathogenesis not determined. Urobacillus maddoxi, 
Miquel. Obtained from sewage and river water. 
aer. , liqf. , mot. Pathogenesis not determined. 
Urobacillus pasteuri, Miquel. Obtained from 
decomposing urine, aer. , liqf. , mot. Pathogenesis not 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, chg. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = Hquefac- 
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-niotile. npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obi. = obligate, oscl. ^oscillating. pg- = pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent. pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



186 



BAG 



determined. Urobacillus schiitzenbergii, Miquel. 
Obtained from sewage and river water, aer. , liqf., 
mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Verfliissi- 
gender Bacillus aus Wasser, Ger. Liquefying 
bacillus of water. See Bacillus aquaticus liqucfaciens , 
Pokrowsky. Vibrio aureus, Weibel. See Spirillum 
aiireum. Vibrio bacillus, Miiller, Ehrenberg. See 
Bacillus tdna, Cohn. Vibrio cholerae. See Spir- 
illum cholera asialicce, Koch. Vibrio cyanogenus, 
Ehrenberg. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Fuchs. Vibrio 
flavescens, Weibel. See Spirillum Jlavescens, Wei- 
bel. Vibrio flavus, Weibel. See Spirillum flavum, 
Weibel. Vibrio lineola, Miiller and Ehrenberg. 
See Bacterium lineola, Cohn. Vibrio lingualis. 
See Spirillum linguce, Weibel. Vibrio metschnikovi, 
Gamaleia. See Spirillum metschnikovi, Gamaleia. 
Vibrio nasalis, Weibel. See Spirillum nasale, 
Weibel. Vibrio proteus. See Spirillum finkleri. 
Vibrio rugula, Miiller. See Spirillum rugula, 
Miiller. Vibrio saprophiles a, Weibel. See 
Spirillum saprophiles a, Weibel. Vibrio sapro- 
philes (3, Weibel. See Spirillum saprophiles f3, 
Weibel. Vibrio saprophiles y, Weibel. See 
Spirillum saprophiles y, Weibel. Vibrio serpens, 
Miiller. See Spirillum serpens, Miiller. Vibrio 
syncyanus, Ehrenberg. See Bacillus cyanogenus, 
Fuchs. Vibrio synxanthus, Ehrenberg. See Bacil- 
lus synxanthus, Ehrenberg and Schroter. Vibrio 
tremulans, Ehrenberg. See Bacterium lineola, 
Cohn. Vibrio undula, Miiller. See Spirillum 
undula, Miiller. Vibrio Xanthogenus, Fuchs. 
Bacillus synxanthus, Ehrenberg and Schroter. 
Vibrion butyrique, Pasteur. See Bacillus butyricus, 
Prazmowski. Vibrion septique. See Bacillus 
osdemalis maligni, Koch. Violet Bacillus. See 
Bacillus janthinus, Zopf. Violetter Bacillus aus 
Wasser, Ger. See Bacillus violaceus, Becker. 
Wasserbacillen, Wasserbacterien, Ger. Bacilli 
and bacteria of water. Weisser Bacillus aus 
Wasser. Ger. See Bacillus alius, Becker. Weis- 
ser Streptococcus, Ger. See Streptococcus albus, 
Maschek. White Bacillus of Water. See Bacillus 
albus, Becker. White Liquefying Staphylococcus. 
See Staphylococcus albus liquefaciens, Escherich. 
Wunderblut, Ger. See Bacillus prodigiosics, Ehren- 
berg. Wurzelbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus ramosus, 
Eisenberg. Wurzelbacillus aus Erde. See Ba- 
cillus mycoides, Fliigge. Xerosebacillus, Ger. See 
Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis conjunctiva, Leber. 
Yellowish-white Micrococcus, Bumm. See 
Micrococcus subflavus, Fliigge. Ziegelroter Ba- 
cillus, Adametz. See Bacillus latericeus, Eisenberg. 
Zooglcea capillorum, Buhl. See Palmellina capil- 
lorum, Radlkofer. Zooglcea termo, Miiller, Cohn. 
See Bacillus termo, Dujardin. Zooglcea ramigera. 
A tree-like variety of Cladothrix dicliotoma, q. v. 
Zoogalactina imetropa, Sette. See Bacillus pro- 
digiosus, Ehrenberg. Zungenbelagvibrio, Ger. 
See Spirillum linguce, Weibel. 

Bacteriacea? {bak-te-re-a'-se-e) \_(i(tKTT]piov, a little stick]. 
A group or order of microscopic fungi ; the same as 
Sch izomycetes. 

Bacterial (bak-te'-re-al) \j3aKTr)piov, a little stick]. Re- 
sembling or of the nature of bacteria. 

Bactericidal (bak-te-ris-ld'-al) \_f3a.KTr/piov, a little stick; 
ccsdere, to kill]. Destructive to bacteria. 

Bactericide (bak-te'-ris-td) [flanr/'/piov, a little stick; 
cadere, to slay]. I. Destructive to bacteria. 2. An 
agent that destroys bacteria. 



Bacteridium (bak-ter-id' -e-uni) \_,3anri]piov, a little 
stick: pi. , Bacteridia_\. According to Davaine, a 
genus of Bacteriacese characterized by immobility of 
the elements at all periods of their existence. The 
distinction does not now obtain. 

Bacteriemia {bak-te-re-e' -me-ah) \_j3aK-i/piov, a little 
stick; ai/ia, blood]. The presence of bacteria in the 
blood. 

Bacterioid (bak-te' '-re-oid) \_l3anTi/piov, a little stick; 
«<)oc, form]. Applied to certain microorganisms flour- 
ishing in and around the roots of leguminous plants, 
assisting in the accumulation of nitrogen, and giving 
rise to tubercles. They may be cultivated in artifi- 
cial media like ordinary bacteria. (Brunchoist, Nobbe, 
etc.) 

Bacteriologist (bak-te-re-ol' -o-jisi) [_j3anTi/piov, a little 
stick; Xoyoc, science]. One who makes a special 
study of bacteriology. 

Bacteriology (bak-te-re-ol' -o-je) [_j3aK.Tr/pcov, a little stick ; 
'Koyoc, science]. That department of science that is 
concerned with the study of bacteria. 

Bacterio-protein [bak-te-re-o-pro' -te-in) \_(3aKri/piov, a 
little stick; npcoroc, first]. A protein contained in 
bacteria. 

Bacterio-purpurin (bak-te-re-o-per' -pu-rhi) \_j3anT>/piov, 
a little stick ; purpura, purple]. A peach-colored 
pigment found by Lankester in the protoplasm of 
Beggiatoa roseo-persicina. It is insoluble in water, 
alcohol, chloroform, ammonia, acetic and sulphuric 
acids, etc. 

Bacterioscopic (bak-te-re-o-skop' -ik) \_(3anrijpiov, a little 
stick; mcoTvelv, to view]. Pertaining to bacterioscopy. 

Bacterioscopy (bak-te-re-os' -ko-pe) \_(3aiiTr/ptov, a little 
stick ; ano-elv, to inspect]. The microscopic study of 
bacteria. 

Bacterio-therapeutic (bak-te-re-o-ther-ap-u' '-tik) [/3a/c- 
rijpiov, a little stick ; Oepaireia, treatment]. Relating 
to bacterio-therapy. 

Bacteriotherapy (bak-te-re-o-ther'-ap-e) \_(3aiiTJ]piov, a 
little stick; Oepaneia, treatment]. The treatment of 
disease by the introduction of bacteria into the system. 

Bacterious (bak-te' -re-us) [f3ctKT7/pcov, a little stick]. 
Bacterial. 

Bacterium (bak-te' '-re-um) \_(3aKTr)piov, a little stick ; 
dim. of j3aKrrjpia, a stick, staff: //., Bacteria_\. I. A 
term used to distinguish in a general way some of the 
simplest microscopic fungi, the Bacteriacea, Fission- 
fungi, or Schizomycetes, and other closely allied 
microbes. 2. A genus of short, cylindrical, motile 
Fission-fungi. 

Bacteriuria (bak-te-re-u'-re-ah) \_j3aKTr)piov, a little 
stick; ovpov, urine]. The presence of bacteria in 
the urine. 

Bacteroid (bak'-ter-oid) [f3aKrr/pioi', a little stick ; eldoc, 
form]. Resembling bacteria. 

Bad Disorder. Synonym of Syphilis. 

Badal's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bader's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Badiaga (bah-de-ah'-gah) [Rus., badyaga_\. A Rus- 
sian fresh-water sponge, Spongia lacustris, valued as 
a discutient and as a remover of the marks of bruises. 
Unof. 

Badian (ba'-de-an) \badius, bay] . The Star-anise. See 
Illicium . 

Baer's Law. See Law. B. Operations. See Opera- 
tions, Table of. B. Plane. See Plane. 

Bag (bag) [AS., boslg_\. I. A sac. 2. The scrotum. 
B., Barnes's. See Barnes's Dilators. B., Politzer's, 
a soft rubber bag for inflating the internal ear. B. of 



Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, ana'er. = anaerobic, chg. = chromogenie. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac- 
tive. monom. == monomorphic. mot. = motile. nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. 
obi. = obligate. ojc/. = oscillating, pg. = pathogenic, phos. = phosphorescent. pleom. = pleomorphic. sap. = saprophytic. 



BAGNIO 



187 



BALNEOLOGY 



Waters, the fetal membranes enclosing the liquor 
amnii, projecting through the as uteri early in labor. 
The sac usually ruptures when the cervix is dilated. 

Bagnio (ba/t'-yo) [It., bagno\. I. A house of prosti- 
tution. 2. A bath-house. 

Bailey's Flask. In dentistry, an apparatus for making 
metal dies. It consists of two semi-elliptic rings of 
iron — one nearly straight, the other a truncated cone 
with four keys — jointed so as to fit together. The 
straight ring is used as a casting-box for the sand as 
well as a form for the lead ; the other gives the pro- 
per shape to the zinc. 

Baillarger's Lines. See Lines, Table of. B. Streak. 
Same as Baillarger's Lines. 

Bain-Marie (ban-mah-re') [Fr.]. An instrument for 
immersing solutions, microorganisms, etc., in water or 
chemical solutions, thus keeping them at a desired 
temperature. 

Bain's Method. See Treatment : , Methods of '; also Arti- 
ficial Respiration. 

Bakers' Itch. An eczematous affection of the hands, 
caused by the irritation of the yeast. B. Salt, a syno- 
nym of smelling salts, or the subcarbonate of ammo- 
nia ; it is sometimes used by bakers in leavening cakes. 

Baker's Leg, knock-knee, or genu valgum. B. Opera- 
tions. See Operations, Table of. B. Pins, heavy 
pins used to hold bone surfaces in apposition after 
resection of a joint. 

Balance (pal' -ans) \_bilanx, a balance] . I . A device 
or apparatus for weighing; an indispensable adjunct of 
the art of pharmacy. 2. The harmonious adjustment 
of corresponding parts. 

Balanic (bal'-an-ik) \_(ia7iavoc, the glans penis]. Per- 
taining to the gland of the penis or of the clitoris. 

Balanism (pal' -an-izm) [palavoc, acorn ; pessary ; the 
glans penis] . The application of a pessary or supposi- 
tory. 

Balanitis (bal-an-i'-tis) \JiaKavoc, the glans penis ; m? , 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the glans penis, 
sometimes called Balano-posthitis. Phimosis is a fre- 
quent complication. See Posthitis. 

Balanoblennorrhea (bal-an-o-blen-o-re' -ah) \J5akavoq , 
the glans; (3Mvvoc, mucus; poia, a flow]. Gonor- 

■ rheal balanitis. 

Balano-chlamyditis (bal-an-o-klam-id-i' '-lis) [(iakavoc, 
the glans penis ; ^a//i'c, cloak ; mc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the glans and preputium of the cli- 
toris. 

Balanoplasty (baV ' -an-o-plas-te) \fiaKavoc, the glans 
penis ; irAaaceiv, to form]. Plastic surgery of the glans 
penis. 

Balanoposthitis (bal-an-o-pos-thi'-tis) [flaZavog, the 
glans penis ; ndaOri, prepuce ; itlc, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the glans penis and of the prepuce. 

Balanorrhagia (bal-an-or-a' -je-ah) \_fiaAavog, the glans 
penis; pi/yvvodai, to burst out]. Gonorrheal balanitis, 
with copious discharge of pus. 

Balanorrhea {pal-an-or-e' -aJi) \JSakavoq, the glans 
penis ; poia, a flow]. Balanitis. 

Balantidium (bal-an-tid' -e-um) \_3a\avri6iov, dim. of 
BaXavriov, a bag]. A genus of Protozoa. B. coli, 
a protozoan parasite that inhabits the pig, and has 
been found in the human intestine. See Parasites, 
Animal, Table of. 

Balanus (bal'-an-us) [/?d/Woc, an acorn]. I. The glans 
of the prepuce or of the clitoris. 2. A pledget, supposi- 
tory, or pessary. 

Balata (bal'-at-ah) [Native Guiana]. The dried, milky 
juice of the bully-tree (Sapota milleri) of Guiana. In 
its properties it is intermediate between caoutchouc 
and gutta-percha, and is used chiefly in England as a 
substitute for these materials. 



Balaustine (bal-a-ws'-fiii) \_3a\ahaTiov, the flower ot the 
wild pomegranate]. The flower of the Pomegranate, 
q. v. , formerly used in medicine. 

Balbuties (bal-bit' ' -she-ez) \balbulire, to stammer]. 
Stammering. 

Bald (bawld) [ME., balde, bald]. Wanting hair. A 
term applied to one who has lost the hair of the scalp. 
B. Ringworm. See Tinea tonsurans. 

Baldness (bawld'-nes) [ME., balde, bald]. Alopecia, 
whether congenital or acquired. When the loss of 
hair is circumscribed it is called tinea deealvans ; when 
general, it is called alopecia. Senile baldness is called 
calvities. Premature baldness is caused by disease. 
See Alopecia. 

Bale Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. B. Green. 
Same as Schweinfurt Green. 

Balfour's Test. See Death, Signs oj '. B.'s Treatment. 
See Treatment, Methods of. 

Ball (bawl) [ME., bal~\. I. In veterinary medicine, a 
pill or bolus. 2. Vulgarly, a testicle. B.-blue. 
Same as Prussian Blue. B.-and-Socket Joint. See 
Diarthrosis and Enarthrosis. B. Thrombus. See 
Thrombus. 

Ballast Fever (bal'-ast fe'-ver). See Fever. 

Ballet-dancer's Cramp. See Cramp. 

Balling's Saccharometric Beer-test. As by fer- 
mentation, 100 parts of malt-extract yield 50 parts 
of alcohol, twice the quantity of alcohol found will 
indicate the quantity of malt-extract necessary for its 
formation. This quantity of malt-extract added to that 
still existing in the beer indicates the whole of the 
malt-extract existing in the wort before fermentation. 

Ballingall's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Ballismus (bal-iz' -mus) [Ba'Alio/ioc, a leaping]. I. 
Chorea. 2. Paralysis agitans. 

Ballonnement (bal-loti-??wn(g)) [Fr.]. The balloon- 
ing or distending of a part for operative or diagnostic 
purposes. 

Balloon (bal-oon') [Mod. E., baloon, a large bag]. In 
chemistry, a spherical glass receiver with a short neck. 
B. Sickness. See Anoxye7iiia and Hypsonosus. 

Ballooning (bal-oon' -ing) [Mod. E. baloon, a large bag]. 
Surgical distention of the vagina by air-bags or water- 
bags. 

Ballota (bal-o'-tah) \_Ba/\/\urij , black hoarhound]. A 
genus of labiate plants. B. nigra, or black hoarhound, 
was formerly much used in medicine. B. (or Hyptis) 
suaveolens, of the E. and W. Indies, has been 
lately introduced into general practice as a powerful 
and yet safe nervin, antilithic, diuretic, evacuant, and 
laxative remedy. Unof. B. lanata, of N. Asia, has 
similar uses. Unof. 

Ballottement (bal-ot'-tnon(g)) [Fr. , from ballotte, a 
ball]. A method of diagnosticating pregnancy from 
the fourth to the eighth month. A push is given the 
uterus by the finger inserted into the vagina, and if the 
fetus be present, it will rise and fall again like a heavy 
body in water. 

Ball's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Balm (bahm) [palsamum, a balsam]. A popular syn- 
onym of balsamum. Any soothing application or 
ointment. B. of Gilead. See Balsam, Abies, and 
Melissa. 

Balmony (bal'-mo-ne) [origin uncertain]. The herb 
Chelone glabra ; cathartic and anthelmintic. Dose of 
the fld. ext. Jss-j. Chelonin, the concentrated ext. 
Dose gr. j-iv. Unof. 

Balneography (bal-ne-og'-ra-fe) [balnezim, a bath ; 
ypci(pri, a writing]. A treatise on bathing. 

Balneology (bal-ne-ol'-o-je) \balneum, a bath ; Abyoc, 
science]. The science of baths and their effects upon 
the system. 



BALNEOTHERAPEUTICS 



188 



BANDAGE 



Balneotherapeutics (bal-ne-o-ther-ap-td -tiks). See. Bal- 
neotherapy. 

Balneotherapy (bal-ne-o-ther' -ap-e) [balneum, a bath ; 
BEjia-ireia, healing]. Systematic bathing for therapeutic 
purposes, or the treatment of disease by baths or 
bathing. 

Balneum (bal'-ne-um) [L.]. A bath. See Bath. 
B. arenae, a sand bath. See Avimotherapy. B. 
lacteum, a milk bath. B. luteum, a mud-bath. See 
Illutation. B. pneumaticum, an Air-bath, q. v. 

Balonea (bal-o'-ne-ah). See Valonia. 

Balsam (bawl'-sam) [Paloa/iov , the resin of the balsam 
tree]. The resinous, volatile, aromatic substance, 
liquid or concrete, obtained from certain trees by 
natural exudation or by artificial extraction. Balsams 
are divided into two classes, those with, and those 
without, benzoic and cinnamic acids. In general they 
are mixtures of various essential oils, resins, and acids. 
B. Apple, the plant Momordica balsamina, and its 
warty, gourd-like fruit. It is purgative, but its tincture 
is chiefly used in domestic medicine as a vulnerary. 
Unof. B. ,Bog, a singular stone-like, woody, umbelli- 
ferous plant, Bolax or Azorella glebaria, of the Falk- 
land Islands and Patagonia. Its aromatic gum is 
locally prized as a vulnerary, desiccative, and anti -gon- 
orrheal remedy. Unof. B., Canada, a turpentine 
gathered from the natural blisters of the bark of Abies 
balsamum. It is much used as a mounting medium by 
microscopists. B. of Copaiba. See Copaiba. B. of 
Fir. Same as Canada Balsam. See Abies. B., 
Friar's. See Benzoin. B. of Gilead, the balm of 
the Old Testament ; an oleo-resin obtained from the 
Balsamodendron gileadense. B. of Peru, the balsam 
obtained from Toluifera pereirce ; antiseptic, stimulant 
to the circulation, and sedative to the nervous system ; 
generally a tonic, and expectorant in bronchitis. Ap- 
plied locally it is useful in chronic inflammatory skin- 
diseases. Dose of the emulsion TTLx-xxv. B.-root, 
a popular name for certain composite-flowered plants 
of the genus Balsamorrhiza. B. hookerii, B. macro- 
phylla, B, sagittata are common in the Pacific States 
and are rich in a resinous balsam. Unof. B. of 
Tolutan, or of Tolu, obtained from Tohtifera bal- 
samum. Its properties are due to a volatile oil, toluene. 
It possesses an agreeable odor, and is a basis for many 
cough-mixtures. It is a fair expectorant. T. Tinct. 
contains ten per cent, of the balsam in 90 per cent, of 
alcohol. Dose TTLx-xxx. T. Syr., balsam four parts; 
simple syrup 96. Dosegj-ij. 

Balsamation (bawl-sam-a' -shun) [f3a?<,cra/j.ov, the resin 
of the balsam tree]. Embalmment with balsamic or 
aromatic spices. 

Balsamic (bawl' -sam-ik) [fl&Aaa/iov, the resin of the 
balsam tree]. Having the nature or qualities of a 
balsam. 

Balsamine (bawl-sam-in) [/3alt7a/j.ov, balsam]. Any 
plant of the genus /mpaliens, q. v. 

"B3\%a.m\Xo(baivl'-sam-e'-to) [Sp.]. A tincture of balsam 
of Peru in rum ; anthelmintic, diuretic, and tonic ; it 
is used externally as a cosmetic and a stimulant wash 
for sores. Unof. 

Balsamodendron (bawl-sam-o-deji' '-dron). See Myrrh 
and Bdellium. 

Balsams (bawl' -samz) [Baloauov, the resin of the bal- 
sam tree]. The natural, thick solutions of the gum 
resins in the essential oils and turpentines. See Resins. 

Balsamum (bal' -sam-um) [fiakcajiov , balsam: gen., 
Balsami\. A balsam, q. v. B. dipterocarpi. See 
Gurjun Balsam. 

Balser's Fatty Necrosis. See Diseases, Table of. 

Bambalia (bam-ba'-le-ah) [L.]. Stammering ; thick- 
ness of speech, or other impediment to utterance. 



Bamberger's Fluid. An albuminous mercuric com- 
pound used in the treatment of syphilis. It is made 
as follows : To 100 c.c. of a filtered solution of white 
of egg (containing 40 c.c. of albumin and 60 c.c. of 
water) there are added 60 c.c. of a solution of mercu- 
ric chlorid (containing 5 per cent. , or 3 grams, of 
bichlorid of mercury) and 60 c.c. of a solution of 
sodium chlorid (containing 20 per cent.) ; finally, 80 
grams of distilled water are added, which brings 
the bulk of the solution up to 300, containing 0.010 
mercuric chlorid in every cubic centimeter. 

Bamboo (barn-boo') [E. Ind. , bambu ]. A popular 
name for many tree-like, woody-stemmed grasses, es- 
pecially those of the genus Bambusa. Apart from a 
limited use in surgery, none of the bamboos is em- 
ployed in regular medicine. Locally, B. arundi- 
nacea is employed as an alterative, anthelmintic, and 
depurative. Unof. See also Tafasheer. B. Brier, 
the root of Smilax sarsaparilla, habitat, Southern 
United States. Its properties are identical with those 
of sarsaparilla. Dose of the fld. ext. g ss-ij. Unof. 

Banana (ban an'-ah) [Sp.]. The root of the common 
banana, Musa sapientutn , said to be a valuable altera- 
tive, and useful in strumous affections. Dose of the 
fld. ext. TT^ x-xxx. Unof. 

Band (band) [ME., bande~\. That which binds. A 
stripe. A ligament. B., Axis, Baer's primitive 
streak. B., Belly, a band to pass around the abdo- 
men. B., Head, a strap for securing a mirror to 
the forehead. B., Horny, of Tarinus, the fore part 
of the tenia semicircularis. B., Moderator. See 
B. , Reifs. B., Reil's, a fibrous muscular fillet that 
frequently extends across the right ventricle of the 
heart; it is called also the moderator band. B. of 
Remak. See Fiber, axial ; also Pitrkinje, Axis Cyl- 
inder of. B. of Tarinus. See B. , Homy. 

Bandage (ban'-daj) [Fr. , bande, a strip]. Bandages 
are usually strips of muslin or other material, of vary- 
ing widths and lengths, used in surgery for the purpose 
of protecting, compressing, etc., a part, or for the re- 
tention of dressings and applications. A sbnple ban- 
dage or roller consists of one piece ; a compound, of 
two or more pieces. Starch, plaster-of- Paris, silica, 
dextrin, tripolith, etc., etc., are used or recom- 
mended for making stiff and immovable dressings 
or bandages. According to their direction bandages 
are classed as : I. Circular, circular turns about the 
part. 2. Figure-of-8, the turns crossing each other 
like that figure. 3. Oblique, covering the part by ob- 
lique turns. 4. Recurrent, the turns returning suc- 
cessively to the point of origin. 5. Spica, the turns 
resembling the arrangement of the husks of an ear of 
corn. 6. Spiral, each turn covering one-half of the 
preceding. 7. Spiral reverse, the bandage is reversed 
in order to better adapt it to the part. Bandages are 
also classed according to the part to which they are 
applied. Of Bandages of the head we have : I. 
Circular, of the forehead, to retain dressings upon the 
head. 2. Circular, of the eyes. 3. Crossed, of the 
eyes, to hold dressings upon one or both eyes. 4. T.,of 
the eye, a small piece of muslin cut in the shape of a 
right-angled triangle, and sufficiently large to cover the 
eye, is sewn by its base, with the perpendicular toward 
the ear, to a horizontal strip of a length to encircle the 
head. The apex of the triangle is sewn to a vertical 
strip long enough to pass under the jaw and meet the 
horizontal strip on the opposite side. 5. Crossed, of 
the angle of the jaw, to support the parts in fracture 
of the angle of the jaw. 6. Knotted, of the head, a 
double-headed roller with compress, to make compres- 
sion in wound of the temporal artery. 7. Recurrent, of 
the head, a single-headed or double-headed roller, to 



BANDAGES 



189 



BANDAGES 



BANDAGES. 




Crossed Bandage of both Eyes. 




T-Bandage of the Eye. 




Recurrent Bandage of the Head. 




Four-tailed Bandage of the Head. 




Four-tailed Bandage of the Head. 





Barton's Bandage. 




The Six-tailed Bandage of Galen. 




Transverse Recurrent of the Head. 




Agnew's Bandage. 




Posterior Figure-of-8 Bandage of the 
Chest. 




Suspensory and Compressor Bandage 
of the Breast. 




Spica Bandage of Shoulder. 




Gibson's Bandage. 



Anterior figure-of-8 Bandage of the 
Chest. 



Spiral of the Chest. 



BANDAGES 



190 



BANDAGES 




Eight-tailed Bandage of the Abdomen 



Double Spica Bandage of the Groins. 




Ascending Spica of the Groin. 




Figure-of-8 of the Elbow. 





Velpeau's Bandage. 




Desault's Bandage. 




Recurrent Bandage of Stump. 



Spiral Reversed of the Forearm 
(or Leg). 





Gauntlet Bandage. 

(0\ 




Demi-Gauntlet Bandage. 




Modified Figure-of-8 Bandage of the 
Lower Extremity. 




Spiral Bandage of the Finger. 



Spica of the Foot. 



BANDAGE 



191 



BANTING TREATMENT 



retain dressings upon the head. 8. Four-tailed, of the 
head, a piece of cloth eight inches wide and long 
enough to pass over the head and under the chin, is 
torn from either end to within three or four inches of 
the middle. The body of the bandage is placed on the 
top of the head, the posterior ends are tied under the 
chin, and the two anterior ends carried backward and 
tied at the nape of the neck. 9. Gibson' s, for the body 
of the lower jazu, to support the parts in fracture. 10. 
Rhea Barton 's, for the same purpose. II. Capeline 
or Mitra Hippocratis ; made by a double-headed roller 
(one which is rolled from each end, the two heads 
lying on the same side of the bandage and being of 
equal size). One roll being taken in each hand, the 
intervening strip is applied low down over the center 
of the forehead, and the bandage unrolled on either 
side until the two heads meet posteriorly below the 
occipital protuberance. From this point the two 
rollers are applied in different directions, one passing 
continuously around the head in a circle, the other 
forward and backward over the cranium until the latter 
is entirely covered. 12. Galen's six-tailed bandage; 
the bandage is so arranged that it has three strips at 
each end. The middle portion is placed on the crown 
of the head, the anterior ends are tied at the back of the 
neck, the middle under the chin, and the posterior at 
the forehead. 13. Garretson's, a bandage for the lower 
jaw, passing above the forehead and back again to 
cross under the occiput, and finally ending in front of the 
chin. 14. Pressure-bandage, an eye-bandage applied 
with a considerable degree of firmness in order to 
afford pressure. 15. Protective-bandage, a bandage 
for the eye, lightly applied. 16. Hamilton's, a form 
of compound bandage for the lower jaw, consisting 
mainly of a firm leather strap to support the jaw. 17. 
Liebreich' s, a variety of bandage for the eye, made 
from a knitted-cotton band. 18. Thillaye' s , a com- 
pound bandage for joining the edges of the wounds 
in hare-lip operation. Of Bandages of the trunk 
there are: I. Circular, of the neck. 2. Figure-of-8, 
of the neck and axilla, to retain dressings upon the 
shoulder or in the axilla. 3. Anterior figitre-of-8, of 
chest, to draw the shoulder forward and to retain 
dressings on the anterior surface of the chest. 4. Pos- 
terior figure-of-8 , of chest, to draw the shoulders back 
in fractured clavicle, or to retain dressings on the 
posterior surface of the chest. 5- Crossed, of one or 
both breasts, to support the breasts in excessive lacta- 
tion or in mammary disease. 6. Spica, of 'shoulder, to 
retain the head of the humerus in place after disloca- 
tion. 7. Spiral, of the chest, to make compression in 
fracture of the sternum or ribs. 8. Circtilar, of the 
abdomen, to support the abdominal walls. 9. Spiral, 
of the abdomen, to compress the abdominal walls or to 
retain dressings. 10. Spica, of one or both groins, to 
compress groin or retain dressings. II. Spiral reverse, 
of the penis, to retain dressings upon this organ. 
The Bandages of the arm are: I. Circular, of the 
wrist. 2. Figure-of-8 , of wrist, to compress the joint 
or retain dressings. 3. Figu/e-of-8, of elbow. 4. 
Circular, of arm or forearm. 5. Oblique, of arm or 
forearm. 6. Spiral, of arm, to retain dressings. 7. 
Spiral reverse, of tipper extremity, to support the arm 
in dislocations, fractures, etc. 8. Velpeau's, used to 
support the arm in fracture of the clavicle, the neck, 
or acromial process of the scapula. The hand of the 
injured side being placed on the sound shoulder, an 
oblique turn is made from the axilla of the sound side, 
across the back of the chest to the opposite shoulder, 
covering the fracture, down under the elbow in front 
to axilla of the sound side, then across the back over 
the outside of the point of the elbow to the axilla of 



the sound side, thus continuing the oblique and cir- 
cular turns alternately and advancing over the arm till 
it is held firmly. 9. Desault's Apparatus, consists 
of an axillary pad held by tapes about the neck, a 
sling for the hand, and two single-headed rollers. The 
forearm is placed at right angles with the humerus, held 
in place by many circular and oblique turns about the 
shoulder and body. 10. Foyer's, a form of apparatus 
consisting of a chest-belt, an arm -belt, and an axil- 
lary pad. It is used in treating fractured clavicles. 
The Bandages of the hand are : I. Spiral, of the 
linger. 2. Spiral, of all the fingers, or gauntlet. 3. 
Spiral, of palm, or demi-gauntlet. 4. Spica, of thumb. 
All the bandages of the hand are used in cases of frac- 
ture or to retain dressings. The Bandages of the 
lower extremity are: 1. Figure-of-8, of ankle, to 
cover the part or retain dressings. 2. Figure-of-8, of 
knee, to cover the part or compress it. 3. Figure-of 
8, of thighs, to compress the part after wounds or 
operations. 4. Spica, of instep, to compress the parts. 
5. Spiral reverse, of whole lower extremity, to support 
the limb after fracture, etc. 6. Baynton's, a series 
of straps of adhesive plaster used in the treatment of 
chronic leg ulcers. 7. Ribbail's, a spica bandage of 
the foot. B., Genga's. See B., Theden's. B., 
Heliodorus's. The T-bandage. B., Hippocrates'. 
See B., Capeline. B., Hueter's, a spica bandage for 
the perineum. B., Langier's, a many-tailed paper 
bandage. B., Larrey's, a form of many-tailed band- 
age, the edges being glued together. B., Maison- 
neuve's, a variety of Plaster-of- Paris bandage, formed 
from cloths folded, these being supported by other 
bandages. B. of the Poor. See Galen' s Bandage. 
B., Recurrent, for stumps, is used after amputations, 
to support the flaps. B., Richet's, a form of Plaster- 
of-Paris bandage to which a small amount of gelatin 
has been added. B. of Scultetus, a compound 
bandage, similar to a spiral reverse in appearance and 
action, used in compound fractures, so that the short 
pieces of which it is composed may be removed with- 
out motion of the limb. T-Bandages are compound, 
and resemble that letter ; the menstrual napkin is an 
example. B., Theden's, a form of roller bandage 
applied from below upward over a graduated com- 
press, to control hemorrhage from a limb. See Hand- 
kerchief Dressing. 

Bandager {ban'-da-jer) [Fr., bande, a strip]. One 
skilled in the application of bandages. See Dresser. 

Bandagist (ban' -da-jist) [Fr., bande a strip]. A maker 
of trusses, bandages, and other surgical appliances to 
be worn upon the person. 

Banded Hair (ban'-ded har). See Pinged Hair. 

Bandl, Operation of. See Operations, Table of. B., 
Ring of, the superior limit of the cervical canal, in 
pregnancy at a level with the pelvic inlet, marking the 
boundary between the lower uterine segment and the 
rest of the uterus. It is about six inches above the os 
externum. 

Bandolin (ban' -do-lin) [origin uncertain]. A mucilage 
made usually of quince-seeds, or of gum-tragacanth, 
used mainly as a paste for confining the hair and making 
it lustrous ; it is called also fixature. See Cydonium. 

Bandy Leg (ban'-de leg). Bow-leg, a. V. 

Baneberry (ban' -ber-e) . See Aetata. 

Bang, Bhang, or Bangue (bang). See Cannabis indica. 

Banian (ban'-yan) [Ar. , banyan, a trader]. A South 
Asiatic fig-tree, Ficus bengalensis , remarkable for the 
development of roots and secondary trunks from its 
branches. Its juice is antodontalgic ; the bark and 
seeds tonic, diuretic, and antipyretic. Unof. 

Banks's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Banting Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. 



BANTINGISM 



192 



BARKING 



Bantingism (ban'-ting-izm) [From Banting, the name 
of the inventor]. A method proposed for the reduc- 
tion of corpulence, by abstinence from saccharine and 
farinaceous foods. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Banyan (ban'-yan). See Banian. 

Baobab Tree. See Adansonia digitata. 

Baptin (bap' -tin) [fiairTiCLC, a dipping]. A moderately 
purgative glucosid, obtainable from Baptisia tine- 
tor ia. 

Baptisia (bap-tiz'-e-ah) [fiaimaic, a dipping]. Wild 
Indigo. The root bark of B. tinetoria with proper- 
ties due to an impure glucosid, the so-called Baptisin. 
It is laxative and stimulant in moderate doses ; emetic 
and cathartic in large doses, and is valuable in amenor- 
rhea, typhus and typhoid fevers. It is excellent for 
local application to indolent ulcers and gangrenous 
sores. B., Extract. Dose gr. j-x. B.,Ext. Fid. 
Dose TTLij-xx. B.,Tinct. Dose rt\v-xxx. Dose of 
the resin gr. j-v. All unof. 

Baptisin (bap'-tiz-in) [pdirriaig, a dipping]. I. A pre- 
cipitate from the tincture of Baptisia tinetoria ; anti- 
septic, evacuant, ecbolic, resolvent. Dose one to three 
grains. Unof. 2. A bitter glucosid obtainable from 
the plant, Baptisia tinetoria ; it has little medicinal 
activity. 

'Baptitoxin (bap-tit-oks'-in) [P&TVTurig, a dipping ; to^lkov, 
a poison] . A poisonous alkaloid obtained from Baptisia 
tinetoria. It hastens respiration and exaggerates vaso- 
motor activity. 

Baptorrhea (bap-tor-e'-ah) [(Sc'itttoc, infected ; peeiv, to 
flow]. Any infectious discharge from a mucous sur- 
face, as gonorrhea. 

Baptothecorrhea (bap-to-the-kor-e 1 '-ak) [P&tttoc, in- 
fected; ftrjK.ii, vagina; pkuv, to flow]. Gonorrhea in 
women. 

Bapturethrorrhea (bap-tu-reth-ro-7-e' -ah) [P&tttoc, in- 
fected; ovpi/dpa, urethra ; peeiv, to flow]. Urethral 
gonorrhea ; gonorrhea of men. 

Baranilin (bar-an'-ii-in) [j3apvr, heavy; anilin~\. 
Heavy anilin oil. See Heavy Oil and Creasote Oil. 

Baraquet (bar-ah-kwef) [Fr.]. Synonym of Influenza. 

Barb (barb) [barba, a beard]. I. In biology, the 
retrorse tooth of an awn or prickle. 2. One of the 
narrow acute plates diverging from the rachis and 
going to form the vane of a feather. 

Barba (bar'-bah) [L.]. The beard. 

Barbadoes Leg (bar-ba'-doz leg). See Elephantiasis 
Arabian. B. Nut. See Purging Nut. B. Tar, a 
form of bitumen (q. v.) formerly employed in medicine. 

Barbaloin (bar-bal'-o-in) [Barbadoes; aXori, aloe], 
C 17 H, O 7 . The aloin derived from Barbadoes aloes. 

Barbarossa's Pills. A mercurial preparation con- 
taining in addition rhubarb, scammony, musk, etc. 

Barbasco (bar-bas'-ko) \yerbascum, mullein]. A com- 
posite-flowered plant of tropical America, the Cliba- 
dium bioearpum. The stalks are used in preparing 
hair-washes, and are said to restore gray hair to its 
natural color. The plant is also used in eye-troubles. 
It is said to be very poisonous. Unof. 

Barbellate (bar-bel'-at) [barbella, dim. of barba, a 
beard]. In biology, applied to the bristles of the 
pappus of some composite when beset with short, stiff 
hairs, longer than when denticulate, but shorter than 
when plumose. 

Barben Cholera (bar-ben kol'-er-ah). A form of poi- 
soning resulting, in Central Europe, from the eating 
of the barb. 

Barber's Itch (bar'-berz ich). The disease called 
Tinea barba, Sycosis parasituria, or Tinea sycosis, 
q. v. 

Barberry (bar'-ber-e). See Berberis. B. Gum, a 
commercial name of certain varieties of gum-arabic. 



Barber-Surgeon (bar'-ber ser'-jun) [barba, a beard ; 
ME. , sourgeon\. Formerly, a barber who also prac- 
tised surgery. 

Barbicel (bar'-bis-el) [barbicella, dim. of barba, a 
beard]. In biology, one of the fringes of a barbule 
of a feather. 

Barbiers (bar'-berz) [E. Ind.]. A paralytic affection 
common in India, and probably a myelitis. It is 
often confounded with beriberi. 

Barbigerous (bar-bij'-er-ns) [barba, a beard ; gerere, 
to carry]. In biology, bearded; hirsute; coarsely 
pubescent ; applied to petals. 

Barbotine (bar-bo-teen') [Fr. , wormwood]. Levant 
worm-seed. 

Barbule (bar'-biil) [barbula, dim. of barba, beard]. 
In biology, one of the fringes of the barb in a feather, 
going to make up the vane of the barb, as the barbs 
make the vane of the feather. 

Barclay's Angles. See Angle. B.'s Plane. See 
Plane. 

Barcoo (bar'-hoo) [Australian]. A peculiar disease, 
marked by nausea and vomiting, common in Australia. 
Its cause is unknown. It is also called " Fly-sick- 
ness." 

Bardana (bar-da'-nah) [L.]. The burdock. See 
Lappa. 

Bardeleben's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bardenheuer's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Barden's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Baregin (bar-a'-zhin). See Glaisin. 

Baresthesiometer (bar-es-the-ze-om' -et-er) [/3apoc, 
weight; aiadjjmg, perception ; pirpov, a measure]. An 
instrument for estimating the weight-sense in disturb- 
ances of sensibility. 

Baresthesiometric (bar-es-the-ze-o-mef -rik) [fiapoc, 
weight; a'icOr/uic , perception; perpov, a measure]. 
Relating to the baresthesiometer. 

Bareswill's Solution. A solution for the detection of 
sugar in the urine. It consists of sulphate of copper, 
acid potassium tartrate and sodic hydrate. See Tests, 
Table of. 

Barford'"s Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Baric (ba'-rik) [papoc, heavy]. Pertaining to or con- 
taining barium. 

Barilla (bar-il'-ah) [Fr., barille, impure soda]. Impure 
sodium carbonate ; being the ashes obtained by burn- 
ing various chenopodiaceous plants of the genera 
Salicomia and Salsola. 

Barium (ba'-re-tim) [/Sapor, heavy]. Ba= 136.8; 
quantivalence II. A metal of the alkaline group, of 
pale yellow color, characterized by a strong affinity for 
oxygen. Neither the metal nor its salts are much 
employed in medicine ; all are poisonous. B. Car- 
bonate, BaCO,, used in the preparation of the chlorid. 
B. Chlorid, BaCl. 2 .2H 2 0, soluble, used as a reagent, 
and also as a cardiac and vasomotor stimulant in the 
treatment of aneurysm. Dose gr. ss-v. B. Chlorid 
Test. See Tests, Table of. B. dioxid. Ba0 2 , used 
for making aqua hydrogenii dioxid. B. iodid, formerly 
used as an alterative. Dose gr. \. Mainly employed 
in ointments. Unof. B. monohydrate, caustic 
baryta; reagent. B. oxid, BaO, baryta. B. sul- 
phate, BaS0 4 , used as a pigment ; formerly used in 
the treatment of skin-diseases, and in lotions. 

Bark (bark) [ME., barke~\ . The cortex or covering 
surrounding the wood of exogens. It is sometimes 
used as a synonym of cinchona or calisaya bark. B. 
Peruvian. See Cinchona. (For other barks, see the 
names of the plants or trees that produce them.) 

Barker's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Barking (bar'-king). [ME., barken, to bark.] The 
uttering of a peculiar sharp, short cry, as a dog. See 



BARLERIA 



193 



i:\si: 



Aboiement. B. Disease, a guttural, barking cough, 
with nervous disorder and impairment of the will ; 
cynobex hebetis. 

Barleria (bar-le'-re-ak) [L.J. A genus of acanthaceous 
plants. B. buxifolia and B. ciliata, of India, are 
aperient. B. prionitis, of S. Asia, is employed as a 
polychrest. Unof. 

Barley (bar'-le) [ME., barly\. A cereal belonging 
to the order Graminece : the most common variety, 
Hordeum distichon, is much used as a food, and also 
in the preparation of malt. B. Decoct. (B. P.). 
Dose 3J-iv. B. Pearl, is the decorticated grain, 
rounded and polished. B. Water, decoctum hordei, 
a decoction consisting of two ozs. of Pearl B. boiled 
in one and one-half pints of water and afterward 
strained. See Ptisan. B. Sugar, saccharum hordea- 
tnm ; practically a glucose. Applied also to an amor- 
phous mass obtained by melting cane-sugar. 

Barnes's Curve. In obstetrics, the segment of a cir- 
cle, having for its center the sacral promontory, its 
concavity looking backward. B.'s Dilators, gradu- 
ated rubber bags used for dilating the cervix uteri 
in the induction of abortion or premature labor. B.'s 
Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Barograph (bar' -o-graf) \fiapoc,, weight ; ypd(peiv, to 
record]. A self- registering barometer. 

Baromacrometer (bar-o-mak-rom' ' -et-er) [(iapoq, weight; 
pa/cooc, long; fiirpov, measure]. An apparatus for 
ascertaining the weight and length of new-born infants. 

Barometer {bar-om' '-et-er) \_fiapoc, weight; ptrpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for determining the weight 
and tension of the atmosphere. It consists essentially of 
a glass tube about 36 inches long, closed at one end, 
filled with mercury, and inverted in a basin of mer- 
cury. The mercury will sink in the tube until it rests 
at a height of about 30 inches at the sea-level, the 
height varying as the atmospheric pressure increases or 
diminishes. B., Aneroid, a metallic box from which 
the air has been exhausted, the tension being indi- 
cated by the collapsing or bulging of the thin corru- 
gated cover, which is connected with a movable index. 
B. -maker's Disease, a form of chronic mercurial 
poisoning among the workmen who make barometers. 
It is due to the inhalation of the fumes of mercury. 

Barometrograph (bar-o-met' -ro-graf). See Barograph. 

Baroscope (bar' -o-skop) [fiapnc, weight ; (jkottc'iv, to 
observe]. An instrument used for determining the 
loss of weight of a body in air, compared with its 
weight in a vacuum. A form of baroscope has been 
invented by Esbach for the quantitative determination 
of urea. 

Barosma (bar-oz'-mah) {fldpoq, heavy ; brr/ir/, smell] . A 
plant of the order Rutaceie, native to the Cape of Good 
Hope and vicinity ; several species of which yield the 
Buchu of commerce. 

Barosmin (bar-oz'-min) [ft&poc, heavy; beuij, smell]. 
A precipitate from the tincture of Barosma crenata. 
Dose grs. ij-iij. Unof. 

Barras (bar' -as) [Fr.]. Turpentine obtained in the S. 
of France, chiefly from Finns pinaster. 

Barrel-shaped Chest. See Emphysema. 

Barrenness (bar'-en-nes) [ME., bareynesse\ Sterility 
in the female. 

Barrier's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Barruel's Apparatus. An arrangement for charging 
water with carbonic acid. 

Barsac (bar-sahk') [Fr.]. A white French wine, often 
with a bitter-sweet, resinous flavor. 

Bartholin, Canal of. See Duct. B., Duct of. See 
Durt. B., Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. 
B., Glands of. See Gland. 

Bartholinitis (bar-tho-lin-i' -tis) [Bartholin, a Danish 
13 



physician; inr, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
vulvo-vaginal gland. 

Bartisch's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bartlett's Apparatus. A splint or dressing for frac- 
ture of the clavicle with dislocation. 

Barton's Bandage. See Bandage. B. Fracture. 
See Fracture and Diseases, Table of. B. Handker- 
chief, a form of temporary dressing for a wound. See 
Handkerchief Dressing. B. Operations. See Opera- 
tion*, Table of. 

Baruria (bar-u'-re-a/i) [jSdpoc, heavy ; ovpov, urine]. 
Abnormally high specific gravity of the urine ; also the 
condition of the body associated therewith. 

Barwell's Apparatus. An apparatus for the treatment 
of talipes by means of continuous traction on the foot. 
B. Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Barwood Red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Baryacoia (bar-e-ak-oi'-ah). See Baryecoia. 

Baryecoia (bar-e-ek-oi'-ah) [_j3apv>/noia, hardness of hear- 
ing]. Hardness of hearing ; partial deafness. 

Baryencephalia (bar-c-en-sef-a' -le-ah) \_Bapvc, heavy ; 
b/Kt<pa'Aog, brain]. Dulness of intellect. 

Baryglossia (bar-e-glos'-e-ah) \_3ap'vQ, heavy ; y\uaaa, 
a tongue]. Thick, slow utterance. 

Barylalia (bar-e- la' -le-ah) \_(Sapv<;, heavy; XaXia, 
speech]. Thickness and dulness of speech ; bary- 
phonia. 

Barymastia (bar-e-mas' -te-ah) \_jiapvc, heavy ; jiaaro^, 
breast]. Same as Barymazia. 

Barymazia (bar-e-ma' -ze-ah) \_fiapvc, heavy ; pa(6c, 
breast]. Heaviness or large size of the mammse. 

Baryodmia (bar-e-od' -me-ah) \flapvq, heavy ; bSjj.il, 
odor]. A heavy, disagreeable odor ; also a subjective 
sensation as of a disagreeable smell. 

Baryodynia (bar-e-o-din'-e-ah) \_jiapvc, heavy ; bd'uvri, 
pain]. Severe pain. 

Baryphonia (bar-e-fo' -ne-ah) \_fiapv<;, heavy ; <puvi/,a. 
voice]. A difficulty of speech. 

Baryphonic (bar-e-fon'-ik) \_(iapvg, heavy ; fuvi/, voice]. 
Affected with baryphonia. 

Barysomatia (bar-e-so-ma' -she-ah) \fiapvq, heavy ; 
cu/ia, body]. Excess in the weight of the body. 

Baryta, or Barytes (bur-i'-tah, or bar-i'-tcs) [ftapiic, 
heavy]. Oxid of barium. See Barium. B. Green. 
Same as Manganese Green. 

Barythymia (bar-e-thind -e-ali) [fiapvc;, heavy ; 8vp6$, 
mind]. A melancholy, gloomy, or sullen state of 
mind. 

Basaal (ba'-sa-al) [Malay]. An East Indian tree, 
Embelia basal ; its fruit is a vermifuge ; its leaves are 
soothing and demulcent. Unof. 

Basad (ba'-sad) \fiaaic, a foundation]. Toward the 
basal aspect. 

Basal (ba'-sal) [fiaeic, a foundation]. Pertaining to or 
located at the base. See Basilar. B. Ganglia. See 
Ganglion . 

Basanastragala (bas-an-as-trag' -al-ah) \_ftdaavoQ, tor- 
ture ; aurpdya'tioc , heel, ankle]. Gout in the heel or 
ankle. 

Basculation (bas-lcu-la'-shun) [Fr. , basculer, to swing]. 
The movement by which retroversion of the uterus is 
corrected when the fundus is pressed upward and the 
cervix drawn downward. 

Bascule Movement (has' -kill moov'-menf) [Fr. , bas- 
cule, a swing]. The recoil of the heart in its systolic 
motion. 

Base (has) [ftaoic, a foundation]. The lower part, as, the 
base of the brain. In chemistry, an element or radicle 
that combines with an acid to form a salt. The 
electro-positive molecule or radicle of a compound. In 
dentistry, the plate upon which artificial teeth are held. 
In pharmacy, the most important part of the prescription. 



BASE-BALL PITCHER'S ARM 



194 



BASILYST 



In microscopy, the portion of the stand of a micro- 
scope upon which it rests. It is important for steadi- 
ness. In electro-therapeutics, the part of a battery upon 
which are fastened the coil-posts and switches. B., 
for Artificial Teeth ; in the construction of a base 
for artificial teeth, a transfer or model of plaster-of- 
Paris is first obtained. Then a metallic die and 
counter-die, if the base is to be of metal, are procured, 
and between these a plate of suitable size and thick- 
ness is swaged. See Metallic Base and Vulcanite 
Base. B., Organic, a term including a large number 
of organic compounds, especially nitrogen compounds, 
which, like ammonium, unite with acids to form salts. 
They are commonly called alkaloids. 

Base-ball Pitcher's Arm, a peculiar condition of the 
arm arising from over-use, characterized by loss of 
strength, tenderness, neuralgic pains, and inflamma- 
tion and hypertrophy of the bone. 

Basecphysis (bas-ek' '-fiz-is) [flaaic, a base, a foot ; 
itityvau;, a growing out, a shoot]. In biology, a branch 
springing from the basal joint, as in the limbs of 
Crustacea. Synonyms Exognathite, Exopodite. 

Basedow's Disease. An exophthalmic bronchocele ; 
called also, Exophthalmic Goiter, and Graves' Disease. 
See Goiter and Diseases, Table of. 

Basement (bas'-menf) [Fr., bassemenf\. The funda- 
mental portion. B. Membrane. See Mcmbi-ane. B. 
Tissue. See Tissue. 

Bas Fond {bah fon(g)) [Fr.]. The floor of the urinary 
bladder. 

Basham's Mixture. Mistura ferri et ammonii acetatis. 
B. Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Basial {ba'-ze-al) [/3a<wc, a foundation]. Relating to a 
base, as to the basion. 

Basi-alveolar (ba-se-al-ve'-o-lar) [fldcir , foundation ; 
alveolus, a little trough]. Relating to the basion and 
the alveolar point. 

Basiarachnitis (ba-se-ar-ak-ni' -tis) [0dcnc, foundation ; 
dpd\vq, a spider ; /r/c, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of that part of the arachnoid that corresponds to the 
base of the skull. 

Basiator (ba-ze-a'-tor) [basiare, to kiss]. The orbicu- 
laris oris muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Basibracteolate (ba-se-brak' -te-o-ldt) [basis, a base ; 
bracteola, a little bract]. In biology, having the base 
surrounded by bracts, as the dandelion. 

Basibranchial (ba-se-brang'-he-al) \_basis, a base ; bran- 
cliiie, gills]. In biology, applied to the one or more 
skeletal pieces forming the base of gills or branchi.x. 

Basic (ba'-sik) [pdoig, a foundation]. Having proper- 
ties the opposite of those of acids. An acid capable 
of uniting with a single monad atom or radical is called 
monobasic. One that will unite with two monad or 
one dyad atom or radical, etc. , is said to be dibasic. 
This measure of the power of an acid is called its 
basicity. B. Blue. Same as Spirit Blue. 

Basicerite (bas-is'-er-lf) [f3datc, base; ntpac, horn]. 
The second joint of the antenna in a crustacean. 

Basicity (bas-is'-it-e) [/3dtjic, foundation]. I. The 
quality of being basic. 2. The combining power of 
an acid. 

Basicranial [ba-se-kra'-ne-al) [f3dmc, foundation ; 
Kpaviov, the skull]. Relating to the base of the skull. 
B. Axis, a line running from a point midway be- 
tween the occipital condyles through the median 
plane to the junction of the ethmoid and presphenoid. 

Basidigital [ba-ss-dif '-it-al) [fidair, foundation ; digitus, 
a finger]. Pertaining to the bases of the digits. B. 
Bone, any metacarpal, or metatarsal bone. 

Basidiogenetic (bas-id-e-o-jen-et'-ik) [basidium, a 
spore-producing cell ; yeveacs, origin]. In biology, 
produced on a basidium. 



Basidiospore [bas-id' -e-o-spor') [basidium, a spore-pro- 
ducing cell ; OTTopd, seed]. One of the spores pro- 
duced upon a basidium. 

Basidium (bas-id' -e-um) [dim. of /3aft7? , a base : pi. , 
Basidia~\. In biology, a large cell in the higher fungi, 
borne on the hymenium and producing spores at its 
' free end. 

Basifacial (bas-efa'-shal) [basis, foundation ; fades, 
face]. Pertaining to the lower portion of the face. 
B. Axis, in craniometry, a line from the anterior 
point of the premaxilla to the anterior point of the 
basicranial axis. 

Basifixed (ba' -se-fikst) [basis, base ; fixus, fixed]. In 
biology, attached by the base. 

Basifugal (bas-if'-u-gal) [basis, a base ; fugere, to 
flee]. In biology, derived from, or proceeding away 
from the base ; acropetal ; centrifugal. 

Basigynium [bas-ij-in'-e-um) [/Mmc, a base ; yvvr/, a 
female://., Basigym'a~]. See Gynophore. 

Basihyal (bas-e-hi'-al) [basis, base ; voeiSijg, shaped like 
the letter upsilon]. Either one of the two bones, one 
on each side, that form the principal part of the body 
of the hyoid arch. 

Basihyoid (bas-e-hi'-oid). See Basihyal. 

Basil (ba'-sil) [/3czot/Ukoc, royal]. A kind of mint, 
Ocymum basilicum ; aromatic and carminative. The 
name is given to other related plants. Unof. 

Basilad (bas'-il-ad) [j3datg, foundation]. Toward or 
to the base or basilar aspect. 

Basilar (pas' -il-ar) [fidoic, base]. Pertaining to the 
base, usually of the skull. B. Artery, the artery ex- 
tending between the borders of the Pons Varolii ; 
through its branches it supplies the substance of the 
pons. See Arteries, Table of. B. Aspect, the view of 
the head looking toward the base of the skull. B. 
Membrane, a membranous division-wall separating 
the scala vestibuli from the scala tympani, extending 
from the base to the apex of the cochlea, and sup- 
porting the organ of Corti. B. Process, a strong 
quadrilateral plate of bone in front of the foramen 
magnum. B. Suture, the suture formed by the junc- 
tion of the basilar surface of the occipital bone with 
the posterior surface of the body of the sphenoid. 

Basilary (bas'-il-a-re). See Basilar. 

Basilateral (bas-e-laf -er-al) [basis, base; latus, side]. 
Both basilar and lateral. 

Basilen (bas'-il-en) [basis, base]. Belonging to the 
basilar portion in itself. 

Basilic (bas-il'-ik) [basilicus ; jiaaiXiKuc, royal]. Any 
structure or medicine of importance (obsolescent). 
B. Vein, a large vein of the arm on the inner side 
of the biceps. See Vein. 

Basilicon Ointment (bas-W -ik-on oint'-menf). An 
ointment composed of yellow wax, yellow resin, and 
Burgundy pitch aa I ft>., olive oil fl. 3 xvj, to which, 
when melted, turpentine ^ iij are added. It is called 
also the "four drug" ointment. There are several 
other ointments bearing this name. See Resina. 

Basilo-bregmatic (bas-il-o-breg-maf'-ik) [(3datg, found- 
ation ; f3peyfia, the sinciput]. Pertaining to the base 
of the skull and the bregma. 

Basilo-mental (bas-il-o-men'-lal) [basis, base ; men- 
turn, the chin]. Pertaining to the base of the skull 
and to the chin. 

Basil-thyme (ba'-sil-t'im) [BaackiKuv, royal; dvuor, 
thyme]. A European species of mint, Calatnintha 
acinos ; aromatic and calmative. Unof. 

Basilysis (bas-il'-is-is) [ftdaig, base; Auoyc, a loosen- 
ing]. The breaking up of the fetal skull in crani- 
otomy. 

Basilyst (bas'-il-ist) [/Move, a base ; Tihaic, a loosen- 
ing]. An instrument for use in craniotomy, designed 



BASIN 



195 



BATH 



to perforate the cranial vault and break up the base of 
the skull. 
Basin (ba'-sin) [ME., basin']. I. The third ventricle 
of the brain. 2. The pelvis. B.-Trap. A trap or 
seat in the outlet of the basin of a water-closet, placed 
there to prevent the entrance into the apartment of 
noxious and offensive vapors and gases. 
Basinasal (bas-e-na' -sal) [basis, base ; nasus, the nose]. 

Relating to the basion and the nasion. 
Basinerved (bas' -in-ervd) [basis, a base ; nervus, 
nerve]. In biology, applied to a leaf having all the 
veins or nerves springing from the base. 
Basi-occipital (bas-e-oA--si/>'-it-a/) [judaic, base ; occiput, 
the back of the head]. A bone, separate in many 
of the lower vertebrate animals, forming the central 
axis of the skull. In adult human life, it is the basilar 
process of the occipital bone. 
Basiocestrum (bas-e-o-ses' -trum) [jiaaic. base ; nearpov, 
a point]. A perforator for use in opening the fetal 
head in craniotomy. 
Basio-glossus (bas-e-o-glos'-us) [jiaaic, base ; y\waaa, 
the tongue]. That part of the hyoglossus muscle that 
is attached to the base of the hyoid bone. 
Basion (ba'-se-on) [jiaaic, base]. In biology, a point 
of measurement in craniometry, located at the middle 
of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. See 
Craniometric Points. 
Basiophthalmite (bas-e-off-thal' '-nut) [{iaaic, a base ; 
bfdalfioc, eye]. In biology, the basal joint of the eye- 
stalk in a stalk-eyed crustacean. 
Basiotic (bas-e-of -ik) [jiaatc, base ; ovc , ear]. Relat- 
ing to the base of the ear. 
Basiotribe (bas'-e-o-trib) [jiaatc , base ; rpijisiv, to grind 
or crush]. An instrument used in craniotomy for per- 
foiating or crushing the fetal head. 
Basiotripsy (bas-e-ot'-rip-se) [jiaaic, base ; rplfis/v, to 
grind or crush]. The operation of crushing the fetal 
head. 
Basipetal (bas-ip'-it-al) [basis, abase ; petere, to seek]. 
In biology, applied to growth in plants from the apex 
toward the base. 
Basipodite (bas-ip'-o-dlf) [jiaatc, base ; 7roi'c (too), 
foot]. The basal joint of an arthropod limb, or the 
joint between the first and third. 
Basipterygial (bas-ip-ter-ij' -e-al) [jiaaic, a base ; 
■KTepiiyiov, a little wing, a fin]. At the base of the fin. 
Basipterygoid (bas-ip-ter' -ig-oid) [jiaaic, base ; Trrepii- 
yiov, a little wing]. Relating to the base of the ali- 
sphenoid bone. 
Basirostral (bas-e-ros' -tral) [basis, abase; rostrum, a 
beak]. In biology, having to do with the base of a 
bird's beak. 
Basirrhinal (bas-ir-i 1 '-nal) [jiaaic, base; pig, nose]. 
Relating to the base of the brain and to the nose. 
Applied to a cerebral fissure located at the base of the 
olfactory lobe. 
Basis (bo/sis) [jiaaic, base]. Base, q. v. The Latin 
form is used to designate the lower or fundamental 
part of any organ , as B. cerebri, B. cordce, etc. 
Basiscopic (bas-is-kop' -ic) [Saair, base ; aKoireiv, to 

see]. Looking toward or on the side of the base. 
Basi-sphenoid (bas-e-sfe' -noid) [jiaaic, base; atyrjv, 
wedge ; elSoc, form]. The lower part of the sphenoid 
bone. 
Basisylvian (bas-e-sil' -ve-an) [basis, base ; Sylvius, an 
anatomist]. Applied by Wilder to the transverse 
basilar portion or stem of the Sylvian fissure. See 
Fissure, Table (and Diagram). 
Basitemporal (bas-e-tem' -po-ral) [fo.s7.s-, base; tempora, 
the temples]. Relating to the base or lower part of the 
temporal bone. 
Basivertebral (bas-e-ver' -te-bral) [basis, base ; verte- 



bra, a joint]. Relating to the basis or centrum of a 
vertebra. 

Basophile {bas'-o-fit). See Basophilous. 

Basophilic (bas-o-fi/'-ic) [fidaic,base ; fMeiv, to love]. 
Combining readily with bases; stainable by means of 
basic dyes. 

Basophilous (bas-off'-il-us) [jiaaic, base; (piTieetv, to 
love]. Stained by basic rather than by acid dyes 
(applied to certain cells and tissue-elements). 

Bassalia (bas-a? -U-ah) [Haoauv-jiaOvc, very deep ; ahta, 
an assemblage]. In biology, a deep-sea realm distin- 
guished by a characteristic fauna. 

Bass-deafness (bas-def -nes) [OF., basse, low; ME., 
defen\. Deafness to certain bass-notes, the perception 
of the higher notes being retained. 

Bassia (bas'-e-ah) [Bassi, an Italian botanist], A 
genus of E. Indian and African sapotaceous trees. 
The mahua, B. latifolia, is cultivated in India for its 
edible flowers, which afford on distillation an alcoholic 
drink. B. longifolia and B. butyracea afford a sort 
of vegetable butter. The bark and leaves of these 
three species are used in rheumatism. Unof. 

Bassini's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bassora Gum (bas'-o-rah-gum). An inferior gum, 
much used in adulterating tragacanth. 

Bassorin (bas'-o-rin) [Bassora, an Asiatic city], 
C 6 H, O 5 , or 2C 6 H ]0 O 5 . A tasteless, odorless vegeta- 
ble mucilage, insoluble in cold water, but rendered 
soluble by alkalies; it is found in gum tragacanth (of 
Bassora) and in cherry and plum gums. See Carbohy- 
drates, Table of. 

Bast (bast) [AS. , bast, a lime-tree]. The inner bark 
of exogenous plants. The fibrous parts of the bark 
are used in making cordage, and have a limited use in 
surgery. 

Bastard (bas'-tard) [bastardus, a bastard]. I. Ille- 
gitimate. 2. In biology, having the appearance of 
being genuine. 

Bastards (bas'-tardz) [bastardus, a bastard]. The 
name given to an impure sugar procured by concen- 
trating molasses and allowing it to crystallize slowly 
in moulds. 

Bastelaer's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Bastose (bas'-tos) [AS., bast, a lime-tree]. A com- 
bination of cellulose and lignin, comprising a complete 
bundle of fibers, as in jute, or merely a covering upon 
the unaltered cellulose. 

Basyl (ba'-sil) [jiaaic, base; vh}, principle]. The 
electro-positive constituent of any compound. 

Bat [bat) [ME., baf\. An instrument of great delicacy 
employed by Dr. Marshall Hall for the detection of 
minute air-currents issuing from the lungs of those 
apparently dead. 

Bateman's Drops. The tinctura peetoralis, N. F. ; a 
weak tincture of opium, camphor, and catechu ; a 
popular remedy in coughs. 

Bates's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bath (bath) [AS., bath, a bath]. A bathing place or 
room. The medium in which the body is wholly or 
partly immersed. As therapeutic agents, baths are 
classified according as water, vapor, air, etc. , is used ; 
according to the temperature, as hot, temperate, cold, 
etc. ; according to the end desired, as nutritional, 
medicinal, stimulant, etc. Special forms of bath are the 
moor, peat, mud-slime, pine-leaf, herb (hay, gentian, 
camomile, juniper, marjoram, etc.), brine, sand, tan, 
bran, malt, glue, soup, milk, whey, blood, wine, 
guano, starch, soap, acid, iron, sulphur, carbonic acid, 
compressed air, mustard, electric, etc. B., Acid, add 
\ l / z ounces of nitric acid and I to 3 ounces of HC1 to 
30 gallons of warm water in a wooden or earthenware 
vessel, and immerse the patient in this for about 10 to 



BATH 



196 



BATH 



20 minutes. For a foot-bath, add ]/ 2 ounce of nitric 
acid and I ounce of HC1 to 4 gallons of warm water. 
This is said to be useful in cases of dyspepsia with 
sluggish liver and constipation. B., Air, a bath in 
which but little water is employed, the body being 
exposed freely to the air. It is employed in those 
cases in which there is a tendency to catch cold from 
undue facility to perspire. B., Alcohol, one in dilute 
alcohol, used to reduce temperature in fever. B., 
Alkaline, add 3 ounces of potassium carbonate, 
or 6 of sodium carbonate, to 25 or 30 gallons of 
hot water. It is used in chronic squamous skin 
diseases, chronic rheumatism, and lithemia. It 
should be taken in a wooden, earthenware, or 
enamelled bath. B., Arsenical, baths at a tem- 
perature of from 90 to 97 F., containing a small 
quantity of arsenic. They arc used occasionally in 
the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. B., Blanket, 
a method employed in chronic nephritis to stimulate 
the diaphoretic action of the skin. The patient is 
placed in bed and closely wrapped in blankets, a hot 
poultice being applied at the same time to the loins, 
and renewed as often as it becomes cool. B., Blood, 
one consisting of the blood of an animal, freshly shed. 
B., Bog, a bath formed by mixing bog-earth (gener- 
ated by the decomposition of plants in the presence of 
water and found at iron and sulphur springs) with 
warm water to form a pulpy or mushy consistence. 
This is used as a mud bath. B., Borax, borax, 4 
ounces; glycerin, three ounces; water, thirty gal- 
lons. It is used in the same class of cases as the bran 
bath. B., Bran, boil one pound of bran in one gal- 
lon of water, strain, and add thirty gallons of water. 
This is a soothing and emollient bath, and is of service 
in squamous and irritable conditions of the skin. B., 
Brand ; Cold bath. The tub is filled with water of 
68°. The patient is given a stimulant of one-half 
to two ounces of brandy, the face and chest are 
laved with ice-water, and then he is gently placed 
in the water. The attendants should gently pass the 
flattened outstretched hands over successive parts of 
the body to dilate the superficial cutaneous vessels. 
Remove the patient as soon as the teeth begin to 
chatter, or if cyanosis of the lips or face appears. 
Usually the bath should be continued fifteen minutes. 
Then the patient is laid wet on a sheet and quickly 
wrapped from head to foot, then dried in five minutes 
and hot water applied to the feet. See Treatment, 
Methods of. B., Chemical, in chemistry, an appara- 
tus for regulating the temperature of chemical pro- 
cesses by surrounding the substance with water, sand, 
oil, or mercury, through which the heat is communi- 
cated. B., Cold. See B., Brand. B., Corrosive- 
sublimate, made by adding mercuric chlorid 
three drams, and HC1 one dram, to 30 gallons 
of water. It is sometimes of service in secondary 
syphilis and in certain skin-diseases. B., Creasote, 
composed of creasote three drams, glycerin four 
ounces, and water 30 gallons. It is used in squamous 
skin diseases, B., Electro-therapeutic, a bath fur- 
nished with suitable electrodes and used in the applica- 
tion of electricity for curative purposes. B., Foot, 
a bath for the feet only. This is used as a derivative 
agent in cases of cold, etc. B., Full, this consists 
of a tub about two-thirds full of water, the duration 
and temperature being adapted to the purpose in view. 
The patient's body may be entirely covered by water, 
so that his chin just clears it. B., Gelatin, dissolve 
one pound of common glue in hot water, and add the 
solution to the plain bath, or to the bran bath, and 
use in the same class of cases as the latter. B., 
Graduated Full, a modification of the Brand bath. 



The tub is filled with sufficient warm water to cover 
two-thirds of the recumbent body. The patient is 
then laid in and the temperature gradually lowered by 
the addition of cold or ice-water, while wami water is 
being removed. Friction is practised, as in the Brand 
lath. This bath lasts half an hour, and the water 
should be reduced to 68° as rapidly as possible. B., 
Half, the patient is seated in a tub containing eight 
or ten inches of water of a temperature suited to the 
case. A wet towel is tied around the head, and the 
bath water is poured and dashed over the back, head, 
and shoulders with the attendant's right hand, while 
friction is practised with the left, and the patient does 
the same on the anterior portion of the body. The 
temperature of the water may be lowered if a more 
decided impression is desired. The bath is continued 
for from five to twenty minutes with active friction. 
It is indicated in all fevers involving a depressed ner- 
vous system, as shown by ataxia, delirum, or coma. B., 
Herb, made by using the extract of pine-needles, or 
of some aromatic herbs. The bath is used as a tonic. 
B., Hip. See B. , Sitz. B., Hot, the temperature 
ranges from 104 to no° F. It acts upon the skin, 
producing free perspiration, and accelerates the pulse 
and respiration. B., Hot-air ; Turkish bath ; the 
patient is placed in a box (French method), his head 
being outside, and the box is filled with hot air furnished 
by a lamp. In the ordinary Turkish bath the patient is 
compelled to inhale the air within a closed compart- 
ment. Hot-air baths can be borne of a much higher 
temperature than vapor baths. They provoke more 
profuse sweating, and raise the temperature of the 
body to a greater extent. They are useful as a 
diaphoretic, and in catarrhal, neuralgic, and rheumatic 
conditions. They are contraindicated, as is also the 
vapor bath, in fatty degeneration of the heart. B., 
Iron, half an ounce of sulphate of iron to four 
gallons of water. Use in an earthenware or wooden 
vessel. This is valuable for strumous or rachitic 
children. B., Medicated, a bath in which medicinal 
substances, as mineral salt, sulphur, etc., are dis- 
solved or held in suspension. B., Mercurial, for 
the treatment of syphilis. Calomel, 20 to 60 grains, 
or a mixture of 15 grains of calomel and 20 grains 
of cinnabar are fused over a water bath. The 
patient is stripped and enveloped in one or more 
blankets, or a mackintosh or India-rubber blanket 
lined with flannel. The lamp and mercury are placed 
under his chair, and the former lighted. In a few 
minutes perspiration is induced and the sublimed 
calomel is deposited upon the body. Twenty to thirty 
minutes are sufficient for a bath, after which the patient 
is allowed to cool off slowly. This is best taken before 
retiring. B., Milk, a bath in milk, for nutritive pur- 
poses. B., Moor, a bath in water mixed with the earth 
of moors. B., Mud, a bath prepared by mixing well- 
seasoned earths, containing more or less mineral 
matter, with water containing the same substances. 
The body is surrounded with this mixture at various 
temperatures from 90° to 100 . The patient is then 
rinsed with warm water. This is of value in some uter- 
ine diseases, and in obstinate rheumatism. B., Mus- 
tard, made by enclosing two to four ounces of ordinary 
mustard in a piece of muslin or thin linen and hang- 
ing it in about four gallons of hot water until the latter 
becomes yellow. It is used as a general bath for 
infants in collapse, convulsions, or severe bronchitis, 
the child being left in until the skin becomes distinctly 
reddened. It is also used as a foot or sitz-bath in 
amenorrhea. B., Pack, or Sheet, one in which the 
body is wrapped in cloths. B., Permanent. See 
B., Warm . B., Pine, prepared by adding a decoction 



BATH 



197 



I'.A'I KACIIorilOBIA 



of pine-needles, or some pine extract, to hot water. It 
is mildly stimulating, and is employed in hysteria, gout, 
and rheumatism. B., Rain, consists of from four to 
six three-fourths circles of pipes secured together at a 
distance of two to three inches. Each pipe has three 
lines of fine perforations, from which the stream issues 
under pressure, striking the body of the patient at all 
points with considerable force. This may be used as 
a substitute for the dripping sheet. B., Russian, 
one in which the air of the room is saturated with 
steam by throwing water upon heated mineral or 
metallic substances, after which the bather is rubbed 
down, finishing with a cold douche. See £., Vapor. 
B., Sand, the body of the patient is surrounded in a 
tub with a layer of dry, warm sand that has been 
naturally or artificially heated, the temperature ranging 
from 95° to 120°. The duration of the bath is from 
one to one and a half hours. The head is wrapped in 
a wet towel and permitted to lie outside of the sand. 
The after-treatment is the same as that after a hot-air 
bath. This is of value as an emollient procedure. In 
chemistry, the immersion of a crucible, etc. , containing 
a chemic compound in a vessel containing fine sand, the 
latter being heated gradually to a high temperature. 
B., Sea-water, more stimulating and tonic in its 
effects than fresh water. It may be given cold, 
tepid, or hot. It may be made away from the sea- 
shore by dissolving bay-salt or rock-salt in fresh 
water, four to nine pounds of salt to 30 gallons 
of water. It is useful in convalescence, chlorosis, 
and strumous diseases. B., Sheet, the application 
of cold water to the body through the medium of 
a sheet or towel of fine or coarse texture, placed upon 
the skin. The patient is wrapped in a linen sheet, 
wrung not quite dry out of water at a temperature of 
from 60° to 70°. A rubber cloth and a blanket are 
spread over the bed to protect it. As the sheet dries 
small quantities of water are poured with one hand 
from a vessel or sponge upon a limited part of the body, 
beginning with the chest. With the other extended 
hand rapid passes are made over this spot until it 
becomes a little warmer. Successive parts of the body 
are thus treated except the forearms, hands, feet, and 
legs. The patient is then dried and made comfortable. 
This is applicable in all febrile affections with high tem- 
peratures, except in chest or abdominal diseases. 
B., Shower, a familiar form of the douche. The water 
is delivered from a nozzle with numerous perforations, 
that may be attached to a hose, striking the body in 
a divided stream. B., Sitz, the patient sits in the tub 
with the feet outside upon a raised surface and blanket, 
so that the popliteal spaces are not encroached upon 
by the edge of the tub. The water should reach the 
umbilicus. It is useful in obstinate diarrhea, menor- 
rhagia, subinvolution of the uterus, and pelvic inflam- 
mations. B., Slime, a bath in water mixed with the 
slimy deposit of organic matter found in rivers or 
ponds. B., Sponge, one in which the patient's body is 
rubbed with a sponge and water. It is used to reduce 
temperature. B., Starch, starch, one pound; 
water, 30 gallons. This is used as the bran 
bath. B., Sulphur, potassium sulphid four to eight 
ounces in 30 gallons of water ; a little sulphuric 
acid may be added. It is used in certain skin 
diseases, scabies, lead colic, and lead palsy. B.. 
Sulphurous -acid, a means of applying the fumes of 
burning sulphur to the body. The patient is seated on 
a cane-bottomed chair, and a blanket or oil-cloth is 
thrown round him, the head remaining uncovered. 
On the floor beneath the chair is a pan containing a 
little water, and in this is placed a smaller vessel con- 
taining small pieces of sulphur. A little spirit of 



wine is poured over this, and ignited, and sulphurous- 
acid gas is evolved. B., Sun, the therapeutic exposure 
of the naked body to the sun's rays. B., Surprise, an 
ancient and obsolete form of bath for insane and 
hysterical patients, who were unexpectedly plunged 
into cold water. B., Tepid, the temperature of the 
water ranges from 85° to 95° F. It acts mainly upon 
the skin as a sedative, cleansing, and detergent agent ; 
the pulse, respiration, excretion, secretion, and temper- 
ature are practically unaffected. B., Turkish, one in 
which the bather is placed successively in rooms of 
higher temperature, then shampooed or rubbed, and 
finally stimulated by a douche of cold water. See 
Bath, Hot-air. B., Vapor ; Russian bath ; this may 
be given, as the Turkish bath, in a box, by permitting 
steam from a pipe to permeate it, providing for its 
escape, or the patient may inhale the vapor within 
a closed compartment, the whole surface being at the 
same time exposed to its influence. A higher temper- 
ature can be borne than in the hot- water bath, though 
for a shorter time. It is useful to provoke profuse per- 
spiration. It should be followed by brisk frictions. 
B., Warm, the tub is filled with water at any temper- 
ature near that of the body, say 90° to 104°. The 
patient lies quietly in it, and obtains the effect 
of warmth, moisture, and water-pressure. It is 
used to calm the nervous system, produce sleep, 
and allay reflex instability. The continuous 'warm 
bath, called by Hebra the permanent bath, is made 
by suspending a sheet in the tub as a ham' 
mock. The patient lies upon this surrounded by 
water that is kept at an equable temperature (warm) 
by a proper arrangement of in-and-out-flow It is 
used in the treatment of extensive burns and wounds. 
B., Water, a bath of water. It may be cold (6o°-75°) 
or tepid (85°-95°), or hot. In chemistry, a bath cf 
water for immersing vessels containing substances that 
must not be heated above the boiling-point of water. 
See B. , Mud ; B., Sand; B., Sim. 

Bathmic [bath' -mil;) [/jafy/dc, a threshold]. Relating 
to bathmism. 

Bathmis {bath' -mis). See Bat Amos. 

Bathmism (batA'-mizm) \_ ; 3a6/i6g, a threshold]. That 
supposed modification of chemical force which is 
active in the processes of nutrition. 

Bathmos {batA'-mos) \_,iat1fi6c, (3a6/xtg, a little fossa]. 
A shallow depression or fosset. 

Bathwort (bath' -wert) [Corruption of MrtAwort]. The 
plant Trillium crcctum : also T. pendulum ; esteemed 
in domestic practice as deobstruent. Unof. 

Bathybius (bath-ib'-e-us) [/Safli-c, deep ; /3/oc, life]. A 
name applied by Huxley to a sticky form of deep-sea 
ooze, formerly supposed by him to be a widely-extend- 
ing sheet of living, primitive protoplasm. 

Bathycentesis (bath-e-sen-te' -sis) [ftaflrc, deep; kevt- 
Tjaic, puncture]. A deep surgical puncture ; deep 
acupuncture. 

Bathystixis (bath-e-stiks'-is) [,3a0ir, deep; cri^ig, 
puncture]. Deep acupuncture. 

Batiator (bat-e-a'-tor). See Vemonia nigritiana. 

Batoir ibaA-twar') [Fr., beater]. See Percutor. 

Batophobia (bat-o-fo'-be-ah) [(ia-oc, a height; pd,3oc, 
fear]. I. Acrophobia; dread of being at a great 
height. 2. Dread of high objects; fear of passing 
near a high building, or of going through a deep 
valley. 

Batrachoid (bat'-rak-oid) [fiarpaxoc, a frog; udog, 
form]. Frog-like. 

Batrachophagous (bat-rak-off'-ag-us) [fla-paxog, a 
frog ; <payccv, to eat]. In biology, frog-eating. 

Batrachophobia (bat-rak-o-fo' -be-ah) [/3drpa^of , a frog ; 
<p6[3ng, fear]. Morbid dread of toads and frogs. 



BATRACHOPLASTY 



198 



BATTERY 



3atrachoplasty [bat' -rak-o-plas-te) [/3d-pa;toc, a frog ; 
ranuia ; -kaaaew, to mold]. Plastic surgical opera- 
tion for the cure of ranuia. 

Batrachostomous [bat-rak-os* -to-mns) [/3drpo^;oc, a 
frog; ar6jj.a, mouth]. In biology, frog-mouthed. 

Batrachus (bat' -rak-us) [/Jdrpa^of, a frog]. Ranuia. 

Battalism (bat'-al-izm). See Baltarism. 

Battarism (dat / -ar-izm)[fia.TTaptofj.6s, a stuttering]. Stut- 
tering or stammering. 

Battery (bat'-er-e) [batteria, a beating; battery]. A 
series of two or more pieces of apparatus arranged 
to produce increased or multiple effect, as battery 
of boilers, prisms, lenses, galvanic cells. Usually 
applied to a series of cells producing electricity (vol- 
taic or galvanic battery) ; also, frequently to a single 
cell. B., Primary, the combination of a number of 
primary cells so as to form a single battery. B., Sec- 
ondary, the combination of a number of storage cells 
to form a single electric source. The following 
table shows the materials used in the more important 
batteries, and the electro-motive force (E. M. F. ) in 
volts. Storage or secondary batteries are not included 
in the table. The common form of these is a series 
of lead plates carrying masses of lead oxid. 




Grenet Cell for Therapeutic Apparatus. 



NAMES, 


ELEMENTS, FLUIDS, ETC., OF THE PRINCIPAL BATTERIES. 


Name of Cell. 


Positive Ele- 
ment. 


Negative Element. 


Exciting Agent. 


Depolarizing Agent. 


E. M. F. in 
Volts. 


Bunsen. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Sulphuric acid, dilute. 


Nitric acid. 


1.75 to 1.96 


Beetz. 


Zinc. 


Copper. 


Zinc sulphate in plaster 
of Paris. 


Copper sulphate, in plas- 
ter of Paris. 


1.04 


Callaud. 


Zinc. 


Copper. 


Solution of zinc sul- 
phate. 


Cupric sulphate. 


1.0 to 1 14 


Daniel. 


Zinc. 


Copper. 


Zinc sulphate. 


Cupric sulphate. 


1. to 1. 14 


Edison-Lalande. 


Zinc. 


Cupric oxid and car- 
bon. 


Potassium hydroxid. 


Cupric oxid. 


o-75 


Fuller. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Zinc chlorid. 


Potassium dichromate 
and hydrochloric acid. 


1-5 


Gravity. See Call 


aud. 










Gaiffe. 


Zinc. 


Silver. 


Zinc chlorid. 


Silver chlorid. 


1.02 


Grenet. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Sulphuric acid and po- 
tassium dichromate. 


Chromic acid. 


2.0 


Grove. 


Zinc. 


Platinum. 


Sulphuric acid, dilute. 


Nitric acid. 


1.94 to 1.97 


Latimer Clark. 


Zinc. 


Mercury. 


Mercuric sulphate. 


Mercuric sulphate. 


1.436 


Leclanche. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Ammonium chlorid. 


Manganese dioxid. 


1.42 


Lelande 

Chaperone 


Zinc. 


Copper or iron. 


Potassium hydroxid. 


Cupric oxid. 


0.98 


Maische. 


Zinc scraps in 
a bath of mer- 
cury. 


Platinized carbon. 


Common salt solution. 


None separate. 


1-25 


Marie Davy. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Sulphuric acid, dilute. 


Mercuric sulphate. 


I 52 


Maynooth. 


Zinc. 


Iron. 


Sulphuric acid, dilute. 


Nitric acid (strong). 




Niaudet. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Common salt solution. 


Chlorated lime. 


1.63 


Poggeudorf. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Potassium dichromate 
and sulphuric acid. 


Chromic acid. 


1.98 


Schan=chiefF. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Mercurial solution. 


None separate. 


1.56 


Srrivanoff. 


Zinc. 


Silver. 


Potassium hydroxid. 


Silver chlorid. 


1 5 


Smee. 


Zinc. 


Platinized silver. 


Sulphuric acid, dilute. 


None. 


0.5 to 1.0 


Walker 


Zinc. 


Platinized carbon. 


Sulphuric acid, dilute. 


None. 


0.66 


Warren de la Rue. 


Zinc. 


Silver. 


Ammonium chlorid. 


Silver chlorid. 


1.05 



BATTEY'S OPERATION 



199 



BEBEERU BARK 



Battey's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Battledore (bat' -I- dor) [ME., batyldore\ An instru- 
ment shaped like a racket. B. Hands. See Acro- 
megaly. B. Placenta, one in which there is a mar- 
ginal insertion of the cord. 

Battology (bat-ol'-o-Je) [/iarro/loy/a, a vain repetition]. 
The idle or meaningless repetition of words. 

Baudelocque's Diameter. In obstetrics, the external 
conjugate diameter of the pelvis. B. Method. See 
Treatment , Methods of. 

Bauden's Apparatus. See Seutin's Apparatus. B. 
Law. See Law. B. Operations. See Operatio?is , 
Table of. 

Bauer's Apparatus, an apparatus for extending the leg 
in hip-disease. The extension may be varied by means 
of a rack-and-pinion arrangement. 

Bauhin, Valve of. The ileo-cecal valve. 

Bauhin's Glands. See Gland. 

Baum's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Baunscheidt's Method. See Treatment , Methods of . 

Baunscheidtism (pawn' -shlt-izm). [Named from 
Baunscheidt, the inventor]. A mode of treating rheu- 
matism or other chronic neuralgias by counter-irrita- 
tion, the latter being produced by pricking the. exterior 
of the part affected with fine needles dipped in oil of 
mustard, formic acid or other irritant. 

Bavarian (bav-a' -re-an) \_Bavaria\ Pertaining to Ba- 
varia. B. Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. B. 
Splint, a variety of immovable dressing in which 
the plaster is applied between two flannel cloths. 

Bay-berry (ba'-ber-e) [ME., bay; bery']. I. The 
berry of the Taurus nobilis, bay, or noble laurel. 2. 
The wax-myrtle, Myrica cerifera, and its fruit. See 
Myrica. 3. The pimento, or allspice. B. Rum and 
B., Oil of. See Myrcia. B. Tree, the Taurus 
nobilis ; also Prunus laurocerasus ; commonly called 
the laurel and the cherry laurel. B. Aqua Lauro- 
cerasi. See Acid Hydrocyanic, Dilute. 

Baycuru (bi-koo'-roo) [native S. A.]. The root of a S. 
American plant, Statice braziliensis, one of the most 
powerful astringents known. It is used for ulcers of 
the mouth and for glandular enlargements. Dose of 
the fid. ext. , trLv-xxx. Unof. 

Bayer's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Baynton's Bandage. See Bandage. 

Bazin (ba'-zin). Synonym of Molluscum contagiosum. 

Bazin's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Bdella (del' -ah) \JS6kWa, a leech]. A leech. See 
Hirudo. 

Bdellatomy (del-at'-o-me). See Bdellotomy. 

Bdellium (del'-e-um) [Heb., b'dolach']. A resinous 
gum exuding from various species of balsamodendron. 
B., Indian, somewhat valuable as an emmenagogue. 

Bdellometer (del-om' -et-er) [/MivUa, a leech ; fierpov, a 
measure]. A mechanical substitute for the leech, 
consisting of cupping glass, scarificator, and exhaust- 
ing syringe. 

Bdellotomy (del-ot'-o-me) [/3(5e/U,a, a leech; tojitj, a 
cut]. The opening with the knife of the body of 
a leech that is drawing blood ; by this means the 
activity of the leech may be considerably prolonged. 

Bdelygmia (del-ig' -me-ah) \fi6£kvyfj.ia, disgust]. Ab- 
normal disgust for food. That which is abhorrent or 
repulsive. 

Beaded Hair. Synonym of Monilethrix. 

Beads, Rhachitic. " Rhachitic rosary; " the so-called 
"beading of the ribs" in rickets; a succession of 
visible and palpable swellings at the points where the 
ribs join their cartilages. 

Beak (bik) [ME., beeke\ I. The mandibular portion of 
a forceps. 2. The lower end of the calamus scrip- 
torius. 3. The pad or splenium of the callosum. 4. 



In biology, the rostrum, snout, or some corresponding 
part of an animal. The apex of a bivalve, or the 
cannular lips of a univalve shell. 

Beaker (be'-ker) [ME.,ii'&-]. A wide-mouthed glass 
vessel much used in chemic laboratories. B. Cells. 
See Cell. 

Beale's Cold-flowing Fluids. For injecting tissues. 
(a) Blue: Dissolve 0.777 g m - of potassium fer- 
rocyanid in 30 c. c. of glycerin ; mix 3.6 c. c. of 
tinct. ferri chlor. with 30 c. c. of glycerin ; add the iron 
mixture, drop by drop, to the potassium ferrocyanid 
solution. Then add to this mixture 5.5 c. c. of 
methylic alcohol, 30 c. c. of alcohol, and 88 c. c. of 
water, shaking strongly, (b) Acid Glycerin Fluid: 
Dissolve 0.194 gm. of potassium ferrocyanid in 30 
c. c. of strong glycerin ; to 30 c. c. of strong glycerin 
add 10 drops of tincture ferri chlor. Add the latter, 
drop by drop, to the former, with constant shaking. 
Then add 30 c. c. of water, to which 3 drops of HC1 
have been added. This fluid flows well and does not 
exude from the capillaries, (c) Carmin : Mix 1 gm. 
of pulverized carmin with a little water and sufficient 
ammonia to dissolve the carmin ; add 50 c. c of gly- 
cerin and shake well. Then add gradually, with con- 
stant shaking, 100 c. c. of glycerin, acidulated with 25 
to 30 drops of HC1 or acetic acid. Test the fluid with 
litmus paper, and if not decidedly acid add a few more 
drops of acid. Then add 25 c. c. of alcohol and 75 
c. c. of water. See Stains, Table of. B. Solution, 
for staining histologic preparations. It consists of 
carmin, I gm. ; ammonia, 3 c. c. ; glycerin, 96 c. c; 
distilled water, 96 c. c ; alcohol, 95 per cent., 24 
c. c. Dissolve the carmin in the ammonia with 
the aid of heat, boil for a few moments, and allow to 
cool. After the odor of ammonia has disappeared add 
the glycerin, water, and alcohol, and filter. If, after 
standing for some time, the carmin precipitates, add a 
few more drops of ammonia. 

Bean (ben) [ME., bene\ The seeds of several plants, 
mostly Leguminosa:, especially that of the common 
bean, Faba vulgaris. In biology, the rounded, white, 
fleshy, saccular termination of the diictus ejaculatorius 
in the drone bee. B. of St. Ignatius. See Ignatia. 
See also Tonka, Vanilla, Castor oil, etc. 

Bearberry (bar'-ber-e). See Uva ursi. 

Beard (bird) [ME., berde~\. The hair on the lips, 
cheeks and chin of adult men. On women, a beard is 
of rare occurrence, and is sometimes accompanied by 
other characteristics proper to the male sex. 

Bearing-down. The feeling of weight or pressure in 
the pelvis in certain diseases. B.-d. Pains, uterine 
pains in labor. Bearing-seat, a variety of the 
Apron of Succor, q. v. 

Bear's-foot. Leaf cup. A composite-flowered plant, 
Polymnia uvedalia of N. America. A popular remedy 
for enlargement of the spleen, or the " ague-cake " 
of malarious regions. B. Ext. Dose gr. ss-j. B. 
Fid. Ext. Dose rr\hj-x. B. Infus., gj of an gj 
to Oj. Unof. 

Beat (bit) [ME. , beten~\. The pulsations of the blood in 
the arteries, or the impulse of the heart. See Pulse. 

Beaten Woman's Herb. The European plant, Tamus 
communis; so called from its vulnerary qualities. See 
lamus. 

Beating (bit'-ing). See Tapotement. 

Beaufils's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Beauperthuy's Method. A method of treating leprosy 
by bathing with olive oil, the internal administration 
of mercuric chlorid, abstinence from salted meats 
and good hygiene. 

Bebeerin (be-be'-rin). See Nectandra and Barine. 

Bebeeru Bark (be-be'-ru). See Nectandra. 



BECCABUNGA 



200 



BEGUAN 



Beccabunga (bek-ah-bung'-gah). A plant of Europe, 
Veronica beccabunga, formerly much prized in medi- 
cine. See Veronica, 

Beccaria, Test of. See Tests, Table of. 

Beche-de-mer (bask' -de-mar) [Port. , bicho-do-mar , sea- 
worm]. The smoked and dried bodies of Holothuria 
argus, a sea-slug ; valued by the Chinese as a culinary 
delicacy, and an aphrodisiac. Unof. 

Bechesthesis (bek-es 1 ' -ikes-is) [/3/)f, cough ; alaOrjaiQ, 
sensation]. The sensation in the throat or air-passages 
that prompts one to cough. 

Bechic (bek'-ik) \_jhixui6<;, from /?//.;, a cough]. A 
remedy for a cough ; an antibechic. 

Bechorthopnea (bek-orth-op-ne' -ah) [j8#f, cough; 
bpdoc, straight ; nveelv, to breathe]. Cough associated 
with orthopnea. A synonym of Whooping-cough. 

Bechous (bek'-us) [fir/!;, a cough]. Pertaining to or 
affected with cough. 

Bechterew's Nucleus. The accessory auditory nu- 
cleus. 

Becker's Test. A test for astigmatism, made by means 
of a set of parallel lines in triplets placed in various 
meridians. 

Beckmann, Method of. A method for the determination 
of the depression of the freezing-point. A hard glass 
tube, from 2 to 3 cm. in diameter, with a lateral pro- 
jection, is filled with from 15 to 20 grams of the solvent 
(weighed out accurately in centigrams), and closed 
with a cork in which are placed an accurate ther- 
mometer and a stout platinum wire serving as a stirring- 
rod. The lower part of the tube is attached by means 
of a cork to a somewhat larger, wider tube, which 
serves as an air-jacket. The entire apparatus projects 
into a beaker-glass filled with a freezing-mixture. Cold 
water will answer for glacial acetic acid and ice-water 
for benzene. The congealing-point of the solvent is 
determined by cooling this to from l° to 2° below its 
freezing-point ; then by agitation with the platinum 
rod (after addition of platinum dippings) the forma- 
tion of crystals is induced. The thermometer rises. 
When the mercury becomes stationary, the reading in- 
dicates the freezing-point of the solvent. The mass is 
allowed to melt and an accurately weighed amount of 
substance is introduced through the lateral projection. 
When this has dissolved, the freezing-point is de- 
termined as before. 

Beclard's Hernia. See Diseases, Table of . B. Opera- 
tion. See Operations, Table of. B. Suture. See 
Suture. 

Becorthopnea {bek-orth-op-ne' -ah). See Bechorthop- 
nea. 

Becquerel's Pills. Pills containing quinin, extract of 
digitalis and colchicum seeds, for use in gout. 

Becuiba (bek-we' '-bah) [native Brazilian name]. The 
tree Myristica bicuhyba of Brazil. Its nuts afford a 
" tallow," or balsam, useful in rheumatism and piles. 
Unof. 

Bed [bed) [AS., bedd\ The couch or support on 
which the body may rest in sleep ; usually a mattress 
of straw, hair, or similar substance. B., Air, a mat- 
tress of rubber or leather that can be inflated with 
air. B.-bug an apterous insect, Cimex lectularius, 
that infests filthy bedsteads, and at times is parasitic 
upon the human body. See Cimex. B.-case, a 
form of hysteria or hypochondriasis in which the 
patient, without cause, persistently remains in bed. 
B.-pan, a large shallow vessel for receiving the 
alvine discharges from bedridden patients. B.-rest, 
an apparatus for propping up patients in bed. B.- 
ridden, confined to bed. B.-sore, a sore produced 
on any projecting part of the body by prolonged pres- 
sure against the bed, and by nutritive changes in 



paralyzed parts. B., Water, a rubber mattress con- 
taining water ; it is used to prevent the formation of 
bed-sores. 

Bedegar, Bedeguar (bed'-e-gar) [Ar. , Pers., bdddwar, 
a white thorn]. An insect-made gall found on rose- 
bushes of various species. It is astringent, but is not 
now used in regular medicine. 

Bedlam (bed' -lam) [ME., bedlem, a corruption of Beth- 
lehem]. A mad-house. 

Bedlamism (bed' -lam-izm) [see Bedlani\. Insanity. 

Bedlamite (bed' -lam-it) [see Bedlam]. A madman ; 
an insane person. 

Bednar's Aphthae. See Aphtha:, and Diseases, Table of. 

Bedouin Itch. A synonym of the vesicular variety of 
Lichen tropicus. 

Bee (be) [AS., b'i\. A genus of insects belonging to 
the Hymetioptera, commonly used to designate the 
common Honey Bee, Apis mellifica (q. v.). B. -bread, 
a preparation of pollen with which bees fill certain 
cells. (The propolis, or hive-resin, is also incorrectly 
called bee-bread. ) B. -poison, the irritating secretion 
discharged through the sting of the bee. See Formic 
Acid. 

Beech (beck). See Fagus. 

Beech-drop (beck' -drop). See Cancer Boot. 

Beef (bef) [ME., befe~\. The flesh of domestic :atile. 
Good beef should be of red color, possess firm texture, 
and be free from unpleasant smell. Beef consists 
mainly of water 73, fibrin 15, gelatin 4, albumen, 3, 
fat and other substances 5 per cent. B. -extract, 
the soluble fibrin of lean meat partly desiccated. B.- 
measles. See Cysticercus bovis. B.-tea, the soluble 
extractive matter of beef, made by steeping finely-cut 
lean beef with its weight of water, and straining. 

Beer (ber). See Malt Liquors. B. -vinegar. See 
Vinegar. 

Beer's Cataract Knife. A knife with a triangular-shaped 
blade, for making section of the cornea in the removal 
of the crystalline lens. B. Operations. See Opera- 
tions, Table of. 

Beeswax (bez'-waks) . Ceraflava : wax secreted by bees, 
of which their cells are constructed ; ordinarily it is a 
mixture of cerotic acid, myricyl palmitic ester, heptaco- 
sane, hentriacontane, and several alcohols. The crude 
melted wax is a tough, compact mass of yellow or 
brownish color, granular structure, faint taste, and 
honey-like odor. When bleached it becomes white. 
Its specific gravity is .959 to .969; its melting-point 
62 to 64 C. It is used in making candles, oint- 
ments, and pomades. 

Beet (bet). See Beta. 

Begbie's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Beggiatoa (bed-je-at-o'-ah) [after the Italian botanist, 
J. Beggiato]. A genus of arthrosporous bacteria 
founded by Trevisan (1833), consisting of swinging 
or gliding, milk-white, gray, rosy to violet threads. 
They decompose sulphur compounds, and store up 
sulphur granules in their protoplasm. They are found 
in stagnant, fresh, or salt water, particularly that con- 
taminated by sewage or factory waste. See Bacteria, 
Synonymatic Table of. 

Begin's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Begma (beg'-mah) [pijytia, a cough: //., Begmatd\. 
A cough ; the matter expectorated by coughing. 

Begonia (be-go'-ne-ali) [after Begon, a French savant]. 
An extensive genus of flowering-plants, mostly natives 
of warm regions. B. octopetala and tomentosa, of 
Peru, are astringent. B. balmisiana, of Mexico, and 
various other species are locallv prized as alteratives. 
Unof. 

Beguan (begt-iuan) [native S. America]. A bezoar 
obtained from the iguana, a large species of lizard. 



BEHEN NUT 



201 



BENZALDEHVD 



Behen-Nut (lie' -hen nut). The seed of Moringa 
p/erygosperma, and M. aptera, trees of tropical coun- 
tries. They afford Oil of Behen, or Oil of Ben. 

Behenolic Acid (be-lnn-ol'-ik). See Acid. 

Beindorffs Apparatus. A furnace for boiling water, 
in use in pharmacies. 

Bela (be'-lah) [Hind.]. The dried, half-ripe fruit of 
Aegle marmelos, or Bengal quince. It is a valuable 
remedy for chronic diarrhea and dysentery. The ripe 
fruit is slightly laxative. Dose 3ss-j. B., Ext. 
Liq. (B. P.). Dose gj-ij. Unof. 

Belching (belch' -ing) [ME., belchen~\. The expulsion 
or throwing up of gas from the stomach. Eructation. 

Belemnoid (bel-em'-noid) [fiilefivov, a dart], I. Dart- 
shaped ; styloid. 2. The styloid process of the ulna 
or of the temporal bone. 

Belenoid (bel'-en-od). See Belonoid. 

Bell (pel) [ME., bel]. A hollow, metal sounding- 
instrument. B. gastrula. See Archigastrula. B. 
Metal, an alloy of copper, zinc, tin, and antimony. 
B., Nerves of. The external and internal respiratory 
nerves, etc. B. Sound, the sound produced in pneu- 
mothorax by striking a coin, placed flat upon the 
chest, by another coin. It can be heard through the 
stethoscope placed over the affected side. 

Bell's Disease. See Periencephalitis and Diseases, 
Table of. B. Law. See Law. B. Mania. See 
Periencephalitis and Diseases, liable of. B. Oper- 
ations. See Operations, Table of. B. Palsy or 
Paralysis. See Diseases, Table of. 

B-elladonna (bel-ah-don'-ah) [It. , belladonna, beautiful 
lady]. Deadly Night-shade. A perennial plant of 
the order Solanacece, indigenous to Southern Europe 
and Asia, and cultivated in the U. S. Its proper- 
ties are due to two alkaloids, atropin and belladonnin, 
the latter thought to be identical with hyoscyamin. 
Both leaves and root are employed.' It is a mild nar- 
cotic and anodyne and a powerful mydriatic ; also an 
antispasmodic, and in small doses a cardiac, respiratory 
and spinal stimulant. It is valuable in the inflamma- 
tion of rheumatism, in gout, and in neuralgia. Dose of 
the root and leaves gr. j. B., Folia, the leaves of 
belladonna. B., Radix, the root of belladonna. The 
preparations of the leaves are : B., Extractum Alco- 
holicum. Dose gr. ^j— \. B., Tinct., 15 per cent. 
Dose rry-xxx. B., Unguent., contains extract 10, 
dilute alcohol 6, benzoated lard 84 parts. From the 
root are prepared : B., Abstractum. Dose gr. j^-j. 
Unof. B., Emplastrum, alcoholic ext. of leaves 20. 
resin-plaster 40, soap-plaster, 40. B., Extractum 
Fluidum. Dose rry-v. B., Linimentum, fluid 
extract 95, camphor 5. B., Succus (B. P.). Dose 
TTLv-xv. B., Japanese. See Scopolia. Atropin 
sulphate, an excellent antidote in opium-poisoning. 
Lamellae atropinae (B. P.), each containing of 
atropin -j^o g ram - Liq. atropinae sulphatis (B. 
P.). Dose rt\j-vj. Unguentum atropinae (B. 
P.), grs. viij to the ounce. See Atropin. Dose gr. 
2IT0 "aV Homatropin. See Atropin. 

Belladonnin (bel-ah-don' -in) [see Belladonna"], C I7 H.,. r 
N0 3 . An alkaloid found in Belladonna. It resem- 
bles atropin, hyoscyamin, and hyoscin. It occurs 
with atropin, and is likewise decomposed into tropic 
acid and oxytropin (C R H, 5 N0 2 ). See Belladonna. 

Belleric {bel-er'-ik) [Pers., balilah]. A variety of 
myrobalan (</. v.) ; the fruit of Terminalia fellerica. 

Bellini, Ducts of. See Ducts. 

Bellocq's Canula. An instrument used in plugging 
the nares. 

Bellon (bel'-on) [origin unknown]. Painter's (or lead) 
colic. See Colic. 

Bellows (bel'-oz) [ME.,fe/oz»a]. An instrument for 



propelling air through a tube or small orifice. B. and 
Blow-Pipe, a circular bellows nine or ten inches in 
diameter, with a small gum elastic tube, three or four 
feet in length, terminating in a tapering metallic tube, 
to be attached to a blow-pipe leading from it. The 
bellows is worked by the foot, while with the blow- 
pipe held in the hand, a jet of flame from a lamp may 
be projected on the object designed to be heated. B. 
Murmur, the Bruit-de souffle, q. v. ; also the funic 
or placental souffle. 

Belly (bel'-e) [ME., befy~\. See Abdomen. B.-ache. 
See Colic. B. -bound, vulgar for constipated. B.- 
button, the navel. 

Belmas's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Beloid (be'-loid) [/3tAof, an arrow]. Arrow-shaped or 
styloid. 

Belonephobia (bel-o-ne-fo' -be-ali) [fieXovr], a pin ; 
<p6fiog, fear]. A morbid dread of pins and needles. 

Belonoid (bel'-on-oid) \_jieX6v7i, a needle, bodkin]. Sty- 
loid ; needle-shaped. 

Belt (belt) [ME., belt]. A girdle about the waist. B., 
Abdominal, a broad, elastic belt worn about the 
abdomen as a support during pregnancy. B., Mag- 
netic, a belt consisting of plates of metal fastened 
upon a strip of felt moistened with dilute acid. It is 
a cure-all largely sold by empirics. 

Ben, or Benne Oil (ben, or ben'-e). Oleum balatinum, 
is obtained by expression from the seeds of the several 
species of Moringia. It is a colorless, odorless oil, 
not readily turning rancid. It is used by perfumers 
for extracting odors, and for lubricating clocks and 
light machinery. See Behe?i-nut and Sesame. 

Bence Jones's Albumin. See Albumin. 

Bendas's Method. See Stains, Table of. 

Bending (bend' -ing) [ME., bend]. Active Swedish 
movements in which the body is bent or inclined in 
various directions in order to develop certain portions 
of the muscular system. 

Benedictine (ben-e-dik'-tiii) [benedicere, to bless]. A 
liquor or cordial originally prepared by Benedictine 
monks, and distilled at Fecamp, in France. It much 
resembles chartreuse and trappistine. 

Benedikt, Syndrome of. Paralysis of the muscles sup- 
plied by the oculo-motor nerves of one side and tremor 
and paresis of the upper extremity of the other side. 

Beng (beng). See Cannabis Indica. 

Bengal (ben'-gal) [Hind. , Bengal]. A province of 
India. B. Quince. See Bela. B. Red. Same as 
Rose Bengale. 

Bengalin (lien'-gal-in) [Hind., Bengal]. Same as 
Coupler's Blue. 

Benger's Food. Partially digested and solidified beef- 
tea, used as a food for invalids. 

Benham, Gland of. See Gland. 

Benham's Operation. See Operations , Table of. 

Benign (be-nin'), or Benignant {be-nig' -nant) [benig- 
nus, kind]. A term applied to medicines that 
are characterized by mildness. It is used chiefly to 
distinguish tumors that are not malignant (q. v.) or 
carcinomatous. 

Benjamin, or Gum Benjamin (ben' -Jam-in). See 
Benzoin. 

Bennett's Operation. See Operations, Table of 

Benson's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bent's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Benzal (ben'-zal). See Benzylidene. B. Green. 
Same as Malachite Green. 

Benzaldehyd (ben-zal' -de-hld) [benzoin; aldehyd], 
C-H b O. Bitter- almond oil ; a compound that results 
from the oxidation of benzyl alcohol ; it is a colorless 
liquid with a pleasant odor, and boils at 179 ; its 
specific gravity is 1.050 at 15 . It is soluble in 30 



BENZALDOXIN 



202 



BENZYL 



parts water, and is miscible with alcohol and ether. 
It is used in making benzoic acid as well as various 
pigments. B. Green. Same as Malachite Green. 

Benzaldoxin (ben-zal-doks'-in), C-H 9 NO. A thick oil 
formed by the action of hydroxylamin upon benzal- 
dehyd. 

Benzamid (ben'-zam-id) [benzoin; amid], C 7 H 7 NO. 
A compound that results when benzoyl chlorid acts 
upon alcoholic ammonia. It is best obtained by 
heating benzoic acid and ammonium thiocyanate to 
170 C. It crystallizes in pearly leaflets, melts at 
130°, and boils near 288° ; it is readily soluble in hot 
water, alcohol, and ether. It may be regarded as the 
amid of benzoyl. 

Benzanilid (ben-zan' '-il-id) [benzoin; anilin], C ]3 H n - 
NO. Benzoyl-anilid, prepared by the action of ben- 
zoyl chlorid on anilin. It is used as an antifebrile in 
children, in doses of gr. iij-viij. Unof. 

Benzene (ben'-zen) [benzoin], C 6 H 6 . A hydrocarbon 
contained in coal-tar. It is formed by the dry dis- 
tillation of all benzene acids. It is a mobile, ethereal- 
smelling liquid, of specific gravity 0.899 at o°. It 
solidifies about 0°, melts at -+- 6°, and boils at 80.5 . 
It burns with a luminous flame. It readily dissolves 
resins, fats, sulphur, iodin, and phosphorus. It is 
the material from which anilin and the anilin colors 
are derived. B.-sulphonic Acid, C 6 H 5 .S0 3 H, is 
prepared by boiling together equal parts of benzene 
and H. 2 S0 4 , It occurs in small plates, readily soluble 
in alcohol and water, and which deliquesce in the air. 
In its dry distillation the acid yields benzene phenyl- 
sulphone, and when fused with caustic potash phenol 
is produced. 

Benzidin (ben f -zid-in) [benzoin], C 12 H 12 N 2 . Diamido- 
diphenyl ; a compound obtained by the action of tin 
and HC1 upon the alcoholic solution of azo-benzene. 
Benzidin dissolves easily in hot water and alcohol, and 
crystallizes in silvery leaflets, melting at 122°. 

Benzil (ben'-zil) [benzoin], C u H 10 O 2 . A compound 
produced in the oxidation of benzoin with chlorin. 
It crystallizes from ether in large, six-sided prisms, 
melting at 90 and boiling at 347 . 

Benzimid (ben'-zim-id) [benzoin; amid], C 23 H 18 N 2 2 . 
A compound formed by the action of hydrocyanic 
acid on hydrid of benzoyl. It occurs also in the 
resinous residue of the rectification of the oil of bitter 
almonds. 

Benzine (ben'-zin). See Benzinnm. 

Benzinum (ben-zi' -man) [L. : gen., Benzini]. Benzine, 
Petroleum Ether. A purified distillate from Ameri- 
can petroleum, having a specific gravity of .77 to .79, 
boiling at 8o° to 90 C, colorless, of ethereal odor, 
and a slightly peppermint-like taste. It is a valuable 
solvent for oils, fats, resins, caoutchouc, and some 
alkaloids. It is a vermicide against tapeworm. It 
should be distinguished from Benzol, which is called 
Benzene by English chemists. Dose gtt. v-x, on 
sugar or in mucilage. 

Benzoate (ben'-zo-at) [benzoin]. Any salt of benzoic 
acid. B. of Naphthol. See Benzo-naphthol. 

Benzoated (ben'-zo-at-ed) [benzoin]. Impregnated 
with benzoin or with benzoic acid. 

Benzoic (ben-zo'-ik) [benzoin]. Pertaining to or de- 
rived from benzoin. B. Acid. See Acid. 

Benzoin (ben'-zo-in or -zoin) [origin obscure]. A resin 
obtained from Styrax benzoin, a tree native to Sumatra 
and Siam. It is also a ketone alcohol, C u H,,0 2 , and 
may be produced by oxidizing hydrobenzoin with con- 
centrated HN0 3 . It is sparingly soluble in water, cold 
alcohol, and ether, and crystallizes in shining prisms, 
melting at 134 . It is used as a remedy for bronchitis 
and in making court-plaster. It occurs in tears con- 



sisting of several resins agglutinated by a balsam. It 
yields benzoic and cinnamic acids, is antiseptic and 
disinfectant, and is used mainly as a stimulant expec- 
torant in chronic bronchitis. Sodium and potassium 
compounds are sometimes used in place of like salicylic 
acid compounds. Adeps benzoinatus, benzoinated 
lard, contains 2 per cent, of benzoin. B., Tinct., 20 
per cent, of the resin in alcohol. Dose 5Jss-j. B., 
Tinct. Comp., Friar's Balsam, benzoin 12, aloes 2, 
styrax 8, balsam of Tolu 4, alcohol, q. s. ad 100 parts. 
Dose ^ss-ij. Benzoic Acid, C,H 6 2 , alcohol the best 
solvent. A constituent of opii, tinct. camphorat. 
Dose gr. x-xxv. - Trochisci Acidi Benzoici (B. P.). 
Unguenlnm Cetacei (B. P.). See Cetaceitm. Ammo- 
nium Benzoate, water the best solvent. Dose gr. 
v-xxx. Bismuth Benzoate, an antiseptic dressing for 
chancroid. Lithium Benzoate. Dose gr. v-xxx. Sodi- 
um Benzoate, water the best solvent. Dose gr. v-^j. 

Benzol (ben'-zol) [benzoin], C 6 H 6 . A hydrocarbon 
formed by the dry distillation of organic substances, 
but derived chiefly from coal-tar. It is inflammable 
and very volatile, and is an excellent solvent for 
grease. It is used internally to destroy epizoa. Its 
vapor is used in whooping-cough. Dose gtt. v-x. 
See, also, Stains, Table of. B. Balsam. See Stains, 
Table of. B. Colors. See Conspectus of Pigments, 
under Pigment. 

Benzo-naphthol (ben-zo-naf -tliol) [benzoin; vd(p8a, a 
kind of asphalt], C 10 H 7 O(C 7 H 5 O). The benzoate of 
beta-naphthol, used as an intestinal antiseptic in 
typhoid fever and other intestinal diseases. Dose gr. 
ij to viij. 

Benzonitrile (ben-zo-ni' '-triT) [benzoin; nitrum, niter], 
C,H 5 N. Cyanbenzene ; a compound isomeric with 
phenyl carbylamin. It is obtained from benzene sul- 
phonic acid by distillation with potassium cyanid. It 
is an oil with an odor resembling that of oil of bitter 
almonds, and boils at 191 ; its specific gravity is 
1.023 at °°- 

Benzophenone (ben-zo-fe' '-non) [benzoin ; tpotvit, pur- 
ple-red], C 13 H 10 O. Diphenyl ketone; acompound ob- 
tained by distilling calcium benzoate. It is dimorphous, 
but generally crystallizes in large, rhombic prisms, 
melting at 48-49 , sometimes in rhombohedra, that melt 
at 27 . It has an aromatic odor and boils at 295 . 

Benzophenoneid (ben-zo-fe-no' -ne-id) [benzoin ; (boivt^, 
purple-red]. Tetramethyl-diapsido-benzo-phenoid; an 
anilin dye. A solution of one part in 200 parts of 
water has been pronounced a valuable bactericide, 
neither caustic nor irritant, and very serviceable in 
eye-diseases. Unof. 

Benzopurpurin. See Pigments, Conspectus of 

Benzoquinone (ben-zo' -qtuin-on). See Qitinone. 

Benzosalicin (ben-zo-sal'-is-in). See Populin. 

Benzosol (ben-zo' -sol*) [benzoin], C 15 H 12 3 . Benzoyl- 
guaiacol, an agreeable and harmless substitute for 
creasote in tuberculous affections. It also has antipy- 
retic properties. Dose gr. iv-x. 

Benzoyl (ben'-zo-il, or -zoil) [benzoin], C-H 5 0. The 
radical of benzoic acid, of oil of bitter almonds, and 
of an extensive series of compounds derived from this 
oil, or connected with it by certain relations. B.- 
ecgonin, C lfi H 18 N0 4 H, a substance intermediate in 
composition between cocain and ecgonin. B.-Gly- 
cocoll. See Acid, Hippuric. B. Green. Same as 
Malachite Green. B.-Pseudo-tropein. See Tropa- 
cocain. 

Benzyl (ben'-zil) [benzoin], C 7 H 7 . An organic ra- 
dical that does not exist in the free state, but in com- 
bination forms a considerable number of compounds. 
B. Alcohol. See Alcohol. B.Violet. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 



BENZYLIDENE 



203 



BETH ROOT 



Benzylidene (ben-zil' '-id-en) [benzoin], CjH^. A bi- 
valent radical derived from benzoin compounds. 

Beral's Apparatus. In pharmacy, an apparatus for 
effecting lixiviation. 

Berard's Aneurysm. See Aneurysm and Diseases, 
Table of. B.'s Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Beraud, Ligament of. The ligament that suspends the 
pericardium. B., Valve of, a valve supposed to exist 
at the bottom of the lachrymal sac over the entrance 
to the nasal duct. 

Berberin (ber'-ber-in) [berberina : gen., Berberina], 
C,, H 17 NO 4 . An alkaloid found in the bark of Berberis, 
and in many other plants of exceedingly various 
botanic character. It is a tonic to the capillary 
vessels and increases the blood-pressure. It is recom- 
mended as a tonic and antiperiodic, and is an ingre- 
dient of various lotions for the mucous membranes ; 
it is useful in nasal catarrh, etc. Dose gr. j-x. Unof. 

Berberis (ber'-ber-is) [L.]. Barberry. The root of 
Berberis vulgaris, or common barberry. Its properties 
are due to an alkaloid, berberin, C 20 H n NO 4 . It is 
an astringent, bitter tonic ; in large doses a cathartic. 
It is used locally in conjunctivitis, and internally in 
malarial and typhoid fevers. B., Ext. Fid. Dose tr^ 
v— xxx. B., Tinct., contains 20 per cent, of the 
root. Dose Tr^x-^ j. Berberin, the alkaloid. Dose 
gr. j-x. B., Hydrochl., an efficient injection in 
gonorrhea. All unof. B. asiatica, B. aquifolium 
(or Oregon grape), and B. lycium are all medicinally 
active, and have similar properties to those of the 
common barberry. 

Bergamii, Oleum (ber-ga 1 '-??ie-i o'-le-um). Oil of Ber- 
gamot. See Bergamot. 

Bergamot, Oil of (per' -gam-ot) \_Bergamo, a town in 
Italy],C 10 H 16 . A volatile oil derived from the rind of 
the Citrus bergamia. It is used mainly as a perfume, 
and as a clearing-agent in histologic work. 

Bergeron's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. B. 
Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Bergkrankheit (barg' -kra(h)nk-hit). See Mountain 
Sickness. 

Bergmann's (von) Operations. See Operations, 
Table of. 

Beri-beri (ber'-e-ber'-e) [Singalese, beri, weakness]. 
A dropsical ailment, occurring in an acute and chronic 
form, and characterized by the appearance of pleuritic 
or pericardial effusions, with general anasarca, anemia, 
extreme weakness, and paraplegia. The acute form is 
generally fatal ; recovery frequently takes place in the 
chronic form. It is prevalent in India, Japan, and 
Ceylon, and is most common among men. Its cause 
is not known, but possibly it is of microbic origin. 
Improper diet also has some influence upon the pro- 
duction of the disease. 

Berlier System of Sewage. See Setvage, Disposal of. 

Berlin Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Berlin's Operation. See Operations , Table of. 

Berlinghieri's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bernard, Canal of. See Canals, Table of. B.'s Granu- 
lar Layer, the inner zone of the cells lining the acini 
of the pancreas. It is granular in appearance and 
stains but slightly with carmin. 

Bernay's Operation. See Operations , Table of. 

Bernheim's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bernstein's Theory of Muscular Contraction. He 
claims that the seat of the contraction is in the inter- 
stitial material surrounding the system of inotagmata, 
and that it consists in the migration of that labile 
material from pole to equator, this being synchronous 
with explosive chemic change, sudden disengagement 
of heat, and change in the electric state of the living 
substance. 



Berried Tea (ber'-ed le). A popular name for Gaul- 
tlniria procumbens. 

Berry (ber' -e) [ME., bery]. An indehiscent fruit with a 
pericarp that is succulent throughout, as the grape and 
gooseberry. 

Bert's Experiment. Bert removed the skin from the tip 
of the tail of a rat, stitched it into the skin of the back 
of the animal, and after union had taken place the tail 
was divided at its base. Sensation was preserved. 
Nerve-fibers were thus proved capable of transmitting 
impulses in both directions. B's. Method. See Anes- 
thetic. 

Berthold's Method. See Myringo-plastic Method. 

Bertillonage (ber-til-lon-a(hy) [Bertillon, a French 
criminologist]. A system of carefully-recorded 
measurements and descriptions of criminals, for the 
purpose of future identification, introduced into 
France by M. Bertillon and adopted by the police of 
many large cities. 

Bertin, Bones of. The sphenoidal turbinated bones, 
partly closing the sphenoidal sinuses. B., Column 
of, a cortical column of the kidney ; the part separ- 
ating the sides of any two pyramids. B., Ligament 
of, the ilio-femoral ligamjent. See Ligament. 

Bertrandi's Suture. See Suture. 

Beryllium (ber-il'-e-um) [firjpvXKaq, beryl]. A bivalent 
metal obtainable from the beryl, whence its name ; 
it is called also glucinum. See Elements, Table of. 

Besnier's Lotion. A wash used in treating acne. It 
consists of precipitated sulphur, I y^ ounces; glycerin, 
4 to 6 drams ; to which are added after mixing, spirits 
of camphor, 6 drams, rose-water, a sufficient quantity. 

Besoin (bez-wan(g)') [Fr.]. A desire ; an impulse. 
Besoin de respirer, the sense of the need of air ex- 
perienced when respiration is impeded. 

Bestiality (bes-che-al'-it-c) \bestia, a beast]. Unnatural 
intercourse with an animal. 

Bestiarian (bes-te-a' -re-an) [bestia, a beast]. An anti- 
vivisectionist, contemptuously so called as being a 
professed friend of the beasts. 

Bestucheffs Mixture or Tincture. The ethereal tinc- 
ture of chlorid of iron, used in erysipelas. It is made 
as follows : ri . Tinct. ferri sesquichloridi, I part ; 
spt. ether, nit., 4 parts. Mix and expose to the rays of 
the sun in well-closed bottles until the brownish color 
disappears. The dose is one to two teaspoonfuls every 
three hours. 

Beta {be' -tali) [L.]. 1. The beet. SeeBetin. 2. The 
second letter of the Greek alphabet, used in chemic 
nomenclature. B. Angle. See Angle. B.-naphthol. 
See Naphthol. 

Betacism (ba'-tas-izm) [beta, firJTa, the second letter of 
the Greek alphabet]. The too-frequent use of the b- 
sound in speech, or the conversion of other sounds into 
it. 

Betain (be-ta'-in) [beta, a. beet], C 5 H n N0 2 , or C ]0 H 22 - 
N 2 4 . Called also Oxyneurin and Lycin. A basic sub- 
stance obtained by the careful oxidation of cholin. 
It occurs already formed in the sugar-beet (Beta vul- 
garis) and crystallizes from alcohol with one molecule 
of water in shining crystals that deliquesce in the air ; 
it has an alkaline reaction and a sweetish taste. 

Betel (be'-tel) [E. Ind.]. A masticatory used in the 
East. A few grains of the nut of the Catechu palm, 
Areca C. , are rolled up with a small amount of quick- 
lime in a leaf of Piper betel, and chewed. It is tonic, 
astringent, stimulant, and aphrodisiac, and increases 
the powers of endurance. Dose of fld. ext. 3 j — i ij . 
Unof. 

Beth Root (belli root). The rhizome of Trillium erecta, 
astringent and tonic. Dose of fld. ext. rt\,xxx-^j. 
Triliin, a concentrated ext. Dose gr. ij-iv. Unof. 



BETIN 



204 



BIENNIAL 



Betin {be' -tin) [beta, a beet]. A precipitate prepared 
from a tincture of the common beet. It has been pro- 
posed as a substitute for ergot. Unof. 

Betol (be'-tol), C 10 H 7 O.CH 5 O 2 . Salinaphthol. Naph- 
thalol. A salicylic ether of naphthol, of alleged value 
in rheumatism and cystitis. It resembles salicylic 
acid in its properties. Dose gr. x-xv. Unof. 

Betony (bet'-o-ne) [betonica, a corrupt form of vettonica~\. 
Any labiate plant of the genus Betonica, especially B. 
officinalis, of Europe, formerly highly prized for its 
medicinal virtues, which are, however, unimportant. 
Unof. 

Bettmann's Method. See Cataract, Artificial Matu- 
ration of. 

Betula (bet' -u-lah) . See Birch. 

Betulin (bet'-u-lin) [betula, birch], C 36 H li0 O 3 (Haus- 
mann). Birch resin, or birch camphor, derived from 
the bark of the white birch. 

Between-brain. The interbrain ; also the midbrain. 

Betz's Cells. See Cell. 

Bex (beks) [jii]^, a cough]. A cough, or disease char- 
acterized by coughing. B. convulsiva, whooping- 
cough. B. theriodes. Synonym of Whooping- 
cough. 

Bezet or Bezette (be-zef). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Bezoar (be'-zo-ar) [Ar. , bazahr, the bezoar-stone] . A 
name for certain calculi or concretions found in the 
stomach or intestines of some animals (especially 
ruminants), formerly supposed to be efficacious in pre- 
venting the fatal effects of poison. B., Vegetable. 
See Calapite. 

Bezoardic (bez-o-ar'-dik) [Ar., bazahr, the bezoar- 
stone]. I. Acting as a bezoar ; antidotal. 2. Any 
alexipharmic agent. 

Bezold's (von) Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. 

Bhang (bang). See Cannabis indica. 

Bhel (bel). See Beta. 

Bi- (bi) [bis, twice]. A prefix signifying "twice" or 
" two ; " as bicuspid, with two cusps ; bilobed, twice 
lobed ; bivalved, with two valves ; bilateral, two- 
sided, etc. In chemistry, the prefix di is commonly 
employed. 

Biacid (bi-as'-id) [bi, two; acidum, an acid]. In 
chemistry, a term applied to a base that may combine 
in two proportions with an acid. 

Biauricular (bi-aia-rik'-u-lar) [bis, twice; auricula, 
the ear]. Relating to two auricles, or to two corres- 
ponding auricular points. 

Bibirin (bi-bir'-in). See Buxin. 

Bibiru (bi-be'-ru). Same as Bebeeru. 

Bibitorius (bib-it-o'-re-us) [bibere, to drink]. The 
rectus interims muscle of the eye ; so called because 
it turns the eye inward in the act of drinking. 

Bibliography (bib-le-og'-ra-fe) [flifil'tov, a book ; 
ypd(p£iv, to write]. A classified list of references, 
books, or authorities on any subject. 

Bibliophobia (bib-le-o-fo' -be-ak) [ftiffiiov, a book ; 
q6/3oc, dread]. Morbid dislike of books. 

Bibron's Antidote. Formerly quite a famous remedy 
for rattlesnake bite. It consists of bromin, 3 iiss ; 
potassium iodid, gr. ij ; corrosive chlorid of mercury, 
gr. j ; dilute alcohol, ^xxx. Of this a teaspoonful is 
given in wine or brandy, p. r. n. 

Bibulous (bib'-u-lus) [bibere, to drink]. Having the 
property of absorbing moisture or liquids. B. lapis, 
pumice stone. B. Paper, used in dentistry for drying 
cavities preparatory to introducing the filling. Blot- 
ting paper. 

Bicarbonate (bi-kar' -bon-dt) [bis, twice; carbo, a coal]. 
Any supercarbonate that has two carbonic acid equiv- 
alents for one of the base. 

Bicarinate (bi-kar' -in-dt) [bi, two ; carinatus, keel- 



shaped]. In biology, having two keel-like projec- 
tions, as certain grasses. 

Bicaudal (bi-kaw'-dal) [bicaudalis, two-tailed]. Hav- 
ing two tails or appendages. B. Muscle, the abduc- 
tor auris. See Muscles, Table of. 

Bicephalium (bi-sef-a' -le-um) [bi, two; Kefa'Ai/, head]. 
A tumor of the scalp so large that it gives the patient 
the appearance of having two heads. 

Biceps (bi'-seps) [bis, twice; caput, the head]. A term 
applied to several muscles, as B. brachii, B. extensor, 
B. flexor cruris. They are so called from their double 
origin. See Muscles, Table of. B. Reflex. See 
Reflexes, Table of. 

Bichat, Canal of. See Canal. B., Fissure of. See 
Fissure. B., Foramen of. See Foramina , Table 
of. B., Tunic of, the intima of the blood-vessels. 

Bichlorid (bi-klo'-rid) [bi, two ; chlorin~\. In chem- 
istry, a basic compound containing two equivalents of 
chlorin. B. of Gold. See Gold. B. of Mercury. 
See Hydrargyrum. 

Bicho do mar (be'-cho-do-mdr). See Beche de mer. 

Bichromate (bi-kro'-mdt) [bi, two; chromium~\. In 
chemistry, a basic compound containing two equiva- 
lents of chromium. B. of Potash. See Potassium. 

Bicipital (bi-sip'-it-al) [bi, two; caput, the head]. 
Pertaining to the biceps muscle. 

Bi-concave (bi-kon'-kav). See Lens. 

Biconvex (bi-kon'-veks). See Lens. 

Bicornute (bi-kor'-nut) [bicornutus, with two horns]. 
Having two horns, as a bicornute uterus. 

Bicuspid (bi-kus'-pid) [bi, two; cuspis, the point of a 
spear]. Having two cusps, as B. Teeth, the fourth 
and fifth teeth. B. Valve, the mitral valve of the 
heart. 

Bidder and Schmidt's Method. A method of estimat- 
ing the amount of acids in the stomach. It consists 
in performing an ultimate analysis, apportioning the 
chlorin to the metals and ammonium present, and 
calculating the remainder as HC1. 

Bidder's Ganglia. See Ganglia, Table of. B.'s 
Organ, a singular structure found in male toads 
and sometimes in male frogs, between the testis 
and fat-body; it is a rudimentary ovary, and in 
conjunction with the testis forms an ovotestis ; the 
development of the Mullerian duct, or oviduct, 
being in direct proportion to the size of "Bidder's 
Organ." These functionless ducts frequently become 
cystic (in ten per cent, of male frogs, and in fifteen 
per cent, of male toads). 

Bidens (bi'-denz) [bidens, having two teeth]. A genus 
of herbaceous composite plants. B. bipennata, 
Spanish needles, an herbaceous composite-flowered 
plant. The seeds and roots are said to be emmen- 
agogue and antibechic. Dose of fld. ext. gtt. xv-~j. 
Unof. 

Bidet (be-def, or -da) [Fr. for pony]. A tub or basin 
with fixed attachments for the administering of injec- 
tions ; also for use as a sitz-bath or hip-bath. 

Biebrich Scarlet. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Biedert's Cream Mixture. An infant's food made by 
mixing 4 oz. of cream with 12 oz. of warm water, and 
adding y, ° z - of milk-sugar. It contains I per cent. 
of casein, 2.5 per cent, of fat, and 3.8 per cent, of 
sugar. As the child grows older a larger proportion 
of milk is added. 

Bi-electrolysis (bi-e-lek-trol'-is-is) [bi , two ; qXenrpov, 
amber; ?.vaic, resolution]. The electrolysis of two 
substances at the same time. 

Biennial (bi-eu'-e-al) [bi, two ; annus, a year]. Every 
two years. In botany, plants that produce foliage 
and a root-stalk the first year, flowering and maturing 
the second. 



BIERMER'S CHANGE OF NOTE 



205 



BILIN 




Biermer's Change of Note. See Signs and Symptoms, 

Table of. 

Bifenestrate (bi-f-n-es'-trdt). Same as Biperforate. 

Bifid [bi'-fid) [bis, twice ; findere, to cleave]. Divided 
in two ; cleft, as the spina bifida. 

Bifocal [bl-fo'-kal) [bi, two; focus, a point]. With a 
double focus. Applied to a system of lenses or spectacle- 
glasses with two foci, chiefly used for the correction of 
presbyopia, when there is at the same time an error 
of refraction for distant vision. The distance lens 
is above that for near work. These are sometimes 



Bifocal Lens. 

B. Distance Lens. A. Reading Lens, cemented to the 

Distance lens. 

called Pantoscopic lenses, and also Franklin spectacles, 
because the device was first made by Benjamin 
Franklin. They are also called Cement lenses, because 
now made by cementing the lower segment to the 
distance lens. 

Biforate (bl-fo'-rdt) [bi, two; foratits, perforated]. 
Having two foramina. 

Biforin [bi f -for-bi) [biforis, having two doors]. In 
biology, the name applied by Turpin to raphides- 
bearing cells in which the raphides are discharged 
from both ends of the cell. 

Bifurcate (bi-fer'-hdt) [bi, two ; j 'urea, a fork]. Di- 
vided into two, like a fork. 

Bifurcation (bl-fer-ka'-shun) [bifurcatio ; from bi, two; 
furca, a fork]. Division into two branches, as of a 
tooth into two roots ; of the trachea and of the aorta 
into two branches. 

Big (big) [ME., big, large]. Great with young; preg- 
nant. B.-jav/, actinomycosis in the ox. 

Bigarade (be-gah-ra(h)d') [Fr.]. The bitter orange. 
Its volatile oil (essence or huile de bigarade) is used in 
pharmacy and in perfumery. 

Bigelovia (big-lo' -ve-ah) \_Bigelow, an American botan- 
ist]. A genus of composite-flowered plants. See 
Damiana. 

Bigelow's Ligament. The Y-ligament ; ilio-femoral 
ligament. B.'s Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 
B.'s Operation. See Operations, Table of B.'s 
Septum, in anatomy, a layer of hard bony tissue 
in the neck of the thigh-bone. 

Bigeminate (bi-jem' -in- at) [bigeminus, doubled]. In 
biology, forked, doubled. 

Bigeminum (bi-jem' -in-um) [bi, two ; gemimis, a 
twin] . One of the corpora bigemina of the brain ; one 
of the optic lobes of the brain. 

Biglenoid (bi-gle'-noid) [bi, two; ykr/vri, a socket; 
f7f?oc, form]. Relating to both of any pair of glenoid 
cavities. 

Bignonia (big-no' '-ne-ah) [Bignon, a French sa- 
vant]. A genus of climbing-plants, often woody. B. 
alliacea, of the W. Indies, and B. capreolata, of N. 
America, are regarded asantisyphilitic. Several other 
species are reputed to be actively medicinal. Unof. 

Bigoniac (bi-go'-ne-ak) [bi, two ; yuvia, an angle]. Re- 
lating to the two gonions. 



Bijugular (bi-ju' -gu-lar) [bi, two ; jitgulum, the collar- 
bone]. Relating to the two jugular points. 

Bikh (bik) [native Nepalese]. The Nepalese poison, 
bish ; it is derived from the roots of Aconitum ferox. 
See Aconite. 

Bilabe (bl'-ldb, or be-la(h)b') [Fr. ; bi, two ; labium lip]. 
A surgical instrument for removing foreign bodies 
from the bladder through the urethra. 

Bilateral (bl-laf -er-al) [bi, two ; /a/us, a side]. Relat- 
ing to two sides; sinistrodextral. B. Symmetry, the 
symmetry of right and left halves. B. Operation. 
See Lithotomy. 

Bilateralism (bi-laf ' -er-ai-izm) [bi, two; latus aside]. 
Bilateral symmetry. 

Bile (bit) [bills ; x°"^V, the bile]. The substance secreted 
by the liver. It is mucilaginous, golden-brown in 
man, golden-red in carnivora, brownish-green in 
herbivora, and green in birds. It is composed of 
biliary salts, cholesterin, mucus, and certain pigments. 
The principal acids are taurocho/ic (C 26 H 45 NSO T ) and 
glycocholic (C 26 H M N0 6 ), both commonly combined 
with sodium. The taste of bile is intensely bitter ; its 
reaction feebly alkaline, and its density from 1026 to 
1032. It exercises a diastatic action on starch, emul- 
sifies fats, and precipitates soluble peptone. Its com- 
position varies, but according to Hoppe-Seyler, in 100 
parts bile there are of 

ll'rganic matter,' \ . \ . \ \ \ \ \ \ } 91-68 Parts. 

Organic matter, 8. 32 " 

Mucus, 1.29 " 

Taurocholate of sodium 0.87 " 

Glycocholate of sodium, 3.03 " 

Saponified fat 1.39 " 

Cholesterin, 0.35 " 

Lecithin 0.53 " 

Fat, '. 0.73 " 

B. Pigments, the coloring-matters of the bile. B. 
P., Tests for. See Tests, Table of. 

Bilharzia (bll-har'-ze-ah) [named after Theodor Bil- 
harz, an helminthologist]. A genus of trematode 
helminths, established by Cobbold, characterized by 
having the sexes separate. See Gynecophorus and 
Parasites (Animal), Table of. B. haematobia. See 
Distoma. 

Bilharziosis (bil-har-ze-o' -sis) [Bilharzia']. The en- 
semble of symptoms produced by the presence in 
the intestine of worms of the genus Bilharzia. 

Biliary (bil' -e-a-re) [bills, bile]. Pertaining to the bile. 
B. Acids, glycocholic and taurocholic acids formed in 
the liver. For tests for B. A. in the urine, see Tests, 
Table of. B. Colic, colic produced by the passage 
of gall-stones. See Gall-states. B. Ducts, the 
hepatic, the cystic and the ductus communis 
choledochus. The first leads from the liver, the 
second from the gall-bladder. The third is a common 
excretory duct. See Liver. 

Bilicyanin (bil-e-si' -an-in) [bills, bile ; Kvdveoc, blue]. 
Cholecyanin, choleverdin. A blue pigment obtained 
from bilirubin. 

Biliflavin (bi!-e-fia' -vin) [bills, bile ; fiavzis, yellow]. 
A yellow coloring-matter derivable from biliverdin. 

Bilifulvin (bll-e-ful'-vtn) [bills, bile ; ftclvus, fulvous]. 
An impure form of bilirubin ; also a yellow bile-color 
from ox-gall, not normally present in human bile. 

Bilifuscin (bil-e-fus' -in) [bills, bile ; fuscus, brown], 
C ](; H, N. 2 O 4 . A pigmentary matter occurring in bile, 
and in human gall-stones. 

Bilihumin (bil-e-hu'-min) [bills, bile ; humus, earth]. 
An insoluble residue left after treating gall-stones with 
various solvents. 

Bilin (bi'-Un) [bi/is, bile]. A mixture of the taurocho- 
late and glycocholate of sodium, forming a copious 
resinoid constituent of the bile. 



BILINEURIN 



206 



BIOMETER 



Bilineurin {bil-e-nu'-rin). See Cholin. 

Bilious (bil'-yus) [biliosus, full of bile]. A term popu- 
larly applied to disorders supposed to arise from a too 
free secretion of bile. B. Fever, a term loosely 
applied to certain enteric and malarial fevers. 

Biliphein (bil-e-fe' -in) [bills, bile; yaws, g rav ]- A 
supposed bile-color, now regarded as an impure 
bilirubin ; called also cholophein. 

Biliprasin (bil-e-pra'-sin) [bills, bile ; irpaaov, leek ; 
-Kpaotvog, leek-green], C 1C H 22 N 2 6 . A pigmentary 
substance occurring in gall-stones, icteric urine and 
bile. 

Bilipurpin, or Bilipurpurin (bil-e-per'-pin, bil-e-per'- 
pu-rin) [bills, bile ; purpitra, purple]. A purple 
coloring-matter derivable from biliverdin. 

Bilipyrrhin (bil-e-pir'-in). See Cholepyrrhin. 

Bilirubin (bU-e-ru'-biti) [bills, b\\e; ruber, red], C ]6 H I8 - 
N 2 3 . A red coloring-matter, the chief pigment of 
the bile. It is found also in the urine in jaundice. Itis 
insoluble in water, and almost so in ether and alcohol, 
but it is readily soluble in alkaline solutions. It crys- 
tallizes in rhombic plates or prisms. B. Icterus, 
icterus or jaundice with discoloration of the skin and 
urine from the presence of an abnormally large percent- 
age of bilirubin. 

Biliverdin (bil-e-ver'-din) [bills, bile ; viridis, green], 
C ]2 H 20 N 2 O 5 , or C g H 9 N0 2 . A green pigment, the first 
product of the oxidation of bilirubin. It gives the 
characteristic color to the bile of herbivora, and occurs 
in the urine of jaundice and in traces in gall-stones. 

Billroth's Mixture. See Anesthetic. B.'s Operations. 
See Operations, Table of. 

Bilsted, or Bilsterd (bil'-sted, or bil'-sterd). See 
Liquidamber. 

Bimana (bim'-an-ah) [bi, two; manus, a hand]. An 
order of the division of mammalia including man only. 

Bimanual (bi-man'-u-al) [bi, two ; manus, a. hand]. 
Two-handed. Ambidextrous. 

Bimastoid (hi-mas' -toid) [bi, two ; uaarbg, the breast ; 
ridoc, form]. Relating to the two mastoid eminences. 

Binary (bi'-nar-e) [bums, a couple]. In chemistry, 
compounded of two elements. In anatomy, separat- 
ing into two branches. B. Theory, in chemistry, the 
theory that considers all salts as double compounds. 

Binate (bin'-at) [binus, two by two]. In biology, 
bifoliate ; bidigitate ; occurring in pairs. 

Binaural (bin-aw' -ral) \_bis, twice ; auris, ear]. Per- 
taining to or having two ears. 

Binauricular (bin-azv-rik' '-u-lar) [bis, twice ; auricula, 
the ear]. Pertaining or belonging to both ears. B. 
Arc. See Arc. 

Binder (bind'-er) [ME. , byndere~]. A wide bandage 
about the abdomen, worn by women during or after 
labor, or celiotomy, to support the abdominal walls. B., 
Mammary, a sling or suspensory for the mamma. 

Binder's Board. A thick, strong variety of paste- 
board for bookbinders' use ; it has a limited use in 
surgery. 

Binding Posts. Clamps for connecting conducting 
wires with the electric apparatus. 

Bindschedler's Green. Same as Dimethylphenylene 
Green. 

Bindweb {bind'-web) [ME., binden; webbe\ The 
neuroglia. 

Binelli's Styptic. A nostrum formerly famous as a 
styptic. It is supposed to have contained creasote. 

Biniodid {bin-i'-o-did). See Iodid. 

Binocular (bin-ok' '-u-lar) \_bi, two; oculus, an eye]. In 
anatomy, having or pertaining to two eyes. In optics, 
an instrument with two eye-pieces for use with both 
eyes at once. B. Vision, the faculty of using both 
eyes synchronously and without diplopia. 



Binoculus (bin-ok' -it-Ills') [L., two-eyed]. A figure- 
of-eight bandage for both eyes. 

Binoxid (bin-oks'-id) [bi, two ; oxid~\. Same as Dioxid. 

Binuclear (bi-nu' -kle-ar) [bi, two; nucleus, a kernel]. 
Having two nuclei. 

Binucleolate (bi-nu-kle' -o-laf) [bi, two ; nucleolus, a 
little kernel]. Having two nucleoli. 

Bioblast (bi'-o-blast) [(iioc, life; /3/Wrdc, a germ], A 
plastidule or formative cell ; a corpuscle that has not 
yet become a cell. 

Biocellate (bi-o-sel' -at) [bi, two ; ocellus, a little eye]. 
In biology, having two spots resembling eyes. 

Biochemics (bi-o-kem' -iks) [(Hog, life ; xqp.ua, chem- 
istry]. The chemistry of life. See Biochetny. 

Bio-chemistry (bi-o-kem' -is-tre) [(iioc, life ; xz/yza'a, 
chemistry]. The chemistry of the living body, or of 
life. 

Biochemy (pi'-o-kem-e) [(Hog, life; x?]peia, chemistry]. 
Chemic force as exhibited in living organisms. 

Biochyme (bi'-o-kini) [fiioc, life ; X v f^C> juice]. In 
biology, the sap or cell-juice of plants. 

Biodynamics (bi-o-di-nam'-iks) [(Hog, life ; 6'vvap.ig, 
power]. The dynamics of life ; dynamic biology. 

Biogamia (bl-o-ga' -me-ah) [(Hog, life ; ydpog, marriage]. 
The hypothetic union of opposing vital forces (as 
of contractility and sensibility), resulting in repro- 
duction. 

Biogenesis (bi-o-jen'-es-is) [(Hog, life; yevectg, origin]. 
I. The doctrine that living things are produced only 
from living things — the reverse of abiogenesis. 2. 
Reproduction from living parents. 

Biogeny (bl-oj' -en-e) [(Hog, life; yivua, generation]. 
In biology, the evolution of organic forms, either con- 
sidered individually (ontogeny) or tribally (phytogeny). 

Biognosis (bi-og-no' -sis) [(Hog, life ; yvciaic, know- 
ledge]. The study of life and its phenomena; 
biology. 

Biokinematics (bi-o-kin-em-al'-iks) [(Hoc, life; Kivr)p.a, 
motion]. The kinematics of life ; the science of the 
motions or movements that are essential to life. 

Biokinesigenesis (bi-o-kin-es-ij-en' -es-is) [,3'oc, life ; 
KivrjaiQ, movement ; yeveoig, production]. The 
origination of the movements of living matter. 

Biokinetics (bi-o-kin-el'-iks) [(Hog, life ; Kivrjcsig, 
motion]. The kinetics of life: the science of the 
movements that are necessary parts of the process of 
development. See Karyokincsis. 

Biologic, or Biological (bi-o-loj'-ik, bi-o-loj'-ik-al) 
[(Hog, life; \6yoc, science]. Pertaining or belonging 
to biology. B. Law. See Phytogeny and Hceckel. 

Biologist (bi-ol' -o-jist) [(Hog, life; hoyog, science]. 
One who is a student of biology. 

Biologos (bi-o-log'-os) [(Hoc, life; \6yoc, a word]. A 
designation proposed for the intelligent living power 
displayed in cellular and organic action and reaction. 

Biology (bi-ol' -o-je) [(Hoc, life ; Myoc, science] . The 
science embracing the structure, function, and or- 
ganization of life-forms. 

Biolysis (bi-ol' -is-is) [(Hoc , life ; ?weiv, to loosen]. 
The destruction of life. The devitalization of living 
tissue. 

Biolytic (bi-o-lit'-ik) [(Hoc, life ; Xvuv, to loosen]. 
Destructive to life ; relating to biolysis. 

Biomagnetism (bi-o-mag'-nef-izm) [(iioc, life; [tayvr/s, 
a magnet]. So-called animal magnetism. 

Biometer (bi-om'-et-er) [(Hog, life ; ftk-pov, measure]. 
Dr. Farr speaks of the Life-Table as a biometer, 
and of equal importance in all inquiries connected with 
human life or sanitary improvements with the 
barometer or thermometer, etc., in physical research; 
and the keystone or pivot on which the whole science 
of life-assurance rests. 



BIOMETRY 



207 



BIRD'S-NEST 



Biometry (bi-om'-et-re) [/3/oc, life ; fierpov, a measure]. 
Life-measurement; the estimation of the probable 
duration of any given life-form — in the past or future. 

Biomorphotic (bi-o-mor-fof '-ik\ [3ioq, life ; fiopfuTinoc, 
fit for shaping]. In biology, having an active pupa. 

Biondi's Fluid. A staining-medium used in histo- 
logic laboratories. It is a mixture of orange-G., 
methyl-green, and acid fuchsin. See Stains, Table of. 

Bionergy (bi-on'-er-je) [jO-oc, life ; ipyov, work] . Life- 
force ; force exercised in the living organism. 

Bionomy (bi-on' '-o-me) [f3ior, life; vo/ior, a law]. 
Dynamic biology ; biodynamics ; the science of the 
laws of life. 

Biontology (bi-on-tol' -o-je) [/3(0f, life ; o)v{ovt), being ; 
Aeyeiv, to speak]. In biology, the physiology of the 
species or genus, embracing the transcendental or 
strictly philosophic in physiology (J. Aitken Meigs.) 

Biophagous (bi-off' -ag-us) [fttog, life ; (payelv, to eat]. 
Feeding upon living organisms, or upon living tissue, 
as insectivorous plants. 

Biophore (bi'-o-for) [jiiur, life; (pipeiv, to bear]. One 
of Weismann's hypothetic " bearers of vitality," cor- 
responding to the " plasomes " of Wiesner and Briicke 
and to the " pangenes " of de Vries, the smallest 
units that exhibit the primary vital forces, the bearers 
of the cell-qualities. 

Biophysiography (bi-o-fiz-e-og' -ra-fe) [fiioc, life ; <pvair, 
nature; ypd<peiv, to write]. Descriptive or structural 
biology ; organography, as distinguished from bio- 
physiology. 

Biophysiology (bi-o-fiz-e-ol' -o-je) \$'ioc, life ; <pvaic, na- 
ture ; \6yoc, science]. That branch of biology that in- 
cludes organogeny, morphology and general physi- 
ology. 

Bioplasm (bi' '-o-plazm) [flior, life ; vrldafia, form] . 
Any living matter, but especially germinal or forming 
matter ; matter possessing reproductive vitality. See 
Protoplasm. 

Bioplasmic (bi-o-plaz' '-mik) [/3iog, life; nAdap-a, form]. 
Relating to or of the nature of bioplasm. 

Bioplasson (bi-o-plas' '-on) [P'oc, life ; nXaoauv, form- 
ing]. Elsberg's term for living matter. A synonym 
of protoplasm or bioplasm. 

Bioplast (bi'-o-plasl) [/3('oc, life ; irAaoroc, formed]. A 
mass or cell of bioplasm which is a unit of living 
matter. 

Bioplastic (bi-o-plas' -tik) [ft'tor, life; -KAaardq, formed]. 
Relating to or of the nature of a bioplast or of bio- 
plasm. 

Biopsic (bi-op'-sik) [fSlor, life ; 6tj/ir, vision]. Pertain- 
ing to biopsy. 

Biopsy (bi'-op-se) [/5'oc, life ; oj/;«c, vision]. Observation 
of the living subject ; opposed to necropsy. 

Biorbital (bi-orb'-it-al) \_bi, two; orbila, a path]. Re- 
lating to both orbits. 

Bioscope (bi'-o-skop) [/5/or, life ; ckokeIv, to view]. An 
instrument used in bioscopy. 

Bioscopy (bi-os' -ko-pe) [fftor, life ; ckottuv, to examine]. 
Examination of the body to ascertain if life be extinct. 
B., Electro-, examination by the aid of the electric 
current. The muscular reaction is lost to faradic 
stimulation in about two hours after death in the 
tongue ; after three or four hours in the extremities ; 
after five or six hours in the trunk. The reaction to 
galvanism persists somewhat longer. 

Biosis (bi-o'-sis) [(lioc, life]. Life ; vitality. 

Biostatics (bi-o-staf -iks) [fiior, life ; OTaTtxoc, causing 
to stand]. Static biology ; the science of the deter- 
minate parts of biology, including anatomy, and the 
physics of the living body. 

Biot's Respiration. See Respiration. 

Biotaxis (bi-o-taks' -is) [piaq, life ; raft'ra, arrangement]. 



I. The selective and arranging function or activity of 
life, or of living cells. 2. Systematic biology ; the 
classification of living organisms. 

Biotaxy (bi'-o-taks-e). See Biotaxis. 

Biothalmy (bi'-o-thal-me) [iJwftdAptoc;, vigorous ; (iioc, 
life ; OaAleiv, to be vigorous]. The art of living long 
and well. 

Biotic {bi-ot'-ik) [/3«jt«oc]. Pertaining to life or to the 
laws of animal and vegetable progress and evolution. 

Biotome (bi'-o-tom) [ffl'ioc, life; roprj, a cutting]. A 
term applied by Cobbold to a stage in the development 
of certain entozoa. 

Biotomy (bi-of -o-me) [/?/oc, life; rijivuv, to cut]. Vi- 
visection. 

Biparasitic (bi-par-as-if -ik) [bi, two; irapdomc, a 
parasite]. Parasitic upon a parasite. 

Biparietal (bi-par-i' '-et-al) [bi, two; parietes, a wall]. 
Relating to both parietal bones. B. Diameter, the 
distance from one parietal eminence of the cranium to 
the other. 

Biparous (bip'-ar-us) [it, double ; parere, to bring 
forth]. Producing two at a birth. 

Bipartite (bi-par'-tit) [bi, two; pars, a part]. In 
biology, composed of two parts or divisions. 

Biped (bi'-ped) [bi, two; pes, a foot]. With or having 
two feet. 

Biperforate (bi-prr' - fo-rat) [bi, two ; perforatus, bored 
through]. Having two perforations ; as a biperforate 
hymen. 

Bipetalous (bi-pct'-al-us) [bi, two; irhakov, a petal]. 
In biology, having two petals. 

Biphosphate (bi- fos' -fat) [bi, two; phosphorus]. In 
chemistry, an acid phosphate. 

Biphosphid (bi- fos' -fid) [bi, two; phosphorus']. In 
chemistry, a phosphid containing twice as much phos- 
phorus as the lower member of the phosphid series. 

Biphosphite (bi- fos' -fit) [bi, two; phosphorus]. In 
chemistry, an acid phosphite. 

Bipinnate (bi-pin'-at) [bi, two; pinnatus, feathered]. 
In biology, doubly pinnate, as a leaf. 

Bipolar (bi-po'-lar) [bi, two; polus, a pole]. Having 
two poles. B. Nerve-cells, nerve-cells that have 
two prolongations of the cell-matter. They are 
found chiefly in the ganglia of the gray matter of the 
brain. 

Bipubiotomy (bi-pu-be-ot'-o-me) [bi, double; pubes, 
pubes; rtpvtiv, to cut]. An obsolete operation (in the 
place of the Cesarean section) in which the pubic 
bones were both divided. See Galbiati's and Fara- 
beuf's Operations. 

Birch (bereft) [AS., birce]. Any tree of the genus 
Betula. Birch tar, or the tarry oil of B. alba, is 
useful in certain skin diseases. The bark of B. lenta, 
the American black birch, yields a fragrant volatile 
oil, identical with that of Gaultheria procu7nbens, for 
which it is often substituted. B. Camphor. Same 
as B. Resin. B. Resin. See Betulin. Oleum betulae 
volatile, volatile oil of betula, oil of sweet birch. 

Bird-lime (berd'-hin). A viscous vegetable substance 
used in Japan as a local dressing for wounds. 

Bird's Formula. The last two figures of the specific 
gravity of urine nearly represent the number of grains 
of solids to the ounce contained in the urine. The 
same two figures multiplied by 2 (Trapp's Factor) 
give the parts per 1000. Haeser's Factor is 2.33. 
B. Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Bird's-nest Bodies, or Cells. The cells of certain 
forms of carcinoma, distinguished by the concentric 
arrangement of their cell-walls. See also Cancer 
Nests. B. Edible, the nest of certain species of 
swift, used by the Chinese as food. It consists of 
marine algae, Celidium, cemented by the salivary 



BIRHINIA 



208 



BISULCATE 



mucus of the bird. B. Sternum, a deformity of the 
sternum found in lateral curvature of the spine. 

Birhinia (bi-rin'-e-ah) [bi, two; pig , the nose]. Aeon- 
genital defect in which there is the formation of two 
noses. 

Birth {berth) [ME. , byrth~\. I . The delivery of a child ; 
parturition. 2. That which is brought forth in par- 
turition. B.-mark. See Ncevus pigmentosum. B.- 
palsy, any paralytic affection due to an injury re- 
ceived at birth ; less correctly, a congenital paralytic 
affection due to a lesion that existed in the fetal state. 
See Paraplegia, Infantile Spasmodic. B., Partial, 
the incomplete expulsion of a child in labor ; of legal 
value in lawsuits for property. B., Plural, the birth 
of more than a single child. B., Posthumous, the 
birth of a child after the death of its father. B., 
Precocious, the occurrence of natural labor after 
a shorter pregnancy than is usual. B., Premature. 
See Labor. B.-rate, the proportion of births per 
thousand. B.-root. See Beth Root. B.-wort, the 
plant Aristolochia climatitis (see Aristolochia), so 
called from its former employment as a depurant after 
childbirth. Unof. B., Still. See Still-born. Some 
of the Tests of live birth are appended : Breslau 
Test. If the intestines and stomach of the infant 
float in water on removal from the body it was 
thought to be proof that the child was born alive. 
This test is of no value. Hydrostatic Test. Suggested 
by Raygat. It consists in placing the lungs in water 
and noting their specific gravity. If inflation has 
occurred they will float. This test is valuable. Plouc- 
quefs Test. This consists in estimating the ratio 
of the weight of the lungs to the weight of the body 
of the child. Ploucquet laid down this rule, that 
before respiration the weight of the lungs compared to 
the weight of the body was in the ratio of I to 70, 
and that after respiration it was in the ratio of I to 
35. The test is of but slight value. Static test. 
Also called Fode?-e's or Schmidt's Test. This consists 
in ascertaining the absolute weight of the lungs, and 
comparing this weight with the average lung- weights 
of stillborn children, and of children who have died 
soon after birth. Fodere fixes the weight of the lungs 
of stillborn children born at term at 480 grains (1 oz.), 
and 960 grains (2 oz.) as the weight of the lungs soon 
after breathing has been established. This test is also 
of but slight value. 

Bisacromial (bis-ak-ro'-me-al) [bis, two ; anpuuia, the 
point of the shoulder-blade]. Relating to the two 
acromia. 

Biscara Button (bis' -kar-ah but' -tin). See Furun- 
culus orientalis. 

Bischoff's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Biscuit [bis' -kit) [Fr. , "twice baked"]. A kind of 
cake ; properly, a small, hard cake. In French phar- 
macy, medicated biscuits of various kinds are known. 
B., Camplin's, biscuits made of bran for the use of 
diabetics. They are made as follows : Take one quart 
of wheat-bran and boil in two successive waters for 
fifteen minutes, straining the mixture through a sieve 
until the water comes through clear ; after each wash- 
ing squeeze in a cloth until perfectly dry ; spread thinly 
on a dish and place in a slow oven. If put in at 
night, let it remain in until morning, when, if dry and 
rrisp, it is fit for grinding. The mass so obtained must be 
ground in a fine mill and passed through a wire sieve 
so fine that a brush will be required to push the flour 
through. Grind again that which remains in the 
sieve until quite soft and fine. Take three ounces of 
the powder, three new-laid eggs, from one and a half 
to two ounces of butter and about half a pint of milk. 
Mix the eggs with a little of the milk, and warm the 



butter with the other portion. Stir the whole well 
together, adding a little nutmeg and ginger or other 
spices. Bake in small well-buttered tins in a rather 
quick oven for about half an hour. Make the cake a 
little thicker than a captain's biscuit. 

Biscuiting (bis'-kit-ing). See Block Teeth. 

Bisection (bi-sek'-shun) [bi, two; sectio, a cutting]. 
In obstetrics, embryotomy. 

Bisexual (bi-seks'-u-al) \_bi, two; sexus, sex]. Having 
the reproductive organs of both sexes. Hermaphrodite. 

Bish (bish). Same as Bikh. 

Bishop's (Stanmore) Operation. See Operations, 
Table of. B.'s Weed. See Ajowan. 

Bishoping (bish'-op-ing) [ME. , bisclwpen~\ . In farriery, 
filing a space between the teeth of a horse. 

Bisiliac (bis-il'-e-ak) [bis, two ; iliacus~\. Relating to the 
two most distant points of the two iliac crests. 

Bisischiadic (bis-is-ke-ad'-ik) [bis, two ; iamaStKbg, 
relating to the hip] . Relating to corresponding points 
on the two ischia. 

Biskra Boil, or Button. See Furunculus orientalis. 

Bismarck Brown. Same as Phenylene Brown and 
Vesuvin. 

Bismuth, or Bismuthum (biz'-muth) [L., gen., Bis- 
muthi\. Bi = 210 ; quantivalence I, III, v. A pink- 
ish-white crystalline metal, not used in medicine in its 
metallic form. Its commercial salts are likely to contain 
arsenic. The insoluble salts of bismuth are feebly 
astringent and are useful in disordered digestion, acne, 
eczema, etc. B. et Ammonii Citras, soluble in 
water. Dose gr. j-v. B. et Ammon. Citras, 
Liquor (B.P.). Dose ^ss-j. B. Carbonas (B.P.), 
(Bi 2 0,C0 3 ) 2 ,H 2 0. Dosegr. v-xx. B. Citras, BiC 6 - 
H 5 7 , soluble in water of ammonia ; used in the U. S. 
only for pharmaceutic purposes. Dose gr. ij-v. B. 
Oxid. (B.P.), Bi 2 3 . Dose gr. v-xv. B. Oxy- 
chlorid, pearl white. Unof. It is used as a cosmetic. 
B. Pulvis, Comp., Ferrier's Snuff. Contains two 
grains of hydrochlorate of morphin in one ounce, with 
bismuth and acacia. It is used for treating coryza. B. 
Salicylas. Bi(C 7 H 5 3 ) 3 .Bi 2 3 . Dose gr. v-x. B. 
Subcarbonas, (BiO) 2 C0 3 .H,0, insoluble; it is best 
given in emulsion with milk. Dosegr. x-_^j. B. Sub- 
gallate. See Dermatol. B. Subiodid, BiOI, used as 
an antiseptic dusting-powder, like iodoform. B. Sub- 
nitras, BiON0 3 .H 2 0, the salt chiefly used in medi- 
cine. It is also used as a cosmetic. Dose gr. x-gj. 
B. Test. See Tests, Table of. B., Trochisci (B.P.) ; 
each contains gr. ij. B., Unguent., 60 grains to one 
ounce. For herpes, piles, etc. B. White. See Con- 
spectus of Figments, under Figment. 

Bissa (bis' -ah) [native African]. An affection of man 
and sheep, common in Egypt, and characterized by 
the production of edema. B. Bol, a kind of myrrh, 
from Balsamodendron Kafal, a tree of E. Africa. It 
is used largely in adulterating the finer grades of 
myrrh, and is said to stimulate powerfully the flow of 
milk in cows. Unof. 

Bistellate (bi-stel'-dt) [bi, two ; stella, a star] . Shaped 
like a double star. 

Bistephanic (bi-ste-fan'-ik) [bi, two; areipavinv, dim. 
of croprci'oc, a wreath]. Relating to the stephanions. 

Bistort (bis' -tori) [_bis, twice ; tortus, twisted]. Snake- 
weed, Adder's- wort. The rhizome of Polygonum bis- 
torta, an astringent. Dose of fid. ext. tTLxx-xl. Unof. 

Bistoury (bis'-to-re) [Fr. bistouri~\. A small (straight or 
curved) knife used in surgery. B. -cache, one that has 
the blade concealed for passing to the point to be in- 
cised, and by pressure on the handle the blade is exposed 
and the incision made. 

Bisulcate (bi-suV -kat) [bi, two; sulcus, a furrow]. 
Having two furrows or grooves. 



BISULPHATE 



209 



BLACK 



Bisulphate (bi-sul'-fat) \bi, two ; ME., sulphur\. Any 
acid sulphate having twice the amount of acid con- 
tained in the corresponding normal sulphate. 

Bisulphid (hi- sul'-fid) \bi, two; sulphur\. In chem- 
istry, a sulphur compound in which there are two 
atoms of sulphur to one atom of the other substance 
of the compound. B. of Carbon. See Anesthetic. 

Bisulphite (bi-sul'-fit) \bi, two; sulphur']. An acid 
sulphite. The bisulphite of lime is used as an anti- 
ferment. 

Bitartrate (bi-tar'-trat) \_bi, two; raprapov, tartar]. 
Any tartrate in which one normal hydrogen atom has 
been replaced by a base. See Tartaric acid. 

Bitemporal (bi-tem'-por-al) \bi, two; tempora, the 
temples] . Pertaining or belonging to the two temples. 
B. Triangle. See Triangle. 

Biti (be'-te) [E. Ind.]. The E. Indian tree Dalbergia 
latifolia ; the oil of the root is said to cure or prevent 
baldness. Unof. 

Bitnoben (bit-no 1 '-ben) [Hind, for "black salt"]. An 
East Indian polychrest remedy composed of salt, 
myrobalan and iron. 

Bitter (bil'-er) [AS., bitan, to bite]. A peculiar, well- 
known taste, of which quinin presents an example ; 
unpalatable. B. Almond, the nut of the Amygdaluni 
amarum. It contains hydrocyanic acid. B. Almond 
Green. Same as Malachite Green. B. Almond Oil, 
oleum amygdalae amara. See Benzaldehyd. B.Apple, 
the fruit of the colocynth, a purgative remedy. B. 
Blain, a West Indian herb, Vandellia diffusa, em- 
ployed in fevers and in hepatic disorders. Unof. B. 
Bloom. The same as American Centaury, q. v. B. 
Bugleweed, the herb Lycopus europceus, alterative 
and tonic. Dose of fid. ext. §ss-j. Unof. B. Cup, 
a cup made of quassia wood. It is a tonic. B. 
King, the shrub or tree, Soulamea amara, intensely 
bitter in all parts, and reputed to be antiperiodic. Unof. 
B. Purging Salt, sulphate of magnesia. B. Root, 
the root of Gentiana catesbcsi, a tonic. B. Tincture, 
the tincticra amara (N.F.), prescribed also in the Ger- 
man pharmacy ; it is a tincture of gentian, centaury, 
bitter orange-peel, orange-berries, and zedoary ; it is 
known also as Stomach Drops. B. Wine of Iron, 
a solution of white wine, syrup, citrate of iron and 
quinin. Tonic. See Iron. 

Bittering (bit'-er-ing) [AS., bitan, to bite]. A disease 
of wine in which it acquires a bitter flavor, due to the 
formation of a substance that develops as the wine 
ages, or if it be exposed to too high a temperature. 

Bitters (bit'-ers) [AS., bitan, to bite]. Medicines char- 
acterized by a bitter taste. B., Aromatic, medicines 
that unite the properties of aromatics with those of 
simple bitters. B., Simple, medicines that stimulate 
the gastro-intestinal tract without influencing the gen- 
eral system. B., Styptic, medicines that add styptic 
and astringent properties to those of bitterness. See 
Angastura. 

Bittersweet (bif'-er-swet). See Dulcamara. B., False. 
See Climbing Staff Tree. 

Bitumen (bit-u'-men) [L., bitumen~\. Mineral pitch or 
oil composed of various hydrocarbons. In the solid 
form it is usually called asphalt ; in the liquid form, 
petroleum. An intermediate form is known as mineral 
tar or maltha. By distillation, bitumen yields benzol, 
naphtha, paraffin, and various other hydrocarbons, 
liquid and gaseous. 

Bituminous (bit-u* ' -min-ui) \bitumen, bitumen]. Of 
the nature of or containing bitumen. B. Coal. See 
Coal. 

Biuret (bi'-u-ret) \bi, two ; ovpov, urine], C 2 H 5 N 3 2 -|- 
H 2 0. A compound formed by exposing urea to a 
high temperature for a long time. It is readily soluble 
14 



in water and in alcohol ; it crystallizes with one molecule 
of water in the form of warts and needles. When 
anhydrous, biuret melts at 190 with decomposition. 
B. Reaction, or Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Bivalence (biv'-al-ens) \bi, two ; valens, having power]. 
In chemistry, a valence or saturating power that is 
double that of the hydrogen atom. 

Bivalent (biv'-al-ent) \_bi, two; valens, having power]. 
In chemistry, applied to an element of which an atom 
can replace two atoms of hydrogen or other univalent 
element, or to a radical that has the same valence as a 
bivalent atom. 

Bivalve (bi'-valv) \_bi, two ; valva, a valve]. Having 
two valves or shells, as a mollusc or a speculum. 

Biventer (bi-ven' -ter) \bi, two ; venter, a belly] . Hav- 
ing two bellies, as a muscle. B. cervicis, the inner 
portion of the complexus muscle. B. maxillae, the 
digastricus muscle. 

Biventral (bi-ven'-tral) \bi, two ; ventrum,a. stomach]. 
Having two stomachs ; having two bellies ; as a digas- 
tric muscle. 

Bixin (biks'-in) \_Bixa, a genus of plants], C ]6 H 26 2 . 
An orange-red coloring-matter found in Annatto. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Bizygomatic (bi-zi-go-mat'-ik) [bi, two; r vyo)/ua, the 
zygomatic arch]. Relating to the most prominent 
points on the two zygomatic arches. 

Bizzozero's Blood-plates. See Blood-plates. B. 
Method, a method of studying blood-plaques : A 
drop of a three-quarter . per cent, sodium chlorid 
solution with one part of a concentrated aqueous 
solution of methyl violet for every 5000 of salt solu- 
tion, is placed on the finger, which is then punctured. 
The blood and solution are mixed on the finger. 

Bjeloussow's Gum Arabic and Borax Mass. For 
injecting tissues. Take one part, by weight, of gum 
arabic and make a syrupy solution in water. Take a 
half part, by weight, of sodium biborate and make a 
solution in water. Mix the two solutions, when a 
mass resembling gelatin will be obtained. This mass, 
which is almost insoluble in water, is rubbed up with 
water and forcibly strained through linen. Repeat 
the operation, when a solution miscible in all propor- 
tions with water is obtained. This may be colored by 
carmin or any pigment except cadmium and cobalt. 

Black (blah) [AS., bla:c\. Absence of color or light. 
The appearance of an object from whose surface none 
of the spectrum colors is reflected. B. Alder. See 
Prinos: B. Antimony, antimonium tersulphid, Sb- 
S 3 . B. Ash, the bark of Fraxinus sambuafolia, a 
mild tonic and astringent. Dose of fid. ext. 5J ss-j. 
Unof. B. Asphaltum. Same as Japan Black. B. 
Birch. See Birch. B. Blood, venous blood. B. 
Cancer. See Melanosis. B. Cohosh. See Cimici- 
fuga. B.-damp, carbon dioxid gas, which is found 
in greater or less quantity in all collieries, being given 
off by many coals, either mixed with fire-damp, or 
separately, or produced in various other ways, as by 
the exhalations of the men, by fires, and by explo- 
sions of fire-damp. Also called choke-damp. B. 
Death. See Plague. B. Disease, I. A disease 
of malarial origin and pernicious course, character- 
ized by extreme darkening of the skin, which may 
be brown or black in color. It occurs in the Garo 
Hills in Assam. 2. See Aubemage. B. Draught. 
See Senna. B. Drop. See Opium. B. Erysipe- 
las. Synonym of Anthrax. B. Eye, livor (or 
sugillatio) oculi. See Ecchymosis. B. Haw. See 
Viburnum. B.-head. See Comedo. B. Hellebore. 
See Hellebore. B. Hoarhound. See Ballota. B. 
Induration. See Induration. B. Infiltration. See 
Miner' s Phthisis. B. Jaundice, an excessive jaun- 



BLACKBERRY 



210 



BLASTOCELE 



dice arising from obstruction of the gall-ducts. The 
color of the skin is greenish-black. B. Lead, a form 
of carbon properly known as the mineral graphite. 
B.-Leg, I. A febrile, generally fatal disease, chiefly 
affecting cattle and sheep, which is characterized by the 
rapid appearance of irregular nodules in the skin and 
muscular tissues, that are at first tense and very pain- 
ful, but rapidly become painless and crepitating. There 
is no enlargement of the spleen. It is caused by anae- 
robic bacilli. It is also called Symptomatic Anthrax. 
2. A synonym of the severe form of Purpura. B. 
Leprosy. See Leprosy. B. Measles, I. The local 
Californian name for a disease of the grape, due to 
Plasmodiophora californica (Viala and Sanragean). 
Cf. Brunissure. 2. Rubeola nigra ; a grave or malig- 
nant form of measles. B. Pepper. See Piper nigrum. 
B. Phthisis. A synonym of Miners' Asthma. B. 
Quarter. Synonym of Anthrax. See also Black 
Leg. B. Sampon. See Echinacea Angnstifolia. B. 
Snake-root. See Cimicifuga. B. Spauld. See 
Black-Leg. B. Spit. See Miner's Phthisis. B. 
Sweat. See Chromidrosis. B. Tongue, I. See 
Glossophytia. 2. A name given to a condition char- 
acterized by the formation upon the dorsum of the 
tongue of a hair-like deposit that passes through 
various stages of coloration from yellow to brown 
and finally black, ultimately disappearing by desqua- 
mation as gradually as it came. Repeated recurrence 
is the rule. It is probably an undue proliferation of 
the epithelium, the result of irritation. 3. See Nigri- 
ties. 4. A term applied to erysipelatous glossitis. B. 
Vomit, the coffee-ground vomit of yellow fever, etc. 
B. Walnut, the leaves of Juglans nigra, a tonic, 
alterative and deobstruent. Dose of fid. ext. Tt^ xx- 
xxx. Unof. B. Wash. See Hydrargyrum. B. 
Willow, the buds of Salix nigra, a bitter tonic with 
aphrodisiac properties. Dose of fid. ext. tt\, xv-gj. 
Unof. 

Blackberry (blak'-ber-e) [ AS. , blcec; berie, berry]. See 
Rubus. B. Cordial, the cordiale rubi fructus (N.F.). 
Its formula is : blackberry juice, 3 pints ; cinnamon 
in coarse powder, 2 Tr. oz. ; cloves and nutmeg, in 
coarse powder, each ]/ z Tr. oz. ; dilute alcohol, 2 
pints ; syrup, 3 pints. 

Blackboy Gum. See Acaroid Resin. 

Blackley Blue. Same as Soluble Blue. 

Blackwater Fever (blak'-wat-er fe'-ver). See Fever. 

Bladder (blad'-er) [AS., bladre, a blister]. The mem- 
branous, sac-like reservoir or receptacle for the urine. 
B., Atony of, inability to expel the urine, from de- 
ficient muscular power. B., Catarrh of. See Cystitis. 
B., Extrophy, or Extroversion of, absence of the 
anterior wall of the bladder, and more or less de- 
ficiency of the corresponding part of the abdomen. B., 
Fasciculated, the walls thrown into ridges by chronic 
cystitis. B. -green. See Pigment, Conspectus of. B., 
Hernia of. See Cystocele. B., Inflammation of. 
See Cystitis. B., Inversion of, a protrusion or an 
invagination of the bladder through the urethra. B., 
Irritable, a condition characterized by constant desire 
to urinate. B., Neck of, the constricted portion con- 
tinuous with the urethra in front. B., Nervous, a 
condition in nervous patients in which there is a fre- 
quent desire to pass water, with inability at the same 
time to perform the act perfectly, and consequent 
slight dribbling at its close. B., Paralysis of, the same 
symptoms as in atony, but more marked and due to 
nervous or central disease. If affecting the neck 
alone, there is incontinence ; if the body of the organ, 
retention of urine. B., Sacculated, pouches formed 
between the hypertrophied muscular fibers. B. 
Senna, the plant Colutea arborescens of Europe ; its 



leaves are used as a substitute for senna. Unof. 
B. Tetter. See Pemphigus. B., Trigone of, the 
triangular, smooth surface upon the inner surface of 
the base of the bladder, immediately behind the 
urethral orifice. B. Worm. See Worm. B.- 
wort. See Utricularia. B. -wrack. See Fucus 
vesiculosus. 

Bladdery Fever (blad' -er-e fever). See Fever. 

Blade {blad) [ME., blad, a leaf of grass]. In biology, 
the broad part of a leaf. B.-bone. The scapula or 
shoulder-blade. 

Blaesitas (ble' '-sit-as). See Blesitas. 

Blain (bldn) [ME., blane, a blister]. I. A blister; an 
elevation of the cuticle containing serum. Synonym 
of Anthrax. 2. A disease peculiar to the ox, marked 
by sudden swelling of the head, neck, and throat, 
and by the development of several large vesicles on 
the tongue that tend to cause suffocation. 

Blainville's Ear. See Diseases, Table of, and Ear, 
Deformities of. 

Blair's Wheat Food. A variety of farinaceous food 
for infants. 

Blake's Disc. A device used in treating purulent otitis 
media. It is a paper disc pasted over the perforation 
of the tympanic membrane after the discharge has 
ceased. 

Blanc (idoh(ng)) [Fr.]. White. B. d'argent. See 
Pigment. B. fixe. Same as Permanent White. 
B. -mange, a jelly-like food-preparation, having as 
a basis gelatin, carragheen, isinglass, starch, or arrow- 
root, boiled with milk and variously flavored. 

Blancard's Pills. Pills containing the iodid of iron. 

Bland (bland) \blandus, mild]. A term applied to 
mild and soothing medicines and applications. 

Blandin (plan' -din). See Glairin. 

Blandin's Glands. See Gland. B.'s Operations. 
See Operations, Table of. 

Blanket (blan'-ket) [Fr. , blanc, white]. A woolen 
covering, so called because originally of white color. 
B. Bath. See Bath, Sheet or Pack. 

Blasius's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Blastelasma (blas-tel-az' -mah) [fiXaarbc, a germ ; 
iXaafia, plate : //. , Blastelasmata\ In embryology, 
any secondary germ-layer appearing from, or later 
than, the endoderm and ectoderm. 

Blastema (blas-te'-mah) [fiXaorrifia from jiXaaraveLV, to 
germinate]. The formative lymph or pabulum of 
capillary exudation. A synonym of protoplasm. 

Blastemal (blas-te'-mal) \JS\ao-a.vEiv , to germinate]. 
Of the nature of a blastema ; pertaining to a blastema. 

Blastematic (blas-tem-af '-ik) , or Blastematous (blas- 
tem'-at-us) \_fi'kaxs-avnv , to germinate]. Blastemal. 

Blastemic (bias-tern' -ik) [pXaoravEiv, to germinate]. 
Relating to blastema ; rudimentary ; bioplasmic. 

Blastide (blas'-tid) [ji^aardg, a germ]. In embryolo- 
gy, a very small clear spot on the fecundated ovum 
marking the place of the nucleus or cytoblast. 

Blasting Gelatin (bias' -ting jel'-at-in). Gelatin 
Dynamite. A mixture of about 80 parts of nitro- 
glycerin with 20 of nitro-cellulose. Any non-nitrated 
cotton or trinitro-cellulose interferes with the solution 
of the nitro-glycerin. The addition of 4 per cent, of 
camphor renders the mixture incapable of exploding 
when struck by a rifle-bullet, but it can be detonated 
by a strong dynamite cap. 

Blastocardia (blas-to-kar' -de-ah) [/Waordo, a germ ; 
Kapdia, the heart]. The germinal spot. 

Blastocarpous (blas-to-kar'-pus) \_ftlaar6c, a germ ; 
KapTr6<;, a fruit]. In biology, developing in the fruit. 

Blastocele (blas'-to-sel) [fi'Aao-6<; , a germ; Koi'Anc, hol- 
low]. The central cavity of the blastula or vesicular 
morula. 



BLASTOCHEME 



211 



BLEEDING 



Blastocheme (blas'-to-kem) [fiAaoTOQ, a germ ; ix eLV , 
to hold, to have]. In biology, a medusiform zooid 
that gives origin to generative elements not imme- 
diately, but through the intervention of sexual buds. 
(Allman.) 

Blastochyle (blas'-to-k'tl) [/WuCTrdc, a germ; ^nA<5f, 
juice]. In biology, the colorless fluid in the blasto- 
dermic vesicles. 

Blastoccelum, Blastocceloma (blas-to-se'-lom, blas-to- 
se-lo'-mali). Same as Blastocele. 

Blastocolla (blas-to-col'-ah) [j3'Aaa~6c, a shoot ; noAAa, 
glue]. In biology, the balsam produced on buds by 
glandular hairs. 

Blastocolysis (blas-to-kol-i' -sis) [/JAacrrdc, a germ ; 
k6aovcsiq, a cutting off]. The arrest of a develop- 
mental process. 

Blastocyst (blas'-to-sist) [jiAaaroc, a germ; nvaric, a 
bladder]. The germinal vesicle. 

Blastoderm (bias' -to-derm) [jiAaaroc, a germ ; 6kp\ia, 
the skin]. In embryology, the germinal membrane 
formed by the cells of the morula, lying on the inter- 
nal surface of the vitelline membrane of the impreg- 
nated ovum. The whole hollow sphere, with its sur- 
rounding cells, is called the blastodermic vesicle, and 
is formed about the tenth day. The ectoderm (or epi- 
blast) and the endoderm {entoderm ox hypoblast) layers 
are simply due to a proliferation of the blastodermic 
cells about the germinal area, whereby the blastoderm 
is doubled, thus forming these outer and inner layers. 
The mesoblast or middle layer is developed after the 
latter, and probably from the hypoblast. 

Blastodermic (blas-to-der' -mik) [jiXaaroc, a germ ; 
dep/ua, the skin]. Relating to the blastoderm. 

Blastodisc (blas'-to-disk) [jiAaaroc , a germ ; dionoc;, 
disc]. A blastodermic disc; amass or disc capping 
one pole of the yolk. 

Blastogenesis (blas-to-jen 1 '-es-is) [jiXaaroc, a germ ; 
■yiveaic, generation]. In biology, Weismann's theory 
of origin from germ-plasm (a. v.) in contradistinction 
to Darwin's theory of Pangenesis. 

Blastogeny (blas-toj'-en-e) [jiAaaroc , a germ ; yheaic, 
generation]. Haeckel's term for the germ-history of 
an individual organism ; a division of ontogeny. 

Bias torn a (blas-to'-mah) [jiXaaroc, a germ ; b/ia, a 
tumor: pi., £lastomata~\. A granular growth due to 
the presence of a germ or microorganism. 

Blastomatic (blas-to-maf -ik) [jiAaaroc, a germ ; 5/j.a, a 
tumor]. Relating to a blastoma. 

Blastomere (blas'-to-mer) [jiXaaroc, a germ ; fiepoc, a 
part]. Any one of the nucleated cells or segments 
into which the fecundated vitellus divides. 

Blastomeric (blas-to-mer'-ik) [jiXaaroc, a germ ; fiepoc, 
a part] . Relating to or of the character of a blasto- 
mere. 

Blastoneuropore (blas-to-nit' '-ro-por) [jiXaardc, a germ ; 
vEvpov, a nerve; irbpoq, a pore]. In biology, the tem- 
porary aperture in certain embryos formed by the 
coalescence of the blastopore and neuropore. 

Blastophore (bias' -to-for) [SXaoroc a germ ; tpkpeiv, to 
bear]. That part of a sperm-cell that does not be- 
come converted into spermatozoa. 

Blastophyllum (blas-to-fil' -u?n) [jiXaaroc, a germ ; 
(p'uAAov, a leaf: pi. , Blastophylla\ An endoderm or 
an ectoderm ; a primitive germ-layer. 

Blastophyly (blas-toff'-il-e) [jiXaarbq, a germ ; (jtvXij, 
a tribe]. The tribal history of individual organ- 
isms. 

Blastopore (Mas' -to-por) [jiXaardc, a germ ; rrbpoc, 
passage, pore]. In biology, the primitive mouth or 
archistome, the orifice to the two-layered embryo 
(blastula). "The blastopore is the small opening 
which leads into the notochordal canal, or after the 



canal has fused with the yolk-cavity, leads into the 
archenteron. It is situated at the hind end of the 
primitive axis (head-process) and marks the anterior 
boundary of the anus of Rusconi in amphibia, or of 
the primitive streak, properly so-called, of amniota." 
(Minot). "Van Beneden's blastopore" is formed 
previously to the blastodermic cavity. 

Blastosphere (bias' -to-sfer) [jiXaardc , a germ ; ocpalpa, 
a sphere]. In biology, the "blastula," "germinal 
vesicle," or "vesicular germ." A hollow sphere 
composed of a single, simple layer of germinal cells. 
A vesicular morula. 

Blastostyle (bias' -to-stil) [jiXaaroc , a germ ; arvXoc , 
a pillar]. In biology, a columnar zooid devoted to 
the origination of sexual buds. 

Blastula (bias' -tic-lah) [dim. of jiXaardc, a germ: //., 
Blastultz]. In embryology, " The earliest form of 
the diaderm, a simple epithelial vesicle, the cavity of 
which is the large segmentation cavity " (Minot). Cf. 
Blastosphere. 

Blastulation (blas-tu-la'-shon) [dim. of jiXaaroc, a 
germ]. In embryology, the conversion of a morula 
or mulberry-germ into a blastula or vesicular germ. 

Blatta (blat'-ali) [L. , "blood-colored"]. A genus of 
the Blattidcc. B. (Periplaneta) orientalis, the cock- 
roach ; the powdered body of the cockroach. A pop- 
ular remedy for dropsy among Russian peasants. It 
increases the amount of urine and diminishes the 
amount of albumin. Dose gr. iv-xx. Unof. See 
A ntih) 'dropin . 

Blaud's Pill. A pill containing sulphate of iron and 
carbonate of potash ; for use in amenorrhea, etc. See 
Pill. 

Bleach (blech) [ME., blechen, to make white]. To make 
white or pale, to diminish the intensity of color. 
Bleached Lac. See Lac. Bleaching Powder, 
chlorinated lime, a mixture of calcium chlorid and 
calcium hypochlorite, containing free chlorin gas. It 
is much used as a disinfectant. Bleaching Fluid, 
eau de Javelle, a similar composition obtained by pass- 
ing chlorin gas into an emulsion of calcium hydrate. 
The most important bleaching agents are the follow- 
ing : Bleaching Agents. — Acids : Hydrochloric, 
Nitric, Sulphurous; Carbonate of Potassium (K 2 C0 3 ); 
its value depends upon the percentage of carbonate it 
contains; Caustic Soda (NaOH), a coarse white 
powder ; Chlorid of lime, a white powder with a chlo- 
rinous odor ; it is the most important of all ; Hydrogen 
dioxid (H 2 2 ), a colorless, odorless liquid. It is 
called " Golden Hair-dye; " Permanganate of Potas- 
sium (K 2 Mn 2 O g ) ; Soaps : Tallow, Rosin, and Olive 
Oil ; Soda Ash (Na 2 C0 3 ) ; its value depends on the 
amount of Na 2 it contains ; Soda Crystals (NajCOj.- 
ioH 2 0). 

Bleacher's Eczema (blech' -erz ek'-zem-ali). Eczema 
of the hands of bleachers, due to their continuous im- 
mersion in hot water and strong lye. 

Blear Eye (bler'-i). See Blepharitis ulcerosa. 

Bleb (bleb). See Bulla. 

Blebby (bleb'-e) [Scotch, bleb, " a blister "]. Covered 
with blebs. 

Blechropyra (blek-rop'-ir-ah) [ji?irixp6c, mild ; nvp, 
heat]. A transient fever ; a febricula. 

Blechrosphygmia (blek-ro-sfig' '-me-ah) \fiArixp(>Q, 
weak ; aipvyfxdq, pulse]. Weakness or slowness of the 
pulse. 

Bleed (bled) [AS., bledan, to bleed]. To shed or give 
vent to blood. 

Bleeders (ble'-derz) [AS., bledan, to bleed]. A popular 
term for those who are subjects of the hemorrhagic 
diathesis. B.'s Disease. See Hemophilia. 

Bleeding (ble'-ding) . See Bloodletting and Hemorrhage. 



BLEMMATROPE 



212 



BLEPHAROPLASTIC 



Blemmatrope (blem' '-at-rop) \_jiXippa, a glance; rpe-rreiv, 
to turn]. An apparatus for showing the various posi- 
tions of the eye in its orbit. 

Blennadenitis (blen-ad-en-i 1 '-tis) [fitevvog , mucus ; aSi/v, 
gland]. Inflammation of the mucous glands and 
follicles. 

Blennelytria (blen-el-if -re-ah) \_jViivvog, mucus ; 
i'hvrpov, sheath] . Leucorrhea. 

Blennemesis (blen-em/ -es-is) \fiKki>va, mucus ; k/ikeiv, 
to vomit]. The vomiting of mucus. 

Blennemetic (blen-em-et' -ik) [_/3Mvva, mucus ; kpeeiv, 
to vomit]. Relating to or of the nature of blenneme- 
sis. 

Blennenteria (blen-en-te' '-re-ah) [/3/lfwa, mucus ; 
kvTspov, intestine]. A mucous diarrhea or dysentery. 

Blennenteritis (blen-en-ter-i' -tis) \_fi\ivva, mucus ; 
kvrepov, intestine ; trig, inflammation]. I. Enteritis 
with a copious discharge of mucus. 2. Inflammation 
of the mucous membrane of the bowel. 

Blennentery (blen'-en-ter-e). Same as Blennenteria. 

Blennogenic, or Blennogenous (blen-o-jen'-ik, or 
blen-oj 1 ' -en-us) \_(3\kvva, mucus ; ykvsaig, production]. 
Producing or secreting mucus ; muciparous. 

Blennoid (blen'-oid) [ftXevva, mucus ; eidog, form]. 
Resembling mucus ; myxoid ; muciform ; mucoid. 

Blennoma (blen-o'-mah) \fi\kvva, mucus; bp.a, a tumor: 
//. , Blennomatd\. I. A mucous polypus. 2. A 
myxoma. 

Blennometritis {blen-o-me-tri' -tis) \ji\kvva, mucus ; 
prjTpa, womb ; trig, inflammation] . Catarrhal metritis. 

Blennophthalmia (blen-off-thal 1 '-tne-ak) \_f$Akwa, 
mucus ; btpdakpia, disease of the eyes]. Catarrhal 
conjunctivitis. 

Blennoptysis (blen-op'-tis-is) \_f3Mvva, mucus ; Trrvuig, 
a spitting]. Bronchial mucous expectoration. 

Blennorrhagia (blen-or-a' -Je-ah) \_(31ewa, mucus ; 
pijyvvvai, to burst forth]. An excessive catarrhal dis- 
charge from the urethra or vagina. See Gonorrhea. 

Blennorrhagic (blen-or-a' -jik) \_ji\tvva, mucus ; prjy- 
vvvai, to burst forth]. Relating to blennorrhagia. 

Blennorrhea (blen-or-e'-ali) [fl'Akvva, mucus ; pkew, to 
flow]. Same as Blennorrhagia. 

Blennorrheal (blen-or-e'-al) \_(i%kwa, mucus; pkecv, to 
flow]. Relating to blennorrhea. 

Blennorrhinia (blen-or-in' -e-ah) \fi\kvva, mucus ; 'pig, 
the nose]. Coryza ; nasal catarrh. 

Blennosis (blen-o'-sis) \_fiMvva, mucus ; vocog, disease : 
pi. , Blennoses']. Any disease of a mucous membrane. 

Blennostasis (blen-os' -tas-is) \jSAkvva, mucus ; araaig, 
a staying]. The checking or suppression of any mu- 
cous discharge. 

Blennostatic (blen-os-tat'-ik) \_(l\hva, mucus; araaig, 
a staying]. Effecting a blennostasis ; checking mu- 
cous discharges. 

Blennothorax (blen-o-tho'-raks) \fiAkvva, mucus ; 
diopa!;, the thorax]. Pulmonary catarrh. 

Blennotorrhea (blen-ol-or-e'-ah) \QAkvva, mucus ; ovg, 
ear ; pola, a flow]. A mucous discharge from the ear. 

Blennozemia (blen-o-ze' -me-ah) \_f3Ahva, mucus ; ^/iis, 
loss]. Same as Blennorrhea. 

Blennuria (blen-n' -re-ah) \_fi\kvva, mucus; ovpov, 
urine]. The presence of mucus in the urine. 

Blennymenitis (blen-im-en-i'-tis) \Ji'Xb/va, mucus; 
vur/v, membrane]. Inflammation of any mucous sur- 
face. 

Blephara (blef -ar-ali). Plural of Blepharon, q.v. 

Blepharadenitis (blef-ar-ad-en-i'-tis) \ji\i$apov, the 
eyelid; ad^i^agland]. Inflammation of the Meibomian 
glands. 

Blepharal (blef-ar-al) [fiAkfapov, the eyelid]. Relat- 
ing to an eyelid or to the eyelids. 

Blepharanthracosis (blef-ar-an-thrak-o 1 '-sis) [fiteipapov, 



the eyelid; avflpnuoxjig, a charring; carbunculization]. 
Carbuncular inflammation of the eyelid. 

Blepharedema (blef-ar-e-de' -mah) [dAkfapov, the eye- 
lid ; oidi/ua, a swelling]. Swelling or edema of the 
eyelids. 

Blepharelosis (blef-ar-el-o' -sis) [ftAktyapov, the eyelid ; 
el'Aecv, to roll]. Synonym of Entropion. 

Blepharemphysema (blef-ar-em-fis-e' '-mah) [l3?J(j>apov, 
eyelid; kpfbarjpa, an inflation]. Emphysema of an 
eyelid. 

Blepharis (blef -ar -is) \_(37<,£(j>apig, an eyelash]. An 
eyelash. 

Blepharism (ble/'-ar-izm) \_{3AEtj>api(,eiv, to wink]. 
Rapid involuntary winking ; morbidly excessive nicti- 
tation. 

Blepharitic (blef-ar-it'-ik) \_j3Ak<f>apnv, the eyelid ; trig, 
inflammation]. Relating to or affected with blepharitis. 

Blepharitis (blef-ar-i'-tis) \_{3Ak<papov, the' eyelid ; cng, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the eyelids. B. 
ciliaris, tarsal ophthalmia ; a pustular disease of the 
border of the eyelids, often the result of local irrita- 
tion arising from habits of uncleanliness. B. margi- 
nalis, inflammation seated at the marginal border of 
the lids. B. ulcerosa, an ulcerative inflammation of 
the eyelids. 

Blepharo-adenitis (blef -ar-o-ad-en-i' -tis). See Bleph- 
aradenitis. 

Blepharo-adenoma (blef '-ar-o-ad-en-o' '-mah) \_(3Ak(b- 
apov, the eyelid; adrjv, a gland; bpa, a tumor : pi. , 
Blepharo-adenomata~\. An adenoma on the ciliary 
margin of the eyelid. 

Blepharo-atheroma (blef ' -ar-o-ath-er-o' -mah) \_[3Ak<p- 
apov, an eyelid ; adijpupa, a tumor full of gruel-like 
matter]. An atheromatous tumor imbedded in the 
tarsus of the lid ; it is cystic and contains a semifluid 
detrital substance. 

Blepharochromidrosis (blef ' -ar-o-kro-mid-ro 1 '-sis) [fite- 
tpapov, the eyelid; ;fp(j//a, color; ISpiig, sweat]. 
Colored sweat of the eyelids, usually of a bluish 
tint. 

Blepharocleisis (blef ar-o-kli' -sis) \J3Ak$apov, the eye- 
lid ; nAetoig, closure]. Ankyloblepharon; abnormal 
closure of the eyelids. 

Blepharodyschrea (blef-ar-o-dis-kre' -ah), or Blepha- 
rodyschroia (blef-ar-o-dis-kroi' -ah) \$\k§apov, the 
eyelid; Svo-, bad; ;tpo«z, color]. Discoloration of 
the eyelid from nevus or from any other cause. 

Blepharoedema (blef-ar-o-e-de'-mah). See Blephare- 
dema. 

Blepharolithiasis (blef -ar-o-lith-i' -as-is) \_(3Ak(f>apov, the 
eyelid; AiOog, a stone]. The formation of marginal 
concretions within the eyelid. 

Blepharon (blef-ar-on) \_j3Ak(f>apov, the eyelid : //. , 
Blephara~\. The eyelid ; palpebra. 

Blepharoncus (blef-ar-ong' -kus) \_$Ae<papov, the eye- 
lid; bynog, an enlargement]. A swelling of the eye- 
lid. 

Blepharopachynsis (blef-ar-o-pak-in 1 '-sis) [3Ak(papov, 
the eyelid ; iraxvg, thick]. Morbid thickening of the 
eyelid. 

Blepharophimosis (blef-ar-o-fi-mo' -sis) [f3?~k<j>apov, the 
eyelid; (pifiuaig, a shutting up]. Abnormal smallness 
of the palpebral openings. 

Blepharophryplastic (blef-ar-o-frip-las' -lik) \_j3Ak(j>apov, 
the eyelid; b<ppvg, brow ; TrAaartKog, plastic]. Per- 
taining to the plastic surgery of the lid and eyebrow. 

Blepharophyma (blef-ar-o-f -mah) [ji\k<papov, the eye- 
lid ; (pvua, a growth: //. , Blepharophymata\. A 
tumor of, or outgrowth from, the eyelid. 

Blepharoplastic (blef-ar-o-plas'-tih) [f3Ak<papov, the 
eyelid; tt 'Aaarinog, plastic]. Pertaining to blepharo- 
plasty. 



BLEPHAROPLASTY 



213 



BLOOD 



Blepharoplasty [blef* -ar-o-plas-te) \_ t iMipapnv, the eye- 
lid ; TrXnaaetv, to form]. An operation for the for- 
mation of any part of the eyelid destroyed by wound 
or lesion, by engrafting or transplanting from a con- 
tiguous healthy part. 

Blepharoplegia (blef-ar-o-ple' -je-ah) [(IXecjxipov, the eye- 
lid; TzTir/yij, a stroke]. Paralysis of an eyelid. 

Blepharoptosis (blef-ar-op-to' -sis) \fi\£$apov, the eyelid; 
7rr<j(T(f, a fall]. Ptosis of an upper eyelid. See Ptosis. 

Blepharopyorrhea (blef-ar-o-pi-or-e' '-ah) [fi'ktyapov, 
the eyelid ; itvov pus ; pkeiv, to flow]. A flow of pus 
from the eyelid. 

Blepharorrhaphy (blefar-or' '-a-fe) \_j3M(j>apov , the eye- 
lid; pa<i>i/, a seam]. The stitching together of a part 
of the blepharal slit. 

Blepharorrhea (blefar-or-e'-ah) \_fiXk$apov, the eyelid ; 
po'ia, a flow]. A discharge from the eyelid. 

Blepharospasm (blef'-ar-o-spazm) [(3M<t>ap<)v, the eye- 
lid ; OTiaty/zdc, a spasm]. Spasm of the orbicularis 
palpebrarum muscle. Excessive winking. 

Blepharospath (blef -ar-o-spath) \j$"A.ktyapov , the eyelid ; 
ctt&Oi/, a blade]. A forceps for taking up or holding 
an artery ; for use in operations on the eyelid. 

Blepharostat (blef'-ar-o-stat) [(IMtyapav, the eyelid ; 
laravat, to cause to stand]. An instrument for hold- 
ing the eyelids apart or firm whilst performing opera- 
tions upon the eyes or lids. 

Blepharostenosis (blefar-o-ste-no' -sis') [_j3?ufapov, the 
eyelid; arsvoc, narrow]. Diminution of the space 
between the eyelids. 

Blepharosynechia (blef-ar-o-sin-ek-i' -ah) [_j3Aiij>apov, 
the eyelid ; ovvexeia, a holding together]. The adhe- 
sion or growing together of the eyelids. 

Blepharotomy (blef-ar-ot' -o-me) \_jHk<papov, the eyelid ; 
re/iveiv, to cut]. Incision into the eyelid. B., Ob- 
lique. Sphincterotomy, or Stellwag's operation. 
See Operations, Table of. 

Blesitas (hie' -sit-as) [blasus, a lisping]. Stammering 
or lisping ; the use of a vocalized consonant instead 
of a mute ; as b {or p. Also the condition of one with 
distorted limbs. Applied also to an angular curvature 
of the spine. The term is loosely used. 

Blessed Thistle, [pies' '-ed this' '-/). See Carduus. 

Blight (blit) [origin unknown]. A partial paralysis of 
certain facial nerves, arising from sudden or extreme 
cold. B. of the Eye, an extravasation of blood 
within the conjunctiva. 

Blind (blind) [AS., blind]. Without sight. Deprived 
of sight. B. Spot, that part of the area of the fundus 
of the eye where the optic nerve enters. B. Staggers. 
See Staggers. 

Blinder (blind' -er) [AS., blind~\. A shield worn before 
an eye, to temporarily throw it out of function. See 
Gould, Method of. B. Treatment of monocular 
amblyopia. See Gould, Method of. 

Blindness (blind ' -lies') [AS., blind']. Want of vision. 
Color-B., subnormal perception of colors. This con- 
dition is found in about 4 per cent, of people, is more 
frequent in men than in women, and is probably due to 
non-exercise of the color-sense. Complete Color- 
B. is very rare, the different colors probably appear- 
ing as different intensities or shades of white light. In 
Partial Color-B. subnormal perception of red is the 
most frequent, green, blue and yellow, respectively, 
being next in order. Tests for Color-B. usually 
consist in matching and classifying colored yarns. 
Cortical B., B. due to lesion of the cortical center 
of vision. Day-B. See Nyctalopia. Mind-B. . See 
Psychic B. Moon-B., a rare condition of retinal 
anesthesia said to be due to exposure of the eyes to the 
moon's rays in sleeping. Night-B. See JTemera- 
lopia. B., Object-. See Apraxia. Psychic B., 



loss of conscious visual sensation from destruction of 
the cerebral visual center; there is sight but not recog- 
nition. Snow-B., photophobia and conjunctivitis due 
to exposure of the eyes to the glare of sunlight upon 
snow. B., Word-. See Aphasia. 

Blister (blis'-ter) [ME., blister, a vesicle]. A vesicle 
resulting from the exudation of serous fluid between 
the epidermis and true skin. Also the agent by which 
the blister is produced. B., Fly, a beetle, Cantharis 
vesicatoria, the body of which is used as a blistering 
agent; a blister of cantharides. B., Flying, a blister 
that remains long enough to produce redness of the 
skin and not vesication. B. Test, for gout. The 
serum from a blister in a gouty individual will yield 
crystals of uric acid when examined by Garrod's thread 
test (q. v. ), only, however, when the blister is situated 
at a distance from the affected joint. According to 
Garrod the acid cannot be detected in the fluid from 
a blister in the neighborhood of the gouty articulation, 
and he infers that gouty inflammation causes a local 
destruction of uric acid. 

Blistering (blis' -ter-ing) [ME., blister, a vesicle]. 
Forming a vesicle upon the skin. B. Collodion, a 
solution of cantharidin in ether. B. Liquid. Same 
as B. Collodion. B. Paper, paper saturated with 
cantharides ; used for producing vesication. 

Bloat (blot) [ME. ,blote, swelling]. I. Puffiness; edema; 
turgidity from any cause, as from anasarca. 2. A form 
of colic in the horse produced by tympanitic distention 
of the intestines. Also called Wind Colic. 

Block (blok) [ME., blok, a piece of wood]. In dentistry 
a mass of gold foil for filling teeth, made by folding a 
tape of foil upon itself several times by means of pliers. 
B. Teeth. Two or more artificial teeth carved from 
a piece of ivory, or carved or moulded from a mass of 
porcelain paste and afterwards baked and enamelled. 
B. Teeth, Biscuiting, or Crucing of. The teeth, 
after being moulded or carved, are placed on a slide 
and put in the muffle of a furnace and subjected to a 
bright-red heat, by which process the particles become 
sufficiently agglutinated and hardened to receive the 
enamel. This is called biscuiting or crucing. 

Blond (blond) [Fr., blond, light, fair]. I. Light com- 
plexioned ; fair. 2. A person with a fair complexion. 

Blood (bind) [M.E., blood]. The fluid that circulates 
through the heart, arteries, and veins, supplying nutri- 
tive material to all parts of the body. In the human 
being the blood of the arteries is bright-red ; that of 
the veins dark-red. Blood consists of colorless plasma 
in which are suspended the red and colorless corpus- 
cles. When exposed to the air it coagulates, forming 
a red-clot and a yellowish fluid called serum. Healthy 
blood consists of 79 per cent of water, and 21 per cent, 
solids. B. -Casts, tube- 
casts to which red-blood 
corpuscles are attached. 
B. -Corpuscles, small, 
circular, biconcave discs 
floating in the blood. Red 
corpuscles are circular in 
mammals (except the 
camel), and elliptical in 
birds and reptiles. In 
man they are about -j-jotj- 
inch in diameter and 



r?T7r7i- inch thick. Color- 




less corpuscles are about 
one-third larger in diame- 
ter and comparatively few. 
They exhibit movements 
similar to those of ameba. 
The coloring-matter of the B. is found in a substance 



Human Colored Blood- 
Corpuscles. 
1, on the flat; 2, on edge: 

3, rouleau of corpuscles. 

(After Landois.) 



BLOODLESS 



214 



BLUMENBACH, CLIVUS OF 



known as hemoglobin, and is said to be due to minute 
quantities of the salts of iron. B.-cure, the therapeutic 
employment of fresh blood, mainly that of bullocks. 




Ideal Transverse Section oe a Human Red Blood- 
corpuscle (magnified 500 times). 
a, b, diameter ; c, d, thickness. {After Landois.) 

B. -crystals, crystals of a substance known as hema- 
toidin. B., Defibrinated, freshly shed blood that has 
been beaten with a glass rod or tongs until the fibrin 
has all adhered to the rod in the form of a solid, 
fibrous, yellowish-white, elastic mass. B. -flower. 
See Asclepias. B. -fluke. See Bilharzia Hematobia. 
B., Gases of, certain gases given off when blood is 
exposed to the vacuum produced by an air-pump. 
They are carbonic acid, nitrogen, and oxygen, and 
constitute about half of the volume of the blood. 
B. -globules. Same as B. -corpuscles. B.-heat, a 
temperature varying from 98 to 100° F. B. -islands, 
a term applied to the groups of corpuscles developed 
during the first days of embryonic life, within the 
large branched cells of the mesoblast. B., Loss of. 
See Hemorrhage. B.-mole, in obstetrics, a mole 
consisting of the decidua only, interspersed with effu- 
sions of blood, the fetus having been expelled. B.- 
plaque. See B. -platelets. B. -plasma, the liquor 
sanguinis, or fluid part of the blood. B. -plate. See 
B. -platelets. B. -platelets ; besides the red and col- 
orless corpuscles, the blood contains smaller formed 
elements, concerning which there are many theories 
and names. Hayem describes Hematoblasts ; Pouches 
describes Globulins : Max Schultze, Komchen (ele- 
mentary bodies) ; Bizzozero, Blut-pliittchen, or Blood- 
platelets. They are circular or oval, light gray, and in 
human blood destitute of nuclei. They are from I to 
1.3 // in size, there being from 18,000 to 300,000 
in the cubic millimeter. B. -poisoning, a common 
term denoting any ailment arising from the intro- 
duction of decomposing organic matter or putrefac- 
tive germs into the blood. See Anthrax, Pyemia 
and Septicemia. B. -pressure, the force of compres- 
sion exerted by the blood upon the walls of the vessels 
under the influence of the heart's action, the elastic 
walls, etc. Various instruments have been devised to 
estimate the amount of this pressure, the Hemadynamo- 
meter of Poiseuille, Ludwig' s /Cymograph, Pick's 
Spring Kymograph, v. Basch's Sphygmomanometer, the 
Graduated Sphvgmograph, Manometer, etc. B.-root. 
See Sanguinaria. B.-shot, extravasated with blood. 
B. -spavin. See Spavin. B. -stone. See Conspectus 
of Pigments, under Pigment. B. -striking. Synonym 
of Anthrax. See also Black-leg. B. -tablet. See 
Blood-plate. B. -tumor. See Hematoma. B. -ves- 
sel, a tube-like structure for conveying the blood 
through the body. Cf. Artery and Vein. 

Bloodless (blud'-lcs) [ME., blood']. Without blood. 
B. Operations, surgical operations, such as amputa- 
tions, in which the member is so bandaged by com- 
presses and elastic bands that the blood is expelled 
and kept from the part to be operated upon. 

Bloodletting {btud-let'-ing) [ME., blood ; leten]. The 
artificial abstraction of blood from the body. B., Gen- 
eral, venesection or phlebotomy ; it acts by reducing 
the heart's action and diminishing the quantity of 
blood. It is occasionally used with excellent results in 



pneumonia, sunstroke, etc. B., Local or Topical. 
See Cupping, Leeching or Scarification. It is useful in 
certain inflammatory conditions. 
Bloody (blud'-e) [ME., blood.] Having the nature of, 
or filled with blood. B. Flux. See Dysentery. B. 
Milk. See Red Milk Bacillus and Bacteria, Syno- 
nymatic, Table of. B. Murrain. Synonym of 
Anthrax. B. Sweat. See Ephidrosis. 
Bloom [blunt) [ME., blom, a blossom]. I. A blossom. 

2. A state of health. 3. See Lubricating Oils. 
Blossom (bios' -um)\_ ME., blossome, a flower]. In biology, 

(1) the flower of a plant ; (2) to put forth flowers. 
Blotch (block) [origin uncertain]. A pimple or blain ; 
a small discolored patch of skin ; a group of small 
pustules. 
Blow (bid) [AS., blovan]. I. To pant. 2. To deposit 

eggs upon, as flies. 
Blowing Sound. See Bellows Murmur. 
Blown (Hon) [ME., blowen]. In farriery, with the 
stomach distended from gorging with food. B. Meat, 
meat that has been blown up with air in order to give 
it a white color and to hide defects in its condition. 
Blow-pipe (bio' -pip). A cylindrical tube, from twelve 
to eighteen inches long, about half an inch in diame- 
ter at one end, and gradually tapering to a fine point 
or nozzle, which may be straight or bent at a right 
angle ; it is used in directing the flame of a lamp in a 
fine conical tongue. B., Automaton, in dentistry, a 
blow-pipe especially designed for crown and bridge- 
work, into which the air is admitted and conducted 
through a small tube to the upper end of another 
which admits illuminating gas. The supply of both 
air and gas is regulated by the presssure of the thumb 
or fingers on the rubber tubes of the appliance. B., 
Oxyhydrogen, an apparatus for producing intense 
heat by burning hydrogen or illuminating gas at the 
end of a mixing nozzle. 
Bloxam's Test. See Tests, Table of 
Blue (blod) [ME., blew]. One of the colors of the 
spectrum. B., Alexandria. Same as Egyptian Blue. 
B.-Baby, a child with blue disease. B. -bottle. See 
Centaurea. B. Blindness, acyanopsia. B. Cohosh. 
See Caulophyllum. B. Disease, cyanosis of the 
new-born, due frequently to congenital disease of 
the heart. This usually consists in constriction of 
the pulmonary artery with deficiency in the septum 
of the ventricles, the aorta communicating with 
the right ventricular cavity. See Cyanopathy. B. 
Flag. See Iris. B. Gentian, the root of Gentiana 
catesbcei, tonic and stomachic. Dose of fid. ext. 
X\ x-xl. Unof. B. Gum. See Gingival. B. Gum 
Tree. See Eucalyptus. B. Cardinal Flower. 
Synonym of Lobelia syphilitica. B. Edema, a puffed 
and bluish appearance of the limb sometimes seen in 
hysterical paralysis. B. Jaundice. See Acleitocar- 
dia. B. Line. See Lead Line. B. Malachite. 
Same as Azurite. B. Mass. See Hydrargyrum. 
B.-milk Bacillus, Bacillus cyanogenus ; it imparts a 
blue color to milk and renders it irritating to the 
stomach and intestine. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. B. Ocher. See Conspectus of Pigments 
under Pigment. B. Ointment. See Hydrargyrum. 
B. Pill. See Hydrargyrum. B., Prussian. See 
Pigment. B. Stick. Same as B. Stone. B. Stone. 
See Copper and B. Vitriol. B. Verditer. Same as 
Bremen Blue. B. Vervain. See Verbena. B. 
Vitriol. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. 
Blues (blooz) [ME., blew]. A popular name for short 
periods of mental depression ; they are usually asso- 
ciated with indigestion. 
Blumenbach, Clivus of. See Clivus. B., Plane of. 
See Plane. 



BLUNT-HOOK 



215 



BONDUC SEEDS 



Blunt-hook (blunk'-hook). An obstetric instrument, 
used mainly in embryotomy. 

Blunzen (blunz'-eti) [tier.]. A peculiar Wurtemberg 
sausage, made by tilling the stomachs of hogs with 
meat, and cured by a method favoring putrefaction. 
This is the most common source of sausage-poisoning. 
See Allantiasis and Botulismus. 

Blushing (blush' '-ing) [ME., blushen, to glow]. The 
reddening of the face through shame, modesty, or 
confusion. See Rubor. 

Boa (bo' -ali) [L.]. An ancient name applied to various 
eruptions and eruptive diseases, as measles, smallpox, 
hvdroa, syphilis. B. Vista Fever. See Fever. 

Boas's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Boat-belly (bot'-bel-e). See Scaphoid Abdomen. 

Bobb's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bochdalek's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. B's 
Pseudo-ganglion. See Pseudo-ganglion. 

Bock, Nerve of. See Nerves, Table of. 

Bockhart's Blood-serum Mercury. A mercurial used 
in the treatment of syphilis. It is prepared as follows 
from the blood of sheep, horses, or oxen : lo*A drams 
of blood-serum, sterilized after Koch's method, are 
placed in a graduated glass, and then mixed with a 
solution of 45 grains of bichlorid of mercury dis- 
solved in one ounce of boiling distilled water. The 
precipitate formed is redissolved by the addition of 105 
grains of chlorid of sodium, dissolved in five drams 
of distilled water. This compound is then a three per 
cent, solution of blood-serum mercury. By adding 
enough distilled water to make six ounces five drams, 
we have the solution generally used, containing one 
and one-half per cent of the mercurial salt. Injections 
of 15 minims (containing one-quarter grain of subli- 
mate, combined with albumin) are made daily. 

Bodo (bo'-do) [L.]. A genus of flagellate protozoans. 
B. saltans has been reported as living in great num- 
bers in unhealthy ulcerations. B. urinarius has 
been found in the urine of cholera-patients. 

Body (bod'-e) [AS., bodig~\. I. The animal frame with 
its organs. Also a cadaver or corpse. 2. This term 
is applied by the manufacturer of porcelain teeth to the 
parts composing the principal portion of the artificial 
organ. 3. The tube of a microscope, including the 
draw-tube ; it is the tube receiving the ocular at one end 
and the objective at the other. See also Corpus, and 
Corpora. B. Cells. See Heredi/y. B. Louse. See 
Pediculus. B. -plasm. See Somatoplasm, under Here- 
dity. B., Sub-thalamic. See Luys, Body of. 

Boeckel's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Boerhaave, Glands of. See Gland. 

Bog (bog) [E. dial.]. To ease the body by stool. 

Bog (bog) [Gael., bogan, a bog]. Ground that is wet 
and spongy. B.-bean. See Buckbean. B. -spavin. 
See Spavin. 

Bogue's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bohm's Acid Carmin. See Stains, Table of. B.'s 
Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bohmer's Hematoxylin Solution. See Stains, 
Table of. 

Bohun Upas (bo' -linn-u' -pas). See Antiar and Upas. 

Boil (boil) [ME., boile\ A furuncle ; a localized inflam- 
mation of the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue 
attended by the formation of pus. See Furunculus. 
B., Aleppo or B., Delhi, a peculiar ulcerative affection 
endemic in India, due to a specific and pathogenic mi- 
crobe. It has been proposed by Heydenreich to call 
this Tropical Boil. Other names are Penjdeh Boil and 
Bouton Biskra. B. -plague. Synonym of Anthrax. 

Boiled Oil. Linseed oil that has been heated to a 
high temperature (130 C. and upward), while a 
current of air is passed through or over the oil, and 



the temperature increased until the oil begins to 
effervesce from evolution of products of decomposi- 
tion. B.-sago Matter. Vitreous-looking bodies fre- 
quently seen in the stools of dysentery. They are 
simply granules of starch ingested as food and remain- 
ing partially or wholly undigested. They are also 
called Frogs' -spawn matter. 

Boiler-makers' Deafness. See Deafness. 

Boiling (boil'-ing) [ME., boilen, to stir]. The vapori- 
zation of a liquid when it gives off vapor having the 
same tension as the surrounding air. Most tissues, 
animal and vegetable, are softened and rendered more 
or less soluble by boiling. Albumin and most albu- 
minoids, however, are rendered insoluble. The tem- 
perature of boiling water at the level of the sea is 
212° F. (100° C.) ; it decreases with increasing alti- 
tude. B. Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Boissons (bwali'-song) [Fr."]. Cheap fermented liquors 
made from Taisins or other dried fruits to which sweet- 
ened water is added and fermentation allowed. 

Bola (bo'-lah). See Myrrh. 

Bolary (bo'-lar-e) [bolus, clay]. Of the nature of bole. 

Bolax (bo'-laks). See Balsam-bog. B. Gum. See 
Balsam-bog. 

Bolbomelanoma (bol-bo-mel-an-o'-mah) [/JoJI/Wc, a 
bulb ; jxtlAvujxa, blackness]. Melanotic carcinoma of 
the eyeball. 

Boldin (bol'-din). See Boldus. 

Boldo (bol'-do). See Boldus. B.-glucine, an aro- 
matic glucosid obtained from Peunms boldus and other 
species. It is a hypnotic in doses of gr. xx-zj. 
Unof. 

Boldoa (bol' -do-ah) [Chilian, Boldtt]. A genus of 
monimiaceous trees. B. fragrans, the tree Peumus 
boldus. See Boldus. 

Boldus (bol'-dus) [L.]. Boldo. The leaves and stems 
of an evergreen, Peumus boldus, native to Chili 
and vicinity, sometimes used in anemia and general 
debility as a substitute for quinin. It contains a 
bitter alkaloid, Boldin, an hypnotic in doses of gr. iij. 
B., Ext., Fid. Dose mj-iv. B., Tinct., contains 
20 per cent, of the drug. Dose tt^v-viij. 

Bole (bol) [j3<J?,og, a clod of earth]. 1. A translucent, 
soft variety of clay formerly much used in medicine, 
internally as an astringent, externally as an absorbent. 
Dose gr. v-x. Several varieties are used, as the 
Armenian bole ; the Lemnian, and the French bole. 
2. A bolus. See Bolus. 

Boletus (bo-le'-tus) [/3u?utt/^, a kind of mushroom]. 
A genus of fungi, some species of which are edible, 
while others are highly poisonous. None is official. 

Bologna (bo-Ion' -yah) [It]. A city of northern Italy. 
B. Lime. Same as Vienna White. B. Phosphorus, 
a sulphid of barium, having the property of emitting 
a pale, feeble light in the dark. 

Bolus (bo'-lus) [L. ://., Boli ; Eng. pi., Boluses']. I. 
A mass of medicine exhibited in the form of a large 
pill. 2. A mass of masticated food ready to swallow. 

Bombardier Beetle. See Brachenin. 

Bombax ( bom'-baks) \bombyx, cotton]. A genus of 
huge tropical malvaceous trees of many species. 
Some of these trees afford demulcent diuretic medi- 
cines. Mocmain, q. v., is a product of B. malabaricum. 

Bombus (bom' -bus) [/36fi/3og, a humming sound]. A 
ringing or buzzing sound in the ears ; tinnitus. Also 
a sonorous movement or rumbling flatus of the 
intestines : borborygmus. 

Bona Fever (bo'-nah fe'-ver) . See Fever. 

Bonbon (boti'-bon) [Fr.]. A confection. B., Pectoral, 
a medicated antibechic confection. 

Bond's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bonduc Seeds (bon'-duk sedz). See Bondzecella. 



BONDUCELLA 



216 



BORON 



Bonducella (bon-du-sel'-ah) [L.]. Bonduc Seeds. 
The seeds of Ccesalpinia bonducella, a tropical plant. 
It is a bitter tonic and antiperiodic in intermittent 
fevers. Dose.gr. x-xv.b B., Pulv., Comp., contains 
bonduc and black pepper. Dose gr. xv-xx. 

Bone {ion) [AS., ban, a bone]. A hard tissue that 
constitutes the framework or skeleton of the body. 
It is composed mainly of tri-calcium phosphate and 
cartilage. Bone usually consists of a compact outer 
mass covered with periosteum, surrounding a reticu- 
lated inner structure that encloses a central cavity 
filled with marrow. A transverse section of a long 
bone shows bone-tissue to be composed of a number 
of nearly circular zones, each having a central tube, 
the Haversian canal, through which the blood circu- 
lates. Surrounding the Haversian canal are concen- 
trically arranged belts of oblong spaces called lacuna;. 
Each lacuna is the outlet of a number of canaliculi, 
through which the nutrition is conveyed to all parts 
of the bone. A table of bones is appended. B. Ash, 
the calcic phosphate remaining after bones have been 
incinerated. B. Binder. See Osteocolla. B. -black. 
Same as Animal Black. B. -brown. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. B. Cartilage. See Ostein. B.- 
conduction, the transmission of sound-waves to the 
auditory nerve by means of sonorous vibrations com- 
municated to the bones of the skull, the impression 
reaching ' the nerve in part directly and in part by 
way of the tympanic structure. The tuning-fork is 
the instrument most commonly used as a test of bone- 
conduction. Bone-conduction is lost or diminished 
in many of the typical labyrinthine lesions, e.g. , in 
true Meniere's disease. See Air-conduction. B. 
Earth. See Ossiterra. B., Epipteric [km, upon ; 
nrepdv, a wing], a small Wormian bone sometimes 
found between the great wing of the sphenoid and the 
anterior inferior angle of the parietal. B.-fat, a 
whitish-yellow fat obtained by boiling bones. It is 
used in soap making. B. -gelatin. See Gelatin. B.- 
glue. See Glue. B. incarial. See Incarial. B.- 
nippers, surgical cutting-forceps for use on bones. 
B.-oil, a foul-smelling oil obtained in the dry distilla- 
tion of bone. B. -setter, a specialist at setting bones ; 
usually an uneducated empiric, and often a pretender 
to hereditary skill in the business. B. -spavin. See 
Spavin. B. -tumor. Synonym of Actinomycosis. 

Bonelet (bbn'-let). See Ossicle. 

Bonellein (bo-nel'-in) \_Bonellia, a genus of gephyrean 
worms, named after F. A. Bonelli, an Italian natu- 
ralist]. In biology, the green pigment of certain 
annelids, as Bonellia viridis. 

Boneset. See Eupatorium. 

Bonnafond's Apparatus. An apparatus for generating 
vapors and injecting them into the middle ear through 
the Eustachian tube. 

Bonnet's Capsule. See Ocular Sheath. B. Opera- 
tions. See Operations, Table of. 

Bontius, Pills of. Purgative pills used in dropsy. 
They contain gamboge, Socotrin aloes, and gum am- 
moniac. 

Bonwill's Crown. In dentistry, an artificial crown of 
all porcelain to be engrafted on a natural root. B's. 
Method, I. A method of producing anesthesia. It 
is done by rapid breathing of the ordinary atmos- 
pheric air. The patient opens his mouth and breathes 
freely, quickly, and deeply, and in a few seconds or 
minutes partial anesthesia supervenes. 2. A method 
of articulating teeth. 

Bonzel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Booboo {boo' -boo). See Boohoo. 

Boohoo (boo'-hoo) [native S. Pacific]. A kind of gas- 
tritis with slight fever and with great nostalgia and 



depression of spirits. It attacks strangers in some of 
the Pacific Islands. 

Booker, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Boot, Junod's. See Jimod 's Boot. 

Boracic Acid (bo-ras'-ik as'-id). See Acid, Boric ; also 
Boron. 

Borage (bo' -raj) [ME., borage~\. The plant Borago 
officinalis, a demulcent, mild refrigerant and diapho- 
retic. Dose of fid. ext., 3 j. Unof. 

Boraginaceous (bo-raj-in-a' -se-us) [Boraginacea, a 
natural order of plants]. Pertaining to the Boragin- 
aceae. 

Borate (bo'-rdt) [Ar., bbraq, borax]. Any salt of bo- 
ric acid. 

Borax (bo'-raks). See Boron. B. Bath. See Bath. 

Borborygmus (bor-bor-ig' -nius) [/3op(3opvy/i6r, a rum- 
bling : //., Borborygmi\. A rumbling of the bowels. 

Bordeaux Method. A form of cotton antiseptic dress- 
ing for stumps. 

Borelli's Operation. See Operations , Table of. 

Boric Acid (bo'-rik as' -id). See Boron. 

Born {born) [AS., boren, to bear, bring forth]. Brought 
into the world by the process of parturition. B. 
Alive. See Live Birth. 

Borneo Camphor (bor'-ne-o-kam'-for). See Borneol. 

Borneol (for' -ne-ol) \_Borneo~\, C 10 H ]8 O. Borneo 
Camphor ; a substance that occurs in Dryobalanops 
camphorce , a tree growing in Borneo and Sumatra. It 
is artificially prepared by acting with sodium upon the 
alcoholic solution of common camphor. It is quite 
like Japan camphor, and has a peculiar odor resem- 
bling that of peppermint. It sublimes in six-sided 
leaflets, melts at 198 and boils at 212 . It produces 
spasms of an epileptiform character. 

Bom's Method. A method of reconstructing objects 
from microscopic sections ; by means of a camera, 
the outlines are transferred to wax plates, which are 
then cut out so as to correspond to the sections. 

Boro-borax (bo-ro-bo' -raks). A crystalline combina- 
tion of borax and boric acid. It is used as an anti- 
septic. 

Borofuchsin. See Stains, Conspectus of. 

Boroglycerid (bo-ro-glis' -er-id). See Boroglycerin. ' 

Boroglycerin (bo-ro-glis' -er-in) [Ar., bbraq, borax ; 
■yTivnepdc, sweet]. A mixture of boric acid, 62 parts, 
with glycerin, 92 parts, it is called also boroglycerid, 
and glyceryl borate. It is a solid preparation, soluble 
in water. It is used as a local application in eye and 
skin affections. It is an active antiseptic in a solution 
of 1 to 40. Unof. 

Boron (bo'-ron) [Ar., bbraq, borax]. B= II ; quanti- 
valence ill, v. The base of boric acid and of the 
mineral borax. Boracic, or, more properly, Boric 
Acid, H. t B0 3 , a crystalline substance, found native 
in the volcanic lagoons of Tuscany. It occurs in 
white, transparent crystals, soluble in water and 
alcohol ; it is an active antiseptic, and is much used in 
parasitic diseases of the skin. Dose gr. v-xx. Un- 
guent. Acidi Borici (B. P.), contains hard paraffin 2, 
soft paraffin 4, boric acid I. It is used as an antiseptic 
and in dermatology. Borax, Na,B 2 0-,loH.,0, sodium 
biborate, occurs in lacustrine deposits as white, trans- 
parent crystals, soluble in water, alcohol and glycerin. 
It is used as an antiseptic wash for ulcers and indolent 
lesions and is valuable also as an emmenagogue, and 
in leucorrhea. Dose gr. v-xl. All unof. Glyccrinum 
Bbracis (B. P.), contains borax, glycerin and distilled 
water ; it is used as a local application. Mel Boracis 
(B. P.), borax honey, contains borax, clarified honey 
and glycerin (about I in 7) ; it is used as a local 
application. 



BONES 



217 



BONES 



TABLE OF BONES. 



Name. 


Principal Features. 


Articulations and Variety. 


Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 


Astragalus. 


Irregularly cubical ; forms the key- 
stone of arch of foot ; head, neck, 
six articular surfaces. 




Internal and external lateral ligaments. 


Atlas. 


First cervical vertebra ; ring-like ; 
anterior and posterior arches and 
tubercles; articular surfaces. 


Occipital bone — double arthrodia. 
Axis, four joints — diarthrodia rota- 
toria and double arthrodia. 


Longus colli (tubercle), rectus capitis 
posticus minor (spinous process). 


Axis. 


Second cervical vertebra ; body, 
odontoid process, pedicles, lam- 
inae, spinous process, transverse 
processes, articular surfaces. 


First cervical vertebra — diarthrodia 
rotatoria and double arthrodia 

Third cervical vertebra — double ar- 
throdia. 


Longus colli, check ligaments. 


Calcaneum. 


The heel bone ; irregularly cu- 
boidal ; lesser process [sustenta- 
culum tali!, greater process, pero- 
neal ridge or spine, superior 
groove, articular surfaces. 


Astragalus,] 

Cuboid, yarthrodia. 

Scaphoid, j 


Tibialis posticus, tendo Achillis, plant- 
aris, abductor pollicis, abductor mini- 
mi digiti, flexor brevis digitorum, 
flexor accessorius, extensor brevis 
digitorum. 


Carpal. 


Consists of scaphoid, semilunar, 
cuneiform, pisiform, trapezium, 
trapezoid, os magnum, unciform. 
See Indiviaual Bones. 






Clavicle. 


Collar bone, resembles the italic 
"f"\ conoid tubercle, deltoid 
tubercle, oblique line. 


Sternum, ) 

Scapula, >arthrodia. 

Cartilage of first rib, J 


Sterno-cleido-mastoid, trapezius, pec- 
toralis major, deltoid, subclavius, 
sterno-hyoid, platysma. 


Coccyx. 


The last bone of the vertebral col- 
umn ■ resembles a cuckoo's beak; 
usually composed of four small 
segments ; base, apex, cornua. 


Sacrum— amphiarthrodia. 


Coccygeus, gluteus maximus, extensor 
coccygis, sphincter ani, levator ani. 


Cranial. 


Occipital, parietal (two), frontal, 
temporal (two), sphenoid, eth- 
moid. See Individual Bones. 






Cuboid. 


Somewhat pyramidal ; tuberosity. 


Os calcis, 

External cuneiform, 1 w i„a-» 
4 th and 5 th metatarsal \ arthrodia - 
bones. J 


Flexor brevis pollicis. 


Cuneiform 
(of carpus). 


Pyramidal. 


Semilunar, ") 
Pisiform, 

Unciform, j- arthrodia. 
Interarticular fibro-car- 
tilage. J 




Cuneiform 
(of tarsus). 
Internal. 

Middle. 
External, 


Irregularly wedge-shaped ; the 
largest of the three. 

Wedge-shaped ; smallest of the 
three. 

Wedge-shaped. 


Scaphoid, 

Middle cuneiform, 1 _ji_.js;. 

First and second meta- \ arthrodla - 

tarsal bones. J 
Scaphoid, 

Internal cuneiform, 1 arthrodia _ 
External cuneiform, ( 
Second metatarsal. J 
Scaphoid, 
Middle cuneiform, 

Cuboid, \ arthrodia. 
Second, third, and fourth 

metatarsal bones. J 


Tibialis anticus and posticus. 

Tibialis posticus. 

Tibialis posticus, flexor brevis pollicis. 


Ethmoid. 


Irregularly cubical ; situated at an- 
terior part of base of skull ; hori- 
zontal or cribriform plate, per- 
pendicular plate, two lateral 
masses, crista galli. 


Sphenoid, 

Two sphenoidal — 
turbinated, 

Frontal, 

Two nasal, 

Two superior max- 
illary, 

Two lachrymal, 

Two palate, 

Two inferior turb- 
inated, 

Vomer. 


■ synarthrodia. 


None. 


Femur. 


Cylindrical ; longest, largest, and 
strongest bone in the body ; shaft 
and two extremities, head, neck, 
greater and lesser trochanters, 
linea aspera, condyles ; a long 
bone. 


Os innominatum — enarthrodia. 
Tibia — ginglymus. 
Patella — arthrodia. 


Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, pyri- 
formis, obturator internus, obturator 
externus, gemellus superior, gemel- 
lus inferior, quadratus femoris, psoas 
magnus, iliacus, vastus externus, 
gluteus maximus, short head of the 
biceps, vastus internus, adductor 
magnus, pectineus, adductor brevis, 
adductor longus, crureus, subcrureus, 
gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus. 



BONES 



218 



BONES 



BONES OF THE HUMAN SKELETON. 



I. Tubercle of an- 
terior arch. 2 
Articular facet for 
odontoid process 
of axis. 3. Poste- 
rior arch and pos- 
terior tubercle. 4. 
Groove for verte- 
bral artery and 
first cervical 
nerve. 5. Trans- 
verse process. 6. 
Foramen for ver- 
tebral artery. 7. 

Superior articular process. 8. Tubercle for attachment of 

transverse ligament. 




Atlas, Superior Surface. 




Axis, Lateral Aspect. 
. Body. 2. Odontoid pro- 
cess. 3. Facet for articu- 
lating with anterior arch 
of atlas. 4. Lamina. 5. 
Spinous process. 6. Trans- 
verse process. 7. Superior 
articular process. 8. Infe- 
rior articular process. 



Axis, Postero-Superior 
View. 
. Posterior surface of body. 2. 
Odontoid process. 3,3. Supe- 
rior articular processes 4, 4. 
Inferior articular processes. 
5, 5. Transverse processes. 6. 
Spinous process. 



i,i. Lateral mass- 
es of atlas. 2, 2. 
Anterior arch of 
atlas, including 
odontoid pro- 
cess of axis. 3. 
Tubercle of an- 
terior arch 4,4. 
Transverse pro- 
cesses of atlas. 
5,5 Inferior ar- 
ticular pro- 
cesses of atlas. 
6, 6. Superior 
articular pro- 
cesses of axis. 

7, 7. Inferior articular processes. 8, 8. Transverse processes. 

9. Anterior surface of body of axis. 10. Apex of odontoid 

process. 




Atlas and Axis, Anterior Surface. 




Seventh Cervical Vertebra, Postero-Superior View. 
1. Body. 2, 2. Transverse processes. 3, 3. Anterior or costal 
roots of transverse processes. 4, 4. Foramina for vertebral 
arteries. 5, 5. Superior articular processes. 6, 6. Inferior 
articular processes. 7, 7. Laminae. 8. Spinous process. 9. 
Spinal foramen. 




Dorsal Vertebra, Antero-Superior View. 



Anterior surface. 2. Vertebral foramen. 3. Spinous pro- 
4, 4. Transverse processes. 5, 5. Articular surfaces for 
6, 6. Superior articular processes. 7, 7. 



cess. 

tubercles of ribs. 

Pedicles. 




First Dorsal Vertebra, Lateral View. 

. Superior surface of body. 2, 2. Semi-lunar processes. 3. 
Articular facet for head of first rib. 4. Demi-facet for head 
of second rib. 5. Superior articular process. 6, 6. Inferior 
articular processes. 7. Transverse process. 8. Articular facet 
for tubercle of first rib. 9. Spinous process. 




Eleventh Dorsal Vertebra, Lateral View. 

. Articular facet for head of eleventh rib. 2. Transverse 
process. 3. Superior tubercle of transverse process. 4. In- 
ferior and anterior tubercle. 5. Inferior and posterior tuber- 
cle. 6. Superior articular process. 7. Inferior articular pro- 
cess. 8. Spinous process. 




Twelfth Dorsal Vertebra, Lateral View. 

. Articular facet for head of twelfth rib. 2. Transverse pro- 
cess. 3. Superior and posterior tubercle of transverse pro- 
cess. 4. Inferior and posterior tubercle. 5. Inferior and 
anterior tubercle. 6. Superior articular process. 7, 7. Infe- 
rior articular processes. 8. Spinous process. 



BONES 



219 



BONES 



TABLE OF BONES. — Continued. 



Name. 


Principal Features. 


Articulations and Variety. 


Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 


Fibula. 


Long bone ; shaft, upper extremity 
or head, lower extremity or ex- 
ternal malleolus. 


Tibia — arthrodia. 

Astragalus, with the tibia and fibula 
— ginglymus. 


Biceps, soleus, peroneus longus, ex- 
tensor longus digitorum, peroneus 
tertius, extensor proprius pollicis, 
tibialis posticus, flexor longus pollicis, 
peroneus brevis. 


Foot. 


Composed of tarsus, metatarsus 
and phalanges, q. v. 






Froctal. 


The forehead bone ; a flat bone ; a 
frontal portion and an orbito- 
nasal portion ; frontal eminences, 
superciliary ridges, supraorbital 
arches, supraorbital notches or 
foramina, internal and external 
angular processes, temporal 
ridges, nasal notch, nasal spine, 
nasal eminence or glabella. 


Two parietal, 
Sphenoid, 
Ethmoid, 
Two nasal, 
Two superior max- 
illary, 
Two lachrymal, 
Two malar, 


■ synarthrodia. 


Corrugator supercilii, orbicularis pal- 
pebrarum, and temporal on each side. 


Hand. 


Composed of carpus, metacarpus 
and phalanges, q. v. 






Humerus. 


Largest bone of upper extremity ; 
long bone ; a shaft and two ex- 
tremities. Upper extremity pre- 
sents a head, neck and greater 
and lesser tuberosities. Lower 
extremity, trochlea, olecranon 
fossa, coronoid fossa, external 
and internal condyles, supra- 
trochlear foramen, supracondy- 
loid ridges. 


Scapula (glenoid cavity) — enarthrodia. 
Radius, \singlymus. 


Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres 
minor, subscapularis, pectoralis 
major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, 
coraco-brachialis. brachialis anticus, 
triceps, sub-anconeus, pronator radii 
teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris 
longus, flexor digitorum sublimis, 
flexor carpi ulnaris, supinator longus, 
extensor carpi radialis longior, exten- 
sor carpi radialis brevior, extensor 
communis digitorum, extensor mini- 
mi digiti, extensor carpi ulnaris, sup- 
inator brevis and anconeus. 


Hyoid. 


A bony arch; irregular bone; a 
body, two greater and two lesser 
cornua. 


None. 


Sterno-hyoid, thyro-hyoid, omo-hyoid, 
digastricus, stylo-hyoid, mylo-hyoid, 
genio-hyoid, genio-hyo-glossus, hyo- 
glossus, middle constrictor of the 
pharynx. 


Ilium. 


See Innominate. 






Incus. 


Resembles a bicuspid tooth with 
two roots, body, and two pro- 
cesses. 


Malleus — arthrodia (trigger-joint). 
Stapes— arthrodia. 


None. 


Inferi or 
maxillary. 


Body and two rami ; contains the 
teeth of the lower jaw ; symphy- 
sis, mental process, mental fora- 
men, coronoid and condyloid 
process, head, neck, sigmoid 
notch ; irregular bone. 


The two temporal bones — bilateral 
condyloid — diarthrodia. 


Levator menti, depressor labii infe- 
rioris, depressor anguli oris, platysma 
myoides, buccinator, masseter, orbi- 
cularis oris, genio-hyo-glossus, genio- 
hyoideus, mylo-hyoideus, digastric, 
superior constrictor, temporal, in- 
ternal pterygoid, external pterygoid. 


Inferior tur- 
binated. 


Situated on the outer wall of the 
nasal fossa ; irregular bone. 


Ethmoid, ] 
Palate, J 


None. 


Innominate. 


Large, 3 parts ; flat bone ; with its 
fellow and sacrum and coccyx 
forms pelvis. 

Ilium — superior broad expanded 
portion, crest, superior, middle 
and inferior curved lines, ilio- 
pectineal line, venter, auricular 
surface, anterior and posterior, 
superior and inferior spinous 
processes, § (about) of acetabu- 
lum. 

Ischium — lower and back portion, 
body, tuberosity and ramus, 
spine, greater and lesser sacro- 
sciatic notches, external and in- 
ternal lips of tuberosity, lower 
boundary of obturator foramen, 
§ (about) of acetabulum. 

Pubis — body, horizontal ramus, 
descending ramus, soine, ilio- 
pectineal line, angle, symphysis, 
obturator foramen (upper bound- 
ary), \ of acetabulum. 


f With its fellow of ~| 

! opposite side, > synarthrodia. 

1 Sacrum, ) 

[ Femur — enarthrodia. 


Ilium — tensor vaginae femoris, external 
oblique, latissimus dorsi, iliacus, 
transversalis, quadratus lumborum, 
erector spinae, internal oblique, glu- 
teus maximus, medius and mini- 
mus, rectus, pyriformis, multifidus 
spinae, sartorius. 

Ischium — obturator externus and in- 
ternus, gracilis, levator ani, gemelli 
superior and inferior, coccygeus, bi- 
ceps, semi-tendinosus, semi-mem- 
branous, quadratus femoris. adductor 
magnus, transversus perinei, erector 
penis. 

Pubis — internal and external oblique, 
transversalis, rectus, pyramidalis, 
psoas parvus, pectineus, adductor 
magnus, longus and brevis, gracilis, 
external and internal obturator, leva- 
tor ani, compressor urethras, accele- 
rator urinae. 



BONES 



220 



BONES 




Lumbar Vertebra, Postero-Superior View. 
, i. Anterior surface of bod}'. 2, 2. Trans- 
verse processes. 3. Spinous process. 4, 
4. Superior articular processes. 5,5. In- A ^ 
ferior articular processes. 




Coccyx, Ante- 
rior Aspect. 

1. Base. 2,2. Cor- 
nua. 3. Sec- 
ond coccygeal 
vertebra. 4. 
Third coccy- 
geal vertebra. 
5. Fourth coc- 
cygeal verte- 
bra. 6. Fifth 
coccygeal ver- 
tebra. 




Occipital Bone, Postero-Inferior 
View 
1. Basilar process. 2. Foramen magnum. 
3, 3. Posterior condyloid foramina. 4. 
Crest. 5. External occipital protuber- 
ance. 6, 6. Condyles. 7, 7. Jugular pro- 
cesses. 8, 8. Jugular fossae. 



n ""EJ^Wis|>.'"'""'v I' 



Sacrum, Anterior Aspect. 
I, 1, 1, 1. Bodies of sacral vertebrae, 
with transverse lines of union. 2, 2, 
2, 2. Anterior sacral foramina. 3. 
Base. 4. Auricular surface of lat- 
eral aspect. 5. Its inferior portion. 
6. Articular surface of base. 7. 
Notch for formation of last lumbar 
intervertebral foramen. 8 Superior 
articular process of first sacral ver- 
tebra. 9. Apex of sacrum. 10. 
Cornu. 11. Notch for transmission 
of fifth sacral nerve. 





Parietal, Temporal, and Sphenoid Bones; Posterior 

Aspect. 
1. Body of sphenoid bone. 2, 2. Sphenoid and temporal bones. 
3, 3. Parietal bones. 4, 4. Mastoid processes. 5, 5. Jugular 
fossae. 6, 6. Notches entering into formation of sphenoidal 
fissures. 7, 7. Spheno-parietal sutures. 8, 8. Spheno-tem- 
poral sutures. 9, 9. Temporo-parietal sutures. 



Sacrum, Posterior Aspect. 

1, 1, 1, 1. Spinous processes of sacral 

vertebrae. 2, 2. Sacral groove. 3, 

3, 3, 3- Posterior sacral foramina. 

4,4,4,4. Articular processes, united. 

5. 5. §1 5- Transverse processes. 6, 

6. Cribriform fossa. 7, 7. Auricular 
surface. 8, 8. Superior articular 
processes of first sacral vertebra. 9. 
Superior orifice of sacral canal. 10 
Groove representing inferior ori- 
fice. 11, 11. Cornua. 12. Apex. 



Vertebral Column, 

Lateral Aspect. 
1-7. Cervical vertebrae. 
8-19. Dorsal vertebrae. 
20-24. Lumbar verte- 
brae. A, A. Spinous 
processes. B, B. Artic- 
ular facets of trans- 
verse processes of first 
ten dorsal vertebrae. 
C. Auricular surface of 
sacrum. D. Foramina 
in transverse processes 
of cervical vertebrae. 




Nasal Bones, External Aspect. 
, 1. The two nasal bones. 2, 2. Superior extremity. 3, 3. In- 
ferior border. 4, 4. Internal border. 5, 5, 5, 5. External 
border. 



BONES 



221 



BONES 



TABLE OF BONES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Principal Features. 


Articulations and Variety. 


Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 


Ischium. 


See Innominate. 






Lachrymal. 


Small ; situated at front part of 
inner wall of orbit ; resembles 
finger-nail; crest, lachrymal 
groove ; flat bone. 


Frontal, "1 

Ethmoid, 1 synarthrodia , 

Superior maxillary, J 

Inferior turbinated, J 


Tensor tarsi. 


Lingual. 


See Hyoid. 






Magnum 
(OS). 


Largest bone of carpus ; occupies 
center of wrist; head, neck, body ; 
short bone. 


Second 1 

Third VMetacarpal — arthrodia. 

Fourth ) 

sag?'}-'*-* 


Flexor brevis pollicis (part). 


Malar. 


Small ; quadrangular ; at upper 
and outer part of face ; forms 
prominence of cheek, part of 
outer wall and floor of orbit, part 
of temporal and zygomatic fossae; 
frontal, orbital, maxillary and 
zygomatic processes, malar 
foramen, four borders ; irregular 
bone. 


Frontal, 

T P empo°ral, synarthrodia. 

Superior maxillary, J 


Levator labii superioris proprius, 
zygomaticus major and minor, mas- 
seter, temporal. 


Malleus. 


Resembles a hammer ; head, neck, 
handle or manubrium, processus 
gracilis, processus brevis ; irreg- 
ular. 


Incus— arthrodia {trigger-joint). 


Tensor tympani. 


Maxillary, 
in ferior. 

Maxillary, 
superior. 


See Inferior maxillary. 
See Superior maxillary. 






Metacarpal. 


Five in number; shaft, base, and 
head ; long bones. 


Second row of carpus — arthrodia. 
Phalanges — condyloid. 


To the thumb— flexor and extensor 
ossis metacarpi pollicis, first dorsal 
interosseous. 

Second metacarpal bone — flexor carpi 
radialis, extensor carpi radialis Ion- 
gior, first and second dorsal interosse- 
ous, first palmar interosseous, flexor 
brevis pollicis (frequently). 

Third metacarpal — extensor carpi ra- 
dialis brevior, flexor brevis pollicis, 
adductor pollicis, second and third 
dorsal interosseous. 

Fourth metacarpal — third and fourth 
dorsal and second palmar interos' 
seous. 

Fifth metacarpal— 'extensor carpi ul- 
naris, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor 
ossis metacarpi minimi digiti, fourth 
dorsal, and third palmar interos^ 
seous. 


Metatarsal. 


Five in number ; shaft, base, and 
head ; long bones. 


Tarsus— arthrodia. 
Phalanges — condyloid. 


First — tibialis anticus (part), peroneus 
longus, first dorsal interosseous. 

Second — adductor pollicis, first and 
second dorsal interosseous, tibialis 
posticus (part). 

Third — adductor pollicis, second and 
third dorsal, and first plantar inter- 
osseous, tibialis posticus (part). 

Fourth— adductor pollicis, third and 
fourth dorsal and second plantar in- 
terosseous, tibialis posticus (part). 

Fifth — peroneus brevis, peroneus ter- 
tius, flexor brevis minimi digiti, 
transversus pedis, fourth dorsal, and 
third plantar interosseous. 


Nasal. 


Oblong ; forms with its fellow the 
bridge of the nose ; nasal fora- 
men, spine, crest ; flat bone. 


Frontal, 

NasTuopposite), synarthrodia. 

Superior maxillary, J 





BONES 



222 



BONES 




Superior Maxillary Bone, Exter 
nal Aspect. 



nasal process, 
fossae. 



Anterior aspect of 
pyramidal process, 
or canine fossa. 2. 
Incisive or myrti- 
form fossa. 3. Infra- 
orbital foramen. 4. 
Summit of pyramid- 
al process, or malar 
process. 5. Posterior 
aspect of pyramidal 
process. 6. Inferior 
border of pyramidal 
process. 7. Posterior 
border, or maxillary 
tuberosity. 8. Nasal 
process. 9. Posterior 
border, grooved for 
lachrymal duct. 10. 
Anterior nasal spine. 
T'T 1 "'J 11. Infra-orbital 
groove. 12. Summit 
of nasal process. 13. 
Posterior and supe- 
rior angle. 14. Su- 
perior border. 15. 
Anterior border of 
Notch for anterior opening of nasal 




Lachrymal Bone, 
External Aspect. 



1, 1. Vertical crest, dividing external sur- 
face into two parts. 2. Spine, in which 
crest terminates. 3. Sulcus contribut- 
ing to formation of lachrymal canal. 4. 
Continuation of preceding, contributing 
to formation of nasal canal. 5. Posterior 
division of external surface, contribut- 
ing to formation of orbit. 6, 6. Anterior 
border. 7, 7. Posterior border. 8. Su- 
perior extremity. 9 Portion of inferior 
border that articulates with lachrymal 
process of inferior turbinated bone. 10. 
Portion that articulates with orbital plate 
of superior maxillary bone. 




Malar Bone, External Aspect. 
. Orifice for malar nerve. 2, 2. Superior or orbital border. 
3, 3. Inferior or zygomatic border. 4, 4. Posterior or tem- 
poral border. 5, 5. Anterior or maxillary border. 6. Supe- 
rior angle. 7. Inferior angle. 8. Anterior angle. 9. Posterior 
angle. 



. External surface of orbital 
process. 2. Superior or or- 
bital surface. 3. Anterior or 
maxillary surface. 4. Notch 
forming greater part of 
spheno-palatine foramen. 5. 
Sphenoidal process. 6. 
Groove entering into forma- 
tion of posterior palatine 
danal. 7. Surface that enters 
into the formation of base of 
maxillary sinus. 8. External 
surface of pterygoid process. 
9. Groove to receive posterior 
border of internal plate of 
pterygoid process. 





Inferior Turbinated Bone, Internal 
or Convex Aspect. 



1. Antero-posteri- 
or ridge, dividing 
the internal sur- 
face into two al- 
most equal parts. 

2, 2. Inferior bor- 
der. 3, 3. Anter- 
ior portion of 
superior border, 
articulating with 
nasal process of 
superior maxil- 
lary bone. 4. 
Lachrymal pro- 
cess. 5. Ethmoidal process. 6. Portion of superior border 
that articulates with palate bone. 7 Anterior extremity. 
8. Posterior extremity. 



Body of bone 
and external 
oblique line. 2. 
Ramus. 3. Sym- 
physis. 4. In- 
cisive fossa. 5. 
Mental fora- 
men. 6. De- 
pression in in- 
ferior border 
for attachment 
of digastric 
muscle. 7 . 
Depression for 
passage of 
facial artery. 

8. Angle of jaw. 

9. Posterior ex- 
tremity of in- 
ternal oblique 
line. 10. Cor- 
onoid process. 

12. Sigmoid notch. 13. Origin of inferior 
14. Mylo-hyoid groove. 15. Alveolar border. 
b. Bicuspids, c. Canines, m. Molars. 




Inferior Maxillary Bone 
Aspect. 



11. Condyle, 
dental canal. 
a. Incisors. 



External 




Palate Bone, External 
Aspect. 



Lateral Aspect of Skull. 

. Frontal bone. 2. Parietal bone. 3. Occipital bone. 4. Tem- 
poral bone. 5. Greater wing of sphenoid bone. 6. Lamb- 
doid suture. 7. Occipito-parietal suture. 8. Squamo-parietal 
suture. 9. Masto-parietal suture. 10. Spheno-parietal su- 
ture. 11. Spheno-temporal suture. 12. Spheno-frontal suture. 
13.13- Temporal ridge. 14. Malar bone. 15. Fronto-malar 
suture. 16. Malo-temporal suture. 17. Malo-maxillary su- 
ture. 18. Superior maxillary bone. 19 Infraorbital foramen. 
20. Nasal bone. 21. Naso-maxillary suture. 22. Naso-frontal 
suture. 23. Lachrymal groove, at the bottom of which may 
be seen the suture between the lachrymal and the superior 
maxillary bones. 24. Nasal eminence. 25. Inferior maxil- 
lary bone. 26. Mental foramen. 27. Angle of lower jaw. 
28. Coronoid process. 29. Condyle. 30. Neck of condyle. 
31. External auditory canal. 32. Styloid process. 33. Mas- 
toid process. 34. Masto-occipital suture. 



BONES 



223 



BONES 



TABLE OF BONES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Principal Features 


Articulations and Variety. 


Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 


Occipital. 


Back part and base of cranium ; 
trapezoid in shape ; outer and 
inner tables; external protuber- 
ance, external occipital crest, 
superior and inferior curved 
lines, foramen magnum, con- 
dyles, jugular process, anterior 
and posterior condyloid forami- 
na, basilar process, pharyngeal 
spine, 4 fossae on internal sur- 
face, internal occipital protuber- 
ance and crest, grooves for the 
cerebral sinuses, torcular Hero- 
phili, jugular foramen ; flat bone. 


Parietal (two), ~| 

Temporal (two), > synarthrodia. 

Sphenoid, J 

Atlas — double arthrodia. 


Twelve pairs— occipito-frontalis, tra- 
pezius, sterno-cleido-mastoid, com- 
plexus, biventer cervicis, splenius 
capitis, superior oblique, rectus 
capitis posticus, major and minor, 
rectus lateralis, rectus capitis amicus, 
major and minor, superior constrictor 
of the pharynx. 


Palate. 


Back part of nasal fossa; helps to 
form floor and outer wall of nose, 
the roof of mouth and floor of 
orbit, also spheno-maxillary and 
pterygoid fossae and the spheno- 
maxillary fissure; L-shaped; 
inferior or horizontal plate, su- 
perior or vertical plate, posterior 
palatine canal, posterior nasal 
spine, inferior and superior tur- 
binated crests, maxillary pro- 
cess, pterygoid process, acces- 
sory descending palatine canals, 
orbital process, sphenoidal pro- 
cess, spheno-palatine foramen. 


Sphenoid, j 

Ethmoid, 

Superior maxillary, ! ,, ,■ 

Inferior turbinated, \ ^"drlhrodia. 

Vomer, 

Opposite palate, J 


Tensor palati, azygos uvulae, internal 
and external pterygoid, superior con- 
strictor of pharynx. 


Parietal. 


Form sides and roof of skull ; 
irregular, quadrilateral; two sur 
faces, four borders, four angles, 
parietal eminence, temporal 
ridge, parietal foramen, furrows 
for cerebral sinuses, depressions 
for Pacchionian bodies ; flat 
bone. 


Opposite parietal, "1 

Occipital, 

Frontal, \ synarthrodia. 

Temporal, 

Sphenoid, J 


Temporal. 


Patella. 


Flat; triangular; sesamoid; an- 
terior part of knee-joint ; two 
surfaces, three borders, apex ; 
flat bone. 


Condyles of femur— partly arthrodial. 


Rectus, crureus, vastus internus, vas- 
tus externus. 


Pelvic. 


Composed of two ossa innomi- 
nata, sacrum and coccyx, q. v. 






Phalanges of 
foot. 


Two of great toe, three of each of 
the others ; shaft, base, head ; 
long bones. 


First row with metatarsal and second 

phalanges — condyloid. 
Second of great toe ~| 

with first phalanx ; of 

other toes, with first 1 „.-„„ r „ m .„ 

and third phalanges, \ Smglymus. 
Third row with second 

row, J 


First — great toe — inner tendon exten- 
sor brevis digitorum, abductor pol- 
licis, adductor pollicis, flexor brevis 
pollicis, transversus pedis. 

Second toe — first and second dorsal in- 
terosseous, first lumbrical. 

Third toe — third dorsal and first plan- 
tar interosseous, second lumbrical. 

Fourth toe — fourth dorsal and second 
plantar interosseous, third lumbrical. 

Fifth toe — flexor brevis minimi digiti, 
abductor minimi digiti, third plantar 
interosseous, fourth lumbrical. 

Second— great toe — extensor longus 
pollicis, flexor longus pollicis. 

Other toes— flexor brevis digitorum, 
one slip of common tendon of exten- 
sor longus and brevis digitorum. 

Third — two slips from the common 
tendon of the extensor longus and 
extensor brevis digitorum, and flexor 
longus digitorum. 


Phalanges, of 
hand. 


14 in number, three for each finger 
and two for thumb ; shaft, head, 
base; long bones. 


First row with metacarpal bones and 
second row of phalanges — condyloid. 
Second row with first j 

T^d^^second S^lymu, 

row, J 


Thumb — extensor primi internodii pol- 
licis, flexor brevis pollicis, abductor 
pollicis, adductor pollicis, flexor lon- 
gus pollicis, extensor secundi inter- 
nodii. 

First — index finger — first dorsal and 
first palmar interosseous. 

Middle finger — second and third dorsal 
interosseous. 

Ring finger— fourth dorsal and second 
palmar interosseous. 

Little finger — third palmar interosse- 
ous, flexor brevis minimi digiti, ab- 
ductor minimi digiti. 

Second — io all— flexor sublimis digit- 



BONES 



224 



BONES 





Hyoid Bone, Anterior Aspect. 
I, I. Anterior or convex surface of body. 2, 2. Greater 
cornua. 3, 3. Junction of greater cornua with body. 
4, 4. Lesser cornua. 



Base of Skull. 
. Median suture of palatine vault. 2. Inferior orifice of an- 
terior palatine canal. 3, 3. Inferior openings of posterior 
palatine canals. 4. Posterior border of palatine vault ; pos- 
terior nasal spine. 5. Posterior border of nasal septum. 6. 
Hamular process of internal pterygoid plate of sphenoid 
bone. 7. Internal pterygoid plate. 8. External pterygoid 
plate. 9. Scaphoid fossa. 10. Oval or inferior maxillary 
foramen. 11. Foramen spinosum. 12. Foramen lacerum 
medium. 13. Zygomatic arch. 14. Spheno-occipital suture. 
15. Glenoid cavity. 16. External auditory canal. 17. Mas- 
toid process. 18, 18. Styloid process and stylo-mastoid fora- 
men. 19. Inferior orifice of carotid canal. 20. Foramen 
lacerum posterius. 21, 21. Occipital condyles. 22. Basilar 
process. 23. Foramen magnum. 24. External occipital 
crest. 25, 25. Inferior curved lines of occipital bone. 





MtJCffm^ 



The Orbital Cavities. 

1. Anterior opening of nasal fossae. 2. Anterior extremity of 
inferior turbinated bone. 3. Malar bone. 4,4. Orbital cavi- 
ties. 5. Lachrymal canal. 6. Os planum of ethmoid. 7. 
Optic foramen. 8. Sphenoidal fissure. 9. Spheno-maxillary 
fissure. 10. Great wmg of sphenoid. 11. Squamous portion 
of temporal. 12. Antero-inferior angle of parietal. 13. Por- 
tion of frontal entering into formation of temporal fossa. 14. 
Mastoid process. 15. Styloid process. 



Thorax, Anterior View. 

Manubrium sterni. 2. Gladiolus. 3. Ensiform cartilage or 
xiphoid appendix. 4. Circumference of apex of thorax. 5. 
Circumference of base. 6. 1st rib. 7. 2d rib. 8, 8. 3d, 4th, 
5th, 6th and 7th ribs. 9. 8th, 9th and 10 ribs. 10. nth and 
12th ribs. 11, 11. Costal cartilages. 



11 



Ribsof Left Side, 

Posterior 

Aspect. 

1-12. Anterior ex- 
tremities of 12 
ribs of left side. 
13, 13. Internal 
surface. 14, 14. 
External surface. 
15. Head of 1st 
rib. 16. Head of 
2d rib. 17. Head 
of 3d rib. 18, 18. 
Heads of ribs 
from 4th to 9th. 
19. Head of 10th 
rib. 20, 20. Heads 
of nth and 12th 
ribs. 21,21. Necks 
of ribs. 22. Tuber- 
cle of 1st rib. 23. 
Articular facet of 
tubercle of 2d rib. 
24, 24. Articular 
facets of tubercles 
of ribs from 3d to 
9th. 25. Articu- 
lar facet for tu- 
bercle of 10th rib. 
26, 26. Angles of 
ribs. 



BONES 



225 



BONES 



TABLE OF BONES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Principal Features. 


Articulations and Variety. 


Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 


Phalanges, of 
hand. 
Continued. 






orum and extensor communis digit- 

orura ; in addition. 
To index fingei — extensor indicis. 
To little finger — extensor minimi 

digiti. 
Third — flexor profundus digitorum, 

extensor communis digitorum. 


Pisiform. 


Anterior and inner side of carpus ; 
small ; spherical ; one articular 
facet ; short bone. 


Cuneiform— arthrodia. 


Flexor carpi ulnaris, abductor minimi 
digiti, anterior annular ligament. 


Pubis. 


See Innominate. 






Radius. 


Outer side of forearm ; shaft, head, 
neck, tuberosity, lower extrem- 
ity, oblique line, sigmoid cavity, 
styloid process. 


H u merus— ginglymus. 

f superior — diarthrodia rota- 
toria. 
Ulna, j middle — membranous. 

Inferior — diarthrodia rota- 
{, toria. 
Semilunar— condyloid. 


Biceps, supinator brevis, flexor subli- 
mis digitorum, flexor longus pollicis, 
pronator quadratus, extensor ossis 
metacarpi pollicis, extensor primi 
interuodii pollicis, pronator radii 
teres, supinator longus. 


Ribs. 


Twelve in number on each side; 
shaft, head, neck, tuberosity, 
angle (anterior and posterior), 
anterior or sternal extremity ; 
first, second, tenth, eleventh and 
twelfth are peculiar; flat bones. 


Vertebrae —arthrodia. 

,,. ) First rib — synarthrodia. 

Sternum, ] 0lh ^s-arthrodia. 


Internal and external intercostals, 
scalenus, amicus, medius and posti- 
cus, pectoralis minor, serratus mag- 
nus, obliquus externus, transversalis, 
quadratus lumborum, diaphragm, la- 
tissimus dorsi, serratus posticus su- 
perior and inferior, sacro-lumbalis, 
musculus accessorius ad sacro-lum- 
balem, longissimus dorsi, cervicalis 
ascendens, levatores costarum, infra- 
costales. 


Sacrum. 


Large triangular bone at lower 
part of vertebral column, and 
upper and back part of pelvic 
cavity ; composed of five verte- 
bra? ; base, promontory, four sur- 
faces, apex, central canal, an- 
terior and posterior sacral fora- 
mina?, lateral masses, lamina;, 
articular processes, sacral cor- 
nua, transverse processes, sacral 
groove, ala ; irregular bone. 


Last lumbar ver- "1 

tebra, 
Coccyx, > amphiarthrodia. 
Ossa innominata 

(two), J 


Pyriformis, coccygeus, iliacus, gluteus 
maximus, latissimus dorsi, multifidus 
spinas, erector spinas, extensor coc- 
cygis. 


Scaphoid, of 
carpus. 


Largest bone of first row ; boat- 
shaped ; upper and outer part 
of carpus ; four surfaces ; tuber- 
cle ; short bone. 


Radius — condyloid. 

Trapezium, 

Trapezoid, ' art hrodia. 

Os magnum, j 

Semilunar, J 


External lateral ligament of wrist. 


Scaphoid, of 
tarsus. 


Or navicular bone ; boat-shaped ; 
inner side of tarsus, four sur- 
faces, tuberosity ; short bone. 


Astragalus, *| 
Cuneiform (three), > arthrodia. 
Cuboid (occasionally), ) 


Tibialis posticus (part). 


Scapula. 


Back part of shoulder ; triangular; 
posterior aspect and side of 
thorax; two surfaces, three 
borders, three angles, subscapu- 
lar fossa, subscapular angle, 
dorsum, spine, supra-spinous and 
infra-spinous fossae, acromion 
process, glenoid cavity, neck, 
head.coracoid process ; flat bone. 


Humerus — enarthrodia. 
Clavicle — arthrodia. 


Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infra- 
spinatus, trapezius, deltoid, omo- 
hyoid, serratus magnus, levator an- 
guli scapulas, rhomboideus major and 
minor.triceps, teres majorand minor, 
biceps, coraco-brachiafis, pectoralis 
minor, platysma, latissimus dorsi. 


Semilunar. 


Upper row of carpus ; four sur- 
faces, crescentic outline. 


Rad i us — condyloid. 
Os magnum, "1 

!&&, \ arthrodia. 
Scaphoid, J 




Sesamoid. 


Small, rounded masses, cartila- 
ginous in early life, osseous in 
the adult; developed in tendons; 
inconstant, except patellae. 






Sphenoid. 


Anterior part of base of skull ; 
bat-shaped, with wings extended ; 
body, two greater and two lesser 
wings, two pterygoid processes, 
ethmoidal spine, optic groove, 
optic foramen, olivary process, 
pituitary fossa, anterior, middle 
and posterior clinoid processes, 
sella turcica, carotid or cavern- 


All the bones of era- "] 

nium, 
Malar (two), \ synarthrodia. 
Palate (two), 
Vomer, . J 


Temporal, external and internal ptery- 
goids, superior constrictor, tensor 
palati, levator tympani, levator pal- 
pebras, obliquus superior, superior, 
inferior, internal and external recti. 



is 



BONES 



226 



BONES 




. Longitudinal de- 
pression for inser- 
tion of subelavius 
muscle. 2. Rough 
impression for 
attachment of cos- 
to-clavicular liga- 
ment. 3, 3. For 
attachment of 

coraco-clavicular ligaments. 4, 4. Posterior border. 5, 5. 

Anterior border. 6. Facet for articulation with sternum. 7. 

Facet for articulation with acromion. 



Scapula, Posteroex- 
ternal Aspect. 



Clavicle, Inferior Aspect. 




Supraspinous fossa. 

2. Infra-spinous fossa. 

3. Superior or cora- 
coid border. 4. Cora- 
coid or suprascapu- 
lar notch. 5. Axillary 
or external border. 6. 
Anterior angle and 
glenoid cavity. 7. 
I nferior angle. 8. 
Rough impression for 
long head of triceps. 
9. Internal or spinal 
or vertebral border. 
1.0. Spine. 11. Smooth 
surface over which 
trapezius muscle 
glides. 12. Acro- 
mion. 13. Base of 
spine. 14. Coracoid 
process. 



I;ll 



Humerus, Anterior Aspect. 

1. Diaphysis. 2. Humeral head. 
3. Anatomic neck. 4. Greater 
or external tuberosity. 5. 
Lesser or anterior tuberosity. 
6. Bicipital groove. 7. Ridge 
for attachment of coraco- 
brachialis muscle. 8. Anter- 
ior border of shaft. 9. Ex- 
ternal surface. 10. Orifice of 
nutrient canal. 11. Lesser or 
radial head. 12. Trochlea. 
13. External condyle or epi- 
condyle. 14. Internal con- 
dyle or epitrochlea. 15. In- 
ferior portion of external bor- 
der. 16. Inferior portion of 
internal border. 17. Coronoid 
fossa. 



Radius and Ulna, Anterior 
Aspect. 

1. Anterior surface of body of 
ulna. 2. Greater sigmoid 
cavity. 3. Lesser sigmoid 
cavity. 4. Olecranon. 5. 
Coronoid process. 6. Orifice 
of nutrient canal. 7. Interos- 
seous space. 8. Head of 
ulna. 9. Styloid process. 10. 
Body of radius. 11. Head. 
12. Neck. 13. Bicipital tu- 
berosity. 14. Ridge for in- 
sertion of nronator radii 
teres. 15. Inferior extremity 
of radius. 16. Styloid pro- 
cess. 




Bones of Carpus, Dorsal Aspect 
R. Inferior extremity of radius. U. Inferior extremity of ulna. 
F. Interarticular fibro-cartilage. S. Scaphoid. L. Semi- 
lunar. C. Cuneiform. P. Pisiform. T. Trapezium. T. 
Trapezoid. M. Os magnum. U. Unciform. The numbers 
upon these bones indicate the number of others with which 
each articulates. 1, 2, 3,4, 5. Proximal extremities of 1st, 2d, 
3d, 4th and 5th metacarpal bones. 




Hand, Palmar Surface. 
. Scaphoid. 2. Semilunar. 3. Cuneiform. 4. Pisiform. 5. 
Trapezium. 6. Groove for tendon of flexor carpi radialis. 
7. Trapezoid. 8 Os magnum. 9. Unciform. 10, 10. Meta- 
carpal bones. 11, 11. First phalanges of fingers. 12, 12. 
Second phalanges. 13, 13. Third phalanges. 14. First phal- 
anx of thumb. 15. Second phalanx. 

Sacro-vertebral 
angle. 2, 2. Me- 
dian section of 
sacrum. 3. Me- 
dian section of 
.coccyx. 4. Junc- 
tion of sacrum 
and coccyx. 5, 5. 
Sacral canal. 6, 
6. Median sec- 
tion of symphysis 
pubis. 7. Antero- 
posterior or sa- 
cro pubic diam- 
eter of pelvic in- 
let, b. Prolong- 
ation of this di- 
ameter. 8. Line 
peipendicular to 
this diameter at 
its middle. 9. 
Antero-posterior 
or cocci-pubic 
diameter of pel- 
vic outlet. 10. 
Horizontal line 

passing through inferior margin of symphysis pubis. 11. 

Line perpendicular to last. 12. Arc of angle between these 

two. 




Median Section of Pelvis, Plane and 
Axis of Superior Strait. 



BONES 



227 



BONES 



TABLE OF BONES,— Continued. 



Name. 


Principal Features. 


Articulations and Variety. 


Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 


Sphenoid — 
Continued 


ous groove, lingula, ethmoidal 
crest, sphenoidal cells or sin- 
uses, sphenoidal turbinated 
bones, rostrum, vaginal pro- 
cesses, pterygo-palatine canal, 
spinous processes, round fora- 
men, oval foramen, foramen 
Vesalii, foramen spinosum, ptery- 
goid ridge, external orbital fora- 
mina, vidian canal, pterygoid 
fossa, internal and external 
pterygoid plates, hamular pro- 
cess, scaphoid fossa. 


- 




Sphenoidal 
turbinated 
or sphenoid- 
al sp ongy 
bones. 


Situated at anterior and inferior 
part of body of sphenoid ; exist 
as separate pieces untii puberty 
and occasionally are not joined 
in the adult. 


PaLX^' } synarthrodia. 


None. 


Stapes. 


Resembles a stirrup ; one of the 
ossicles of the tympanum; head, 
neck, two branches (crura), base ; 
irregular bone. 


Incus — arthrodia. 


Stapedius. 


Sternum. 


The breast bone; manubrium, 
gladiolus, ensiform cartilage, or 
first, second and third pieces, 
anterior and posterior surface, 
borders. 


Clavicles (two) — arthrodia. 

Costal cartilages (seven on each side) 
first — synarthrodia; others, arthro- 
dia. 


Pectoralis major, sterno-cleido-mas- 
toid, sterno-hyoid, sterno-thyroid, 
triangularis sterni, aponeuroses of 
the obliquus and internus, and trans- 
versalis muscles, rectus, diaphragm. 


Superior 
maxillary. 


Forms with its fellow the whole 
of the upper jaw; somewhat cu- 
boidal ; body and malar, nasal, 
alveolar and palatine processes ; 
hollow (the antrum of Highmore 
or maxillary sinus), incisive or 
myrtiform fossa, canine fossa, 
canine eminence, infra-orbital fo- 
ramen, posterior dental canals, 
maxillary tuberosity, posterior 
palatine canal, infra-orbital 
groove ; irregular bone. 


Frontal, 
Ethmoid, 
Nasal, 
Malar, 
Lachrymal, 
Inferior turbinated, 
Palate, 
Vomer, 

Fellow of opposite 
side. 


■ synarthrodia. 


Orbicularis palpebrarum, obliquus in- 
ferior oculi, levator labii superioris 
alaeque nasi, levator labii superioris 
proprius, levator anguli oris, com- 
pressor nasi, depressor alas nasi, 
dilator naris posterior, masseter, 
buccinator, internal pterygoid, orbi- 
cularis oris. 


Tarsal. 


Consist of calcaneum, or os calcis, 
astragalus, cuboid, scaphoid, in- 
ternal, middle and external 
cuneiform. See Individual bones. 






Temporal. 


Situated at side and base of skull ; 
squamous, mastoid and petrous 
portions, temporal ridge, zygo- 
ma or zygomatic process, emi- 
nentia articularis, Glaserian fis- 
sure, tubercle, glenoid fossa, 
post-glenoid process, tympanic 
plate, mastoid foramen, digastric 
fossa, occipital groove, sigmoid 
fossa, mastoid cells, meatus audi- 
torius externus, hiatus Fallopii, 
meatus auditorius internus, 
lamina cribrosa, aquaeductus 
vestibuli, styloid process, stylo- 
mastoid foramen, auricular fis- 
sure ; irregular bone. 


Occipital, 

Parietal, 

Sphenoid, J- synarthrodia. 

Inferior maxillary, 

Malar, J 


Temporal, masseter, occipito-frontalis, 
sterno-mastoid, splenius capitis, 
trachelo-mastoid. digastricus, retra- 
hens aurem, stylo-pharyngeus, stylo- 
hyoideus, stylo-glossus, levator pa- 
lati, tensor tympani, tensor palati, 
stapedius. 


Tibia. 


At front and inner side of leg; 
next to femur in length and 
size ; prismoid in form ; upper 
extremity or head, tuberosities, 
spinous process, tubercle, popli- 
teal notch, shaft, crest (the shin), 
oblique line, internal malleolus; 
long bone. 


Femur — ginglymus. 

( superior — arthrodia. 
Fibula,-! middle — membranous. 

( inferior — arthrodia. 
Astragalus with fibula — ginglymus. 


Semi-membranosus, tibialis anticus, 
extensor longus digitorum, biceps, 
sartorius, gracilis, semi-tendinosus, 
tibialis anticus, popliteus, soleus, 
flexor longus digitorum, tibialis pos- 
ticus, ligamentum patellae. 


Trapezium. 


In lower row of carpus ; very 
irregular ; six surfaces, groove ; 
short bone. 


Scaphoid, "| 

Trapezoid, 1 „ .. ... 

First and second meta- \ arthrodia. 
carpal, J 


Adductor pollicis, flexor ossis meta- 
carpi pollicis, flexor brevis pollicis 
(part). 


Trapezoid. 


Smallest bone in second row of 
carpus ; wedge-shaped ; six sur- 
faces ; short bone. 


Scaphoid, 1 

Second metacarpal, 1 arthrodia . 

Trapezium, f 

Os magnum, J 


Flexor brevis pollicis (part). 


Triquetral. 


See Wormian bones. 







BONES 



228 



BONES 




Right Innominate Bone, External Aspect. 

. Superior border, or crest. 2. Anterior superior iliac spine. 
3. Posterior superior iliac spine. 4, 4, 4. Superior curved 
line. 5, 5. Inferior curved line. 6. Surface between inferior 
curved line and acetabulum. 7. Anterior inferior iliac spine. 
8. Anterior interspinous notch. 9. Posterior inferior iliac 
spine. 10. Posterior interspinous notch. 11. Spine of 
ischium. 12. Great sacro-sciatic notch. 13. Acetabulum. 14. 
Fundus of acetabulum. 15, 15. Circumference of acetabulum. 
16. Cotyloid notch. 17. Spine of pubes. 18. Horizontal 
branch of pubes. 19. Descending branch of pubes. 20, 20. 
Ischium. 21. Groove for tendon of obturator externus mus- 
cle. 22. Obturator foramen. 




tm 



Femur, 



11 ia 

Posterior Aspect. 



, 1. Linea aspera. 2, 2. Ex- 
ternal division. 3. Internal 
division. 4, 4. Inferior divi- 
sions- 5. Head. 6. Depres- 
sion for attachment of round 
ligament. 7. Neck. 8. Great 
trochanter. 9. Digital or 
trochanteric fossa. 10. Lesser 
trochanter. 11. Outer con- 
dyle. 12. Inner condyle. 13. 
Intercondyloid notch. 14. 
Outer tuberosity. 15. Inner 
tuberosity. 



Tibia and Fibula, Anterior 
Aspect. 

. Shaft of tibia. 2. Internal 
tuberosity. 3. External tu- 
berosity. 4. Spine. 5. Tuber- 
cle. 6. Crest. 7. Inferior ex- 
tremity. 8. Internal malleo- 
lus. 9. Shaft of fibu'a. 10. 
Superior extremity. 11. In- 
ferior extremity and external 
malleolus. 




Pelvis, Antero-superior View, Superior Strait. 

1, 1. Internal iliac fossae. 2, 2. Iliac crests. 3, 3. Anterior 
superior iliac spines. 4, 4. Anterior inferior iliac spines. 5, 
5. Ilio-pectineal eminences. 6, 6. Horizontal branches of 
pubes. 7, 7. Bodies and symphysis of pubes. 8, 8. Aceta- 
bula. 9, 9. Tuberosities of ischia. 10, 10. Ascending rami 
of ischium. 11, 11. Descending rami of pubes. 12, 12. Spines 
of ischia. 13, 13. Posterior wall of pelvic cavity. 14, 14. 
Sacro-iliac symphyses. 15. Sacro-vertebral angle. 16, 16. 
Superior strait. 



Foot, Plantar Aspect. 
1. Inferior surface of calca- 
neum. 2. Inner tuberosity. 
3. Outer tuberosity. 4. Angu- 
lar depression between these 
tuberosities. 5. Inferior por- 
tion of head of astragalus. 
6. Plantar surface of cuboid, 
for attachment of inferior cal- 
caneocuboid ligament. 7. 
Tuberosity of cuboid. 8. Sca- 
phoid. 9. Tuberosity of sca- 
phoid. 10. Inferior portion 
of internal cuneiform. 11 
Apex of middle cuneiform. 
12. Apex of internal cunei- 
form. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. First, 
second, third, fourth and fifth 
metatarsal bones iS Tuber- 
osity of fifth metatarsal bon". 
19. Two sesamoid bones. 20 ( 
First phalanx of great toe. 

21. Last phalanx of great toe 

22, 22. First phalanges of 2 
remaining toes. 23, 23. Sec- 
ond and third phalanges of 
these toes. 




BONES 



229 



BONES 



TABLE OF BONES.— Continued. 



Name. 



Principal Features 



Articulations and Variety. 



Muscular and Ligamentous 
Attachments. 



Turbinate, 
inferior. 



Turbinate, 
middle. 



Turbinate, 
superior. 



One on each side of outer wall 
of nasal fossae ; curled like a 
scroll ; two surfaces, two borders, 
two extremities, lachrymal pro- 
cess, ethmoidal process, maxil- 
lary process. 

The free convoluted margin of the 
thin lamella, that descends from 
the under surface of the cribri- 
lorm plate of the ethmoid bone. 

The thin curved plate of the 
ethmoid, that bounds the supe- 
rior meatus of the nose above. 



Ethmoid, 

Superior maxillary, 
Lachrymal, 
Palate, 



synarthrodia. 



Tympanic. 



Ulna. 



Unciform. 



Includes the Incus, Malleus and 
Stapes (q. v.). 



Inner side of forearm, parallel 
with radius; prismatic; shaft 
and two extremities, olecranon 
process, coronoid process, 
greater and lesser sigmoid cavi- 
ties, obliqueridge, perpendicular 
line, head or lower extremity, 
styloid process ; long bone. 



Wedge-shaped ; hook-like pro- 
cess; in lower row of carpus; 
short bone. 



H umerus — ginglymiis. 

{ superior — diarthrodia ro- 
I tatoria. 
Radius, < middle — membranous. 

inferior— diarthrodia rota- 
toria. 



Triceps, anconeus, flexor carpi ulnaris, 
brachialis amicus, pronator radii 
teres, flexor sublimisdigitorum, flexor 
profundus digitorum, flexor longus 
pollicis (occasionally), pronator quad- 
ratus, supinator brevis, extensor 
ossis metacarpi pollicis, extensor 
secundi internodii pollicis, extensor 
indicis, extensor carpi ulnaris. 



Semilunar, 

Fourth and fifth meta- 
carpal, 
Cuneiform, 
Os magnum, 



arthrodia. 



Flexor brevis minimi digiti, flexor 
ossis metacarpi minimi digiti, anterior 
annular ligament. 



Vertebrae. 



Vomer. 



Wormian. 



Twenty-six ; cervical seven, dor- 
sal twelve, lumbar five, sacrum 
(composed of five), coccyx (com- 
posed of four ; each has a body 
and an arch ; latter has two pedi- 
cles, two laminae and seven pro- 
cesses, viz. : four articular, two 
transverse, one spinous. Pecu- 
liar vertebrae, first, second and 
seventh cervical; first, ninth, 
tenth, eleventh and twelfth dor- 
sal, sacrum, coccyx ; irregular 
bones. 



Articulate with each other, and with 
occipital and innominate bones and 
ribs (q. v.). 

Intervertebral articulations, between 
the bodies— amphiarthrodia. 

Between articular processes — arthro- 
dia. 



Situated vertically at hack part of 
nasal fossae ; forms part of sep- 
tum of nose ; somewhat like a 
plow-share ; two surfaces and 
four borders. 



Supernumerary bones ; irregular, 
inconstant, isolated, interposed 
between the cranial bones, most 
frequently in the lambdoid 
suture. 



Attachment of muscles. — To the Atlas 
are attached nine pairs : the longus 
colli, rectus amicus minor, rectus 
lateralis, rectus posticus minor, ob- 
liquus superior and inferior, splenius 
colli, levator anguli scapulae and first 
intertransverse. 

To the Axis are attached eleven pairs : 
the longus colli, obliquus inferior, 
rectus posticus major, semispinalis 
colli, multifidus spinae, levator anguli 
scapulae, splenius colli, scalenus 
medius, transversalis colli, intertrans- 
versales, interspinales. 

To the remaining vertebra generally 
are attached thirty -five pairs and a 
single muscle: anteriorly, the rectus 
anticus major, longus colli, scalenus 
amicus, medius, and posticus, psoas 
magnus, psoas parvus, quadratus 
lumborum, diaphragm, obliquus in- 
terims and transversalis ; posteriorly, 
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, leva- 
tor anguli scapulae, rhomboideus 
major and minor, serratus posticus 
superior and inferior, splenius, erec- 
tor spinae, sacro-lumhalis, longissi- 
mus dorsi, spinalis dorsi, cervicalis 
ascendens, transversalis colli, 
trachelo-mastoid, complexus, biven- 
ter cervicis, semispinalis dorsi and 
colli, multifidus spinae, rotatores 
spinae, interspinales, supraspinales, 
intertransversales, levatores costa- 
rum. 



Sphenoid, 

Ethmoid, 

Superior maxillary 
(two), 

Palate (two), 

Cartilage of the sep- 
tum, 



synarthrodia. 



BOSE'S OPERATION 



230 



BOUQUET 



Bose's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Boss (bos) [ME., bos']. A wide, flattish protuberance, 
as on the skull or on a tumor. 

Bosselated (bos'-el-a-ted) [ME., bos]. Covered with 
bosses or small nodules. 

Bosselation (bos-el-a'-shun) [ME., bos]. A boss-like 
elevation of the surface. 

Bostock's Catarrh. See Diseases, Table of. 

Bostryx (bos'-triks) \_ t i6arpvxog, a curl]. In biology, 
a helicoid cyme. 

Boswellia (boz-wel' -e-ah) [after Bosivell, a Scotch 
botanist]. A genus of burseraceous trees of S. Asia 
and E. and Central Africa. B. carteri furnishes 
olibanum, as also B. serrata. 

Bosworth's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bot {bot) \botus, a belly worm]. The larva of certain 
species of flies of the genus CEstrus, which are con- 
veyed into the stomach of man, where they hatch. 
Also the thread- worm, Oxynris vermicularis. See 
Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Botal, or Botallo, Duct of. See Duct. B., Fora- 
men of. See Foramina, Table of. B., Valve of. 
See B. , Foramen of. 

Botalismus {bot-al-iz'-mus). See Bolulismus. 

Botanic (bot'-an-ik) \_i3ordvrj, an herb]. Pertaining to 
botany. B. Physician, a title assumed by certain 
persons who profess to use only vegetable remedies. 
See Eclectic. 

Botanist (bot> '-an-ist) \JSot(lvi], herb]. A student of 
botany. 

Botanophile (bot-an'-o-fl) \_fioTavt], herb ; (j>i?.dv, to 
love]. Botanic dilettanti. Persons fond of botany, 
but not true botanists. 

Botany (bot'-an-e) \_ftordvrj, an herb]. The science of 
plants — their classification and structure. B. Bay 
Gum. See Acaroides. 

Bote (bot). See Passivism. 

Bothria (both' -re-ah) [L.]. Plural of Bothrion, or of 
Bothrium. 

Bothriocephalus (both-re-o sef'-al-us) [(3o8plov, a pit ; 
KctyaTii], a head]. A genus of tapeworms. See Tape- 
worm. B. latus, the Broad tapeworm ; a common 
parasite of man in certain European localities. It 
may reach twenty-five feet in length, with a breadth of 
three-fourths of an inch. It is also called Tania lata, 
and Dibothruim latum. See Parasites (Animal), 
Table of. 

Bothrion (both'-re-on) \fioOpiov, a pit]. I. A small 
cavity ; the socket of a tooth. 2. A facet, or fosset, 
such as is seen upon the head of most of the tape- 
worms. 3. A deep corneal ulcer. 

Bothrium (botk'-re-um). See Bothrion. 

Botium (bo'-she-um) [L.]. A goiter or tumor of the 
neck. B. trachelophyma. Synonym of Goiter. 

Botrel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Botryoid (bot'-re-oid) [jiorpvc, a cluster; euhc, likeness]. 
Resembling in shape a bunch of grapes. 

Botryomycosis (bot-re-o-mi-ko' -sis) [/3(irpuc, a bunch of 
grapes; fii'io/g, a fungus]. A disease of horses in 
which fibromatous nodules form in the lungs. It is 
dependent upon the presence of a microSrganism 
called Botriomyces. 

Botryose (bot'-re-os) [ftdrpvg, a cluster of grapes]. An 
inflorescence constructed on the plan of a raceme. 

Botryo-therapeutics (bot-re-o-ther-ap-u' -tik:) \fi6rpvc, 
a bunch of grapes ; dcpaTrcvTiKr/, medical art] . See 
Grape- Cure. 

Bots (botz), Bott {bot). See Bot. 

Boucher's Cells. Small cells in the cochlea, occur- 
ring in a single layer in the basilar membrane. B.'s 
Crystals, peculiar microscopic crystals formed by 
adding a drop of a one per cent, solution of phos- 



phate of ammonia to a drop of prostatic secretion. 
They are composed of a phosphate formed from a 
base that exists in prostatic fluid, and that is sup- 
posed to impart to it its peculiar odor. B.'s Test. 
See Tests, 7 able of. 

Botteker's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Bottger's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Bottini's Operation. See Opera/ions, Table of. 

Bottle (bot'-l) \WE., hotel; Fr., bouteille]. A vessel, 
usually of glass, with a narrow neck. B., Feeding, 
a flat flask with a nipple of India-rubber attached, 
used for feeding infants. B. Nose, a common name 
for Acne rosacea. B., Specific Gravity, a Florence 
flask graduated to contain 500-1000 grains of water, 
with the weight of which an equal volume of any other 
liquid may be compared. B. -stoop, in pharmacy, a 
block so grooved that it serves to hold a wide-mouthed 
bottle in an oblique position while a powder is being 
dispensed from it. B.-wax, a hard, stiff variety of 
wax used in sealing bottles. 

Botts (botz). See Bot. 

Botulinic Acid ( bot-u-lin'-ik as' -id ) \botulus, a sau- 
sage]. An acid asserted to exist in putrefying sau- 
sages, and to constitute their specific poison. 

Botulism (bot'-u-lizm), Botulismus (bot-u-liz'-mus) 
[botulus, a sausage] . Sausage-poisoning. See Allan- 
tiasis, Blunzen, and Allanto-toxicon. 

Bouchard's Diet. See Treatmetit, Methods of. B.'s 
Method. See Treatment, Methods of. B.'s Nod- 
ules, nodules appearing upon the phalangeal joints 
of the hands of persons suffering with gastrectasis. 

Bouchut's Tubes. A variety of tubes for intubation of 
the larynx. 

Bougard s Paste. A caustic paste containing bichlorid 
of mercury, chlorid of zinc , arsenic , cinnabar, starch, and 
wheat flour. It is used as an application to carcinoma. 

Bougie (boo-zhe') [Fr., a candle]. A slender, cylin- 
drical instrument made of waxed silk, catgut, etc., 
for introduction into the urethra or other passage, 
for the purpose of dilation, exploration, etc. Some- 
times bougies are covered with preparations that are 
thus conveyed to the inner mucous surfaces. B., 
Armed, a bougie with a piece of nitrate of silver or 
other caustic attached to its extremity. B., Filiform, 
a whalebone or other bougie of very small size. 

Bouhou (boo-hoo'). See Boohoo. 

Bouillaud's Disease. See Endocarditis, and Diseases, 
Table of. 

Bouillon (boo-e-yon'(g)) [Fr.]. An alimentary broth 
made by boiling meat, usually beef, in water. A soup. 
Also a liquid nutritive medium made by boiling meat, 
for the culture of microorganisms. Peptonized bouil- 
lons and solutions of powdered meats have also been 
used. B. of Liebig, made by dissolving Liebig's 
meat extract, 5 grams, in boiling water, 100 grams, 
neutralizing with bicarbonate of soda and filtering. 
Its nutritive value is increased by adding glucose. 

Bouisson's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Bouknemia (book-ne'-me-ah). Synonym of Elephan- 
tiasis arabum. 

Boulesis (boo-le'-sis). See Bulesis. 

Boulimia (boo-lim'-e-ah). See Bulimia. 

Boulopeithia (boo-lo-pi'-the-ah). See Bulopeithia. 

Boulton's Solution. A solution used in the form of a 
spray in the treatment of rhinitis. Its formula is, com- 
pound tincture of iodin n^xx ; carbolic acid (cryst.), 
ttl v j ; glycerin, 3 vij ; distilled water, 3 v. This is 
placed in a water bath at 100 , in a tightly-corked 
bottle until the solution becomes colorless, and is then 
filtered. 

Bouquet (boo-ka') [Fr.]. I. In anatomy, a cluster, 
of nerves, blood-vessels, or muscles. 2. The delicate 



BOURDIN»S PASTE 



231 



BRACHIONIGRAPH 



perfume and flavor of good wine. 3. The odor charac- 
teristic of a disease. B. of Riolan, the cluster of 
ligaments and muscles attached to the styloid process. 

Bourdin's Paste. A mixture of nitric acid with flow- 
ers of sulphur; used as an escharotic. 

Bourdonnement [boor-don-mon{gy) [Fr., bourdon- 
ner, to buzz\. Any buzzing sound. The murmur 
that is heard when the stethoscope is applied to any 
part of the body. It is thought to result from con- 
traction of the muscular fibrillae. See, also, Bombus. 

Boutha (J>oo'-thah). A non-alcoholic, stimulating, aer- 
ated beverage, containing tkein; proprietary. 

Bouton (boo-to>ng)') [Fr.]. I. A bud or bulb. 2. A 
pimple. B. d'Alep, the Aleppo button or boil. See 
Furunculus orientalis. B. de Biskra. See Furun- 
culus orientalis. 

Boutons Terminals. Small terminal enlargements or 
tactile-cells of sensory nerves, as in the nose of the 
guinea pig and mole. 

Boutonniere Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Bovet, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table 
of. 

Bovey Coal (bo'-ve kol). See Lignite. 

Bovina Fames (bo-vi'-nah fa'-mez) [L.]. Bovine 
hunger ; bulimia. 

Bovine (bo'-vin) [bovinus, of an ox]. Ox-like. B. 
Heart, the immensely hypertrophied heart of aortic 
valvular disease. B. Hunger. See Bovina Fames. 

Bovinine (bo'-vin-in) [bos, bovis, an ox]. A propriet- 
ary preparation of beef used as a food for invalids and 
convalescents. 

Bovista (bo-vis' -tali) [L.]. I. A genus of fungi closely 
allied to Lycopei-don ; some of the species are edible. 
2. The Lycoperdon bovista, a fungus or puff-ball. 
When dry it is a good styptic, and its tincture is used 
for nervous diseases. It is chiefly employed by homeo- 
pathists. 

Bow (bo) [ME., bowe~\ . A bending. B. -drill, a kind 
of drill worked by a bow and string, formerly em- 
ployed in lithotripsy. B.-leg, a bending outward of 
the lower limbs. See Genu varum. 

Bowditch Island Ringworm. See Tinea imbricata. 

Bowels [bow' -eh) [ME., bowele : boiellus, a sausage]. 
The intestines. 

Bowman's Capsule. The hyaline membrane that 
forms the wall of the enlargement at the origin*of a 
uriniferous tubule. 
Same as Malpig- 
hian Capsule. B. 
Discs, the pro- 
ducts of a break- 
ing up of muscle- 
fibers in the direc- 
tion of the trans- 
verse striations. 
These correspond 
to the discs of 
" principal sub- 
stance'''' of Dobie. 
B. Glands. See 
Gland. B. La- 
mellae of the Cor- 
nea. See Mem- 
brane of Descemet. 
B. Membrane, a 
thin homogeneous 
membrane ■ repre- 
senting the upper- 
most layer of the 
stroma of the cor- 
nea, with which it 
is intimately connected. 




Bowman's Capsule and 
Glomerulus. 
Vas afferens. e. Vas efferens. 
c. Capillary network of the cor- 
tex, k. Endothelium of the cap- 
sule, h. Origin of a convoluted 
tubule. {After Landois.) 

B. Muscle. See Muscles, 



Table of. B. Operations. See Operations, Table 
of. B. Physic. See Gillenia. B. Probe. See 
Lachrymal. B. Root. See Gillenia. B. Tubes, 
artificial passages made by forcing air or fluids be- 
tween the corneal lamellae. 

Box, Boxwood (boks, boks'-wood). See Buxtis. B.- 
berry, a popular name for Gaultheria procumbens. 
B. Plate, a metallic plate with an air-tight chamber, 
used as an obturator, or in connection with artificial 
teeth, for the replacement of the loss of natural struc- 
ture. See Raised Base. B. Pulse-measurer, an 
instrument for measuring the pulse by its action upon 
a column of liquid when the exposed artery is placed 
within an oblong box communicating with the column. 

Boyer's Apparatus. An apparatus for reducing frac- 
tures of the humerus ; it is composed of four splints 
and two spiral bandages, one within and one around 
the splints. B. Bandage. See Bandage. B. Cyst. 
See Diseases, Table of. B. Splint. See B. ' s Apparatus. 

Boyle's Law. See Law. B. Ventilator. See Ven- 
tilation. 

Boynton's Method. See Operations, Table of B. 
Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of 

Bozeman's Apparatus. A wooden framework intended 
to hold a patient in the knee-elbow posture in the 
operation for vesico-vaginal fistula. B. Catheter, a 
double-current catheter. B. Operation. See Opera- 
tions, Table of. 

Braccate [brak'-af) [braca, breeches]. In biology, 
having the feet completely feathered. 

Brachelytrous (bra-kel'-it-rus) [ f 3paxv^, short ; iXvrpov, 
a sheath]. In biology, with short elytra or wing- 
covers. 

Brachia (bra'-ke-ah). Plural of Brachium. 

Brachial (bra'-ke-al) [brachium, the arm]. Pertaining 
to the arm, especially the upper arm. B. Artery, 
the continuation of the axillary artery, extending along 
the inner side of the arm. See Arteries, Table of. 
B. Diplegia. See Paralysis. B. Glands, the lym- 
phatic glands of the arm. See Gland. B. Plexus, 
the plexus of the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth cer- 
vical and the first dorsal pair of nerves. See Plexuses, 
Table of. B. Veins, the veins of the arm that accom- 
pany the brachial artery. See Vein. 

Brachialgia (bra-ke-al'-je-ah) [/3pax'iav, the arm ; alyoc , 
pain]. Pain or neuralgia in the arm or in the brachial 
plexus. 

Brachialis anticus [bra-ke-a'-lis an'-tik-us). See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Brachiate {bra' -ke-at) [brachium, an arm] . In biology, 
possessing arms or branches. 

Brachinin (bi-ak'-m-in) [j3paxi'C , short]. A substance 
obtained from the Bombardier Beetle, Brachinus crep- 
itans, of Europe. It is said to be efficacious against 
rheumatism. Unof. 

Brachiocephalic (bra-ke-o-sefal'-ik) [fipaxiuv, the arm ; 
K£(f>a\r/, head]. Pertaining to the arm and the head. B. 
Artery and Vein, the innominate artery and vein. 

Brachiocubital (bra-ke-o-ku' -bit-al) [jipax'iuv, the arm ; 
cubitus the forearm] . Relating to the arm and forearm ; 
as the brachio-cubital ligament. 

Brachiocyllosis (bra-ke-o-sil-o'-sis) [(ipax'tav, the arm ; 
Kvlluaic, a bending]. A crookedness of the ami; 
also the paralysis that may accompany it. 

Brachiodermian (bra-ke-o-der' -mc-an) [j3paxiuv, the 
arm; dep/xa, the skin]. Relating to the skin of the 
arm. 

Brachioncus (bra-ke-ong' -kus) [fipax'iuv, the arm ; 
by nor, a. swelling]. Any hard and chronic swelling 
of the arm. 

Brachionigraph (bra-ke-on' -ig-raf) [flpaxlov, the arm ; 
ypatyeiv, to write]. A device or apparatus by which a 



BRACHIORADIAL 



232 



BRAIN 



person who has lost the hand, or who has writer's 
cramp, can write by means of the muscles of the upper 
arm. 

Brachioradial (bra-ke-o-ra' -de-al) [fipax'iuv, the arm ; 
radius, a staff]. The supinator radii longus muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Brachiorrheuma (bra-ke-o-ru'-mah) [fipaxiov, the 
arm ; pevfia, a flux]. Rheumatism of the arm. 

Brachiostrophosis (bra-ke-o-stro-fo'-sis) \_(3pax'iuv, the 
arm ; orpityeiv, to turn]. A twist or twisted deformity 
of the arm. 

Brachiotomy {bra-ke-ot'-o-me) [fipax'iuv, the arm ; 
To//ii, a section]. The surgical or obstetric removal 
of an arm. 

Brachiplex (bra'-ke-pleks) [(ipaxiuv, the arm ; plexus, 
a twining]. The brachial plexus. 

Brachiplexal (bra-ke-pleks'-al) \fipax'^v, the arm ; 
plexus, a twining]. Relating to the brachiplex. 

Brachistocephalic, or Brachistocephalous (bra-kis- 
to-scf-al'-ik, or bra-kis-to-sef -al-us) [/3pd^/.oroc, 
shortest ; Ke^aTJj, head] . Having an extremely short 
and very broad head. 

Brachium (bra'-ke-um) \brachium, ftpaxiuv, the arm : 
pi. , Brachial. The arm, especially the upper arm; 
the arm above the elbow. An extensor process of an 
organ. B. Cerebri or B. of Optic Lobes, the bands 
connecting the nates and testes with the optic thalamus. 
B. Pontis, the brachium of the pons, being also 
the middle peduncle of the cerebellum. Brachia 
cerebelli, the peduncles of the cerebellum. 

Brach-Romberg Symptom. See Signs and Symptoms, 
Table of. 

Brachybiotic (brak-e-bi-ot'-ik ) \_f$paxvQ, short ; /3/oc, 
life]. Short-lived. 

Brachycardia (brak-e-kar'-de-ah). Same as Brady- 
cardia. 

Braehycephalia (brak-e-sef-a' -le-ah ) [flpaxvc, short ; 
HeipaAr/, a head]. The quality of being brachy cepha- 
lic. 

Brachycephalic (brak-e-sefal' -ik) [flpax'vc, short ; 
Ketpa/.i/, a head]. In biology, applied to skulls of an 
egg-like shape, with the larger end behind. Having 
a skull, the transverse diameter of which is more than 
eight-tenths of the long diameter. See Index. 

Brachycephalism (brak-e-sef'-al-izm). See Brachy- 
cephalia. 

Brachycephalous (brak-e-sef -al-us) [(Ipax'vc, short ; 
K€<j>aXr/, a head]. Brachycephalic. 

Brachycephaly (brak-e-sef '-a-le). See Brachycepha- 
lia. 

Brachydactylia (brak-e-dak-tW '-e-ah) \_jipaxH, short : 
SciktvXoc, a digit]. Abnormal shortness of the fingers 
or toes. 

Brachydactylism (brak-e-dak'-til-izm). See Brachy- 
dactylia. 

Brachydactylous (brak-e-dak' -til-us) \fipaxvq, short ; 
MktvIoc, a finger]. Pertaining to an abnormal short- 
ness of the fingers or toes. 

Brachygnathism (brak-ig' -nath-izm) [fipaxvc, short ; 
yvaBog, a jaw]. Excess of length of the superior 
incisive arch, as in a horse. 

Brachykephalia (brak-e-kefa'-le-ali). See Brachy- 
cephalia. 

Brachymetropia (brak-e-me-tro' -pe-ah) [Spaxh, short ; 
/z&rpov, a measure ; o>ij>, the eye]. See Myopia. 

Brachymetropic (brak-e-me-trop'-ik) \_fipaxvc, short ; 
fierpnv, a measure ; i>iji, the eye]. See Myopic. 

Brachyodont (brak'-e-o-dont ) [ftpaxi'C, short ; b66vg, a 
tooth]. In biology, applied to low-crowned teeth: 
the opposite of Hvpsodont. 

Brachypnea {brak-ip-ne'-ah) [fipaxvc, short; nvoir/, 
breath]. Abnormal shortness of breath. 



Brachypodous (brak-ip' -o-dus) \JSpaxvQ, short ; wdvg, 

foot] . In biology, possessing a short foot or stalk. 
Brachypterous (brak-ip' -ter-us) \JSpaxH, short; irrtpitv, 

a wing]. In biology, short- winged. 
Brachyrrhinia (brak-e-rin'-e-ah ) \_fipaxvc, short ; piq, 

a nose]. Abnormal shortness of the nose. 
Brachysomia (brak-e-so'-me-ah) [j3puxi%, short ; oufia, 

body]. Shortness of the body. 
Brachyurous (brak-e-u'-rus) \_fipaxvq, short ; ovpa, tail]. 

In biology, short-tailed. 
Bracklet (brak'-let) [bracteola, a thin leaf]. In biology, 

the smaller bract borne on pedicles. 
Bract (brakt) \bractea, a thin plate]. In biology, the 

name of the modified leaves borne on flower-peduncles 

or at the base of flower-clusters. 
Bracteole. Same as Bracklet. 

Bradesthesia (brad-es-the' -ze-ah). See Bradyesthesia. 
Bradyarthria (brad-e-ar' -thre-ah)\fipa&bc , slow ; apdpou, 

articulation] . Abnormally slow articulation of words : 

bradylalia. 
Bradybolism (brad-ib'-o-lizm) [jlpaSvr, slow ; paTCAziv, 

to throw]. Same as Brady spermatism. 
Bradycardia (brad-e-kar' -de-ah) [flpadvc, slow ; napSia, 

the heart]. Slow pulse — the opposite of tachycardia. 
Bradycauma (brad-e-kaw'-mah) \_j3padvc, slow ; nav/ia, 

burn: pi. , Brady can mata~\. Slow cautery, as with 

the moxa. 
Bradycrote (brad' -e-krot) \J}pa8vg, slow; ttpbroc, a beat- 
ing]. Marked by or relating to slowness of the pulse. 
Bradycrotic (brad-e-krot'-ik) \jipa&'vc, slow ; updrog, a 

beating] . Bradycrote. 
Bradyecoia (brad-e-ek-oi' -ah) [fipadbc, slow ; anoveiv, to 

hear]. Hardness of hearing. 
Bradyesthesia (brad-e-es-the' -ze-ah) [fipaSvc, slow ; 

altjOr/air, perception]. Dulness of perception. 
Bradylalia (brad-e-la' -le-ah) \_fipadvc, slow ; XaXelv, to 

talk]. A slow and disordered utterance. 
Bradylogia (brad-e-lo' -je-ah) [floadbg, slow ; Tibyoc;, dis- 
course]. Bradylalia. 
Bradymasesis, Bradymassesis (brad-e-mas-e' -sis), or 

Bradymastesis (brad-e-mas-te'-sis) \_fipadvc, slow ; 

pavr/air, mastication]. Slow or difficult mastication, 

especially that seen in general paralysis, or after 

lesions of the fifth nerve. 
Bradypepsia (brad-e-pep'-se-ah) \_{lpafibc, slow ; iriipts, 

digestion]. Difficult or slow digestion. 
Bradyphasia (brad-e-fa' -ze-ah) \jipa5be, slow ; <paai<;, 

speech]. Bradylalia. 
Bradyphrasia (brad-e-fra' -ze-ah) \jipa(Vvq, slow ; <j>pdair, 

utterance]. Slowness of speech; it occurs in some 

types of mental disease. 
Bradypnea (brad-ip-ne' -ah) \fipa.8bc, slow ; irvieiv, 

to breathe]. Abnormal slowness of breathing. 
Bradyspermatism (brad-e-sper' -tnat-izm) [fipadvg, 

slow; anepfia, seed]. Abnormally slow emission of 

semen. 
Bradysphygmia (brad-e-sfig'-me-ah) \jipa&vq, slow; 

atpvyfioc, pulse]. Abnormal slowness of the pulse. 
Bradysuria (brad-iosu' -re-ali). See Bradyuria. 
Bradytocia (brad-e-to' -se-ah) \_jlpadvc, slow ; t6koc, 

birth]. Abnormally slow or protracted parturition. 
Bradytrophic (brad-e-trof'-ik) \_fipadvc, slow ; Tpoipi], 

nutrition]. Characterized by slowness of trophic 

changes. 
Bradyuria (brad-e-u' -re-ah) \J5pa6vg, slow ; ovpov, 

urine]. Slow passage of urine. 
Braidism (brad' ' -izm) [Braid, the originator]. The 

hypnotic state produced by fixation of the eyes upon a 

shining object ; described by James Braid in 1842. 

See Hypnotism. 
Brain (bran) [Low Ger. , brotgeti\. The general con- 
tents of the cranium, especially the cerebrum. B., 



BRAIN 



233 



BRAN 




Superior Aspect, or Convexity of the Brain, 
i. Fissure of Rolando. 2,2. Ascending frontal convolution. 3,3. As- 
cending and superior parietal convolutions. 4, 4. First frontal con- 
volution. 5,5. Second frontal. 6,6. Third frontal. 7,7. First occi- 
pital. 8, 8. Second occipital. 9, 9. Third occipital. 10. Anterior 
extremity of corpus callosum. u, 11. Posterior extremity. 




Inferior Aspect of the Brain. 

I. Anterior extremity of corpus callosum. 2. Optic chiasm. 3. Tuber 

cinereum and inlundibulum. 4. Corpora albicantia, or mamillaria. 

5. Pons varolii. 6. Third nerve. 7. Aqueduct of Sylvius. 8. Testes. 

10. Inferior surface of frontal lobe. 11. Convolution of the fissure of 



Abdominal. See Solar Plexus. B., After-. 
See Aletencephalon. B. Axis, that portion 
of the brain-substance including the island 
of Reil, the basal ganglia, the crura, pons, 
medulla, and cerebellum. B. -bladder, a 
cerebral vesicle of the embryo. B., Com- 
pression of, may arise from injury or dis- 
ease, from serous exudation, blood extrava- 
sation, etc. See Compression. B., Con- 
cussion of, is the result of injury producing 
symptoms of loss of power and function 
generally. See Concussion. B. -fag, mental 
exhaustion due to overwork. B. Fever 
See Meningitis; also Synonym of Typhoid 
Fever. B., Fore-. See Prosencephalon. 
B., Hind-. See Epencephalon. B., In- 
callosal, one in which there is a complete 
absence of the corpus callosum. This is 
commonly associated with mental and physi 
cal weakness, amounting often to idiocy. 
B., Inter-. See Diencephalon. B., Irri- 
tation of, follows injury, and is marked by 
symptoms of irritability and often by con- 
vulsive phenomena. B., Little, the cere- 
bellum. B. -mantle, that portion of the 
brain-substance including the convolutions, 
corpus callosum, and fornix. B., Mid-. 
See Mesencephalon. B.-pan, the cranium. 
B., Railway, a neurosis sometimes occur- 
ring in those who ride constantly on railway 
trains. It is characterized by anesthesia, 
or spinal hyperesthesia, insomnia, paresis, 
etc. B. Sand, a gritty mineral matter 
found in and about the pineal gland, con- 
sisting mainly of calcium and magnesium 
carbonates and phosphates. Its function is 
not known. B. -shake. Synonym of B., 
Concussion of. B.-stem, the pons, me- 
dulla, and crura cerebri. B. -storm, a 
succession of sudden and severe phenomena, 
due to some cerebral disturbance. B.-tire, 
a condition of brain-exhaustion due to ex- 
cessive functional activity. See B.-fag. 
B.-wave, the supposed telepathic vibra- 
tion of a " mentiferous ether," by which 
thoughts and impressions may be transferred 
from one person to another. B.-wax. 
See Cephalot. 

Brainard's Operations. See Operations, 
Table of. 

Bramah's Apparatus. An apparatus by 
which water may be charged with C0 2 by 
the continuous method. 

Bramble (bram'-bl). See Rubus. 

Bran (bran") [ME. , bran"]. The epidermis 
or outer covering of the seeds of most 
cereals. It contains woody matter 35, starch 
22, albumin and gluten 13, water 12, gum 
8, other matters, including a small amount 
of silica, 10 per cent. It contains, also, a 
diastatic ferment that converts the starch 
into dextrin. B. Bath. See Bath. 
B. Tea, a decoction of bran, used in 
coughs. 

Sylvius. 12. Olfactory nerve. 13. Third convolu- 
tion of inferior surface of frontal lobe. 14. Fourth 
convolution. 15. Third convolution of external 
surface of frontal lobe. 16. External border of 
posterior lobe. 17. Sphenoidal extremity. 18. Oc- 
cipital extremity. 19. Hippocampal convolution. 
20. External convolution of posterior lobe. 21. 
Middle convolution. 22. Internal convolution. 23. 
Gyrus fornicatus. 



BRANCH 



234 



BREATH 



Branch {branch) [ME., branche']. A name given to 
the divisions or offshoots of blood-vessels, lymphatics, 
or nerves, from the trunk or main stem. 

Branchiae (prang 1 '-ke-e) [fipayx la > gills]. The gills of 
fishes. 

Branchial (brang' -ke-al) [jipayxm, gills]. Pertaining 
to branchiae. B. Arches. See Arches. B. Open- 
ings. See Clefts, Visceral. 

Branchiostegite (brang- ke-os'-tej-lt) \_jipayxM, gills ; 
arkyr), a roof]. In biology, that portion of the cara- 
pace of a crustacean that covers the gills and branchial 
chamber. 

Branchireme (brang' -ke -rent) \branchice, gills ; remus, 
an oar, hand or foot of a swimmer]. In biology, a 
crustacean having gill-bearing legs. 

Branchus (brang' -kits) \jipliyxoc., hoarseness]. Hoarse- 
ness. 

Brand Bath. See Bath. B. Method. See Treatment, 
Methods of. 

Brandt's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. B.'s 
Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Brandy (bran'-de). See Spiritus. B. Nose. See 
Acne rosacea . 

Branks (brangks) [Gael. , brancas, a kind of pillory]. 
The mumps. 

Branny (bran'-e) [ME., bran~\. Like bran. B. 
Kidney. Same as Large White Kidney, a. v. B. 
Tetter. Synonym of Pityriasis. 

Brasdor's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Brash (brash) [Dutch, braaken, to vomit]. A common 
name indicating almost any disorder of the digestive 
system ; any rash, or eruption ; a short fit of illness. 
B., Water. See Pyrosis. 

Brasilin (/3;-a/-zz7-wz) [ME., brasil], C 16 H u 5 . Brazilin, 
a coloring-matter found in Brazil-wood and red-wood ; 
it crystallizes in white, shining needles, and dissolves 
in alkalies with a carmin-red color on exposure to the 
air. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Brass (bras) [ME., bras~\. An alloy of copper with 25- 
40 per cent, of zinc. B. -Founder's Ague. See 
Ague. 

Brassica (bras'-ik-ah) [AS., brassica, cabbage]. A 
genus of plants, Nat. Order, Cruciferce, including the 
common cabbage. B. acidulata, sour crout (or Sauer 
Kraut). B. asperifolia esculenta, the common 
turnip. B. cauliflora (or florida), the cauliflower. 
B. cumana or rubra, the red cabbage. B. napus, 
the rape plant. B. nigra, the black mustard. B. 
sativa, the common cabbage. 

Brassidic Acid (bras-id' -ik). See Acid. 

Braun's Canal. See Canal. B. Operation. See 
Operations, Table of. B. Test. See Tests, Table 
of. 

Braune (braun). See Brunissure. 

Braune's Canal. See Canal. 

Brawn (brawn) [ME., braun, a piece of flesh]. The 
flesh of a muscle ; well-developed muscles. 

Brawny (brawn'-e) [ME., bra-wn, a piece of flesh]. 
Fleshy ; muscular. B. Induration, pathologic harden- 
ing and thickening of the tissues. 

Braxy (braks'-e) [E. dial.]. A term applied to cer- 
tain forms of blood-disease, as anthrax in sheep. Three 
forms are recognized by shepherds: a, turnip; b, 
wet; c, red. B., Red, a form of septicemia in sheep 
in which the tissues are uniformly stained of a deep- 
red color by the coloring-matter of the blood. B., 
Turnip, a form of malnutrition of the blood occur- 
ring in sheep that are fed on an unlimited supply of 
roots, particularly of swedes. The attack is sudden in 
onset, short in duration, and fatal in termination. See 
Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine, under 
Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 



Brayera (bra-ye'-rah) [Fr., brayer\. Koosoo, koosso, 
koso, kousso, cusso. The female inflorescence of 
Hagenia abyssinica, containing tannic acid, a volatile 
oil and a crystalline principle, Koussin, C 3l H 3g O ln . 
In large doses it produces nausea and emesis. It is 
valuable mainly as an anthelmintic against tapeworm. 
Dose j^ ij— 3 ss, in infusion of boiling water. B., 
Ext., Fid., dose 3 ij — 3 j- Infusum Cusso (B. P.). 
Dose 3 iv-viij. 

Bread (bred) [Sax., bredan to nourish; hat., panis; Gr., 
aproc^. A mixture of flour and water made porous by 
carbon dioxid and then baked. The flour may be of 
wheat, com, oat, or rye. The carbon dioxid may be 
introduced by decomposing an alkaline jarbonate 
(sodium or potassium) , by an acid ( " cream of tartar " ' ) , 
or by fermenting the starch with yeast. B., Brown, 
a kind of bread made from a mixture of corn, rye and 
wheat flour. B., Graham, made from unbolted wheat 
flour; it contains more gluten, diastase and mineral 
phosphates than ordinary bread. B., White, bread 
made from bolted wheaten flour, and therefore defi- 
cient in diastase, gluten and mineral phosphates. 
Other kinds, such as rye (or black), corn, bran, barley, 
etc., indicate their composition by their name. B.- 
jelly, a food of service as an occasional change from 
mushes, but with a tendency to constipate if given 
freely. It is prepared by pouring boiling water upon 
stale bread and allowing it to soak for an hour. The 
water is then removed, fresh water added, and the 
whole boiled until a thick mass forms. On pouring off 
the excess of water and cooling, a jelly-like material re- 
mains which may be eaten with milk or sugar. 
B. -mould. See Ascophora. B. -paste, a culture- 
medium for bacteria. Stale, coarse bread is dried, 
ground to powder and made into a paste with water. 
It is well suited for the growth of moulds. 

Break (brak) [ME., breken, to break]. In electricity, 
an opening in the circuit of a battery. See Make. In 
surgery, a fracture. B.-bone Fever. Set Dengue. 
B. Shock, a term sometimes employed in electro- 
therapeutics for the physiologic shock produced on 
the opening or breaking of an electric circuit. 

Breast (brest) [ME., brest, the breast]. The upper 
anterior part of the body between the neck and abdo- 
men. Also, the mamma. B.-bone. See Sternum. 
B., Broken, abscess of the mammary gland. B., 
Chicken, Pectus carinatum ; a deformity marked by 
prominence of the sternal portion of the chest. B. 
Glass, a glass receptacle for the overflow of milk 
from the breast. B. Pang, angina pectoris. See Ste- 
nocardia. B. Pump. See Antlia. B., Pigeon. Same 
as B. , Chicken. B. Tea, German, a mixture of 
althea, or marshmallow, eight parts ; coltsfoot leaves, 
four parts ; liquorice, three parts ; anise and mullein 
leaves, each two parts ; orris, one part : this is called 
also species pectoralis. 

Breastweed. See Saururus cernuus. 

Breath (breth) [AS., brcetK\. The air exhaled from the 
lungs. It has lost a part of its oxygen and gained a 
certain but varying amount of ammonia, aqueous vapor 
and carbon dioxid from the oxidation of the waste- 
matter of the blood. Also applied to the air inspired. 
B. Sounds, the respiratory sounds heard upon 
auscultation. In the healthy chest three varieties of 
respiratory sounds may be recognized : I . Those pro- 
duced in the glottis, and audible over the lower end 
of the trachea — tracheal or bronchial breathing. 2. 
Those produced in the alveoli and audible over the 
lungs — vesicular breathing. 3. Those audible about 
the roots of the lungs, combining the character of the 
two preceding — broncho-vesicular breathing. A Table 
of Breath-Sounds is given on the next page. 



BREATHING 



235 



BREGMATO- ANTERIOR 



TABLE OF BREATH-SOUNDS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 

{Altered and enlarged from J. K. Fowler) . 



Variety 

of 

Breathing. 


Period. 


Pitch. 


Quality. 


Interval. 


Duration. 


Intensity. 


Where 
Heard. 


Condition 

IN WHICH 

Heard. 


Vesicular. 


i. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Low. 

Lower. 


Vesicular. 
Blowing. 


None. 


Shorter than in- 
spiration or 
absent. 


Variable. 

Faint or ab- 
sent. 


Over the lungs, 
in health. 


In health. 


Bronchial. 


1. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


High. 
Higher. 


Tracheal. 
Tracheal. 


Distinct. 


Equal to or 
longer than 
inspiration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


In health, over 
the seventh 
cervical spine 
In disease, 
over areas of 
consolidation 


In health; 
pulmonary 
tuberculosis, 
lobar pneu- 
monia, large 
pleuritic 
effusi ons , 
thoracic 
an eu rysm, 
mediastinal 
tumors. 


Broncho- 
vesicular. 


i. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Higher than 
in vesicular 
breathing. 

Higher than 
in vesicular 
breathing. 


More or less 
tracheal. 

More or less 
tracheal. 


Slight. 


About equal to 
inspiration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


In health, ant., 
over sternal 
portion of in- 
f ra-clavi c. 
region ; post., 
upper part of 
inter-scapular 
region. In 
disease, over 
slight con- 
solidation. 


In health; 
pneumonia, 
pu lmonary 
tuberculo- 
sis. 


Amphoric. 


i. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Low. 
Lower. 


Hollow and me- 
tallic. 

Both characters 
more marked. 


Distinct. 


Longer than 
inspiration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


Over a large 
cavity com- 
mun i eating 
with an open 
bronchus. 


Pulmonary tu- 
berculosis. 


Cavernous. 


i. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Low. 
Lower. 


Blowing and 

hollow. 
Both characters 

more marked. 


Distinct. 


Longer than 
inspiration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


Over a cavity 
communicat- 
ing with an 
open bron- 
chus. 


Pul m on ary 
tuberculo- 
sis. 


Tubular. 


1. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Higher than 
in bronchial 
breathing. 

Higher. 


Laryngeal or 
whiffing. 

Laryngeal or 
whiffing. 


Distinct. 


Equal to or 
longer than 
inspiration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


Over consolid- 
ated areas. 


Lobar pneu- 
monia, pul- 
monary tu- 
berculosis. 



Breathing (breth'-ing) [AS. , bratk~\. See Respiration. 
B., Abdominal, breathing in which the abdominal 
walls move decidedly and in which the diaphragm is 
actively engaged. B., Diminished, is the reverse of 
B. Exaggerated. The normal breath-sound is present, 
but its intensity is much diminished. It is very fre- 
quently heard at the apex in the early stage of pulmo- 
nary tuberculosis. B., Exaggerated, is the normal 
breath-sound of children, but when occurring in 
adults, it indicates a compensatory action of one part 
of the lungs for deficient action elsewhere. It is an 
exaggerated degree of the normal vesicular breathing. 
B., Interrupted, Wavy or Cogwheel, a broken or 
interrupted inspiratory sound produced by nervous- 
ness, irregular contraction of the muscles of respira- 
tion, or irregular expansion of the lung from disease. 
B., Mouth, habitual respiration through the mouth. 
B., Puerile. See B., Exaggerated. B., Suppressed, 
entire absence of breath-sounds, as in pleuritic effu- 
sion and certain solid conditions of the lung. B., 
Thoracic, respiration in which the thoracic walls are 
actively moved. 

Bredsore (bred' -sor) [Vulgar]. A sore coming with- 
out any visible cause ; a whitlow ; also called 
Breeder. 

Breech (brecK) [ME., breech']. The buttocks. B. 
Position. See Fetus, Position of. 



Breeches Splint. A splint that surrounds the leg ; 
oftenest made of woven wire. 

Breed [bred) [AS., bredan, to nourish]. To beget, 
produce ; to nurse ; to develop. 

Breeder (brid'-er). See Bredsore. 

Breeding-season (bre'-ding se'-ziui) [AS., bredan, to 
nourish]. The period during which certain species 
of animals, especially the lower forms of vertebrates, 
beget and rear their young. 

Breeze (brez). See Head-breeze and Static-breeze. 

Brefeld and Nagele's Method. See Fractional Cul- 
tivation. 

Bregenin (breg'-en-in) [Low Ger. , bregen, brain], 
C 40 H 8 -NO-. A name given by Thudichum to a vis- 
cous principle, soluble in and crystallizable from 
alcohol, by means of which it has been extracted from 
brain-tissue. It is fusible like a fat, but is miscible 
with water. 

Bregma (breg' '-mail) \Jipiyfia, the sinciput : //. , Breg- 
mata~\. A term applied to the anterior fontanelle. 
See Craniometric Points. 

Bregmatic (breg-mat'-ik) \Jipkyjia, the sinciput]. Re- 
lating to a bregma. 

Bregmato-anterior (breg' -mat-o-an-te' -re-or) [fipeyfia, 
the sinciput; anterius, front]. Having the bregma in 
the anterior portion of the mother's pelvis ; applied 
to the presentation in labor. 



BREGMATO-COTVLOID 



236 



BRIGHT'S DISEASE 



Bregmato-cotyloid [brcg' -mat-o-kol' -il-oid) [ppeypa, 
the sinciput; kotv'A>/, a socket; ehhc, form]. With 
the bregma toward the cotyloid depression (acetabu- 
lum) of the mother's pelvis ; a term used in obstetrics. 

Bregmatodymia (breg-mat-o-dim' -e-ah) [(3pt,/ja, the 
sinciput ; HSv/iog, twin]. Teratic union of twins by 
the bregmata. 

Bregmato-posterior (breg' -tnat-o-pos-te' -re-or) [ftpeypa, 
the sinciput; posterins, backward]. Having the 
bregma toward the rear of the mother's pelvis ; a 
term used in obstetrics. 

Bremen (brem'-en) [Ger.]. A town in Germany. B. 
Blue. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. 
B. Green. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pig- 
ment. 

Bremer's Test for Diabetic Blood. Diabetic blood- 
corpuscles stained with eosin for ten minutes in an oven 
at 35 C. yield a greenish yellow tint ; in normal blood 
the color is brownish. 

Bremond's Method. See Treatment, Methods of 

Brenner's Formula. The feeble tone heard when 
the anode is opened in galvanic stimulation of the 
auditory nerve. This tone corresponds with the reson- 
ance fundamental tone of the sound-conducting appar- 
atus of the ear itself. 

Brephalus (bref'-al-us) [jlptyoc;, the new-born babe or 
young]. In biology, applied to the young of a 
crustacean just as it quits the ovum, in whatever 
stage. Bates's substitute for larva. 

Brephopolysarcia (bref-'o-poZ-e-sar 1 '-ke-aK] [(ipttyoc, an 
infant; tto'A'vq, much ; adp^, flesh]. Excess of flesh 
in an infant. 

Brephotrophium (brefo-tro-fe' '-um) [fipetpoc, infant ; 
Tpe<peiv, to nourish]. An infant-asylum; a foundling- 
hospital. 

Breschet, Canals of. See Canal. B., Sinus of, the 
spheno-parietal sinus. See Sinus. B.'s Veins. See 
Vein. 

Bresgen's Formulae. Silver-nitrate powders of vary- 
ing strengths, with powdered starch, for use in 
rhinitis. 

Breslau Fever. See Fever. B. Test. See Birth. 

Breve extensor digitorum (brei)-e-eks-ten' '-sor dig-it-o'- 
runi) [L.]. The extensor brevis digitorum. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Brevicaudate (brev-e-kaw'-ddt) [brevis, short ; cauda, 
tail]. In biology, short-tailed. 

Breviductor (brev-e-duk'-tor) [L.]. The adductor 
brevis muscle of the thigh. See Muscles, Table of. 

Breviflexor (brev-e-f/eks'-or) [L.]. Any short, flexor 
muscle. 

Brevifoliate {brev-e-fo' -le-dt) [brevis, short ; folium, a 
leaf]. In biology, short-leaved. 

Brevilingual (brev-e-ling' -gwal) [brevis, short ; lingua, 
a tongue]. In biology, short-tongued. 

Breviped (brev' '-e-ped) [brevis, short; pes, a foot]. In 
biology, short-footed. 

Brevipen (brev'-epen) [brevis, short; penna, a wing]. 
In biology, short-winged. 

Brevirostrate ibrev-e-ros' -trdf) [brevis, short ; rostrum, 
a beak. In biology, short-billed. 

Brevissimus oculi (brev-iz' -em-us ok'-u-li) [L.]. The 
shortest muscle of the eye ; the obliquus inferior. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Brewcke's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Briancon Manna (bre-an-son' man' -ah). A kind of 
manna from the twigs of the European larch-tree. 

Bribosia's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Brick-Dust Deposit (brik' -dust de-pos' -it). A lateriti- 
ous sediment from urine. 

Bricklayers' Itch (brik-la'-erz ich). Eczema due to 
irritation of lime mortar. 



Brick-makers' Anemia. See Anchylostomiasis. 

Bridge (brij) [ME., brigge]. I. The upper ridge of the 
nose formed by the union of the two nasal bones. 2. 
In electricity, an apparatus for measuring the resist- 
ance of a conductor. B. Coloboma. See Coloboma. 
B., Herpetic, a term for Fascicular Keratitis, q. v. 
B. of Nose, the prominent ridge formed by the 
nasal bones. B. of Varolius, the pons Varolii. 
B.-Work, in dentistry, the adaptation of artificial 
crowns of teeth to and over spaces made by the loss of 
natural teeth, by connecting such crowns to natural 
teeth or roots for anchorage by means of a bridge, and 
thereby dispensing with plates covering more or less of 
the roof of the mouth and the alveolar ridge. 

Bridle (bri'-dl) [ME., bride/']. I. A Frenum, q.v. 
2. A band or filament stretching across the lumen of a 
passage, or from side to side of an ulcer, scar, or ab- 
scess. B. Stricture, a stricture due to the presence 
of a bridle traversing the caliber of the urethra. 

Brieger, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. B.'s Method, a method of separating 
ptomaines from a putrefying mass. 

Briggs's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Brightic {brit'-ik) [Bright, an English physician]. A 
person suffering from Bright' s disease. 

Bright's Disease [brlts dis-ez') [Bright, an English 
physician]. A name formerly incorrectly used as a 
synonym of albuminuria, and at present covering 
several forms of disease of the kidney associated with 
albumin in the urine. It may be acute (acute parenchy- 
matous nephritis) or chronic (which includes chronic 
parenchymatous nephritis, granular contraction of the 
kidneys, and albuminoid degeneration of the kidneys). 
Bright's disease is considered by Fothergill as 
a secondary condition arising from a tendency to- 
ward the reversion to that preanthropic type in which 
the liver performed the additional office of excreting 
uric acid. Acute Bright's Disease is sudden in its 
onset, and is associated with chills, headache, back- 
ache, vomiting, and edema, especially marked in the 
eyelids and the cheeks. The urine is scanty or even 
suppressed, of a dark, smoky hue, and contains a large 
amount of albumin, and blood. Microscopically, blood- 
corpuscles, renal epithelium, debris, and hyalin, epi- 
thelial, and blood-casts are found, and occasionally, 
also, granular casts. Occasionally the glomeruli of the 
kidney are the seat of the most marked changes, and 
to this condition the term " glomerulo-nepkritis," has 
been given. The most frequent cause of acute 
Bright's disease is exposure to cold. It is often a com- 
plication of the specific fevers, especially scarlet fever. 
Death frequently results from uremia or cardiac failure, 
or the disease may assume a chronic form. Chronic 
Bright's Disease embraces, as has been said, three 
distinct diseases of the kidney. Chronic parenchy- 
matous nephritis, usually following an acute at- 
tack, is also known as chronic tubal and chronic 
desquamative nephritis, and from its size and pallor, 
the kidney resulting from the disease is called the 
"large white kidney,' 1 '' The capsule peels off readily 
and leaves a smooth or very slightly granular sur- 
face. The tubules are most involved in the change ; 
they are enlarged and distended with proliferated 
and swollen epithelial cells. There is some thick- 
ening of the interstitial tissue, as a rule. This large 
kidney is prone to undergo degenerative changes, 
the protoplasm of the cells in the tubules break- 
ing down into an amorphous debris. The kidney 
shrinks, and at the same time undergoes an increase in 
the interstitial tissue, forming what is known as the 
" small white kidney. " Granular contraction of the 
kidney is also known as chronic interstitial nephritis, 



BRILLIANT 



237 



BROMAMID 



and the kidney resulting is called the " small red 
granular kidney," the " red contracted kidney,'''' 
and at times the "gouty kidney" or the " ai-terio- 
sclerotic kidney." This kidney is usually much di- 
minished in size and weight ; the capsule is greatly 
thickened and adherent, so that it cannot be removed 
without tearing the kidney-tissue. The renal sub- 
stance is reddish, granular, with small cysts, and firm 
on section. Microscopically, there is found a great 
increase in the interstitial tissue, reducing the caliber 
of the tubules. This excess of fibrous tissue has given 
origin to the name ' ' cirrhotic kidney" and this form of 
Bright' s disease is frequently associated with gout, 
syphilis, chronic lead-poisoning, or alcoholic excess. 
Albuminoid degeneration of the kidneys is also known 
as the amyloid, waxy, or lardaceous kidney. This 
kidney is enlarged and quite pale ; its consistence is 
firm, and the section has a peculiar, glistening, bacon- 
like appearance. The glomeruli stand out as bright 
points upon the surface ; the capsule peels off easily 
and leaves a smooth surface. Iodin applied to the 
surface of the section turns the diseased portions a 
mahogany-brown color. The change in this disease is 
most marked in the glomeruli and the blood-vessel 
walls, but may be found elsewhere ; it is most fre- 
quently due to prolonged suppuration, bone and joint 
disease, tuberculosis, syphilis, malaria, and mercurial 
poisoning. The onset of chronic Bright' s disease is 
usually insidious, and may only be indicated by slight 
puffiness of the eyelids or the ankles, shortness of 
breath, dull and persistent headache, disorder of vision 
and hebetude. The pulse is one of high arterial ten- 
sion, and there is hypertrophy of the left ventricle of 
the heart, especially in the case of the contracted 
kidney ; there is frequent micturition, progressive 
anemia, dryness of the skin, indigestion, and a ten- 
dency to uremia. The urine is always scanty with the 
large white kidney, but abundant with the other forms 
of the disease. The specific gravity and the reaction 
vary ; occasionally there may be present a small 
quantity of blood, and albumin is always present at 
some period in chronic Bright' s disease. The quantity 
of albumin is very large in the large white and amy- 
loid kidneys ; very slight in the contracted form. Mi- 
croscopically, the urine contains renal epithelium, 
granular and fatty matter, and tube-casts. The latter 
are most plentiful in the large white kidney, but are 
never so numerous as in acute nephritis ; they are 
granular, fatty, and hyaline in nature. A frequent 
symptom of chronic Bright' s disease is the so-called 
" albuminuric retinitis," in which condition there are 
ecchymoses of the retina, together with white glisten- 
ing spots, most numerous near the macula lutea, and 
frequently arranged in lines like the radiations from 
a star. This is diagnostic of chronic renal disease. 
The prognosis of chronic Bright' s disease is bad, death 
eventually resulting from uremia or apoplexy. 

Brilliant (bril'-yant) [Fr.]. Bright, glittering. B. 
Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. B. Yellow. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Brim [brim) [ME., brim]. An edge or margin. B. of 
Pelvis. See Pelvis. 

Brimstone [brim'-ston). See Sulphur. 

Brine Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Brinton's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Briquet's Ataxia. See Ataxia, and Diseases, Table of. 

Briquettes (brik-etz'). See Pitch. 

Brise-coque (brez'-kok ) [Fr., "shell-breaker"]. An 
instrument for crushing the shell of a calculus after its 
inner part has been pulverized. 

Brisement {brez-mon(g)' ') [Fr.]. A crushing; the 
forcible breaking up of an ankylosis. 



Brise-pierre (brez'-pe-dr') [Fr. , "stone-crusher"]. 
An old form of lithotrite. 

Bristle (bris'-l) [ME., bristel\ In biology, a stiff, 
coarse hair on certain animals and plants. A stiff 
feather. B.-cell, any one of the ciliated cells at the 
terminations of the auditory nerve-filaments. B., Den- 
tist's. See Nerve- Bristles. 

British (brit'-ish) [L. , Britanni, the original inhabit- 
ants of Britain]. Of or pertaining to Great Britain. 
B. Gum. See Dextrin. B. Oil, a mixture 
of petroleum, Barbadoes tar, oil of amber, oil of 
juniper, oil of turpentine and linseed oil ; it is prized 
as a domestic remedy. Unof. 

Broach, Watchmaker's [brooch). A five-sided 
steel instrument used by dentists for enlarging the 
canal in the root, and the opening into a decayed 
cavity in the crown of a tooth. 

Broad (brod) [ME. , brood]. Wide; extensive. B. 
Land Irrigation. See Sewage, Disposal of. B.- 
leafed Laurel. See Kalmia. B. Ligament. See 
Ligament. B. Tapeworm. See Bothriocephalus 
latus. 

Broca, " Grand Lobe Limbique " of. The cortical 
cerebral convolution formed by the continuation of the 
gyrus hippocampi with the gyrus fornicatus. This 
should not be confused with " Broca' s Convolution," 
i. e. , the third left frontal. 

Broca's Angles. See Angle. B. Aphasia. See Dis- 
eases, Table of. B. Area, the speech-center of the 
frontal convolution. B. Auricular Point, the cen- 
ter of the external auditory meatus. B. Center. 
See Center. B. Convolution. See Convolutions, 
Table of. B. Fissure. See Fissures, Table of. B. 
Plane, the alveolo-condyloid plane. A line passing 
from the alveolar process of the superior maxilla and 
through the lowest part (condyles) of the occipital 
bone, the shaven head being so placed that this line 
shall be horizontal. This is employed in cranio- 
cerebral topography. B. Speech-center, the folded 
part of the base of the third frontal gyrus. 

Brochus {bro'-kus) [L.]. A person whose teeth pro- 
ject, or one who has a prominent upper lip. 

Brocq's Pomade. A pomade used in lupus erythe- 
matosus. It consists of salicylic and lactic acids, 
each 3 s's ; resorcin, grs. xiv ; oxid of zinc, 3 ij ; pure 
vaselin, ^xvij. 

Brodie's Disease. Same as Brodie^ Kne e . B. Knee. 
See Diseases, Table of. 

Brokaw Ring (brok'-aw ring). A ring used in intes- 
tinal anastomosis, made of segments of rubber drain- 
age-tubing and threaded with catgut strands. 

Broken (bro' -ken) \_KS>.,brocen,Xa break]. In surgery, 
fractured, as a bone. B. Breast, abscess of the 
mammary gland. B. Wind, B. -winded, in farriery, 
a term applied to a condition of heart-strain following 
severe muscular effort. It is characterized by par- 
oxysms of cardiac dyspnea. See Heaves. B.-wing 
Fever. Synonym of Dengue. 

Bromal (bro'-mal) [fipuiioq, a stench; aldehyd], 
CBr 3 .CHO. Tribromaldehyd, analogous to chloral. 
It is produced by the action of bromin on alcohol. 
It is a colorless, oily fluid, of a penetrating odor, and 
sharp burning taste, boiling at I72°-I73° ; it has been 
used in medicine, having properties similar to those of 
chloral. B. Hydrate, CBr. v CHO 4- H 2 0, a fluid of 
oily consistence, having a structure similar to that of 
chloral hydrate, but more irritating and narcotic than 
the latter. It is used as a hypnotic and in epilepsy. 
Dose gr. j-v. Unof. 

Bromamid {bro' '-mam-id) [(3po/ioc, a stench; amid]. 
A bromin compound of the anilid group with the 
formula, C 6 H 2 Br 3 NH.HBr. It contains 75 per cent. 



BROMANIL 



238 



BRONCHIECTASIS 



of bromin, and is much used as an antipyretic, in io- to 
1 5 -grain doses. 

Bromanil [pro 1 -man-il) [j3po>/ioc, a stench; aniliti\, 
C 6 Br 4 2 . A compound obtained by heating phenol 
with bromin and iodin in water. It consists of golden- 
yellow, shining leaflets or thick plates that melt and 
sublime. 

Bromated Antifebrin [pro' '-ma-ted an-te-feb'-rin). See 
Antisepsin . 

Bromatography (pro-mat-og' -ra-fe) [[Spu/ia, food ; 
ypatynj, a writing]. A description of or treatise on 
foods. 

Bromatology {pro-mat-ol' -o-je) [fipupia, food ; 7.6yog, a 
science]. The science of foods. 

Bromethyl (prom-eth'-il). See Ethyl Bromid. 

Bromid, or Bromide [pro'-mid, or -mid) [flpufioc, a 
stench]. Any haloid of bromin ; those of calcium, 
iron, ammonium, potassium, and sodium are the ones 
mainly used in medicine. They allay nervous excite- 
ment, promote tranquillity, and are largely employed 
as sedatives. B. of Ethyl. See Hydrobromic Ether. 

Bromidia (pro-mid'-e-ah) [Sptifiog, a stench]. An 
American nostrum containing in each fluid dram 
chloral hydrate and potassium bromid, each gr. 15, ex- 
tract of cannabis indica and extract of hyoscyamus, 
each gr. one-half. Dose !jj. 

Bromidrosiphobia (pro-mid-ros-e-fo' -be-ah) [/Jpo^oc, a 
stench ; idpug, sweat; (pojdug, fear]. Insane dread of 
offensive personal smells, with hallucinations as to the 
perception of them. 

Bromidrosis (bro-mid-ro' 'sis) [/3pu/rof, a stench ; I6p6g, 
sweat]. Osmidrosis; an affection of the sweat-glands 
in which the sweat has an offensive odor. It is usu- 
ally associated with chronic local hyperidrosis,especially 
of the feet. The odor is due to a specific decomposi- 
tion of the sweat from the presence of the bacterium 
fcetidum. 

Bromidum {bro' -mid-um) [fipufiog, a stench]. Bromid ; 
a salt of bromin. 

Bromin, Bromine, or Bromum (.bro-min, or -mum) 
[_j3p&ficig, a stench]. Br = 80 ; quantivalence I. A 
reddish-brown liquid, which, at ordinary temperatures, 
gives off a heavy, suffocating vapor. In its elementary 
form it is a very active escharotic, and internally a 
violent poison. It is used by inhalation' and as an 
escharotic. Dose gtt. ij, largely diluted. The salts 
of bromin are cerebral and cardiac depressants, and 
highly valuable as hypnotics. The salts of the alkaline 
metals are those most commonly used. They are 
cerebral and spinal depressants, also alterative, anti- 
spasmodic, and hypnotic. Ammonii bromidum, 
NH 4 Br, prismatic crystals. Dose gr. v-xx. Auri 
bromidum. See Aurum. Calcii bromidum, Ca- 
Br 2 , granular and deliquescent. Dose gr. v-^j. 
Ethyl bromid, C 2 H 5 Br, useful in spasmodic coughs. 
Dose TTLx-gj. Ethylene bromid. See Ethylene. 
Ferri bromidi, Syr., contains ten per cent, of the 
salt. Dose 3 ss-j. Lithii bromidum, LiBr, granular 
and deliquescent. Dose gr. v-xx. Nickel bro- 
midum. See Nickel. Potassii bromidum, KBr, 
colorless, cubical crystals. Dose gr. v-gj. Sodii 
bromidum, NaBr, colorless, monoclinic crystals. 
Dose gr. v-^j. Zinci bromidum, ZnBr 2 , granular, 
deliquescent powder. Dose gr. ^< — i j . 

Brominism, Bromism (bro'-min-izm, bro f -mizm) 
[Ppunog, a stench]. Certain peculiar phenomena 
produced by the excessive administration of the 
bromids. The most marked symptoms are headache, 
coldness of the extremities, feebleness of the heart's 
action, somnolence, apathy, anesthesia of the soft 
palate and pharynx, pallor of the skin, and a peculiar 
eruption of acne which is one of the earliest and most 



constant symptoms. There is also anorexia with less 
of sexual power and atrophy of the testes or mam- 
mae. The patient may become almost imbecile. 

Bromo-Caffein (bro-mo-kaf -e-in) [bromin; caffein\, 
A proprietary effervescing preparation containing caf- 
fein. It is used for the relief of headaches. 

Bromochloralum (pro-mo-klo-raV -utn\ [(3pu/jog, a 
stench ; chloral ] . A proprietary antiseptic and disin- 
fecting compound, containing the bromid and chlorid 
of aluminum. 

Bromoform (pro'. -mo-form) \j3pupoq, a stench ; forma, 
form], CHBr 3 . A bromid having a structure like 
that of chloroform, CHC1 3 ; it is an active anesthetic. 
Its use is not followed by vomiting. It causes irrita- 
tion of the conjunctiva and respiratory organs. It is 
used in whooping-cough in doses of gtt. ij-v in a mix- 
ture of wine and water. Unof. 

Bromography {pro-mog' -ra-fe). Same as Bromatog- 
raphy. 

Bromoiodism (pro-mo-i' -o-dizm) [Bromism ; iodism~\. 
Poisoning by bromin and iodin compounds together. 

Bromol (pro'-mol), C 6 H 2 Br 3 OH. Tribromophenol ; an 
antiseptic substance used in the form of a powder, solu- 
tion (1 : 30 olive oil), or ointment (1 : 10). Internally 
it is used in cholera infantum and typhoid fever. Dose 
g r - tW- Unof. 

Bronchadenitis (prongk-ad-en-i' -tis) \_jip6yxia, the 
bronchial tubes; adi/v, gland; (Tig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the bronchial lymphatic glands. 

Bronchaphrosia (prongk-afro' -ze-ah) \_j3poyxia, bron- 
chial tubes; a<[>p6c, foam]. Obstruction due to the 
presence of froth in the bronchioles. 

Bronchi (prong' -ki) [fipdyxo^, the windpipe]. The 
two tubes into which the trachea divides opposite the 
third dorsal vertebra, called respectively the right and 
the left bronchus. 

Bronchia (b rang' -he- ah) [ftpbyxnc, the windpipe]. The 
bronchial tubes, especially those that are smaller than 
the two bronchi. 

Bronchial (prong' -ke-al) [(ipdyxos, the windpipe]. 
Relating to the bronchi or to their branches, or to the 
smaller air-passages in the lungs. B. Arteries, 
branches of the thoracic aorta, three or four in num- 
ber. They are the nutrient vessels of the lungs. See 
Arteries, Table of. B. Catarrh, the simplest form of 
acute inflammation of the bronchi. It is the so-called 
" cold on the chest. 1 '' The feeling of oppression and 
constriction, with slight mucous discharge, is due to 
hyperemia and swelling of the mucous membrane of 
the larger bronchi. B. Fluke. See Distoma ringeri. 
B. Glands, the chain of glands running beside the 
bronchi . They frequently undergo pathologic enlarge- 
ment and give rise to a group of symptoms — cough, 
pain, spasmodic dyspnea, dysphagia, and change in 
the voice. The enlargement is usually tuberculous in 
nature. 

Bronchiectasis (prong-ke-ek' -tas-is) [fipiyxoc, the 
windpipe ; ?/<racr;c, dilatation]. A term denoting the 
dilatation or relaxation of the walls of the bronchi, 
arising from inflammation and other causes. It is 
very rare as a primary condition, but is frequently 
associated with some chronic pulmonary disease. It 
occurs most frequently in pulmonary tuberculosis at the 
apex of the lung, but is also frequently seen in the 
bronchi at the base of the lung. It may involve a 
tube uniformly for some distance, producing the cylin- 
drical form ; or it may occur irregularly in sacs or 
pockets, the sacculated form. If the whole lung be 
involved in the change we have produced the so-called 
turtle lung. The characteristic symptom of bron- 
chiectasis is paroxysmal coughing, with the expectora- 
tion of large quantities of muco-purulent, often fetid, 



BRONCHIOCELE 



239 



BRONCHUS 



matter. Cavernous breathing will be heard over the 
dilated tubes. 

Bronchiocele (prong* -ke-o-seV) [pronchioltts, a little air 
passage; idjfa], tumor]. A swelling or dilatation of a 
bronchiole. 

Bronchiole (prong 1 -ke-oV) [dim. of bronchtts\. One 
of the smallest subdivisions of the bronchi. 

Bronchiolitis (pron-ke-o-li f -tis) [pronchioltts, a little 
bronchus ; tr«£, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
bronchioles. B. exudativa, an inflammation of the 
bronchioles, with exudation. Curschmann's theory of 
the production of bronchial asthma. 

Bronchiostenosis (brong-ke-o-ste-no'-sis) [f$p6yxo<;, 
the windpipe ; orevoc;, narrow]. Contraction of a 
bronchus or of any one or more of the bronchial 
tubes. 

Bronchitic (prong-kit' ' -ik) [_{3p6yxog, the windpipe]. 
Relating to, of the nature of, or affected with, bronchitis. 

Bronchitis (brong-ki'-tis) \_jipoyxog, the windpipe ; irtg, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the mucous mem- 
brane that lines the bronchial tubes. It is usually 
attended with soreness, cough, alteration of the voice, 
and febrile symptoms. B., Acute, a severe form of 
simple bronchial catarrh. It is the initiatory stage of 
the other forms of the disease, and is usually the re- 
sult of a chill, though it may be associated with some 
other disease, as the exanthemata, and affections of the 
kidney and heart. Sibilant and sonorous rhonchi 
and bubbling rales may be heard on auscultation. 
B., Acute Capillary, a variety in which there is 
an involvement of the minute tubes of the lung. It 
is most frequently met with in children, usually secon- 
darily to other diseases of the lung or other organs. 
The symptoms are urgent — dyspnea, short, irritating 
cough, nervous depression, and excited action of the 
heart. Collapse of portions of the lung frequently 
occurs, and the patient may die of asphyxia and ex- 
treme exhaustion. B., Catarrhal, a form attended 
with profuse muco-purulent discharges. B., Chronic, 
a form occurring either as an independent disease or as 
the result of repeated attacks of the acute variety. It 
is generally associated with organic changes in the 
lungs and other organs, such as emphysema, bronchiec- 
tasis, pulmonary tuberculosis and pleurisy. Occurring 
in old people, it produces the well-known " winter 
cough " of the aged. B., Croupous, Fibrinous, or 
Plastic, a rare variety attended with the expectora- 
tion of casts of the bronchial tubes, after a paroxysm 
of dyspnea and violent coughing. The casts are 
fibrinous in nature, hollow, yellowish-white, and 
vary from one to seven inches in length. This 
form of bronchitis is usually seen in males, and be- 
tween the ages of ten and thirty. B., Mechanical, 
or Potter's, a form caused by the inhalation of dust, 
etc. B., Potter's. See B., Mechanical. B., Putrid, 
or Fetid, a variety of chronic bronchitis characterized 
by the discharge of a copious, half-liquid, extremely 
offensive sputum. The peculiar odor is thought to be 
due to a microorganism, especially to a short, slightly- 
curved bacillus described by Lumnitzer. B., Sum- 
mer. Synonymous with Hay Fever, q. v. 

Bronchlemmitis (brong-klem-i' -tis) \_jip6yx°C, the wind- 
pipe ; MjJLfia, a skin]: Croupous bronchitis. 

Bronchoaegophony (brong-ko-e-goff'-o-ne). See Bron- 
choegophony. 

Bronchocele [brong' -ko-sel, or -se'-le) \_/3p6yxo(, the 
windpipe ; kI/Atj, a tumor]. See Goiter. 

Bronchocephalitis [brong-ko-sef-al-i'-tis). Synonym 
of Whooping-cough . 

Bronchoegophony (brong-ko-e-goff'-o-ne') [fipoyxog, 
the windpipe; <z(f , a goat; (jxjvt), a voice, sound]. 
Bronchophony combined with egophony. 



Broncholemmitis [h-ong-ko-lem-i'-tis). See Bronch- 
lemmitis. 

Broncholith (brong' -ko-lith) [_(3p6yxoc;, the windpipe ; 
Aifloc, a stone]. A calculus or concretion formed in a 
bronchial tube. 

Bronchomycosis [brong-ko-mi-ko' -sis) [_i3p6yxog, the 
windpipe; pvur/s, a fungus]. The growth or presence 
of fungi in a bronchial tube. 

Bronchopathy (prong-kop' -a-the) \fi\6yxoq, the wind- 
pipe ; nddut;, disease]. Any disease of the air- 
passages. 

Bronchophonic [brong-ko-fon'-ik) \fipbyxo$, the wind- 
pipe ; (puvi/, a voice]. Relating to bronchophony. 

Bronchophony (brong-koff' -o-ne) [fipoyxoc, the wind- 
pipe ; (puvij, the voice]. The resonance of the voice 
within the bronchi as heard through the stethoscope. 
It is normally present over the lower cervical spines, 
in the upper inter-scapular region, and over the sternal 
portion of the infra-clavicular regions. B., Whis- 
pered, bronchophony elicited by causing the patient 
to whisper. 

Bronchophthisis ( brong-ko-thi' -sis ) \_fip6yxo<;, the 
windpipe ; (pdlaic, a wasting]. Pulmonary tubercu- 
losis characterized by extensive lesions of the bron- 
chial tubes. 

Bronchophyma (prong-ko-fi' -mah) \^fSp6yxoc, the air- 
passage ; (pvfia, a growth]. Any growth, as a tuber- 
cle, in a bronchial tube. 

Bronchoplasty (prong' -ko-plas-te) \jipbyxo<;, the tra- 
chea ; TrAaacEiv, to form]. The surgical closure of a 
tracheal fissure or fistula. 

Broncho-pneumonia [brong-ko-7iu-mo r -ne-ah) [[3p6y- 
Xog, the windpipe; ttvev/ujv, the lung]. Lobular 
pneumonia, a term applied to inflammation of the 
lungs, which, beginning in the bronchi, finally in- 
volves the parenchyma of the lungs. This disease is 
most frequently encountered in children, but may 
occur in old age. Three varieties are described : I. 
A simple, acute form, following a severe bronchial 
catarrh. 2. A secondary form, occurring after whoop- 
ing-cough or some general febrile infective disease. 
3. A rare suppurative form, with the formation of 
abscesses throughout the lung. The patient suffering 
with broncho-pneumonia presents the following symp- 
toms: dyspnea, cough, fever, often high, restlessness, 
and occasionally marked cerebral symptoms. If con- 
valescence be not properly guarded relapses are likely 
to occur. The physical signs vary greatly, and are 
often not marked. The course of the disease is 
generally chronic, and the prognosis must be guarded. 

Bronchorrhagia [brong-kor-a' -je-ah) \_/3p6yxog, the 
bronchus ; pr/yvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage 
from the air-passages. 

Bronchorrhea [brong- kor-e' '-'ah) [fipbyxoc, the bron- 
chus ; peeiv, to flow]. A form of bronchitis attended 
with profuse expectoration. 

Bronchostenosis [brong-ko-ste-no'-sis) \_jip6yxo<;, the 
windpipe ; a-evog, narrow]. Contraction of a 
bronchus. 

Bronchotome [brong' -ko-tdni) \_fipoyxoq, the windpipe ; 
xe/iveiv, to cut]. An instrument for cutting the 
larynx or trachea in the operation of bronchotomy. 

Bronchotomy [brong-kot'-o-me) \fipbyx'Ki, bronchus; 
repvetv, to cut]. A surgical cutting-operation upon 
the bronchus, larynx, or trachea. 

Broncho-tracheal [brong-ko-tra' -ke-al) \fipbyxaz, the 
bronchus; rpaxeia, the windpipe]. Relating to a 
bronchus (or to both bronchi) and to the trachea. 

Broncho-vesicular (bron-ko-ves-ik'-u-lar) \_fip6yxog, 
the bronchus ; vesicula, a vesicle]. Both bronchial 
and vesicular. See Breath- Sotmds, Table of. 

Bronchus [brong' -kits). See Bronchi. 



BRONSON'S METHOD 



240 



BRUIT 



Bronson's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Bronze (bronz) \bronzium, bronze]. An alloy of cop- 
per and tin. B. John, a popular term for Yellow 
Fever, q. v. B. Liver, a dark reddish-brown or 
olive-black color of the liver, seen in post-mortem ex- 
aminations of certain cases of chronic malarial 
poisoning. 

Bronzed (bronzd) [bronzium, bronze]. Tanned; of 
a bronzed color. B. Skin, a symptom of Addison's 
Disease. B. -skin Disease. See Addison's Disease. 

Brood [brood) [ME., brood"]. In biology, offspring ; 
progeny. B. -cells, in cell-division, the mother- 
cells inclosing the daughter-cells. B.-food, a highly 
nitrogenous tissue-forming pap, derived by bees 
from pollen by digestion. 

Brooke's Ointment. An ointment for treating lupus. 
It is composed of oxid of zinc and powdered starch 
each l /{ ounce ; white vaseline l /z ounce ; hyd. oleatis 
(live per cent.) one ounce; salicylic acid 20 grains; 
ichthyol 20 minims ; oil of lavender q. s. ; enough red 
Armenian bole and raw umber may be added to match 
the color of the skin. 

Broom (broom). See Scoparins. 

Brosimum (bro'-sim-um) \_(3pua/g, food]. A genus of 
moraceous trees of S. America. B. galactoden- 
dron, the Venezuelan cow-tree ; its milky sap is 
nutritious, and yields both a cheesy food and a wax 
(galactin) serviceable for candles. 

Sroth (broth). See Bouillon. 

Brother Ulcer (bruth'-er ul'-ser). See Donda Ndugu. 

Brousnika (broos'-ne-kah) [Rus.]. The berries of 
red whortleberry, red bilberry ( Vaccinium vitis idiza), 
used in the form of a decoction in Russia for the relief 
of rheumatic affections. Unof. 

Broussaisism (brus-a' -izm) \_Broussais, a French phy- 
sician]. The physiologic, pathologic, and therapeutic 
doctrines taught by J. V. Broussais. 

Broussaism (brus-a/ -izm). See Broussaisism. 

Brow (brow) [ME., browe]. The forehead ; the upper 
anterior portion of the head. B.-Ague, neuralgia 
of the first division of the fifth cranial nerve, com- 
monly met with in malarious districts, though at times 
occurring independently of such surroundings, and 
then dependent upon some diathesis, especially the 
gouty. B. Presentation, presentation of the fetal 
brow in labor. See Fetus, Position of. 

Brown (brown) [ME., broivn~\. A dark reddish-yel- 
low color. B. Atrophy, an atrophy of a tissue asso- 
ciated with a deposit therein of a brown or yellow 
pigment. B.Coal. See Coal 'and Lignite. B. Crown, 
in dentistry, an artificial, all-porcelain crown, which 
is attached to a natural root by means of an iridio- 
platinum pin baked in position. The pin has the 
greatest strength at the neck of the tooth, where the 
strain is heaviest, and this strength is further in- 
creased by extending the porcelain upon the pin. B. 
Edema. See Edema. B. Induration of Lung, a 
state of the lung due to long-continued congestion, 
usually arising from marked incompetency or from 
constriction of the mitral valve. The lungs are en- 
larged and do not collapse on opening the thorax, and 
have a peculiar tint of yellow shading into a brown 
or reddish-brown ; a brownish fluid exudes on pres- 
sure. The color is due to pigment-granules in the 
epithelial cells of the air-vesicles. B. Madder. See 
Pigments, Conspeelus of. B. Mixture. See Mistura 
ferri composita and Glycyrrhiza. B. Ointment, the 
unguentitm fuscum, N. F. ; called also unguentum 
main's, or "mother's salve." It is composed of 
" brown plaster," two parts; oil, one part; suet, one 
part. B. Pink. See Pigments, Conspectus of. B. 
Plaster, the emplastrum fuscum camphor atum, N. F. ; 



called also emplastrum matris camphoratum, or 
" camphorated mother's plaster ; " official in German 
pharmacy. It is made of red oxid of lead, thirty 
parts ; oil of olives, sixty parts ; yellow wax, fifteen 
parts; camphor, one part. B. Study. See Ceno- 
spudia. B. Wort, the plant Brunella vulgaris, pop- 
ularly reckoned a good vulnerary, as well as a cure 
for sore-throat. Unof. 

Brown's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Browne's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Brownian Movement. An oscillation or agitation ob- 
served under the microscope in very fine granules, 
drops, etc., when suspended in a liquid. The move- 
ment is not locomotion, and is to be distinguished from 
that of the self-motility of living microorganisms. Its 
cause is not definitely known, but it may be due to 
heat, light, electricity, osmosis, etc. See Pedesis. 

Brownism (brown' -izm). See Brunonian Theory. 

Brown-Sequard's Combination of Symptoms. See 
Signs and Symptoms, Table of. B. Disease. See 
Diseases, Table of. B. Method of Treatment. See 
Treatment, Methods of. B. Paralysis. See Dis- 
eases, Table of. 

Bruch, Clusters of. See Gland, Aggregated, of Bruch. 
B., Glands of. See Gland. 

Brucin (bru'-sin) [Brucea, a genus of shrubs], C 23 H 26 - 
N 2 4 . A poisonous alkaloid found in Strychnos nux 
vomica and in Strychnos ignatius. It crystallizes in 
prisms containing 4-H 2 0, and melts at 178 . Its 
taste is exceedingly bitter and acrid. Its action on 
the animal economy is similar to but much less power- 
ful than that of strychnin. See Nux Vomica. 

Briicke's Berlin Blue Mass. A warm-flowing mass 
for injecting tissues. It is made as follows : potassium 
ferrocyanid, 217 gm.; water, 1000 c.c; ferrous chlorid 
1 part ; water 10 parts. Take equal volumes of these 
solutions and add to each twice its volume of a cold 
saturated solution of sodium sulphate. Add the iron 
solution to the ferrocyanid solution, with constant 
stirring. Filter and wash the precipitate with the 
filtrate until it runs through clear, then wash with 
water until the filtrate runs off blue. Dry the precip- 
itate. To a concentrated solution of this blue add 
enough gelatin to make a firm jelly when cold. Heat 
to 6o° C. and filter through flannel. B.'s Fluid, 
potassio-mercuric iodid, employed in the precipitation 
of proteids. B.'s Method, a method of removing all 
the proteids from a substance. Acidulate the liquid 
with HC1, and then add to it a solution of potassio- 
mercuric iodid, made by saturating with mercuric 
iodid a boiling solution of potassium iodid. B.'s 
Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. B.'s Reagent. 
See Tests, Table of. B.'s Red Mass, a material for 
injecting the body. A concentrated solution of potas- 
sium ferrocyanid is injected into the artery until it 
runs clear from the vein. Then as much as possible 
is allowed to drain away. Next a concentrated solu- 
tion of cupric sulphate free from iron is injected. By 
this method the red cupric ferrocyanid is precipitated 
in the vessels. B.'s Test. Same as B.'s Reagent. 

Bruise (brooz). See Contusion. 

Bruit (bru-e' ) [Fr. , a noise or report] . A term used 
by French physicians to designate the various specific 
sounds of auscultation. B. d'airain, Trousseau's 
term for the ringing note heard through the stethoscope 
applied to the chest wall when a coin is struck against 
another pressed against the surface of the chest on the 
opposite side. It is pathognomonic of a collection of 
gas in the pleuial cavity. B. de clapotement, a 
splashing sound often heard in cases of well-marked 
dilatation of the stomach when pressure is made upon 
the abdominal walls. It is best elicited when the 



BRUNET 



241 



BUCCAL 



patient is in the recumbent position, with relaxed 
abdominal walls, by palpating near the left border of 
the ribs. The same sound can be produced by shak- 
ing the patient (bruit de glou-glou). B. de braque- 
ment, a crackling sound. B. de cuir neuf, the new- 
leather murmur of the French ; the creaking quality 
occasionally heard in pericardial friction-sounds. B. 
de diable, a venous murmur, of a whistling or rush- 
ing character, arising in the bulb of the common jugu- 
lar vein, and due to such diseases as anemia, lead- 
poisoning, etc. ; it is more common in the young, and 
is caused immediately by the vibration of the blood flow- 
ing from the narrow part of the common jugular vein 
into the wide, bulbous portion of the vessel. See also 
Murmur. B. de galop, a cantering rhythm of the 
heart frequently heard in mitral stenosis, in which 
three distinct heart-sounds are audible. It is due to 
a reduplication of the second sound. See also Gallop 
Rhythm. B. de glou-glou. See B. de clapote- 
mcnt. B. de lime. See B. de scie. B. de mou- 
liri, water wheel sound ; a peculiar friction-sound 
mixed with splashing and gurgling, heard in pneumo- 
hydropericardium. B. d'oboe, a musical heart-mur- 
mur. B. de pot fele, the cracked-pot sound. B. 
de parchemin, a rattling, as of parchment. B. de 
rape. See Bruit de scie. B. de rappel, a sound 
resembling the double beat upon a drum. This 
doubling of the heart-sounds may be noted in different 
stages of chronic interstitial nephritis, when it is the 
first sound that is duplicated ; and in mitral stenosis, 
when the second sound is doubled. B. de scie, a 
murmur sounding like that made by a saw or file. Also 
called B. de rape and B. de lime. B. skodique, an 
amphoric note heard in the pleural cavity, especially 
near the apex anteriorly, when there is a fluid accumula- 
tion not filling the whole of the plural sac. Also 
called Skoda' s tympany. B. de soufHet, a bellows- 
murmur. B. de soupape, a flapping sound. B. de 
de va et vient, a to-and-fro friction-sound. 

Briin's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Brunet, or Brunette (bru-nef) [Fr.]. I. Of a dark 
complexion. 2. One with a dark complexion. 

Briining's Red. Same as Rosanilin. 

Brunissure (brun-is-ur') [Fr. , brunisseur, that which 
browns]. A disease of the grape, attacking the leaves 
only, caused by Plasmodio pora vitis. (Viala and Sau- 
vageau). Also called Braune. 

Brunner's Glands. See Glands. 

Brunonian Movement. See Broumian Movement. 
B. Theory, brownism; a doctrine taught by Dr. 
J. Brown (1735-88) that both physiologic and 
pathologic phenomena are due to variations in a natural 
stimulus, its excess causing sthenic and its deficiency 
producing asthenic diseases. 

Brunswick (brimz' '-wik) [Ger. ]. A town in Germany. 
B. Black. Same as Japan Black. B.Green. See 
Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. 

Brush (brush) [ME., brusshe~\. An instrument con- 
sisting of a collection of some flexible material fas- 
tened to a handle. In surgery, various forms of 
brush are employed; as the acid brush, of glass 
threads ; the electric brush, a form of electrode ; the 
laryngeal brush ; the nasal, pharyngeal, and stomach 
brush. See also Pencil. 2. A thicket of small trees. 
B.-burn, the injury produced by violent friction, and 
the resulting heat ; it often resembles a burn or scald. 
B.- cells. See Cell. 

Bryant, Ampulla of. See Ampulla. 

Bryant's Line. See Lines, Table of. B.'s Method. 
See Treatment , Methods of. B.'s Operations. See 
Operations , Table of. B.'s Triangle. See Triangles , 
Table of. 
16 



Bryce's Test. A test to determine if systemic infection 
has taken place after vaccination. It consists in repeat- 
ing the inoculation during the evolution of the vaccine 
disease. If systemic infection has occurred, the sec- 
ond inoculation will mature rapidly, so as to overtake 
the first. 

Brygmus (brig' -m us) [(ipvy[i6e, biting]. Same as Odon- 
toprisis. 

Bryology (bri-ol'-o-je) [Ppvov, a moss ; X&yeiv, to speak]. 
The science of mosses. 

Bryonia (bri-o'-ne-ah) [fipvuvia, bryony]. Bryony. 
The root of B. alba and B. dioica ; indigenous to 
Europe, with properties due to an intensely bitter glu- 
cosid, Bryonin, C^H^O,,,, a strong irritant when 
applied to the skin or mucous membrane, often pro- 
ducing vesication. It is a remedy of great value in 
pleurisy, pleuro-pneumonia, and rheumatic fever, and 
an excellent agent in colds. Dose of the powdered 
root gr. x-xxx. B., Infusum (unof.), has a strength 
of %j to the Oj of water. Dose 3 ss-ij. B., Tinct., 
a 10 per cent, solution of the root in alcohol. Dose 
rtiv-gss. 

Bryonin (bri-o' -nhi) \Jipvuvla, bryony]. A precipitate 
from the tincture of Bryonia alba ; useful as a hydra- 
gogue, and in rheumatism and bronchial affections. 
Dose gr. ij-X- Unof. See Bryonia. Dose as a 
drastic purgative, gr. )/(>-%■ 

Bryony (bri'-o-ne). See Bryonia. B. Black. See 
Ta?nus. 

Bryoplastic (bri-o-plas' -tik) \Qpvov, moss ; nlaoGEiv, 
to form]. A descriptive term loosely applied to such 
abnormal growths of tissue as resemble vegetable forms. 

Bryoretin (bri-o-re' -tin) \fipvuvia, bryony ; prir[vq, 
resin]. A resin-like substance obtainable from the 
glucosid bryonin. 

Bubaline (bu' -bal-iii) \bubalinus, pertaining to the 
bubahts, buffalo]. In biology, resembling or pertain- 
ing to the buffalo. 

Bubby (bub'-e) [E. dial.]. I. A vulgar name for 
the mamma. 2. A local name for Calycanthus 
foridus. 

Bubo (bid -bo) [_/3ov[i6v, the groin]. Inflammation and 
swelling of a lymphatic gland, properly and generally 
of the groin, and usually following chancroid, gon- 
orrhea or syphilitic infection. B., Parotid. See 
Parotitis. B., Primary, a slight adenitis of the 
groin due to mechanical irritation, or other cause; 
formerly supposed to be due to syphilis without a 
chancre having preceded. B., Sympathetic, one 
caused by irritation, friction, injury, etc., and not 
arising from an infectious disease. 

Bubonadenitis (bu-bon-ad-en-i' -tis) \Jiovfiuv, the groin ; 
aSi/v, a gland ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
an inguinal gland. 

Bubonalgia (bu-bon-al 1 '-je-ali) \_flov(36v, the groin ; 
aKyoc;, pain]. Pain in the inguinal region. 

Bubonic (bu-bon'-ik) [flovfluv, the groin]. Relating 
to a bubo. B. Plague. Synonym of the Plague, q.v. 

Bubonocele (bu-bon' -o-sel) [ftovfiuv, the groin ; ktj'Xtj, 
tumor]. Inguinal hernia when the gut does not ex- 
tend beyond the inguinal canal. 

Bubononcus (bu-bon-ong'-kus) [(3ovj3<Jv, the groin ; 
oynoc, a tumor]. A swelling in the groin. 

Bubonopanus (bu-bon-o-pa' -nus) \JSovfiuv, the groin ; 
navog, torch]. An inguinal bubo. 

Bubonulus (bu-bon' -u-his) [L. , dim. of btebd]. Lym- 
phangitis of the dorsum of the penis, often with 
abscesses ; due to chancroidal virus. 

Bucca (buk'-ah) [L. ]. 1. The mouth ; the hollow of 
the cheek, or its inner surface. 2. The vulva. 

Buccal (buk'-al) \bucca, the cheek]. Pertaining to 
the cheek. B. Coitus. See Imauation and Name- 



BUCCINAL 



242 



BULBAR 



less Crime. B. Glands. See Gland. B. Teeth, 
the teeth behind the canines are so called because 
they are situated on the inside of the cheeks. In the 
human subject they are the bicuspids and molars. 

Buccinal (buk'-sin-al) [fivnavi], a trumpet] . In 
biology, trumpet-shaped. 

Buccinator [buk' ' -sin-a-tor) [iSvtuirt/, a trumpet]. The 
thin, flat muscle of the cheek. See Micseles, Table of. 

Bucco (buk'-o). Same as Buchu. 

Bucco-labial (buk-o-la' '-be-al) \bucca, the mouth; 
labium, a lip]. Pertaining to the mouth and lip. 
B. Muscle, the buccinator. See Muscles, Table of. 

Bucco-pharyngeal (buk-o-far-in' -je-al ) \bucca, the 
mouth ; Qdpvk^, the pharynx] . Relating to the mouth 
and to the pharynx. 

Buccula (bui'-u-lah) [L. , dim. of bucca, the cheek]. 
The fleshy fold seen beneath the chin, and forming 
what is called a double chin. 

Buchanan's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Buchu (bu'-ku) [native African]. The leaves of 
several species of Barosma, yielding a volatile oil, to 
which its properties are probably due, and a bitter 
extractive, Barosmin. Dose gr. j-v. It causes a sensa- 
tion of glowing warmth over the body, stimulates the 
appetite, and increases the circulation. It is useful 
in urethritis and affections of the genito-urinary mucous 
membrane. Dose of the leaves, gr. xv-xxx. B., 
Ext., Fid. Dose TT\x-s;j. B., Infusum (Unof.l, 
;§j to Oj. Dose gss-ij. B., Infusum (B. P.). 
Dose gj-iv. B., Tinctura, (B. P.) Dose gj-ij. 

Buck's Apparatus. An apparatus consisting of a 
weight and pulley for applying extension to a limb. 
B. Fascia, the superficial perineal fascia. B. 
Method. See Treatment, Methods of. B. Opera- 
tions. See Opera/ions, Table of. 

Buckbean (buk'-ben) Bog-bean. The rhizome of 
Menyanthes trifoliata, tonic, antiscorbutic, and em- 
menagogue. It has been recommended as a vermi- 
fuge, and has been used in functional amenorrhea. 
Dose of fld. ext. itlv-xxx. Unof. 

Bucket Fever (buk'-et fe'-ver). See Fever. 

Buckeye Bark (buk'-i bark). The bark of sEsculus 
glabra, astringent and tonic, and serviceable in rectal 
irritation, prolapsus, and various uterine derange- 
ments. Dose of fld. ext. gtt. iij-v. Unof. 

Buckhorn [buk' -horn). The horn of a buck. When 
powdered or calcined, it is used by dentists for polish- 
ing enamel, and fillings, and for removing light de- 
posits of tartar. B. Fern, a fern, called also royal fern, 
Osmnnda regalis ; it is vaunted as a cure for rickets. 
Unof. 

Buckle-shell (buk'-l-shel) [New Eng. dialect]. A 
recently moulted lobster ; also called paper-shell 
lobster, June lobster, or sand-lobster. 

Bucko (buk'-o). Same as Buchu. 

Buckthorn (buk' -thorn). See Frangula. B., Cali- 
fornia. See Cascara Sagrada. 

Bucku (buk'-u). Same as Buchu. 

Buckwheat (Imk'-h-vct). The seed or grain of Fago- 
pyrum csculentum and of other species of the same 
genus. It is used to some extent as a substitute for 
the true cereals. In theory, it takes a high rank as a 
food ; but its free use tends to constipation, indigestion 
and headache, and especially to a peculiar roughness 
and itching of the skin. The flowers of the plant af- 
ford rich bee-pasturage, but the honey is inferior. 

Bucnemia (buk-ne'-me-ah) \_Qov, increase ; Kvrjfn], the 
leg]. Inflammation of the leg characterized by tense- 
ness and swelling ; elephantiasis ; also phlegmasia 
dolens. B. Tropica. See Elephantiasis arabum. 

Bud (bud) [ME., budde, a bud]. In biology, the unde- 
veloped germ-state of a leaf or flower. 



Budd's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Budding (bud'-ing) [ME. , budde?i~\. In biology, a 
form of reproduction or cell-division, occurring among 
the polyps and infusorise, in which a bud is given off 
by the parent and comes to resemble the latter. The 
bud may remain permanently attached or may form a 
colony, each member acquiring a differentiation of 
function, even to the formation of male and female ele- 
ments. The process is also called Gemination, q. v. 

Budge's Center. .See Center. 

Buffalo Rubin (buf'-al-o ru'-bin). See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Buffers' Consumption (buf'-erz con-sump' -shun). 
The phthisis occurring among metal-polishers. 

Buffy Coat (buf'-e-kot). A grayish or buff-colored 
crust or layer sometimes seen upon a blood-clot, after 
phlebotomy, and once looked upon as a sign of inflam- 
mation. It is caused by the partial subsidence of the 
red blood-corpuscles. 

Bufidin (bu' -fid-in) \bufo, the toad]. Phrynin; an 
alkaloid from the venom of the toad; it is poisonous, 
and said to resemble digitalin in its effects. 

Bufoniform (bu-fon' -if-orm) [bufo, a toad ; forma, 
shape]. In biology, toad-like. 

Bugbane (bug' -ban). See Cimicifuga. 

Buggery (bug'-er-e) [OF., bougre, an heretic]. Sodomy; 
bestiality. 

Bugleweed (bu'-gl-wed). The herb, Lycopus virgini- 
cus, narcotic and astringent. Dose of fld, ext. 3 ss- 
ij. Lycopin, concentrated extract. Dose gr. j-iv. 
Unof. 

Buhach (bu' -hatch) [Serbo-Croatian for flea-bane ; buha, 
a flea] . The plant Pyrethrum cinerariafolium. See 
Insect Powder. 

Buhl's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Bulam, or Bulama Boil (bu'-lam or bu-lam'-ah boil). 
A boil occurring on the African island of Bulam ; 
probably caused by a burrowing-worm or insect- 
larva. B. Fever, a West-Africa coast fever, said to 
be identical with yellow fever. 

Bulata (bul'-at-ah). See Balata. 

Bulb (bulb) [/3oA/i<5c, .a bulb]. I. The expansion or 
dilatation of a canal or vessel. 2. Applied to the 
oblongata and pons. 3. A short underground stem 
covered with fleshy leaf-bases or fleshy leaves, as the 
onion and squill. B. of Aorta, the dilatation of the 
aorta near its beginning. B. of Corpus Cavern- 
osum, the muscle beneath the bulb of the urethra. 
B. of an Eye, the eyeball. B. of Fornix. See 
Corpora. B. of a Hair, the swelling at the root of 
a hair. B., Olfactory, the expanded end of the 
narrow olfactory lobe, commonly called olfactory 
nerve or first cranial nerve. B. of a Tooth, the 
papilla that forms the germ of a tooth. B. of 
Urethra, the posterior expanded part of the corpus 
spongiosum penis. B. of the Vagina, a small 
body of erectile tissue on each side of the vesti- 
bule of the vagina, homologous to the bulb of the 
urethra of the male. B. of Vena Jugularis, the 
dilatation at the beginning of the external jugular 
vein. 

Bulbar (bul'-bar) \_fiokfioc, a bulb]. Bulbous. Pertain- 
ing to the medulla. B. Disease, or Paralysis, a 
term applied to the progressive and symmetrical paral- 
ysis of the facial muscles about the mouth, including 
those of the tongue, pharynx, and sometimes those of 
the larynx. This paralysis is due to a disease of the 
motor nuclei in the medulla oblongata ; an acute and 
a chronic form are met with. The acute form is due 
to hemorrhage or softening ; the chronic to degenera- 
tion. The chronic form is insidious in its approach, 
the tongue often being the first organ involved ; the 



BULBI VESTIBULI 



243 



BL'RNER 



course is slow but progressive, and death usually 
results in from one to four years. Bulbar paralysis 
usually occurs after forty years of age. Syphilis is 
not a predisposing cause. The disease is also called 
Labio-glosso-laryngeal Paralysis. There is also a 
pseudo-bulbar paralysis, due to symmetrical lesions of 
the motor cerebral cortex. 

Bulbi vestibuli {bul'-bi ves-tib'-u-li) [L.]. A name 
sometimes given to the glands of Bartholin. 

Bulbil, or Bulblet {bul'-bil, bulb'-let) {f3oXj3dr, a bulb]. 
Small bulbs of fleshy buds frequently occurring on 
above-ground parts of plants, as the bulblets of some 
onions and of the tiger-lily. 

Bulbillse {bul-bil'-e) \_bulbillus, dim. of bulbus, a bulb]. 
In biology, gemms of hydroid zoophytes that become 
detached at an early stage, and are then capable of 
independent development. 

Bulbo-cavernosus {bul-bo-kav-ern-o' -sus) [/3o/l/3of, a 
bulb; caverna, a cavern]. A perineal muscle in the 
male subject, corresponding to the sphincter vagina 
of the female. See Muscles, Table of. 

Bulbo-urethral {bul-bo-u-reth' -ral) {fioXfioc, a bulb ; 
ovprfipa, the urethra]. Relating to the bulb of the 
urethra. 

Bulbus {bid'-bus) [L.]. A bulb. B. arteriosus; in 
a certain stage in the development of the heart, the 
upper aortic enlargement is so called. B. cornu pos- 
teriorus. See Occipital Eminence. B. rhachidicus, 
the oblongata. 

Bulesis (bu-le' '-sis) {{IovXtjchc, the will]. The will, or 
an act of the will. 

Bulimia {bu-lim'-e-ah) {flov, increase ; \ifi6c, hunger]. 
Excessive, morbid hunger ; it sometimes occurs in 
idiots and insane persons, and it is also a symptom of 
diabetes mellitus. 

Bulimic {bu-lim'-ik) {[3ov, increase; Xi/udg, hunger]. 
Pertaining to or affected with bulimia. 

Bulithos {bu' -lith-os) {fiovc, ox; Xitiog, stone]. A 
bezoar from the ox or the cow. 

Bulla {bul'-ah) {bulla, a bubble : //., Bulla]. A bleb 
or "blister," consisting of a portion of the epidermis 
detached from the skin by the infiltration of watery 
fluid. The bulla differs from the vesicle mainly in 
size. B. ethmoidalis, a rounded projection into 
the middle meatus of the nose, due to an enlarged 
ethmoid cell. B., Hemorrhagic. See Purpura. 
B. ossea, the inflated or dilated part of the bony 
external meatus of the ear. 

Bullate {bill' -at) {bulla, a bubble]. Inflated; forni- 
cated and with thin walls ; blistered ; marked by 
bullae. 

Bullet Extractor {bul'-eteks-trak'-tor). See Forceps. 

Bullous (bid' -its') {bulla, a blister]. Marked by bullae ; 
of the nature of a bulla. 

Bully's Toilet Vinegar. A cosmetic consisting of 
tincture of benzoin, i.o ; acetic acid, 4.0 ; Cologne 
water, 100.0. 

Bully Tree {bid' -e-tre) . See Balata. 

Bulopeithia (bu-lo-pi' '-the-ah) {fiovTrfj, will ; Treideiv, to 
persuade]. An exaggerated hopefulness or morbid 
expectation of that which is desired. 

Bumastos {bu-mas'-tos) {flovc, large (ox) ; fiaarbc, 
breast]. A very large or hypertrophied mamma. 

Bumble Foot {bum'-bl foot). A disease of poultry, 
appearing as a wart-like substance growing in the ball 
of the foot. It is caused by high perches or by con- 
stant walking on cement or stone. 

Bump [bump) [origin uncertain] . Any one of those 
eminences of the external surface of the skull that are 
conceived by phrenologists to mark the localities of 
the various " organs " of the brain. 

Bumstead's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 



Bundle {bun'-dl) [ME., bundel~\. In biology, a fasci- 
cular grouping of elementary tissues, as nerve-fibers or 
muscle-fibers. B. of Vicq d'Azyr, a thick bundle 
of nerve-fibers arising in the more caudad of the two 
median nuclei of the corpus candicans of the brain, 
and extending to the anterior tubercle of the thalamus. 
It was formerly called the fornix descendens. B.- 
sheath, " In many plants a ring of cells, often with 
strongly-thickened and lignified walls, developed only 
on the outside of the bast, or around the entire bundle, 
or around the whole mass of fibro- vascular bundles." 
(Thoma.) 

Bunion {bun'-yun) [origin uncertain]. A swelling of 
a bursa of the foot, especially of the great toe. 

Bunodont {bu' -no-dont) [/Jowdf, a hill, mound ; bSovc, 
tooth]. Pertaining to tuberculate molar teeth. 

Bunsen Burner. See Bicrner. B. Cell. See Cell. 

Bunt {bunt). See Smut. 

Buphthalmia {bufthal' -me-ah) , or Buphthalmos 
{bufthal' -mos) [/3oi)c, ox; btydaXftdg, eye]. See 
Keratoglobus. 

Bupleurum {bu-plu' -rum) [L.]. A genus of umbelli- 
ferous herbs. Several old-world species were formerly 
employed in medicine, especially B. rotundifolium , 
of which the leaves and fruit are considered vulnerary 
and discutient. Unof. 

Bur, or Burr [ME., burre, a bur]. I. In botany, a 
rough, prickly shell or case. 2. The lobe of the ear. 
3. In dentistry, an instrument for polishing the teeth. 
B. Drills, dental instruments of spherical, cone-shape, 
cylindrical, and wheel-forms, for opening and form- 
ing cavities. Flexible burs and drills having spring- 
tempered stems are used for opening and preparing 
nerve canals. B. Thimble, in dentistry, an open 
ring for the middle or index finger, with a socket 
attached, in which rests the end of the handle of the 
drill used in excavating a cavity in a tooth, preparatory 
to filling it. 

Burckhardt's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Burcquism (boork'-izm). See Mctallothcrapy. 

Burdach, Column of. See Funicidus cuneatus and 
Column. B., Cords of, the cords formed in the dorsal 
zone of the human spinal cord by the meeting of the 
oval bundles of His below the cords of Goll. B.'s 
Fissures. See Fissures, Table of. 

Burdock {ber'-dok). See Lappa. 

Burdwan Fever {berd'-wan fe'-ver). See Fever. 

Buret, or Burette {bu-ret') [Fr.]. A graduated tube 
designed for measuring small quantities of a reagent. 
It is usually held vertically in a stand and provided 
with a stopcock. 

Burggrave's Apparatus. Same as Seutin's Appara- 
tus, with the addition of a layer of wool around the 
limb. 

Burgundy Pitch. See Pix. 

Burking {Burke, a noted criminal] . Suffocation pro- 
duced by a combination of pressure on the chest with 
closure of the mouth and nostrils. This was the 
method employed by Burke. 

Burmah Boil. A form of endemic ulcer common in 
Burmah. 

Burmese {bur-mez') [native]. Pertaining to Burmah, 
a province of Farther India. B. Lacquer. See 
Lacquer. B. Ringworm, Fox's name for a severe 
and troublesome form of Tinea circinata. 

Burn [ME., bemen, to burn]. I. To become inflamed. 
2. To be charred or scorched. 3. To have the sensa- 
tion of heat. 4. An injury caused by fire or dry heat. 
5. A disease in vegetables. 6. In chemistry, to 
oxygenize. 7. In surgery, to cauterize. 

Burner [ME., bernen, to burn]. A common name 
for a lamp or heating apparatus used in laboratories 



BURNETT'S DISINFECTING FLUID 



244 



BUTTER 



for chemic and pharmaceutic purposes. B., Argand, 
uses gas or oil, and contains an inner tube for sup- 
plying the flame with air. B., Bunsen, a form in 
which the gas is mixed with a sufficient quantity of 
air to produce complete oxidation before ignition. 

Burnett's (Sir W.) Disinfecting Fluid. A strong so- 
lution of zinc chlorid (gr. xxv to Jjj of water) with a 
little iron chlorid. This is added to one quart of water 
for use. It is serviceable as an antiseptic and deodor- 
izer, and as a preserver of dead bodies. 

Burning (bern'-ing) [ME., bernen to burn]. Consum- 
ing with heat or fire. B. of the Feet, a neurotic af- 
fection of the soles of the feet, common in India. 
B. Oil, kerosene. The different burning oils are 
graded according to the two standards of color and 
fire-test. The colors range from pale-yellow (stand- 
ard white) to straw (prime white) and colorless 
(water white). The fire-tests to which the commercial 
oils are mostly brought are no° F. , 120 F., and 
150 F. ; that of no° going mainly to the continent 
of Europe and to China and Japan, and that of 120 
to England. An oil of 150 F. fire-test, and water- 
white in color, is known in the trade as " headlight 
oil." An oil of 300 F., fire-test, and specific grav- 
ity .829 is known as " mineral sperm," or "mineral 
colza oil.'''' " Pyronaphtha" is a product of Rus- 
sian petroleum, somewhat similar to mineral sperm 
oil. It has a specific gravity of .865, and a fire-test 
of 265° F. B. Point, in testing petroleum oils, the 
temperature at which a spark or lighted jet will ignite 
the liquid itself, which then continues to burn. This 
point is usually 6° to 20 C. higher than the flash- 
point, but there is no fixed relation between the two. 

Burnisher [ME., bumischen, to polish]. An instru- 
ment used in polishing different kinds of metals, and 
in the laboratory of the dentist, for finishing pieces of 
dental mechanism. 

Burns, Ligament of. The falciform process of the 
fascia lata. 

Burns's Amaurosis. See Amblyopia, Post- Marital ; 
also Amaurosis. 

Burnt [ME., bernen, to burn]. Scorched ; injured by 
dry heat. Consumed by fire. B. Alum. See Alu- 
mni exsiccatum. B. Sponge. See Spongia us/a. B. 
Ocher. Same as Ocher. 

Burow's (von) Operations. See Operations, Table of. 
B. Veins, small veins joining the portal and general 
circulations. 

Burra Gookeroo (bur' -ah gook'-er-oo) [E. Ind.]. The 
spring carpels of Tribulus lanuginosus, a plant of the 
guaiacum order growing extensively throughout the 
East, and largely used as a diuretic and aphrodisiac. It 
has been employed for the relief of nocturnal emissions 
and impotence. Dose of the fluid extract n\xx-l ; of 
the infusion gj-ij; of the syrup (for children) ^ss-j. 

Burras Pipe (bur' -as pip) [burra, coarse-hair ; ME., 
pips]. A port-caustic. 

Burring (bur'-iug) [ME., borre, a harshness in the 
throat]. Rhotacism ; in stammering, the mispronun- 
ciation of the letter r. B. Engine, a dental appliance 
for the use of burs, etc., in forming cavities, etc. See 
Dental Engine. 

Burrow (bur'-o) [ME., borow, a hole]. I. To make 
a hole or furrow, as in the skin ; said of the itch 
insect. 2. To force a way through, as pus through 
the tissues. 

Burrowing (bur'-o-ing) [ME., bo?-ow, a hole]. The 
term given to the passage of pus through the tissues, 
after the formation of an abscess that has not burst or 
been evacuated by surgical methods. 

Bursa (bur'-sah) \_bursa, a purse: //. , Pursic~\. A 
small sac interposed between parts that move upon one 



another. B. anserina, a pouch situated between 
the long internal lateral ligament and the lower inter- 
nal hamstring tendons. B. colera, the gall-bladder. 
B. cordis, the pericardium. B. fabricii, "A glan- 
dular organ existing in both sexes and all species of 
birds ; most developed in young birds, more or less 
atrophied in adults ; it opens on the dorsal wall of 
the cloaca, into the lowest chamber of that organ." 
(Forbes.) B. mucosae, a bursa situated in sub- 
cutaneous areolar tissue. B., Plantar, a bursa situ- 
ated over the instep, either above or below a tendon. 
B., Popliteal, a bursa situated in the popliteal space 
between the tendon of the semimembranosus and the 
tendon of the inner head of the gastrocnemius, where 
they rub against each other. B., Prepatellar, a 
bursa situated over the patella and over the upper part 
of the patellar ligament. B., Synovial, found be- 
tween tendons and bony surfaces. B. vaginalis, 
the synovial sheath. 

Bursal (bin-' -sal) [bursa, a purse]. Pertaining to a 
bursa, sac, or follicle. 

Bursalogy (bur-sal' -o-je) [bursa, a purse ; Aoyoc;, sci- 
ence]. The science or study of the bursre ; the 
anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the bursse. 

Bursera (bur' -ser-ah) [Purser, a German botanist]. A 
genus of tropical trees, several species of which afford 
resinous gums. P. acuminata affords caranna ; P. 
tomentosa furnishes tacamahac. 

Burseraceous (bur-ser-a'-se-tis) [Purser, a German 
botanist]. Pertaining to or resembling the genus 
Pur sera. 

Bursiculate (bur-sik'-u-lat ) [bursicula ; dim. of bursa, 
a purse]. In biology, pouch or purse-like, or possessing 
a bursa. 

Bursiform (bur'-siform) [bursa, a purse ; forma, form]. 
Resembling a bursa. 

Bursitis (bur-si' -tis) [bursa, a purse ; mc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of a bursa. B., Tornwaldt's, 
catarrhal inflammation of the anterior portion of the 
median recess of the naso-pharnyx. 

Bursula (bur'-su-lah) [dim. of bursa, a purse]. A 
small bursa ; the scrotum. 

Burton's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Busch's Operations. See Operations, Table of . B.'s 
Version, in obstetrics, direct version, the head 
being grasped by one hand; while the other hand 
pushes the breech of the child upward, the head is 
pulled down into the cervix. 

Bushmaster (bush'-mast-er). See Lachesis. 

Busk, Diameter of. In craniometry, the auriculo- 
bregmatic diameter. B., Horizontal Plane of. See 
Plane. 

Butalanin (bu-tal' -an-in) [butyl; alaniii], C 5 H 9 - 
(NH. 2 )0 2 . a-amidoisovaleric acid ; it consists of 
shining prisms that sublime without fusing. It is 
found in the pancreas of the ox. 

Butcher's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Butea (bu'-te-ah) [John, Earl of Bute (1713-92)]. 
A genus of leguminous tropical trees and shrubs. 
P. frondosa and P. superba afford Bengal Kino 
(see Kino) ; also called Butea Gum. B. Gum. 
See Kino. 

Butter (but'-er) [butyrum, butter]. The fatty part of 
the milk obtained by rupturing the cells of the fat- 
globules by "churning" or mechanical agitation. 
Also, various vegetable fats having the consistency 
of butter, as B. of Cacao. See Theobroma. Also 
applied to certain chemical products having the 
appearance or consistence of butter, as B. of Anti- 
mony, antimonious chlorid ; B. of Tin, stannic chlo- 
rid ; B. of Zinc, zinc chlorid. See, also, Acid, 
Butyric. B.-and-Eggs. See Antirrhinum linaria. 



BUTTERIN 



245 



BYTHUS 



B.-fat. I. The oily portion of the milk of mammalia. 
2. The fatty portion of butter, made up of the gly- 
cerids of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids (the so- 
called insoluble acids), and the glycerids of butyric, 
caproic, caprylic, and capric acids (the so-called 
soluble acids). The average proportion of the in- 
soluble acids present in butter-fat is SS per cent., and 
the average proportion of the soluble acids from five 
to six per cent. This gives a very important means 
of distinguishing between a natural butter and oleo- 
margarin. The pure fat has a sp. gr. of from .910 to 
.914, and its melting-point varies from 85° to 92° F. 
B.-fly, a winged pledget or tampon of cotton for 
vaginal application. B.-fly Lupus. Synonym of 
Lupus erythematosus. B. Kidney. See Amyloid 
Kidney. B.-nut. See Juglans. 

Butterin (but'-er-en) \butyrum, butter]. An artificial 
substitute for butter, made principally of beef-fat. See 
Oleomargarin. 

Buttocks (but'-uks) [ME., buttok]. The nates. The 
fleshy part of the body posterior to the hip-joints, 
formed by the masses of the glutei muscles. 

Button [but' -tin) [ME., bolon\ See Furunculus orien- 
falis. B., Amboyna. See Frambesia. B., Belly, 
the navel. B., Biskra, the Aleppo Ulcer. B., Cor- 
rigan's, a steel button-shaped cautery-iron, introduced 
by Sir J. C. Corrigan (1802-80). B.-bush, the bark 
of Cephalanthus occidentalis, a tonic, febrifuge, and 
diuretic. Dose of fid. ext. gss-j. Unof. B.-hole, 
Mitral. See Funnel, Mitral. B.-hole Operation. 
See Boutonniere Operation and Operations, Table of. 
B.-lac. Set Lac. B. -maker's Chorea. See Chorea. 
B. -scurvy, a disease of privation, apparently similar 
to sibbens or to yaws. B.-snakeroot, the root of 
Liatris spicata, and of Eryngium yucazfolium ; a 
stimulant, tonic, diuretic, and emmenagogue. Dose 
of fid. ext. 3 ss-j. Unof. 

Butyl (bu'-til) [iutyrum, butter] , C 4 H 9 . A hydro- 
carbon alcohol radical, that cannot be isolated, and 
that occurs only in combination with other radicals. 
3. Chloral. See Chloral bulylicum. B. -chloral 
Hydrate. See Chloral butylicum. 

Butylamin {bu-tW -am-iii) \butyrum, butter; amin']. 
Any primary amin of butyl. The butylamin of cod- 
liver oil is said to be one of its medicinal con- 
stituents. 

Butylene (bu' -til-en) \butyrum, butter], C 4 H 8 . A 
hydrocarbon belonging to the olefin series. It exists 



in three isomeric forms, all of which are gases at 
ordinary temperatures. 

Butyric Acid (bu-tir'-ik). See Acid, Butyric. 

Butyrin (bu'-tir-in) [butyrum, butter], C j H i (C 4 H 7 2 ), ! . 
A constant constituent of butter, together with olein, 
stearin, and other glycerids. It is a neutral yellowish 
liquid fat, having a sharp, bitter taste. 

Butyrone (bu'-tir-on) [butyrum, butter], C,H u O. 
Dipropyl ketone. The principal product of the distil- 
lation of calcium butyrate. It boils at 144 and at 
20 has a sp. gr. of .82. 

Buxin (buks'-in) [buxus, the box-tree]. Bibirin ; be- 
beerin ; pelosin ; the alkaloid of A T ectandra. It is a 
white, amorphous powder with a persistent bitter taste ; 
very insoluble in water, but easily soluble in alcohol and 
chloroform. Dose of it or its salts, from grains three 
to six in pill-form. It is used as a febrifuge. Unof. 

Buxton's Apparatus. See Anesthetic. 

Buxus (buks'-tis) [L., the box-tree]. A genus of trees 
affording boxwood. B. sempervirens, the common 
box or box-tree of Europe and Asia. Its leaves, 
wood, and oil have been employed in medicine. Unof. 

Buzzi's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Byrd's Method. See Artificial Respiration. B. 
Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Byrne's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Byrsa (bur'-sali). Same as Bursa. 

Bysma (biz'-mah) [pvafta, a stopper ; plug : pi. , Bys- 
mata~\. A plug or tampon. 

Byssaceous (bis-a'-she-us) [fivcooQ, a variety of flax]. 
In biology, composed of fine flax-like threads. 

Byssinosis (bis-in-o'-sis) [fivaaot;, cotton, flax ; vboog, 
disease]. A diseased condition of the lungs due to 
the inhalation of cotton-dust in factories. 

Byssocausis (bis-o-kaw' -sis) [(ivGooc, cotton ; kovoiq, 
a burning]. Cauterization by the moxa ; moxibustion. 

Byssogenous (bis-oj'-en-tis) [Bixrcor, cotton ; yevr/c, 
producing]. In biology, producing a byssus. 

Byssus (bis' -us) [/%<t<toc, cotton, flax]. I. Charpie, 
lint, or cotton. 2. The hairy growth of the pubic 
region. 3. In biology, a bunch of silky filaments 
secreted by the foot, in several molluscs. A name 
formerly given to the mycelium of large fungi. B. 
Gland. See Gland. 

Byssys (bis'-is) \_[ivaao(;, flax]. Same as Byssus. B. 
Gland. See Gland. 

By thus (bit h' -us) [/M<5f, the depth]. The lower or 
vesical portion of the abdomen. 



246 



CACOGENESIS 



C. The chemic symbol of Carbon. Abbreviation of 
centigrade. 

c.c. Abbreviation of cubic centimeter. 

cm. Abbreviation of centimeter. 

C. M. Abbreviation of eras mane, to-morrow morning. 

C. N. Abbreviation of eras node, to-morrow night. 

Caballine Aloes (kab 1 -al-in al'-os). See Aloes. 

Cabbage (kab'-dj). See Brassica. C. Rose. See 
Rosa centifolia. C, Skunk, a fetid plant of N. 
America, Symplocarpits faetidus. Its tincture and fluid 
extract are prescribed as antispasmodic and antasth- 
matic. Unof. C.-Tree. See Andira. 

Cabinet (kab'-in-et) [Fr., a closet]. A closed compart- 
ment. C, Pneumatic. See Pneumatic. 

Cacaemia (kas-e'-me-ah or kak-e'-me-ali). See Cacemia. 

Cacaemic (kas- or kak-em'-ik). See Cacemic. 

Cacain (kak-a'-in) [Nahuatl, cacauatl, cacao]. Theo- 
bromin, q. v. 

Cacalia (kak-a'-le-ah) \_naicaXca , a plant, colt'sfoot (?)]. 
A genus of composite-flowered herbs, many species of 
which have been used in medicine. C. suaveolens, 
is the sweet centaury of N. America. Unof. 

Cacanthrax (kak-an' -thraks) [/ca/ede, bad ; avdpai;, a 
coal]. Contagious anthrax. See Anthrax. 

Cacao (kak-a'-o). See Theobroma. C. Butter, oleum 
theobromae is obtained from seeds or nibs of Theo- 
broma cacao. It is a pure white fat, with a pleasant 
odor and taste ; it fuses at 86° F. (30° C.) ; its specific 
gravity is .945 to .952. It is used in cosmetics, and 
for pharmaceutic preparations. See also Tlieobroma. 

Cacaphthae [kak-af -the) [/ca/cdf, bad ; a§Qa, an erup- 
tion]. Malignant or cachectic aphtha?. See Aphtha. 

Cacation (kak-a' '-shun) \_cacatio, a going to stool]. Def- 
ecation ; alvine discharge. 

Cacatory (kak' -at-o-re) [cacatio, a going to stool]. At- 
tended with diarrhea ; as a cacatory fever. 

Caccagogue (kak'-a-gog) [naimr/, dung ; ayaydg, lead- 
ing]. 1. Aperient; laxative. 2. An aperient, espe- 
cially an ointment or suppository that induces gentle 
purgation. [Archaic] 

Cacemia (kas-e'-me-ah, or kak-e'-me-ali) [/ra/ede, bad; 
aifia, blood]. An ill-condition of the blood; de- 
pravity of the blood. 

Cacemic (kak-em'-ik) [/ai/ede, bad ; alij.a, blood]. Asso- 
ciated with or suffering from cacemia. 

Cacesthesis (kak-es-the' '-sis) \_kclk.6c, bad ; dladTjatr, sen- 
sation]. Morbid sensation. 

Cachsemia (kak-e'-me-ah). See Cacemia. 

Cachectic (kak-ek'-tic) \_nan6c, bad; ff«c, ahabit]. Ill- 
conditioned : marked by cachexia. C. Aphthae. See 
Aphtha. 

Cachelcoma (kak-el-ko'-mah) [/caicdc, ill ; e2.n6fia, 
ulcer: //. , CacAelcomata'J. A malignant or foul ulcer. 

Cachemia (kak-e'-me-ah). See Cacemia. 

Cachet (kasha') [Fr.]. A pharmaceutic preparation 
consisting of two concave pieces of wafer, varying in 
size from |^ to iy$ inches in diameter, round or 
oblong in shape, in one of which the powder to be 
administered is placed, and the other, having pre- 
viously been moistened, is then laid over the powder 
and the two margins are pressed together, when they 
adhere and completely enclose the powder. C. de 
Pain. Same as Cachet, q. v. 

Cachexia (kak-eks' -e-ah) [/caKdf, bad; ef/c, a habit]. 
A term used to designate any morbid tendency, 
dyscrasia, depraved condition of general nutrition, or 
impoverishment of the blood, etc. It is applied par- 
ticularly to scrofulous, syphilitic, or carcinomatous 



patients. It is characterized by emaciation and a 
peculiar sallow or muddy complexion. C. africana, 
dirt-eating : geophagy. A disease supposed to be 
identical with miners' anemia. C. aquosa, a 
dropsical and anemic state. C. icterica, jaundice. 
C, Lymphatic. Synonym of Hodgkins Disease. 
C, Negro. Same as C. africana. C, Pachyder- 
mic. See Myxedema. C. strumipriva, the con- 
dition allied to if not identical with myxedema, 
following the extirpation or arrest of function of the 
thyroid gland. It is a cretinoid state, characterized in 
monkeys by hebetude, malnutrition, muscular tremor, 
puffy edema, leukocytosis, and the presence of mucin 
in the blood and connective tissue. C. thyreopriva. 
See Myxedema. C. virginum. See Chlorosis. 

Cachexy (kak-eks' -e). See Cachexia. 

Cachibou (kash-e-boo'). See Chiboti. 

Cachinnation (kak-in-a'-shun) [cachinnare, to laugh 
loudly]. Immoderate laughter, as in the insane. 

Cachou (kash-oo') [Fr. for " catechu "]. An aromatic 
pill or tablet for concealing the odor of the breath. 

Cachunde (ka-ehun'-de) [Sp.]. An oriental electuary 
used as a breath-perfume, and also as a stomachic 
and carminative. Unof. 

Cacocholia (kak-o-ko'-le-ah) [/ca*cdc, ill ; %o/J/, bile]. 
A morbid condition of the bile. 

Cacochroia (kak-o-kroi'-ah) or Cacochrcea (kak-o- 
kre'-ah) [/ca/ede, bad ; XP 01 ®-! color]. A bad complex- 
ion; unnatural color of the skin. 

Cachochylia (kak-o-kW -e-ah) [rca/ede, bad ; x v '<^?> 
juice]. Imperfect or disordered digestion. 

Cacochymia (kak-o-kim' -e-ah) [/ia/ede, bad ; X v l 1 ^> 
juice] . A morbid state of the fluids, humors, blood, 
or secretions ; faulty stomachic digestion. 

Cacochymic (kak-o-kim' -ik) [K.aii6c, bad ; X V M^> 
juice]. Affected with cachochymia ; dyspeptic. 

Cacocnemia (kak-ok-ne' -me-ah) [kqkoc, ill ; nvq/ir/, leg]. 
Thinness or ill-condition of the leg or shin. 

Cacocolpia (kak-o-kol' -pe-ah ) [kokoc, ill ; k6'Atcoc, va- 
gina]. A diseased state of the vagina. 

Cacodemon (kak-o-de' -mon) [/ca/idc, ill ; Saifiuv, spirit]. 
An old name for a supposed besetting evil spirit ; also, 
the nightmare. 

Cacodemonia (kak-o-de-mo' -ne-ah ) \_KaKoSaijiovia, pos- 
session by an evil spirit]. Supposed possession or 
obsession by an evil spirit. 

Cacodemonomania (kak-o-de-mo-no-ma' -ne-ah ) \ko,k.q- 
fiaifiovia, possession by an evil spirit ; fiavia, madness]. 
A delusional belief, on the part of a patient, that he is 
possessed of a devil. 

Cacodontia (kak-o-don' -te-ah ) \_tia.K.6<;, bad ; b&o've, 
tooth]. A bad condition of the teeth. 

Cacodyl (kak'-o-dil) [/ai/cdc, bad ; bC,eiv, to smell ; 
v'Arj, matter], As(CH ;i ). 2 . Kakodyl ; dimethylarsin : 
a radical containing arsenic, hydrogen, and carbon. 
It is a colorless, heavy liquid, with an extremely offen- 
sive odor, and poisonous vapor ; it is inflammable when 
exposed to air. Its protoxid is called alkarsin, q. v. 

Cacoesthesis (kak-o-es-the' -sis). See Cacesthesis. 

Cacoethes (kak-o-e'-thez) [«a/cdc, bad; rpoq a habit]. 
Any bad habit, disposition, or disorder. 

Cacogalactia (kak-o-gal-ak' -te-ah ) \_KaKbq, bad ; y&Xa, 
milk]. A bad or abnormal condition of the milk. 

Cacogastric (kak-o-gas'-trik) [ra/«ic, bad ; yaari/p, the 
stomach]. Dyspeptic. 

Cacogenesis (kak-o-jen'-es-is) \Kanoq, bad ; yercair, for- 
mation]. Any morbid, monstrous, or pathologic growth 
or product. 



CACOGLOSSIA 



247 



CADMIUM 



Cacoglossia (kak-o-glos'-e-ah ) [saKor, evil ; y'Aucraa, 
the tongue]. Gangrene of the tongue. 

Cacolet (kak'-o-la) [Fr. ]. A mule-chair or horse- 
pannier for the transportation of the wounded. 

Cacomorphia {kak-o-mor* '-fe-.aA) [muds, bad; fiopfi/, 
form]. Malformation; deformity. 

Cachonychia (kab-o-nik' '-e-ah) \k(ik6c, bad; bvvi; , nail] . 
Disease or defect of a nail or of the nails. 

Caconym (kak'-o-nitn) [KaKog, bad ; ovo/xa, a name]. 
An undesirable or objectionable name, e. g. , in biologic 
nomenclature or terminology. 

Cacopathy, or Cacopathia (kak-op'-a-the or kak-o- 
patk'-e-ah) [naiwg, bad; Tradog, illness]. Any severe, 
malignant, or untoward condition or disease. 

Cacophonia (kak-o-fo' '-ne-ah) [naKog, bad; <p<jvr/, 
voice]. An altered, depraved, or abnormal voice. 

Cacophonic (kak-o-fon'-ik) [nanog, bad; qwvr], voice]. 
Affected with cacophonia. 

Cacoplastic (kak-o-plas'-tik ) [mzkoc, bad ; TrXaarog, 
formed]. I. Characterized by or adapted to a low 
degree or kind of organization. 2. Relating to, 
causing, or attended with defective formation ; liable 
to be changed into an abnormal tissue. 

Cacopragia (kak-o-pra'-je-ali) [aanog, bad; npaaaeiv, 
to do]. Functional derangement, as of nutritive pro- 
cesses, or of organs. 

Cacoproctia ( kak-o-prok' -te-ali ) [ Kanrj, gangrene ; 
TrpuKTog, anus]. A gangrenous state of the rectum. 

Cacorrhachis (ka-kor'-rak-is) [«z/idc, ill ; /od^'f, 
spine]. A diseased state of the vertebral column. 

Cacorrhinia (kak-or-in'-e-ak) [m/cdc, ill; pig, nose]. 
Any diseased condition of the nose. 

Cacosmia, or Kakosmia (kak-oz'-me-ah ) [/oz/cdc, foul ; 
bo/ii/, smell]. A repugnant or disgusting smell. C, 
Subjective, a disturbance of the olfactory nerve or 
center, from hysteria or from other disease, giving rise 
to the perception of an offensive smell. 

Cacosomium (kak-o-so' -me-tan) [rea/cdc, bad ; au/ia, 
body]. A hospital for leprosy and other incurable 
diseases. 

Cacospermia (kak-o-sper'-me-ah ) [nanbg, ill ; airepfia, 
^eed]. Any diseased state of the semen. 

Cacosphyxia (kak-o-sfiks'-e-ah ) [/az/cdc, ill ; c(pi>!;ig, 
pulse]. A disordered state of the pulse. 

Cacostomia (kak-o-sto' -me-ah ) [/ca/cdc, ill ; ardpia, 
mouth]. Any diseased or gangrenous state of the 
mouth. 

Cacothanasia (kak-o-than-a' -ze-ali) [/ca/cdc, bad ; 
davarog, death]. A painful death. 

Cacothelin (kak-oth' '-el-in) C, 12 H 22 NO 20 . An alkaloid 
produced from brucin by the action of HNO a . 

Cacothymia (kak-o-thim' '-e-ah ) [/ca/cdc, bad ; 6v/i6g, 
mind]. A disordered state of the mind or disposition ; 
mental disorder with moral depravity ; insane malig- 
nity of temper. 

Cacotrophia (kak-o-tro' -fe-ah ). Same as Cacotrophy. 

Cacotrophy ( kak-ot' -ro-fe) [naKog, bad ; rpi<j>eiv, to 
nourish]. Disordered or defective nutrition. 

Cacozyme (kak'-o-zim) [nanog, bad; fyfir/, a ferment]. 
A disorganizing, putrefactive, fermentative, or patho- 
genic microorganism. 

Cactina (kak-ti'-nah) [jcd/croc, a prickly plant]. A 
proprietary preparation said to be a proximate prin- 
ciple derived from night-blooming cereus (Cereus 
grandijlora and C. mexicana). It is a cardiac stimu- 
lant recommended as a substitute for digitalis. Unof. 

Cactus (kak'-tus) [/ai/croc, a prickly plant]. A genus 
of plants. C. grandiflorus. See Night-blooming 
Cereus. C. Nipple. See Mammillaria, 

Cacumen (kak-u 1 '-men) [L. : //. , Cacumina']. i. The 
top, as of a plant. 2. The culmen of the vermis su- 
perior of the cerebellum. 



Cadaver (kad-av'-er) [cadere, to fall]. The dead body, 
especially that of man. A corpse. C. Tubercle, 
anatomic wart. A peculiar circumscribed hyper- 
plasia of the papillary structures of the skin occurring 
chiefly on the dorsal surface of the hands and fingers 
of persons who are in the habit of handling dead and 
decomposing bodies. 

Cadaveric (kad-av-er'-ik) [cadere, to fall]. Pertaining 
to the cadaver or dead body. C. Alkaloids, 
Ptomaines, a. v. C. Ecchymoses, certain post- 
mortem stains, closely resembling in their general 
appearance the efiects of bruises or contusions. They 
occur, both externally and internally, on the lowest 
and most dependent parts of the body. They are 
also called hypostases, sugillations, and vibices. C. 
Spasm, the early, at times instantaneous, appear- 
ance of rigor mortis, seen after death from certain 
causes. It is also called instantaneous rigor and 
tetanie rigidity, 

Cadaverin (kad-av' -er-in) \cadere, to fall], C 5 H U N 2 . 
A ptomaine, isomeric with neuridin, and, like it, 
occurring very frequently in decomposing animal tis- 
sues. It is obtained from human hearts, lungs, livers, 
etc. , after three days' decomposition at ordinary tem- 
perature, — also from horseflesh, from putrid mussel, 
from herring and haddock. It is a constant product 
of the growth of the comma-bacillus, irrespective of 
the medium. It does not occur in culture-media from 
which bacteria are absent. It is a thick, water-clear, 
syrupy liquid, having an exceedingly unpleasant odor, 
somewhat resembling that of coniin and semen. It is 
certainly identical with so-called "animal coniin." 
Putrescin and cadaverin were both formerly believed 
to be physiologically indifferent ; but recent investiga- 
tions show both bases capable of producing active 
inflammation and necrosis. The necrosis of the in- 
testinal epithelium in Asiatic cholera seems due to 
their presence. They also have the power, even in 
small quantities, of preventing blood from coagulating, 
and rendering it "laky." Cadaverin is believed by 
Grawitz to hinder the growth of bacteria. Cadaverin 
hydrochlorid, on dry distillation, decomposes into 
ammonium chlorid, NH 3 HC1, and piperidin, C 5 Hj]N. 
Whether or not this change, whereby the non-poison- 
ous cadaverin becomes a toxic base, can take place 
under the influence of bacteria during putrefaction, 
is not known. 

Cadaverization [kad-av-er-iz-a' -shiai) [cadere, to fall] . 
The passage of a living body to the state of a cadaver. 
Applied to the algid and cyanotic stage of cholera. 

Cadaverous (kad-av' '-er-us) [cadere, to fall]. Resem- 
bling a cadaver ; ghastly ; of a deathly pallor. 

Cade (kdd) [a Languedoc name]. See Juniperits. 
C, Oil of (oleum cadinum), a tarry oil from the wood 
of Juniperics oxycedrus ; it is used in the treatment of 
skin-diseases. 

Cadet's Fuming Liquid. See Alkarsin. C.'s Test. 
See Tests, Table of. 

Cadiva Insania (kad-i'-vak in-sa'-ne-ah) [L.]. Fall- 
ing insanity ; an old name for epilepsy. 

Cadlock (kad'-lok). Wild mustard, Brassica sinapis- 
trum. See Brassica. 

Cadmium (kad'-me-um) [naS/iia, calamin]. Cd = ll2; 
quantivalence 11. A bluish-white metal resembling 
zinc in its general properties. Only the sulphate and 
iodid are used in medicine. In its physiologic action 
it is escharotic and astringent, producing in large doses 
emesis and violent gastritis. See Elements, Table 
of. C. iodidum, Cdl 2 , used as an ointment, I to 
8 of lard. C. sulphas, CdS0 4 .4H 2 0, a valuable 
astringent in gonorrhea and in corneal opacities ; 
used in a lotion in strength of gr. y, or 4 to 3J of 



CADUCA 



248 



CALAGE 



water, or as an ointment I to 40 of fresh lard. Unof. 
C.-Red. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. 
C. -Yellow. See Conspectus of Pigments, under 
Pigment. 

Caduca [kad-du'-kak) [cadere, to fall]. See Decidua. 
C. Passio. See Caducus Morbus. 

Caducibranchiate (Aad-ie-se-brang'-ke-dt) [caducus, 
falling off; branchia, gills]. In biology, applied to 
such amphibia as lose the gills or branchiae upon reach- 
ing maturity. 

Caducicorn [kad-u' '-se-korii) [caducus, falling off; 
cornu, horn]. In biology, applied to animals that 
shed their horns or antlers. 

Caducity {kad-du'-sit-e) [caducitas, senility]. Senility; 
the feebleness of advanced age. 

Caducous [kad-u' -kits) [caducus, falling off]. In 
biology, the shedding or falling off of certain parts, as 
gills, antlers, horns. Dropping off very early, as 
compared with other parts. 

Caducus Morbus (kad-did-kus j/ior'-bus) [L.]. Fall- 
ing sickness ; an old name for epilepsy. 

Caecal (se'-kal). See Cecal. 

Caecitas Verbalis. See Word-blindness. 

Caecitis (se-si'-tis). See Cecitis. 

Caecum (se'-kum). See Cecum. 

Caenaesthesis (cen-es-the'-sis). See Cenesthesis. 

Caenogenetic [se-no-jen-ef -ik) [nai.vdc , recent ; yeveaic, 
generation]. In biology, the appearance of a new 
character very late in the course of development. 
This usually arises from comparatively recent varia- 
tions of the type-form. 

Caeruleus (se-ru' -le-us) [L.]. Sky-blue. C. morbus, 
blue disease. See Cyanosis. 

Caerulosis [se-ru- lo' '-sis). See Cyanosis. 

Caesalpinia (ses-al-pin' -e-ak) [L.]. A genus of tropi- 
cal leguminous trees. C. bonducella. See Bondu- 
cella. C. moringa has a diuretic bark. All unof. 

Caesarean Operation (se-sar'-e-an). See Cesarean. 

Caesium (se'-se-um). See Cesium. 

Caffea (kaf'-e-ak) [L.]. The seeds of C. arabica. 
The dried and roasted seeds are almost universally 
used in infusion as a beverage, forming a cerebral 
stimulant and stomachic tonic. They are valuable in 
promoting digestion and allaying hunger and fatigue. 
Coffee frequently causes excessive palpitation of the 
heart. Its properties are due to ap alkaloid, Caffein, 
C 8 H 10 N t O 2 . H,0, identical with Thein. See Tea. 
Dose of the alkaloid gr. j-v. C. citrate. Dose gr. 
j-v. C. valerianas, for nervous vomiting in hysteria. 
Dose gr. j-iv. Ext. Caffeae Viridis Fid. Unof. 
Intended as a substitute for the Fluid Extract of 
Guarana. Dose ^ss-ij. See Guarana. Injectio 
Caf. Hypodermatica, one grain of caffein in three 
minims. Dose ITy-vj. 

Caffein (kaf'-e-in) [caffea, coffee]. C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 + H 2 0. 
Thein ; an alkaloid that occurs in the leaves and 
beans of the coffee-tree, in tea, in Paraguay tea, and 
in guarana, the roasted pulp of the fruit of Paullinia 
sorbilis. It occurs in long, silky needles, slightly 
soluble in cold water and alcohol, with a feebly bitter 
taste. It is a cerebral and spinal stimulant. See Caffea. 
C. citrata, citrated caffein, prepared by dissolving 
equal weights of caffein and citric acid in double the 
quantity of hot distilled water. Dose gr. ij-x. C. 
citrata effervescens, effervescent citrated caffein. 
Dose 3J-ij in water. C.-iodol, a crystalline addition- 
product obtained by mixing alcoholic solutions of 
caffein and iodol in molecular proportion. It contains 
74.6 per cent, of iodol and 25.4 per cent, of caffein, 
and is a light-gray, odorless, tasteless, and nearly in- 
soluble compound. It is proposed as a substitute for 
iodol. Unof. 



Caffeina (ka-fe'-in-ah). See Caffein. 

Caffeinism \kafe' -in-izm) [caffea, coffee]. Chronic 
coffee-poisoning ; a train of morbid symptoms due to 
excess in the use of coffee. 

Cagot (kali-go') [Fr.]. I. A member of an outcast 
race or clan in the S. W. of France ; formerly regarded 
as lepers. 2. (By error) a cretin. C. Ear. See Ear 
Deformities. 

Cahinca, or Cainca (kah-hing'-kah) [native S. Ameri- 
can]. The diuretic root of Chiococca racemosa, C. 
densifolia, or C. anguifuga, rubiaceous shrubs of 
tropical America. Unof. 

Cahn and V. Mering's Method. A method of esti- 
mating the amount of acids in the stomach. It con- 
sists in distilling the contents of the stomach with 
water three times. The volatile acids are estimated 
in the distillate. The residue is shaken six times with 
500 c.c. of ether, and this is evaporated to dryness, 
and the lactic acid estimated by titration. The residue 
contains the HC1, and this also can be estimated by 
titration. 

Cailcedra ikdl-se' -drah) [origin unknown]. I. The Ced- 
rela odorata,a large tree of tropical America. The bark 
and wood are used in intermittent fevers ; a fragrant oil 
(cedar-wood oil) is distilled from the wood. The tree 
also affords a resin. 2. The Khaya senegalensis of 
Africa and tropical America, a tree that closely re- 
sembles the foregoing. 

Cailletet's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Caillian's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Caisson Disease (ka' '-son diz-ez') . The symptoms due 
to increased atmospheric pressure sometimes occurring 
in divers, caisson workers, etc. Paraplegia, hemi- 
plegia, anesthesia, or apoplectic attacks are common, 
but paralysis of the legs is the most frequent symptom, 
coming on only after return to the normal atmosphere. 
The nature of the lesion is obscure. 

Cajeput Oil [kaj'-e-put oil). See Cajuputi, oleum. 

Cajuputene \caj-u-pu-ten') [Malay], C ]0 H 1B . The 
principal constituent of cajeput oil ; it is a liquid of 
an agreeable odor. 

Cajuputi, Oleum [kaj-u-pu'-te, ol'-e-um). [Malay, 
"white wood;" oleum, oil]. Oil of Cajuput. 
A volatile oil distilled from the leaves of Melaleuca 
leukadendron. It resembles oil of turpentine in its 
general effects, being irritant externally and produc 
ing a sense of warmth internally, with accelerated 
pulse. It is used with benefit for flatulent colic, dropsy, 
hysteria, and cutaneous disorders ; it also relieves 
toothache. Dose TT\j-v. C, Spiritus (B.P.). Dose 
gss-j. 

Cajuputol (kaj-ii-pu'-to!) [Malay, Cajuputi, white 
wood]. The more limpid part of oil of cajuput ; it is 
found also in some other fragrant volatile oils. 

Cake Colors (kak kul'-orz). See Pigments, Colors, and 
Dyestuffs. 

Caked (kdkd) [ME., cake]. Compressed or hardened 
into a solid mass. C. Breast, a breast in a puer- 
peral woman in which the milk has become hardened 
and inspissated. C. Bag, in cows, an inflammation 
of the mammary gland. 

Calabar Bean [kal f -ab-ar hen). See Physostigma. 

Calabarin [kal-a¥ -ar-in) [Calabar]. An alkaloid from 
Calabar bean, apparently acting much like strychnin. 

Caladana (kal-ad-a'-na/i). See Kaladana. 

Caladium (kal-a'-de-um) [L.]. A genus of large- 
leaved araceous plants. C. bicolor, of Brazil, is 
anthelmintic and cathartic. Various other species are 
employed locally in medicine. Unof. 

Calage (kal-alizli') [Fr., wedging\ A method of pro- 
phylaxis or treatment of sea-sickness by fixation of the 
viscera by pillows placed between the abdomen and 



CALAMARY 



249 



CALCIUM 



the wall of the cabin and between the back and edge 
of the berth, the patient lying upon the side. 

Calamary [kal r -am-a-re) [naAauupt, inkstand]. Same 
as Cuttle-bone. 

Calamin (kal' '-am-in) [ca lamina, a corruption of cad- 
mia~\. Native zinc carbonate. Calamina prcBparata, 
the prepared calamin, washed and pulverized, is used 
mainly as an external exsiccant and astringent. Un- 
guenium calamines, Turner's cerate. Unof. 

Calamint, Calaminth (kal' '-am-int or -minth). Any 
plant of the labiate genus Calamintka. The cala- 
mints are aromatic stimulants, with the general prop- 
erties of the other mints, such as pennyroyal. Unof. 

Calamistrum (kal-am-is* ' -Irnni) [calamus, a reed]. In 
biology, one of the spines found on the hind-legs of 
spiders, used in arranging the silk as it issues from the 
spinnerets. 

Calamus (kal'-am-us) [L. , a reed: gen., Calamil. 
Sweet Flag. The rhizome of Acorns calamus. It 
contains a volatile oil and acorin, a bitter nitrogenous 
principle. The root is an aromatic, stomachic tonic, and 
a common ingredient of many popular "bitters." C, 
Ext., Fid. Dose rrLxv-gj. C., Draco, a species 
of rattan-palm that affords a part of the so-called 
Dragon's Blood (a. v.) of commerce. C. scriptor- 
ius (a writing pen or reed). The groove on the floor 
of the fourth ventricle, at the end of which is the ven- 
tricle of Arantius. 

Calapitte (kal'-ap-it) [Mex., calappa, the cacao-tree]. 
A concretion found occasionally in the cocoa-nut ; 
vegetable bezoar. It is valued as an amulet in the 
East. 

Calathidium or Calathium (kal-ath-id'-e-um or kal- 
ath'-e-uni) [naAaOoc, a vase-shaped basket]. In biol- 
ogy, applied to the flower-head in certain of the Com- 
posite. 

Calathiform (kal-ath'-if-orm) [na'Xadoc, a vase-shaped 
basket ; forma, form] . In biology, shaped like a cup, 
vase, or bowl, hemispherical, or concave. 

Calberla's Method. A method of imbedding micro- 
scopic specimens in egg-emulsion. The white of sev- 
eral eggs is separated from the yolks, the chalazse re- 
moved, and the white cut up with a pair of scissors. 
To each 15 parts of white add one part of a 10 per 
cent, solution of sodium carbonate (10 parts of cal- 
cined sodium carbonate to 100 parts of water). To 
this solution add the well-shaken yolks and again 
shake well. Pour the mixture into a deep vessel, al- 
low to settle, remove the scum, and the mass is ready 
for use. The specimens, after being well washed in 
water, are placed in this mass until permeated. They 
are then fastened with pins to the freshly-cut surface 
of a piece of hardened mass. 

Calcaneal (kal-ka' -ne-al) [calcaneum, the heel]. In 
biology, relating to the heel-bone, or calcaneum, or to 
a tuberosity in birds, resembling the calcaneum. 

Calcaneo-astragalar (kal-ka'-ne-o-as-trag' '-al-ar) . See 
Calcaneo-astragaloid. C.-astragaloid, relating to 
the calcaneum and the astragalus. C.-cavus, a club- 
foot that combines the characters of calcaneus and 
cavus. C. -cuboid, belonging to the calcaneum and 
the cuboid. C. -scaphoid, belonging to the calcaneum 
and the scaphoid bone. C.-valgo-cavus, club-foot 
combining the features of calcaneus, valgus and cavus. 

Calcaneum {kal-ka'-ne-uni) [L., the heel]. A com- 
mon name for the os calcis or heel-bone. 

Calcaneus (kal-ka'-ne-us) [calcaneum, the heel]. 
Club-foot in which the heel alone touches the ground, 
the instep being drawn up toward the shin. 

Calcar (kal'-kar) [L., a spur]. I. Any spur or spur- 
like point, as the hippocampus minor. 2. Ergot of rye. 
3. The calcaneum. C. avis, the hippocampus minor. 



Calcareous (kal-ka' -re-its) [calx, limestone]. Per- 
taining to or having the nature of limestone. C. 
Degeneration. See Degeneration. 

Calcarine [kal' '-kar-iri) [calcar, a spur]. Relating to 
the hippocampus minor. C. Fissure. See Fissure. 

Calceiform (kal' '-se-if-ortri) [calceus, a shoe ; forma, 
form]. In biology, resembling in shape a shoe or 
slipper, as the corolla of certain flowers. 

Calceolaria (kal-se-o-la'-re-ah) [L. , like a slipper]. A 
genus of scrophulariaceous plants, mostly of the Andean 
region. Many of the species have a high local repute 
as alteratives and antisyphilitics ; several are emetic 
and purgative. Unof. 

Calcic (kaV-sik) [calx, lime]. Of or pertaining to lime. 
C. Inflammation of- Gums and Peridental Mem- 
brane. Inflammation caused and maintained by 
deposits of calculus on the necks of the teeth. 

Calcicosis (kal-sik-o' '-sis) [calx, lime; voaoc, disease]. 
Marble-cutter's phthisis; phthisis due to the inhala- 
tion of marble-dust. 

Calcification (kal-sif -ik-a' -shuii) [calx, lime ; fiere, 
to become]. The deposit of calcareous or other in- 
soluble crystalline matter within the tissues of the 
body. 

Calcigerous (kal-sij 1 '-er-us) [calx, lime ; gerere, to 
bear]. Containing lime or a lime-salt; as the calci- 
gerous cells of the dentine, or calcigerous tubules in 
bone. 

Calcigrade (kaV -sig-rad) [calx, heel; grcdi, to walk]. 
Walking on the heels. 

Calcination (kal-sin-a' '-shun) [calcinare, to calcine]. 
The process of driving off the volatile chemical con- 
stituents from inorganic compounds. The expulsion 
of carbon dioxid from carbonates. 

Calcine (kaV-sin or kal-stn') [calcinare , to calcine]. 
To separate the inorganic elements of a substance by 
subjecting it to an intense heat. 

Calcium (kal'-se-um)[calx, X\me.~\[gen.,Calcii~\. Ca = 
40; quantivalence II. A brilliant, silver-white metal, the 
basis" of lime and limestone, characterized by strong 
affinity for oxygen, and isolated with great difficulty. 
See Elements, Table of. It is best known in the form 
of calcium oxid, quicklime ; C. hydrate, slaked lime ; 
and C. carbonate, chalk. The preparations of lime 
used in medicine are usually alkaline and slightly 
astringent. Calcium oxid is a powerful escharotic. 
C. benzoas, Ca(C.H 5 2 ) 2 , used in nephritis and 
albuminuria of pregnancy. Dose gr. v-x. C. car- 
bonate Test. See Tests, Table of. C. chloridum, 
CaCl 2 , soluble in water. Dose gr. x-xx. C. chlorid., 
Liq. (B. P.). Dose Ttlxv-1. Calcii bromidum. 
See Bromin. C. Carb. Precipitatus, CaC0 3 , insolu- 
ble in water, but soluble in acids, with effervescence. 
Dose gr. v-xx. C. hypophosphis, Ca. 2 PH 2 2 . See 
Phosphorus. C. Phosphas Precipit., Ca,(P0 4 ) 2 . 
See Phosphorus. Calcis Liniment, carron oil, contains 
equal parts of lime-water, and olive oil. C, Liquor, 
lime-water, contains about 1)4 parts of lime in 1000 
of water. Dose ^ ss-ij. C. Liq. Saccharatus 
(B. P.). Dose rr\xv-3J. C, Syr., saccharated 
syrup of lime, contains lime 65, sugar 40, water 
q. s. It is the antidote to poisoning by carbolic 
or oxalic acid. Dose 7, ss-ij. Calx, CaO, cal- 
cium oxid, quicklime, not used internally. C. 
chlorinata. See Chlorin. C. Sulphurata. Dose 
gr. ylj. Creta, native calcium carbonate ; chalk. 
C. Mist., consists of C. pulv. comp. 20, cinnamon- 
water 40, water 40. Dose 3* ss. C. Preparata, 
chalk freed from impurities by washing and elutriation. 
Dose gr. v-xx. C. Pulv. Aromat. (B.P.). Dose gr. 
X-3J. C. Pulv. Aromat. cum Opii (B.P. ). Dose 
gr. x- ( ^j. C. Pulv. Comp., compound chalk-powder. 



CALCULARY 



250 



CALLUS 



consists of C. prep. 30, acacia 20, sugar 50 parts. 
Dose gr. v-gj. Testa praeparata, prepared oyster- 
shell. Unof. Dose gr. x-xx. C. trochisci, each 
contains prepared chalk 4 gr. , acacia 1, sugar 6, with 
a little nutmeg. 

Calculary (kaF-ku-la-rc) [calculus, a stone]. Relating 
to or of the nature of a calculus. 

Calculifragous (kal-ku-lif -rag-its') [calculus, a stone ; 
frangere, to break]. Lithotritic ; breaking or redu- 
cing a stone in the bladder. 

Calculous {kal' ' -ku-lus) [calculus, a stone]. Of the na- 
ture of a calculus. 

Calculus {kal' -ku-lus') [dim. of calx, chalk : pi. , Calculi']. 
A calcareous or stone-like concretion found in the blad- 
der, kidney, etc. C, Arthritic, a gouty concretion. 
C.| Biliary, a gall-stone. C, Bronchial, a concretion 
in an air-passage. C, Cutaneous. See Milium. 
C, Dental, tartar on the teeth or gums. C, 
Fusible, a urinary calculus composed of phosphates 
of ammonium, calcium, and magnesium. C, Lacteal, 
or Mammary, a calcareous nodule sometimes obstruct- 
ing the lactiferous ducts. C, Mulberry, the oxalate- 
of-lime variety, resembling a mulberry in shape and 
color. C, Nasal. See Rhinolith. C, Prostatic, 
one in the prostate gland. C. , Renal, a calculus 
found in the kidney, producing what has been called 
nephritic colic. C, Salivary, one forming in the 
ducts of the salivary glands. C, Uterine, an in- 
trauterine concretion ; a wombstone ; formed mainly by 
calcareous degeneration of a tumor. C, Vesical, one 
that may have originally descended from the kidney or 
formed primarily in the bladder. 

Calea {kal'-e-ak) [L.]. A genus of tropical American 
composite- flowered plants. C. zacatechichi, a 
Mexican plant, tonic, antiperiodic, and a hepatic stimu- 
lant. Unof. 

Caledonia Brown. See Conspectus of Pigments, under 
Pigment. 

Calefacient {kal-e-fa'-she-eni) [L. , calidus, warm; 
facere, to make]. I. Warming; producing a sensa- 
tion of heat. 2. A medicine, externally applied, that 
causes a sensation of warmth. 

Calefactor {kal-e-fak' -tor) [caledus, warm ; facere, to 
make]. A warmer; a little, portable stove ; a pocket 
stove ; a chafing-dish. 

Calendula (kal-en' -du-lali) [calendce, the first day of 
the month : gen., Calendula:]. Marigold. The 
flowering plant known as the garden-marigold, C. offi- 
cinalis. C, Tinct., contains 20 per cent, of the leaves 
and stems. It is used exclusively as a local applica- 
tion to wounds, bruises, and ulcers, and has been 
vaunted as a cure for carcinoma. 

Calendulin {kal-en' '-du-lin) [calendce, the first day of 
the month]. An amorphous principle obtainable 
from calendula. 

Calentur [kaV -en-tur) [Sp., calentura, heat ; L., calere, 
to be hot]. A tropical remittent fever with delirium ; 
formerly, a supposed fever of this kind that attacked 
mariners, leading them to leap into the sea. 

Calf [ME., calf]. The thick fleshy posterior portion 
of the leg. See Sura. C.-bone, the fibula. C- 
knee. See Genu Valgum. 

Calices of the Kidneys {ka'-lis-ez). Plural of Calyx. 
The cup-like tubes of the ureter that encircle the 
apices of the Malpighian pyramids of the kidneys. 

Calico Bush [kal'-ik-o boosh). See Kalmia . 

California {kal-if-or'-ne-ah) [Mex.]. A western State. 
C. Buckthorn. See Cascara Sagrada. C. Elm. 
See Fremon/ia. C. Feverbush. See Garrya. C. 
Laurel, the leaves of Umbellularia californica, com- 
mon to the Pacific slope. It is recommended for 
nervous headaches, cerebro-spinal meningitis, neu- 



ralgia, etc. Dose of fld. ext., gtt. x-xxx. C. Poppy. 

See Rschscholtzia californica. 

Caligated {kal'-ig-a-ted) [caliga, a boot]. In biology, 
applied to the booted tarsus of the typical oscine birds. 

Caligation {kal-ig-a'-shun), or Caliginosity {kal-ij-in- 
os'-it-e). See Caligo. 

Calignani's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Caligo (kal-i'-go) [L.]. Dimness of vision ; an 
opacity of the cornea, lens, or vitreous humor. 

Caligula [kal-ig' -u-lah) [caliga, a boot]. In biology, 
applied to the tarsal envelop of oscine birds. 

Caliology {kal-e-oF -o-je) [aa'Ata, a nest ; teyeiv, to 
speak]. In biology, the systematized knowledge of 
birds' nests. 

Calipers {kaF-ip-erz) [corruption of caliber]. Com- 
passes with curved legs ; they are used in vulcanite 
and celluloid dental work to measure the thickness 
of the plate. Calipers are used also in pelvimetry, 
craniometry, and other measurements of parts of the 
body. 

Calisaya {kal-is-a' -yah) [South America]. Cinchona 
bark, especially that of Citichona calisaya. See Cin- 
chona. 

Calisthenics, or Callisthenics {kal-is-then' -iks) [m'/<,c, 
beautiful ; atikvoc, strength]. The practice of various 
rhythmic movements of the body and of the limbs, in- 
tended to develop the muscles and produce gracefulness 
of carriage ; light gymnastics, especially designed for 
the use of girls and young women. 

Callaway's Test. In dislocation of the shoulder the 
loss of from one to two inches in the vertical circum- 
ference of the shoulder-joint of the injured side, as 
determined by measuring with a tape-line over the 
acromion and through the axilla. This test is not 
reliable after traumatic swelling has set in. 

Callicarpa {kal-ik-ar' -pah) [n.a\6c, beautiful ; napnuc, 
fruit]. A genus of verbenaceous plants. C. ameri- 
cana, a shrub of the U. S. , called "French Mul- 
berry," is used locally for skin-diseases and for dropsy. 
Unof. C. bonplandiana, of South America, and 
C. cana, C. lanata, and C.rheedii, of the E. Indies, 
are similarly employed. All unof. 

Callisection {kal-is-ek' -shun) [callus, insensibility ; 
sectio, a cutting]. Painless vivisection. 

Callisen's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Callitriche {kal-if '-rik-e) [koIoc, beautiful ; dpit;, hair]. 
A genus of aquatic herbs. C. heterophylla and 
C. verna are diuretic ; these and other species afford 
a mucilage employed as a hair-dressing and they are 
used in domestic practice for making poultices. Unof. 

Callosal {kal-o'-sal) [callosus, hard]. Pertaining to 
the corpus callosum. 

Callose {kal'-os) [callosus, thick-skinned, hard]. In 
biology, having hardened spots or protuberances. 

Callositas (kal-os' -it-as). See Callosity. 

Callosity (cal-os'-it-e) [callus, hardness]. Callositas, 
Tylosis, Tyloma, Keratoma. A hard, thickened 
patch on the skin produced by excessive accumulation 
of the horny layers. 

Calloso-marginal {kal-o-so-mar'-jin-al)[callosus. hard ; 
margo, margin]. Relating to the callosal and mar- 
ginal gyri of the brain. 

Callosum [kal-o 1 '-sum). The bridge of white nerve- 
substance joining the hemispheres of the brain. 1 1 
has also been called Corpus callosum, Trabs cerebri, 
and Commissura magna. See illustrations under 
Brain. 

Callous [kaF -us) [callosus, hard]. Hard ; tough, like 
callus. 

Callus (kaF-us) [L.]. 1. A callosity; hardened and 
thickened skin. 2. The new growth of incomplete 
osseous tissue that surrounds the ends of a fractured 



CALMANT 



251 



CAMATINA 



bone, during the process of repair. See Callosity. 
C, Permanent, the permanent bond of bony union 
after re-absorption of the C. Provisional, or cartilage- 
like, plastic material first thrown out. C. of Skin, 
induration and thickening of the skin. 

Calmant [kahm'-ant) [ME., calme\ A calmative 
medicine. 

Calmative (kaih)l'-mat-iv) [ME., calme\ 1. Calm- 
ing ; sedative. 2. An agent that produces a calming 
or sedative effect. 

Calomel (kal' '-o-mel) . See Hydrargyrum. 

Calophyllum (kal-o-fiV -uni) [wzaoc, beautiful ; 0uaaov, 
leaf]. A genus of large tropical guttiferous trees. 
Several of the species (as C. lacamahaca , C. inophyl- 
lui/i) yield medicinal oils and resins. Unof. 

Calor (ka'-lor) [L. "heat "]. I. Heat. 2. Moderate 
fever heat ; less than fervor and ardor. C. animalis, 
animal heat. C. febrilis, fever-heat. C. fervens, 
boiling heat. C. innatus, natural or normal heat. 
C. mordicans, biting or pungent heat (an unfavorable 
symptom of typhus). C. nativus, native or animal 
heat ; blood heat ; normal heat. C. internus, inward 
fever : fever not appreciable on the surface of the body. 

Caloricity (kal-or-is'-it-e) [_calor, heat]. The heat-pro- 
ducing power of the living animal body. 

Calorie (kal'-or-e) [Fr.]. See Calory. 

Calorifacient (kal-or-if-a' -she-enf) [calor, heat ; facere, 
to make]. Heat-producing (applied to certain foods). 

Calorimeter [kal-or-im'-et-er) [calor, heat; fisrpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for transforming the poten- 
tial energy of the food into heat, and for measuring the 
number of heat-units produced. Two forms are used, 
the Water-Calorimeter and the Ice-Calorimeter. 

Calorimetry [kal-or-im' -et-re) [calor, heat ; fiirpov, a 
measure]. The estimation of the heat-units by the 
calorimeter. 

Calorimotor {kal-or-im-o' -tor) [calor, heat ; motor, 
mover]. A galvanic battery that produces heating- 
effects, generating electricity in large quantity, but not 
necessarily with a high electro-motive force. 

Calorinesis (kal-or-in' '-es-is) [calor, heat : //. , Calori- 
neses\. Any disease characterized by an alteration in 
the quantity of animal heat. 

Calory (kal'-or-e) [Fr. , Calorie]. A heat-unit; the 
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 
one kilogram of water one degree Centigrade. See 
Unit. 

Calotropis (kal-ot'-ro-pis) [icaldg, beautiful ; rpdmr, a 
ship's keel]. A genus of E. Indian asclepiadaceous 
trees and shrubs. See Madar. 

Caltha (kal'-thah) [L.]. A genus of ranunculaceous 
herbs. C. palustris, the marsh-marigold of cold and 
cool regions ; it is vesicant when fresh. It is often 
cooked and eaten as a pot-herb. Unof. 

Calumba (kal-um 1 -bah) [native Mozambique, kalumb~\. 
Columbo. The root of Jateorrhiza columha, native to 
S. Africa and parts of the E. Indies. It is an excellent 
example of a simple bitter, and contains a bitter prin- 
ciple, Calumbin, C 21 H 22 7 , of which the dose is gr. 
j-iij. It is not astringent, and may be prescribed with 
salts of iron. It is useful in atonic dyspepsia, and as 
a mild, appetizing tonic in convalescence. C, Ext. 
(B. P.). Dose gr. ij-x. C, Fid. Ext. Dose r^v-xxx. 
C, Infus. (B. P.). Dose gj-ij. C, Tinct., con- 
tains ten per cent, of C. Dose t ^ss-ij. See also 
American Columbo. 

Calumbin (kal-um' -bin). See Calumba. 

Calva (kal'-vah). Same as Calvaria. 

Calvaria (kal va'-re-ah) [calva, the scalp] . The upper 
part of the skull. 

Calvarian [kal-va' -re-an) [calva, the scalp]. Relating 
to the calvaria. 



Calvarium (kal-va* -re-uni). See Calvaria. 

Calvert's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Calvities (kal-vish'-e-ez) [calvus, bald]. Baldness, 
especially general or senile baldness. See Alopecia. 
C. senilis. See Alopecia senilis. 

Calx (kalks) [L.]. The heel. In chemistry, a name 
formerly applied to any oxid of a metal, especially an 
alkaline metal, and chiefly to lime, or oxid of calcium, 
CaO. See Calcium. 

Calycanthemous [kal-ik-an' -them-us) [/oiAi'f , calyx ; 
avde/iov, a flower]. In biology, with petaloid sepals. 

Calycanthin [kal-ik-an' -thin) (koKv^, calyx ; avOor, 
flower], C 50 H 28 O 22 . A glucosid obtained from cer- 
tain plants of the genus Calycanthus. 

Calycanthus [kal-ik-an' -thus) [koKv^ , calyx ; avdog, 
flower]. A genus of North American shrubs. C, 
floridus, the Carolina allspice, sweet-shrub, or bubby, 
is tonic, emetic, and antifebrile. C. occidentalis is 
the California sweet-shrub. Unof. 

Calyciflorate (kal-is-e-flo' -rat) [calyx, calyx ; flos, 
flower]. In biology, with the petals and stamens 
borne on the calyx. 

Calycine (kal'-is-in) [calyx, calyx]. In biology, per- 
taining to or resembling a calyx. 

Calycle (kal'-ik-l) [calyculus , a little calyx]. In bio- 
logy, applied to parts that resemble a calyx, as the bracts 
or leaflets of certain plants, or the cup-cells of zoo- 
phytes. 

Calycular (kal-ik' -u-lar) [calyculus, a calycle]. I. 
In biology, having bracts resembling accessory calices 
or a cup-cell resembling a calycle. 2. An old name 
for the plant Hyoscyamus. 

Calymna (kal-im' -nah) [KoXvitTELv , to cover, hide]. 
A jelly-like envelop of radiolarians. 

Calyphyomy (kal-if-i'-o-me) [na'/ivt;, a calyx ; (pveiv, to 
grow]. In biology, the growing together of sepals 
and petals. 

Calyptera (kal-ip-te' -rah) [nalvrrTr/piov, a covering]. 
In biology, the tail coverts of birds. 

Calyptoblastic (kal-ip-to-blas' -tik) [koIvktoc, covered ; 
flAaoToc, a germ] . In biology, having capsulated gen- 
erative buds, as the campanularian and sertularian hy- 
droids. 

Calyptra (kal-ip'-trah) [naXvirTpa, a veil]. In biology, 
a hood-like body covering the fruit-organ in plants, as 
the modified archegonium of mosses, or the united 
bracts of some flowers. 

Calyptrate (kal-ip'-trat) [iialvirTpa, a veil]. In biology, 
having a hood-like investment. 

Calyptrogen {kal-ip' -tro-gen) [KaXvirrpa, a veil ; ykvqe, 
producing]. In biology, the root-cap. 

Calyx (ka'-liks) [/cdAvf , the cups or calyx of a flower : 
//. , Calices]. In biology, applied to various cup-like 
ensheathing structures, as the funnel-shaped tissues 
surrounding the Malpighian pyramids of the kidney, 
the cups of a polyzoan, or a Crinoid ; an ovarian cap- 
sule. C. of Ovum, the wall of the Graafian follicle 
from which the ovum has escaped. 

Camass (kam-as') [nat. American Indian]. The edible 
bulb of Camassia esculenta, C. fraseri, or C. leicht- 
linii, squill-like plants of Western N. America. Death 
Camass, the poisonous root or bulb of Zygadenus ven- 
enosus ; called also hog'' s potato, as it is eaten by 
swine. The bulb or corm of the Blue Camass (Bro- 
dia?a grandiflora) , is also considered poisonous, al- 
though it may be eaten. 

Camata (kah-mah'-tah) [origin unknown]. The dried 
acorns of Quercus cegilops, used in the arts for their 
astringency. See Camatina and Valonia. 

Camatina (kah-mah-te'-nah) [origin unknown]. The 
immature acorns of Quercus cegilops, used in the arts 
for their astringency. See Camata and Valonia. 



CAMBIFORM 



252 



CAMPHOR 



Cambiform (ham'-bif-orm) [cambium, cambium; 
forma, shape]. In biology, applied to narrow, thin- 
walled succulent cells, often found in connection with 
sieve-tubes, but whose nature is not well understood. 

Cambi-Resin [East Indian]. The resinous juice of 
Gardenia lucida an E. Indian plant. It has been 
recommended for use in hospital dressings, from which 
it is said to expel flies. 

Cambium (ham'-be-um) [L.]. In biology, a layer of 
tissue formed between the wood and the bark of exog- 
enous plants. It is composed of extremely delicate, 
thin- walled cells, filled with protoplasm and organiz- 
able nutrient matter, and appearing like a thin film of 
mucilage. 

Cambogia (ham-bo' -Je-ah) \_Camboja, or Cambodia, a 
country in Farther India]. Gamboge. A resinous gum 
from Garcinia hanburyi, a tree native to Southern 
Asia. Its properties are due to gambogic acid. It is 
a drastic hydragogue cathartic, decidedly diuretic. C, 
Pil. Comp., (B. P.), contains gamboge, Barbadoes 
aloes, hard soap, compound powder of cinnamon, and 
syrup. Dose gr. v-x. It is also officially a constit- 
uent of Pil. Cath. Comp. See Colocynth. Dose gr. 
ij-v. 

Cambuca {ham-bit' -kah) [L.]. An old name for a 
bubo or venereal ulcer. 

Camel's Hair. The hair of the camel, used in Africa, 
Asia Minor, and the Caucasus, and latterly in Europe, 
for the manufacture of woven goods, that are made 
from the unbleached hair. C.'s-h. Brush, a small 
fine brush used for making various applications to the 
surface of the body, and for cleansing the ear, etc. 

Camelina (ha/u-el-i'-nah) [xa/iai, dwarf; "k'ivov, flax]. 
A genus of cruciferous plants. C. sativa, the gold 
of pleasure. A cruciferous plant of the old world, 
naturalized in N. America. Its seeds afford a fixed 
oil ; the plant itself was formerly esteemed in eye- 
diseases. Unof. 

Camellia (ham-el' -e-ah) [after Kamel, a scientist of the 
seventeenth century]. A genus of shrubs. C. the- 
ifera. See Tea. 

Camellin (ham-el'-in) [see Camellia~\, C 53 H M 19 . A 
glucosid obtained from the seeds of Camellia japonica. 

Camembert Cheese. See Cheese. 

Camera (kam f -er-ati) [na/uapa, an arched roof or 
chamber]. In biology, a chamber or vaulted 
structure. In optics, the chamber or dark-box of the 
apparatus used for photography. C. cordis, the envel- 
oping membrane of the heart, the pericardium. C. 
of Cranium, the chamber of the skull. C. lucida, 
an optical device for superimposing or combining two 
fields of view in one eye, invented by the chemist 
Wollaston. C. oculi, the chamber of the eye. 

Camerated (ham'-er-a-led) [na/iapa, a vault]. In 
biology, chambered, vaulted. 

Camerer's Method. A method of estimating uric acid 
in the urine. It is done by means of Salkowski's 
magnesia mixture (one part of crystallized magnesium 
sulphate, two parts of ammonium chlorid, four parts of 
ammonia solution, of sp. gr. 0.924, and eight parts of 
water), to remove the phosphates, and the addition of 
silver nitrate. 

Camerine (kam'-er-in) [nauapa, a vault]. In biology, 
a foraminiferous shell of the numulite limestone. 

Cameritelous (kam-er-it-e' -his) [camera, a vault; 
tela, a web]. Applied to spiders that spin intricate 
webs or hiding-chambers. 

Camerostoma (ham-er-os'-lo-mah) [Ka/iapa, a vault; 
ard/xa, a mouth]. In biology, the vaulted cover of 
the manducatory organs of spiders. 

Camisole (kam-is-ol' ') [Fr.]. The straight-jacket, for- 
merly used for the restraint of violently insane persons. 



Camomile, or Chamomile (ham'-o-mll). See Anthemis 
and Matricaria. 

Campana (ha??i-pa'-nah). See Pulsatilla. 

Camp Cure. Life in camp and in the open air, adopted 
as a therapeutic measure. C. Fever. Synonym of 
Typhus Fever. C. Measles, an epidemic of measles 
among soldiers. 

Campani's Ocular. See Ocular. C. Tests. See 
Tests, Table of. 

Campanula (kam-pan' -u-lah) [L., "a little bell"]. 
1. Any bell-shaped part or process. 2. A genus of 
plants with bell-shaped flowers: blue-bell: Canterbury 
bell. Several of the species, as C. trachelium and C. 
glomerata have been employed in medicine, as deter- 
gents, astringents, and vulneraries. Unof. 

Campanulate (kam-pan' -u-ldt) [campanula, a little 
bell]. Bell-shaped. 

Camper's Angles. See Angle. C. Ligament. See 
Ligament. C. Lines. See Lines, Table of. C. Plane. 
See Plane. C. Profile Line. See Profile Line. 

Camphene (ham-fen', or kam'-fen) [camphor^, C 10 H 16 . 
The solid terpene obtained from pinene halogen hydrid 
by the elimination of the haloid acid. 

Camphenes (kam'-finz) [camphor]. The volatile oils 
or hydrocarbons having the general formula C 10 H 16 , 
isomeric with oil of turpentine. Many camphenes 
exist ready-formed in plants, as oil of cloves, etc. 
They are liquid at ordinary temperatures. They are 
also called terpenes, but by some authorities the latter 
is made the generic name of all the volatile hydrocar- 
bons having the formula C 10 H ]6 , while the name 
camphene is limited to those terpenes that are solid at 
ordinary temperatures. 

Camphoid (kam'-foid) [camphor~\. A substitute for 
collodion. It is a solution, one in 40, of pyroxylin, 
in equal parts by weight of camphor and absolute 
alcohol. It may be used as a vehicle for applications 
to the skin. The application dries in a few minutes, 
leaving an elastic opaque film, not easily washed off". 

Campholic Acid (kam-fol'-ik). See Acid, Campholic. 

Campho-phenique (kam-fo-fe)z-ek') [Fr.]. A proprie- 
tary preparation combining camphor and phenol ; it is 
recommended as an antiseptic and local stimulant. 

Camphor (ham' -for) [camphora, camphor : gen., 
Campho7-of\, C, H 16 O. A solid volatile oil ob- 
tained from Cinnamomum camphora, a tree indig- 
enous to Eastern Asia. It yields camphoric and cam- 
phretic acids, also C. Cymol when distilled with zinc 
chlorid. It is a valuable antispasmodic, anodyne and 
diaphoretic. Applied locally, it is an excellent rube- 
facient. It is a moderate cerebral excitant. It is 
effectual in cholera, vomiting, cardiac depression and 
affections requiring an antispasmodic. C, aqua, con- 
sists of camphor 8, alcohol 5> precipitated calcium 
phosphate 5, distilled water q. s. ad 1000 parts. Dose 
Jjj— iv. C. Ball, an English preparation used as an 
application to chapped-skin. Its composition is sper- 
maceti 4, white wax 12, oil of almonds 5 ; melt in 
a water bath, and add flowers of camphor 4. Dis- 
solve and when nearly cold pour into boxes or mould 
in gallipots. C. Borneo. See Borneo!. C. Carbo- 
lated, a mixture of 2 Vi parts of camphor with one 
each of carbolic acid and alcohol. A good antiseptic 
dressing for wounds. C, ceratum, consists of cam- 
phor liniment I, white wax 3, and lard 6. Used 
for itching skin-affections. C, Chloral, a fluid pre- 
pared by mixing equal parts of camphor and chloral 
hydrate. It is an excellent solvent for many alka- 
loids. Used externally. C.-ice, the ceratum cam- 
phora compositum, .N. F. C, linimentum, has 
camphor 20, cottonseed oil 80 parts. C, Lini^ 
ment. Comp. (B. P.), contains camphor and oil of 



CAMPHORIC ACID 



253 



CANAL 



lavender dissolved in rectified spirit, and strong solu- 
tion of ammonia added. C, Monobromated, Cj H 15 - 
BrO, camphor in which one atom of hydrogen has 
been replaced by an atom of bromin. It resembles 
the bromids in therapeutic action. Dose gr. j-x, in 
emulsion. C. salicylate, prepared by heating to- 
gether 14 parts of camphor with 11 of salicylic acid. 
It is used as an ointment. C, Spt., contains camphor 10, 
alcohol 70, water 20 parts. Dose rrLv-xx. C, Tinct., 
Comp. (B. P. ), contains opium, benzoic acid, camphor, 
oil of anise, and proof spirit. Dose n\,xv-3J. C. 
Tinct., Rubini's. Unof. A saturated solution of 
camphor in alcohol. Dose gtt. iv-x. Raspail's 
" Eau Sedative." Unof. Contains aq. ammonia; 3 ij, 
sodium chlorid 3 ij, camph. spt. wine 3HJ, water Oij. 
Used externally. 

Camphoric Acid {kam-for'-ik). See Acid. 

Camphoronic Acid [kam-fo-ron f ik). See Acid. 

Camphors (kam'-forz) \cainphora, camphor]. Peculiar- 
smelling substances containing oxygen and intimately 
related to the terpenes. They are often found with 
the latter in plant-secretions and can be artificially 
prepared by oxidizing the same. 

Camphylene [kam 1 ' -fil-eii)\_camphora , camphor], C 10 H 1B . 
I. A liquid terpene produced by decomposing cam- 
phene with lime at a great heat. 2. A commercial 
name for naphthalin, occurring in blocks that are sold 
for protecting furs and woolens from moths, and are 
placed in urinals for disinfecting purposes. 

Campimeter (ham-pirn' '-et-er). See Perimeter. 

Camplin's Biscuits. See Biscuits. 

Campsis (kamp' -sis') {jidfiipL^, a curving] . Any abnormal 
curvature or flexion. 

Campterium (ka/np-te'-re-ztm) \_Kaij.KTijp, a bending]. 
In biology, the anterior border of the wing ; the bend 
of the wing. 

Campylochirus (kam-pil-o-ki' -rus) \_K.afMKu\oc, crooked ; 
X^ip, hand]. Having distorted hands. 

Campylorrhachis (kam-pil-or'-a-kis) [/c a /z 7rt> /I oc, 
crooked; pa-X L S> backbone]. A fetus with spinal 
deformity. 

Campylorrhinus(&7/zz-j*z7-o- z'z'-zzzzj) [_icafj.7rv\oi;, crooked; 
pic, nose]. A monstrosity with a deformity of the 
nose. 

Campylospermous (ham-pil-o-sper' '-mus) [KainrbTioc, 
curved; cnrippa, a seed]. In biology, applied to seeds 
having the material curved so as to form longitudinal 
furrows. 

Campylotropal ikam-pil-ot' '-ro-pal) [itatnrvldc, curved ; 
TptKCLV, to turn]. In biology, applied to ovules or 
seeds that are bent or curved on themselves. 

Canada (katd -a-dah) [Sp.]. A British possession in 
North America. C. Balsam. See Balsamum can- 
adense. For its uses in microscopy, see Mounting 
Media. C. Snakeroot, the root of Asarum canadense. 
See Asarum. C. Hemp. See Apocynum. 

Canadian (kan-a' -de-ari) \_Canadd\. Pertaining or 
belonging to Canada. 

Canadol (kan'-ad-ol). A transparent volatile liquid re- 
sembling benzene in smell. It is an excellent local 
anesthetic for minor surgical operations. Unof. See 
also Gasolene. 

Canaigre (han-a'-gra) [Sp.]. The Rumex hvmeno- 
sepalus, a plant of Texas, Mexico, Utah and Cali- 
fornia. The root is highly astringent : the sour stalks 
are used, like rhubarb-stalks, in making pies. Unof. 

Canal, or Canalis (kan-a! f , or kan-a'-lii) [canna, a 
reed or tube]. I. A tube or duct for carrying the 
fluids of the body. 2. A hollow instrument used as 
a splint. C, Abdominal. See C, Inguinal. C, 
Abital. See C.,Aphodal. C, Aerial. See C, Air. 
C, Afferent. See C, Incurrent. C, Air, a cavity 



containing air, such as exists in most vegetable organs ; 
it is formed by an arrest of development or by a destruc- 
tion of some of the anatomic elements. C, Al- 
cock's, a strong sheath of the obturator layer of the 
pelvic fascia containing the internal pudic artery. C, 
Alimentary, the whole digestive tube from the mouth 
to the anus. C, Alisphenoid, in comparative anatomy, 
a canal in the alisphenoid bone, opening anteriorly into 
the foramen rotundum, and transmitting the external 
carotid artery. C, Alveolar, Anterior, one located 
in the superior maxilla ; it transmits the anterior supe- 
rior dental nerve. C, Alveolar, Inferior, the inferior 
dental canal. C, Alveolar, Median, one located in 
the superior maxilla and transmitting the middle supe- 
rior dental nerve. C, Alveolar, Posterior, one 
situated in the superior maxilla ; it transmits the 
posterior superior dental nerve. C, Alveolo-dental, 
See C. , Dental. C, Ambulacral, in the Ecliinoder- 
mata, branches of the circular canal. C, Anal, leads 
from the rectum to the external opening of the anus. 
C, Aphodal, in certain sponges, one connecting a 
chamber with an excurrent canal. C, Apical, in the 
Ctenophora, two canals extending from the funnel to 
the apical pores. C, Aquiferous. 1. Canals that 
in many molluscs traverse the substance of the foot, 
opening externally by pores, or internally into the 
blood-sinuses. 2. In the Entozoa, a series of ramify- 
ing excretory canals, with blind extremities, converging 
to a common canal that opens externally. C, Arach- 
noid, a space formed beneath the arachnoid membrane 
of the brain ; it transmits the vena; magna? Galeni. C. 
of Arantius, the ductus venosus. C, Archinephric, 
the duct of the archinephron or primitive kidney. 
C, Arterial. See Ductus arteriosus. C, Atrial, 
the cavity of the atrium. C, Auditory, External, 
that from the auricle to the tympanic membrane. C, 
Auditory, Internal, that beginning on the posterior 
surface of the petrous bone, and extending outward 
and backward for a distance of about four lines ; it 
transmits the auditory and facial nerves, and the audi- 
tory artery. C, Auricular. 1. See C. , Auditory, 
External. 2. The constriction between the auricular 
and ventricular portions of the fetal heart. C. , Avant, 
the anterior portion of the male urethra. C, Axial, 
in certain Echinodermata, the central canal of a 
brachium, opening into the alimentary canal. C, 
Bartholin's, the duct of Bartholin's gland. C. of 
Bernard, a supplementary duct of the pancreas. Also 
called Santorini's canal. C, Bichat's. See C. , 
Arachnoid. C, Biflex. See Gland, Jnterungulate. 
C, Biliary. See C., Hepatic. C, Biliary, Inter- 
lobular, canals situated between the acini of the liver, 
containing small branches of the portal vein, etc. C, 
Blastoporic. See C., Neurenteric. C. of Bone, a 
canaliculus of bone. C, Braun's. See C, Neuren- 
teric. C, Braune's, the continuous passage formed 
by the uterine cavity and the vagina during labor, 
after full dilatation of the os. C, Breschet's. See 
C. of the Diploe. C, Bullular. See C. of Petit. 
C, Carinal, an air-canal in the Equiseta, situated on 
the inner side of the xylem. C, Carotic. See C, 
Carotid. C, Carotico-tympanic, two or three short 
canals extending from the carotid canal to the tym- 
panum ; they transmit branches of the carotid plexus. 
C, Carotid, one in the petrous portion of the temporal 
bone ; it transmits the internal carotid artery. C. of 
Cartilage, the canals in ossifying cartilage, during its 
vascularization intended to receive prolongations of 
the osteogenetic layer of the periosteum. They radiate 
in all directions from the center of ossification. C, 
Central (of the modiolus), a canal running from the 
base to the apex of the cochlea. C, Central (of spinal 



CANAL 



254 



CANAL 



cord), the small canal that extends through the center 
of the spinal cord from the conus medullaris to the 
lower part of the fourth ventricle. It represents the 
embryonic ectodermal canal. C, Cerebro-spinal, 
I. The neural or cranio- vertebral canal, formed by the 
skull and the spine, and containing the brain and spinal 
marrow. 2. The primitive continuous cavity of the 
brain and spinal cord, not infrequently more or less 
extensively obliterated in the latter, but in the former 
modified in the form of the several ventricles and other 
cavities. C, Cervical. See C. of Cervix Uteri. C, 
Cervico-uterine. See C, Uterine. C. of Cervix 
Uteri, that portion of the uterine canal that extends 
between the internal and external os. C. of Chorda 
Tympani, a small canal in the temporal bone, be- 
tween its squamous and petrous portions, parallel with 
the Glaserian fissure ; it transmits the chorda tympani 
nerve. C, Chyleaqueous, in certain invertebrates, a 
system of canals containing water and digestive pro- 
ducts. C, Ciliary. See C, of Fontanel. C, Cir- 
cular, in the Echinodermata, a vessel surrounding the 
esophagus, connected with the exterior by the madre- 
poric canal, and giving off the ambulacral canals. C. 
clavellaris, in biology, a cecal canal running into the 
olfactory clubs of Medusa. C, Cloacal. See C, 
Excurrent. C. of Cloquet. See C, Hyaloid. C, 
Cochlear, the spiral and snail-like cavity of the 
cochlea, 28 to 30 mm. long. The base is turned 
inward toward the internal auditory meatus, and the 
apex outward toward the tympanum. C. of Com- 
munication, in the embryo of the fowl, canals that 
run from the cavity of each protovertebra to the pleuro- 
peritoneal space. C, Connecting, the arched or coiled 
portion of a uriniferous tubule, joining with a collect- 
ing tubule. C, Corona, in biology, the coronal in- 
testine of Medttsa;. Same as Pouch corona. C. of 
Corti, the triangular canal formed by the pillars of 
Corti, the base of which corresponds to the membrana 
basilaris. It extends over the entire length of the 
lamina spiralis. C. of Cotunnius. See Aqueduct 
of the Vestibule. C, Cranio-vertebral. See C, 
Cerebro-spinal, and C, Neural. C, Crural. See 
C, Femoral. C, Ctenophoral, in the Ctenophora, 
eight canals connected at right angles with the tertiary 
radial canals, and corresponding in their course with 
the eight locomotive bands. C. of Cuvier, the ductus 
venosus. C, Cystic, the cystic duct. C. of De 
Candolle. See C, Medullary. C, Deferent, the 
vas deferens. C, Demicircular. See C, Semi- 
circular. C, Dental, Anterior, one extending 
into the facial portion of the superior maxilla ; it 
transmits the anterior dental vessels and nerves. C, 
Dental, Inferior, the dental canal of the inferior 
maxilla ; it transmits the inferior dental nerve and 
vessels. C, Dental, Posterior, two canals in the 
superior maxilla. They transmit the superior posterior 
dental vessels and nerves. C, Dentinal, the minute 
canals in dentine, extending approximately at right- 
angles to the surface of a tooth from the pulp-cavity, 
into which they open, to the cementum and enamel. 
C, Digestive. See C, Alimentary. C. of Diploe, 
canals in the diploe of the cranium transmitting 
Breschet's veins. C, Efferent. I. See C. , Excur- 
rent. 2. In the Cestoda, canals connecting the testicles 
with the deferent canals. C, Ejaculatory. See 
Duct, Ejaculatory. C. of Epididymis, a convoluted 
tube, about 20 feet long when straightened, forming 
the epididymis and continuous with the vas deferens. 
C, Eschricht's Yellow, in certain of the Cestoda, a 
system of canals, opening into the fertilizing canal, 
and terminating in round or oval sacs. C, Eth- 
moidal, Anterior, one between the ethmoid and 



frontal bones ; it transmits the nasal branch of the 
ophthalmic nerve, and the anterior ethmoidal ves- 
sels. C, Ethmoidal, Posterior. See C. , Orbital, 
Posterior, Internal. C, Eustachian, one in the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone, containing a 
portion of the Eustachian tube. C, Excurrent, in 
sponges, the tubes that carry water from the ciliated 
chambers to the exterior. C., Facial, the aqueduct 
of Fallopius ; it transmits the facial nerve. C, Fal- 
lopian. See Aqueduct of Fallopius. C, Femoral. 
I. The inner compartment of the sheath of the femoral 
vessels behind Poupart's ligament; a femoral hernia 
descends through this. 2. See C, Hunter 's. C. of 
Ferrein, a triangular channel, supposed to exist 
between the free edges of the eyelids when they are 
closed, and to serve for conducting the tears toward 
the puncta lachrymalia during sleep. C, Fertilizing, 
in many cestoda, a tube connecting the vagina and the 
uterus. C, Fibro-adipose, in certain fishes, a canal, 
filled with adipose tissue, on the dorsal side of the neural 
canal. C. of Fontana, a series of small spaces formed 
by the interlacing of the connective-tissue fibers of 
the framework of the peripheral processes of the 
iris, situated in the angle of the anterior cham- 
ber, and serving as a medium for the transudation 
of the aqueous humor from the posterior to the 
anterior chamber of the eye. They are also called C. 
of Hovius, C, Ciliary, and Fontana' s Spaces. C, 
Galactophorous, the lactiferous tubules of the 
mammary gland. C. of Gartner, in the female, a 
relic of the main portion of the Wolffian duct of 
the embryo ; it is a tube extending from the broad 
ligament of the uterus to the wall of the uterus and 
vagina. C, Gastro-vascular, in the Hydrozoa, 
canals extending from the stomach into the substance 
of the disc of the umbrella. C, Genital, in com- 
parative anatomy, any canal designed for copulation 
or for the discharge of ova. C, Gonocalycine, a 
system of canals found in the gonocalyx of the Hy- 
drozoa. C. of Groin. See C, Inguinal. C. of 
Guidi. See C. , Vidian. C, Gynecophoric, in 
Bilharzia, a groove extending from a little below the 
ventral sucker to the end of the tail. It lodges the 
female during copulation. C. of Havers. See C, 
Haversian. C, Haversian, canals in the compact 
substance of bone forming a wide-meshed 
network, and establishing communication between 
the medullary cavity and the surface of the bone. 
Their average diameter is -^^ inch, and they 
are lined by a continuation of the endosteum ; they 
transmit blood-vessels, lymph-vessels and nerves. 
C, Hemal, one in the ventral surface of the vertebral 
column, enclosed by the hemal arches ; it is incom- 
plete in certain portions. C. of Henle, a portion of 
the uriniferous tubules. C, Hepatic. I. The excre- 
tory duct of the liver. 2. The radicles of the hepatic 
duct. C, Hernial, one transmitting a hernia. C. 
of Hovius. See C. of Fontana. C. of Huguier. 
See C. of the Chorda Tympani. C, Hunter's, a 
triangular canal formed in the adductor magnus 
muscle of the thigh ; it transmits the femoral artery 
and vein and internal saphenous nerve. C. of 
Huschke, one formed by the junction of the tuber- 
cles of the annulus tympanicus. This is generally 
obliterated after the fifth year, but may persist through 
life. C, Hyaloid, an irregularly-cylindrical canal 
running antero-posteriorly through the vitreous body, 
through which in the fetus the hyaloid artery passes, 
to ramify on the posterior surface of the crystalline 
lens. C, Hyapophyseal, in birds, that formed by 
the inferior spinous processes of the upper cervical 
vertebra; ; it transmits the carotid artery. C, Inci- 



CANAL 



255 



CANAL 



sive. See C, Incisor. C, Incisor, a canal that 
opens into the mouth by an aperture just behind the 
incisor teeth of the upper jaw ; it is formed by a groove 
on the adjoining surfaces of the superior maxillae, and 
has two branches that open into the nasal fossae. C, 
Incurrent, in sponges, the canals that convey water 
from the exterior to the ciliated chambers. C, Infra- 
orbital, a small canal running obliquely through the 
bony floor of the orbit ; it transmits the infraorbital 
artery and nerve. C, Inguinal, a canal about one 
and one-half inches long, running obliquely downward 
and inward from the internal to the external abdominal 
ring, and constituting the channel through which an 
inguinal hernia descends; it transmits the spermatic 
cord in the male, and the round ligament of the uterus in 
the female. C, Inter-. See C, Incurrent. C, Inter- 
cellular, in biology, canals formed by the interspaces 
between vegetable cells. C, Intestinal, that portion 
of the alimentary canal that is included between the 
pylorus and the anus. C, Intrafascicular, one formed 
in a fibro-vascular bundle by the destruction of the 
vascular tissue and parenchyma. C, Intralobular, 
Biliary, the radicles of the bile-ducts, forming a fine 
network in and around the hepatic cells, and com- 
municating with vacuoles in the cells. C. of Jacob- 
son. See C, Tympanic. C, Kidney, in the Platel- 
minthes, excretory tubes that take up excrementitious 
matter from the tissues. C, Kidney, Primitive, 
in some of the lower animals canals that appear to re- 
place the kidneys. C. of Kowalevsky. See C. , Neu- 
r enteric. C. , Lacrymal. I. The bony canal that 
lodges the nasal duct. 2. One of the lachrymal canal-" 
iculi. C, Lateral, in most fishes, two canals, one on 
each side, that communicate with cavities in the head, 
and with the exterior, by apertures in each overlying 
scale ; they are probably sensory in function. C. of 
Laurer, in certain worms, one by which the oviduct 
opens externally on the dorsal surface ; according to 
some, the vitellarian duct. C, Lingual, in the horse, 
etc. , the floor of the mouth, from its lodging the tongue. 
C. of Loewenberg, that portion of the cochlear canal 
that is situated above the membrane of Corti. C, 
Longitudinal, in the Cestoda, canals, one on each 
side of a joint; they are of uncertain function. C, 
Looped, in the Annulata, the segmental organs. C, 
Macro-myelonal, the central canal of the spinal cord. 
C, Madreporic, in the Echinodermata, one joining 
the madreporite, and the circular canal. C, Malar, one 
in the malar bone transmitting the malar division of the 
temporo-malar branch of the superior maxillary nerve. 
C. of Marrow. See C, Cartilage. C, Maxillary. 
See C. , Dental. C, Median. I. The central canal 
of the spinal cord. 2. The aqueduct of Sylvius. C, 
Medullary. I. The hollow cavity of a long bone, con- 
taining the marrow. 2. See C, Vertebral. 3. The cen- 
tral canal of the spinal cord. 4. An Haversian canal. 5. 
The canal of De Candolle, enclosing the pith in the 
stem of plants. 6. In embryology, the medullary tube. 
C, Medullary, Cerebro- spinal, the central canal of 
the spinal cord. C, Membranous, of the Cochlea, 
a canal in the cochlea, following the turns of the 
lamina spiralis ; it is bounded by the basilar mem- 
brane, the membrane of Reissner, and the wall of 
the cochlea. C, Membranous, Semicircular. 
See C, Semicircular. C. of Modiolus, the spiral 
canal of the cochlea. C, Muciparous. See C, 
Mucous. C, Mucous, in general, canals lined 
with mucous membrane. In zoology, canals found 
beneath the scales of fishes and other scaly animals, 
furnishing the mucus that lubricates the surface. C. 
of Miiller. See Miillerian Duct. C, Myelonal, the 
central canal of the spinal cord. C, Nasal. I. See 



C, Lachrymal. 2. An occasional canal found in the 
posterior portion of the nasal bone ; it transmits the 
nasal nerves. C, Naso-lachrymal. See C, Lach- 
rymal. C, Naso-palatine. See C, Incisor. C, 
Neural. I. See C, Vertebral. 2. In Echinoderms, 
a canal a part of the wall of which is formed 
by the ambulacral nerve and its connections. C, 
Neurenteric, of Kowalewsky, also called Blasto- 
poric Canal, in the embryo, a passage leading from 
the posterior part of the medullary tube into the arch- 
enteron. C, Neuro-central. See C, Vertebral. C. 
of Nuck, a pouch of peritoneum which, in the female 
fetus, descends for a short distance along the round 
ligament of the uterus into the inguinal canal ; it is the 
analogue of the processus vaginalis in the male. It 
sometimes persists after birth. C, Nutritive. See C, 
Haversian. C, Obstetric. See C, Parturient. C, 
Obturator, a canal in the ilium transmitting the obtu- 
rator nerve and vessels. C. , Olfactory, in the embryo, 
the nasal fossae at an early period of development. C, 
Omphalo-mesenteric, in the embryo, a canal that 
connects the cavity of the intestine with the umbilical 
vesicle. C, Optic. See Optic Foramen. C, Orb- 
ital, Anterior Internal. See C, Ethmoidal, An- 
terior. C, Orbital, Posterior Internal, the poste- 
rior of two canals formed by the ethmoid bone and 
the orbital plate of the frontal. It transmits the pos- 
terior ethmoidal vessels. C, Palatine, Accessory 
Posterior, one or two canals in the horizontal plate 
of the palate bone, near the groove entering into the 
formation of the posterior palatine canal. C., Pala- 
tine, Anterior, formed by the union of the incisive 
canals ; it opens on the palate behind the incisor 
teeth. C, Palatine, Descending. See C, Palato- 
maxillary. C, Palatine, External, Small, a small 
canal in the pyramidal process of the palate bone, 
close to its connection with the horizontal plate. It 
transmits the external palatine nerve. C, Palatine, 
Posterior. See C. , Palato-maxillary. C, Palatine, 
Smaller. See C. , Palatine, Posterior. C, Palatine, 
Superior, one formed by the palate bone and the 
superior maxilla, transmitting the large palatine nerve 
and blood-vessels. C, Palato-maxillary, one formed 
by the outer surface of the palate bone and the adjoin- 
ing surface of the superior maxilla. It transmits 
the large palatine nerve and blood-vessel. C, Para- 
gastric, in the Ctenophora, one that branches off on 
each side of the funnel, and terminates near the oral 
extremity of the funnel. C, Parturient, the channel 
through which the fetus passes in parturition, includ- 
ing the pelvic canal, and the uterus and vagina con- 
sidered as a single canal. C, Pelvic, the canal of 
the pelvis, from the superior to the inferior strait. C, 
Pericardio-peritoneal, in some of the lower verte- 
brates ; canals connecting the pericardium and the 
peritoneal cavity. C, Perigastric, in the Hydrozoa, 
two canals running parallel to the stomach, from the 
infundibulum, and terminating in culs-de-sac near the 
mouth. C, Peritoneal, in the Plagiostomata, etc., 
two canals leading from the peritoneal cavity, one to 
each side of the cloaca. C, Perivascular, the cir- 
cumvascular lymph spaces. C. of Petit. Properly, 
a space, intersected by numerous fine interlacing fibers, 
existing between the anterior and posterior laminae of 
the suspensory ligament of the crystalline lens. It 
extends from the periphery of the lens, nearly to the 
apices of the ciliary process, and transmits the secre- 
tion from the posterior chamber. C, Petro-mas- 
toid, a small canal not always present, situated at the 
angle of union between the mastoid and petrous bones. 
It transmits a small vein from the middle fossa of the 
skull to the transverse sinus. C, Petrosal, two canals 



CANAL 



256 



CANAL 



on the upper surface of the petrous portion of the tem- 
poral bone, transmitting the large and small superficial 
petrosal nerves. C, Plasmatic. I. An Haversian 
canal. 2. In the TeniadcB, canals given off from the 
longitudinal vessels, containing a homogeneous fluid 
which is supposed to serve for the nutrition of the 
animal. C, Poison, in snakes, the canal in the poi- 
son-fang, serving for the ejaculation of the venom. 
C, Pore. See C, Porous. C, Porous, in the ovule, 
supposed to serve for the entrance of the spermato- 
zoids in fecundation. C, Portal. See Intralobular, 
Biliary. C, Preputial, in the lower animals, the 
sheath of the penis. C, Primitive, the neural canal 
of the embyro. C, Prosodal, in sponges, a canal 
connecting the chamber with the prosopyle. C, 
Pseudostomatous, the processes of branched cells 
that extend from a sub-epithelial or endothelial layer 
to the free surface, their free ends forming the pseudo- 
stomata. C, Pterygoid. See C. , Vidian. C, Ptery- 
gopalatine, one formed by the root of the internal 
pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and the sphen- 
oidal process of the palate bone. It transmits the 
pterygo-palatine vessels and nerve. C, Pulmo- 
aortic. bee Ductus arteriosus. C, Radial, in the 
Ctenopkora, two canals that branch off laterally from 
the funnel. Each divides into two (the secondary 
radial), which themselves divide into two (the tertiary 
radial), which open into the ctenophoral canals. C. 
of Recklinghausen, minute channels supposed to 
exist in all connective tissue, which are directly con- 
tinuous with the lymphatic vessels, and hence may be 
said to form their origin. C. of Reissner. See C, 
Membranous, of the Cochlea. C, Resin. See C, 
Resiniferous . C, Resiniferous, a canal in which 
resin is secreted. C.J Rhachidian. See C, Verte- 
bral. C. of Rivinus, the duct of the sublingual gland. 
C. of Rosenthal. See C, Spiral, of the Modiolus, 
C, Sacculo-cochlear, one connecting the sacculus 
and the cochlea. C, Sacculo-utricular, one con- 
necting the sacculus and the utricle. C, Sacral, the 
continuation of the vertebral canal in the sacrum. 
C, Sand. See C. , Madreporic. C, Santorini's. 
See C. of Bernard. C. of Schlemm, an irregular 
space or plexiform series of spaces occupying the 
sclero-corneal region of the eye ; it is regarded by 
some as a venous sinus, by others as a lymph-channel. 
C, Secretory, an interspace between the cells of 
vegetable tissue, lined with special cells, secreting va- 
rious products such as oils, balsams, gum-resins, etc. 
C, Semicircular, bony canals of the labyrinth of the 
internal ear. They are three in number, the external, 
superior, and posterior, and contain the ?nembranous 
semicircular canals. C, Semicircular, Anterior. 
See C, Semicircular, Superior. C, Semicircular, 
Anterior Vertical. See C, Semicircular, Superior. 
C, Semicircular, External, that one of the semicir- 
cular canals of the labyrinth having its plane horizon- 
tal and its convexity directed backward. C, Semi- 
circular, Frontal. See C. , Se?nicircular, Superior. 
C, Semicircular, Horizontal. See C. , Semicircu- 
lar, External. C, Semicircular, Inferior. See 
C, Semicircular, Posterior. C, Semicircular, In- 
ner. See C, Semicircular, Posterior. C, Semicir- 
cular, Internal. See C. , Semicircular, Posterior. 
C, Semicircular, Lateral. See C, Semicircular, 
External. C, Semicircular, Osseous. See C, 
Semicircular. C, Semicircular, Posterior, that one 
of the semicircular canals having its convexity directed 
backward, and its plane almost parallel to the pos- 
terior wall of the pyramid. C, Semicircular, Pos- 
terior Vertical. See C, Semicircular, Posterior. 
C, Semicircular, Sagittal. See C. , Semicircular, 



Posterior. C, Semicircular, Superior, that one of 
the semicircular canals having its convexity directed 
toward the upper surface of the pyramid. C, Sem- 
inal, the seminiferous tubules. C, Serous, any mi- 
nute canal connected with the lymph vessels and sup- 
posed to be filled with lymph. C, Sheathing, the 
communication between the cavity of the tunica vagi- 
nalis of the testicle and the general peritoneal cavity. 
It soon closes in man, leaving the tunica vaginalis a 
closed sac. C, Side, blind canals in the ventral skin 
of amphioxus, supposed to have a urinary function. 
C, Spermatic. I. The vas deferens. 2. The ingui- 
nal canal in the male. C, Spheno-palatine. See 
C. , Pterygo-palatine. C, Spinal. See C, Vertebral. 
C, Spiral, of the Cochlea, one that runs spirally 
around the modiolus, taking two turns and a half, 
diminishing in size from the base to the apex, and 
terminating in the cupola. C, Spiral, of the Modio- 
lus, a small canal winding around the modiolus of 
the base of the lamina spiralis. C, Spiroid, of the 
Temporal Bone. See Aqueduct of Pallopius. C. 
of Stenson. See Stensen's Duct. C, Sternal, in 
the Crustacea, one formed by the union of the meso- 
phragms of the endosternites. C. of Stiebel, in cer- 
tain Mollusca the embryonic renal organ. C. of 
Stiega. See C. of Laurer. C. of Stilling. See 
C. , Hyaloid, and C, Central, of Spinal Cord. C, 
Stone. See C. , Madreporic. C, Suborbital. See 
C, Infraorbital. C, Supraorbital, one at the upper 
margin of the orbit. It transmits the supraorbital ar- 
tery and nerve. C, Temporal. See C. , Zygomatico- 
temporal. C, Temporo-malar. See C, Zygo- 
matico-temporal. C, Thoracic, the thoracic duct. 
C, Tympanic, one that opens on the lower surface 
of the petrous bone, between the carotid canal and 
the groove for the internal jugular vein. It transmits 
Jacobson's nerve. C, Urethro-sexual, in some 
mammals the vagina and urethra combined. C, Urin- 
ary, the urethra. C, Uro-genital. See Urogenital 
Sinus. C.j Uterine, the canal of the uterus, including 
the body and neck. C, Utero-cervical, the cavity 
of the cervix uteri at the time of labor. C, Utero- 
vaginal. 1. The common canal formed by the uterus 
and vagina. 2. In embryology, the duct of Miiller. 
C, Vaginal, the canal of the vagina. C, Vascu- 
lar. See C, Haversian, and C, Cartilage. C, Vec- 
tor, the oviduct. C, Venous, the ductus venosus. 
C, Vertebral, the canal formed by the vertebrae. It 
transmits the spinal cord and its membranes. C, 
Vertebrarterial, the osseous canal through which the 
vertebral artery runs. C, Vestibular. See C, In- 
current. C, Vidian, a canal of the sphenoid bone 
at the base of the internal pterygoid plate, opening 
anteriorly into the spheno-maxillary fossa, and pos- 
teriorly into the foramen lacerum. It transmits the 
Vidian nerve and vessels. C, Vitelligene, in com- 
parative anatomy, canals leading to the vitelligene 
glands. C, Vitellin, a supposed canal leading from 
the central cavity of the vitellus, in birds' eggs, to the 
cicatricula. C, Vulvar, the vestibule of the vagina. 
C, Vulvo-uterine, the vagina. C, Vulvovag- 
inal. 1. The vagina and the vulva considered as a 
single canal. 2. The orifice of the hymen. C, Water- 
vascular. See C, Aquiferous. C. of Wharton. 
See Wharton' s Duct. C, White, of Malpighi, in 
insects, two white convoluted urinary tubules open- 
ing into the large intestine. C. of Wirsung, the 
pancreatic duct. C. of Wolff. See Wolffian Duct. 
C, Yellow, of Malpighi, in insects, two yellowish 
convoluted tubes opening at the junction of the stom- 
ach and intestine ; they are regarded as urinary. C, 
Zygomatic. See C, Zygo7?iatico-temporal and C. , 



CANALICULAR 



257 



CANINE 



Zygomatico-facial. C, Zygomaticofacial. See C , 
Malar. C, Zygomatico-temporal, the temporal 
canal of the malar bone, running from its orbital to 
its temporal surface. It transmits a branch of the 
superior maxillary nerve. 

Canalicular [kan-al-ik' -u-lar) [canalis, a channel]. 
In biology, canal-shaped. 

Canaliculization (kan-al-ik-u-liz-a'-shuri) [canaliculus, 
a little canal]. The formation of canaliculi, as in 
bone, or as in calcified cartilage. 

Canaliculus (kan-al-ik' -u-lus) [L. : pi. , Canaliculi"]. 
A small canal ; especially that leading from the punc- 
tum to the lachrymal sac of the eye ; and in the plural, 
the minute canals opening into the lacunas of bone. 
See Bone. 

Canalization (kan-al-iz-a' -shun) [canalis, a canal]. 
I. The formation of canals, as in tissues, etc. 2. A 
system of wound-drainage without tubes. C. of the 
clot, formation of a channel through a clot in a 
vessel for the passage of the blood-current, occurring 
from the 50th to the 70th day after ligation. See 
Cells, Vasifactive . 

Canarin (kan' '-ar-in). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Canarium (kan-a' -re-um) [E. Ind. , canari]. A genus 
of burseraceous trees and shrubs of warm regions. C, 
commune affords a part (at least) of themanilaelemi, 
and also a balsam resembling copaiba. Other species 
yield similar products. 

Canatillo (kah-nah-tet'-yo). See Tepopote. 

Cancellate (kan'-sel-dt) [cancellare , to provide with 
a lattice]. Reticulated, or characterized by latticed 
lines, as the spongy tissue of bones, or certain leaves 
consisting entirely of veins. 

Cancellation (kan-sel-a 1 '-shun) \_cancelli, lattice-work]. 
The quality of being cancellate ; cancellous structure. 

Cancellous (kan' -sel-us) [cancelli, lattice- work]. Re- 
sembling lattice-work. C. Tissue. See Tissue. 

Cancellus (kan' -sel-us) \_cancelli, lattice- work]. A 
space, or unit of structure, in cancellous bone ; any 
one of the minute divisions in spongy bone. The 
spongy, lattice-work texture of bone. 

Cancer (kan'-ser). See Carcinoma. C, Alveolar, a 
carcinoma with an alveolar structure. C. aquaticus. 
Synonym of Stomatitis, Gangrenous. C. -bandage, 
a crab-shaped bandage ; a split-cloth of eight tails. 
C.-cell, a peculiar cell sometimes seen in adenoid 
cancer and in sarcoma. It was formerly thought to 
be pathognomonic of the malignant quality of a tumor. 
C, Clay-pipe. See C, Smokers'. C, Colloid, one 
containing colloid material. C. en cuirasse, dis- 
seminated lenticular cancer of the skin. C. -Juice, 
the milky fluid yielded by the cut surface of a hard 
cancer on scraping. C, Melanotic, a malignant 
pigmented form. C, Smokers', epithelioma of 
the lip due to the irritation of a pipe. C.-root, a 
name of Epipliegus virginiana, Aphyllon uniflorum, 
Conopholis americana and other plants vaunted as 
cancer-cures. The above are all either root-para- 
sites or saprophytes. Unof. See Aphyllon. C.-r. 
Beech-drop, a name for a plant used as a local ap- 
plication for cancer. C.-weed, Prenanthes alba, a 
plant. C.-wort, Linuria spuria and L. elatine, 
European herbs. 

Cancerate (kan'-ser-dt) \_Kapnivoc, a crab]. To become 
cancerous ; to be developed into a cancer. 

Canceration (kan-ser-a' ' -shun) [napitivoc, a crab]. De- 
velopment into a cancer ; the assumption of malig- 
nant qualities by a tumor. 

Cancerous (kan' -ser-us) [KapKtvoq, a crab]. Having 
the qualities of a cancer ; malignant. 

Canchalagua (kan-cha-la'-gwah) [Sp.]. A Spanish- 
American name for various plants, chiefly of the 
17 



genus Erythr&a, (as E. chilensis, E. venusta, E. tri- 
chantha). They are bitter tonics, with the qualities 
of gentian. Unof. 

Canchasmus (kan-kaz'-mus) [icayicaa/tdc, loud laugh- 
ter]. Hysterical or immoderate laughter. 

Cancriform (kang' -kriform) [cancer, a crab ; forma, 
form]. Resembling a cancer in appearance. 

Cancrisocial (kang-kris-o'-shal) [cancer, a crab; socias, 
a companion]. In biology, a communalistic associa- 
tion of sea-anemonies, sponges, molluscs, etc. on the 
shell inhabited by a hermit crab. 

Cancrivorous (kang-kriv'-o-rus) [cancer, a crab; 
vorare, to eat]. Applied to animals that feed upon 
crabs. 

Cancroid (kang' -kroid) [cancer, a crab]. Cancer-like; 
semi-malignant. C. Ulcer. See Rodetit Ulcer. 

Cancroin (kan'-kro-in) [cancer, a crab]. A substance 
(said to be identical with neurin), introduced by Adam- 
kiewicz as a material for hypodermatic injection in 
cases of malignant disease, it being regarded by him 
as an alexin destructive of cancer-tissue. 

Cancrophagous (kang-kroff ' -ag-us) [cancer, a crab ; 
fayeiv, to eat]. Same as Cancrivorous. 

Cancrum (kang'-krum) [L., " a cancer"]. A cancer 
or rapidly-spreading ulcer. C. Oris, also called 
Canker of the Mouth, Gangrenous Stomatitis, Noma, 
Gangrenous Ulceration of the Mouth. It is a disease 
of childhood between the ages of one and five, char- 
acterized by the formation of foul, deep ulcers of the 
buccal surfaces of the cheeks or lips. There is but 
slight pain, but the prostration is great, and death 
usually results from exhaustion or blood-poisoning. 
The disease is generally the result of poor hygienic 
surroundings acting upon a debilitated system. C. 
Nasi, gangrenous rhinitis of children. 

Candela (kan-de'-lah ) [candere, to glow] I. A medi- 
cated candle for fumigation. 2. A wax bougie. 

Candle (kan'-dl) [candela, a candle]. A taper; a 
bougie. C. -berry, the bay -berry, Myrica cerifera, 
or its waxy fruit, from which a greenish wax is ob- 
tained. See Myrica. C.-fish Oil. See Eulachoni 
Oleum. C.-foot. See Unit Quantity of Light. C- 
house, an establishment in which candles are manufac- 
tured. C. -power, in photometry, the candle-power 
of a lamp is measured by the ratio of the illumination 
of the light considered to that of a standard candle, 
both sources being at the same distance from the object 
illuminated. 

Cane Sugar (kan-shug'-ar). See Saccharum. 

Canella (kan-el'-ah) [dim. of Canna, a reed]. The 
bark of C. alba deprived of its corky layer and dried. 
It is a native of the West Indies and is an aromatic 
tonic and bitter stomachic. Dose of the powdered 
bark, gr. xv-xxx. Officinal in the B. P. 

Canelle-Brown. Same as Phenyletie Bro7un. 

Canescent (kan-es' -ent) [canus, white or hoary]. In 
biology, applied to the gray, hoary or white plumage 
or fur of animals and to the pubescence of plants. 

Canestrini, Bacillus of. See Bacteria. 

Canine (ka'-nln or ka-nln') [canis, a dog]. Partaking 
of the nature of, relating to, or resembling a dog, or 
the sharp tearing-teeth of mammals, located between 
the incisors and the molars. C. Appetite, bulimia, 
q. v. C. Eminence, a prominence on the outer side 
of the upper maxillary bone. C. Fossa. See Fossa. 
C. Laugh, a sardonic smile, or grin. C. Madness, 
rabies, hydrophobia. C. Muscle, the levator anguli 
oris. See Muscles, Table of. C. Teeth, dentes 
canini ; cynodontes ; dentes laniarii ; dents angulaires; 
cuspidati ; conoides ; eye-teeth. The cuspid teeth 
next to the lateral incisors ; so called from their re- 
semblance to a dog's teeth. 



CANINIKORM 



258 



CANTUS GALLI 



Caniniform [kan-in' '-if-orni) [canirius, pertaining to 
the dog ; forma, shape]. Applied to teeth resembling 
canines. 

Canis (ka'-nis) [L., "a dog"]. I. The dog. 2. A 
genus of animals. C. rabiosa. Synonym of Hydro- 
phobia. 

Canities {kan-ish' -e-lz) [Lat.]. Poliosis; hoariness ; 
hair-blanching; Trichonosis cana; Trichonosis discolor; 
a premature or senile, partial or universal decoloriza- 
tion of the hair, the change varying from black or 
brown through every gradation to the whiteness of 
wool. This change maybe physiologic or pathologic, 
gradual or rapid, general or confined to localized 
patches. 

Canker {kang'-ker) [cancrum, a cancer]. An ulcera- 
tion of the mouth, or any ulcerous or gangrenous sore ; 
cancrum oris ; in farriery, a fetid abscess of the 
horse's foot. See Cancrum Oris. C.-rash. Synonym 
of Scarlet Fever. 

Canna {kan' -ah) [nawa, a cane]. A genus of large- 
leaved marantaceous plants. C. indica, has an acrid 
and stimulant root ; it is alterative, diuretic and dia- 
phoretic. Unof. The rhizome of C. speciosa affords 
canna-starch, or tous-les-mois, a good substitute for 
true arrow-root. C. Starch. See Tous-les-?nois. 

Cannabene {kau'-ab-en). See Cannabis. 

Cannabin. See Cannabis. 

Cannabinin {kan-ab' -in-iii) [cannabis, hemp]. A 
volatile alkaloid from cannabis indica. 

Cannabinon, Cannabinone {kan-ab' -in-on) [cannabis, 
hemp]. An amorphous bitter resinoid from Indian 
hemp, used as an hypnotic. Dose I to 3 grains. 
Unof. 

Cannabis {kan'-ab-is) [L.]. Hemp. Indian hemp. 
The flowering tops of C. saliva, of which there are 
two varieties, C. indica and C. americana, the former 
being the more potent. They contain a resin, cannabin, 
and a volatile oil, from which are obtained Cannabene 
C 18 H, , alight hydrocarbon, and Hydrid of Camiabene, 
a crystalline body. It is an antispasmodic, anesthetic, 
narcotic, and a powerful aphrodisiac. In large doses it 
produces mental exaltation, intoxication, and a sensa- 
tion of double-consciousness. It is a valuable hypnotic 
in delirium tremens, and is useful for painful affections 
of the 'bladder and for functional impotence. Bhang, 
Gunjah, Churrus, and Hashish are the various Indian 
names by which the drug is known. Strychnin and 
faradism are antagonistic. C. Indica, Ext., dose gr. 
]/(,-). C. Ind., Ext. Fid., an alcoholic preparation. 
Dose TTij-v. C. Ind., Tinct., contains 15 per cent, 
of the drug. Dose TTLxx-^j. Cannabin Tannate, 
the tannate, a glucosid. Dose as a hypnotic gr. v-x. 

Cannabism {kan' '-ab-izm) [cannabis, hemp]. The 
habitual use of Cannabis indica ; ill-health caused by 
the misuse of Cannabis indica. 

Cannabist {kan'-ab-ist ) [cannabis, hemp]. A devotee 
to the use of Cannabis indica. 

Cannel Coal {kan'-el kol). See Coal. 

Cannoid {kan'-oid) [navva, a reed ; eMor, form]. 
Tubular, as the skeleton of certain radiolarians. 

Cannon-bone [kan' -on bdn). One of the functional and 
complete metacarpal or metatarsal bones of a hoofed 
quadruped, supporting the weight of the body upon 
the feet. 

Cannula {kan'-u-lah) [dim. of canna, a tube], A 
surgical instrument consisting of a tube or sheath 
obliquely pointed and a stiletto. It is used for tap- 
ping and draining tumors and cavities. 

Cannulated {kan'-u-lat-ed) [canmfla, a little tube]. 
Made hollow: as a cannulated needle. 

Canquoin's Paste. A paste of flour, water, and zinc 
chlorid ; it is a powerful escharotic. 



Cantani's Diet. An exclusive meat-diet in diabetes. 

Canterbury Bell {kan* -ler-ber-e bel). See Campanula. 

Cantering Rhythm {kan' -ter-ing rithm). See Bruit 
de Galop. 

Canthal {kan' -thai) [Kavdog, a canthus]. Relating to 
a canthus. 

Canthariasis {kan-thar-i' -as-is) [navdapoc, a kind of 
beetle]. A term proposed by Hope for the diseases 
that originate from the presence in the body of coleop- 
terous insects or their larvae. 

Cantharidal {kan-thar'-id-nl)[iiavdapic, a blistering fly]. 
Relating to or containing cantharides. 

Cantharid.es {kan-lhar'-id-ez). Plural of Cantharis. 

Cantharidin {kati-thar'-id-itty [navdapic, a blistering 
fly], C 10 H ]2 O 4 . The bitter principle contained in 
Spanish flies and other insects ; it crystallizes in 
prisms or leaflets, and melts at 218° It has an ex- 
tremly bitter taste, and produces blisters on the skin. 
See Cantharis. 

Cantharidism [kan-thar 1 -id-izni) [navdnplc, a blistering 
fly]. Cantharidal poisoning. 

Cantharis {kan' -thar-is) [navdapic, a blistering fly : 
pi. , Cantharides^. Spanish Fly. The dried body of 
a species of beetle, C. vesicatoria (nat. ord. Coleopterd). 
It contains a powerful poisonous principle, cantharidin , 
Cj H 12 O 4 . Locally applied, cantharis is a rubefacient 
and vesicant ; internally it is an irritant, causing gastral- 
gia and vomiting. In toxic doses it produces severe 
gastro-enteritis, strangury, and priapism. It is used 
chiefly as an external counter-irritant in the form of 
"blisters." C, acetum (B. P.), of the strength of 
^ ij to Oj. C, Ceratum, cantharides 32, yellow wax 
18, resin 18, lard 22, oil of turpentine 15. C, Ext., 
Ceratum, canthaiides 30, resin 15, yellow wax 35, 
lard 35, alcohol q. s. C, Charta, cantharides I, Can- 
ada turpentine I, olive-oil 4, spermaceti 3, white wax 8, 
water 10 parts. Charta epispastica (B P.), blistering- 
paper (white wax, spermaceti, olive-oil, resin, Canada 
balsam, cantharides, distilled water). Collodium 
cantharidatum, cantharides 60, flexible collodion 
85, chloroform q. s. C. cum picis emplast., Warm- 
ing Plaster, Burgundy pitch 92, cerat. canthar. 8 parts. 
Emplastrum calefaciens (B. P.), cantharides, ex- 
pressed oil of nutmeg, yellow wax, resin, resin-plaster, 
soap-plaster, boiling water. C, emplastrum (B. P.), 
cantharides, yellow wax, prepared suet, prepared lard, 
resin. C, liniment., cantharides 15, oil of turpen- 
tine q. s. ad 100. C. Tinct., contains 5 per cent, of 
the drug. Dose n\j-xx. C, unguent. (B. P.), can- 
tharides, yellow wax, olive oil. 

Canthectomy {kan-thek'-to-me) [Kavd6c , canthus ; 
eKTo/j.?/, a cutting out]. Excision of a canthus. 

Canthitis {kan-thi' -lis) [nav66g, canthus ; ir/g, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a canthus. 

Cantholysis (kan-thol'-is-is) [navdoc, canthus; Miatc, 
a loosening]. ■ Canthotomy with section of the ex- 
ternal canthal ligament. 

Canthoplastic {kan-tho-plas'-tik) [t<av66c, the canthus; 
w/Xdoaeiv, to form]. Relating to canthoplasty. 

Canthoplasty {kan'-fho-plas-te) [icavflor, the angle of 
the eye; ir/Xaaaeiv, to form]. A surgical operation for 
increasing the size of the palpebral fissure by cutting 
the outer canthus. 

Canthorraphy {han-thor' -a-fe) [Kavflog, canthus; pa<p>/, 
a seam]. A surgical operation to reduce the size of 
the palpebral fissure by suture of the canthus. 

Canthotomy (kan-thof -o-mi) [navddc, canthus ; rdfj?/, a 
cutting]. Surgical division of a canthus. 

Canthus {kan' -thus) [mi'tidc, canthus]. The inner or 
outer angle formed by the juncture of the eyelids. 

Cantus galli {kant'-us gal'-i) [L. ," cock-crowing"]. 
Same as Child-crowing. 



CANULA 



259 



CAPRIFY 



Canula (kan'-u-lah). See Cannula. 

Canutillo (kahn-oo-tel'-yo). See Tpopote. 

Caoutchouc (koo-chook') [S. American]. India-rubber. 
The chief substance contained in the milky juice that 
exudes upon incision of a number of tropical trees 
belonging to the natural orders Euphorbiacea:, Arto- 
carfiacea,.and Apocynacece. The juice is a vegetable 
emulsion, the caoutchouc being suspended in it in the 
form of minute transparent globules. When pure, 
caoutchouc is nearly white, soft, elastic, and glutinous; 
it swells up in water without dissolving ; the best 
solvents are carbon disulphid and chloroform. It 
melts at about 150 C. , and decomposes at 200 C. 

Capacity (kap-as' -it-e) [capacitas, capacity]. Mental 
receptivity ; passive (or active) mental capability ; moral 
or legal responsibility. C, Vital. See Vital. 

Capax Doli (ka'-paks do'-li). See Doli Capax. 

Capelina (kap-el-i'-nak). See Capistrum. 

Capeline (kap'-el-in). See Bandage. 

Capeman's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Caper (ka'-per). See Capparis. 

Capiat (ka'-pe-at) [L., " let it take]. An instrument 
intended for use in removing remnants of the placenta, 
polypi, or the like, from the uterine cavity. 

Capillaire (kap-il-ar') [Fr.]. The plant Adiantwn capil- 
lus veneris, a species of maiden-hair fern ; also a 
cough-syrup prepared from the same. See Adiantum. 

Capillarity (kap-il-ar' -it-e) \_capillus, a hair]. Capillary 
attraction : the force that causes fluids to rise in fine 
tubes or bores, or in very thin chinks. In an electric 
battery, the disturbing effects of the proper action of 
a voltaic cell caused by capillary action. 

Capillary (kap'-il-a-re, or kap-il'-ar-e) [capillus, a hair]. 
1. A minute blood-vessel connecting the smallest 
ramifications of the arteries with those of the veins. 
Also a very minute fissure of the skull. Also the 
intercellular biliary passages. 2. Hair-like : relating 
to a hair, or to a hair-like filament, or to a tube with 
a hair-like bore. C. Attraction capillarity. C. Bron- 
chitis. See Bronchitis. C. Embolism. See Embo- 
lism. C. Fissure, C. Fracture, a linear fracture, 
without displacement. C. Nevus. See Ncevus Vas- 
cularis. C. Pulse, a visible change of color or an 
artificial blush in aortic regurgitation. C. Vessels, 
the capillaries. Capillaries, Meigs's, branching 
capillaries discovered by A. V. Meigs in the human 
heart. C, Pulmonary, a name used to designate the 
plexuses beneath the mucous membrane, on the walls 
and septa of the alveoli of the lungs. 

Capilli (kap-il'-i) [Plural of Capillus, hair]. In biol- 
ogy, applied to the hairs on the front and top of an 
insect's head. 

Capilliculture (kap-il' -e-kul-chur) \_capillus, hair ; cul- 
tura, culture]. Systematic treatment for the improve- 
ment or restoration of the hair. 

Capilliculus (kap-il-ik' -u-lus) [dim. of capillus: pi., 
Capilliculi]. Any one of the very smallest of the 
capillary vesicles. 

Capillifolious (kap-il-ifio' le-us) [capillus, hair ; folium, 
a leaf]. Characterized by hair-like leaves. 

Capilliform (kap-il' -if-orm) [capillus, hair ; forma, 
form]. Hair-shaped. 

Capillitium (kap-il-ish' -e-um) [capillus, the hair]. In 
biology, the hair-like threads within the spore-cases 
of many fungi. 

Capillus (kap-il' -us) [L. : //., Capilli]. A hair; the 
hair of the head. 

Capistrum (kap-is' -trum) [L., a muzzle or halter: pi. , 
Capistra]. I. A bandage for the head or for the 
lower jaw. Called also Capelina. 2. In biology, a 
mask or hood-like coloration of the face and part of 
the head in certain birds. 



Capital (kap'-it-al) [caput, the head]. I. Pertaining 
to the head, or to the summit of a body or object. 
2. Of great importance ; as a capital operation in 
surgery. 

Capitahs reflexa (ka p-it-a' -lis re-fieks'-ah). A recur- 
rent bandage for a stump. 

Capitate (kap'-it-dt) [caput, head]. In biology, hav- 
ing a head or a head-like termination. 

Capitellate (kap-it-el'-at) [capitellum, a little head]. In 
biology, bearing small heads. 

Capitellum (kap-it-el' -urn) [dim. of caput]. The 
rounded, external surface of the lower end of the 
humerus. 

Capitiluvium (kap-it-el-u' -ve-um) [caput, head ; luere, 
to wash]. A washing or bathing of the head; a 
wash for the head. 

Capitopedal (kap-it-o-ped'-al) [caput, a head ; pes, 
foot]. In biology, pertaining to or near the junction 
of the head and foot. 

Capitular (kap-it' -u-lar) [caput, head]. Pertaining to 
a capitulum or head. C. Process of a vertebra, one 
with which the head of a rib articulates. 

Capitulum (kap-it' -u-lum) [capitulum, a small head]. 
In anatomy and biology, the enlarged terminal por- 
tion of an organ, plant, or animal, as the head of a 
bone ; the enlarged free portion of a stalked animal ; 
the knobbed end of an antenna or of an insect's poiser ; 
a dense cluster or head of flowers, leaves, or spores 
in plants. C. of Santorini, a small elevation on the 
apex of the arytenoid cartilage corresponding in posi- 
tion to the posterior extremity of the vocal band. 

Cappa (kap'-ah). The ectocinereal lamina of the mesen- 
cephal. 

Cappagh Brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Capparis (kap'-ar-is) [L., the caper-bush]. A genus 
of shrubs including the caper-bush, C. spinosa. Its 
flower-buds (capers) are pickled, or made into a 
piquant sauce. The bark of the root and the flowers 
are official remedies in some countries (as Spain) ; it is 
diuretic, cathartic, depurative, stimulant. Unof. 

Cappazwoli's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Capped Elbow (kapd el' -bow). See Shoe-boil. 

Capped Hock (kapd' ho k). In farriery, the develop- 
ment of a bruise at the point of the hock of a horse, 
with the formation of an hygroma, the result of rub- 
bing or striking that part against the partition of the 
stall. 

Capped Knee {kapd' ne). A dropsical collection in the 
bursa in front of the knee-joint of the horse. 

Capranica's Tests. See Tests, Table of. 

Caprantilopine (kap-ran-til'-o-pin) [capra, a she-goat ; 
antilopinus, antelope]. Uniting the characters of a 
goat and an antelope. 

Capre (kap'-er). See Mtdatto. 

Capreolar (kap-re'-o-lar), Capreolary (kap' -re-o- la-re) , 
Capreolate (kap'-re-o-lat) [capreohis, a tendril]. In 
biology, climbing, furnished with tendrils; in anatomy, 
resembling tendrils, as the spermatic vessels, vase, 
capreolaria. C. Vessels, the spermatic vessels, 
from their twined and twisted appearance. 

Capreolus (kap-re' -o-lus) [capreolus, a wild goat ; a 
tendril of a plant]. I. A buck or he-goat. 2. The 
tendril of a plant. 

Capric Acid (kap'-rik as' -id) . See Acid. 

Caprification (kap-rifik-a' -shun) [caprificus , the wild- 
fig tree]. In biology, the process of hastening ferti- 
lization and ripening of cultivated figs by the introduc- 
tion of gall-insects, by hanging a branch of the wild 
fig in the tree, -or planting a wild fig in the midst of 
the fig orchard. 

Caprify (kap'-rif-i) [caprificus, the wild-fig tree]. To 
fertilize by means of Caprification, a. v. 



CAPRILOQUIUM 



260 



CARANNA 



Capriloquium [kap-ril-o' -kwe-uni) [caper, a goat ; 
loqui, to speak]. Same as Egophony. 

Caprin (kap'-riri) [caper, s. goat]. An oily and flavor- 
ing constituent of butter ; glycerin caprate. 

Caproic Acid [kap-rc/-ik as' -id). See Acid. 

Caprolactone [kap-ro-lak 1 '-toil) [caper, a goat ; lac, 
milk], C 6 H 10 O 2 . A compound obtained from brom- 
caproic acid on heating the latter with water. It is a 
liquid boiling at 200 . 

Caprone (kap'-ron) [caper, a goat] , C n H 2 .,0. Caproic 
ketone ; a clear, volatile oil found in butter, and form- 
ing the larger part of the oil of rue. 

Caproylamin {kap-ro-W -am-in) [caper, a goat; amin~\, 
C 6 H 15 N. Hexylamin. A ptomaine found in the putre- 
faction of yeast. 

Caprylic Acid [kap-ril'-ik as'-id). See Acid. 

Capsella (kap-sel'-ah) [dim. of capsa, a box]. The 
leaves and stems of C. bursa pastoris, common in tem- 
perate climates. It is considered an excellent hemo- 
static and antiscorbutic, and is slightly stimulant and 
astringent. Unof. C. bursa pastoris. See Shep- 
herd's Purse. 

Capsicin (kap'-sis-in), C 9 H u 2 . The active principle 
of Cayenne pepper. It is a thick, yellowish-red sub- 
stance, scarcely flowing at ordinary temperatures, but 
becoming very limpid if warmed. See Capsicum. 

Capsicol {kap' -sik-ol) [capsicum; oleum, oil]. A red oil 
obtainable from the oleo-resin of capsicum. 

Capsicum (kap'-sik-um) [capsa, a box ; gen., Capsicil. 
Cayenne Pepper. The fruit of C. fastigiatum, native 
to tropical Africa and America. Its odor and hot taste 
are due to a volatile oil, capsicin, C 9 H u 2 , which is 
irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. Internally, 
it is a stomachic tonic, diuretic and aphrodisiac. It 
is useful in atonic dyspepsia, flatulent colic, and in in- 
termittent fever. C, emplastrum, prepared from 
the oleoresin and resin plaster. C, Ext. Fid. Dose 
ff\,v _ 3J- C, linimentum, I in 10, for chest affec- 
tions, rheumatism, etc. C, Oleoresin, Ethereal. 
Dose TT\j-v. C, Tinct., contains 5 per cent, of 
capsicum. Dose rf^x— ^j. 

Capsitis {kap-si'-tis). Same as Capsulitis. 

Capsula {kap' -su-lah) [capsula, a small box]. The in- 
ternal capsule of the brain ; it is the thick layer of 
fibers between the caudatum and thalamus mesad and 
the lenticula laterad ; it is continuous with the crura 
caudad, and its expansion is called the corona. 

Capsular {kap'-su-lar) [capsula, a small box]. Pertain- 
ing to a capsule. C. Artery, the middle suprarenal 
artery. See Arteries, Table of. C. Ligament, the 
sac or membranous bag that surrounds every movable 
joint or articulation. It contains the synovial fluid. 
C. Vein, the supra- renal vein. See Vein. 

Capsule {kap'-sul) [dim. of capsa, a chest]. A tunic 
or bag that encloses a part of the body or an organ. 
In biology, the investment of a part or organ, as a de- 
hiscent pod or seed-vessel, the egg-case of an insect, 
the test of a radiolarian. Also, in pharmacy, a small, 
spheroidal shell composed of glycerin and gelat n, 
divided so that the parts fit together like a box and 
cover. It is used for the administration of nauseous 
and repulsive medicines. C, Bonnet's, the posterior 
portion of the sheath of the eyeball. C, Bowman's. 
See Boruman's Capsule. C, External, a layer of 
white nerve-fibers forming part of the external bound- 
ary of the lenticular nucleus. C. -filler, a contrivance 
consisting of a funnel, tube and plunger, or other 
device, used for introducing medicines into capsules. 
C. of Glisson, the cellulo-vascular membrane envel- 
oping the hepatic vessels. C, Internal, a layer of 
nerve-fibers beneath and on the inner side of the 
optic thalamus and caudate nucleus, which it separates 



from the lenticular nucleus, and containing the con- 
tinuation upward of the crus cerebri. C. of the 
Lens, a transparent, structureless membrane enclosing 
the lens of the eye. C, Malpighian, the commence- 
ment of the uriniferous tubules. See Malpighian 
Bodies. C, Suprarenal, the ductless glandular body 
at the apex of each kidney. C. of Tenon, the 
tunica vaginalis of the eye. 

Capsuliferous {kap-sul-if -er-us) [capsula. a little box ; 
ferre, to bear]. In biology, producing capsules. 

Capsulitis {kap-su-li' -tis) [capsula, a small box ; trie, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the capsule of the 
lens, or of the fibrous capsule of the eyeball. 

Capsulo-ciliary {kap-su-lo-sil' -e-a-re) [capsula, a little 
box; cilium, an eyelid]. Relating to the capsule of 
the lens and to the ciliary organ. 

Capsulogenous {kap-siil-of -en-us) [capsula, a little box; 
gena, born]. Capsule-producing, as the cocoon or 
capsule-glands of the earthworm. 

Capsulo-lenticular {kap-su-lo-len-tik' -u-lar) [capsula, 
a little box ; lenticula, a lentil]. Relating to the lens 
and to its capsule. 

Capsulo-pupillary (kap-su-lo-pu' -pil-a-re) [capsula, a 
little box ; pupilla, the pupil of the eye]. Relating to 
the capsule of the lens and to the pupil. 

Capsulotome {kap' -m-lo-tom). See Cystotome. 

Capsulotomy [kap-su-lot' ' -o-me) [capsula, a capsule ; 
re/ivsiv, to cut]. The operation of rupturing the 
capsule of the crystalline lens in cataract-operations. 

Captage (cap-tahj) [Fr.]. The measures to be applied 
to a natural spring of water, to secure the entire pro- 
duct of the spring, and the purity of the water, by the 
prevention of any admixture of deleterious or foreign 
matter. 

Captation {kap-ta'-shun) [captare, to desire]. The first 
or opening stage of the hypnotic trance. 

Capucin Madder {kap'-u-sin mad'-er). See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Capuron, Cardinal Points of. See Pelvis. 

Caput (kap'-ut) [L.]. I. The head; also the chief 
part or beginning of an organ. 2. The cephalic or 
precornual portion of the caudatum of the prosen- 
cephal. C. coli, the head of the colon. C. cornu 
posterioris. Same as C. gelatinosum. C. gallina- 
ginis. See Verttmontanum. C. gelatinosum, the 
name given to the translucent gray matter covering the 
dorso-mesal periphery of the dorsal horn of the spinal 
cord. It is a nervous substance composed of numerous 
closely crowded nerve-elements, with an intricate 
intervening plexus of very fine nerve- fibrils, derived 
from the dorsal (posterior or " sensory") nerve-roots. 
C. medusa. See Medusa:, Caput. C. obstipum. 
Synonym of Wry-neck. C. quadratum, the rectan- 
gular head of rickets, flattened upon the top and at the 
sides, with projecting occiput and prominent frontal 
bosses. C. succedaneum, a tumor composed of a 
sero-sanguineous infiltration of the connective tissue 
situated upon the presenting part of the fetus. 

Caraboid {kar'-ab-oid) [napajioc, a carabus ; sldoc, 
form]. In biology, the second larval stage of certain 
insects. 

Carajura {kar-ah-ju' -rah) [Brazil]. Same as Chica 
Red. 

Caramania Gum. See Bassora Cum. 

Caramel {kar'-am-el) [Fr. , burnt sugar]. Cane-sugar 
deprived of two molecules of water. It is a viscid, 
brown-colored liquid. 

Caranna (kar-a/i'-ah) [Sp. , carana~\. An aromatic oleo- 
resin produced by the tree Protium carana, of trop- 
ical America ; it was formerly used in plasters : also 
a name for similar gummy resins from Icica altissima, 
Bursera acuminata, etc., all tropical American trees. 






CARAPA 



261 



CARBOHYDRATE 



Carapa (kar'-ap-ah) \caraipi, a native Guiana name]. 
A genus of tropical meliaceous trees. C. gui- 
anensis has an antispasmodic and febrifuge bark, 
and its seeds afford carapa oil, a protective against 
insects and vermin. C. touloucouna, of W. Africa, 
and C. indica, of Asia, have similar properties. 
Unof. 

Carate [kak-rak'-te) [S. America]. I. A skin-disease 
local in tropical America, marked by blue, brown, 
scarlet, or rosy patches on the skin ; it is usually 
confined to persons not of the white race. 2. A kind 
of camphor produced in S. America from the plant 
Momordica charantia . 

Carauna [kar-aw'-nali). See Caranna. 

Caraway [kar'-ah-wa). See Carum. 

Carbacidometer [karb-as-id-om' '-et-er) [carbo, a coal ; 
acidum, acid; /leTpov, a. measure]. A form of air- 
tester for estimating the amount of carbonic acid gas 
in the atmosphere of a room or compartment. 

Carbamic Acid [kar-bam'-ik as' -id). See Acid. 

Carbamid (kar' -bam-id, or -mid) \carbo, a coal ; amid~\ , 
CH 4 N 2 0. Urea. Amid of carboxyl. It is prepared 
from urine, and crystallizes in long, rhombic prisms or 
needles that have a cooling taste. It is soluble in one 
part of cold water and in five parts of alcohol, but 
almost insoluble in ether ; it melts at 132° ; at a 
higher temperature it decomposes into ammonia, 
ammelid, biuret, and cyanuric acid; it is found in 
urine and in various animal fluids. 

Carbanil (l;ar' -ban-il) [carbo, a coal ; anilin~\, C 7 H 5 NO. 
Phenyl isocyanate ; a compound produced in the 
distillation of oxanilid. It is a mobile liquid, 
boiling at 163°, and has a pungent odor, provoking 
tears. 

Carbanilamid (kar ban-il f -am-id) \_carbo, a coal ■, ani- 
lin ; amid~\, C 7 H g N 2 . Phenylurea ; prepared by 
evaporating the aqueous solution of anilin hydrochlo- 
rid and potassium isocyanid. It forms needles easily 
soluble in hot water, alcohol, and ether, and melting 

at I44-_I45°- 
Carbanilid (kar-ban' -il-id) [carbo, coal; anilin~\, 
C n H ]2 N 2 0. Diphenyl urea ; a compound formed by 
the action of phosgene gas on anilin, or by heating 
carbanilamid with anilin to 190 . It consists of silky 



needles, easily soluble in alcohol and ether, but 
sparingly soluble in water, and melts at 235°. 

Carbasus (kar'-bas-us) {jiapfiaaa, cotton]. Gauze; 
thin muslin used in surgery. C. carbolata (N. ¥.), 
carbolized gauze. C. iodoformata (N. F.), iodo- 
form gauze. 

Carbazol {kar' -baz-ol) [carbo, coal; azotum, nitrogen], 
C 12 H 9 N. Diphenylimid ; a body produced when the 
vapors of anilin are conducted through a tube heated 
to redness. It is a by-product in the manufacture of 
anilin. It dissolves in hot alcohol, ether, and benzene, 
and crystallizes in colorless leaflets that melt at 238 . 

Carbazotate (iar-baz-o' '-tat) [carbo, a coal ; azotum, 
nitrogen]. Same as Picrate. 

Carbazotic Acid (kar-baz-ot'-ik). See Picric Acid. 

Carbo [kar'-bo) [L.]. A coal; charcoal. C. ani- 
malis, animal charcoal ; bone-black ; it is used in 
pharmacy and in manufacturing chemistry largely as a 
decolorizing-agent and as a filter. C. animalis puri- 
ficatus, purified animal charcoal. C. ligni, wood- 
charcoal ; an absorbent, disinfectant, and deodorizer, 
used in poulticing wounds and dressing ulcers. Given 
powdered, in capsules, it relieves gastric irritation. 

Carbohydrate (kar-bo-hi'-drat) [carbo, coal ; vSup, 
water]. An organic substance containing hydrogen 
and oxygen in the proportion in which they form water : 
that is, twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms, and 
usually six carbon atoms or some multiple of six. 
The carbohydrates form a large group of interesting 
organic compounds, and may be arranged into three 
groups : the glucoses (monoses) ; the disaccharids , or 
sugars ; and the polysaccharids. The glucoses are the 
aldehyd-derivatives or ketone-derivatives of the hexa- 
hydric alcohols, into which they may be converted 
by the absorption of two hydrogen atoms. They 
are mostly crystalline substances, very soluble in 
water, but dissolving with difficulty in alcohol. They 
possess a sweet taste The disaccharids and poly- 
saccharids are ethereal anhydrids of the glucoses. 
All of them may be converted into the glucoses 
by hydrolytic decomposition. The disaccharids are 
ether-like anhydrids of the hexoses. A Table of 
Carbohydrates is added. C, Test for. See Tests, 
Table of. 



SERIES OF THE CARBOHYDRATES. 

1. GLUCOSES. 



Name. 


Formula. 


Fermentation. 


Optic Activity. 


Reducing Power. 


Monoses. 


C 3 H O 3 








Erythrose, 


C4H3O4 








Pentoses. 


CsHjoOs 


Unfermentable. 




Reduces Fehling's solution. 




C5H10O5 


Unfermentable. 




Reduces Fehling's solution. 


Rhamnose, 


C 6 H 12 5 


Unfermentable. 




Reduces Fehling's solution. 


Hexoses. 


CeHioOe 


Fermented by yeast. 


Exists in three forms : 

1, dextro-rotatory ; 

2, levo-rotatory ; 3, 
inactive. 


Reduces Fehling's solution. 


Glucose, ... 


CeHioOg 


Fermented by yeast. 


Exists in three forms : 

1 , dextro - rotatory ; 

2, levo-rotatory ; 3, 
inactive. 


Reduces Fehling's solution. 




C B H,o0 6 


Fermented by yeast. 


Dextro-rotatory. 


Reduces Fehling's solution. 


Fructose, 


C6Hi 2 C>6 


Fermented by yeast. 


Levo-rotatary. 


Reduces Fehling's solution. 



CARBOHYDRATE 



262 



CARBOHYDRATE 



SERIES OF THE CARBOHYDRATES.— Continued. 
I. GLUCOSES. 



Name. 


Formula. 


Fermentation. 


Optic Activity. 


Reducing Power. 


Sorbinose, 


C H 12 O 6 


Unfermentableby 
yeast. 




Reduces Fehling's solution. 


Methyl-hexose, . . . 


C 7 Hm06 








Heptoses. 
Manno-heptose, . . 


C 7 H 14 7 


Un fermentable by- 
yeast. 






Gluco-heptose, . . . 


C 7 Hi 4 7 


U n f e r m e n t ab 1 e by 
yeast. 






Gala-heptose, .... 


C 7 H„0 7 


Unfermentableby 
yeast. 






Methyl-heptose, . . 


CsHi60 7 


Un fermentable by 
yeast. 






Oct oses 
Manno-octose, . . . 


CgHjoOs 


Un ferment able by 
yeast. 






Nonoses. 

Manno-nonose, . . . 


CgH 18 09 


Fermented by yeast. 




Reduces Fehling's solution. 



2. DISACCHARIDS. 



Saccharose (Cane-Su- 


C 12 H 22 On 


Unfermentableby 
yeast. 


Dextro-rotatory. 


Does not reduce Fehling's solution. 


Lactose (Milk-Sugar), 


CisHffiOn + H 2 


Fermented by yeast. 


Dextro-rotatory. 


Reduces Fehling's solution on 
boiling. 




Ci 2 H220 n + H 2 


Fermented by yeast. 


Dextro-rotatory. 


Reduces Fehling's solution. 


Mycose (Trehalose), . 


Ci 2 H 22 On + 2H0O 


Fermented by yeast. 


Dextro-rotatory. 


Does not reduce Fehling's solution 




C 12 H 22 O n 






• ■ ■ 



3. TRISACCHARIDS. 
Melitose (Raffinose), . C 1B H 32 Oi H- 5H0O Fermented by yeast. Dextro-rotatory. I Does not reduce Fehling's solution 



Melezitose C 18 H 32 0ic+ 2H 2 



Dextro-rotatory. 



4. POLYSACCHARIDS. 



Name. 


Formula. 


Optic Activity. 


Iodin Reaction. 


Reducing Power and Fer- 
mentation. 


Starch (Amylum), . . 


CgH 10 O 5 , or 

C3oHo»031 


Dextro-rotatory. 


Blue coloration. 


Fermentable. 


Paramylum 


CgHioOj 




Negative. 




Lichenin (Moss-starch), 


C Hio05 


Dextro-rotatory. 


Dirty blue color. 




Inulin, 


C 6 H] f i05 




Yellow color. 




Glycogen (Animal 


CeHjoOs 


Dextro-rotatory. 


Reddish-brown color. 


Fermentable. 




C] 2 H 20 Oio 


Dextro-rotatory. 


Blue color. 




The Gums. 


CqHioOs 


Dextro-rotatory. 




Does not reduce Fehling's solu- 
tion. Unfermentable. 




(C H 10 O 5 ), + H 2 


Dextro-rotatory. 




Does not reduce Fehling's solu- 
tion. Unfermentable. 


Bassorin (Vegetable 


CoH 10 5 


Dextro-rotatory. 




Does not reduce Fehling's solu- 
tion. Unfermentable. 



CARBOHVDRATURIA 



263 



CARCINOMA 



Carbohydraturia {kar-bo-hi-drat-u'-re-ah) [carbohy- 
drate; ovpov, urine]. The presence of an abnormally 
large proportion of carbohydrates in the urine. 

Carbolic [kar-iol'-ik) [carbo, a coal; oleum, oil]. 
Containing or derived from coal-tar oil. C. Acid. 
See Acid, Carbolic. C. Mask, Curschmann's res- 
pirator for use in fetid bronchitis. It is fastened 
in front of the nose and mouth, and contains cotton 
in a special receptacle, impregnated with carbolic acid, 
equal parts of carbolic acid and alcohol, turpentine, 
creasote, etc. 

Carbolism [kar'-bol-izin) [carbo, a coal ; oleum, oil]. 
Carbolic-acid poisoning : a diseased state induced by 
the misuse or maladministration of carbolic acid. 

Carbolize (kar' -bol-iz) [carbo, a coal; oleum, oil]. To 
impregnate with carbolic acid. To render aseptic or 
antiseptic by the use of carbolic acid. 

Carboluria (kar-bol-u' -re-ah ) [carbo, a coal ; oleum, 
oil ; ovpov, urine]. The presence of carbolic acid in 
the urine, producing a dark discoloration. It is one 
of the signs of carbolic-acid poisoning. 

Carbon (kar'-bon) [carbo, charcoal]. Charcoal. C = 
12 ; quantivalence II, IV. A non-metal occurring in 
the various forms of diamond, graphite or " black 
lead," and charcoal. In medicine only the last 
named form is employed, which may be, — C, Animal, 
useful as a deodorant and disinfectant, as it readily 
absorbs and aids in oxidizing many gases. It is used 
internally to absorb fermenting products of digestion. 
Carbo animal., purificat., purified animal charcoal. 
Dose gr.xx-g j. C. Cataplasma (B. P.), charcoal 
poultice ; wood-charcoal I, bread-crumb I, linseed 
meal 3, boiling water 20. C. dioxid, the acid, gas- 
eous product, having the composition of CO a , com- 
monly known as " carbonic acid gas," or carbonic 
acid. It is a colorless gas having a sp. gr. of 1.52, 
soluble in cold water, and possessing a pungent smell 
and an acid taste. Inhaled, it destroys animal life by 
asphyxiation. In solution, it is an excellent refrigerant 
and stomachic. Its inhalation is fatal in a short time, 
even when diluted with 95 parts of air. It is a pro- 
duct of respiration. It is used in medicine for inhala- 
tion in whooping cough, asthma, and to stop hiccough. 
It is also used as a local anesthetic in minor surgery. 
C. disulphid, bisulphid of carbon, CS 2 , a colorless, 
transparent liquid of offensive odor, highly inflamma- 
ble, very poisonous. A good solvent for caoutchouc. 
A diluted spray of it is recommended in diphtheria. 
Dose 11\,ss-j. Carbo ligni, wood charcoal. C. mon- 
oxid, CO, carbonic oxid, a colorless, tasteless, and 
inodorous gas, one of the products of imperfect com- 
bustion. When inhaled it is actively poisonous. C. 
tetrachlorid, CC1 4 , anesthetic, recommended locally 
for asthma, by inhalation. Unof. See Anesthetic. 
C. oxysulphid, a body, COS, formed by conducting 
sulphur vapor and carbon monoxid through red-hot 
tubes ; it is a colorless gas, with a faint and peculiar 
odor. It unites readily with air, forming an explosive 
mixture. It is soluble in an equal volume of water. 
It is present in the waters of some mineral springs. 

Carbonaphtholic Acid (kar-bon-af-thoF-ik). See 
Acid alpha-oxynaphthoic. 

Carbonemia \kar-bon-e' -me-ah') [carbon, charcoal; 
alfia, the blood]. A word denoting the accumulation 
of carbon dioxid in the blood. 

Carbonic Acid [kar-bon'-ik as / -id). See Carbon di- 
oxid. 

Carbonis detergens, Liquor. See Fix. 

Carbonization (kar-bon-iz-a' -shun) [carbo, coal]. The 
process of decomposing organic substances by heat 
without air, until the volatile products are driven off 
and the carbon remains. 



Carbonyl [kar 1 '-bon-il) [carbo, charcoal]. A hypo- 
thetic organic radical having the formula CO. 

Carbostyril [kar-bo-stir 1 -il) [carbo, charcoal; styrax, 
storax], C 9 H 7 NO. Oxyquinolin ; a compound pre- 
pared by digesting quinolin with a bleaching-lime solu- 
tion. It crystallizes from hot water in fine needles, and 
from alcohol in large prisms, that melt at 198-199 . 

Carboxyl (kar'-boks-il) [carbo, charcoal; b$vg, sharp]. 
The atomic group, CO. OH, characteristic of the 
organic acids. The hydrogen of this can be replaced 
by metals, forming salts. 

Carbuncle, or Carbunculus (kar' '-bung-kel ', or kar- 
bung f -ku-lus) [carbo, a live coal]. A hard, circum- 
scribed, deep-seated, painful inflammation of the sub- 
cutaneous tissue, accompanied by chill, fever, and 
constitutional disturbance. It differs from a boil in 
having greater size, a flat top, and several points of 
suppuration. It is erroneously called anthrax. 

Carbuncular (kar-bung' -ku-lar) [carbo, a live coal]. 
Pertaining to a carbuncle. C. Disease. See An- 
thracosis. 

Carbunculo contagioso. Synonym of Anthrax. 

Carbyl (kar'-bil) [carbo, charcoal ; vhj, matter]. A 
name given by Magnus to the hydrocarbon ethylene 
when it acts as a basic radical. 

Carbylamin (kar-bW -am-iii) [carbo, charcoal ; amin\. 
1. A name for hydrocyanic acid. 2. One of a series 
of compounds parallel to, and isomeric with, the 
nitrites, characterized by their ready decomposition by 
dilute acids into formic acid and amins. They are 
colorless liquids that can be distilled, and possess an 
exceedingly disgusting odor. They are sparingly 
soluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol and 
ether. 

Carcassonne's Ligament. See Ligament. 

Carcerule (kar'-ser-ool) [career, a prison]. In biology, 
a many-celled, many-seeded, indehiscent pericarp. 

CaxzhaxoAont^kar-kar' -o-doni) [mpxapog, sharp, jagged; 
bdovc, tooth]. In biology, having compressed, tren- 
chant, acute, pointed teeth, as sharks and snakes. 

Carcinoid (kar'-sin-oid) [mpdvog, a crab ; el6og, shape]. 
In biology, crab-like. 

Carcinology (kar-sin-ol 1 '-o-je) [icapxlvog, a crab ; Idyeiv, 
to speak]. The systematized knowledge of crusta- 
ceans, or crabs, etc., a department of zoology. 

Carcinoma (kar-sin-o' -mail) [Kapnivuua ; Ka.pK.ivog, a 
crab, thus called from the appearance of the veins]. 
A malignant tumor, characterized by a network of 
connective tissue whose areolae are filled with cell- 
masses resembling epithelial cells. See Tumors, 
Table of. C, Chimney-Sweepers'. See Epithe- 
lioma. C, colloid (Alveolar), affects chiefly the 
alimentary canal, uterus, peritoneum, etc.; the deli- 
cate connective-tissue stroma is filled with colloid 
matter in alveoli, or cysts. C. cutis, cancer of the 
skin. See Epithelioma. C, desmoid. See Hodg- 
kin's Disease. C, encephaloid, is of rapid growth, 
with a small amount of stroma, large alveoli, and 
greater amount of cells and blood-vessels. He?natoid 
(bloody), Osteoid (in bones), Villous (papillary), etc., 
are other varieties, encephaloid in character. C, 
epitheliomatous, or squamous-celled, the cells 
resemble squamous epithelium, and they invade the 
adjacent tissue in a columnar manner. C. lenticulare, 
the most common form of cutaneous scirrhus. It 
begins as small, shot-sized, flattish, red papules, that 
enlarge to the size of a pea, bean, or filbert, most of 
them projecting above the surface, while others are 
subcutaneous. They are generally seated on a "red"" 
or violaceous surface, and these coalesce into large 
irregular masses that sooner or later break down, 
ulcerate, and fungate, sometimes bleeding profusely. 



CARCINOMATOUS 



264 



CARDIOCELE 



The patient soon dies of exhaustion. C, lipomat- 
osis, contains cells infiltrated with fat. C, medullary. 
Same as C, Encephaloid . C. melanodes, similar 
to C. Lenticulare, but marked by dark-blue, brown or 
black papules, that break into fungous growths. C, 
melanotic, has cells filled with dark pigment. C, 
scirrhous, or Hard, most commonly in the breast; 
it has a stout fibrillated stroma, closely packed with 
large nucleated cells. C. tuberosum, a rarer form 
of cutaneous scirrhus in which the nodules are of a 
larger size, even up to that of a hen's egg. The 
patient speedily dies of exhaustion consequent upon 
ulceration of the tubercles. C, Stiles's Test for; 
the excised part is washed in a five per cent, solution 
of nitric acid for ten minutes, washing it then in cold 
water for five minutes. The carcinomatous tissue 
appears a dull- white, the normal tissue translucent. 

Carcinomatous (kar-sin-o'-mat-us) \jiapKivoc, a crab]. 
Relating to or affected with carcinoma. 

Carcinomorphic [kar-sin-o-mor' -fik) [Kapnivoc, a crab ; 
fiop^fj, form]. In biology, resembling a crab. 

Carcinophagous (kar-sin-off' -ag-us) [jiapaivoc, a crab ; 
(payelv, to eat]. Feeding upon crabs and other crus- 
taceans. 

Carcinosis (kar-sin-o'-sis) [napnivoc, a crab]. I. A can- 
cerous cachexia ; a tendency to the development of 
malignant disease. 2. A form of cancer, usually 
fatal, beginning generally in the uterus or the stomach 
and spreading to the peritoneum. C, Acute, rapidly 
fatal carcinosis. C, Miliary, carcinosis in minute 
foci. 

Carcinus {kar' -sin-us) [tiapnivoc, crab]. Same as Can- 
cer, or Carci/ioma. 

Cardamom (kar' -dam-om) . See Cardamomum. 

Cardamomum (kar-dam-o' '-muni) [L. ; gen. Carda- 
mnmi~\. Cardamom. The fruit of Eleltaria repens, cul- 
tivated in Malabar. Its properties are due to a volatile 
oil, C 10 H 16 . It is an aromatic, carminative stomachic, 
used as an ingredient of several " bitters." It is useful 
when combined with purgatives to prevent griping. 
C, infusum. Unof. Consists of cardamom zj, 
water O l / z . Dose a wineglassful. C, Tinct., 10 per 
cent, strength. Dose 3J-ij. C, Tinct. Comp., 
cardamom 20, cinnamon 20, caraway 10, cochineal 5, 
glycerin 60, dilute alcohol, q. s. ad 1000 parts. Dose 

3 Hi- 
Carden's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 
Cardia {kar'-de-aJi) \_Kap(Via, the heart]. The heart. 

C. of the Stomach, the esophageal orifice of the 

stomach. 
Cardiac (kar'-de-ak) \_KapHia, the heart]. Pertaining to 

the heart. C. Aspect, that nearest the heart. C. 

Cycle, the total cardiac 

movement or revolution. 

C. Dropsy. See Dropsy. 

C. Dulness, the region 

covering the position of 

the heart, as shown by 

percussion. C. Dysp- 
nea. See Dyspnea. C. 

Epilepsy, a rare affec- 
tion, with intense pain in 

the region of the heart, 

occurring in paroxysms. 

This paroxysm usually 

follows a momentary loss 

of consciousness, and at 

times is associated with 

twitching of the facial 

muscles and other spas- 
modic movements. C. Facies. See Faeies. C. 

Ganglia, lie in the grooves and substance — the 




Cardiac Cycle. 
The inner circle shows the 
events that occur in the 
heart ; the outer circle shows 
the relations of the sounds 
and silences to the events. 



principal are Remak's and Bidder's, the first on 
the surface of the sinus venosus, and the latter (two) 
at the auriculo-ventricular groove. See Ganglia, 
Table of. C. Impulse, the elevation caused by the 
movement of the heart, usually seen in the fifth left 
intercostal space. C. Murmurs. See Murmurs. C. 
Orifice, of the stomach, the esophageal orifice. C. 
Passion, pain in the heart, or the stomach. C. 
Plexus. See Plexus. C. Rhythm, the term given 
to the normal regularity in the force and volume of 
the individual heart-beats. In cases of cardiac in- 
sufficiency this regularity is disturbed to a greater or 
less degree, as is also the interval between the beats, 
and this condition has been termed arrhythmia. The 
name allorrhytlunia has been applied to various per- 
versions of rhythm. These abnormal conditions are 
due very probably to some derangement of the intrinsic 
nerve-apparatus of the heart, and are considered as un- 
favorable indications. 

Cardiagra [kar-de-a' ' -grali) \jiap6la, heart ; aypa, seiz- 
ure]. Gouty attack of the heart. 

Cardialgia [kar-de-al' -Je-a/i) \_nap8ia, heart; aAyog, 
pain]. A term loosely used as a synonym of gastro- 
dynia in general, heartburn, and stomachic pains on the 
left side. 

Cardiamorphia {kar-de-am-or' -fe-ah) \_K.ap6ia, heart ; 
a priv. ; /lopipi], form]. Deformity or malformation of 
the heart. 

Cardianastrophe (liar-de-an-as' -tro-fe) \_napSLa, heart ; 
avaarpoipr/, a turning back]. Displacement of the 
heart to the right side of the chest. 

Cardianeuria [J;ar-de-ah-mi' -re-ah) \_Kap6la, heart; a 
priv. ; vevpov, a nerve]. Lack of nerve-stimulus to 
the heart. 

Cardiant (kar'-de-ant) \_KapSia, the heart]. I. Affect- 
ing the heart. 2. A remedy that affects the heart. 

Cardiarctia [kar-de-ark' -te-ah) \_aap6ia, heart ; arctus, 
bound]. Cardiac stenosis. 

Cardiasthma (kar-de-az' -mali) \_napSia, heart ; aadfia, 
asthma]. Dyspnea or so-called asthma due to heart- 
disease. 

Cardiatelia [kar-de-ah-te' -le-ah). See Atelocardia. 

Cardiatrophia [kar-de-at-ro-' -fe-ali) \_nap8ia, heart ; 
arpcxpia, wasting]. Atrophy of the heart. 

Cardiauxe [kar-de-awks' -e) \jiap6ia, heart ; ab$?/, in- 
crease]. Enlargement of the heart. 

Cardicentesis [kar-de-sen-te'-sis). See Cardiocentesis. 

Cardiechema [kar-de-ek-e' -mail) \_aapSia, heart ; ijxr/fia, 
sound : pi. , Cardiechemata~\. A sound produced in or 
by the heart. 

Cardiectasis {kar-de-ek' '-las-is) [Kapdia, heart ; EKTacir, 
a stretching out]. Dilatation of the heart. 

Cardielcosis [kar-de-el-ko' -sis) \_nap5ia, heart ; k7.Kucic, 
ulceration]. Ulceration of the heart. 

Cardiemphraxia (Jmr-de-em-fraks' -e-ali) [_nap6ia, heart; 
efippa^ic, obstruction]. Obstruction to the blood-cur- 
rent in the heart. 

Cardieurysma (kar-de-u-riz' -mail) \jiap5ia, heart ; 
ei'pvc, wide]. Dilatation of the heart. 

Cardiform [Icar'-d/f-orm) [cardus, a card ; forma, 
shape]. In biology, having the teeth set as in 
a card. 

Cardinal {kar'-din-al) \cardo, a hinge]. A chief or 
principal part. C. Flower, a common name for sev- 
eral species of Lobelia, chiefly L. cardinalis. C. 
Points. See Eye, Diagrammatic. C. Points of 
Capuron. See Pelvis. C. Veins, the venous trunks 
which, in the embryonic stage, form the primitive jugu- 
lar veins. 

Cardiocele (kar'-de-o-sel) \_Kaptiia, heart ; K>'/lr/, tumor]. 
Hernial protrusion of the heart, chiefly through the 
diaphragm. 



CARDIOCENTESIS 



265 



CARICOLOGIST 



Cardiocentesis (kar-de-o-sen-te' '-sis) \jiap6ia, heart ; 

KEVTrjotc;, puncture]. Surgical puncture and aspiration 

of one of the chambers of the heart. 
Cardioclasia (kar-de-o-kla' ' -ze-ah) \_nap5ia, heart ; 

Klaaiq, rupture]. Rupture of the heart. 
Cardiocrystallus (kar-de-o-kris-tal' ' -us) \_Kap&ia, heart ; 

Kphq-aXkog, crystal: //. , Cardiocrystalli~\. A heart 

crystal ; a microscopic white crystal sometimes found in 

the tissues of the heart. 
Cardiodemia (kar-de-o-de' '-me-ali) \_nap8ia, heart ; di/fioc, 

fat]. Fatty heart; fatty degeneration of the heart. 
Cardiodynia (kar-de-o-din' -e-ah) \_napdia, heart ; bdbvrj, 

pain]. Pain in or about the heart. 
Cardiograms (kar-de-og'-mus) [jiapdia, heart; oy/xoc, 

a furrow]. Angina pectoris; cardialgia ; palpitation; 

aneurysm of a vessel near the heart ; exophthalmic 

goiter. C. strumosus. Synonym of Exophthalmic 

Goiter. 
Cardiogram (kar'-de-o-gram) \_KapSia, heart ; ypa/i/ua, 

a writing]. The tracing made of the cardiac impulse 

by the cardiograph. See, also, Heart. 
Cardiograph (kar'-de- 

o-graf) [napdia, , heart ; 

ypatyeiv, to write] . An 

instrument for regis- 
tering graphically the 

modifications of the 

pulsations of the 




Cardiograph of v. 
t. Exit tube. ^.Spring. 
(Landois.) 



heart. 

Cardiographic (kar- 
de-o-graf -ik) [jiap&ia, 
the heart; ypafeiv, to 
write] . Pertaining to 
or recorded by the 
cardiograph. 

Cardiography (kar-de- 
og'-ra-fe) \_nap6ia, the 
heart ; ypayeiv, to write]. I. The use of the cardio- 
graph. 2. A description of the anatomy of the heart. 

Cardiohemothrombus (kar-de-o-hem-o-t h r o m' '-bus) 
[_nap6ia, heart; al/ia, blood; dpo/ifiumg, a becoming 
curdled]. Heart-clot. 

Cardio-inhibitory (kar-de-o-in-hib' -it-o-re) \_nap6ia, the 
heart; inhibere, to restrain]. Pertaining to the dim- 
inution of the heart's action. C.-i. Center, located in 
the oblongata. C.-i. Nerves, the fibers of the spinal 
accessory supplied to the vagus. 

Cardiolith (kar'-de-o-lith) [_K.ap5ia, heart ; MOog, a stone]. 
A cardiac concretion. 

Cardiology (kar-de-ol'-o-je) \_Kapdia, heart ; A<5yor, dis- 
course]. The anatomy, physiology, and pathology 
of the heart. 

Cardiomalacia (kar-de-o-mal-a' '-se-a/i) \_napfiia, heart ; 
fiaXania, softness]. Morbid softening of the substance 
of the heart. 

Cardiomegalia (kar-de-o-meg-a' -le-ah) \_nap5ia, heart ; 
jikyaQ, large]. Cardiac enlargement. 

Cardiometer (kar-de-om' -et-er) \_napdia, heart ; fierpov, 
a measure] . An instrument for estimating the force 
of the heart's action. 

Cardiometry (kar-de-om' -et-re) \_napdta, the heart ; 
fierpov, a measure]. The estimation of the size and 
dimensions of the heart (as by means of auscultation 
and percussion). 

Cardiopalmus (kar-de-o-pal' -mus) \_mp8ia, heart ; 
jraAudf, palpitation] . Palpitation of the heart. 

Cardiopathy (kar- de-op' -a-the) \_Kap6ia, heart ; nadog, 
disease]. Any disease of the heart. 

Cardiopericarditis (kar-de-o-per-e-kar-di'-tis) \_mp6ia, 
heart ; irepl, around ; napSla, the heart ; ing , inflam- 
mation]. Carditis and pericarditis together; inflam- 
mation of the heart-tissues and of the pericardium. 



Cardioplegia (kar-de-o-ple' -je-ah) [napSia, heart ; nXr/yij, 
a stroke]. Paralysis of the heart. 

Cardio-pneumatic (kar-de-o-nu-mat'-ik) \_napoia, 
heart; Trvevfia, the breath]. Pertaining to the heart 
and the breath. C.-p. Movements. Those move- 
ments of the air in the lungs that are caused by the 
pulsations of the heart and larger vessels. 

Cardio-pneumograph (kar-de-o-nu' ' -mo-graf) \jiap6ia, 
heart; nvev/jLa, breath; ypacpeiv, to write]. An in- 
strument designed for graphically recording cardio- 
pneumatic movements. 

Cardiopuncture (kar-de-o-punk' -chiir) \_napdia, heart,; 
punctura, a puncture]. I. Cardiocentesis. 2. Any 
surgical or vivisectional puncture of the heart. 

Cardiopyloric (kar-de-o-pi-lor' -ik) \_Kap5ta, heart ; 
■Kv'Aupog, agate-keeper]. Referring to both the cardiac 
and pyloric portions of the stomach. 

Cardiorrhexis (kar-de-o-reks'-is) \_aapoia, heart ; pf/^ig, 
rupture]. Rupture of the heart. 

Cardiosclerosis (kar-de-o-skle-ro'-sis) \_Kap5ia, heart ; 
GKAripbeiv, to harden]. Induration of the tissues of 
the heart. See Fibroid Heart. 

Cardioscope (kar 1 ' -de-o-skbf) [/capA'o, heart ; gkottuv, 
to view]. An instrument for the observation of the 
movements or of lesions of the heart. 

Cardiostenosis (kar-de-o-ste-no' -sis) \_mp6ia, heart ; 
o-evuoig, narrowing]. Constriction of the heart, 
especially of the conus arteriosus ; also the develop- 
ment of such a constriction. 

Cardio-thyroid Exophthalmos (kar' ' -de-o-thi-roid eks- 
off-thal'-mos). Synonym of Exophthalmic Goiter. 

Cardiotomy (kar-de-of -o-me) [mpoia, heart ; ro/xr], cut- 
ting]. The anatomy or dissection of the heart. 

Cavdiotopograiphy (kar-de-o-lo-pog / -ra-fe)[K.ap6ia, heart; 
twoc, place ; ypdcfieiv, to write]. The topography or 
topographic anatomy of the heart and the cardiac area. 

Cardiotoxic (kar-de-o-toks' -ik) [_Kap6ia, heart ; to^ik6v, 
poison] . Having a poisonous effect upon or through 
the heart. 

Cardiotrauma (kar-de-o-traw' -mah) [mpSia, heart ; 
rpav/ia, a wound]. Traumatism or wound of the 
heart. 

Cardiotromus (kar-de-of '-ro-mus) [Kapdla, heart ; rp6- 
fiog, a quivering] . A fluttering or slight palpitation of 
the heart. 

Cardiovascular ( kar-de-o-vas' -ku-lar) \_mpoia, heart ; 
vasculum, a small vessel]. Both cardiac and vascular; 
pertaining to the blood-vessels of the heart. 

Carditic (kar-dit'-ik) [_KapSia, the heart; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Relating to or affected with carditis. 

Carditis (kar-di'-tis) [napSia, the heart ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the heart. C, Internal. 
Synonym of Endocarditis. 

Cardo (kar' -do) \_cardo, a hinge]. In biology, a hinge- 
joint, as that of a bivalve shell or the maxilla of an 
insect. 

Cardol (kar'-dol). See Anacardium. 

Carduus (kar'-du-us) [L. , a thistle]. The seeds of C. 
marianus, St. Mary's thistle, and C. benedictus, blessed 
thistle. A decoction of the former, ^ ij ad Oj, con- 
stitutes an old and popular remedy for hemoptysis. 
The latter is also a popular cure-all, used mainly as a 
tonic bitter. Dose of decoction ^j-^ss; of a tinc- 
ture, n\x-xx. 

Carferal (kar'-fer-al) \_carbon, charcoal; ferrum, iron; 
aluminum .] A proprietary combination of carbon, 
iron oxid, and clay; it is used as a filtering material 
for water. 

Carica Papaya (kar'-ik-ah pap-a'-yah). See Papain. 

Caricin (kar'-is-in). See Papain. 

Caricologist (kar-ik-ol'-o-iist ) \_carex, sedge ; Aeyeiv, 
to speak]. A student of sedges. 



CAR1C0US 



266 



CARPAGRA 



Caricous (kar'-ik-us) [carica, a fig]. Fig-shaped, as 
a caricous tumor. 

Caries (ka'-re-ez) [caries, rottenness]. A chronic in- 
flammation of bone with rarefaction or absorption of 
bony tissue, followed usually by pus-formation ; 
molecular death of bone, with the accompanying 
process, as ulceration. C. fungosa, tuberculosis of 
a bone with attached sequestrum, the meshes of the 
latter being filled with granulations growing into them 
from the inner surface of the cavity. C, necrotic, 
when portions of the bone lie in a suppurating cavity. 
C. sicca, a form of tuberculous caries characterized by 
absence of suppuration, obliteration of the cavity of 
the joint, and sclerosis and concentric atrophy of the 
articular extremity of the bone. C. of Spine, or Pott's 
Disease, osteitis of the bodies of the vertebrae and 
intervertebral fibro-cartilage, producing curvature of 
the spine. C. of Teeth, a chemical decomposition 
of the earthy part of any portion of a tooth, accom- 
panied by a partial or complete disorganization of the 
animal framework of the affected part. 

Carina (kar-i'-nah) [carina, the keel]. In biology, 
one of many keel-like structures ; as the breast-bone 
of most birds, the median piece to the carapace of a 
cirriped, etc. 

Carinate (kar'-in-at)[carinatus, keel-shaped]. Keeled. 

Carinated Abdomen (kar' -in-a-ted ab' -do-men). See 
Scaphoid Abdomen. 

Cariniform (kar-in' -if-orm) [carina, keel ; forma, 
shape]. In biology, applied to the keel-like fins of 
certain fishes, and to other structures. 

Carino-lateral (kar-in-o-laf -er-al) [carina, a keel ; 
latus, side]. Placed at the side of the carina of an 
animal . 

Cariol (ka'-re-ol). A poisonous active principle ob- 
tainable from parsley. It resembles apiol in its 
physiologic effects, but produces a peculiar uterine vas- 
cular congestion ; it is useful in genito-spinal atony. 
Unof. 

Carious (ka'-re-us) [caries, rottenness]. Pertaining to 
or affected with caries. C. Teeth, Effects of; 
carious teeth may occasion facial neuralgia, facial 
paralysis, sciatica, hemiplegia and spinal irritation, 
paraplegia, tetanus, headache, epilepsy, hysteria, 
chorea, insanity, etc. 

Carissa (kar-is'-ah) [L.]. A genus of shrubs. C. 
schimperi. See Ouabain. 

Carius, Method of. A method for the quantitative 
determination of halogens. The substance, weighed 
out in a small, glass tube, is heated together with 
concentrated HN0 3 and silver nitrate to from 150 to 
300 C, in a sealed tube, and the quantity of the result- 
ing silver haloid determined. 

Carlsbad Water. A famous mineral water used largely 
for chronic affections of the gastro-intestinal tract, 
obesity, gout, and diabetes. 

Carmin (kar'-mhi) C 17 H 18 O 10 . A coloring-matter 
extracted from Cochineal, a. v. C. Naphtha. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. C. Red. Same as Cochineal. 

Carminant (kar' '-min-ant) [carmen, a charm]. I. 
Carminative. 2. A carminative agent or medicine. 

Carminative (kar-min 1 '-at-iv) [carmen, a charm]. A 
calming or soothing medicine, chiefly for children, 
that acts by relieving pain from flatulence. 

Carminic Acid (kar-min' '-ik as' '-id) See Acid. 

Carminophile (kar-min' -of ll) [carmin; iptkelv, to 
love.] Readily stainable with carmin. 

Carnal (kar'-nal) [carnalis, fleshly]. Pertaining to 
flesh. C. Knowledge, sexual intercourse. In foren- 
sic medicine it signifies penetration merely, which 
penetration need only be vulval without seminal 
emission. 



Carnauba (kar-na-oo'-bah) [Braz.]. The root of 
Coiypha cerifera, a wax-producing palm-tree of tropi- 
cal America. It is used in Brazil as an alterative and 
resembles sarsaparilla in its properties. Dose of the 
fid. ext. rr^xxx-g j. Unof. C. Wax, obtained from 
the leaves of the carnauba-palm, Copernicia cerifera, 
of Brazil. Its specific gravity is. 999 and its melting- 
point l85°F. (84° C). It is brittle and of a yellowish 
color. It is extensively used in the manufacture of 
candles. 

Carneous (kar'-ne-us) [carneus, of flesh]. Fleshy. 
C. Columns. See Columnw Carnea. 

Carnification (kar-nif-ik-a' -shun) [caro, flesh ; fieri, 
to become]. A term indicating the alteration of tis- 
sue to an unnatural, fleshy appearance. Also, the 
amyloid degeneration of certain tissues. 

Carnin (kar'-nin) [caro, flesh], C-H g N 4 3 . A leu- 
koma'ine isolated from American meat-extract, but not 
from muscle-tissue itself; also obtained from yeast 
and wine. It crystallizes in white masses composed 
of very small irregular crystals ; it is soluble with great 
difficulty in cold, readily soluble in hot water, insolu- 
ble in alcohol and in ether. It is not thought to be 
very poisonous, but experiments made by Briicke 
show that it causes a fluctuation in the rate of the 
heart-beat. 

Carnivorous (kar-niv' -o-rus) [caro, flesh ; vorare, to 
devour]. In surgery, caustic, escharotic ; flesh-eating. 

Carnochan's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Carnose (kar'-nos) [carnosus, fleshy]. Resembling 
or having the consistence of flesh. 

Carnosity (kar-nos' -it-e) [carnosus, fleshy]. A fleshy 
growth or excrescence. 

Carnot's Doctrine. An absurd theory advanced as an 
objection to vaccination. It is the doctrine of the 
"displacement of mortality." Carnot claimed that 
while certain diseases (small-pox, measles, croup, etc.,) 
were decreasing, other diseases (cholera, typhoid 
fever, dysentery) were increasing, and that vaccination 
was the cause of all the disturbance. 

Caro (ka'-ro) [L. ]. Flesh: muscular tissue. 

Caroba (kar-o'-bah ) [L.]. The leaflets of Jacaranda 
procera and of Cybistax antisyphilitica. It is a popular 
Brazilian remedy as an emeto-cathartic, alterative, and 
tonic in syphilis and in yaws. Dose of the fid. ext. 
TT\, xv- 3 j . Unof. 

Carobin (har-o'-bin) [caroba\ An alkaloid said to be 
found in the leaves of facaranda procera. 

Carolina (kar-o-li' -nah ) [Carolus, Charles]. A name 
given to two Southern States of the Union. C. All- 
spice. See Calycanthus. C. Pink. See Spigelia. 

Carotic (kar-ot'-ik) [napoo, stupor]. Of the nature of 
carus ; stupid ; stupefying. 

Carotico-clinoid (kar-ot' -ik-o-kli' -noid ) [napoi;, stupor; 
kMvvc, a bed]. Relating to a carotid artery and a 
clinoid process of the sphenoid bone. 

Carotico-tympanic (kar-ot' -ik-o-tim-pan'-ik) [napoq, 
stupor; Tvinravov, a drum]. Relating to the carotid 
canal and the tympanum. 

Carotid (kar-ot'-id) [napurlc ; mpieiv, to produce 
sleep]. 1. The principal (right and left) artery of the 
neck. (They were thought to give origin to sleep.) 
See Arteries, Table of. 2. Of or relating to either of 
the two great arteries of the neck, or their principal 
branches. See Canal, Foramen, Ganglion, Plexus, etc. 

Carotin (kar'-o-tin) [carota, carrot], C, s H, 4 0. An 
oily coloring matter found in carrot-root and tomato. 
It is a lipochrome. 

Carpadelium (kar-pad-e' -le-um) [i<ap~6c, fruit ; aft)'/ or, 
not manifest]. Same as Cremocarp. 

Carpagra (kaip'-a-grah) [napir6c, the wrist; a) pa, a 
seizure]. A sudden attack of pain at the wrist. 



CARPAIN 



267 



CARTILAGE 



Carpain [kar-pa f -in), C u H. 2 .NCv An alkaloid ex- 
tracted from the leaves of Carica papaya. It forms 
well-defined, beautiful crystals, with a very bitter 
taste, and melting at 115° C. It is recommended for 
the subcutaneous treatment of heart-disease. Dose, 
grain T 'j- to \ subcutaneously, every day, or every 
second day. 

Carpal (karp'-al) [_Knp~6(;, the wrist]. Pertaining to 
the wrist. C. Angle, in biology, the bend of the 
wing. 

Carpale (kar-pa'-le) [«ip7rdc, the wrist]. Any one of 
the wrist-bones. 

Carpel {kar'-pel) [_Kaprr6c, fruit]. In biology, the 
ovule-producing organ of a plant ; a simple pistil, or 
the homologous portion of a compound pistil. 

Carpellary (kar' -pel-a-re) [/cap/rdc, fruit]. Containing, 
like, or belonging to a carpel. 

Carpen (karp'-eu) [jiapKoc, the wrist]. Belonging to the 
carpus in itself. 

Carphologia (kar-fo-lo'-je-ah). See Carphology. 

Carphology (kar-fol'-o-je) [napfoc, chaff; Myeiv, to 
collect]. A symptom in delirious and dying persons 
consisting in picking at the bedclothes. It is generally 
looked upon as an unfavorable omen. Floccilatio, or 
foccilation, was the term formerly given to this symp- 
tom. 

Carpobalsamum (kar-po-bal' 'sam-uni) \jcapn6g, fruit ; 
(iaXoafiov, balsam]. The fruit of Bahamodendron 
{Commiphora) opobalsamum, the Mecca balsam-tree; 
also a fragrant volatile oil from the same fruit. It is 
highly prized in the Orient. Unof. 

Carpocace (kar-pok'-as-e) [tiapnoc, wrist ; nanor, bad]. 
A diseased condition of the wrist. 

Carpogenic (kar-po-jen'- ik) [«:ap7rdc, fruit ; yevr/g, pro- 
ducing] . Applied to the fruit-producing cell or sys- 
tem of cells in certain algae. 

Carpognathite {kar-pog' -nath-if) \_napir6g, the wrist ; 
yvadoc, the jaw]. In biology, the fifth joint of the 
gnathopodite or foot-jaw of a crustacean. See Carpos. 

Carpogonium (kar-po-go' -ne-um) \_napKoc, fruit ; ydvoc, 
producing]. In biology, the unfertilized female 
reproductive organ of certain thallophytes. 

Carpolith (kai-'-po-lith) [/capTrdc, fruit; ?udoc, a stone]. 
I. A hard concretion formed in a fruit. 2. A petrified 
fruit. 

Carpology [kar-pol' -o-je) \jiapn6c, fruit ; Xeyeiv, to 
speak]. That department of botany that treats of 
fruits. 

Carpomania (kar-po-ma' -ne-ali) \_KapKoq, fruit ; ftavia, 
madness]. In biology, the excessive production of 
fruit by trees that are cultivated. 

Carpo-metacarpal {kar-po-mel-a-kar'-pal) \_napir6g, 
carpus; //era, between, among; napnor, carpus]. 
Relaiing to the carpus and to the metacarpus. 

Carpo-pedal (kar-po-ped'-al) [ttapnoc, carpus ; pes, pedis, 
a foot]. Affecting the wrists or the hands and feet. 
C. Spasm, a spasm of the hands and feet, or of the 
thumbs and great toes, associated with the laryngismus 
stridulus of children. C. Contractions. See Con- 
traction. 

Carpophagous (kar-pof-ag-us) \_i<ap~6q, fruit ; </>ayeiv, 
to eat]. Applied to fruit-eating animals. 

Carpophore (kar' -po-for) \_n.ap-6c, fruit ; Qepeiv, to 
bear]. In biology, the stalk or support of fruits, 
corresponding to the receptacle in the flower. Also 
an organ, in some thallophytes, that bears spores. 

Carpopodite (kar-pop'-o-dit) [/capTrdr, the wrist ; Tvorc, 
the foot]. In biology, a part of the crustacean limb, 
i.e., the fifth joint of the endopodite. See Carpos. 

Carpoptosis (kar-pop-to' -sis) \Kapixoc, wrist ; tttCxjic, 
a fall]. Wrist-drop. 

Carpos (kar'-pos) \_napir6c, wrist]. In biology, the fifth 



joint of any crustacean appendage (Bate). The same 
as Carpognathile and Carpopodite (Milne Edwards). 

Carpospore (kar'-po-spor) [Kapvog, fruit ; airopd, seed]. 
In biology, the equivalent of spore. 

Carpostome (kar'-po-stom) [fcap^dc, fruit ; ar6/j.a, 
mouth]. In biology, one of the narrow mouths or 
canals through which spores are discharged from the 
cystocarp or sporocarp. 

Carpotica {kar-pof '-ik-ati) \_Kap-6c, fruit]. Diseases 
connected with pregnancy and childbirth. 

Carpozyma (kar-po-zi' '-mail) [«ap7rdc, fruit ; (v/ir/, fer- 
ment]. A genus of fermentative microorganisms. C. 
apiculata, a widely-diffused alcoholic ferment found 
in all fruits. 

Carpue's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Carpus (Jtarp'-us) [/azpTrdc, the wrist]. The eight bones 
collectively forming the wrist. See Bones, Table of. 

Carr's Method. See Treatment , Methods of. 

Carrageen, or Carragheen [kar'-ag-en) \_Carraglieen\n. 
Ireland]. Irish moss. See Chondrus. 

Carragheenin (kar-ag-en'-in), C 6 H I0 O 5 . A mucilagin- 
ous constituent of carragheen, apparently identical with 
pararabin. 

Carre's Apparatus. An apparatus for manufacturing 
ice by means of the evaporation of ether. 

Carriage (kar'-dj). See Ward-carriage, Ambulance, 
Cacolet. 

Carrick Bend (kar'-ik-bend). A form of knot for fasten- 
ing together two ligatures. The merit of the knot 
consists in the free end being held firmly between the 
two long portions. 

Carron Oil (kar'-on oil). See Linum and Calcium. 

Car-sickness (kar'-sik-nes). The well-known symp- 
toms of sea-sickness produced by journeying in railway 
cars. 

Carswell's Grapes. Pulmonary tubercles when they 
occur by racemose distribution at the extremities of 
several adjacent bronchioles. See Diseases, Table of. 

Carter's Operation. See Operations, Table of. C. 
Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Carthamin (karth' '-am-in) [Ar. , qa;-tama, paint], C u - 
H 16 7 . The coloring-matter in safflower, the blos- 
soms of Carthamus tinctorius. It is precipitated 
from its soda solution by acetic acid as a dark-red 
powder, which, on drying, acquires a metallic luster. 
It dissolves with a beautiful red color in alcohol and 
the alkalies. It is used for surface-coloring or dyeing. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Carthamus {karth' -am-us) [Ar., qartama, paint]. 
American or bastard saffron or safflower. The flowers 
of C. tinctorius. An infusion, " Saffron tea," is a 
popular domestic remedy as a diuretic in measles and 
other exanthematous affections. Unof. 

Cartilage (kar'-til-dj) \_cartilago, gristle]. Gristle; 
a white, semi-opaque, non-vascular tissue composed 
of a matrix containing nucleated cells. When boiled, 
cartilage yields a substance called Chondrin, q. v. C, 
Articular, that lining the articular surfaces of bones. 
C, Bone-, bone that takes its origin from cartilage, 
and not from a membrane. C, Costal, that occupy- 
ing the interval between the true ribs and the sternum 
or adjacent cartilages. C, Ensiform, the third piece 
of the sternum. It is also called the xiphoid appendix. 
C, Epactal, small cartilaginous nodules on the upper 
edge of the alar cartilages of the nose. C, Hyaline, 
distinguished by a granular or homogeneous matrix. 
C, Fibro-, distinguished by a fibrous matrix. Carti- 
lages of Larynx, the cartilages of the larynx take 
part in producing the various modulations of the pitch 
and intensity of the voice. They are the thyroid, 
cricoid, epiglottis, and a pair each of arytenoid, corni- 
cula laryngis, and cuneiform, q. v. C. of Meckel. 



CARTILAGIN 



2f!8 



CASCARA 



See Meckel. C, Mucronate, the ensiform cartilage. 
C, Nasal, the cartilaginous framework of the nose, 
consisting of five pieces, the two upper and two 
lower cartilages, and the cartilage of the septum. 
C, Reticular, a peculiar cartilage found in the 
auricle of the ear, the epiglottis, and Eustachian tubes. 
Its peculiarity consists in a network of yellow elastic 
fibers pervading the matrix in all directions. C. of 
Santorini, a nodule at the apex of each arytenoid 
cartilage, the corniculum laryngis. C. of Weitbrecht, 
the interarticular fibro-cartilage that exists in the 
acromio-clavicular articulation. C. of Wrisberg, the 
cuneiform cartilages, one on each side of the fold of 
membrane stretching from the arytenoid cartilage to 
the epiglottis. C, Yellow. See C. , Reticular. 

Cartilagin (kar-tW '-aj-in) [cartilage/, cartilage]. A 
characteristic principle of hyaline cartilage. Boiling 
changes it into chondrin. 

Cartilaginification (kar-til-aj-in-if-ik-a 1 'shuti) \_car- 
tilago, cartilage ; facere, to make] . A change into 
cartilage. 

Cartilaginiform (kar-til-aj-in'-iform) [cartilago, car- 
tilage; forma, form]. Resembling cartilage. 

Cartilaginoid (kar-til-af -in-oid) [cartilago, cartilage ; 
eldog, form]. Resembling cartilage. 

Cartilaginous (kar-til-aj' -in-us) [cartilago, cartilage]. 
Made up of or resembling cartilage. 

Cartilago (kar-til-a' -go) [L. : gen.,Cartilaginis\ Car- 
tilage. C. triticea, a small, oblong, fibro-cartilaginous 
mass, often found in the elastic ligament, the thyro- 
hyoid, connecting the superior cornu of the thyroid 
cartilage with the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. 

Carum (ka'-rum) [napov, caraway]. Caraway. The 
seeds of C. ca?-zii, indigenous to Europe and an allied 
species native to the Pacific coast of America. Its 
odor and taste are due to a volatile oil. It is valuable 
in infantile colic, but is used chiefly as a flavor. C, 
Aqua (B. P.). Dose §j-ij. C, Infusum, unof., 
3J-ij,adOj. Dose^ss-ij. C, Oleum. Dose n\j-v. 

Caruncle (kai ' '-ung-kl) [caruncula, dim. of caro, flesh]. 
A small, abnormal fleshy growth. In biology, applied 
to certain elevations, protuberances, or excrescences on 
animals or plants, as the comb of a bird, the fleshy 
papilla at the inner canthus of the eye, the growths 
on insect larv?e, and the small masses about the hilum 
of some seeds. C, Lachrymal, one upon the con- 
junctiva near the inner canthus. C, Urethral, a 
small, bright-red growth situated on the posterior lip of 
the meatus urinarius ; a frequent condition in women. 
The caruncle varies in size from a hempseed to a fil- 
bert ; it is very painful, especially during micturition 
and coitus, and bleeds readily. 

Caruncula (kar-zing'-ku-lah) [dim. of caro, flesh: //. , 
Carunculai]. A caruncle. C. mammillaris, the 
olfactory tubercle, an eminence of gray matter between 
the roots of the olfactory nerve. 

Carunculae (kar-ung' -kit-le) [ca?unc2ila, a caruncle]. 
The nymphse. C. myrtiformes, the projections of 
membrane near the orifice of the vagina, thought 
to be the remains of the hymen after its rupture. 
They have also been found in the imperforated hymen. 

Caruncular (kar-tmg' -ku-lar) [caruncula, a caruncle]. 
Like or pertaining to a caruncle. 

Carus (ka'-rus) [napnc, stupor]. Deep, lethargic sleep. 
C. cataleptica, catalepsy. C. ecstasis, trance, or 
catalepsy. C. lethargus, lethargy. 

Carus, Curve or Circle of. See Curve. 

Carvacrol (karv'-ak-rol) [Ital. , carvi, caraway ; aicpoc, 
sharp], C ]n H n .OH. A liquid body occurring in the 
oil of certain varieties of satureja. It is produced on 
heating carvol with glacial phosphoric acid. It is a 
thick oil, solidifying at low temperatures ; it melts at o° 



and boils at 236 . It has a very disagreeable odor and 
strong taste. It has been used to relieve toothache. 

Carvene (karv'-en) [It., carvi, caraway], C 10 H 1G . A 
hydrocarbon contained in caraway. It is a light ter- 
pene. See also Citrene. 

Carvol (karv'-ol) [It., carvi, caraway; oleum, oil], 
C 10 H u O. An aromatic alcohol isomeric with car- 
vacrol, and obtained from oil of cumin. It is an oil 
with a pleasant odor, boiling at 225 ° C. 

Caryoblast [liar' -e-o-blast) [napvov, a nucleus; /3/W-(5c, 
a germ]. Any nucleated plastidule. 

Caryocinesis (kai'-e-o-sin-e' -sis) [napvov, a nut (nu- 
cleus) ; nivijais, movement]. See Karyokinesis. 

Caryocinetic (kar-e-o-sin-ef -ikY See Karyokinetic . 

Caryolysis (kar-e-ol' '-is-is) [napvov, nucleus; Xvtcv, to 
loose]. The process of the dissolution of cell-nuclei. 

Caryolytic (kar-e-o-lit' -ik) [napvov, nucleus ; \volc, 
dissolution] . Pertaining to Caryolysis . 

Caryomitosis (kar-e-o-mit-o' -sis). See Karyomitosis. 

Caryophyllin (Itar-e-o-fiV -m) [napvov, a nut ; (jivXauv, 
a leaf]. C 10 H 16 O or C 20 H. K O 2 . The neutral crystalline 
principle of cloves. It occurs in tasteless and odor- 
less silky acicular crystals, soluble in warm alcohol and 
ether. See Caryophyllus. 

Caryophyllus (kar-e-o-fil' -us) [napvov, a nut ; tyvWov, 
a leaf]. Clove. The unexpanded flowers of Eugenia 
caryophyllata, distinguished by their pungent, spicy 
taste. Its properties are due to a volatile oil, which is 
antiseptic, stimulant, and irritant. It also contains a 
crystalline body, Eugenin, C 10 H 12 O 2 , and a camphor, 
Caryophyllin, C 10 H 16 O. It is useful as a stomachic, 
and to prevent griping when combined with purgatives. 
C, Infusum (B. P.). A strength of I to 40 recom- 
mended. Dose ^j— ij. C, Ol., contains an acid and 
a phenol compound. Dose rry-iv. It is used also 
by microscopists to clarify preparations and tissues for 
mounting. 

Caryoplasm (kar' '-e-o-plaz?n) [napvov, a nucleus ; 
nXao/ia, that which is formed]. The plasm of a cell- 
nucleus ; nuclear plasm. 

Caryopsis (kar-e-op' -sis) [napvov, a nut; 6i/);c, appear- 
ance]. In biology, an indehiscent dry fruit, like that 
of the wheat, in which the single seed is enveloped in 
the closely-adhering pericarp. 

Casali Green. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pig- 
ment. 

Casali's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Casamajor's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Casaubon's Apparatus. One for charging water with 
C0 2 by the intermittent method. 

Casca Bark (kas'-kah bark). Sassy Bark ; Ordeal Bark. 
The bark of Erythrophlceum guinense, a tree native to 
Africa, with properties due to an alkaloid. It pro- 
duces nausea and vomiting. It is valuable in inter- 
mittent fevers, and is a more powerful heart-tonic than 
digitalis. C, Tinct., 25 per cent, in strength. Dose 
TT\x. Unof. C, Ext. Aq. Dose gr. j. C, Ext. 
Fid. Dose TTLv-xv. Erythrophlein, the active alka- 
loid, unof., is locally an anesthetic. 

Cascadbe (kas-kad-o'-e). See Tinea imbricata. 

Cascara (kas'-kar-al/) [Sp., "bark"]. The bark. C. 
amarga, Honduras Bark. The bark of a tree native 
to Mexico, much used as an alterative tonic in syphilis 
and skin-affections. C. Cordial, a trade preparation. 
Dose n^xv-^i]. C, Fid. Ext. Dose ," ss-j ; of the 
powdered extract gr. v-x. Unof. C. sagrada, Chit- 
tem Bark, Sacred Bark. The bark of Rhamnus 
purshiana, or California Buckthorn. Its properties 
are due to a volatile oil. It is useful in the treatment 
of chronic constipation. All unof. Case, sagrad., 
Ext. (B. P.). Dose gr. ij-viij. Case, sagrad., Ext. 
Liquidum (B. P.). Dose rriV-^j. 



CASCARILLA 



269 



CATABOLIC 



Cascarilla (kas-kar-il' '-ak) [Sp.,dim. of casca, bark]. 
The bark of Croton eluteria, native to the Bahama 
Islands, an aromatic bitter, increasing the natural se- 
cretions of the digestive organs. C, Infus. (B. P.). 
Dose 5j-ij. C, Tinctura (B. P.). Dose3ss-ij. 

Cascarillin {kas-kar-il' '-in) [cascarilla, dim. of casca, 
bark], C 6 H 9 2 . The active principle of cascarilla 
bark ; a white, crystalline, bitter substance, scarcely 
soluble in water. 

Case (kits) [cadere, to happen]. A single instance or 
example of a disease. A covering, or box-like struc- 
ture. C, Brain-, the calvaria. C, Muscle-. See 
Muscle. C. -taking, the collection of memoranda and 
notes of an individual case for service in diagnosis or 
prognosis, or for use in a medico-legal inquiry. C, 
Trial-, in ophthalmology, a case containing various 
lenses for refracting the eye, etc. 

Caseation (ka-ze-a'-skun) [caseum, cheese]. The pre- 
cipitation of casein during the coagulation of milk. 
Also a fatty degeneration of pus, tubercle, etc. , in 
which the structure is converted into a soft, cheese- 
like substance. 

Casein (ka'-ze-in) [caseum, cheese]. A derived albu- 
min, the chief proteid of milk, precipitated by acids 
and by rennet at 40° C. It is closely allied to alkali- 
albumin, but contains more nitrogen and a large 
amount of phosphorus. It constitutes most of the 
curd of milk. Two varieties of C, Vegetable, have 
been described, — Legumin, in peas, beans, etc., and 
Conglutin, in hops and almonds. C. Saccharid, a 
compound of dry casein one part, cane-sugar nine 
parts, and sodium bicarbonate enough to render it 
slightly alkaline. It is useful in preparing emul- 
sions, whether of oils, balsams, terpenes, resins, or 
gum-resins. 

Caseinogen (ka-ze-in' -o-jen) [caseum, cheese ; yevvav, 
to produce]. A peculiar substance occurring in milk, 
neither an alkali-albumin nor a globulin, but occupy- 
ing a distinct position among protei'ds. When acted 
upon by a digestive ferment it produces casein, or the 
curd of milk. Caseinogen is a proteid analogous to 
fibrinogen, myosinogen, etc. 

Caseose (ka'-ze-os) [caseum, cheese]. A product of 
the gastric digestion of casein. 

Caseous (ka'-ze-us) [caseum, cheese]. Having the na- 
ture or consistence of cheese. 

Cashew (kash-oo'). The cashew-nut, the product of 
Anacardium occidentale. See Acajou. 

Cashoo {kash-oo'). Same as Catechu. 

Cassava (kas-a'-vah) [Sp., casabe~\. The fecula of 
manioc, Janipha manihot, separated from the juice. 
Unof. See Tapioca. 

Cassel Brown. Same as Vandyke Brown. C. Green. 
Same as Manganese Green. C. Yellow. See Con- 
spectus of Pigments, under Pigment. 

Cassel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Casselmann's Green. See Conspectus of Pigments, 
under Pigment. 

Cassena (kas-e'-nah) [L.]. The He x cassine, the youpon- 
tree of the Southern U. S. Its leaves are expectorant, 
cathartic, emetic, and stimulant. Unof. 

Casser, Ganglion of. See Ganglia, Table of. C, 
Nerve of. See Nerves, Table of. 

Casserian Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. 

Cassia [cash' -e-ah) [naoia, a perfume]. I. A genus of 
leguminous plants, several species of which afford 
Senna, a. v. 2. An old name, still used commer- 
cially, for the coarser varieties of cinnamon. See Cin- 
namon. C. Bark, Cassia lignea. See Cinnamon. 
C. Buds, the immature fruit of Chinese cinnamon ; 
used chiefly as a spice. C. marilandica, of N. 
America, produces the leaves called American senna, 



which are less active as a cathartic than the true senna. 
C. Oil, a variety of oil of cinnamon, used in pharmacy 
and in perfumery. C, Purging, is the fruit of a tree, 
C. fistula, growing in tropical regions. The pulp, 
C.Pulpa (B. P.), in 3J-ij doses is a mild laxative. 

Cassideus (kas-id'-e-us) [cassis, a helmet]. In biology, 

helmet-shaped. 
Cassimuniar, or Cassumunar (kas-im-u'-ne-ar, or 
kas-um-u'-nar). The plant Zingiber cassumunar 
and its aromatic rhizome, formerly used like true 
ginger ; now scarcely known in commerce or in phar- 
macy. It is tonic and stimulant. Unof. 

Cassius's Purple. See Pigments, Conspectus of . 

Cassonade (kas-o)i-ad') [Fr.]. A name formerly applied 
in the French colonies to Muscovado Sugars, q. v. 

Cast (hast) [ME., casten, to throw]. I. A mass of fibrous 
or plastic material that has taken the form of some 
cavity in which it has been moulded. P'rom their 
source, casts may be classified as bronchial, intestinal, 
nasal, esophageal, renal, tracheal, urethral, vaginal, 
etc. Of these, the renal casts are the most important, 
by reason of their significance in diseases of the kidney. 
Classed according to their constitution, casts are epi- 
thelial, fatty, fibrinous, granular, hyaline, mucous, 
sanguineous, waxy, etc. See Tube-casts. 2. To 
throw off; applied to labor in cattle. 3. Strabismus. 

Castanea [kas-ta' -ne-ah ) [L. ]. Chestnut. The leaves 
of C. vesca. They contain tannic and gallic acids 
and other principles whose value is not known. They 
are used in infusion or decoction as a remedy for 
whooping-cough. C, Fid. Ext. Dose TT^ v-lx. 

Castillon's Powders. Powders containing sago, salep, 
tragacanth, of each 8 parts, prepared oyster-shells, 2, 
cochineal, I. They are used in treating diarrhea and 
dysentery. 

Casting (kast'-ing) [ME. , casten, to throw]. In den- 
tal mechanism, running fused lead, tin, zinc, or brass 
into a mould made in sand, with a plaster transfer of 
any portion or the whole of the alveolar border and so 
many of the teeth as may be remaining in it, and the 
palatine arch when it becomes necessary to adapt a 
plate to it. 

Castor (kas'-tor). See Castoreum. C. Bean and C. 
Oil. See Ricini. 

Castoreum (kas-to'-re-um) [nac-up, the beaver]. The 
dried preputial follicles and their secretion, obtained 
from the beaver, Castor fiber. It is a reddish-brown 
substance with a strong odor. It is antispasmodic 
and stimulant, its action resembling that of musk. C, 
Tinct. Dose 3 ss-j. Unof. 

Castoria (kas-to' '-re-ali) [kcwtup, the beaver]. A pro- 
prietary medicine recommended as a substitute for cas- 
tor oil. 

Castorin (kas' -tor-in) [Kaarup, the beaver]. A crystal- 
line substance obtained from castor. 

Castration (kas-tra'-shiai) [castrare, to cut]. Orchec- 
tomy ; the excision of one or both testicles. C, Fe- 
male, removal of the ovaries ; oophorectomy ; spaying. 

Casts (leasts). See Cast, and Tube-Casts. 

Casual (kaz'-u-al) [casus, chance]. Fitted or set apart 
for the treatment of accidental injuries, as a casual 
ward in a hospital. 

Casualty (kaz'-u-al-te) [casus, chance]. An accidental 
injury ; a wound, or loss of life, accidentally incurred ; 
an injury in a battle. 

Catabasis (kat-ab' -as-is) [Karafiacjic;, a descent] . The 
decline of a disease. 

Catabolergy, or Katabolergy (kat-ab-ol'-er-je) [Kara, 
down; fiaXXeLv, to throw ; epyov, work]. Energy 
expended in katabolic processes. 

Catabolic (kat-ab-oF-ik ) [Kara, down ; fia./\/\en>, to 
throw]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, catabolism. 



CATABOLISM 



270 



CATAPHORA 



Catabolism (kal-ab'-ol-izm) [Kara, down ; fidXkeiv, to 
throw]. Destructive metamorphosis ; disassimilation ; 
physiologic disintegration ; movement toward a cata- 
state. 

Catabythismomania [kat-ab-itk-iz-mo-ma'-ne-ati) [/car- 
ajivdiajiog, submergence; /xavia, madness]. Insane 
impulse to suicide by drowning. 

Catabythismus (kat-ab-ilh-iz' -mus) [/cara/Ji/o'/apdc;, sub- 
mergence]. Drowning; especially suicidal drowning. 

Catacathartic (kat-ak-alh-ar'-tik) [/card, down ; /ca- 
Odpatg, purgation]. I. Purging. 2. A medicine or 
agent that causes purgation. 

Catacausis (kat-ak-aw' 'sis) [/card, down ; Kaiuv, to 
burn]. Spontaneous combustion. 

Cataclasis (kat-ak' -las-is) [/card, down ; kK&uv, to 
break]. A fracture. 

Catacleisis [kat-ak-li'-sis) [/card/c/lejcr/c, a locking]. Clo- 
sure of the eyelids by adhesion or by spasm. 

Catacorolla (kat-a-ko-rol' -ah ) [/card, against ; corolla, 
a little crown]. In biology, a secondary corolla either 
within or without the true corolla. 

Catacrotic (kat-ak-rot' -ik) [/card, down ; /cpdroc, a 
striking]. Interrupting the line of descent in a sphyg- 
mogram. 

Catacrotism {kat-ak '-rot-izm) [/card, down ; /cpordf, a 
striking]. An interruption or oscillation of the line 
of descent in a sphygmogram ; the quality of being cat- 
acrotic or of being marked by oscillation in the sphyg- 
mographic line of descent. 

Catadicrotism, or Katadicrotism (kal-ad-ik'-rol-izm) 
[/card, down ; d/'/cporoc, double beating]. The occur- 
rence of a divided or double pulsation in the down- 
ward stroke of the sphygmograph. 

Catadidymous (kat-ad-id' -im-us) [/card, down ; didv- 
/ioc, twin]. Joined into one, as a twin monstrosity, 
but with a downward cleavage, so that the upper parts 
are double. 

Catadidymus {kat-ad-id' -im-us) \_Kara, down ; Sidvfioc, 
twin]. A catadidymous monstrosity. 

Catadromous (kat-ad' -ro-mus) \_Kard, down ; dpajieiv, 
running down]. In biology, applied to such fishes 
as descend rivers to spawn in the sea, e.g., the eel. 

Catagenesis (kat-aj-en'-es-is) [/card, down; yeveaig, 
generation]. In biology, the process of creation by 
retrograde metamorphosis of energy, or by the special- 
ization of energy (Cope). 

Catagma {kat-ag / -mah) [/cdray^a, a fracture ://. , Catag- 
mata~\. A fracture. 

Catagmatic (kat-ag-mat'-ik) \_mrayp.a, a fracture]. I. 
Relating to or serviceable in cases of fracture. 2. A 
remedy that promotes the union of broken parts. 

Catagoglossum (kat-ag-o-glos' '-11m) [/cardyMi>, to draw 
down; y?Maaa, the tongue]. A tongue-depressor. 

Catalepsia (kat-al-ep'-se-ah). See Catalepsy. C. arti- 
ficialis, artificial or hypnotic catalepsy. C. acces- 
soria, catalepsy associated with some other leading 
nervous affection. C. cerea, waxen catalepsy ; cata- 
lepsy in which the limbs if placed in any given posi- 
tion will retain it as if they were made of wax. C. 
epidemica, the epidemic or imitative variety. C. 
spuria, or false catalepsy. See Ecstasy. 

Catalepsy (kaP '-al-ep-se) [Kara, down ; Aa/.t/3dvei.v, to 
seize]. A peculiar neurosis characterized by loss of 
will and muscular rigidity, due to a diseased condition 
of the central nervous system. It occurs in those of 
the neurotic diathesis, and usually between the ages of 
20 and 30 years. It is commonly associated with hys- 
teria, but may be found in conjunction with tetanus and 
the various psychoses. It often forms a part of the 
hypnotic state. Set Somnambulism. C, Local, that 
affecting a single organ or group of muscles. C, 
Plastic. See Catalepsia cerea. 



Cataleptic (kat-al-ep'-tik) [/card, down ; "Kafifidvuv, to 
seize]. Relating to, affected with, or of the nature of, 
catalepsy. 

Cataleptiform (kat-al-ep' '-tif-orm) [/card, down; ka/j.- 
(3dveiv, to seize ; forma, form]. Resembling cata- 
lepsy. 

Catalpa [kat-al' -pah) [native Am. Indian]. A genus of 
American and Asiatic bignoniaceous trees. A. big- 
noniodes and A. speciosa, of North America, have 
astringent, anthelmintic, and tonic qualities ; the leaves 
and pods are reputed anodyne, emollient, and antasfh- 
matic. Unof. 

Catalysis {kat-al' -is-is) [mTalveiv, to dissolve]. In 
chemistry, a reaction that appears to take place owing 
to the mere presence of another body that apparently 
undergoes no change. 

Catalytic (kat-al-it'-ik) \_mra7,vetv , to dissolve]. I. Of 
the nature of, or characterized by, catalysis. 2. Any 
medicine that is supposed to break down, destroy, or 
counteract morbid agencies existing within the 
economy. See Alterative . 

Catamenia (kat-am-e' -ne-ah) [/card, concerning, accord- 
ing to ; firjv, month]. The recurrent monthly dis- 
charge of blood during sexual life from the genital 
canal of the female. 

Catamenial {kat-am-e' -ne-al) \K.ard, concerning; fi>/v,a. 
month]. Pertaining to the catamenia. 

Catantochasmus {kat-an-to-kaz' -?nus) [/cdravra, down- 
ward ; ^do/wz, an expanse]. In craniometry. Lissauer's 
term for a skull in which the angle between the radius 
fixus and a line joining the anterior point of the fora- 
men magnum and the posterior nasal spine is less than 

I3°- 

Catantopylus (kat-an-top' '-il-us) [/cdraira, downward ; 
kvXti, an opening]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term 
for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus 
and the line joining the anterior and posterior points of 
the foramen magnum is between one and eight 
degrees. 

Catantorrhinus (kat-an-tor-i' -mis) [jidravra, down- 
ward ; p/f, the nose]. In craniometry, Lissauer's 
term for a skull in which the angle between the radius 
fixus and the line joining the wing of the vomer and 
the anterior nasal spine is between 1° and 16. 5 . 
Catantostomus (kat-an-tos'-to-mzes) [/cdravra, down- 
ward; ord/na, the mouth]. In craniometry, Lissauer's 
term for a skull in which the angle between the radius 
fixus and a line joining the premaxillary point and the 
wing of the vomer is between 9° and 25. 5 . 

Catanturaniscus (kat-an-tiir-an-is' -kiis) [ndravTa, 
downward; ovpaviunot;, the roof of the mouth]. In 
craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which the 
angle between the radius fixus and the line joining the 
posterior rim of the incisor foramen and the pre- 
maxillary point is between l° and 20 . 

Catanturanus (kat-an-tiir' -an-us) \_m-av~a, downward; 
ovpai'dg , the palate]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term 
for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus 
and the line joining the premaxillary point and the 
nasal spine is between 1° and 17 . 

Catapasm (kat'-ap-azm) [KardTraofia, powder]. A dry 
powder to besprinkled upon the skin or upon a sore. 

Catapetalous (kat-ap-ef -al-us) [/card , against ; ■Kirakov, 
a leaf]. In biology, applied to polypetalous flowers in 
which the bases of the petals are adherent to the bases 
of the stamens. 

Cataphasia (kat-af-a'-ze-ah) [Kardfaatc, assent]. A 
condition of imperfect consciousness, in which the 
patient repeatedly utters the same word or words spon- 
taneously, or in reply to a question. 

Cataphora [kat-af'-o-rah) [ica-ayopd, a fall]. Lethargy ; 
imperfect or restless coma, with intervals of coma-vigil. 



CATAPHORESIS 



271 



CATECHU 



Cataphoresis (kat-af-or-e'-sis) \_Karaipcpeiv, to bring 
down]. The introduction of drugs into the system 
through the skin, by means of ointments or solutions 
applied by the electrode of a battery. 

Cataphoric (kat-af-or'-ik) [nard, down; (popisiv, to 
carry]. Passing, or causing a passage, from the 
anode to the kathode, through a diaphragm or septum. 

Cataphract [kat'-af-rakf) \_Karappdic7//g, a coat of 
mail]. In biology, the protective armor-plates or 
scales of some animals. 

Cataphracted (kat'-af-rak-ted) \_K.aTdtj>panTog, mailed]. 
In biology, protected by an armor of thick skin, 
heavy plates or scales. 

Cataphyllum [kat-af-il 1 '-umj [«zrd, down ; QvXaov, a 
leaf]. In biology, a rudimentary scale-like leaf, as a 
cotyledon or bud-scale. 

Cataplasis (kat-ap' -las-is) [/card, down ; ir'Aaoig, forma- 
tion]. The stage of decline in the individual life. 

Cataplasm (kat'-ap-lazm) [/card-7r/W//a, a poultice]. 
See Poultice. C, Emollient. See Species emollientes. 

Cataplasma (kat-ap-laz'-mah) [L.]. A cataplasm. 
C. fermenti (B. P.), beer yeast, wheaten flour, water 
at 100° F. A stimulant and antiseptic for indolent 
ulcers. 

Cataplectic (kat-ap-lek'-tik) [naTavrTir/gig, a striking 
down]. Fulminant ; sudden and overwhelming. 

Cataplexis (kat-ap-leks'-is) [na-d-AT/ijic, a striking 
down]. I. A sudden and overwhelming shock or attack 
of disease ; prostration by the onset of disease, or by 
shock. 2. Hypnotic sleep. 

Cataptosis (kat-ap-to' -sis) [Kara, down ; ktuolc, a fall- 
ing]. Apoplexy; epilepsy; paralysis; ptosis. 

Cataract (kaf -ar-akt) [K.arapdiiT7/r, a falling down or 
over, as of something over the vision]. Diminished 
transparency or an opacity of the crystalline lens, or of 
its capsule. C, Artificial Maturation of, Forster's 
Method consists in friction of the cornea against the 
lens by pressure upon the cornea. Beltmann' s 
Method consists in " direct trituration ' ' of the lens 
with a spatula introduced into the anterior chamber. 
Both methods are preceded by an iridectomy. C, 
Black, the lens is pigmented, and of a dark-brown 
color. C, Capsular, consists in non-transparent de- 
posits on the inner surface of the capsule. C, Cor- 
tical, opacification of the outer layers of the lens. C, 
Diabetic, is associated with diabetes. C, Discis- 
sion of, an operation preliminary to absorption, or ex- 
traction by suction, consisting in rupturing the capsule, 
so that the aqueous humor gains access to the lens. 
C, Extraction of, removal of the cataractous lens by 
surgical operation. See Extraction of C. C, Fluid, 
C. , Lacteal, the breaking up of an opaque lens into a 
milky fluid. C, Green, a name given to a grayish- 
green reflex seen in glaucoma ; it is also seen when the 
pupil is dilated and at the same time the media are not 
completely transparent. C, Immature, or Unripe, 
only a part of the lens-substance is cataractous. C, 
Lacteal. See C. , Fluid. C, Lamellar, or Zonular; 
certain layers between the cortex and nucleus are 
opaque, the remaining layers being transparent. C, 
Mature, or C, Ripe, the whole lens-substance is 
cataractous. C, Morgagnian, when a hypermature 
or overripe C. shrinks and leaves a nucleus floating in 
the dissolved outer layers. C, Naphthalinic, an 
opacity of the lens of a rabbit following the administra- 
tion of naphthalin. C, Polar (anterior or posterior), 
the opacity is confined to one pole of the lens. C- 
pricker. See Cataract-pricking. C. -pricking, a 
name given to the old method of artificial luxation of 
the lens in cases of cataract. A needle was passed into 
the sclera on the outer margin of the cornea and into the 
lens, which was then depressed into the vitreous. Those 



who performed this operation were called cataract- 
prickers. C, Pyramidal, the opacity is at the an- 
terior pole and is conoid, the apex extending forward. 
C, Recurrent Capsular, or Secondary, capsular 
cataract, appearing after the extraction of the lens. 
C, Senile, the cataract of old persons, the most fre- 
quent form, and that understood when not specified as 
congenital, juvenile, traumatic, soft, etc. C, Soft, is 
especially that of the young ; the lens-matter is of soft 
consistency and milky appearance. 

Cataracta (kat-ar-ak'-tah). See Cataract. C. secun- 
daria. See After-cataract. 

Cataractous (kat-ar-ah'-tus) \_KarapdKT/j^,a. falling down 
or over]. Of the nature of or affected with cataract. 

Catarrh (kat-ar') [narappeeiv, to flow down]. Inflam- 
mation of a mucous membrane, especially of the 
respiratory tract, but also applied to the bladder, etc. 
Its main symptoms are redness and swelling of 
the affected membrane with a more or less profuse 
mucous discharge. C, Epidemic. See Influenza. 
C, Gastric, gastritis, acute or chronic. C, Intes- 
tinal, enteritis, acute or chronic. C, Nasal, coryza, 
q. v. See also Rhinitis. C, Pulmonary, bronchitis, 
acute or chronic. C, Suffocative. Synonym of 
Capillary Bronchitis, q. v. See also Suffocative 
Catarrh. C, Uterine, endometritis. C, Venereal. 
Synonym of Gonorrhea. C, Vesical, cystitis. 

Catarrhal (kat-ar' -al*) [naTappeetv, to flow down]. Of 
the nature of, affected with, or relating to catarrh. C. 
Fever. Synonym of Influenza. 

Catarrhine (kaf-ar-in) [/card, down ; pic-, the nose]. 
In biology, of or pertaining to those monkeys and apes 
that have approximated nostrils directed downward 
and separated by a narrow septum. 

Catarrhus (kat-ar'-us). See Catarrh. C.genitalium. 
Synonym of Leukorrhea. 

Catastaltic (kat-as-taf -tik) [KaracTeAAeiv, to check, to 
send downward]. I. Astringent. 2. Passing from 
above downward (as a nerve impulse). 

Catastasis (kat-as'-tas-is) [/cardoraix/c, a settling]. Con- 
dition, state, habit; a decline, or quieting of symp- 
toms ; restitution, as of a displaced part. 

Catastate (kaf-as-tat) \_Ka-daraToc,, settling down]. 
Any one of a series of successive catabolic states, sub- 
stances, or conditions, each one of which is less com- 
plex, more stable, and exhibits less functional activity 
than its predecessor. 

Catastatic (kat-as-taf '-ik) [KardaTaGic, a settling down]. 
Relating to a catastasis, or to a catastate. 

Catatonia, or Katatonia (kat-at-o' -ne-ah) [/card, down; 
rdvoc-, tension]. A form of mental derangement pro- 
gressing from melancholia successively through mania 
and stupidity to imbecility and tonic convulsions. 

Catatony (kat-af-o-ne). See Catatonia.. 

Catechin (kaf-e-chin) [catechte], C 21 H 20 O 9 -|- 5H 2 0. 
Catechinic acid, the active principle of catechu. It 
crystallizes in shining needles of a snow-white, silky 
appearance. 

Catechol (kaf-e-chol). See Pyrocatechin. 

Catechu (kaf '-e-ckoo) [E. Ind.]. An extract prepared 
from the wood of Acacia catechu, a native of the 
East Indies. It contains 50 per cent, of tannic acid, 
and hence is a powerful astringent. It is used for the 
diarrhea of children and as a gargle and mouth-wash. 
Dose of the powdered extract gr. j-^ss. See also 
Pigments , Conspectus of '. C, Infusum (B. P.). Dose 
gj-iss. C, Pulv. Comp. (B. P.). Contains catechu, 
kino, and rhatany. Dose gr. xx-xl. C, Tinct. 
Composita, contains catechu 10, cassia cinnamon 5, 
dilute alcohol q. s. Dose V\y.-^]. C, Trochisci, 
each contains one grain of catechu with sugar, traga- 
canth, and orange-flower water. 



CATELECTROTONUS 



272 



CATOTRETOUS 



Catelectrotonus [kat-el-ek-trof -o-nus) [/card, down ; 
rflitK-pov, amber ; rdvoc, tension]. The state of in- 
creased irritability of a nerve near the cathode. See 
Anelectrotonus. 

Catenulate [kat-en' '-u-lai) \catenula, a small chain]. 
In biology, having a chain-like arrangement. 

Catgut {kal' -gut). The intestines of a sheep treated to 
make ligatures. C, Carbolized, catgut rendered 
aseptic by soaking in a solution of carbolic acid. C, 
Chromicized, treated with chromic acid. C. Mat, 
an appliance used in intestinal anastomosis for the pur- 
pose of approximating the edges of the severed intes- 
tines. C. Plate, an appliance for uniting the intestinal 
edges in intestinal anastomosis. It is made of a solid 
catgut sheet ; is thin, large, and flat, and resembles the 
Senn decalcified bone-plates. 

Catha [ka'-tkah) [Ar., kat\. A genus of celastraceous 
plants. C. edulis affords leaves and twigs which 
the Arabs use as a substitute for tea and coffee. 

Catharma {kath-ar' -mah) [uddapiia, refuse: //., Cat/i- 
armatd\. That which is removed by purgation ; ex- 
crement. 

Catharsis [kath-ar' -sis) [nadaipeiv, to purge]. Purga- 
tion. 

Cathartic [kath-ar' -tik) [naOap-iitog, purging]. I. 
Purgative. 2. A medicine used to produce evacuations 
of the bowels. A purgative. C. Acid. See Senna. 
C. Pill, Compound. See Colocynth. 

Cathelectrotonus See Catelectrotonus. 

Catheresis or Cathaeresis (kath-er-e'-sis) [nadaipuv, to 
cut down]. I. Prostration or weakness induced by 
medication. 2. Caustic action ; it often designates a 
feebly caustic action. 

Catheretic [kath-er-ef '-ik) \_nadaipetv, to reduce]. I. 
Reducing ; weakening ; prostrating. 2. Caustic. 3. 
A reducing or caustic agent. 

Catheter (katk'-et-er) [naderi/p, a thing put down]. A 
tube-like instrument for evacuating the liquid of a cav- 
ity, usually the bladder. C, Bozeman's, a double- 
current uterine catheter. C, Eustachian, an instru- 



1 2 

2 ° 

2 3 



3 

o 

5 



4 
O 
6 



8 



9QOO 



3 IU II 

QOO 



II 

13 



12 

14 



20 



22 



24. 





26 



27 




29 



20 



22 




30 




32 




33 




35 



The Sizes of Catheters. 

The upper number indicates that of the American system ; the 

lower, that of the French. 

ment for examining the E. tube, distending or making 
applications to it. C. Fever, systemic disturbance, 
with fever, following the introduction of the catheter 
into the urethra. C, Gouley's, a solid curved-steel 
instrument grooved on its inferior aspect, for passing 
over a guide, through a stricture into the bladder. 
C, Lung, a soft-rubber tube that may be passed down 
the trachea. C, Schrotter's, instruments of hard 



rubber and of varying caliber, somewhat triangular 
on section, used for the dilatation of laryngeal stric- 
tures. C, Self-retaining, one that will hold itself 
within the bladder without other appliances to assist it. 

Catheterism, or Catheterization [kath'-et-er-izm, or 
kath-et-er-iz-a' -shun) [tcade-r/p, a thing put down]. 
The use or passing of a catheter. 

Catheterize [kath'-et-er-iz) [naderr/p, a thing put down]. 
To operate upon with a catheter. 

Cathetometer {kath-et-om' -et-er) [/cdferoc, a plumb-line ; 
jiirpov, a measure]. An instrument of precision used 
in craniometry for determining the length, breadth, 
height, and possible abnormity of the skull. 

Cathetometric [kath-el-o-met' -rik) [udOerog, a plumb- 
line ; fierpov, a measure]. Relating to the catheto- 
meter. 

Cathetometry [kath-et-om/ -et-ri) [adde-or, a plumb-line ; 
fierpov, a measure]. The measurement of the skull by 
the cathetometer. 

Cathodal [kath'-o-dal) \_m~a, down ; ados, way]. 
Relating to a cathode. 

Cathode [kath'-od) [/card, down ; cjcSoc, way]. The 
negative electrode or pole of an electric circuit. 

Cathodic [kath-od' -ik) [/card, down ; uddc, way]. I. 
Relating to a cathode. 2. Proceeding downward; 
efferent or centrifugal (applied to a nerve-current or 
nerve-impulse). 

Catholicon [katk-ol' -ik-on) \_K.aBo\iK.dv , universal]. A 
universal remedy ; a cure-all. 

Cation [kat'-e-on) [/card, downward; livai, to go]. An 
electro-positive element ; one that accumulates at the 
cathode in electrolysis. See Ion. 

Catkin [kat'-kin) [Ger., Katzchen, dim. of cat]. In 
biology, the indeterminate deciduous, scaly spike of 
unisexual sessile flowers, forming the inflorescence of 
many trees, e.g. , the willow and birch. Cf. Anient. 

Catling, or Catlin [kat'-ling, or kat'-lin). A long, 
pointed, two-edged knife for amputating. 

Catnep, or Catnip [kaf ' -nep, or -nip) [corruption of cat- 
mint]. The leaves and tops of the herb Nepeta 
cataria, a stimulant and tonic ; a popular remedy for 
chlorosis, hysteria, etc. Dose of fid. ext. 3J-ij. Unof. 

Catocathartic [kat-o-kath-ar' -tik). See Catacathartic. 

Catoche (kat'-o-ke) \_Karoxv, catalepsy]. Catochus. 

Catochus [kat'-o-kus) [/cdro^oc, a holding down]. I. 
Catalepsy ; coma-vigil. 2. Apparent death ; trance. 

Catodont [kat' -o-dont) [/cdrw, down ; bdo'vq, tooth]. Pos- 
sessing teeth only in the lower jaw. 

Catoptric Test, the diagnosis of cataract by means of 
the reflection of images from the cornea and lens- 
capsules. 

Catoptrics [kat-op'-triks) [/caro7rrp//cdc, in a mirror]. 
The laws of the reflection of light. 

Catorhinus [kai-o-rin' -us) [/cdro, below ; pig, the nose]. 
In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle between the radius fixus and the line joining 
the wing of the nose and the anterior nasal spine is 
between 16.5° and 33 . 

Catostomus [kat-os' -to-jnus) [/cdrco, below ; ard/ia, the 
mouth]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull 
in which the angle between the radius fixus and the 
line joining the premaxillary point and the wing of 
the vomer is between 25. 5 and 42. 5 . 

Catoteric [kat-o-tcr' -ik) [/caro/rep/zcdc, a carrying down- 
ward]. A purgative or cathartic. 

Catotica [kat-ot'-ik-ah) [/carwrep//coc, a carrying down- 
ward]. Medicines or diseases that affect the internal < 
surfaces of the body. 

Catotretous [kat-ot'-ret-us) [mrd, down ; TprjTbe, per- 
forate]. In biology, having the oral and anal aper- 
tures on the ventral surface. C, Amaurosis, a 
condition noted in suppurative choroiditis in which the 



CATOURANISCUS 



273 



CAUSTICITY 



exudate is visible at a distance as a vivid whitish or 
yellowish reflex from the pupil. C. Pupil. See 
Pupil. 

Catouraniscus (kat-o-iir-an-is' -kits') [koto, below ; 
obpavicnoq, the roof of the mouth]. In craniometry, 
Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between 
the radius fixus and the line joining the center of the 
posterior margin of the incisor foramen and the pre- 
maxillary point is between 20 and 40 . 

Catouranus (kat-o-iir' -an-us) [kcltu, below ; ovpa.vdc, 
the roof of the mouth]. In craniometry, Lissauer's 
term for a skull in which the angle between the radius 
fixus and the line joining the premaxillary point and 
the posterior nasal spine is between 17 and 34°. 

Cattimandu (kat - im - an' '- doo) [E. Ind.]. An E. 
Indian tree, Euphorbia cattimandoo ; also its medicinal 
gum. It is used as a cement and as a remedy for 
rheumatism. When fresh it te an active vesicant. 
Unof. 

Cattle Plague (kat'-lplag). See Rinderpest. 

Caucasian Idiocy (kaw - kaz' '- yan id'-e-o-se). See 
Idiocy, Ethnic. 

Cauda (kaw'-dah) [L.]. A tail-shaped appendage. 
The tail-like part of the caudatum. C. cerebelli, the 
vermiform process. C. cerebri, the part of the en- 
cephalon between the pons and optic thalami, consist- 
ing of the crura and the tegmentum. C. dorsalis. 
1. The spinal cord. 2. The oblongata. C. epididy- 
midis, the inferior part of the epididymis. C. equina, 
the terminal extremity of the spinal cord, in conjunc- 
tion with the roots of the sacral nerves. C. pan- 
creatis, the slender left extension of the pancreas. 

Caudad (haw' -dad) [cauda, the tail ; ad, to]. Toward 
the tail or cauda; opposed to cephalad ; in man, down- 
ward. 

Caudal (kaw 1 '-da/) [cauda. the tail]. Pertaining to a 
cauda, or tail. The term Ural has been proposed to 
take the place of caudal. 

Caudalis (kaw-da' -lis) [cauda, a tail]. In biology, 
applied as the specific name of fins or other organs 
near the tail. 

Caudate (kaw'-dat) [cauda, a tail]. Having or re- 
sembling a tail. C. Lobe of Liver, a small elevation 
of the liver. C. Nucleus, the intra-ventricular por- 
tion of the corpus striatum. See also Caudatum. 

Caudatum (kaw-da' -turn) [cauda, a tail]. A ganglion 
or free ring of gray matter circling round the lenticu- 
laris of the brain. It is massive in the frontal portion, 
but becomes attenuated caudad ; the anterior portion 
is called the head, the posterior the tail. 

Caudex (kaw'-deks) \_caudex, a tree-stem]. In biology, 
applied to the scaly, unbranching trunk of a palm tree 
or tree fern. 

Caudicle (kaw' '-dik-l) [caudex, the stem of a tree]. In 
biology, a little stalk, as that of the pollen-masses in 
orchideous plants. 

Caudiduct (kaw' ' -de-dukf) [cauda, tail ; ducere, to 
draw]. In biology, to draw or carry backward 
toward the tail. 

Cauditrunk (kaw' ' -de-trunk) [cauda, tail ; truncus, 
trunk]. In biology, that part of the body behind the 
head of fishes and fish-like mammals. 

Caudle (karu'-dl) [ME., caudel, a. warm drink]. A 
nutritious food for invalids. It is made as follows : 
Beat up an egg to a froth ; add a glass of sherry and 
half a pint of gruel. Flavor with lemon-peel, nut- 
meg, and sugar. 

Caudula (kaw'-du-lah) [cauda, a tail]. In biology, 
a marginal tail-like process. 

Caul (kawl) [ME., calle, a hood]. I. A portion or all 
of the fetal membranes covering the head and carried 
out in advance of it in labor. 2. The great omentum. 
18 



Caulescent (kaw-les'-enf) [caulis, a stalk]. In biology, 
applied to plants having a distinct leaf-bearing stem. 

Caulicle (kazv'-lik-l) [caulis, a stalk]. In biology, 
that portion of the stem of an embryo plant that is 
below the cotyledons and above the radicle. 

Cauliflower Excrescence (kaw-le-ftow' -er eks-kres'- 
ens). Epithelioma of the cervix uteri. See also 
Verruca acuminata. 

Cauliform (kaw'-lif-orm) [caulis, a stalk ; forma, 
shape]. In biology, resembling a stem. 

Cauligenous (kaw-lij' -en-us) [caulis, a stalk ; genus, 
producing]. Borne upon the stem. 

Cauline (kaw'-lin) [navloc, a stalk]. In biology, of 
or pertaining to the stem. 

Caulis (kaw' -lis) [tcavloc , a stalk] . In biology, a plant- 
stem. 

Caulocarpous (kaw-lo-kar' -pus)[K.av7i6g, astern; napirdc, 
fruit]. In biology, applied to plants that bear fruit 
from year to year upon the same stem. 

Caulome (kaw' -lorn) [aavXdc, a stem]. In biology, a 
general term for all kinds of stems. 

Caulophyllin (kaw-lo-fil' -in) [navXog, a stalk ; tyvKkw, 
a leaf]. A resinoid precipitate from the tincture of 
caulophyllum. See Caulophyllum. 

Caulophyllum (kaw-lo-fil' '-um) [nav'Aoc, stalk ; fyvKhav, 
leaf] . Blue Cohosh , ' ' Squaw-root ; ' ' the rhizome and 
rootlets of C. thalictroides, growing in Canada and the 
northern U. S. It contains a glucosid, Saponin, and 
two resins, one of which is Caulophvllin. It produces 
intermittent contractions of the gravid uterus, and 
possesses diuretic, emmenagogue, and antispasmodic 
powers. There are no official preparations. Dose of 
the powdered drug gr. v-xx ; of Caulophyllin, gr. 
ij-v. 

Cauma (ka.it/ -maK) [Kavfia, a burning : pi. , Caumata~\ . 
Fever ; heat ; pyresis ; an inflammatory fever ; a 
burn. C. enteritis. Synonym of Intestinal Catarrh, 
Acute. 

Caumatic (kaw-tnat'-ik) [navfia, a burning]. Pertain- 
ing to cauma. 

Causalgia (kaw-sal f -je-ah) [navooc, a burning ; akyog , 
pain]. Neuralgia with burning pain, often of the 
foot ; sometimes with a local glossiness of the skin 
due to impairment of the normal nerve-stimulus of the 
part. 

Causation (kawz-a' -shun) . See Etiology. 

Cause (kawz) [causa, a cause]. The sources, conditions 
and origins of a result. The preceding factors that 
unite to produce a given condition. Causes are spoken 
of as efficient, instrumental, final, primary, secondary, 
predisposing, controlling, determining, ultimate, excit- 
ing, etc. C. Causans, the causing cause or the essential 
predetermining factor. C. , Exciting, the immediately 
preceding and conditioning factor. C, Predispos- 
ing, that which tends to the development of a condi- 
tion. 

Causoma (kaw-so'-ma/i) [icavca/ua ; naieiv, to burn : 
pi., Causomatd\. A burning; usually an inflamma- 
tion. 

Caustic [kaws'-tik) [naleiv, to burn]. A substance that 
disorganizes or destroys living tissue ; it is mostly used 
in surgery to destroy unhealthy growths. C. Alkali, a 
pure alkaline hydrate or oxid. C, Common, potassa 
fusa or potassa cum calce. C, Dubois's, arsenious 
acid I, mercuric sulphite 16, dragon's blood 8 parts. 
C. -holder, a porte-caustic. C, Lunar, argentic nitrate, 
or nitrate of silver. C, Mitigated, argentic nitrate 
made less active by fusion with potassium nitrate or 
argentic chlorid. C. Potash, potassium hydrate. 
See Potassium. C. Soda, sodium hydrate. 

Causticity (kaws-tis'-it-e) [naieiv, to burn]. Caustic 
quality ; corrosiveness. 



CAUSTICUM 



274 



CEDAR 



Causticum (kaws'-Hk-uni). See Caustic. 

Cauter (kaw'-ter) [navri/p, a burner]. A searing-iron or 
cautery-iron ; any caustic application. 

Cauterant [kaw' -ter-ani) [navri/p, a burner] . I. Caustic ; 
escharotic. 2. Any caustic substance ; a caustic. 

Cauterism (kaw'-ter-izm). See Cauterization. 

Cauterization (kaw-ter-iz-a' -shun) [navrripLafyiv, to 
cauterize]. The surgical application of a cautery; 
the effect of such application. 

Cauterize (kaw' -ter-iz) [navTi/pta&iv, to cauterize]. 
To sear or bum with a cautery or a caustic 

Cautery (kaw'-ter-e) [Kavri/piov ; mie/v, to burn]. 
Primarily, the term was applied to caustics, but more 
frequently now to the platinum-wire heated by an 
electric current, or the hot iron, for counter-irritation, 
removal of tissue, etc. C, Actual, the white-hot 
iron. C. Button, iron heated in hot water. C, 
Corrigan's. See Button. C, Dento-Electric, 
consists of a looped wire, held by set-screws, in con- 
tact with metal conductors that pass through a hard- 
rubber handle. The battery wires are coupled to two 
terminals. This appliance is held in the hand like a 
pencil in writing, and the current is closed by pressing 
a spring with the forefinger, when the resistance 
of the loop of wire causes it to become heated. It 
is employed for obtunding sensitive dentine. C, Gal- 
vanic, a platinum wire heated by electricity. C, Gas, 
cauterization by a stream of burning gas directed upon 
the part. C, Paquelin's, or C, Thermo-, a hol- 
low platinum point kept at e. uniform temperature by 
a current of benzene vapor. C, Potential, or C, 
Virtual, the application of caustic substances. 

Cava (ka'-vah) [L. : pi., Cava]. A vena cava. 

Caval (ka'-val) [cava, a hollow]. Relating to a vena 
cava. 

Cavalry Bone (kav'-al-re bon). A bony deposit in 
the adductor muscles of the thigh. 

Cavernoma (kav-em-o'-ma) [caverna, a cavern; bfia, 
a tumor]. A cavernous tumor ; a cavernous angioma. 

Cavernous (kav'-em-us) [cavema, a cave]. Having 
cave-like spaces or hollow places. C. Bodies, the 
corpora cavernosa of the penis. C. Breathing, the 
reverberating or hollow sound of bronchial breathing 
in dilated or abnormal bronchi. C. Groove, the 
carotid groove. C. Plexus. See Plexus. C. Rale. 
See C. Breathing. C. Sinus, situated at the side of 
the body of the sphenoid. C. Tissue, erectile tissue. 
C. Tumor. See Angioma. C. Whisper, whispering 
resonance in auscultation, modified by transmission 
through a cavity. C. Voice. See Pectoriloquy. 

Cavernula Tentacularis. In biology, a subumbral 
tentacle-funnel, surrounding the base of each tentacle 
in many Cubomeduscs and Peromedusce. 

Cavernulae Subumbrales. In biology, niches of the 
subumbral cavity in Medusa. 

Caviar, or Caviare (kav-e-ar') [Fr. ]. The salted hard 
roe of the sturgeon and other large fish. 

Cavicorn (kav' -ik-orn) [cavus, hollow ; cornu, horn]. 
In biology, having hollow horns ; or a hollow-horned 
ruminant. 

Cavitary (kav' -it-a-re) [cavitarius, hollow] . Hollow; 
applied to any nematode worm ; any intestinal worm 
that has a body-cavity ; a worm that is notanenterous. 

Cavitas (kav'-it-as) [L,.]. A hollow. C. cochleata. 
See Diict, Spinal. C. pulpse, the pulp-cavity of a 
tooth. See Dental Cavity. 

Cavity (kav'-it-e) [cavitas, from cavus, hollow]. Any 
hollow, normal or pathologic. Among the normal 
cavities are the abdominal, arachnoid, axial, buccal, 
cranial, frontal, nasal, pelvic, pleural, thoracic, ven- 
tricular, etc.; among the abnormal are pulmonary and 
dental cavities. C. -plate, a term applied in mechan- 



ical dentistry to a metallic base for artificial teeth, so 
constructed as to have one or more vacant spaces be- 
tween it and the gums, which, when applied, and the air 
exhausted, contributes very greatly to the firmness of 
its adhesion. C, Preperitoneal, a name given by 
Retzius to the loose and yielding subperitoneal tissue 
in front of the bladder, under the supposition that it 
could be inflated. It is not a true cavity, but merely 
a succession of areolar spaces. C, Sigmoid. See 
Sigmoid. 

Cavo-valgus (ka'-vo-val'-gus) [cavus, hollow ; valgus, 
bow-legged]. Cavus combined with valgus. Set Club- 
foot. 

Cavum (ka'-vum) [L.]. Any hollow or cavity, normal 
or pathologic. C. dentis. See Dental Cavity. 

Cavus (ka'-vus) [L.]. I. A hollow; a cavity. 2. 
Talipes arcuatus ; hollow-foot. 

Cayenne Pepper (ki'-en pep'-er). See Capsicum. 

Cazenave's Lupus. See Diseases, Table of. C. 
Solution. An animal parasiticide used in derma- 
tology. It consists of iodid of sulphur, iodid of 
potassium, of each \y 2 drams, water 32 ounces. 

Cazeneuve's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Ceanothus (se-an-o' -thus) [naavudoc, a kind of thistle]. 
A genus of rhamnaceous shrubs, chiefly N. American. 
C. americanus, New Jersey tea, red root, is used in 
domestic medicine as an astringent and alterative ; its 
leaves are substituted for tea. Unof. 

Ceasma (se-az' -mali) [niaapa, a chip: pi. , Ceasmala~\. 
A splinter ; a fissured state. 

Ceasmic (se-az' -mik) [nkaoua, a chip]. Fissured ; re- 
maining in the primitive fissured state of the embryo. 
See Teratism. 

Cebadilla (thev-ad-el'-yah) [Sp., "little barley"]. 
The seed of Asagraa officinalis, or Schcenocaidon offici- 
nale ; official in the B. P., and important as the prin- 
cipal source of the alkaloid veratrin. It is highly 
poisonous. 

Cebocephalia (se-bo-sef-a' -le-ah) [k7;/?oc, a kind of mon- 
key ; KEtpaA?/, the head]. The condition of being 
cebocephalic. 

Cebocephalic (se-bo-sefal'-ik) [nijpog, a kind of mon- 
key ; ne<pa7ii/, the head]. Of the nature or appearance 
of a cebocephalus. 

Cebocephalus (se-bo-sef -al-us) [Kijjiog, a monkey ; 
wtyaTiij, head]. A variety of single autositic monsters 
of the species cyclocephalus, in which there is entire 
absence of the nose, with, however, two orbital cavities 
and two eyes, although the interocular region is nar- 
row and perfectly flat. 

Cecal (se'-kal) [cecum, blind]. Relating to or of the 
nature of the cecum ; csecal. 

Cecitas (se' -sit-as) [L. ]. Blindness. 

Cecitis (se-si'-tis) [ccecum, the cecum ; mf , inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the cecum ; typhlitis, q.v. 

Cecity (ses'-it-e) [ccecus, blind]. Blindness. 

Cecograph (se'-ko-graf) [ccecus, blind ; ypatyeiv, to 
write]. A writing-machine for the use of the blind. 

Cecum (se'-kum) [ccecus, blind]. The large blind 
pouch or cid-de-sac in which the large intestine 
begins. 

Cecutiency (se-ku'-shen-se) [cacutire, to become blind]. 
Tendency to, or the commencement of, blindness. 

Cedar (se'-dar) [cedrus, cedar]. One of the genus of 
coniferous trees, Cedrus. C. -apple, an excrescence 
or gall produced upon the red cedar, Juniperus virgin- 
iana, by the fungus called Gymnospora ngi um macro- 
pus. Cedar-galls are popularly esteemed as an anthel 
mintic. Dose gr. viij— xviij , in powder. Unof. C- 
Gum,the fragrant resin of Callitris arborea, a conifer- 
ous South African tree. It is used in making plasters. 
Unof. C.-wood Oil. See Cailcedra. 



CEDRELA 



275 



CELL 



Cedrela (sed'-re-lah) [KsdpeX&n/, a cedar-fir tree]. A 

genus of trees found in tropical regions and allied to 
mahogany. C. febrifuga, of Southern Asia ; C. odor- 
ata, bastard cedar, of tropical America (see Cailcedrd); 
C. rosmarinus, of Indo-China, and C. toona, of 
India, are among the species that afford active medi- 
cines. All unof. 

Cedrene [se'-drin] \cedrus, cedar], C 15 H 24 . A volatile 
liquid hydrocarbon found in oil of red cedar (see 
Juniper its virginiana), oil of cloves and oil of cu- 
bebs. C. Camphor, C 15 H. 2G 0, a camphor that sepa- 
rates from the oil of red cedar. 

Cedrin (se'-drin) feedrus, cedar]. A bitter crystalline 
substance obtained from cedron. 

Cedriret (sed' -re-ret). See Cceroulignone. 

Cedron (se' -droit) [cedrus, cedar]. The seeds of C. 
simaba, a popular external remedy in tropical Amer- 
ica for the bites of venomous insects and serpents, and 
of reputed value in malarial fevers. Dose of the fid. 
ext. TTiJ-viij. 

Ceke {/hek'-e). A Feejee term for elephantiasis of the 
scrotum. 

Celandini (sel'-an-dln). See Chelidoniitm. 

Celastrus (sel-as'-trus) \jdfkaaTpoc, an evergreen tree]. 
A genus of trees and shrubs, nearly allied to Euony- 
mus. Many of the species are medicinal, and some 
are poisonous. C. scandens, the climbing staff-tree 
of North America, is cathartic, diuretic, and alterative ; 
it is called waxwork, bitter-sweet, and fever-twig. 

Celation (sel-a' -shun) \celatio, a hiding]. The conceal- 
ment of illness, of a birth, or of pregnancy. 

Cele (se/) \K01A1a, cavity]. An encephalic cavity ; used 
instead of ventricle. 

-cele (se/) \_KrjXr), a tumor]. A suffix denoting a 
tumor. 

Celelminth {se' ' -lel-minth ) [/io;/loc, hollow ; zkfiivq, 
worm]. A parasitic worm with a digestive canal or 
cavity ; a cavitary worm. 

Celery (sel'-er-e) \ak\ivov, a kind of parsley]. The 
stalk of Apium graveo/ens, or common garden celery. 
It contains Apiol, q. v. It is reputed to be antispas- 
modic and nervine. Dose indefinite. C. Seed, used 
to cover the taste of other drugs. Unof. 

Celia (se'-le-alt) \_notXia, the belly]. I. The belly: the 
stomach. 2. Any ventricle, or normal cavity of the 
brain. 

Celiac (se'-le-ak) \cxliacus ; mOda, belly]. Abdominal. 
Pertaining to the belly. C. Affection, a chronic 
intestinal disorder most commonly met with in chil- 
dren between the ages of one and five, characterized 
by the occurrence of pale, loose stools, not unlike 
gruel or oatmeal-porridge ; they are bulky, not watery, 
yeasty, frothy, and extremely offensive, and are ac- 
companied by anemia and debility without much 
emaciation. The exhaustion may be aggravated by 
intercurrent attacks of watery diarrhea, and death 
may supervene. It is also called Diarrhcea alba or 
Diarrhoea chy/osa. It is due probably to a temporary 
suspension of the pancreatic function. C. Artery. 
Same as C. Axis. See Arteries, Tab/e of. C. Axis, 
a branch of the abdominal aorta ; it divides into the 
gastric, hepatic, and splenic arteries. See Arteries, 
Tab/e of. C. Ganglion. See Gang/ion, Semihinar. 
C. Passion, painful diarrhea, or dysentery. C. 
Plexus. See Plexuses, Table of. 

Celiaca (se-W -ak-ah) [Koikia, the abdomen]. Diseases 
of the abdominal organs. 

Celiadelphus (se-le-ad-el 1 'Jus) [koiI'm, belly ; a.del(j>6r, 
brother]. A monstrosity having two bodies joined at 
the abdomen. 

Celiagra (se-le-a'-grak) \_noiAia, belly; ay pa, seizure]. 
Abdominal gout. 



Celialgia (se-le-al'-jc-ah) [noiliia, belly; aXyor, pain]. 
Pain in the abdomen. 

Celian, Celine (se'-le-an, se'-lin). Same as Celiac. 

Celiocyesis (se-le-o-si-c' -sis) [noiMa, belly; Kvr/aic, 
pregnancy]. Abdominal extra-uterine gestation. 

Celiolymph (se'-le-o-limf) \jioiXia, a cavity; lynipha, 
water]. The cerebro-spinal fluid. 

Celiomyalgia (se-le-o-mi-aF -je-ah) \_Koi~Aia, belly ; five, 
muscle ; aXyor, pain]. Pain in the abdominal muscles. 

Celioncus (se-le-ong' -kus) \tvaiXia, the belly; dyaoc, a 
swelling]. A tumor of the abdomen. 

Celiopyosis (se-le-o-pi-o' -sis) [nm'Aia, belly ; nvuoic, a 
suppuration]. Suppuration in the abdominal cavity. 

Celiorrhea (se-le-or-e' -ah) [/co//U'a, the belly ; pkeiv, to 
flow]. Diarrhea. 

Celioschisis (se-le-os'-kis-is) \_noiXia, belly ; a^iois, fis- 
sure]. Congenital abdominal fissure. 

Celiotomy (se-le-ol'-o-me) \_notAia, belly ; TOfirj, a cut- 
ting]. Surgical opening of the abdominal cavity. 

Celitis (se-li'-tis) \_no7ua, belly; trie, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the abdominal organs. 

Cell (sel) \cella, a small, hollow cavity]. I. In anatomy, 
any one of the interstitial spaces and small cavities of 
the bones, etc. 2. In biology, a nucleated mass of 
protoplasm capable of reproduction. A mass of proto- 
plasm, with or without a cell-wall and with or without 
a nucleus. 3. A galvanic element, or single member 
of a galvanic battery without the connecting wire 
between the metals. See Battery. 4. The case or cup 
in which a zooid or larva is located. See Cell-body. 
C, Abbe-Zeiss Counting, a glass receptacle cemented 
upon a glass slide, its floor being marked in micro- 
scopic squares. It is used for counting the blood-cor- 
puscles. C, Air. See Air-cell. C, Ameboid, a 
cell capable of changing its form and of moving about 
like an ameba. C, Apolar, a nerve-cell without 
processes or poles, such as has been ascribed to the 
sympathetic system. C, Beaker. See C. , Goblet. 
C, Betz's, the motor or ganglionic cells comprising the 
fourth layer of the motor area of the gray matter of the 
brain. C.-body, the mass of a cell, composed of two 
substances, the mitoma, or cytomitoma, and the pa ra- 
mitoma. The first is the thread-like basis of the cell- 
body, the latter, the homogeneous filar and interfilar sub- 
stance. The nucleus is composed of the karyomitoma, 
or nuclear network, otherwise called the chromatin ; 
the nuclear sap, or substances contained in the meshes 
of the chromatin, and from its non-staining quality 
called achromatin ; and the nuclear membrane , made 
up of two layers, the outer achromatic, the inner chro- 
matic, or staining. The nucleoli are usually multiple, 
and are composed of more refractile matter. C, 
Bunsen, the same as the Grove cell except that the 
platinum electrode of the latter is replaced in the 
Bunsen by a stick of carbon. C. -capsule, a thick 
or unusually strong cell-wall. C, Ciliated, one pro- 
vided with cilia. C. of Corti, any one of the hair- 
cells on the outer surface of the organ of Corti. C, 
Cylindrical, a variety of epithelial cell. C, Dan- 
iell's, a battery cell containing two fluids, viz., a satu- 
rated solution of sulphate of copper and a semi-saturated 
solution of sulphate of zinc. In the former is placed 
a sheet of metallic copper, and in the latter a mass of 
zinc, these two metals forming the electrodes of the 
cell. C, Daughter-, a cell originating from the divi- 
sion of the protoplasm of a mother-cell ; any one of 
the young cells found within the substance of an un- 
divided mother-cell. C. of Deiters, one of the cells 
with fine processes resting on the basilar membrane of 
the cochlea, beneath the air-cells ; also a nucleated cell 
of the neuroglia. C, Demilune, Giannuzzi 's cells, 
granular protoplasmic cells found in mucous glands, 



CELLA 



276 



CELOLOGY 



lying between the mucous cells and the basement 
membrane. They play an important part in the func- 
tional activity of the gland. C. -Doctrine, the theory 
that the cell is the unit of organic structure, and that 
cell-formation is the essential process of life and its 
phenomena. C, Edison-Lalande, a variety of cell 
used in making galvanic batteries. C, Electrolytic, 
a cell or vessel containing an electrolyte, in which 
electrolysis is carried on. C, Endothelial, one of 
those lining the intima of the blood-vessel system. 
C, Epidermic, or Epithelial, one of those covering 
the membranes of the free surface of the body. C, 
Ethmoidal, any one of the cellular cavities of the 
lateral masses of the ethmoid bone. Called also 
ethmoidal sinuses, C, Ganglion, a cell of the gray 
matter of the brain or spinal cord. C. of Giannuzzi. 
See C. , Demilune. C, Giant, any polynucleatedbody 
of protoplasmic matter occurring in tuberculosis, sar- 
coma, etc. C. -globulins, Halliburton's name for 
forms of globulin that occur in lymph-corpuscles and 
extracted from them by solutions of sodium chlorid. 
C, Goblet, a form of epithelial cell. C, Gowers's, 
an apparatus for counting blood-corpuscles. C, Gre- 
net, a variety of open cell used in making galvanic 
batteries. C, Grove, a two-fluid battery cell, the 
fluids being dilute sulphuric and nitric acids and the 
metals immersed in them respectively zinc and plati- 
num. C. -islets, the centers of most active growth 
and proliferation in young cellular tissues. They 
contain the stores of nutriment that are gradually dis- 
solved and digested. C., Law, a variety of cell used 
in making galvanic batteries. C., Leclanche, a 
variety of cell used in making galvanic batteries. It 
may be made as a liquid cell or as a dry cell, the latter 
being preferable. C., Lymphoid, a large ameboid 
cell. C, Mother-, a cell that divides its protoplasm 
and gives each part a new cell-wall. C, Mounting. 
See Mounting-cell. C. -Multiplication, Cytogenesis, 
a name given to the process of reproduction of cells. 
It may be endogenous, as when the cell-contents break 
up by segmentation into separate nucleated masses 
within the cell-wall ; gemmiparous, as when new cells 
bud from the mother-cell ; and fissiparoits, as when 
the mother-cell divides by cleavage into two or more 
cells. C, Neuro-muscular, a name given to certain 
cells of lower life-forms, that act in part as nerves 
and in part as muscles. C. -nests, Epidermic Pearls : 
globular masses of flattened cells contained in epithe- 
liomata. C., Olfactory, any one of the cells that lie 
between the network of epithelial cells in the nasal 
fossa;. They consist of a body and two processes, 
one running outward to the surface of the mucous 
membrane, the other running inward and connected 
with filaments of the olfactory nerve. C. -parasite, 
in biology, applied to any one of various micropara- 
sites, as, e.g., a coccidium, living within a cell. C- 
sap, in biology, the more fluid portion of the cell-con- 
tents. C. of Schultze. Same as C, Olfactory. C, 
Seminal, any one of the epithelial cells contained in 
the membrana propria and constituting the seminal 
tubes. C. , Sphenoidal, one of the two large cavities 
in the interior of the body of the sphenoid bone. C, 
Squamous, a variety of epithelial cells. C, Stam- 
mer's, a variety of cell used in making galvanic 
batteries. C. -substance, in biology, the material 
composing a cell. C, Thoma-Zeiss. Same as C. , 
Abbe-Zeiss. C, Vasofactive, or Vasoformative, a 
cell that in embryonic or very early life, and probably 
in certain neoplasms, anastomoses with other similar 
cells so as to form blood-vessels. 
Cella (srf' -all) [L.]. A portion of the paracele extend- 
ing caudad from the porta. C. lateralis, the lateral 



ventricle of the brain, or one of its cornua. C. media, 
the central cornu of the lateral ventricle, or that part 
of the ventricle whence the cornua extend. 

Cellseform (sel'-e-form) \_cella, a cell ; forma, shape]. 
Resembling a cell, but not such morphologically. Cf. 
Celliform . 

Celliferous {sel-if'-er-us) [cella, cell; ferre, to bear]. 
Producing, forming, or bearing cells. 

Celliform (scl'-iforni). See Cellasform. 

Celloid [sel'-oid) \_cella, a cell ; d<5oc, form]. Resem- 
bling a cell. 

Celloidin (sel-oid'-bi). A concentrated form of collodion 
for use in imbedding objects for histologic purposes. 

Cellula [sel'-ti-lah). See Cellule. 

Cellulae gangliosae. Ganglion cells, or mesodermal 
nerve cells ; neuroblasts. C. palpantes, tactile 
cells. 

Cellular [seV-u-lar) [cella, cell]. Relating to or com- 
posed of cells. C. Cartilage, cartilage composed 
mainly of large cells, with but little intercellular sub- 
stance. C. Membrane, C. Tissue, areolar tissue ; 
bony connective tissue ; cancellous tissue. C. Ther- 
apy, the name applied by Aulde to the method in 
therapeutics of exhibiting properly-selected medica- 
ments with a view to restoration of cell-function. It 
aims to apply scientifically those remedies that expe- 
rience has shown to possess special curative properties 
in the restoration of disordered functions. 

Cellule {sel'-ul) [cellula, a small cell]. A small cell 
or cavity. 

Celluliferous (sel-u-lip '-er-us) [cellula, a little cell ; 
ferre, to bear]. In biology, producing small cells. 

Cellulitis (sel-u-li' -tis) [cellula, a small cell ; inr, in- 
flammation]. A diffuse inflammation of cellular tis- 
sue. C, Pelvic. See Parametritis. 

Celluloid {sel'-u-loid)[cellula, a little cell ; elfloc, form]. 
A valuable product of the action of camphor upon 
pyroxylin. It is prepared in a great variety of forms, 
both transparent and opaque, colored uniformly or 
mottled and striated. It cannot be caused to explode 
by heat, friction, or percussion. When brought into 
contact with flame it burns like paper. It dissolves in 
warm, moderately concentrated sulphuric acid, and is 
also soluble in glacial acetic acid, rapidly in warm, 
moderately concentrated nitric acid (four volumes of 
fuming acid to three of water), and in a hot, concen- 
trated solution of caustic soda. The density of cellu- 
loid ranges from 1. 310 to 1. 393. When heated to 125 
C. it becomes plastic and can be moulded into any de- 
sired shape. Separate pieces can also be welded 
together by simple pressure at this temperature. It is 
useful in various ways in surgery. It is used some- 
times to form a plastic base for artificial teeth, known 
by various names, as "Rose Pearl," "Pyroxylin," 
etc. See Zylonite. 

Cellulose (sel'-u-los) [cellula, a little cell], C 12 H 20 O 10 . 
Wood fiber ; lignose. The principal ingredient of the 
cell-membranes of all plants. It is a white, amorphous 
mass, insoluble in most of the usual solvents. In 
biology, the primary substance of organic cell-walls, 
characteristic of plant-cells, but found in the Tunicata 
among animals. It is dissolved by Schweitzer's re- 
agent (ammonium-cupric-oxid) and decomposed by 
several forms of bacteria, e.g. , Bacillus butyricus, 
Prazmowski ; Bacterium gummis , Comes, and Bacteri- 
um putredi?iis, Davaine. To stain. — Use Grenacher's 
Alcoholic Borax-Carmin, Ehrlich's or Delafield's 
Hematoxylin, Methyl-Green, Methylene-Blue, Safra- 
nin, Fuchsin, Chlor. Zinc, Iodin, Phloroglucin, 
Anilin, Chlorid. See, also, Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Celology (sel-ol'-o-je) [Kifkri, hernia ; 76yoc, science]. 
That branch of surgical science that treats of hernia. 



CELOM 



277 



CENTER 



Celom, or Celoma {se'-lom, or se-lo'-mali) [koiao/jo, a 
cavity]. A term used by embryologists and others 
to denote the body-cavity in its widest morphologic 
sense ; the space between the ectoderm and the ento- 
derm. 

Celophlebitis (se-lo-fle-bi' -tis) [koZAoc, hollow ; <pXe ip, 
vein; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of a vena cava. 

Celophthalmia (se-loff-thal 1 '-me-ah) [koi'aoc, hollow ; 
b<f>da.Afi6s, eye]. Hollowness of the eyes. 

Celoscope (se'-lo-skop) \_koVaoc, hollow ; gkotteIv, to 
observe]. An instrument for examining the cavities 
of the body by means of the electric light, enclosed 
in a flask and mounted upon a glass shank. 

Celosis (se-lo'-sis) [/cotXoc, hollow]. The formation of 
any cavity. 

Celosoma [se-lo-so'-mah) \_kt]Ajj, hernia ; oa>/ja, a body]. 
I . A species of single autositic monsters characterized 
by "more or less extensive body-cleft with eventration, 
associated with various anomalies of the extremities, of 
the genito-urinary apparatus, of the intestinal tract, 
and even of the whole trunk." 2. A variety of the 
foregoing species in which there is a lateral or median 
eventration, with fissure, atrophy, or even total absence 
of the sternum, and protrusion of the heart. 

Celostomia (se-lo-sto 1 '-me-ah) \_koTaoc, hollow; ardfia, 
mouth]. Hollowness of the voice. 

Celotome (se'-lo-tom) [KrjAT], hernia; te/uveiv, to cut]. 
A hernia-knife. 

Celotomy [se-lot'-o-me) [ni/Ar/, hernia ; tejivelv, to cut]. 
The operation for strangulated hernia by incision of 
the stricture. 

Celsus's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Celtis [sel'-tis) [L., an African species of lotus]. A 
genus of ulmaceous trees. C. australis, the European 
nettle-tree, honey-berry, or lote, has mild, astringent 
leaves and bark. C. occidentalis, the hackberry of 
N. America, has edible, astringent berries; the bark 
is said to be anodyne, astringent, febrifuge. Unof. 

Cement {se-ment') \ccementum, a rough stone]. Any 
plastic material capable of becoming hard and of 
binding together the objects that are contiguous to it; 
filling-material for the teeth ; the crusta petrosa of the 
teeth. See Teeth. C.-disc, the glandular disc of 
orchids. C.-duct, the duct of the cement-gland in 
cirriped crustaceans. C, Shellac, a cement for seal- 
ing microscopic preparations and for making shallow 
cells. It is prepared by dissolving the gum or scales 
of shellac in about an equal volume of alcohol. Decant 
or filter the fluid, and to prevent brittleness add to 
every 50 parts 5 parts each of castor oil and Venetian 
turpentine. 

Cementoblast (se-menf '-o-blast ) \_azmentum, cement ; 
/3Aaoroc, germ], A cement-corpuscle in tooth-tissue; 
more correctly, an osteoblast that takes part in the de- 
velopment of the dental cement. 

Cemento-dentinary {se-ment-o-den' '-tin-a-re) \_ccement- 
um, cement; dens, dentis, a tooth]. Relating to the 
cement and dentine of a tooth. 

Cementoma {se-ment-o' -mah ) \_azmenhim, cement ; 
bfia, tumor: pi. , Cementomata~\. A tumor thrown out 
by the irritated alveolar periosteum. 

Cementum {se-mettt'-wn). See Tooth and Cement. 

Cenanthy [se-nan' -the) \kev6c, empty; avdoc, flower]. 
In biology, that condition of a flower in which the 
stamens and pistils are suppressed. 

Cenchrus [seng' -krus) \K.Eyxpoq, a small grain]. In 
biology, a small spot on the metathorax of an insect. 

Cenesthesis (sen-es-the 1 ' -sis) \_koivoc, common ; aladrjatc, 
feeling]. A sense of existence, either painful or pleasur- 
able. It is the prevailing conscious state of feeling, 
either of depression or of exaltation, which is the 
resultant of the subconscious organic sympathies of 



the whole organism. It does not exceed physiologic 
limits so long as it does not exclude the normal exercise 
of mental functions. 

Cenogenetic [se-no-jen-et'-ik ) \_koiv6c , common ; ytv- 
Edic, generation]. In biology, a modified, shortened, 
and simplified mode of development. 

Cenogenous (sen-oj v -en-i/s) \_koiv6c, common ; ydvoc, 
produced]. In biology, the power of reproducing by 
means of eggs at one time and viviparously at another, 
as seen in the Aphides. 

Cenosis [sen-o'-sis) [nkvwotc, a draining]. Evacuation; 
apocenosis. 

Cenosphaera (sen-o-sfe' -rah ) \_kevoc, empty ; crcfxitpa, 
sphere]. In biology, the spherical skeleton of certain 
radiolarians. 

Cenospudia (seti-o-spu'-de-ah) \_kevoc, empty ; oirovAij, 
zeal] . ' ' Brown study ; " mental absorption, or anxiety 
with regard to unimportant matters. 

Cenotic (sen-ot'-ik) [kevuoic, a draining]. Causing 
cenosis ; drastic ; purgative. 

Centaurea {sen-taiv' -re-ah) [Kkv-avpoc, centaur]. A 
genus of composite-flowered herbs. C. benedictus. 
See Carduus. C. centaurium, the greater centaury 
of Europe, is aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, and 
stomachic. C. cyanus, corn-flower, blue-bottle; 
once used for fevers and in preparing collyria. C. sol- 
stitialis, Barnaby's thistle ; diuretic and antipyretic. 
C. nigra, of Europe (knap-weed, centaury), is as- 
tringent and diuretic. All unof. 

Centaury [sen' -taw-re) [centauria~\. A popular name 
for various plants of the genera Ce?ztaurea, Erytliraa, 
Sabbatia, Chlora, etc. It is used as a simple, bitter 
tonic. Dose 3 ss-j in decoction several times a day. 
Unof. 

Center [sen'-ler) \_KEVTpov, the center]. The middle 
point of any surface or of a body. The ganglion or plexus 
whence issue the nerves controlling a function. C, 
Accelerating, a probable center in the oblongata send- 
ing accelerating fibers to the heart. They leave the cord 
through the rami communicantes of the lower cervical 
and upper six thoracic nerves, passing thence into the 
sympathetic. C, Anospinal, controls defecation ; 
it is situated at the level of the 5th, 6th, and 7th lumbar 
vertebrae ; but for the coordinated activity it must 
remain in connection with the brain. C, Auditory, 
probably in the temporosphenoidal lobes, upon each 
side. C., Broca's. See C, Speech. C, Cardio- 
inhibitory, in the oblongata, carried by the vagus. 
C, Ciliospinal, connected with the dilatation of the 
pupil ; it is in the lower cervical part of the cord. It 
controls the movements of the ciliary body. C, 
Convulsional, in the oblongata, on the floor of the 4th 
ventricle. C. for Closure of Eyelids, in the oblongata, 
a part of the facial center. C, Coughing, in the ob- 
longata, above the respiratory center. C, Diabetic, 
in the posterior part of the anterior half of the floor 
of the 4th ventricle, in the median line. C, Ejacula- 
tion, Budge's genitospinal center, 4th lumbar vertebra 
(rabbit). C, Erection, is in the spinal cord, but is 
controlled from the oblongata. C. for Mastication 
and Sucking, facial and hypoglossal centers. C. 
for Secretion of Saliva, on the floor of the 4th 
ventricle. C, Gustatory and Olfactory, in the 
uncinate gyrus. C, Heat-regulating or Tem- 
perature, the center for the control of body-tem- 
perature. See Thermotaxis. C, Leg, in the as- 
cending frontal convolution. C, Micturition, the 
vesico-spinal center of Budge, at the level of the 
lumbar vertebrae ; coordination requires cerebral 
connection. C. of Ossification, the place in bones 
at which ossification begins. C, Parturition, at the 
level of the 1st and 2d lumbar vertebrae. C, Respir- 



CENTERING 



278 



CEPHALEMATOMA 



atory, in the oblongata, between the nuclei of the vagus 
and accessorius ; called by Fluorens the Nceud Vital, 
or Vital Point. C, Sensory, or Psychosensorial 
Areas, occipital and temporosphenoidal lobes, probably 
the same as, or intimately associated with, the motor 
centers of the parts. C, Sneezing, same as for nerves 
for the muscles of expiration. C, Spasm, in the ob- 
longata, at its junction with the pons. C, Speech, 
in the third left frontal convolution in right-handed 
people. C, Swallowing, on the floor of the 4th 
ventricle. C, Sweat, the dominating center is in the 
oblongata, with subordinate spinal centers. C, Tro- 
phic. See Trophic. C, Upper, for Dilator Pupillae, 
in the oblongata. C, Vasodilator, probably exists 
in the oblongata, with a function the opposite of that 
of the vaso-motor. C, Vasomotor, in the oblongata. 
C, Vesicospinal. See Micturition C. C, Visual, 
in the occipital lobe, especially in the cuneus. 

Centering (sen' -ter-ing) [idvTpov, a center]. In micro- 
scopy, the arrangement of an object or an accessory 
so that its center coincides with the optic axis of the 
microscope. In optics, having the pupil and the 
optical center of the refracting lens in the same axis. 

Centesimal. In the proportion of I to 100. 

Centigrade (sen' -te-grad) [centum, a hundred ; gradus, 
a step]. Abbreviation, C. Having 100 divisions or 
degrees. C. Thermometer, a thermometer with zero 
as the freezing point and 100° as the boiling point of 
water. See Thermometer. 

Centigram (sen 1 '-te-grani) [centum, a hundred ; ypappa, 
a small weight]. The hundredth of a gram, equal to 
0.1543 of a grain avoirdupois, or one-sixth of a grain 
Troy. 

Centiliter (sen' -til-e-ter) [centum , a hundred ; Tut pa, a 
pound]. The hundredth of a liter, equal to 0.6102 
of an English cubic inch. 

Centimeter (sen' -tim-e-ter) [centum, a hundred ; fierpov, 
a measure]. The hundredth part of a meter, equal to 
0.39371 (or about |) of an English inch. 

Centinormal (sen-te-nor' -mal) [centum, a hundred ; 
norma, normal]. The -j-J^ of the normal ; applied to 
a solution the y^ of the strength of a normal solution. 

Centrad (sen' -trad) [centrum, the center; ad, to]. 
Toward the center, or toward the median line. See 
Position and Direction, 7 able of. 

Central (sen'-tral) [centrum, the center]. Relating to 
the center ; passing through the center. See Position 
and Direction, Table of. C. Artery, an artery in 
the optic nerve and retina ; it passes to the optic 
papilla and then divides. See Arteries, Table of. C. 
Ganglia, the corpora striata and thalami optici. C. 
Ligament, the terminal filum of the spinal cord. See 
Ligament. C. Lobe, the island of Reil. C. Stop. 
See Diaphragm. 

Centraxonial (sen-traks-o'-ne-al) [nivrpov, center; 
a^ov, axis]. In biology, having a central axial line. 

Centre (sen'-ter). See Center. 

Centren (sen'-tren) [centrum, a center]. Belonging 
solely to a center. 

Centric, Centrical (sen'-trik, sen'-trik-al) [centrum, 
a center]. Relating to a center, especially to a nerve- 
center. In biology, a term applied to the internal 
structure of such leaves as show no distinctly devel- 
oped pallisade-tissue, and no considerable structural 
differences between the upper and under surfaces. 

Centricipital (sos-tris-ip'-it-at ') [centrum, center ; caput, 
a head]. Relating to the centriciput ; parietal. C. 
vertebra, the second or more central of the three 
principal cranial vertebrae. 

Centriciput (sen-tris'-ifut) [centrum, center; caput, 
head]. The mid-head : the second cranial segment 
situated between the sinciput and occiput. 



Centrifugal (sen-trif'-u-gal) [centrum, the center; 
fugere, to flee]. Receding from the center toward 
the periphery. C. Nerves, those (mostly motor) 
conveying impulses toward the peripheral parts of the 
body. 

Centrifugalized Milk. Milk from which the cream 
has been separated by whirling it in a centrifugal 
machine. 

Centripetal (sen-trip' '-et-al) [centrum, the center ; 
petere, to seek]. Traveling toward the center from the 
periphery. C. Nerves, those (mostly sensory) convey- 
ing impressions from the peripheral organs toward the 
cerebro-spinal nervous system. 

Centro-acinal, or Centro-acinar (sen-tro-as'-in-al, or 
cen-tro-as'-in-ar) [centrum, center; acinus, a grape]. 
Belonging to the center of an acinus. C. Cells are 
found in the acini of the pancreas, etc. 

Centrolecithal (sen-tro-les' -ilh-al) [tikvrpov, center ; 
AemSog, yolk]. In embryology, having the food-yolk 
centrally located in the protoplasm. 

Centrosoma (sen-tro-so' -niali) [nkvrpov, center ; aupa, 
body : //. , Centrosomata] . The central mass or body 
of any corpuscle, as distinguished from its appendages. 
C. of Boveri, in embryology, a separate central body 
contained in the sphere of attraction, at the pole of 
the resting nucleus in a dividing ovum. 

Centrosome (seu'-tro-som). See Centrosoma. 

Centrostigma (sen-tro-stig'-mah) [nevrpov, center ; 
arlyua, a point]. In morphology, having all the axes 
converging to a central point. 

Centrotrisene (sen-tro-tri' ' -e-ne)[KtvTpov , center ; rpiaiva, 
a trident]. In morphology, a trirene spicule whose 
arms arise from a central bundle or rhabdom. 

Centrotylote (sen-trot' -il-ot) [nevrpov, center ; rt'Awroc, 
knobbed]. In biology, swollen in the middle. 

Centrum (sen' -truin) [L.]. The center or middle part ; 
the body of a vertebra, exclusive of the bases of the 
neural arches. C. Anospinale, Budge's, the center 
for the movements of the anal sphincters, located in 
the cord at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra in 
the dog, and between the sixth and seventh in the 
rabbit. C. Ovale Majus, the large mass of white 
matter appearing when either of the hemispheres is 
cut down to the level of the corpus callosum. C. 
Ovale Minus, the white matter appearing when 
the upper part of a hemisphere of the brain is 
removed. 

Cenurus (sen-u'-rus). See Canurus. 

Cepaceous (se-pa' -she-us) [ccrpa, an onion]. Having 
the smell of onions. 

Cephaelis (sef-a-' el-is). See Ipecacuanha. 

Cephalad (sef'-al-ad) [«£9«/l//,head; a J, to]. Toward 
the head. See Position and Direction, Table of. 

Cephalagra (sef-al-a'-grah) [Ke<pa?ii/, head; aypa, 
seizure] . Gouty headache. 

Cephalalgia (sefal-al' -ge-ah) [KeQa/.ij, head ; d/l)oc, 
pain]. Pain in the head. The word is variously 
qualified, as C. Anemica, C. Contagiosa, C. Influenza, 
C. Epileptica, C. Nervosa, etc. 

Cephalalgic (sef-al-al'-jik) [ttftyaki], head ; hXyoq, pain]. 
Relating to headache. 

Cephalanthium (sefal-an' -the-um) [nevaVi, head ; 
ai'floc, a flower]. In biology, the capitulum, or flower 
cluster, of one of the Composita. 

Cephalanthus (sefal-an' -thus). See Button-bush. 

Cephalate (sef'-al-at) [ntcpa?.?/, head]. In biology, 
possessing a head. 

Cephalea (sefal-e'-ah) [neqalaia, headache]. Head- 
ache ; especially severe or chronic headache, with 
intolerance of light and sound. 

Cephalematocele. See Ce/>halhematocele. 

Cephalematoma. See Cephalhematoma. 



CEPHALEMIA 



279 



CEPH ALOTH R Y PTO R 



Cephalemia [sef-al-e , -me-aK) [w<paA>/, head ; alfia, 
blood]. An abnormal determination of blood to the 
head. 

Cephaletron [sef-al-e' '-troti) [«p«?.//, head ; rjrpov, the 
abdomen] . In biology, applied to the anterior portion 
of the body of certain crustaceans. 

Cephalhsematoma (sef-al-Ae-mat-o / -maft). See Cephal- 
hematoma. 

Cephalhematocele [sefal-he-maf '-o-sel) \_K£(pa~A>i, head ; 
a'ifia, blood ; Kr/'Ar/, tumor]. An hematocele situated 
beneath the scalp, and communicating with a dural 
sinus. 

Cephalhematoma (sef-a /-he- mat-o' -?nah)\_Ke<riaAr] , head ; 
tufia, blood; bfia, tumor: //. , Cephalhematomata~\. 
A collection of blood between the pericranium and 
the exterior of one or more bones of the skull. 

Cephalhydrocele [sefal-hi' -dro-sel) [«<i>«/.//, head ; 
vdup, water ; nifAt], tumor] . Effusion of cerebral fluid 
beneath the occipitofrontal aponeuroses in fractures 
of the skull. 

Cephalic [sefal'-ik) \_KE(j>a7Jj , head]. Pertaining to 
the head. The terms Proral, Cranial, Rostral, 
Ahral have been proposed to take the place of Ceph- 
alic. See Position and Direction, Table of. C. In- 
dex. See Index. C. Souffle, a blowing murmur 
sometimes heard in auscultation of the head ; a sign 
of aneurysm or of anemia. C. Vein. See Vein. 
C. Version. See Version. C. Tetanus. See 
Kopf- Tetanus. 

Cephalin (sef'-al-in) [/ifoaA?, the head]. An unstable 
phosphatic substance obtained from brain-substance ; 
it is allied to lecithin ; at least five modifications of it 
are reported to exist ; it is called also Kephalin. 

Cephalitis [sef-al-i'-tis). See Encephalitis. 

Cephalization [sefal-iz-a' -shun) [_Ke<paAr/, the head]. 
In biology, Dana's term for that specialization the 
tendency of which is to concentrate important parts 
and organs at the head region of the trunk. 

Cephalize [sef-al-iz) [/ceoa/i?/, head]. To develop 
head-organs. 

Cephalobranchiate [sefal-o-brang'-ke-at) \K£§akr), 
head; /3payxia, gills]. In biology, with external 
branchial tufts in the head-region. 

Cephalocathartic [sefal-o-kath-ar' '-tik) [/ce^a/b?, head ; 
Kadaprmog, purging]. I. Purging or relieving the 
head. 2. A medicine that relieves the head. 

Cephalocele [sef'-al-o-sel) [/cepa/.?/, head; nr/'/.?/, tumor]. 
Hernia of the brain ; protrusion of a mass of the 
cranial contents. 

Cephalocentesis [sefal-osen-te' -sis) [k£0<zA^, head ; 
KEVTrioic,, puncture]. Surgical puncture of the cranium. 

Cephalocercal [sefal-o-ser' -kal) \_KetpaArj , head ; tcspKoc, 
tail]. In anatomy, from head to tail. 

Cephalochord [sef'-al-o-kord) [_KE(j>al7/, head ; x P^^ 
cord]. The cephalic portion of the chorda dorsalis in 
embryonic life. 

Cephaloclast (sef'-al-o-klast). See Cephalotribe . 

Cephaloconus [sef-al-o-ko'-nus) \_K.e<pa"Arj, head ; navog, 
a cone]. In biology, applied to one of the processes 
on the head of a pteropod. 

Cephalodium [sef-al-o' -de-um) \jaqiaAr], head ; ehhg, 
form]. In biology, one of the outgrowths on the 
thallus of a lichen, and in which gonidia or algal 
cells are found. 

Cephalodymia [sef-al-o-di?n' -e-ah) [neipaArj, head ; 
Svuevcu, to mingle]. Teratologic union of twins by 
the merging of their heads together. 

Cephalodynia [sefal-o-din' -e-ah) [ne^ali], head ; btiwrj, 
pain]. Rheumatism affecting the occipito-frontalis 
muscle, the pain being chiefly experienced in the 
forehead or occiput, and at times involving the 
eyeballs. 



Cephalograph [sef'-al-o-graf) [hejjmAtj, head ; ypatyEiv, 
to write] . An instrument for recording the contours 
of the head. 

Cephalography [sefal-og' -ra-fe)\_KE(f>aAr/ , head ; ypayeiv, 
to write]. A description of the head. 

Cephaloid [scf'-al-oid) \_K.E<paA>] , head; ddog, likeness]. 
Resembling the head. 

Cephalology [sef-al-oV -o-je\ [/ce^aA//, head ; Adyoc, 
science]. The science of cranial measurements and 
indications. 

Cephaloma [sef-al-o' '-mah) [_KEifiaAi/, head ; 6/ia, tumor: 
//. , Cephalomata~\. Encephaloid carcinoma; soft car- 
cinoma. 

Cephalomelus [sef-al-om' '-el-us) [/cf^aA//, head; //iAoc, 
a part] . A form of double monster in which there is 
a supernumerary limb attached to the head. 

Cephalomeningitis [sef-al-o- men-in-ji' ' -i 'is) [i<e<pa.Ar/, 
head; p.f/viy^, a membrane; nig, inflammation]. 
Cephalic meningitis ; inflammation of the cephalic 
meninges. 

Cephalometer [sef-al-om' -et-er) \_Ke(paAr/, head ; fitrpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for measuring the head. 

Cephalometry [sef-al-om' -et-re) \_KEipaA>/, head ; fierpov, 
a measure]. I. The use of the cephalometer : craniom- 
etry. 2. The art of taking measurements of the 
head to determine the position of the fissures and con- 
volutions of the brain. 

Cephalont [sef'-al-ont) [xe^aA^, head ; i>v[bvr), being]. 
In biology, that phase of a gregarine in which 
an epimerite is added to the anterior cyst or proto- 
merite. 

Cephalo-orbital [sefal-o-or' -bit-al) [KefaXi/, head ; 
orbita, an orbit]. Relating to the cranium and orbits 
C. Index. See Index. 

Cephalo-orbito-nasal [sef-al-o-or-bit-o-na' -zal)\_ne(j>aA7] , 
the head ; orbita, an orbit ; nasalis, of the nose]. Re- 
lating to the cranium, orbits, and nose. 

Cephalopagus [sef-al-op' -ag-us) \_K.e<pa?Jj, head; iraytig, 
joined]. An ensomphalic monstrosity having the 
heads united at the top. 

Cephalopathic [sefal-o-path' -ik) [netpaAr/, head ; nadoc;, 
disease]. Pertaining or belonging to a disease of the 
head. 

Cephalopathy [sef -al-o-path-e) [iceQaAf/, head ; irddoc, 
disease]. Any disease of the head. 

Cephalophalsia [sefal-o-fal'-se-ah). Same as Ceph- 
alotripsy. 

Cephalophragm [ief -al-o-fratn) [KecpaAq, head ; ftpdyfia, 
division]. In biology, a Y-shaped septum transversely 
dividing the head-chamber of certain insects. 

Cephalophyma [sefal-o-f -mah). Synonym of Ceph- 
alhematoma. 

Cephalorrhachidian [sef-al-o-rak-id'-e-aii) [jieipaXri, 
head; paxiQ, spine]. Same as Cerebrospinal. 

Cephaloscope [sef'-al-o-skop) [KeqaAr] , head; gkottuv, 
to examine]. A stethoscope for use in auscultation 
of the head or the ear. 

Cephalo-spinal [sefal-o-spi'-nal). See Cerebrospinal. 

Cephalostat [sef'-al-o-stat) [Ke(pa?i7/, head; larnvat, to 
cause to stand]. A vise or clamp for holding a 
patient's head. 

Cephalostegite [sef-a-los' -tej-il) [napaAij , head ; arsyog, 
a roof]. In biology, the anterior or head region of 
the carapace of a crustacean. 

Cephalot, or Cephalote [sef -al-ot, or -lot) \ke^oKut6c, 
headed]. A brown, resinoid fat obtainable from brain- 
substance. Cf. Cerebrot. 

Cephalothorax [sefal-o-tho'-raks) \_KE(j>alrj, head ; 
Owpai;, a breastplate]. In biology, the anterior por- 
tion of the body of an arthropod formed by the union 
of the head and thorax. 

Cephalothryptor [sefal-o-thrip'-tor). See Cephalotribe. 



CEPHALOTOME 



280 



CEREBELLOUS 



Cephalotome (sef'-al-o-tom) [netbaAr), the head ; rifiveiv, 
to cut]. The instrument used in performing cephalot- 
omy. 

Cephalotomy (sef-al-ot'-o-me) [netpakj], head; tout], 
section]. The opening or division of the head of the 
fetus in labor. 

Cephalotribe (sef -al-o-trib) [ke^cla?] , the head ; rpifjeiv, 
to crush]. An instrument for crushing the fetal 
head. 

Cephalotripsy (sef ' -al-o-trip-se) [nsc/iaXi/, head ; Tplfiniv, 
to bruise]. The operation of crushing the fetal head 
when delivery is otherwise impossible. 

Cephalotriptor (sef-al-o-trip' -tor). See Cephalotribe. 

Cephalotroch (sef'-al-o-trok) [/te^a/b?, head ; rpoxoc, a 
wheel]. In biology, a molluscan or annelid larva 
having a cephalic circlet of cilia. 

Cephalous (sef'-al-us) [ne^a'Ai], head]. In biology, 
having a head. The opposite of Acephalous. 

Cephaloxia (sef-al-oks' -e-ali). Synonym of Torticollis. 

Cera (se'-rali) [L.]. Wax. A mixture of cerotic acid, 
cerolein, and myricin, gathered by the honey-bee from 
the pollen of flowers and the leaves of plants. C. 
alba, white wax ; prepared by bleaching yellow wax. 
It is valuable as an ingredient of cerates and oint- 
ments C. flava, yellow wax ; it possesses an 
agreeable balsamic odor. It is soluble in ether, hot 
alcohol, and chloroform. 

Ceraceous (se-ra' -se-us) \_cera, wax]. Waxy; re- 
sembling wax. 

Ceramidium (ser-am-id f -e-uni) [nepa/ios, pottery]. In 
biology, the urn-shaped spore-bearing receptacle of 
certain algae. 

Cerasein (ser-a'-se-in) \_cerasus, a cherry-tree]. A pre- 
cipitate from a tincture of the bark of choke-cherry, 
Primus virginiana (true) ; used as a quinin-substi- 
tute, and as a diaphoretic and sedative. Dose 2 to 10 
grains. Unof. 

Cerasin (ser'-as-in) [cerasus, a cherry-tree]. I. An 
ingredient of the gum of cherry, peach, and plum 
trees, apparently identical with bassorin. 2. A crude 
precipitate from tincture of Choke-cherry, q. v. 

Cerasinose (ser-as'-in-os) [cerastes, a cherry-tree]. A 
crystalline carbohydrate isomeric with arabinose ; it 
is derivable from cherry-gum. 

Cerate (se'-rat) [cera, wax]. In pharmacy, an unc- 
tuous preparation consisting of wax mixed with oils, 
fatty substances, or resins, and of such a consistence 
that at ordinary temperatures it can be readily spread 
upon linen or muslin, and yet is so firm that it will not 
melt or run when applied to the skin. There are 
eight official cerates. C, Goulard's. See Goulard. 
C, Hufeland's. See Hufeland. 

Ceratectasia {ser-at-ek-ta' -ze-ali). See Keratectasia. 

Ceratectomy (ser-at-ek'-to-me). See Kerectomy. 

Ceratiasis (ser-at-V-as-is). See Keratiasis. 

Ceratin (ser'-at-in). See Keratin. 

Ceratitis (ser-at-i'-lis). See Keratitis. 

Cerato- (ser'-at-o-). See Kerato-. 

Ceratum (se-ra f -tuni). See Cerate. 

Cerbera (ser'-ber-ah) \_Cerberus, a dog of mythology]. 
A genus of apocynaceous old-world trees, several of 
them actively poisonous. C. odollam, of India, has 
purgative leaves and bark; it contains Cerberin, q.v. 
C. tanghin, the ordeal-tree of Madagascar, is highly 
poisonous ; one seed is said to have destroyed 20 
people. 

Cerberin (ser'-ber-in) [Cerberus, a dog of mythology]. 
A poisonous glucosid from the seeds of Cerbera odol- 
lam and other related trees. 

Cercaria (ser-ka' -re-ah) [mpmc, tail]. Any trematode 
worm (fluke) in its second (or tailed) stage of larval 
life. 



Hoarse- 



povac, 
C. in- 



Cercarian (ser-ka' '-re-an) [nspnoc, a tail]. Any 
matode, or fluke- worm, in the Cercaria stage. 

Cerchnus (serk' '-mis) [aspxvoc, rough, hoarse], 
ness ; noisy respiration. 

Cercis (ser'-sis) . See Judas Tree. 

Cercomonas (ser-kom' -o-nas) [Kipnoc, tail ; 
monad]. A genus of flagellate infusorians. 
testinalis, a minute animal parasite, a protozoon, 
occasionally found in the fecal discharges of patients 
suffering with typhoid fever, chronic diarrhea, and 
cholera. Its pathologic significance has not yet been 
ascertained. C. urinarius. See Bodo. 

Cercus (ser'-kus) [/cep/coc, the tail of a beast]. In 
biology, one of the antenna-like structures projecting 
from the hinder parts of certain insects. 

Cere (sir) [cera, wax]. In biology, that portion of the 
sheath of the bill in certain birds, e. g. , parrots and 
birds of prey, which has a waxy appearance. 

Cereal (se'-re-al) \_Ceres, the goddess of agriculture]. 
I. Relating to edible grains. 2. Any edible grain or 
bread-corn ; also the plant that produces it. The 
composition of the more important cereals is thus 
given by Bell : — 



Constituents. 


a 

■M O 


ill 
C 

a- 
~ 


•0 

u • 

-1 


O 

"bi 
a 
W 


N 

'5 


Bi 


as ^ 

.S3 

al.- 

u 3. 


Fat 


I.48 


1.56 


1.03 


5-14 


3-58 


1-43 


0.19 




63-7I 


65.86 


63-51 


49.78 


64.66 


61.87 


77.66 


Sugar (as su- 
crose), .... 


2-57 


2.24 


1-34 


2.36 


1.94 


4-3° 


038 


Albumin (insolu- 
ble in alcohol), 


IO.70 


7.19 


8.18 


10.62 


9.67 


9.78 


7-94 


Nitrogenous 
matter (solu- 
ble in alcohol), 


4-83 


4.40 


3.28 


4-°5 


4.60 


5-09 


1.40 


Cellulose, . . . 


3-°3 


2-93 


7.28 


13-53 


1.86 


3-23 


Tra- 
ces. 


Mineral matter, 


1.60 


1-74 


2.32 


2.66 


1-35 


1.85 


0.28 


Moisture, . . . 


12 08 


14.08 


13.06 


11.86 


12-34 


12-45 


12.15 


Total 


100.00 


IOO.CO 


100 00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 



Cerealin (se'-i-e-al-in) \_Ceres, the goddess of agricul- 
ture]. An albuminoid found in various cereals and 
obtainable from bran. See Flour. 

Cerebel (ser'-e-beP). See Cerebellum. 

Cerebellar (ser-e-beV -ar) [dim. of cerebrum]. Re- 
lating to the cerebellum. C. Fossa. See Fossa. C. 
Ganglion. See Ganglion. 

Cerebellic (ser-e-bel'-ik). See Cerebellar. 

Cerebellitis (ser-e-bel-i' -tis) [cerebellum, a little brain; 
itlc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the cerebellum. 

Cerebellocortex (ser-e-bel-o-kor' -teks) [cerebellum, the 
little brain ; cortex, bark]. The cortex of the cere- 
bellum. 

Cerebello-spinal (ser-e-bel-o-spi' '-nal) [cerebellum, the 
little brain; spina, the spine]. Relating to the cere- 
bellum and the spinal cord. 

Cerebellous (ser-e-bel'-us). See Cerebellar. 



CEREBELLUM 



281 



CEREBROSULPHATID 



Cerebellum (ser-e-bel'-um) [dim. of cerebrnni\. The 
inferior part of the brain lying below the cerebrum. 




Inferior Aspect of the Cerebellum. 
Inferior vermiform process. 2, 2. Median fissure. 



3. 3, 3- 



I, I. 
Lobes and lobules. 4. Amygdala or tonsil. 5. Flocculus, 
subpeduncular lobe or pneumogastric lobule. 6. Pons 
varolii. 7. Median fissure of pons. 8. Middle cerebellar 
peduncle. 9. Medulla oblongata. 10. Anterior extremity of 
circumferential fissure of cerebellum. 11. Anterior border of 
superior surface. 12. Small or motor root of trigeminus. 13. 
Large or sensory root. 14. 6th nerve. 15. Facial nerve. 16. 
Nerve of Wrisberg. 17. Auditory nerve. 18. Glosso- 
pharyngeal 19. Pneumogastric. 20. Spinal accessory. 21. 
Hypoglossal. 

Cerebral (ser' '-e-bral) [cerebrum, the brain]. Relating 
to the cerebrum. C. Apoplexy. See Apoplexy. C. 
Arteries. See Arteries, Table of. C. Index. 
See Index. C. Maculae, spots on the skin caused by 
slight irritation, and abnormally persistent. They may 
indicate disorder of the vaso-motor mechanism. C. 
Nerves. See Nerves, Table of. C. Pneumonia. 
See Pneumonia. C. Surprise, the speedy, but not 
long-persistent stupor that often follows sudden mental 
shock or grave lesion or injury of the brain. C. 
Vesicles. See Brain-bladder. 

CsiebTalgi^ser-e-bral'-Je-a/i) [cerebrum,the brain; akyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the head. 

Ceiebia.lism(ser / -e-bral-i2m)[ee?-ebrum, the brain]. The 
theory that mental operations are due to the activity of 
the brain ; or that thought is a function of the brain. 

Cerebrasthenia (ser-e-bras-the' -ne-ah) \_cerebru>n, the 
brain; aadevijc, without strength]. Cerebral asthenia. 
See Phrenasthenia. 

Cerebrasthenic (ser-e-bras'-tken-ik) [cerebrum, the 
brain ; aottevrjr, without strength] . Characterized by, 
or pertaining to, cerebrasthenia. 

Cerebration (ser-e-bra' -shun) [cerebrum, the brain]. 
Mental and cerebral activity. C., Unconscious, men- 
tal activity of which the subject is not conscious. 

Cerebria (ser-e'-bre-ah) [cerebrum, the brain]. Tem- 
porary cerebral exhaustion (but the term is variously 
applied by different writers) ; acute, chronic, partial, 
and sympathetic cerebria are among the varieties 
described. 

Cerebric Acid (ser'-e-brik). Same as Cerebrinic Acid. 

Cerebrifugal (ser-e-brif '-u-gal) [cerebrum, the brain; 
fugere, to flee]. Centrifugal; efferent; transmitting 
or transmitted from the brain to the periphery. 

Cerebrin (ser' -e-brin) [cerebrum, the brain], C 17 H. is NO s . 
A nitrogenous glucosid obtained from brain-tissue, 
nerves, and pus-corpuscles. It is a light, colorless, ex- 
ceedingly hygroscopic powder. The term has been 
applied to an " organic extract " of unknown consti- 
tution, derived from brain-tissue. 



Cerebrinacide (ser-e-brin' -as-id) [cerebrum, the brain]. 
One of certain substances found in brain-tissue, and 
capable of combining with metallic oxids. 

Cerebrinic Acid (ser-e-brin' -ik). See Acid. 

Cerebripetal yser-e-brip' -et-al) [cerebriun, the brain ; 
petere, to seek]. Centripetal; afferent; transmitting 
or transmitted from the periphery to the brain. 

Cerebritis (ser-e-bri 1 ' -lis) [cerebrum, the brain ; itiq , 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the proper substance 
of the cerebrum, due to traumatism, contiguous inflam- 
mation, or septic influence. Headache, possibly vom- 
iting, and convulsions are the most marked symptoms. 
C, Enzootic — of horses. Also called staggers, or 
mad staggers. A disease of horses in the Western 
United States caused by eating corn that has been 
attacked by a mold, Aspergillus glaucus, the spores of 
which, finding lodgment in the kidneys and liver, 
germinate and cause derangements of the circulation 
with central abscesses. Neither mules, cattle, nor pigs 
appear to contract this disease. 

Cerebrogalactose (ser-e-bro- gal-ak'-tos). Same as 
Cerebrose. 

Cerebro-hyphoid (ser-e-bro-hi'-foid) [cerebrum, the 
brain; v<pr/, tissue; tMor, likeness]. Resembling the 
substance of the brain. 

Cerebrol (ser'-e-brbl) [cerebrum, brain; oleum, oil]. 
An oily, reddish fluid obtainable from brain-tissue. 

Cerebroma (ser-e-bro' -mah) [cerebrum, the brain ; baa, 
a tumor: pi., Cerebromata\ A growth, outside the 
cranium, that contains cerebral tissue. 

Cerebromalacia (ser-e-bro-mal-a' -se-ah) [cerebrum, the 
brain; jj.a2.aK.ia, softness]. Softening of the brain- 
tissue. 

Cerebromedullary (ser-e-bro-med-ul' -ar-e) [cerebrum, 
the brain ; medulla, marrow]. Relating to the brain 
and spinal cord. 

Cerebropathy (ser-e-brop' -a-the) [cerebrum, the brain ; 
Tradog, illness]. I. A train of symptoms following over- 
work and approaching the character of insanity. 2. 
Cerebral disease in general. 

Cerebropsychosis (ser-e-brop-sik-o' -sis) [cerebrum, the 
brain; i/j»x <j o" (C > animating]. Mental disturbance due 
to a disease of the psychic centers. 

Cerebrosclerosis (ser-e-bro-skle-ro' -sis) [cerebrum, the 
brain ; UK?.rip6c, hard]. Sclerosis of cerebral tissue. 

Cerebroscopic (ser-e-bro-skop' '-ik) [cerebrum, the brain; 
gkotte'ip, to inspect]. Pertaining to cerebroscopy. 

Cerebroscopy (ser-e-bros 1 ' -ko-pe) [cerebrum, the brain ; 
(shotveIv, to inspect]. Ophthalmoscopy in the diagno- 
sis of brain-disease. 

Cerebrose (ser' -e-bros) [cerebrum, the brain], C 6 H ]2 6 . 
A crystallized sugar isomeric with glucose, occurring 
in brain-tissue. 

Cerebro-sensorial (ser-e-bro-sen-so' '-re-al) [cerebrum, 
the brain; sensorium, the organ of sensation]. Per- 
taining to the cerebral sensorium. 

Cerebroside (ser' -e-bro-sld ) [cerebrum, the brain]. One 
of a class of substances occurring in brain-tissue, con- 
taining cerebrose, just as glucosids contain glucose. 

Cerebrosis (ser-e-bro' -sis) [cerebrum, the brain]. Any 
cerebral disorder. 

Cerebrospinal (ser-e-bro-spi'-nal) [cerebrum, the brain; 
spina, the spine]. Pertaining to the whole of the 
brain and spinal structure. C. Axis. See Axis. C. 
Fluid, the fluid between the arachnoid and the pia. 
C. Meningitis. See Fever, Cerebrospinal. C. Sys- 
tem, the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. 

Cerebrospinant (ser-e-bro-spi'-nant) [cerebrum, the 
brain ; spina, the spine]. A medicine that acts upon 
the brain and spinal cord. 

Cerebrosulphatid (ser-e-bro-sul' -fat-id) [cerebrum , the 
brain; sulphur\. Any cerebrinacide containing sulphur. 



CEREBROT 



282 



CESIUM 



Cerebrot, Cerebrote [ser' -e-brot , ser'-e-brot ) [cere- 
brum, the brain]. -A white, fatty principle obtainable 
from brain-substance. Cf. Cephalot. 

Cerebrotomy (ser-e-brof -o-nie) [cerebrum, the brain ; 
rkjive.iv, to cut]. Surgical or anatomic section of 
brain-tissue. 

Cerebrum [ser' -e-brum) [L.]. The chief portion of 
the brain, occupying the whole upper part of the 
cranium. See Brain. 

Cerectomy [ser-ek 1 '-to-ine) . See Kerectomy. 

Cerencephalot [ser-en-sef '-al-ot) [w/pog, wax ; eyKe<j>- 
a?Mc, brain]. Cephalot. 

Cereolus [ser-e' '-o-lus) [cera, wax: pi., Cereoli\. A 
bougie of waxed linen, often medicated. 

Ceresin [ser r -es-in) [cera, wax]. Ozokerite that has 
been bleached without distillation ; it is used as a sub- 
stitute for beeswax. 

Cereus (se'-re-us) [L., " a wax candle"]. A genus of 
cactaceous plants. C. grandiflorus. See Night- 
blooming Cereus. 

Cerevisia (ser-e-vis' -e-a)i) [L.]. Ale or beer. C. fer- 
mentum, beer-yeast. The ferment obtained in brew- 
ing beer, and produced by Saccharomyces cerevisice. 
It is given in low states of the system. Dose ^ss-j. 

Cerin [se'-rin) [cera, wax]. An ether of cerotic acid ; 
one of the substances found in wax. 

Cerise [ser-ez'\[cerasus , a cherry-tree]. A pigment of 
a cherry color. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Cerium [se'-re-uni] [named after the planet Ceres\ Ce 
= 140 ; quantivalence II, IV. One of the rarer 
metals. See Elements, Table of. C. oxalas, Ce 2 - 
(C. 2 4 ) 3 .9H 2 0, a white, granular powder, insoluble in 
water or alcohol,- but soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
The oxalate is the only salt commonly employed in 
medicine. It is a gastric sedative useful in the vomit- 
ing of pregnancy. Dose gr. j-x, in pill. C. val- 
erianate has been used in the same class of cases. 
Dose gr. iss. 

Ceromel (se'-ro-mel) [ia]p6c, wax; ukXt, honey]. 
Honey cerate ; wax one part, honey two or four parts. 
It is applied to wounds and ulcers, chiefly in Asiatic 
countries. 

Ceroplastic (se-ro-plas'-tih) [Ki]p6g, wax ; nlaoaEiv, to 
mould]. Modeled, or as if modeled, in wax]. C. 
Catalepsy. See Catalepsy. 

Ceroplasty [se' -ro-p/as-te) [urtpoc, wax ; irXaaativ, to 
mould]. The modeling of anatomic preparations in 
wax. 

Cerosin (se'-ro-siri) [nr/pac , wax] . A wax-like substance 
forming a white or grayish-green coating on some 
species of sugar-cane. When purified, it yields fine, 
light pearly scales. 

Cerosis [ser-o'-sis) [icrip6c, wax]. That morbid condi- 
tion of a membrane in which it seems to consist of wax- 
like scales. 

Cerotene (se'-ro-ten) [icrip6c, wax]. An alkylen or ole- 
fin, C 27 H 54 , obtained from Chinese wax; it melts at 
5S ; cerylene. 

Cerotic Acid (se-rot'-ik). See Acid, Cerotic. 

Certificate [ser-tif -ik-dt) [certificare , to certify]. A 
written statement, as for insurance, or in case of birth 
or death. 

Cerulean Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Cerulein [ser-u'-le-in). Same as Alizarin Green, one 
of the Alizarins. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Cerumen (ser-u'-men) [cera, wax]. The wax of the ear. 

Ceruminous {ser-u' '-min-us) [cera, wax]. Pertaining 
to cerumen. 

Ceruse (se'-rus) [cerussa, white lead]. I. White lead : 
basic carbonate and hydrate of lead. 2. A white 
face-powder. C. of antimony, white oxid of anti- 
mony ; also antimonic acid. 



Cervical [ser'-vik-al) [cervix, the neck]. Pertaining 
to the neck, or to the cervix uteri. C. Carcinoma, 
carcinoma of the neck of the womb. C. Choke, in 
the horse, the lodgment of a foreign body in the 
esophagus at any point between the " throat -latch " and 
the shoulder. C. Endometritis. See Endometritis. 
C. Pregnancy, a rare condition in which from atrophy 
of the decidual membranes the impregnated ovum is not 
properly held in place, and dropping, lodges in the 
cervical canal, where it develops until the uterus, not 
being able to hold it longer, expels it. 

Cervicen (ser' -vis-en) [cervix, the neck]. Belonging 
solely to the cervix. 

Cervicicardiac [ser-vis-ik-ar' -de-ak) [cervix, the neck ; 
KtipchA, the heart]. Relating to the neck and the 
heart, as the cervicicardiac nerves, branches of the 
vagus. 

Cerviciplex (ser' -vis-ip-leks) [cervix, the neck ; plexus, 
a network]. The cervical plexus. 

Cervicitis (ser-vis-i' -lis) [cervix, the neck ; /tic, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the cervix uteri. 

Cervicobrachial [ser-vik-o-bra'-ke-al) [cervix, the 
neck; brachium, the arm]. Relating to the neck and 
the arm. 

Cervico-bregmatic [ser-vik-o-breg-mat 1 '-ik) [cervix, the 
neck ; (ipeyfia, the sinciput]. Relating to the cervix 
or nucha and the bregma. 

Cervicodynia (ser-vik-o-din 1 '-e-ali) [cervix, the neck ; 
bdi'vt], pain]. Cramp or neuralgia of the neck. 

Cervico-facial (ser-vik-o-fa'-slial) [cervix, neck; 
fades, face]. Relating to the neck and the face. 

Cervico-occipital (ser-vik-o-ok-sip 1 -it-al) [cervix, the 
neck; occiput, the back of the head]. Relating to 
the neck and the back of the head. 

Cervico-orbicular (ser-vik-o-or-bik* '-u-lar) [cerz'ix, 
neck; orbicularis, circular]. Relating to the neck 
and the orbicular muscle. 

Cervico-vaginal (ser-vik-o-vaj' '-in-al) [cervix, the 
neck ; vagina, a sheath]. Relating to the cervix uteri 
and the vagina. 

Cerviculate [ser-vik' -u-lat) [cervicula, a little neck]. 
In biology, having a slender neck. 

Cervix [ser'-viks) [L.]. The neck ; also the posterior 
part of the neck. Applied also to constricted parts 
of other organs, as the cervix of the bladder, or of 
the penis. C. Uteri, the neck of the womb. C. 
Vesicae, the neck of the bladder. 

Ceryl (se'-ril) [cera, wax], C 27 H 55 . An organic radical 
found in combination in beeswax. 

Cerylene (se'-nl-en). See Cerotene. 

Cesarean, or Caesarean, Operation [se-za'-re-an op-er- 
a'-shiai) [ccedere, to cut] . Extraction of the fetus 
through an incision made in the abdomen. C. O., Con- 
servative, the removal of the fetus through an open- 
ing in the anterior abdominal wall, without removing 
the uterus or its appendages. C. O., Elective, one done 
at a selected time prior to labor. C. O., Improved. 
See Sanger's Operation , Pon-o's Operation, etc. C. 
O., Post-mortem, extraction of the child after the 
mother's death. For the various methods proposed of 
performing the Cesarean Operation, see Gastro-elytro- 
tomy, Laparo-elytrotomy , Gaslro-hystereclomy, Gas- 
tro-hysterotomy, and the operations of Porro, Stinger, 
Porro-Miiller, A'ehrer, and Thomas, under Opera- 
tions, Table of. 

Cesarean Section. See Operations, Table of. 

Cesium, or Caesium (se'-ze-um) [L., "bluish-gray"], 
Cs = 132.6 ; quantivalence I. A rare alkaline 
metal resembling potassium in physical and chemic 
properties. C. bromid, like the other bromids, is a 
good sedative, but its cost is very great. The oxalate 
and nitrate have also been employed medicinally. 



CESPITOSE 



283 



CHAMOIS-SKIN 



Unof. C. chlorid, unof. , lowers the pulse- rate and 
raises the arterial pressure. Dose gr. ij-v. 

Cespitose (ses'-pit-os) [ceespes, a turf or sod]. In biology, 
growing in or characterized by tangled or matted tutts. 

Cesspool [ses' -pool) [E. dial., suss, a puddle; ME., 
poof]. A reservoir for water ; a privy. 

Cestoid, or Cestode {se^-toid, or ses'-tod ) [/ieordc, a gir- 
dle ; eISoc, likeness]. Shaped like a girdle, or ribbon ; 
applied to worms, of which Tcenia is a type. 

Cetacea (se-ta'-se-a/i ) \cetus, a whale]. An order of 
mammals living in the sea, as the whale, dolphin, etc. 

Cetaceum (se-ta'-se-urn) [L. : gen., Celacei]. Sperma- 
ceti. A fatty substance somewhat resembling paraffin 
in its physical properties. It is obtained from the head 
of the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus. It is 
soluble in ether, chloroform, and boiling alcohol, and 
is employed only as an emollient. C, Ceratum, 
contains spermacti 10, white wax 35, olive oil 55 parts. 
C, Ung. (B. P.), contains spermaceti, white wax, 
almond oil, and benzoin. 

Cetraria (se-tra' '-re-ah) [cattra, a short Spanish shield]. 
I. A genus of lichens. 2. Iceland moss. A lichen, 
C. Istandica, found in Iceland and other northern 
countries. It contains a form of starch, Lichenin, that 
gelatinizes when boiled with water. It is a feebly 
tonic demulcent, sometimes recommended in pulmon- 
ary affections. C, Decoct., contains five per cent, of 
the lichen. Dose ^ij-iv. 

Cetrarin (se-tra' -rin) \_ca>tra, a short Spanish shield]. 
The bitter principle of Iceland moss, crystallizing in 
fine needles, and nearly insoluble in water. 

Cetyl (se'-til) \cetus, a whale], C 16 H M . An alcoholic 
radical existing in beeswax and spermaceti. 

Cetylid (se' -til-id) [cetus, a whale], C 22 H 42 5 . 
Geoghegan's term for the substance in the brain "that 
reduces alkaline solutions of cupric salts. 

Cevadilla (sev-ad-il'-ah). See Cebadilla. 

Cevadillin (sev-ad-il' -in) [cevadilla] , C 34 H 53 N0 8 . An 
uncrystallizable alkaloid obtained from cevadilla. 

Cevadin (sev'-ad-in), C 32 H 49 N0 9 . A crystalline alkaloid 
of cevadilla. See Veratrin. 

Ceylon Sickness. See Beriberi. 

Chabert's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Chaeraphrosyne (ke-rafros' -in-e) \_xaipEiv, to rejoice ; 
(Kppoavvr/, senselessness]. Amenomania. 

Chaeromania (ke-ro-ma' -ne-ah) \_xaipEiv, to rejoice ; 
[zavia, madness]. Amenomania. 

Chaeta (ke'-tah) \_x aiT7 l, a long hair]. A bristle. 

Chaetophorous (ke-tojf -or-us) \_xaiTri, a long hair ; 
(pepeiv, to bear]. In biology, bearing bristles. 

Chaffbone (chaf'-bon) [AS., ceaf, husk; ban, a bone]. 
A name for the inferior maxilla. 

Chagres Fever. See Fever. 

Chain (chdn) [ME., chaine, a chain]. I. A series of 
connected links of metal, etc. 2. In chemistry, a 
group of like atoms joined together by chemic affinity 
without the intervention of atoms of another kind. 
C. Ecraseur, an ecraseur of which a chain forms 
the cutting part. C.-saw, a surgeon's saw, the teeth 
of which are linked together like a chain. 

Chair (char) [ME., chaire, a chair]. I. A seat of 
office, as that of a professor. 2. A piece of furniture 
consisting of a seat with a back support. C, Vibra- 
ting. See Shaking Cure. C, Whirling, a revolv- 
ing-chair in which formerly a maniacal patient was 
rapidly whirled. This was regarded as both a seda- 
tive and a curative procedure. 

Chalastic (kal-as'-tik) [xaAaariKOf;, making supple]. 
1. Emollient, softening. 2. An emollient or laxative 
medicine. 

Chalastodermia (kal-as-to-der'-me-ah). Synonym of 
Dermatolysis. 



Chalaza (kal-a'-zah) [^d/laC«, a hailstone]. In biology, 
one of the twisted cords binding the yolk-bag of an 
egg to the lining membrane of the shell ; or that part 
of a seed where its coats unite with each other and the 
nucleus. 

Chalazion (kal-a'-zc-on) [_xa7id r inv, a small hailstone]. 
A tumor of the eyelid from retained secretion of the 
Meibomian glands : a Meibomian cyst. 

Chalazonephritis [kal-a-zo-nef-H/ -tts) \_xaAaQa, hail ; 
vhppoL', the kidney; ltlc, inflammation]. Granular 
nephritis. 

Chalicosis (kal-ik-o'-sis) [^dAif, gravel]. A disease 
of the lungs of workmen caused by the inhalation of 
dust or sand. 

Chalk (chawk) [ME., chalk, lime]. Carbonate of lime. 
See Calcium. C. Stone, gout-stone — a deposit be- 
neath the skin in gouty patients. 

Chalot's Operation. See Operations , Table of. 

Chalybeate (ka-lib' '-e-at) [^dAuip, iron]. Containing 
iron. 

Chalybs (ka'-libz) [L.]. See Ferrum. 

Chamber (cham'-ber) [ME., chamber, a room]. A 
cavity or space. C, Anterior (of the eye) , the space 
between the cornea and the iris. C, Posterior (of 
the eye), the space between the iris and the lens. 
The chambers of the eye contain the aqueous humor. 

Chamberlaine's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Chamberland's Bougie or Filter. See Filter. 

Chamecephalic (kam-e-sefal'-ik) \_xo-pai, low ; KEtyaM/, 
head]. Characterized by chamecephaly. 

Chamecephalous (kam-e-sef'-al-us). See Chame- 
cephalic. 

Chamecephaly (kam-e-sef'-al-e) \_xafiai, low ; K£<palr], 
head]. In craniometry, that condition of the skull in 
which the cephalic index is 70 or less. A flat and 
receding skull. 

Chameconcha (kam-e-kong'-kah) \_xafiai, low ; K.6yxv, 
orbit]. In craniometry, an orbital index below 
80.01. 

Chameconchous (kam-e-cong' -kus) \_xnp.ai, low ; 
K-hyxy, concha]. In craniometry, having an orbital 
index of not more than 8o°. 

Chamecranious (kam-e-kra 1 '-ne-us) [x a l ia h l° w > 
Kpaviov, skull]. In craniometry, having the greatest 
length of the skull proportioned to its height. 

Chameleon Mineral (kam-e' -le-on min'-er-al). An 
old name for a crude mixture of potassium manganate 
with potassium nitrate. 

Chamelirin (kam-el-ir'-in) [,^a//a/, ground ; leipiov, 
lily]. A poisonous glucosid from Chamalirion luteum ; 
it is a strong heart-depressant. 

Chamelirion (kam-el-ir' -e-on) \_xapai, ground ; XupLov, 
lily]. A genus of liliaceous plants having active 
medicinal and poisonous properties. C. luteum, or 
carolinianum, of the U. S. (called Helonias dioica), 
is a uterine tonic and diuretic. Unof. 

Chameopisthius (kam-e-o-piY-the-z/s) [^rc/W, low ; 
OTriadiov]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull 
in which the angle between the radius fixus and the 
line joining the hormion and the lambda is from 17 
to 24.5°. 

Chameprosopic (kam-e-pro-so' -pik) [_xa/iai, low ; 
TTpocruKov, face] . Low-faced ; having the zygomatic 
facial index below 90 . 

Chamocephalic (kam-o-sefal' -ik) [xa/jai, on the 
ground, low; KE(pa7j, head]. See Chamecephalic. 

Chamois Leather (sham' -wall, or sham'-e). See 
Leather. 

Chamois-skin (sham'-ivah-, or shand-e-skin). Properly 
the skin or tanned leather of the chamois ; now pre- 
pared from split sheep-skin. It is used in surgery and 
for underclothing. 



CHAMOMILE 



284 CHEDDAR CHEESE 



Chamomile (kam'-o-mil). See Anthemis and Matri- 
caria. 

Chamoprosopic (kam-o-pro-so' -pik) \_xo.jiai, on the 
ground; TrpoauiroD, face]. See Chanieprosopic. 

Champagne (sham-pan') [Fr.]. An effervescent wine 
(see Vinum), sometimes prescribed as a remedy for 
nausea and vomiting. For Champagnes see Wi?ies. 

Champak (cham'-pak) [Beng. , chatnpaha]. A magno- 
liaceous tree of India and Indo-China, Michelia 
champaca. Its highly- fragrant flowers are used for 
nasal catarrhs and for headaches and eye-disorders ; 
its bark is febrifuge and emmenagogue. See Michelia. 
Unof. 

Chancebone (chans'-bon). A name for the ischium. 

Chancre (shang'-ker) [Fr. , same] A term formerly 
used indiscriminately for any primary venereal ulcer, 
but now generally conceded to signify the initial lesion 
of syphilis, a true infecting sore, followed by constitu- 
tional symptoms (see Syphilis) ; while chancroid is 
employed to designate the infectious but non-consti- 
tutional sore. C, Hard, Hunterian, Indurated, 
Infecting, Non-suppurating, or True, the ulcer of 
venereal origin, that is followed by constitutional 
syphilis. C, Non-incubatory, Non-infecting, 
Simple, or Soft, a contagious, suppurating, non- 
syphilitic venereal ulcer, properly called chancroid. 
C., Phagedenic, chancroid with a tendency to ero- 
sion. C, Serpiginous, a variety of the last that 
spreads superficially in curved lines. 

Chancroid (shang'-kroid) \_chancre~\. A local, infective 
process transmitted by sexual intercourse, and charac- 
terized by ulceration, local glandular involvement, 
and often suppuration. It has been variously termed 
the soft, non-indurated, simple, or non-syphilitic 
chancre. See Chancre. 

Change (chdnj) [ME., changen, to change]. Death. 
The word is colloquially used either for the establish- 
ment or the cessation of the menstrual function. C. of 
Life, the cessation of the catamenia ; the menopause. 

Channel-bone (chan' -el-bon) [ME., chattel, a canal; 
boon, a bone]. The clavicle. 

Chantreuil's Method. In pelvimetry, a method of 
ascertaining the distance between the tuberosities of 
the ischia (II cm.) in estimating the size of the pelvic 
outlet. The two thumbs are placed upon the tuberosi- 
ties, and a:i assistant measures the distance between 
them. 

Chap (chap) [ME., chappen, to cleave]. I. The jaw 
(usually in the pi.). 2. A slight or superficial fissure 
of the skin, usually upon the lips, hands, or nipples. 

Chaptalization (chap-tal-iz-a'-shtnt). A method of 
improving wines consisting in neutralizing the excess 
of acidity in the must by the addition of marble-dust, 
and increasing the saccharine content by the addition 
of a certain quantity of cane-sugar. The wine 
becomes richer in alcohol, poorer in acid, and the 
bouquet is not injured. 

Charbon (shar'-bon) [Fr]. The French term for 
anthrax, or pustn la maligna. 

Charcoal (char'-kol) [ME., charco'e]. Coal made by 
subjecting wood to a process of smothered combustion. 
See Carbo animalis and Carbo ligni . 

Charcot Pain. Pain in the ovarian region. 

Charcot's Disease, Sclerose en plaques. Disseminated, 
multiple, or insular sclerosis. See Diseases, Table of. 
C.'s Joint, or Joint Disease. See Arthropathia and 
Diseases, Table of . C.-Leyden Crystals, microscopic, 
colorless, octahedral or rhomboidal crystals found in 
the intestinal tract in leukemic and anemic patients 
and in the sputum of asthmatic and bronchitic patients ; 
so called by Baumler. Same as Charcot- Neumann 
Crystals. See Spermin. C.'s Method. See Hypno- 



tism. C. -Neumann Crystals. See Spermin. C.- 
Robin Crystals, crystals forming upon leukemic 
blood when allowed to stand exposed for a few days. 
C.'s Vibrating Arm-chair. See Shaking Cure. 

Charlatan (shar' -lat-ait) [Sp., charlar, to prattle]. A 
quack ; a pretender to medical skill ; an advertising 
doctor. 

Charlatanoid (shar'-lat-an-oid) [Sp.. charlar, to 
prattle]. A term applied to an organism so closely 
resembling a charlatan as at times to be almost in- 
distinguishable. 

Charles's Law. See Law. 

Charpie (shar'-pe) \_carpere, to pluck]. Picked or 
shredded lint ; linen shreds for dressing wounds. 

Charqui (char' -he) [Chilian]. A name given in South 
America to strips and slices of beef freed from fat and 
dried rapidly by sun-heat and sprinkled with maize. 

Charriere's Guillotine. An instrument for excising 
the tonsils. See Operations, Table of. 

Charta (kar'-tah) [^dpr^f, paper : gen. and pi., Charta]. 
A paper. In pharmacy, a strip of paper as an excip- 
ient, the fibers of which are impregnated with the 
prescribed medicinal substance. Also a wrapper for 
holding powders or medicines. Of the three official 
charta, two are intended as vesicants. C. epispas- 
tica, or C. cantharidis, blistering-paper. C. em- 
poretica, porous or bibulous paper. C. exploratoria, 
test-paper. C. sinapis, mustard-paper. 

Chartreuse (shar-trez') [Fr.]. A tonic cordial, ob- 
tained by distillation from various plants growing on 
the Alps. 

Chartula (kart'-u-lah) [dim. of charta"]. A little paper, 
especially a paper containing a single dose of a medic- 
inal powder. 

Chasma (kaz'-mali), or Chasmus (kaz'-mus) \_xaa/i6g, 
a gaping]. A yawn. 

Chassaignac's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Chaste Tree (chast tre). See Agnus castus. 

Chaulmugra Oil (c/nncl-moog'-rah) [E. Ind.]. A 
fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Gynocardia odor- 
ata, a tree native to the E. Indies. It is soluble in 
alcohol, and its properties are due to gynocardic acid. 
It is thought to be useful in leprosy and is recom- 
mended in scaly eczema, psoriasis, and syphilitic skin- 
affections. For external use, gr. xx of the acid ad 
^j of petrolatum. Internally, dose gtt. v-x of the 
oil, or gr. ss-iij of the acid, in capsules. All unof. 

Chaussier, Line of. See Lines, Table of. 

Chautard's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Chauvel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Chavibetol (chav-e-be'-lol) [chavica, or piper; betel], 
C 10 H 12 O 21 . A substance isomeric with eugenol ; it 
occurs in oil of betel. 

Chavica (chav 1 -ik-aK) [native South Sea Island name]. 
A genus of plants including the long pepper and betel- 
pepper. 

Chavicin (chav'-is-itt) \chavic'a, a genus of plants]. An 
organic basic principle analogous to piperin, found in 
pepper. 

Chavicol (chav'-ik-ol) [chavica, a genus of plants], 
C fi H 4 OH.C 3 H 5 . A substance occurring in the oil 
obtained from the leaves of Chavica betel. It is a 
colorless oil with a peculiar odor, and boils at 237 ; 
its sp. gr. at 20 is 1. 035. 

Chawstick (chaw'-stik). See Che?vs/ick. 

Check (click) [ME., click, a sudden stop]. Something 
restraining. C. -experiment. See Control. C- 
ligament. See Ligament. C. -observation. See 
Control. 

Checker-berry (chek'-er-ber'-e). A popular name for 
Gaultheria procumbens. 

Cheddar Cheese. See Cheese. 



CHEEK 



285 



CHEMOSIS 



Cheek (chek) [ME., cheke]. The side of the face ; it 
is composed of fat, areolar tissue, muscles, etc. 

Cheese (chez) [ME., chsse~\. A food prepared from the 
casein of skimmed or unskimmed milk. In the fol- 
lowing table the results of the researches of Payen on 
the composition of cheese are quoted in ioo parts for 
the following kinds: (i) Brie, (2) Camembert, (3) 
Roquefort, (4) Double cream, (5) Old Neufchatel, 
(6) New Neufchatel, (7) Cheshire, (8) Gruyere, (9) 
Ordinary Dutch, (10) Parmesan. The varieties under 
I, exhibit an alkaline reaction, and contain, with 
ammonia, cryptogamic plants, or, as it is termed, are 
moldy. The varieties under II, so-called boiled, 
strongly pressed, and salted cheese, exhibit an acid 
reaction, as also does freshly prepared casein. 



As to the bacillus of 
enum, Denecke, under 





,. 




1 


2 


3 


4 


5 




45.20 


51.90 


34-5° 


9-5° 


34-5° 


Nitrogenous matter, 


18.50 


18.90 


26.50 


18.40 


13.00 


Nilrogen, 


2-93 


300 


4.21 


2.92 


3-31 


Fatty matters, . . . 


25.70 


21.00 


30.10 


59-9° 


41.90 


Salts 


5 60 


470 


5.00 


6.50 


3.60 


Non- nitrogenous 1 
organic matter > 
and loss, J 


5.00 


4-5° 


3-9° 


570 


7.00 




II. 




6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


Water 


36.60 


35-9° 


40.00 


36.10 


27.60 


Nitrogenous matter, 


8.00 


26.00 


31-50 


29.40 


44.10 




1.27 


4-13 


5.00 


4.80 


7.00 


Fatty matters, . . . 


40.70 


26.30 


24.00 


27.50 


16.00 




0.50 


4 20 


3.00 


0.90 


5-7° 


Non - nitrogenous ] 
organic matter > 
and loss, J 


14.20 


7.60 


1.50 


6.10 


6.60 



The character of a few of the different varieties of 
cheese is as follows : Neufchatel cheese is a Swiss 
cream cheese. Limburger cheese is a soft, fat cheese. 
Fromage de Brie is a soft French cheese, rapidly ripen- 
ing and developing ammoniacal compounds. Camem- 
bert cheese is also a cream cheese. Roquefort cheese 
is a cheese made from the milk of the ewe. Gruyere 
cheese is a peculiarly flavored Swiss cheese. Ched- 
dar cheese is a hard cheese made from whole 
milk. Single and double Gloucester are made, 
the first from a mixture of skimmed and entire 
milk, and the second from the entire milk. Parmesan 
cheese is a very dry cheese, with a large amount of 
casein and only a moderate percentage of fat. Eidam 
cheese is a Dutch cheese, also relatively dry, and 



See Ladies' Bed-straw. 
Of the nature of cheese. 



covered with red coloring, 
cheese see Spirillum tyrog 
Bacteria, Table of. 

Cheese-rennet (chez' -ren-ef). 

Cheesy (chez'-e)[ME. , chese\ 

C. Degeneration, caseous degeneration, or caseation. 
C. Tubercle, a mass of caseously degenerated 
tissue. 

Cheil-, or Cheilo- [kll-, or kil'-o-). For words thus 
beginning see Chil-, or Chilo-. 

Cheiro- (kir'-d). For words thus beginning see Chiro-. 

Chekan, or Cheken (chek'-ai) [Chilian]. I. The 
leaves of Eugenia cheken, a South American shrub. 
Its properties are due to an alkaloid and a volatile oil. 
It is diuretic and expectorant and similar in action to 
eucalyptus. It is serviceable in chronic catarrh, laryn- 
gitis, etc. Dose of the fluid extract 3 ss-j. Unof. 2. 
The crude resin obtained from Cannabis indica. 

Chela (ke'-la)i) [_xiM> a claw]. In biology, the claw 
or pincers of a crustacean. 

Chelicera (ke-lis'-er-ah) \_xi"^V, a claw ; nepac, a horn] . 
In biology, a claw-like appendage of scorpions and 
spiders, containing a poison-gland in the latter. 

Chelidonic Acid (kel-id-on'-ik). See Acid. 

Chelidonin (kel-id-o' -nin) [x&idovwv, celandine], C 19 - 
H 17 N 3 3 + H 2 0, or C I9 H 17 N0 4 . A crystalline alkaloid 
of celandin (Chelidomum ma jus), of a bitter and acrid 
taste, and forming colorless salts with acids. It is not 
a very active substance. See Sanguinarin. 

Chelidonium [kel-id-o' '-ne-um) \_x^i86viov, celandine]. 
Celandin. The leaves and stems of C. majus, with 
properties due to a number of alkaloids and acids. It 
is a drastic cathartic, and externally an irritant, and is 
of service in jaundice, whooping-cough, and catarrhal 
pneumonia. Dose of the plant gr. x-xxx ; of the 
juice TTLv-xx. Unof. 

Chelidoxanthin (kel-id-oks-an' -thin) Wxski&dviov , celan- 
dine]. One of the bitter, crystalline constituents of 
celandin. 

Cheloid (ke'-loid) \_xi^Vy a claw; e«5oc, form]. A raised 
or elevated fibroma of the skin ; so called from its fre- 
quent claw-shape. See also Keloid. 

Cheloma (ke-lo'-mah). Same as Keloid. 

Chelonin (kel'-on-in). See Balmony. 

Chelotomy (ke-lof -o-me) . See Kelotomy. 

Chematropism (kem-af -ro-pizm). See Chemotropism, 
and Chemotaxis. 

Chernic, Chemical (kem'-ik, kem'-ik-al) [[xw^t 
chemistry]. Of or pertaining to chemistry. C. Black. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. C. Food, compound 
syrup of the phosphates, a very complex preparation 
used in disorders attended with impaired nutrition. C. 
Lung. See JVeale's Lung. C. Pathology, the 
chemistry of disease. 

Chemico-radical Theory. A theory of the constitution 
of the carbon compounds. It is that the object of 
organic chemistry is the investigation and isolation of 
radicals as the more intimate components of the organic 
compounds. 

Chemiotaxis, Chimiotaxis [ketn'-e-o-taks-is, kim'-e-o- 
taks-is). See Chemotaxis. 

Chemise, Rectal (she-mez'). A form of surgical 
dressing made of muslin and applied after operations 
upon the rectum to control or prevent hemorrhage. 

Chemism [ke?n'-izm) [j^ria, chemistry]. Chemic 
force. 

Chemistry (kem f -is-tre) \_xnneia, chemistry]. The sci- 
ence of the molecular and atomic structure of bodies. 

Chemocephalus (kem-o-sef -al-us) [_xa.fj.ai, low ; Ke<paXr/, 
head]. An individual possessed of a flat head. 

Chemosis (ke-mo'-sis) \_xw uai d a g a P m g]' Conjunc- 
tival and sub-conjunctival swelling. 



CHEMOTACTIC 



286 



CHIBRETS OPERATION 



Chemotactic [kem-o-lak' -tik) [xifieia, chemistry ; 
i"df/.c, battle-array]. Pertaining or relating to chem- 
otaxis. 

Chemotaxis [kem-o-taks'-is) , Chemiotaxis (hem-e-o- 
taks'-is) [xtf/ieia, chemistry ; rduaeiv, to order, arrange]. 
The property of cellular attraction and repulsion. It 
is displayed by the proteid constituents of the proto- 
plasm of various species of bacteria, as well as by 
proteids from a great variety of sources. The quali- 
fications positive and negative are added according as 
the phenomenon is one of attraction or repulsion. 

Chemotic {ke-mot' -ik~) \_xtjjxuclz, a gaping]. Pertaining 
to or marked by chemosis. 

Chemotropism (kem-of '-ro-pizni) [_xr/ineid, chemistry ; 
TpoTvr/, a turning, a rout, a putting to flight]. In 
biology, the destruction of bacteria by phagocytes ; the 
victory of the phagocytes over bacteria, or of bacteria 
over phagocytes. In biology, the attraction of leu- 
kocytes by certain chemic substances held in solution 
in the blood, either positive or negative. Cf. Chemo- 
taxis. 

Chenopodium {J;en-o-po'-de-utti) \_xrjv, a goose; iroSwv, 
a little foot]. American Wormseed ; the fruit of C. 
anibrosioldes, or anthelminticum, a plant native to the 
United States with properties due to a volatile oil, 
which is the only preparation used. It is a mild car- 
diac stimulant, promoting the secretions of the skin 
and kidneys, and also a very efficient anthelmintic 
against the round- worm. Dose of the oil n"Lv-xv. 

Cheoplastic (ke-o-plas'-tik) [xeeiv, to pour; 7r/W™«$c, 
plastic]. Made soft and yielding by heat. C. Metal, 
an alloy composed of tin, silver, and bismuth, with a 
small trace of antimony. 

Cherry (cher'-e) [ME., cheryj. The bark of the com- 
mon cherry, Primus serolina, a mild bitter and tonic, 
containing tannin. Dose of fid. ext. ^ss-j. Prunin, 
a concentrated ext. Dose gr. j-iij. C. -Compound, 
each Oj represents cherry-bark g viij, lettuce ,^iij, 
horehound £ iijss, bloodroot §j, veratrum viride ^ss. 
Dose n\xv- 3 j . Allunof. See also Choke-cherry and 
Prumis virginiana. C. -laurel, the European ever- 
green cherry, Prunus laziro-cerasus. Water distilled 
from its leaves is used in the same way as dilute hy- 
drocyanic acid. See Acid, Hydrocyanic . 

Cheselden's Operations. See Operations, Table of . 

Chest. See Thorax. C, Barrel-, a peculiar formation 
of the chest observed in cases of long-standing em- 
physema of the lungs ; it is round like a barrel, and 
in respiration is lifted vertically instead of being 
expanded laterally. See Emphysema. C. -founder. 
See Founder. C. Sweetbread. See Sweetbread. 

Chestnut. See Castanea. C. Extract. See Horse- 
chestnut-bark. C.-wood, a wood used in leather- 
manufactures, derived from the Castanea vesca, and 
containing from eight to ten per cent, of a tannin 
that closely resembles gallotannic acid. The extract, 
containing from 14 to 20 per cent, of tannin, is 
used largely to modify the color produced by hem- 
lock extract and for tanning and dyeing. 

Chevreul's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Chevron-bone {shev'-ron-bon) [ML. , capro, a rafter ; 
boon, bone]. One of two bones forming a V-shaped 
arch beneath the caudal portion of the back-bone of 
many animals. 

Chewstick [ME., cheiven, to chew ; stiken, to pierce]. 
The bark of Gonania domingensis, a. popular aro- 
matic bitter in the West Indies. It is also used as a 
dentifrice and masticatory. Dose of the fld. ext. 
3J-ij. Unof. 

Cheyne's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing or Respiration. See 
Signs and Symptoms, Table of C. Nystagmus, a 



variety of nystagmus in which the oscillations of the 




Tracing of Cheyne-Stokes Breathing. 

eyeball have a rhythmic variation similar to the rhythm 

of Cheyne-Stokes respiration. 
Chian (hi' -an) \_x'oc, Chios]. Pertaining to Chios, an 

island in the ./Egean Sea. C. Turpentine. See 

Terebinthina. 
Chiasm, Chiasma {ki'-azm, ki-az'-mah) [^ofejv, to 

make a cross, as an X]. The optic commissure. 




Optic Chiasm and Adjacent Parts. 
1. Infundibulum. 2. Tuber cinereum. 3. Corpora albicantia, 
or mammillaria. 4. Crus cerebri. 5. Pons varolii. 6. Middle 
cerebellar peduncle. 7. Anterior pyramid. 8. Decussation. 
9. Olivary body. 10. Gray tubercle of Rolando, n. Arci- 
form fibers. 12. Superior extremity of spinal cord. 13,13. 
Denticulate ligament. 14. Spinal dura mater. 15. Optic 
tract. 16. Optic chiasm. 17. 3d nerve. 18. 4th nerve. 
19. 5th nerve. 20. 6th nerve. 21. Facial nerve. 22. Audi- 
tory nerve. 23. Nerve of Wrisberg. 24. Glosso-pharyn- 
geal nerve. 25. Pneumogastric nerve. 26, 26. Spinal 
accessory nerve. 27. Hypoglossal. 2S 1st cervical pair. 
29. 2d cervical pair. 30. 3d cervical pair. 

Chiastometer ( ki-as-tom'-et-er) [xiaaror, crossed; 
fikrpov, a measure]. An instrument for measuring 
any deviation of the optic axes from parallelism. 

Chibou [see-boo') [Fr.]. The resin or gum of Bur sera 
gummifera, a tree of Florida and tropical America; 
it is locally valued in diseases of the lung and kidneys, 
and is used in various plasters and ointments ; it is 
called also cackibou and archipin. Unof. 

Chibret's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 



CHICA RED 



287 



CHINESE 



Chica Red {che'-kah) [S. Amer.]. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Chick Pea [chikf pi) [ME., ckich-pea]. The plant 
Cher arictinum ; also the pulse derived from it ; much . 
used as an article of food in various countries. Lalhy- 
rism (apparently chronic oxalic-acid poisoning), q. v., 
sometimes results from the too free use of the chick- 
pea as a food. 

Chickahominy Fever [chik-a-hom'-in-e fe'-ver). See 
Fever. 

Chicken {chik'-en) [ME., chiken, a chicken]. A domes- 
tic fowl. C. Breast, an abnormally prominent condi- 
tion of the sternum and of the sternal region ; pigeon- 
breast ; it is seen in rhachitic persons, etc. C. Cholera, 
See Cholera. C.-fat Clot. A clot of blood consist- 
ing largely of fibrin, yellowish in color, and contain- 
ing but few red-cells. C.-pox. See Varicella. 

Chicle (chik'-l) [S. Amer.]. A gum obtained from the 
Achras sapota, a tree of tropical America, and used 
as a masticatory. 

Chico Red {che'-ko) [S. Amer.]. Same as Chica Red. 

Chicory (chik r -or-e) [nixopa, chicory]. Cichorium 
intybus, a composite plant of Europe and Asia, natur- 
alized and growing in the United States. Its ground- 
root is used to adulterate coffee. 

Chicot {che'-ko) [Fr.]. Kentucky Coffee Bean. The 
seeds of Gymnocladus canadensis. Chicot contains 
a volatile oil and a glucosid, and is probably a cere- 
brospinal stimulant. It is sometimes used as a sub- 
stitute for coffee. Unof. 

Chiene's (John) Method. A method of locating the 
fissure of Rolando. A square piece of paper is folded 
once, so as to form a triangle. Either of the two 
equal angles is then 45°. One free edge is then 
folded back so that this angle is bisected, thus form- 
ing an angle of 22. 5 . The paper is then unfolded at 
the first crease, so as to secure an angle of 67.5, the 
apex of which is placed ^ inch behind the mid-point 
between the glabella and the inion,so that the straight 
side of the paper corresponds to the middle of the 
anterior aspect of the head ; the other margin of the 
paper, the fold, corresponds to the fissure of Rolando, 
the length of which is about 3^ inches. C.'s Opera- 
tion. See Operations, Table of. 

Chignon Fungus [shen-yon') [Fr.]. A fungoid dis- 
ease of the hair in which oval or roundish masses sur- 
round the hair-shaft at irregular intervals. It is also 
miscalled Chignon gregarine. 

Chigoe (chig'-o) [Fr., Chique~\. Sand-flea; Sarcop- 
sylla penetrans, a small parasite of the skin, affecting 
usually that portion between the toes and fingers ; also 
the red harvest mite, Leptus irritans. It is also 
written chigo, chegoe, chigga, chiggre, chigger, jigger. 
See Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Chilblain (chil'-blan) [AS., cele, cold ; blegan, to boil]. 
Pernio ; Erythema pernio. An erythematous local 
inflammation and swelling of the skin, due to cold. 
It is most common in the young of lymphatic consti- 
tution. The symptoms are an eruption of circular, 
raised erythematous spots, attended with severe itch- 
ing or burning ; later, bulk* may form, and these may 
lead to ulceration. 

Child {child) [ME., child : pi., Children}. A young 
person. C.-bed, the popular term for the condition 
of a woman during and after labor. C.-bed Fever. 
See Puerperal Fever. C. -birth, parturition. C- 
crowing, the crowing sound of the respiration that 
characterizes Laryngismus stridulus, q. v. C.-hood, 
the age of childishness ; the period before puberty. 
C.-murder. See Infanticide. Children's Diseases. 
See Pediatrics. 

Chile ichil'-e). See Capsicu?n. 



Chili Saltpeter. See Sodium. 

Chilitis {k'il-i' -lis) [%eifa>£, lip]. Inflammation of a lip. 

Chill (rliil) [ME., chil\ A sensation of cold accom- 
panied by shivering, usually appearing shortly after 
exposure to cold or wet. It is frequently the initial 
symptom of grave acute disorders, as pneumonia, 
etc. It is a prominent symptom of various forms of 
malarial fever. See Rigor. 

Chilli (chil'-e). See Capsicum and African Pepper. 

Chills and Fever. A popular term for intermittent 
fever. 

Chilo-angioscope {ki-lo-an' -je-o-skbp) [jei/loc, lip ; 
ayyeiov, vessel ; gkotteIv, to look]. An apparatus for 
observing the circulation of the blood in the human 
lip. 

Chilocace (ktl-ok' '-as-e) [^eZAoc, lip ; k<m<5c, evil]. A 
firm, reddish swelling of the lip in scrofulous children. 

Chiloglossa {ki' -lo-glos-ah) \xu\oc, lip ; yXidooa, 
tongue]. In biology, the anterior lip, or the mem- 
branous protuberance that lies in front of the mandibles 
and is continued under these in certain arthropods. 

Chilogramma (ki-lo-gram' -mah) [^eZAoc, lip; ypd/jpa, 
a mark : pi, Chilogram?nata~\. Jadelot's labial line. 
See Lines, Jadelof s. 

Chiloma (ki-lo'-mah ) \_xd\upa, a lip]. In biology, a 
projecting thickened upper lip — as in the camel. 

Chiloplasty (ki'-lo-plas-te) [;^£<Aoc, lip; TrXauaeiv, to 
form]. Any plastic operation upon the lip. 

Chilorrhagia (ki-lor-a'-je-ah) \_xti\oc, lip ; pf/yvvvai, 
to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the lips. 

Chiloschisis [hi-los'-kis-is) [x^og, lip; oxiot£, a split]. 
Hare-lip. 

Chimaphila (ki-maf -il-ah) \_xtlpa, winter; 0</k>c, 
loving]. Pipsissewa, Prince's Pine; the leaves of C. 
umbellata, an evergreen found in the U. S , an astrin- 
gent tonic and excellent diuretic. The bruised leaves 
are used as a rubefacient. It is valuable in dropsy, 
several forms of kidney disease, and for affections of 
the urinary passages. C, Fid. Ext. Dose ^ss-ij. 
C, Decoctum. 1 to 17. Dose 3J-iij. Unof. 

Chimaphilin {ki-maf ' '-il-in) \x_Apo., winter; fi'Aoc;, 
loving] . A precipitate from the tincture of Chimaphila 
umbel/ata, used in cancers; it is a diuretic, discutient, 
and alterative. Dose two to three grains. Unof. 

Chimiotaxis {kim-e-o-taks' -is). See Chemotaxis. 

Chimiotetic [kim-e-o-tet'-ik). See Chemotactic. 

Chimney-sweep's Cancer. Cancer of the scrotum, 
formerly not uncommon among chimney-sweepers. 

Chin [ME., chin~\. The mentum ; the lower part 
of the face, at or near the symphysis of the lower 
jaw. C, Double. See Buccula. C. -cough, whoop- 
ing-cough. C.-jerk. See Jaw-jerk, and Reflexes, 
Table of. C. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. 

China [kin'-ah, or ke'-nah) [Sp.]. Same as Cinchona. 

China {chi'-nafi) [Pers., Chlni, China]. A country of 
Asia. C.-blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C- 
clay. See Pigments ', Conspectus oj '. C. -grass, Ramie; 
a soft,, silky vegetable substance used as a sur- 
gical dressing; the fiber of Bxhmeria nivea. C- 
root, the rhizome of Smilax china, a plant of Eastern 
Asia ; it is used as a substitute for true sarsaparilla. 
Unof. C.-root, False, the plant Smilax pseudo- 
china of N. America. Unof. C. -white. Same as 
White Lead. 

Chinese [chi-nes' ', or -nez) [Pers., Chlni, China]. Per- 
taining or belonging to China. C. Catarrh. 
Synonym of Influenza. C. Foot, a deformed and 
undeveloped foot due to atrophy from compression. It 
is a popular fashion among Chinese ladies. C. Green. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. C. Red. Same as Ver- 
milion. C. Twist, a name given to a variety of 
silk-thread used in surgery. C. Wax, Insect Wax ; a 



CHINOIDIN 



288 



CHLORAL 



substance deposited by an insect, Coccus cerifera, upon 
the Chinese ash-tree. It is a white, very crystalline, 
and brittle wax, resembling spermaceti in appearance, 
with a specific gravity of .973 at 15 C. ; it fuses at 
82 to 83 C. It is slightly soluble in alcohol and 
ether, very soluble in benzene. It is used in candle- 
making. C. White. Same as Zinc-white. C. 
Yellow. Same as King's Yellow and Ocher. 

Chinoidin, or Chinoidinum [kin-oi'-din, or kin-oi-din' '- 
uni) [Sp., China]. Quinoidin. A mixture of 
amorphous alkaloids obtained in the manufacture of 
quinin. It has the therapeutic properties of quinin. 

Chinolin [kin'-o-lin). See Chinolina and Quinolin. 

Chinolina [kin-o-li' -nail) [china, quinin], C 9 H 7 N. 
Chinolin, Leukolin. An alkaloidal derivative of quinin 
and cinchonin, occurring also in coal-tar. It is now 
generally prepared by heating anilin or nitro-benzol 
with glycerin and a dehydrating agent. It is a valu- 
able antiseptic and antipyretic, and is useful in pneu- 
monia and typhus and other fevers. It is commonly 
used in the form of the tartrate because of the deli- 
quescence of the other salts. Dose TTLiij to x ; of the 
tartrate gr. v-xv. Unof. 

Chinovin [kin'-o-vin) [china, quinin], C 30 H 38 O 8 . A 
glucosid obtained from Cinchona. 

Chinwhelk. Synonym of Tinea sycosis. 

Chiococca [ki-o-kok' -ah) [xtuv, snow ; kSkkoc;, a berry]. 
A genus of rubiaceous plants. See Cahinca. 

Chionanthin [ki-o-nan' '-thin) [%lu>v, snow ; avdoc, a 
flower]. A precipitate from the tincture of the root- 
bark of Chionanthus virginiana ; it is an aperient, 
diuretic, tonic, and narcotic. Dose I to 3 grains. 
Unof. 

Chionanthus {ki-o-nan' -thus) [xlLv, snow ; avdog, a 
flower]. A genus of oleaceous trees and shrubs. C. 
virginiana, fringe-tree or poison-ash. The root is 
used as a vulnerary. See also Fringe-tree. Unof. 

Chionyphe [ki-on'-if-e) [xiuv, snow ; ixftij, a texture]. 
A genus of fungi. C. carteri, a parasitic fungus, 
apparently the cause of the disease known as Fungus 
Foot, or Madura Foot, q. v. 

Chip Blower [chip blo'-er). A warm-air blow-pipe. 

Chiragra [ki-ra' -grak) [xsip, the hand; aypa, a seiz- 
ure]. Gout in the hand. 

Chirarthritis [ki-ra r-thri'-tis) [x^'P, hand; apOpov, a 
joint; trig, inflammation]. Rheumatism or arthritis 
of the hand. 

Chirata [ke-ra'-tah, or che-ra'-tah) [Hind., chiraeta a 
species of gentian]. Chiretta. The entire plant, 
Swertia chirata. It resembles gentian in its thera 
peutic properties, and is an excellent tonic. It does 
not contain any tannin. Dose of the powdered plant 
gr. xv-xxx. C, Fid. Ext., in glycerin and alcohol. 
Dose tt^xv-xxx. C, Infusum (B. P.). Dose a 
wineglassful. C, Tinct., ten per cent, in strength. 
Dose 3 ss-ij. 

Chiratin [kir-al'-in) [Hind., chiraeta, a species of 
gentian], C 2(i H 48 0, 5 . A light-yellow, crystalline, 
bitter glucosid, obtained from Chirata. 

Chiretta [kir-et'-ah). See Chirata. 

Chirettin [kir-et'-in) [Hind., chiraeta, a species of gen- 
tian]. A precipitate obtained from the tincture of 
chirata. 

Chirismus [ki-ris' '-tuns') [xetpivfitic, a handling]. I. 
Manipulation ; a kind of massage. 2. Spasm of the 
hand. 

Chiromancy [ki' ' -ro-man-se) . See Palmistry. 

Chiropelvimeter [ki-ro-pel-vim' -et-er) [xtip, the hand ; 
pelvis, the pelvis ; fihpov, a measure] . An instrument 
for use in the manual measurement of the pelvis. 

Chiropodist [ki-rop' -o-dist) [x^'pi hand ; 7roi'C, tto66c, 
foot] . A surgeon or person who professionally treats 



diseases of the hands and feet, especially corns, bun- 
ions, etc. 

Chiro-Pompholyx [ki-ro-pom' -fo-liks) [x^'P, hand ; 
Tro/MpoXvl;, blister]. Dysidrosis ; pompholyx ; an ill- 
defined, inflammatory skin-disease confined to the 
hands and feet, and characterized by the development 
of peculiar vesicles or blebs, arranged in groups. 
They are deeply seated and distributed chiefly on the 
soles and palms and sides of the fingers. Itching, 
burning, pain, and stiffness are present. The disease 
is common in neurotic women in the prime of life ; it 
is almost invariably recurrent, and is rare in winter. 

Chirurgeon [ki-rer' -jon) [xeipovpydc, a surgeon]. A 
surgeon. 

Chirurgia [ki-rer' -je-ah) [x^p, hand; ipyov, work]. 
Surgery. 

Chirurgical [ki-rer' -jik-al) [xeipovpyia, surgery]. Per- 
taining to surgery. 

Chirurgien Dentiste [ki-rer' -je-en den-tist') [Fr.]. 
Surgeon-dentist. 

Chisel Cramp [chiz'-el-kramp) . See Cramp. 

Chitin [ki'-tin) [xiruv, a tunic], C 15 H 26 N 2 O 10 . The 
substance composing the chief part of the exoskeleton 
of many invertebrates, as crabs, lobsters, etc. It is the 
animal analogue of the cellulose of plants . When heated 
with concentrated HC1 it is decomposed into glycosamin 
and acetic acid. Glycosamin (C 6 H 13 N0 5 ), crystallizes 
from alcohol in fine needles, is dextro-rotatory, and re- 
duces Fehling's fluid to the same extent as does dex- 
trose, but is not fermentable. C. Substance, a gela- 
tinous substance found in hydatid cysts. 

Chittim Bark [chit'-im bark). See Cascara Sagrada. 

Chlamydate (klam'-id-dt) [x'tM/ivc, a mantle]. In 
biology, provided with a pallium or mantle. 

Chlamydeous [klam-id'-e-us) [x^m/ivc, a mantle]. 
In biology, pertaining to the floral envelops. 

Chlamydospore [klam' -id-o-spor) [x^ajivq, mantle ; 
cnvopa, seed]. In biology, applied to a spore having 
its own protective envelop. 

Chloasma [klo-az'-mah) [x%oa(eiv, to be pale-green]. 
Melanoderma; melasma; a condition characterized by 
dyschromia of the skin of various sizes and shapes, 
and of a yellow, brown, and black color. They occur 
chiefly upon the face, and are idiopathic or symptomatic 
in character. An old name for Tinea versicolor. C. 
hepaticum, Liver-spots ; a form following dyspepsia 
and popularly associated with hepatic disturbance. C. 
phthisicorum, the brown patches upon the skin of the 
forehead or upper portions of the cheeks in tuberculous 
patients. C. uterinum, chiefly located on the fore- 
head, temples, cheeks, nipples, and median line of 
abdomen. They are marked during pregnancy, and 
often during menstruation. 

Chloracetic Acid [klo-ras-e'-tik). See Acid. 

Chloral [klo'-ral) [chlorin ; aldehyd], C 2 C1 3 H0. A 
pungent, colorless, mobile liquid. The name is often 
misapplied to chloral hydrate. C. Butylicum, Butyl- 
Chloral Hydrate (B.P.), croton-chloral, C 4 H 5 C1 3 0,- 
H.,0, a solid occurring in crystalline scales, resembling 
chloral hydrate, but made with butyl, C 4 H 9 , as a base, 
instead of ethyl, C 2 H 5 . Its properties are parallel to 
those of chloral, but are much feebler. Dose gr. v-xx 
in syrup. Syrupus Butyl-Chloral, 16 grains to the 
ounce. Dose gj-iv. Unof. C. Hydrate, a colorless, 
crystalline solid having the composition C.HCl.^HO).,, 
the hydrate of chloral. It is a powerful hypnotic, anti- 
spasmodic, and depressant to the cerebral, medullary, 
and spinal centers, and, to a limited extent, is an 
anesthetic. It is serviceable in fevers, accompanied 
by cerebral excitement, in chorea, convulsions, and 
all affections requiring a cerebral depressant, and is 
excellent in delirium tremens, but should be used with 



C1ILORALAMID 



289 



CHLOROMA 



great caution. Dose gr. v-xx ; smaller if combined 

with potassium or sodium bromid. C, Syrupus 

(B.P.). Dose ^ss-ij. C.-urethane. See Uralium. 

Q.\AoT3\a.m\c\(klo-ral-am'-id) [chloral ; amid'] , CC1 3 CH- 

^VHrHO 1 ^ name inaptly applied to chloral for- 
mamidate. In doses of 30 to 45 grains it is a hypnotic. 

Chloralid (klo' '-ral-id) [chloral], C 5 H 2 C1 6 3 . A sub- 
stance obtained when trichlorlactic acid is heated to 
150°, with an excess of chloral ; it crystallizes from 
alcohol and ether in large prisms, is insoluble in 
water, and melts at from 114 to 115 ; it boils at from 
272° to 273°. 

Chloralimid (klo-raV -im-id) [chloral ; imid~\, CC1 3 .- 
CH.NH. A hypnotic allied to chloral, soluble in 
alcohol. Dose same as that of chloral hydrate. Unof. 

Chloralism (klo'-ral-izm) [chloral]. I. Chloral- 
poisoning ; the morbid state caused by the injudicious 
use of chloral. 2. The habit of using chloral. 

Chloralize (klo'-ral-iz) [chloral]. To put under the in- 
fluence of chloral. 

Chloralose (klo'-ral-bs) [chloral ; glucose]. Anhydro- 
glycochloral ; a product of the action of anhydrous 
chloral upon glucose. 

Chloramyl (klo' -ram-il) . See Anesthetic. 

Chloranemia (klo-ran-e' -me-ali). Synonym of Chlo- 
rosis. 

Chloranil (klo'-ran-il) \_clilorin], C 6 C1 4 2 . A com- 
pound obtained from many benzene compounds (anilin, 
phenol, isatin) by the action of chlorin or potassium 
chlorate and HC1. It consists of bright, golden 
leaflets, insoluble in water, but soluble in hot alcohol 
and ether. 

Chlor-anodyne (klor-an' -o-din) [chlorin ; av priv. ; 
bSiivri, pain]. A proprietary remedy introduced as an 
improvement on chlorodyne. It contains morphin 
hydrochlorate, tinct. cannab. Ind., chloroform, dilute 
hydrocyanic acid, and aromatics. Dose for an adult 
rt{xv. Unof. 

Chloranthus (klo-ran' -thtcs) \j}.ap(>c , yellowish-green ; 
avdoc, a flower]. A genus of chloranthaceous plants 
of hot climates. C. officinalis, of Java, is a valuable 
febrifuge and anti-spasmodic. Unof. 

Chlorate (klo' -rat) [chlorin] . Any salt of chloric acid. 
See Potassii chloras; Sodii chloras, etc. 

Chloiemia. (klo-re'-me-ali)[x?iop6£, green ; ai/ia, blood]. 
A blood-disorder, either idiopathic or associated with 
other ailments, consisting in a diminution of the per- 
centage of the hemoglobin and a decrease in the 
number of red blood-corpuscles. 

Chlorethyl (klo-reth'-il). See Ethyl chlorid. 

Chloric (klo'-rik ) [chlorin] . Pertaining to or contain- 
ing chlorin. C. Acid. See Acid. C. Ether. I. 
Set Ethyl chlorid. 2. See Spiritus Chloroformi. 

Chlorid (klo' -rid) [chlorin]. In chemistry, a binary 
compound, one of the elements of which is chlorin. 
C. of Iron Test. See Tests, Table of. C. of 
Methyl. See Anesthetic. Chlorids, Test for. See 
Tests, Table of. 

Chlorin, or Chlorine (klo'-rin) [x^'opbc, green]. CI 
= 35.5 ; quantivalence I. A non-metallic element. 
At ordinary temperatures it is a greenish-yellow gas, 
prepared by decomposing sodium chlorid, NaCl. It 
is highly irritative to the skin and mucous membranes, 
producing spasmodic closure of the glottis. It is the 
most valuable of disinfectants. Chlori, Aqua, C, 
Liquor (B. P.), chlorin water, contains 4 per cent, of 
the gas in solution. It is a good antiseptic wash. 
Dose, internally, TT^x-xxx. Calx Chlorinata, 
" chlorid of lime," a hypochlorite of calcium contain- 
ing free chlorin ; a valuable disinfectant. Dose, in- 
ternally, gr. iij-vj. Calx Chlorat, Liq. (P. B.), con- 
19 



tains I pound of the salt per gallon of water. Sodium- 
Chlorat., Liq., Labarraque' ' s Solution, sodium carbon- 
ate 10, calx chlorinata 8, water ad 100. Dose Tr^ x- 
5 j in 20 parts of water. Chlorin Vapor (B. P.), 
used for inhalation. C. -Hunger, the condition of the 
body when chlorin (usually in the form of common 
salt) is lacking. Among the immediate results of this 
deficiency are indigestion and albuminuria. 

Chloroanemia (klo-ro-an-e' -me-ah ). Synonym of 
Chlorosis. 

Chlorobrom (klo'-ro-brom) [chlorin; bromin]. A 
solution each ounce of which contains 30 grains of 
chloralamid and potassium bromid. It is a hypnotic. 

Chlorocruorin (klo-ro-kru' -or-in) [x^upbg, green ; 
cruor, blood]. A green respiratory pigment from 
the greenish blood of the Sabella. 

Chlorodyne (klo'-ro-dln) [x^opbg, green; bSbvij, pain]. 
A proprietary remedy supposed to contain chloroform, 
ether, morphin, cannabis Indica, hydrocyanic acid, 
and capsicum. The various imitations differ widely. 
It is a good anodyne and narcotic. Dose Tt^ x-xxx, 
■with care. Unof. 

Chloroform (klo' -ro-forni) [chloroformum , chloroform : 
gen. , Chloroformi]. Methyl Terchlorid, CHC1 3 . A 
heavy, -colorless, volatile liquid obtained by the action 
of chlorinated lime on methyl alcohol. (The commer- 
cial article, C. 'venale, contains 2 per cent, of impurities 
and is unfit for administration.) Administered inter- 
nally, chloroform produces narcosis and violent gastro- 
enteritis. Chloroform has an agreeable odor and a 
sweetish taste. It solidifies in the cold, melts at 71° C., 
boils at 6i° C, and its specific gravity is 1. 526. It is 
excellent in true cholera and in similar diseases of the 
stomach and bowels. Externally, it is much employed 
as an ingredient of rubefacient and anodyne liniments. 
Mixed with a large per cent, of air and inhaled, the 
vapor is one of the most valuable of general anesthetics, 
but occasionally (1 : 3000) causing death by cardiac 
paralysis. See Anesthetic. Deep injections in the 
vicinity of the sciatic nerve are recommended in 
sciatica. C, Alcoholized, a mixture of chloroform 
and alcohol. C, Ammoniated, equal parts of am- 
monia in alcohol and chloroform ; antipyretic and 
anodyne. Unof. C, Aqua. Dose^ss-ij. C, Lini- 
ment, contains chloroform 30, soap-liniment 70. C, 
Liniment., Comp., contains chloroform gj, oil of 
turpentine ^j, tincture of opium 3 iv, tincture of aco- 
nite 3 ij. Unof. C, Emulsum, chloroform 4, ex- 
pressed oil of almond 6, tragacanth 1. 5, water q. s. 
Dose Jjj— §ij. C., Spt., pure chloroform 6, alcohol 
94 parts. Dose Tti^x-jj. Tinct. chloroformi etmor- 
phinae (B. P.), a substitute for chlorodyne. Each dose 
of ten minims contains chloroform Tt\,iX> ether 
Tt\,^, alcohol W\,i}{, morphin hydrochlorate gr. ? \-, 
dilute hydrocyanic acid TTi^, oil of peppermint 
TTi^o, fluid extract of licorice X\\%, treacle and 
syrup q. s. Tinct. C. Comp. (B.P.), chloroform 2, 
alcohol 8, comp. tinct. of cardamon 10. Dose 
rr\,xx-3J. 

Chloroformism (klo' -ro-for-mizm) [chloroformum, 
chloroform]. I. The use of chloroform to excess 
for its narcotic effect. 2. The symptoms produced by 
this use of the drug. 

Chlorolymphoma (klo-ro-limf-o' -mah) [x^upbr, green ; 
lympha, water; bfia, a tumor]. Another name for 
chloroma ; it is thought by some to be a variety of 
lymphoma, from its containing lymphocytes. 

Chloroma (klo-ro'-mah) [jAwpoc, yellowish-green ; bfia, 
a tumor: //., Chloromata]. "Green cancer"; a rare 
variety of sarcoma, of a greenish tint, usually seated 
upon the periosteum of the bones of the head, or upon 
the dura. 



CHLORONITROBENZENE 



290 



CHOLECYSTORRAPHY 



Chloronitrobenzene (klo-ro-ni-tro-ben' -zen) [,t/lwpdc, 
green; nit rum, niter; benzoin"]. One of the ingre- 
dients of Robusite, q. v. 

Chlorophane (klo' ' -ro-fan) \_x"A(jp6c, green; (paiveodat, 
to appear]. A yellowish-green chromophane. See 
Chromophanes. 

Chlorophyl (klo' '-ro-fil) \_x~Aup6<;, green; fiMov, leaf]. 
A coloring-matter occurring in the chlorophyl-granules 
in all the green parts of plants. Wax and other sub- 
stances are associated witn it. Its constitution is not 
yet known. It is the substance by whose agency car- 
bohydrates are formed in grden plants. 

Chlorophyllan (klo-ro-fil' -a>i) [x'Xupuc-, green ; pvXAov, 
leaf]. A substance obtained from fresh grass by ex- 
tracting the latter with boiling absolute alcohol. It 
appears as crystals that melt at I lo° C. to a black liquid, 
which on further heating burns with a luminous flame. 
It is easily soluble in ether, benzol, and chloroform. 

Chloroplastid (klo-ro-plas' -lid ) \_xhup6c, green ; TrXaa- 
toc, to form or mold]. In biology, a chlorophyl - 
granule. Applied by Lankester to chlorophyl-bearing 
cells as seen in Hydra viridis. Probably these are 
secretory cells or digestive glands comparable to the 
liver-cells of Amphioxus. 

Chlorosarcoma (klo-ro-sar-ko' -mah). See Chloroma. 

Chlorosis (klo-ro'-sis) [_x?<-upoc, green]. The " green 
sickness," a disease of young women, associated with 
anemia and menstrual abnormality, usually suppression. 
It is the most common form of idiopathic anemia. It 
is favored by a sedentary life and poor hygiene. The 
blood shows a marked deficiency in hemoglobin, with 
some decrease in the number of red corpuscles, 
together with an increase in its watery elements. The 
patients do not seem to suffer from any interference 
with the general nutrition ; in fact, there is often a ten- 
dency to the accumulation of fat in the tissues. There 
is present well-marked neurasthenia, with, at times, 
hysterical manifestations. There can always be heard 
a systolic bruit at the base of the heart and in the 
neck, anemic in nature. The bowels are constipated, 
and there may be some fever. C. pituitosis. Syno- 
nym of Enteritis, Pseudo-membranous. C. rubra, 
cases of chlorosis of moderate grade, with a reddish 
tint of the cheeks, especially on exertion. 

Chlorotic (klo rot' ' -ik) [x'Auporric, paleness]. Relating 
to chlorosis. A person affected by chlorosis. 

Chlorozone (klo-ro' -zon) [^/lwp<5c, green ; d^eiv, to 
smell]. A yellow liquid assumed to be a mixture of 
chlorin and ozone ; it is formed by passing nascent 
chlorin through caustic soda ; its composition is not 
known. It is a strong bleaching-agent and disinfec- 
tant. 

Chlorphenol (klor-fe' -nol) \_xku>poc, green ; 0oZwf , pur- 
ple-red], C 6 H 4 d.OH. Mono-chlor-phenol, a sub- 
stance possessed of marked antiseptic and antituber- 
culotic properties. It is strongly recommended for 
inhalation in diseases of the respiratory passages. 

Chlorum (klo'-rum)\_x'Aup6g, green : gen.,Chlori\ The 
official pharmaceutic name of chlorin. See Chlorin. 

Choana (ko f -an-ah) [^odw/, a funnel: //., Choanal]. A 
funnel-like opening. A name applied to the posterior 
nasal orifices. 

Choanocyte (ko'-an-o-sit) \_xoav?j, a funnel; kvtoc, a 
cell]. In biology, a collar-cell. 

Choanosome (ko' -an-o-sotti) \_xoav>j, a funnel ; Gtb/ia, 
body]. In biology, that portion of the cavity of a 
snonge that is lined with collar-cells. 

Chocolate (chok'-o-lat) [Mex., clioco, cacao; latl, 
water]. I. A dried paste prepared from the powder 
of cacao-seeds (see Cacao) with various mucilaginous 
and amylaceous ingredients. 2. A beverage prepared 
from the foregoing. 3. A sugared comfit, variously 



compounded and flavored, containing some proportion 
of the foregoing paste; sometimes. medicated, as with 
cinchona, scammony, or magnesia. C, African. 
See Iba. 

Choke (chok) [ME., choken, to choke]. To suffocate ; 
to prevent the access of air to the lungs by compres- 
sing or obstructing the trachea. C.-cherry, the 
fruit of Prunus (Cerasus) virginiana, not the P. vir- 
giniana of the pharmacopeia; common in the U. S. 
It is antispasmodic, tonic, and slightly astringent. 
Cerasin is a concentrated extract. Dose gr. ij-viij. 
Unof. C.-damp, a name given by miners to car- 
bonic acid gas. Called also Black-damp. 

Choked Disc (chokd disk). See Papillitis. 

Choking (chok'-ing) [ME., choken, to choke]. Partial 
or complete suffocation, whether by the lodgment of 
food, or any foreign body in the larynx, trachea, phar- 
ynx, or esophagus, or by the inhalation of any irres- 
pirable gas or vapor. C. Distemper, a name applied 
in Eastern Pennsylvania to cerebro-spinal meningitis 
in the horse. 

Cholagogic (kol-ag-og' -ik) \_xo\i), bile ; ayuydc, carrying 
off]. 1. Stimulating the flow of bile. 2. A cholagogue. 

Cholagogue (kol'-ag-og) \_xo\t), bile; ayuydg, leading]. 
Any medicine that promotes the flow of bile ; an 
agent that is supposed to stimulate the secretion or 
excretion of bile. 

Cholalic Acid (ko-lal'-ik). See Choloidinic Acid. 

Cholangitis (ko : lan-ji'-tis) \_x°Ar/, bile; ayyelov, a ves- 
sel]. Inflammation of a bile-duct. It is attended 
with ague-like paroxysms, chills, fever, and sweating, 
and jaundice of varying intensity. 

Cholate (koF -at) \_X°^V, bile]. Any salt of cholic acid. 

Choleate (kol'-e-dt) \j(o\ii, bile]. Any salt of choleic 
acid. 

Cholecyanin (kol-e-si'-an-in). See Bilicyanin. 

Cholecyst (kol'-e-sist) \_x°^V> bile; kvgtic, a bladder]. 
The gall-bladder. 

Cholecystectasia (kol-e-sis-tek-ta' -se-ali) \_x°M/, bile; 
kvgtic, a cyst; ektcioic, a distention]. Distention or 
dilatation of the gall-bladder. 

Cholecystectomy (kol-e-sis-tek' -to-me) \_XoKt), bile ; 
kvgtic, bladder; inrofii], a cutting off ]. Excision of 
the gall-bladder. 

Cholecystendysis (kol-e-sis-ten' '-dis-is) \_xoatj, bile; 
kvgtic, a bladder; ivdvaic, an entering]. Cholecys- 
totomy, q. v. 

Cholecystenterostomy (kol-e-sis-ten-ter-os / -to-me)^x°^V> 
bile ; kvgtic, a bladder ; evrepov, intestine ; GTOfia, a 
mouth]. Incision of the gall-bladder and intestine, 
with suture of the intestinal wound to that of the 
gall-bladder, so as to relieve the effects of obstruction 
of the gall-duct by opening a new passage into the 
intestine. 

Cholecystic (kol-e-sis' -tik) \_x<^V, bile ; kvgtic, a blad- 
der]. Relating to the gall-bladder. 

Cholecystitis (kol-e-sis-ti'-lis) \_xoat), bile; kvgtic, 
bladder; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
gall-bladder. 

Cholecystocolostomy (kol-e-sis-to-ko-los' -to-me) [x^'/t 
bile ; Kvoriq, a bladder ; k6\ov, the colon ; to/j.?/, a 
cutting]. The surgical establishment of a passage 
between the gall-bladder and the colon. 

Cholecystolithotripsy (kol-e-sis-to-lith'-o-trip-se) \_x°^>/< 
bile; kuotic, a bladder; Xidot;, a stone; rpifieiv, to 
crush]. The crushing of gall-stones in the gall-bladder. 

Cholecystoncus (kol-e-sis-tong' -kus) [xo^?/,bile; kvgtic, 
bladder; bynoc, a tumor]. A swelling or tumor of 
the gall-bladder. 

Cholecystorrhaphy (kol-e-sist-or 1 -a-fe) \_\oki], bile ; 
KvOTig, bladder ; pafi/, a seam]. Suture of the gall- 
bladder. 



CHOLECYSTOSTOMY 



291 



CHOLESTEATOMA 



Cholecystostomy (kol-e-sis-tos'-to-mc) \_X 0/l 'h bile ; 
uveitis, a bladder ; aro/ia, mouth]. The surgical 
establishment of an opening into the gall-bladder. 

Cholecystotomy (kol-e-sis-tot' -o-me) [,ro/'/, bile ; nvaTtc, 
bladder ; riuvetv, to cut]. Incision of the gall-bladder 
to remove gall-stones, etc. 

Choledoch [kol' ' -e-dok)\_xoM) ,bile ; de^effftw, to receive]. 
I. Conducting bile. 2. A bile-duct. 3. The common 
bile-duct. 

Choledochitis (kol-ed-o-ki' -tis) [_x°?<'/, bile ; d£x e<J O al > 
to receive ; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
choledoch duct. 

Choledocho-duodenostomy (kol-ed-o-ko-du-od-en-os'- 
to-me) [^0///, bile; ciexeadui, to receive; duodecim, 
twelve; crofui, mouth]. The surgical establishment 
of a passage between the common bile-duct and the 
duodenum. 

Choledocho-enterostomy (kol-ed-o-ko-en-ter-os'-to-me) 
[^o/b?, bile ; 6ix ea dai, to receive ; evrepov, bowel ; 
crofia, mouth]. The surgical establishment of a pass- 
age between the cavity of the choledoch duct and 
the small intestine. 

Choledocholithotripsy (kol-ed-o-ko-lith' '-o-trip-se) \_x°'^h 
bile ; &kxeoQai, to receive ; Xidoc , a stone ; rpij3etv, to 
rub]. The crushing of a gall-stone in the ductus 
choledochus. 

Choledochostomy (kol-ed-o-kos 1 ' -to-me) [x°^-y> bile ; 
(Uxeodai, to receive ; ardp-a, mouth]. The formation 
of a fistula in the gall-duct through, the abdominal 
wall. 

Choledochotomy (kol-ed-o-kof -o-me) [a'°^> bile ; 
dkxeodai, to receive ; ropij, section]. Opening of the 
common bile-duct by incision. 

Choledochus (kol-ed' -o-kus) \_xoXfj, bile ; dixeadai, to 
receive]. Receiving or holding bile. C, Ductus 
Communis, the common excretory duct of the liver 
and gall-bladder. 

Choledology (kol-ed-ol' -o-je) [^0X7, bile ; Xtyziv, to 
speak]. The sum of knowledge concerning .he bile. 

Choleic (kol-e'-ik) [xoAq, bile]. Pertaining to the bile. 

Cholein (kol'-e-in) [^o/t//, bile]. A mixture of several 
principles of the bile ; a fatty principle found in bile. 

Cholelith {kol' -e-lith) [x°' A >h bile; Tiidog, a stone]. A 
biliary calculus or gall-stone. 

Cholelithiasis (kol-e-lith-i' -as-is) [joA^, bile ; ?J6oc, a 
stone]. The presence of, or a condition associated 
with, calculi in the gall-bladder or in a gall-duct. 

Cholemesis (kol-em' '-es-is) \_X°^-V, bile ; ipeaig, vomit- 
ing]. The vomiting of bile. 

Cholemia [ko-le 1 '-me-ali) [xo^q, bile; aipa, blood]. 
The presence of bile in the blood. 

Cholemic [ko-le' -mik) \_xolij, bile; aipa, blood]. Re- 
lating to cholemia; marked or caused by cholemia. 

Cholepyrrhin (kol-e-pir' -in) [^o^^bile; irv'ppoc, orange- 
colored]. The brown coloring-matter of bile. Also 
called Bilepyrrhin. 

Cholera (kol'-er-ah) \_xo7tkpa; from x°M> bile]. A 
name given to a number of acute diseases charac- 
terized mainly by large discharges of fluid material 
from the bowels. A synonym of C. asiatica. C. 
asiatica, an acute, specific, highly malignant dis- 
ease, existing in India and the tropics of Asia 
during the entire year, and occasionally spreading 
as an epidemic over large areas. It is character- 
ized by excessive vomiting, alvine discharges resemb- 
ling flocculent rice-water, severe cramps, collapse, 
and frequently death. The rate of mortality varies 
from 10 to 66 per cent., the average being over 
50 per cent. The cause or specific virus is very 
generally believed to be the so-called " comma 
bacillus ' ' of Koch, which is contained in the rice- 
water discharges. Cultures of this germ have in some 



instances produced the disease and in others have 
failed. The virus, whatever it may be, commonly 
gains entrance into the system by means of the drink- 
ing-water ; hence in cases of threatened epidemic, 
and during the prevalence of an epidemic the purity 
of the water-supply should be carefully investigated. 
C, Bilious, a form of the disease attended with exces- 
sive discharge of bile. C, Chicken, a very fatal epi- 
demic disease of fowls, marked by tumefaction of the 
lymphatic glands, with inflammation and ulceration 
of the digestive organs. The symptoms peculiar to 
cholera are wanting. C, English. See C. nos- 
tras. C, European. See C. , Simple. C. gravior. 
Synonym of C. asiatica. C.-hand, a livid, grayish- 
blue, corrugated state of the palms of the hand 
from immersion in water. It is present in death 
from drowning, and is also called " washerwoman's 
hand." C, Hog, an infectious disease attacking 
swine and characterized by a patchy redness of the 
skin, with inflammation and ulceration of the bowels, 
enlargement of the abdominal glands, and congestion 
of the lungs. C. infantum, the "summer com- 
plaint ' ' of infants and young children ; an acute dis- 
ease occurring in warm weather, and characterized by 
gastric pain, vomiting, purgation, fever, and prostra- 
tion. The cause of the disease is the prolonged action 
of heat, together with errors in diet and hygiene. It 
is most common among the poor and in hand-fed 
babes. The disease is of short duration, death fre- 
quently ensuing in three to five days. C. infec- 
tiosa. See Cholera asiatica. C. morbus, an acute 
catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of 
the stomach and intestines, with enteric pain, purging, 
vomiting, spasmodic contractions of the muscles, etc. 
It is a disease of the heated term and is very similar 
to Asiatic cholera in its symptomatology. C. nostras, 
also called English Cholera and Cholerine. Same as 
C. morbus. C. sicca, a term applied to those cases of 
Asiatic cholera in which rice-water liquid is found in 
the intestines after death, though none had been 
voided during life. C, Simple, the diarrhea with 
cramps, purging, and collapse, common in the autumn 
or late summer. C, Summer. See C. , Simple. C. 
Voice, the peculiar whispering voice of those in the 
cold stage of cholera. 

Choleraic (kol-er-a'-ik) \_xo?Jpa, cholera]. Pertaining 
to or resembling cholera. C. Diarrhea. See Diar- 
rhea. 

Choleraphobia (kol-er-af-o' '-be-ah) \_xo\kpa, cholera ; a 
priv. ; <p6j3oc, fear.] Absence of fear during an epi- 
demic of cholera. 

Choleraphonia (kol-er-af-o' -ne-ah) \_xo\epa, cholera ; 
a priv. ; (puvij, a voice]. Aphonia occurring during an 
attack of cholera. 

Choleriform (ko-ler'-iform) \_xo~Aipa, cholera ; forma, 
form]. Resembling or appearing like cholera. 

Cholerigenous (kol-er-ij'-eti-us) \_xoXepa, cholera; 
jiveoic, production]. Giving origin to cholera. 

Cholerine (kol'-er-in) [dim. of cholera]. A mild case 
of choleraic diarrhea. Also, the initiatory stage of 
malignant cholera. Also, the zymotic cause or virus 
of cholera. See Cholera nostras. 

Choleroid (kol'-er-oid) \jfn7ii pa, cholera ; eUoc, like]. 
Resembling cholera ; choleriform. 

Cholerophobia (kol-er-o-fo' -be-ah) \jcoKtpa, cholera; 
<j>6(3oc, fear]. Morbid dread of cholera. 

Cholerrhagia (kol-er-a'-je-ah) [xo/i^,bile; pr/yvvvai, to 
burst forth]. Synonym of Cholera morbus. 

Cholesteatoma (kol-es-te-at-o' -mali) [joA^, bile (chol- 
esterin) ; arearufia, a sebaceous tumor : pi. , Cholesteat- 
07?iata~\. A tumor containing cells inclosing plates of 
cholesterin, and occurring most frequently at the base 



CHOLESTEATOMATOUS 



292 



CHONDROGEN 




of the brain, but occasionally in subcutaneous tissue. 
It often incloses sebaceous glands, hair-follicles, and 
other dermal structures. 

Cholesteatomatous [kol-es-te-at-om' -at-us) [%oAr/, bile; 
aredru/xa, a sebaceous tumor]. Of the nature of, per- 
taining to, or affected with, cholesteatoma. 

Cholesteremia {kol-es-ter-e' -me-afi), or Cholesterin- 
emia (kol-es-ter-in-e'-me-ak) \_x o/ -'l-> bile; areap, 
stiff fat; aifia, blood]. The retention of cholesterin 
in the blood; also, the morbid state ascribed to such 
retention. 

Cholesterin [kol-es' -ter-in) \_x°~^V, bile ; crepeog, solid], 
C 6 H M 0, or C 25 H 42 0. A monatomic alcohol, a con- 
stituent of bile, and a normal ingredient of nervous 
tissue. Also the fatty 
substance forming the 
acid principle of biliary 
calculi. It is a glitter- 
ing, white, crystalline 
substance, soapy to the 
touch, crystallizing in 
fine needles and rhom- 
bic plates. It is quite 
insoluble in water and 
in cold alcohol, but Cholesterin Crystals. 
soluble in solutions of bile-salts ; it is levo-rotatory. 

Choletelin (kol-et' -el-hi) [jo?.^, bile ; tDmc, comple- 
tion], C 16 H 18 N 2 6 . An amorphous, soluble, yellow 
pigment derived from bilirubin. It is the final pro- 
duct of the oxidation of bile-pigments. It is readily 
soluble in alkalies, alcohol, and chloroform. 

Choleuria [kol-e-u' -re-ali) [x°^> bile; ohpov, urine]. 
The presence of bile in the urine. 

Cnoleverdin ( kol-e-ver' -din ) \_xo\ii, bile ; viridis, 
green]. See Bilicyanin. 

Cholic {kol'-ik) \_xokrj, bile]. Pertaining to the bile. 
C. Acid. See Acid. 

Cholin (kot'-in) [x°^n, bile] , C.H I5 NO,. A substance 
found among the products of the decomposition of 
pig's bile and ox-bile, hence its name. It is also 
found in the extracts of the suprarenals, and is a pro- 
duct of the decomposition of lecithin. It is a colorless 
fluid, of oily consistence, possesses a strong alkaline 
reaction, and forms with acids very deliquescent salts. 
It is a very unstable body. It is soluble in alcohol or 
ether. It is distinct from, though closely related to, 
neurin. C. Group of Ptomaines, four ptomaines — 
Cholin, Neurin, Betai'n, and Muscarin — have been thus 
classified. All these bases may be considered as oxida- 
tion-products of trimethyl-ethyl-ammonium hydrate. 

Cholochrome (kol'-o-krbiii)\_x o '^Vi bile ; ^po/Mz, color]. 
Any bile-pigment. 

Cholocyst (kol'-o-sist). See Cholecyst. 

Cholohematin {kol-o-hem' -at-hi) \_x°^V> bile; aijja, 
blood]. A pigment found in the bile of the ox and 
sheep. It is probably a derivative of hematin. 

Choloidinic Acid (kol-oi-din'-ih). See Acid. 

Chololith {kol'-o-lith). See Ckolelith. 

Chololithiasis (kol-o-li/h-i'-as-is). See Cholelithiasis . 

Chololithic {kol-o-lith'-ik) [x°M> bile ; /Jtioc, a stone]. 
Pertaining to a cholelith. 

Cholophein (kol-o-fe'-iti). See Biliphein. 

Cholopoiesis {kol-o-poi-e'-sis) \_xo^i], bile ; noti/Ctc;, a 
making]. The formation of bile. 

Cholorrhagia (kol-or-a'-je-ah) \x_o7\tj, bile ; pr/yvvvai, to 
burst forth]. A sudden flow of bile. 

Cholorrhea {kol-or-e'-ali) \xokii, bile; po'ia, a flow]. 
Any excessive discharge of bile. 

Cholosis (kol-o'-sis) \_XpMj, bile]. Any disease caused by 
or associated with a perversion of the biliary secretion. 

Cholotic (kol-o/'-ik) \_xoati, bile]. Due to or associated 
with a cholosis. 



Choluria (kol-u'-re-ali) \_xo7.i}, bile; ovpnv, urine]. The 
presence of bile, bile-salts, or bile-pigments in the 
urine. Also, the greenish coloration of the urine. 

Chondodendron [kon-do-den'-dro)i). See Chondro- 
dendron. 

Chondral (kon'-dral) \_xovdpo$, cartilage]. Cartilagin- 
ous ; relating to or composed of cartilage. 

Chondralgia [kon-dral' -je-ah) \_xuv8poc;, cartilage ; 
a'Ayoc, pain]. Pain in or about a cartilage. 

Chondrectomy (kon-drek' -lo-me) \_xovSpoQ, cartilage ; 
CKTOfiij, a cutting out]. Surgical excision of a cartil- 
age, or of a part of one. 

Chondren [kon'-dren) \_xov6poQ, cartilage]. Belonging 
to a cartilage in itself. 

Chondrification [kon-drif-ik-a'-shun\ [xuvdpos, cartil- 
age ; facere, to make]. The process of being con- 
verted into cartilage ; the state of being chondrified. 

Chondrify (kon' -drif-i) [^wrfpoc, cartilage ; fieri, to 
become]. To convert into cartilage; to become car- 
tilaginous. 

Chondrigen [kon'-drij-eti) \_\6vSpog, cartilage; yeweiv, 
to produce]. That material of the hyaline cartilage 
which on boiling with water becomes chondrin. 

Chondrigenous ikon-dry' -en-tts\ \_xbv&poq, cartilage • 
yzvvtiv, to produce]. Producing chondrin; relating 
to cartilage that has not hardened. 

Chondriglucose {kon-dre-ght' -kos) [x^vSpo^, cartilage ; 
yXvKvg, sweet]. A material formed by boiling car- 
tilage with mineral acids. It has a sweet taste and the 
properties of glucose. 

Chondrin {kon' -drill) \_xov6poc, cartilage]. A substance 
obtained from the matrix of hyaline cartilage by boil- 
ing. It resembles gelatin in general properties, but 
differs from it in not being precipitated by tannic acid. 
The substance yielding it is chondrigen, probably an 
anhydrid. See also Glue. 

Chondritis (kon-dri' '-tis) \_xov5poc, cartilage; trie, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of a cartilage. 

Chondroblast (kon'-dro-blast) \_xovdpoc, cartilage ; 
/3AacT<5r/, germ]. A cell of developing cartilage. 

Chondroclasis (kon-droh' -las-is) \_xovfipor, cartilage ; 
iOiciolc, fracture]. The crushing of a cartilage. 

Chondroclast \kon' -dro-klast) [,Yoi>(5poc, cartilage ; 
tOAeiv, to break]. A cell supposed to be concerned 
in the absorption of cartilage. 

Chondrocostal (kon-dro-kos' '-lal) \_xovfipoc , cartilage ; 
costa, a rib]. Relating to the ribs and their 
cartilages. 

Chondrodendron {kon-dro-den* '-dron) \j((n>Spo$, car- 
tilage; SivSpov, a tree]. A genus of S. American 
menispermaceous climbing-plants. C. glaberrimum 
and C. tomentosum are among the plants that 
furnish Parcira brava. 

Chondrodynia (kon-dro-din'-c-ah) \_xov&po$, cartilagt , 
bd'vvr], pain]. Pain in a cartilage. 

Chondrodystrophia (kon-dro-dis-tro'-fe-ah') \_xovfipoc. 
cartilage; dvc, bad; rpttpEiv, to nourish]. Feta 
rhachitis. 

Chondroepiphysis (kon-dro-e-pifi -is-is) \_xivSpoc, carti- 
lage ; k-i<pvat^, an outgrowth]. A cartilage that is 
destined to become an epiphysis ; an epiphysis that has 
been developed from cartilage. 

Chondrofibroma {hon-drofi-bro'-mah) \_x6vdpoc;, carti- 
lage ; fibra, a fiber; o/ia, a tumor: pi. , Chondrofibro- 
mata\ Chondroma with fibromatous elements. 

Chondrofibromatous [kon-drofi-bro' -mat-its) [x^vSpoc, 
cartilage ; fibra, a fiber ; bfta, a tumor]. Of the na- 
ture of chondrofibroma. 

Chondrogen ikon' -dro-jeri] \_xbvSpnc, cartilage ; yevveiv, 
to produce]. I. See Chondrigen. 2. A substance 
found in fetal and early life, forming a part of the tis- 
sue of imperfectly developed cartilage. 



CHONDROGENESIS 



293 



CHOREIC 



Chondrogenesis [kon-dro-jen' -es-is) \_x6vSpoq, cartilage; 
ykve.au;, formation]. The formation of cartilage. 

Chondrogenetic [kon-dro-jen-et 1 -ik\ [^cmSpoc, cartilage; 
yiviaiq, formation]. Forming cartilage; relating to 
chondrogenesis. 

Chondrogenous (kon-drcj'-oi-us) [x" 1 "V J0 f> cartilage ; 
ykvtaiq, production]. Of the nature of chondrogen ; 
producing cartilage. 

Chondroglucose (kon-dro-glu f -kos\ [_x6vSpng, cartilage; 
yXvu'vg, sweet]. One of the glucoses. See Carbohy- 
drate and Glucose. 

Chondrography (hon-drog' '-ra-fc) [^<5vJpoc, cartilage ; 
ypcupstv, to write]. An anatomic description of the 
cartilages. 

Chondroid [kon'-droid) \_xbv5pog, cartilage; eMoc, 
form]. Resembling cartilage. 

Chondrology (kon-drol' -o-jc) \_xbvdpoq, cartilage ; Aoyoc, 
science]. The science of cartilages. 

Chondroma (kon-dro'-mah) [^'di-'rSpoc, cartilage ; baa, 
tumor]. A cartilaginous tumor. See Enchondroma. 

Chondromalacia (Jzon-dro-mal-a'-se-ali) [xivSpnc, car- 
tilage; j.iaXaKia, softening]. Softening of a cartilage. 
C. auris. Same as Hematoma auris. 

Chondromalacosis (kon-dro-mal-ak-o'-sis). See Chon- 
dromalacia. 

Chondromatous (hon-drom'-at-t/s) \_xovSpnc , cartilage ; 
bpa, a tumor]. Relating to or of the nature of cartilage. 

Chondro-myxoma (kon-dro-miks-o'-mah) [xoi'^poc, car- 
tilage ; [ir£a, mucus; 6/ia, a tumor: //. , Chondro- 
myxomata~\. A chondroma with myxomatous ele- 
ments. 

Chondrosarcoma [kon-dro-sar-ko'-mah) \_xovdpor, car- 
tilage ; olipKuua, sarcoma : pi., Chondrosarcomata~\. 
A cartilaginous and sarcomatous tumor. 

Chondrosarcomatous (kon-dro-sar-kdm' -at-us) \_x&v- 
dpog, cartilage ; aapnujj.a, sarcoma]. Relating to chon- 
drosarcoma. 

Chondrosis (kon-dro' -sis) \_xuv&po<;, cartilage]. For- 
mation of cartilage. 

Chondrosteous (kon-dros' '-te-us) \_xbv5por, cartilage ; 
bcTtov, bone]. In biology, having a cartilaginous 
skeleton. 

Chondrotome (kon' '-dro-toni) \_x6vdpo<; , cartilage ; rofior, 
cutting]. An instrument for cutting cartilage. 

Chondrotomy (kon-drol'-o-me) \_xbv5poQ, cartilage ; 
rifivEiv, to cut] . The dissection or surgical division 
of a cartilage, or the anatomic analysis of a cartilage. 

Chondrus (Iton' -drus) \_x^v&por, a grain; cartilage]. 
I. Irish Moss. The substance of the algae C. crispus 
and Gigartina mamillosa. These yield, on boiling with 
water, a soluble colloid consisting mainly of mucilage. 
This is demulcent and somewhat nutrient, and is 
sometimes used in making blanc mange. Dose indefi- 
nite. Unof. See Carragheen. 2. A cartilage ; the 
ensiform cartilage. 

Chopart's Amputation. See Operations, Table of. C. 
Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Chopping (chop'-ing). See Percussion. 

Chorda {kor'-dah) [L. ,a cord : //. , Chordce\. A cord, ten- 
don, or filament of nerve. C. caudalis, the urochord. 
C. dorsalis. See Notochord. C. spinalis, the 
spinal cord. C. tendineae, the tendinous strings 
connecting the cohtmnie carnece of the heart with the 
auriculo-ventricular valves. C. tympani, a filament 
of the Vidian nerve that enters the tympanum. C. 
umbilicalis, the umbilical cord. C. vertebralis, the 
notochord ; the spinal cord. C. vocalis, one of the 
vocal bands or thyro-arytenoid ligaments. 

Chordal (kor'-dal) \_chorda, a cord]. Relating to a 
chorda, especially to the notochord. 

Chordapsus (l;or-dap' '-sus) \_xopSr/, an intestine ; a—reiv, 
to tie up]. Synonym of Acute Intestinal Catarrh. 



Chordee (kor-de') \jtop6r\, a cord]. A symptom of 
gonorrhea consisting of painful erection and down- 
ward curvature of the penis. 

Chorditis (Jcor-dd -tis) [_x«poi/, a cord ; trtg, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the vocal bands. C. tuber- 
osa, a localized thickening on the vocal bands, 
often bilateral, and situated at the junction of the 
posterior two-thirds with the anterior third. 

Chordotonal [kor-do-to'-nal) [_x°p'^'/, chord; rdvor, 
tone]. In biology, applied to sense-organs or 
parts of arthropods that are responsive to sound- 
vibrations. 

Chorea [ko-re f -aK) \_xopcia, dancing]. St. Vitus's 
dance. A functional nervous disorder, usually occur- 
ring in youth, characterized by spasmodic and con- 
vulsive contraction and non-rhythmic action of the 
muscles of the extremities, face, etc. The action of 
the heart is irregular, and in a large number of cases 
a systolic murmur is present. Rheumatism is a fre- 
quent complication. Chorea may be caused by a 
number of conditions, among which are fright and 
reflex irritations, but it is essentially a disease of the 
later period of childhood, and affects girls about three 
times as frequently as boys. Occasionally it is seen 
in the adult, and may become a serious complication- 
of pregnancy, resulting in the death of both fetus 
and mother. When it occurs late in life it generally 
resists treatment. C, Automatic, an affection in 
which paroxysms of apparently purposive actions 
occur independently of the will, as the result of an 
impulse that arises spontaneously or that occurs in 
response to a stimulus received from without. C, 
Buttonmaker's, a form of chorea in girls employed 
in button-mills, the result of application at their trade. 
The fingers move involuntarily when not at work, 
following the same motions as when guiding the 
procession of buttons. It is due to an erethism of 
the centers in the brain for the hands and fingers. 
C, Chronic. See C, Huntingdon ' s. C, Electric. 
See Dubini ' s Disease. C, Epidemic, dancing mania. 
See Choromania. C. festinans. See Paralysis agi- 
tans. C. germanorum, a term for the major form of 
chorea. C. -habit. See Spasm. C, Hereditary. 
See C. , Huntingdon' s. C, Hysterical. See C. , Major. 
C, Huntingdon's, an affection frequently hereditary, 
of adult or middle life, characterized by irregular 
movements, disturbance of speech, and gradual de- 
mentia. It was first described by Huntingdon, a 
physician of Long Island, U. S. C. insaniens, 
maniacal chorea ; a grave form of chorea usually seen 
in adult women, and associated with maniacal symp- 
toms. This may develop from the ordinary form, and 
usually ends fatally. It may develop during preg- 
nancy. C, Maniacal. See C. insaniens. C, Major, 
the hysterical chorea of the French, in which there 
are regular oscillatory movements of the parts. C, 
Mimetic, that which is caused by imitation. C, 
Minor, simple chorea. C. oscillatoria is marked by 
more or less regular oscillations of the head, trunk, or 
limbs. C, Post-hemiplegic. See Athetosis. C, 
Post-paralytic, a form of involuntary movement seen 
in patients after an attack of hemiplegia. C, Rhyth- 
mic. See C. , Major. C, Rotatory, a hysterical form 
associated with rhythmic movements of the body 
or head. C, School-made, chorea resulting from 
overstimulation of children at school by parents and 
teachers. C. scriptorum. See Cramp, Writers' 1 '. 
C, Senile. See Paralysis agitans. C. spastica. 
See Paraplegia, Infantile Spasmodic. C, Syden- 
ham's, ordinary chorea. 

Choreic {ko-rc'-ik') [xopeta, dancing]. Relating to, of 
the nature of, or affected with, chorea. 



CHOREIFORM 



294 



CHROMATOPSEUDOPSIS 



Choreiform (ko-re'-iform) \_xnpeia, dancing; forma, 
form]. Resembling chorea. 

Choremania [ko-re-ma 1 -ne-ah) \_xnpeia, dancing ; /xavia, 
madness]. Synonym of Ckoromania. 

Choreoid {ko-re'-oid) \_xopsia, dancing ; eMoc, like]. 
Pertaining or similar to chorea. 

Choreomania (ko-re-o-ma'-ne-aK). See Choromania. 

Chorial (ko'-rc-al) \j(6puyv, skin]. Chorionic. 

Chorioblastosis [ko-re-o-blas-to' -sis) \_\opiov, skin ; 
PAacrdvetv, to germinate]. Any anomaly of growth of 
the corium and subcutaneous connective tissue. 

Chorio-capillaris (ko-re-o-kap-il-a' -ris) \_xopiov, skin ; 
capillus, a hair]. The network of capillaries over the 
inner portion of the choroid coat of the eye. See 
Ruysch, Membrane of. 

Choriocele (ko'-re-o-sel, or ko-re-o-se' -le) \_xopmv, a skin ; 
ni/ at), hernia]. A hernial protrusion of the choroid 
coat of the eye. 

Chorioid [ko'-re-oid). See Choroid. 

Chorioidal [ko-re-oid'-al). See Choroid. 

Chorioideremia {ko-re-oid-er-e' -me-ali). See Chor ai- 
der emia. 

Chorioidiritis (ko-re-oid-i-ri' -tis). See Choroido-iritis. 

Chorioiditis {ko-re-oid-i' -tis). See Choroiditis. 

Chorioido -retinitis {ko-re-oid' -o-ret-in-i' -tis). See 
Choroido-retinitis. 

Chorion (ko'-re-on) \_xopiov, fetal membrane]. The 
outermost of the fetal membranes, formed from the 
external layer of the non-germinal epiblast. The 
chorion lies between the amnion and the deciduce 
(reflexa and vera). C. .Cystic Degeneration of, a 
rare myxomatous disease of the chorion, producing the 
so-called "hydatid mote." It is characterized by 
rapid increase in the size of the uterus, hemorrhage, 
often profuse, beginning during the second month of 
pregnancy, and the discharge of small cysts, whitish in 
appearance, surrounded by bloody clots. These cysts 
vary in size from a pin's-head to a filbert. C. leve, 
the smooth or non-villous portion of the chorion. C, 
Primitive, the Vitelline membrane (or Zona pellucidd) 
during the time of the development of the hollow, 
structureless villi upon its surface. C, Shaggy, or C. 
frondosum, the part covered by villi. 

Chorionic (ko-re-on' -ik) [xopiov, the chorion]. Relat- 
ing to the chorion. 

Chorionitis (ko-re-on-i'-tis). See Scleroderma. 

Choripetalous [kor-ip-et' -al-us) [,^<jp/c, asunder ; 
<j>v?.Aov, leaf]. In biology, applied to a corolla whose 
petals are distinct. 

Chorisis (ko-ri'-sis) \_xhpwie, a separation]. Inbiology, 
the development of two or more members when but 
one is expected ; a doubling. 

Choroid (ko'-roid) [^-o/ww, the chorion ; eZcJor, like- 
ness]. The second or vascular tunic of the eye, con- 
tinuous with the iris in front and lying between the 
sclerotic and the retina. C. Plexus, a vascular plexus 
in the lateral ventricles of the brain. C. Sulcus (of 
Schwalbe). See Schwalbe, Fissure of. C. Vein. 
See Vein. 

Choroidal (ko-roid'-al). Pertaining to the choroid. 

Choroideremia (ko-roid-er-e' -rne-ah) [xopwv, the cho- 
rion ; eldog, like; kprjfiia, desolation]. Absence 
of the choroid; absence of the epithelium of the 
choroid. 

Choroiditis (ko-roid-i'-tis) [^dp/ov, the chorion ; trie, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the choroid coat of 
the eye. It may be anterior, the foci of exudation 
being at the periphery of the choroid ; or central, 
the exudate being in the region of the macula lutea ; 
diffuse or disseminated, characterized by numerous 
round or irregular spots scattered over the fundus ; 
exudative or nonsuppurative , when there are isolated 



foci of inflammation scattered over the choroid ; 
metastatic, when due to embolism ; and suppurative, 
when proceeding to suppuration. C. serosa. Syno- 
nym of Glaucoma. 

Choroido-iritis (ho-roid'-o-i-ri'-tis)[x6piov, ' ue chorion; 
eldor, like; IpiQ, the rainbow; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the choroid and the iris. 

Choroido-retinitis {ko-roid '-o-ret-in-i' '-lis) \_nopiov, the 
chorion; eidor, like ; retina, the retina; «rtc, inflam- 
mation]. Choroiditis with retinitis. C.-r., Ametro- 
pic, caused by ametropia. 

Choromania {ko-ro-ma/ -ne-aK) \_xopbc, a dance ; pavia, 
madness]. A nervous disorder manifest at various 
times and places, and characterized by dancing or 
other rhythmic movements ; epidemic chorea ; dan- 
cing mania. 

Chrchtschonovitsch's Method. A method of stain- 
ing tissues. See Stains, Table of. 

Christian Science (kris'-chan si' -ens). An alleged 
system of therapy ; faith-cure, or one form of it. 

Christison's Formula. A formula for estimating the 
amount of solids in the urine : Multiply the last two 
figures of the specific gravity expressed in four figures 
by 2.33 (or by 2, Trapp ; or by 2.2, Lcebisch). This 
gives the amount of solids in every iooo parts. 

Chromate (hro'-mdt) \_xpupa, color]. Any salt of 
chromic acid. 

Chromatic (kro-mat'-ik) \_xpidjia, color]. Relating to 
or possessing color. C. Audition, luminous sensations 
aroused by sound. See Photism. C. Gustation. 
See Gustation. 

Chromatin (hro'-mat-in) \_xpupa, color]. The chro- 
matophilous, or tingible portion of the protoplasm, 
forming a delicate reticular network or plexus of 
fibrils permeating the achromatin of a typical cell in 
process of division. It is called also Karyomiton. 
See Cell-body. 

Chromation (kro-ma' -shun) \_xpbpa, color] . The pro- 
cess of tingeing or staining. 

Chromatism [kro'-mat-izm) \_xpopariap6c, coloring]. 
1. Abnormal coloration of any tissue. 2. Chromatic 
aberration. 

Chromatoblast (£ro-mat'-o-blast) [xP"/ la > color; 
piaardr, a germ]. Same as Chromatopliore. 

Chromatodysopia {kro-mat-o-dis -o'-pe-ah) \_xp<Jua, 
color; 6va, ill; biptc, vision]. Color-blindness. 

Chromatogenous (kro-mat-oj'-en-us) \_xpwfia., color; 
ytvvdtiv, to beget]. Producing color. 

Chromatology (hro-mat-ol'-o-/e) [xpuua, color ; 7i6yog, 
science]. The science of colors. Also the spectro- 
scopic investigation of colors. 

Chromatopathia (kro-mat-o-path'-c-ah) [xP"," a > color; 
naftnc, disease]. Any pigmentary skin-disease; a 
chromatosis. 

Chromatopathy (kro-mat- op'-a-the) . See Chromato- 
pathia. 

Chromatophile (kro-mat'-o-fil). Same as Chromo- 
phi/ous. 

Chromatophobia (kro-mat-o-fo'-be-ah) \_xpl*>pa, color ; 
<j)6f3og, dread]. Abnormal fear of colors. 

Chromatophore {kro'-mat o-for) \_\puua, color; <p6poc, 
bearing]. In biology, (1) one of the contractile pig- 
ment-sacs, abundant in the skin of many animals, e.g., 
squid, chameleon ; (2) one of the pigmented marginal 
sense-organs of an Actinozoan ; " bourse calicinale ,•" 
(3) a plastid containing chlorophyl, or other coloring- 
matter ; color-granule, chromoplast, chromoleucite. 

Chromatophorous [kro-mat-off'-or-us) [ypotfta, color ; 
(pipeiv, to bear]. Containing pigment or pigment- 
cells. 

Chromatopseudopsis {kro-mat-o-su-dop 1 '-sis) [ \p<~>ua, 
color; tyevdriQ, false ; bifnc, sight]. Color-blindness. 






CHROMATOPSIA 



295 



CHRONIZOOSPORE 



Chromatopsia (ttro-mat-op > 'se-ak) [,r;p««a, color ; btpic, 
vision]. Abnormal sensation of color. It may be 
due to disorders of the optic centers, or to drugs, 
especially santonin. 

Chromatopsy [kro' '-mat-op-se). See Chromatopsia. 

Chromatoptometry [kro-mat-op-tom f -et-re\ [j^pw/za, 
color; oktciv, to see ; flirpov, a measure] . The test- 
ing of the sensibility of the eye with respect to color- 
perception. 

Chromatoscope (kro-mat'-o-skop) \_xpoipa, color ; 
OiOTtelv, to observe]. An instrument for determining 
the refractive index of colored light. 

Chromatoscopy [kro-mat-os' '-ko-pe) \_xpuua, color ; 
ononeJv, to observe]. The determination of the color 
of objects. 

Chromatosis [kro-mat-o'-sis] \_xpap.a, color] . Pigmen- 
tation ; a pathologic process or pigmentary disease 
consisting in a deposit of coloring-matter in a locality 
where it is usually not present, or in excessive quan- 
tity in regions where pigment normally exists. 

Chromatosome (kro-mat' '-o-som) \_xp5>[ui, color; Gupa, 
body] . In biology, the ' ' nuclear rods ' ' of the nucleus. 

Chromaturia [kro-mat-u' '-re-ah) \_xpupa, color ; ovpov, 
urine]. Abnormal coloration of the urine. 

Chrome [krom) \_xpupa, color]. Chromium, q.v. C- 
alum. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C. -black. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. C.-carmin. Same as 
Chrome-red. C. chlorid. See Pigments, Conspectus 
of. C. -garnet. Same as Chrome-red. C. -green. See 
Pigments, Consfectus of. C. -orange. Same as Chrome- 
red. C.-red, a pigment ; basic lead chromate. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. C. -vermilion. Same as 
Chrome-red. C. -yellow, lead chromate, a pigment. 
See Chromium, and Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Chromesthesia [krom-es-the' -ze-ali) [xp&pa, color ; 
cugOt]cic-, perception by the senses]. The association 
of colors with words, letters, and sounds. 

Chromhidrosis [krom-hid-ro' -sis). Same as Chromid- 
rosis. 

Chromic (krom'-ik) \_xpupn-, color]. Pertaining to or 
made from chromium. C. Acid. See Acid. C. Acid 
Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Chromicize [kro'-mis-iz). To impregnate with chromic 
acid. 

Chromidrosis [krom-id-ro' -sis) [xpupa, color; ISpur, 
sweat]. A rare condition of the sweat in which it is 
variously colored, being bluish, blackish, reddish, green- 
ish, or yellowish. Black sweat [Seborrhcea nigricans) 
occurs usually in hysterical girls, the part affected being 
the face. It is associated with chronic constipation and 
is due to the presence of indican in the sweat. Red 
sweat, hematidrosis, may be due to an exudation of 
blood into the sweat-glands, or to the presence of a 
microorganism in the sweat. See Micrococcus /nema- 
todes, Babes, under Bacteria, Table of. 

Chromium [kro'-me-um) [xP<*>! ia color]. 0=52.2; 
quantivalence 11 and IV. One of the elements of 
the iron group. The various salts of chromium, 
especially chromic acid, Cr 2 3 , are much used in the 
manufacture of pigments and in dyeing textile fabrics. 
All are poisonous. Potassium dichromate (bichromate 
of potash), K.,Cr, 2 7 , is used in various pharmaceutic 
and chemic operations. C. -green. Same as Chrome- 
green. 

Chromocrinia (kro-mo-krin' -e-ali) \_xptipa, color ; 
Kpiveiv, to separate]. The secretion of coloring- 
matter, as in the sweat, etc. 

Chromocytometer (kro-mo-si-tom'-et-er) \_xp<->pa, 
color; kvtoc, cell; ptrpov, a measure]. An instru- 
ment for estimating the proportion of hemoglobin 
present in the blood. 

Chromocytometry [kro-mo-si-tom' -et-re) [^ptiiMZ, 



color ; k'utoc, cell ; p'trpov, a measure ; voaog, disease]. 
The estimation of hemoglobin by -means of the 
chromocytometer. 

Chromodermatosis [kro- mo-der-mat-o' -sis') \_xp^pa~, 
color; dipua, skin]. A skin-disease characterized by 
discoloration of the surface. 

Chromogen [kro' '-mo-jen) \_xpapa, color ; }ti>£07c, pro- 
duction]. Any principle of the animal or vegetable 
economy which (though it is itself not of any pro- 
nounced color) is susceptible, under suitable circum- 
stances, of being changed into a coloring-matter. 

Chromogenic [kro-mo-jen'-ik) [_%p£>p,a, color; yiveoic;, 
production]. I. Relating to chromogen. 2. Color- 
producing. 

Chromoleucite (kro-mo-lu'-sll) \_xpupa, color ; ?^evk.6s, 
white]. Same as Chromoplastid. 

Chromopare {kro' -mo-par) \_xpupa, color]. In biology, 
applied by Beyerinck to those chromogenic bacteria 
that excrete the pigment, remaining colorless them- 
selves. Cf. Chromophore and Para-chromophor. 

Chromophan (kro' '-mo-fan) [^'poj/zra, color; (pa'tveiv, to 
appear]. In biology, the pigment of the inner seg- 
ments of the retinal cones of certain animals. There 
are at least three varieties, chlorophan, rhodophan, 
xanthophan. (Ruhnes). 

Chromophile [kro' -mo-fil). Same as Chromophilous. 

Chromophilous (kro-moff' -il-us) [,\-pu/.a, color; <j)l?iog, 
loving]. Readily stained; easily absorbing color; 
applied to tissues prepared for microscopic study. 

Chromophore [kro' '-mo-for) ^xP'->P a > color; <pipetv, to 
bear]. In biology, applied by Beyerinck to those 
chromogenic bacteria that possess pigment as an 
integral part of their organism. Cf. Chromopare and 
Para-ch rom ophor. 

Chromophytosis ( kro-mo-fi-to'-sis ) \jcpupa, color ; 
(pvrov, a plant]. I. Any microscopic plant-growth that 
produces a discoloration of the skin in which it grows ; 
any pigmentary skin-disease caused by microscopic 
vegetation. 2. A synonym of Tinea versicolor, or 
Eichstedf s Disease. See Tinea versicolor, and Diseases, 
Table of. 

Chromoplastid, or Chromoplastidule (kro-mo-plas'- 
tid, or kro-mo-plas' -tid-ill) \_xpdpa, color; ir'/aaaeiv, 
to form]. In biology, a pigment-granule imbedded 
in the protoplasm of a plant or animal. It is also 
called chromoleucite. 

Chromopsia (krom-op' -se-ah). See Chromatopsia. 

Chromoptometer (kro-mop-tom' -et-er) [_xp"l m > color; 
perpov, a measure]. A contrivance for determining 
the extent of development of color-vision. 

Chromosome (kro'-mo-som) [_\pupa, color; uupa, 
body]. Any one of the nuclear chromatin-fibrils o( 
a cell. According to some observers there is only one 
such fibril in closely intertwined folds. Others say 
that the chromosomes are many, and of two varieties, 
the fine and the coarse. 

Chromostroboscope (kro-mo-stro'-bo-skop) \_xpupa, 
color; crpofiog, a twisting; oKo-xav, to inspect]. A 
device for showing the persistence of visual impres- 
sions of color. 

Chromule (kro'-mill) [xpupa, color; v'Arj, matter]. In 
biology, coloring-matter in plants, especially when not 
green, or when liquid. 

Chronic [kron'-ik) [xpovor, time]. Long-continued; 
of long duration ; slow of progress ; opposed to acute, 
and to subacute. 

Chronicity [kro-nis'-it-e) \_\povoc, time]. The state 
of being chronic or long-continued. 

Chronizoospore (kro-niz-o' -o-spor) \_Kpovioc, late ; (tiov, 
an animal; ciropa, seed]. One of the microzoogoni- 
dia or minute zoospores or resting-spores, produced by 
the water-net, Hydrodictyon. 



CHRONOGRAPH 



296 



CHYLIFICATORY 



Chronograph [kron' -o-graf) \_xpbvo$, time ; ypayeiv, to 
write]. An instrument for graphically recording inter- 
vals of time, in physiologic and psycho-physical 
experiments. 

Chronoscope (kro'-no-skop) \_xpbvoc, time ; anonelv, to 
inspect]. An instrument for measuring extremely 
short intervals of time. C, A-form, an apparatus 
introduced by Galton for measuring the time of 
certain psycho-physical reactions. It is so called 
from its outline, which somewhat resembles that of 
the letter A. 

Chronosteal (kro-nos' -te-al) [xpfooc, time ; bareov, 
bone]. Relating to the chronosteon. 

Chronosteon (kro-nos' -te-on) \_xpbvoq, time (temporal) ; 
bortov, bone]. The temporal bone. 

Chronothermal (kron-o-ther'-mal)\_xpuvoq, time ; dippa, 
heat]. Pertaining to the theory that all diseases are 
characterized by periods of intermitting chill and heat ; 
relating to periodicity in changes of bodily tempera- 
ture. 

Chroopsia (kro-op' -se-ah) \_xp6a, color; bipic;, sight]. 
See Chromalopsia. 

Chrotal Epithelium (kro'-tal ep-e-the'-le-nni). The 
ectoderm. 

Chrotic (kro'-tik) [,tp<JC, the skin]. Relating to the 
skin. 

Chrotoplast (krof -o-plast) [_XP&C , skin ; vrXdaaecv, to 
form]. A skin-cell ; a dermal or epithelial cell. 

Chrymar's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Chrysalis (kris' -al-is) [_xp va 0C, gold]. The pupa or 
secondary stage in the transformation of insects. 
So called from the golden color of certain chrysa- 
lides. 

Chrysamin {kris 1 '-am-in) \_xpvgoq, gold; amin\, C 26 H 16 - 
N 4 6 Na2- Flavophenin ; a coal-tar color of the oxy- 
azo group, used in dyeing. It dyes on cotton a sulphur- 
yellow, remarkably fast to light. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Chrysanilin (kris-an' '-il-in) \_xpvcsoc, gold; anilin~\, 
C 19 H U N(NH,) 2 . A body obtained as a by-product 
in the manufacture of rosanilin. It crystallizes from 
dilute alcohol in golden-yellow needles, melting at 
about 268°. It is used largely as a dye-stuff, yielding 
a very beautiful yellow color. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Chrysanisic Acid (kris-an-is'-ik). See Acid. 

Chrysarobin, or Chrysarobinum (kris-ar-o'-bin, or 
kris-ar-o-bi' -num) \_xpvaoq, gold ; aroba (nat. East 
Ind.), bark of a leguminous tree], C 30 H 26 O 7 . A reduc- 
tion-product of chrysophanic acid ; it occurs in goa- 
powder and araroba-powder. It is a yellow-colored 
powder, the product of the decay of Andira araroba, 
a Brazilian tree. It is a gastro-intestinal irritant, and 
is almost a specific when applied locally in psoriasis. It 
stains the skin a dark yellowish-brown color, which 
may be removed by a weak solution of chlorinated 
lime. Dose, internally, gr. \-\. C, Ung., contains 
10 per cent, of the drug with go per cent, benzoated 
lard. 

Chrysaurin (kris-aw'-rin) [^-puty^f , gold ; aurum, 
gold]. See Orange Colors. 

Chrysene {kris' -en) [^pwdf, gold], C 1S H ]2 . A hy- 
drocarbon derived from coal-tar. It is generally 
colored yellow, but can be rendered perfectly colorless. 
It is sparingly soluble in alcohol or ether ; melts at 
250 C. (482 F.); boils at 436 ; crystallizes and sub- 
limes in silvery leaflets, that exhibit an intense violet 
fluorescence. 

Chrysenic Acid (kris-en'-ik). See Acid. 

Chrysin (kris'-in) [xpvo6r, gold], C I5 H l0 O 4 . A color- 
ing-matter found in the buds of the European Black 
Poplar. 



Chrysoidin (kris-oi'-din) \_xpvcoc, gold ; c«5oc, like]. 
I. C I2 H 3 NjCl. A coal-tar color used in dyeing. It 
is the hydrochlorid of diamidoazobenzene. It consists 
of dark-violet crystals soluble in water. It dyes bright- 
yellow on silk and cotton. See Pigments, Conspectus 
of. 2. C 7 H 22 4 . A yellow coloring-substance found 
in asparagus berries. 

Chrysoin [kris' -o-in) . See Orange Colors. 

Chrysolin (kris'-o-lin) [xpvaoq, gold; oleum, oil], 
C 20 H I0 O 3 (OC 7 H 7 )OH. A coal-tar color of the phtha- 
lein group, used in dyeing. It is the sodium salt of 
benzyl-fluorescein. It produces a yellow color, similar 
to that of turmeric, on silk, cotton and wool. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Chrysophan (kris'-o-fan) [xpvcoc gold ; (paiveiv, to 
show], C I6 H 18 8 . A yellow, crystalline body found 
in rhubarb. It has a distinctly bitter taste, is readily 
soluble in warm water and diluted alcohol, but insolu- 
ble in ether. It is also called Chrysophanin. 

Chrysophanic Acid (kris-o-fan'-ik). See Acid. 

Chrysophanin (kris-o-fan' -in). See Crysopha?i, and 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Chrysophyl (kris'-o-f!) \_xpvaoc, gold ; fy'vhkov, a leaf]. 
Xanthophyl ; a bright golden-yellow crystalline pig- 
ment derived from leaves. 

Chrysorrhamnin (kris-or-am'-nin) [xpvcoq, gold ; pd/i- 
voc, a prickly shrub]. The yellow pigment found in 
French berries. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Chthonophagia, or Chthonophagy (thon-o-fa' -je-ah, 
or thon-off'-a-je) \_xfluv, earth ; (payelv, to eat]. Dirt- 
eating ; geophagy. 

Churning Sound (churn' -ing sound). A peculiar 
splashing-sound like that made by a churn, heard in 
the chest in some cases of pleural effusion. 

Churrus (chur'-us) [Hind. ,charas~\. Hemp-resin. See 
Cannabis. 

Chvostek's Sign. See Tetany; also Signs a?id Symp- 
toms, Table of. 

Chylaceous (ki-la'-se-us) \chylus, chyle]. Composed 
of chyle. 

Chylangioma (ki-lan-je-o'-mah)\chylus, chyle ; dyyclov, 
a vessel]. Retention of chyle in lymphatic vessels 
with dilatation of the latter. 

Chylaqueous ( kil-a'-kwe-us) \_xv7i6c, chyle ; aqua, 
water]. Like water and chyle. C. Fluid, the diges- 
ted food or nutritive fluid in the somatic or perigastric 
cavity of invertebrates ; it is never enclosed in dis- 
tinct vessels and represents the blood of higher animals. 

Chyle (kil) [^u^.<5c, juice]. The milk-white fluid ab- 
sorbed by the lacteals during digestion. On standing, 
it separates into a thin, jelly-like clot and a substance 
identical with serum. C. -corpuscle, any floating cell 
of the chyle. These cells resemble, and are probably 
identical with, the colorless blood-corpuscles. C- 
gland, Cheshire's name for system II, of the "sali- 
vary glands " of bees. 

Chylidrosis (kil-id-ro'-sis) \_xvX6q, chyle ; u)puaig, a 
sweating]. Milkiness of the sweat. 

Chylifaction (ki-le-, or kil-if-ak' -shun) \_chylus, chyle; 
facere, to make]. The forming of chyle from food. 

Chylifactive (ki-le-, or kil-if-ak' -tiv) \_chyhts, chyle ; 
facere, make]. Chyle-forming. 

Chyliferous (ki-lif'-er-us) [chylus, chyle ; ferre, to 
carry]. I. Chyle-forming. 2. Containing chyle. 

Chylific (ki-lif'-ik) \chylus, chyle ; facere, to make]. 
Making chyle ; pertaining to chylifaction. 

Chylification (ki-le-, or kil-ifik-a' '-shun) [^u/'of, chyle ; 
facere, to make]. The process by which the chyle is 
formed, separated and absorbed by the villi of the 
small intestine. 

Chylificatory (ki-lif-ik-at-o-re) [chylus, chyle; facre, 
to make]. Chyle-making. 



CHYI.IFY 



297 



CILIARY 



Chylify (ki'-lifi) [chylus, chyle : facere, to make]. I. 
To make into chyle. 2. To be made into chyle. 

Chylocele (ki'-lo-sel) [,tuAdc, chyle; kij'/j], a tumor]. 
An effusion of chyle into the tunica vaginalis testis. 
C, Parasitic. See Filaria sanguinis hominis. 

Chylocyst (ki'-lo-sist) [xvMg, juice; kvotlq, bladder]. 
The chyle-bladder ; the reservoir of Pecquet. 

Chylocystic (ki-lo-sis'-tik) [xv'^6c, juice ; kvotlq, blad- 
der]. Relating to the chylocyst. 

Chyloderma (ki-lo-der' '-mak) [xvXoc, lymph ; depfta, 
skin]. Scrotal elephantiasis, with accumulation of 
lymph in the thickened skin and in the enlarged 
lymphatic vessels ; lymph-scrotum. 

Chylodochium (kil-o-dtZ-ki-uni) \j(v\6g, chyle ; Soxeiov, 
receptacle]. The receptaculum chyli. 

Chylogaster (ki-lo-gas' '-ter) [xvaoc, chyle; yacrr/p, the 
stomach]. The duodenum, so-called because of its 
being the chief seat of chylous digestion. 

Chylogastric (ki-lo-gas' -trik) [%v'Mi;, chyle ; yao-ri/p, 
stomach]. Pertaining to the chylogaster. 

Chylopericardium (ki-lo-per-ik-ar' -de-um) [.^u/ldc, 
chyle ; irepi, around; Kapdia, the heart]. A rare con- 
dition, in which chyle is present in the pericardium, as 
a consequence of the formation of a channel of com- 
munication between a chyle-duct and the cavity of the 
heart-sac. 

Chylopoiesis (ki-lo-poi-e' -sis) [xv?iOTroir/ciig ; xv/Wc, 
chyle; iroielv, to make]. Chylifkation. 

Chylopoietic (ki-lo-poi-et'-ik) [xv^oc, chyle ; iroielv, to 
make]. Chylifaction ; making or forming chyle. 

Chyloptyalism (ki-lop-ti/ -al-izm) [xv'sbc, chyle ; nrva- 
/U£m>, to spit]. Milkiness of the saliva. 

Chylorrhea (ki-lor-e'-ak) \_x v 'M, chyle; pteiv, to 
flow]. The excessive flow of chyle. Also, a diarrhea 
characterized by a milky color of the feces. 

Chylosis (ki-lo'-sis) [xvtMOic, a converting into juice]. 
Chylifkation. 

Chylothorax (ki-lo-tho' -raks) [xvloc , chyle ; QupaS,, the 
chest]. The presence of chyle within the pleural 
cavity. It is consequent upon wounds or rupture of 
the thoracic duct, and is usually fatal. 

Chylous (ki'-lus) [xv'koc, chyle]. Relating to or re- 
sembling chyle. 

Chyluria (ki-lu'-re-ah) [x'uA.b'c, juice; ovpov, urine]. 
The passage of milky-colored urine. It is thought to 
be caused by a disordered condition of the lacteals and 
is also connected with the presence in the blood of 
Filaria sanguinis hominis. The urine passed is 
generally above the normal in quantity, has the color 
of milk, and becomes jelly-like on standing, after- 
ward again becoming liquid. It readily undergoes 
decomposition. The condition arises from a blocking 
of the lymph-channels by the parasites. See Bacillus 
of Chyluria under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of; 
also Filaria sanguinis hominis, Lewis, under 
Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Chyme (him) [xviwq, juice]. Food that has under- 
gone gastric digestion and has not yet been acted 
upon by the biliary, pancreatic, and intestinal secre- 
tions. 

Chymiferous (klm-if -er-us) [chymus, chyme ; ferre, to 
bear]. Capable of producing chyme. 

Chymification (kim-if-ik-a' s/nin) [chymus, chyme ; 
facere, to make] . The change of food into chyme by 
the digestive process. 

Chymophorous (klm-off -or-us) [xv/i6c, chyme ; (pepeiv, 
to carry]. Chymiferous. 

Chymoplania (kim-o-pla' -ne-ah) [xvp6<;, juice ; irlavri, 
a roving]. The morbid or abnormal metastasis of 
chyme or any secretion. 

Chymorrhea (kim-or-e'-ah) [xvudc, chyme ; pe'iv, to 
flow]. A discharge of chyme. 



Chymosepsis (kim-o-sep'-sis) [xv/j6c , chyme ; or/ifac-, 
putrefaction]. Putrefactive fermentation of the chyme. 

Chyron (ki'-ron) \_ciron, cyron~\. The name given by 
ancient writers to the itch-mite, Sarcoptes scabei. 

Cibarious (sib-a'-re-us) \cibum, food]. Serving as 
food ; nutritious ; edible. 

Cicatricial (sik-al-rish'-al) [cicatrix, a scar] . Pertain- 
ing to or of the nature of a cicatrix. C. Deformities, 
abnormal contractions caused by cicatrices. C. Tis- 
sue, a form of dense connective tissue, seen in 
cicatrices. 

Cicatricula (sik-at-rik 1 ' -ti-lah) [L., dim. of cicatrix, a 
scar]. The germinating point of the fecundated egg. 

Cicatrisant (sik'-at-ri-sant ) . See Cicalrizant. 

Cicatrisive (sik'-at-ri-siv) [cicatrix, a scar]. Tending 
to form a cicatrix. 

Cicatrix (sik-a'-triks) [L.: //., Cicatrices']. A scar; 
a connective-tissue new-formation replacing loss of 
substance in the skin. It extends as far as the 
corium. It may be depressed below or elevated above 
the surface ; its color is usually whitish and glistening 
when old, red or purple when young. 

Cicatrizant (sik'-at-ri-za7it)[cicatrix, a scar]. 1. Tend- 
ing to cicatrize or heal. 2. A medicine that aids the 
formation of a cicatrix. 

Cicatrization (sik-at-riz-a' -shun) [cicatrix, a scar]. 
The process of healing. 

Cicer (si'-ser) [L.]. A genus of leguminous plants. 
See Chick-pea. 

Cicuta (sik-u'-tah) [L.]. A genus of umbelliferous 
plants. C. virosa. See Cowbane. 

Cicutin (sik-u'-tin) [cicuta, hemlock]. I. An alkaloid 
obtained from Cicuta virosa. 2. The same as Conein. 

Cicutoxin (sik-zt-toks'-in) [cicuta, hemlock ; to^ikov, 
poison]. The poisonous active principle of Cicuta 
virosa. It is a viscid, non-crystallizable liquid of un- 
pleasant taste and acid reaction. 

Cider (si'-der) [ME., cidre]. The expressed juice of 
apples or pears. C. Brandy. See Apple-Brandy. 
C. Vinegar. See Vinegar. 

Cigaret (sig-ar-ef). See Cigarette. 

Cigarette (sig-ar-ef) [Fr. , dim. of cigare, a cigar]. A 
roll of inflammable material medicated and adapted for 
smoking. Nasal catarrhs and spasmodic attacks of 
dyspnea are among the disorders sometimes treated 
by cigarette-smoking. C. -makers' Cramp. See 
Cramp. 

Cigarmakers' Cramp. See Cramp. 

Cigue (se-gu-e) [Fr. ] . Cicuta. 

Cilia (sil'-e-ah) [cilium, the eyelid or lash]. The eye- 
lashes. Also, the locomotor and prehensile organs 
of certain infusoria, and the hair-like appendages 
of certain epithelial cells, whose function it is to 
propel fluid or particles along the passages that 
they line. 

Ciliariscope (sil-e-ar' -is-kop) [cilium, eyelid ; cKoireiv, 
to look at]. An instrument (essentially a prism) for 
examining the ciliary region of the eye. 

Ciliary (sil' -e-a-re) [cilium, an eyelash]. Pertaining to 
the eyelid or eyelash, and also by extension to the C. 
Apparatus, or the structure related to the mechanism 
of accommodation. C. Arteries — anterior, posterior 
long, and posterior short, branches of the ophthalmic 
artery, supplying the recti muscles, the ciliary appara- 
tus, and the posterior structures of the eye, with the 
exception of the retina. See Arteries, Table of. C. 
Body, the ciliary muscle and processes. C. Canal, 
the canal of Fontana. See Canal. C. Ganglion, the 
ganglion at the apex of the orbit, supplying the ciliary 
muscle and iris. See Ganglia, Table of. C. Muscle, 
the muscle of accommodation, whose contraction les- 
sens the tension upon the suspensory ligament of the 



CILIATE 



298 



CINEREA 



lens. See Muscles, also, Eye. C. Nerves, branches 
of the ophthalmic ganglion supplying the anterior 
structures of the eyeball and the accommodative 
apparatus. See Nerves, Table of. C. Neuralgia, 
neuralgic pain of the eye, brow, temple, etc. C. 
Processes, circularly arranged choroidal foldings 
continuous with the iris in front. C. Region, the 
pericorneal or "danger" zone, corresponding to the 
position of the ciliary body. C. Zone, the ciliary 
processes collectively. 

Ciliate, or Ciliated (sil'-e-at, or -a-ted) [cilium, an eye- 
lash]. Having cilia. 

Ciliation (sil-e-a' -shun) [cilium, an eyelash]. The con- 
dition of having cilia. 

Cilio-spinal (sil-e-o-spi'-nal) [cilium, an eyelash; 
spina, the spine] . Relating to the ciliary zone and the 
spine. C. Center. See Center. 

Cilium (sil'-e-um). [L.]. See Cilia and Eyelash. 

Cillo (sil'-o), or Cillosis (sil-o'-sis) [cilium, an eyelash]. 
A continued trembling of the eyelid. 

Cillotic {sil-ot'-ik) [cilium, an eyelash]. Pertaining to 
or affected with cillo. 

Cimbia (sim'-be-ah) [L.]. The white band seen upon 
the ventral aspect of the crus cerebri, the tractus pedun- 
culi transversus of Gudden. 

Cimbial (sim'-be-al) [cimbia, a cincture]. Relating to 
the cimbia. 

Cimex (si'-?neks) [L., a bug]. A genus of hemipterous 
insects. C. lectularius, the common bed-bug. A 
disgusting insect that infests beds, furniture, and the 
walls of bed-rooms, and that feeds on the human body, 
puncturing the skin and injecting an irritating fluid to 
increase the flow of blood. It is characterized by the 
repulsive odor of its secretion. 

Cimicifuga (sim-is-e-fu' -gah) [cimex, a bug ; fugare, 
to drive away]. Black Snake Root, Black Cohosh. 
The root of C. racemosa, ord. Ranunculaces. A 
stomachic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, expectorant, 
and diuretic. Its action on the heart is similar to that 
of digitalis. It is efficient as a tonic in many cardiac 
diseases, in functional impotence, and ovarian neural- 
gia. C, Ext. fid. (alcoholic). Dose tT\v-xxx. C, 
Ext. liquid., (B. P.). Dose rrLiij-xxx. C, Tinct., 
20 per cent, in strength. Dose ITlxv-^j. Macrotin 
(unof.), a resinous extract. Dose gr. ^4-ij. 

Cimicifugin (sim-is-e-fu 1 '-gin) [cimex, a bug ; fugare, 
to drive away]. The precipitate from a tincture of the 
root of Cimicifuga racemosa; it is an antispasmodic, 
diaphoretic, nervin, emmenagogue, parturient, and 
narcotic. Dose I to 2 grains. As an oxytocic, 2 to 3 
grains, to be repeated in from 40-60 minutes, if neces- 
sary. Unof. 

Cimolia (sim-o'-le-ali), Cimolite (sim'-o-lit) [KifiaXIa, 
earth]. Cimolian earth ; a white, soapy clay formerly 
brought from the Greek island of Cimolus. The 
ancients prized it as a remedy ; now little used, ex- 
cept in the Levant. 

Cina (sV-nah) [L.]. The plant Artemisia santonica. 
See Santonica . 

Cinchamidin (sin-ham' ' -id-in) [cinchona ; amidin~\, 
C, H, (i N. 2 O. An alkaloid frequently present in 

commercial cinchonidin. 

Cinchocerotin (sin-ko-ser-o' ' -tin)[cinchona ; cera, wax], 
C 27 H 48 G\ 2 . A white crystalline alkaloid of calisaya bark. 

Cinchona (sin-ko'-nali) [from the Countess of Cinchon]. 
Peruvian .Bark. The bark of several varieties of cin- 
chona, a tree native to the eastern slopes of the Andes 
and cultivated in India, the most valuable being C. 
calisaya. Other varieties are C. succirubra, red bark, 
C. condaminea, pale bark, C. pitayenis, pitaya bark, 
and C. micrantha. Cinchona bark contains 21 alka- 
loids, of which 4, quinin, cinchonin, quinidin and cin- 



chonidin, are the most important. Cinchona has the 
same physiologic action and therapeutic uses as its chief 
alkaloid, quinin. See Quinin. It is also an astringent, 
bitter and stomachic tonic, stimulating appetite and 
promoting digestion, beneficial in atonic dyspepsia and 
adynamia, but especially useful in malarial affections. 
C, decoctum (B. P.). Dose ,§j-ij. C. Febrifuge. 
See Quinetum. C, Ext. Dose gr. j-v. C, 
Fid. Ext. Dose TT\x-3J. C, Ext. liquidum 
(B. P.). Dose TTLv-x. C, infusum, bark o, arom. 
sulphuric acid 1, water 93 parts. Dose 3J-3J. C, In- 
fus, Acidum (B. P.). Dose 3J-ij. C. rubra, red cin- 
chona, the bark of C. succirubra. C, Tinct., 20 per 
cent, of the bark. Dose 3 ss— ij. C, Tinct., Comp., 
red bark 10, bitter-orange peel 8, serpentaria 2, alcohol 
8oparts. Dose ^j-^ss. Huxham's Tinct. of Bark, 
red bark 3 iv, orange peel j^iij, serpentaria gr. lxxx, 
Spanish saffron gr. clx, cochineal gr. lxxx, brandy ^ xl, 
digested four days, expressed and filtered. Dose 3 ss-ij . 

Cinchonamin (sin-ko' -nam-in) [cinchona; amin\, C 19 - 
H., 4 N 2 0. An alkaloid of cuprea bark. It occurs in 
glistening, colorless crystals that are nearly insoluble 
in water, and but slightly soluble in ether. 

Cinchonicin (sin-kon' -is-in) [cinchona], C 20 H 24 N. 2 O. 
An artificial alkaloid derived from cinchonin. 

Cinchonidin, or Cinchonidina (sin-kon' -id-in, or sin- 
kon-id-i'-nah), C 20 H 24 N 2 O. An alkaloid derived from 
cinchona. It is a crystalline substance resembling 
quinin in general properties. C. salicylate (unof.) 
has decided anti-malarial properties. C. sulph., (C., - 
H 24 N 2 0) 2 H 2 S0 4 .3H 2 0, less bitter than quinin and 
valuable as an antipyretic. Dose gr. j-xx or more. 

Cinchonina, or Cinchonin (sin-ko-ni'-nali, or sin'-ko- 
nin) [cinchona : gen., Cinchonirue], C 19 H 22 N 2 0. An 
official alkaloid derived from cinchona. It is a color- 
less crystalline body, similar to quinin in therapeutic 
effects, but less active, producing much headache and 
some muscular weakness. C. sulph., (C I9 H 22 N 2 0) 2 - 
H 2 S0 4 .2H 2 0. Soluble with difficulty in water, but 
soluble in acidulated water. Dose gr. v-xxx. 

Cinchoninic Acid (sin-ko-nin'-ik). See Acid. 

Cinchonism (sin'-ko-niz?n) [cinchona']. The systemic 
effect of cinchona or its alkaloids in full doses. The 
symptoms produced are a ringing in the ears with 
deafness, headache, often severe, giddiness, dimness 
of sight, and a weakening of the heart's action. 

Cinchonize (sin' -ko-niz) [cinchona']. To bring under 
the influence of cinchona or its alkaloids. 

Cinchotin (sin'-kot-in) [cinchona] , C ]9 H 24 N 2 0. An 
almost insoluble crystalline alkaloid derived from a 
species of cinchona bark. 

Cincinulus (sin-sin 1 -u-lus) [k'iklvvvXoi;, a curl]. In 
biology, small hooks attached to the stylamblys of 
crustaceans. 

Cincture (singk' -tilr) [cinctura, a girdle]. A belt or 
girdle. C. -feeling, a sensation as if the waist were 
encircled by a tight girdle. 

Cinene (si-nen') [cina, wormseed]. See Dipentene. 

Cineol (sin'-e-ol) [cina, wormseed; oleum, oil], C in - 
H ](i O. The principal constituent of wormseed, caje- 
put, and eucalyptus oils. It is a pleasant camphora- 
ceous liquid, inactive to polarized light, that boils 
between 176 and 177 C, and crystallizes at — 1° C. ; 
its sp. gr. at 16 is 0.923. 

Cineraria (sin-er-a' -re-aK) [cinerarius, pertaining to 
ashes]. A genus of composite plants. C. maritima, 
the juice of this plant has been long used in Venezuela 
in the belief that, dropped in the eye, it would cause 
the absorption of cataract. Unof. 

Cinerea (sin-e'-re-ah) [cinereus, ashen]. The gray, 
cineritious, or cellular substance of the brain, spinal 
cord, and ganglia. C, Lamina, a thin layer of gray 



CINERKl M 



299 



substance extending backward above the optic com- 
missure from the termination of the corpus callosum to 
the tuber cinereum. 

Cinereum, Tuber. See Tuber Cittereum. 

Cineritious (sin-er-ish'-us) [cineres, ashes]. Ash-like 
or pertaining to ashes. C. Substance, the cortex of 
the brain, from the color of the same. C. Tubercle, 
the tuber cinereum. 

Cinesiology [sin-es-e-oP '-o-je). See Kinesiology. 

Cinesis (sin-e-sis ). See Kinesis. 

Cinesitherapy (sin-es-e-t/ier' -a-pe). See Kinesitherapy. 

Cinetica (sin-et'-ik-ah) \_Kiveiv, to move]. Medicines 
or diseases that aflect the motor apparatus. 

Cingulum (sing / -gu-lum) \_cingere, to gird:'//., Cin- 
gte/a~\. I. A girdle or zone; the waist. 2. Herpes 
zoster, or shingles, q. v. 

Cinnabar (sin'-ab-ar) [nwvafiapi, a pigment]. Mercuric 
sulphid, HgS. See Hydrargyrum and Vermilion. C- 
green. Same as Chrome-green. 

Cinnamene (sin'-am-en). See Styrol. 

Cinnamic [sin-am 1 ' -ik) [rawii^u/ior, cinnamon]. Per- 
taining to or derived from cinnamon. C. Acid. See 
Acid. C. Aldehyd. See Aldehyd. 

Cinnamomum, or Cinnamon [sin-am-o f -mum, or 
sin' -am-on) \_Kivvap.ujiov, cinnamon : gen. ,Cinnamomi~\. 
The inner bark of the shoots of several species of 
Cinnamomum , native to Ceylon and China, the latter 
being known in commerce under the name of cassia. 
Its properties are due to a volatile oil. It is an 
agreeable carminative and aromatic stimulant, useful 
when combined with opium for flatulence, colic, 
enteralgia, etc. C, Aqua, 2 parts of oil in iooo of 
water. Dose ^j-ij. C, Ext. Fid. Arom., contains 
aromatic powder io parts, alcohol 8 parts. Dose 
rrix-xxx. C, Oleum, the volatile oil. Dose gtt. 
j-v. C, Pulv. Comp. (B. P.), cinnamon bark, 
cardamom-seeds, and ginger. Dose gr. iij-x. C. sai- 
gonicum, Saigon cinnamon. C, Spt., io per cent, 
of the oil in spirit. Dose TTLv-xxx. C, Tinct., io 
per cent, of the powdered bark in alcohol. Dose g ss- 
ij. C. zeylanicum, Ceylon cinnamon. Pulvis 
aromaticus, aromatic powder, cinnamon, ginger, aa 
35, cardamom, nutmeg, aa 15. Dose gr. x-xxx. C- 
brown. Same as Phenylene-brown. 

Cinnamyl (sin' -am-il) [nivva/iw/iov , cinnamon], C 9 H 7 0. 
The radicle believed to exist in cinnamic acid. 

Cionectomy (si-on-ek' '-fo-me) \_kiov, the uvula; iKTO/ifj, 
a cutting out]. Ablation of the uvula. 

Cionitis (si-on-i' -tis) [ki&ji>, the uvula ; mc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the uvula. 

Cionoptosis (si-on-op-to' '-sis) \_kiuv, uvula ; irraaig, a 
drooping]. Prolapse of the uvula. 

Cionorrhaphia (si-on-or-af -e-ah) \_kiuv, the uvula ; 
patpri, a suture]. See Staphylorrhaphy. 

Cionotome (si-on' '-o-tom) \jduv, the uvula; rofxog, cut- 
ting]. An instrument for cutting off the uvula. 

Cionotomy (si-on-ot' -o-me) \jtiav, uvula; rofzi/, a sec- 
tion]. Incision of the uvula. 

Circinate (sir' -sin-dt) \_circi?taties, circular] . In biology, 
rolled inward from the top, like a crozier. C. Erup- 
tion. See Wandering Rash. 

Circinus (sir'-sin-us) \_K.ipiavoc, circle]. Herpes zoster ; 
zona. 

Circle (sir'-ki) [kIpkoc, a circle]. A ring; a line, every 
point of which is equi-distant from a point called the 
center. C. of Diffusion. See Diffusion. C.ofHaller, 
1 . The plexus of vessels formed by the short ciliary 
arteries upon the sclerotic, at the entrance of the optic 
nerve. 2. The circulus venosus mammoe. See also 
Circulns. C. of Willis, the remarkable arterial anasto- 
mosis at the base of the brain. The passage between 
the anterior cerebral arteries anteriorly, and the internal 



CIRCULATION 

carotids and middle and posterior cerebral arteries pos- 
teriorly, by communicating vessels. 




Circle of Willis. 
1. Middle cerebral artery. 2. Internal carotid artery. 3. Pos- 
tern- median perforating. 4. Posterior cerebral artery. 
5. Superior cerebellar artery. 6. Anterior inferior cerebellar 
artery. 7. Anterior communicating artery. 8. Antero-lateral 
perforating. 9. Anterior choroid. 10. Posterior communi- 
cating, n. Posterior choroid. 12. Basilar artery. 13. Crus 
cerebelli cut. 

Circuit (ser'-kit) \circuitus, a going round] . The course 

of an electric current. C. -breaker, an apparatus for 

interrupting the circuit of an electric current. 
Circulation (sir-ku-la-' shun) \circulatio, a circular 

course]. The passage of the blood through various 

vessels ; distinguished as 

capillary, fetal, portal, 

pulmonary, etc. C, 

Cross, a laboratory ex- 
periment in which the 

vessels in one vascular 

area of an animal are 

separated from the rest 

of the circulation by 

ligation of anastomos- 
ing channels, and then 

supplied with blood 

from the circulation of 

a second animal. In 

this way, for example, 

the vascular area of the 

head may be isolated, 

and precluded from 

receiving chloroform 

inhaled by the lungs, 

but which is distributed 

to other parts of the 

body. By connecting 

the cerebral ends of the 

severed carotid arteries 

of one dog with the car- 
diac ends of the severed 

carotids of another dog, 

the cerebral and gen- 
eral circulatory systems 

of the first dog may pre- 
sumably be separated. 

The first animal is 

called the fed, and the Scheme of the Circulation. 

animal supplying the a. Right, *, left auricle. A. Right 

blood the feeder. The 

experiment is of little 

value. C, Collateral, 

that through branches 

and secondary channels 

after stoppage of the 

principal route. C, 

Fetal, that of the 

fetus, including the circulation through the placenta 




B, left ventricle. 1. Pulmonary 
artery. 2 Aorta. /.Area of pul- 
monary circulation. K. Upper 
area of systemic circulation- 
G. Lower area of systemic cir- 
culation, o. The superior vena 
cava. n. Inferior vena cava, d, 
d. Intestine, m. Mesenteric ar- 
tery' a. Portal vein. L. Liver. 
h. Hepatic vein. (Landois.) 



CIRCULUS 



300 



CIRSOMPHALOS 



and umbilical cord. C, First, or Primitive, that of 
the embryo, a closed system, carrying nutriment and 
oxygen to the embryo. C, Placental, the fetal 
circulation. C, Portal. See Portal System. C, 
Pulmonary, the circulation of blood through the 




The Fetal Circulation. 
a. Umbilical vein. b. Ductus venosus. c. Ductus arteriosus. 
d. Hypogastric arteries, e. Mesenteric arteries and vein. 
f. Portal vein. 

lungs by means of the pulmonary artery and veins, 
for the purpose of oxygenation and purification. C, 
Second, the fetal circulation, replacing the omphalo- 
mesenteric system. C, Systemic, the general circu- 
lation, as distinct from the pulmonary circulation. 
C, Third, that of the adult. C, Vitelline, first, or 
primitive circulation. 

Circulus [sir' -ku-lus) [L.]. A circle. C. arteriosus, 
the circle of Haller. The plexus of arteries that 
surrounds the outer border of the iris. C. iridis 
minor, an arterial circle near the pupillary border of 
the iris. C. venosus mammae (or Halleri), a 
ring of anastomosing veins that surround the nipple. 

Circum- (sir'-kum-) [L.]. A prefix meaning around, 
about. 

Circumagentes (sir-kum-aj-en f -tez) [L. , "causing to 
revolve"]. I. The oblique muscles of the eye. 2. 
The infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles that 
revolve the arm. 

Circumanal [sir-kum-a'-nal) [circum, around ; anus, 
the fundament]. Periproctous ; surrounding the anus. 

Circumcision [sir-kion-sizh' -un) [circunicidere, to cut 
around]. Excision of a circular piece of the prepuce. 

Circumclusion (sir-kum-klu 1 '-z/iun) [circum, around ; 
cludere, to close]. A form of acupressure in which 



the pin is passed beneath the vessel, a wire loop placed 
over its point, and its ends brought over the artery and 
made fast. 

Circumcorneal (sir-kum-kor' -ne-al) [circum, about ; 
corneus, horny]. Around or about the cornea. 

Circumduction [sir-kum-duk' '-shun) [circumducere, to 
lead around]. The movement of a limb in such. a 
manner that its distal part describes a circle, the proxi- 
mal end being fixed. See Motion. 

Circumference [sir-hum 1 '-fer-ens) [circumfere, to carry 
around] . The distance around a part. 

Circumflex [sir'-kum-jleks) [circumflectere, to bend 
about]. Applied to a number of arteries, veins and 
nerves. 

Circumgyration [sir-kum-ji-ra' -shun) [circum, around ; 
gyrare, to turn]. See Vertigo. 

Circuminsular (sir-kuiu-in'-su-lar) [circum, about; 
insula, island]. . Surrounding the island of Reil. 

Circumlental [sir-kum-len' '-tal) [circum, around ; lens, 
a lentil; lens]. Surrounding the lens. C. Space. 
See Space. 

Circumnuclear (sir-kum-nu'-kle-ar) [circum, about; 
nucleus, kernel]. Surrounding the nucleus. 

Circumnutation (sir-kum-nu-ta' -shun) [circum, 
around; nutare, to nod]. In biology, a bowing suc- 
cessively toward all points of the compass. Applied 
to the movements of young and growing organs. 

Circumocular (sir-kum-ok' '-u-lar) [circum, about ; 
oculus, eye]. Surrounding the eye. 

Circumoral (sir-kum-o' -ral) [circum, about ; os, 
mouth]. Surrounding the mouth. 

Circumpolarization [sir-kum-po-lar-iz-a' -shun) [cir- 
cum, around ; polus, pole.] The quantitative estima- 
tion of sugar in a suspected liquid by the degree of 
the rotation of polarized light, sugar rotating the 
ray to the right, albumin to the left. 

Circumrenal [sir-kum-re f -nal) [circum, about; ren, 
the kidney]. Around or about the kidneys. 

Circumscribed (sir'-kum-skribd) [circumscribere , to 
draw a line around]. Strictly limited or marked off; 
well defined ; distinct from surrounding parts, as a 
circumscribed inflammation or tumor. 

Circumvallate (sir-kum-val'-dt) [circumvallare, to sur- 
round with a wall] . Surrounded by a wall or promi- 
nence. C. Papillae, certain papillae at the base of the 
tongue. 

Cirrhonosus [sir-on' -o-sus) [K/p/)rfc, yellow ; v6goq, dis- 
ease]. 1. A fetal disorder, marked by yellowness of 
the serous membranes. 2. Abnormal post-mortem 
yellowness of any surface or tissue. 

Cirrhose [sir-os') [cirrus, a tendril]. In biology, pro- 
vided with tendrils. 

Cirrhosis [sir-o'-sis) [nippdc, reddish-yellow ; from the 
color of the cirrhotic liver]. Increase and thickening 
of the connective tissue of an organ, especially of the 
liver. C, Biliary, a form due to chronic retention of 
bile in the liver from long-continued obstruction in the 
bile-ducts from any cause. C, Fatty, a rare form in 
which the hepatic cells become infiltrated with fat. 
The surface is smooth and the organ enlarged, but 
very tough, owing to increase in the interstitial connec- 
tive tissue, which does not contract. This form is 
usually seen in the intemperate. 

Cirrhotic (sir-ot'-ih) [tappuc, yellow]. Affected with, 
or relating to, cirrhosis. C. Kidney. See Bright' s 
Disease. 

Cirsocele (sir* -so-sel) [ntpooc, a varix ; Krfkri, tumor]. 
A varicose tumor, especially of the spermatic cord. 

Cirsoid [sir'-soid) [Kipobq, a varix; A&oq, likeness]. 
Resembling a varix, or dilated vein. 

Cirsomphalos (sir-som'-fal-os) [niptsoq, varix; bu<pak6g, 
navel]. A varicose condition of the navel. 



CIRSOPHTHALMIA 



301 



CLARIFYING 



Cirsophthalmia (sir-sojf-thal' -rne-ah) [\upa6q, varix ; 
bytiaXjioc, the eye]. I. Ophthalmia, with an apparent 
varicose condition of the conjunctival vessels. 2. 
Corneal staphyloma, with an appearance of varicosity 
of the surface. 

Cirsotome (sir' 'so-torn) [mpcoc, a varix ; TOfxfj, a cut- 
ting], A cutting instrument for the operation of cir- 
sotomy. 

Cirsotomy (sir-sot' -o-me) [ntpaog, varix ; re/aeiv, to cut]. 
Excision of a varix. 

Cisma (siz'-mali). Same as Absus. 

Cismatan (sis'-mat-an). Same as ^fcm. 

Cissampelos (sis-am' -pel-os) [kkjooq, ivy ; a/nreXog, a 
vine] . A genus of climbing menispermaceous plants. 
The root of C. capensis, of South America, is cath- 
artic and emetic. C. pareira, of tropical America, 
false pareira brava (</. v.), is tonic and diuretic. 

Cistern (sis' -tern) \_cisterna, a vessel; receptacle]. I. 
Any dilatation : reservoir. 2. Any dilatation of the 
space between the pia and arachnoid. The cisterns are 
true lymph-sacs. C. of Pequet. See Receptaculum 
chyli. C. of the Cerebrum. See Cistern, 2. 

Cisterna (sis-ter'-nah) [L.]. Same as Cistern. C. 
ambiens, one of the pockets situated over the optic 
lobes. C. magna, a large cisterna where the arach- 
noid spreads across from the caudad border of the 
cerebellum to the oblongata. C. perilymphatica, in 
the ear, a large space adjacent to the foot-plate of the 
stapes. 

Cistus (sis'-tus) [niarog, the rock-rose]. A genus of 
plants of the order Cistaceas, growing in the old world. 
C. oreticus, C. cyprius, C. ladaniferus, and C. 
ledon afford the drug labdanum, or ladanum. 

Citerior (si-te'-re-or) [L. , "hither"]. Brainward, 
centripetal, or afferent. 

Citrate (sit' -rat) [citrus, citron-tree]. Any salt of cit- 
ric acid. 

Citrene (sit'-ren) [citrus, citron-tree], C 10 H 16 . Hes- 
peridene ; carvene. The oil of Citrus aurantia, and 
the chief ingredient of cedar oil, cumin oil, and dill 
oil. It occurs associated with pinene in lemon oil. 
It is an agreeable-smelling, colorless liquid, sp. gr. 
0.846 at 20 , and boiling at 175-176°. 

Citric (sit'-rik) [citrus, citron-tree]. Pertaining to or 
derived from lemons or citrons. C. Acid. See Acid. 

Citrine (sit' -rin) [citrus, a lemon]. Yellow; of a lemon 
color. C. Ointment. See Hydrargyrum. 

Citronella (sit-ron-el' -ah) [dim. of Kirpov, the citron- 
tree]. A fragrant grass. C. Oil, the essential oil of 
various grasses, mostly of the genus Andmpogon ; 
used chiefly as a perfume ; antirheumatic. Unof. 

Citrus (sit' -rus) [L. ]. A genus of aurantiaceous trees. 
See Aurantium, Bergamot, Lime, Limon. 

Cittosis (sit-to' -sis) [/drra, niaaa, pica] . Pica ; a long- 
ing for strange or improper food. 

Civet (siv'-et) [ME.]. A semi-liquid, unctuous secre- 
tion from the anal glands of Viverracivetta, V. zibet ha, 
and V. rasse, carnivorous old-world animals, them- 
selves called civets. It is now used as a perfume ; 
formerly as an antispasmodic and stimulant, like musk. 
Unof. 

Civiale's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Clacking Pivot, or Tenon (klak'-ing piv'-ot). Clack 
pivot ; a method of attaching an artificial crown to the 
root of a natural tooth ; it was invented by Magiola. 

Cladocarpous (klad-o-kar' -pus) [nXaSor, a branch ; 
KapTroc;, fruit]. In biology, having the fruit borne at 
the end of short lateral branches. 

Cladocerous (klad-os' -er-us) [tdiaSoc, a branch ; Kipar, 
horn]. In biology, with branched antennas. 

Cladode (klad'-od) [nXadoc, a branch ; eldoc, form]. In 
biology, branch-like. See Phyllocladium. 



Cladodont (kind' -o-donf) [Kkatioq, a branch ; bthhg, 
tooth]. Same as Hybodont. 

Cladonea (klad-o'-ne-ah) [/cXdrSoc, a branch]. A genus 
of lichens. C. rangiferina, the reindeer-moss ; a 
lichen that grows extensively in Asia, Europe and N. 
America. It is used as a food in famine-seasons, and 
is locally distilled, affording an alcoholic spirit. 

Cladophyl (klad'-o-fil) [kXA6oq , a branch ; ovXTiov, a 
leaf]. In biology, a branch that in form mimics a 
leaf. Same as Cladode. 

Cladoptosis (klad-op-to' -sis) [iOASqc,, a branch ; iriirreiv, 
to fall]. In biology, the annual falling of twigs bear- 
ing leaves instead of the leaves alone. 

Cladose (klad'-os) [aXadog, a branch]. In biology, 
ramose or branched. 

Cladothrix (Idad'-o-thriks) [kA&Aoc;, branch; dpi!;, a 
hair]. A genus of bacteria, having long filaments, in 
pseudo-ramifications, with true spores. See Bacteria, 
Synonymatic, Table of. 

Clairaudience (kldr-aiu' -de-ens) [Fr. clair, clear ; audi- 
ence, hearing]. The alleged telepathic hearing of 
sounds uttered at a great distance. 

Clairvoyance (klar-voi'-ans) [Fr. clair, clear ; voir, to 
see]. The alleged ability (in certain states) , to see 
things not normally visible ; the pretended ability to 
see the internal organs of a patient, and thus diagnos- 
ticate his ailments. 

Clamp (klamp) [Ger. Klampe~\. An instrument for 
compressing the parts in surgical operations, to fix 
them or to prevent hemorrhage, etc. C, Gaskell's, 
an instrument applied over the heart so that the 
pulsation of the auricles and ventricles may be 
separately registered ; it is used in the study of cardiac 
pulsation. 

Clang (klang) [nAayyij, a clang]. A sharp metallic 
sound ; a hoarse voice. C. -deafness, a defect of hear- 
ing in which sounds are heard, but their more delicate 
qualities are not perceived. C.-tint, the timbre, or 
delicate shading of a tone. See Timbre. 

Clap (Map) [OF., clapoir, a venereal sore]. Gonor- 
rhea. C. -threads, characteristic slimy threads in the 
urine of gonorrheal cystitis. 

Clapotage (klah-po-ta(h)zh') [Fr.]. The splashing 
sound of a liquid in succussion. 

Clapping (klap'-ing). See Percussion and Tapotement. 

Clapton's Lines. See Lines, Table of. 

Claquement (klahk' -mon(gj) [Fr. , clapping, slapping], 

1. In massage, percussion with the flat of the hand. 

2. The clack, or flapping sound caused by sudden 
closure of the heart- valves. 

Claret (klar'-et) [clarus, clear] . A wine of a light-reA 
color. C.-red. See Pigments, Conspecttis of. C. 
Stain. Same as Navus matemus. 

Clarificant (klar'-if-ik-ant) [clarus, clear]. A sub- 
stance used for the purpose of clearing solutions turbid 
from insoluble matter. 

Clarification (klar-ifik-a' -shun) [clarus, clear ; facere, 
to make]. The operation of removing the turbidity 
of a liquid or naturally transparent substance. It may 
be accomplished by allowing the suspended matter to 
subside, by the addition of a clarificant or substance 
that precipitates suspended matters, or by moderate 
heating. See Fining. 

Clarify (klar'-if-i) [clarus, clear; facere, to make]. 
To free a liquid or solution from insoluble or hetero- 
geneous substances. To make clear. 

Clarifying (klar' -if-i-ing) [clarus, clear; facere, to 
make]. Clearing ; purifying. C. Reagent, any pre- 
paration used for purifying microscopic and anatomic 
preparations that have been mounted in gummy media. 
Oil of cloves, turpentine, creasote, xylol, and oil of 
bergamot are the chief. 



CLARIONET-PLAYER'S CRAMP 



302 



CLEARING 



Clarionet-player's Cramp. See Cramp. 

Clark's Operation. See Operations, Table of. C. 
(Alonzo), Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Clarke's Corroding Ulcer. An ulcer of the cervix 
uteri that shows a tendency to spread. C. Inter- 
medio-lateral Tract. See Column of. C. Poste- 
rior Vesicular Column. See Column of. C. Pro- 
cess. See Water, Softening of C. Rule, a rule for 
dosage. The dose is to be graded by the weight of the 
child. One hundred and fifty pounds is taken as the 
weight of an average human adult, and in order to 
obtain the fractional dose this number serves for the 
denominator of a fraction whose numerator corresponds 
to the weight of the child in avoidupois pounds. Thus, 
the formula for a child of 50 pounds would be y^ or 
1 of the dose for the adult. 

Clasmacytosis (klas-mah-si-to' -sis). Same as Clasma- 
toeytosis. 

Clasmatocyte (klas-maf '-o-sit) [nXdafia, fragment; 
Kirroc, cell], A form of very large connective-tissue 
corpuscles that tend to break up into granules or 
pieces. 

Clasmatocytosis (klas-mat-o-si-to' -sis) [kTJloiw., a frag- 
ment ; Kvrog, a cell] . The breaking up of clasmato- 
cytes, and the formation of islands of granules from 
their debris. 

Clasp (Hasp) [ME., claspen, to grasp firmly]. In 
mechanical dentistry, a hook fitted to a tooth and de- 
signed for the retention of a dental substitute or other 
apparatus to be worn in the mouth. In biology, an 
apparatus at the end of the male abdomen in certain 
insects, intended to grasp the female. C. -knife 
Rigidity, a reflex spasmodic action of the legs from 
increased myotatic irritability, as a result of which 
extension is, as it were, completed with a " spring," 
as in the knife. 

Classification (klas-ifik-a' -shun) \_dassis, a class ; 
facere, to make]. An orderly arrangement of names, 
objects, diseases, etc., according to their properties and 
peculiarities. 

Clastothrix (klas' ' -to-thriks). Synonym of Trichorrhexis 
nodosa. 

Clathrate (klath' -rat) [nXijdpa, a lattice]. In biology, 
latticed ; a name given by Mohl to cribriform cells ; 
also written clathroid. 

Clathrocystis (klath-ro-sis' '-lis) [aXr/Opa, a trellis; kvotiq, 
pouch]. A genus of microbes with round or oval cells, 
forming zoogloeee in the form of circular layers. See 
Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Clathrose (klath' -ros) [ickydpa, a lattice]. In biology, 
having deep furrows crossing at right angles. 

Claudication, or Claudicatio (klaw-dik-a'-shun, 
klaw-dik-a' -she-o) [daudicare, to halt or limp]. The 
act of limping ; lameness. 

Claudius, Doctrine of. The doctrine that, in the pro- 
duction of fetal monstrosities, attributes the atrophic 
changes primarily to the reversal and impairment of 
the circulation, consequent upon the overpowering vigor 
of the stronger fetus. C, Cells of, the outer epithe- 
lial layer of the ducts of the cochlea. 

Claustrophobia (klaws-tro-fo' -be-ah) [daustra, a bolt ; 
<p6[3oc, fear]. Morbid distress at being in any room or 
confined space ; clithrophobia. 

Claustrum (klaius' -truni) [daudere, to shut : pi., Claus- 
tra\. A barrier ; applied to several apertures that may 
be closed against entrance. Also, a layer of cinerea (gray 
nervous matter) between the insula and the lenticula. 

Clausura (klaw-su'-rah) [L.]. Closure; atresia; as of 
a passage. C. tubalis, closure of a Fallopian tube. 
C. uteri, an imperforate state of the uterine cervix. 

Clava, Clavola, or Clavolet (kla'-vah, kla'-vo-lah, or 
kla'-vo-let) [clava, a club]. I. In biology, clubbed 



at the end, as the antennae of certain insects. 2. See 
Funiculus gracilis. 

Clavate (klav'-at) [clava, a club.] In biology, club- 
shaped. Applied to a stigma, antenna, or other organ 
that is thick toward the apex and gradually narrowed 
toward the base. 

Clavation (klav-a'-shun) \_clavatio ; davits, a nail]. 
Same as Gomphosis. 

Clavelization (klav-el-iz-a' -shun) [Fr. , clavelee, sheep- 
pox]. Inoculation with sheep-pox virus ; ovination. 

Claven, or Claviculen (kla'-ven, kla-vik'-u-len)[clavis, 
a key]. Belonging to the clavicle in itself. 

Claviceps (klav' -is-eps) [clava, club; caput, head"]. A 
genus of fungi. C. purpurea, the fungus produc- 
ing the ergot of rye. 

Clavicle (klav'-ik-l) \_clavicula ; davits, a. key]. The 
collar-bone. See Bones, Table of. 

Clavicular (kla-vik' -u-lar) [davits, a key]. Relating 
to the clavicle. 

Clavilla marginales (kla-vW -ah mar-jin-al' -ez) [L.]. 
The ' ' olfactory clubs ' ' or marginal clubs in Medusa: ; 
also called Cordyli marginales. 

Clavula (klav'-u-lah) [clava, a club]. In biology, 
applied to various clubbed organs ; as, a knobbed 
bristle in echinoderms, or the swollen receptacle of 
some fungi. 

Clavus (kla'-vus) [davits, a nail, a wart, a corn]. 
Corn ; a hyperplasia of the horny layer of the epider- 
mis, in which there is an ingrowth as well as an out- 
growth of horny substance, forming circumscribed 
epidermal thickenings, chiefly about the toes. Corns 
may be hard or soft, the latter being situated between 
the toes, where they are softened by maceration. Both 
forms are due to pressure and friction. C. hysteri- 
cus, a local neuralgic pain in hysteria, anemia, etc. , 
in the head, as if a nail were being driven in. 

Claw (klaw) [AS., dawn, a claw]. The stalk, or con- 
tracted base of a petal. In biology, the hooked limb 
or appendage of an animal. C.-hand, a condition 
of the hand characterized by over-extension of the 
first phalanges and extreme flexion of the others. 
The condition is a result of atrophy of the interosseous 
muscles, with contraction of the tendons of the com- 
mon extensor and long flexor. (French, main-en- 
griffe.) 

Clayed Sugars (klad sug'-arz). Sugars that have been 
freed from the dark molasses by covering them in 
moulds by moist clay, which allows of a gradual 
washing and displacement of the adhering syrup. 

Cleaning (klen'-ing) [ME., clensen, to make clean]. 
Cleansing ; removal of dirt ; purifying. C. Mix- 
ture for Glass, I. Potassium bichromate 2 parts, 
water 10 parts, sulphuric acid 10 parts ; dissolve the 
potassium in the water with heat, pour into a warm 
bottle, add the sulphuric acid slowly and at intervals. 
2. Nitric acid (cone.) 2 parts, sulphuric acid 3 parts. 

Cleansings (klen' -zingz) [ME., clensen, to clean^. 
The lochia. 

Clearer (kler'-er). See Clearing Mixture. 

Clearing (kler'-ing) [ME., cleren, to make clear]. 
Clarification ; making clear. See Fining. C. Agent, 
a substance used in microscopy to render tissues trans- 
parent and suitable for mounting. To replace alcohol 
in a dehydrated section, creasote, turpentine, xylol, and 
the oils of bergamot, cedar, cloves, and origanum are 
used. For celloidin sections, Bergamot or cedar oil or 
creasote is preferable. Before mounting vegetable sec- 
tions, glycerin, solution of carbolic acid, liquor potasss, 
alcoholic solution of potash, liquor ammonia;, solution 
of chloral hydrate, Javelle water, Labarraque's solu- 
tion, are used. See Stains, Table of C. Mixture, 
a fluid used in microscopy for rendering sections trans- 



CLEAVAGE 



303 



CLINICIST 



parent after dehydration. It must be miscible with the 
mounting medium. A very satisfactory and generally 
applicable mixture is the following : Carbolic acid crys- 
tals 4 parts, rectified oil of turpentine 6 parts. 

Cleavage [kle / -vaj) [ME. , cleven~\ . I . The linear clefts 
in the skin indicating the general direction of the 
fibers. They govern to a certain extent the arrange- 
ment of the lesions in skin-diseases. The lines of 
cleavage run, for the most part, obliquely to the axis 
of the trunk, sloping from the spine downward and 
forward ; in the limbs they are mostly transverse to 
their longitudinal axis. 2. A mode of cell-division. 

Cleavers (kW-verz). See Galium aparine. 

Cleft [kleji) [ME., clift]. I. A fissure ; crevice. 2. 
The crotch, or point of junction of the legs. 3. In 
botany, divided half-way, as a leaf. C. Face. See 
Schistoprosopia. C. , Ocular, a fissure in the embryo, 
leading from the mouth to the eye. It is situated 
between the fronto-nasal process and the superior 
maxillary plate. C, Olfactory. See Olfactory. C. 
Palate, a congenital malformation of the palate, 
usually occurring with hare-lip. C. Sternum, con- 
genital fissure of the sternum. C, Visceral, or 
Branchial. The four slit-like openings on each side in 
the cervical region in the fetus, sometimes called the 
Branchial openings. The slits close (in the human 
fetus), except the upper, from which are developed 
the auditory meatus, tympanic cavity and Eustachian 
tube. See Branchial Clefts. 

Cleidal (kli'-dal) [kAe/c, clavicle]. Relating to the 
clavicle ; clavicular. 

Cleido- (kli'-do-) [itKeig the clavicle]. A prefix, mean- 
ing a relation to the clavicle. 

Cleido-hyoid [kli' -do-hi' -oid) [kXeic, clavicle ; voelStjc, 
shaped like the letter upsilon]. Relating to the clav- 
icle and the hyoid. 

Cleido-mastoid {kli' '-do-mas' '-toid) [/cAe/c, the clavicle ; 
/.mcrdc, the breast ; elSoc, like]. Pertaining to the 
clavicle and to the mastoid process. 

Cleistocarp {kits' -to-karp) \_k.aelgt6q, that may be 
closed; Kapiroc, fruit]. In biology, an ascocarp in 
which the spores are completely enclosed and from 
which they escape by the rupturing of its walls. 

Cleistogamy {ktis-tog'-am-e) [/cAe«rroc, that may be 
closed; ya/ioc, marriage]. In biology, self-fertiliza- 
tion in closed flowers. 

Cleithrophobia {kli-thro-fo'-be-ah) \_K.Xeidpov, a bolt ; 
<bo(3oc, fear]. Same as Claustrophobia, but a better 
formed word. 

Clematin {klem' -at-in) \_K?;7jfiaric, clematis]. An 
alkaloid from Clematis vitalba. 

Clematis {klem'-at-is) \_K?,r//j.arig, clematis]. A genus 
of ranunculaceous plants of many species, most of 
which are acrid or poisonous. C. corymbosa is 
powerfully irritant and resistant. C. crispa and C. 
erecta are diuretic and diaphoretic, and are said to be 
antisyphilitic. C. viorna, C. virginica, and C. 
vitalba are similar in properties to C. erecta. 

Clemens' Solution. See Arsenium. 

Clemot's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Cleptomania {klep-to-ma'-ne-ali). See Kleptomania. 

Cleptophobia (klep-to-fo'-be-ah) . See Kleptophobia. 

Clergyman's Sore-Throat. A chronic hypertrophic 
form of pharyngitis, with more or less enlargement of 
the tonsils and lymph-follicles of the posterior wall, 
due to excessive and improper use of the voice. 
Dysphonia clericorum. See also Pharyngitis, 
Granular. 

Clerk-Maxwell's Experiment. See Lozve's Ring. 

Clethrophobia {kleth-ro-fo' -be-all) \_KAfidpov, a bar, bolt ; 
<p6po<;, fear]. Same as Claustrophobia. 

Clevenger's Fissure. See Fissures, Table cf. 



Clichy White. Same as White Lead. 

Clicking Sounds (klik'-ing sounds). Peculiar sharp 
sounds heard in auscultating the apex of a tuberculous 
lung. They indicate the commencement of softening 
in a tuberculous deposit. See Rale. 

Cliff-Rose (klif'-roz). See Alonsenel. 

Climacteria [kli-mak-te' -re-aK). Syn. of Menopause . 

Climacteric [kli-mak-ter'-ik, or kli-mak' -tcr-ik) [_kai/x- 
aicri/p, the round of a ladder]. A period of the life- 
time at which the system was believed to undergo 
marked changes. These were at yearly periods 
divisible by seven. C. Age, puberty ; also in women 
the time of cessation of the catamenia. C, Grand, 
the 63d year, also the 81st year. C. Dentition. See 
C. Teething. C. Insanity. See Insanity. C. 
Teething, the development of teeth at a very late 
period of life, after the loss of those of the second 
dentition, and usually between the sixty-third and 
eighty-first year, the grand climacteric years of the 
Greek physiologists. 

Climate {kli'-mat) [kaiim, a region, or zone, of the earth]. 
The sum of those conditions in any region or country 
that relate to the air, the temperature, moisture, sun- 
shine, winds etc., especially in so far as they concern 
the health or comfort of mankind. Climate is an essen- 
tial factor in the production of or modification of cer- 
tain diseased conditions. This influence depends upon 
the nearness of the country to large bodies of water, its 
altitude above the sea-level, the peculiarities of its 
atmosphere, the nature and composition of its soil and 
subsoil, and the character of its vegetation. The most 
equable climate is that of the ocean, and next from a 
therapeutic point of view stands the sea-coast. The 
climate of mountains is especially lauded for the treat- 
ment of pulmonary disease. Its value consists in the 
rarefaction of the atmosphere and the freedom from 
particles and germs. Climate also plays an important 
part in the management of hay-fever and other 
diseases. 

Climatic {kli-mat* '-ik) [_K?Jfia, a region or zone of the 
earth] . Pertaining to climate. 

Climatology (kli-mat-ol'-o-je) \jOajia, climate, a clime; 
Aoyoc, science]. The science of climate. 

Climatotherapy {kli-mat-o-ther' -a-pe) \jOdjia, clime ; 
depaiTEia, a waiting on]. The employment of clima- 
tic measures in the treatment of disease. 

Climbing Staff-tree. False Bittersweet. The bark 
of the root of Celastrus scandens, alterative, diuretic 
and slightly narcotic. It has been advantageously 
employed in syphilitic and scrofulous affections. Dose 
of fld. ext. 3J-ij. Unof. See Celastrus. 

Clinandrium (klin-an' -dre-um) \_kXivt], a bed ; avr/p, a 
man]. In biology, a cavity at the apex of the column 
in orchids in which the anthers rest. This is also 
called the Androclinium. 

Clinantheum [klin-an' -the-um) [kAivij, bed ; avdoc, a 
flower]. In biology, the receptacle of a composite 
plant. 

Clinic (klin'-ik) \_k\ivikoc , pertaining to abed]. I. Medi- 
cal instruction given at the bedside, or in the presence 
of the patient whose symptoms are studied and whose 
treatment is considered. 2. A gathering of instructors, 
students, and patients, for the study and treatment of 
disease. 

Clinical {klin'-ik-al) \_kMvik6c, pertaining to a bed]. 
Relating to bedside treatment, or to a clinic. 

Clinician {klin-ish' -an) [k'aivikoc; pertaining to a bed]. 
A physician whose opinions, teachings, and treatment 
are based upon experience at the bedside ; a clinical 
instructor ; one who practises medicine. 

Clinicist {klin'-is-ist) [kaivikoc, pertaining to a bed]. 
A clinician. 



CLINOCEPHALIA 



304 



CLUBBED FINGERS 



Clinocephalia [kli-no-sef-a f -le-aK) [kaLw], bed ; Ki^aTJj, 
head]. Abnormal flatness of the top of the head. 

Clinocephalous [kli-no-sef -al-tcs) [tc/dvr/, bed : K.e<pa?j, 
head]. Having the top of the head abnormally 
flat. 

Clinodactylous [kli-no-dak' -til-us) \kKivuv, to flex or 
lie; daKTvXoq, finger]. Pertaining to an abnormal 
flexure, deviation or curvature of the fingers or toes. 

Clinoid (kli'-noid) [kXivti, a bed ; eMoc, likeness]. Re- 
sembling a bed ; applied to sundry bony structures of 
the body, as the clinoid processes, plate, walls, etc. 

Clinostat (kW -no-stal) [kXivuv, to incline ; arardg, 
placed]. An apparatus for regulating the exposure of 
plants to the sunlight. 

Clip (klip). See Compressor. 

Clire, or Clyers {kli'-er,ox kli'-erz) [E. dial.]. Tuber- 
culous disease of cattle. See Kernels. 

Cliseometer (Jdis-e-om'-et-er) \kXloiq, inclination ; 
fihpov, a measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
degree of inclination of the pelvic axis. 

Clistocarpous [klis-to-kar' -pus) \k\elgtoc, that can be 
closed; napirdg, fruit]. In biology, having a closed 
capsule, as certain mosses. 

Clithrophobia (klith-ro-fo'-be-ah). Same as Cleithro- 
phobia. 

Clitoralgia (klit-or-al' -je-ali) \_KXeiropic, the clitoris ; 
d't.yoc, pain]. Pain referred to the clitoris. 

Clitoridectomy [klit-or-id-ek'-to-me) [/cAe/rop/c, clitoris ; 
iKTo/irj, excision]. Excision of the clitoris. 

Clitoris [klif -or-is) [/c/Ucrop/c, clitoris] . The homologue 
in the female of the penis, attached by two crura or 
branches to the ischio-pubic rami, which meet in front 
of the pubic joint to form the body, or corpus. The 
so-called "gland" is such only in appearance and 
name. C. Crises, paroxysms of sexual excitement in 
women suffering from tabes. 

Clitorism {klif -or-izm) [«/lctrop/r, the clitoris]. -I. En- 
largement or hypertrophy of the clitoris. 2. Tribadism. 

Clitoritis (klit-or-i' -tis) [/c/torop/f, clitoris ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the clitoris. 

Clitorotomy (klit-or-otf -o-me). Incision of the clitoris. 

Clitorrhagia [klit-or-a' -je-ali) [/olecropi'f, clitoris ; 
pr/yvvvat, to burst]. Hemorrhage from the clitoris. 

Clivus (kli'-vus) [L., aslope]. Aslope. C. Ossis, or 
C. of Blumenbach, the slanting surface of the body 
of the sphenoid between the dorsum sellse and the 
basi-occipital. 

Cloaca iklo-a'-kali) [cloaca, a sewer] . I . In early fetal 
life, the common orifice of the intestine and the allan- 
tois. 2. In surgery, the long canal of escape of pus 
from a necrotic sequestrum. 3. In biology, the cham- 
ber into which open the large intestine and urogenital 
ducts of birds, amphibians and monotremata. 

Cloacal (klo-a'-kal) [cloaca, a sewer]. Pertaining to or 
serving as a cloaca. 

Clonic [klon'-ik) [k?,6voc, commotion]. Applied to 
convulsive and spasmodic conditions of muscles in 
which alternate contractions and relaxations occur in- 
voluntarily. 

Clonici (Jdon'-is-i) [L.]. Diseases marked by clonic 
spasm. 

Clonism, Clonismus {klo'-nizm, klo-niz' -mus) [/c/Wvoc, 
commotion]. A clonic spasm; clonospasm. 

Clonospasm {Hon 1 ' -o-spazm) \_ka6voc, commotion ; 
arraaijdg, a spasm]. A clonic spasm. 

Clonus (klo'-nus) \k\6voc, commotion]. Involuntary, 
reflex, irregular contractions of muscles when put sud- 
denly upon the stretch. According to the part stimu- 
lated, the phenomenon is spoken of as ankle, foot, 
rectus, or wrist C, etc. See Reflexes, Table of. It is 
a valuable diagnostic sign in certain lesions of the 
spinal cord. Cathodal closure clonus, and Catho- 



dal opening clonus, etc. See Cont>-aclion. See 
Ankle C. , Wrist C, etc. 

Clopemania [klo-pe-ma' '-ne-aJi\ \_k/.o~>i, robbery; uavia, 
mania]. See Kleptomania. 

Cloquet, Angle of. See Angle. C, Canal of. ' See 
Canals, and Hyaloid Artery. C, Fascia of, the sep- 
tum crurale, a. v. C, Ganglion of. See Ganglia, 
Table of. C, Hernia of. See Hernia, and Diseases, 
Table of C, Needle Test of. See Death, Signs of. 
C, Operation of. See Operations , Table of. C, 
Pseudoganglion of. See Pseudoganglion. 

Closing Tetanus [klo'-zing tet'-an-us). See Galva no- 
ton us. 

Clostridial (klos-trid'-e-al) [kIucstt/p, a spindle]. Re- 
ferring to spindle-shaped bacilli and especially to the 
agent of the butyric acid fermentation. 

Clostridium (klos-trid' -e-uni) [kAugttjp, a spindle: //., 
Clostridia'] . A genus of bacteria, differing from bacilli 
in the fact that their spores are formed in character- 
istically enlarged rods. See Bacillus butyricus, under 
Bacteria. 

Closure (klol-zur) \clausura, a closing]. The act of 
completing or closing an electric circuit. According 
as a closure is anodal or cathodal, its effects may so 
differ as to give it a marked significance in diag- 
nosis. 

Clot (klot) [ME., clot, a round mass]. A coagulum, 
especially that of blood ; a crassamentum. See Throm- 
bus, Embolism. White clots are formed of the pure 
fibrin of white corpuscles and of blood-plaques. If the 
white clot has become slightly stained with red blood- 
cells, it becomes yellowish {chicken-fat clot) ; if it be 
red and soft, it is a currant-jelly clot. Stratified clots 
contain layers of more than one variety. C, Distal, 
a clot formed in a vessel beyond the seat of ligature. 
C. -districts, the small divisions into which a clot is 
broken by the dissemination through it of the fibro- 
blastic plasma-corpuscles. C, Proximal, the clot 
formed in a vessel above the seat of ligature. 

Clotbur [klot ; - or klot' -bur). The leaves of Xanthium 
strumarium, much used as a domestic remedy for bites 
of poisonous insects and venomous serpents. Also an 
active styptic. Dose of the fluid extract Jjj— ij. Unof. 
See also Spiny Clotbur. 

Clottage of the Ureters. An operation proposed in 
case of hematuria from a kidney hopelessly crushed 
or with advanced carcinoma. The procedure consists 
in blocking or corking up the ureter with a clot. 

Cloudberry (klowd'-ber-e). The leaves of Rubus cha- 
mamorus, used in Russia as a diuretic. Dose gj to 
a cupful of boiling water. Unof. 

Cloudy Swelling. Parenchymatous degeneration ; a 
swelling up of the elements of a tissue by imbibition 
or accretion, a form of hypertrophy with a tendency to 
degeneration. 

Clove (klov). See Caryophyllus. C. -hitch Knot, a 
form of double-knot in which two successive loops are 
made close to one another on the same piece of cord 
or bandage, a half-twist being given to the junction of 
each loop at the time of making it. See Knot. 

Clover's Gas and Ether Inhaler. See Anesthetic. 

Clownism {klown 1 -izm) [ME., cloune~\. Charcot's 
term for that stage of hystero-epilepsy in which there 
is an emotional display and a remarkable series of con- 
tortions or cataleptic poses. 

Club (klub) [ME., club, a club]. In biology, a broad 
ending of an antenna. C.-foot. See Talipes. C- 
hand, a deformity of the hand similar to that of club- 
foot. 

Clubbed Fingers (klubd fing'-gerz). Knobbed defor- 
mity of the finger-ends, with curvature of the nails, 
seen in some cases of pulmonary and cardiac disease. 



CLYERS 



305 



COCAIN 



Clyers [kli'-erz). See Clire and Kernels. 
Clypeate {klip' -e-at) [clypeus, a shield]. In biology, 
shaped like a buckler. 

Clyster {His' '-ter) [k'avot/'/p, an injection]. An enema. 

Cnemis (ne'-mis) [Kv?//nig, a legging]. The tibia or 
shin-bone. 

Cnemitis {ne-mV -tii) [kv>'//i>/, shin ; irtr, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the tibia. 

Cnicin [ni'-sin) [kvtjkoq, a plant of the thistle kind], 
C,,H 56 15 . A crystalline bitter substance found in 
Blessed Thistle. 

Cnidoblast {ni' -do-blast) [icvldq, a nettle ; filaordc, a 
germ]. In biology, the budding thread-cell or urticat- 
ing cell. 

Cnidocell (ni'-do-sel) [c -n/da, a nettle ; cella, a cell]. 
In biology, a lasso-cell, nematocyst, or urticating cell. 

Cnidocil [ni'-do-sil) \_cnida, a nettle ; cilium, an eye- 
lash]. In biology, the thread of a nematocyst. 

Cnidophorous (nid-off'-or-tis) [nvidrj, a nettle ; <j>ipeiv, 
to bear]. In biology, 'bearing lasso-cells or nemato- 
cysts. 

Cnidosis (tii-do'-sis) [avidr], nettle]. Urtication ; net- 
tle-rash. 

Coacervate (ko-as-erv' '-at) [coacervare, to heap up]. 
In biology, clustered, bunched; said of grains or 
flowers. 

Coach [kocli). See Quizzer. 

Coachmen's Cramp. See Cramp. 

Coadnate {ko-ad'-nat) [con, together; adnatus, 
bunched]. In biology, clustered. 

Coagulant {ko-ag' -u-lanf) \_coagulare, to curdle]. I. 
Causing the formation of a clot or coagulum. 2. A 
coagulating agent. 

Coagulated {ko-ag'-u-la-tcd) [coagulare, to curdle]. 
Clotted; curdled. C. Proteids, a class of proteids 
produced by heating solutions of egg- albumin or 
serum-albumin globulin suspended in water or dis- 
solved in saline solutions, up to loo° C. At the body- 
temperature they are readily converted into peptones 
by the action of the gastric juice in an acid, or of 
pancreatic juice in an alkaline medium. 

Coagulation {ko-ag-u-la'-shun} [coagulatio, a clot- 
ting]. The formation of a coagulum or clot, as. in 
blood or in milk. 

Coagulative {ko-ag* -u-la-tvv) [coagulare, to curdle]. 
Causing or marked by coagulation. C. Necrosis. 
See Necrosis. 

Coagulum (ko-ag' '-u-luni) [coagulare, to curdle : pi. , 
Coaguld\. Clot. The mass of fibrin, enclosing red 
and colorless corpuscles and serum, that forms from 
the plasma of the blood after the latter has been 
drawn from the body. Also, the curd of milk, and 
the insoluble form of albumin. 

Coal [kol) [ME., cole~\. A solid and more or less 
distinctly stratified mineral, varying in color from dark- 
brown to black, brittle, combustible, and used as a fuel ; 
not fusible without decomposition, and very insoluble. 
C, Anthracite, the hard variety of coal, used largely 
as a heating-agent. It contains but little hydrogen, 
and is mainly (over 90 per cent. ) composed of pure car- 
bon. C, Bituminous, is black or grayish-black in 
color, of a resinous luster, and somewhat friable, being 
easily broken into cubical fragments of more or less 
regularity ; upon ignition it burns with a yellow flame. 
When heated to bright redness in retorts or ovens, free 
from the access of air, the volatile matter, composed of 
carbon compounds of hydrogen and oxygen with water, 
passes off. It is used in the manufacture of gas. C, 
Cannel is much more compact than gas or coking 
coals, duller in appearance, possessing a grayish-black 
to brown color, and burning with a clean candle-like 
flame. It does not soil the hands, and is not readily 
20 



fractured. C, Brown, or Lignite, appears to occupy 
an intermediate position between the bituminous coals 
and wood. It retains the ligneous structure of the 
material from which it is formed, hence the name 
Lignite. The vegetable remains are in a great many 
cases quite distinct. The color varies from yellowish- 
brown in the earthy, to black in the more compact, 
coal-like varieties. It does not yield coke. It is used 
as fuel in some localities. Peat, or Turf, occurring in 
large areas in Ireland and in some parts of Europe, 
consists of the decayed remains of certain forms of 
plants. It has been destructively distilled for tarry 
products, without profit, however. C. -miner's Lung. 
See Miner's Lung. C.-tar, a by-product in the 
manufacture of illuminating gas ; it is a black, viscid 
fluid of a characteristic and disagreeable odor. The 
specific gravity ranges from 1. 10 to 1. 20. Its compo- 
sition is extremely complex, and its principal constitu- 
ents are separated, one from the other, by means of 
fractional distillation. C.-tar Colors. See Pigments, 
Colors, and Dycstuffs. 

Coalescence (ko-al-es'-ens) [coalescere, to grow to- 
gether]. The union of two or more parts or things. 

Coaptation (ko-ap-ta'-shun) [con, together; aptare, to 
fit]. The proper union or adjustment of the ends of a 
fractured bone, the lips of a wound, etc. 

Coarctate (ko-ark'-tat) [coarctare, to press together]. 
Crowded together. 

Coarctation (ko-ark-ta' '-shun) [coarctare, to put to- 
gether]. A compression of the walls of a vessel or 
canal, thus narrowing or closing the lumen ; reduction 
of the normal or previous volume, as of the pulse ; 
shrivelling and consequent detachment, as of the 
retina. A stricture. 

Coarctotomy {ko-ark-tot'-o-me) [coarctatus, constricted ; 
re/nveiv, to cut]. The cutting of a stricture. 

Coarse (kors) [ME. , course]. Not fine; gross. C. 
Adjustment. See Adjustment. C. Features of 
Disease, macroscopic organic lesions, such as tumor, 
hemorrhage, etc. 

Coarticulation (ko-ar-tik-u-la' -sluai) [con, together; 
articulare, to join, articulate]. A synarthrosis. 

Coat (kof) [cottus, a tunic]. A cover, or membrane 
covering a part or substance. C, Buffy, the upper 
fibrinous layer of the clot of coagulated blood, marked 
by its color, and absence of red-corpuscles. 

Coates's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Coating (kot'-ing) [cottus, a tunic]. A covering, as of 
a wound, the tongue, etc. C. of the Tongue, a con- 
dition of the tongue indicative of abnormality of the 
digestive tract. C. of Pills, a covering of various sub- 
stances to conceal the taste in swallowing. 

Cobalt (ko'-bawlt) [Kobold, a German mythologic 
goblin]. A tough, heavy metal having some of the 
general properties of iron. Its oxids have been em- 
ployed in medicine, but are now very little used. See 
Elements, Table of. C.-blue. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. C. -green. Same as Rinmann's Green. 
C.-red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C. -ultra- 
marine. Same as Cobalt-blue. C. -yellow. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Cobweb {kob'-iveb) [ME., cobweb, a spider's web]. 
Tela aranea, spider's web. The web of a common 
house spider, Tegeneria domestica. It is a styptic recom- 
mended for bleeding after tooth-extraction, and in 
pulmonary tuberculosis, in 30-grain doses. It forms 
a serviceable moxa, with the aid of the blowpipe. 

Coca (ko'-kah). See Erythroxylon. 

Cocain {ko'-kah-in, or ko'-kan) [S. A. , coca~\ , C 17 H 21 N0 4 . 
The chief alkaloid extract of Erythroxylon coca. It 
is at first stimulant and afterward narcotic, and resem- 
bles cajfein in its action on the nerve-centers, and 



COCAINISM 



306 



COCHIN CHINA 



atropin in its effects on the respiratory and circulatory 
organs. Its long-continued use {cocain-habit) is 
followed by insomnia, decay of moral and intellectual 
power, emaciation, and death. Locally, it is a pow- 
erful anesthetic in a limited area of surface. It acts 
most rapidly on mucous tissues. Applied to the con- 
junctiva of the eye it causes also dilatation of the 
pupil and paralysis of the function of accommodation. 
Applied to the tongue it temporarily destroys the sense 
of taste. Dose gr. %-i). See also Anesthetic. C.- 
Bug, an imaginary insect which cocainomaniacs fre- 
quently think they are infested with; a belief that is pro- 
bably due to some formicational sense-perversion. C, 
Ceratum, I in 30, for burns, etc. C. Citras, used in 
dentistry to ease aching teeth. C. Hydrochloras , 
or chlorid of cocain, C n H 21 N0 4 Cl, more properly 
cocain chlorid, most commonly used for local anes- 
thesia in 2-8 per cent, solution. Dose, internally, gr. 
\- ij. C. Hydrochlorat., Liquor. (B. P.). DosetTLij-x. 
Injectio C. Hydrochlorat., Hypoderm. ; 1 grain in 
20 minims. C., Lamellae (B.P.), each containing 
gr. y^j of cocain hydrochlorate. C. Oleas, a 10 
per cent, solution in oleic acid, for external use. C. 
Phenas or Carbolas, a topical application in catarrhs 
and in rheumatism. Used as a five to ten per cent, 
alcoholic solution, also internally, gr T V~i- 

Cocainism (ko-ka* '-in-izni) [S. Amer. coca\. The 
cocain-habit. 

Cocainization (ko-ka-in-iz-a' 'shun) [S. Amer., coca~\. 
The bringing of the system or organ under the influ- 
ence of cocain. 

Cocainomania {ko-ka-in-o-ma'-ne-ah) \cocain; fiavia, 
madness]. The habit of using cocain; properly, 
insanity due to the cocain-habit. 

Cocainomaniac {ko-ka-in-o-ma f -ne-aji) \cocain ; jiavia, 
madness]. One who is insane from the effects of 
cocain. 

Cocamin (ko' -kam-in) [S. Amer. coca; amin\, 
C 19 H 23 N0 4 . Truxillin, or Isotropyl-cocain ; an alkaloid 
from coca. It has active properties, but its physio- 
logic effects are little known. 

Coccaceae (kok-kas 1 '-e-e) [Fr. , coccacees ; KOKimg, a ker- 
nel]. A group of schizomycetous fungi, or bacteria, 
including as genera the Micrococcus, Sarcina, Asco- 
coccus, and Leuconostoc. The elements are normally 
spherical, reproduction usually taking place by divi- 
sion. Some writers place the genus Leuconostoc alone 
in this group ; others exclude it entirely. 

Coccidia (kok-sid'-e-ah) [kokkoc, a berry]. The so-called 
psorospermia — minute oval structures about 0.035 mm - 
long, with a thick capsule and coarsely granular con- 
tents. They are frequently found in the liver of the 
rabbit, and have been found in the liver, in a pleuritic 
exudate, and in the kidney, ureter, and heart-muscle 
in man. The organism is more properly called Coc- 
cidium oviforme, while the spores that it forms are 
termed psorospermiae. 

Coccidiosis (kok-sid-V '-o-sis) \_kokkoc, a berry; voaoc, 
disease]. The group of symptoms produced by the 
presence of coccidia in the body. 

Coccidium (kok-sid' -e-uin) \_k6kkoc, a berry : //. , Coc- 
cidia]. 1. In biology, applied (a) to the spore-bearing 
conceptacle of certain algae, and (b) to egg-shaped 
psorosperms. 2. A genus of protozoans, by some re- 
ferred to as the so-called psorosperms (see Psorosperm). 
See Coccidia. C. oviforme has been found in intes- 
tinal epithelium, and in the liver of man, and often in 
the liver of the rabbit. True coccidia are non-motile 
cell-parasites. C. sarkolytus, the name given by 
Adamkiewicz to the parasite of carcinoma. 

Coccillana (kok-sil-a'-7iah) [S. Amer.]. The bark of 
Guarea swartzii, of the W. Indies, a tree of the fam- 



ily Meliacece, an emetic and purgative ; in over-doses it 
is poisonous as an irritant narcotic. It acts locally upon 
the mucous membrane when directly applied or when 
absorbed. It is commended for bronchial catarrh. Dose 
of fl. ext. ffi^x-xxx. Unof. 

Coccinella (kok-sin-el'-ah). See Cochineal. 

Coccinellin [kok-sin-el' -in) , or Coccinellina (kok-se- 
nel' -lei-na). See Carmin. 

Coccinin (kok' -sin-in) \_coccitius, scarlet], C ]4 H 12 5 . I. 
A substance obtained by heating carmic acid with po- 
tassium hydrate. It crystallizes in yellowish leaflets 
from an alcoholic solution. 2. A coal-tar color belong- 
ing to the azo-group. Same as New Coccin and Phene- 
tol Red. 

Coccobacteria (kok-o-bak-te' -re-ali) \_kokkoc, a kernel ; 
jianTTjpLov, a little rod]. The rod-like or spheroidal 
bacteria found in putrefying liquids, and called C. 
septica. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Coccoloba (kok-ol'-o-bah) \_cocolobis, a kind of grape]. 
A genus of polygonaceous trees of tropical America. 
C. uvifera, the sea-side grape, has a hard and valu- 
able wood, which, when boiled, yields what is called 
Jamaica kino. 

Coccomelasma ( kok-o-mel-az' -mah ) \_kokkoq, berry ; 
ficAaa/ia, blackness]. A granular dermal melanosis. 

Cocculus (kok'-u-lus) [dim. of coccus, a berry]. A 
genus of menispermaceous plants of the tropics. C. 
indicus, is the dried fruit of Anamirta cocculus. It 
is an active narcotic poison, and is employed as a de- 
stroyer of vermin ; its preparations have proved ser- 
viceable for headaches, dysmenorrhea, etc. See Picro- 
toxin. 

Coccus (kok'-ns) \_k6kk.oq, a berry]. I. A cell or cap- 
sule. 2. In biology, (a) the separable carpels or mit- 
lets of dry fruits ; (b) a spherical bacterium, a micro- 
coccus. C. cacti, the cochineal insect. See Cochineal. 

Coccyalgia (kok-se-al' -je-ah) \_k.6kkv^, coccyx ; akyoc, 
pain]. Coccygodynia. 

Coccydynia (kok-se-din' -e-ah). See Coccygodynia. 

Coccygalgia (kok-sig-aV-je-ah). See Coccygodynia. 

Coccygeal [kok-sif -e-al) \_kokkv%, coccyx]. Pertaining 
to the coccyx. 

Coccygectomy (kok-sig-ek' -to-7ne) \k6kkv^, coccyx ; 
hKTOfirj, excision]. Surgical excision of the coccyx. 

Coccygeus (kok-sij'-e-us) \_kokkv!;, coccyx]. One of 
the pelvic muscles. See Muscles, Table of. 

Coccygodynia (kok-sig-o-din' -e-ah) [kokkvI;, coccyx ; 
bS'vvrj, pain]. Pain referred to the region of the coc- 
cyx ; confined almost exclusively to women who have 
given birth to children. The pain is due to a rupture 
or stretching of the ligaments surrounding the coccyx, 
or to fracture or dislocation of that bone. 

Coccygotomy (hoh-sig-ot'-o-ine) \_kokk.v^, coccyx ; toutj, 
a cutting]. Cutting of the coccyx. 

Coccyx (kok'-siks) \_k.6kkv^, the cuckoo (resembling the 
bill) ]. The last bone of the spinal column, formed 
by the union of four rudimentary vertebrae. See 
Bones, Table of. 

Cochenille [Fr. ]. Same as Cochineal. 

Cochia lyko'-ke-ah, or ko 1 '-che-ah) [L. ; of Gr. kokkiov, a 
pill]. An old, but not obsolete, name for certain 
drastic and mainly aloetic pills (pilula cochite). The 
name cochia is now adjectival. 

Cochin China (ko'-chin chi'-nah) [native Asiatic]. A 
country of lower Asia. C. Diarrhea, a form of 
tropical diarrhea dependent upon the presence in the 
intestine of a thread-worm, Anguillula intestinalis, 
and its larval offspring. C. Leg. Synonym of 
Elephantiasis arabum. C. Ulcer, an affection of 
Cochin China characterized by deep ulceration of the 
extremities. It is supposed to be the same as 
Purunculus orientalis. 



COCHINEAL 



307 



CCELOSPERM 



Cochineal (koch'-in-el, or koch-in-el') [ME., cut- 
chaneal\ The dried insects of a species of plant 
lice, Coccus cacti , parasitic upon a cactus of Mexico 
and Central America. It contains a rich red coloring- 
matter, carmin, used mainly as a dyeing agent. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. It is thought to be valuable 
in infantile whooping-cough. Dose gr. )A\. 

Cochlea (kok' '-le-aK) [kox^-oc, a conch-shell]. A cav- 
ity of the internal ear resembling a snail-shell. It 
describes two and a half turns about a central pillar 
called the modiolus or columnella, forming the spiral 
canal, about 1)4 inches in length. The latter is di- 
vided into three canals or scalse, — the scales tympani, 
vestibuli, and media. See also, Ear. 2. In botany, 
a coiled legume, like that of Medicago. 







Cochlea. 
1. Scala tympani. 2. Scala vestibuli. 3. Anterior or triangu- 
lar canal. 4. Posterior or quadrilateral canal. 5, 5. Spiral 
ligament. 6. External spiral sulcus. 7. Membrana tectoria, 
or membrane of Corti. 8. Membrana basilaris. 9. Spiral 
vessel. 10. Limbus laminae spiralis, n. Pillars of Organ 
of Corti. 12. Branch of cochlear nerve. 13. Ganglion 
spirale. 14 Branch of cochlear nerve between the lamellae 
of the lamina spiralis ossea. 15. One of the orifices by 
which this branch penetrates the canal of Corti. 16. Part of 
bony cochlea. 17. Lining periosteum. 18. Membrane of 
Reissner. 

Cochlear {kok' '-le-ar) \_k6x^oc, a conch-shell]. Per- 
taining or belonging to the cochlea. C. Nerve, the 
nerve supplying the cochlea. See Nerves, Table of. 

Cochlear, or Cochleare ( kok' -le-ar, or kok-le-a'-re ) 
[L. : pi. , Cochlearia]. A spoon ; a spoonful. C. mag- 
num, a tablespoon ; C. medium, a dessert-spoon ; 
C. minimum, a teaspoon. 

Cochlearia (kok-le-ar' -e-ah). See Horseradish. 

Cochleate (kok'-le-dt) \_cochleatus, spiral]. Spirally 
coiled, like a snail-shell. 

Cochlitis (kok-li' -tis) [_kox^o^, a conch-shell ; mf, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the cochlea. 

Cockroach (kok'-roch). See Blatta. 

Coco (ko'-ko). Synonym of Yaws. See Frambmia. 

Coco, or Cocoa (ko'-ko) [Port., cacao\ See Cacao and 
Theobroma. C.-nut, the nut of Cocos nucifera, a 
palm-tree of tropical coast-regions. The oil is used 
as a substitute for cod-liver oil, and in Germany it is 
employed in pharmacy in the place of lard. C.-nut 
Fiber, coir. The coarse fibrous covering of the nut 
of the cocoa-palm is largely used in making brooms, 
brushes, matting, and coarse carpeting. The fiber is 
coarse, stiff, very elastic, round, and smooth like hair. 
It also has great tenacity, and is well adapted for 
cordage. C.-nut Oil, oleum cocois, is obtained from 
the dried pulp of the cocoa-nut by expression. It is 
an oil of the consistency of butter, fusing at from 73 to 
8o°F.(22.7° to 26.6 C). When fresh, it is white in 
color and of sweet taste and agreeable odor, but it 



easily becomes rancid. It is easily saponified, even 
in the cold. It is used in the manufacture of candles 
and soap. 

Cocomania (ko-ko-ma' -ne-ah). See Cocainomania. 

Cocomaniac (ko-ko-ma' -ne-ak). See Cocainomaniac. 

Cocoolein (ko-ko-o' -le-in) [Port., cacao; oleum, oil]. 
A proprietary substitute for cod-liver oil, said to be 
derived from cocoa-nut oil. 

Cocotte (ko-kof) [Fr.]. Synonym of Influenza. 

Coction (kok' -shun) [coctio ; coquere, to cook]. I. 
Digestion. 2. The preparatory alteration that morbific 
matter undergoes in preparation for its discharge. 

Cod (kod) [ME., cod]. 1. The scrotum. 2. The belly. 
3. In the plural, the testes. 4. The Gadusmorrhua, 
a fish furnishing a valuable medicinal product. C- 
liver Oil, an oil derived from the liver of the Gadus 
morrhua, and ranging in color according to the method 
of its preparation from pale-straw to dark-brown ; its 
specific gravity is .923 to .924 or even .930 at 15 C. 
The finer qualities are used for medicinal purposes, 
the darker by tanners and curriers. See Morrhua. 

Codamin (ko' -dam-in) [nuSeia, the head ; poppy-head ; 
amin~\, C 20 H 25 NO 4 . A crystalline alkaloid of opium, 
isomeric with laudanin. When ferric chlorid is added 
to it, it assumes a deep-green color. 

Codein (ko'-den) [icadeia, the poppy-head], C 18 H 21 N0 3 - 
H 2 0. A white, crystalline alkaloid of opium. It is 
mildly calmative and is serviceable in diabetes mel- 
litus. It is also valuable in ovarian pain. Dose gr. 
ss-ij. C. Phosphate, soluble in water. Similar to 
morphin in action, but less toxic. Dose, hypodermi- 
cally, gr. ss. C. Sulphas, dose gr. %-)4- C. Valeri- 
anate, an antispasmodic and sedative. Dose gr. ^. 

Codex (ko'-deks) [L. : //. , Codices']. A pharmacopeia 
or book of formulae ; specifically, the French pharma- 
copeia. 

Codie Pine Resin. See Cowdie-gum. 

Codonostoma (ko-do-nos'-to-mah) [/i'<jf?Gn;,abell ; a-6/ta, 
a. mouth]. In biology, applied to the oral or disc 
aperture of certain marine invertebrates, medusae, etc. 

Ccelelminth (se'-lel-minth). See Celelminth. 

Ccelia (se'-le-ak). See Celia. 

Cceliac (se'-le-ak). See Celiac. 

Cceliaca (se-li'-ak-ah). See Celiaca. 

Cceliadelphus (se-le-ad-el'-fus). See Celiadelphus. 

Coeliagra (se-le-a'-grah). See Celiagra. 

Coelialgia (se-le-al'-je-ali). See Celialgia. 

Ccelian, Cceline (se'-le-an, se'-lin). See Celeati, Celine. 

Coeliocyesis (se-le-o-si-e'-sis). See Celiocyesis. 

Cceliolymph (se'-le-o-limf). See Celiolymph. 

Cceliomyalgia (se-le-o-mi-al' -je-ali). See Celiomyalgia. 

Ccelioncus (se-le-ong'-kus). See Celioncus. 

Ccelioplegia (se-le-o-ple' -je-ah) \Koikia, the belly; 
vXriyh, a stroke]. A synonym of Asiatic cholera. 

Cceliopyosis (se-le-o-pi-o'-sis). See Celiopyosis. 

Cceliorrhcea (se-le-or-e'-ah). See Celiorrkea. 

Ccelioschisis (se-le-os'-kis-is). See Celioschisis. 

Ccelioscope (se'-le-o-skop). See Celioscope. 

Cosliotomy (se-le-ot'-o-me). See Celiotomy. 

Ccelitis (se-li'-tis). See Celitis. 

Ccelodont (se'-lo-dont) [koTaoc, hollow ; b&ovg, tooth]. 
Hollow-toothed, as certain lizards — the opposite of 
Pleodont, or solid-toothed. 

Ccelom, Cceloma (se'-lom, se-lo'-mah). See Celom. 

Coelophlebitis (se-lo-fe-bi'-tis). See Celophlebilis. 

Ccelophthalmia (se-loff-thal' -me-ah). See Celophlhal- 
mia . 

Ccelosis (se-lo'-sis). See Celosis. 

Ccelosoma (se-lo-so'-mah). See Celosoma. 

Ccelosperm (se'-lo-sperm) \_K01A0g, hollow ; crrip/ia, 
seed]. In biology, a seed so curved as to form a con- 
cavity on one of its surfaces. 



CCELOSTOMIA 



308 



COKE 



Coelostomia (se-lo-sto'-me-ah). See Celostomia. 

Ccelumbrella [sel-um-brel' -aK) {tcoiAoq, hollow ; um- 
brella, the disc of acalephs]. In biology, the con- 
cave surface of the gelatinous umbrella of Medusa. 

Ccenenchyma (se-neng' -kim-ah) \_KOcvog, common ; 
iyX?iv, to infuse]. In biology, the calcified tissue 
common to the several polyps of a compound Acti- 
nozoon. 

Ccenesthesis (sen-es-the'-sis). See Cenesthesis . 

Coenobium (se-no'-be-um) \_iwivog, common ; /3ioc, life]. 
In biology, a composite zoophyte or any colony of 
independent cells held together by a common invest- 
ment. 

Ccenoblast (se f -no-blast) [koivoc, common ; (iXagrdc;, a 
germ]. In biology, the primitive germinal layer, 
giving rise to the endoderm and mesoderm. 

Ccencecium [se-ne' -se-um) \_kolvoc, common ; clung a 
dwelling] . In biology, the common dermal system 
of a polyzoan colony. The polypidom of Johnson. 

Ccenosarc (se'-no-sark) \koivoc, common; ffdpf, flesh]. 
In biology, Allman's term for the "common living 
basis by which several polyps in a composite zoo- 
phyte are connected with one another." 

Ccenosteum (se-nos' -te-um) \koivoc, common ; baredv, 
bone]. In biology, the calcareous ectoderm of hy- 
drocorallines. 

Ccenotype (se'-no-tlp) [ kolvoc, common ; Timoc, type]. 
The fundamental type-form of a group. 

Ccenurus (se-niir'-us) [koivoq, common; ovpci, tail]. 
The larva of Tenia ccenurus, KUchenmeister, pro- 
ducing the disease of sheep called staggers. See also 
Alternations of Generation. C. cerebralis, a many- 
headed hydatid found mainly in the brain and spinal 
canal of the ox and sheep (mostly in young animals). 
Occasionally it has been discovered in the muscles of 
man. It is now known to be the larva of the tape- 
worm, Tania ccenurus. See Parasites {Animal), 
Table of. 

Cceroulignone [se-ru-lig' -non) \_cctruleus, blue ; lig- 
num, wood], C, fi H 1(i 6 . Cedriret ; a derivative of 
hexa-oxidi-phenyi. It separates as a violet powder 
when crude wood-spirit is purified on a large scale 
by means of potassium chromate. It is insoluble in the 
ordinary solvents, and is precipitated in fine, steel-blue 
needles, from its phenol solution, by alcohol or ether. 

Coffee (kof'-e). See Caffea. C.-bean, Kentucky, 
the popular name for Gymnocladus canadensis. C. - 
ground Vomit, the material ejected by emesis in 
carcinoma and ulceration of the stomach and other 
gastric conditions. It consists of blood and other 
contents of the stomach changed by the action of the 
gastric juice. C.-tree, Kentucky. See Chicot. 

Coffeinism {liof'-e-in-izm) \_caffea, coffee]. Excessive 
habitual use of coffee, or the state of ill-health that 
results from it. 

Coffer Dam, Barnum's. See Rubber Dam. 

Coffeurin {kofe-u'-rin) \_caffea, coffee; ovpov, urine]. 
A principle said to sometimes be present in urine after 
the free use of coffee as a beverage or medicine. The 
urine then has the odor of coffee, and its color is red, 
brownish, or deep-brown. 

Coffin (kof'-in) \_K6cpivoc;, a basket]. I. A case in- 
tended to hold the dead body. 2. In farriery, the 
hollow portion of a horse's hoof. C. -birth, post- 
mortem expulsion of the fetus. C.-bone, the last or 
distal phalanx of a horse's foot. 

Coffinism [kof -in-izm) [after Dr. Coffin, who advo- 
cated it]. A variety of quackery or professed system 
of medical practice. It resembles so-called Thom- 
sonianism. 

Cogged Breath-sound. Cog-wheel respiration or 
breathing. See Cog-wheel Sound. 



Cogwheel Breathing or Respiration. See Cogwheel 
Sound and Breath-sounds. C. Sound, a pathologic 
sound sometimes heard in auscultation of the lungs, 
due to interruptions in the accession of air to a part ; 
this gives the sound an intermitting character. See 
Breath-Sounds. 

Cohabitation (ko-hab-it-a' -shun) [con, together; 
habitare, to dwell]. The living together of a man 
and woman, with or without legal marriage. Sexual 
connection. 

Cohen's Method. A method of inducing premature 
labor. It consists in injecting fluid into the uterine 
cavity between the uterine wall and the ovum. See 
Treatment, Methods of. 

Cohesion [ko-he' -zhun) [coharere, to stick together]. 
The force whereby molecules of matter adhere to 
each other. The "attraction of aggregation." 

Cohn's Fluid. A fluid culture-medium. It is com- 
posed of potassium phosphate, o. I gm. ; magnesium 
sulphate, o. I gm.; tricalcic phosphate, 0.01 gm.; dis- 
tilled water, 20 gm. ; ammonium tartrate, 0.2 gm. 

Cohnheim's Areas. See Area. C. Fields. See Cohn- 
heim's Areas. C. Frog. See Salt-frog. C. Method, 
a method of staining tissues. See Stains, Table of. 
C. Theory, a theory as to the origin of tumors ; a 
satisfactory hypothesis, namely, to the effect that all 
true tumors are due to faulty embryonal development. 
The embryonal cells do not undergo the normal 
changes, are displaced, or are superfluous. When 
the favorable conditions are presented later in life 
they take on growth, with the formation of tumors of 
various kinds. 

Cohnstein's Operation. See Operations, Table of 

Cohobation [ko-ho-ba'-shun) \cohobare, to redistil]. 
1. Redistillation. 2. Recurrence of disease. 

Cohosh {ko'-hosh) [Am. Ind. ]. A name given to 
several medicinal plants. C, Black. See Cimicifuga. 
C, Blue. See Caulophyllum. 

Coil [koil) \_colligere, to gather together]. Rings formed 
by winding, as a wire. C. -gland. See Sweat-gland. 
C, Induction, rolls of wire in which an electric cur- 
rent is induced by the alternate opening and closing of 
a circuit. C, Leiter's. See Leitcrs Tubes. C, 
Ruhmkorff, an induction-coil, or spark-coil. 

Coiling (koil'-ing) \_colligere, to bind together]. Form- 
ing into spirals or rings. C. of the Cord. See Cord. 

Co'indication (ho-in-de-ka' '-shun) \_con, with ; indicare, 
to indicate]. A concurrent indication ; a collateral 
and confirmatory indication. Cf. Contraindication. 

Coin-test (koin'-test). See Baccelli's Sign, and Bell- 
Sound. 

Coir (kir) [Tamil, kayaru, a rope]. See Cocoanut- 
fiber. 

Coiter's Corrugator. The corrugator supercilii. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Coition (ko-ish' -tin) \_coire, to come together]. Same 
as Coitus. 

Coitus (ho'-it-us) [ coire, to come together]. The act 
of sexual connection. Copulation. C. Disease, the 
venereal disease of the horse. C. reservatus, con- 
gressus interruptus ; incomplete copulation ; the in- 
complete performance of the sexual act ; onanism. 

Coix [ko'-iks) [<cd(f, an Egyptian variety of palm]. A 
genus of coarse monecious grasses. C. lacrima, an 
old-world species of grass, having very large and hard 
seeds, called Job's tears, from which beads are made 
which are worn as amulets, and are thought to assist 
the process of dentition when bitten upon by young 
teething children. The seeds are used locally for 
lung-troubles and for dropsy. Unof. 

Coke (kok) [origin uncertain] . The solid product of 
the carbonization of coal. 



COKO DISEASE 



309 



COLIC 



Coko Disease (ko'-ko dis-ez'). A name applied in the 
Fiji Islands to a disease resembling Yaws. 

Cola (ko'-lah). See Kola-nut. 

Colalgia (ko-lal'-je-ah) \_k.6~a.ov, the colon ; dA} of, pain]. 
Pain in the great intestine. 

Colation (ko-la'-shun) \_colare, to strain]. The opera- 
tion of straining. 

Colatorium (kol-at-o 1 '-re-uni) [L.]. A sieve, colander, 
or strainer ; used in pharmacy. 

Colature [ko' -lat-yur) \colatura, straining]. In phar- 
macy^ liquid that has been subjected to eolation. 

Colchicein (kol-chis-e' -in) [/i'oa^</coV, colchicum], C n - 
H,,N0 5 + 2H. i O. A crystalline decomposition-product 
of colchicin. 

Colchicin [koV -chis-iri) \ko%x ik ^ v i colchicum], C I7 H ]9 - 
N0 5 . An alkaloid of colchicum; it is a pale, brown- 
ish-yellow, exceedingly bitter powder, freely soluble in 
water. It is a very active poison. Its dose is gr. 
■j-^j- or \ milligram, hypodermatically. 

Colchicum [kol f -chik-um) [koXxikov, colchicum : gen., 
Colckict], Meadow Saffron. The corm and seed of C. 
autumnale, with properties due to an alkaloid, colchicin. 
It is an emetic, diuretic, diaphoretic, and drastic 
cathartic. It is valuable in acute gout, and is used 
with good results in gonorrhea. Dose of the pow- 
dered root gr. ij-viij, of the powdered seeds gr. j-v. 
C, Extract. (B.P.). Dose gr. ss-ij. C, Extract., 
Aceticum (B. P.). Dose gr. ss-ij. C. Rad., Ext., 
dilute acetic acid 35, powdered root 100 parts, water 
q. s. Dose gr. j^-ij. C. Rad., Ext., Fid. Dose 
nyj-x. C. Rad., Vinum, 40 per cent, in strength. 
Dose rr\v-xv. C. Sem., Ext., Fid. Dose rt\j-v. 
C. Sem., Vinum, 15 per cent, in strength. Dose 
rrLx-xxx. C, Tinct., prepared from the seed; 
strength 15 per cent. Dose TTLx-xxx. C, Vinum 
(B.P.). Dose TTLx-xxx. 

Colcothar (koU -ko-thar) [ML.]. A crude sesquioxid 
of iron ; red oxid of iron ; a tonic and hemostatic. 
Unof. See also Pigments , Conspectus of. 

Cold (kohl) [AS., ceald~\. I. The comparative want of 
heat. 2. A term used popularly for coryza and catarrhal 
conditions of the respiratory tract. Cold is employed 
largely in various forms as a therapeutic agent, mainly 
for the purpose of lowering temperature and allay- 
ing irritation and inflammation. It may be used in 
the form of affusion, that is, the sudden application of 
a considerable volume of cold water to the body. This 
application of the cold douche is contraindicated in all 
cases of extreme weakness, with feeble pulse. Cold 
may be used as an anesthetic (see Anesthetic) ; in baths 
(see Bath) ; in the form of compresses applied over 
the affected part ; in the form of irrigation, especially 
in the treatment of bruised and injured members ; as a 
lotion, for the purpose of relieving local heat, pain, and 
swelling ; as an injection, in the form of ice-water, into 
the vagina or rectum, for various conditions; and as 
the cold pack, which is a valuable means of reducing 
the body-temperature in cases of hyperpyrexia. The 
patient is wrapped in a sheet wrung out of cold water ; 
as this becomes warm, it is replaced by a fresh cold 
one, or iced water may be poured upon it, or lumps of 
ice placed upon and around it. When the temperature 
is reduced the wet sheet should be removed and a light 
covering applied, but not a blanket. This is not as 
efficacious as the cold bath. Cold may be applied in 
the dry form by means of the ice-cap or bladder-, an 
india-rubber bag filled with ice, snow, or a freezing 
mixture. C. Abscess. See Abscess. C. -blooded. 
See Poikilothermic. C. on the Chest, bronchial 
catarrh, q. v. C. Coil. See Letter's Coils. C. 
Cream. See Rosa. C. Freckles. See Lentigo. 
C. Pack. See Cold. C. Plague. Synonym of 



Cerebrospinal Meningitis. C. Sore, same as Fever- 
blister. C. Spots. See Temperature Sense. C. 
Stroke, a condition, the analogue of heat-stroke, in 
which from excessive cold the patient is suddenly over- 
come and falls into a comatose state, shortly followed, 
as a rule, by death. C. Test, a test applied chiefly 
to lubricating oils to determine the point at which the 
oil begins to congeal, and ceases to flow. 

Colectomy (ko-lek'-to-me) \_koaov, colon ; inTO/ifi, cut- 
ting out]. Excision of a portion of the colon. 

Coleitis [col-e-i' -tis) \koAe6c, sheath ; itic, inflamma- 
tion]. Vaginitis. 

Coleocele (kof -e-o-sel) [ko~ae6c, sheath; htjAt], tumor]. 
Vaginal tumor or hernia. 

Coleophyl (kol'-e-o-fil) \_mle6c, sheath; (p'vXkov, leaf]. 
In biology, the investing sheath of the monocotyle- 
donous plumule. 

Coleoptosis (kol-e-op-to' '-sis) \_noke.6c, sheath; nruaig, a 
fall]. Prolapse of the vaginal wall. 

Coleorhiza (kol-e-or-i' '-zah) \_K0Xe6c, sheath ; piC,a, root]. 
In biology, a sheath that envelops the radicle in 
some embryos and through which roots penetrate 
when the seed germinates. 

Coleorrhexis (kol-e-or-eks' -is) [/co/ledc, a sheath ; f>f/^ic, 
sl rupture]. Rupture of the vagina. 

Coleostegnosis (kol-e-o-sleg-no / -sis) [ko/Ieoc, a sheath ; 
areyvuaic, a constriction]. Contraction or atresia of 
the vagina. 

Colic (kol'-ik) [colicus, kuXlkoc, pertaining to the colon]. 
I. Pertaining to the colon. 2. A severe griping pain 
in the bowels or adjacent organs, as, e. g. , hepatic, 
nephritic, etc. In intestinal colic the pains radiate 
over the abdomen from the region of the umbilicus. 
The belly is usually distended (save in Lead-colic, 
q. v.), and pressure will usually relieve the pain. 
Colic may be due to irritation from the intestinal 
contents, a diseased condition of the bowel-wall, re- 
flex irritation from other abdominal viscera, and 
general blood-poisoning. C. of the Antilles, an ende- 
mic form of colic somewhat resembling lead-colic. C. 
Arteries. See Arteries, Table of. C, Biliary. See 
Gall-stones. C, Bilious. See C, Endemic. C, 
Copper, a colic or pain in the intestinal canal seen 
in workers in copper, and differing from lead colic 
in being attended with extreme prostration and diar- 
rhea. The duration is short and the prognosis favor- 
able. C, Cramp. See Cramp. C, Devonshire. 
Synonym of C. , Lead. C, Dry. See C. , Endemic. 
Also a synonym of C, Lead. C, Endemic, a variety 
of colic occurring epidemically in some of the inter- 
tropical countries. Its symptoms resemble those of 
lead-colic. It is not accompanied by any constant 
lesion ; it lasts from eight to fifteen days and may 
end in general paralysis and death, or it may become 
chronic. Relapses are frequent. C, Hill. See 
Hill Diarrhea. C, Horn. Synonym of Priapism. 
C, Lead, or C, Saturnine, or Colica Pictonum, 
painter s colic, is that due to lead-poisoning. It is 
common among those who use or work with lead. 
It is characterized by excruciating abdominal pain, a 
hard and retracted condition of the abdomen, slow 
pulse, and increased arterial tension. C, Madrid. 
Synonym of C, Lead. C, Meconial, the colic of 
the new-born. C, Menstrual, the pain of menstrua- 
tion. C, Mucous. See Enteritis, Pseudo-membra- 
nous. C, Nervous. See C, Endemic C, Nor- 
mandy. Synonym of C. , Lead. C. of Poitou. 
Synonym of C, Lead. C. Root. See Aletris and 
Dioscorea. C, Sailors', a form of colic common 
among sailors. C. of Surinam. Synonym of C. , 
Lead. C, Uterine, colic-like pains experienced at 
the menstrual epochs, often coming on in paroxysms. 



COLICA 



310 



COLLODION 



C, West Indian. Synonym of C. , Lead. C, 
Zinc, a form of colic due to chronic zinc-poisoning. 

Colica (kol'-ik-ah) [L.]. Colic. C. pictonum (liter- 
ally, colic of the people of Poitou), lead-colic. Paint- 
ers' Colic. See Colic, Lead. C. pituitosa. Syno- 
nym of Enteritis, Pseudo-membranous. C. scorto- 
rum, a pain in the pelvis of youthful prostitutes, symp- 
tomatic of the ovarian disease that results from their 
unnatural sexual relations. It is due probably to a 
pyosalpinx. 
Colicodynia (kol-ik-o-din' -e-ah). Pain in the large 
intestine. 

Colicoplegia (kol-ik-o-ple 1 '-je-ali) [k.u7uk6c, pertaining to 
the colon ; irXriyj], a stroke]. Paralysis of the intes- 
tines. Also a synonym of Lead-colic. 

Colitis (ko-li'-tis) [no'Aov, the large intestine ; vrig, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the colon. See also 
Dysentery. C, Mucous. See Enteritis, Pseudo- 
membranous. C, Pellicular. A synonym of Mem- 
branous Enteritis. 

Collagen (kol'-aj-en) [KdXka, glue ; yewasiv, to pro- 
duce]. A substance existing in various tissues of the 
body, especially bone and cartilage ; it is converted 
into gelatin by boiling. 

Collapse (kol-aps') [collabere, to fall together]. Extreme 
depression and prostration from failure of nervous 
force, as in cholera, shock, hemorrhage, etc. C. of 
Lung, return of a portion or the whole of a lung to 
its fetal or airless condition from some mechanical 
hindrance to the entrance of air. It is characterized 
by dyspnea, with more or less cyanosis, and is mainly 
encountered in broncho-pneumonia. C, Parturient, 
parturient apoplexy ; vitular or vitulary fever ; puer- 
peral fever in cows. 

Collapsing (kol-aps' -ing) [collabere, to fall together]. 
Suddenly breaking down. C. Pulse. See Cor- 
r lean's Pulse. 

Collapsus (kol-aps' -us) [L.]. Collapse. C. cornea, 
entire collapse of the cornea. 

Collar (kol'-ar) [ME. , coler~\. Something worn about 
the neck. C, Adjusting, in microscopes, a ring or 
collar acting on a screw to increase or decrease the 
distance between the systems of lenses of an objective. 
C.-bone. See Clavicle. C.-cell, in biology, a 
flagellate cell having the base of the flagellum sur- 
rounded by a collar-like extension of the cell-wall. 
C. -crown, in dentistry, an artificial crown, to be en- 
grafted on a natural root, attached to which is a gold 
collar which encircles the exposed portion of the root, 
and is soldered to the lining or backing that holds the 
dowel, or to the dowel by means of a disc between the 
base of the artificial crown and the natural root. 

Collateral (kol-at'-er-al) [con, together; lateralis, of 
the side]. I. Accessory or secondary; not direct or 
immediate. 2. One of the first branches of an axis 
cylinder passing at right angles. 

Collecting Tubes of the Kidney. A name given to 
the ducts discharging into the calices of the kidneys. 

Collector (kol-ek' -tor) [collectare, to collect]. A de- 
vice by which any number of cells may be taken from 
or added to an electric current. 

Collenchyma (kol-eng' -kim-afi) [koAXo,, glue ; iyxvpui, 
an infusion]. In biology, applied to a modified plant- 
parenchyma in which the cells are thickened at the 
angles, and swell in water to a glue-like mass. 

Collenchyme (kol-eng' -kim) [noXKa, glue ; Hyxv/xa, an 
infusion]. In biology, a colorless gelatinous matrix 
in which are embedded the collencytes of sponges. 

Collencyte (kol'-en-sit ) [aoXAa, glue ; kv, in ; Kvrog, 
cell]. In biology, the branched connective-tissue 
cells embedded in the collenchyme of sponges. 

Colles' Fascia. The deep layer of the perineal 



fascia. It is attached to the base of the triangular 
ligament, to the anterior lips of the rami of the pubes 
and ischia laterally, and anteriorly it is continuous 
with the fascia of the scrotum. C. Fracture. See 
Fracture, and Diseases, Table of. C. Law. See 
Law. C. Ligament. See Ligament. C. Opera- 
tion. See Operations, Table of. 

Collet (kol'-et) [Fr. ; collum, the neck]. A neck or 
collar. A term applied by some writers on dental 
anatomy to the neck of a tooth. 

Colleterium (kol-et-e' -re-urn) [noX/.-qroq, glued to- 
gether]. In biology, a gland in certain insects that 
secretes a viscid substance for gluing the ova together. 

Colletic (kol-ef ' -ik) [noXAr/riKOg ; kSXao., glue]. Gluey; 
promoting surgical union in wounds. 

Colletocystophore (ko-let-o-sis' '-to-for) [koXX/jtt/c, one 
who glues ; h'votlc, bladder ; (pepetv, to bear] . In 
biology, marginal bodies found in lucernarian hydro- 
zoans. 

Colliculus (kol-ik' -u-lus) [dim. of collis, hill: pi. , 
Colliculi~\. Any eminence of the cerebral parietes. 
The colliculi are the caudatum, hippocamp, calcar, 
collateral eminence, occipital eminence, and amyg- 
daline eminence. 

Collidin (kol'-id-in) [koX)m, glue], C B H U N. A name 
given to Nencki's ptomaine-base, isomeric but not 
identical with aldehyd-collidin. The ptomaine was 
obtained from pancreas and gelatin allowed to putrefy 
together in water. Its constitution is still unknown. 
The free base is oily, and possesses a peculiar, agree- 
able odor. Nencki believed it an aromatic base. Its 
physiologic action appears to be doubtful, but an 
isomer of it discovered in ox-blood fibrin and in 
putrefied jelly-fish has a poisonous effect resembling 
that of curara. Frogs poisoned by the isomer emit 
an orange-flower odor. Nencki's collidin is isomeric 
with collidin obtained from coal-tar. 

Collier's Lung. Synonym of Anthracosis. 

Collilongus (kol-e-long'-gus) [collum, neck ; longus, 
long] . The muscle called longus colli. See Muscles. 

Collimator (kol' -im-a-tor) [collimare, to aim at]. The 
receiving telescope of a spectroscope. 

Collin's Black, C 6 H 5 N. A name for Anilin Black, 
employed in staining microscopic sections. 

Collinsonia (kol-in-so' -ne-ah) [after Peter Collinson, an 
English gentleman]. A genus of labiate herbs. C. 
canadensis (stone-root, heal-all), is a coarse plant 
with a disagreeable smell ; it has useful tonic, diuretic, 
and diaphoretic properties. Dose gr. xv-lx in decoc- 
tion ; of the fluid extract tr\,x-gj ; of the tincture 
(i in 10) ^ss-ij. 

Collinsonin (kol-in-so' -nin) [Colli nsonia~\ . A precipitate 
from the tincture of the root of Collinsonia canadensis. 
It is tonic, diaphoretic, resolvent, and diuretic. Dose 
2 to 4 grains. Unof. 

Colliquation (kol-ik-wa' -skun) [con, together ; liquare, 
to melt]. The liquefaction or breaking down of a 
tissue or organ. 

Colliquative (kol-ik' -wa-tiv) [con, together; liquare, 
to melt]. Exhausting; enfeebling; copiously pro- 
fuse or excessive ; marked by excessive fluid dis- 
charge. C. Diarrhea, a profuse watery diarrhea. C. 
Necrosis, a high degree of inflammatory process in 
the tissues, with active movement of the leucocytes 
toward the central focus and rapid breaking down of 
the tissues, forming an abscess-cavity. C. Sweat, a 
profuse, clammy sweat. 

Collocystis (kol-o-sis'-tis) [koXKci, glue ; Ktiartc, cysts]. 
A gelatin capsule to facilitate the swallowing of a 
drug. 

Collodion (kol-o'-de-on) [koXA6S//c, glue-like]. See 
Pyroxylin. 






COLLODIUM 



311 



COLOR 



Collodium (kol-o'-de-um) . See Pyroxylin. 

Colloid (kol'-oid) \k6X/m, glue]. I. A non-crystalliza- 
ble and generally insoluble organic substance. See 
Dialysis. 2. A mobile pathologic material, jelly-like, 
firmer than mucus, and differing in its reactions from 
albumin and from lardacein. 3. Having the nature 
of glue. 4. In chemistry, amorphous and non-crystal- 
line. C. Cancer. See Cancer. C. Degeneration 
of the Skin, a rare disease, occurring chiefly on the 
upper part of the face, in the form of small, glistening, 
translucent, flattish elevations, and yielding by pres- 
sure a small, jelly-like mass. C. Milium. See Mil- 
ium. 

Colloma (kol-o'-mah) [/ccWAa, glue; dfia, a tumor: //., 
CollomataJ. A cystic tumor containing a gelatiniform, 
amorphous, and non-vascular substance. 

Collonema {kol-o-ne' -mah) [noAAa, glue; vrjfia, tissue: 
//. , Collonemata~\. Myxoma, or myxosarcoma. 

Collum (kol'-uni) [L.]. The neck; especially the 
anterior part of the neck. C. distortum. Synonym 
of Torticollis. 

Collunarium (kol-un-a' -re-um) [L.]. A nasal douche. 

Collyrium (kol-ir' -e-um) \_Ko7Ckvpiav, an eye-salve : //. , 
Collyria~\. An astringent, antiseptic, or medicinal 
lotion for the eyes. More rarely, a vaporous or gase- 
ous medicament for application to the eyes, or even 
a powder, or solid, to be used in treating the eye 
topically, is called a collyrium. (Anciently, any 
suppository or medicated bougie was thus called.) C. 
adstringens luteum. See Graefe's Collyrium and 
Horsf s Eye-water. 

Coloboma (kol-o-bo'-mah) [noTiofioEiv, to mutilate : pi. , 
Colobomata~\. A cleavage or fissure of parts of the 
eye, of congenital or traumatic origin. Congenital C. 
are due to imperfect closure of fissures during fetal 
development. C, Bridge, a variety in which the 
pupil is separated from the coloboma by a narrow 
thread of iris-tissue that stretches like a bridge from 
one pillar of the coloboma to the other. 

Colocentesis (kol-o-sen-te'-sis) \koa.uv, colon ; kevttjoli;, 
puncture]. Surgical puncture of the colon. 

Colocleisis (kol-o-kli'-sis) \k6Xov, colon ; nAuaig, clo- 
sure]. Occlusion of the colon. 

Colocynth (kol'-o-sinth). See Colocynthus. 

Colocynthein ( kol-o-sin' '-the-in ) [noAonvvdig , colo- 
cynth], C 44 H M I3 . A resinous decomposition-product 
of colocynthin. 

Colocynthin [kol-o-sin' -thin) [twAnnvvdic; , colocynth], 
C 56 H 84 23 . The active principle of colocynth ; an 
extract, or a yellow amorphous, neutral, exceedingly 
bitter powder, soluble in water and alcohol, but not in 
ether. It is an irritant hydragogue cathartic. Dose 
gr. I 1 /, to I. Unof. 

Colocynthis (kol-o-sin' -this) \_k.oAok.w6'ic, colocynth]. 
Colocynth. The fruit of Citrallus colocynthis, from which 
the seeds and rind have been rejected. Its properties are 
due to a bitter glucosid, colocynthin, C 56 H 8i 0. 2 .,, the dose 
of which is gr. ^• — •5. It is a tonic and astringent pur- 
gative, and is used mainly as an ingredient of compound 
cathartic pills. It is somewhat useful in colic, sciatic 
rheumatism, and neuralgia. C, Ext., alcoholic. Dose 
gr. %-i). C, Ext., Comp., contains colocynth ex- 
tract 16, aloes 50, cardamom 6, resin of scammony 14, 
soap 14, alcohol 10. Dose gr. v-xx. C, Pilula 
Comp. (B. P.) contains colocynth, aloes, scammony, 
sulphate of potassium and oil of cloves. Dose gr. 
v-x. Pilulae Cathartic. Comp., compound cathartic 
pills ; contain each, comp. ext. of colocynth gr. 1. 3, ab- 
stract jalap gr. j, calomel gr. j, gamboge gr. }{. . Dose 
j-iij pills. Pil. catharticae vegetabiles, contain colo- 
cynth, hyoscyamus, jalap, leptandra, resin of podophyl- 
lum, oil of peppermint. Pil. colocynth et hyoscyam. 



Dose gr. v-x. Laville's Anti-gout Remedy, con- 
tains colocynthin 2j^, quinin, cinchonin aa 5, Span- 
ish wine 800, alcohol 100, water 1000 parts. 

Colocynthitin ( kol-o-sin' -thit-in ) \_no'Aoiivv6ic, colo- 
cynth]. A crystalline, tasteless, inactive principle of 
colocynth. 

Colo-enteritis ( kol-o-en-ter-i' -tis ) [ kwAov, colon ; 
ivrepov, an intestine; ltiq, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the small and large intestine. See Entero- 
colitis. 

Cologne (kol-on'). See Spiritus odoratus. C. Spirit, 
rectified commercial alcohol. C. Glue. See Glue. 
C. -water, aqua cologniensis. See Spiritus odoratus. 
C. -water Habit, the use of cologne-water as a 
drink for the purpose of experiencing the effects of 
the alcohol which it contains. 

Colognese (kol-on-ez'). Same as Umber. 

Colomba, Colombo (kol-om'-bah, kol-om'-bo). See 
Calumba. 

Colomiatti, Bacillus of. See Bacteria. 

Colon (ko'-lon) \_k6a.ov, kuAov, the colon]. The secon*- 
and principal part of the large intestine. In the 
various parts of its course it is known as the ascending 
C, the transverse C, the descending C, and the sig- 
?>wid flexure. 

Colonia (ko-lon-i'-ah). Synonym of Dysentery. 

Colonic (ko-lon'-ik) [ku'Aov, the colon]. Pertaining to 
the colon. 

Colonitis (ko-lon-i'-tis). See Colitis. 

Colony (kol'-o-ne) \colonia, a colony]. A collection or 
assemblage, as of microorganisms in a special culture. 
C. Treatment, for the insane. See Gheel System. 

Colophony Resin (kol'-o-fo-ne) \_KoXo(puv, a city of 
Ionia]. Rosin. The solid residue left on distilling 
off the volatile oil from crude turpentine. Rosin 
is a brittle, tasteless, very friable solid, of smooth, 
shining fracture, specific gravity about 1.08. It 
softens at 8o° C. (176° F.), and fuses completely 
to a limpid, yellow liquid at 135° C. (275 F.). It is 
insoluble in water, with difficulty soluble in alcohol, 
freely soluble in ether, acetone, benzene, and fatty 
oils. See Resin. 

Coloproctia (iol-o-prok' -te-ah) \_k6aov, colon ; npunTdc, 
anus]. The formation of an artificial colonic anus. 

Colopuncture (kol' -o-punk' -chur) \_k.6Xov, colon ; punc- 
tura, puncture]. Same as Colocentesis. 

Coloquintida (kol-o-kwin' -tid-ah) [ML.]. An old 
name for colocynth. 

Color [kull'-er) \color, color]. The differences in the 
appearance of a thing seen, other than those due to 
form and relief. The tint or hue of an object, de- 
pendent upon the number of vibrations of the ethereal 
stimulus. See Pigment. C. -blindness. See Blind- 
ness. C, Complementary, any color that added to 
another color, or to a mixture of colors, produces 
white. C. -contrast, any two colors that, when mixed, 
supplement the prevailing tone of the light. C.-cure, 
the supposed therapeutic effect of exposure to variously 
colored light. C. -hearing, the excitation of the 
visual center for color through the auditory nerve ; the 
perception of sound photisms. See Photism. C- 
image, an image of a highly-colored object lighted 
with so wide an aperture that the refraction-images are 
drowned in the light. C. -sensation, depends on the 
number of vibrations of the ether, the same as the 
pitch of a note depends on the number of vibrations 
of the sounding body. Hering'' s Theory of C.-s pre- 
dicates disassimilation and assimilation (decomposition 
and restitution) of the visual substance in vision — 
white, red, and yellow representing the sensation of 
disassimilation, black, green, and blue that of restitu- 
tion. The Young- Helmholtz Theory assumes three 



COLORECTITIS 



312 



COLTSFOOT 



kinds of nerve-elements corresponding to the three 
primary colors. Stimulation of the first develops 
red, of the second, green, of the third, violet. See 
Photism. C. -sense, the faculty by which the various 
colors are distinguished. C.-top, a top containing 
on the sectors of its disc a number of colors to be 
" mixed " by rapid whirling. Colors, Mixed, those 
produced when the retina is excited by two or more 
simple colors. C, Saturated, those containing little 
or no white. C, Simple, those of the spectrum. 

Colorectitis (ko-lo-rek-ti' -tis) \k.6\ov, colon ; rectus, 
straight; irtg, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
colon and rectum. Also, a synonym of Dysentery. 

Colorectostomy [ko-lo-rek-tos'-to-me) [ko'Aov, colon ; 
rectus, straight; aropa, a mouth]. The surgical 
establishment of a passage between the colon and the 
rectum. 

Colorimeter (kull-or-im' -et-er) [color, color ; /lerpov, 
measure]. An instrument for determining the quan- 
tity of coloring matter in a mixture, as in the blood. 
See Hemochromometer. 

Colorin (kulV -or-in) [color, color]. An alcoholic extract 
of madder. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Coloring [kulV -or-ing) [color, color]. A tint or combi- 
nation of colors. C. Matters. See Pigments, Colors, 
and Dye-stuffs. 

Colostomy (ko-los'-to-me) [k6Xov, colon ; or6fia, open- 
ing]. I. The formation of an artificial anus by 
an opening into the colon ; coloproctia. 2. Any 
surgical operation upon the colon that makes a perma- 
nent opening into it, whether internal or external. 

Colostration (kol-os-tra' -shun) [colostrum, the first milk 
after delivery]. A disease or illness of young infants 
ascribed to the effects of the colostrum: 

Colostric (kol-os' -trik) [colostrum, the first milk after 
delivery]. Relating to colostrum. 

Colostrous (kol-os' -trus) [colostrum, the first milk after 
delivery]. Of the nature of or containing colostrum. 

Colostrum (kol-os' -trum) [L.]. The first milk from the 
mother's breasts after the birth of the child. It is 
laxative, and assists in the expulsion of the meconium. 
C. Corpuscles, small microscopic bodies contained 
in the colostrum. They are the epithelial cells of the 
mammary glands, full of oil globules. After about 
the third day these cells burst and set free the fat 
globules before they leave the gland, and in this way 
the true milk is formed. 

Colotomy (ko-lof '-o-me) \_k61ov, colon ; rifiveiv, to cut]. 
Incision of the colon, either abdominal , lateral, lum- 
bar, or inguinal, according to the region of entrance. 

Colotyphus (kol-o-ti 1 '-/us) [kAaov, colon ; Tixt>oc, smoke]. 
Enteric fever with involvement of the colon. Also a 
synonym of Dysentery . 

Colpalgia (kol-pal' -je-ah) \_nokKoc, vagina ; aAyof,pain]. 
Vaginal pain or neuralgia. 

Colpaporrhexis (kol-pap-or-reks'-is) \_k6\koc, vagina; 
arro, from ; pij^ic, a tearing, or breakage]. Severance 
of the cervix from the body of the uterus. 

Colpatresia (kol-pat-re' -se-ah) \_k6'Ktvoc, vagina ; arpt/rog, 
not perforated]. Occlusion or atresia of the vagina. 

Colpectasia (kol-pek-ta' -se-ah) [ko'aitoc, vagina ; earaaig, 
a stretching out]. Vaginal dilatation. 

Colpedema (kol-ped-e' -mah) [iwATrog, vagina ; oiSj/pa, 
swelling]. Edema of the vagina. 

Colpemphraxis (kol-pem-fraks'-is) [k62,ttoc, vagina ; 
tuijtpa^ic, a stoppage]. Obstruction of the vagina. 

Colpeurynter (kol-pu- riii' -tcr)[K6'Airog , vagina ; evpbveiv, 
to widen]. An inflatable bag or sac used for dilating 
the vagina. 

Colpeurysis (kol-pu' -ris-is) [unAirog, vagina ; evpbveiv, 
to dilate]. Vaginal dilatation, especially that effected 
by the colpeurynter. 



Colpitis (kol-pi' -tis)\_K.67iTiac , vagina ; trig, inflammation]. 

Inflammation of the vagina. 
Colpocele (kol'-po-sel, or se'-le) \_K.6\irog , vagina; KrftJi, 

tumor]. Hernia or tumor in the vagina. 
Colpocleisis (kol-po-kli'-sis) [nd/.nog, vagina ; nXeiaig, a 

closure]. The surgical closure of the vagina. 
Colpocystic (kol-po- sis' -tik) \_K.6%Trog, vagina ; Kvong, 

bladder]. Relating to the vagina and the bladder; 

vesico-vaginal. 
Colpocystitis (kol-po-sis-ti'-tis) [noATrog, vagina; Kvn-tg, 

bladder; irig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 

vagina and the bladder. 
Colpocystocele (kol-po-sis' -to-sel) \_Ko?iTrog, vagina ; 

Kvar/g, a bladder ; KrfKrj, a tumor]. A hernia of the 

bladder into the vagina, with prolapse of the anterior 

vaginal wall. 
Colpocystosyrinx (kol-po-sis-to-sir' -ingks) [/cd/irof, 

vagina; nuorig, cyst; aiipiy^, pipe]. Vesico-vaginal 

fistula. 
Colpocystotomia (kol-po-sis-to-to' -me-ah). See Colpo- 

cystotomy. 
Colpocystotomy (kol-po-sis-tof -o-me) [noA-irog, vagina ; 

living, bladder ; rojii], a cut]. Surgical incision of the 

bladder through the vaginal wall. 
Colpohyperplasia (kol-po-hi-per-pla'-ze-ah) \K.b\iiog, 

vagina; virip, over; TvXdaauv, to form]. Hyperplasia 

of the vagina. 
Colpo-hysterectomy (kol-po-his-ter-ek' -to-me) [i<6~/~or, 

vagina; varepa, womb ; eKTOfii], excision]. Removal of 

the uterus through the vagina. 
Colpo-hysterotomy (kol-po-his-ter-of -o-me) \_n6Xnog, 

vagina; varepa, womb; rofiij, section]. Surgical in- 
cision of the vagina and uterus. 
Colpoleukorrhea (kol-po-ht-kor-e' -ah) [ic6?iirog, vagina ; 

Aevnog, white; peeiv, to flow]. Vaginal leucorrhea. 
Colpo-myomotomy [kol-po-mi-o-mof -o-me) \p6hixog, 

vagina ; filig, a muscle ; re/nveiv, to cut]. Vaginal 

myomotomy. 
Colpopathy [kol-pop' -a-the) \_n6Airog , vagina ; Tradog, 

illness]. Any disease of the vagina. 
Colpoperineoplasty (kol-po-per-iu-e' -o-plas-te) \_K.6\irog, 

vagina; irepivenv, the perineum ; Tv'Aaoaeiv, to form]. 

Plastic operation for abnormality of the vagina and 

perineum. 
Colpoplastic (kol-po-plas' -tik) \_n6A7rog, vagina ; 7r7:dff- 

aeiv, to form]. Relating to colpoplasty. 
Colpoplasty (kol' -po-plas-te) [/tdA/rof , vagina ; TiAaaoetv, 

to form]. Plastic surgical operation upon the vagina. 
Colpoptosis (kol-pop-to'-sis) \_iioAnog, vagina ; ~riicng, 

a falling] . Prolapse of the vagina. 
Colporrhagia (kol-por-a' -je-ah) [iwAirog, vagina ; 

pi/yv'vvai, to burst forth]. Vaginal hemorrhage. 
Colporrhaphy (kol-por'-a-fe) [/coATOf, vagina ; pa<j>f/, 

seam]. Suture of the vagina. 
Colporrhea (kol-por-e'-ah) [koAttoc, vagina ; poia, a 

flow]. Vaginal leucorrhea; a mucous discharge from 

the vagina. 
Colporrhexis (kol-por-ek'-sis) \_ii6ATrog , vagina ; pij^ig, 

rupture]. Laceration or rupture of the vagina. 
Colpostegnosis (kol-po-sleg-no' -sis) [ko/Ittoc, vagina ; 

oriyvuGig, closure]. Same as Colpostenosis. 
Colpostenosis [kol-po-ste-no 1 -sis) \_i<6A7rog, vagina ; are- 
vug, narrow]. Stenosis or constriction of the vagina. 
Colpotomy (kol-pot'-o-me) \_K0X7r0g, vagina; roui], a 

cutting]. Surgical or obstetric incision of the vagina. 
Colpoxerosis (kol-po-ze-ro' -sis) \jn>hTsog, vagina ; §ep6g, 

dry]. Morbid dryness of the vagina. 
Colt-ill (kolt'-il). See Strangles. 
Coltsfoot (kolfz'-foot). The leaves of Tussilago far- 

fara, a demulcent and tonic, sometimes prescribed for 

chronic cough. Dose of decoction, ^j to Oj, a tea- 
cupful ; of fld. ext. 3J-ij. Unof. 



COLUMBIN 



313 



COMA 



Columbin [kol-wn'-bin). An active principle of Ca- 
lumba. It is a colorless crystalline substance of 
excessively bitter taste and neutral reaction. 

Columbo (kol-um'-bo). See Calumbo. 

Columella [kol-u-mel' -ah) [L., a little column]. I. 
The column-like rod .of birds and reptiles, a part of 
the organ of hearing, corresponding to the stapes of 
the higher animals. 2. The modiolus or central axis 
of the cochlea of the human ear. See Cochlea and 
Modiolus. C. res dentes ; the cuspid teeth are so 
called from their shape. 

Column (kol'-um) [columns, a column]. A pillar or 
column. Applied to sundry column-like organs of the 
body, and especially to certain parts of the spinal cord. 
C, Anterior, the layer of white matter in either half 



. -soots 




Columns of Spinal Cord. 
A. C. Anterior commissure. P. C. Posterior commissure. I.g.s. 
P. cor. Posterior cornu. c. c. p. Caput cornu posterioris. L 
A.-L. A. T. Antero-lateral ascending tract, which extends 
cord. (.Gowers.) 

of the spinal cord included between the anterior horn 
and anterior nerve-roots, and the anterior median fis- 
sure. It contains the anterior or direct pyramidal 
tract, a portion of the antero-lateral ascending tract, 
and a portion of the anterior ground-fibers. C, 
Antero - lateral Ascending. See C. of Gowers. 
C. of Burdach, the postero-external column of the 
cord. C. of Clarke, a column of gray substance oc- 
cupying the region to the outer and posterior part of 
the central canal of the spinal cord, at the inner part 
of the base of the posterior cornu. It is most marked 
in the dorsal region, and contains fusiform cells, some 
furnished with axis-cylinder processes. It is also called 
the posterior vesicular column of the cord. C, Direct 
Cerebellar, in the spinal cord, is situated outside of the 
lateral pyramidal, tract, and ventrad of the Spitzka- 
Lissauer column. It is sensory or afferent. C, Dor- 
so-mesal, a name for the postero-median column of 
the spinal cord and medulla oblongata. C. of Goll, 
the postero-median column of the spinal cord. C, 
Gowers', in the spinal cord, a bunch of fibers lying 
in front of the direct cerebellar tract and reaching 
around upon the periphery of the anterior pyramidal 
tract. It is probably a sensory column containing 
the nerves of pain and temperature. C, Lateral, 
the layer of white matter in either half of the spinal 
cord included between the posterior horn and posterior 
nerve-roots, and the anterior horn and anterior nerve- 



roots. It contains the lateral pyramidal tract, the di- 
rect cerebellar tract, and the greater part of the 
anterior ground-fibers and antero-lateral ascending 
tract. C. of Morgagni, vertical folds of the rectal mu- 
cous membrane seen at the point of union of the latter 
with the skin of the anus. They diminish, but are not 
entirely effaced, when the bowel is distended. Between 
their lower ends little arches are sometimes found 
stretching from one to the other, forming pockets of 
skin and mucous membrane. These are the sinzises of 
Morgagni ; they are more developed in old people. 
C, Posterior, a collection of white-matter situated 
in the spinal cord on either side between the posterior 
horns and posterior nerve-roots, and the posterior 
median fissure. It is divided into two parts by the 
imperfect intermediate 
septum, a narrow " pos- 
tero-median column," and 
a wide ' ' postero-external 
column." C, Postero- 
external, the outer wider 
division of the posterior 
column of the cord ; the 
column of Burdach. C, 
Postero-median, the me- 
dian division of the poste- 
rior column of the cord ; 
the column of Goll. C. 
of Rolando, an eminence 
on the lateral border of 
the medulla oblongata. C. 
of Spitzka-Lissauer, in 
the spinal cord a group of 
nerve-fibers lying just in 
front and just behind the 
posterior horns or cornua. 
C, Posterior - vesicu- 
lar. See Column of 
Clarke. C. of Turck, 
the anterior or direct 
pyramidal tract. Col- 
umns of the External 
Abdominal Ring, the 
free borders of the apon- 
eurosis of the external oblique muscle. 
Columna (kol-uin' -nah) [L.]. A column or pillar. C. 
bertini, that part of the cortical structure of the kid- 
neys that separates the sides of any two pyramids, and 
through which the arteries and nerves enter, and the 
veins and lymphatics emerge. C. nasi, the antero- 
posterior septum between the nostrils. C. vertebralis, 
the spinal column. Columnae carnese, muscular col- 
umns projecting from the inner surface of the cardiac 
ventricles. 
Colytic (ko-Iit'-ik) \k.oKvtlk6c, preventive]. Prevent- 
ive; inhibitory; caused by an obstruction ; antiseptic. 
Coma (ko'-mah) [_n6nv, the hair of the head]. In bi- 
ology, any tuft, as the top of a pineapple, the hairs on 
the end of a seed, etc. 
Coma (ko'-mah) [itu/ia, deep sleep]. Abnormally deep 
and prolonged sleep , with the cerebral functions in abey- 
ance ; it is due to many conditions affecting the cere- 
brum directly or indirectly. The well-marked form is 
characterized by stertorous breathing, relaxation of the 
sphincters, lividity of the face, and loss of parallelism 
of the optic axes. C, Alcohol, that due to poison- 
ing by alcohol. C, Apoplectic, that due to apoplexy. 
C. diaceticum, a form of coma occurring in carcinoma 
of the stomach and in diabetes. It is due to the pres- 
ence of diacetic acid in the system. It is also called 
Diabetic coma. C. Kussmaul's. See Kussmaul. 
C, Uremic, that due to uremia. C. Vigil, a comatose 



Intermediate gray substance. 
L. L. Lateral limiting layer, 
along the periphery of the 



COMANIC ACID 



314 



COMPLEXUS 



condition in which the patient lies with open eyes, 
but unconscious and delirious. This is occasionally 
met with in typhoid and typhus fevers, and in deli- 
rium tremens. 

Comanic Acid (ko-man'-ik). See Add. 

Comatose (ko'-mat-os) [nu/na, a deep sleep]. In a con- 
dition of coma. 

Combination (kom-bin-a' -shun) [combinare, to com- 
bine]. The act of grouping or uniting; chemic 
union. C.-back, in the microscope, the lens-system 
of an objective farthest from the object, composed 
of a plano-concave of flint glass and a bi-concave of 
crown glass, or a bi-concave and two bi-convex glasses. 
C. -front, in the microscope, the lens-system nearest 
the objective. 

Combustion (kom-bus'-churi) [comburere, to burn up]. 
The process of oxidation, attended with the liberation 
of heat and sometimes of light. It is loosely used as a 
synonym of inflammation. C, Spontaneous, that 
due to heat from chemic changes, such as the spon- 
taneous ignition of oiled waste or shoddy in woolen 
mills, factories, etc. C, Spontaneous Human, the 
supposed burning of the body without the external 
application of heat. 

Comedo (kom'-e-do) \_comedo, a glutton ://., Comedones~\. 
Grubs ; Grub-worms ; Black-heads. A chronic dis- 
order of the sebaceous glands characterized by yellow- 
ish or whitish pin-point and pin-head sized elevations, 
containing in their center exposed blackish points. 
They are found usually on the face, back of the neck, 
chest, and back, and are often associated with acne. 
They occur as a rule in the young. Occasionally a 
parasite, the Demodex folliculorum, a small mite, is 
found in each comedo. 

Comenic Acid (ko-men'-ik). See Acid. 

Comes (ko'-mez) [L.: pi., Comites~\. A companion, as 
a vein or nerve to an artery. 

Comfrey (kum'-fre) [ME., cumfirie~\. The root of 
Symphytum officinale, a demulcent, slightly astringent 
and tonic drug. It is a common ingredient of domes- 
tic cough-mixtures. Dose of the decoction indefinite ; 
of the fid. ext. gj-ij. Unof. 

Comma-bacillus {kom' '-ah-bas-iV '-us) . See Bacteria, 
Synonymalic Table of. 

Commensal (kom-en'-sal) [com, together ; mensa, 
table]. In biology, the harmonious living together of 
two animals or plants. One of two such organisms. 

Commi (kom'-e) [nd/n/it., a gum]. Any gum; the 
purgative gum-resin of Excacaria cochinchinensis, a 
tree of Indo-china. 

Comminution (kom-in-u' 'shitii) [comminulio ; com- 
minuere, to break in pieces]. The process by which a 
solid body is reduced to pieces of varying sizes. It 
includes the various operations of cutting, rasping, 
grating, slicing, pulverizing, levigating, triturating, 
elutriating, granulating, etc. See, also, Fracture, 
Comminuted. 

Commissure, Commissura (kom f -is-tir , kom-is-u'- 
rafi) [commit/ere, to unite]. A joining or uniting 
together. C, Anterior [of third ventricle) , a rounded 
cord of white fibers placed in front of the anterior 
crura of the fornix. It perforates the corpus striatum 
on either side, and spreads out into the substance of 
the hemispheres over the roof of the descending horns 
of the lateral ventricles. C. Anterior White {of 
spinal cord), a layer of fibers separating the posterior 
gray commissure from the bottom of the aterior median 
fissure. C, Gray (of spinal cord), the transverse 
band of gray matter connecting the crescentic masses 
of gray matter of each half of the spinal cord. C. 
magna, the corpus callosum. C, Middle, a band 
of soft gray matter connecting the optic thalami, and 



continuous with the gray matter lining the anterior 
part of the third ventricle. C, Optic, the union and 
crossing of the two optic nerves in front of the tuber 
cinereum. C, Posterior (of third ventricle), a flattened 
white band connecting the optic thalami posteriorly. 
C, Posterior White (of spinal cord), a band of fibers 
separating the gray commissure from the bottom of 
the posterior median fissure. Commissura brevis, 
a portion of the inferior vermiform process of the 
cerebellum, situated in the incisura posterior. C. 
simplex, a small lobe on the upper surface of the 
cerebellum near the incisura posterior. 

Common (kom' '-tin) [communis, common]. Belonging 
or pertaining to all. Prostitute. C. Black. See 
Pigments , Conspectus of. 

Commotio (kom-c/ske-o) [L. ]. A commotion or 
shock. C. cerebri. Synonym of Shock. C. retinae, 
the name given to those cases in which a depreciation, 
or perhaps an entire loss of vision, follows a blow 
on or near the eye. It can be explained as the 
result of insensibility due to the same changes in the 
retina as occur in the central organ of patients 
suffering from concussion of the brain. 

Communicans (kotn-u' -nik-ans)\\ J .~\. Communicating. 
C. noni. See Nerves, Table of. 

Communication (kom-u-nik-a' -shun) [communicare, to 
communicate]. I. The transference of a contagium 
from one person to another. 2. The channel between 
two or more parts. C. -plate, in biology, a perforated 
diaphragm between the zooids of a composite actin- 
ozoon (the " Rosettenplatte " of Reichert, and the 
Communication-pore of Smith) by means of which 
communication is maintained between all the cells in a 
colony and between all the compartments of the stolon 
in Polyzoa. C.-pore. See C. -plate. 

Commutator (kom' -u-ta-tor) [commutare , to exchange]. 
An instrument for automatically interrupting or revers- 
ing the flow of an electric current, making and break- 
ing it with desired frequency. See Electric. 

Comose (ko'-mos) [coma, hair]. Having much hair. 

Compass Plant (kum' -pas plant). See Rosin Weed. 

Compatibility (kom-pat-ib-W -it-e) [compati, to suffer 
with]. The property of being compatible ; suscepti- 
bility (as of different medicines) of being exhibited in 
the same solution with no loss of the desired effect, and 
without change in constitution. 

Compensating (kom 1 ' -pett-sa-ting) [compensare, to com- 
pensate]. Making amends for. C. Ocular. See Oc- 
ular. C. Operation, in ophthalmology, tenotomy of 
the associated antagonist in cases of diplopia from 
paresis of one of the ocular muscles. 

Complaisance, Operations of (kom-pla-zongs' ). See 
Election . 

Complanate (kom'-plan-at) [complanatus, to make 
plane or level]. In biology, flattened. 

Complemental ( kotn-ple-men' -tal) [complementum, 
that which completes or fills up]. Supplying a defi- 
ciency. In biology, forming a complement to a 
female. C. Air. See Air. C. Male, one of such 
supernumerary males as those cirripedia (Ibid) that 
lie within the sac of the female. 

Complem entary (kom-ple-mcn' -ter-e) [complementare, 
to fill up; to complete]. Complemental. C. Colors. 
See Color and Pigment. 

Completely Born (kom-plet' -le born). As employed in 
legal medicine, this expression implies that the child 
must be in the world in all its parts, i. e. , completely 
external to the mother. It does not imply that the pla- 
centa has been separated or the cord divided. 

Complexus (kom-pleks' -us) [comflexus, complex]. The 
totality of symptoms, phenomena, or signs of a morbid 
condition. C. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 



COMPLICATION 



315 



CONCHOSCOPE 



Complication (kom-plik-a' -shun) [complicare, to fold 
together]. A disease or a process secondary to 
and more or less dependent upon some primary 
disease. 

Compos Mentis (kom'-pos mcn'-tis) [L.]. Of sound 
mind, memory, and understanding. See Non Com- 
pos Alt: lit 'is. 

Composite (kom-poz'-it) [componere, to put together]. 

1. Composed of distinct portions. 2. In biology, be- 
longing to the order Composite. C. Monsters ; this 
is a term used to designate any form of monstrosity 
showing some degree of duplicity in the main regions 
of the body. 

Composition (kom-po-zish' -un) [compositio, a putting 
together] . Compounding ; applied to drugs. The 
constitution of a mixture. C. Powder, a popular 
name (originally Thomsonian) for the pulvis myriccz 
compositus, N. F. At present it is a mixture of 
finely powdered bayberry bark (Myrica ceriferd), 
12 parts; ginger, 6 parts; capsicum and cloves, 
each I part. It is useful for sore throat and severe 
coryza. Unof. C. Tea, a warm drink composed of 
different spices, and used as a stomachic and to abort 
an attack of coryza. 

Compound (kom' '-pound, or kom-pound') [ME., com- 
pounen, to mix or compound]. I. To mix, as drugs. 

2. Composed of several parts ; in chemistry, a com- 
pound body. C. Cathartic Pills. See Colocynth. 
C. Cavities, cavities in teeth that are produced by the 
coalescence of two cavities or by the extension of a 
single cavity in such a manner as to include two sur- 
faces of a tooth. C. Fracture. See Fracture. C. 
Granule-Cell. See Corpziscle, G luge's. C. Oxy- 
gen, a quack cure-all consisting of a strong solution 
of potassium nitrate or chlorate through which the air 
to be inhaled is passed. 

Compounding {kom-pound' '-ing) [ME., compounen, to 
mix]. The mixing, manipulation, and preparation of 
the drugs ordered in a prescription. 

Compress (kom' -pres) [compressus, pressed together]. 
Folded cloths, wet or dry, applied firmly to the part 
for relief of inflammation, or to prevent hemorrhage. 
C, Fenestrated, with a hole for drainage or inspec- 
tion. C, Graduated, the strip applied directly is 
small ; the others, progressively larger, cover it. 

Compressed (kom-presd') [compressus, pressed to- 
gether]. Firmly pressed together; having the lateral 
diameter reduced. C. Air, air the density of which has 
been increased by compression. C. -Air Bath. Se Bath. 

Compression (kom-presh' -un) [compressus , pressed to- 
gether]. The state of being compressed. C. -atro- 
phy, atrophy of a part from constant compression. 
Instances are the Chinese foot, liver-atrophy of tight 
lacing, atrophy of tissues from pressure by an aneurysm. 
C. of Brain. See Brain. C. -myelitis, myelitis due 
to compression. See Myelitis. 

Compressor (kom-pres'-or) [comprimere , to press to- 
gether]. I. An instrument for compressing an artery, 
vein, etc. 2. It is also applied to muscles having a com- 
pressing function, as the C. naris, C. vence dorsalis penis , 
etc. See Muscles, Table of. 3. One of the light springs 
inserted on either side of the stage of a microscope for 
holding the slide in position ; a clip. C. sacculi 
laryngis, the inferior aryteno-epiglottideus muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of. C. urethras, constrictor 
urethne. See Muscles, Table of. 

Compressorium (kom-pres-o' re-urn) [compressor, a 
compress] . An instrument devised for making pressure 
on the cover-glass of a microscope-slide in order to 
favor separation of the elements of the specimen to be 
examined. 

Comptonia (komp-to'-ne-ah) [after Henry Compton, 



Bishop of London, a botanist]. A genus of plants. 
C. asplenifolia. See Liquidambar. 

Conarial (ko-na' '-re-al) [nuvaptov, the pineal gland]. 
Relating to the conarium. C. Vein. See Vein. 

Conario-hypophyseal (ko-na-re-o-hi-po-fis' '-e-al) [ku- 
ydpiov, the pineal gland ; v-KO(j>vair, an undergrowth]. 
Relating to the conarium and to the hypophysis of the 
cerebrum ; pineo-pituitary. 

Conarium (ko-na' '-re-um) [nwvapiov ; dim. of nijvoc, a 
cone] . See Pineal Gland. 

Conation (ko-na' -shun) [conari, to endeavor]. The ex- 
ertive power of the mind, including will and desire ; 
a special act or exercise of the exertive power. 

Concassation (kon-kas-a'-shun) [concassatio ; con, to- 
gether ; cassare or quassare, to shake, to beat]. I. The 
shaking of medicines, as in a bottle ; the pulverizing of 
drugs by beating. 2. Mental distress or affliction. 

Concato's Disease. See Diseases, Table of, and 
Polyorrhymenitis. 

Concaulescence (kon-kawl-cs' -ens) [con, together ; 
caulis,a. stalk]. In biology, the partial fusion of the 
pedicle of a flower with the stem from which it springs. 

Concavo-concave (kon-ka 1 '-vo-kon' '-kav). See Lens, 
Biconcave. 

Concavo-convex (kon-ka'-vo-kon'-veks). See Lens, 
Periscopic. 

Conceive (kon-sev') [concipere, to take in]. To become 
pregnant. 

Concentration (kon-sen-tra'-s/iun) [con, together ; cen- 
trum, the center]. Evaporation of part of the water 
or other liquid of a mixture, thus rendering it relatively 
more dense. 

Concentric (kon-sen' -trik) [con, together ; centrum, the 
center] . Arranged in an equidistant manner about a 
center. C. Hypertrophy of the Heart, increase in 
the muscular texture of the heart, the capacity of the 
cavities remaining unchanged. 

Conception (kon-sep' -shim) [concipere, to conceive]. 
I. The fecundation of the ovum by the spermatozoid. 
See Pregnancy. 2. The abstract mental idea of any- 
thing ; the power or act of mentally conceiving. C, 
Imperative, a false idea that an insane person dwells 
upon, and which he cannot expel from his mind, even 
when he knows it to be absurd, and which dominates 
his actions. 

Concha (kong'-kah) [n6yx<i, a shell]. A shell. Applied 
to organs having some resemblance to a shell, as the 
patella, vulva, etc., and especially to C. auris, or the 
hollow part of the external ear. C. narium, the tur- 
binated bones. C. santoriniana, a name applied to 
a fourth turbinated bone sometimes found in the nose. 

Conchiolin (kong-ki'-o-lin) [ady^a, a shell ; lov, a vio- 
let] , C ;o H 48 N 9 O n . The skeletin material that forms 
the organic bases of the shells of gastropods. C. Os- 
teomyelitis. See Osteomyelitis. 

Conchitis (kong-ki'-tis) [ndyxa, a shell ; inr, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the concha. 

Concho-anthelix (kong' -ko-ant' -he-liks) [ndyxa, a shell; 
avdtXii;, the inner curvature of the ear]. The muscle 
called obliquus auriculas. See Afuscles, Table of. 

Concho-helix (kong'-ko-ke'-liks) [n6yxa, a shell ; eXlE, 
a spiral]. The muscle called transversus auricula. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Conchology (kong-kol'-o-je) [noyxa, a shell ; Myecv, 
to speak]. That department of science that deals 
with the shells of molluscs. 

Conchometer (kong-kom' -et-er) [icoyxa., a shell ; jierpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for the measurement of 
the shells of molluscs. 

Conchoscope (kong'-ko-skop) [tc6yxa, a shell ; the na- 
ris; gkotteIv, to inspect]. A speculum and mirror 
for inspecting the nasal cavity. 



CONCOCTIO 



316 



CONDURANGO BARK 



Concoctio (kon-kok'-she-o) [L.]. Digestion. C. tarda. 
Synonym of Dyspepsia. 

Concoction [kon-kok' -shun) \_concoquere, to boil to- 
gether]. The act of boiling two substances together. 

Concolor (kon-kull'-or) [con, together; color, color]. 
In biology, having the same color on both sides or 
over the entire surface. 

Concomitant [kon-kom' '-it-ant) [concomitari, to accom- 
pany]. Accompanying. C. Strabismus. See Stra- 
bismus. C. Symptoms, symptoms that are not in 
themselves essential to the course of a disease, but that 
may occur in association with the essential symptoms. 

Concrement (kon'-kre-ment) [concrescere, to grow to- 
gether]. A concretion. 

Concresce (kon'-kres) [con, together; crescere, to 
grow]. In biology, to grow together. 

Concrescescence (kon-kres-es* '-ens) [con, together; 
crescere, to grow]. In biology, the union of the 
germ-bands to form the primitive streak. 

Concrete (kon'-kret, or kon-kret' ) [coticrescere, to grow 
together]. Solidified or condensed. Concreted 
Sugar, the product of the Fryer concretor, or simi- 
lar form of apparatus. It is a compact, boiled-down 
mass, containing both the crystallizable sugar and im- 
purities that ordinarily go into the molasses. It shows 
little or no distinct grain. 

Concretion (kon-kre' -shun) [concretio ; concrescere, to 
grow together] . The solidification or condensation 
of a fluid substance ; a calculus ; a union of parts 
normally separate, as the fingers. C, Animal, an 
earthy deposit found in any of the various organs or 
secretions of the body. These concretions have a 
fibrous base containing salts of calcium, phosphorus, 
or magnesium. 

Concubitus [kon-ku' -bit-us) [concumbere, to lie to- 
gether]. Copulation. 

Concursus [kon-ker'-sus) [concursere, to run together] . 
A synonym of Anastomosis. 

Concussion {kon-kush'-un) [concussio, a violent shock]. 
Shock ; the state of being shaken ; a severe or inju- 
rious shaking or jarring of a part; also, the morbid 
state resulting from such a jarring. C. of Brain. 
See Brain. C. of Spinal Cord. A condition caused 
by severe shock of the spinal column, with or without 
appreciable lesion of the myelon. 

Concussor {kon-kus' -or) [concutere, to shake]. In 
massage, an apparatus for gently beating the part to 
be treated. 

Condaminea {kon-dam-in 1 '-e-ali) [after Condamine, the 
botanist]. A genus of Cinchona-yielding trees. 

Condensability {kon-dens-ab-il' -it-e) [condensare, to 
condense]. Capacity for undergoing condensation. 

Condensation [kon-den-sa' -shun) [condensare, to con- 
dense]. In chemistry, the union of two or more mole- 
cules by the linking of carbon-atoms and the forma- 
tion of complicated carbon-chains. 2. The patholog- 
ic hardening, with or without contraction, of a soft 
organ or tissue. 

Condensed (kon-densd') [condensare, to make thick]. 
Made compact ; reduced to a denser form. C. Milk, 
milk that has had most of its watery elements evapo- 
rated according to a known process. Condensed milk 
prepared with the addition of cane-sugar is a white or 
yellowish-white product of about the consistency of 
honey and ranging in specific gravity from 1.25 to 
1. 41. It should be completely soluble in from four to 
five times its bulk of water, without separation of any 
flocculent residue, and then possess the taste of fresh, 
sweetened milk. Condensed milk prepared without 
the addition of cane-sugar is not boiled down to the 
same degree, and therefore remains liquid. Batter- 
shall gives the following analysis of both classes: — 



CONDENSED MILK WITH ADDITION OF SUGAR. 



Brand. 






-a 
c 
« . 

3 w 
in 1 

<v *"^ 


c 

m 

M 

u 


in 

a 




3°-°5 


IO.08 


46.01 


12.04 


I 82 






Anglo-Swiss (American), . . 


29.46 


8.11 


50.41 


10.22 


1.80 


Anglo-Swiss (English), . . . 


27.80 


8.24 


51-07 


10.80 


2.09 


Anglo-Swiss (Swiss) 


25.51 


8.51 


53-27 


IO.7I 


2.00 




27.30 


6.60 


44-47 


IO.77 


1.86 




29.44 


9.27 


49.26 


IO.II 


1.92 





CONDENSED MILK WITHOUT CANE-SUGAR. 









u 












rt 












U) 






Brand. 


u 




3 
in 


C 






<u 




M 


5J 


tn 




rt 












£ 


d. 


S 


U 






52.07 


15.06 


16.97 


14.26 


2.80 








56-71 


14-13 


13.98 


I3.I8 








Granulated Milk Company, . 


55-43 


13.16 


14.84 


14.04 


2.53 




56.01 


14.02 


14.06 


13.90 


2.01 



Condenser (kon-den'-ser) [condensare, to make dense]. 
A lens or combination of lenses used in microscopy 
for gathering and concentrating rays of light. 

Condiment (kon'-dim-ent) [condimentum, spice]. 
Spice, sauce, or other appetizing ingredients used with 
food. 

Condom, or Cundum (kon' ' -dum, or kun'-dum) [cor- 
ruption of Conton, the name of the inventor]. A 
sheath worn over the penis during copulation for the 
purpose of preventing conception. 

Conduction ( kon-duk' -shun) [conductio ; conducere, 
to draw together]. The passage or transfer of force 
or material from one part to another. C. -resistance, 
the resistance encountered by an electric current in 
passing through a circuit. 

Conductor {kon-duk' -tor) [conducere, to draw together]. 
1. A body that transmits force-vibrations, such as those 
of heat or electricity. A term applied to the elec- 
trodes and cords by which they are joined to the bat- 
tery. 2. An instrument serving as a guide for the 
surgeon's knife. 

Conduplicate (kon-du'-plik-at\ [conduplicare, to double 
together]. In biology, doubled or folded together, as 
leaves or wings. 

Condurango Bark (kon-du-rang'-go bark) [native of 
S. Amer.]. Bark of Gonolobus tetragonus, or of 
Conglobus condurango : a remedy much used in S. 
America as an alterative in syphilis. It was intro- 
duced into the U. S. as a remedy for carcinoma of the 



CONDY'S FLUID 



317 



CONICAL 



stomach, but yielded uncertain results. Dose of the 
fluid extract ^ss-j ; of the tincture, !jj— ij. Unof. 

Condy's Fluid. One part of sodium or potassium per- 
manganate dissolved in 500 parts of water ; it is a 
useful disinfectant. 

Condylar {kon f -dil-ar) [k6v5v?mc, a knuckle]. Pertain- 
ing to the condyles. 

Condylarthrosis {kon-dil-ar-thro' -sis) [k6v&v!oc, a 
knuckle; apSpov, a joint]. A form of diarthrosis, 
wherein a condyle is set in a shallow and elliptic 
cavity, and free and varied movement of the joint is 
possible ; condylar articulation. 

Condyle (kon'-dil) [k6v6v2,oc, a knuckle]. Any rounded 
eminence such a,s occurs in the joints of many of the 
bones, especially the femur, humerus, and lower jaw. 

Condyloid {kon'-dil-oid) [novdv'koc, a knuckle; eldoc, 
likeness]. Resembling or pertaining to a condyle. 

Condyloma (kon-dil-o' '-mail) \_K.ovdv\u[ia, a swelling: 
pi.,, Condylomata']. A wart-like growth or tumor 
about the anus or pudendum. The term is applied 
also to syphilitic patches and discolorations. 

Condylomatous {kon-dil-o' -mat-its) \_mv6hXufia, a 
swelling]. Of the nature of a condyloma. 

Condylotomy {kon-dil-of -o-me) [k6v6v'aoc, a knuckle ; 
TepvEiv, to cut]. Extra-articular osteotomy ; a division 
through the condyles of a bone. 

Cone, Conus {kon, ko'-nus) [kcjvoc, a cone]. A solid 
body having a circle for its base, and terminating in a 
point. A patch of choroidal atrophy near the pa- 
pilla of the eye, in myopia. C, Graduated, a cone- 
shaped body used for measuring the size of orifices of 
vessels, etc., especially in post-mortem examinations. 
C. Inhaler. See Anesthetic. C. of Light, the tri- 
angular reflection from the normal membrana tympani. 
C, Retinal, one of the rod-like bodies of elongated 
conical form, which, with the associated rods, form 
one of the outer layers of the retina, the so-called 
rod-and-cone layer. C, Spermatic, one of the series 
of cones forming the head of the epididymis, and 
composed of the coiled efferent tubules. 

Conenchyma {kon-eng' -kim-ah) [kovoc, a cone ; lyxopm, 
an infusion]. In biology, a term applied to tissues 
formed of conical cells, as the velvety surface of some 
petals. 

Confectio {kon-fek' '-she-o) [L. : gen., Confectionis] . 
Official name for any confection, q. v. C.damocratis. 
See Mithridate. 

Confection {kon-fek' -shun) [confectio, a preparation]. 
In pharmacy, a mass of sugar and water, or of honey, 
used as an excipient with a prescribed medicinal sub- 
stance. There are two official (U.S. P.) co7ifectiones ; 
in the B. P. there are eight. 

Confectioners' Disease {kon-fek' -shun-erz dis-ez'). A 
disease frequently occurring in the workpeople manu- 
facturing candied fruits, nuts, etc. It is confined to 
the nails of the fingers of the hands ; the nail loses its 
polish, and becomes black, and the periungual portion 
becomes loosened and raised. 

Configuration (kon-fig-u-ra/ -shun) [cotifigurare, to 
form after something]. In chemistry, a term now 
designating what was formerly called the " constitu- 
tion" or " structure " of the molecules. 

Confinement {kon-fin'-ment) [L. , confiner, to shut 
up]. The condition of women during childbirth. 

Confirmatory (kon-fir' -mat-or-e) [confirmare , to con- 
firm]. Confirming. C. Incision, an abdominal 
section, made to confirm a diagnosis, as in case of 
malignant disease of the ovary, uterus, peritoneum, 
etc. 

Confluent {kon'-flu-ent) [confluere , to flow together]. 
In descriptive pathology, a term applied to eruptions 
that run together. The opposite of discrete. In 



anatomy, coalesced or blended ; applied to two or more 
bones originally separate, but subsequently formed into 
one. 

Conformator {kon' -for-ma-tor) [Fr. , conformateur]. 
A form of cephalograph used in determining the out- 
lines of the skull in craniometry. 

Confrontation {kon-frun-ta'-shun) \_confrontari, to be 
contiguous to]. The bringing of one person into the 
presence of another from whom he or she has con- 
tracted a disease, as an aid in diagnosis. 

Confusion {kon-fu'-zhun) \_confusio, a confounding]. 
Mixing; confounding. Embarrassment. C. Colors, 
a set of colors so chosen with regard to their degree 
of brilliancy that they cannot be distinguished by one 
who is color-blind ; a good test for color-blindness. 

Congelation (kon-jel-a' -shun) [congelatio, a freezing]. 
I. Freezing; frost-bite; intense cold or its effect on 
the animal economy, or any organ or part. 2. The 
chilling or benumbing effect of any freezing-mixture 
or application ; mainly employed for its local anes- 
thetic effect. 3. Coagulation. 

Congener {kon' -jen-er) [L. , of the same race]. In 
biology, belonging to the same genus; closely allied. 

Congenital {kon-jen'-it-al) [con, together; genitus, 
born]. Existing at birth. 

Congestion (kon-/es'-chun) [congerere, to heap up]. 
An abnormal collection of blood in a part or organ. 
Congestion may be active or passive, atonic or inflam- 
matory, functional or hypostatic. It is also named 
from the parts affected ; the most important varieties 
of morbid congestion are the cerebral, spinal, pul- 
monary, hepatic, and renal. 

Congestive (kon-jes'-tiv) [congerere, to heap up]. 
Marked by, due to, or of the nature of congestion. 

Congius {kon'-je-us) [L. ]. A Roman measure. A 
gallon. 

Conglobate {kon -glo'-bdt) [con, together; globare, to 
make into a globe]. Rounded. C. Glands, the 
absorbent or lymphatic glands. See Gland. 

Conglomerate {kon-glom'-er-at ) [conglomerare, to heap 
up]. 1. Massed together; aggregated. 2. A mass 
of units without order. C. Glands, acinous glands. 

Conglutin {kon-glu'-tin) [con, together/ gluten, glue]. 
One of the proteids found in peas, beans, and other 
kinds of pulse. Vines considers it an artificial pro- 
duct. It is more glutinous and more soluble in acetic 
acid, and richer in nitrogen, than ordinary legumin. 
See Casein. 

Conglutination {kon-glu-tin-a' -shuri) [conglutinare, to 
glue together]. The abnormal union of two contig- 
uous surfaces or bodies, as of two fingers, or of the 
opposed surfaces of the pleural or pericardial sac. 

Congo (kon' -go) [native African]. A country of 
western Africa. C. Fever. See Fever. C. Paper, 
a test-paper stained with Congo-red. C. -paper 
Test. See Tests, Table of. C.-red, a red coloring 
matter which becomes blue in the presence of free 
HCl. It is used in chemic investigation of the 
gastric juice. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C. Solu- 
tion. See Tests, Table of. 

Congress {kong'-gres) [congressus, a meeting together]. 
An assemblage for deliberative purpose. C, Sexual, 
coition, or carnal intercourse. 

Congressus {kong-gres' -us) [L.]. Congress; sexual 
intercourse. C. interruptus. See Coitus reservatus. 

Conhydrin {kon-hi'-drin) [kuveiov, hemlock ; vSup, 
water], C 8 H 17 NO. A solid alkaloid of conium, an 
oxyconin, occurring in pearly, iridescent, white, folia- 
ceous crystals, with a faint, conin-like odor, and 
melting at 121° C. and distilling at 226 . 

Conical {kon'-ik-al) [kuvikoc, pertaining to a cone]. 
Cone-shaped. C. Cornea. See Kerato-globus. 



CONIDIOPHORE 



318 



CONSCIOUSNESS 



Conidiophore (ho-nid'-e-o-for) [/cdwc, dust ; tptpeiv, to 
bear]. In biology, applied to the hypha that produces 
conidia. 

Conidium (ko-nid' -e-zim)[n.uvi(; , dust ; idiov, dim. suffix : 
pi. Conidid\. In biology, the deciduous asexual spores of 
certain fungi. Also called Basidiospore and Acrospore. 

Conidosis (kon-id-o'-sis). Synonym of Urticaria. 

Coniferin \ko-nif -er-in) \conifer, cone-bearing], C 16 
H 22 8 -f- 2H 2 0. A crystalline glucosid found in the 
cambium of coniferous woods, and consisting of 
shining needles. It effloresces in the air and melts at 
185 C. It is also called Abietin. 

Coniin (ko-ni'-hi). See Conium and Conin. 

Conin (ko'-nin) [nuvewv, hemlock], C 8 H 15 N. A vol- 
atile alkaloid that occurs in hemlock {Conium macu- 
latum), chiefly in the seeds, and is obtained by extrac- 
tion with acetic acid or distillation with soda. It is a 
colorless, oily liquid, having the odor of hemlock and 
boiling at 167-168° ; its specific gravity is 0.886 at o°. 

Conium Uto-nV-um) [kuveiov, hemlock]. Hemlock. 
The green, full-grown fruit of the spotted hemlock, C. 
maculatum. It contains three alkaloids and a volatile 
oil. Its properties are mainly due to the alkaloids 
coniin, C 8 H 15 N, and methytconiin, C 8 H 14 NCH 3 . It 
produces motor paralysis, without loss of sensation or 
of consciousness. Toxic doses cause death by paraly- 
sis of the organs of respiration. It is valuable in acute 
mania, delirium tremens, tetanus, blepharospasm, asth- 
ma, and whooping-cough. C, Abstract., made from 
conium 200, dilute hydrochloric acid 6, sugar of milk 
and alcohol q. s. , to make ioo parts of abstract. Unof. 
Dose gr. ss-iij. C, cataplasma (B. P.), made from 
the leaves. For external use. C, Ext., Alcoholic, 
each grain representing one grain of the drug. Dose gr. 
ij-v-xl. C, Fid. Ext., same strength as preceding. 
Dose tTLij-v-xl. C, pilula Comp. (B. P.), contains 
extract of hemlock and ipecac. Dose gr. v-x. C, 
succus (B. P.), made from the leaves. Dose ITLxxx- 
gij. C, Tinct., 15 per cent, strength. Dose rr\_x- 
3J. C. Vapor (B. P.), for inhalations. Coniin, 
unof., volatile alkaloid of conium. Dose gr. ^5— rV- 
Coniin Hydrobrom., C 5 H 9 (C 3 H 7 ), unof., recom- 
mended for spasmodic affections. Dose gr. J* — ^. 
All preparations uncertain in strength. Coniin. 
Hydrobrom., Injectio Hypoderm. Dose n\j-iij. 

Conjugal [kon' '-ju-gal) [conjugalis , & husband or wife]. 
Pertaining to marriage; connubial. C. Diabetes, 
diabetes affecting husband and wife together ; this is 
said to be not infrequently observed. 

Conjugate (kon' -ju-gat) [con, together ; jugare, to 
yoke]. Yoked or coupled. C. Deviation. See 
Deviation. C. Diagonal, Internal, an internal 
measurement of the pelvis from the middle of the 
sub-pubic ligament to the sacro-vertebral angle. It 
is 12^ cm. C. Diameter (of the pelvis), the antero- 
posterior or sacro-pubic. See Diameter. C. Diameter 
(of the pelvis), external. See Baudelocque, Diameter 
of. C. Focus. SeeFoczis. C.-symphyseal Angle, 
the angle that the conjugate diameter of the pelvis 
makes with the pubic bone at the symphysis. C, 
True, the minimum useful diameter of the pelvic inlet. 
See Diameter. 

Conjugation [kon-ju-ga' -shon) \conjugatus, joined to- 
gether]. In biology, that form of sexual reproduc- 
tion in which two cells, similar in size and appearance, 
unite to form a spore. The sexual character of con- 
jugation was first pointed out by Vaucher, in 1 803. 

Conjunctiva (kon-junk-ti' -vah) \conjunctimts, connect- 
ing]. The mucous membrane covering the anterior 
portion of the globe of the eye, reflected on and ex- 
tending to the free edges of the lids. Its parts are 
called palpebral and ocular, or bulbar. 



Conjunctival (kon-junk' -tiv-al, or kon-junk-ti 1 '-val) 
\_conjunclivus, connecting]. Relating to the con- 
junctiva. 

Conjunctivitis (Jzon-junk-tiv-i 1 '-its) \_conjimctivus, con- 
necting; ltiq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
conjunctiva. It may be catarrhal, croupous, diphtheric 
(or membranous), gonorrheal, phlyctenular, puru- 
lent, etc. , in character or origin. C, Atropin, a 
peculiar idiosyncratic catarrh of the conjunctiva pro- 
duced by prolonged use of atropin as a mydriatic, 
and characterized by the formation of numerous folli- 
cles. C. crouposa, a form associated with the form- 
ation of a whitish-gray membrane that is easily re- 
moved. C. diphtheritica, a specific purulent inflam- 
mation of the conjunctiva spreading by infection, 
yielding a contagious secretion, and leading to necro- 
sis of the infiltrated tissue. C. eczematosa. See 
C. lymphatica. C, Egyptian. See Trachoma. C. 
exanthematica. See C. lymphatica. C. follicularis, 
a form characterized by the presence of follicles. 
C, Granular. See Trachoma. C. lymphatica, 
that occurring in scrofulous individuals. It is accom- 
panied by the formation of ulcers. C. membranacea. 
See C. crouposa and Ophthalmia. C. phlyctenulosa. 
See C. lymphatica. C. pustulosa. See C. lymphatica. 
C. scrofulosa. See C. lymphatica. 

Connate (kon' -at). See Confluent and Congenital. 

Connection [kon-ek' -shun) \connectere, to connect]. 
Sexual intercourse. 

Connective [kon-ek'-tiv) \connectere , to connect]. I. 
Connecting ; binding. 2. In botany, the portion of 
the filament that connects the two cells of an anther. 
C. Tissue. See Animal Tissue. 

Connivent (kon-i' -vent) \_connivere, to wink at]. In 
botany converging toward each other ; applied to 
stamens that converge above, as those of the violet. 

Conocephalic, or Conocephalous [ko-no-sefal'-ik, 
ko-no-sef'-al-zis) \_navoc, cone; KeqaXi] , head]. Having 
the skull somewhat conoidal. 

Conoid, or Conoidal (ko'-noid, or ko-noi'-dal) [/cdwof, 
cone; eMoc, shape]. Of a conical or approximately 
conical shape. C. Ligament, the lower and inner 
part of the coraco-clavicular ligament. C. Tubercle, 
the eminence on the inferior surface of the clavicle to 
which the C. ligament is attached. 

Conquassant [kon-kwas' -ant) \conquassare, to shake 
severely]. Very severe (applied chiefly to labor-pains 
at the acme of their intensity). 

Conquassation [kon-kwas-a' -shun). See Concassation. 

Conquinamin (kon-kiuin'-am-in). An alkaloid of 
Cuprea bark. 

Conrad's Water. An eye-wash composed of three 
parts of mercuric chlorid, 100 of distilled water, and 
five to ten of tinctura opii crocata. 

Conroy's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Consanescent (hon-san-es / -ent) \_consanescere, to be- 
come sound]. Healing, becoming healed (applied 
mostly to wounds). 

Consanguine [kon-san' -gwin) \_consanguineus, of the 
same blood]. Allied by birth or descent; akin by 
blood-relationship. 

Consanguineous (kon-san-givin' -e-us) \_consangiiineus, 
of the same blood] . Related by a common parentage. 

Consanguinity [kon-san-givin' -it-e) \_con, together ; 
sanguinis, of blood]. The relationship arising from 
common parentage ; blood-relationship. 

Consciousness [kon'-shus-nes) [conscius, knowing]. 
The state of being aware of one's own existence, of 
one's own mental states, and of the impressions made 
upon one's senses ; ability to take cognizance of sensa- 
tions ; applied to ab extra impressions. C, Double, 
that morbid condition in which there are two separate 



CONSENESCENCE 



319 



CONTAGIOUS 



and alternating states of mental consciousness, in 
either one of which the events that have occurred in 
the other state are not remembered by the patient. 
Consenescence (kon-sen-es' -ens) \consenescere, to grow 

old]. The state or condition of growing old. 
Consensual (kon-sen'-su-al) \consensns, agreement]. 
Reflex and involving sensation, but not volition; as a 
consensual act or movement. 
Consent (kon-sent') \consentire, to agree]. In forensic 
medicine, this term signifies willing participation in 
unnatural or illegal intercourse. In pathology, a sym- 
pathetic aftection of a part distant from a diseased 
part. 
Consentience (kon-sen' -she-ens) [consenlire; to agree]. 
Undeveloped or unintellectual consciousness ; the sum 
or result of the impressions made by sensations upon 
the psychic center of the organism. 
Conserva, or Conserve (kon-ser' -vah, or con-serv') 

\conse>~vare , to keep]. A confection, q. v. 
Conservancy (kon-ser' -van-se) \conservare, to keep]. 
Public conservation of health or of things that make 
for health ; the sum of hygienic or preservative legis- 
lation. C. System. See Sewage, Disposal of. 
Conservative (kon-ser' -vat-h') \conservare, to keep]. 
Aiming at the preservation and restoration of injured 
parts ; as conservative surgery or dentistry. 
Conservator (kon' -ser-va-tor) \_conservare , to preserve]. 
A person appointed to look after the business interests 
and general welfare of an insane person or idiot. 
Consolidant, Consolidating (kon-sol' -id-ant, or kon- 
sol' -id- a-ting) \_consolidare , to make firm]. Tending 
to heal or promoting the healing of wounds or frac- 
tures ; favoring cicatrization. 
Consolidation (kon-sol-id-a' -shun) [consolidare, to 
make firm]. The process of becoming firm or solid, 
as a lung in pneumonia. 
Consonants (kon'-so-nants) [con, together ; sonare , to 
sound]. Non- vowel sounds in speaking produced at 
certain parts of the resonance-chamber. They are 
sounded only with a vowel. They consist of Explo- 
sives, Aspirates, Vibratives, and Resonants ; they are 
also divided into four classes, according to the situation 
in which they are produced — the Articulation Posi- 
tions, — the first being between the lips ; the second 
between the tongue and hard palate ; the third be- 
tween the tongue and soft palate ; the fourth between 
the vocal bands. Labials, made at the lips, may 
be explosive (b,p), aspirate (f v, w), vibrative (the 
" burr "), and resonant (m). These form the conso- 
nants of the first articulation position. Those of the 
second position are the explosives t and d; the aspi- 
rates s, z, sch, th; the vibrative r; the resonant n. 
Those of the third position are the explosives k and 
g; the aspirates are the unvoiced consonants, unvoiced 
ch andy'; the vibrative, palatal r; the resonant, pala- 
tal n. That of the fourth position is the aspirate, the 
glottis-formed h. 
Constant (kon'-stant ) \_constans, steady] . Fixed ; not 
changing. C. Battery, Element, or Cell. One 
yielding a constant current. A galvanic battery, of 
which the most common types are those of Bunsen, 
Callaud, Daniell, Grenet, Grove, Leclanche, and Smee. 
Consternatio (kon-ster-na' -she-o) [L.]. See Night- 
Terrors. 
Constipation (kon-stip-a' -shun) [constipare, to crush 
tightly together]. Costiveness ; retention and hard- 
ness of the feces from functional inactivity of the intes- 
tinal canal, or from abnormalism of the biliary or 
other secretions. It may also be due to mechanical 
obstruction of the intestinal canal, paresis of the intes- 
tinal walls, the use of certain foods, and general de- 
pression of vital activity. 



Constituent (kon-stit'-u-cnt) \_constituere, to establish]. 
A formative element or ingredient. The Constitu- 
ents of the Organism are organic and inorganic. 
The Inorganic C. are Water, forming 58.5 per 
cent, of the body ; Gases, such as oxygen, marsh-gas, 
etc. ; Salts, of which the chief are sodium chlorid, 
calcium phosphate (forming more than one-half of the 
bones), sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium 
and potassium sulphates, potassium chlorid, calcium 
fluorid and carbonate ; Free Acids, as hydrochloric, 
sulphuric, etc. ; Bases, such as silicon, manganese, 
iron. The Organic C. comprise the large classes of 
the proteids, albuminoids, fats, etc. 
Constitution (kon-stit-u' -shun) \constituere, to dis- 
pose]. In chemistry, the atomic or molecular com- 
position of a body. In pharmacy, the composition of 
a substance. In physiology, the general temperament 
and functional condition of the body. 
Constitutional (kon-stit-u' -shun-al) \constituere , to 
dispose]. Pertaining to the state of the constitution. 
C. Diseases, in pathology, such diseases as are inhe- 
rent, owing to an abnormal structure of the body. 
Also, inherited diseases. Also, a condition in which 
the disease pervades the whole system. General, in 
contradistinction to local. 
Constrictor (kon-strik' -tor) \constringere , to bind to- 
gether]. Any muscle that contracts or tightens any 
part of the body. See Muscles, Table of. 
Constringent (kon-strin' -jent) \_constringere, to con- 
strict]. Same as Astringent, q. v.. 
Consultation (kon-sul-la' -shun) \_considtare , to take 
counsel]. A deliberation between two or more phy- 
sicians concerning the diagnosis of the disease of a 
patient and the proper method of treatment. 
Consumption (kon-sump' -shun) \consumere , to con- 
sume or wear away]. Wasting, denutrition, or atrophy, 
loosely used as a synonym of Tuberculosis, especially 
pulmonary tuberculosis, Phthisis, q. v. C. of the 
Bowels. See Diarrhea, Chronic Inflammatory. 
Consumptive (kon-sump' -thi) \_consumere, to consume 
or wear away]. I. Of the nature of tuberculosis. 
2. One afflicted with pulmonary tuberculosis. 
Contact (kon'-takt) [contactus, a touching]. A touch- 
ing. C. Lenses, in optics, a glass shell the con- 
cavity of which is in contact with the globe of the 
eye, a layer of liquid being interposed between the 
lens and the cornea. C. Series, a series of metals 
arranged in such an order that each becomes positively 
electrified by contact with the one that follows it. 
The contact-values of some metals, according to Ary 
ton and Perry, are as follows : — 

DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL IN VOLTS. 

Zinc, Lead 210 Iron, Copper 146 

Lead, Tin .... 0.69 Copper, Platinum . .238 

Tin, Iron 3.13 Platinum, Carbon . .113 

C. Test, Heller's test. See Tests, Table of. 

Contactile, or Contactual (kon-tak'-til, or kon-tak'- 
tu-al) \_contactus, contact]. I. Tactile. 2. Due to 
or spreading by actual contact. 

Contagion (kon-ta' -jitn) \contagio ; contingere, to 
touch]. The process by which a specific disease is 
communicated between persons, either by direct con- 
tact or by means of an intermediate agent. (See, also, 
Infection.) Also the specific germ of virus from 
which a communicable disease develops. C, Mental. 
See Imitation. 

Contagionist (kon-ta' -jun-ist) \contagio ; contingere, to 
touch]. One who believes in the contagious origin 
or transmission of any given disease. 

Contagious (kon-ta' -jus) \contagium, a touching]. 
Communicable or transmissible by contagion, or 
by a specific contagium. Infectious — applied to a 



CONTAGIUM 



320 



CONTROL 



disease engendered by a specific agency, which, 
once present, may multiply and renew itself in- 
definitely, and which always gives rise to the same 
disease, (a) Miasmatic — applied to an infectious dis- 
ease of which the specific cause exists only in certain 
localities, <?. g. , malaria, pneumonia, acute rheumatism, 
(b) Contagions — applied to a disease of which the 
cause is transmitted from person to person, through 
houses, villages, cities, and countries, e.g., variola, 
morbilli, scarlatina, diphtheria, etc. (c) Miasmatic- 
contagious — applied to an infectious disease of which 
the specific cause is carried by persons, or their 
emanations, to a locality, and in the soil, water or 
houses of which it multiplies and thence generates 
the disease, e.g., cholera, enteric fever, yellow fever. 
C. Typhus. Synonym of Typhus Fever, q. v. 

Contagium (kon-ta' -je-um) [L.]. Any virus or mor- 
bific matter by means of which a communicable dis- 
ease is transmitted from the sick to the well. C. ani- 
matum, same as C. vivum. C. vivum ("living 
contagium"), any living vegetable or animal organism 
that causes the spread of an infectious disease. 

Contest (kon'-test) [contestari, to call to witness]. To 
dispute ; to strive for. C. Theory, the doctrine of 
chemiotaxis. 

Contiguity (kon-tig-u' '-it-e) [contiguitas, a touching]. 
Proximity. C, Amputation in the, is performed at 
a joint, without section of a bone. 

Continued (kon-ti)i'-ud) [continuare , to make continu- 
ous]. Persisted in. C. Fever, a fever that is neither 
intermittent nor typically remittent. See Fever. 

Continuity [kon-tin-u 1 -it-e) [continuitas, uninterrupted- 
ness]. In anatomy, the portion lying between two 
ends, as the shaft of a bone. C, Solution of. See 
Solution. C, Amputation in the, amputation in 
which a bone is divided. 

Continuous (kon-tin' -u-us) [continuus, joined ; uninter- 
rupted]. Unbroken. C.-gum Work, a method of 
constructing artificial dentures. 

Contortion (kon-tor'-shiai) [contorquere, to twist]. A 
twisting or writhing, as of the body. 

Contour (kon-toor') [Fr ., contour, circuit]. I. The line 
that bounds, defines, or terminates a figure. 2. In 
operative dentistry, to effect the restoration of lost parts 
of teeth by building them up with gold, etc. C- 
feather-hair, one of those outer and longer hairs or 
feathers that go to determine the contour of a bird or 
mammal, as distinguished from a soft down-feather or 
a hair of the under-fur. C. -fillings, in dentistry 
fillings in which the material is so built out as to 
restore the lost portion of the crown of the tooth ; 
distinguished from plane or flush-fillings. 

Contracted Heels. See Hoofbound. 

Contractility (kon-trak-til' -it-e) [contrahere , to draw 
together]. The peculiar property of muscular tissue 
manifested by shortening and concomitant thicken- 
ing. 

Contraction (kon-trak' -shun) [contrahere, to draw to- 
gether]. Approximation of the elements of a tissue or 
organ, thus diminishing its volume or contents. C, 
Carpo-pedal, a variety of tetany occurring in infants, 
and generally associated with dentition or seat-worms. 
There is a flexing of the fingers, toes, elbows, and 
knees, and a general tendency to convulsions. C, 
Closing, muscular contractions produced at the 
instant that the electric current is closed. C, Front- 
tap, Gowers' term for a phenomenon often observed 
in cases with exaggerated knee-jerk. It is a delicate 
test of increased spinal irritability. The foot is placed 
at a right angle to the leg, and the muscles of the front 
of the leg are tapped, the result being extension of the 
foot from contraction of the gastrocnemius. See Re- 



flexes, Table of. C. -furrows, a number of concentric 
curved lines near the ciliary margin of the iris. They 
are produced in the living iris by a folding of the iris 
upon itself during dilatation of the pupil. C, Hour- 
Glass. See Uterus. C, Opening, the muscular 
contraction produced by opening or breaking the cir- 
cuit. C, Paradoxic, Westphal's term for a phe- 
nomenon that consists in the contraction of a muscle, 
caused by the passive approximation of its extremities. 
C. -remainder, the stage of elastic after-vibration or 
residual contraction persisting in a muscle after with- 
drawal of the stimulus. C.-ring, the boundary line 
between the upper and lower uterine segments, often 
marked by a perceptible ridge. That portion of the uter- 
ine canal that must be dilated to allow the escape of the 
fetus is called the lower uterine segment ; that portion 
above the point at which the dilatation ceases, i. e., the 
contracting portion of the muscle, is called the upper 
uterine segment. 

Contractions. See Contracture and also Abbreviations, 
in Introductory Tables. 

Contracture (kon-trak'-chur) [contractus, a drawing to- 
gether]. Contraction; permanent shortening, as of a 
muscle ; distortion or deformity due to the shortening 
of a muscle or of various muscles. In electro-thera- 
peutics, muscular spasms, clonic or tonic, the variety 
determined in regard to time, by the method of appli- 
cation of the current. 

Contra-extensio \kon-trah-ek-sten' -se-o) [L.] . Counter- 
extension. 

Contra-fissura (kon' -trah-fis-su' -rah) [contra, opposite 
to; fissura,a. fissure]. Cranial fissure or fracture pro- 
duced by a blow upon the skull at a point distant from 
or opposite to the seat of the fracture. 

Contra-indicant (kon-trah-in'-dik-ant) [contra, op- 
posed to ; indicare, to indicate]. I. Having the effect 
of a contra- indication. 2. A symptom, indication, or 
condition that forbids the use of a particular remedial 
measure or set of measures. 

Contra-indication (kon-trah-in-dik-a' -shun) [contra, 
against; indicare, to point out]. That pathologic or 
modifying condition in which a remedy or a method 
of treatment is forbidden that under ordinary cases 
might be proper. 

Contra-stimulant (kon-trah-stim' -u-latif) [contra, 
against ; stimulare, to stimulate]. I. Counteracting the 
effect of a stimulus ; depressing ; sedative. 2. A 
sedative remedy. 

Contra-stimulism (kon-trah-stim' -u-lizni) [contra, 
against; stimulare, to stimulate]. The doctrine of 
contrastrimulus ; Rasorianism. 

Contra-stimulus, or Contro-stimulus(-£w?-/rtf/z-.y/zV;z / - 
u-lus, or kon-tro-stim'-u-lus)[contra , against ; stimulus, 
a stimulus] . An influence that is opposed, or acts in 
opposition, to a stimulus. 

Contrayerva (kon-trah-yer' -vah) [contra, against ; 
herba, an herb]. The root of Dorstenia contraverva, 
a stimulant, tonic, and diaphoretic. Its decoction is 
mucilaginous, and is serviceable in low fevers and 
malignant eruptive diseases. Dose^ss. Unof.- 

Contrecoup (kon' -tr-koo) [Fr. ]. Counter-stroke, a 
variety of injury by indirect violence, as by a blow on 
a remote part. See Contra-fissura. 

Contrectation (kon-trek-ta' -shun) [contrectatio ; contrec- 
tare, to touch]. Digital examination; palpation; 
touch ; manipulation, as in massage. 

Control (kon-tro/') [contra, against ; rotula, a roll]. 
An experiment performed to test the correctness of 
the results of another experiment ; a standard by 
which to check observations and insure the validity 
of their results. Also, a synonym for Control Animal. 
C. Animal. See C. Experiment. C. Experiment, an 



CONTUSION 



321 



COOPER'S ARSENIOUS OINTMENT 



experiment carried out under normal or common cir- 
cumstances or conditions, to serve as a standard where- 
by to test the variation or value of another experi- 
ment carried out under peculiar or abnormal circum- 
stances. For instance, an animal is rendered immune 
by inoculation with some anti-speciric agent. Such an 
animal is called the Immune Animal. Another 
animal, not having been previously rendered immune, 
is called the Control Animal. Both animals are 
then exposed to the action of, or are inoculated with, 
the specific virus in question, and the relative differences 
in the reaction of the two animals to the last inocula- 
tion or exposure constitute the conclusions of the 
experiment. 

Contusion (kon-tu/ -zhun) [contnsio : contundere, to 
bruise], A bruise or injury by a blunt weapon, or by 
collision, without breaking the skin or covering. C- 
pneumonia, a form of pneumonia following trauma- 
tism. It is of frequent occurrence. 

Conus (ko'-nus) [/coi'oc, a cone: //. , Com"]. A cres- 
centic patch of atrophic choroid tissue near the optic 
papilla in myopia. C. arteriosus, the conoid eminence 
of the right ventricle of the heart, whence arises the pul- 
monary artery. C. medullaris, the cone-like termina- 
tion of the spinal cord, continuous as the filum ter- 
minale. Coni vasculosi, a series of conical masses that 
together form the globus major of the epididymis. 

Convalescence [kon-val-es' -ens) \_convalescere, to be- 
come well]. A term applied to the restoration to 
health after the subsidence of a disease or ailment. 

Convalescent [kon-val-es' '-ent ) [convalescere, to be- 
come well]. I. One recovering from a sickness. 2. 
Recovering from sickness. 

Convallamarin (kon-val-am' '-ar-in) [convallis, a 
valley ; amarus, bitter] , C 23 H 44 12 . A bitter, crystal- 
line whitish powder ; a glucosid derived from Conval- 
laria. It is a rather active poison. See Convallaria 
majalis. 

Convallaria [kon-val-a' '-re-alt) \_convallis, a valley]. A 
genus of liliaceous plants. C. majalis, Lily of the 
Valley. All parts of the plant are used in medicine. 
Its properties are due to convattarin , C 34 H 62 O n , and 
convallamarin , C 23 H 44 ]2 , glucosids. It is a prompt 
cathartic, diuretic, and cardiac stimulant, valuable as 
a heart-tonic. Unlike digitalis, it has no cumulative 
effect. C, Ext., soluble in water. Dose gr. ij-x. 
C, Ext., Fid., alcoholic. Dose rr^ ij — x j . C. infusum, 
prepared with three times its weight of water. Dose 
^ ss— ij. Convallamarin, or Convallamarinum, is 
soluble in water. Dose gr. ){-\). All unof. 

Convallarin [kon-val' -ar-in) [convallis, a valley], 
C 34 H 62 O n . A purging, crystalline glucosid derived 
from Convallaria. 

Convallarrhetin [kon-val-ar-e' -tin) [convallis, a valley ; 
priTivq, resin], C 28 H- 2 6 . A poisonous resiniform sub- 
stance obtainable from convallarin upon the separation 
of glucose from the latter. 

Convection (kon-vek' -shun) [convehere, to carry to- 
gether]. A transmission or carrying, as of heat or 
electricity. C. -current, a current of a liquid or gas 
heated to a temperature above that of the surrounding 
medium ; it rises to the surface because of its lighter 
density, and thus the entire fluid or gas acquires the 
same temperature. 

Convergence [kon-ver'-jens) [convergere , to tend to a 
center]. Inclination or a direction toward a common 
point, center, or focus, as, e.g., of the axes of vision 
upon the near-point. C. -theory, a theory that ac- 
counts for the production of myopia by the pressure 
exerted by the external ocular muscles upon the eye- 
ball in convergence, this pressure leading to distention 
of the eyeball. 



Convergent [kon-ver'-jent) \_con, together; vergere, to 
incline]. In biology, coming together. Tending to 
a common center. C. Strabismus. See Strabismus. 

Convex [kon-veks') [convexus, vaulted]. Rounded, as 
a swelling of a round or spheric form on the external 
surface ; gibbous ; opposed to concave. 

Convexity [kon-veks' -it-e) [convexus, convex]. A 
surface rounding outward; the quality of being con- 
vex. 

Convexo-concave and Convexo-convex (kon-veks'- 
o-kon-kdv, kon-veks' -o-kon-veks). See Lens. 

Convolute [kon'-vo-lut) or Convoluted [kon'-vo-lu- 
tcd) \_convohilus, rolled together]. Rolled together. 
C. Bones. See Turbinated Bones. 

Convolution [kon-vo-lu' -shun) \_convolvere, to roll to- 
gether]. A folding and turning upon itself of any 
organ, as the cerebrum and the small intestines ; 
any gyrus of the brain. A Table of the Convolutions 
of the Cerebrum is added. (See page 323.) 

Convolvulin [kon-vol' -vu-lin) [convolvere, to roll to- 
gether], C 31 H 50 O 16 . A glucosid derived from the 
roots of Jalap ( Convolvulus purgd) . It is a gummy 
mass, with active purgative properties. 

Convolvulus {kon-vol' -vu-lus) [convolvere, to roll to- 
gether]. A genus of plants. C. panduratus, wild 
potato. The tuber is a mild cathartic. Dose gr. xl. 
Unof. C. purga. See Jalap. C. scammonia. 
Sca?nmony. 

Convulsant [kon-vul' -sant) [convellere, convidsum, to 
pull together]. A medicine that causes convulsions. 

Convulsion [kon-vul' -shun) [convellere, to convulse]. 
A general paroxysm of involuntary muscular contrac- 
tion, whether tonic or (more especially) clonic. 
Loss of consciousness and voluntary control of the 
muscles, with clonic, tonic, or mixed contraction, etc. 
It may be due to epilepsy, other functional or or- 
ganic disease of the brain, circulation, etc. ; or may 
be cataleptic, hysteric, choreic, etc. See, also, 
Epilepsy. C, Infantile, due to a number of causes, 
such as rickets, exhaustion, etc. ; sometimes called 
" screaming fits. " C, Puerperal. See Eclampsia. 
C, Salaam, Eclampsia nutans, a. v. C, Uremic, 
due to the altered state of the blood in disease of 
the kidney. 

Convulsionary [kon-vul' -shun- a-re) [convellere, to con- 
vulse]. One who is subject to convulsions ; especially 
one of a set of patients who are subject to epidemic 
or imitative convulsions. 

Convulsivant [con-vul' -siv-ant} [convellere, to con- 
vulse]. An agent that causes convulsions. 

Convulsive (kon-vul' -siv) [convellere, to convulse]. 
Marked by convulsions or spasms. C. Cerebral 
Typhus. See Dubini' ' s Disease. C. Cough. See 
Cynobex hebetis. C. Tic. See Habit-Spasm. C. 
Tremor. See Paramyoclonus. 

Conydrin [ko-ni'-drin) . See Conhydrin. 

Cook's (Alleyer) Hematoxylin Solution. A solu- 
tion for staining microscopic sections. Extract of log- 
wood 6 gm., alum 6gm., cupric sulphate I gm. , and 
water, 40 c. c. are rubbed up into a paste in a mortar. 
This is allowed to stand for two days, and then filtered, 
and a crystal of thymol is added to the filtrate for 
preserving. See Stains, Table of. 

Cooper's (Sir Astley) Arsenious Ointment. An oint- 
ment composed of arsenious acid and sulphur, each one 
part, spermaceti cerate, eight parts. It has been used 
as a local application in skin-affections. C. Fascia. 
See Scarpa' 's Fascia. C. Hernia. See Hernia, and 
Diseases, Table of. C. Irritable Breast. Synonym 
of Mastodynia. C. Irritable Testicle. Synonym 
of Orchialgia. C. Ligaments. See Ligaments. C. 
Method. See Treatment, Methods of. C. Operations. 



CONVOLUTIONS 



322 



COPIOPIA 




Convolutions of the Superior Aspect or Convexity of the 
Cerebrum. 
i,i. Fissure of Rolando. 2,2. Ascending frontal convolution. 3,3. As- 
cending and superior parietal convolutions. 4, 4. First frontal con- 
volution. 5, 5. Second frontal. 6, 6. Third frontal. 7, 7. First occi- 
pital. 8, 8. Second occipital. 9, 9. Third occipital. 10. Anterior 
extremity of corpus callosum. n, 11. Posterior extremity. 




Convolutions of the Inferior Aspect of the Cerebrum. 
Anterior extremity of corpus callosum. 2. Optic chiasm. 3. Tuber 
cinereum and infundibulum. 4. Corpora albicantia or mammillaria. 
5. Pons varolii. 6. Third nerve. 7. Aqueduct of Sylvius. 8. Testes. 
10. Inferior surface of frontal lobe. 11. Convolution of the fissure of 



See Operations, Table of. C. Ventilator. 
See Ventilation. 

Coopers' Knee. An enlarged bursa patella; 
found in coopers, as the result of pressure 
exerted by the knee against the barrel. 

Coordination {ko-or-din-a'-sliuti) [con, to- 
gether ; ordinare, to regulate] . The har- 
monious activity and proper sequence of 
operation of the various organs of the body, 
especially of those parts that cooperate in 
the performance of any function. 

Copaiba [ko-pa'-e-bali) [Sp.]. Balsam of 
Copaiba. The oleoresin of Copaifera offi- 
cinalis, C. coriacea, C. guianensis , C. mnlti- 
juga, C. cordifolia, C. laxa, C. nitida, C. 
oblongifolia, and C. langsdorffii ; legumin- 
ous trees, native to South America. It is a 
stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and an ex- 
pectorant, and is much used in gonorrhea, 
although now considered of doubtful value. 
C, Massa, copaiba 94, magnesia 6 parts. 
Dose TTix-^j. C, Mist. Comp., Lafay- 
ette's mixture, unof. , copaiba gvij, oil 
cubebs 3 j , glyceriti vitelli 3 vij ; triturate and 
add syr. aq. menth. piperit. j| iiss; then add, 
with constant stirring, liq. potass. ]§ss, tinct. 
cardamon comp. 3 ij, spt. aether, nitrosi, i| ss, 
aq. menth. piperit. q.s. to make ^ viij. Dose 
3j-§ss. C, Ol. Dose rrix-xv. C, Re- 
sina, mainly copaibic acid. Dose gr. j-v. 

Copal (ko'-pal) [Mex. , copalli, resins]. 
Anime. These terms include a number of 
related resins that are of both fossil and 
recent origin. The copal resins, when of 
good quality, are too hard to be scratched 
by the nail, have a conchoid fracture, and 
a specific gravity ranging from 1. 059 to 
I.080. Unlike others, they are soluble with 
difficulty in alcohol and essential oils, and 
are, therefore, valuable for making var- 
nishes. The softer kinds are called anime. 

Copalche {ko-pal'-che) [Mex.]. The bark 
of Croton nivens and other trees of tropical 
America. The term is a vague one, and is 
little used in medical literature. 

Copalin, Copalm (ko'-pal-in, ko'-palm) 
[Mex., copalli, resins]. The sweet-gum 
tree, Liquidam bar styraciflua; also the resin 
that in warm latitudes exudes from it, the 
so-called Highgate resin. 

Copeman's Method. A method of over- 
coming the nausea and vomiting of preg- 
nancy. It consists in digital dilatation of 
the cervix uteri to a slight degree, not 
sufficient to induce abortion. 

Copernicia cerifera [ko-per-nish' -e-ah ser- 
if'-er-ali). See Carnauba. 

Cophosis (ko-fo'-sis) [kgj^oc, deaf]. Deaf- 
ness or dulness of hearing. 

Copiopia [kop-i-o'-pe-ali) [k<5ttoc, a straining ; 
aip, eye]. Eye-strain; weariness of the 
eyes. C. hysterica, a term applied to those 
symptoms that indicate hyperesthesia of the 
fifth and optic nerves. 



Sylvius. 12. Olfactory nerve. 13. Third convolu- 
tion of inferior surface of frontal lobe. 14. Fourth 
convolution. 15. Third convolution of external 
surface of frontal lobe. 16. External border of 
posterior lobe. 17. Sphenoidal extremity. 18. Oc- 
cipital extremity. 19. Hippocampal convolution. 
20. External convolution of posterior lobe. 21. 
Middle convolution. 22. Internal convolution. 23. 
Gyrus fornicatus. 



CONVOLUTIONS 



323 



CONVOLUTIONS 



TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM. 



Name. 


Location. 


Boundaries. 


Abrupt. 


Small convolutions at the extremity of the occipi- 
tal lobe. 




Angular. 


Posterior portion of inferior parietal lobule. 


Anteriorly, continuous with the supra- 
marginal convolution. Jnferiorly, 
continuous with the middle temporo- 
sphenoidal convolution. Posteriorly, 
connected with the occipital lobe by 
the annectant convolutions. 


Annectant (4). 


Occipital lobe. 


Connect the occipital with the tem- 
poro-sphenoidal and parietal lobes. 


Annectant, external. 


See Annectant, first. 




Annectant, first. 


Occipital lobe; a portion of the superior occipital 
convolution. 


Joins the superior occipital convolu- 
tion with the superior parietal lobe. 


Annectant, second. 


Occipital lobe, posterior part. 


Connects the angular and middle con- 
volutions. 


Annectant, superior. 


See Paroccipital. 




Antero-parietal. 


See Frontal, ascending. 




Antero-temporal. 


See Temporal, first. 




Antorbital. 


Frontal lobe (of orang-outang), orbital surface. 


Internally, olfactory lobe. 


Arcuate. 


See Uncinate. 




Of Arnold. 


See Posterior, inferior. 




Basilar, internal. 


Frontal lobe (orbital face) ; probably the rectus 
convolution, q. v. 




Basirrhinal. 


Temporal lobe, near tip. 


Hippocampal and amygdaline fissures. 


Breves. 


The larger number of the insular convolutions, 
as distinguished from the long insular. 




Bridging. 


See Annectant. 




Broca's. 


The inferior or third frontal convolution, q. v. 




Callosal. 


See Fornicate. 




Cal loso-m arginal . 


See Fornicate, 




Central, anterior. 


See Frontal, ascending. 




Central, posterior. 


See Parietal, ascending. 




Choroid, anterior. 


In the embryo, the convexity of the parietes of 
the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle. 




Choroid, inferior. 


See Choroid, posterior. 




Choroid, posterior. 


In the embryo, a convexity posterior to the ante- 
rior choroid convolution in the lateral recess of 
the fourth ventricle. 




Choroid, superior. 


See Choroid, anterior. 




Of the corpus callosum. 


See Fornicate. 




Cruciate. 


See Orbital convolutions. 




Cuneate. 


Occipital lobe, median aspect of cerebrum ; 
wedge-shaped. 


Above, parieto-occipital fissure. Be- 
low, calcarine fissure. 


Cuneiform. 


See Abrupt. 




Dentate. 


In the dentate fissure; rudimentary in man. 


Above, the taenia hippocampi ; termi- 
nates in the notch of the uncinate 
gyrus. 


Descending. 


Occipital lobe. 


Anteriorly, post-calcarine fissure. 


Divisus. 


See Frontal, ascending. 




D'ourlet. 


See Fornicate. 




External (4). 


Convexity of each cerebral hemisphere (of dog). 





CONVOLUTIONS 324 CONVOLUTIONS 

TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Boundaries. 


Fornicate. 


Median surface of cerebrum, immediately above 
the corpus callosum. 


Above, calloso-marginal fissure. In- 
ternally, great longitudinal fissure. 
Below, corpus callosum. 


Frontal. 


See Frontal, ascending. 




Frontal, ascending. 


Frontal lobe. 


Above and below, generally continuous 
with the ascending parietal convolu- 
tion. Posteriorly, fissure of Rolando. 
Anteriorly , precentral and supercen- 
tral fissures. 


Frontal, first. 


See Frontal, superior. 




Frontal, inferior. 


Frontal lobe, lower and outer portion. U-shaped 
convolution ; forms an essential part of Broca's 
speech-center. 


Above, subfrontal fissure. Posteriorly, 
the ascending frontal convolution. 
Anteriorly, becomes the posterior 
orbital convolution. 


Frontal, lower. 


See Frontal, inferior. 




Frontal, middle. 


See Frontal, second. 




Frontal, second. 


Frontal lobe between the superior and inferior 
frontal convolutions. 


Posteriorly , continuous with the as- 
cending frontal convolution. Ante- 
riorly, continuous with the middle 
orbital convolution. Above, super- 
frontal fissure. Below, subfrontal 
fissure. 


Frontal, straight. 


See Rectus. 




Frontal, superior. 


Frontal lobe. 


Posteriorly, continuous with ascend- 
ing frontal c. Anteriorly, continuous 
with the internal orbital. Its mesal 
surface is called the marginal c. Be- 
low, the superfrontal fissure. 


Frontal, third. 


See Frontal, inferior. 




Frontal, transverse. 


See Frontal, ascending. 




Frontal, upper. 


See Frontal, superior. 




Fronto-marginal. 


Frontal lobe of cerebrum, median aspect. 


Above, fronto-marginal fissure. Below, 
supercallosal fissure. 


Fronto-parietal, middle. 


See Frontal, superior. 




Fusiform. 


See Subcollateral. 




Geniculate. 


" Passes from the anterior extremity of the forni- 
cate convolution over the upper surface of the 
callosum, becoming the medial and lateral 
striae Lancisi." 




Glossiform. 


See Subcalcarine. 




Hippocampal. 


Extends from the splenium, dipping behind and 
below the callosum, and continuing forward to 
the uncinate convolution. 


The hippocampal and collateral fis- 
sures. Anteriorly, the uncinate con- 
volution. Posteriorly, the splenium. 


Infero-frontal. 


See Subfrontal. 




Inflected. 


A V-shaped convolution about the inflected fis- 
sure. 




Infra-marginal. 


Temporo-sphenoidal lobe, the superior convolu- 
tion. 


Above, the Sylvian fissure. Below, the 
super-temporal or parallel fissure. 


Insular. 


One of a group of small convolutions that form 
the island of Reil. 




Insular, long. 


A portion of the insula ; recognized by its length 
and horizontal direction. 




Intercentral. 


The convolution between the two parallel central 
fissures, in the rare cases in which two co-exist. 


The parallel central fissures. 


Internal. 


See Fornicate. 




Lingual. 


See Subcalcarine. 




Longitudinal, superior internal. 


See Fornicate. 




Marginal. 


Frontal lobe. 


Internally, longitudinal fissure. Tnfe- 
riorly, the calloso-marginal fissure. 
Posteriorlv, the calloso-marginal fis- 
sure and fissure of Rolando. 



CONVOLUTIONS 325 CONVOLUTIONS 

TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Boundaries. 


Marginal, external. 


See Fornicate. 




Marginal, inferior. 


See Supertemporal 




Marginal, internal. 


The lamina of the septum lucidum and dentate 
convolution. 


Above and externally, by the fornicate 
convolution. 


Medifrontal. 


See Frontal, second. 




Medio-parietal, transverse. 


See Parietal, ascending. 




Meditemporal. 


Middle of temporal lobe; a small horizontal con- 
volution. 


Above, the supertemporal fissure. Be- 
low, meditemporal fissure Posteri- 
orly, continuous with the angular 
convolution. 


Mendel's. 


See Opercular. 




Nuclear; also called Rauber's con- 
volution. 


A fold of gray matter in the olivary body. 




Occipital, fifth. 


Occipital lobe (of gorilla) Corresponds to the 
lingual convolution of man. 




Occipital, first. 


See Occipital, superior. 




Occipital, fourth. 


Occipital lobe (of gorilla). Corresponds to the 
fusiform of man. 




Occipital, inferior. 


Occipital lobe. 


Above, middle occipital fissure. Below, 
inferior occipital fissure. Anteriorly, 
continuous with middle temporo- 
sphenoidal convolution. 


Occipital, lower. 


See Occipital, inferior. 




Occipital, middle. 


Occipital lobe, between the first and third occi- 
pital convolutions. 


Superiorly, transverse occipital fis- 
sure. Inferiorly, inferior longitudi- 
nal and occipital fissures. Internally, 
the median longitudinal fissure. Ex- 
ternally ox anteriorly, it runs into the 
angular gyrus. 


Occipital, second. 


See Occipital, middle. 




Occipital, superior. 


Occipital lobe, superior surface, upper convolu- 
tion. 


Connected with the superior parietal 
by the annectant gyrus. 


Occipital, third. 


See Occipital, inferior. 




Occipital, upper. 


See Occipital, superior. 




Occipito-temporal . 


Lower surface of temporo-sphenoidal lobe. 




Occipito-temporal, inferior. 


See Subcollateral. 




Occipito-temporal, lateral. 


See Subcollateral. 




Occipito-temporal, middle. 


See Sicbcalcarine. 




Occipito-temporal, superior. 


See Subcalcarine. 




Olfactory. 


Arises in the anterior perforated space, passing 
forward in the olfactory sulcus, and ending in 
the olfactory bulb. 




Olfactory, external. 


The lateral root of the olfactory tract. 


Internally, the olfactory groove. 


Olfactory, internal. 


Frontal lobe; the ridge along the inner side of the 
olfactory groove. The internal root of the ol- 
factory tract. 




Opercular ; also called Menders con- 
volution. 


Frontal lobe. 


Enters into the operculum. 


Of the operculum. 


See Breves. 




Orbital. 


Frontal lobe ; small convolutions on the orbital 
surface. 




Orbital, anterior. 


Frontal lobe. 


Continuous with the middle frontal 
convolution. Posterioj-ly, orbital sul- 
cus. 


Orbital, external. 


See Frontal, inferior. 




Orbital, internal. 


Frontal lobe. 


Internally, the rectus convolution. 



CONVOLUTIONS 326 CONVOLUTIONS 

TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Boundaries. 


Orbital, lateral. 


Frontal lobe. 


The ventral portion of the subfrontal 
convolution. 


Orbital, middle. 


Frontal lobe. 


■Internally, the internal orbital convo- 
lution. 


Orbital, posterior. 


Frontal lobe, a small convolution. 


Anteriorly and internally, the orbital 
fissure. Continuous with the inferior 
frontal convolution. 


Orbital, transverse. 


Frontal lobe, posterior portion of inferior surface. 




Paracentral. 


Parietal and post-frontal lobes, mesial aspect. It 
is the motor area for some part of the leg. 


Below, the paracentral fissure. Dor- 
sal, the precuneus. 


Pararolandicus. 


See Paracentral. 




Parietal. 


See Superior. 




Parietal, ascending. 


Parietal lobe. 


Anteriorly, fissure of Rolando. Poste- 
riorly, intraparietal fissure. Below, 
fissure of Sylvius. Above and below, 
usually continuous with the ascend- 
ing frontal, and also above with the 
superior parietal convolutions. 


Parietal, first. 


See Parietal, superior. 




Parietal, inferior. 


See Subparietal. 




Parietal, middle. 


See Angular. 




Parietal, posterior. 


See Parietal, ascending. 




Parietal, second. 


See Angular and Subparietal. 




Parietal, superior. 


Parietal lobe. 


Continuous anteriorly with ascending 
frontal (generally). Anteriorly, upper 
part of fissure of Rolando. Posteri- 
orly, the external parieto-occipital 
fissure. Inferiorly, the intraparietal 
fissure. 


Parietal, third. 


See Marginal. 




Parietal, upper. 


See Parietal, superior. 




Parieto-occipital, lateral. 


See Occipital, middle. 




Parieto-occipital, middle (of 
Schwalbe). 


Occipital lobe; the dorsal surface of the superior 
occipital convolution. 




Paroccipital. 


Occipital and parietal lobes; U-shaped, curving 
around the dorsal end of the occipital fissure. 


Laterally, the paroccipital fissure. 
Mesiatly, the margin of the cerebrum. 


Post-central. 


See Parietal, ascending. 




Postcruciate. 


Posterior portion of the sigmoid convolution. 




Posterior, inferior (of Arnold). 


Occipito-temporal lobe, ventral aspect. 




Postero-parietal. 


See Parietal, ascending. 




Post-frontal. 


See Post-cruciate. 




Postrolandicus. 


See Parietal, ascending. 




Precentral. 


See Frontal, ascending. 




Precruciate. 


In the dog's brain, the convolution lying in front 
of the cruciate fissure. 


Posteriorly, the cruciate fissure. 


Prefrontal. 


See Precruciate. 




Preorbital. 


Prefrontal lobes at junction of frontal and orbital 
aspects of the cerebrum. 


Caudad, preorbital (or orbito-frontal) 
fissure. 


Prerolandicus. 


See Frontal, ascending. 




Quadrate. 


Parietal lobe of cerebrum, median surface. 


Anteriorly, calloso-marginal fissure. 
Posteriorly, the parieto-occipital fis- 
sure. Below, continuous with the 
fornicate convolution. 


Rauber's. 


See Nuclear. 




Rectus. 


Frontal lobe, orbital aspect. 


Between the olfactory fissure and the 
mesial margin. 



CONVOLUTIONS 327 CONVOLUTIONS 

TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Boundaries. 


Retrocentral. 


See Parietal, ascending. 




Rolandicus, anterior. 


See Precentral. 




Rolandicus, posterior. 


See Post-central. 




Sagittal. 


In Edentata, the longitudinal convolution. 


Lies next to the longitudinal fissure. 


Of Schwalbe. 


See Parieto-occipital, middle. 




Sigmoid. 


A U-shaped convolution, including important 
motor areas. 


Surrounding the cruciate fissure. 


Straight. 


See Rectus. 




Subcalcarine. 


Occipital and temporal lobes ; a narrow convolu- 
tion. 


Above, calcarine fissure. Below, col- 
lateral fissure. Peripherad, the cu- 
neus. 


Subcallosal (of Zuckerkandl). 


Mesial aspect of cerebrum. 


Reaches from the chiasm to the ros- 
trum. 


Subcollateral. 


Temporal lobe; the fusiform lobules of the brain. 


Connects the occipital and temporal 
lobes. Above, collateral fissure. Be- 
low, subtemporal fissure. 


Subfrontal. 


See Frontal, inferior. 




Subparietal. 


Parietal lobe. 


Above, parietal fissure. Anteriorly, 
continuous with the marginal and 
angular convolutions. Posteriorly, 
the paroccipital fissure. 


Subtemporal. 


See Temporal, inferior. 




Superfrontal. 


See Frontal, superior. 




Superior. 


See Temporo-sphenoidal, superior. 




Supertemporal. 


See Infra-marginal. 




Supra-marginal. 


Inferior parietal lobe, anterior portion. 


Anteriorly, the inferior extremity of 
the intraparietal fissure. Below, con- 
tinuous with the ascending parietal 
and superior temporo-sphenoidal 
convolutions. 


Supra-orbital. 


See Frontal, inferior. 




Supra-sylvian. 


The third external convolution of the dog. 




Sylvian. 


In Marsupials, the portion of the brain surround- 
ing the fissure of Sylvius. 




Temporal, first. 


See Infra-marginal. 




Temporal, inferior. 


Temporo-sphenoidal lobe; the lowest of the three 
convolutions. 


Posteriorly, connected with the third 
occipital convolution. Above, the 
meditemporal fissure. Below, the 
subtemporal fissure. 


Temporal, inframarginal. 


See Temporo-sphenoidal, superior. 




Temporal, lateral inferior. 


See Temporal, inferior. 




Temporal, lower. 


See Temporo-sphenoidal, inferior. 




Temporal, middle. 


See Meditemporal. 




Temporal, second. 


See Meditemporal. 




Temporal, superior. 


See Infra-marginal. 




Temporal, third. 


See Subtemporal. 




Temporal, transverse. 


Temporal lobe, ental surface ; a number (2 to 4) 
of short convolutions near its extremity. 




Temporal, upper. 


See Infra-marginal. 




Temporo-occipital. 


See Occipital, inferior. 




Temporo-occipital, internal. 


See Fusiform. 




Temporo-occipital, middle. 


See Calcarine. 




Temporo-sphenoidal, first. 


See Temporo-sphenoidal, superior. 





COPODYSCINESIA 328 COPYOPIA 

TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Boundaries. 


Temporo-sphenoidal, inferior. 


See Temporal, inferior. 




Temporo-sphenoidal, middle. 


See Meditemporal. 




Temporo-sphenoidal, superior. 


See Infra-marginal. 




Transeundus. 


See Transitional. 




Transitional. 


A small convolution. 


Anteriorly, the ascending branch of 
the fissure of Sylvius. 


Transverse. 


See Frontal, ascending. 




Triangular. 


Frontal lobe. 


Posteriorly, the opercular convolution. 


Unciform. 


See Breves. 




Uncinate. 


Temporo-sphenoidal lobe (median surface). 


Above, the calcarine and dentate fis- 
sures. Below, the collateral fissure. 
Internally, the great longitudinal fis- 
sure. 


Vaulted. 


See Fornicate. 




Of Zuckerkandl. 


See Subcallosal. 





Copodyscinesia (kop-o-dis-in-e'-ze-ah) \k6-koc, toil, 
fatigue; Svr, hard; Kivr/aic, motion]. Difficult or 
faulty motion due to constant repetition of the same 
act. Lewis's term for the so-called Fatigue-diseases. 

Copopsia (ko-pop'-se-ali). See Copiopia. 

Copos {kop'-os) \_n6noc, fatigue]. I. Lassitude ; exhaus- 
tion after illness. 2. Cramp in the calves of the legs. 

Copper (kop'-er) [ME., coper, copper]. Cuprum. A 
reddish-brown metal not used in medicine in its metallic 
form, but represented by several salts. The latter are 
gastro-intestinal irritants, producing nausea and emesis. 
See Elements, Table of. C. acetate, Cu (C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 , 
verdigris, used in pulmonary diseases, and as a lotion in 
skin-diseases. Dose gr. j^-\. C. aceto-arsenite, 
Paris Green, used as a pigment and an insecticide. 
C. ammoniate, unof. , ammonium carbonate 3, cop- 
per sulphate 4 parts. Useful in chorea, hysteria, etc. 
Dose gr. j4-j. C. arsenite, a salt valuable in intes- 
tinal diseases. Dose gr. T ^. C. nitrate (B. P.), 
Cu (N0 3 )3H 2 0, is used for the same purposes as the 
sulphate. C. sulphate, CuS0 4 .5H 2 0, soluble in 
water, valuable as an emetic. Dose, as an emetic, 
gr. ij-v, as a tonic, gr. l /(,-%. C. Amalgam, a 
metallic filling-material composed of chemically pure 
copper and redistilled mercury. C. -colic. See Colic. 
C. -glass. Same as Egyptian Blue. C. -green. Same 
as Malachite-green. C. Indigo. Same as Oil Blue. 
C. Lazulite. Same as Azurite. C.-nose. Synonym 
of Acne rosacea. C, Potassio-tartrate Sol., 
Fehling's solution, unof., copper sulphate gr. 70, 
distilled water ttl^oo ; also dissolve Rochelle salt, 
gr. 488, in water tt^ 1600 ; when required, mix and 
add water to make m^ 2720. Used as a test for glucose. 

Copperas {kop'-er-as) \_cupri rosa, rose of copper (?) ]. 
A common name for ferrous sulphate. See Ferrum. 
C- black. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Coppice-bark (kop'-is-bark). See Oak-bark. 

Copra (kop'-rak) [Hind.]. The dried and crushed 
kernel of the cocoa-nut, from which cocoa-oil is ex- 
pressed. 

Copragogue (kop'-rag-og) \_ti6irpoc , dung ; ayoydr, 
leading]. A remedy to carry off feces; a purgative. 

Copremesis {kop-rem' -es-is) [ndtrpor, dung ; e/ieatc, 
vomiting]. The vomiting of fecal matter. 

Copremia ( kop-re'-me-ah ) [ Kdrrpoq, dung ; al/ia, 
blood]. A form of general blood-poisoning arising 



from absorption of unduly retained feces. This con- 
dition is occasionally met with in chronic constipation. 
The symptoms are anemia, sallow complexion, ano- 
rexia, frontal headache, vertigo, nausea, flatulence, 
thirst, lithemia, fetid breath, lassitude, hypochondri- 
asis, and irritability of temper. 

Copremic (kop-rem' '-ik) \_KOTrpoe, dung ; kpsoic, vom- 
iting]. Relating to or affected with copremia. 

Coproctic (kop-rok'-tik) [noTtpoc, feces]. Relating 
to feces ; fecal. 

Coproecholalia {kop-ro-ek-o-la' -le-ali) \_n6trpoc, filth ; 
r)x&, an echo; ?.a'Xia, a babbling]. The mechanical 
and purposeless utterance of obscene words by the 
insane. 

Coprolalia ( kop-ro-la' -le-ah ) \_K6npoc , filth ; Tiakia, 
speech]. The use of filthy and offensive language as 
a manifestation of disease. See Habit-spa sm. 

Coprolith {kop' -ro-lith) \_noxpoc , dung ; XiOoc, stone]. 
A hard mass of fecal matter in the bowels. 

Coprophagous (kop-roff' '-ag-us) [a6wpoc, dung; (j>ayelv, 
eat]. In biology, applied to dung-feeding beetles. 

Coprophagy (kop-roff' -a- je) [/coTrpof , dung ; 6aynv, 
to eat] . The eating of ordure ; a symptom some- 
times seen in insane and hysterical patients. 

Coprophilous [kop-roff' '-il-us) [jionpnc , dung ; tyiAoc, 
loving]. In biology, fond of feeding or growing upon 
dung. 

Coprorrhea (kop-ror-e'-ah) \ji6Kpoc, dung; peeiv to 
flow]. Synonym of Diarrhea. 

Coprostasia (kop-ro-sta' -se-ali). See Coprostasis. 

Coprostasis (kop-ros' '-tas-is) \_n6npor, dung ; oramc a 
standing]. The accumulation of fecal matter ; arrest 
of the onward movement of fecal matters. 

Coptin (kop' -tin) [tid-n-Eiv, to cut]. A colorless alka- 
loid of Goldthread. See Coplis 

Coptis (kop'-tis) [_k6kt6iv, to cut]. Goldthread. The 
root of C. trifolia, a simple bitter tonic resembling 
quassia. It contains coptin, an alkaloid closely allied 
to berberin. Dose gr. x— xxx. 

Copula {kop' -u-lali) [L. , " a band " ]. 1. The cop- 
ula alba cerebri, an anterior commissure of the cere- 
brum. 2. A thin lamina joining the rostrum with the 
terma. 

Copulation (kop-u-la'-shun) \copulare, to couple]. The 
act of sexual intercourse. 

Copyopia (kop-e-o'-pe-ah). See Copiopia. 



COQUELUCHE 



329 



CORIANDER 



Coqueluche (kok-lush') [Fr. , a hood or cowl]. Syn- 
onym of Influenza ; also of Whooping-cough. 

Coquet or Coquette (ko-ketf) [Fr.]. Synonym of In- 
fluenza. 

Coquilles (ko-kel') [Fr.]. A variety of dark eyeglasses 
curved like shells. 

Cor (kor) [L. ; gen., col-tits']. The heart. See Heart. 
In biology, according to Csesalpino, the seat of the 
principle of life in plants. See Root-neck. C. adipo- 
sum, a heart with a simple excess of the normal sub- 
pericardial fat. C. biloculare, reptilian heart ; a 
congenital condition in which there is absence or de- 
ficiency of the septa of both cardiac auricles and 
ventricles. C. bovinum. See Bovine Heart. C. 
seminis, the heart of the seed ; the corcle or corcule. 
C. villosum, hairy heart ; the peculiar shaggy ap- 
pearance presented by the heart in acute plastic peri- 
carditis, with the deposited fibrin existing in long 
shreds. 

Coraco- (kor' -ak-o-) [/cdpaf, a crow]. Pertaining to the 
coracoid process, as C.-brachialis. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Coracoid [kor' '-ak-oid) [nopal; , a crow ; eMoc, likeness]. 
I. Having the shape of a crow's beak. 2. The cora- 
coid process. C. Ligament, a triangular ligament 
joining the coracoid process to the acromion. C. 
Process, a beak-shaped process of the scapula. 

Coracopectoralis (kor-ak-o-pek-tor-a' -lis) \_1c6paf;, a 
crow ; pectus, the breast]. The pectoralis minor 
muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Coral (kor'-al) [mpa/Ckiov , coral]. The hard sub- 
stance secreted by marine polyps. C. Calculus, a 
peculiar dendritic form of calculus found in the pelvis 
of the kidney, and forming a complete mold of the 
infundibula and calices. 

Coral Root (kor'-al root). Crawley. The root of 
Corallorhiza odontorhiza, a prompt and powerful 
diaphoretic that is used in fevers. Dose gr. xxx. 
C, Fid., Ext. Dose n\xv-xxx. Unof. 

Coralliform (kor-al'-iform) \corallum, coral ; forma, 
shape]. In biology, resembling coral. 

Corallin (kor'-al-in) \corallinus, coral-red]. A color- 
ing-matter derived from rosolic acid and alcoholic am- 
monia. It is used for dyeing red, and is noteworthy 
as being a cause of local and general poisoning, and 
it is liable to lead to cutaneous and constitutional 
affections in those who wear garments dyed with it. 
Some observers ascribe its ill-effects to an arsenical 
admixture. C. -red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 
C. -yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Corallite (kor'-al-it) [corallum, coral]. In biology, 
the calcareous calyx or cup of a single coral polyp. 

Corbiculum (kor-bik' '-u-hem) [corbis, a basket]. In 
biology, applied to the pollen-basket or the inner side 
of the tarsus of a bee. 

Cord [chorda, a string]. Used as a synonym for the 
Umbilical Cord, the vascular, cord-like structure con- 
necting the placenta and fetus. C, Coiling of, loops 
about the fetus or its members. C, Columns of. 
See Columns. C, False or Superior (vocal), a fold 
of mucous membrane on either side of the middle 
line of the larynx, inclosing the superior thyro-aryte- 
noid ligament. C, Knots of, real knots of the cord 
formed by the passage of the fetus through a loop. 
False Knots, accumulations of Wharton's jelly at par- 
ticular points. C, Presentation of, descent of the 
cord, at the beginning of labor, between the presenting 
part and the membranes. C, Prolapse of, descent 
at the rupture of the bag of waters ; incomplete , if 
remaining in the vagina, complete, if protruding there- 
from. C, Spinal. See Spinal Cord. C, Torsion 
of, twisting upon its axis. The blood-vessels of the 



cord make about 40 spiral turns. C, Vocal. See 
Vocal Band. C. of Weitbrecht, the orbicular liga- 
ment of the elbow. See also Chorda. 

Corda (kor'-dah). See Chorda. C. valvuleux, Du- 
four's term for the cecal pouches or pancreatic organs 
invariably and normally loaded with bacteria (Micro- 
coccus insectorum, Burrill) in certain families of the 
higher Hemiptera (Pentatomidce, Scutelleridce , Corime- 
lanidcs) ; invariably wanting in the lower Hemiptera. 

Cordial (kor'-jal) [cor, the heart]. I. Pertaining to 
the heart ; exhilarant ; stimulant. 2. An aromatic, 
spirituous stimulant. 

Cordiale {kor-de-a'-le) [L.]. A cordial. C.rubifruc- 
tus. See Blackberry Cordial. 

Corditis (kor-di'-tis). See Chorditis. 

Cordon [kor' -don) [Fr. , a cord or rope]. A chain of 
posts to enforce a quarantine against a place infected 
with an epidemic disease. 

Cordylus (kor' '-dil-us) \_KopSv\i], a club]. In biology, 
one of the tentacular ' ' auditory clubs ' ' of Hydrome- 
dusa. 

Core (kor) [ME., core, a core]. I. The central slough 
of a boil or carbuncle. 2. The axial or central por- 
tion of the terminal corpuscle in a nerve. 3. A 
bundle of soft iron wires used as a magnet in the cen- 
ter of a coil. 

Coreclisis (kor-ek-li'-sis). See Coroclisis. 

Corectasis (kor-ek'-tas-is) [/cop//, pupil ; i/c-au/c, a 
stretching out]. Dilatation of the pupil. 

Corectome (kor-ek' -torn) [lydpr/, the pupil ; Ikt'ijivuv, 
to cut out]. An instrument used in iridectomy. 

Corectomy (kor-ek' '-to-me) [noprj, pupil ; eKre/xveiv, to 
cut out]. See Iridectomy, and Pupil, Artificial. 

Corectopia (kor-ek-to' -pe-ali) \_n6pri, pupil ; Iktottoc;, 
misplaced]. An anomalous position of the pupil ; 
displacement of the pupil. 

Coredialysis (kor-e-di-aF -is-is) [nopr), pupil ; dialiieiv, 
to liberate]. The production of an artificial pupil at 
the ciliary border of the iris. 

Corediastasis (kor-e-di-as' -tas-is) [tcoprj, pupil ; diaara- 
£7if, dilatation]. Dilatation of the pupil. 

Corelysis (kor-el' -is-is) \_n6prj, pupil ; Wtcsic, a loosen- 
ing]. The detachment of iritic adhesions to the lens, 
or to the cornea. 

Coremorphosis (kor-e-mor' -fo-sis) [nopr/, pupil ; p6p<p- 
oaig, formation]. See Pupil, Artificial. 

Corenclisis (kor-en-kli'-sis) [iwprj, pupil ; ey/cHeHKC, in- 
clusion]. The formation of a new pupil by displace- 
ment, the iris being drawn aside and in part excised. 

Coreometer (kor-e-om' -et-er) \_K.6pq, pupil, /jirpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the pupil of 
the eye. 

Corephthisis (kor-ef -tis-is) \_n6pr), pupil ; <p6iaic, a 
wasting]. See Corophthisis. 

Coreplasty (kor'-e-plas-te). See Pupil, Artificial. 

Coreses (kor'-es-ez) \_n6pic, a bed-bug]. In botany, 
reddish discoid bodies found beneath the skin of 
grapes. 

Coretomy (kor-et' -o-me) [nopr), pupil; reftvew to cut]. 
Iridotomy or iridectomy ; any surgical cutting opera- 
tion on the iris. 

Coriaceous (kor-e-a'-she-us) \_corium, leather]. In biol- 
ogy, leathery. 

Coriamyrtin (ko-re-am-er' -tin) \corium, a hide ; myr- 
tus, myrtle]. An exceedingly poisonous principle, a 
glucosid, obtained from the fruit of Coriaria myrtifolia. 

Coriander, or Coriandrum (ko-re-an'-der, ko-re-an'- 
drum) \_Koplawov, coriander]. Coriander. The 
fruit of C sativum, an aromatic carminative and stim- 
ulant, used mainly to give flavor to other remedies and 
as a corrective to griping purgatives. Dose gr. x-xx. 
C, Ol , the volatile oil. Dose TT\,ij-v. 



CORIARIA 



330 



CORONAL 



Coriaria (ko-re-a' '-re-ak) [L. ]. A genus of poisonous 
shrubs of several species, having a wide geographic 
distribution. C. myrtifolia, used in dyeing and tan- 
ning, has poisonous berries and shoots. The seeds 
and shoots of C. sarmentosa of New Zealand afford 
what is called toot-poison. The memory is said to 
be impaired after recovery from poisoning by this 
plant. Unof. 

Corium (ko'-rc-um) [L. , leather]. The deep layer of 
the cutis. 

Cork (kork\ [cortex, bark]. A substance obtained 
from the outer part of the sub-epidermic bark of 
certain oaks, asQuercus ruber a.r\dQ.occidentalis , of the 
Mediterranean region ; extensively used in pharmacy, 
and to some extent in surgery. C.-oak. See Oak- 
bark. C. -black. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Corm (korni) [nop/nog the trunk of a tree]. The bulb- 
ous underground part of certain plants, as the crocus. 

Cormophyte (kor 1 -mo-fit) [noppoc, the trunk of a tree ; 
(j>vtov a plant]. In biology, a term formerly applied 
to vascular cryptogams and flowering plants — to all 
plants possessing roots, stems and leaves. 

Cormus (kor'-mus) [cormus, a tree-trunk : //. , Cormi\. 
In biology, a colony of animals, associated " per- 
sonse." See Corm. 

Corn [cornu, horn]. A local induration and thicken- 
ing of the skin from friction or pressure. See Clavus. 
C. -flower. See Centaurea. C. -plaster, a thick plaster 
worn over a corn, sometimes as a direct curative 
agent, and sometimes to prevent pressure and friction 
from the shoe. C.-silk, the long, thread-like styles 
of Indian corn, gathered while still green and 
succulent. It is used occasionally to relieve the pain 
and spasm of chronic and subacute cystitis, and is 
also recommended for gonorrhea, gravel, rheumatism, 
gout, etc. Dose of the tincture Jss to j. See Zea 
mays. C.-smut. See Ustilago. C. -starch, the com- 
mercial name of a starch derived from maize, and 
extensively used as an article of food, especially for 
invalids. 

Cornalia's Corpuscles. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Cornalian Corpuscles. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Corne's'Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Cornea (kor' -ne-ali) [corneus, horny] . The transparent 
anterior portion of the eyeball, its area occupying 
about one-sixth the circumference of the globe. It is 
continuous with the sclerotic, and is nourished by lymph 
from the looped blood-vessels at its peripheral border. 
It is lined posteriorly by Descemet's membrane ; the 
conjunctiva is firmly adherent to its substance in 
front. C, Conical. See Keratoglobus. C, Leu- 
koma of. See Leukoma. C, Tattooing of. See 
Tattooing. C, Transplantation of, the operation of 
engrafting a section of transparent cornea from some 
animal into the space of an excised portion of leuko- 
matous human cornea. 

Corneal (kor'-ne-al) \_cornetts, horny]. Relating to the 
cornea. C. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. 

Cornein (kor'-ne-iu) [corneus, horny], C 30 H M N 9 O u . 
The skeleton of gorgonia and certain corals. 

Corneitis {kor-ne-i'-tis). See Keratitis. 

Corneocalcareous (kor-ne-o-kal-ka'-re-us) [corneus, 
horny; calcarcus, pertaining to lime]. In biology, 
formed of a mixture of horny and calcareous substances. 

Corneosilicious (kor-ne-o-sil isk'-us) [corneus, horny; 
siliceus, pertaining to flint]. In biology, applied to 
sponges containing both horny and silicious substances. 

Corneous (kor'-ne-us) [corneus, horny]. Horny, or 
horn-like. C. Tissue, the substance of the nails. 

Cornet (kor-nef) [cornu, a horn]. A small ear-trum- 



pet worn within the auricula, and sometimes concealed 
by the hair of the wearer. 

Comic Acid (kor' -nik) . See Com in. 

Cornicle (kor' '-nik-l) [comiculum, dim. of cornu, a 
horn]. In biology, one of the horn-like excretory 
ducts on the back of a plant-louse. 

Corniculum (kor-nik'-ulum) \_cornicula, a little horn : 
pi., Cornicula~\. A small cornu or horn-like process. 
C. laryngis, a small, horn-shaped mass of cartilage 
on the arytenoid cartilages ; called also the Cartilages 
of Santorini. 

Cornification (kor-nifik-a'-shun) [corneus, horny; 
facere, to make]. The process of hardening or mak- 
ing horny. 

Corniform (kor' -nif-orm) [cornu, a horn ; forma, 
shape]. In biology, shaped like the horn of an ox. 

Cornin (kor'-nin) [corneus, horny]. A precipitate 
from the tincture of the bark of Dogwood, Cornus 
florida ; it occurs in white, silky, bitter crystals, and 
is a tonic, stimulant, and astringent. Dose two to 
four grains. Unof. 

Coming's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Cornu (kor'-nu) [L. : //., Comua\ A horn. A name 
applied to any excrescence resembling a horn. C. 
ammonis, the Jiippocampus major of the brain. C. 
cervi, hartshorn or ammonium hydrate. C. cuta- 
neum, cornu humanum, a horn or excrescence arising 
from the skin, with a deeper portion imbedded within. 
These horns vary in shape and size, and may resemble 
the horns of lower animals. They are solid, dry, 
dense, smooth or corrugated, laminated or excavated on 
the surface, often elongated and conical at the extremity. 
In color they are white, gray, yellow, brown, or 
black. They may be single or multiple, and may in- 
volve any region of the body, though usually seen on 
the scalp and face. They are likely to recur on re- 
moval. C. humanum. See C. cutaneum. C. sacri, 
the prominence on each bone of the sacrum. 

Cornual (kor'-nu-al) [cornu, z.\iors\\. Relating to a 
cornu. C. Myelitis, myelitis affecting the anterior 
cornua of the spinal cord. 

Cornuan's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Cornus (kor' -nits') [L.]. Dogwood. The bark of the 
root of C. florida, with properties due to a crystalline 
principle, cornin. It is a simple stomachic, bitter and 
somewhat antiperiodic. C, Fid. Ext. DoseffLx-gj. 

Comutin (kor-nu' -tin) . One of the poisonous basic 
principles or alkaloids of Ergot. Unof. 

Coroclisis, or Corocleisis (ko-ro-kli' -sis) [liupri, pu- 
pil ; K%eiaic, a closure]. Pathologic closure or oblit- 
eration of the pupil. 

Corodialysis (kor-o-di-al' ' -is-is)\ji6pri, the pupil; 6ia\vaiq, 
a loosening]. See Iridodialysis. 

Corodiastasis (kor-o-di-as'-tas-is) [ndpr), the pupil; 
Siaaraaic, separation]. Dilatation of the pupil. 

Corolla (ko-rol' -ah) \_corolla, dim. of corona, a crown]. 
In biology, the inner floral envelop. 

Corona (ko-ro'-nah) [corona, a garland]. A crown. 
See, also, Capsula. C. ciliaris, the ciliary ligament. 
C. dentis, the crown of a tooth, q. v. C. glandis, 
the ridge of the glans penis. C. ovariana, the cres- 
centic area of tympany above the area of dulness 
in cases of ovarian tumor. C. radiata, a radiating 
mass of white brain-substance ascending from the in- 
ternal capsule to the cortex cerebri. C. veneris, a 
circle of syphilitic blotches occurring on the forehead; 
sometimes dependent upon caries or inflammation of 
the frontal bone. 

Coronad (kor'-o-nad) \_corona, the crown; ad, to]. 
Toward the coronal aspect of the head. 

Coronal (kor-o'-nal) [corona, the crown]. Pertain- 
ing to the crown of the head. C. Intestine. See 



CORONAMEN 



331 



CORPUSCLE 



Perogaster. C. Suture, the suture joining the frontal 
with the two parietal bones. 

Coronamen (kor-o-na'-men) [L. , a crowning: //. , 
Coronami)ia~\. Same as Coronet. 

Coronary (kor' -o-na-re) [corona, a crown]. A term 
applied to vessels, nerves, or attachments that encircle 
a part or organ. C. Bone, the small pastern or me- 
dian phalanx of a horse's foot. 

Coronate (kor'-o-ndt) [coronatus, to crown]. In bi 
ology, provided with a crown. 

Coronen (ko-ro'-nen) [corona, a crown]. Belonging 
to the corona in itself. 

Coroner [kor' '-o-ner) [corona/or, a crown, an officer ap- 
pointed by the Crown]. An officer who inquires by 
authority of the law into the causes of deaths of 
sudden or violent occurrence. C, Inquest of, the 
legal inquiry before a jury into the cause of a sudden 
or violent death. 

Coronet (kor'-o-net) [Fr. , coronette, dim. of corone, a 
crown]. I. In biology, a crowning circle of hairs. 
2. In veterinary surgery, the lowest part of the pas- 
tern of the hoof, also called coronamen. 

Coronilla (kor-o-nil' -ah) [dim. of corona, a crown]. 
A genus of leguminous herbs. C. emerus is purga- 
tive. C. scorpeoides, abundant in southwestern 
Europe, has doubtful value in cardiac affections when 
increased amplitude of pulsation is required. C. varia 
is diuretic, purgative, and poisonous. Unof. 

Coronillin (kor-o-nil' -in) [dim. of corona, a crown]. 
A glucosid from Coronilla scorpeoides ; it is said to 
be a diuretic cardiant. 

Corono -basilar (kor-o-no-ba' '-sil-ar) [corona, & crown; 
basis, the base]. Extending from the coronal suture 
to the basilar aspect of the head. 

Coronofacial [kor-o-no-fa' -shal)[corona, crown ; fades, 
face]. Relating to the crown of the head and to the 
face. 

Coronoid (kor'-o-noid) [corona, crown; e«5oc, like- 
ness]. Crown-shaped; as the C. process of the 
ulna or of the jaw. 

Coronule (kor'-o-nul) [coromda, dim. of corona, a 
crown]. In biology, the tuft of down forming a 
crown to certain seeds. 

Corophthisis (ko-roff' -tis-is) [ndprj, pupil ; Qflioic, a 
wasting]. Habitual or permanent contraction of the 
pupil due to a wasting disease of the eye. 

Corpora (kor' -por-ah) [pi. of corpus, a body]. A general 
term applied to certain parts of the body having a 
rounded or ovoid shape. C. albicantia. See C. main- 
tnillaria. C. arantii, the tubercles, one in the center of 
each segment of the semilunar valves. C. cavernosa, 
the cylindric bodies of erectile tissue forming the chief 
part of the penis. Also the two masses of erectile 
tissue composing the clitoris. See Penis. C. geni- 
culata, two small eminences projecting from the optic 
thalami. C. libera ar- 
ticulorum. Mures Ar- 
ticulorum ; joint - mice ; 
loose bodies, either fibro- 
matous, lipomatous, or 
chondromatous in nature, 
occurring occasionally in2( 
joints. They vary in size 
from that of a pea to that 
of a walnut, and are of all 
shapes. They are most 
frequent in the knee-joint. 
They are of traumatic Corpora Cavernosa and Ad- 
origin. C. mammilla- Jacent Parts. (Potter.) 
ria, Corpora albicantia ; ; i- Corpora cavernosa. 2. Cor- 

.1 _\ mi „, 1 j:«„ pus spongiosum. V Dorsal 

the mammillary bodies £ ein ^ = Arteries . 5, 5. 
of the brain. They are Nerves. 




formed by the spreading out on the surface of Gud- 
den's ganglion and an adjoining ganglion of the some- 
what interwoven fibers of Gudden'sand Vicq d'Azyr's 
bundles. They form the bulbs of the fornix. C. 
olivaria, the two oval masses behind the pyramids 
of the medulla oblongata. C. oryzoidea, the rice- 
like corpuscles or melon-seed bodies of hygromata. 
C. pyramidalia, the two bundles of white matter of 
the medulla oblongata, situated below the pons varolii. 
C. quadrigemina, the optic lobes of the brain, the 
four rounded eminences situated under the corpus cal- 
losum. The anterior pair are called the nates, and 
the posterior, the testes. C. restiformia, the large 
columns or cord-like bodies extending from the me- 
dulla to the cerebrum. C. striata, two organs, one 
in each lateral ventricle of the brain, composed of the 
caudate and lenticular nuclei. The first, or intra- 
ventricular portion, extends into the lateral ventricle. 
C. wolfnana, the "primordial kidney." 
Corporeal (kor-por'-e-al) [corpus, a body]. Pertain- 
ing to the body. C. Bndometritis. See Endome- 
tritis. 
Corpse (korps) [ME., corps, a dead body]. See Cada- 
ver. C. -plant, the Monotropa ttniflora, a singular 
saprophytic plant of Asia and N. America ; it is a 
popular remedy for epilepsy and for sore-eyes. Unof. 
Corpulency (kor' -pu-len-se) [corpidentus , corpulent]. 

Obesity ; fatness of the body. 
Corpulent (kor'-pu-lenf) [corpulenlus, corpulent]. Ex- 
cessively fat ; obese. 
Corpus (kor' -pus) [corpus , a body : //., Corpora~\. A 
body ; the human body. C. of Arantius. See Cal- 
losuin. C. callosum. See Commissure. C. caver- 
nosum vaginae, the spongy tissue of the vagina. C. 
candicans, corpus mamillare ; a small white tubercle 
lying on the base of the brain, one on each side under 
the thalamus. The two form the boundary-point 
between the fore-brain and inter-brain ; each is com- 
posed of three nuclei. C. ciliare, the ciliary body 
of the eye. C. dentatum. See Olivary Body. Also a 
ganglion of the cerebellum, an open bag or capsule of 
gray matter, on section of a dentated outline, and 
open anteriorly. C. highmorianum, the mediastinum 
of the testis, a reflection inward of the tunica albuginea 
into the testicle at its posterior border. C. fimbriatum, 
the lateral thin edge of the taenia hippocampi. See 
also Fimbria. C. luteum, the yellow body. Hyper- 
trophy of the membrana propria, or reticulata of the 
ovisac, after the escape of the ovule. C. L., False, 
that resulting when pregnancy does not occur, called 
also the C. L. of Menstruation. C. L., True, that re- 
sulting when pregnancy takes place, called also the C. 
L. of Pregnancy, and differing in several respects 
from the first. C. mamillare. See Corpus candicans. 
C. pampiniforme, the parovarium. C. spongiosum, 
the spongy body enclosing the urethra, etc. C. stri- 
atum. See Corpora. C. trapezoides, the arbor of 
the cerebellum. C. trigonum. See Trigoniun vesica. 
C. uteri. See Uterus. C. vertebrae. See Centrum. 
C. Vitreum. See Vitreous Humor. 
Corpuscle (kor'-pus-l) [dim. of carpus']. A name 
loosely applied to almost any small, rounded, or oval 
body. C., Bizzozero's. See Blood-platelets. C. of 
Blood, the minute, biconcave, flat discs, circular in 
man, elliptic in the camel, and oval in birds and 
reptiles. They are distinguished as red and white, or 
colorless. Red corpuscles have been divided, accord- 
ing to their size, into normoblasts (normal in size), 
megaloblasts or megalocytes (of excessive size), 
microblasts or microcytes (abnormally small), and 
poikiloblasts or poikilocytes (of irregular shape 
and size). The red corpuscles in the blood of man 



CORPUSCLE 



332 



CORROSION 



are about -j^tr in. in diameter and -rsiotf '"• thick. 
They consist of a colorless stroma (paraglobulin, 
cholesterin, lecithin, and neurin) infiltrated with color- 
ing-matter (hemoglobin). The white or colorless 
corpuscles are flattened, binucleated or trinucleated 
cells, about -j^ 1 ^ in. in diameter, and exist in the 
ratio of I : 400 compared with red corpuscles. They 
possess contractile power, alter their shape readily, 
and in general appearance closely resemble amebae. 
They are most numerous in venous blood. The color- 
less corpuscles are variously designated as eosinophile , 
basophile, nentrophile, mononuclear, polynuclear, lym- 
phocytes, transitional, large, small, etc. C. of Donne. 
See Colostrum-corpuscles. C, Eichhorst's, a special 
form of microcyte in the blood of those suffering from 
pernicious anemia. C, Gluge's, a variety of large 
cells containing fat-drops, myelin, or detritus. They 
are called also Compound Granule-Cells and Iiiflamma- 




Corpuscle of Krause. 
1, I, 1. Nerve-tubule. 2, 
2, 2. Its medullary sub- 
stance. 3, 3, 3 Nuclei 
of the sheath of Schwann. 
4. Granular substance 
occupying the center of 
the corpuscle and the 
contained nuclei. 



Corpuscle of Pacini. 
. Base, or proximal extremity. 

2. Summit, or distal extremity. 

3. Capsules displaying nuclei. 

4. 4. Attachment of capsules to 
sheath of nerve-tubule. 5. Cavity 
of corpuscle. 6 Nerve-tubule. 
7, 7. Nerve-tubule successively 
losing its medullary sheath and 
neurilemma. 8. Enlargement in 
which it terminates. 9. Granu- 
lar matter continuous with the 
base of this enlargement. 

tory Corpuscles. C. of Krause, the spherical or 
ovoid corpuscles occurring at the ends of the nerve- 
tubules that emerge from a nerve-plexus. They occur 
in the conjunctiva, the edges of the lips, and various 
mucous and glandular surfaces. C, Malpighian, a 
name applied to the splenic corpuscles, and to the 
Malpighian bodies. C. of Neumann, the nucleated 
colored corpuscles of the blood seen after repeated 
hemorrhages. C, Norris's Invisible, colorless, 
transparent, biconcave discs of the same size as the 
red ones, invisible in the serum because their color and 
refractive index are the same as those of the liquor san- 
guinis ; they are believed by Norris to exist normally 
in the blood. They are probably red corpuscles that 
have lost their hemoglobin. C, Pacinian, certain 
small corpuscles occurring in the subcutaneous cellular 
tissue of the fingers and toes. C. of Purkinje, a bone- 
cell. See Purkinje. C, Shadow. See Shadow. C, 
Tactile, of Wagner, the small, oval bodies found 




Tactile Corpus- 
cle with Two 
Lobes. 



in the papillae of the skin and enveloped by nerve- 
fibers. C. of v. Troltsch, a name formerly given to 
a series of lymph-channels between the two layers of 
the lamina propria of the ear. They 
are spindle-shaped on longitudinal 
section and stellate on transverse 
section, and are lined with endothe- 
lium. C, Valentin's, the small, 
roundish amyloid bodies found in 
nerve-substance. C, Weber's, the 
sinus pocularis. 

Corpuscula (kor-pus' -ku-lah) [L.]. 
Plural of Corpusculum. C. margi- 
nalia, in biology, the marginal sense- 
organs of Medusa. 

Corpuscular (kor-pus 1 '-ku-lar) [cor- 
pusculum, a little body]. Relating 
to or of the nature of a corpuscle. 

Corpusculation (kor-pus-ku-la' -shttii) 
[corpusculum, a corpuscle]. A con- 
dition in which the corpuscles of the 
blood have undergone hyperplasia, 
being larger and more numerous than 
normally. 

Corpusculous (kor-pus' -ku-lus) [cor- 
pusculum, a corpuscle]. Corpuscular. 

Corpusculum (kor-pus' -ku-luni) [L. : 
pi. , Corpuscula]. A corpuscle. 

Correctant, or Corrective (kor-ek'- 

tant or kor-ek'-tiv) [corrigere, to correct]. I. Having 
the power to correct or to modify favorably. 2. A 
substance used to modify or make more pleasant the 
action of a purgative or other remedy. 

Correction (kor-ek'-shun) [correctus ; corrigere, to 
amend]. The rectification of any abnormality (as a 
refractive or muscular defect), or of any undesirable 
quality (as in a medicine). 

Correlated (kor'-el-a-ted) [correlatus, related]. Inter- 
dependent; related. C. Atrophy. See Atrophy. 

Correlation (kor-el-a'-shun) [correlatus, related]. In- 
terdependence ; relationship. 

Corrigan's Button. A cautery-iron. It consists of a 
button of iron, }4 inch in diameter by % inch thick, 
fastened in a wooden handle by a rod 2 inches long. 
C. Cautery. Same as C. Button. C. Disease. See 
Diseases, Table, of. C. Line. See Signs and Symp- 
toms, Table of, and Line. C. Pulse, water-hammer 
pulse. The jerking pulse of aortic regurgitation. 
The volume of the pulse is large, owing to the hyper- 
trophy and dilatation of the left ventricle ; hence there is 
a sudden expansion of the arteries. The regurgitation 
of the blood, however, as suddenly empties the artery, 
and the pulse- wave subsides rapidly. The peculiarities 
of the radial pulse may usually be intensified by rais- 
ing the hand. It is also called the collapsing, speaking, 
reading, locomotive , kicking, and shuttle pulse. See 
Pulse, and Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Corrigent (kor'-ij-ent). See Corrective. 

Corroborant (kor-ob'-o-rant) [corroborans, strengthen- 
ing]. 1. Tonic; strengthening. 2. A strengthening 
medicine. 

Corrosion (kor-o'-zhun) [corrodere, to corrode]. The 
process of corroding, or the state of being corroded. 
C. -anatomy, the preparation of any anatomic speci- 
men by means of a corrosive process that eats away 
those parts which it is not desired to preserve. In 
some cases a resisting-substance is injected, so as to 
preserve the vessels and ducts from corrosion. C- 
preparation, one in which the vessels, ducts, or cavi- 
ties of organs are filled by a fluid that will harden and 
preserve the shape of the vessel or cavity after the 
organ itself is corroded or digested or otherwise de- 



CORROSIVE 



333 



COSTEN 



stroyed, the cast remaining. Three methods are used : 
I. The injection is composed of rosin and white wax 
colored with paint, dissolved in balsam of copaiba ; 
after the injection, the organ is destroyed by hydro- 
chloric acid and water. 2. Wood' s Fusiform Metal, 
consisting of 7 parts of bismuth, 4 parts lead, 2 parts 
tin, and I part cadmium. The tissues are destroyed 
by caustic potash. 3. Celloidin : The cold celloidin 
is slowly and forcibly injected by a syringe, and the 
soft parts eaten by an acid or a digesting fluid. 

Corrosive (kor-o / -siv) [con, intensive ; rodere, to gnaw]. 
A substance that destroys organic tissue either by 
direct chemic means or by causing inflammation and 
suppuration. C. Chlorid, mercuric chlorid. C. 
Sublimate. See Hydrargyrum. C. -sublimate 
Bath. See Bath. 

Corroval (kor'-o-val). A variety of curare, or arrow- 
poison ; a cardiac and muscular paralyzant. 

Corrovalin (kor-o'-val-bi). A poisonous alkaloid ob- 
tained from corroval. Unof. 

Corrugator (kor' '-u-ga-tor) [corrugere, to wrinkle]. 
That which wrinkles. See Muscles, Table of. 

Corset (kor r -set) [F. , dim. of cors, body]. In sur- 
gery, an investment for the abdomen or chest, or both ; 
useful in some spinal disorders and deformities, and 
in fractures or injuries of the thoracic walls. C. -liver, 
a liver characterized by a furrow resulting from the 
pressure exerted by a corset and situated chiefly in 
the right lobe. It is due to habitual tight lacing, and 
hence is found in women and, rarely, among soldiers. 
If extreme, the furrow can be felt along the margin 
of the ribs if the abdominal walls are lax. 

Corsican Moss. A mixture of fragments of various 
seaweeds, brought from Corsica, etc. ; called, also, 
helminthochorton . It is said to be alterative, febri- 
fuge, anthelmintic, and nutritious. Unof. 

Corson's Paint. A substance used as a means of coun- 
ter-irritation. It consists of croton oil 2 drams, ether 
4 drams, compound tincture of iodin sufficient to make 
2 ounces. Paint over the affected part with a camel' s- 
hair pencil once daily. 

Cortex (kor'-teks) [L. , bark]. The bark of an exo- 
genous plant. C. aurantii, orange-peel. C. cerebri, 
the external layer of gray matter of the brain. C. 
renalis, the cortical substance of the kidney. 

Corti (kor'-te). A celebrated Italian anatomist, 1729- 
1813. C, Arch of. See Arch. C, Canal of. See 
Canal. C, Cells of, the external hair-cells of the organ 
of Corti. See Cell. C, Fibers of, the rods of Corti. C, 
Ganglion of. See Ganglia, Table oj r . C, Membrane 
of. See Membrane. C, Organ of, a series of some 
3000 arches upon the floor of the basilar membrane 
within the ductus cochlearis of the internal ear. C, 
Pillars of, the rods of Corti. C, Rods of, the pil- 
lars of the arch of the organ of Corti. C, Rolls of, 
the fibers forming the inner limb of the arches of 
Corti. C, Tunnel of, a triangular canal between 
the layers of the rods of Corti. 

Cortical (kor' '-tik-al) [cortex, bark]. Pertaining to 
the cortex or bark, or to the cortex of the brain, or of 
the kidney. C. Epilepsy, C. Paralysis, such as is 
due to a lesion of the cortical substance of the 
brain. 

Corticiferous (kor-tis-if -er-us) \_cortex, bark ;ferre, to 
bear] . In biology, producing a bark. 

Corticin [kor' '-tis-in) [cortex, bark]. I. An alkaloid 
from poplar-bark. 2. A form of tannin from certain 
wood-barks. 

Corticole (kor' '-tik-ol) [cortex, bark; colere, to inhabit]. 
In biology, growing on bark. 

Cortina (kor-ti' -nah) [cortina,a curtain]. In biology, 
the marginal veil of certain fungi. 



Corviform (kor' '-ve-form) [corvus, a crow ; forma, 
shape]. In biology, resembling a crow. 

Corvisart's Facies. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of . 

Corybantism (kor-e-banf -izm) [nopv/3avavTicFfj.6c, cory- 
bantic frenzy]. Maniacal frenzy, with sleeplessness, 
choreic excitement and visual hallucinations. 

Corydalin (kor-id'-al-in) [nopvdaXXic;, the crested lark], 
C I8 H ln N0 4 . A precipitate from the tincture of the 
root of Cory da lis formosa ; it is tonic, diuretic, anti- 
syphilitic, resolvent, etc. Dose I to 5 grains. Unof. 

Corydalis (kor-id' -al-is) [KopvSaX'A'tg, the crested lark], 
Turkey corn. The tuber of C. formosa (Dicentra can- 
adensis) , a tonic, diuretic, and alterative. Dose of fid. 
ext. TT\x-xl. Corydalin, the alkaloid. Dose gr. j-v. 
Unof. 

Corymb (kor'-imb) [KdpvfiSnc, a head or cluster of fruit 
or flowers]. In biology, a flower-cluster on the inde- 
terminate plan, in which the axis is somewhat short- 
ened and the pedicels of the lower flowers somewhat 
lengthened, so as to form a flat-topped cluster. 

Corymbose (kor-im' -bos) [Kopv/ifiog, a flower-cluster]. 
In biology, corymb-like, or arranged in corymbs. C. 
Eruption, a variety of the eruption of smallpox in 
which it shows itself in patches or clusters the size of 
the hand, as thickly set as possible, while the surround- 
ing skin often remains entirely free. The grouping 
may be symmetrically distributed. This variety of 
small-pox is very dangerous. 

Coryphodont (kor-if -o-dont) [nopvfr/, summit ; bSoiic 
(oSovt-) tooth]. In biology, having teeth with pointed 
cusps. 

Corysterium (kor-is-te' '-re-um) [Kopvarijg, one having a 
helmet]. In biology, an organ found in the abdomen 
of certain female insects, that secretes a jelly-like pro- 
tective envelop for the eggs. 

Coryza (ko-ri'-zah) [mpv r a, a running at the nose]. 
Catarrh of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages 
and adjacent sinuses, popularly called a "cold in the 
head." See Rhinitis. C. caseosa, a term applied by 
Cozzolino to a disease in which the nostrils are filled 
with caseous masses. C, Idiosyncratic. See Hay- 
fever. C. maligna. Synonym of Snuffles of the A ew- 
born. C, Periodic Vasomotor. See Hay- fever. 
C, Vasomotor. Synonym of Hay-fever. 

Cosme's Paste. See Hebrd's Arsenical Paste. 

Cosmesis (koz-me'-sis) (noa/ieeiv, to adorn]. The art 
of preserving or increasing beauty. 

Cosmetic (koz-mef '-ik) [koo/utjtik6c; ; Koopiiuv, to adorn]. 
A remedy designed to improve or to hide defects of 
the skin or other external parts. It may be a white 
powder, such as starch, magnesic oxid, calcium car- 
bonate (levigated), zinc oxid, mercurous chlorid, or 
bismuth subnitrate applied externally; it may be a white 
substance dissolved in dilute alcohol, which is left 
upon the face after the evaporation of the solvent ; or 
it may be a stimulant to the skin used internally, such 
as arsenic. C. Operation, a surgical operation to 
give a natural appearance to a defective or unsightly 
part. 

Cosmetology (koz-met-oV -o-je) [uSaperoi;, orderly ; 
?i6yoc, science]. The science of the proper care of 
the body with respect to cleanliness, dress, etc. 

Cosmic Disease. Syphilis of the heart-valves. 

Cosmolin (koz'-mo-lin). See Petrolatum. 

Costa (kos'-tah) [L.]. A rib. See Rib. 

Costal (kos'-tal) \_costa, a rib]. Pertaining to the ribs. 
C. Arch, the arch of the ribs. C. Cartilages, the 
12 cartilaginous extensions of the ribs. 

Costalgia (kos-tal'-je-ah) [casta, a rib ; akyoc, pain] . 
Intercostal neuralgia ; pain in the ribs. 

Costen (kos'-ten) [costa, a rib]. Belonging to a rib in 
itself. 



COSTER'S PASTE 



334 



COUP DE SOLEIL 



Coster's Paste. A remedy of some value in the treat- 
ment of Tinea tonsurans. It is made of iodin, 2 
drams, in one ounce of oil of pitch. This is to be 
painted upon the patch and allowed to remain until 
the crust which is produced by the application falls off. 

Costicartilage (kos-te-kar' -til-aj) [costa, a rib; car- 
tilago, gristle]. A costal cartilage or unossified 
sternal rib. 

Costicervical (kos-te-ser' -vik-al) [costa, a rib; cervix, 
a neck]. Relating to the neck and ribs. 

Costicervicalis (kos-te-ser-vik-a' '-lis) [costa, a rib ; cer- 
vix, the neck]. The cervicalis ascendens muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Costispinal (kos-te-spi'-nal) [costa, a rib ; spina, the 
spine]. Relating to the ribs and vertebral column. C. 
muscles, levatores costarum. See Muscles, Table of. 

Costive (kos'-tiv) [constipare , to be bound]. Consti- 
pated; affected with costiveness. 

Costiveness (kos' '-tiv-ness) [constipare, to be bound]. 
An abnormality of digestion characterized by reten- 
tion and hardness of the feces. 

Costo- (kos' -to-) [costa, a rib]. A prefix denoting con- 
nection with the ribs. 

Costotome (kos'-to-tom) [costa, rib; toji6c, cutting]. 
A strong knife for cutting the costal cartilages in dis- 
section, etc. 

Costus Root (kos'-tus root). See Putchuk. 

Cotnar (kot'-nar) [a Moldavian place-name]. A rich, 
strong, and highly esteemed wine from Roumania. 

Coto (ko'-to) [Sp. , a cubit]. Coto Bark. The bark of 
a tree native to Bolivia. It contains a bitter principle, 
Cotoin, C 22 H 18 6 , irritant to the skin and mucous 
membranes. Its therapeutic properties are not known. 
It is recommended for diarrhea and zymotic fevers and 
for the night-sweats of pulmonary tuberculosis. Dose 
of the powder, gr. j-xv ; of the fluid extract gtt. v-xv ; of 
the tincture (i in io), gtt. x-xxx ; of cotoin, gr. ss-j. 

Cotoin (ko'-to-in) [Sp., coto, a cubit], C 22 H lg 6 . A 
crystalline substance found in Coto Bark. See Coto. 

Cottage-hospital (kof -aj-hos' -pit-al). A small esta- 
blishment for the purpose of providing for the sick in 
a small and isolated community. 

Cotting's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Cotton (kol'-n) [ME. , cototm~\. Gossypium, a white 
fibrous seed-hair that envelops the seeds of the cotton- 
plant. The structure of the cotton-fiber is very char- 
acteristic. It presents a flattened and collapsed tube, 
slightly twisted in a spiral form, with comparatively 
thick walls and a small central opening. Chemically, 
it contains about 91 per cent, of pure cellulose, 7 per 
cent, of moisture, and a small amount of fat, nitrog- 
enous materia] and cuticular substance. C, Absor- 
bent, is the fiber prepared, by removal of oily matters, 
for the surgeon's use. C.-blue. Same as Soluble Blue. 
C. -holder, a probe roughened near the end, upon 
which cotton may be twisted into a pledget. C.-oil. 
See C. -seed Oil. C.-root. SeeGossypium. C. -phthisis, 
a variety of pulmonary disease occurring among 
cotton operatives from inhalation of cotton-dust. C- 
seed Oil or C.-oil, oleum gossypii seminis, an oil 
obtained by pressure from the hulled seeds of several 
species of Gossypium. The raw oil is brownish-yellow 
in color, somewhat viscid, of a specific gravity of 
.922 to .9306 at 15 C. The refined oil has a straw- 
yellow color, or is colorless, of a pleasant, nutty flavor, 
specific gravity .9264 at 15 C. , boiling at about 6oo° 
F. It possesses slight drying properties, and is saponi- 
fiable, but is chiefly used in adulterating olive, lard, 
sperm, and other oils. 

Cotton's Test. See Test's, Table of. 

Cotunnius, Aqueduct of. See Aqueduct. C, Canal 

• of. See Canals. C, Liquor, or Water of, the 



perilymph. See Aqua labyrinthi. C, Nerve of, 
the naso-palatine. See A T erves, Table of. 

Cotyledon (kot-il-e'-don) [kotv'/jj6uv, a socket]. A 
mass or tuft of villi on the uterine side of the placenta ; 
always present upon the human placenta. The placenta 
of the ruminant mammals has many such masses, hence 
is polycotyledonous. 

Cotyloid (kot'-il-oid) [kotvA//, a cup; ridog, form]. 
Cup-shape. C. Fossa, or Cavity, the acetabulum. 
C. Ligament, surrounds the acetabulum. C. Notch, 
a notch in the anterior and lower border of the acet- 
abulum. 

Couch-grass (kowch'-gras). See Tritiaon. 

Couching (kowch' -ing) [Fr. , coucher, to depress]. 
The operation, now fallen into disuse, of depressing a 
cataractous lens into the vitreous chamber, where it 
was left to be absorbed. 

Couerbe's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Cough (kof) [ME., cough, a cough]. A sudden violent 
expiratory explosion through the mouth after deep in- 
spiration and closure of the glottis. C. -center. See 
Center. C, Trigeminal, a reflex paroxysmal cough, 
occurring in individuals whose respiratory organs are 
perfectly sound, and due to an irritation of the trigem- 
inal fibers distributed to the nose, pharynx, and external 
auditory meatus. C, Winter, a short troublesome 
cough of old people, due to chronic bronchitis, and re- 
curring every winter. 

Coulomb (koo-lom') [after Coulomb, a French physi- 
cist]. The unit of measurement of electric quan- 
tity ; the quantity of electricity that passes during one 
second through a conductor having a resistance of one 
ohm, with one volt of electromotive force. The 
micro-coulomb is the millionth part of this amount. 

Coulomb's Law. See Law. 

Coumalic Acid (koo-mal'-ik). See Acid. 

Coumaric Acid (koo-mar'-ik). See Acid. 

Coumarilic Acid (koo-mar-il'-ik). See Acid. 

Coumarin (koo' -mar-in), C 9 H 6 2 . A vegetable proxi- 
mate principle that occurs in Asperula odorata, in the 
Tonka bean, and in Meliloius officinalis. It is solu- 
ble in hot water, readily so in alcohol and ether ; it 
crystallizes in shining prisms, possesses the odor of the 
Asperula, and melts at 67 , in the proportion of 2 
grains to the dram. It covers the odor of iodoform. 
Unof. 

Coumarone {koo' -mar-on) , C 8 H 6 0. A body, formed 
by distilling coumarilic acid with lime. It is present 
in coal-tar. It is an oil that sinks in water, and boils 
at 169 C. 

Counter-extension (kown'-ter-eks-ten'-shun). See Ex- 
tension. 

Counter-indication (kown'-ter-in-dik-a'-shun). See 
Contra-indication . 

Counter-irritation (kozun'-ter-ir-it-a'-sknn) [contra, 
against ; irritare, to irritate]. Superficial and arti- 
ficially-produced inflammation, in order to exercise a 
good effect upon some adjacent or deep-seated morbid 
process. This is generally accomplished by vesicants, 
rubefacients, etc. 

Counter - opening (kown'-ter-op'-en-ing) [contra, 
against; ME., openyng, an opening]. An incision 
made in an abscess or cavity, opposite to another, 
generally for purposes of drainage. 

Counter-poison (kown' -ter-poi' -zn) [contra, against ; 
ME., poisonn, poison]. A poison given as an anti- 
dote to another poison. 

Counter-stroke (kown'-ter-strok). See Contre-coup. 

Country Fever. See Fever, Florida. C. F. of Con- 
stantinople. Synonym of Mediterranean Fever. 

Coup de Soleil (koo duh so-lay') [Fr.]. Sunstroke. 
See Heat-stroke. 



COUP SUR COUP 



335 



CRADIN 



Coup sur Coup (koo sur koo') [Fr.]. Blow upon 
blow ; a designation for an obsolete method of apply- 
ing venesection ; the successive bleedings following 
each other rapidly. 

Couperose [kup'-roz) [Fr. ]. Synonym of Acne 
rosacea. 

Coupler's Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C. 
Red. Same as Rosanilin. 

Courses (kors'-ez). See Menses. 

Court Plaster (kort plas'-ter). See Ichthycolla. 

Courty's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Couvade (koo-vahd') [Fr. , couver, to hatch]. Male 
child-bed. A custom of certain savage tribes in 
which, after child-birth, the father goes to bed, etc., 
and the mother gets up, etc. 

Couveuse (koo-vu(r)z') [Fr.]. See Incubator. 




Tarnier's Couveuse. 
(From Fullerton's " Obstetric Nursing.") 

Cover (kuv'-er) [MK.,cttveren, to cover]. I. To pro- 
tect. 2. To copulate with ; said of male animals. C- 
correction, an arrangement to so adjust the lenses of 
a microscope that the best definition may be obtained 
for varying thicknesses of cover-glasses. C. -glass, 
in microscopy, the thin lamina of glass covering the 
object mounted on the slide. It should not exceed 
•j^ inch in thickness. On account of its effect on the 
transmission of light, the thickness of the cover-glass 
must be considered in correcting the objective. C- 
glass Preparation, the fixing and staining of a fluid 
upon a cover-glass. C.-slip. Same as C. -glass. 

Cow (kow) [AS., cii, cow]. The female of the genus 
Bos, and of other large animals. C.-bane, Water 
Hemlock. The leaves of Cicuta virosa, an acrid nar- 
cotic, highly poisonous to cattle, but not affecting 
sheep and goats. It causes intoxication and spasm. 
It is sometimes used externally as an anodyne in 
rheumatism. C. -parsnip. See Masterwort. C.-pox, 
C.-pock, a variety of pock seen in the cow, and 
thought to correspond with smallpox in man. C- 
tree. See Brosimum. 

Cowage (kow'-aj) [Hind., kawanch, cowhage]. The 
external hairs of the pod of Mucuna pruriens, used 
in medicine as a mechanical vermifuge. 

Cowan-plant (kow'-an-plant). See Alonsenel. 

Cowdie-gum (kow' '-de-gum) [nat. N. Zeal.]. Codie 
pine resin. The resinous juice from the Dammara 
australis, a coniferous tree of New Zealand. It is 
one of the ingredients of copal varnishes. It is also 
one of the ingredients of the impression-material 
known as " Modeling Composition." It is one of the 
varieties of Dammar, q. v., and is also called Kauri- 



Cowell's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 
Cowhage, Cowitch (kow'-aj, kow'-ick). See Mucuna 

and Cowage. 
Cowl (kow!) [AS., cille,a. hood]. A cover for a chim- 



ney, that turns with the wind and assists in ventila- 
tion. 

Cowling's Rule. A rule for dosage. In his formula 
the age of the child at the next birthday is the nume- 
rator and 24 the denominator. According to this, 
the dose of a child approaching four years of age 
would be jjj = \ of the dose for an adult. 

Cowper's Glands. See Gland. 

Cowperitis (kow-per-i'-tis) [Coioper, an English anato- 
mist ; mc, inflammation] . Inflammation of the glands 
of Cowper, usually gonorrheal in origin. 

Cowpoxing (kow-poks'-ing). Synonym of Vaccination. 

Coxa (koks'-ah) [coxa, hip]. The hip-joint or the hip. 
In biology, the basal joint of the leg of an arthropod, 
abbreviated from coxognathite and coxopodile , of Milne 
Edwards ; also Coxopodite. C. vara, bending or twist- 
ing of the neck of the femur. 

Coxagra (koks-a'-gra/i) [coxa, the hip ; aypa, seizure]. 
Gout in the hip ; sciatica. 

Coxal (koks'-al) [coxa, the hip]. Relating to the coxa. 

Coxalgia (koks-al'-je-ah) [coxa, & hip; d/lyoc, pain]. 
Pain in the hip-joint. See Sciatica, and Hip-joiiit 
Disease. 

Coxalgic (koks-al' -jik) [coxa, the hip ; dA^or, pain]. 
Relating to coxalgia. 

Coxarthrocace (Icoks-arth-roV -as-e) [coxa, hip ; apOpov, 
joint; nandc, bad]. A fungoid inflammation of the 
hip-joint. 

Coxe's Hive-mixture. See Scilla and An/imonium. . 

Coxecphysis (koks-ek' -fis-is) [coxa, hip ; eKfvaav, to 
blow out]. In biology, a branch springing from the 
coxa of an arthropod ; synonymous with the epigtiath- 
ite and epipodite of Milne Edwards, and with the podo- 
branchia of Huxley when it is connected with the 
branchial plumes, as in Homarus. 

Coxitis (koks-i' -tis) [coxa, the hip ; itic, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the hip-joint. 

Coxocerite (koks-os' '-er-it) [coxa, the hip ; Kepag, horn]. 
In biology, the basal joint of the antenna of an arthro- 
pod. 

Coxodynia [koks-o-din'-e-ak) [coxa, hip; bivvy, pain]. 
Same as Coxalgia. 

Coxo-femoral (koks-o-fem'-or-al) [coxa, the hip; 
femur, the thigh-bone]. Relating to the coxa and the 
femur. 

Coxopodite (koks-op'-o-dlt) [coxa, hip ; ivovq, a foot]. 
See Coxa. 

Coxotuberculosis (koks-o-tu-ber-ku-lo'-sis) [coxa, the 
hip; tuberculum, a tubercle]. Tuberculous disease of 
the hip-joint. 

Crab Louse (krab' -lows) See Pediculus. 

Crab's-eyes (krabz'-lz). Flat, calcareous concretions 
(Lapides cancronun) derived from the stomach of the 
crab, and used as a means of removing foreign bodies 
from the eye. Also a name for the seeds of Abrus 
precatorius. 

Crachotement (kra-shot-mon(g)') [Fr.]. A peculiar 
reflex following operations upon the utero-ovarian or- 
gans, marked by a desire to spit, without the ability to 
do so. It is usually accompanied by a tendency to 
syncope. 

Cracked-metal Sound. See Cracked-pot Sound. 

Cracked-pot Sound. A peculiar sound elicited by per- 
cussion over a pulmonary cavity communicating with 
a bronchus. 

Crackling (krak'-ling) [ME., crakelen, to crackle]. 
A sound compared to that produced when salt is 
thrown into the fire, heard over a lung in which soften- 
ing of tuberculous deposits has begun to take place. 

Cradin (krad / -in) [icpdiij, fig-branch]. A principle 
obtainable from the leaves and twigs of the common 
fig. It is said to be a peptic ferment, in some respects 



CRADLE 



336 



CRANIECTOMY 




Cradle for Supporting 

Bed-clothes. 

(Front Fitllerton's " Nursing 

in Abdominal Surgery.") 



more effective than pepsin, and is believed to be iden- 
tical with papain. 

Cradle (kra'-dl) [AS., cradol, a cradle]. In surgery, 
the arculus, a wire or wicker frame so arranged as to 
keep the weight of the bed-clothing from an injured 
part of the body. It is 
employed in the treat- 
ment of fractures, 
wounds, etc. C.-Cap, 
a name given to the 
scabs composed of dirt 
and sebum, that form on 
the scalps of neglected 
infants and children. 
C, Ice-, the suspension 
over a febrile patient, by means of iron frames, o.f a 
number of zinc buckets, kept half-filled with ice, and in- 
closed in a light covering. C. -pessary, a cradle-shaped 
pessary for treating retrodisplacements of the uterus. 

Cram {krarri) [ME., crammen, to cram]. To store the 
memory with information for the purpose merely of 
passing an examination. C. -stunt, arrest in mental 
development due to over-study. C.-stunted, arrested 
in mental development'by over-study. 

Cramp (kramp) [Teut., kramp\. A spasmodic tonic 
contraction of the muscles, attended with sharp pain. 
It is especially prone to attack the muscles of the calf. 
It occurs frequently in those of neurotic tendency, and 
is often the forerunner of epilepsy. C, Accommo- 
dation, a spasm of the ciliary muscle of the eye. C, 
Auctioneers', one of the professional neuroses affect- 
ting mainly the left side of the orbicularis oris muscle. 
C. -asphyxia, spinal spasm. C, Ballet-dancers', 
a neuralgic affection occurring in ballet-dancers, espe- 
cially premieres danseuses, characterized by pain and 
paralytic symptoms, affecting the muscles of the calf. 
It is the result of local strain upon the parts. C- 
bone, a name for the patella of a sheep. C, Black- 
smiths'. See C, Hammermen'' s. C, Car-drivers', 
a professional neurosis seen in car-drivers, and perhaps 
also in brakemen, characterized by spasm and weak- 
ness of the hand from the effort of tightening car-brakes. 
C, Chisel, a professional neurosis occurring in smiths, 
affecting the left hand, and produced by the continuous 
holding of the chisel or similar instrument. C, Cigar- 
makers', one of the rarer professional neuroses, consist- 
ing in a tonic contraction of the flexor muscles of the 
fingers with pain. The painful sensations also extend 
up the arm and shoulders. C, Cigaret-makers'. See 
C. , Cigar-makers' . C, Clarionet-players', a cramp 
of the tongue and of the laryngeal muscles experienced 
occasionally by players on this instrument. C. Colic, 
a form of colic in the horse, produced by contrac- 
tion, or spasm, of a portion of the small intestines 
from the irritation of indigestible food. C, Coach- 
men's, contraction of the palmar fascia, occasionally 
seen in coachmen. C, Cornet-players', a rare and 
peculiar neurosis of the tongue in cornet-players, in 
which certain notes cannot be sounded, from inability 
to direct the tongue for that purpose. C, Dancers'. 
See C, Ballet-dancers' . C, Elocutionists'. See 
Dysphonia spastica. C, Flute-players', slight 
laryngeal spasms occurring occasionally in flute- 
players from excessive use of the instrument. Also 
a cramp of the flexors and extensors of the hand, 
from constant use of the instrument. C, Glass- 
blowers', a painless, but decided and permanent 
flexion of the fingers, the thumb excepted, due to the 
continuous grasping of the tube with which the glass 
is worked. C, Goldbeaters', a cramp of the mus- 
cles of the arm due to excessive use in beating 
gold-leaf. C, Hammer. See C, Hammer men's. 



C, Hammermen's, a spasmodic affection of the 
muscles of the arm and shoulder, at times unattended 
with pain, due to the repeated act of hammering. C, 
Knitters', a peculiar affection of the hands of those 
who knit, consisting in a contraction of the extensor 
muscles, with numbness of the ends of the fingers. C, 
Milkers', a spasmodic contraction of the extensors 
and flexors of the forearm in consequence of continu- 
ous exertion in milking. C, Milkmaids'. See C. , 
Milkers' . C, Musicians', a general term including 
pianists' cramp, violinists' cramp, flutists' cramp, 
the cramp of clarionet-players, etc. C, Nailsmiths'. 
See C, Hammermen s. C, Photographers', a rare 
professional neurosis. C, Pianists', a neurosis of the 
hands and fingers of piano-players, characterized by 
fatigue, pain, and weakness. The pain extends up 
the arm to between the shoulders. C, Piano- 
players'. See C, Pianists'. C, Saltatory. See 
Saltatory Spasm. C, Sawyers', peculiar incoordin- 
ated movements of the saw-arm and corresponding 
side of the body, from excessive use. C, Scri- 
veners'. See C, Writers' . C, Seamstresses', a 
professional neurosis consisting in a spastic condition of 
the flexors of the fingers from constantly plying the 
needle. C, Shoemakers'. See Shoesalesmen's Disease. 
C, Smiths'. See C, Hammermen' s. C, Speakers'. 
See Dysphonia spastica. C, Swimmers', a painful 
cramp of the muscles of the calf of the leg of swimmers, 
frequently causing death by drowning. C, Tailors', 
a spasmodic affection of the muscles of the thumb, 
forefinger, hands, and arms, sometimes occurring in 
tailors, from overwork. C, Telegraphers', a partial 
paralysis of the muscles of the hand and fingers with 
spasm, produced by fatigue from long-continued use 
of Morse's instrument. C, Treadlers', one of the 
professional neuroses ; it is met with in treadlers, and 
consists in cramps of the leg-muscles from constant use 
of the machine. C, Violinists', a painful cramp 
most common in the left shoulder of violinists ; it is due 
to the peculiar position assumed in holding the violin. 
C, Watchmakers', a cramp in which there is a 
flexion of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints, with exten- 
sion of the other joints of the hand. Also, an inability 
to retain the glass in the eye-socket. C, Writers', 
Scriveners' palsy ; a difficulty in writing, due to spas- 
modic action of the muscles of the hand and arm, to 
pain, to tremulousness of these muscles, or to fatigue 
and weakness of the extremity. These constitute the 
four forms, spastic, neuralgic, tremulous , and paralytic. 

Crampton's Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. C. 
Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Crampus [kram'-pits) [L. ]. An old name for a cramp, 
or for any disease characterized by cramps. 

Cranberry [kran' -ber-e) [ME., cranebery, a berry]. 
The acid fruit of Vaccinium oxycocats and V. macro- 
carpoji. It is a popular material for poultices, and is 
vaunted as a cure for carcinoma. Unof. C. -tree. 
See Viburnum opu/us. 

Crane-bark [krdn'-bark). See Viburnum opulus. 

Crane's-bill Root. See Geranium. 

Craniacromial {kra-tie-ak-ro'-me-al) [ttpaviov, skull ; 
anputua, the point of the shoulder-blade]. Relating 
to the cranium and the acromion. 

Cranial [kra'-ne-al) \_Kpavlov, the skull]. Relating to 
the cranium. C. Bosses, flat, bony elevations of the 
frontal and parietal bones sometimes seen at the angles 
of the anterior fontanel. They are said to be a proof 
of hereditary syphilis. C. Nerves. See Nerve. 

Craniectomy (kra-ne-ek' -to-me) \_npaviov, skull ; in-our/, 
a cutting out]. The surgical removal of strips or 
pieces of the cranial bones. It is performed in cases 
of microcephaly. 



CRANIOCELE 



337 



CRANIOSTOSIS 



Craniocele (kra'-ne-o-sel) [Kpaviov, skull ; KTjTJj, a 
tumor]. Encephalocele, q. v. 

Cranioclasis (kra-ne-ok' -las-is) [Kpaviov, skull ; KAaair, 
a breaking]. See Cranioclasm. 

Cranioclasm (kra' -ne-o-klazni) [Kpaviov, the skull ; 
kaAeiv, to break]. The operation of breaking the 
fetal head by means of the cranioclast. 

Cranioclast (kra'-ne-o-klast) [Kpaviov, skull; KXaeiv, 
to break]. A heavy forceps for crushing the fetal 
head. 

Craniodiaclast (kra-ne-o-di'-ak-lasl) [Kpaviov skull ; 
SianAav, to break into pieces]. An instrument for 
breaking the skull in craniotomy. 

Craniodidymus (kra-ne-o-did 1 '-im-tis) [Kpaviov, skull ; 
6i6vfj.oc, double]. Same as Cephalopagns. 

Craniofacial (kra-ne-o-fa'-shal) \_Kpaviov, skull ; fades, 
face]. Relating to the cranium and the face; as the 
craniofacial axis, the craniofacial notch, etc. 

Craniograph (kra' -ne-o-graf) [Kpaviov, skull ; ypa<peiv, 
to record]. An instrument for recording the outlines 
of the skull. 

Craniography (kra-ne-og' -ra-fe) [Kpaviov, the skull ; 
ypatpeiv, to write]. That part of descriptive crani- 
ology the object of which is to describe the parts or 
regions of the skull or bones of the face. 

Cranio-hematoncus (kra' -ne-o-hem-at-ong' -kus) [Kpa- 
viov, skull ; aljxa, blood ; byKoc, a tumor]. Synonym 
of Cephalhematoma. 

Craniology (kra-ne-ol' '-o-je) [Kpaviov, cranium ; ~K6yoq, 
science]. A branch of anatomy based upon the com- 
parative study of skulls. 

Craniomalacia (kra-ne-o-mal-a' -se-ah). See Cranio- 
tabes. 

Craniomandibular (kra-ne-o-man-dib' -u-lar) [Kpaviov, 
skull; mandibula, the mandible]. Relating to the 
skull and the lower jaw. 

Craniometer (kra-ne-om'-et-er) [Kpaviov, skull ; fikrpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for gauging the dimen- 
sions of the skull. 

Craniometric, Craniometrical ( kra-ne-o-met' -rik, 
kra-ne-o-met' -rik-al) [Kpaviov, skull ; fierpov, a mea- 
sure]. Pertaining to craniometry. C. Point, any 
one of the points of measurement used in craniom- 
etry. A list of the craniometric points is given. 
Acanthion [aaavdiov, a little spine], a point in 
the median line of the skull at the base of the 
nasal spine. Alveolar Point, the point between 
the two middle incisors of the upper jaw. Antinion, 
that point on the glabellum, and in the median line, 
that is farthest from the inion. Asterion [aarepiov, 
starry] , the point behind the ear where the parietal, 
temporal and occipital bones meet. Auricular 
Point, the center of the orifice of the external audi- 
tory meatus. Basion [basis, fundament], the middle 
point of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. 
Bregma, the point where the coronal and sagittal 
sutures meet. DACRYON, or Dakryon [Saupvov, a 
tear], the point beside the root of the nose where 
the frontal, lachrymal, and superior maxillary bones 
meet. Entomion, the point where the parietal notch 
of the temporal bone receives the anterior extension 
of the mastoid angle of the parietal. Glabella, or 
Glabellum, the point in the median line between the 
superciliary arches, marked by a swelling, sometimes 
by a depression. Gnathion, same as Mental Point. 
Gonion, the point at the angle of the lower jaw. Hor- 
MION, the anterior point of the basilar portion of the 
united spheno-occipital bone, where it is crossed by the 
median line. lNlON,the external occipital protuberance. 
Jugal Point, the point situated at the angle that the 
posterior border of the frontal branch of the malar 
bone makes with the superior border of its zygomatic 



branch. Koronion, the apex of the coronoid pro- 
cess of the inferior maxilla. Lambda, the point of 
meeting of the sagittal and the lambdoid sutures. 
Malar Point, a point situated on the tubercle on the 
external surface of the malar bone, or at the intersec- 
tion of a line drawn from the external extremity of 
the fronto-malar suture to the tubercle at the inferior 
angle of the malar bone and a line drawn nearly hori- 
zontally from the inferior border of the orbit over the 
malar bone to the superior border of the zygomatic arch. 
Maximum Occipital Point, or Occipital Point, 
the posterior extremity of the antero-posterior diameter 
of the skull, measured from the glabella in front to the 
most distant point behind. Mental Point, the 
middle point of the anterior lip of the lower border 
of the lower jaw. Metopion, or Metopic Point, a 
• point in the middle line between the two frontal emi- 
nences. Nasion, or Nasal Point, the middle of the 
frontal suture at the root of the nose. Obelion, the 
part of the sagittal suture between the two parietal 
foramina. Occipital Point. See Maximum Occi- 
pital Point. Ophryon, the middle of the supraorbi- 
tal line, which, drawn across the narrowest part of the 
forehead, separates the face from the cranium. Opis- 
THION, the middle point of the posterior border of 
the foramen magnum. Prosthion, the Alveolar 
point. Pterion, the point where the frontal, parie- 
tal, temporal, and sphenoid bones come together. 
Rhinion, the upper median point of the anterior 
nasal opening. Spinal Point. Same as Subnasal 
Point. Stephanion, Inferior, the point where the 
ridge for the temporal muscle intersects the coro- 
nal suture. Stephanion, Superior, the point 
where the coronal suture crosses the temporal ridge. 
Subnasal Point, the middle of the inferior border 
of the anterior nares at the base of the nasal spine. 
Supra-auricular Point, the point vertically over 
the auricular point at the root of the zygomatic pro- 
cess. Supranasal Point. Same as Ophryon. 
Supraorbital Point. Same as Ophryon. Sym- 
PHYSION, the median point of the outer border of the 
alveolus of the lower jaw. Vertex, the superior 
point of the skull. In obstetrics, that conical portion 
of the skull whose apex is at the posterior fontanel 
and whose base is formed by the biparietal and 
trachelo-bregmatic diameters. 

Craniometry (kra-ne-om' '-et-re) [Kpaviov, skull ; fiirpov, 
a measure]. The ascertainment of the proportions 
and measurements of skulls, together with the discus- 
sion of the ascertained facts, and the drawing of sci- 
entific inferences therefrom. See Angle, Arc, Index, 
Plane, Point. 

Craniopagus (kra-ne-op' -ag-us). See Cephalopagus. 

Craniopharyngeal (kra-ne-o-far-in'-je-al) [Kpaviov, 
skull ; ipnpvy^, the pharynx]. Relating to the crani- 
um and the pharynx. 

Craniophore (kra'-ne-o-for) [Kpaviov, cranium ; <j>epeiv, 
to bear]. A device for holding the skull during cra- 
niometric study. 

Cranioplasty ( kra' -ne-o-plas-te ) [Kpaviov, skull ; 
irlaaToc, formed]. The surgical restoration or cor- 
rection of cranial deficiencies. 

Craniosclerosis (kra-ne-o-skle-ro' -sis) [Kpaviov, skull ; 
GKhripoq, hard]. A condition the antithesis of that 
seen in craniotabes. A thickening of the cranial 
bones, usually due to rhachitis. 

Cranioscopy (kran-e-os'-ko-pe). See Phrenology. 

Craniostegnosis (kra-ne-o-steg-no' -sis) [Kpaviov, skull ; 
creyvoxjig, contraction]. Contraction of I he skull. 

Craniostosis (kran-e-os-to'-sis) [Kpaviov, skull ; bareov, 
a bone]. Congenital ossification of the cranial 
sutures. 



CRANIOTABES 



338 



CREASOTE 



Craniotabes (kra-ne-o-ta' -bez) [upaviov, skull ; tabere, 
to waste away]. An atrophy of the cranial bones oc- 
curring in infancy, with the formation of small, shal- 
low, conical pits in the bone-substance. These pits 
are granular within, and present a worm-eaten ap- 
pearance around the margin. They are most usually 
found in the posterior inferior region of the parietal 
bone, but may be seen in any of the other cranial 
bones. They form from within outward, so that in 
life often they cannot be found. Craniotabes is proba- 
bly a result of rhachitis, syphilis, or marasmus. The 
craniotabetic pits are in some way associated with the 
rapid growth and development of the brain ; they may 
be due to a premature formation of the markings of 
the convolutions on the skull. They are only encoun- 
tered during' the first months of life, that is, up to the 
sixteenth month. This disease is not a serious one as 
regards danger to life. 

Craniotabetic (kra-7ie-o-tab-et' -ik) [upaviov, skull ; ta- 
bere, to waste away]. Pertaining or belonging to 
Craniotabes, q. v. 

Craniotome (kra' -ne-o-toni) [upaviov, skull ; re/zvsiv, to 
cut]. An instrument used in craniotomy 

Craniotomy (kra-tie-ot' -o-7ne) [upaviov, skull ; ro/itj, a 
cutting]. I. The operation of reducing the size of the 
fetal head by cutting or breaking it up, when delivery 
is otherwise impossible. 2. Excision of a portion of 
the skull ; performed by Prof. Lannelongue in cases 
of microcephaly to relieve pressure upon the brain and 
to give the brain space. C, Linear. See Crani- 
ectomy. 

Craniotractor (kra' -ne-o-trak-tor) [apaviov, skull ; trac- 
tor, a drawer], A cranioclast designed to be used 
also, or mainly, as a tractor. 




Lateral Aspect of Cranium. 
:. Frontal bone. 2. Parietal bone. 3. Occipital bone. 4. 
Temporal bone. 5. Greater wing of sphenoid bone. 6. 
Coronal suture. 7. Lambdoid suture. 8. Squamo-parietal 
suture. 9. Masto-parietal suture. 10. Spheno-parietal su- 
ture, it. Spheno-temporal suture. 12. Spheno-frontal suture. 
13, 13. Temporal ridge. 14. Malar bone. 15. Fronto-malar 
suture. 16. Malo-temporal suture. 17. Malo-maxillary su- 
ture. 18. Superior maxillarv bone. 19. Infraorbital foramen. 
20. Nasal bone. 21. Naso-maxillary suture. 22. Naso-frontal 
suture. 23. Lachrymal groove, at the bottom of which may 
be seen the suture between the lachrymal and the superior 
maxillary bones. 24 Nasal eminence. 25. Inferior maxil- 
lary bone. 26. Mental foramen. 27. Angle of lower jaw. 
28. Coronoid process. 29. Condyle. 30. Neck of condyle. 
31. External auditory canal. 32. Styloid process. 33. Mas- 
toid process. 34. Masto-occipital suture. 

Cranium (kra'-ne-um) [ttpaviov, the skull]. The skull. 
The cavity that contains the brain, its membranes and 



vessels. It consists of 22 bones, of which 14 belong 
to the face, and 8 to the cranium proper. See Skull. 

Crank (krank) [Ger., sick]. A popular term for an 
eccentric individual or a hobby-rider. See Paranoiac. 

Cranter (kran' -ter) \_KpavT7/p, Kpaiveiv, to finish, render 
perfect: //. , Cranteres~\. A wisdom-tooth. The 
dentes sapientias are sometimes so called because their 
presence is necessary to a perfect denture. 

Crapaudine (krap'-aw-din) [Fr. , crapatui, a toad]. 
In veterinary surgery, an ulcer on the coronet of a 
horse's hoof. 

Crapulous (krap'-u-lus) [crapula, drunkenness, sur- 
feit]. Characterized by debauch or excess in drinking 
or in eating. 

Craquement (krahk' '-mon(g)) [Fr.]. Any crackling 
sound heard in auscultation. 

Crasis (kras'-is) \_Kpaoic, mixture]. Temperament; 
constitution; predisposition. C, Verminous, an old 
term used to designate a peculiar dyscrasia of the 
system due to the presence of worms. 

Craspedotal (kras-pe-do'-tal ) [/c/aa<77r£(5urdc, bordered]. 
In biology, applied to those Medusae that have velar 
otolithic vesicles. 

Crassamentum (kras-am-en'-tum) [L., thickness]. 
A clot, as of blood. 

Crateriform (kra-ter' -if-orm) [crater, a crater; forma, 
shape]. Goblet-shaped or deep-saucer-shaped. Ex- 
cavated like a crater. 

Cratomania (krat-o-tna' -ne-ah) [icparoc, power ; /iav!a, 
madness]. A delirium of exaltation in which the 
patient conceives himself to possess vast power. 

Cravat (kra-vat') [Fr. , cravate, a Croat]. I. A neck- 
cloth. 2. A bandage of triangular shape, used as a 
temporary dressing for a wound or fracture. The 
middle is applied to the injured part, and the ends are 
brought around and tied. See Handkerchief Dressings. 

Craw-Craw (kraw'-kraw). See Filaria sanguinis 
hominis, and Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Crawley (krarv'-le). See Coral Root. 

Craziness (kra r -ze-nes) [ME. , crasen, to break]. In- 
sanity. 

Crazy (kra'-ze) [crasen, to break]. Insane; de- 
mented ; deranged. C.-bone. See Funny-bone. 
C.-weed. See Loco. 

Cream (krem) \cremor, thick juice or broth]. The 
rich, fat part of milk. C, Cold. See Rosa. C, 
Ripening of. See Ripening. C. of Tartar. See 
Potassium. 

Creamometer (krem-om f -et-er) [cremor, cream ; perpov, 
a measure] . An instrument for estimating the amount 
of cream in milk. 

Crease (ires) [Celtic]. A line made by folding. C, 
Gluteo-femoral. See C. , Ileo-femoral. C, Ileo- 
femoral, is the crease that bounds the buttock below, 
corresponding nearly to the lower edge of the gluteus 
maximus muscle. It is of supposed significance in 
the diagnosis of hip-disease. 

Creasol (kre'-as-ol) [Kpeac, flesh ; oleum, oil], C 8 H 10 O.,. 
One of the principal phenols contained in creasote. It 
is formed from guaiacum-resin, and is found in beech- 
wood-tar. It is a colorless, oily liquid of an agreeable 
odor and a burning taste, boiling at 220 C. It is very 
similar to guaiacol. 

Creasote, or Creasotum (kre'-as-ot, -ot'-um) [upeac, 
flesh ; aCi^eiv, to preserve]. The product of the distilla- 
tion of wood-tar, consisting of a mixture of phenol-com- 
pounds. It is an inflammable oily liquid, differing in 
this respect from carbolic acid. It does not coagulate 
albumin or collodion. Most of the commercial cre- 
asote consists of carbolic acid or contains a large per- 
centage of it. It is valuable for its antiseptic, astrin- 
gent, styptic, anesthetic, and escharotic properties. 



CREATIC 



339 



CREST 



Dose ff\j-iij. Beechwood Creasote, from Fagussyl- 
vatica, is best for internal use. Dose TT\J, every three 
hours. C, Aqua, a one per cent, solution. Dose 
3j-iv. C.-bath. See Bath. C, Mistura (B.P.). 
Dose Jjj-ij. C.-oil, Heavy Oil, the third main frac- 
tion in the coal-tar distillation-process. It is collected 
at temperatures of from 230 to 270° C. , or until the 
anthracene commences to distil. The oil has a green- 
ish-yellow color, and is very fluorescent, and becomes 
progressively more so upon exposure to light and air. 
The odor is unpleasant and extremely characteristic. 
The oil is heavier than water, and contains naphthalene, 
anthracene, phenanthrene, phenol, cresol, etc. It is 
used mainly in the creasoting or preservation of timber ; 
it is also used as a fuel, and for the production of illu- 
minating gas, as a lubricant, and for the production of 
lampblack. C, Unguentum (B.P.), for local appli- 
cation. C, Vapor (B.P.), for inhalation. 

Creatic (kre-af '-ik) [upeac, flesh]. Relating to flesh. 
See Kreatinin. C. Nausea, a loathing of flesh as 
food. 

Creatin (kre'-at-in) [Kpcag, flesh], C 4 H g N 3 2 . A neu- 
tral organic substance that occurs in the animal organ- 
ism, especially in the juice of muscles. It crystallizes 
with one molecule of water in glistening prisms, which, 
heated to 100 , sustain a loss of water. It has a faintly 
bitter taste and dissolves rather readily in boiling water. 
It dissolves with difficulty in alcohol and yields crys- 
talline salts with one equivalent of acid. 

Creatinin {kre-at' -in-in) [upkaq, flesh], C 4 H v N 3 0. An 
alkaline substance, a normal constituent of urine. It 
crystallizes in rhombic prisms, and is a strong base. 
It is much more soluble than creatin. 

Crebricostate (kreb-re-kos'-taf) [creber, close ; costa, 
rib]. In biology, characterized by closely-set ridges. 

Crebrisulcate (kreb-re-sul'-kat) [creber, close; sulcus, 
a furrow]. In biology, marked by closely-set furrows. 

Crebruria (kreb-ru'-re-ah) [creber, close together ; olipov, 
urine]. Frequent micturition. 

Creche (krash) [Fr. , a crib]. See Infant Shelter. 

Crede's Method (kre-da'). See Treatment, Methods 
of. C. Operation. See Operations , Table of. 

Credivite {kra-div-it-a') [Fr.]. See Hypnotism. 

Creeping Sickness (krep'-ing sik'-nes). The gangren- 
ous form of ergotism. 

Cremaster {fire-mas' '-ter) [xpsfiaeiv, to support]. The 
muscle that draws up the testis. See Muscles, Table of. 

Cremasteric [fire-mas-ter' '-ik) [upepaeiv, to support]. 
Pertaining to the cremaster muscle. C. Reflex. See 
Reflexes, Table of. 

Cremation ifire-via' -shun) [cremare, to burn]. The 
destruction of the body by burning, as distinguished 
from interment. 

Cremator (kre-ma' -tor) \_cremare, to burn]. A crema- 
tory, q. v. C, Engle System, a variety of cremator 
for the destruction of garbage, in which the smoke 
and gases generated by the destruction of the waste 
material are consumed by a second fire. 

Crematory Ifirem' -at-or-e) [cremare, to burn]. An 
establishment for burning the bodies of the dead, or 
for consuming garbage and other refuse matter. 

Cremnitz White. Same as White Lead. 

Cremocarp (krem' -o-karp) [npe/j.av, to hang ; Kapwoc, 
fruit]. The peculiar capsular fruit of the natural 
order Umbellifera. 

Cremor (kre'-mor) [cremor, broth]. Cream. Any 
thick substance formed on the surface of a liquid. C. 
tartari, cream of tartar. 

Crena (kre'-nah) [L.]. A notch, especially such a 
notch as is seen on the sutural margins of the cranial 
bones. 

Crenate (fire'-naf), or Crenated (kre'-na-ted) [crena, 



a notch]. Notched or scalloped. In botany, leaves 
that are serrated. See Crenation. 

Crenation (kre-na' 'shun) [crena, a. notch]. A notched 
or mulberry appearance of the red corpuscles of the 
blood ; it may be spontaneous or due to poisoning with 
Calabar bean, etc. 

Crenic Acid (kre'-nik). See Acid. 

Crenothrix (kren-oth'-riks) [npi/vrj, a spring ; ^p/f, hair]. 
A genus of Schizomycetes the filaments of which are 
enveloped in a gelatinous sheath. C. kuhniana, 
abundant in fresh waters ; when putrefied it gives 
drinking-water a very bad taste, but the role attributed 
to it in the production of typhoid fever is unjustified. 

Crenulate [kren f -u-lat) [crena, a notch]. Finely 
crenate. 

Creolin (fire'-o-lin) [/cp«zc, flesh ; oleum, oil]. A coal- 
tar product deprived of carbolic acid. It is hemostatic 
and highly antiseptic, and is more active than car- 
bolic acid in pure cultures of pathogenic microbes, but 
less efficacious in putrefying masses. It is an excel- 
lent non-poisonous deodorizer, used in a two per cent, 
solution or a five per cent, ointment with lanolin. 
It is used internally in typhoid fever and catarrh of 
the bladder in five-drop doses. 

Creosol (kre'-o-sol). See Creasol. 

Creosote (kre'-o-sot). See Creasote. C.-bush, Larrea 
mexicana, an odorous and resinous shrub of the 
Pacific States and Mexico. It is a local remedy for 
rheumatism and for wounds and sores. Unof. 

Crepitant (krep' -it-ant) [crepitare, to crackle]. Pos- 
sessing the character of crepitus. C. Rale. See 
Rale and Breath-sounds. 

Crepitation ifirep-it-a'-shun), Crepitus (krep' '-it-us) 
[crepitare, to crackle] . The noise produced by escap- 
ing flatus. The grating of fractured bones. The 
crackling of the joints. The noise produced by pres- 
sure upon tissues containing an abnormal amount of 
air or gas, as in cellular emphysema. Also the pecu- 
liar murmur of respiration observed in pneumonia dur- 
ing inspiration. It closely resembles the sound pro- 
duced by rubbing the hair between the fingers held 
close to the ear. C, Redux, a crepitant rale 
heard in pneumonia during the stage of resolution ; 
usually the first manifestation of the recession of 
the disease. 

Cresalol (kres'-al-ol) [cresol; salol], C 6 H 4 .OH.COO.- 
C 6 H 4 .CH 3 . Salicylate of cresol. It possesses antisep- 
tic properties very similar to those of salol. Dose 
gr. iv in water from one to eight times daily. Unof. 

Crescent (fires' -ent) [crescere, to grow]. Shaped like 
the moon in its first quarter. A name given to one 
form of the malarial hematozoon. C. of Gianuzzi. 
Groups of non-secreting cells in the acinus of a gland, 
pushed to one side by the secreting cells. C, Myopic. 
See Myopia. C. Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Crescentia (kres-en' '-she-ah ) [crescere, to grow]. A 
genus of bignoniaceous trees and shrubs. C. alata, 
of tropical Asia and America, affords leaves that are 
useful in hemoptysis, and the fruit is employed in pul- 
monary diseases. The pulp of the West Indian C. 
cujete is similarly used. Unof. 

Cresol (kre' -sol) [apeac, flesh; oleum, oil], C-H 8 2 . 
Cresylic acid ; a body obtained from the distillation 
of coal-tar. It is a colorless, caustic liquid, with prop- 
erties similar to those of phenol, but is superior as an 
antiseptic. Unof. 

Cresolin {fires' -o-lin) [Kpiac, flesh ; oleum, oil]. A 
proprietary preparation used as a disinfectant in diph- 
theria, etc. 

Cresosulphuric Acid {kres-o-sul-fu'-rik). See Acid. 

Crest (krest) [crista, a crest]. The surmounting part 
of any bone, organ, or process. C, Frontal, a ridge 



CRESTI'S TEST 



340 



CROCKER'S CALAMIN LINIMENT 



along the middle line of the internal surface of the 
frontal bone. C. of Ilium, the thickened and 
expanded upper border of the ilium. C, Lachrymal, 
a vertical ridge dividing the external surface of the 
lachrymal bone into two parts. C, Nasal, a crest 
on the internal border of the nasal bone and forming 
part of the septum of the nose. C, Neural, a series 
of swellings along each side of the rudimentary spinal 
cord in the embryo from which the spinal nerves are 
developed. C, Occipital, a vertical ridge on the ex- 
ternal surface of the occipital bone extending from the 
occipital protuberance to the foramen magnum. C. 
of Pubes, a crest extending from the spine to the inner 
extremity of the pubes. C. of Tibia, the prominent 
border or ridge on the front of the tibia ; the shin. 
C.| Turbinated, a prominent horizontal ridge on the 
internal surface of the palate bone. C, Urethral. 
See Ventmontanum. 

Cresti's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Cresylic Acid {kres-il'-ik). See Cresol. 

Creta [kre'-tak) [L. ]. Chalk. See Calcium. 

Cretaceous {Jire-ta' -she-us) [creta, chalk]. Chalky; 
abounding in calcium carbonate. 

Cretefaction [kre-te-fak' -shuii). See Calcification. 

Cretin (kre'-tin) [Fr. , cretin, a simple-minded person]. 
A person affected with cretinism. 

Cretinism (kre f -tin-izni) [Fr., crStin, a simple-minded 
person]. The condition of a cretin. Also an en- 
demic disease, characterized by goiter and a condition 
of physical, physiologic, and mental degeneracy and 
non-development. The subjects of this disease sel- 
dom reach five feet in height. C, Sporadic, the 
congenital form of myxedema, characterized by ab- 
sence of the thyroid gland, diminutiveness of size, 
thickness of neck, shortness of arms and legs, prom- 
inence of abdomen, large size of face, thickness of 
lips, large and protruding tongue, and imbecility or 
idiocy. It is popularly supposed that coitus during 
intoxication is a cause of this condition. 

Cretinoid (fre'-tin-oid) [cretin, a simple-minded per- 
son]. I. Resembling a cretin ; resembling cretinism. 
2. A person who resembles a cretin. 

Creuse's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Crewels {kroo'-elz) [Fr. , ecrouelles, scrofula]. Syno- 
nym of Scrofula. 

Crib (krib) [ME., crib, a manger]. A small frame 
with inclosed sides for a child's bed. 2. A stall 
for cattle. C. Biting. See Cribbing and Wind- 
sucking. 

Cribbing (krib'-ing) [ME., crib, a manger]. The pe- 
culiar wearing of a horses' teeth, due to a habit of 
biting his crib or manger, and at the same time suck- 
ing air into the stomach. 

Cribriform [krib' -re form) [cribrum, a sieve; forma, 
form]. Similar to a sieve in being perforated, as the 
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. 

Cribrose (krib'-ros) [cribrum, a sieve]. In biology, 
sieve-like. 

Crick (krik) [ME., cricke, a twist in the neck]. Any 
painful spasmodic affection, as of the back or neck. 

Crico- (kri'-ko-) [/cpkoc, a ring]. A prefix denoting 
connection with the cricoid cartilage. 

Cricoid (kri'-koid) [np'/noc, a ring]. Ring-shaped. C. 
Cartilage. See Cartilages of the Larynx. 

Cricothyroid (kri-ko-thi'-roiil) [uptKoc, a ring ; dvpeo- 
EidfiQ, shield-shaped]. Pertaining to the cricoid and 
thyroid cartilages. C. Artery, a small branch of the 
superior thyroid, crossing the crico-thyroid mem- 
brane. It is of much surgical importance. See 
Arteries, Table of. C. Membrane, a ligamentous 
membrane that lies between the cricoid and thyroid 
cartilages. C. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 



Cricotomy (kri-kot'-o-me) [kp'ikoq, ring ; rifiveiv, to 
cut]. Surgical laryngotomy by cutting through the 
cricoid cartilage. 
Criminal {Jtrim'-in-al) [crimen, a crime]. Of the 
nature of crime. C. Abortion. See Abortion. C. 
Assault. See Assault. 
Criminalogy {krim-in-al' -o-je) . See Criminology. 
Criminology (krim-in-ol' -o-je) [crimen, crime ; }.6yoc, 
science]. The science of crime and of criminals ; 
criminal anthropology ; the study of crime as a branch 
of morbid psychology. 
Crino (kri'-no) [crinis, hair: //. , Crinones]. I. A 
skin-affection of infants supposed to be due to the 
presence of a hair-worm. 2. Same as Comedo. 
Crinosin (krin' -o-sin) [crinis, hair]. A nitrogenized 
fat from brain-substance, crystallizing in hair-like 
threads. 
Cripple (krip'-l) [ME.,m)rf,a paralytic]. One who 

is unable to walk or to use his members normally. 
Cripps' Operations. See Operations, Table of . 
Crisis (kri'-sis) [Kpioig, a decisive point: pi. , Crises']. 
The turning-point in a disease, fever, time of life, etc., 
and in disease, marking a change either for the better 
or worse. C. clitoridiennes, periods of voluptuous 
excitement in women suffering with tabes dorsalis, ac- 
companied by vaginal secretion, analogous to the violent 
erections and spermatorrhea found in men in the 
initial stages of tabes. C. gastriques, Charcot's 
term for certain gastric symptoms sometimes encount- 
ered in the course of progressive locomotor ataxia. 
The symptoms are shooting pains in the groin and 
abdomen, ending finally in gastralgia, pains iii the 
shoulders and arms, a quick pulse, and often vertigo 
and vomiting. C, Laryngeal, paroxysmal spasm of 
the larynx sometimes observed in cases of posterior 
spinal sclerosis. 
Crispate (kris'-paf) [crispatus, curl]. In biology, 

crisped on the margin. 
Crista (knY-tah) [L.]. Same as Crest. C. acustica, 
a yellow elevation projecting into the equator of the 
ampulla of the ear. C. fornicis, the crest of the 
fornix ; a half-oval or semi-globular mass on the pos- 
terior surface of the fornix of the brain. C. galli, 
cock's crest, the superior triangular process of the 
ethmoid bone C. helicis, spina helicis ; a projec- 
tion of the helix above the external auditory meatus. 
C. spiralis, a crest of the limbus of the ear over- 
hanging the internal spiral sulcus of Waldeyer. C. 
urethralis. See Verumontanum. 
Critchett's Operations. See Operations, Table of 
Crith (kritli) [Kpidr/, barley-corn]. The assumed unit 
of mass and weight for hydrogen, and hence for gases 
generally. It is .0896 of a gram or 1.37 grains. 
Critical (krit'-ik-al) [npioig, a decisive point]. I. Per- 
taining to a crisis in disease, period of life, etc. 2. 
A qualification applied to temperature and to pressure 
in relation to gases. 
Crocein Scarlet (kro'-se-in skar'-let). See Pigments, 

Conspectus of. 
Crochet [kro-sha') [Fr., dim. of croc, a hook]. A 
hook. C. of Uncinate Gyrus, the narrow portion 
of the uncinate gyrus at its anterior extremity which 
is reversed in the form of a hook. 
Crocin (kro'-sin), C 16 H 18 6 . Polychroit ; the coloring- 
matter of Saffron. It is a deliquescent, orange-red, 
amorphous substance, odorless, with a sweetish taste, 
freely soluble in water and diluted alcohol. 
Crocitin (kro' '-sit-in). A coloring-substance of saffron ; 
a red powder, easily soluble in alcohol, but not in 
water or ether. 
Crocker's Calamin Liniment. A liniment used in 
the treatment of dermatitis. It consists of prepared 



CROCONIC ACID 



341 



CRUSO-CREATININ 



calamin powder, 2 scruples ; powdered zinc oxid, ^ 
dram ; olive oil and lime-water each one ounce. It 
is applied on soft rags. 
Crocus (kro'-kus) [jcpdicog, crocus, saffron]. Saffron. 
The stigmata of the flowers of C. sativus. (This should 
not be confounded with American Saffron, Carthamus 
tinctorius.) It is an aromatic stimulant and emmena- 
gogue, commonly used as a cooling-agent. C, Tinct., 
io per cent, in strength. Dose 3J-ij ; of the drug, 
gr. v-xx, in infusion. 
Crocydismus (kro-sid-iz* -mus) [KpoKvdi^eiv, to pick at]. 

Same as Carphology. 
Croft's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 
Crooke's Tube. A highly exhausted vacuum-tube used 

in producing X-rays. 
Crop (krop) [M.K., crop, the craw of a bird]. The 
craw or pouch of the esophagus of a bird. C. -bound, 
' a disease of poultry in which the fowls are unable to 
pass the food from the crop into the gizzard, and the 
former becomes filled with food, hanging like a bag 
in front of the bird. 
Crosby's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 
Cross {kros) [crux, a cross]. In biology, a cross-breed 
in plants, the result of cross-fertilization. C. -birth, 
shoulder-presentation, or other presentation requiring 
version. C. -circulation. See Circulation. C.-eye. 
See Strabismus. C. -fertilization, in biology, the fer- 
tilization of the ovules of one species by the seed- 
germs of another. C.-knee. See Genu valgum. 
C.-leg, a deformity that sometimes follows double 
hip-joint disease; the legs are crossed in walking. 
C. -legged Progression, a method of walking in which 
one foot gets over or in front of the other. It is a 
symptom of certain cord-lesions. 
Crossed (krosd) [crux, a cross]. Having the shape of 
a cross. Applied to alternate sides of the body. C. 
Anesthesia. See Anesthesia. C. Hemiplegia. See 
Stauroplegia. C. Paralysis. See Paralysis. C. 
Reflexes, an exception to the usual law of reflex 
movements, in which, e.g., excitation of one fore-limb 
induces movement in the opposite hind-limb. See 
Reflexes, Table of. 
Crotalin (kro'-tal-in) [lipdrakov, a rattle]. An albumin- 
ous body contained in the poison of the cobra. It is 
not coagulable by heat at 212° C. 
Crotalus (kro'-tal-us) [np6Ta'Aoi>, a rattle]. A genus 
of serpents, including the typical rattlesnakes. C. 
Poison. The virus of the rattlesnake, used as a 
remedy by homeopathists. 
Crotchet (kroch'-et) [ME., crochett, a little hook]. A 

hook used in extracting the fetus after craniotomy. 
Croton (kro'-ton) [uporuv, a tick]. A great genus of 
euphorbiaceous plants. C. eleuteria, yields cascarilla. 
C. tiglium, croton oil ; C. niveus, a part of the pro- 
duct called copalche bark. C. Aldehyd, C 4 H fi O, a 
compound obtained by the condensation of acetaldehyd 
when heated with dilute HC1, with water and zinc 
chlorid ; it is a liquid, soluble in water, possessing an 
irritating odor ; it boils at from 104 to 105 and has 
a sp. gr. of I.033 at 0°. In the air it oxidizes to cro- 
tonic acid. C. Chloral. See Chloral butylicum. 
C. Oil. See Tiglii, Oleum. 
Crotonol (kro'-ton-ol) [Kp6ruv, a tick], C 9 H u 2 . An 
acid, aromatic principle in croton oil, believed to be the 
vesicant constituent of the oil. 
Croup (kroop) [AS., kropan, to cry aloud]. Membran- 
ous croup ; pseudo-membranous croup ; true croup ; 
a disease of the larynx and trachea of children, 
prominent symptoms of which are a peculiar cough, 
and difficulty in breathing ; it is often accompanied by 
the development of a membranous deposit or exudate 
upon the parts. There is doubt as to the real nature 



of the disease, some contending that it is laryngeal 
diphtheria, while others believe it a special type of 
disease. See also Roup. C, Catarrhal, an affection 
of childhood characterized by paroxysms of intense 
dyspnea and a peculiar, ringing, metallic cough. C, 
False, catarrhal or spasmodic croup ; catarrhal laryn- 
gitis. C, Spasmodic. See C. , Catarrhal. 

Crown (brown) [ME., crowne, a crown]. See Corona. 
C. Glass, a kind of glass used in optics. C. Leather. 
See Leather. C. -setting, the operation of uniting an 
artificial crown to the root of a natural tooth ; the 
operation being commonly known by the misnomer 
"pivoting." C. of a Tooth, the exposed part of 
the tooth above the gums, covered with enamel. 
C.-work, the adaptation of an artificial crown of 
porcelain or gold on the cervical portion of the natural 
root of a tooth. C. -yellow. Same as Chrome-yellow. 

Crucial (kru'-shal) [crux, a cross]. Resembling or 
pertaining to a cross, as a crucial incision. 

Cruciate (kru' -she-at) [crux, a cross]. In biology, 
shaped like a Greek cross. 

Crucible (kru'-sib-l) [crucibulum, a melting pot]. A 
vessel of conical shape in which substances are ex- 
posed to the heat of a fire or furnace ; it is formed of 
clay or earthenware, porcelain, iron, black lead or 
plumbago or graphite, silver, gold or platinum. 

Crucifixion Attitude (kru-se-fik'-shun). See Atti- 
tude. 

Crucing (kru'-sing). See Block Teeth. 

Cruels (kroo 1 '-elz). Synonym of Scrofula. 

Cruentin (kru-en' -tbi) [cruentus, bloody]. A preci- 
pitate obtained by boiling defibrinated blood with 
strong H 2 S0 4 , adding water, and filtering. 

Crull's Line. See Line. 

Cruorin (kru'-or-in) [cruor, blood]. Synonym of 
L/emoglobin. 

Crupper (krup'-er) [Fr., croupe, the rump]. The but- 
tocks of a horse. C.-bone, the coccyx. 

Crura (kru' -rah) [Plural of crus, a leg]. A name ap- 
plied to certain parts of the body, from their resemb- 
lance to legs or roots. C. cerebelli, the peduncles 
of the cerebellum, superior, middle, and inferior. C. 
cerebri, the peduncles of the cerebrum. C. of Dia- 
phragm, the muscular bundles arising from the verte- 
bra?, etc., and inserted into the central tendon. C. 
of Penis, the corpora cavernosi. 

Crural (kru' -ral) [crus, a leg]. Pertaining to the 
thigh. C. Arch. See Ligament. C. Hernia, fe- 
moral hernia. C. Ring, the femoral ring ; the upper 
opening of the temporal canal, bounded in front by 
Poupart's ligament and the deep crural arch, behind 
by the pubis, internally by Gimbernat's ligament, 
externally by a fibrous band separating it from the 
femoral ring. 

Crureus (kru' -re-us) [L.]. One of the muscles of the 
thigh. See Muscles, Table of. 

Crus (krus) [L. ]. The leg; structures resembling a 
leg. See the plural, Crura. 

Cruso-creatinin (kru-so-kre-at'-in-in), C 6 H 8 N 4 0. A 
leucomaine, isolated from muscle-tissue. In this and 
other leucoma'ines of the Creatinin Group, as well as 
in those of the Uric Acid Group, hydrocyanic acid 
plays an important part in the molecular structure of 
the bases. Very little is yet known as to the function 
of this Cyanogen Group in relation to the vital activ- 
ity of tissues, but recent investigations seem to show 
that the seat of the cyanogen-formation lies within 
the nucleated cell, and is intimately connected with 
the functions of the nuclein-molecule. A number of 
leucomaines of fresh muscle-tissue are credited with 
possessing an intensely poisonous action ; and. if this 
be the case, any accumulation of such bases in the 



CRUST 



342 



CRYSTALLIZED 



system, due to interference with elimination, may 
cause very serious disturbances. 

Crust [krust) \_crusla, a crust]. An irregular, dried 
mass of exudation, or other effete products of dis- 
ease of the skin. It varies much in appearance, accord- 
ing to the condition that produces it. It may be 
adherent or loose, thin and flat, or thick and craggy, 
light-yellow or blackish in color. 

Crusta {krus'-taK) [L., a crust]. The ectal portion 
of the crus cerebri. C. lactea. See Achor. Also 
synonym for Eczema. C. petrosa, a thin layer of 
bone covering the fang of a tooth. C. phlogistica, 
the yellowish layer of the upper stratum of a blood- 
clot coagulating slowly. 

Crustaceorubrin (krus-ta-she-o-ru' '-briii) \_crustata, 
shell-fish; ruber, red]. In biology a red coloring- 
matter of crustaceans. 

Crustaceous (krus-ta' '-she-us) \crusta, crust]. In 
biology, having a thin, hard, brittle, crust-like shell 
or coating. 

Crusted (krus'-ted) [crusta, a crust]. Having crusts 
or scabs. C. Ringworm. Synonym of Favus. 
C. Scall. Synonym of Impetigo. 

Crusting (krus' '-ting) \_crusta, a 'crust]. The formation 
of crusts or scabs. 

Crutch [kruch) [ME., crutche, a crutch]. A staff 
reaching from the axilla to the ground, for the pur- 
pose of aiding the progression of lame or crippled 
persons. C. Paralysis, paralysis of an upper extrem- 
ity due to the pressure of the crutch-head upon the 
nerves of the axilla. 

Cruveilhier's Atrophy. See Diseases, Table of. C. 
Disease. See Diseases, Table of. C. Fascia, the 
superficial layer of the perineal fascia. C. Plexus. 
See Plexuses, Table of. C. Paralysis. Same as C. 
Disease. 

Cry (hri) [ME., crien, to cry]. The utterance of an 
inarticulate vocal sound, or the sound so uttered; the 
sound of the voice in lamentation. 

Cryesthesia (kri-es-the' -ze-ali) [/cpi'oc, cold ; aladi/oig, 
sensation]. Undue sensitiveness to cold. 

Crypt [kript) [upvirrri , concealed]. A small sac or 
follicle. Crypts of Lieberkuhn, minute tubular de- 
pressions of the mucous membrane of the small intes- 
tine. 

Crypta (krip' -tali) [icp'vTCTT], concealed : pi., Crypla:~\. 
Same as Crypt. 

Cryptic (krip'-tik) \_KpvirTin6c, hidden]. In biology, a 
term used in the study of mimicry, for such colors as 
enable the animal to escape enemies, or to approach 
its prey ; protective, procrypiic ; aggressive, anticryp- 
tic resemblances. Similar effects may be produced by 
the use of foreign objects with which the animal covers 
itself to a greater or lesser extent, allocryptic. (Poul- 
ton.) 

Cryptidin {krip' -lid-in) [upvirrdc, hidden], C u H n N. 
An alkaloid formed by the dry distillation of quinin. 

Cryptitis (krip-ti' '-tis) \_Kpvrrrr], concealed ; trie, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a crypt, or of crypts. C, 
Urethral, phlegmasia of the mucous follicles of the 
urethra. 

Cryptobranchiate {krip-to-brangk' -e-at) [upvnrbc, hid- 
den ; fjpdyx ia > gills]. In biology, having concealed 
gills. 

Cryptocephalus [krip-to-sef '-al-its) \Kpimroe, hidden ; 
KttpaXij, head]. A monster fetus with an imperfectly- 
formed and concealed head. 

Cryptodidymus [krip-to-did' '-im-us) \_kpvttt6c, hidden ; 
didvpoc, twin]. A teratism in which one fetus is con- 
cealed within another. 

Cryptodirous [krip-to-dV-rus) \_Kpvn76c, hidden ; <*>Eip>/, 
neck]. In biology, having a concealed neck. 



Cryptogam (krip' -to-gam) \_Kpvirr6r, hidden ; yapoc, 
marriage]. In biology, a general term applied to any 
plant below Phanerogamia ; any flowerless plant is 
called a cryptogam. 

Cryptogamia (Jzrip-to-ga' -me-ah) \_npvTtr6q, hidden ; 
yapoc, marriage]. A division of the vegetable king- 
dom comprising all plants with concealed sexual 
organs, without pistils or stamens. 

Cryptogamic (krip-to-gam'-ik). See Cryptogamous. 

Cryptogamous (krip-tog' -am-us) [upviTToc, concealed ; 
ydpog, marriage]. Belonging to the cryptogamia; 
having the processes of the reproductive function ob- 
scured or concealed. 

Cryptogenetic (krip-to-jen-et' -ik) [upvirrdc, concealed ; 
yewaeii), to beget]. Same as Cryptogamous. 

Cryptolith (krip'-to-lith) \_kp'vkt>j, crypt; A/'0oc, stone]. 
A concretion or calculus formed within a crypt. 

Cryptophanic,or Kryptophanic Acid (krip-lo-fan'-ik) 
[upvTTTOQ, concealed ; (paiveiv, to bring to light], C 10 
H I8 N 2 O 10 . An acid said to occur in a free state in 
urine, though regarded by Landwehr as an animal 
gum. 

Cryptophthalmia (krip-loff-lhal' -me-ah ). Same as 
Cryptophtlialmos. 

Cryptophthalmos (krip-toff-thal' -mos) \_npvKroc, hid- 
den ; b<pda'A.p6c, the eye]. I. Congenital union of 
the eyelids, usually over imperfect eyes. 2. A person 
who has congenital union of the eyelids. 

Cryptopia (krip-to'-pe-ah). Same as Cryptopin. 

Cryptopin [krip' '-to-pin) [npuxruc, hidden ; bniov, 
opium], C 21 H 23 N0 3 . One of the alkaloids of opium, 
colorless and odorless. It is said to be anodyne and 
hypnotic, but it is less safe than morphin. Dose, y$ 
gr. Unof. 

Cryptopyic (krip-to-pi' -ik) \_KpvxT6c, hidden ; irvov, 
pus]. Characterized by concealed suppuration. 

Cryptorchid, or Cryptorchis (krip-tor'-kid, -la's) 
\_k()v-toc, hidden ; op^ic, testicle]. A person with 
retained testicles, i. e., not descended into the scrotum. 

Cryptorchidism [krip-tor' -kid-izni) [/cpwroc, hidden ; 
opxis, testicle]. Retention of the testes in the abdom- 
inal cavity. 

Cryptorchism (krip-tor' -kizm). See Cryptorchidism. 

Cryptoscope (Jerip'-to-skop) [apv-Tug, hidden ; gmi-uv, 
to inspect]. See Fluoroscopy 

Cryptozygous (krip-toz' '-ig-us) \_Kpvirr6r, hidden ; 
C,vyov, arch]. Having the dental arches or zygomata 
concealed from view when the skull is viewed from 
above. 

Crystal (kris'-tal) \_Kp'vaTa7~Aoc, clear ice]. In chemis- 
try, a substance that assumes a definite geometric 
form. C, Charcot-Leyden. See Charcot- Leyden. 
C, Charcot's, minute colorless crystals found in the 
sputa of asthmatic and bronchitic patients and others. 
They are said to consist of tyrosin, or according to 
some, of mucin. C, Violet. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Crystalli (kris-tal'-i). Synonym of Chicken-pox : 

Crystallin [kris' -tal-in) \_Kpiaral\oc, clear ice]. The 
globulin of the crystalline lens. 

Crystalline (k/ is' -tal-en or -in) [upvcraXkoc, crystal]. 
Like a crystal. C. Lens. See Lens. C. Swelling. 
See Soemmering. 

Crystallitis (kris-tal-i'-tis). See Phakitis. 

Crystallization (kris-tal-iz-a' -shun) [\pi)ora?i/loc, ice]. 
The process by which the molecules of a substance 
arrange themselves in geometric forms when passing 
from a gaseous or a liquid to a solid state. C, Water 
of, the water of salts that cannot be extracted without 
destruction of their crystalline nature. 

Crystallized (knY-lal-izd) ^pvaralJioc, ice]. Formed 
into crystals. C. Green. Same as lodin Green. 



CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 



343 



CUMBERLAND DISEASE 



Crystallography (kris-tal-og 1 -ra-fe) [k/h'otoAAoc, crys- 
tal ; ypntpen', to write]. The science of crystals, 
their formation, etc. 

Crystalloid (kris* -tal-oid) [s/nVroMof, crystal ; eldog, 
likeness]. Having a crystalline structure, as distin- 
guished from colloid. In biology, one of the crystal- 
like proteid bodies found in seeds, tubers, etc. 

Ctenes (ten'-ez) [ktcvec]. Incisor teeth. 

Ctenocyst (ten'-o-sist) [ktej'c (ktcv), comb; kvotiq, a 
bladder]. In biology, applied to the auditory vesicles 
of ctenophorans. 

Ctenoid (ten'-oid) [kxiiq (ktev-), comb; elSoc, like]. 
In biology, pectinate or comb-like. 

Cubeb, or Cubeba (ku'-beb, or kit be'-bah) [Pers. , ka- 
bdba, cubeb : gen., Cubeba']. The unripe fruit of Piper 
Cubeba, cultivated in Java. Its properties are due 
to a volatile oil, C 15 H 24 , and an organic acid. It is an 
.aromatic stimulant, diuretic in small doses, and is use- 
ful in affections of the bladder and urethra. It is a 
good remedy (applied by insufflation or smoked in 
cigarets) for diseases of the fauces, catarrh of the 
air-passages, etc. Dose gr. x-gij. C, Fid. Ext., 
alcoholic. Dose Itlv-xxx. C, Oleoresina, ethereal. 
Dose rr^v-xxx. C, Ol., the volatile oil. Dose TT^v- 
xx. C, Tinct., 20 per cent, in strength. Dose TT\,x- 
£iij. C, Trochisci, oleoresin gr. y 2 , oil of sassafras 
gr. Ytfa, ext. of glycyrrhiza gr. iv, acacia gr. ij, syr. of 
tolu q.s., in each troche. Dose j-iij. 

Cubebene (ku'-beb-en) [cubeb'], C 20 H 16 . The light 
portion of the essential oil of cubebs. 

Cubebic Acid (ku-beb'-ik) [cubeb], C 13 H u O r A resi- 
nous acid body from cubebs ; actively diuretic and 
cathartic. Unof. 

Cubebin (ku-beb' '-in) \_cubeb], C 10 H 10 O 3 . An odor- 
less crystalline substance obtained from cubebs. 

Cubic (ku'-bik) [iivfioc, a cube]. Pertaining to a 
cube. C. Space (of air), the amount of space re- 
quired by persons in health and in disease. In hos- 
pitals about 1000 cubic feet to each patient is necessary 
for proper ventilation. 

Cubital (ku' '-bit-al) [nvfiog, a cube]. Relating to the 
forearm, to the elbow, or to the ulna. 

Cubitocarpal ( ku'-bit-o-kar'-pal ) [ kii/?oc, a cube ; 
Kaprc6r, the wrist]. Relating to the forearm and to 
the carpus. 

Cubitoradial (ku' '-bit-o-ra' '-de-al) [nvfioc, a cube; 
radius, a staff]. Relating to both the ulna and the 
radius. 

Cubitus (ku' -bit-us) [cubitus, the elbow]. The fore- 
arm. 

Cubitus (ku'-bit-us) [cubare, to lie down]. A bed; 
a couch. 

Cuboid (ku'-boid) [nvfioc, cube ; eldoc;, resemblance] . 
Resembling a cube. C. Bone, a bone of the foot situ- 
ated at the outer anterior part of the tarsus. 

Cuca (koo'-kah). See Erythroxylon. 

Cucullate (ku-kul'-dt) \_cucullus, a cap, hood]. In 
biology, hooded. 

Cucullus (ku-kul'-us) [L., a hood]. 1. In biology, 
a hood-shaped formation of the head. 2. Synonym 
of Whooping-cough. 

Cucumber, Squirting. See Elaterium. 

Cucumis (ku' -ku-mis) [L., a cucumber]. A genus of 
plants. C. colocynthis. See Colocynth. 

Cucurbit (ku-ker' -bit) [cucurbita, a gourd]. I. A 
cupping-glass. [Old.] 2. The body of an alembic. 

Cucurbitation ( ku-ker-bit-a' -shun ) \_cucurbitatio, a 
cupping]. The operation of cupping. 

Cud (kud) [AS., cudde]. The regurgitated food of 
ruminants. C.-weed (kud-wed). See Life Ever- 
lasting. 

Cudbear (kud'-bdr) [After Dr. Cuthbert Gordon]. A 



purplish-red powder, nearly identical with Orchil, q.v. 
From it the Tinctura persionis , and Tinctura persionii 
composita, N. F. , are prepared. Both are used mainly 
in coloring various pharmaceutic preparations. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Cuichunchulli [Peruvian]. The root of lonidium 
pa>~vi/ioru»i ; said to be diaphoretic, diuretic, siala- 
gogue, emetic, and cathartic ; it is useful in elephan- 
tiasis. Unof. 

Cuirass (kwe-ras') [Fr.]. A close-fitting or immovable 
bandage for the front of the chest. C. Cancer, a 
large, flat cancerous growth upon the front of the chest. 

Cul-de-sac (kul' -dc-sak') [Fr. cut, the bottom; de, of; 
sac, bag]. A cavity of the body closed at one end. 
Douglas's C, a pouch between the anterior wall of 
the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus, formed 
by the reflection of the peritoneum. It is called, also, 
the recto-uterine or retro-uterine cul-de-sac. 

Culex (ku'-leks) [L. , a gnat]. A mosquito. A well- 
known insect that punctures the skin to obtain its food, 
the blood. See Parasites (Animal) , Table of. 

Culicifuge (ku-lis'-if-uj) [culex, a gnat ; fugare, to drive 
away]. An agent that prevents the biting of mosqui- 
toes ; as oil of pennyroyal. 

Cullen's Theory. A theory as to the origin of gout, 
which he claims to be primarily an affection of the 
nervous system. 

Culm (kulm) [culmus, a stalk]. In biology, a hollow- 
jointed stem. 

Culmen (kul' -men) [L. , the summit]. The cacumen ; 
a portion of the cerebellum situated to the cephalic 
side of the vermis. In biology, the highest middle 
lengthwise line of the bill of a bird. 

Cultrate (kul'-trat) \_culter, a knife]. Sharp -edged ; 
also cultriform. 

Cultriform (kul' -triform) [culter, a knife ; forma, 
shape]. See Cultrate. 

Culture (kul'-chur) [colo, cultiim, to till, cultivate]. A 
name loosely and indiscriminately applied to the act, 
the liquid or solid medium used, and the product of the 
process, in culture-experiments upon microorganisms. 
The culture-media are of various kinds; mineral liquids 
(see Paulin's Liquid, Cohn's Liquid, etc.), bouillons 
of various kinds, gelatinous fluids, gelose, potato, 
serum, etc. These media are first sterilized, usually 
by heat (see Oven, Sterilization), but possibly also by 
chemicals, by filtration, by cold, by steam, etc. The 
infectious matter is then taken upon a sterilized plati- 
num needle-point, pipet, or other instrument, and 
transferred to the culture-medium. When the latter is 
of semi-solid consistency, as gelatin, the inoculation 
by the needle is called Stab-culture, Stichcultur 
(Ger.), or par piqure (Fr.)., the needle being thrust 
into the substance. When smeared over the surface, 
it is called smear-culture, Strichcultur (Ger.), or 
en stries (Fr.). The macroscopic features of the sub- 
sequent development give important means of differ- 
entiation. For example, when the inoculated matter 
forms a mass in the medium, pointed below and rising 
like a nail-head above, it is called en clou, nail-shaped. 
Then the medium may be liquefied or not, variously 
colored, peculiarly changed, sediment deposited or not, 
etc. Subsequent microscopic examination of the cul- 
ture-product, inoculation-experiments upon animals, 
etc., complete the study. Culture-bulbs, culture-cells, 
culture-fluids, culture-media, culture-ovens, culture- 
tubes, etc., are among the equipments of the bacteri- 
ologist. C.-oven. See Oven. 

Culver's Physic, or Root (kul'-verz fiz'-ik or root) 
See Leptandra. 

Cumberland Disease. An Australian term for An 
thrax, q. v. 



CUMENE 



344 



CURD 



Cumene (ku'-men) [cuminum, cumin], C 9 H 12 . Iso- 
propyl benzene ; a compound made by distilling 
cumic acid with lime. It boils at 153 C, and its 
specific gravity at o° C. is 0.879. 

Cumic (ku'-mik) [cuminum, cumin]. Derived from or 
pertaining to cumin. C. Acid. See Acid. C. 
Aldehyd. See Cuminol. 

Cumidin (ku'-mid-in) [cuminum, cumin], C 9 H 13 N. A 
methylated homologue of anilin. It melts at 63 C, 
boils at 235 C. C.-red. See Pigments, Conspectus 
of. 

Cumin (ku'-min) [cuminum, cumin]. A fennel-like, 
cultivated, umbelliferous plant, Cuminum cyminum, 
found native in Egypt and Syria. The fruit is 
agreeably aromatic and possesses well-marked stim- 
ulating and carminative properties. Its active prin- 
ciple is an oil. 

Cuminol (ku'-min-ol) [cuminum, cumin ; oleum, oil], 
C 10 H 12 O. Cumic aldehyd, occurs in Roman cara- 
way oil, and in oil of Cicuta virosa, or water hemlock, 
etc. It possesses an aromatic odor and a burning 
taste, has a specific gravity of 0.973 at r 3° C-> an< i 
boils at 235 C. (430 F.). 

Cumulative (ku'-mu-la-tiv) [cumulare, to heap up]. 
Increasing ; adding to. C. Action, or Effect, the 
production of a noteworthy and sudden result, after 
the administration of a considerable number of com- 
paratively ineffective doses. The possible cumulative 
effect of certain drugs is one of the sources of danger 
that attend their administration. 

Cumulus (ku'-mu-lus) [L., a heap]. A heap or 
mound. C. ovigerus. See Ovule. 

Cundurango (kun-du-ran'-go). See Condurango. 

Cuneate (ku'-ne-df) [cuneus, a wedge]. Wedge- 
shaped. 

Cuneiform (ku-ne' -if-orm) [cimeus, a wedge ; forma, 
shape]. Wedge-shaped, cuneate. C. Bones, three 
wedge-shaped bones at the anterior part of the tarsus. 
C. Columns. See Columns of Burdach. 

Cuneihysterectomy (ku-ne-i-kis-ter-ek'-to-me) [cuneus, 
wedge; varepa, the womb; inTOfiij, a cutting out]. 
The excision of a wedge-shaped piece of uterine tis- 
sue, a procedure that has been advocated in the treat- 
ment of anteflexion of the uterus. 

Cuneus (ku'-ne-us) [L. , a wedge]. 1. A wedge. 
2. A wedge-shaped gyrus on the mesial aspect of the 
occipital lobe. 

Cunicular (ku-nik' -u-lar) [kovvikIos, a subterranean 
passage]. P'urrowed. 

Cuniculate (ku-nik' -u-ldt). Same as Cunicular. 

Cuniculus (ku-nik' -u-lus) [L.]. The burrow of the 
itch-insect. 

Cunila (ku-ni' -lali) [L., a plant]. A genus of labiate 
plants of the U. S. C. mariana, dittany ; a labiate 
plant of N. America. It is aromatic, carminative, 
and gently stimulant. Unof. 

Cunisset's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Cunnilinguist (kim-i-ling' -gwist) [cunnus, the vulva ; 
lingere, to lick]. One who practices licking the vulva. 
See Passivism. 

Cunnus (kun'-us) [L. : gen., Cunni\. The vulva. 

Cup (kup) [AS., cuppe, a. cup]. I. To bleed. 2. A 
cupping-glass. C, Dry, a cup for drawing the blood 
to the surface merely. C, Favus, a depression in a 
favus scale surrounding a hair. C, Physiologic. 
See Funnel, Vascular. C, Wet, a cup for abstract- 
ing blood through incisions in the skin. 

Cuphosis (ku-fo' -sis) . See Kyphosis. 

Cupola (ku'-po-lah) [cupola, a dome]. The dome- 
shaped extremity of the canal of the cochlea. Also, 
the summit of a solitary gland of the small intestines. 

Cupped (kupt) [AS., cuppe, a cup]. Having the 



upper surface depressed ; applied to the coagulum of 
blood after phlebotomy. C. Disc, excavation of the 
fundus oculi, normally present in slight degree, but 
pathologic if excessive. 

Cupping (kup' -ing) [AS., cuppe, a cup]. A method of 
blood-derivation by means of the application of cup- 
ping-glasses to the surface of the body. C, Dry, 
without the abstraction of blood — a form of counter- 
irritation. This is used mainly in inflammatory affec- 
tions of the lung. C. -glass, a small bell-shaped glass 
capable of holding three to four ounces, in which the air 
is rarefied either by heat or exhaustion, and the glass 
applied to the skin, either with or without scarifica- 
tion of the latter. C, Wet, with the abstraction of 
blood after scarification. 

Cuprea Bark (ku'-pre-ah) [cupreus, coppery; ME., 
barke, bark]. The bark of certain species of 
Remijia, q. v. ; it affords quinin and the associated 
alkaloids. 

Cuprum (ku'-prum) [L.: gen., Cupri\. See Copper. 

Cupule (ku'-pul) [cupula, a. little cup]. In biology, 
a cup-shaped organ, as an acorn-cup, or the sucking 
apparatus of an insect's foot. 

Curacao (ku-ra-so') [Island of Curacao, north of Vene- 
zuela]. A cordial or elixir prepared from brandy, 
and variously flavored, principally with orange-peel. 
It is sometimes used as a vehicle for certain medicines. 

Curacoa (ku-ras-o'-ali). See Curacao. 

Curage (ku-rahzh') [Fr.]. Curettage; cleansing of the 
eye, or of an ulcerated or carious surface. 

Curara (koo-rah'-rah), Curare (koo-rah-re) , Curari 
(koo-rah' -re) [S. Am.]. Woorara. Urari. A vege- 
table extract obtained from Paullinia curare and 
certain members of the Strychnos family. It is a 
powerful paralyzant of the motor nerves. Its active 
principle is Curarin, C 10 H 15 N (Preyer), dose gr. 
jjjy-j--^, hypodermatically. It is used in S. America 
and elsewhere as an arrow-poison. Toxic doses 
cause death by paralysis of the organs of respira- 
tion. It has been reported effectual in two cases of 
hydrophobia, and has been successful in the treatment 
of tetanus. Dose by hypodermatic injection gr. jq— £. 
Injectio Curare Hypodermatica, 5 grains in 60 
minims. Dose ff\J-vj. 

Curarin (koo-rah' -rin). See Curara. 

Curarism, Curarization (koo-rah' -rizm, koo-rah-riz-a' - 
shun) [S. A., curare]. The state of one subjected to 
the full influence of curare by hypodermatic injection. 
The voice and power of motion are generally abol- 
ished, but not the sensibility to pain. 

Curatio (ku-ra' -she-d) [cura, care] . The treatment and 
nursing of a patient. 

Curative (ku'-rat-iv) [cura, care]. Having a healing 
tendency. 

Curb (kerb) [ME., courben, to bend]. A hard and 
callous swelling on various parts of a horse's leg, as 
the hinder part of the hock, the inside of the hoof, 
etc. 

Curcas (ker'-kas). See Barbadoes Nut. 

Curcuma (icK-te-jKi?/!) [L.]. Turmeric. The rhizome 
of Curcuma longa of India. Its action is similar to 
that of ginger. It is employed as a yellow dye ; in 
chemistry, as a test for alkalies ; and in pharmacy, 
occasionally, to color ointments and other preparations. 

Curcumin (ker'-ku-iuin) [curcuma, saffron], C u H u 4 . 
The coloring-matter of turmeric ; it crystallizes in 
orange-yellow prisms, and melts at 177° C. It dis- 
solves in the alkalies to brownish-red salts. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Curd (kerd) [ME., curd, curds]. The coagulum of 
milk that separates on the addition of rennet or an 
acid. 



CURDLING FERMENT, TEST FOR 



345 



CUSCO BARK 



Curdling Ferment, Test for. See Tests, Table of. 
Cure [kur) [cura, care]. The successful treatment of 
a disease ; also, a system of treatment. See Faith- 
cure, Mind-cure, Grape-cure, Water-cure (see Hydro- 
pathy), Hunger-cure, Rest-cure, etc. C.-all, a Pana- 
cea, q. v. C, Herb-juice, a method of treating certain 
intestinal and gastric troubles. It consists in drinking 
daily the fresh juice of various herbs and wild plants. 
C, Potato, Cameron's method of treating foreign 
bodies in the alimentary tract by the ingestion of 
mashed potatoes. The body becomes imbedded in 
the potato-mass that is formed. C, Shaking-. See 
Shaking-cure. 
Curet [ku-ret') [Fr.]. An instrument shaped like a 
spoon or scoop, for detaching substances from one 
another, as the placenta from the uterine wall, etc. 
Curettage (ku-ret'-dj). See Curage. 
Curling's Operation. See Operations, Table of. C. 

Ulcer. See Ulcer and Diseases, Table of. 
Currant (ker'-ant) [ME.]. I. Uva passa minor; the 
small, dried, seedless grapes of Greece ; formerly 
used in pharmacy. 2. The fruit of various species of 
A'ibes, as A', nigrum, the black currant, preparations 
of which have long been employed in the home- 
treatment of sore-throats. Unof. C. -jelly Clot, a 
soft variety of clot seen in thrombi, the fibrin being 
stained by the presence of red cells. 
Current (ker'-ent) \citrrere, to run]. In electricity, a 
term applied to the transference of electric force, 
which is arbitrarily likened to the flow of a liquid in 
a confined passage. C, Action, the physiologic 
current obtained during the activity of a muscle or 
nerve. C, After, a current produced in nervous or 
muscular tissue when a constant current which has 
been flowing through the same has been stopped. C, 
Alternating, a term applied to a current which, by 
means of an interrupter, is alternately direct and 
reverse. This current is employed (in New York) for 
the execution of capital sentences. C, Ascending, 
the current formed by placing the positive electrode 
upon the periphery of a nerve and the negative upon 
the surface over the nerve-center in the spinal cord. 
C, Axial, a current passing through a nerve in the 
direction opposite to that taken by the normal impulse. 
C, Battery, a galvanic current. C, Blood, the 
stream of blood as it flows from and back to the heart. 
C, Centrifugal, a descending current. C, Centripetal, 
an ascending current. C, Constant. See C, Con- 
tinuous. C, Continuous, a constant, uninterrupted 
current in one direction. C, Critical, the current at 
which a certain result is reached. C, Demarcation, 
the muscle-current of Du Bois Reymond ; the current 
obtained from an injured muscle. C, Derived, a cur- 
rent drawn off by a derivation-wire from the main cur- 
rent. C, Descending, one passing through a nerve 
centrifugally, the anode being placed proximally, the 
cathode distally. C, Diffusion of, the power of a 
galvanic current to extend its influence in all direc- 
tions, the same power never being limited to the 
two electrodes. C, Direct, a current constant in 
direction, in contradistinction to an alternating current. 
C, Electrotonic, in electro-therapeutics, a current 
due to internal polarization in the nerve-fiber between 
the conducting core of the nerve and the enclosing 
sheath. C, Faradic, the current produced by an in- 
duction-coil, or by a magneto-electric machine. C, 
Franklinic, a term sometimes used in electro-thera- 
peutics for a current produced by the action of a fric- 
tional electric machine. C, Galvanic, a current 
generated by the decomposition of acidulated water 
by means of metallic plates. C, Induced. See C. , 
Secondary. C, Interrupted, a current that is alter- 



nately opened and closed. C, Inverse, an ascending 
or centripetal current. C, Labile, moving one or 
both electrodes over the surface treated. C, Muscu- 
lar or Nerve, Alteration Theory of, a 'theory pro- 
posed by L. Hermann, in which the currents of nerve or 
muscular fibers are regarded as a result of their altera- 
tion from any original condition ; Molecular Theory 
of, a theory proposed by Du Bois Reymond, according 
to which every nerve or muscular fiber is regarded as 
composed of a series of electro-motive molecules ar- 
ranged in series and surrounded by a neutral conduct- 
ing fluid. C, Reversed, that produced by changing 
the poles. C, Secondary, a momentary current 
produced when a coil of insulated wire is introduced 
within the field of another coil, through which a con- 
tinuous current is passing. When the coil is removed 
from the field there is a momentary current in the op- 
posite direction. C, Secretion, a current following 
stimulation of the secretory nerves. C. -selector, a 
device for altering the strength of a current. C, 
Stabile, a current applied with both electrodes in a 
fixed position. C, Swelling, one that begins weak 
and is gradually made stronger, and again gradually 
diminished. C, To and Fro, a Faradic current. C, 
Voltaic, the continuous current. 
Curry (ker'-e) [Canarese, kari~\. A sauce, originally 
Anglo-Indian, containing turmeric, coriander, capsi- 
cum, garlic, ginger, etc. ; it is much employed as a 
relish or appetizer, especially in warm countries ; 
also, a dish seasoned with the foregoing. 
Curschmann's Spirals. Corkscrew-like threads of 
mucin contained in the small, thick pellets that aie 
expectorated during or at the close of an asthmatic 
paroxysm. They are supposed to be casts of the 
bronchioles, and have also been seen in simple bron- 
chitis and in pneumonia. C. Theory. See Bronchio- 
litis exudativa. 

Curtate (ker'-ldl) [curtains, shortened] . See Expecta- 
tion of Life. C. Expectation. See Expectation of Life. 

Curtman's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Curvature (ker'-vat-ur) \_curvare , to curve]. A bend- 
ing or curving. C, Angular. See Spondylitis. C, 
Potts', angular curvature of the spine, with a posterior 
projection. C. of Spine. See Caries, Kyphosis, 
Scoliosis. 

Curve (kerv) \citrviis, bent]. A bending or flexure. 
C. of Carus, in obstetrics, a portion of the arc of a 
circle the circumference of which lies in the median 
line of the pelvis, the center being at the symphysis 
pubis ; the curve is that part of the arc that lies 
between the planes of the inlet and the outlet. 

Curvicaudate (ker-ve-kaw' -ddt ) \_curvus, curved ; 
cauda, a tail]. In biology, having a curved tail. 

Curvidentate [ker-ve-aen' -tat) \curvus, curved; dens, 
tooth]. In biology, having curved teeth. 

Curvifoliate (ker-ve-fo'-le-dt) \_curvus, curved ; folium, 
leaf]. In biology, having curved leaves. 

Curvinervate (ker-ve-ner'-vdt) \_curvus, curved; 
nervus, nerve]. In biology, applied to leaves the 
veins of which are curved and nearly parallel in their 
course. 

Curvirostral (ker-ve-ros' -tral) \curvus, curved ; ros- 
trum, beak']. In biology, having a crooked bill or beak. 

Curvoisier and Von Hacker's Method. See Opera- 
tions, Table of. 

Cusack's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Cuscamidin (kus-kam' -id-in) \_cusco ; a?nid~\. A sub- 
stance found in Cinchonas. 

Cuscamin (kits' -kam-in) \_cusco ; amin]. A crystalline 
substance found in Cinchonas. 

Cusco Bark (kits' -ko bark). A kind of cinchona ; the 
bark of a variety of Cinchona pubescens. 



CUSCONIDIN 



346 



CYANOGEN 



Cusconidin (kus-kon' -id-in) [ciesco]. An alkaloid 
found in Cinchonas. 

Cusconin {kits' '-ko-niri) [cusco~], C 23 H. 2( .N 2 0. t . A crys- 
talline alkaloid found in Cinchona bark. 

Cushing's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Cushion (kush'-un) [ME., cuschone, a cushion]. A 
soft body used as a pillow, for the purpose of reclin- 
ing or sitting. 

Cusp (kusp) [cuspis, a point]. The pointed crown of a 
tooth. 

Cusparia Bark (kus-pa 1 '-re-ah bark). See Angustura. 

Cuspid Teeth [kits' -pid). The four teeth that have 
conical crowns. They are situated, one on each side, 
in each jaw, between the lateral incisor and first 
bicuspid. 

Cuspidate (kits' -pid-at) \_cuspis, a point]. In biology, 
tipped with a sharp, rigid point. 

Cuspidatus (kus-pid-a'-tits) [cuspis, a point: //. , Cus- 
pidati~\. A cuspid tooth. 

Cuspidor (kits' -pid-or) [Pg. , cuspidor, a spittoon]. A 
spittoon ; a vessel for receiving the ejecta from the 
mouth. C, Sanitary, a small pasteboard or wooden 
cup with a cover supported in a rim of metal. These 
cuspidors should contain some water or disinfecting 
solution, and at the end of the day should be thrown 
into the fire. They are used to prevent the dissem- 
ination of the germs of tuberculosis. 

Cusso (kus' -so). See Brayera and Kooso. 

Cut (kut) [ME., cutten, to cut]. To incise, as with a 
knife. To castrate. An incision. In biology, a cleft. 
C. -velvet. See Velvet. 

Cutaneous (ku-ta' -ne-us) [cutis, the skin]. Pertaining 
to the skin. C. Calculus. See Milium. C. Em- 
physema. See Emphysema. C. Horns. See Cornu 
cutaneum. C. Respiration, the transpiration of 
gases through the skin. 

Cutch (kuch) [Anglo.-Ind.]. I. A name given to 
Catechu, the dried extract from Acacia catechu, cul- 
tivated in India and Burmah,and containing 45 to 55 
per cent, of a special variety of tannic acid (catechu- 
tannic or mimotannic). It is used in leather-manu- 
factures. 2. The tool, or book of parchment leaves, 
between which gold is beaten into foil. 

Cuticle (ku'-tik-l) [dim. of cutis, the skin]. The epi- 
dermis or scarf-skin. See Skin. 

Cuticula (ku-tik'-u-la/i) [dim. of cutis, a skin]. The 
outer, finely lamellated layer of the wall of hydatid 
cysts. C. dentis, the cuticle of a tooth; Nasmyth's 
membrane ; the delicate horny envelop that covers 
the enamel of young and unworn teeth. 

Cuticular (ku-tik'-u-lar) \_cuticula, dim. of cutis, the 
skin]. Belonging or pertaining to the skin. 

Cuticularization (ku-tik-u-lar-iz-a* '-shun) [cuticula, 
dim. of cutis, the skin]. The formation of a cuticula. 

Cutin (ku'-tin) \_cutis, skin]. In biology, cork-sub- 
stance ; a modification of cellulose (Fremy), also called 
suberin. 

Cutipunctor (ku-te-pitnk' -tor) \_cutis, skin ; punctor, 
puncturer]. An instrument for puncturing the skin. 

Cutis (ku'-tis) [L. ]. The derma, or true skin. C. 
anserina. See Goose Skin. C.pendula. Synonym 
of Dermatolysis. C. testacea, a variety of seborrhea 
in which the trunk and extensor surfaces of the ex- 
tremities are covered with large, thick plates of greasy, 
inspissated sebum, usually greenish or blackish, from 
accumulation of dirt upon them. There is no inflam- 
mation of the subjacent skin. C. unctuosa. Syn- 
onym of Seborrhea. 

Cutisation (kur-lis-a'-shuri) \_cutis, skin]. The acquire- 
ment of the characters of true skin by exposed mucous 
membrane. 

Cutisector (ku-tis-ek' -tor) [cutis, skin ; sector, a cutter]. 



An instrument for taking small sections of skin from 
the living subject for microscopic study. 

Cut-off Muscle. A popular designation for the com- 
pressor urethrpe muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Cutose (ku'-tos) [cutis, skin]. In biology, the substance 
forming the thin outer covering of the aerial organs of 
plants (Fremy). 

Cuttle, Cuttlebone (kut'-l, kut' -I ban). See Sepia. 

Cuvier, Angle of. See Angle. C, Canals of. See 
Canal. C, Ducts of. See Duct. 

Cyanalcohol (si-an-al'-ko-hol) [nvavoc, dark-blue; 
alcohoT\. Cyanhydrin ; a substance obtained by the 
union of an aldehyd with hydrocyanic acid. 

Cyanaldehyd (si-an-al' -de-Iild ) [Kvavog, dark-blue ; 
aldehyd~\. A substitution-compound of acetic alde- 
hyd. 

Cyanalkin (si-an-al' -kin) [nvavoc, blue ; alkali~\ . One 
of the products of the action of sodium upon the pure 
nitrites. The cyanalkins are crystalline and strongly 
alkaline bases, and form salts with one equivalent of 
the acids. 

Cyanamid (si-an'-am-id) [kvcivoc, blue; amid~\,C1>i.- 
NH 2 . A white, crystalline body prepared by the ac- 
tion of ammonia on cyanogen chlorid. 

Cyananilid (si-an-an'-il-id) [kvcivoq, blue; anilin~\. 
CjN 7 H. Phenylcyanamid, a body formed on conduct- 
ing CNC1, into a cooled ethereal solution of anilin. It 
is readily soluble in alcohol and ether, but dissolves 
with difficulty in water. 

Cyanbenzene (si-an-ben'-zen). See Benzonitrile. 

Cyanein (si-an-e'-in) [n'vavoc, dark-blue]. In biology, 
the blue pigment found by Krukenberg in Rhizostoma, 
Vcllella, Aurelia, and Cyanea. It is soluble in water, 
insoluble in benzene, carbon disulphid, and chloro- 
form. 

Cyanephidrosis (si-an-efid-ro' -sis) [kv&voq, blue ; 
kfyiSpuoiQ, sweat]. Blue sweat. 

Cyanetholin (si-an-eth' -o-lin) [nvavog,b\\ie ; ethyl~\. A 
liquid of ethereal odor, insoluble in water, and de- 
composing when distilled. The cyanetholins are the 
esters of the cyanic acids. 

Cyanhematin (si-an-hem' -at-in) [aiiavog, blue ; al/xa, 
blood] . A substance produced by adding a solution 
of cyanid of potassium to a solution of blood, and 
heating gently for some time. 

Cyanhydrin (si-an-hi' -drin). See Cyanalcohol . 

Cyanhydrosis (si-an-hid-ro' -sis) . See Cyanephidrosis. 

Cyanic (si-an'-ik) [idvavoq, blue]. Blue or bluish. C. 
Acid. See Acid, Cyanic. 

Cyanid (si'-an-id) [avavoq, blue]. Any compound 
of cyanogen with a metal or a radical. Most of the 
cyanids are actively poisonous. 

Cyanidrosis (si-an-id-ro'-sis). Same as Cyanephidro- 
sis. 

Cyanin (si'-an-in) [nvavog, dark-blue]. I. In biol- 
ogy, the blue pigment of certain flowers, as the corn- 
flower, violet, iris, etc. 2. C 29 H :)5 N 2 I. A blue dye 
formerly prepared by heating quinolin amyl iodid 
with potassium hydroxid. Same as Quinolin-blue. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. C.-blue. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Cyanochroia (si-an-o-kroi'-ah) [kvclvoc, blue; xP 0l "-> 
color]. Cyanosis. 

Cyanoderma (si-an-o-der' -mah) [nvavae, blue ; depfia, 
skin]. Cyanosis. 

Cyanodermia (si-an-o-der' -me-ah). See Cyanoderma. 

Cyanogen (si-an'-o-jen) [ avavog, blue; yewav, to 
produce]. A radical molecule having the structure 
CN, an acid-compound of carbon and nitrogen, exist- 
ing as a colorless, combustible gas, exceedingly pois- 
onous. With hydrogen it forms hydrocyanic or 
prussic acid; with metals, the cyanids ; with oxygen, 



CYANOHEMOGLOBIN 



347 



CYLINDROCEPHALIC 



the compound known as fulminic acid. Cyanogen 
and hydrocyanic acid are usually distinguished by the 
odor of bitter almonds. 

Cyanohemoglobin ( si-an' -o-hem-o-glo' -bin ) \jaiavog, 
blue ; yevvav, to produce ; alfia, blood ; globus, a 
ball]. A peculiar compound of hydrocyanic acid and 
hemoglobin, made by the addition of hydrocyanic acid 
to warm blood outside of the body. This substance 
is entirely wanting in the ozonizing power of normal 
oxyhemoglobin. 

Cyanomycosis (si-an' -o-mi-ko'-sis)\_Kuavoq,h\\xt ; [ii>io]c, 
fungus]. The production of blue pus, or of pus 
charged with Micrococcus pyocyancus. See Bacteria. 

Cyanopathy (si-an-op'-a-lhe). See Cyanosis. 

Cyanophilous (si-an-off'-il-us) [/cuavoc, blue ; <f>tAteiv, 
to love]. Stainable with blue coloring-matter. 

Cyanophyl (si-an' -o-Jil) [Kvavog, dark-blue; (p'vXAov, 
leaf]. Fremy's name for a supposed blue constituent 
of chlorophyl. 

Cyanopia (si-an-o'-pe-ah) [nuavoq , blue; uxp, eye]. A 
perverted state of the visual powers, during which all 
objects appear blue. 

Cyanosin (si-an' -o-sin) \_nvavog, blue]. One of the 
Fluorescein colors. See Bigments, Conspectus of. 

Cyanosis (si-an- o' '-sis) \jojavoQ, blue]. A bluish dis- 
coloration of the skin from non-oxidation of the blood, 
caused by local or general circulatory diseases. It 
may be due to the admixture of arterial and venous 
blood, as when there is a deficiency of the septum 
between the auricles and ventricles. It is seen in 
various diseases of the heart and lungs. C, Con- 
genital. See Blue Disease. 

Cyanospermia (si-an'-o-sper'-me-ah ) \_Kvavoc, blue ; 
CTtepfia, sperm]. A condition wherein the semen has 
a bluish tint. 

Cyanotic (si-an-ot'-ik) \_nvavoc, blue]. Relating to or 
affected with cyanosis. 

Cyanuric Acid (si-an-u'-rik). See Acid, Tricyanic. 

Cyanurin (si-an-u' -rin) [/crawf, blue; ovpov, urine]. 
Uroglaucin or urine-indigo ; indigo found in the urine 
in cystitis and in chronic kidney-diseases ; it is also 
occasionally found in apparent health. 

Cyar (si'-ar) \_nvap, the eye of a needle]. The internal 
auditory meatus. 

Cyasma (si-as'-mah) \pikuv, to be pregnant : pi. , 
Cyasmata~\. The peculiar freckle sometimes seen 
upon pregnant women. 

Cyathiform (si' -ath-if-orni) \_cyathus, a cup ; forma, 
shape]. In biology, cup-shaped. 

Cyclarthrosis (sik-lar-thro' -sis) \kvkKoc, circle ; apftpumr, 
a joint]. A pivot-joint ; lateral ginglymus, or rotary 
diarthrosis ; an articulation that admits of decided rota- 
tion in one of its elements. 

Cyclic (si'-klik) \kvkXlkoi;, circular]. Having cycles or 
periods of exacerbation or change, as cyclic insanity. 
In biology, applied to flowers whose organs are ar- 
ranged in whorls. C. Albuminuria. See Albumi- 
nuria. C. Insanity. See Insanity. 

Cyclicotomy (si-klik-of -o-?ne) [/civcA(/cdc, circular ; 
re/iveiv, to cut]. Surgical incision or division of the 
ciliary body. 

Cyclitic Shell (si-klit'-ik) [kvkTiikoc, circular]. A co- 
herent, solid, fibrous mass of exudate, completely 
enveloping the crystalline lens. 

Cyclitis (sik-li'-tis) \kvkAoc, a circle ; itlq, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the ciliary body, characterized 
by a zone of congestion in the sclerotic coat surround- 
ing the cornea. It is a serious condition, often impli- 
cating adjacent structures. It may be serous, plastic, 
or suppurative. Irido-cyclitis, the involvement of 
both iris and ciliary body in the inflammatory process. 

Cyclocephalus (si-klo-sef -al-us) [kvk'Aoc, a circle ; 



KeQah'j, head]. I. A species of single autositic mon- 
sters characterized by a more or less complete absence 
of the olfactory organs, together with an intimate 
union of imperfectly developed or rudimentary visual 
organs, situated in the median line. 2. A variety of 
this species in which there is a fusion of the orbital 
cavities and of the eyes, without a vestige of a nose 
or of a proboscis. 

Cycloid (si'-kloid) \_kvk\uc, a circle; eldog, form]. In 
biology, having a circular form. 

Cyclophoria (sik-lo-fo' -re-ah) \_kvkXoc, a circle ; tj>opeh>, 
to bear]. I. A term applied to the circulation of the 
fluids of the body. 2. An insufficiency of the oblique 
muscles of the eye, giving the eyes a tendency to roll 
outward or inward, so that the naturally vertical meri- 
dians would diverge either at the upper or lower 
extremities. 

Cyclopia (si-klo' -pe-ah). See Synophthalmia. 

Cycloplegia (si-klo-ple' -je-ah) [kwcAoc, circle ; irAr/yij, a 
stroke]. Paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye. 

Cyclops (si'-klops) [kvkaoq, circle ; citp, eye]. A con- 
genital malformation consisting in a fusion of the two 
eyes into one. See Rhinocephalus. 

Cyclosis (si-klo' -sis) \_kvk1oc;, a circle]. In biology, 
circulation, as of the protoplasm within a cell. 

Cyclothymia (si-klo-thim' -e-ah) [k'vk'aoc , circle ; 8v/uo£, 
mind]. Cyclic insanity. See Insanity. 

Cyclotome (sik'-lo-tom) [/cwcAoc, circle ; to/j6c, cut- 
ting]. A kind of knife for performing cyclotomy. 

Cyclotomy (sik-lot'-o-me) \_kvk7.oq, round; ro/ji/, section]. 
An operation proposed for the relief of glaucoma, con- 
sisting of an incision through the ciliary body. 

Cydonium (si-do' -ne-um) [kvS&vlov, a quince]. Quince- 
seed. The seeds of C. vulgaris, employed mainly for 
the mucilage contained in the epithelial covering, which 
consists of a compound of gum and glucose. C. 
mucilago, quince-seeds 2, macerated in water loo 
parts, is a bland demulcent, known as Bandolin, and 
used as a hair-dressing. 

Cyematocardia (si-em-at-o-kar' -de-ah) [avr/fta, a fetus ; 
napdia, a heart]. Fetal rhythm of the heart-sounds. 

Cyesiognosis (si-e-se-og-no'-sis) [KvrjOic, pregnancy ; 
yvuaic, knowledge]. The diagnosis of pregnancy. 

Cyesiology (si-e-se-ol'-o-je) [icur/aig, pregnancy ; 'Koyoq, 
treatise]. The science of gestation in its medical 
aspects. 

Cyesis (si-e'-sis) \_Kvrjaiq, pregnancy]. Pregnancy. 

Cyetic (si-et'-ik) \kvi]tik.6c, pregnant]. Relating to 
pregnancy. 

Cylicotomy (sil-ik-of -o-me) [kvXiI; , cup ; ri/ivecv, to 
cut]. Surgical incision of the ciliary muscle. 

Cylinder (sil'-in-der) \_nb\Lvdpoc, a cylinder]. A long, 
circular body. See, also, Lenses. C.-cone of 
Kuhnt, one of the conical sections marked off by the 
" incisures" and going to build up the annular seg- 
ments of a medullated nerve-fiber. C. -filling, a fill- 
ing, the material of which is composed of gold-foil or 
tin-foil cylinders, sometimes called block-filling. C. 
of Gold-foil, a form of gold-foil for filling teeth, 
made by rolling a tape of non-cohesive gold upon a 
fine broach, commencing at one end of the tape and 
continuing the movement until the desired size of the 
cylinder is reached. 

Cylindrenchyma (sil-in-dreng' -kim-ah) \Kv?avfipoq, a 
cylinder ; iyxvpn, an infusion]. In biology, tissue 
composed of cylindric cells. 

Cylindric (sil-in'-drik), or Cylindrical (sil-in' -drik-al) 
\KvKtv6poq, a cylinder]. Pertaining to or like a 
cylinder. C. Lenses. See Lenses. 

Cylindrocephalic (sit-in' -dro-sefal'-ih) \_KVAivSpos, 
cylinder; nefa'A.?/, head]. Affected with cylindro- 
cephaly. 



CYLINDROCEPHALY 



348 



CYRTOCEPHALUS 




Cylindroids. 

a and b. Cast-like forms. 
c. Filamentous forms. 



Cylindrocephaly (sil-in'-dro-sef'-a-le) [n'vlLvopoq, cylin- 
der ; K£<pa/J/, head]. A cylindric formation of the 
skull. 

Cylindroid (sil'-in-droid) [nvlivdpoc;, cylinder; eldoc, 
likeness]. A name 
given to a mucous cast 
frequently found in the 
urine in scarlet fever, 
and other diseases. It 
closely resembles a hya- 
line tube-cast. Cylin- 
droids are ribbon-like 
forms, usually of great 
length, and of about the 
same diameter as renal 
casts. They may as- 
sume various shapes, 
due to bends and twists, 
giving them a cork-screw 
appearance. The ex- 
tremities are narrow and 
elongated and often bi- 
furcated. 

Cylindroma [sil-in-dro' - 
mah)\_Ku7iivSpoc , a cylin- 
der : //. , Cylindromata\. 

A tumor peculiar to the orbit of the eye, to the face, 
and to the stomach, composed of cylindric or club-like 
hyaline processes. It is a variety of myxo-sarcoma. 

Cylindrosis [sil-in-dro' -sis) [_K.v'Acv6povv, to roll]. A 
variety of bony articulation, the bone being rolled 
upon itself to form a canal and then a suture, as in 
the cranium. 

Cyllosis (sil-o'-sis) [ku/Ugjckc, crippled]. Club-foot; 
lameness from deformity. 

Cyllosoma (sil-o-so'-mah) \_kvXK6c, lame ; <Tw//a, a body : 
pi. , Cyllosomata~\. A variety of single autositic mon- 
sters of the species celosoma, in which there is a 
lateral eventration occupying principally the lower 
portion of the abdomen, with absence or imperfect 
development of the lower extremity on that side 
occupied by the eventration. 

Cyllum (sil'-um) \\a>Xkoq, crooked]. Knock-knee. 

Cymba. (sim' -bah) [kij^/?//, a boat]. In biology, a boat- 
shaped sponge-spicule. 

Cymbiform (sim'-bif-orm) [cymba, boat ; forma, shape]. 
In biology, boat-shaped. C. Bone, the scaphoid bone. 

Cymbocephalia (sim-bo-sef-a' -le-ah). See Cymboceph- 
aly. 

Cymbocephalic, or Cymbocephalous (sim-bo-sef-a I' - 
ik, or sim-bo-sef -al-us) \_nb/ij3r/, boat ; Ke^akrj, head]. 
Exhibiting cymbocephaly. 

Cymbocephaly (sim-bo-sef -a-le) [nb/xBr/, boat ; Ke<j>aAi/, 
head]. The condition of having a boat-shaped 
head. 

Cyme (sim) [cyme, a young sprout]. In biology, a 
loose flower-cluster on the determinate or centrifugal 
plan. 

Cymene (si'-men) \cy minum, cumin], C 10 H U . A hy- 
drocarbon that occurs, together with cumic aldehyd, 
in Roman caraway oil (from Cuminum cyminum), 
and in other ethereal oils. It is prepared by treating 
oil of turpentine with oil of vitriol. It is a pleasantly- 
smelling liquid, that boils at I75°-I76° C; its specific 
gravity at o° C. is 0.8722. 

Cymogene (si' -mo-jcn) [kvuivov, cumin ; yevr/r, produc- 
ing]. A product obtained from petroleum, gaseous at 
ordinary temperatures, but liquefiable by cold or pres- 
sure ; boiling at o° C. (32 F. ) ; specific gravity no° 
B. It is used in the manufacture of artificial ice, and 
is serviceable in the production of great cold for local 
or minor surgical purposes. 



Cymose (si'-mos) \_K.vp.a, a young sprout]. In biology, 
pertaining to a cyme ; bearing cymes. 

Cynanche ( sin-ang' ' -ke ) [ kvuv, a dog ; ayx^iv, to 
strangle] . An old name for any acute affection of 
the throat, as diphtheria, croup, tonsillitis, etc., in 
which the patient struggles for breath (as a panting 
dog). See also Angina. C. maligna, a fatal form 
of sore-throat. C. suffocativa. Synonym of Croup. 
C. tonsillaris. See Quinsy. 

Cynanthropia (sin-an-thro' -pe-ali) [kvov, dog; avOpurroq 
a man]. A mania in which the patient believes him- 
self a dog, and imitates the actions of one. 

Cyniatria (si-ne-a-tri'-ah) [kvuv, dog ; larpeia, med- 
ication]. The science or treatise of the diseases of 
the dog and their treatment. 

Cynic (sin'-ih) [kvvikoc, dog-like]. Pertaining to a 
dog. C. Spasm, a contraction of the facial muscles 
upon one side, so as to expose the teeth in the man- 
ner of an angry dog. 

Cynobex hebetica (si'-no-beks he-bet' -ik-ah) [truu, 
dog; /3>/f, cough ; i/jlr/ruioc;, youthful]. The convul- 
sive cough of puberty ; a loud, dry, barking cough 
that often attacks boys and girls at puberty. General 
hygienic treatment is usually curative. 

Cynocephalous {sin-o-sef -al-us) [kvuv, dog; Ke<pa/J/, 
the head]. With the head dog-shaped. 

Cynodontes ( si-no-don' -tes) [kvuv, dog; bdo'vc, 
bSdvroc, tooth]. The canine teeth, so called from their 
resemblance to the teeth of a dog. See Cuspid Teeth. 

Cynoglossum (si-no-glos' '-urn). See Hound' ' s Tongue. 

Cynolyssa (si-no-lis'-ah) [kvuv, dog; Abaaa, rabies]. 
Hydrophobia; rabies. 

Cynophobia (si-no-fo' ' -be-ali)[x'vuv , a dog; <p63oc, fear]. 
1. Morbid fear of dogs. 2. Imaginary hydrophobia. 

Cynorexia (si-no-reks'-e-ah) [kvuv, dog ; ope^r, appe- 
tite]. Canine voracity ; bulimia. 

Cynospasmus (si-no-spas' -mus) [kvuv, dog ; a7raofi6g, 
spasm]. Same as Cynic Spasm. 

Cynurenic Acid (sin-u-ren' -ik) \jAav, a dog ; ovpov, 
urine], C., H 14 N 2 O 6 -+- 2H 2 0. A crystalline acid found 
in dog's urine. It is a decomposition-product of pro- 
teids. On heating it cynurin is evolved. 

Cynurin (sin' -u-riti) [k'vuv, a dog; ovpov, urine], 
C 18 H 14 N 2 0. 2 . A base obtained by heating cynurenic 
acid to 250 . 

Cyophoria (si-o-fo' -re-ali) [k^oc, fetus ; (j>epeiv, to 
carry]. Pregnancy; gestation. 

Cyopin (si'-o-pin) [nvaveo<;, blue; ttvov, pus]. The 
coloring-matter found in blue pus. 

Cyphosis (si-fo'-sis). See Kyphosis. 

Cypripedin (sip-rip-e'-di)i) [_Kr7vpig, Venus ; itoSiov, a 
slipper]. A precipitate from the tincture of Cypripe- 
ditim pubescens ; antispasmodic, nervine, narcotic. 
Dose y z to 3 grains. Unof. 

Cypripedium (sip-rip-e 1 '-de-uni) \_Kvirpic, Venus ; irb^inv, 
a slipper]. Lady's Slipper, The roots of C. pubes- 
cens and C. parviflorum, American valerian, with 
properties due to a volatile oil and acid. It is an 
antispasmodic and stimulant tonic, used instead of 
valerian, which it resembles. C, Fid. Ext. Dose 
TT^x-xxx. 

Cypriphobia (sip-rif-o'-be-ah) [nvirpic, Venus ; <p63oc, 
fear]. Fear of sexual intercourse. 

Cyprus Vitriol (si'-prus 7'it'-re-ol). Same as Blue 
Vitriol. C. Fever. Same as Malta Fever. 

Cypsela (sip-sel'-ah) [/ci'i/it/a, a hollow, cup-like 
structure]. In biology, a term sometimes applied to 
an achenium which is invested with an adnate calyx 
such as that of the Composite. 

Cyron (sir'-on). See Chyron. 

Cyrtocephalus (sir-to-sef al-us) [Kvproc, convex; 
Kefa'A//, head]. Having a short head. 



CVKTOCORYPHUS 



349 



CYSTINURIA 



Cyrtocoryphus (sir-to-kor 1 '-if us) \_Kvproc, convex ; 
Kopi'0'/, the crown of the head]. Lissauer's term for 
a skull with a parietal angle between 122° and 132 . 

Cyr:ograph (sir' -to-graf) [Kvproq, curved; ypatpeiv, to 
record]. A recording cyrtometer. 

Cyrtoma (sir-to' -mall) \_Kvprupa, a curving: pi., Cyr- 
totnatd\. A convexity, especially one that is ab- 
normal. 

Cyrtometer (sir-torn 1 -et-er) [/cuprdc, curved ; perpov, 
a measure]. An instrument adapted for measuring 
curves, and especially those of the chest. 

Cyrtometopus (sir-to-met-op'-us) \Kvpr6q, convex ; 
utru-ov, the forehead]. Lissauer's term for a skull 
in which the angle formed by lines connecting the 
nation with the bregma and the metopion is between 
120 and 130.5 . 

Cyrtonosus (sir-ton' -o-sus) [/cuprdc, curved ; voooc, 
a disease]. Synonym for Rhackitis. 

Cyrtopisthocranius (sir-to-pis-tho-kra' -ne-us) \_Kvpr6c, 
curved ; o-toOoKpavwv, the occiput]. Lissauer's term 
for a skull in which the angle of the summit of the 
occiput is between II7 and 140 . 

Cyrtosis (sir-to' -sis) [Kvpruau;, curvature : pi. , Cyrtoses~\. 
Any deformity, especially one that affects the bones. 

Cyrturanus (sir-tiir-a' - nits') \_avpr6g, curved ; ovpavoq, 
the roof of the mouth]. Lissauer's term for a skull 
in which the angle at the roof of the mouth is between 
132 and 147.5°. 

Cyst (sist) [/d'trnc, a pouch]. A cavity containing fluid 
and surrounded by a capsule. C., Blood. See 
Hematoma. C, Cutaneous. See C, Dermoid. C, 
Dentigerous, one containing teeth ; one form is found 
in the ovaries. C, Dermoid, a congenital cyst con- 
taining bone, hair, teeth, etc. ; the cyst-wall is like 
the skin. C, Echinococcus, a cyst formed in 
various tissues and organs of man by the larva of the 
Tcenia echinococcus of the dog, taken into the stomach. 
C, Exudation, one resulting from increase of exuda- 
tion, or from exudation into a closed cavity. C, 
Hydatid. See C, Echinococcus. C, Meibomian. 
See Chalazion. C, Mucous, a retention cyst con- 
taining mucus. C, Multilocular, one composed of 
many separate compartments. C, Mullerian, a cyst 
containing mucus, blood, or pus, developed in the 
remnants or rudiments of the inferior or vaginal 
portion of the duct of Miiller. C, Piliferous, a 
hair-containing or dermoid cyst. C, Primary, one 
newly formed, not from distention. C, Retention, 
one that is due to the non-expulsion from its duct of 
the secretion of a gland, in consequence of closure of 
the duct, as in mucous or sebaceous cysts. C, Seba- 
ceous, one containing fatty material. C, Secondary, 
a cyst within a cyst. C, Sublingual. See Ranula. 
C, Synovial, one resulting from the distention of 
bursa? or synovial sheaths. C, Tarsal. See Chala- 
zion. C, Unilocular, one having but a single cavity. 
C, Wolffian, a cyst developed in the inferior vestiges 
of the canal of Wolff. It is situated in the anterior or 
antero-lateral vaginal wall, and is frequently pro- 
longed toward the cervix or even into the base of the 
broad ligament. 

Cystadenoma (sist- ad- en- 0'- ma h) [kvgtit-, cyst ; aSrjv, 
gland; bpa, a tumor: //. , Cystadenomata\ An ad- 
enoma containing cysts. 

Cystalgia (sist-aF -je-ah) \kvotic, bladder ; a/yoc, pain]. 
Pain in the bladder. 

Cystatrophia (sist-at-ro'-fe-ah) [kvctic, bladder; arpo- 
<pla, want of nourishment] . Atrophy of the urinary 
bladder. 

Cystauchenitis (sist-aw-ken-i' -tis) [/ciJcnvc, bladder ; 
abxr/v, neck ; trie:, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the neck of the bladder ; trachelocystitis. 



Cystauxe (sist-awks'-e) \_kvgtic, bladder ; av^t], in- 
crease]. Thickening of the bladder. 

Cystectasia (sist-ek-ta' -ze-ah) , or Cystectasy (st'st-ek'- 
taz-e) [kiotic, bladder; inraotc, a stretching out]. 
Surgical dilatation of the urethra or of its prostatic 
portion in certain operations for stone. 

Cystein (sist'-e-iu) \_kvotu;, bladder], C 3 H-N0 2 S. A 
compound obtained by reducing cystin ; it is a crys- 
talline powder, soluble in water, yielding an indigo- 
blue color with ferric chlorid ; in the air it rapidly 
oxidizes to cystin. 

Cystelcosis (sist-el-ko'-sis) \_kvgtic, bladder ; s'akuoic, 
ulceration]. Ulceration of the bladder. 

Cystencephalus (sist-en-sef'-al-us) [kiotic, a bladder ; 
eyK.e<pa/i6r, the brain]. A form of monstrosity in which 
the brain is replaced by a cyst-like structure. 

Cystenchyma (sist-eng'-kim-ah) \_kvctic, a bladder ; 
iryxv/ia, an infusion]. In biology, a connective tissue of 
large, oval, thin- walled cells, as seen in certain sponges. 

Cysthitis (sis-thi'-tis) \_k'vo6oc, vulva ; uric, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the vulva. 

Cystic (sist'-ik) [kvotic, bladder]. Pertaining to or 
resembling a cyst; pertaining to the urinary bladder or 
the gall-bladder. C. Angioma. Synonym of Lymph- 
angioma circumscriptum. 

Cysticercus (sis -te-ser' -kits) \_nharic, a bladder ; Kepicog, 
a tail]. The scolex of the tape-worm. An hydatid. 
C. bovis, a form of hydatid existing in the muscles 
of the ox (mostly in the calf). Its progenitor is the 
Tania mediocanellata of man. It produces the dis- 
ease called Beef Measles. C. cellulosa?, the hydatid 
found inhabiting the intermuscular connective tissue 
of the pig, producing the condition known as 
"measles." Its progenitor is the Taenia solium of 
man. See Alternation of Generation. C. cellu- 
losae cutis. An hydatid, or immature form of Tenia 
solium, which is sometimes parasitic upon the subcu- 
taneous tissues of the skin. C. ovis, an hydatid of 
uncertain origin found in sheep in the condition called 
Mutton Measles. C. pisiformis, an hydatid found mainly 
in the abdominal cavity of the rabbit and of the hare, 
and, in its immature state, in the liver of these animals. 
Its progenitor is the Tcenia serrata of the dog. C. 
tenuicollis, a slender or long-necked hydatid found 
in the abdominal and pelvic cavity of the sheep, the 
pig, the ox, and the fowl. Its progenitor is the Tcenia 
marginata of the dog. See Parasites (Animal) , Table of. 

Cystid (sist'-id) [/a'or/c, a bladder]. In biology, the 
saccular, ciliated, planula-like embryo of a polyzoan ; 
also the cell in which the body of an adult polyzoan 
is contained. 

Cystidomyeloma (sist-id-o-mi-el-o'-mah ) \_kvotic, blad- 
der; p-ve7-.de, marrow]. A medullary carcinoma of the 
bladder. 

Cystifellotomy (sist-ifel-of -o-me) {kvotic, cyst; fel, 
bile ; ropij, a cutting]. See Cholecystotomy. 

Cystiform (sist'-ifonn) \_cystis, a bladder; forma, 
shape]. Encysted, cystomorphous. 

Cystin (sist' -in) [k'votic, bladder], C 3 H 7 NS0 2 . A sub- 
stance found in the urine in small amount. It occurs 
in regular, colorless, six-sided tables of very charac- 
teristic appearance. It is insoluble in water, alcohol, 
and ether, but readily soluble in ammonia. Test : 
boil with a solution of lead oxid in sodium hydrate. 
If cystin is present, black lead sulphid is precipitated. 

Cystinuria (sist-in-u' -re-ah ) [kvotic, bladder ; ovpov, 
urine]. The presence of cystin in the urine. The cystin 
may be present in the form of calculi or as a deposit. 
The urine has a yellowish-green color and a peculiar 
smell, like that of fresh sweet-briar, but rapidly 
acquires a putrescent odor on standing, whilst an oily 
film forms on the surface. 



CYSTIPATHY 



350 



CYTIN 



Cystipathy (sist-ip'-a-the) [kvotic;, bladder ; nddoc;, 
disease]. Any disease of the bladder. 

Cystirrhea (sist-ir-e' -ah ) [kvotic;, bladder ; poia, a 
flow"]. Vesical catarrh. 

Cystis (sist' -is). See Cyst. 

Cystitic (sist-it'-ik) [kvotic;, a bladder]. Relating to 
cystitis. 

Cystitis (sist-i'-tis) [kvotic;, bladder ; ircg, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the bladder. C, Exfoliative, that 
form of cystitis in which the inflammatory process 
has produced a sloughing of the mucous mem- 
brane, or a separation of the whole or a portion of the 
membrane, which lies loose in the bladder. 

Cystitome (sist'-it-om). See Cystotome. 

Cystoblast (sist' -o-blast). See Cytoblast. 

Cystobubonocele (sist-o-bu-bon'-o-sel) [kvotic; , bladder ; 
(lovfiuv, groin ; ktjXt), hernia] . Hernia of the blad- 
der through the inguinal ring. 

Cystocarcinoma (sist-o-kar-sin-o r -mah ) [kvotic;, blad- 
der; Kapnivufia, a cancer]. Carcinoma with cystic 
degeneration. 

Cystocarp (sist'-o-karp) [kvotic, a bladder; Kaptrdc;, 
fruit]. In biology, a name sometimes applied to the 
sporocarp of certain algae. 

Cystocele (sist'-o-sel) [kvotic;, pouch; KrjXr/, a tumor]. 
A hernia of the bladder into the vagina, pushing the 
vaginal wall through the vulvar orifice. In the 
great majority of cases it is a sequela of childbirth, 
following laceration of the pelvic floor. It may, 
however, result from heavy lifting, etc. There is a 
feeling of weight, with frequent and difficult micturi- 
tion, and a protrusion between the labia. It is gener- 
ally associated with a rectocele, and if left uncorrected 
favors the descent of the uterus. 

Cystochondroma (sist-o-kon-dro' -mah) [kvotic, blad- 
der; ^dvcJpoc, cartilage; 6fia, a tumor: pi. , Cysto- 
chondromata~\ . A neoplasm presenting the characters 
of both chondroma and cystoma. 

Cystocolpitis (sist-o-kol-pi'-tis) [kvotic, bladder ; k6X- 
■toc, vagina]. Inflammation of both bladder and 
vagina. 

Cystocope (sist' '-o-kop) [kvotic, bladder ; k<5ttoc, a 
blow]. A urethral sound, having at the proximal ex- 
tremity a plate to amplify the sound produced by 
striking against a vesical calculus. 

Cystocyte (sist'-o-slt) [kvotic, a bladder ; kvtoc, a cell]. 
In biology, one of the bladder-like cells of the cys- 
tenchyma, as in sponges. 

Cystodynia (sist-o-din'-e-ah) [kvotic , bladder ; bSvvij, 
pain]. Same as Cystalgia. 

Cystofibroma (sist-o-fi-bro' -mali) [kvotic, a bladder ; 
fibra, a fiber; bfia, a tumor: //. , Cystofibromata\ A 
neoplasm presenting the character of both a fibroma 
and a cystoma. 

Cystohemorrhagia (sist-o-hem-or-a' '-je-ah) [kvotic, the 
bladder; alfia, blood; pqyvvvcu, to burst]. Vesical 
hemorrhage. 

Cystolith (sist'-o-lith) [kvotic, bladder ; Xlftog, a stone]. 
Vesical calculus. In biology, a stalked body mainly 
composed of calcium carbonate, found in the cells of 
certain leaves, as in those of the nettle. 

Cystolithiasis (sist-o-lith-i' -as-is) [kvotic, a bladder; 
XiOog, a stone]. Stone in the bladder; also that con- 
dition of the system that is associated with the pres- 
ence of vesical calculus. 

Cystolithic (sist-o-lith'-ik) [kvotic, bladder; X'Soc, a 
stone]. Pertaining to a vesical calculus. 

Cystolutein (sist-o-lu'-te-in) [kvotic, a cyst ; luteus, 
yellow]. A yellow coloring-matter found in cysts. 

Cystoma (sist-o'-mah) [kvotic, a cyst ; bjia, a tumor : 
//. , Cystomata\. A neoplasm, especially an ovarian 
tumor, containing or made up of cysts. 



Cystomerocele (sist-o-mer' -o-sel) [kvotic, bladder; 
P-rjpoq, thigh ; Ki/Xr/, hernia]. A hernia of the bladder 
through the femoral ring. 

Cystomorphous (sist-o-mor' -fus) [kvotic, cyst ; fxopcpij, 
form]. Having the form of a cyst. 

Cystomyxoma (sist-o-viiks-o' -mah) [kvotic, a cyst ; 
fi'v^a, mucus; 5/j.a, a tumor: //. , Cystomyxomatd\. 
A neoplasm presenting the characters of both myxoma 
and cystoma. 

Cystoncus (sist-ong'-kus) [kvotic , bladder ; fly/coc, a 
swelling]. Any swelling of the bladder. 

Cystonephrosis \sist-o-ne-fro' -sis) [kvotis, sac ; veQpbg, 
kidney]. A cystic or cystomorphous dilatation of the 
kidney. 

Cystoparalysis (sist-o-par-al' -is-is) \_K.vartg, bladder ; 
■KapaXvaig, palsy]. Paralysis of the bladder. 

Cystopexy (sist' -o-peks-e) \_kvotic; , bladder ; nf/$ (c, fixa- 
tion]. Fixation of the bladder. An operation for the 
cure of cystocele, based upon the principle of the 
Alexander-Adams operation. 

Cystophotography [sist-o-fo-tog' -ra-fe) [/ciiffrtf, the blad- 
der; Que, light ; ypafeiv, to write]. Photographing 
the interior of the bladder for diagnostic purposes. 

Cystoplastic (sist-e-plas' -tik) [/cixrnc, the bladder ; 
izXaaaeiv, to form]. Relating to cystoplasty. 

Cystoplasty [sist' -o-plas-te) \jivaric, bladder ; irXaoaeiv, 
to form]. Plastic operation upon the bladder, espe- 
cially for vesico- vaginal fistula. 

Cystoplegia [sist-o-ple* '-je-ah) [kvotiq, bladder ; Trh/y?/, 
a blow]. Paralysis of the bladder. 

Cystoptosis [sist-op-to'-sis) [(cuanc, bladder ; ittuolq, a 
fall]. The projection of some portion of the bladder 
into the urethra. 

Cystopylometer (sist-o-pi-lom' -et-er) \kvgti<;, bladder ; 
■kvXtj, gate; fiirpov, measure]. An instrument for 
measuring any obstruction (as an enlarged prostate) 
at the entrance to the bladder; it is called also 
pylometer. 

Cystorrhagia [sist-or-a' -je-aJi). See Cystohemorrhagia. 

Cystorrhea [sist-or-e'-aJi). Same as Cystirrhea. 

Cystorrhexis (sist-or-eks' -is) \k.votiq, bladder ; pij^ig, 
rupture] . Rupture of the bladder. 

Cystoscope [sist' -o-skop) [kvoth;, bladder ; GKOirelv, to 
examine]. An instrument for examining the interior 
of the bladder. 

Cystoscopy [sist-os' -ko-pe) [kvotic; , bladder ; OKOireiv, 
to examine]. Examination of the interior of the 
bladder by means of the cystoscope. 

Cystospasmus (sist-o-spaz'-t?iiis) [k'vcjtic;, bladder ; 
OTradfj6g, spasm]. Spasm of the bladder. 

Cystospastic (sist-o-spas'-tik) [kvotic:, bladder ; otccioti- 
ki5c, pulling]. Relating to spasm of the bladder. 

Cystostomy (sist-os'-to-me) [kvotic;, bladder ; ordua, a 
mouth or opening]. The formation of a fistulous 
opening in the bladder-wall. 

Cystotome [sist' -o-tom) [kvotic, bladder ; rtfiveiv, to 
cut]. A knife used in cystotomy ; also a knife used 
in rupturing the capsule of the lens in cataract- 
operations. 

Cystotomia (sist-o-to' -me-ali) [L.]. Same as Cystotomy. 
C. hypogastrica. Suprapubic cystotomy. 

Cystotomy (sist-of -o-me) [ kvotic;, bladder ; TOjirj, a 
cutting]. Incision of the bladder. 

Cyte (sit) [kvtoc;, a hollow]. Any cell ; especially a 
nuclear cell (used mostly in composition). 

Cythemolysis ( si-lhem-ol' -is-is ) [kvtoc;, cell ; alfia, 
blood ; Xiioig, dissolution] . Dissolution of the cor- 
puscles of the blood. 

Cytin (si' -tin) [kvtoc;, a cell]. An insoluble cellular 
substance that remains in various residues of animal 
tissue from which cytoglobin has been removed. By 
decomposition it is changed into an albuminoid. 



CYTISIN 



351 



CZUMPELITZ'S TEST 



Cytisin (sit'-is-iu) [ni'Tiooc, a kind of clover], C 20 H 27 - 
N 3 0. A poisonous alkaloid obtained from Cylisus 
laburnum and other species. It occurs in yellowish- 
white, deliquescent crystals. It is chiefly used in the 
form of the nitrate, a beautiful crystalline salt, pale- 
yellow in color and acid in reaction. It is used sub- 
cutaneously in paralytic migraine, and as a diuretic in 
dropsy and cardiac disease. Dose, grain ^ to T V, 
hypodermatically. 

Cytoblast (si'-to-blast ) [kitoc, a cell ; /3/1<zot<5c, a 
germ]. In biology, applied to the nucleus of a cell ; 
also one of the ameboid cytodes going to make up the 
cytoblastema of sponges. 

Cytoblastema ( si-to-blas-te' -mah ) [ kvtoc, a cell ; 
fi'AaoTt/ixa, a sprout]. In biology, applied to forma- 
tive material or protoplasm, as giving rise to cells or 
cytodes; also to the matrix in which the individuals of 
a protozoan colony are imbedded ; the gelatinous ma- 
trix of a sponge. 

Cytochylema (si-to-ki-le' -mah) [_kvto$, a cell ; ;rv/Wc, 
juice]. Strasburger's term for the inter-reticular por- 
tion of protoplasm ; cell-juice. 

Cytochyma, or Cytochyme (si-to-kim'-ah, or si'-to- 
kim) \_kutoc, a cell; x v l 1 °?> juice]. The water-sap 
in the vacuoles of the cytochylema of protoplasm. 

Cytococcus (si-to-kok' '-us) [/citoc, cell ; kSkkoc, ker- 
nel: pi., Cytococci~\. The nucleus of a cytula. 

Cytode [si' -tod) [/curof, a cell ; eldoc, form]. In biol- 
ogy, a term applied by Haeckel to a non-nucleated 
cell. The simplest, most primitive form of cell, 
without nucleus or nucleolus ; Haeckel therefore calls 
the Monera cytodes. 

Cytoderm (si' -to-derm) [/citoc, a cell; Sep/ua, skin]. 
In biology, a cell-wall. 

Cytodieresis (si-to-di-er' -es-is) [kvtoc, cell ; diaipzciq, 
division]. The process of cell-division. 

Cytogenesis ( si-to-jen' -es-is) [kiitoc , a cell ; yeveaig, 
production]. The formation or genesis of the cell, or 
of cells. 

Cytogenetic (si-to-jen-ef -ik) [kvtoc, a cell ; yivemg, 
production]. Relating to cell-formation. 

Cytogenic (si-to-jen' -ik). See Cytogenous. 

Cytogenous (si-toj' -en-us) [/curoc, a cell ; yivq<;, pro- 
ducing]. In biology, producing cells. 

Cytogeny (si-toj' -en-e). See Cytogenesis. 

Cytoglobin (si-to-glo' -bin) [kvtoc, a cell ; globus, a ball]. 
An albuminoid, obtainable in the form of a white, 
soluble powder. It forms three per cent, of the pulp 
of the lymphatic glands. It is partially convertible 
into preglobin. 

Cytography (si-tog' -ra-fe) [xvtoc, & cell ; ypd<pciv, to 
write]. A description of cells. 

Cytohyaloplasm (si-to-hi 1 ' -al-o-plazm) [kvtoc, a cell ; 
va?iog, transparent ; TrAaafia, formed matter]. Stras- 
burger's name for the reticulum of protoplasm. 

Cytoid (si'-toid) [kvtos, cell ; eldog, likeness]. Resem- 
bling a cell. 

Cytokinetic (si-to-ki-net'-ik) [kvtoc, a cell ; klvuv, to 
move]. In biology, applied to the phenomena of mo- 
tion of plasma or cells ; the opposite of Cytostatic 
(Ryder). 

Cytolergy (si-tol'-er-je) [kvtos, a cell; ipyov, work]. 
Cell-activity. 

Cytologist (si-tol' -o-jist) [kvtoc, a cell; \6yoc, science]. 
One who is versed in cytology. 

Cytology (si-tol' -o-je) [kvtoc, a cell ; %6yo<;, science]. 
The science of cell- formation and cell-life. 



Cytolysis (si-tol' -is-is) [k'vt/c, cell; /Uwc, loosening; 
solution]. Cell-catabolism ; cell-destruction. 

Q.ylom&\ZT(si-lom'-et-er) [kvti$, cell; fiirpov, a measure]. 
A device for measuring cells. 

Cyto-mitoma (si' -to-mi-to' -mah) [kvtoc, cell ; fiiTOc, a 
fiber]. The fibrillar part of a cell-body. See Mitoma. 

Cytonergy (si-ton' -er-je). Same as Cytolergy. 

Cytopathy (si-top' -ath-e) [kvtoc, a cell ; Tratiog, disease]. 
Disease of the living cell. 

Cytophagous (si-toff' -ag-us) [kvtoc, a cell ; tpayew, to 
devour]. Phagocytic ; of the nature of a phagocyte ; 
cell-devouring. 

Cytophosphatid (si-to-fos-faf -id) [kvtoc, cell ; (pu>a<p6- 
poc, Lucifer]. A form of nuclein, containing sulphur 
and phosphorus and said to be obtainable from brain- 
tissue ; gangliocytin. 

Cytoplasm, or Cytoplasma (si'-to-plazm, or si-to-plaz'- 
mah) [kitoc, cell; TrAdoy/a, anything formed]. In 
biology, Dujardin's name for protoplasm , q. v. 

Cytoproct (si' -to-prokt ) [kvtoc, a cell ; trpuKTSg, the 
anus]. In biology, an orifice with anal functions in 
the Infusoria. Cf. Cytopyge. 

Cytopyge (si-to-pi' -je) [kvtoc, a cell; irvyr/, the rump]. 
In biology, the anal aperture of a unicellular animal. 
Cf. Cytoproct. 

Cytostasis (si-tos' -tas-is) [kvtoc, cell ; OTaoic, stasis] . 
Stoppage or plugging of the capillaries by the blood- 
cells. 

Cytostatic (si-to-staf -ik) [kvtoc, a cell; arardc, fixed]. 
In biology, applied to the static or resting con- 
ditions of plasma or cells ; the opposite of Cytokinetic 
(Ryder). 

Cytostome (si'-to-stom) \_kvtoc, a cell; ardfia, mouth]. 
In biology, the oral aperture of a unicellular organ- 
ism. 

Cytotaxis (si-to-taks'-is) \_kvtoc , a cell ; rdf ic: , order] . 
The selective, ordering, and arranging function of a 
living cell. 

Cytotrophy (si-tof -ro-fe) \kvtoc , cell ; Tp6(ptj, nourish- 
ment] . The growth of the cell and sustentation of 
cell-life. 

Cytozoon (si-to-zo' -on) [raroc, cell; C<pov, animal]. A 
protoplasmic cell-mass, probably parasitic in nature, 
with independent movement ; found by Gaule in de- 
fibrinated blood and other structures. 

Cyttarhagia (sit-ar-a'-je-ah ) \jivi~rapoQ, cell ; pr/yvvvai, 
to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the socket of a 
tooth. 

Cytula (sit'-u-lah) \kvtoc, a cell]. In biology, an im- 
pregnated ovum. 

Cytuloplasm (sit' -u-lo-plazm) [/ojtoc, a cell ; Tr?Moaetv, 
to form, mold]. In biology, the mingled ovoplasm 
and spermoplasm in a cytula. 

Czermak's Spaces. Same as Interglobular Spaces, 
q. v. 

Czerny's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Czerny-Lembert Suture. See Suture. 

Czerny-Schroeder Operation. See Operations, Table 

°f- , 

Czoker's Alum Cochineal. A solution for staining 

microscopic sections. Boil 7 grams of pulverized 

cochineal and 7 grams of alum in 700 c.c. of distilled 

water, until the quantity of fluid is reduced to 400 c.c. ; 

cool, add a few drops of carbolic acid, and filter. 

After standing for a few days filter again, after which 

the fluid will be ready for use. See Stains, Table of. 

Czumpelitz's Test. See Tests, Table of. 



D 



352 



DACTYLOSYMPHYSIS 



D 



D. (Dosis). A dose. In Electro-therapeutics an ab- 
breviation of Duration and of Density. In ophthal- 
mology the letter is used as an abbreviation of 
Dexter and Dioptry. It is also used for detur, let it 
be given. 

Da Costa's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Dacryadenalgia (dak-re-ad-en-al' -je-ali) [ddapv, tear; 
atMjv, gland; aXyoc, pain]. Pain in a lachrymal 
gland. 

Dacryadenitis (dak-re-ad-en-i' -tis) . See Dacryo- 
adenitis. 

Dacryagogue (dak'-re-ag-og) [ddicpv, tear ; dyuydc, 
conducting]. I. Inducing a flow of tears. 2. An 
agent that induces a flow of tears. 

Dacrycystalgia (dak-re-sis-tal'-je-ah). See Dacryo- 
cystalgia . 

Dacryelcosis (dak-re-el-ko' -sis) [ddnpv, tear ; eXicucic, 
ulceration]. Ulceration of the lachrymal apparatus. 

Dacrygelosis (dak-re-jel-o' -sis) [danpv, tear ; ye/lwc 
laughter]. Alternate weeping and laughter. 

Dacryhemorrhysis (dak-reh-em-or' -is-is) [ddapv, tear ; 
aifia, blood; piaie, a flow]. The weeping of bloody 
tears ; a flow of blood from a lachrymal duct. 

Dacryin (dak'-re-in) [ddapv, a tear]. A peculiar sub- 
stance contained in tears. 

Dacryma (dak'-re-mah) [dditpv/ia, a tear: pi., Dacry- 
mata~\. A tear ; the lachrymal secretion. 

Dacryoadenitis (dak-re-o-ad-en-i' '-tis) [daKpvov, a tear ; 
ddi/v, a gland]. Inflammation of a lachrymal gland. 

Dacryoblenorrhea (dak-re-o-blen-or-e' -ah) [daKpvov, 
a tear; ji'Akvvoc, mucus; poia, a flow]. Chronic in- 
flammation and discharge of mucus from the lachry- 
mal sac. 

Dacryocele (dak'-re-o-sel, or -se'-le) [daKpvov, tear; 
k//'a//, hernia]. See Dacryocystocele. 

Dacryocyst (dak' -re-o-sist) [daKpvov, tear ; kvotlg, 
cyst]. The lachrymal cyst. 

Dacryocystalgia (dak-re-o-sis-tal' -je-ah) [daKpvov ,tear ; 
Kvcrig, cyst; aAyoc, pain]. Pain in a lachrymal sac. 

Dacryocystitis (dak-re-o-sis-ti'-tis) [daKpvov, tear ; kvo- 
«f, a sac]. Inflammation of a lachrymal sac. 

Dacryocystocele (dak- re-o-sist' -o-sel) [daupvov, a tear ; 
Kvarig, a sac; KrjArj, hernia]. Hernia of a lachrymal 
sac. 

Dacryocystoptosis (dak-re-o-sis-top-to' -sis) [daKpvov, a 
tear ; k'vgtic, a cyst ; ■ktHicic, a fall]. Prolapse or 
downward displacement of a lachrymal sac. 

Dacryohemorrhea (dak-re-o-hem-or-e'-ah). See Dac- 
ryhemorrhysis. 

Dacryoid (dak'-re-oid) [daupvov, tear; eldoc, form]. 
Resembling a tear. 

Dacryolite (dak'-re-o-lit). See Dacryolith. 

Dacryolith (dak'-re-o-lith) [daKpvov, tear ; Xidoc, stone]. 
A lachrymal calculus ; a calcareous concretion in a 
lachrymal passage or in the palpebral conjunctiva. 

Dacryolithiasis (dak-re-o-lith-i' -as-is) [daupvov, a tear; 
AiBoc, a stone]. The morbid condition that is at- 
tended by the formation of dacryoliths ; also, the 
presence of dacryoliths. 

Dacryoma (dak-re-o'-mah) [daupveiv, to weep]. I. A 
lachrymal tumor. 2. The closure or obstruction of 
the puncta lachrymalia, causing epiphora. 

Dacryon (dak' -re-on) [daupvov, a tear]. I. A tear. 
2. See Craniometric Points. 

Dacryops (dak'-re,-ops) [daupvov, tear; dtp, eye]. I. 
A watery eye. 2. Cyst of the duct of a lachrymal 
gland. 

Dacryoptosis (dak-re-op' -io-sis) [daupvov, tear ; -ruaic, 



a fall]. 1. The falling or shedding of tears. 2. 
Dacryocystoptosis. 

Dacryopyorrhea (dak-re-o-pi-or-e'-ah) [daupvov, a tear ; 
■k'vov, pus ; poia, a flow] . A discharge of pus from 
the lachrymal apparatus. 

Dacryopyosis (dak-re-o-pi-o' -sis) [daKpvov, tear ; nvov, 
pus]. Suppuration in the lachrymal apparatus. 

Dacryorrhea (dak-re-or-e' -ah) [daupvov, tear ; poia, a 
flow]. Excessive discharge of tears. 

Dacryosolen (dak-re-o-so'-len) [daupvov, tear; cuXi/v, 
pipe]. A lachrymal duct or canal. 

Dacryosolenitis [dak-re-o-so-len-i' -tis) [daupvov, a tear ; 
aojAi/v, a pipe; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
a lachrymal duct. 

Dacryostenosis (dak-re-o-sle-no'-sis) [daKpvov, tear ; 
arevog, narrow]. Stenosis or stricture of a lachrymal 
duct. 

Dacryosyrinx (dak-re-o-sir' -inks) [daupvov, tear ; 
a'upiyi; ,pipe]. I. A lachrymal fistula. 2. A syringe 
for use in the lachrymal ducts. 

Dactyl (dak' -til) [ddtcTVAog, a finger]. A finger or toe ; 
a digit. 

Dactylagra (dak-til-a' -grah) [ddnrvAOQ, a digit ; dypa, 
seizure]. An attack of gout or rheumatism in the 
fingers. 

Dactylate (dak' -til-at) [ddnrvAoc, a finger]. Resem- 
bling a finger. Possessing five rays or appendages. 

Dactylion (dak-til' -e-on). See Syndactylism. 

Dactylitis (dak-til-i' -tis) [daKTVAoc, a finger ; mg, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of a finger or toe. 

Dactylognathite " (dak-til-og-nath' -If) [ddnrvAoc, a 
finger; yvddog, jaw]. In biology, Milne Edwards' 
term for the terminal (distal) joint of one of the foot- 
jaws of a crustacean. See Dactylos. 

Dactylogryposis (dak-til-o-grip-o'-sis) [ddnrvAoc;, finger; 
ypvTTOQ, curved]. Abnormal curvature of the fingers 
or toes. 

Dactyloid (dak' -til-oid) [ddnrvXoc, finger ; ddoc, form]. 
In biology, resembling a finger. 

Dactylology (dak-til-ol' -o-je) [ddnrvAoc, finger ; Xdyoc, 
speech]. Conversation or talking by the fingers. 

Dactylolysis (dak-til-ol' -is-is) [dd/crvAoc, digit ; avoic , 
loosening]. The falling off of a finger or toe. D. 
spontanea. See Ainhum. 

Dactylopatagium (dak-til-o-pat-ag'-e-um) [ddxrvAog, 
finger; Trarayelov, a border to a woman's gown]. In 
biology, that part of the patagium of a bat which is 
connected with the digits. Cf. Ectopatagium. 

Dactylopodite (dak-til-op' -o-dit) [daKtvAog, a finger; 
7roi'c, a foot]. See Dactylos. 

Dactylopore (dak-til' -o-por) [ddnrvAoc, finger; Tropoc, 
pore]. In biology, applied to the opening of the 
finger-like, or tentacular dactylozoid of certain hydro- 
zoans. 

Dactylopterus (dak-til-op' '-ter-us) [daKTVAoc, finger ; 
nrcpdv, wing]. In biology, applied to fishes in which 
certain of the pectoral fin- rays are separate and finger- 
like. 

Dactylorhiza (dak-til-or-i'-zah) [ddnTvAoc, finger; 
}>i r a, root]. A disease of the roots of certain vege- 
tables, as turnips. 

Dactylos (dak'-lil-os) [daKTVAoc, a finger]. In biol- 
ogy, the seventh joint of any crustacean appendage, as 
the dactylognathite and dactylopodite of Milne Edwards. 

Dactylospasmus (dak-til-o-spaz'-??ius) [ ddtcrvAOQ , a 
digit ; GTraaitdc;, a spasm] . Spasm of a digit. 

Dactylosymphysis ( dak-til-o-sim' -fis-is ) [daKrvAoc, 
finger; civ, together ; <p'veiv, to grow]. Syndactylism. 



DADI GOGO 



353 



DARWINISM 



Dadi Gogo {da' -de go' -go) [African]. See Gogo. 
Daemonomania {de-mo-no-ma' -ne-ah). See Demono- 
mania. 

Daffy's Elixir. A compound aromatic tincture of 

senna. Unof. 
Dahlia (dahl'-yah). Sue Pigments, Conspectus of . 
Dajaksch (di'-aksh) [Java]. The arrow-poison used 
in Borneo. It is believed to be distinct from the Java 
arrow-poison. 

Dakryon (dak'-re-on). See Craniometric Points. 

Dakryops [dak' -re-ops). Same as Dacryops. 

Dalby's Carminative. An old empiric carminative 
and mildly opiate mixture, answering nearly to the 
mistura carminativa of the National Formulary. It 
contains about two and a half minims of tincture of 
opium to the fluidounce. 

Dalgarno Alphabet. Glove-alphabet; a method of 
manual communication among deaf-mutes, in which 
the letters are indicated by touching various parts of 
the hand. 

Dallas's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Dalmatian Insect Powder. See Buhach. 

Dalton's Theory. The atomic theory of compounds. 

Dalton-Henry Law. See Law. 

Daltonism (dal'-ton-izm) \_Dalton, a physician]. 
Color-blindness. See Blindness. 

Dam. See Rubber Dam and Coffer Dam. 

Damalic Acid (dam-al'-ik ). See Acid. 

Damaluric Acid (dam-al-u'-rik). See Acid. 

Damiana (dam-e-an' -ah ) . The leaves of Turnera 
aphrodisiaca , found in Mexico and Lower California; 
a stimulant tonic and said to be a powerful aphrodi- 
siac. It is the basis of a great number of quack reme- 
dies. D., Ext. Dose gr. ij-x. D., Fid. Ext. 
Dose Ti\_x-3J. Dose of the leaves sjj daily. All 
unot. 

Dammar (dam'-ar) [Hind., damar, resin]. A gum or 
resin resembling copal, produced by various species 
ot Dammara and by various other trees. D., True, 
is obtained from the Dammara oricntalis, a coniferous 
tree, indigenous in the East Indies, and also from 
Dammara anstralis, in New Zealand. The latter 
variety is also known as Kauri, or cowdie resin. The 
former is the variety commonly called dammar in 
commerce. It occurs in masses, coated on the exte- 
rior with white powder from mutual attrition, while 
the interior is pale-amber colored and transparent. It 
is harder than rosin, and splits and cracks at the tem- 
perature of the hand. It is used in the manufacture 
of varnishes. See Cowdie Gum. 

Damp. See Choke-danip ; Black-damp ; Fire-damp. 

Damping Apparatus. The union of the tympanic 
membrane of the ear with the auditory ossicles acting 
as a damper to prevent excessive sympathetic vibra- 
tion for its own fundamental note. 

Dance [dans) [Fr., danser, to dance]. Any measured 
tread or system of steps accompanied by music. Also, 
any motion of the body caused by an abnormal 
nervous stimulus. D., St. Vitus's. See Chorea. D. 
Plague. Synonym of Chorea. 

Dancel's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Dancer's Cramp. SeeCramp. D. Palsy. See Palsy. 

Dancing Mania. See Choromania. 

Dandelion (dan'-de-li-on). See Taraxacum. 

Dandruff (dan'-druf). See Seborrhea, Pityriasis, and 
Alopecia fitrfuracea. 

Dandy (dan' -de) [Hind., dandi, a boatman]. I. In 
India, a kind of stretcher or hammock of canvas with 
a bamboo frame. It is serviceable in the transportation 
of the sick and wounded. 2. See Colic, Endemic. 
D. Fever. See Dengue. 

Danforth's Oil. See Naphtha. 
23 



Daniell (dan'-yel) [Daniell, an electrician]. A unit of 
electric measurements equal to 1. 124 volts. D. 
Cell. See Cell 
Daniella (dan-e-el'-ah) [Dr. Daniell, a traveler]. A 
genus of leguminous trees of W. Africa. D. thuri- 
fera, the only species of this genus affording olibanum, 
or true frankincense. 

Dantec, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Table of. 

Danube Fever (dan' '-fib fe'-ver). A febrile affection 
of remittent or relapsing type observed in sailors and 
others that have sailed on and have drunk the water 
of the Danube River, characterized by symptoms of 
gastro-intestinal derangement, albuminuria, hematuria, 
edema, uremic symptoms, profuse perspiration, en- 
larged spleen, and nervous symptoms. Its precise 
nature is unknown ; possibly it is the same as Malta 
fever, Rock fever, Cretan fever, Mediterranean fever. 

Daphne (daf'-ne) [dapvr/, the laurel]. A genus of thy- 
melaceous shrubs, mostly poisonous or acrid. See 
Mezereon. 

Daphnetin (daf -net-in) [datpvri, the laurel], C 9 H 6 4 + 
H 2 0. A substance obtained by the decomposition of 
the glucosid daphnin. It crystallizes in yellow needles 
or prisms, melting at 255 C. 

Daphnin (daf'-nin) {pafyvri, the laurel], C 15 H 16 O g + 
2H 2 0. I. A glucosid isomeric with esculin ; it is ob- 
tained from the bark of Daphne alpina, and forms 
prismatic transparent crystals having a bitter taste 
and melting at 200 C. 2. See also Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Darier's Disease. Psorospermose folliculaire vegetante ; 
Keratosis follicularis ; Ichthyosis sebacea cornea ; a 
disease of the skin commencing on the face or trunk, 
but ultimately spreading to other parts of the body, 
and characterized by the development of papules of 
small size and dirty-red color, with firmly-adherent 
grayish-brown, black, or gray horny crusts. These 
crusts can be squeezed out of the papules by the 
thumb-nails. In some places the lesions may become 
confluent. The disease progresses slowly, and the 
papules may assume considerable size. Ulceration of 
their surfaces may occur, or the tumors may suppurate 
en masse. The disease occurs usually in males. Its 
etiology is obscure. See Diseases, Table of. 

Darnel (dar'-nel). See Lolium. 

D'Arsonval's Oven. See Oven. 

Dartoic, or Dartoid (dar-to'-ik, or dar'-toid) [paprdc, 
flayed]. Pertaining to or resembling the dartos. D. 
Myoma. See Myoma. 

Darton's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Dartos (dar'-tos) \fapr6q, flayed]. The contractile 
fibrous layer beneath the skin of the scrotum. 

Dartre (dar'-tr) [Fr.]. Any herpetic or other chronic 
skin-disease ; a term vaguely used in French and the 
older English medical literature. 

Dartrous (dar'-trus) [Fr. , dartre~\. Of the nature of 
tetter or herpes ; herpetic. 

Dartsac (dart'-sak). A muscular sac containing a cal- 
careous or chitinous dart or rod, opening into the clo- 
aca of certain gasteropods. (Helix.) 

Darwin's Ducts. See Ducts. D. Ear. See Ear, 
Deformities of, Darwinian Tubercle, and Diseases, 
Table of . D. Theory of Heredity. See Heredity. 

Darwinian Tubercle. A nodule or eminence some- 
times seen on the edge of the helix of the ear ; it is 
believed to be a relic corresponding to the point of 
an ape's ear. 

Darwinism (dar'-win-izm). [Named after Charles 
Darwin, a celebrated naturalist]. The theory of de- 
scent by evolution, as modified by the doctrine of the 
survival of the fittest. See Neo- Darwinism and 
Evolution. 



DASTRE-MORAT'S METHOD 



354 



DEATH 



Dastre-Morat's Method. See Anesthetic. 

Dasyma (das'-im-ah). Same as Hirsnties. 

Date-disease. See Aleppo Boil. D. -fever. Syn- 
onym of Dengue. 

Datisca (da-tis'-kah) [L.]. A genus of herbs, some- 
what allied to the cacti. D. cannabina, of Asia and 
the Levant, is antiperiodic and antiscrofulous. D. 
glomerata is a Californian species. 

Datiscin (da-tis'-in) [Datisca], C 21 H 22 ]2 . A starch- 
like glucosid from Datisca cannabina ; it is a good 
yellow dye. 

Datura (da-tiZ-rah) [Hind., dhatura, a certain plant]. 
A genus of Solanacese, or night-shade family. D. 
stramonium. See Stramonium. D. tatula, a plant 
belonging to the nightshade family, closely resembling 
stramonium in its therapeutic and physiologic properties. 
It has been smoked with advantage in asthma. Unof. 

Daturin (da-tu'-ri)i) [Hind., dhatura, a certain plant]. 
A poisonous alkaloid from the thorn-apple. See 
A tropin. 

Daturism [daf -u-rizm) [Hind., dhatura, a certain 
plant]. A morbid condition of mind and body in- 
duced by excessive dosing with stramonium [Datura); 
stramonium-poisoning. It is nearly or quite identical 
with atropism. 

Daubenton's Angle. See Angle. D. Line. See 
Line. D. Plane. See Plane. 

Daughter (daw'-ter) [AS., dohtor, daughter]. A 
female child or descendant. D.-cell. See Cell. D.- 
cyst, a cyst formed within a cyst. D. -nuclei. See 
Karyokinesis. D.-star, an amphiaster. See Karyo- 
kinesis. 

Dauvergne's Apparatus. An apparatus used for treat- 
ing old dislocations of the shoulder. 

Davat's Operation. See Ope?-ations, Table of. 

Davidsohn, Pupillary Reflex of. The light reflected 
through the pupil in transamination, when the electric 
light is held in the mouth. 

Daviel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Davier (dah'-ve-a) [Fr.]. A tooth-forceps ; a lion-for- 
ceps. 

Davies and Dale's Carmin Mass. A warm- flowing 
mass for injecting tissues. Digest in a flask for thirty- 
six hours, at the ordinary temperature, 1 1.6 grams of 
carmin in a mixture of 15 c.c. of ammonia (0.92 
strength) and 118 c.c. of water. Filter, and dilute 
with water to 472 c.c. Dissolve 38.88 grams of po- 
tassium alum in 295 c.c. of water, and add, with con- 
stant boiling, a solution of sodium carbonate until a 
slight precipitate is produced. Boil and add to the 
carmin fluid, shaking vigorously. A drop of the fluid, 
when placed on a white filter-paper, should show no 
color-ring. Allow it to cool and settle for a day or two, 
and draw off the supernatant fluid with a siphon. 
Wash, by decantation, until the wash- water ceases to 
give a precipitate with barium chlorid. So much 
water must be kept with the color that it shall measure 
1 180 c.c. For use soak 100 grams of gelatin in 750 
c.c. of this fluid and melt over a water-bath. 

Davies-Colley Operations. See Operations, Table 
of. 

Davis's (Leon) Sign. See Death. 

Davy's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. D. 
Operation. See Operations, Table of. D. Tests. 
See Tests, Table of. 

Day's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Day-Blindness. See Nyctalopia ; also Hemeralopia. 

Daymare (da'-mar). A state of temporary distress 
and terror, resembling nightmare, but coming on 
when the patient is awake. It is thought to be due to 
a diseased state of the blood-vessels of the brain. 

Dead (ded) [AS., dead, dead]. Without life; desti- 



tute of life. D.-born. Still-born. D. Finger. See 
Sphaceloderma and Night-palsy. D. -house, a morgue; 
an apartment in a public institution for keeping 
dead bodies. D. Nettle. See Lamium. D. Voice, 
a voice without nasal resonance. The so-called nasal 
voice. 

Deadly (ded'-le) [AS., dead, dead]. Capable of caus- 
ing death ; fatal ; mortal. D. Nightshade. See 
Atropa and Belladonna. 

Deaf (def, or def) [AS. , deaf deaf]. Without the 
sense of hearing. A condition of impaired hear- 
ing. D.- dumbness. See Deaf mutism. D.- 
fields, two small triangular planes, converging toward 
the external auditory meatus, and in which the vibrat- 
ing tuning-fork is not heard. D.-mute, one who 
suffers from deaf-mutism. D. -mutism, a condition 
of deafness or impaired hearing, accompanied by im- 
perfect development (congenital), or loss of speech. 
D. -points, some points near the ear in which a vibra- 
ting tuning-fork cannot be heard. 

Deafness (def-nes) [AS., deaf, deaf]. The condition 
of being deaf; surdity. D., Boilermakers', chronic 
labyrinthine deafness resulting from constant exposure 
to loud sounds. Bone-conduction is impaired, and 
there are destructive and atrophic changes throughout 
the cochleae, most marked at the base. D., Mind. 
See D. , Psychic. D., Music, a variety of psychic 
deafness in which, although musical sounds are heard, 
they are not recognized as such. D., Paradoxic, 
called also Paracousia Willissii, deafness for speech 
in silence, but with ability, e. g., to hear the same 
voice in a noisy car or street. This is said to be 
caused by compression of the labyrinth. It is a form 
of otopiesis. D., Psychic, the deafness from de- 
struction of the auditory center (Munk). Sounds are 
heard, but not recognized or understood. D., Word, 
a variety of psychic deafness in which, although words 
be heard, they are not comprehended. 

Death (detli) [AS., death, death]. The cessation of 
life. D., Apparent, a term applied to a cataleptic 
state in which respiration and circulation are so feeble 
as to be inappreciable. D., Black, an exceedingly 
fatal epidemic called the " Plague," which occurred 
in Europe during the 14th century, during which it is 
estimated 20,000,000 people died. D. Camass. See 
Camass. D., Localized. See D., Somatic. D., 
Molecular, caries; ulceration. D.-rate, a term 
arbitrarily expressing the mortality of a place, based 
upon the number of deaths for each 1000 of population 
during a period of one year. D. -rattle, the pe- 
culiar sound produced by the passage of air through 
mucus in the throat of a dying person. D., Signs 
of, certain indications of death, such as cessation of 
the heart's action, and respiration, vigor of the body, 
healthiness of the tissues, etc. See D. , Tests of. D., 
Somatic, death of the organism as a whole, in dis- 
tinction from localized D., or necrosis, and gangrene. 
D., Tests of: Dr. Richardson summarizes the more 
important as : I. Absence of the pulsation of the heart. 
2. Absence of the respiratory murmur. 3. Pressure 
on veins (Fillet test). 4. Electric test for muscular 
irritability. 5. The ammonia hypodermatic test 
(Monteverde' s sign). 6. Coagulation of the blood in 
the veins. 7. Rigor mortis. 8. Decomposition. 
Balfour's Test, a test for the action of the heart in 
apparent death. He proposed sticking into the skin 
over the heart needles having little paper flags fixed in 
their blunt ends. Should there be contraction of the 
heart-muscle, such movement would be commu- 
nicated to the paper flags. Cloquef s Needle Test, 
a bright needle plunged into the body of the 
biceps muscle and left there for a time ; then ex- 



DEBILITANT 



355 



DECIDUA 



amined for signs of oxidation. If found, life is pre- 
sent. Davis's {Leon) Sign, after death the arteries 
are pale or yellowish, and empty of blood, 
whilst during life the vessels pulsate, and have 
the color of the surrounding tissues. Diaphanous 
Test, the scarlet - red color of the finger - edges 
when held toward the light, due, if life exists, to 
the blood circulating through the tissues. The 
scarlet tint does not appear if life is extinct. The test 
is not to be relied on in all cases, as in syncope the 
red coloration may be absent. Fillet Test : Richard- 
soil's Test, a fillet applied to the veins of the arm will 
not cause filling of the veins on the distal side of the 
fillet if death be present. Fouberfs Test consists in 
cutting through one of the intercostal spaces and feeling 
the heart with the point of the finger. Laborde' s Sign. 
Same as Cloauefs Needle Test. Larcher's Sign, soon 
after death the conjunctivae exhibit externally gray, 
cloudy discolorations, that rapidly become black. They 
are due either to the formation of films of mucus, or to 
cadaveric imbibition dependent on putrefactive changes. 
Levasseur ' s Sign, the application of a scarificator and 
cupping-glass will fail to draw blood if life has been ex- 
tinct for some hours. Magnus's Sign, if a finger be 
tightly bound round with a ligature, the part beyond 
the constriction will, if the person be living, become 
bright red, the tint increasing in depth until it finally 
assumes a uniformly bluish-red color. At the spot, 
however, where the ligature is applied, a narrow 
white ring becomes visible. No change results from 
the application of the ligature if life be extinct. Mon- 
teverde^s Sign, the injection subcutaneously during life 
of a little ammonia solution will be followed by a 
port-wine congestion in surrounding parts, which does 
not take place in case of death. Ripault Sign, during 
life the circular shape of the pupil is influenced by 
external pressure only during its actual application. 
After life, however, external pressure is capable of 
permanently affecting the normal roundness of the 
pupillary aperture. D. Trance, trance that closely 
resembles death. 

Debilitant [de-bit' -it-ant) [debilitare, to weaken]. I. 
Weakening. 2. A medicine that weakens. 

Debility (de-bil'-it-e). See Asthenia. 

Debove's Membrane. See Alembraiie. D. Method. 
See Treatment, Methods of. 

Debridement (da-bred' -mon(g)) [Fr., debridement']. 
The enlarging of a gunshot wound or a hernia with the 
knife ; the slitting of any constricting tissue or band. 

Debrunner's Tests. See Tests, Table of. 

Decacerous (de-has' '-er-us) [tieica, ten ; Kepac, horn]. 
In biology, having ten horn-like processes, tentacles 
or arms. 

Decagram (deh'-a-gram) [6ma, ten ; ypafiua, a certain 
weight]. Ten grams or 154.32349 grains, 0.353 ounce 
avoirdupois, oro.3215 ounce troy. See Metric System. 

Decagynous (dek-aj'-in-us) [6kna, ten ; yvvi], female]. 
In biology, with ten pistils. 

Decalcification (cie-kal-sifik-a'-shun) [de priv.; calx, 
lime ; facere, to make] . The loss of the lime-consti- 
tuent of bone in some cases of osteitis. 

Decalcified Bone-Drain. A drainage-tube made of a 
decalcified chicken-bone. * 

Decalcify (de-kal' -sif-i) [de priv. ; calx, lime; facere, 
to make] . To remove lime-salts from tissues previously 
to section-cutting for histologie examination. An acid is 
usually combined with a hardening agent to prevent 
swelling of the tissues. The best decalcifying fluids 
are Arsenious Acid, Chromic Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, 
Exner's Solution, Hydrochloric Acid and Glycerin, 
Nitric Acid, Nitric Acid and Chromic Acid, Picric 
Acid. See Reagents and Stains, Table of. 



Decalcifying Fluid (ile-kal' -sifi-ing fiu' -id). A solu- 
tion used for the purpose of depriving tissue of its 
calcium salts. Chromic acid I gram, water 200 c.c. , 
then add 2 c.c. nitric acid, — is commended. 

Decaliter, Decalitre (dek' -a-le-ter) [Sena, ten ; Xhpa, 
a pound]. Ten liters, or i\ imperial gallons, or 2.64 
U. S. gallons. See Metric System. 

Decalvant (de-kal' -vant) [decah-ans, depilatory]. Re- 
moving hair ; depilatory ; causing baldness. 

Decamerous (dek-am' '-er-us) \_6kna, ten ; uipoc, a part]. 
In biology, ten-parted, as a flower. 

Decameter, Decametre (dek' -a-me-ter) [titan, ten ; 
/zerpov, a measure}. Ten meters or 393.7 English 
inches, or 32.8 feet. See Metric System. 

De Candolle, Canal of. See Canal. 

Decandrous (dek-an'-drus) [&kna, ten; avijp, male]. 
In biology, having ten stamens. 

Decane (dek' -an) [Sim, ten], C 10 H 22 . A hydrocarbon 
of the paraffin series. 

Decantation (de-kan-ta'-shun) [de, down ; cantus, a 
side]. The operation of removing the supernatant 
fluid from a sediment. It may be poured oft by means 
of a guiding-rod, or drawn off by means of a siphon. 

Decapetalous (dek-ap-et'-al-us) [(Una, ten; TreraAov, a 
leaf]. In biology, having ten petals. 

Decaphyllous (dek-af'-il-us) [6ei<a, ten; <j>vXlov, a leaf]. 
In biology, ten-leaved. 

Decapitation (de- kap-it-a' -shun) [de, from ; caput, 
head]. Division of the neck of the child in labor, 
when delivery and version are both impossible. This 
is sometimes called decollation. 

Decapitator (de-kap' -it-a-tor) [de, from ; caput, head]. 
An instrument used in performing decapitation. 

Decapod (dek'-a-pod) [diaa, ten ; 7rof)f (tco6-), foot]. In 
biology, having ten feet, rays, or arms. 

De Cassis' Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Decay (de-ka') [de, down; cadere, to fall]. 1. Putre- 
factive change. 2. The ultimate catabolic state ; de- 
cline of life, of health, or of any one or more func- 
tions. 

Dece's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Decentered Lens {de-sen' -terd lenz). I. A lens thicker 
at 6ne side than at the other. 2. A lens so mounted 
that the visual line does not pass through its center. 

Decentration (de-sen-tra' -shun) [de, from; centrum, a 
center]. Removal from a center. 

Decephalization (de-sefal-iz-a' -shun) [de, away from ; 
Keipa'Ai/, head]. In biology, applied to retrograde 
changes or simplification in the head parts. 

Decerebrated (de-ser'-e-bra-ted) [de, from ; cerebrum, 
the brain]. Deprived of the cerebrum ; said of birds 
and other animals that have been thus vivisected for 
observational study. 

De Chaumont's Formula. A formula for determining 
the volume of pure air necessary to maintain a certain 
standard of purity in the atmosphere. It is as follows : 

d = — ; d = the volume of air to be delivered per 

hour in cubic feet ; e = the quantity of C0 2 that each 
person is assumed to evolve per hour ; p = the amount 
of impurity in a cubic foot of air. 
Decidua (de-sid'-u-ah) [deciduus, a falling off]. The 
membranous envelop of the ovum derived from the 
mother and cast off at birth with the placenta, etc. 
D., Ovular. See D. reflexa. D., Placental. See 
D. serotina. D. reflexa, that part of the decidua 
growing about the ovum and enclosing it as a sac. 
D. serotina, that part of the decidua vera upon which 
the ovum lies, and from which the placenta is subse- 
quently formed. D., Uterine. See D. vera. D. 
vera, the thickened, vascular, spongy mucous mem- 
brane of the gravid uterus. 



DECIDUAL 



356 



DEELIN.E OLEUM 



Decidual (de-sid' '-u-al) [deciduus, a falling off]. 
Belonging to the decidua. D. Cells, a proliferation 
of young connective-tissue cells above the uterine 
glands, taking place after the ovum is impregnated, 
and producing an hypertrophy of the mucous mem- 
brane of the uterus. D. Endometritis. See 
Endometritis. 

Deciduoma (de-sid-u-o' -mah) [deciduus, a falling off; 
bfia, a tumor: //. Deciduomatd]. An intra-uterine 
neoplasm, containing decidual relics, and believed to 
arise from some hyperplasia of a retained portion of 
the decidua. 

Deciduous (de-sid' -u-us) [de, away,from ; cadere, to fall]. 
In biology, falling off. Applied to leaves that fall in 
autumn, and to the calyx and corolla when they fall 
off before the fruit develops. In dental anatomy, ap- 
plied to the milk-teeth or temporary teeth. D. Skin. 
See Keratolysis. D. Teeth, the temporary teeth or 
milk-teeth are so called because, after subserving the 
purposes of early childhood, they are removed by an 
operation of the economy, to give place to others of 
a larger size and of a more solid texture. See Teeth, 
Temporary. 

Decigram (des' -e-grani) [decimus, tenth ; gramma, 
gram]. One-tenth of a gram or 1.54 grains troy. 
See Metric System. 

Deciliter (des'-e-le-ter) [decimus, tenth; litra , liter]. 
One-tenth of a liter, or 3.52 English fluidounces or 
3.38 U. S. fluidounces. See Metric System. 

Decimeter (des'-e-me-ter) [decimus, tenth; /uerpov, a 
measure]. One-tenth of a meter, or 3.937 inches. 
See Metric System. 

Decinormal (des-e-nor' '-mat) [decimus, tenth ; norma, 
normal]. Having one-tenth the strength of the 
normal, as a solution. 

Deck Plug (dek' plug). A short wooden cylinder that 
may be of various sizes, used by ship-builders, and 
employed in pathologic laboratories for making 
paper boxes in which the specimens may be embed- 
ded. A strip of thin paper is wound around the plug 
and held in place by a rubber band, sufficient paper 
projecting above to form a cylindric box with a wooden 
bottom. 

Declinate (dek'-lin-at) [de, down ; clinare, to bend]. 
In biology, bent downward. 

Declination (dek-lin-a' -shun) [declinare , to decline]. 
The dip of the magnetic needle. 

Declinator (dek'-lin-a-tor) [declinare, to decline]. An 
instrument for keeping the dura out of harm's way 
during the act of trephining. 

Decline [de-klln') \_declinare, to bend]. A marked 
deterioration ; weakness of the body ; an enfeebling 
chronic state of disease : the decreasing stage, as of a 
fever. Also a popular term for Pulmonary tuberculosis. 

Declivis cerebelli (de-kli'-vis ser-e-bel' -i) [L.]. The 
sloping posterior aspect of the monticulus of the cere- 
bellum. 

Decoction (de-kok'-shuii) \_decoqucre, to boil down]. A 
decoction, or " tea." In pharmacy, a liquid prepara- 
tion obtained by boiling vegetable substances in water. 
There are two official decocta, besides one in the 
national formulary, and twelve in the British phar- 
macopeia. 

Decoctum (de-kok'-tuni) [L. : pi. , Decocta']. A de- 
coction. 

Decollated (de-kol' -a-ted) [de, away, from ; collum, 
neck]. In biology, applied to univalve shells the 
apices of which have been lost ; beheaded. 

Decollation (de-kol-a' '-shun). See Decapitation. 

Decollator {de-kol' -a-tor) [decollare, to behead]. An in- 
strument used in embryotomy for decapitating the fetus. 

Decoloration (de-kul-or-a' -shun) [decolorare, to deprive 



of color]. The operation of discharging the color of 
an organic substance, usually by bleaching or by 
filtration through animal charcoal. 

Decolorize (de-kul' -or-lz) [decolorare, to deprive of 
color]. To remove the excess of coloring-matter 
from stained histologic preparations, for purposes of 
differentiation. 

Decomposition (de-kom-po-zish'-un) \_decomponere, to 
decompose]. The separation of the component prin- 
ciples of a body, either by chemic analysis or by 
putrefactive fermentation. 

Decompound \de-kom' -pound) [de, away, from ; com- 
posilus, compound]. In biology, many times com- 
pound, as certain leaves. 

Decongestive (de-kon-jes' -liv) [de, from ; congerere, to 
bring together]. Relieving congestion. 

Decortication (de-kor-tik-a'-shun) [de, from; cortex, 
the bark]. I. The operation of removing or stripping 
the bark or husk of a plant. 2. The stripping off of 
portions of the cortical substance of the brain from the 
summits of the gyri. This lesion is often witnessed in 
post-mortem examinations of the brain after death 
from paretic dementia, and is partly due to the ab- 
normal adhesion of the gray matter to the meninges. 

Decrepit (de-krep'-it) [decrepitus, old]. Broken down 
with age. 

Decrepitation (de-krep-it-a'-shun) [decrepitare, to 
crackle]. The crackling noise made by certain 
crystalline bodies when their water of crystallization 
is driven off by heat. It is caused by the conversion 
of the imprisoned water into steam. 

Decrepitude (de-krep 1 '-it-fed) [decrepitus, decrepit]. 
The state of being decrepit ; senility ; the feebleness 
of old age. 

Decrescent (de-kres'-enf) [decrescere, to decrease]. In 
biology, gradually tapering or diminishing from below 
upward. 

Decubitus (de-ku' -bit-us) [decumbere, to lie down]. A 
term denoting a recumbent or horizontal position. 
Also, the position of a sick person while in bed. D., 
Acute, a form of bed-sore, sometimes seen in con- 
nection with cerebral lesions. 

Decumbent (de-kum'-bent) [de, down ; cumbere, to 
lie]. In biology, bent to one side ; reclining. 

Decurrent (de-kur'-enf) [de, down ; currere, to run]. 
In biology, applied to leaves that are prolonged down 
the side of the stem below the point of their insertion. 

Decussate (de-kus'-at) [decussatus, cross]. In biology, 
arranged in pairs that successively cross each other. 
To intersect. A term applied to nerve-fibers and to 
muscle fibers that interlace. 

Decussatio (de-kus-a' '-she-o) [L. ]. A crossing. D. 
pontinalis (more correctly pontilis), in the pons, a 
decussation of tegmental fibers from the thalamus. 

Decussation (de-kus-a' -shun) [decussatio, a crossing]. 
A chiasma or X-shaped crossing, especially of nerves, 
or of nerve-filaments. The principal decussations are 
that of the optic nerve, and that of the pyramids : i. e., 
of the anterior pyramids of the oblongata. 

Decussorium [de-kus-o* '-re-um) [L.]. An instrument 
for depressing the dura after the operation of trephin- 
ing, so as to facilitate the removal of pus, blood, or 
abnormal effusions. 

Dedentition (de-den-tish'-un) [de, down ; dens, a 
tooth]. The shedding of the teeth, especially the 
milk-teeth. 

Dedolation (ded-o-la' -shun) [dedolatio, a hewing off]. 
The removal of a slice by cutting ; a wound by which 
a part is cut off. 

Deduplication [de-du-plik-a' -shun) [deduplicare, to 
divide in two]. In biology, the same as Chorisis, q. v. 

Deelinse Oleum. A highly refined petroleum oil manu- 



DEEMETINIZE 



357 



DEGRADATION 



factured on the Dee River. It is said to be valuable 
as a local application in eczema, etc. Unof. 
Deemetinize (de-em-ef -in-lz). To deprive ipecacuanha 

of its emetic principle, emetin. 
Deep {dip) [ME. , depe]. Not superficial ; not situated 
near the surface. See Profundus. D. Reflexes. See 
Reflexes, Table of. D. Water, water obtained from a 
porous substance beneath the first impervious stratum. 
Deer-berry (der'-ber-e). A popular name for Gaulthcria 

procumbens. 
Defatigatio (de-fat-ig-a'-she-o) [ L.]. Over-fatigue; 
overstrain, as of the heart-muscle. D. mentis, brain-fag. 
Defecation (def-ek-a'-shun) [defacare, to separate from 
the dregs]. The evacuation of the bowels, or dis- 
charge of feces. 
Defect (de-feet') [defectus, a failure]. A lack or fail- 
ure ; absence of any part or organ ; absence or failure 
of- a normal function. 
Defemination (de-fem-in-a' -shun). See Eviration. 
Defensive Proteids. Hankin's name for those sub- 
stances formed in the bodies of animals that render 
them immune to certain diseases. See also Sozin, 
Phylaxin, Mycosozin, Toxosozin , Mycophylaxin, Toxo- 
phylaxin, Alexin. 
Deferent (def'-er-ent) [deferens, carrying away]. Car- 
rying away or down ; efferent. See Vas. 
Deferentitis (def-er-en-ti' '-lis) [deferens, carrying away ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of a vas deferens. 
Defervescence (de-fer-ves' '-ens) [defervescere, to cease 
boiling]. A term applied to periods during the course 
of fevers in which the temperature falls. 
Defibrillation (de-fi-bril-a' -shun) \_de, from ; fibrilla, 
a small fiber]. The tearing of the brain-substance in 
the direction of the least resistance, in order to make 
cleavage-preparations . 
Defibrination (de-fi-brin-a' '-shun) [de, from; fibra, a 

fiber]. The removal of fibrin from blood or lymph. 
Definition (defin-ish'-un) [definitio; definire, to bound 
by limits]. In optics, the power of an object-glass to 
show clear outlines of area or structure, free from ab- 
erration or distortion. 
Defixus (de-fiks'-us) [defigere, to fasten]. Impotent; 
sexually powerless ; an old term based upon the idea 
of a spell wrought by an enemy being the cause of 
the condition indicated. 
Deflagration (deflag-ra' -shun) [def/agrare, to be con- 
sumed]. A sudden, violent combustion, such as 
accompanies the oxidation of certain inorganic sub- 
stances by mixing with an easily decomposing salt, 
such as the alkaline chlorates and nitrates. 
Deflex (de-fleks') [deflexus, to turn aside]. In biology, 

to bend down. 
Deflorate (de-flo' -rat) [defloratus, to deprive of flow- 
ers]. In biology, said of a plant or anther that has 
lost its pollen or flowers, or is past the flowering slate. 
Defloration (def-lo-ra' -shun) \_de, from ; flora, a 
flower]. On the part of the female the first sexual 
connection effected by consent, not by rape. The loss 
of those marks or features that indicate virginity, as 
rupture of the hymen. 
Defluvium capillorum (de-flu' -ve-um kap-il-or'-um). 

Synonym of Alopecia simplex. 
Defluxion (de-fluk' -shun) \_defluxio ; de, down ; fluere , 
to flow]. I. A catarrh ; a descent of the humors or 
secretions. 2. A rapid falling, as of the hair or eye- 
brows. 
Defcedatio unguium (de-fe-da' -she-o un'-gzve-um) [L., 
" Fouling of the nails"]. Excessive thickness, with 
foul appearance of the nails, which often become partly 
detached from the matrix. 
Defoliate (de-fo'-le-at) [de priv. ; folium, a leaf]. To de- 
stroy the leaves of a plant, or to cause them to drop off. 



Deforestation (de-for-es-ta'-shun) [de, down ; foresta, 
a forest]. The stripping of a country or district of 
its forests, a process that has a direct influence upon 
the public health for good or for evil. 

Deformation (de-for-mq/ -shun) [deformere, to disfigure 
or distort]. A process by which the body or any of 
its parts acquires an abnormal shape. 

Deformity (de-form' -it-e) [deformitas, a deformity]. 
Abnormal shape or structure of a body or any part. 
D., Anterior. See Lordosis. 

Defunctionalization ( defuiik-shun-al-iz-a'-shun) . Fail- 
ure or deprival of a function. 

Degasify [de-gaz'-ifi) [de priv.; gas}. To expel 
from wood, coal-tar or other substance all moisture 
and gaseous material, by means of the application of 
heat. 

Degener's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Degeneration (de-jen-er-a' -shun) [degenerate, to differ 
from ancestors]. Deterioration, degradation, or retro- 
gression of the molecular or cellular structure of a 
tissue, organ, or cell, so that it can no longer maintain 
its function ; passage from an anastate to a catastate, 
or from one catastate to a lower one. Atrophy is a 
form of degeneration. D., Amyloid or D., Albu- 
minoid, now regarded as an infiltration from without, 
and not as a degeneration of the proper cells and 
fibers. See Albuminoid Disease. D., Ascending, 
that which takes place in centripetal fibers after a de- 
structive lesion of the spinal cord. D., Atheromatous. 
See Endarteritis, Chronic. D., Black. Synonym of 
Melanosis and of Anthracosis. D., Calcareous, the 
deposition of insoluble compounds of calcium and 
magnesium within the tissues. Caseation. See Casea- 
tion. Cloudy Swelling. See Cloudy Swelling. D., 
Colloid, akin to mucoid, the disorganized material 
becoming of a structureless, semi-solid, jelly-like con- 
sistence. D., Descending, that which takes place 
in the centrifugal fibers of the cord after a destructive 
lesion between the central cortex and the anterior 
nerve-roots. D., Fatty, the conversion of the proteids 
of a cell or fiber into oil. D., Fibroid, the substi- 
tution of fibrous for a higher grade of tissue. D., 
Glassy, the halo-granular change of the heart-muscle 
seen in fevers. D., Gray, in nervous tissue a de- 
generation due to chronic inflammation, and charac- 
terized by the production of a gray color. D., 
Hyaline, the disorganized tissue becomes shining 
and translucent. D., Hydropsic, a form of de- 
generation in which the degenerating cells imbibe 
large quantities of water. D., Lardaceous. See 
Albuminoid Disease. D., Mucoid, hyper-secretion 
followed by disorganization of the mucus-cells. D., 
Reaction of. See Reaction of Degeneration. D., 
Senile, the widely disseminated degenerative changes, 
largely fibroid in character, that mark old age. D., 
System, degeneration of a system of fibers, in con- 
tradistinction to insular or scattered degeneration. 
D., Waxy. See Albuminoid Disease. D., Zenker's. 
Same as D., Glassy. 

Deglutable (deg-luf -a-bl) [deglutitio , a swallowing ; 
ME., able, capable]. Capable of swallowing, or of 
being swallowed. 

Deglutitio impedita (de-glu-tish'-e-o im-pe-di'-tah). 
Synonym of Dysphagia. 

Deglutition (deg-lu-tish'-un) [deglutitio, a swallowing] . 
The act of swallowing. 

Degmus (deg'-mus) [Sijjfi6c, a sting; pain]. A 
gnawing pain in the stomach. 

Degradation (deg-rad-a' -shun) [degradatio , a descent 
by steps]. Gradual physiologic and histologic change 
for the worse ; degeneration ; retrograde metamor- 
phosis. 



DEGRAS 



358 



DELIRIUM 



Degras (de'-gras). See Leather. 

Degrease (de-gres') [Fr., dkgraisser\. To remove fat, 
as from bones in the preparation of skeletons. 

Degreasing (de-gres' '-ing) [Fr., degraisser~\. Removing 
the fat, as from bones. 

Degree (de-gre') \_de, from ; gradus, a step]. Position 
in a graded series ; quality. The units or intervals of 
thermometric scales. Also, a charter or testimonial 
of qualification granted by a medical or other college. 
In trigonometry the ^^j part of the arc of a circle. 

Degut (de-guf) [Russ.]. Birch oil or tar. See Birch. 

Dehio's Method. A method of outlining the stomach. 
About a quart of water is introduced in separate quan- 
tities of a half-pint each, and after the ingestion of each 
portion, the lower crescentic limit of flatness against 
the tympanitic transverse colon is outlined. The 
normal stomach with this additional weight will not 
quite reach the level of the umbilicus, while in case 
of dilatation its descent will be rapid and considerable. 

Dehisce (de-his') [de, off; hiscere, to gape]. In bi- 
ology, to split open. Applied to the splitting open of 
anthers to shed their pollen, of antheridia to set free 
their antherozoids, of sporangia to shed their spores, 
of certain fruits to shed their seeds, etc. 

Dehiscence (de-his' -ens) [de, off; hiscere, to gape or 
yawn]. In biology, the act of dehiscing or splitting 
open. 

Dehorn [de, away from; ME., horn\. To deprive 
cattle of their horns. 

Dehumanization (de-hu-man-iz-a' -shun) [de, from ; 
humanus, human]. I. The loss of the proper char- 
acteristics of humanity, either by insane persons, or 
by debased criminals. 2. The supposed loss of some 
quality pertaining to the human species ; as in the 
alleged dehumanization of vaccine virus. 

Dehydration (de-hi-dra' -shun) [de, away from ; vdup 
(bt)p-), water]. The necessary removal of water from 
microscopic preparations previously to clearing and 
mounting in balsam. Absolute alcohol is generally 
best ; anilin is used in special cases in which alcohol 
is inadmissible. 96 per cent, alcohol will answer if 
xylol or cedar oil be used as the clearing-agent, and 
should always be used with celloidin sections. It is 
also called Anhydration. 

Deiters* Cells. Certain cellular structures between the 
outer hair-cells of the organ of Corti. Also certain 
nucleated cells at the intersection of the fibers of the 
white substance of nerves. Deiters' Cells (spider- 
cells) are also found in the neuroglia, especially in that 
of diseased brain-tissue. D. Nucleus, a nucleus lying 
in the direct sensory cerebellar tract of the medulla 
oblongata. Its function is unknown. See Nucleus 
niagno-celhdaris. D. Process, the process of a nerve- 
cell, that goes to form an axis-cylinder. 

Dejection (de jek'-sliun) \_dejectio: de, down; jacere, 
to throw]. The discharge of fecal or other excremen- 
titious matter ; the matter so discharged. Also, a 
state of despondency. 

Dejectiones nigrae (de-jek-she-o' '-nez ni'-gre) [L.]. 
Synonym of Alelena. 

Dekagram (dek'-a-gram). See Decagram. 

Dekaliter (dek'-a-le-ter). See Decaliter. 

Dekameter (dek'-a-me-ter). See Decameter. 

Del Toro's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Delafield's Hematoxylin. See Hematoxylin and Stains. 

Delagarde's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Delamination (de-lam-in-a' -shim) [de, away ; lamina, 
a thin metal plate]. In biology, applied to the split- 
ting of the blastoderm into two layers. 

Dela Rue's Method. A method of preparing carminic 
acid. Exhaust cochineal in boiling water. Precipi- 
tate the extract with plumbic acetate slightly acidulated 



with acetic acid, care being taken not to add an excess 
of the lead. Wash the precipitate with distilled water 
until the wash-water ceases to give a precipitate with 
mercuric chlorid ; then decompose it with hydrogen 
sulphid ; filter, evaporate the filtrate to a syrupy con- 
sistence on a water-bath, and dry ; extract the dark- 
purple product with alcohol, which dissolves out the 
carminic acid. See Stains, Table of. 

Delayed Symptoms. A term used as a synonym of 
Shock, Deferred, q. v. 

Deleterious (del-et-e'-re-us) [Sz/h/ri/piog, hurtful]. Hurt- 
ful, injurious. 

Delffs' Tests. See Tests, Table of. 

Delhi Boil (del' -he boil). See Furunculus orientalis. 

Delicate (del'-ik-at) [delicatus, delicate]. Of a refined 
constitution. Feeble. In a condition of poor health. 

Deligation (del-ig-a' '-shun) \_deligatio, a binding]. Li- 
gation, as of an artery ; bandaging, as of a wound. 

De Lignerolle's Operation. See Operations, Table 
of 

Deliquescence (del-ik-wes' -ens) [dehquescere, to melt 
away]. The breaking down as a result of the ab- 
sorption of water from the atmosphere, characteristic 
of certain substances. Such substances are said to be 
hygroscopic. 

Deliquescent (del-ik-wes' -ent) [deliquescere, to melt 
away]. In biology, dissolving; applied to a stem that 
divides into branches. 

Deliquium (del-ik'-we-um) [L.]. An absence. D. 
animi. I . Failure of the mind ; mental decay ; melan- 
choly; lowness of the spirits. 2. Syncope or fainting. 

Delirament (de-lir' -am-ent) \_deliramentum, delirium]. 
Delirium. 

Deliration (de-lir-a'-shun) [Deliratio, delirium]. De- 
lirium. 

Deliriant (de-lir' '-e-ani) [de, out of; lira, the furrow]. 
An agent that acts on the brain, so as to disorder the 
mental faculties and produce confusion of will-power. 

Delirifacient (de-lir-e-fa'-she-ent) [delirium, delirium; 
facere, to make] . Producing delirium. 

Delirious (de-lir' -e-us) [delirus, mad, raving]. Af- 
fected with delirium ; wandering in mind. 

Delirium (de-lir' -e-um) \_dclirium, madness]. A dis- 
turbance of the cerebral functions manifested by im 
paired action of the nerve-centers, characterized by 
hallucinations, an incoherence of speech, a staggering 
gait, etc. D., Alcoholic. See D. tremens. D. 
ambitiosum, a condition of boastfulness that is some- 
times manifest in the course of paretic dementia. D. 
cordis, a peculiar condition of the myocardium re- 
sulting when chloroform vapor is administered above 
a certain point of concentration. The myocardium 
fails to contract and rapidly becomes insensitive to 
stimulation, being thrown only into fibrillary contrac- 
tion. A heart once so dilated beyond the point of its 
ability to re-contract never recovers, and death results. 
D. ebrositatis. See D. tremens. D., Febrile, 
the delirium of fever. D. furibundum, acute ma- 
nia. D. of Grandeur, delirium ambitiosum. D. 
mussitans, low, muttering delirium. D. nervosum, 
the delirium following severe surgical operations, or 
injuries. D. palignosticum, that in which the pa- 
tient asserts that he has been before in a place to 
which he has come for the first time. D. persecu- 
tionis, that in which the patient imagines himself 
the object of persecution. D. potatorum, synonym 
of D. tremens. D., Senile, the delirium of old age; 
dotage. D., Toxic, the delirium caused by poisons. 
D. tremens, the delirium arising from alcoholic pois- 
oning, and usually following some acute sickness, 
overwork, or the shock consequent upon an injury 
or surgical operation. It is characterized by constant 






DELITESCENCE 



359 



DENDRITIC 



tremor, great exhaustion, distressing illusions and 
hallucinations. D. vigilans. See D. tremens. 

Delitescence (del-it-es'-ens) [delitescere, to lie hid]. 
The sudden disappearance of inflammation by resolu- 
tion. Also, the period of incubation of the virus of 
contagious diseases, such as smallpox, etc. 

Delivery (de-liv' -er-e) [Fr., dilivrer; deliberare, to set 
free]. Parturition, childbirth. D., Post-mortem, 
the birth of a fetus after the death of the mother, 
from an accumulation of gases in the uterine cavity. 

Delomorphous (del-o-mor' '-fits) [dijXoq, conspicuous; 
fiopoi/, form]. With open or conspicuous form. D. 
Cells of Rollet, collections of large, oval, or angular, 
well-defined, granular, reticulated, nucleated cells, 
between the membrana propria and the adelomorphous 
cells of the fundus glands of the gastric mucous mem- 
brane. They are called, also, Parietal Cells of 
Heidenhain, or Oxyntic Cells of Langley. The 
secretory part of the tubes is lined by cells called 
Adelomorphous, Central, or Principal Cells. 

Delore's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Delpech's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Delphin (del'-fin). Same as Delphinin. 

Delphini Oleum (del-fi'-ni o'-le-um) [L.]. The oil of 
the common porpoise, Phoccena communis. It is said 
to have all the medicinal virtues of cod-liver oil, 
without the disagreeable qualities of the latter. 

Delphinin (del' -fin-in) [ptO^lviov , larkspur], C 24 H 35 - 
NO,. A poisonous alkaloid from Staphisagria. See 
Staphisagria. 

Delphinium [del-fin 1 '-e-u/n). See Staphisagria. 

Delphinoidin (del-fin-oid' '-in) [6eXtpiviov, larkspur; 
dthg, like]. An amorphous alkaloid derived from 
Stai'esacre. 

Delphisin (del' ' fis-in) [Se?i<piviov, larkspur], C 54 H 46 N 2 8 . 
An alkaloid of Stavesacre occurring in crystalline tufts. 

Delta (del'-tah) [cUXra, the fourth letter of the Greek 
alphabet]. The vulva, from its triangular shape. D. 
mesoscapulae, the triangular area at the root of the 
spine of the scapula. 

Deltidium (del-tid'-e-um) [the Greek letter A, 6k\rd\. 
In biology, applied to the triangular space on a brach- 
iopod shell, between the beak and the hinge. 

Deltoid (del'-toid) [delta, the Greek letter A; euhc, 
likeness]. Having the shape of a delta, or a triangular 
form, as the D. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Delusion (de-lu'-zhun) \_de, from; lusus, play]. A 
false judgment of objective things, as distinguished 
from illusion and hallucination. It is the result of an 
abnormal condition of the brain. A delusion may be 
systematized or unsystematized, the former being the 
more serious and met with in the chronically insane. 

Delusional (de-lu' -zhun-al) [deludere, to delude]. Of 
the nature of a delusion ; characterized by delusions. 
D. Stupor. 'Site Insanity, Confusional. 

Demarcation (de-mark-a' -shun) \_demarcare, to set the 
bounds of]. A line of separation, as between gan- 
grenous and healthy tissue. 

Demarquay's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Demembration (de-mem-bra' -shun) [demembrare, to 
deprive of a limb or limbs]. The cutting off of a 
member ; amputation ; castration. 

Dement (de'-ment) [demens, insane]. An insane per- 
son ; one who is demented. 

Dementia (de-men' -she-ah) [de, out of; mens, the 
mind]. A mild form of insanity marked by imper- 
fect conception, illogical sequence of expression, loss 
of reflection, and impaired perception. There is par- 
tial loss of self-control and self-respect. Dementia is 
often a final stage of other forms of insanity. It is 
described under the various forms of secondary, 
senile, organic, and alcoholic. There is a general 



atrophy of the brain-substance, with a compensatory 
thickening of the brain-membranes, and an increase 
of the fluid of the brain and of the neuroglia. 

Demersal, or Demersed (de-mer'-sal, or de-merst') 
[demersus, plunge into]. In biology, growing beneath 
the surface of water, as the eggs of the catfish. 

Demi- (dem'-e-). A Latin prefix denoting one-half. 

Demilune Cells (dem'-e-lun selz) [demiius,ha.\f; luna, 
moon]. See Cell. D. C. of Adamkiewicz. A pecu- 
liar form of nerve- corpuscle lying below the neuri- 
lemma of medullated nerve-fibers ; it is stained yellow 
by safranin. D. C. of Heidenhain, half-moon shaped 
bodies lying between the cells and the membrana 
propria of the alveolus in the salivary glands. 

Demimonstrosity (dem-e-mon-stros'-it-e) [demi, half; 
monstruosus, monstrous]. A variety of congenital 
deformity that does not give rise to appreciable dis- 
order of function. 

Demme, Bacillus and Micrococcus of. See Bac- 
teria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Demnia (dem'-ne-ah) [fii/tviov, a bed]. In biology, 
the subgenital cavities found in the Discomedusce ; 
they are also called respiratory cavities, genital cavi- 
ties, umbrella-cavities of the reproductive organs ; 
infundibula subgenitalia . 

Demodex (de?n' -o-deks) [Hr/fidg, fat, 4 di?f, an insect]. 
A genus of parasitic insects. D. folliculorum, a 
minute parasite found in the sebaceous follicles, par- 
ticularly of the face. It probably does not produce any 
symptoms, though in large numbers it may produce 
acne. See Comedo, also Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Demography ( de-mog' -ra-fe) [ df/i/oc, the people ; 
ypa<t>eLv, to write]. The science of peoples collectively 
considered; social science, including that of vital sta- 
tistics and the consideration of various questions of 
state medicine. 

De Moivre's Hypothesis. An hypothesis that the de- 
crements of population are in arithmetic proportion, 
and that of every 86 persons born, one dies uniformly 
every year until all are extinct. 

Demonolatry (de-mon-ol' -at-re) [Aaifiwv, a demon ; Aar- 
peia, worship] . Insane or delusional worship of devils ; 
the morbid assumption of the character of a witch. 

Demonomania (de-mo-no-ma' -ne-ah) [Saijuov, a devil; 
fiauia, madness]. A form of madness in which a 
person imagines himself possessed of a devil. 

Demonomaniac (de-mo-no-ma' -ne-ak) [dal/iuv, a 
devil ; fiavia, madness]. One who suffers with demo- 
nomania. 

Demonopathy (de-mon-op' -a-the) [ Sai/xuv, a demon ; 
Trddog, disease]. Same as Demonomania. 

Demonstrator (dem'-on-stra-tor) [demonstrare, to 
show]. One who instructs in the practical application 
of the arts and sciences. 

De Morgan's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Demours, Membrane of. See Descemel's Membrane. 

Demulcent (de-mul' -sent) [demulcer'e, to smooth]. I 
Soothing ; locally softening and lenitive. 2. Any 
substance that protects the mucous membranes. It is 
generally of a mucilaginous nature. 

Demutization (de-mu-tiz-a'-shun) [de, not; mutus, 
dumb]. The education of deaf-mutes to speak and 
to understand spoken language by the movement of 
the lips, signs, etc. 

Denan's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Denarcotized (de-nar' -Ico-tlzd) [de, priv.; vapicurindc, 
narcotic]. Having the narcotin removed, as opium. 

Dendrite (den'-drit) [Akvfipov, a tree]. A protoplasmic 
process of a nerve-cell. 

Dendritic, or Dendroid (den-drit'-ik, or den'-droid) 
[HevSpinjc ; dtvApoeidr/t; ; divSpov, a tree]. Tree-like or 
arborescent. The arrangement of the structures that 



DENDROCELUS 



360 



DENTES 



make up the arbor vita of the cerebellum, or that of 
the uterus, is dendritic. 

Dendrocelus (den-dro-se 1 '-/us) [<J<fi>(S/j<w, a tree ; koiVm, 
belly]. In biology, having a branched intestine. 

Dendrodentine (den-dro-den 1 -tin) \_StvSpov, a tree ; 
dentine, tooth - tissue]. In biology, a tooth - tissue 
formed by the blending of the dentine, enamel, and 
cement of many teeth. 

Dendron [den' '-droit) \_6ev6pov, a tree] . Same as Dendrite. 

Dendrostyle (den' ' -dro-sttl) [divdpov, tree ; arv2.og, 
pillar]. In biology, Huxley's term for the stalk of 
the hydroid stage of certain hydrozoans. 

Dengue (deng'-ga) [West Ind.]. A zymotic disease 
somewhat resembling remittent fever, but much more 
severe. It is characterized by racking pain in the head 
and eyeballs, pain in the back and knees, arthralgia, 
catarrhal inflammation of those mucous surfaces that 
are exposed to the air, swollen salivary glands, and 
measly eruptions. Cf. Bacteria, Synonymaiic Table of. 

Denidation (de-ni-da' -shun) \_de priv. ; nidus, a nest]. 
During involution after pregnancy, the process of dis- 
integration and casting off of the superficial portion of 
the uterine mucosa. 

Denis's Plasmin. A precipitate of uncoagulated blood 
with sodic sulphate, and treated with sodic chlorid. 

Denneth's System. See Treatment, Methods of. 

De novo (de no'-vo) [L.]. Anew. 

Dens (deuz) [L. : //. , Dentes\. A tooth. See Teeth. 

Density (den'-sit-e) \_densilas, thickness]. Closeness; 
compactness. In electro-therapeutics, the amount of 
electricity accumulated on a unit of surface. 

Dent (do7t(g)) [Fr.]. A tooth. 

Dentagra (den-tat -grah) \_dens, atooth; aypa, aseizure]. 
I. The Denticeps, an instrument for extracting teeth ; 
a tooth- forceps. 2. The term is also applied to tooth- 
ache. 

Dental (den'-tal) \dens, a tooth : gen., Dentis~\. Pertain- 
ing to the teeth. D. Apparatus, the teeth, together 
with the alveoli in which they are implanted, and the 
jaws ; also a set of artificial teeth. The instruments and 
appliances employed in dental operations are likewise so 
termed. D. Arches, arcades dentaires. The arches 
formed by the teeth when arranged in their sockets in 
the alveolar borders, or the arch formed by the alveolar 
process of each jaw. D. Arteries, the arteries supply- 
ing the teeth. See Arteries, Table of. D. Atrophy, 
atrophia dentalis. See Atrophy of the Teeth. D. Bone, 
dentine. The osseous part of a tooth. D. Canals, the 
canals that perforate the alveoli, and give passage to 
the blood-vessels and nerves that enter the teeth at the 
extremities of their roots. See Canal. D. Caries, 
caries of the teeth. D. Cavity, cavitas pulpse ; cavum 
dentis ; antrum dentale. The pulp-cavity. The cavity 
occupied by the dental pulp in the interior of a tooth. 
Its shape resembles that of the tooth ; it is larger in 
young persons than in old, and when the teeth suffer 
great loss of substance, either from mechanical or spon- 
taneous abrasion, it sometimes becomes completely ob- 
literated. See Abrasion of the Teeth. D. Engine, a 
machine first introduced in 1870, but since greatly im- 
proved, and which has almost wholly superseded the 
use of hand-burs and drills. It is operated like a dental 
lathe, and possesses a flexible cable, or an adjustable 
arm and hand-piece, which afford great facility of 
movement and adaptation. By means of attachments 
to the hand-piece, drills can be operated at a right 
angle with the shaft, at an acute angle, or with a back- 
ward inclination of nearly forty-five degrees. 
Burnishers, discs, etc., are also adapted to these dental 
engines. D. Excavator, an instrument employed for 
the removal of the decayed part of a tooth, preparatory 
to the operation of filling. D. Exostosis. See 



Exostosis of the Teeth. D. File, a file manufactured 
for operations on the teeth. See File, Dental. D. 
Forceps. See Forceps for Extracting Teeth. D. 
Glands. See Gland. D. Groove, a furrow on the 
lower border of the upper jaw early in fetal life, in 
which the teeth are developed. D. Laboratory, a 
room or place where the operations connected with 
mechanical dentistry are performed. D. Necrosis, 
odontonecrosis. See Necrosis of the Teeth. D. Neu- 
ralgia, a form of neuralgia the immediate exciting 
cause of which is owing to some disease of the dental 
pulp. See Odontalgia. D. Organism, the organism 
of the teeth ; the organic structure of these organs ; 
the vital forces that govern them. D. Orthopedia, 
the art of correcting deformity occasioned by irregular- 
ity of the teeth, or other causes. See Irregularity of 
the Teeth. D. Pathology, considers the causes and 
different forms of the various diseases to which the teeth 
are liable. D. Periostitis, periostitis dentium. In- 
flammation of the dental periosteum or peridental 
membrane. See Odontalgia, and Periodontitis. D. 
Pulp, a soft, vascular, and highly sensitive sub- 
stance, of a reddish-gray color, occupying the cavity of a 
living tooth. It also constitutes the rudiment of a tooth. 
The dental pulp is the principal blood-supply and 
nerve-supply of the dentine. D. Pulp, Destruction 
of; there are two methods of destroying the pulp ; one 
by an operation, such as the use of a barbed brooch ; 
the other by the application of some devitalizing agent, 
as arsenious acid. D. Ridges, the projecting borders 
of the primitive dental groove. D. Sac, the sac that 
encloses the developing tooth in the embryo. D. 
Surgeon (chirurgien dentiste), surgeon-dentist, one 
who devotes himself to the study and treatment of the 
diseases of the teeth, and their connections, and the 
adoption of substitutes for them when, by age, accident 
or disease, they are lost. D. Therapeutics, con- 
siders the methods and medicaments used in the treat- 
ment of diseases of the teeth. D.tubuli, the tubes 
occurring in the structure of the dentine. 

Dentalgia (den-lal'-je-alt) [ dens, tooth ; h\yoc, pain]. 
Tooth-ache. 

Dentalis lapis (den-ta'-lis la' -pis) [L.]. Salivary cal- 
culus ; tartar of the teeth. 

Dentaphone (den' -taf-on) \den s, tooth ; (buvij, sound]. 
A modification of the audiphone, q. v., by means of 
which the sound-waves are transmitted through the 
bones of the head to the auditory apparatus. 

Dentarpaga (den-tar' '-pa-gak) [dens, tooth; apirayTj, 
hook]. An instrument for the extraction of teeth. 

Dentate (den' -tat) \_dens, a tooth]. In biology, ap- 
plied to leaves, wings, or other flattened organs that 
have their margins provided with acute teeth that point 
directly outward from the margin. 

Dentatum (den-ta'-tum) [L.]. The dentate nucleus 
of the cerebellum. D. olivse. See Dentoliva. 

Dentes (den'-tez) [L., the plural of dens}. Teeth. See 
Teeth. D. acuti, the incisor teeth. D. adulti, the 
teeth of second dentition. D. adversi, the incisor 
teeth. D. angulares, the canine or cuspid teeth, so 
called, probably, because they are situated at the an- 
gles of the alveolar arch, at the corners of the mouth, 
or from the angular shape of their crowns. D. bicus- 
pidati, bicuspid teeth. D. canini, the cuspid or ca- 
nine teeth ; so called from their resemblance to the 
teeth of a dog. D. cariosi, carious teeth. D. colum- 
ellares, the molar teeth. D. cuspidati, cuspid teeth. 
D. exserti \exsertere, to thrust out], teeth that 
project or are in front of the dental arch, but applied 
more particularly to the cuspidati. D. incisores, in- 
cisor teeth. D. lactei, the milk, temporary, or de- 
ciduous teeth. See Deciduous Teeth. D. molares, 



DENTICULATE 



361 



DENUDATE 



molar teeth. D. primores, Incisors. 

the incisor teeth ; so called 

because they occupy the front 

or anterior part of the dental 

arch. D. sapientiae, the 

wisdom-teeth. A name given 

to the third molar tooth of 

each half of the jaws. D. 

tomici [tomicus, cutting], the 

incisor teeth. 
Denticulate (den - tik' - it - laf) 

[denticulus, a small tooth]. 

In biology, having minute 

dentations. Furnished with 

small teeth. 
Denticulus (den - tik' -it- his) 

[L.]. A little tooth. 
Dentier (don(g)-te-a') [Fr.]. A 

French word signifying a 

base of metal, ivory or any 

other substance, employed as 

a support or attachment for 

artificial teeth. The term is 

also sometimes applied to a 

set of artificial teeth. 
Dentification (den-tif-ik-a'- 

shioi) \_dens, a tooth ; facere, to make] 

tion of teeth. 



Canine. 



Bicuspids. 



Molars. Wisdom tooth. 




The top section of illu 
The forma 



Incisors. 



Canine. 



Milk molars. 





The Temporary Teeth. 

The top section of ill ustration is the upper set, and 

the bottom section is the lower set. 

Dentiform (den'-tif-orm) [dens, a tooth ; forma, shape]. 
In biology, tooth-like. 

Dentifrice (den' -tif-ris) [dens, tooth; fricere, to rub]. 
A substance used for cleansing the teeth. 

Dentigerous (den-tij' -er-us) [dens, a tooth ; gerere, 
to carry]. In biology, bearing teeth. 

Dentinal (den'-tin-al) [dens, a tooth]. Pertaining to 
or composed of dentine. 

Dentinalgia (den-tin-al' '-je-ak) [dens, a tooth ; akyog, 
pain]. Pain in dentine. 

Dentine (den' -tin) [dens, a tooth]. The bony structure 
of the tooth, lying under the enamel of the crown 
and the pericementum of the root. D., Sensitive- 
ness of, a hypersensitive condition of the dentine of a 
tooth, occasioned by distal irritation of the dentinal 
fibrils. See Sensitive Dentine. 

Dentinitis (den- tin-i' -tis) [dens, a tooth; trie,, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the dentinal fibrils. 

Dentiphone (den' '-tif '-on) [dens, a tooth ; (puirij, a voice]. 
A form of audiphone in which the vibrating disc is 
attached to the teeth. 

Dentist (den'-tisf) [dens, a tooth]. Dentista ; odontia- 
ter ; a dental surgeon. See Dental Surgeon. 



The Teeth of an Adult. 
stration is the upper set, and the bottom is the lower set. 

Dentistry (den' -tis-tre) [dens, a tooth]. Odontotechny ; 
odontiatria ; odontotherapia ; dental surgery, embrac- 
ing everything pertaining to the treatment and re- 
placement of the loss of the natural teeth. 

Dentitio (den-tis/z'-e-o) [L.]. Dentition. 

Dentition (den-tish' -tin) [dens, a tooth]. The cutting 
or first appearance of the teeth in infancy. Also, the 
arrangement and evolution of the teeth. Dentition is 
primary, that is, the cutting of the temporary or milk 
teeth, and secondary, or that of the permanent teeth. 
There are always some vague symptoms associated 
with the process, such as fretfulness, restlessness, con- 
vulsions, diarrhea, painful and swollen gum, which 
may be relieved by lancing over the protruding 
tooth. 

Dentium (den' -she-urn) [L.: gen. of Dentil"]. Of the 
teeth. D. cavernse, the sockets of the teeth. D. 
cortex, the enamel of the teeth. D. dolor, pain in 
the teeth ; tooth-ache. D. nitor, enamel of the teeth. 
D. scalptura, lancing of the gums. D. vacillantia, 
looseness of the teeth. 

Demography (den-tog' -ra-fe) [dens, a. tooth; ypaipi/, 
a description] . A description of teeth. 

Dentoliva (den-tol' -iv-ah) [dens, a tooth ; oliva, an 
olive]. Dentatum olivae ; olivary nucleus; a capsule 
of cinerea within the oliva of the brain. 

Dentology (den-tol' -o-je) [dens, a tooth ; Xoyoc, science]. 
A treatise on the teeth. 

Dentonomy (den-ton' -o-me) [dens, a tooth ; v6/iog, a 
law]. The arrangement of the teeth into classes. 

Dentos (den'-tos) [dens, tooth ; os, bone]. Tooth' 
bone ; tooth-substance. 

Dentrification (den-trif-ik-a' -sJiun) [dens, a tooth ; 
facere, to make]. The deposition of lime-salts on the 
enamel and dentine of the teeth. 

Dents (dahnt) [Fr.]. Teeth. D. bicuspidees, the 
bicuspid teeth. D. coldes, neck of the teeth. D. 
canides, the canine teeth. D. de lait, the milk or 
temporary teeth. D. machelures, the molar teeth. 
D. molares, the molar teeth. D. multicuspidees, 
the large molar teeth. D. ceilleries, canine teeth. 

Denture (den'-c/iiir) [dens, a tooth]. A complete set 
of teeth ; the whole assemblage of teeth in both 
jaws. 

Denudate (den'-u-ddt) [denudare, to strip]. In bi- 
ology, lacking covering, as scales, hair, foliage. 



DENUDING 



362 



DERENCEPHALOCELE 



Denuding 1 {den-u' '-ding) [denudare, to denude]. A 
stripping or making bare. D. of the Teeth, an affec- 
tion that consists in the gradual destruction of the 
enamel of the anterior or labial surfaces of the inci- 
sors, "cuspidati, and sometimes of the bicuspids ; the 
molars are rarely affected by it. 

Denutrition [de-nu-trish' '-uri) [de, from; nutriare, to 
nourish]. The breaking down or atrophy of tissue 
arising from lack of nutrition. The opposite of nutri- 
tion. 

Deobstruent {de-ob' -stru-eni) [de, from ; obstruere, to 
obstruct]. A medicine that removes functional ob- 
structions of the body. An aperient. 

Deodand {de'-o-dand) [dens, God ; dare, to give]. A 
fine formerly imposed on an inanimate thing or animal 
that had caused the injury or violent death of a person. 

Deodorant {de-od'-or-ani) [de priv. ; odorare, to smell]. 
A substance that removes or corrects offensive odors. 

Deodorizer {de-o' -dor-i-zer) [de priv. ; odorare, to 
smell]. A deodorizing agent; a substance that de- 
stroys offensive odors. 

Deontology {de-on-tol' -o-je) [Seov, right, binding ; \6yoQ, 
science]. The science of duty. D., Medical, medi- 
cal ethics. 

Deoppilant, or Deoppilative {de-op' -il-ant, or de-op- 
pil r -at-iv) [de, from; oppilare, to stop]. I. Deob- 
struent ; aperient. 2. An aperient medicine. 

Deorsum {de-or'-sum) [L.]. Downward. D.vergens. 
See Vergens. 

Deossification {de-os-if-ik-a' -shun) \_de, away ; cf.bone; 
facere, to do] . The absorption of bony material ; the 
deprivation of any part of its bony character. 

Deoxidation {de-oks-id-a' -shun) \_de, from; oxidatns, 
having oxygen]. In chemistry, the separation of an 
element or compound from the oxygen held in com- 
bination. Reduction. 

Deozonize {de-o' -zon-iz) [de, from ; b r uv, to smell]. 
To deprive of ozone. 

Depauperate {de-paw' -per-at) \_de, intensive ; pauper, 
poor]. 1. To render poor; to pauperize; to im- 
poverish. 2. Impoverished ; ill-nourished ; under- 
fed, and under-grown. 

Depilation {dep-il-a' -shun) \_depilatio, removal of hair]. 
The removal of hairs. 

Depilator {de-pi// -a-tor) [depilare, to remove the hair]. 
An instrument for pulling out the hair. 

Depilatory {de-pil' -at-or-e) [de, from; pi/us, the hair]. 

1. Having the power to remove the hair. 2. A sub- 
stance used to destroy the hair, usually a caustic al- 
kali. 

Deplethoric {de-pleth'-or-ik) [de priv ; irATjdapq, ple- 
thora]. Marked by absence of plethora. 

Depletion {de-ple' -shun) [dcplere, to empty]. The 
process of diminishing the quantity of any tissue or 
fluid of the body, especially the blood. It may be 
general or local, the former by venesection and purg- 
ing, and the latter by leeching, cupping, or scarifica- 
tion. 

Depletive, Depletory {de-ple' -tiv, de-ple' -tor-e) [deplere, 
to empty]. I. Causing or tending toward depletion. 

2. A medicine that depletes. 

Deplumation {de-plu-ma' -shun) [de, down, off ; plnnia, 
feather]. The loss of the eyelashes. 

Depolarization {de-po-lar-iz-a'-shun). Destruction of 
polarity. The neutralization of the opposite poles of 
a magnet. The neutralization or recombination of 
light-waves that have been separated by means of a 
Nicol prism. 

Deposit (defos'-it) [de, from; ponere, to place]. A 
gathering of particles that have been held in suspen- 
sion. A gathering of morbid or normal matter in any 
part of the body. See Urinary Deposit. 



Deposition {de-po-zisli' -un) . See Couching. 

Depositive {de-poz' -it-iv) [deponere, to lay aside]. 
Tending to or characterized by a morbid deposit ; 
exudative. 

Depravation {dep-rav-a' -shun) [depravare, to vitiate]. 
A deterioration or morbid change in the secretions, 
tissues, or functions of the body. 

Depressant {de-pres'-ant) [deprimere, to press down]. 
A medicine that retards or depresses the physiologic 
action of an organ. A sedative. D., Cardiac, one 
that lowers the action of the heart. D., Cerebral, 
one that arrests the functions of the cerebrum. D., 
Motor, one that lowers the activity of the spinal cord 
and motor apparatus. 

Depressio {de-pres' -e-o) [L.]. A depressing. D. 
cataractae. Synonym of Couching. 

Depression {de-presh' -wi) [depressio ; deprimere, to 
depress]. In anatomy, a hollow, or fossa. In sur- 
gery, displacement inward of the skull, often giving 
rise to pressure on the brain. D. and Elevation, 
one of the Swedish movements, either excentric or 
concentric, in which, while the part is being raised or 
depressed, resistance is made by the patient or operator. 
Depressions, Pacchionian. The depressions on the 
internal surface of the parietal bone that lodge the 
Pacchionian bodies. 

Depressor {de-pres' -or) [deprimere, to depress]. A 
name given to a muscle or an instrument that de- 
presses. See Muscles, Table of. D. Fibers. See 
Pressor. D. of Sims, an instrument for holding back 
the vaginal wall during exploration with the speculum. 
D., Tongue, an instrument for depressing the tongue 
in order to examine the throat. 

Deprimens {dep'-rim-enz) [L.]. 1. Depressing ; press- 
ing down. 2. A depressing muscle. D. auriculae, 
the retrahens auris muscle. D. oculi, the rectus in- 
ferior of the eye. See Muscles, Table of. 

Depurant {dep' -u-rant) [depurare, to purify]. 1. 
Purifying; cleansing. 2. A medicine that purifies 
the animal economy. 

Depurative {dep'-u-ra-tive), or Depuratory {dep'-u-ra- 
tor-e) [depurare, to purify]. Purifying or cleansing. 
D. Liver, same as Amyloid Liver. 

Depurator {dep' -u-ra-tor) [depurare, to purify]. Med- 
icine or device for promoting a depuratory process. 

DeR. A contraction and symbol of the term Reaction 
of Degeneration, q. v. 

Deradelphus {der-ad-el' -fus) [&kpr), neck ; <i(5e/l0<5r, 
brother]. A monocephalic dual monstrosity, with 
fusion of the bodies above the umbilicus, and with 
four lower extremities, and three or four upper. 

Deradenitis {der-ad-en-i' -tis) [dipr), neck ; aSr/v, a 
gland; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
glands of the neck. 

Deradenoncus {dcr-ad-en-ong' -kus) [S'eprri, neck ; a<V/v, 
gland; dyKog, mass]. A swelling of a gland of the 
neck ; a swollen gland of the neck. 

Deranencephalia {der-an-en-sef-a'-le-ah) [Sept/, neck ; 
av priv. ; iyKftpa'Aoi;, brain]. Teratism marked by 
absence of the head and brain, the neck being present. 

Derangement {de-rdnj'-ment). See Insanity. 

Derbyshire Neck {der'-be-sher nek). See Goiter. 

Dercum's Disease. Adiposis dolorosa. A disorder 
characterized by irregular, sometimes symmetric, de- 
posits of fatty masses in various portions of die body, 
preceded by, or attended with, pain. 

Derencephalia {der-en-sef-a' '-le-ah) [Aipri, neck ; «jat0- 
a/ioc, brain]. The condition of being derencepha- 
lous ; teratic absence of cranium, the vestiges of the 
brain being enclosed in the cervical vertebrae. 

Derencephalocele {der-en-sef'-al-o-sel) [&kpri, neck; 
eynetpa'Aoc , brain ; ni/Ar/, tumor]. A protrusion of the 



DERENCEPHALOUS 



363 



DERMATITIS 



brain through a split in one or more of the cervical 
vertebrae. 

Derencephalous (der-en-sef '-al-us) \6£py, neck ; ey/ct- 
tpa'Aoc, brain]. Affected with derencephalia; of the 
nature of derencephalus. 

Derencephalus (der-en-sef '-al-us) \_Skpt], neck; 'tyae- 
<pa'Xoc, brain]. A variety of single autositic monsters 
of the species anencephalus, in which the bones of the 
cranial vault are rudimentary, the posterior portion of 
the occiput absent, and the upper cervical vertebrae 
bifid, the brain resting in them. 

DeRheim's Plaster. A celebrated plaster for chilblains, 
made as follows: Capsicum pods ^j, strong alcohol, 
3 ij ; macerate several days, then add mucilage of 
acacia 5 ij. Stir well and brush over sheets of silk 
or tissue paper, and apply like court-plaster to the 
unbroken chilblain. 

Derivant (der' -iv- ant) \_derivare, to derive]. I. Deriv- 
ative ; revulsive. 2. A derivative medicine or appli- 
cation. 

Derivate (der'-iv-at) \derivare, to derive]. In chemistry, 
a substance that is derived from another. 

Derivation (der-iv-a' '-shun) \_derivare, to derive]. I. 
Derivative action ; the drawing away of a morbid 
process from one part to another ; revulsive treatment. 
2. The supposed suctional power of the heart, or the 
effect of that power upon the circulation. D. Wire, 
in an electric battery a wire connecting two points in 
a closed circuit. 

Derivative (de-riv' -at-iv) [derivare, to turn aside a 
stream]. Diverting or drawing a morbid process from 
its seat ; revulsive. 

Derm. See Derma. 

Derma (der'-mah) [fikpua, the skin]. The skin. The 
true skin. See Cutis. 

Dermad (der' -mad) [Sep/ia, the skin; ad, to]. Ex- 
ternally; toward the skin ; ectad. 

Dermagra (der-ma'-grah). See Dermatagra. 

Dermal (der'-mal) \_5ipjia, the skin]. Pertaining to the 
skin. 

Dermalaxia (der-mal-aks'-e-ah) \_Sepp.a, skin ; pala^la, 
softness]. Morbid softening of the skin. 

Dermalgia (der-mal'-je-ah). See Dermatalgia. 

Dermanoplasty (der-man' -o-plas-te) \_Seppa, skin ; 
ava-KAaoaeiv, to form anew]. Skin-transplantation ; 
skin-grafting ; a method of plastic surgery, in which 
a piece of the whole thickness of the skin is entirely 
removed from one part and transferred to another 
distant part to fill up a gap. 

Dermanyssus (der-man-is' -us) \_6ipjia, skin ; vvaaeiv, 
to prick]. A genus of itch-mites. D. avium is a 
species found on birds and sometimes on the human 
subject. 

Dermapostasis (der-map-os' -tas-is) \6kpfia, skin ; airda- 
raacc, a falling away]. Any skin-disease dependent 
upon some constitutional disorder, and marked by 
metastatic dermal deposits. 

Dermatagra (der-mat-a' -grah) [_dep/j.a, skin ; aypa, 
seizure]. See Pellagra. 

Dermatalgia (der-mat-al' -je-ah) \Sipfta, skin ; aAyoc, 
pain]. Neuralgia of the skin. Rheumatism of the 
skin. Pain in the skin not due to any structural change 
in it. 

Dermatauxe (der-mat-au<ks' -e) \fkp)ia, skin ; av^n, 
augmentation]. Thickening or hypertrophy of the 
skin. 

Dermatic (der-maf -ik) \_HepfiaTiKoc, pertaining to the 
skin]. 1. Relating to the skin. 2. A remedy for 
diseases of the skin. 

Dermatitis (der-mat-i'-tis) \_Skpua, skin ; ltlc, inflam- 
mation]. A generic term used to designate an ill-de- 
fined and extensive group of symptomatic inflamma- 



tions of the skin, characterized clinically by redness, 
heat, swelling, and pain, and terminating in resolution, 
suppuration, gangrene, or chronic dermatitis. D. am- 
bustionis, the form due to burns and scalds. D. bul- 
losa. See Epidermolysis. D. calorica. Synonym 
of Chilblain. D. congelationis. Same as Frost- 
bile. D. contusiformis. See Erythema nodosum. 
D. exfoliativa, an acute or chronic, general or partial, 
inflammation of the skin, in which the epidermis is 
shed more or less freely in large or small scales. See 
Pityriasis rubra. D. exfoliativa infantum vel neo- 
natorum, A' liter's Disease; a severe form of exfolia- 
tive inflammation of the skin, usually unattended by 
fever, which begins between the second and fifth 
weeks of life. About 50 per cent, of those attacked 
succumb to marasmus. D . gangraenosa ; Sphacelo- 
derma ; gangrenous inflammation of the skin. It 
has been observed in cases of cerebral and spinal dis- 
orders, diabetes, etc. It may also be primary in those 
whose constitutions are depraved. The lesions are at 
first reddish or purplish erythematous spots, usually 
on the trunk and extremities ; these vesicate, rapidly 
become gangrenous, and slough ; they are attended 
by fever and constitutional disturbance. Spontaneous 
recovery generally ensues with scar-formation. D. 
gangraenosa infantum ; Varicella gangrenosa, pem- 
phigus gangranosus ; rupia escharotica ; a gangrenous 
eruption following varicella and other pustular erup- 
tions of children. It is a rare condition. If it occur 
while the varicellar lesions are still present, it begins 
on the head or upper part of the body, and, instead of 
the scab being thrown off, ulceration occurs beneath it, 
and often a pustular border with a red areola is formed, 
the whole resembling a vaccination-pustule. On sep- 
arating, a sharp-edged, roundish or oval, conical ulcer 
remains, deep or shallow. Death may result if the 
lesions are numerous, and constitutional disturbance is 
always great. D. herpetiformis, an inflammatory 
skin-disease of an herpetic character, the various le- 
sions showing a tendency to group. It is a protean 
disease, appearing as erythema, vesicles, blebs, and 
pustules. Itching and burning are the most marked 
symptoms. See Hydroa herpetiforme. D., Malig- 
nant, Papillary dermatitis, Paget' s disease of the nip- 
ple. Carcinoma of the nipple. D. medicamentosa, 
Drug-eruptions ; inflammatory eruptions upon the skin 
due to the action of certain drugs taken internally. 
The most prominent are the following : Antifebrin 
produces a kind of cyanosis ; antipyrin, an erythema 
that may be general or partial, but symmetric, af- 
fecting the extensor aspects in preference to the flexor, 
and the limbs more than the trunk ; papules, vesicles, 
and bullae have been noted ; arsenic produces an urti- 
carial, erysipelatoid dermatitis of the face and eyelids, 
a papular rash on the face, neck, and hands, herpes 
zoster, and in large doses pustular, ulcerative, or gan- 
grenous eruptions ; belladonna, a diffuse erythema- 
tous blush and a scarlatiniform eruption ; boric acid 
an erythema; borax, psoriasis, eczema, and erythema; 
bromin and bromids, pustular, erythematous, urticarial, 
bullous, and squamous eruptions ; cannabis indica, a 
vesicular eruption ; chlorate of potash, a fiery, erythema- 
tous and papular eruption, and cyanosis ; chloroform, 
purpuric spots; chloral hydrate, erythema, scarlatini- 
form, bullous, erysipelatous eruptions ; chloralamid, 
scarlatiniform ; chrysarobin, erythema, vesicles ; cod- 
liver-oil, vesicular eruption, acne; copaiba, erythema- 
tous, urticarial, papular eruption; cubebs, papular ery- 
thema; digitalis, scarlatiniform, papular erythema; 
iodin and iodids, pustular, vesicular or bullous, purpuric, 
erythematous, urticarial ; iodoform, punctiform, papular 
and erythematous ; mercury, erythematous, exfoliative 



DERMATOBIA 



364 



DERMOGRAPHIA 



dermatitis; morphin, erythematous; phosphoric acid, 
bullous, purpura ; quinin, eczema, erythematous, ur- 
ticarial, purpuric, vesicular, bullous; resin, urticaria ; 
rhubarb, hemorrhagic and pustular bulla; ; salicylic 
acid, erythema, urticaria, bullse, petechia, vesicles, 
pustules; santonin, urticaria; stramonium, erythema; 
strychnin, scarlatiniform, pruritus, miliaria; sulphonal, 
erythema, purpura ; tannin, urticaria ; tar, erythema, 
vesicles and bullse, acne; lerebene, papular erythema; 
tuberculin, scarlatiniform; turpentine, erythema, pap- 
ules, vesicles. D. papillaris capillitii. Same as 
D. papillomatosa capillitii. D. papillomatosa cap- 
illitii. Acne keloid ; Sycosis frambcesiformis ; a rare 
form of chronic skin-disease affecting the nape of the 
neck and adjacent portion of the skin. The lesions 
consist of minute red papules, which occasionally sup- 
purate, and are usually traversed by a hair. Ulti- 
mately these unite to form extensive, irregular, hard, 
white, or reddish keloid-looking growths from which a 
few brush-like bundles of atrophied, firmly adherent 
hairs protrude. It occurs usually in males of middle 
age. D. repens, a spreading dermatitis, usually fol- 
lowing injuries, and probably neuritic, commencing 
almost exclusively in the upper extremities. D., Seb- 
orrheic ; Seborrheic eczema ; a form of inflammation 
of the skin associated with seborrhea of the scalp, 
due to the direct transference of the same pathogenic 
organism from the head to the region affected. D. 
traumatica, those inflammatory changes in the skin 
resulting from traumatism. D. venenata, a term 
embracing all forms of inflammation of the skin pro- 
duced by external irritating agencies, whether from 
the animal, vegetable, or mineral kingdom. This in- 
cludes the dermatitis produced by rhus-poi-oning. 

Dermatobia (der-mat-o 1 '-be-ah) [Skppa, skin ; flwvv, to 
live]. A bot-fly of Central America, the eggs of 
which are not infrequently deposited in the skin and 
produce a swelling very like an ordinary boil. See 
Macaco Worm and Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Dermatogen (der-maf -o-jeii) [Seppa, skin ; yivqq, pro- 
ducing]. In biology, the layer of cells, in a young 
or growing part, that is destined to become epi- 
dermis. 

Dermatography (der-mat-og' -ra-fe) [dkpfia, skin ; 
yparpeiv, to write]. A description of the skin. 

Dermatoid (der'-mat-oid) [Sippa, skin; elSoc, resem- 
blance]. Like or resembling skin. 

Dermatokeras [der-mat-o- ker' '-as) [Sippa, skin ; Kipaq, 
a horn]. See Cornu cutaneum. 

Dermatol (der'-mat-ol) [Seppa, skin], C 6 H 2 (OH) r - 
C0 2 Bi(OH),. The subgallate of bismuth, which ap- 
pears to be a valuable antiseptic agent. It is especi- 
ally of service in cutaneous affections or lesions 
associated with copious secretion. Dose internally in 
affections of the stomach and intestines, two drams 
daily. It is valuable as a drying antiseptic for dust- 
ing wounds. 

Dermatologist (der-mat-oV -o-jisf) [Seppa, skin ; Abyoq, 
science]. One who is an adept in the treatment of 
skin-diseases. 

Dermatology (der-mat-oF-o-je) [Seppa, skin ; Aoyoc, 
science]. The science of the skin, its nature, struc- 
ture, functions, diseases, and treatment. 

Dermatolysis (der-mat-ol / -is-is) [Sippa, skin ; Avaic, a 
loosing]. An exaggerated form of Molluscum fibro- 
sum , marked by large flaps or folds of hypertrophied 
skin, their commonest sites being the neck, face, but- 
tocks, and chest. The skin-flaps are often deeply 
pigmented, thickened, indurated, and warty. Hyper- 
trophy of the bones or other subjacent tissues may also 
be present. 

Dermatoma (der-mat-o' -mah) [Seppa, skin ; bpa, a 



tumor: //. , Der»iatomata~\. Any tumor of the skin, 
or one made up of dermal elements. 

Dermatomalacia (der-tnat-o-mal-a'-se-ah) [Seppa, 
skin - y pa'Aama, softness]. Morbid softening of the 
skin. 

Dermatomelasma (der-mat-o-mel-az'-maK) [Sippa, 
skin ; pe'Aaapa, a black color]. Addison's disease. 

Dermatomycosis (der-mat-o-mi-ko' -sis) [Sippa, skin ; 
pvKr/c, fungus]. Any skin-disease caused by a para- 
sitic plant-growth. 

Dermatomyoma (der-mat-o-mi-o'-mak) [Seppa, skin ; 
pvc, muscle ; bpa, a. tumor: pi., Dermatomyomata~\. 
Myoma seated upon or involving the skin. 

Dermatoneurosis (der-mat-o-nu-ro'-sis) [Sippa, skin ; 
vevpov, a nerve]. Any neurosis of the skin. 

Dermatonosus (der-mat-on' '-o-sus) [Seppa, skin ; vbaoc, 
disease]. Any skin-disease. 

Dermato-pathology (der-mat-o-path-ol'-o-je) [Seppa, 
skin ; rradoc, disease ; Pibyoc, science] . The pathol- 
ogy of the skin. 

Dermatopathy (der-mat-op' -ath-e) [Sippa, skin ; Tvdflog, 
disease]. Any skin-disease. 

Dermatophony (der-mat-off'-o-ne) [Seppa, skin; (puvfj, 
sound]. The auscultation of the skin ; a process by 
which, it is alleged, the sound made by the blood 
in the vessels of the skin can be heard. 

Dermatophyte (der' -??iat-o-fit) [Seppa, skin ; tyvrbv, a 
plant] . Any species of fungous vegetation that grows 
upon the skin. 

Dermatoplasty (der' ' -tnat-o-plas-te) [Sippa, skin; 
TrAacoeiv, to form]. Plastic surgery of the skin. 

Dermatorrhea (der-mat-oi'-e'-ah) [Seppa, skin; poia, 
a flowing] . An increased secretion from the skin. 

Dermatosclerosis (der-mat-o-skle-ro' -sis). See Sclero- 
derma. 

Dermatosis (der-mat-o' '-sis) [Sippa, skin; vbooq, dis- 
ease: //. Dermatoses]. Any disorder or disease of the 
skin. D. Kaposi. Synonym of Xeroder?na pig- 
mentosum. 

Dermatosome (der'-mal-o-soni) [Seppa, skin; aupa, 
body]. A thickening or knot in the equatorial region 
of each spindle fiber in the process of cell-division. 

Dermatospasmus (der-mat-o-spaz'-mus) [Sippa, skin ; 
airaapu^, spasm]. Cutis anserina, or goose-skin. 

Dermatosyphilis (der-mat-o-si/'-il-is) [Seppa, skin ; 
Syphilus, a Latin proper name]. The cutaneous 
manifestations of syphilis. See Syphiloderma. 

Dermatotomy (der-mat-ot'-o-me) [Seppa, skin ; repveiv, 
to cut]. The anatomy or dissection of the skin. 

Dermatozoon (der-mat-o-zo' -on) [Seppa, skin ; r tiov, an 
animal: pl.Dermatozoa~\. Any animal parasitic upon 
the skin. 

Dermen (der'-men) [Sippa, the skin]. Belonging to 
the derma itself. 

Dermenchysis (der-men'-his-is) [Seppa, skin; eyxvoic, 
a pouring in]. Hypodermatic injection. 

Dermepenthesis (der-?nep-en f -thes-is) [Seppa, skin ; 
eivivOeaic, insertion]. Synonym of skin-grafting. 

Dermexanthesis (der-meks-an-the'-sis) [Sippa, skin; 
eiavd?jai(, eruption : //. Dermexantheses]. Any skin- 
disease marked by a rash-like eruption. 

Dermic (der'-mih) [Sippa, the skin]. Relating to the 
skin. 

Dermocyma (der-mo-si'-mah) [Sippa, skin ; kv pa, the 
fetus]. A form of double monstrosity in which the 
parasite is contained within the skin of the host. 

Dermogastric (der-mo-gas'-trik) [Seppa, skin ; yaari/p, 
stomach]. In biology, applied to structures having a 
connection with the skin and the stomach, as dermo- 
gastric pores. 

Dermographia (der-mo-graf-e-ah) [Sippa, skin ; -)pa- 
<j>eiv, to write]. The condition observed in the so- 



DERMOGRAPHIC 



365 



DESPUMATION 



called autographic skin ; autographism. See Urticaria 
fact it ia. 

Dermographic (der-mo-graf -ik) [deppa, skin ; ypdcjieiv, 
to write]. Affected with dermographia. D. pseudo- 
urticaria. Same as Dermographia. 

Dermographism (der-mo-graf '-izm) [deppa, skin ; 
yp&tpetv, to write]. Autographism. See Autographic 
Skin and Urticaria factitia. 

Dermography (der-tnog* -ra-fe) [deppa, skin ; ypdtpeiv, 
to write]. Dermographia; dermal autographism. 

Dermohemal (der-mo-he'-mal) [deppa, skin ; alpa, 
blood]. In biology, applied to parts of the ventral or 
hemal fins of certain fishes. 

Dermoid (der' -moid). See Dcrmatoid. D. Cyst, a tera- 
toma. 

Dermology (der-mol'-o-je). See Dermatology. 

Dermoneural (der-mo-nu'-ral) [deppa, skin ; vevpov, 
nerve]. In biology, applied to parts of the dorsal or 
neural fins of certain fishes. 

Dermoneurosis (der-mo-nu-ro' -sis). See Dermatoneu- 
rosis. 

Dermoplasty (der' ' -mo-plas-te) [deppa, skin ; Trldaaew, 
to form] . Restoration of skin ; skin-grafting. 

Dermorhynchous (der-mo-ring' '-kits) [deppa, skin; 
pvyxoc, snout]. In biology, having a bill or beak 
covered with skin, as the duck. 

Dermorrhagia (der-mor-a' '-je-aJi) [deppa, skin; pqyvvvat, 
to break forth]. Hemorrhage from the skin; bloody 
sweat ; hematidrosis. 

Dermosclerite (der-?no-skle' -rit) [deppa, skin ; aiO^pdc, 
hard]. In biology, one of the spicular masses found 
in certain actinozoans. 

Dermoskeleton (der-mo-skel' -et-un) [deppa, skin ; 
gke'ketov, a skeleton]. The exoskeleton of inverte- 
brates ; the skin and its appendages. 

Dermo-syphilopathy (der-mo-sifil-op' -a-the) [deppa, 
skin; syphilis; iradoc, affection]. A syphilitic skin- 
disease. 

Dermotomy (der-mof '-o-me). See Dermatotomv . 

Derodidymus (der-o-did' '-im-us) [depTj, neck ; didvpoc, 
double]. A sysomic monstrosity with a single body, 
two necks and heads, two upper and lower extremities, 
with other rudimentary limbs occasionally present. 

Derospasmus (der-o-spaz' -mus) [depr/, neck ; owaapdc, 
spasm]. Spasm or cramp in the neck. 

Dertrotheca (der-tro-the' -kah) [deprpov, a vulture's 
beak ; di/nr/, a sheath]. In biology, the skin of the 
dertrtim or tip of the upper mandible in certain birds. 

Dertrum (der' '-trum) [deprpov, a beak]. See Dertro- 
theca. 

De Salle, Line of. See Lines, Table of. 

Desanimania (des-an-im-a' -ne-ah) [des (dis) priv.; 
animus, mind ; pavia, mania]. Mindless insanity; 
amentia. 

Desault's Apparatus or Bandage. See Bandage. 
D. Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Desbassins' Test. Same as Richmonf s Test. See 
Tests, Table of. D. Splint. See Splint. 

Descemet's Membrane. The internal or posterior 
lining membrane of the cornea. Also called the Mem- 
brane of Demours. 

Descemetitis (des-em-et-i'-tis) [Descemet ; trie, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of Descemet's membrane. 

Descemetocele (des-em-et'-o-sel) \_Descemet ; tafkr), 
hernia]. Hernia of Descemet's membrane. 

Descendens (de-sen' -denz) [descendere, to go down]. 
Downward. D. noni, a branch of the hypoglossal 
nerve. See Nerves, Table of. 

Descent (de-sent') [descensus, a going down]. The 
act of going down ; downward motion. D. Stage 
of Labor, one of the stages in labor, consisting in 
the entrance of the fetal head into the pelvis. D. of 



Testicle. See Testicle. D. of Womb. See Pro- 
lapsus. 

Deschamps' Angle. See Angle. 

Deshler's Salve. The compound resin cerate of the 
pharmacopeia. 

Desiccant (des'-ik-ant) [desiccare, to dry up]. I. Caus- 
ing desiccation ; drying. 2. A drying medicine or 
application. 

Desiccation (des-ik-a'-shun) [desiccare, to dry up] . The 
process of removing moisture from solids and organic 
tissues. 

Desiccative (des'-ik-a-tiv) [desiccare, to dry up]. I. 
Drying; desiccant. 2. A medicine or application 
having the property of drying moist tissues, ulcers and 
running sores. 

Desma (dez'-mah) [dtapa, a band]. In biology, a 
term applied to irregular sponge-spicules. 

Desmachyme (des'-niah-klm) (diopa, a band ; %vpdc, 
juice]. In biology, the connective tissue of sponge. 

Desmacyte (des'-mah-sit) [deapa, a band ; Kvroc, a 
cell]. In biology, one of the connective-tissue cells 
of a sponge. 

Desmarres' Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Desmitis (des-mi'-tis) [deapug, ligament]. Inflamma- 
tion of a ligament. 

Desmobacterium (des-mo-bak-te' -re-um) [deapdr, band; 
fianTriptov, a small staff: //. £>esmobacteria~[. A group 
of microbes, so-called by Cohn, corresponding to the 
genus Bacillus of Klein. 

Desmodactylous (des-mo-dak'-til-us) [decide, a band; 
dd/cru/loc, a finger or toe]. In biology, having the 
flexor tendons of the toes united. 

Desmodynia (des-mo-din' -e-ah) [Seafioc, a band ; bSiivrj, 
pain]. Pain in a ligament. 

Desmognathism (des-mog'-na-thizm) [deo/ioc, a band; 
yvddoc, jaw]. Union of the maxillo-palatine bones 
across the middle line ; normal in certain birds, as 
hawks, ducks, etc. 

Desmognathous (des-mog' -na-thus) [<ha/u6c, a band ; 
yvddoc, a jaw]. In biology, applied to birds of the 
" bound palate " type, in which the vomer is small or 
absent, the maxillo-palatines united, and the palatines 
and pterygoids articulate directly with the sphenoid. 

Desmography (des-mog' -ra-fe) [Seauoc, a ligament! 
ypdosiv, to write] . The description of the ligaments. 

Desmoid (des'-moid) [6kup.ri, a bundle ; eidor, likeness]. 
Like a small bundle. D. Carcinoma. Synonym of 
Hodgkin s Disease. 

Desmoma (des-mo'-maJi) [ihap.de, a band: pi., 
Desmomata~\. A connective-tissue tumor. 

Desmoneoplasma (des-mo-ne-o-plaz'-mah) [deopdc, 
band; woe, new; ir'/daua, plasma: //. , Desmoueoplas- 
mata~\. Any neoplasm made up of connective tissue. 

Desmopathy (des-mop' -a-the) [deapdc, a band ; Trddog, 
disease]. Any disease of a ligament. 

Desmopelmous (des-mo-pel' -mus) [deapa, a band ; 
irelpa, the sole of the foot]. In biology applied to 
such birds as have the plantar tendons" bound together. 

Desmosis (des-mo' -sis) [deapdr, a band : p!., £>esmoses~\. 
Any disease of connective tissue, especially of the con- 
nective tissue of the skin. 

Desmotomy [des- mot' -o-me) [deapdc, band ; ropy, sec- 
tion]. The dissection and anatomy of the ligaments ; 
surgical cutting of a ligament. 

Desmotrophy (des-mot'-ro-fe) [deapdr, a band; rpetpscv, 
to turn]. Tautomerism. 

Desoxalic Acid (des-oks-al'-ik). See Acid. 
Desprez' Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Despumation (des-pu-ma' -shun) [despumare, to skim 
froth]. The purification of a liquid by removal of the 
scum or froth : also the formation of froth ; purifica- 
tion ; clarification in general. 



DESQUAMATION 



366 



DEW 



Desquamation (des-kwam-a' -shun) \desquamare , to 
scale off]. The exfoliation or falling off of the cuticle 
in scales. It is bran-like after measles ; in layers after 
scarlet fever. 

Desquamative [des-kivam' -at-iv) \_desquamare, to scale 
off]. Characterized by desquamation. 

Destructive (de-struk' -tiv) \_destructivus, destroying]. 
Hurtful ; tending to destroy. D. Distillation. See 
Distillation. 

Desudation (des-u-da' -shim) \_desudatio ; de, away ; 
sudare, to sweat] . I . Excessive or morbidly profuse 
sweating. 2. Sudamina. 

Desudatory (de-su' -dat-or-e) \_desudatio , a sweating]. 
A sweating- bath. 

Detergent (de-ter' '-jent) [detergere, to cleanse]. I. 
Purifying ; cleansing ; abluent. 2. A drug, compound, 
or solution used for cleansing wounds, ulcers, etc. 

Determinant or Determining Part {de-ter' ' -min-ani) 
[determinare, to limit]. Weismann's name for one of 
the particles of germ-plasm corresponding to a group of 
biophors ; a primary constituent of a cell or group of 
cells. 

Determinate (de-ter' -min-dt) \determinare, to limit]. 
I. Applied in botany to an inflorescence in which the 
blossoming takes place centrifugally, the blossoms 
being from terminal and not from axillary buds. 2. 
Weismann's name for one of the cells or groups of 
cells that are independently variable from the germ 
onward. They are also called hereditary parts. 

Determination (de-ter-min-a' -shun) \determinatio , a 
directing]. The direction or tendency to or toward 
a part or an organ, as of blood to the head. 

Determinism (de-ter' -min-izm) \_determinare, to limit, 
prescribe]. In biology, a term introduced by Claude 
Bernard to indicate the fatality of the reproduction of 
phenomena under similar conditions, as seen in Ex- 
perimental Science. 

Detersion (de-ter' -zhun) \_detergere , to cleanse]. The 
action of a detergent ; a cleansing. 

Detersive (de-ter' -siv). Same as Detergent. 

Detmold's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Detrition (de-trish'-un) \_deterere, to wear off]. The 
act of wearing or wasting of an organ or part, especi- 
ally the teeth. 

Detritus (det'-rit-us) \deterere, to wear off]. The 
waste matter resulting from any wearing away, or 
from a destructive process. 

Detumescence (de-tu-mes'-ens) \detumescentia, a sub- 
sidence of a tumor]. The subsidence of any swelling. 

Deutencephalon (dut-en-sef -al-on). See Diencepha- 
lon. 

Deuteria (du-te'-re-ali) \ftcvTEpia\ . The secundines. 

Deutero-albumose (du-ter-o-al' -bu-mbs). See Albu- 
mose. 

Deutero-elastose (du-ter-o-e-las' '-tSs) [SebrepoQ, second; 
iXaoTindg, elastic]. Elastin-peptone ; one of the pro- 
ducts of the digestion of elastin. It is not precipitable 
by saturation with sodium chlorid. 

Deuteropathy (du-ter-op' '-a-the) [Sevrepog, second ; 
■Kcr&oc, a disease]. A disease that is secondary to 
another. 

Deuteropin (du-ter-o' '-pin) [devrepoc, second ; ottiov, 
opium], C 20 H 21 NO 5 . An alkaloid of opium. 

Deuteroplasm, or Deutoplasm (du-ter-o' -plazm , or 
du'-to-plazm) \Sevrepoc, second ; n^ao/ia, formed 
material]. The food-yolk of an egg; a mass of 
granules of proteid and fatty matter occurring in the 
ovum. 

Deuteroscopy (du-ter-os' -ko-pe) [fie'vrepoc, second ; 
CKmrelv, to view]. Synonym of Clairvoyance. 

Deuterostoma [du-ter-os' -to-mah) [devrepog, second ; 
ard/ua, mouth]. In biology, a secondary blastopore. 



Deuterozooid (du-ter-o-zo'-oid) [devTEpog, second; fwov, 
an animal ; eldoc, likeness]. In biology, a secondary 
zooid, developed by budding. 
Deuthyalosome (du-thi-al' -o-som) [cfcurEpoc, second ; 
vah)Q, glass, crystal; au/xa, body]. The remains of 
the germinal vesicle after the polar bodies have been 
extruded, formed by the union of portions of the 
chromatic stars or discs with portions of the prothyal- 
osome. 

Deutoleucite (du-to-lu' -sit) [Sevrepog, second; TieKiOoc, 
the yolk of an egg]. In biology, a term applied by 
Salensky to the nutritive vitellus of the eggs of stur- 
geons ; it is homologous to the secondary vitellus 
(Nebendotter) of osseous fishes. Cf. Protoleucyte. 

Deutomala (du-to-ma'-lah) \_6evTEpoc, second; mala, 
jaw]. In biology, a term applied by A. S. Packard, 
Jr. , to the second pair of mouth-appendages of the 
Myriopoda, formerly called labium, but really homol- 
ogous with the first maxilla; of insects. 

Deutomerite (du-tom'-er-it) [Sevrepog, second ; jxipoc, 
a part]. In biology, the posterior segment of a two- 
celled organism, as a gregarine, the anterior cell 
being called the protomerile, q. v. 

Deutoscolex (du-to-sko' -leks) \_<hvrepoc, second ; 
OKwkrii;, worm]. In biology, applied to secondary or 
daughter-cysts or bladder- worms that are derived from 
a scolex or primary bladder-worm. 

Deutospermoblast (du-to-sper'-mo-blast) [Sevrepoe, 
second; mrepfia, sperm; (Haarog, germ]. Anyone 
of the cells produced by the division of a protosper- 
moblast. 

Deutoxid (du-toks' -id) [devrepog, second ; ofi'c, sharp]. 
See Dioxid. 

Devalgate (de-val'-gdt) \_de, intensive; valgus, bowleg] . 
Bowlegged or bandylegged. 

Development (de-vel' -op-mcnt) [Fr. , developper, to 
unfold]. The sequence of organic changes, by which 
the fertilized ovum becomes the mature animal or plant. 

Deventer's Diameter. The oblique diameter of the 
pelvis. D.'s Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Devergie's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Deviation (de-ve-a'-shun) \_deviare, to deviate]. Turn- 
ing from a regular course, standard, or position. D., 
Conjugate, the forced and persistent turning of eyes 
and head toward one side, observed with some lesions of 
the cerebrum. D., Primary, the deviation of the weaker 
eye from that position that would make its visual 
line pass through the object-point of the healthy eye. 
D., Secondary, the deviation of the healthy eye from 
that position that would make its visual line pass 
through the object-point of the weaker eye. D. of 
Teeth, a faulty direction or position of one or more 
teeth. 

Devitalization (de-vi-tal-iz-a' -shun) [de priv.; vita, 
life]. Depriving of life or vitality. D. of Dental 
Pulp. See Dental Pulp, Devitalization of. 

Devitalize (de-vi' -tal-lz) [de,imva; vita, life]. To de- 
stroy vitality, as that of living tissue. 

Devonshire Colic (dev'-on-sher kol'-ik). See Lead- 
Colic. 

De Vries' Theory of " Intracellular Pangenesis." 
See Heredity. 

Devys' Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Dew's Method. See Artificial Respiration. 

Dew (du) [AS., deaw, dew]. The water deposited 
during the night from the atmosphere by the process 
of condensation. D.-claw, the aborted hallux of a 
domestic dog, or the false hoof of an ungulate. D.- 
point, the point at which the air cannot take up more 
vapor at the existing temperature, or loses a portion 
of its vapor by condensation if the temperature be 
but slightly reduced. 






DeWECKER'S operation 



367 



DIABETES 



DeWecker's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Dewees' Carminative. See Asafetida. 

Dewlap [du'-lap) [ME., dewlappe, a loose, hanging 
piece]. The pendulous longitudinal fold of skin seen 
under the throat of most bovine animals and of some 
dogs ; the wattle of a turkey ; colloquially, the 
similar fold seen occasionally under the chin of old 
persons. 

Dexicardia (deks-e-kar'-de-a/i). See Dexiocardia and 
Dextrocardia. 

Dexiocardia {deks-e-o-kar' '-de-ah) [decide;, on the right ; 
napSia, the heart]. Transposition of the heart to the 
right side of the thorax. 

Dexter (deks'-ter) [L.]. Right; upon the right side. 

Dextrad [deks' -trad) [dexter, right ; ad, to]. Toward 
the right side. See Position and Direction, Table of. 

Dextral (deks'-lral) [dexter, right]. Pertaining to the 
right side; right-handed. See Position and Direction, 
Table of. 

Dextran [deks' -trail) [dexter, right], C fi H 10 O 3 . A 
stringy, gummy substance formed in milk by the ac- 
tion of cocci, and occurring in unripe beet-root. 

Dextren (deks' -tren) [dexter, right]. Belonging to the 
dextral side in itself. 

Dextrin (deks'-trin) [dexter, right], C 6 H I0 O 5 . The 
soluble or gummy matter into which starch is con- 
verted by diastase or by certain acids. It is white, 
insipid, odorless, and is remarkable for the extent 
to which it turns the plane of polarization to the 
right hand, whence its name. See Carbohydrates, 
Table of. 

Dextrins {deks' -trinz) [dexter, right]. Gummy amor- 
phous masses, readily soluble in water and precipitated 
by alcohol. Their aqueous solutions are dextro-rota- 
tory, hence their name. They do not reduce Fehling's 
solution, even on boiling, and are incapable of direct 
fermentation ; in the presence of diastase, however, 
they can be fermented by yeast. 

Dextrocardia [deks-tro-kar' -de-ak) [dexter, right ; 
KCipdia, heart]. A congenital condition in which the 
heart is situated on the right side of the thorax ; either 
alone or as a part of a general transposition of the 
viscera. See Dexiocardia. 

Dextro-compound (deks-tro-com' -pound) [dexter, 
right; componere, to set together]. In chemistry, a 
compound body that causes a ray of polarized light to 
rotate to the right. Dextrin, malic acid, and cinchonin 
are dextro-compounds. 

Dextrogyrate (deks-tro-ji'-rat). Same as Dextro-rota- 
tory. 

Dextrolichenin [deks-tro-li' -ken-in) [dexter, right ; 
Xeixl/v, a lichen]. A form of lichenin readily dis- 
tinguished from normal lichenin in being colored blue 
by iodin, while lichenin is not. 

Dextro-rotatory (deks-tro-ro' -tat-or-e) [dexter, right ; 
rotare, to whirl]. Causing to turn toward the right 
hand, as a dextro-rotatory crystal. 

Dextrose {deks'-tros) [dexter, right] , C B H 12 6 . Grape- 
sugar. A sugar belonging to the glucose-group, that 
crystallizes from aqueous solution with I H 2 in nodu- 
lar masses of six-sided scales. It is readily soluble in 
water and alcohol, has a taste less sweet than ordinary 
cane-sugar, and directly reduces an alkaline copper- 
solution. It is dextro-rotatory to polarized light. It 
is found in most sweet fruits, and in large amount in 
diabetic urine. See Sugar and Glucose. 

Dextro-sinistral (deks-tro-sin-is'-tral) [dexter, right ; 
sinister, left] . Extending from right to left. 

Dextroversion [deks-tro-ver' -zhun) [dexter, right ; 
vertei-e, to turn]. Version to the right side, as when 
the fundus of the uterus is tilted dextrally ; dextral 
latero-version. 



Dezeanneau's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Dhobie's Itch. An Indian name for Ringworm of the 
body. 

Diabetes (di-ab-e'-tez) [dia($ijTi]<; : Sia, through ; fiaiveiv, 
to go]. The habitual excessive discharge of urine; 
used alone the term often designates D. mellitas. 
D., Artificial, that form produced in the physiologic 
laboratory by puncturing the floor of the fourth 
ventricle of the brain. D., Cerebral, diabetes in 
which cerebrose appears in the urine in place of the 
ordinary form of glucose or liver-sugar. It indicates 
a cerebral lesion. D., English. Synonym of D. 
mellitus. D., Fat, a variety in which there is a 
tendency to obesity. D. insipidus, polyuria, a 
disease characterized by the excessive secretion of 
a urine of low specific gravity, associated with a 
marked degree of thirst, but without the presence 
of glycosuria. The urine is pale, almost colorless, 
and with a specific gravity but slightly above that 
of water, and may be voided in considerable quan- 
tities, even as much as fifty pints in a day. Many 
of the cases progressively emaciate and finally die 
of exhaustion. There is frequently found some 
lesion of the central nervous system, as a cerebral 
tumor ; or the disease may be due to some lesion of 
the vaso-motor system of nerves. It is most frequent 
in males, and usually occurs between the ages of 
five and thirty years. D., Lean, a variety in which 
emaciation is marked. D. mellitus, glycosuria, 
a disease of the metabolic functions of the system, 
without gross or clearly defined anatomic lesions, 
manifesting itself by glycosuria, polyuria, thirst, and 
progressive loss of flesh and strength, with a tendency 
to a fatal termination. The onset is generally 
insidious. The urine is not so excessive as in simple 
polyuria, but may be as much as thirty pints in twenty- 
four hours. It contains glucose or grape-sugar, varying 
in quantity from two to five per cent., but occasionally 
reaching as high as ten or twelve per cent. The 
specific gravity is increased to between 1040 and 
1060 though it may be as low as 1010; the quantity 
of urea is increased ; in some cases there is an 
excess of the phosphates of the urine, and these cases 
have been termed " phospkatic diabetes." The re- 
action of the urine is slightly acid ; the smell sweet- 
ish. The emaciation is very marked and rapid, and 
persists notwithstanding the fact that the appetite 
is ravenous and the patient consumes an enormous 
quantity of food. Toward the end of the disease 
there is a failure of the mental faculties. Among the 
complications of diabetes may be mentioned a tuber- 
culous variety of pneumonia, eczema and pruritus of the 
skin, gangrene of the toes, albuminuria, opacity of the 
crystalline lens, coma, and cardiac failure. Coma occurs 
most frequently in the young, and is characterized by 
an extreme degree of dyspnea both of inspiration and 
of expiration; it has been called " air /uoiger" by 
Kussmaul. No appreciable cause for the dyspnea can 
be found. As regards the morbid anatomy of diabetes 
no lesion has as yet been found. The disease occurs 
most commonly in young males, and in those of the 
gouty and neurotic diatheses. Exposure to cold, 
mental strain, injuries of the cerebrum, and the exces- 
sive use of starchy and saccharine foods, are given as 
exciting causes. D., Mosler's, polyuria due to the 
presence of too much inosit in the blood. D., Non- 
saccharine. Synonym of D. insipidus. D., Pan- 
creatic, a variety of glycosuria associated with and 
probably dependent upon disease of the pancreas. 
D., Phloretin, that form produced in animals by the 
administration of phloretin. D., Phloridzin, that 
following the administration of phloridzin. D., Phos-< 



DIABETIC 



368 



DIALYSIS 



phatic. See D. mellitus. D., Saccharine. See D. 
mellitus. D., True. Synonym of D. mellitus. 

Diabetic (di-ab-et'-ik) [did, through ; fiaivEiv, to go]. 
I. Pertaining or belonging to diabetes. 2. A person 
suffering from diabetes. D. Cataract, an opacity of 
the crystalline lens sometimes found in association 
■with and thought to be a complication of diabetes. 
D. Coma. See Diabetes mellitus. D. Gangrene. 
See Sphaceloderma. D. Sugar, C 6 H 12 6 , a form of 
glucose, present in the urine of diabetes mellitus. 
It is identical with grape-sugar. D. Tabes, a 
peripheral neuritis occurring in diabetic patients, 
characterized by lightning-pains in the legs, loss of 
knee-jerk, and a loss of power in the extensors of the 
feet. The gait is the characteristic steppage. 

Diabetin (di-ab-e' -tin) [did, through ; fiaivEiv, to go]. 
The trademarked name for levulose, which is recom- 
mended as an innocuous and palatable sugar, and 
nourishing substance for diabetics. It is a white 
granular mass, soluble in water, and has a pure sweet 
taste. 

Diabetometer (di-ab-e-tom' '-et-er) [diaji^rrig, diabetes ; 
fiirpov, a measure]. A polariscope for ascertaining 
the proportion of sugar in diabetic urine. 

Diaboleptic (di-ab-o-lep'-tik) [didfio\oe, devil ; Xa/i- 
fidvEiv, to seize]. An insane or deluded person who 
professes to have supernatural communications. 

Diabrotic (di-ab-rof -ik) [diajipuTiKdg; did, through; 
ftifiploGKEiv, to eat]. I. Corrosive. 2. A corrosive 
substance. 

Diacatholicon (di-ak-ath-oV -ik-on) [did, through : Kado- 
Xikoc, universal] . Formerly, a purgative compound. 

Diacaustic (di-ak-aws'-tik) [did, through; Kavarindc, 
caustic]. A double convex cauterizing lens. 

Diacele, Diaccele (di'-as-el) [dia, between ; Koi?it/, a 
hollow], A term for the third ventricle or cavity of 
the diencephalon or interbrain. Its walls are the 
thalami ; its floor the tuber and diaterma. 

Diacetic Acid (di-as-e'-tik). See Acid. 

Diacetin (di-as' -et-in) [di, two; acidum, acid], C 3 H 5 - 
(OH)(C. 2 H 3 2 ) 2 . A liquid derivative of glycerin, with 
a bitter taste. It is also called acetidin. 

Diaceturia (di-as-et-u'-re-ali) [di, two ; acidum, acid; 
ovpov, urine]. The presence of diacetic acid in the 
urine ; it is a precursor of diabetic coma. 

Diachorema (di-ak-o-re' '-mail) [diaxupy^a, excrement]. 
Fecal matter ; excrement. 

Diachoresis (di-ak-o-re' -sis) [diaxkpVGic, a passing 
through]. Excretion or passage of feces. 

Diachoretic (di-ak-o-ret'-ik) [diaxupriTiKdc : diaxopieiv, 
to go through]. Laxative; aperient. 

Diachylon (di-ak' -il-on) [did, through ; x v ~^Mi juice]. 
Formerly any emollient plaster composed of the juices 
of herbs. D. Plaster or Ointment. See Plumbum. 

Diacid (di-as' -id) [;//, two ; acidus, acid]. In chemis- 
try, having an acidity of two ; said of an acid or salt. 

Diaclasis (di-ak' -las-is) [diditXaoir , a breaking in two]. 
Refraction. A breaking. 

Diaclast (di'-ak-last) [diaitkdEiv, to break apart]. An 
instrument for penetrating and breaking up the fetal 
head in craniotomy. 

Diaclastic (di-ak-las'-tik) [diaKlid.Eiv, to break apart]. 
Pertaining to diaclasis. D. Amputation. See Alai- 
sonneuve's Amputation, in Operations, Table of. 

Diacodion (di-ak-o-de'-on), or Diacodium (di-ak-o-de'- 
u m) [did, through ; kuSeiuv, of poppy -heads] . Syrup 
of poppies or of opium. 

Diaccele (di-as-e'-le), or Diaccelia (di-as-e' -le-ali). See 
Diacele. 

Diacope (di-ak'-o-pe) [dm, through ; kotttj, a cut]. A 
deep, incised wound, especially of the head or skull ; 
a lengthwise fracture or cut, as of a bone. 



Diacrisis (di-ak' -ris- is) [did, a part ; npiveiv, to separate 
or secrete : //. , Diacrises~] . I . A critical discharge. 
2. A change or disorder in a secretion. 3. Any dis- 
ease marked by altered secretions. 

Diacritic, or Diacritical (di-ak-rit'-ik, di-ak-rit' -ik-al) 
[didnptoic, a separating]. Diagnostic. 

Diactine (di-ak' -tin) [die, two; auric, a ray] . In bio- 
logy, having two rays. 

Diad (,/i'-ad). See Quantivalence. 

Diadelphous (di-ad-el' -fus) [dig, two; ddelipoc, brother]. 
In botany, applied to stamens that are arranged in 
two sets or brotherhoods. 

Diaderm (di'-a-derm) [die, two ; depfia, skin]. In bi- 
ology. a general term proposed by Minot for that 
essential differentiation of the segmenting ovum, char- 
acterized by the formation of two plates of cells, 
differing in character, joined at their edges and sur- 
rounding a segmentation-cavity; the two plates or 
lamina are the two primitive germ-layers, the ecto- 
derm and entoderm. 

Diadermatic, Diadermic (di-ad-er-mat'-ik, di-ad-er'- 
mik) [did, through ; depfia, skin]. Administered 
through the skin. Cf. Hypodermatic. 

Diadexis (di-ad-ek'-sis) [diddegir, metastasis]. Metas- 
tasis of a disease, with a change of its character ; 
change in the seat and nature of a disease. 

Diaeresis (di-er'-es-is). See Dieresis. 

Diageotropic (di-aj-e-o-trop'-ik) [did, through ; yrj, the 
earth ; Tpeireiv, to turn] . In biology, growing at 
right angles to the direction of gravitation. 

Diagnose (di-ag-nos'). See Diagnosticate. 

Diagnosis (di-ag-no'-sis) [did, apart; ^voxjic, know- 
ledge]. The distinguishing, fixation, or interpreta- 
tion of a disease from its symptoms. D., Differential, 
the qualitative distinguishing between two diseases of 
similar character, by comparative symptoms. D., 
Direct, the recognition of a disease from the existence 
of one or more signs or symptoms, independently 
of or in relation with other symptoms, or with age, 
sex, physical and mental characteristics, residence or 
occupation, or with the family history. D. by Ex- 
clusion, the recognition of a disease by excluding 
all other known conditions. D., Physical, the 
application of physical methods to the study of 
disease. 

Diagnostic (di-ag-nos' -tik) [did, apart ; yvuoig, know- 
ledge]. Detennining or confirming a diagnosis ; ser- 
ving as sufficient evidence in a diagnosis. D. In- 
cision, an incision (as through the abdominal wall) 
made for diagnostic purposes. 

Diagnosticate (di-ag-nos' -tik-at) [did, apart ; yvuoic, 
knowledge]. To make a diagnosis. 

Diagnostician (di-ag-nos-tish' -an) [dia, through; yviJoic, 
knowledge]. One skilled in making diagnoses. 

Diagometer (di-ag-om' -et-er) [diayuyi/, transmission ; 
fierpov, a measure]. An instrument for measuring 
the electric conductivity of bodies. 

Diagraph (di'-ag-raf) [did, thoroughly ; ypdipeiv, to re- 
cord]. An apparatus for recording the outlines of 
crania. 

Diaheliotropic (di-a-he-le-o-trop' -ik) [did, through ; 
rfkioq, the sun ; rpoTt/, a turning]. In biology, hav- 
ing a tendency to grow at right angles to the direction 
of the light. 

Dialdan (di-al'-dan) [di, two; aldehyd~\, C 8 H 14 O a . A 
chemic compound prepared by allowing the mixture 
of aldehyd and HC1 used for the preparation of aldol , 
to stand for sometime; it melts at 139° C. 

Dialysate (di-al'-is-af) [did, through; TAeiv, to loose]. 
A substance that has been acted upon by dialysis. 

Dialysis (di-al'-is-is) [did, through; ?.veiv, to loose]. 
The operation of separating crystalline from colloid 



DIALVZED 



369 



DIAPHRAGM 



substances by means of a porous diaphragm, the 
former passing through the diaphragm into the pure 
water upon which the dialyzer rests. 

Dialyzed [ili'-al-'izd) [d«i, through; Avecv, to loose]. 
Prepared, acted upon, or separated, by dialysis. 

Dialyzer (di 1 -al-iz-er) [_6cd, through; 'Aietr, to loose]. 
An apparatus for effecting dialysis; also the septum, 
or diaphragm of such an apparatus. 

Diamagnetic Bodies (di-a-mag-netf-ik bod'-ez). Bodies 
not susceptible of being magnetized. 

Diamagnetism [di-a-mag* -net-izni) [(S«i, across ; uayvrjc, 
magnet]. The east-and-west orientation of certain 
substances, notably antimony, copper, and gold, when 
placed in the magnetic field. 

Diamesogamous (di-a-me-sog'-am-us) \_Sia, through ; 
fikaoQ, middle ; }d//oc, marriage]. In biology, applied 
to such flowers as are fertilized by means of the wind, 
water, insects, or other external agency. 

Diameter (di-am' -et-er) \&m, through; jxtrpov, a meas- 
ure]. A straight line passing through the center of a 
body or figure, or connecting two points at opposite 
sides. D., Bisacromial, that between the acromial 
processes. D., Bisiliac, that between the iliac bones. 
D. Bistrochanteric, that between the two trochanters. 
D., Craniometric, one of several lines connecting 
points on opposite surfaces of the cranium. The most 
important craniometric diameters are the following : 
Auricular ox Biauricular, connecting the centers of the 
two external auditory meatuses ; Basilo-bregmatic , that 
joining the basilon and the bregma ; Biglenoid, that join- 
ing the central points of the two glenoid cavities ; Bigo- 
niac, that joining the two gonions ; Bijugal, that join- 
ing the two malar points ; Bijugular, that joining the 
two jugular points ; Bimalar, that joining the two 
malar points ; Bimastoid, that joining the apices of 
the mastoid bones ; Biparietal, that joining the pari- 
etal eminences ; Bistephanic, see Maximum Frontal ; 
Bitemporal, that joining the extremities of the coronal 
suture ; Bizygomatic , that joining the most prominent 
points of the zygomata ; Cervico-bregmatic, that 
joining the center of the anterior fontanel and 
the junction of the neck and floor of the mouth ; 
Fronlo-mental, that joining the top of the fore- 
head and the point of the chin ; Fronto-occipital, 
see Occipitofrontal ; Inial, that joining the most 
prominent points of the inion and glabella ; Maximum 
Antero-posterior, the distance from the glabella to the 
furthest point of the occipital bone ; Maximum Fron- 
tal, that joining the stephanions ; Maximum Occipital, 
that joining the two asterions ; Maximum Transverse , 
the greatest transverse diameter of the cranium, where- 
ever found ; Mento-bregmatic , that joining the chin and 
the middle of the anterior fontanel ; Mento- frontal, 
see Fronto-mental ; Minimum Frontal, the supra-or- 
bital line ; Occipitofrontal, that joining the root of the 
nose and the most prominent point of the occiput ; Oc- 
cipito-mental, that joining the external occipital protu- 
berance and the chin ; Sagittal, see Basilo-bregmatic ; 
Stephanie, see Maximum Frontal ; Sub-temporal, that 
joining the spheno-temporal sutures on either side of 
the head ; Trachelo-bregmatic , see Cervico-bregmatic ; 
Vertical Diameter, ordinarily the distance from the 
basion to the bregma, or what is nearly equivalent, 
the distance from the basion to the point where the line 
through the basion at right angles to the alveolo-con- 
dylean plane intersects the cranial vault ; but some- 
times the line is drawn at right angles to the foramen 
magnum. D., Deventer's. See Deventer. D., Pel- 
vic, any one of the diameters of the pelvis. The 
most important are the following : Antero-posterior (of 
pelvic inlet), that which joins the sacro-vertebral 
angle and the pubic symphysis ; Antero-posterior (of 
24 



pelvic outlet), see Coccypubic ; Coccypubic, that 
which joins the tip of the coccyx with the subpubic 
ligament ; the antero-posterior diameter of the pelvic 
outlet ; Conjugate, the antero-posterior diameter of 
the pelvic inlet ; Conjugate, diagonal, that connecting 
the sacro-vertebral angle and subpubic ligament ; 
Conjugate, external, that connecting the spine of the 
first sacral vertebra and the middle of the upper bor- 
der of the symphysis pubis ; Conjugate, true, that 
connecting the sacro-vertebral angle and the most 
prominent portion of the posterior aspect of the sym- 
physis pubis ; Oblique (of pelvic inlet), left and right, 
that connecting one sacro-iliac symphysis with the op- 
posite ilio-pectineal eminence; see also Deventer; 
Oblique (of pelvic outlet), that extending from the 
middle of the under surface of the sciatic ligament upon 
one side to the junction of the ischio-pubic rami on the 
opposite side ; Sacro-pubic, see Antero-posterior ; Sacro- 
subpubic, see Conjugate, diagonal ; Sacro-suprapubic , 
that connecting the sacro-vertebral angle and the up- 
per portion of the symphysis pubis ; Transverse (of 
pelvic inlet), that connecting the two most widely 
separated points of the pelvic inlet; Transverse (of 
pelvic outlet), that connecting the ischial tuberosi- 
ties. 

Diametroscopy [di-am-et-ros' -ko-pe) [fuduerpoc, diame- 
ter ; okotteiv, to inspect]. Observation or measure- 
ment of diameters (as of the retinal vessels). 

Diamid (di' -am-id). See Hydrazin. 

Diamin (di'-am-in). See Amin. 

Diamotosis (di-am-o-to' -sis) \_61a, through ; fioroc, 
lint]. The packing of a wound or sore with lint. 

Diandrous {di-an' -drus) [r!/c, two; avijp, a man]. In 
biology ; having two stamens. 

Dianoux's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Diapason [di-ap-as' -on) [SiaTraouv, concord]. A tun- 
ing-fork. 

Diapedesis (di-ap-ed-e'-sis) [AiairijOTjOic, a jumping 
through]. The escape of the elements of the blood, 
especially the white corpuscles, through the vessel- 
wall. Also a synonym of Hematidrosis. 

Diapedetic (di-ap-ed-et'-ik) [iha-i/dtjcuc, a jumping 
through]. Relating to diapedesis. 

Diaper (di'-ap-er) [ME., dyaper, diaper; ornamented 
cloth], A napkin used as a T-bandage for infants 
and menstruating women. 

Diaphanometer {di-afan-om' -et-er). See Lactoscope. 

Diaphanoscope (di-af-an' '-o-skop) [Siaipavijc, translu- 
cent; OKOTxeiv, to inspect]. A form of endoscope in 
which the walls of the inspected cavity are rendered 
diaphanous by means of an intense light. 

Diaphanoscopy [di-af-an-os' '-ko-pe) \_Sia<pavrjc trans- 
lucent; OKOTteiv, to see]. The examination of cavi- 
ties of the body by means of an introduced incandes- 
cent electric light. 

Diaphanous (di-af -an-us) \&ia, through ; (jiaiveiv, to 
shine]. Transmitting light ; translucent. D. Test. 
See Death. 

Diaphemetric {di-af-em-et'-rik) \6io, through ; a<f>?/, 
touch; fierpnv, measure]. Pertaining to measure- 
ments of tactile sensibility. 

Diaphoresis (di-af-o-re'-sis) [Hia, apart ; Qnpeetv, to 
cany]. Perspiration, especially perceptible perspira- 
tion, or that induced by medical treatment. 

Diaphoretic (di-afor-et'-ik) \fta, apart; (popeeiv, to 
carry]. I. Causing an increase of perspiration; 
sudorific. 2. A medicine that induces diaphoresis. 

Diaphragm (di'-af-ram) [fiia, across ; (bpaypa, wall]. 
1. The wall, muscular at the circumference and ten- 
dinous at the center, that separates the thorax and 
abdomen. The chief muscle of respiration and ex- 
pulsion. 2. A thin septum, such as is used in 



DIAPHRAGM 



370 



DIARRHEA 



dialysis. 3. In microscopy, an apparatus placed be- 
tween the mirror and object to regulate the amount of 
light that is to pass through the object. D., Central 
Stop, in microscopy, a diaphragm having a circular slit 




Diaphragm, Inferior Aspect. 
. Anterior and middle leaflet of central tendon. 2. Right 
leaflet. 3. Left leaflet. 4. Right crus. 5. Left crus. 6, 6. 
Intervals for phrenic nerves. 7. Muscular fibers, from which 
the ligamenta arcuata originate. 8. Muscular fibers that 
arise from the inner surface of the six lower ribs. 9. Fibers 
that arise from ensiform cartilage. 10. Opening for inferior 
vena cava. 11. Opening for esophagus. 12. Aortic opening. 
■3. 13- Upper portion of transversalis abdominis, turned up- 
ward and outward 14. Anterior leaflet of transversalis 
aponeurosis. 15, 15. Quadratus lumborum. 16, 16. Psoas 
inagnus. 17. Third lumbar vertebra. 




just within its margin, the center remaining opaque. 
D. Iris, a device for changing or regulating the 
amount of light directed upon an object under the 
microscope. D. Opening. The opening in the disc 
or apparatus of a microscope through which the 
rays of light pass. It should be of about the 
same size as that of the front lens of the 
objective. 
Diaphragmalgia {di-af-rag-mal'-je-ah). See 

Diaphragmatalgia. 
Diaphragmatalgia [di-af-rag-mat-al' -je-ah) [did , 
across ; </>pdypa, a wall; d'/.yoc, pain]. Pair, 
in or neuralgia of the diaphragm. 
Diaphragmatic (di-af-rag-mat'-ik) [did, across ; 
fpay/j.a, a wall. Relating to the diaphragm. 
D. Hernia. See Hernia. D. Pleurisy. 
See Pleurisy. 
Diaphragmatitis {di-af-rag-?nat-i'-tis) [did, 
across; (ppdy/ia, a wall; itic, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the diaphragm. 
Diaphragmatocele {di-af-rag-maf -o-sel) [did- 
typaypa, diaphragm; ht/Iti, hernia]. Hemia 
through the diaphragm. 
Diaphragmitis (di-af-rag-mi' -tis). See Dia- 

ph ragmatitis. 
Diaphragmodynia {di-af-rag-mo-din' -e-ah) [dia- 
(ppaypa, diaphragm; bSvvt], pain]. Pain in 
the diaphragm. 
Diaphtherin (di-af'-ther-in) [diatpOeipeiv, to destroy]. 
Oxychinaseptol ; a coal-tar derivative composed of 
two molecules of oxychinolin and one of aseptol. It 
is a yellow powder, with a phenol-like odor. It is 
used as an antiseptic and bactericide in solutions vary- 
ing in strength from I to 50 per cent. Its chief draw- 
back is that it attacks silver-plated or nickel-plated 
instruments, turning them black. Unof. 

Diaphylactic (di-af-il-ak'-tik) [dtaipvlaK-iKdg, 

preserving]. Same as Prophylactic. 
Diaphyseitis {di-af-iz-e-i' -tis) [didipvair, a dia- 
physis ; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
a diaphysis. 
Diaphysis (di-af -is-is) [did, between ; Qvelv, to 
grow]. The middle part or shaft of any long, 
cylindric bone, as considered apart from the 
apophyses and epiphyses. In biology, applied 
to an unusually elongated axis, as that of a 
flower or flower-cluster. 
Diaplex, or Diaplexus {di'-ap-leks, di-ap-leks'-us) 
[did, between ; plexus, a network]. The cho- 
roid plexus of the third ventricle or diacele. 
Diapophysial (di-ap-off-iz'-e-al) [die, apart; 
dndipvmc, an outgrowth]. Relating to a dia- 
pophysis. 
Diapophysis(a7-ff/-o^f y -z'.w'.f) [did, apart ; d-rtdtyvcic, 
an outgrowth]. The superior or articular part 
of a transverse apophysis, or its homologue. 
Diapyema {di-ap-i-e 1 '-mali) [diarci-ripa ; did, 
•KV0V, pus: pi., Diapyemata~\. An 



through ; 

abscess. 
Diapyesis 

through ; 
Diapyetic 

rating]. 



The Diaphragm in its Relations to the Heart 
and Lungs. 
1. Left ventricle. 2. Right ventricle. 3. Anterior coronary 
artery. 4. Left auricle. 5. Right auricle. 6. Superior vena 
cava. 7. Pulmonary artery. 8. Origin of aorta. 9. Arch of 
aorta. 10. Innominate artery. 11. Right carotid. 12, 12. 
Subclavian arteries. 13. Scalenus anticus. 14. First rib. 
15. Larynx. 16. Trachea. 17, 17. Pneumogastrics. 18, 18. 
Phrenics. 19. Right lung. 20. Left lung. 21, 21. Dia- 
phragm. 22, 22. Seventh pair of ribs. 



(di- ap-i-e / -sis) [dtairvrjaig; did, 
irvr/air, suppuration]. Suppuration. 
(di-ap-i-et'-ik) [diarrvi/riKdc, suppu- 
Promoting diapyesis or suppuration. 
Diarch (di'-arfc) [dig, two ; ap%oi, rulers]. In 
biology, a term descriptive of radial fibro-vascular 
bundles having two rays. 
Diarrhea [di-ar-e' -ah) [did, through ; pteiv, to flow]. 
An abnormal frequency of evacuation of the feces, 
which are watery, and sometimes acrid. D., Acute, 
that due to cold, or to the ingestion of improper food or 
chemic poisons. In severe forms it is associated with 
collapse, and may in rare cases be followed by death. 






DIARRHEA 



371 



DIASTOLE 



D., Acute Inflammatory, a term including the se- 
verer forms of the catarrhal and summer diarrheas of 
children. It is characterized by griping, vomiting, 
and the passage of offensive, watery, brown or green- 
ish stools. The child in the latter stage of this dis- 
ease presents the same appearance as that seen in 
advanced tuberculous meningitis — pinched features, 
drowsiness, sunken and half-closed eyes, and rapid 
irregular pulse — and to this condition the term " spu- 
rious hydrocephalus" has been applied. Death fre- 
quently results from this form of diarrhea. D., 
Acute Summer, a term given to sudden attacks of 
profuse watery diarrhea occurring in children and 
weak adults during the prevalence of hot weather. 
(See Cholera infantum). D. alba. See Celiac 
Affection. D., Cachectic, that depending on some 
diathetic disease, as syphilis, scurvy, malaria, tuberculo- 
sis, and carcinoma, or else on chronic intestinal catarrh. 
D., Choleraic, severe, acute diarrhea of any form 
not readily traceable to any recognized cause. D., 
Choleriform. Synonym of Cholera infantum. D., 
Chronic Inflammatory, a diarrhea of children either 
following an acute attack, or developing insidiously. 
The stools are of a dark-brown color, thin and foul, 
and may occasionally contain a spinach-like material. 
There is great emaciation and anemia, and the term 
" consumption of the bowels,' 1 '' has been given to this 
condition. The prognosis must be guarded. D., 
Chronic Tropical, Hill-diarrhea, " white flux," of 
India, a severe form of chronic intestinal catarrh, and 
essentially a tropical disease. In India it develops 
often in those who, after dwelling in the heat of the 
plains, pass to the changeable temperature of the hilly 
country, hence the name ' ' Hill-diarrhea. ' ' The 
stools are copious, light, and frothy ; there is progress- 
ive failure of strength ; the temperature becomes sub- 
normal ; albuminuria and edema develop, and death 
results in many cases from exhaustion. D. chylosa. 
See Celiac Affection. D., Compensatory. See D., 
Vicarious. D., Dissecting-room, a severe form of 
diarrhea resulting from exposure to the animal efflu- 
via of the dissecting-room. The discharges are very 
fetid and may be accompanied by colicky pains, nausea 
and vomiting, and headache. D., Dysenteric, a 
form of diarrhea frequently encountered in children in 
temperate climates. There are tenesmus and colic, 
the passage of mucous and fecal stools, prolapse of the 
rectum, and great exhaustion. Death may result. D., 
Fatty, a rare form, the result of the imperfect per- 
formance of the pancreatic or hepatic function. D. 
febrilis. Synonym of Enteritis, Pseudo-membranous. 
"D., Fibrinous. Synonym of Enteritis, Pseudo-me?n- 
branous. D., Gelatinous. See Enteritis, Membrati- 
ous. D., Heat. See D. , Summer. D., Hill. See 
D. , Chronic Tropical. D., Infantile, a term 
including various forms of diarrhea occurring in 
infants and young children. D., Irritative, that 
due to direct irritation of the intestines by improper food 
and drink, purgative medicines, poisons, intestinal 
worms, etc. D., Lienteric, a form of diarrhea com- 
mon in children over two years of age, and character- 
ized by the passage of fluid stools containing scraps 
of undigested food, and associated with griping pains. 
D., Matinal. See D. , Chronic Tropical. D., Me- 
chanical, that due to mechanical obstruction to 
the portal circulation, with consequent gastrointesti- 
nal hyperemia and catarrh. It is seen in cases of mi- 
tral lesion. D., Mucous. See Enteritis, Mem- 
branous. D., Nervous. See D., Lienteric. D. 
pituitosa. Synonym of Enteritis, Pseudo-membra- 
nous. D., Secondary, symptomatic diarrhea ; that 
secondary to some ulcerative condition of the intes- 



tines, as in typhoid fever, tuberculosis, pyemia, etc. 
D., Serous, a variety in which the stools are very 
watery. D., Simple Catarrhal, a common variety 
of diarrhea occurring in infants. It is marked by 
watery evacuations containing feculent matter and un- 
digested curds. It is due to errors in diet or exposure 
to cold. D., Summer, an acute form due to the intense 
heat of summer. A synonym of the Summer Com- 
plaint of infants. D., Symptomatic. See D. , Sec- 
ondary. D., Tuberculous, that form dependent upon 
tuberculous disease of the bowels. D. tubularis. 
Synonym of Enteritis, Pseudo-membranous. D., Ul- 
cerative, a grave form due to intestinal ulceration. 
D., Vicarious, that due to suppression or arrest of the 
functions of the skin, kidneys, or lungs, so that the 
bowels do the extra or vicarious work. It is also 
called Compensatory diarrhea. It is rather salutary 
than otherwise. 

Diarrheal (di-ar-e'-al) [S id , through ; p«w, to flow]. 
Relating to, or of the nature of diarrhea. 

Diarthrodial {di-ar-thro'-de-al) [did, throughout; 
apdpuaiq, articulation]. Relating to or of the nature 
of a diarthrosis. 

Diarthrosis [di-ar-thro'-sis) [Sid, throughout ; dpdpuaig, 
articulation]. A form of articulation characterized by 
mobility. The various forms are : Arthrodia, in which 
the bones glide upon plane surfaces ; Enarlhrosis, best 
known as ball-and-socket joint, with motion in all 
directions ; Ginglyjnus , or hinge-joint, with backward 
and forward motion ; and D. rotatoria, with pivotal 
movement. 

Diary Fever (di'-ar-e). See Fever. 

Diastaltic [di-as-taV -tik) [did, apart ; dTeXkav, to send]. 
Reflex ; performed (as are many reflex actions) 
through the medium of the spinal cord. 

Diastase (di'-as-tas) [Sidaraaig , separation]. A nitro- 
genous vegetable ferment that is either contained or 
developed in the fermentation of grain, which acts on 
the molecules of starch, converting this into grape- 
sugar or glucose. 

Diastasemia (di-as-tas-e'-me-ali) [did, apart; ardaic, 
settling; aijia, blood]. Acute anasarca. 

Diastasic, or Diastatic (di-as-tas' -ik, or di-as-tat' -ik) 
[Atduraaic, separation]. Relating to a diastasis. D. 
Ferments. See Ferments. 

Diastasis (di-as' -tas-is) [dtaaraaic, separation]. I. 
Luxation or dislocation. 2. The separation of an 
epiphysis from the body of a bone without true fracture. 

Diastema (di-as-te' -mail) [fiidarrijia, a distance: pi., 
Diastemata~\. A space or cleft. In biology, applied 
to the space between any two consecutive teeth. 

Diastematelytria (di-as-tem-at-el-if '-re-ah) [Sid<jT?]fj.a, 
fissure ; eXvrpov, vagina]. Longitudinal and congeni- 
tal fissure of the vagina. 

Diastematochilia [di-as-tem-at-o-kil' -e-aK) [fiidcrrr/fia, 
fissure ; ^ei/loc, lip]. Congenital longitudinal fissure 
of the lip ; hare-lip. 

Diastematocystia (di-as-teni-at-o-sis'-te-ah) [6idarrj[ia, 
fissure; Kvariq, bladder]. Congenital longitudinal 
fissure of the bladder. 

Diastematognathia (di-as-tem-at-og-na'-the-ah) [6ida- 
rripa, fissure ; yvddog, jaw]. Congenital longitudinal 
fissure of the jaw. 

~DiaLS\.ema\omztTia.{di-as-tem-at-o-me , -tre-ah)[liidoTT]iJ.a, 
fissure ; fir/rpa, womb]. Congenital longitudinal 
median fissure of the uterus. 

Diastematosternia [di-as-tem-at-o-ster'-ne-ah) [fiido- 
riiiia, fissure ; crepvov, sternum]. Median congenital 
fissure of the sternum. 

Diaster [di'-as-ter). See Dyaster and Karyokinesis. 

Diastole (di - as'- to- le) [diaaroli], a drawing apart]. 
The period of dilatation of either cavity of the heart 



DIASTOLIC 



372 



DICROTIC 



during its rhythmic cycle or beat. It is applied also 
to the dilatation of the arteries by the heart's con- 
traction. 

Diastolic (di-as-toV -ik) [diaaroAij, a drawing apart]. 
Pertaining to diastole. D. Impulse, the back-stroke. 
D. Murmur. See Murmur. D. Thrill, the vibra- 
tion felt in the region of the heart during the diastole 
of the ventricles. 

Diastrephia (di-as-tref -e-ali) [did, apart ; arptyeiv, to 
turn]. Insanity marked by acts of cruelty and by 
gross perversion of the moral sense. 

Diatactic (di-at-ak' -tik) [diardaoetv, to make ready]. 
Preparatory. D. Action, the supposed molecular 
establishment of unions between different brain-cells 
and nerve-centers preparatory to coordinated motor 
activity. 

Diatela (ai-at-e'-lah) [did, between ; tela, a web]. The 
membranous roof of the diacele (third ventricle). 

Diaterma (di-at-er' -mah) [did, between ; rip/ia, end]. 
A portion of the floor of the diacele. It has a nearly 
dorso-ventral direction. 

Diathermal or Diathermanous (di-atk-er'-mal, di- 
ath-er'-man-us) [did, through ; depfi?/, heat]. Trans- 
parent or diaphanous to the waves of radiant heat. 

Diathermancy (di-ath-er' -man-se) [did, through; Oep/i?/, 
heat]. Permeability to rays of heat. 

Diathesis (di-ath' -es-is) [did, through ; ridevai, to ar- 
range]. A state or condition of the body whereby it is 
especially liable to certain diseases, such as gout, cal- 
culus, diabetes, etc. It may be acquired or heredi- 
tary. D., Hemorrhagic. See Hemophilia. 

Diathetic (di-ath-ef -ik) [did, through; TiQkvai, to ar- 
range]. Relating to a diathesis. 

Diatom (cii' -at-om). One of the Diatomacece, a group 
of microscopic Alga;. 

Diatomic (di-at-om' -ik) [dig, two; aro/ior, atom]. In 
chemistry, consisting of two atoms ; specifically applied 
to hydrates that have two hydrogen atoms united to the 
nucleus radical by oxygen. 

Diatomin (di-af -o-min) [did, through ; re/aveiv, to 
cut]. The yellowish-brown coloring-matter of diatoms. 
It is also called Pliycoxanthin. 

Diaxon (di-aks'-on) [dig, two ; dfwi^axis]. In biology, 
having two axes. 

Diazo- (di-a'-zo-) [dig, two ; azotum, nitrogen]. In 
chemistry, a prefix signifying that a compound contains 
phenyl, C 6 H 5 , united with a radical consisting of two 
nitrogen atoms. D.-acid, one of certain volatile 
liquids of yellow color and peculiar odor, which 
distil undecomposed with steam or under reduced pres- 
sure. They are slightly soluble in water, but mix 
readily with alcohol and with ether. D. -compound, 
in chemistry a compound containing a group consisting 
of phenyl (C 6 H 5 ) united with a radical consisting of 
two nitrogen-atoms (whence the name). D. -reac- 
tion or test, a urinary test, originally thought to be 
especially valuable in the diagnosis of enteric fever. It is 
not found in the urine of healthy persons. The test is 
made by mixing 200 parts of sulphanilic acid solution 
(concentrated solution in water) with 10 parts of pure 
hydrochloric acid, and 6 parts of nitrite of sodium 
solution (I : 200). To this mixture add an equal 
volume of urine with sufficient ammonia to render the 
whole alkaline. A bright or carmin-red denotes the 
reaction. See Tests, Table of. 

Diazobenzene (di-a-zo-ben' -zen) [dis, two ; azotum, 
nitrogen ; benzoin~\ . The nitrogenous body called Tyro- 
toxicon, q. v. 

Dib [E. dial]. The knee-pan or ankle-bone of a 
sheep's leg. 

Dibasic (di-ba'-sik) [dig, twice ; fSdirig, base]. Having 
two bases. D. Acids. See Acids. 



Dibenzyl (di-ben'-zil) [dig, twice ; benzoin], C 14 H U . 
A compound prepared by the action of sodium upon 
benzyl chlorid. It crystallizes in large prisms, melt- 
ing at 52 C. and boiling at 284 C. 

Diblastic (di-blas'-tik) [dig, double ; 0Xaar6g, germ]. 
Referring to any theory of disease that ascribes it to a 
double agency. 

Dibothrium (di-both' -re-uni) [L. ]. A genus of ces- 
tode worms. D. latum. See Bothriocephalus latus. 

Dibromindone (di-bro-min' -don) [dig, double ; (ipauog, 
a stench], C 9 H 4 Br 2 0. A compound derived from 
dibromcinnamic acid. It consists of orange-yellow 
needles, with an odor resembling that of quinone. It 
melts at 123°. 

Dicephalism (di-sef'-al-izm) [dig, two ; Kt(pa~/J], head]. 
The condition of having two heads. 

Dicephalous (di-sef'-al-us) [dig, two; KEipaTiij, head]. 
Two-headed. 

Dicephalus (di-sef'-al-us) [dig, two; Ke<j>a?J/, ahead]. 
A monster having two heads. 

Dicerous (dis' -er-us) [dig, two; Kepag, a horn]. In 
biology, having two antennse. 

Dichasium (di-ka'-se-um) [dixaotg, division]. In 
biology, applied to a cyme having two axes. 

Dichastasis (di-kas 1 '-tas-is) [di%aaig, division]. In 
biology, spontaneous fission. 

Dichasteres (di-kas-te' -rez) [dixdtjew, to divide]. An 
old name for the incisor teeth. 

Dichlamydeous (di-klam-id'-e-us) [dig, two ; ^'/la/u>f, a 
mantle]. In biology, applied to flowers having both 
floral envelops. 

Dichogamy (di-kog' -a-me) [di%a, in two ; yd/xog, mar- 
riage]. In biology, a provision for cross-fertilization 
of flowers by the maturation of the reproductive ele- 
ments of the same flower at different times. 

Dichotomous (di-kot' -o-mits) [dixa, in two ; re/iveiv, 
to cut]. In biology, divided, forked or having a 
dual arrangement. 

Dichroism (di'-kro-izm) [dig, double; XP^ a > color]. 
The phenomenon of difference of color in bodies 
when viewed by reflected or by transmitted light. 

Dichromatism (di-kro'-mat-izm). Same as Color- 
blindness. 

Dicinchonin (di-sin'-kon-in) [dig, double ; cinchona], 
C 18 H 44 N 4 2 . An alkaloid of Cinchona bark, an 
amorphous solid, melting at 40° C, readily soluble in 
alcohol and ether. 

Diclesium (di-kle'-se-um) [dig, two; nAeieiv, close]. In 
biology, an achenium having a persistent calyx or 
perianth. 

Diclinous (di-kli'-nus) [dig, two ; iddvri, a bed] . In 
biology, having the stamens and pistils in separate 
flowers. 

Dicochirurgea (di-ko-ki-rer'-je-ah) [d'lKTj, justice; 
Xeipovpyia, surgery]. Forensic surgery. 

Dicotoin (di-ko'-to-in) [dig, double ; Coto~\ . A deriva- 
tive of cotoin present in coto bark. 

Dicotyledon (di-kot-il-e'-don) [dig, two; norv?irjdov, 
a cavity]. In biology, a term introduced by J. Ray 
in 1682, for a plant whose embryo has two seed-leaves 
or cotyledons. 

Dicranous (di-kra'-nus) [dinpavog, two-headed]. 
Dicephalous. 

Dicranus (di-kra'-nus) [dig, double; updvov, head]. 
A dicephalous monster. 

Dicrotic (di-krot'-ik) [dinporog, double beating] . Having 
a double beat. D. Pulse, a term applied to a pulse 
that imparts the sensation of a double beat at each 
pulsation. D. Wave, the wave of recoil, or the 
second smaller ascending wave of the sphygmographic 
tracing. It is generated by closure of the aortic 
valves. 



DICROTISM 



373 



DIFFICULT AS INTESTINORL'M 



Dicrotism (di'-kro-tizi)i) [<5/'/>y)oroc, a double-beat]. 
The quality of being dicrotic. A condition of the 
pulse in which with every wave there is given to the 
finger of the examiner the sensation of two beats. It 
is present when the arterial tension is low. The second 
shock is due to the recoil of the arterial walls when 
the aortic valves are closed. 

Dictyitis (dik-te-i'-tis) [dlitxvov, net, retina]. Retinitis. 

Dictyopsia (dik-te-op' -se-ah) [d'usrvov, net ; oipcg, view]. 
The sensation as if a net were stretched before the eyes. 

Dicyanogen (di-si-an' -o-jen) [Ac, double ; cyanogen] , 
NC.CN. P'ree cyanogen; a colorless, poisonous gas 
of peculiar odor, and specific gravity 26 (H = l). It 
may be condensed to a mobile liquid by cold of — 25 
C. , or by a pressure of four atmospheres at ordinary 
temperatures. In this condition it has a specific 
gravity of .566, solidifies at — 34 C. to a crystalline 
mass and boils at — 21° C. It burns with a bluish- 
purple mantled flame. 

Didactic (di-dak' -tik) \SidaKTiK.6c, apt at teaching]. 
Teaching by description, rules, or principles ; opposed 
to clinical. 

Didactylism (di-dak' -til-izm) [Ac, double ; daKTvXoc, 
a finger]. The condition of having congenitally but 
two digits on a hand or foot. 

Diday's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Didot's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Diduction (di-duk'-shun) \_diducere, to draw apart]. 
Abduction of two parts ; the withdrawal of a part. 

Didymalgia (did-e-mal' -je-ah) [dtdv/xog, testicle ; aXyor, 
pain]. Pain in a testicle. 

Didymitis (did-e-mi'-tis) [SiSvfxoc , a testicle ; ltic, in- 
flammation] . Orchitis affecting mainly the body of 
the testicle. 

Didymium (di-dim'-e-um) \pi6vjioc, twin]. A rare 
metal of grayish or yellow color. See Elements, 
Table of. 

Didymous (did' -im-us) [SiSvuoi;, twin]. Arranged in 
a pair, or in pairs. 

Didymus (did' -im-us) \_6l6vp.or, twin]. A twin ; a 
twin-monstrosity ; a testis. 

Didynamous (di-din' -am-us)\_&ic, two; 8vvap.ir, power] . 
In biology, having the stamens in two pairs, one 
longer than the other. 

Die (di) [ME., dien\. To cease to live ; to become 
dead. 

Diecious (di-e' -shies) [Ac, two ; dime, house]. In bi- 
ology, having the two sexes in different individuals, or 
in two households, as staminate and pistillate flowers 
separate and on separate plantb. 

Dieffenbach's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Dielectric (di-e-lek'-trik) [Ad, through ; r/'kenTpov, 
amber]. A non-conducting substance that transmits 
electricity by induction. 

Dielectrics (di-e-lek' -triks) [Ad, through ; faenrpov, 
amber]. The property of certain substances to per- 
mit an inductive electric influence to act through or 
across them. 

Dielectrolysis (di-e-lek-trol' -is-is) [Ad, through ; rjXtK- 
rpov, electricity ; Xouv, to dissolve]. Galvanic elec- 
trolysis of a compound, the current passing at the 
same time through a diseased portion of the body and 
carrying one of the elements of the compound with it. 

Dien (di'-en) [Ad, through; eyi(i<j>a/ioc, brain]. A 
contraction of diencephalon. 

Diencephal (di-en'-sef-al). Same as Diencephalon. 

Diencephalon (di-en-sef -al-on) [Ad, between ; eytdtpa- 
/.or, brain], Thalamencephalon. Between - brain. 
That part of the brain between the prosencephalon and 
the mesencephalon. It includes the thalami and the 
third ventricle. 

Dieresis (di-er'-es-is) [fiiaipeoir, a division]. A solu- 



tion of continuity, as a wound, ulceration, etc. In 
biology, the division of the outer branch of the pos- 
terior or caudal pleopod of a crustacean. (Bate). 

Dieretic (di-er-et'-ik) [diaipteiv, to divide]. Destruc- 
tive ; escharotic ; corrosive. 

Dies and Counter-dies. Metallic casts obtained by 
molding in sand or dipping in molten zinc and lead, 
or other alloys, such as Babbitt metal, and which are 
used for stamping up dental plates ; they are generally 
described as male and female castings, between which 
the plate is swaged. 

Diesel's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Diet (di'-ef) \_Siatra, a system or mode of living]. I. 
An arranged selection of food necessary to meet the 
needs of the body. 2. To regulate the amount and 
character of the food ingested. D. -drink, a medi- 
cated drink, or beverage. D., Lisbon, a draught much 
resembling the compound tincture of sarsaparilla. 
D., Milk, one consisting mainly of milk. D., Tuff- 
nell's, a highly nutritious diet including but a small 
amount of liquids, employed in the treatment of 
internal aneurysms. 

Dietarian (di-et-a' -re-an) [diaira, a system or mode of 
living]. A physician who pays special attention to 
matters of diet. 

Dietary (di'-et-a-re) [Aatra, a system or mode of 
living] . A system of food-regulation intended to meet 
the requirements of the animal economy. 

Dietetic (di-et-ef -ik) [fiiaira, a system or mode of 
living]. Pertaining to diet. 

Dietetics (di-et-ef '-iks) \fiiaira, a system or mode of 
living]. The science of the systematic regulation of 
the diet for hygienic or therapeutic purposes. 

Dietetist (di-et-ef -ist) \jYiaira, a system or mode of 
living]. One who is expert in questions of diet; a 
dietarian. 

Diethylamin (di-cth-il' -am-in)\fiiq, double ; ethyl, amin~\, 
NC 4 H n . A ptomaine, obtained from the pike-fish when 
allowed to putrefy for six days in summer. It is an 
inflammable liquid of strong basic properties, soluble 
in water, and boiling at 57-5° C. It is non-poisonous. 

Dietic (di-et'-ik) \_6iaira, a system or mode of living] . 
Same as Dietetic. D. Diseases, those caused by 
errors of diet. 

Difference-Theory (dif'-er-ens). A theory in explan- 
ation of the galvanic phenomena of living tissues. 
The theory is an expression of these facts : Protoplasm 
when injured or excited in its continuity becomes 
negative to the uninjured part ; when heated it becomes 
positive ; and the surface-polarization diminishes with 
excitement and in the process of dying. It is also 
called Alteration-theory (Hermann). 

Differential (dif-cr-en'-shal) \_differentia, difference]. 
Pertaining to or creating a difference. D. Diagno- 
sis. See Diagnosis. D. Rheotome. See Rheo- 
tome. D. Tone, a tone produced by two primary 
tones when sounding simultaneously ; the number of 
the vibrations corresponds to the difference between 
the two primary tones. D. Staining, a method of 
staining tubercle-bacilli, syphilis-bacilli, etc., founded 
upon the fact that if deeply-colored, and especially 
with a mordant, they retain the color in the presence of 
certain reagents that decolorize the surrounding tis- 
sues. Koch, Ehrlich and Weigert, Ziehl and Neel- 
son, Futterer, Gibbes, etc. , have devised various 
methods of differential staining. 

Differentiation {dif-er-en-she-a'-shun) {differentia, dif- 
ference]. Specialization of tissues, organs, or func- 
tions. The gradual change of homogeneous material 
into special tissues or organs. 

Difncultas intestinorum (dif-ik-ul'-tas in-tes-tin-or'- 
um) [L.]. Synonym of Dysentery. 



DIFFRACTION 



374 



DIGITI MORTUI 



Diffraction [dif-rak' -shun) [dis, apart; fractus, bro- 
ken]. The deflection suffered by a ray of light when 
it passes through a narrow slit or aperture. D. Grat- 
ing, a strip of glass closely ruled with fine lines ; it is 
often used in the spectroscope in the place of the bat- 
tery of prisms. 

Diffuse (dif-us') \_de, apart ; fundere, to pour over]. 
Scattered or spread about. In medicine, applied to 
diseases that involve a large part of the body. D. 
Aneurysm, one caused by a rupture of the walls of a 
blood-vessel. D. Cerebral Sclerosis. See Sclero- 
sis. D. Inflammation. See Inflammation. 

Diffusible (dif-u'-zib-l) [dis, away; fundere, to pour]. 
Susceptible of being rapidly diffused throughout the 
system; applied to certain quickly-acting stimulants, 
usually of transient effect. 

Diffusion [dif-u' -zhun) [diffundere, to spread]. A 
spreading or dissemination. D., Anodal, same as 
Cataphoresis. D. -circle, the imperfect image formed 
by incomplete focalization, the position of the true 
focus not having been reached or else having been 
passed. 

Digastric [di-gas' -trik) [tfif, double; yaari/p, belly]. 
Having two bellies. D. Muscle. See Muscles, 
Table of. D. Triangle. See Triangles, Table of. 

Digenesis (di-jen'-es-is) [<5/c, two ; yiveaic, generation]. 
In biology, the alternation of sexual and asexual gen- 
eration. 

Digenous (dij'-en-us) [Sic, two ; ykvoc, sex]. In biol- 
ogy, pertaining to both sexes, or originating from 
opposite sexes. 

Digerent (dij'-er-ent) [digerere, to digest]. A digest- 
ant; also a medicine that excites the secretion of pus 
in wounds. 

Digestant {di-jest' -ant) [digerere, to digest]. I. A 
body or substance that effects solution of the food in 
the mouth, stomach, and intestines. 2. A remedy for 
indigestion. 

Digestibility {di-jes-tib-W -it-c) [diges/ibiiis, that can be 
digested]. Susceptibility of being digested. 

Digestible {di-jesf -ib-l) [digestibilis, that can be di- 
gested]. Capable of being digested. 

Digestio Difncilis (di-jes'-che-o difik'-il-is) [L.]. Syn- 
onym of Dyspepsia. , 

Digestion (di-jes'-chun) [digerere, to digest]. In bi- 
ology, that process whereby the food taken into an 
organism is made fit to become part thereof. D., 
Artificial, the production of peptones outside of the 
body. D., Primary, gastro-intestinal digestion. D., 
Secondary, the assimilation by the body-cells of their 
appropriate pabulum. 

Digestive (di-jes'-tiv) [digerere, to digest]. I. Relat- 
ing to or favoring digestion. 2. An agent that pro- 
motes digestion. 3. Pertaining to the process of 
digestion. D. Apparatus, the organs of digestion 
considered collectively. D. Tract, the whole aliment- 
ary canal from the mouth to the anus. See Illustra- 
tion. 

Digit (di/ y -it) [digitus, a finger]. A finger or toe. 

Digital (dif-it-al) [digitus, a finger]. Pertaining to the 
fingers or toes. D. Arteries, the arteries of the hands 
and feet supplying the digits. See Arteries, Table of. 
D. Compression, the stoppage of a flow of blood by 
pressure with the finger. D. Dilatation, the enlarg- 
ing of a cavity by means of the finger. D. Examina- 
tion, examination or exploration with the finger. D. 
Nerves, the nerves of the hands and feet. D. Pha- 
langes, the bones of the fingers or of the toes. 

Digitalein {dij-it-a' -le-in) [digitalis, pertaining to the 
fingers]. One of the constituents of digitalis. 

Digitalin (dij-it-a' -lin) [digitalis, pertaining to the 
fingers]. I. Digitalinum (U. S. P.); C 5 H 8 0. 2 (?), the 



active principle of Digitalis purpurea, q. v. Dose gr. 
"bVtip 2 - ^ precipitate from a tincture of Digitalis 
purpurea. Unof. Besides the foregoing there are 
various commercial preparations known by this name. 

Digitalis {dij-it-a' -lis) [digitalis, pertaining to the 
fingers]. Foxglove. The leaves of D. purpurea. It 
contains an amorphous complex substance, digitalin, 
that does not, however, represent the full properties 
of the leaves. It is a cardiac stimulant and excito- 
motor, and in large doses causes severe gastric dis- 
turbance. It is employed mainly in affections of the 
heart when the latter is rapid and feeble. Dose of 
the leaves gr. ss-iij. D. abstractum, strength twice 
that of digitalis itself. Unof. Dosegr. %-\). D., Ext., 
leaves yield 25 per cent, of extract. Dose gr. l /i,- l /2. 
D., Ext., Fid., strength 100 per cent. Dose tt\j-iij. 
D. infusum, xyi per cent, in strength. Dose ^ss-j. 
D., Tinct., 15 per cent. Dose TT\v- 5 j . See Digitalin. 

Digitalose [dij-it-al-oz') [digitalis, pertaining to the 
fingers]. A white crystalline constituent of digitalis. 



Salivary Gland 




Large 

Jntestin* 



Vermiform Afpendi 



General Scheme of the Digestive Tract, with the 
Chief Glands Opening into It ; Together with the 
Lacteals Arising from the Intestine and Joining 
the Thoracic Duct. (Landois.) 

Digitate (dij'-il-dt) [digitus, finger]. In biology, hav- 
ing finger-like divisions, as when the leaflets of a 
compound leaf are all borne on the apex of the petiole. 

Digitation {dij-it-a' -slum) [digitatus, having digits]. 
A serration; a finger-like process, or a succession of 
such processes. 

Digiten (dij' -it-en) [digitus, a finger]. Belonging to a 
digit in itself. 

Digiti mortui (di/'-it-i mor'-tu-i) [L.]. . Dead- 
fingers ; a cold and white state of the fingers, seen in 



DIGITIGRADE 



375 



DIOPTOMETRY 



some hysterical women, and in certain types of insan- 
ity. It is a manifestation of some vaso-motor disorder. 

Digitigrade [dij> ' -it-ig-rad) [digitus, ringer ; gradi, to 
walk]. In biology, walking on the toes. 

Digitonin (dij-it-o-nin') [digitalis, pertaining to the 
ringers], C 31 H 5 ,0 17 . A white, amorphous mass ob- 
tained from digitalis. It is easily soluble in water, 
slightly so in alcohol ; insoluble in ether and chloro- 
form. 

Digitoxin (dij-it-oks' -in) [digitalis, pertaining to the 
ringers; toxicum, poison], C 21 H 32 7 , or C 12 H 52 3 4. A 
highly poisonous alkaloid from Digitalis purpurea. Its 
effects are little understood. Its action is cumulative. 
Unof. 

Digitule (dig' '-it-iil) [digitulus, a little digit]. A little 
finger, toe, or claw ; a small organ or prominence 
resembling a digit. 

Digitus (dij'-it-us) [L.]. A finger or toe. 

Diglossia (di-glos'-e-ah) [Sic, double ; yAuuaa, tongue]. 
The condition of having a double tongue. 

Digoneutic (di-go-nu'-tik) [dig, two; yovog, offspring]. 
In biology, producing two broods a year. 

Digonoporous (di-go-nop' -or-us) [Sic, two ; yovoc, off- 
spring; TTopog, pore]. In biology, having the genital 
pores separate. 

Digyn (di' '-Jin) [Sic, two; yvvf/, woman]. In biology, 
having two pistils. 

Dihydrolutidin (di-hi-dro-lu'-tid-in) [Sic, double; 
vSup, water], C Y H U N. One of the alkaloids of cod- 
liver oil. See Morrhuolins. 

Dihysteria (di-his-te' -re-ah) [Sic, double ; varepa, the 
womb]. The presence of a double womb. 

Dilaceratio cataractse (di-las-er-a' -she-o kat-ar-ak'-te) 
[L.]. See Dilaceration. 

Dilaceration (di-las-er-a' -shun) [dilaceratio, a tearing 
apart]. A tearing apart ; division of a membranous 
cataract by a tearing operation. 

Dilatatio cordis (di-lat-a' -she-o kor'-dis) [L.]. Dila- 
tation of the heart. 

Dilatation (di-lat-a' -shuft) [dilatare, to spread out]. I. 
An increase in the size of a cavity or of the lumen of a 
vessel ; expansion of an organ without hypertrophy. 
2. Surgical stretching out of the walls of a hollow 
organ. D. of Blood-vessel. See Telangiectasis. 
D. of Heart, an increase in the size of one or more of 
the cavities of the heart, arising from a relaxation or 
weakening of the heart-muscle. It is associated with 
evidences of failure of circulation, resulting in conges- 
tion of the lungs and other viscera and tissues. 

Dilatator (di-lat-a' -tor). See Dilator. 

Dilator (di-la'-tor) [dilatare, to spread out]. An instru- 
ment for stretching or enlarging a cavity or opening ; 
also, a dilating muscle. See Muscles, Table of. D., 
Barnes', an instrument for dilatation of the os and cer- 
vix uteri, consisting of a rubber bag, which, when in- 
serted, is distended with water. D., Intra-uterine, 
for dilating the uterine cavity by means of air or water. 
D., Laryngeal, an instrument with two or three blades 
that may be separated, for freeing or dilating the larynx. 

Dilemma (di-lem' -ah) [SiXrifi/xa ; dig, double ; ?i7jfip.a, 
proposition]. In experiments to determine the reac- 
tion-time of psychic processes, if the person is told 
which side is to be stimulated, or what colored disc is 
to be presented, etc. , the time is shorter. Lack of such 
foreknowledge is called the dilemma. 

Dill (dil). See Anethum. 

Dilmaisch Disease. See Disease. 

Diluent (dil'-u-ent) [diluere, to wash away] . An agent 
that dilutes the secretions of an organ, or that increases 
"the fluidity of secretions. 

Dilution (di- hi' -shun) [diluere, to wash away]. I. The 
process of mixing with a neutral fluid or substance, in 



order to attenuate. 2. A diluted substance ; the result 
of a diluting process. 

Dilutionist (di-lu'-shun-ist) [diluere, to wash away]. 
One who advocates the dilution of medicines. D., 
High, a homeopathist who advocates the extreme at- 
tenuation of medicines. 

Dimerosomatous (dim-er-o-som' -at-us) [Sic, two ; ii't- 
poc, a part; au/ja, body]. In biology, applied to 
animals, as spiders, that have the body divided into 
two regions, cephalo-thorax and abdomen. 

Dimerous (dim' -er-us) [Sic, two; p-ipoc, a part]. In 
biology, bipartite. 

Dimethyl Ketone. See Acetone. 

Dimethylamin (di-meth-il' -am-in) [Sic, two; methyl, 
amin~\, NC 2 H 7 . Anon-toxic ptomaine found in putre- 
fying gelatin, old decomposing yeast, certain varieties 
of fish-decomposition, etc. 

Dimethylarsin (di-meth-il-ar'-sin). See Cacodyl. 

Dimethylphenylene-green. See Pigments, Conspec- 
tus of. 

Dimetria (di-me'-tre-ah) [Sic, double ; fxr/rpa, the 
womb]. The condition of having a double womb. 

Dimidiate (di-mid' -e-at) [di, apart; medius, middle]. 
In biology, divided into halves, or represented by one 
half only ; one-sided. Applied to an anther whose 
lobes are widely separated by a broad connective, or 
to animals that are male on one side and female on 
the other. 

Diminished Breathing. See Breath-sounds. 

Dimorphism (di-morf -izm) [Sic, double ; fiop<pr/, form]. 
The property of assuming or of existing under two 
distinct forms. 

Dimorphous (di-??io?f -us) [Sic, double ; p.opiirj, form]. 
In chemistry, having the quality of two forms of 
crystallization. In biology, existing in two forms, 
as individuals of the same species that differ in 
form, structure, size, or color. 

Dimple (dim' -pi) [KS.,dynt], A slight depression. 

Dingee (din'-ge). Synonym of Dengue. 

Dingler's Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Dinic, Dinical (din'-ik, or din'-ik-al) [Sivoc, whirl]. 
Pertaining to or useful in the relief of vertigo. 

Dinitrobenzene (di-ni-tro-ben'-zen) [di, two ; nitrum, 
niter ; benzene'], C 6 H 4 (N0 2 ) 2 . One of the ingredients 
of Roburite, q.v. 

Dinner Pills. A name applied to various mild cathartic 
pills taken after meals. See Lady Webster Pill. 

Dinomania (din-o-ma'-ne-ah) [Sivoc, a whirling dance ; 
fiavia, mania]. Dancing-mania. Choromania, q. v. 

Dinus (di'-nus) [Sivoc, whirl]. Vertigo or dizziness. 

Dioecious (di-e'-shus). See Diecious. 

Diogenes' Cup. See Poculum diogenis. 

Diogmus (di-og'-mus) [Siuy/u6c, a chase]. Palpitation 
of the heart. 

Dionsea (di-o-ne' -ah) [Aiuv7), Dione]. A genus of 
plants. D. muscipula, a plant of the Sundew family, 
growing in the Carolinas ; Venus's fly-trap. It cap- 
tures and feeds upon various insects, and is said to 
contain droserin and azerin, the same digestive fer- 
ments that occur in Drosera, q.v. Unof. 

Dionym (di'-o-nim) [Sic, two; bvvfia, name]. A name 
consisting of two words, as medulla oblongata ; corpus 
callosum. 

Diophthalmus (di-off-thal'-mus). See Diprosopus. 

Diopsimeter (di-op-sim' -et-er) [Sioipic, clear vision ; 
Likrpov, a measure]. An instrument for exploration of 
the visual field. 

Diopter (di-op'-ter). See Dioptry. 

Dioptometer (di-op-tom' -et-erS. Same as Optometer. 

Dioptometry (di-op-tom' -et-re) [SioirTr/p, a watchman ; 
fifrpov, a measure] . The measurement of the accom- 
modative and refractive states of the eye. 



DIOPTRAL 



376 



DIPHYCERCAL 



Dioptral (di-op' '-/ral) [6ioTrrrjp, a watchman]. Pertain- 
ing to a dioptry ; expressed in dioptrics. 

Dioptre [di-op' -ter). See Dioptry. 

Dioptric (di-op' -trik) [6ia, through; bx^eadac, to seel. 
I. Pertaining to transmitted and refracted light. 2. 
A dioptry. 

Dioptrics (di-op' -triks) \f>ia, through ; dipeadat, to see]. 
A branch of optics treating of the refraction of light 
by transparent media, especially by the media of the 
eye. 

Dioptry (di-op' ' -tre) [Sia, through; btpeaBai, to see]. 
The most commonly accepted unit of measurement 
for optic lenses. A positive (or plus) spherical (bi- 
convex) lens of one dioptry has a focal distance of one 
meter ; one of two dioptries, a focal distance of one- 
half a meter, etc. See Lenses, and Spectacle-lenses . 

Diorthosis (di-or' -tho-sis) \_61a, throughout ; bpdoeiv, to 
straighten]. The surgical correction of a deformity, 
or repair of an injury done to a limb. 

Diorthotic (di-or-thot'-ik) \_61a, throughout; bpBoetv, to 
straighten]. Relating to or effecting a diorthosis. 

Dioscorea (di-os-ko'-re-ah) \_Dioscorides, a famous 
Greek physician and botanist]. Wild Yam, Colic 
Root. The rhizome of D. villosa, a creeping-plant, 
indigenous to the eastern U. S. It is claimed to be ex- 
pectorant, diaphoretic, and stimulant to the intestinal 
canal, in large doses causing neuralgic pains and 
erotic excitement. It is used successfully for bilious 
colic. D., Fid. Ext., of standard strength, dose 
TTLxv-xxx. Unof. 

Dioscorein (di-os-ko 1 '-re-iti) \_Diosco?-ides, a Greek bot- 
anist]. A precipitate from a tincture of the root of 
Dioscorea villosa. It is antispasmodic, expectorant, 
and diaphoretic. Dose y z to 4 grains. Unof. 

Diosma (di-oz'-mah) [citoc, divine ; ba/iij, odor]. Buchu. 
See Barosma. 

Diosmin (di-oz'-min) [fiioi;, divine ; bufj.?/, odor]. An 
active principle obtained from various species of Buchu. 
It is an amorphous, bitter substance. Unof. 

Diosmosis (di-os-?no'-sis). Same as Osmosis. 

Diotic (di-ol'-ik) [dig, two; our/, uroc, ear]. Binaural ; 
pertaining to both ears. 

Dioxid (di-oks'-id) [<3/c, two; b^vg, sharp]. An oxid 
containing two atoms of oxygen and one of a metal. 

Dipentene (di-pcn' -ten), C :o H 16 . Cinene ; a compound 
produced by heating pinene, camphor, and limonene 
to 250-300° C. It is present in the Russian and 
Swedish turpentine oil. It is a liquid with an agree- 
able lemon-like odor ; sp. gr. 0.853 > boils at 175— 
176° C. 

Dipetalous (di-pet'-al-us) [d(C, two ; TreraAov, a leaf ]. 
In biology, two-petaled. 

Diphenyl (di-fen'-il) [(5/c,two; <f>olvi^, purple-red], C 12 - 
H 10 . A hydrocarbon resulting from the action of sodium 
upon the solution of brom-benzene in ether or benzene. 
It is also present in coal-tar. It crystallizes from alcohol 
and ether in large colorless leaflets, melting at 71° C, 
and boiling at 254° C. D. -methane, C 13 H,„. Benzyl 
benzene ; a hydrocarbon obtained from benzyl chlorid 
and benzene. It is easily soluble in alcohol and ether, 
possesses the odor of oranges, crystallizes in needles, 
melts at 26.5° C, and boils at 262° C. 

Diphenylamin (dif-en-il'-am-in) \_dipfienyl ; amiri], 
C„H U N. A compound produced in the dry distilla- 
tion of triphenyl rosanilin (Rosanilin blue) ; it is also 
prepared by heating anilin hydrochlorid and anilin to 
240°. It is a pleasant-smelling, crystalline compound, 
melting at 54° and boiling at 310°. It is almost in- 
soluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol and 
ether. It serves in the preparation of various dye- 
stuffs. D. Orange. See Pigments, Conspectus of 

Diphenylol (di-fen'-il-ol), C 12 H 10 O. Oxy-diphenyl ; 



obtained by diazotizing amido diphenyl sulphate. It 
sublimes in shining leaflets, melting at 165° C, and 
boiling at 305. 8° C. 

Diphosphatid (di-fos' -fat-id) \di, twice ; phosphorus']. 
Any phosphatid containing the phosphorized radical 
twice (such as assurin). Diphosphatids exist in the 
brain-substance and in other animal tissues. 

Diphtheria [dif, or dip-the' -re-ah) [diijtdepa, a skin or 
membrane]. An acute, epidemic, infectious disease, 
generally regarded as of specific contagious origin, 
attacking especially the mucous membrane of the air- 
passages, and producing profound depression of the 
vital forces. It is characterized specifically by the 
formation of layers of whitish or yellowish membrane 
upon the mucous membrane of the pharynx, 
nose, and larynx, and upon any existing cutaneous 
abrasion. The duration of the disease is from one to 
two weeks, death, when it follows, occurring usually 
within a week. There are certain grave sequelae 
that must be noted ; chief among these are various 
forms of paralysis, especially of the palate. The 
prognosis is always grave. To stain the microorgan- 
isms of diphtheria see Loftier 's Method, Gram's 
Method, — a fragment of false membrane being spread 
on a cover-glass, dried, and otherwise treated as a 
cover-glass preparation. D., Antitoxin Treatment 
of, the treatment of diphtheria with subcutaneous in- 
jections of the blood-serum of animals, and more es- 
pecially the horse, rendered immune to diphtheria by 
previous and repeated inoculation with progressively 
increasing doses of the toxic products of the bacillus 
diphtheria. D. circumscripta, a peculiar form of 
diphtheria described by Barrett, in which a distinct 
circumscribed slough appears on one tonsil, and death 
often results. D., Cutaneous, a form involving abra- 
sions of the skin. D., Gangrenous, a gangrene of 
the skin and mucous membrane sometimes accompany- 
ing diphtheria. D., Laryngeal, a form involving the 
larynx, threatening death by suffocation. D., Malig- 
nant, a very fatal form, beginning with rigor, vomit- 
ing, and attended with typhoid symptoms. D., Nasal, 
a form in which the diphtheritic membrane spreads to 
the nasal passages, and is accompanied by a fetid, 
brown discharge. D., Secondary, a term designating 
the occurrence of the disease in association with other 
acute affections, such as typhoid fever, scarlatina, etc. 
D., Paraffin Treatment of, the membrane is scraped 
or peeled off, and paraffin is applied to the raw surface 
every hour by means of a large camel' s-hair brush. 

Diphtheric (dif-ther'-ik) \_8iydepa, a skin or mem- 
brane]. Pertaining to diphtheria. D. Conjuncti- 
vitis, a form of conjunctivitis attended with an infil- 
tration of coagulable matter or inflammatory products. 
D. Membrane, the pellicle forming on the parts 
involved in the diphtheric process. D. Paralysis, a 
paralysis frequently affecting the muscles of the soft 
palate and larynx, after the healing of the lesions of 
these parts. 

Diphtheritic (dif-ther-it'-ik) [Siipdepa, a skin or mem- 
brane], Same as Diphtheric, q.v. 

Diphtheritis (difther-i'-tis). See Diphtheria. 

Diphtheroid (dif -ther-oid) \_Sl(j>6epa, a skin or mem- 
brane]. Resembling diphtheria. D. Throat. Syn- 
onym of Herpetic Tonsilitis. 

Diphthongia (dif-thon' -je-aK) \fic, double ; <p6b-)yoc; , 
a voice]. The production of a double tone of the 
voice by the incomplete unilateral paralysis of the re- 
current nerve, or by some lesion of the vocal bands 
that causes each portion of the glottis to produce its 
own sound. 

Diphycercal (difi-ser'-kal) \_&t$vi]c, double ; idpKOQ, 
tail]. In bioiogy, applied to fishes that have the 



DIPHYGENIC 



377 



DIPSOSIS 



caudal fin-rays arranged equally above and below 
the extremity of the spinal column. 

Diphygenic (dif-i-gen' '-ik) [_6i<j>vf]g, of a two-fold nature 
or form ; yevvav, to produce]. In biology, producing 
successively two sorts of embryos. 

Diphyllous (di-jil'-us) [Ac, two; <j>vAAov, leaf]. In 
biology, composed of two leaves or sepals. 

Diphyodont (dif'-e-o-do/tt) [6t^>vi]c, twofold; 66nvc, 
tooth]. In biology, having two sets of teeth, as the 
milk-teeth and the permanent teeth. 

Diplacusis (dip-lak-u' -sis) [ SittXooq, double ; anovois, 
hearing]. I. The hearing of a tone as higher by one 
ear than by the other ; called D. binauralis. 2. The 
hearing of two tones by one ear, when only one tone 
is produced ; called D. uniauralis, or D. monauricu- 
laris. 

Diplanetic (di-plan-ef '-ik) [(5/c, twice ; TrAawyrdc, wan- 
dering]. In biology, applied to organisms that are 
twice active with an intervening period of qui- 
escence. 

Diplastic (di-plas'-tik) [die, two; irAaoaeip, to form]. 
A term applied to cells having two substances in their 
constitution. 

Diplegia (di-ple'-je-ah) \_6ic, double; nATjyf/, stroke]. 
Coincident paralysis of two corresponding parts, as of 
the two arms. Double or bilateral hemiplegia. 

Diplegic (di-ple' -jik) [rS;'c, double ; 7TAr/yr/, stroke]. Re- 
lating to or of the nature of diplegia. 

Dipleuric (di-plu'-rik) [cS'f, two; izAevpa, side]. In 
biology, bilaterally symmetric. 

Diplococcus (dip-lo-kok' -us) \_6l-a6oq, double ; /cd/c/cof, 
kernel]. A micrococcus whose spherules are joined 
two and two. See Micrococcus and Bacteria. 

Diplocoria {dip-lo-ko' -re-ah) [dnr Aoog, double ; K-oprj, 
pupil]. That state in which the pupil is double. 

Diploe (dip'-lo-e) \_Smloi], a fold]. The lacunar osse- 
ous tissue between the tables of the skull. 

Diploetic (dip-lo-et'-ik) [Sitt'aot/, a fold]. Relating to 
the diploe ; diploic. 

Diplogenesis (dip-lo-jen' -es-is) [tiiirloog, double ; yeveoic, 
production] . The development of a double or twin 
monstrosity. 

Diploic (dip-to' -ik) \6inAorj, a fold]. Pertaining to the 
diploe. 

Diploma (dip-lo' -mah) [Smlo/ia, a diploma]. A doc- 
ument granted by an authorized body of men, show- 
ing that the recipient has performed certain work under 
the prescribed conditions, and is entitled to a definite 
professional rank and title. 

Diplomyelia ( dip-lo-mi-e'-le-ah ) [ diTr^doc, double ; 
jiveXos, marrow]. An apparent doubleness of the 
spinal cord, produced by a longitudinal fissure. 

Diplophony (dip-loff'-o-ne) [dj-/ldoc, double; <pa>vi], 
voice]. Same as Diphthongia. 

Diplophonia (dip-lo-fo' -ne-ah) [d«rAdoc, double; (puvq, 
voice]. A rare symptom of laryngeal disease in 
which a double note is produced in the larynx. It is 
stated by Gottstein to occur in some cases of paraly- 
sis, or when a small tumor is situated so that on pho- 
nation it lies between the vocal bands. Cf. Diph- 
thongia. 

Diplopia (dip-lo' -pe-ah) [diirMoc, double ; biptr, sight]. 
Double vision, one object being seen by the eye or eyes 
as two. D., Binocular, the most frequent, is due to 
a derangement of the muscular balance, the images of 
the object being thereby thrown upon non-identical 
points of the retina. D., Crossed, or D., Heter- 
onymous, the result of divergent strabismus, the 
image of the right eye appearing upon the left side, 
and that of the left eye upon the right side. D., 
Direct, or D., Homonymous, the reverse of Crossed 
D., due either to paralysis of the external rectus or 



over-action of the internal rectus. D., Physiologic, 

that produced when an imperfect image is seen beyond 
or within the distance of the object accommodated for 
and transfixed by the visual axes. D., Monocular, 
or D., Uniocular, diplopia with a single eye, usually 
due to polycoria or other imperfections of the media. 

Diplopic (dip-lo' -pi'k) [diir'Aoog, double ; oi/uc, sight]. 
Relating to or affected with diplopia. 

Diplopiometer (dip-lo-pe-om' -et-er) \_dnrX6oc, double ; 
oTJur, sight; perpov, measure]. An instrument for 
measuring the degree of double vision. 

Diploplacula (dip-lo-plak' -u-lah) \_Sltza6oc, double ; 
Tr/.df, a tablet or plate]. In biology, a placula or 
discoid embryo composed of two layers of cells. 

Diplostemonous (dip-lo-stem' '-o-nus) [Jot/Woo, double ; 
arijiiuv, a thread]. In biology, applied to a flower in 
which the stamens are double the number of sepals and 
petals. 

Diploteratography (dip-lo-ter-at-og' '-ra-fe) \_SikX6oq, 
double; ripar, a monster; ypacpeiv, to write]. A 
term used by Fisher to denote the description and 
diagnosis of special forms of double monsters. 

Diploteratology (dip-lo-ter-at-ol'-o-je) [d«7r/idoc, double; 
rkpac, a monster; Aoyog, science]. The science of 
twin monstrosities. 

Dippel's Animal Oil. Oleum cornu cervi ; a pyrolig- 
neous oil, containing ammonium carbonate, amins, 
and aromatic compounds. It is obtained in distilling 
bone and deer's horn. It is antispasmodic and stimu- 
lant. Unof. 

DipropaTgyl (di-pro-par'-Jil), C 6 H 6 . One of the hydro- 
carbons ; a mobile liquid, of penetrating odor, isomeric 
with benzene ; it boils at 85 C; its specific gravity at 
1 8° C. equals o. 8 1 . If allowed to stand or if heat be ap- 
plied to it, dipropargyl polymerizes and becomes thick 
and resinous. 

Diprosopia (di-pro-so' '-pe-ah) [Sic, double ; ■np6ouizov, 
face]. In teratology, the duplication of the face. 

Diprosopus (di-pros' -o-pus) [dig, double ; irpoaunov, 
face]. A monster characterized by a duplicity of the 
face and head, frequently associated with hydroceph- 
alus, acrania, defective development of the brain, 
and spina bifida. The diprosopi have been classified 
as follows : I . Diprosopus diophtlialmus. 2. D. dis- 
torrius. " Fisher has described the first case of dipro- 
sopus diophthalmus, or distornus, reported in English. " 
There was anencephalus, a broad duplex nose, two 
mouths, one oral cavity, two tongues. 3. D. trioph- 
thabnus. In this variety there are three eyes, often 
with other deformities of the face and head, such as 
acrania, hare-lip, and cleft-palate. 4. D. tetrophthal- 
mus. In this variety the differentiation of the two 
faces is further advanced, but there are still but two 
ears. There are present four eyes. 5- -^- triotus. In 
this variety there are usually four eyes and always three 
ears. 6. D. tetrotus. In this variety, the intermediate 
stage between diprosopus and dicephalus, there are 
four eyes and four ears, with considerable duplicity in 
the cervical region. This is an extremely rare condi- 
tion in the human race. 

Dipsesis (dip-se' -sis) \_6iTprjaLg, thirst]. Extreme thirst. 

Dipsetic (dip-set' -ik) \_SltI>t)tik6c;, causing thirst]. Caus- 
ing or attended with thirst. 

Dipsomania (dip-so-ma' -ne-ah) [S'n\>a, thirst ; fiavia, 
madness]. The uncontrollable desire for spirituous 
liquors. This is generally considered as a disease. 

Dipsomaniac (dip-so-ma' -ne-ah) [S'niia, thirst; /uavia, 
madness]. A person affected with dipsomania. 

Dipsopathy (dip-sop' -a-the) [Siipa, thirst ; irdtfoc, affec- 
tion]. Any disease depending upon or related to 
alcoholic excess. 

Dipsosis (dip-so' -sis). See Dipsesis. 



DIPTEROCARPUS 



378 



DISEASE 



Dipterocarpus (dip-ter-o-kar' -pits) [SinTEpng, two- 
winged; Kapir6r, fruit]. A genus of trees, mostly S. 
Asiatic. D. alatus, D. costatus, D. hispidus, D. Icevis, 
and D. zeylanicus afford wood-oil or gurjun balsam. 

Dipterous (dip 1 '-ter-ns) [Sis , two ; ttrepov, wing]. In 
biology, two-winged, as a fly or a seed. 

Dipteryx (dip' -ter-iks) [Sis, two; ■KripvS,, a wing]. A 

■ genus of leguminous trees. D. odorata, the tree that 
produces the Tonka Bean, q. v.. 

Dipygus (dip'-ig-us) [Siq, double; nvyr/, buttocks]. A 
monstrosity with more or less duplication of the pelvis 
and lower parts of the back. 

Dirca (der'-kah) [AipKr/, a fountain near Thebes]. A 
genus of apetalous shrubs. D. palustris, wicopy, 
leatherwood, or moosewood ; a N. American thyme- 
laceous shrub, with the properties of mezereon. It is 
sparingly used in domestic practice for dyspepsia and 
hemicrania. Unof. 

Direct (di-rekt') [directus, straight]. In a right or 
straight line. D. Current. See Current. D., 
Image. See linage. D. Ophthalmoscopy. See 
Ophthalmoscopy. D. Vision, the perception of an 
object the image of which falls upon the maculae. 

Direction (di-rek' -shun) \_dirigere, to direct]. Rela- 
tive position considered without regard to linear dis- 
tance. D. -spindle, a fusiform body of the ovula, 
stretching from the germinal vesicle toward the surface. 

Director (di-rek' -tor) [dirigere, to guide]. Anything 
that guides or directs. D., Grooved, an instrument 
grooved to guide the knife in surgical operations. 

Dirigomotor (dir-ig-o-mo'-tor) [dirigere, to direct; 
motor, a mover] . Causing or involving motion and 
at the same time directing that motion to an end. 

Dirt (dert) [ME., drit\ Excrement; feces. D. -eat- 
ing. See Chthonophagia and Geophagism. 

Dis [dis, twice]. A prefix used to denote two or 
double. Also, a prefix to denote apart from. 

Disaccharids (di-sak'-ar-ids). See Carbohydrates. 

Disarthral (dis-ar'-thral) [Sis, twice; apdpov, a joint]. 
Relating to muscles that pass over two joints, e.g. , the 
biceps. 

Disarticulation ( dis-ar-tik-u-la' -shun ) [dis, apart ; 
articulum, a joint]. Amputation in the contiguity 
of a part or at a joint. 

Disassimilation (dis-as-sim-il-a' -shun) [disassimilatio~\ . 
In ophthalmology, the decomposition of visual sub- 
stances in the retina. 

Disassociation (dis-as-o-se-a'-shun) \_dis, apart ; asso- 
ciare, to unite with]. In chemistry, the decomposi- 
tion of a compound by heat, the molecules reuniting 
on the removal of the heat. 

Disc (disk) \_discus, S'lokos, a quoit or round plate] . A cir- 
cular, plate-like organ or body, especially the papilla of 
the eye, the entrance of the optic nerve into the eye- 
ball. Its area corresponds with that of the blind spot. 
In dentistry, an instrument in the form of a disc, 
made of emery, cuttle-fish, bone, or sand-paper, for fin- 
ishing fillings on surfaces between teeth. D., Blood. 
See Blood-corpuscle. D. -carrier, an instrument ap- 
plied to the dental engine for the better application 
of corundum discs to the teeth. D., Choked. See 
Papillitis. D., Corundum. A device used in den- 
tistry for separating teeth, by cutting away a portion ; 
it is used with the dental engine, and applied by means 
of carriers, that admit of ready adjustment and 
change of the disc to any desired angle with the shaft 
containing it. D., Cupping of. See Excavation 
of the Optic Nerve. D., Germinal, the small disc 
of the blastodermic membrane, in which the first 
traces of the embryo are seen. D., Hypermetropic, 
hazy ; simulating optic neuritis, observed in hyperme- 
tropia. D., Proligerous. See Discus proligerus. 



Discharge (dis-charj') [ME., dischargen, to unload]. 
Any evacuation ; that which is evacuated. See also 
Pigments, Colors and Dyestuffs. 

Discharger (dis-char'-jcr). See Electric. 

Discharging (dis-charj' -ing) [ME., dischargen, to un- 
load]. Unloading, flowing out, as pus, etc. D. 
Centers, nerve-centers whence emanate influences 
which, according to the structures at the other ends 
of the nerves connected with them, may cause move- 
ments (muscles), secretion (glands), or contraction of 
vessels. D. Lesion, a brain-lesion that causes sudden 
discharges of nervous motor influence. 

Disciferous (dis-ij' -er-us) [discus, a disc ;ferre, to bear] . 
In biology, disc-bearing. 

Discifloral (dis'-iflo-ral) [discus, a disc ; flos (for), a 
flower]. In biology, applied to such flowers as have 
the receptacle expanded into a conspicuous disc. 

Discissio cataractae. See. Discission. 

Discission (dis-ish'-un) [discissio ; discindere , to tear or 
cut apart]. I. Bilateral incision, as of the cervix 
uteri. 2. An operation for cataract. See Cataract. 

Discoblastula (dis-ko-blas' -tu-lah) [Siams, a disc ; 
P'Aaorog, a germ]. In embryology, the blastula result- 
ing from the development of a discomorula. 

Discocarp (dis'-ko-karp) [Stanos, a disc ; Kapizbs, a 
fruit]. In biology, applied to those fruits in which 
the expanded receptacle encloses the seeds or achenia ; 
also the same as Apothecium. 

Discocytula (dis-ko-sit' -u-lah) [S'iokoc,, a disc ; kvtos , a 
cell]. In embryology, the cytula resulting from the 
reformation of a nucleus in a discomonerula. 

Discodactyl (dis-ko-dak'-lil) [Sianos, a disc ; danrvTior, 
a finger]. In biology, applied to those animals (e.g., 
toads and frogs) the ends of whose toes are provided 
with disc-like dilatations. 

Discogastrula (dis-ko-gas' -tru-lali) [Siams, a disc; 
yauTr/p, belly ; gastrule, a two-layered germ-cup]. The 
gastrula resulting from discoid egg-cleavage or discoid 
segmentation of the yolk. 

Discoid or Discoidal (dis'-koid, dis-koi'-dal) [Siams, a 
disc]. Somewhat disc-shaped. 

Discomonerula (dis-ko-mo-ner' -u-lah) [Siams, disc ; 
fjovf/prjg, solitary]. In embryology, a disc-like 
mone'rula of a meroblastic ovum. 

Discomorula (dis-ko-mor' -u-lah) [Siams, a disc ; morula, 
dim. of morum, a mulberry]. In embryology, a disc- 
like morula of a meroblastic ovum. 

Discrete (dis-kret') [discretus, separated]. A term 
applied to exanthematous eruptions in which the 
pustules or papules remain distinct. The opposite of 
confluent. 

Discus (dis'-kus) [Siams, a disc]. A disc. D. prolig- 
erus, the elevated cells of the membrana granulosa of 
the ovum, whereby the ovum is attached. 

Discussion (dis-kush' -un) [discussio~]. The scattering 
or driving away of a swelling, effusion, or tumor. 

Discutient (dis-ku'-shent) [discutere, to shake apart]. 
I. Capable of effecting resolution or discussion. 2. 
A medicine supposed to have the power of scatter- 
ing or discussing a swelling. 

Disdiaclast (dis-di'-ak-last) [Sis, double ; Sid, through ; 
kX&uv, to break down]. Any one of the (supposed) 
small doubly-refractive elements in the contractile 
discs changing its position during muscular contrac- 
tion and relaxation. 

Disease (dis-ez') [dis negative ; ease, a state of rest]. 
A condition of the body marked by inharmonious 
action of one or more of the various organs, owing to 
abnormal condition or structural change. A Table of 
Diseases named after men who have described or have 
especially studied them is appended. D., Acute, a 
disease marked by rapid onset and course. D., Bad, 



DISENGAGEMENT 



379 



DISSEMINATED. 



a synonym of syphilis. D., Bleeders', synonym of 
Hemophilia. D., Chronic, one that is slow in its 
course. D., Constitutional, one in which a system 
of organs or the whole body is involved. D., Coarse, 
the macroscopic organic lesions in a disease. D., 
Cretinoid. See Myxedema. D. of Ditmarsch, a 
form of endemic syphilis that was seen in Ditmarsch 
from 1762-1842. D., Fatigue. See Fatigue. D., 
Feigned, the wilful simulation of disease or injury, 
through malice or for the purpose of attaining a 
desired end. D., Focal, a centrally localized disease 
of the nervous system as distinguished from peripher- 
ally localized affections. D., Functional, abnor- 
mality of function without discoverable organic lesion. 
D., Grouse. See Grouse Disease. D., Idiopathic, 
one that exists by itself without any connection with 
another disorder ; one of which the cause is unknown. 
D., Intercurrent, a disease occurring during the pro- 
gress of another of which it is independent. D., 
Knife-grinder's, chronic catarrhal bronchitis met with 
in knife-grinders. D., Pearl-worker's, a recurrent 
bone-inflammation, with enormous hypertrophy of the 
bone, seen in workers in pearl-dust. D., Saint Goth- 
ard, a synonym of Ankylostomiasis or Dochmiasis, 
q. v. D., Septic, one arising from the putrefactive 
fermentation of some foreign substance within the 
body. D.ofSiam. Synonym of Yellow Fever. D., 
Specific, one caused by the introduction of a specific 
virus or poison within the body ; also a synonym of 
Syphilis. D., Subacute, one more protracted and less 
active than an acute disease. D., Subchronic, one 
less protracted than a chronic disease, but more pro- 
tracted than an acute disease. D., Symptomatic, a 
disease caused by or connected with another ailment 
of the body. The opposite of idiopathic disease. D., 
Zymotic, a term used to include the whole class of 
germ-diseases, or those arising from the introduction 
and multiplication of some living germ within the body. 

Disengagement (dis-en-gaj' -ment) [Fr. , desengager, to 
disengage]. Emergence from a confined state ; espe- 
cially the escape of the fetus from the vaginal canal. 

Disfigurement (dis-fig' ' -ur-ment) \_dis, priv.; figurare, 
to fashion]. Blemish ; deformity. 

Disinfectant (dis-in-fek' -tanf) \_dis, neg. ; inficere, to 
corrupt]. An agent that destroys disease-germs and 
noxious properties of fermentation and putrefaction. 

Disinfection [dis-in-fek' -shun) [dis, neg. ; inficere, to 
corrupt] . The destroying of disease-germs by means 
of heat, chemic substances, fumigation, or by fresh 
air. D., Ransom's Apparatus for, a method of 
disinfection by means of dry heat. Washington 
Lyon's Apparatus, a method in which steam is em- 
ployed as the active agent. 

Disinfectol (dis-in-fek' -tot) \_dis, neg. ; inficere, to cor- 
rupt]. An antiseptic substance analogous to creolin 
and lysol. It is used in the form of a two to five per 
cent, emulsion. 

Disinfector [dis-in-fek' -tor) \dis, neg. ; inficere, to cor- 
rupt]. An apparatus for the purpose of disinfection. 

Disintegrate (dis-in' -te-grat) [dis, apart ; integer, the 
whole]. To break up or decompose. 

Disinvagination [dis-in-vaj-in-a' -shun) [Vm, neg. ; in, 
in ; vagina, a sheath]. The reduction or relief of an 
invagination. 

Disjoint [dis-joint') {disjoindre, to disjoin]. To dis- 
articulate ; to separate, as bones, from their natural 
relations. 

Disk. See Disc. 

Disklet (disk' -let) [<5/<tk:oc, a disc]. A little disc. 

Dislocation (dis-lo-ka'-shun) [dis, apart ; locare, to 
place]. The luxation or abnormal displacement of 
one or more bones of a joint, or of any organ from its 



natural position. D., Complete, the bones entirely 
separated. D., Compound, the coverings of the 
joint ruptured. D., Consecutive, the displaced 
bone is not in the same position as when originally 
misplaced. D. of Eyeball, displacement of the eyeball 
outside of the lids. D. of Lens, the crystalline lens 
thrown out of its capsule, or misplaced so that it does 
not occupy its proper position behind the pupil. D., 
Old, inflammatory changes having ensued. D., 
Partial, or Incomplete, the articulating surfaces re- 
maining in partial contact ; called, also, Subluxation. 
D., Primitive, the bones remaining as originally 
displaced. D., Recent, no inflammatory changes 
having ensued. D., Simple, without laceration of 
the surrounding parts. Diastasis, dislocation of an 
amphiarthrotic joint ; also a separation, as of the parts 
of a muscle, or of the epiphysis of a bone from the 
diaphysis. 

Disorder (dis-or'-der). See Disease. 

Disorganization (dis-or-gan-iz-a' -shun) [dis, priv. ; 
organizare, to organize]. Destruction or loss of or- 
ganic structure ; complete pathologic or traumatic 
change in the minute structure of any tissue. 

Disparate (dis'-par-at) [dispar, unequal]. Not alike ; 
unequal or unmated. D. Points, non-identical 
points of the two retinas. Diplopia is produced when 
the images of a single object fall upon such points. 

Dispareunia (dis-par-oo' -ne-ah). See Dyspareunia. 

Dispensary (dis-pens' -ar-e) [dispensare, to distribute]. 
A charitable institution where medical treatment is 
given the poor and medicines are dispensed on pre- 
scription. 

Dispensatory (dis-pens' -at-or-e) [dispensatorium, an 
apothecary's diary]. A treatise on the materia medica, 
and the composition, effects, and preparation of medi- 
cines. 

Dispensing (dis-pens' -ing) [dispensare , to weigh out]. 
The measuring, weighing, and issuing of the drugs 
ordered in a prescription. 

Dispersion (dis-per'-shim) [dispersio ; dispersus, scat- 
tered]. The resolution, discussion, or scattering of 
an inflammation or other morbid condition. In phys- 
ics, the separation of a ray of white light into colored 
rays ; also, any scattering of light, as that which has 
passed through ground glass. 

Dispirem (di-spi' -rem) [dis, two; spira, a spiral]. 
In embryology, the two skeins of a dividing nucleus 
formed from the nuclear loops and giving rise to the 
daughter nuclei. It is the seventh stage of Karyo- 
kinesis, q. v. 

Displacement (dis-plas'-ment) [Fr. , desplacer, to dis- 
place]. A putting out of place ; applied to various 
organs, as the uterus, heart, etc. D. of Mortality. 
See Carnofs Doctrine. 

Dispora caucasica (dis'-por-ak kaw-kas'-ik-ah). See 
Bacillus caucasicus, under Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Disposition (dis-po-sish'-un) [dispositio, an arranging]. 
Tendency, either physical or mental, to certain diseases. 

Dissection (dis-ek'-shun) [dissectio, dissecare, to cut up]. 
The disassociation and exposition by means of incis- 
ions, cutting apart, etc., of the organs of the body, foi 
purposes of scientific study. Dissecting Aneurysm. 
See Aneurysm. Dissecting Wound, injury during 
dissection, with consequent introduction of septic 
material. It may become constitutional and result in 
septicemia, or it may take the form of warts, Verruca 
necrogenica. The sore resulting directly from the prick 
or abrasion is called Post-}nortem pustule. 

Disseminated (dis-em'-in-a-ted) [disseminare , to scat- 
ter seed]. Scattered; spread over a large area. D. 
Sclerosis. See Insular Sclerosis. 




380 







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392 DISTILLATION 

Dissemination idis-em-in-a' -shun) \_dis, apart ; semin- 
are, to sow]. The scattering or dispersion of disease 
or disease-germs. 

Dissepiment (dis-ep'-e-ment) \_dis, apart ; sapire, to 
hedge in]. A partition, septum, or diaphragm. 

Dissipation (dis-ip-a' -shun) \_dissipare, to scatter] . A 
dispersion of matter or of the morbid conditions that 
cause disease. 

Dissociation (dis-so-se-a' -shun) \dis, apart ; sociare, to 
associate]. In physiology, the separation of the com- 
ponent elements of a compound. In chemistry, the 
decomposition of a compound by means of high tem- 
perature D. Symptom, anesthesia to pain and to 
heat and cold, with preservation of tactile sensibility 
and of the muscular sense ; it is observed in syringo- 
myelia. 

Dissolution (dis-o-lu' -shun) \dissolutio ; dissolvere, to 
set free]. A solution of the continuity of a part. De- 
composition arising from the death of the body or its 
parts ; death. 

Dissolvent {diz-ol' -vent) \dissolvere, to loosen, dis- 
solve]. A solvent. 

Dissonance (dis' -o-nans) \dissononare , to disagree in 
sound]. The combination of such tones as are so dif- 
ferent from each other as to produce beats. 

Distad [dis' -tad) \_distare, to be at a distance ; ad, to]. 
In the direction of the free extremity of an appendage 
or part. See Position and Direction, Table of. 

Distal {dis'-tal) [distare, to be at a distance]. At the 
greatest distance from the trunk, heart, or mesial line. 
Set Position and Direction, Table of. D. Clot. See 
Clot. 

Distally [dis'-tal-e) \_distare, to be at a distance]. Dis- 
tad. 

Distance {dis' -tans) \_distantia, distance]. The 
measure of space between two objects. D., Working, 
in the microscope, the distance from the front lens 
of an objective to the object, when the objective is 
correctly focused. 

Distemper (dis-tem' '-per) \disteniperare , to dissolve]. I. 
Disease ; malady ; indisposition ; most commonly 
applied to the diseases of animals. 2. A disease of 
young dogs, commonly considered as a catarrhal dis- 
order. D. Colors. See Pigments, Colors, and Dye- 
stuffs. 

Disten [dis' -ten) \distare, to be at a distance]. Belong- 
ing to the distal aspect in itself. 

Distention (dis-ten' '-shun) \_distendere, to stretch]. 
The state of being dilated. 

Distichiasis (dis-tik-i' -as-is) [_Sig, double ; crr/jof , a 
row]. The condition of a double row of eyelashes, 
the inner rubbing against the globe. 

Distichous (dis'-lik-us) \_fiianxoc, having two rows]. 
In biology, in two perpendicular rows ; applied to the 
arrangement of leaves or other organs. 

Distillation idis-til-a' -shun) \_dcstillare, to drop little 
by little]. The double process of vaporization and 
condensation of the vapor. This is used mainly in 
purifying liquids by separating them from non-volatile 
substances. D., Destructive, the decomposition of 
a substance in a close vessel in such a manner as to 
obtain liquid products. The substances that are sub- 
mitted to destructive distillation are in the main solids, 
as wood, coal, shales, bones, and animal refuse. D., 
Fractional, a process of decomposition of complex 
liquid bodies depending upon the fact that, if a mixture 
of liquids, each having a different boiling-point, be 
heated, the one having the lowest boiling-point will 
pass over ntst, and if the temperature is not increased 
beyond that point at which the distillation of this 
fraction takes place, no other constituent will come 
over ; if the temperature be gradually increased the 



DISTOCIA 



393 



DOCIMASY 



others will follow in the order of their boiling-points. 
In cases in which the boiling-points are close, the 
action of one substance upon another often prevents 
exact separations. 

Distocia (dis-to* -se-ah) [&'c, double; rd/coc, birth]. 
Delivery or birth of twins. 

Distoma (dis-to' -mah), or Distomum (dis-to' -mum) 
[d/c, double; arS/ua, a mouth]. A genus of trema- 
tode worms. See Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Distomiasis (dis-to-mi'-as-is) [(5/c, double ; ord/ua, 
mouth] . The symptoms produced by the presence of 
certain trematodes or flukes in the human system. 

Distomum [dis-to' '-mum) [<Jjc, double; arofia, mouth]. 
Same as Distoma. See Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Distomus (dis-to 1 '-mus). See Diprosopus. 

Distortion (dis-tor'-shun) {distorquere , to distort]. I. 
A twisted or bent shape ; deformity or malformation, 
acquired or congenital. 2. A writhing or twisting 
motion, as of the face ; a grimace. 

Distortor oris (dis-tor' -ter o'-ris) [L., " the distortor of 
the mouth"]. The zygomaticus minor muscle. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Distribution (dis-trib-u' -shun) \distribuere, to distri- 
bute]. The branching of a nerve or artery, and the 
arrangement of its branches within those parts that it 
supplies. 

Distrix (dis'-triks) [cS/c, two ; Opit;, hair]. The splitting 
of the distal ends of the hair. 

Disulphate (di-suU -fat) [&,two; sulphur]. In chem- 
istry, an acid sulphate. 

Disulphone (di-sul'-fon) \_dis, double; sulphur]. 
One of the solid, crystalline, very stable compounds, 
produced on oxidizing the di-thio-ethers or thio-acetals 
with a permanganate solution. The disulphones are 
not attacked by acids or alkalies. 

Disuse-amblyopia. See Argamblyopia. 

Disvulnerability (dis-vul-ner-ab-il' -it-e) [dis, neg. ; 
vidnerare, to wound]. The power of abnormally 
rapid recovery from wounds, said to be a peculiarity 
of many criminals. 

Dita Bark (di'-tah) [L.]. The bark of Alstonia scho- 
laris, native to the Philippine Islands. It is employed 
as a tonic and antiperiodic in intermittent fever. 
Dose of the tincture, 3 j-ij ; of the fluid extract, gtt. 
ij-v ; of the powder, gr. v. Unof. 

Ditain (dit'-a-in) [Dita], C u H 30 N 2 O. An alkaloid of 
Dita, occurring as a yellow amorphous substance. 

Ditamin (dit'-am-in). Same as Ditain. 

Ditana digitifolia (dit-a'-nah dij-it-ifo' -le-ah) [L.]. 
A Mexican plant said to possess galactagogue proper- 
ties. The existence of such a plant has been ques- 
tioned. 

Dithecal (di-the' -kal) [Sic, two; dijaj], a case]. In 
biology, having two thecae or anther-cells. 

Ditokus (dit'-o-kus) [Ac, two ; tekeiv, to bring forth]. 
In biology, giving birth to twins, or laying two eggs. 

Ditrichotomous (di-trik-ot' -o-mus) [6'iQ, two; rpixa, 
threefold; refiveiv, to cut]. In biology, divided into 
twos and threes. 

Dittany (dit'-an-e) [American]. See Citnila mariana. 

Dittel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Dittopsia (dit-top'-se-ah). Synonym of Diplopia. 

Dittrich's Plugs. Masses of granular matter, degene- 
rated epithelium, and crystals of the fatty acids (chiefly 
butyric acid) plugging up the ends of the bronchial 
tubes in cases of gangrene of the lung. They are 
yellowish-brown in color, of very fetid odor, and 
vary in size from a millet-seed to a bean. 

Diuresis (di-u-re 1 '-sis) [Sid, through ; ovpieiv, to make 
water]. Abnormal increase in the secretion of urine. 

Diuretic (di-u-ret'-ik) [dia, through ; ovpeeiv, to make 
water]. I. Increasing the flow of urine. 2. A 



medicine that increases the secretion and flow of 
urine. 

Diuretin (di-u-re' -tin) [(hd, through ; oiipieiv, to make 
water], C 7 H,NaN 4 2 ,C,,H 4 OHCOONa. Theobromin 
sodio-salicylate, containing 50 per cent, of theobromin 
salicylate. It has been found useful as a diuretic in 
pleuritic effusion and cardiac dropsy. Dose 90 grains 
daily, in 15-grain doses. 

Diurnule (di-um'-ul) [Fr.]. A form of medicinal tablet 
that contains the maximum quantity of a toxic drug 
that may be administered to an adult in 24 hours. 

Divagation (di-vag-a'-slmn) [divagatio, a wandering]. 
Incoherence of speech or thought. 

Divalent (di'-val-ent) [d/c, twice; valens, having 
power]. Having power to combine with two mono- 
valent atoms, as a chemic compound. Thus, the 
oxygen atom and the radical CH 2 are divalent. 

Divaricatio palpebrarum (di-var-ik-a'-she-o pal-pe- 
bra / -rum). Synonym of Ectropion. 

Divergent (di-ver'-jent) [divergere, to diverge]. Mov- 
ing in different directions from a common point. D. 
Strabismus. See Strabismus. 

Divers' Disease. An affection similar to Caisson- 
disease, q. v., common in deep-water divers. D. 
Paralysis. See Caisson-disease. 

Diverticulum (di-ver-tik' -ti-lum) [divertere, to turn : 
pi., Diverticula']. I. A small cul-de-sac or pouch ; an 
offshoot from a main structure ; an organ supposed to 
be a place of lodgment for superfluous blood. 2. 
Variation from a normal structure ; malformation. 
D., Meckel's, a sacculation of the ileum, owing to 
the non-obliteration of the vitelline duct. 

Divi-divi (div'-e-div'-e) [S. Amer.]. The seed-pods 
of Gzsalpinia coriaria, a small tree found in South 
America. The pods are about three inches long, 
brownish in color, and generally bent, by drying, 
into the shape of the letter S. They contain 30 to 
50 per cent, of a peculiar tannin somewhat similar 
to that of valonia, but liable to fermentation. They 
are used in leather-manufactures. 

Division (div-izh'-un) [divisio, a dividing]. Surgical 
section into two or more parts ; separation into two or 
more parts, such as occurs in certain cell-nuclei. 

Divulsion (di-vul'-shun) [divutsio, a tearing apart]. 
The surgical or traumatic division of any part by tear- 
ing it asunder. 

Divulsor (di-vul'-sor) [L.]. An instrument for effect- 
ing surgical divulsion, especially of a urethral stric- 
ture. 

Dizziness (diz'-e-nes). See Vertigo. 

Dobell's Spray, or Solution. Liquor sodii boratis 
compositus (N. F.) ; a solution of borax, sodium bicar- 
bonate, and carbolic acid in glycerin and water ; it 
is valued as a spray for nasal and throat troubles. 

Dobie's Line, or Stripe. See Lines, Table of. 

Dochmiasis (dok-mi' '-as-is) [doxfiioc, crumpled]. The 
diseased condition caused by the presence in the body 
of parasites belonging to the genus Dochmius. Cf. 
Ankylostomiasis. 

Dochmius (dok' -me-us) [<M;e//ioc, crumpled]. In biol- 
ogy, a genus of thread-worms of the family Strongy- 
lidae. See Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Docimasia (dos-im-a' -se-ah) [Aoiufiaola ; doKijua&iv , 
to examine]. I. Examination, especially a post- 
mortem examination. 2. A test, especially a chemic 
test, of poisons. 3. In pharmacy, the testing or 
assaying of medicines. D. pulmonum, a mode of 
determining whether a child has or has not been born 
alive, by examination of the lungs. 

Docimastic (dos-im-as'-tik) [ftoufiaaia ; fioiaua r eiv, to 
examine] . Making use of tests ; testing ; proving. 

Docimasy (dos'-im-as-e). See Dosimasia. 



DOCK 



394 



DORSIMESAL 



Dock (dok). See Rumex. 

Dockmackamus, or Dockmackie (dok-mak' -am-us , or 
dok' -mak-e) [aboriginal] . The shrub Viburnum acer- 
ifolium, of N. America ; used in domestic practice in 
poulticing tumors, and as an alterative. Unof. 

Doctor (dok' -tor) [doctor, a teacher]. A teacher. A 
title conferred by a university or college. A physician 
licensed to practise medicine. D. Gum, the resin of 
Rhus metopium, a poisonous sumach of tropical Amer- 
ica ; it is said to be purgative and alterative. The name 
is given in the W. Indies to various other soft resins. 

Dodecadactylitis (do- dek - a- dak -til-i'-tis) [dudcaa, 
twelve ; Sanrvkoc, a finger ; mc, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the duodenum. 

Dodecadactylon, or Dodecadactylus (do-dek-a-dak'- 
til-on, or -us) [dudeaa, twelve ; S&htv'Aoq, finger]. The 
duodenum. 

Dodecagynous (do-dek-aj' -in-us) [dudem, twelve; 
yvv//, a female]. In biology, having twelve pistils. 

Dodecamerous (do-dek-am'-er-us) [dudena, twelve ; 
fiEpog, part]. In biology, having the floral organs in 
twelves. 

Dodecandrous (do-dek-an' -drus) [666eku, twelve ; 
arr/p (avSp-), a male]. In biology, having twelve 
stamens. 

Dodecapetalous (do-dek-a-pef -al-us) [dadena, twelve ; 
Trfralov, a leaf]. In biology, having a corolla con- 
sisting of twelve petals. 

Doderlein, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Dodging Time. The popular term among women for 
the period of irregular menstruation of varying dura- 
tion preceding the full establishment of the menopause. 

Dog-button. See Nux vomica. 

Dogma (dog' -mail) [Soy pa, opinion; Sonkeiv, to think]. 
A tenet or principle taught by authority. A state- 
ment of medical science. 

Dog-rose (dog'-roz). See Rosa canina. 

Dogwood (dog' -wood). See Comus. 

Dohrn's Method. A method of dressing the umbilical 
cord. The stump is covered with cotton-wool fixed 
with stumps of adhesive plaster. This dressing is 
likely to be followed by umbilical ulceration. 

Dolabra (do-la' -brah) [L.]. A name applied to 
various bandages. D. currens. See Ascia. D. 
repens. See Ascia. 

Dolabriform (do-lab' -rif-orm) [dolabra, a kind of 
hatchet ; forma , shape] . In biology , shaped like an axe. 

Dolbeau's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Doliariin (do-le-a' -re-in) \_dolium, a cask], A vegetable 
pepsin, like papain and cradin, obtained from Ficus 
doliaria, a wild fig-tree of Brazil. It is vermifuge, 
purgative, and digestive. Unof. 

Doli capax (do'-li ka'-paks) [L. : pi. , Doli capaces~\. In 
legal medicine, one capable of guilt ; one able or old 
enough to distinguish right and wrong ; one morally 
or legally responsible. D. incapax, one incapable, or 
not old enough to distinguish wrong from right, or to 
be legally responsible for wrong-doing. 

Dolichocephalia (dol-ik-o-sef-a' -le-ah) \_5o\ix6c, long; 
KedaAr/, head] . The condition of being dolichocephalic. 

Dolichocephalic, or Dolichocephalous (dol-ik-o-sef 
al'-ik, or -sef'-al-us) [SoAi^Sr, long; KerbaAr/, head]. 
Having a relatively long antero-posterior cephalic 
diameter (applied to skulls or to persons or races). 
See Index. 

Dolichohieric (dol-ik-o-ki-er'-ik) [Sokix&c, long ; lepdv, 
sacrum]. Having a relatively slender sacrum. See 
Platyhieric. 

Dolichopellic (dol-ik-o-pel'-ik) [6oAix6c, long ; ncAAa, 
a bowl]. Having a relatively long or narrow pelvis. 
See Platypellic. 



Dolor (do' -lor) [dolere, to feel pain]. Bodily or mental 
pain or suffering. D. colicus. Synonym of Enter- 
algia. D. dentium, pain in the teeth. See Odon- 
talgia. Dolores praesagientes, precursory pains 
felt by women in advance of labor. 

Domatophobia (do-mat-o-fo' -be-a/i) [6<bpa, house ; 
(po/ioc, fear]. Insane dread of being in a house ; a 
variety of claustrophobia. 

Donath's Tests. See Tests, Table of. D. and Mayr- 
hofer's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Donda Ndugu [African]. Brother Ulcer; a disease 
common on the east coast of Africa, due to some 
minute organism that infests stagnant water and enters 
an abraded joint of the lower extremities, especially 
of the lower third of the leg. The part becomes 
swollen, and a deep-seated slough occurs that burrows 
beneath the healthy tissues. Death may follow from 
exhaustion or hemorrhage. Those who recover are 
generally permanently lamed. 

Donders' Glaucoma. See Diseases, Table of. D. 
Law. See Law. D. Schematic Eye, in optics, a 
device for calculating the path of the rays from one 
refracting surface to the other. D. Theory, a theory 
of the formation of glaucoma, in which the disease is 
supposed to originate in an irritation of the choroid 
nerves. 

Donegana's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Donne's Corpuscles, or Globules. See Globule and 
Colostrum Corpuscles. D. Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Donovan's Solution. See Arsenic. 

Doornick's Horizontal Line. See Line. 

Dorcadizant (dor-kad' -iz-ant) [SopKadU-tiv, to leap like 
a gazelle ; Sopnac, gazelle]. Leaping; characterized 
by leaps ; applied to certain forms of insanity. 

Doremus's Method. A method of estimating the 
amount of urea in the urine. It is done by allowing 
the urine to pass through a solution of sodium hypo- 
bromite and measuring the gas that is evolved. 

Dorsad (dor' -sad) [dorsum, the back]. Toward the 
dorsal aspect ; dorsally. See Position and Direction, 
Table of. 

Dorsal (dor' -sal) [dorsum, the back]. Pertaining to 
the back, or to the posterior part of an organ. The 
term Neural is sometimes used in place of dorsal. 
See Position and Direction, Table of . D. Artery. See 
Artery. D. Decubitus, recumbency in the supine 
position. D. -elevated Position. See Postures, 
Table of. D. Nerves. See Nerves, Table of. D.- 
recumbent Position. See Postures, Table of. D. 
Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of D. semi-recumb- 
ent Posture. See Postures, Table of. 

Dorsalis pedis (dor-sa'-lis pe'-dis). See Arteries, 
Table of. 

Dorsen (dor' -sen) [dorsum, the back]. Belonging to 
the dorsum in itself. 

Dorsicollar (dor-se-kol'-ar) [dorsum, the back; collum, 
the neck]. In biology, having to do with the back 
and neck. 

Dorsicumbent (dor-se-kum' -bent ) [dorsum, the back ; 
cubare, to lie down] . In biology, supine ; or lying 
upon the back. 

Dorsigerous (dor-sif -er-us) [dorsum , the back ; gerere, 
to carry]. In biology, bearing the young upon the 
back. 

Dorsigrade (dor'-sig-rdd) [dorsum, the back; gradi, 
to walk]. In biology, applied to animals that walk 
upon the back of the toes, as the armadillo. 

Dorsi-lumbar (dor-si-lum' -bar). See Dorso-lumbar. 

Dorsimesad (dor-si-me'-sad) [dorsum, back ; uiaov, 
the middle]. Toward the dorsimeson. See Position 
and Direction , Table of. 

Dorsimesal (dor- si- me' -sal) [dorsum, back ; piaov, the 



DORSI-MESON 



395 



DOURINE 



middle]. Pertaining to the dorsimeson. See Posi- 
tion and Direction, Table of. 

Dorsi-rneson (dor-si-me'-son) [dorsum, the back ; 
fieoov, the middle]. The dorsal edge of the meson or 
median plane of the body. The dorsal, mesal, or 
median line. Cf. Ventrimeson ; also Position and Di- 
rection, Table of. 

Dorsiparous (dor-sip/ -ar-us) [dorsum , the back ; par ere, 
to produce]. Applied to plants that bear fruit on the 
back of the leaves (ferns), or animals hatching young 
upon the back (toads). 

Dorsi-scapular (dor-si-skap' '-u-lar) [dorsum, back ; 
scapula, the shoulder]. Relating to the dorsum of 
the scapula. 

Dorso- (dor' -so-) [dorsum, back]. A prefix used in 
connection with the names of such organs as have 
their attachment to or about the back. 

Dorsocephalad (dor-so-sef'-al-ad) [dorsum, back; 
Ke<pa?,r/, head] . Toward the dorsal aspect of the head. 

Dorsodynia (dor-so-din' '-e-a/i) [dorsum, back ; bdvvr/, 
pain]. Omodynia ; scapulodynia ; pain in the dorsal 
region ; rheumatism of the muscles of the shoulders 
and upper back. 

Dorso-lumbar (dor-so-lum'-bar) [dorsuni, back ; lum- 
bus, loin]. Relating to the back and the loins. 

Dorso-sacral Position. See Postures, Table of. 

Dorso-thoracic (dor-so-tho-ra' -sik) [dorsum, back ; 
Qwpal,, thorax]. Relating to the back and the thorax. 

Dorstenia (dor-ste' -ne-ah). See Contrayerva. 

Dorsulum (dor' -su-lum) [dim. of dorsum, the back]. 
The second dorsal sclerite of the thorax in certain 
insects. 

Dorsum (dor'-sum) [L.]. I. Theback. Therounded 
part of the back. 2. Any part corresponding to the 
back ; as the dorsum of the foot, hand, tongue, scap- 
ula, or penis ; in many cases, the upper surface is thus 
designated. 

Dorsumbonal (dor-sum' -bo-nal) [dorsum, the back ; 
ttmbo, a boss]. In biology, pertaining to both the 
dorsal and umbonal regions in a bivalve mollusc. 

Dosage (do'-saj) [66aig, a portion given]. A system or 
method of dosing. See Posology. 

Dose (dos) [doiric, a portion]. The measured portion 
of medicine to be taken at one time. D., Divided, 
a mode of administration in which a drug is to be 
taken in fractional portions at short intervals. D., 
Maximum, the largest portion of medicine ordered 
to produce a given result, or the largest dose consist- 
ent with safety. In this work both minimum and 
maximum dosage is given under each medicine or 
preparation. D., Minimum, the smallest quantity 
of a medicine that will produce physiologic effects. 

GAUBIUS' TABLE 
Of Proportion of Dose According to Age. 
For an adult, suppose the dose to be . . i, or 60 grains 
An individual under 1 year will require -fa, " 5 
" 2 years " \, " 8 

" 3 " " " i, " 10 

1, 4 ,. ,. .. ^ .. I5 

" " " 7 " " > s , " 20 

" 14 " " i. ' 30 

" 20 " " §, " 40 

For one of 21 to 60, the full dose, or . . 1, " 60 " 
Above this age, an inverse gradation must be observed. 

Dosimeter (do-sim'-et-er) [66ms, a dose ; fierpov, a 
measure]. A drop-meter ; an instrument for measur- 
ing minute quantities of a liquid. 

Dosimetric (do-sim-et' -rik) [poaic, a dose ; fierpov, a 
measure] . Relating to or characterized by dosimetry. 

Dosimetry (do-sim'-et-re) [SoatQ, dose ; fierpov, a 
measure]. The accurate and systematic measurement 
of a dose or prescribed portion ; the use of drugs in 
exact and definite doses. 



Dosiology, or Dosology (do-se-ol'-o-je, or do-sol' -o-je) 
[rfoe/c, dose ; "koyoc, science]. Posology; the science 
of doses. 

Dosis (do' -sis). See Dose. 

Dossil (dos'-il) [ME., dosil, a spigot]. A pledget or 
tuft, as of lint. 

Dotage (dol'-aj) [ME., dotren\ Feebleness of mind ; 
senility. 

Dothienenteritis, or Dothinenteritis (doth-e-en-en-ter- 
i'-tis, or doth-in-en-ter-i' -tis) [ihdtijv, a boil ; evrepov, 
bowel ; trig, inflammation]. Enteric fever, or the en- 
teritis that accompanies it. 

Double (dub'-l) [ME., doublen, to double]. Two-fold. 
In pairs. D. Athetosis, a manifestation of infantile 
spastic paraplegia. D. Chin. See Bucctda. D. 
Consciousness, periodic amnesia ; a periodic failure 
of memory involving all the intellectual functions and 
the character of the individual ; that condition in which 
a patient seems to have two distinct but alternating 
lives ; it is seen mostly in somnambulists and hyp- 
notics. D. Flap Amputation. See Amputation. 
D. Hearing. See Diplacusis. D. Monsters. Same 
as Composite Afonsters, q. v. D. Personality, an ab- 
normal condition in which the subject feels as if he 
were two distinct personalities, the one alternating con- 
tinually with the other. It is a symptom of insanity 
and of poisoning by certain drugs. D. Staining, in 
microscopy, the impregnation of a structure with two 
colors in order to show its details. Bacteriologically 
the application of such staining-reagents as will stain 
the spores one color and the rods another. D. Touch, 
the exploration of the vaginal and rectal walls by insert- 
ing the thumb into the one cavity, and the index finger 
into the other, so that, e.g., the presence of any abnor- 
mal growth may be ascertained. D. Vinegar. See 
Vinegar. D. Vision. See Diplopia. D. Vitriol, 
a mixture of copper and iron sulphates crystallized 
together. D. Voice. See Diphthong ia. D. Wedge, 
an instrument used in dentistry for removing an 
artificial crown from the root of a tooth upon which 
it has been set. 

Doubler (dub'-ler). See Doubling. 

Doublet (dub'-let) [ME., dublet}. In optics, a sys- 
tem consisting of two lenses. 

Doubling (dub' -ling) [ME., doublen, to double]. A 
term given to that duplication of dispensary statistics 
that results from patients coming twice or oftener with 
different troubles in the course of a year. Such patients 
are termed ' ' doublers. ' ' 

Doubly (dub'-le) [ME., doublen, to double]. In a 
two-fold manner. D. Contoured, in microscopy, an 
object is doubly contoured when it is bounded by two, 
usually parallel, dark lines with a lighter band between 
them. 

Doubt (dowt) [ME., doute, fear]. Uncertainty; fear. 
D., Insanity of, mental disorder in which the 
patient is affected by morbid doubts and fears, and sub- 
jects himself to introspective questionings. 

Doubting (dowt'-ing) [ME., doute, fear]. Fearing. 
D. Mania, a form of volitional disorder in which 
the reflexive mechanism of the will is over-irritable 
and reacts to slight stimuli, producing a constant suc- 
cession of contradictory, absurd, or useless acts. 

Douche (doosh) [Fr. ]. A stream of water directed 
against a part, or one used to flush a cavity of the 
body. 

Douglas's Cul-de-sac or Pouch. See Pouch. D. 
Line. See Lines, Table of. D. Semilunar Fold, 
a thin curved margin that forms the lower part of the 
posterior wall of the sheath of the abdominal rectus 
muscle. 

Dourine (doo'-rin) [Fr.]. Syphilis in the horse. 



D'OUTREPONT'S VERSION 



396 



DRILL 



D'Outrepont's Version. In obstetrics, indirect version, 
the head being seized from without by the hand cor- 
responding to its position, while the other hand, well 
oiled and folded together like a cone, is introduced 
into the uterine cavity, grasps the presenting shoulder 
and pushes it toward the side on which the breech is 
situated. 

Dover's Powder. Pulvis ipecacuanha; compositus. 
See Opium. 

Dowel (dow'-el) [Fr., douitte, a socket]. In dentistry, 
the piece of wood or metal uniting any artificial crown 
to the root of a natural tooth. 

Dowell's Operation. See Operations, Table of 

Doyere, Eminence, Hillock, Papilla, or Tuft of. 
See Sarcoglia. 

Dracaena (dra-se' -7iah) \&pa.K.aiva, dragon]. A genus 
of liliaceous plants, often tree-like. D. cinnabari 
and D. schizantha (both E. Africa) and D. draco 
(mainly W. African) afford a part of the so-called 
dragon's blood of commerce. See Dragon'' s Blood. 

Dracol (dra'-kol). Same as Anisol. 

Dracontiasis (dra-kon-ti' -as-is) [Spanuv, dragon]. 
Guinea- worm Disease; a skin-disease due to the 
presence of the fully developed nematode worm, dra- 
cunculus medinensis , and characterized by the devel- 
opment of deep vesicles or abscesses. The disease is 
endemic in India and various parts of Africa and 
other tropical regions. The female worm is cylin- 
dric, jjj- inch in diameter and about 30 inches long, 
or even much longer. It may be felt like a cord of 
soft string under the skin. When about to make its 
escape it produces itching and discomfort, followed 
by an abscess. The embryo of the worm gains en- 
trance into the human body and there develops with 
the named results. See Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Dracunculus (dra-kun' -ku-lus) [dim. of draco, a drag- 
on, serpent]. A genus of thread-worms, belonging 
to the family Filariida. See Parasites {Animal), 
Table of. D. medinensis. See Dracontiasis. 

Draft, Draught (draff) [AS., dragon, to draw]. 1. A 
quantity of liquid, especially a medicine drunk at one 
gulp. 2. A mild blister ; a poultice. D., Black, 
compound infusion of senna. D., Chopart's, a mix- 
ture containing balsam of copaiba, alcohol, peppermint 
water, syrup of balsam of tolu, and sweet spirit of niter. 
D., Effervescing, one containing sodium or potassium 
bicarbonate and a vegetable acid. 

Dragee (drah-zha') [Fr.]. A sugar-coated pill, bolus, 
or comfit ; a sugared confection. 

Dragendorff s Tests. See Tests, Table of. 

Dragendorff and Kossow's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Dragon Root (drag'-on root). Indian Turnip. The 
root of Arum triphyllum, acrid, expectorant, and dia- 
phoretic. Dose of the fid. ext. TTLxv-gj. Unof. 

Dragon's Blood (drag'-onzblud). I. The astringent 
resin of Calamus rotang and C. draco, E. Indian rat- 
tan-palms. 2. The resin of various species of Dracaena, 
q.v. 3. The resin of Pterocarpus draco, aW. Indian 
tree. The various kinds of dragon's blood are astrin- 
gent, but are now used mainly in the arts and in mak- 
ing court- plasters. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Drain [ME., drainen, to drain]. A channel that re- 
ceives the drainage or waste water of one building or 
set of premises. In surgery, a material that affords a 
channel of exit for the discharge from a wound or 
cavity. D. -throat, a sore-throat produced by the 
poison of scarlet fever, and other poisons introduced 
into the system by breathing the air from defective 
drains. 

Drainage (dran'-dj) [ME., drainen", to drain]. I. The 
provision, by means of tubes or strands of fibers, of a 
channel of exit for the discharge from a wound or 



cavity. 2. See Sewage. D. Anchor, a rubber fila- 
ment inserted in an abscess or cavity. D.-tube, a 
rubber tube with perforations for draining wounds or 
cavities. D.-tube, Decalcified, a decalcified bone 
(e.g., of a chicken, etc.) used as a drainage-tube. 

Dram, or Drachm (dram) [ApaxfJ-y, a Greek weight]. 
The eighth part of the apothecaries' ounce, equal to 60 
grains or 3.8 grams. Also the one-sixteenth part 
of the avoirdupois ounce, equal to 27.34 grains. D., 
Fluid, the eighth part of a fluidounce, equal to 60 
minims. 

Dramatism (dram'-at-iz?n) [dpafia, a drama]. In- 
sanely stilted and lofty speech or behavior. 

Draper's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Drastic (dras'-tik) \_fipaetv, to draw]. I. A powerful and 
irritating purgative, such as scammony or gamboge. 
2. Severe, harsh, powerful. 

Draught (draft). See Draft. 

Draw [ME., drawen, to draw]. To digest and cause 
to discharge ; said of a poultice. In dentistry, to re- 
move a tooth from its socket. In andrology, to re- 
move the urine from the bladder by means of a 
catheter. D. -bench, a bench for drawing wire, so 
constructed as to confine a wire-plate at one end, 
with a roller and windlass at the other end for draw- 
ing the wire through the plate. 

Drawer, Gold. An apparatus for use in the dental 
laboratory to collect gold scraps and filings. 

Drayman's Bottom. An enlargement of the bursa 
situated over the tuberosity of the ischium. 

Dream (drem) [ME., dremen, to dream]. I. An invol- 
untary series of images, emotions, and thoughts pre- 
sented to the mind during sleep. 2. To be conscious 
of such manifestations. D., Waking, an illusion or 
hallucination. D., Wet, a term given to the emission 
of semen during sleep. 

"Dreamy (dre' -me) [ME., dremen, to dream]. Full of 
dreams. D. State, a common psychic aura of epi- 
lepsy in which the patient experiences a sensation 
of strangeness or sometimes of terror. It may be 
associated with flashes of light or auditory auras. 

Drechsel's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Drechsler's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Drench [ME., drenchen, to drench, drown]. In 
veterinary practice, a draught of medicine. 

Drepanidium (dre-pan-id' -e-um) \fpt^avrj, a sickle]. 
The sickle-shaped young of certain protozoans. D. 
ranarum, a (probably) parasitic cytozoon of frogs' 
blood. 

Dressed Mouth (drest mowth). That condition pro- 
duced by the fraudulent practice of filing the teeth, 
used to make an old horse appear young. 

Dresser (dres'-er) [ME., dressen, to make straight]. 
An attendant (in English hospitals, usually a student) 
whose special duty it is to dress and bandage wounds, 
and attend to other ward work. 

Dressing (dres'-ing) [ME., dressen, to make straight]. 
I. The application of a bandage, lint, or other sub- 
stance to a wound or ulcer. 2. The material so 
applied. 3. In metallurgy, the mechanical treatment 
that an ore receives after being brought to the surface ; 
concentration. 

Dressler's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Drewsen's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Drill (dril) [AS., thyrelian, to pierce]. A surgical 
instrument use"d in perforating bones, calculi, or teeth. 
D.-bone, a flat osteoma. D.-bow, a bow and string 
for rotating a drill-stock, effected by passing the 
string around it, and moving it backward and forward. 
D. -stock, an instrument for holding and turning a 
drill, either by the thumb and finger or by a handle. 
D. -stock, Flagg's, an instrument for drilling into the 



DRIMYS 



39* 



DRYING OILS 



pulp-cavity of a tooth for the purpose of giving egress 
to matter formed there in the process of suppuration 
of the pulp. 

Drimys [dri f -mis) [c!/» ( urc, piercing]. A genus of 
magnoliaceous trees, largely S. American. D. gran- 
atensis, D. mexicana, and D. winteri afford Winter's 
Bark, an aromatic and stimulant tonic, formerly in 
repute as an alterative. Unof. 

Drink [ME., drinken, to drink]. To swallow a liquid. 
The liquid that is swallowed. A draught. 

Dripping Sheet [drip '-ing shet). A means of reduc- 
ing temperature in fever, entirely distinct from the wet 
pack. The patient is placed erect in a tub containing 
twelve inches of water at Ioo°. A linen sheet (the 
coarser the better) is dipped in water at 70 , which is 
reduced daily two degrees until 48 is reached. This 
sheet is thrown over the patient from behind, covering 
the head and body, so that it clings to the person. 
The attendant now makes rapid passes with both hands, 
beginning anteriorly and posteriorly, so as to produce 
friction and afflux of blood to the surface. Occasion- 
ally cold water at from 40° to 70° is thrown on from a 
cup and friction renewed. The procedure is also 
said to be useful in anemia. 

Drivelling (driv' -el-ing) [ME., drinclen~\. 1, An invol- 
untary flow of the saliva, as in old age, infancy, idiocy, 
and mental stupor. 2. Senile weakness of mind. 

Drivers' Spasm (drV-verz spazm). See Spasm. 

Dromograph [drom' -o-graf) \_6p6fioc, a course ; ypafeiv, 
to write]. An instrument for registering the velocity 
of the blood-current. 

Drop. See Gutta and Minim. I. To let fall in glob- 
ules or drops, as a liquid. 2. To let fall from the 
womb. 3. A spheric mass of fluid-material. D.- 
culture, in bacteriology, a culture prepared by placing 
a drop of the infected material in a culture-medium. 
D. -meter. See Dosimeter. D. -serene. See Gutta 
serena. D. -shoulder, the condition in which one 
shoulder is on a much lower level than the other ; 
not uncommonly met with in hysterical girls. 

Dropped Hand, or Wrist (dropt hand or rist). A 
form of paralysis from lead -poisoning, consisting in 
the inability to contract the extensors of the forearm. 
D. Foot, a deformity, especially observed in alco- 
holic peripheral neuritis, and dependent upon weak- 
ness of the flexors of the foot. 

Dropper (drop'-er) [ME., droppen,to drop]. A bottle, 
tube, or pipet, fitted for the emission of a liquid drop 
by drop. See Stopper-dropper. 

Dropsical [drop'-sik-al) [vdpuip, dropsy]. Affected 
with or pertaining to dropsy. 

Dropsy (drop'-se) [yfipwip, dropsy]. See Hydrops. D. 
of Belly. See Ascites. D. of Brain. See Hydro- 
cephalics. D., Cardiac, that due to failure of compen- 
sation in cardiac disease. D., False, an accumula- 
tion of liquid in a cavity of an organ from obstruction 
of the outlet ; a retention-cyst. D. of Chest. See 
Hydrothorax. D. of Peritoneum, ascites, hydro- 
peritoneum. D. of Pericardium, hydropericardium. 
D. of Spine. See Spina bifida and Hydrorrliackis. 
D. of Testicle. See Hydrocele. D. of Uterus. See 
Hydrometra. 

Drosera (dros'-er-ali) [Spoafpor;, dewy]. Sundew ; the 
D. rotundi folia, native of U. S. and Europe. An 
antispasmodic, useful in whooping-cough and other 
spasmodic coughs. Dose of the fluid extract Tt^v-xx ; 
of the tincture (1 in 10) TTLv-xv. Unof. 

Droserin [dros' -er-in) \_6pocepoq, dewy]. A ferment 
resembling pepsin and found in the digestive secretions 
of most of the insectivorous plants. 

Drown [ME., drownen, to drown]. To deprive of life 
by immersion in a fluid. 



Drowning {drown' -ing) [ME., drownen, to drown]. 
Depriving of life by immersion in a fluid. D., Intra- 
uterine. See Intra-uterine. D., Treatment of. See 
Artificial Respiration. 

Drowsy [drow'-ze] [AS., drftsan, to sink]. Inclined 
to sleep ; sleepy. 

Drug [ME., drugges~\. A substance, simple or com- 
pound, natural or prepared, single or mixed with 
other substances used as a medicine. D., Antago- 
nistic, one that neutralizes the action of another by a 
process other than chemic. D. -eruptions. See 
Dermatitis medicamentosa. D. -habit, the acquiring 
of a tolerance for a drug after long administration, 
by which its physiologic action in normal dose is 
abolished. This may be avoided by intermitting the 
remedy from time to time. 

Druggist [drug'-ist) [ME., drugges\ One who deals 
in drugs. 

Drum [ME., drumme\. The tympanum. The laby- 
rinth of a bird. D.-belly. See Tympanites. D. of 
Ear. See Tympanum. D.-head. See Membrana 
tympani. 

Drumin [drum'-in) [Drummond, a botanist]. A name 
given to the alkaloid extractive of Euphorbia drum- 
mondii, an Australian plant. It is said to be a local 
anesthetic, and is claimed, also, to be an impure 
calcium oxalate. Unof. See Anesthetic. 

Drummers' Palsy [drum'-erz pawl'-ze). A form of 
occupation-neurosis, dependent upon the constrained 
attitude of the hand in beating a drum. 

Drummond's Whiff. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of . 

Drumstick - bacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Drunkard [drunk 1 -ard). One given to excessive in- 
dulgence in spirituous drinks. D.'s Liver, a cir- 
rhotic liver. D.'s Pneumonia, a grave form of 
pneumonia occurring in drunkards ; it is usually 
fatal. 

Drunkenness { drunk' -en-nes) [AS., druncen, 
drunken]. Acute or habitual alcoholic intoxication. 
See Alcoholism, Dipsomania, Inebriety. 

Drupe [driip) [dpinnra, an over-ripe olive]. In biol- 
ogy, a stone-fruit, as the cherry, peach, and plum. 

Drupelet (driip'-lel) \_6ph~na, an over-ripe olive]. A 
little drupe. 

Drupetum [dru-pe 1 '-turn) \_drupa, a drupe]. In biol- 
ogy, an aggregation of drupes, as in a blackberry. 

Druse [drus) [Ger. ]. A wound that does not com- 
municate with any surface ; a rupture of the tissues 
with no superficial lesion. 

Dry (dri) [ME., drye\. 1. Without moisture. 2. 
Barren. 3. To evaporate. D.-ash System. See 
Dry-earth System. D. Belly-ache. See Girdle- 
pain. D. Caries. See Onychomycosis. D. Cup- 
ping. See Cupping. D. -earth System, Dry-ash 
System; a method of disposing of feces by mingling 
with them dry earth or ashes in sufficient quantity to 
absorb all moisture from them, so as to render them 
inodorous and to prevent decomposition. D. Gan- 
grene. See Gangrene. D. Itch. Synonym of 
Lichen. D. Labor, one in which there is but a slight 
discharge of liquor amnii. D. Mouth. See Xeros- 
tomia. D. -nurse, a nurse who attends and feeds a 
child, but does not suckle it. D. Pile, a hemorrhoid 
that does not bleed. D. Pleurisy, pleurisy without 
effusion. D.-scall, a synonym of psoriasis. D.- 
swimming, swimming exercise in the air, a useful 
gymnastic measure. D. Tetter. See Psoriasis. D. 
Wine, a wine containing little or no sugar. See 
Wines. 

Dryer's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Drying Oils. See Oils and Fats. 



DRYSD ALE'S CELLS OR CORPUSCLES 



398 



DUCT 



Drysdale's Cells or Corpuscles. Certain microscopic 
cells in ovarian fluid, generally round, sometimes oval 
in form, transparent, containing fine granules, but no 
nucleus. They have been described as pathognomonic 
of ovarian cysts, but this is disputed. 

Dualin [du f -al-iri) [dual, of two]. An explosive com- 
posed of a mixture of nitro-glycerin 5° P ar ts and 
nitrated sawdust 5° parts. Giant powder and rend- 
rock are similar mixtures. 

Dualism (du'-al-izm) [duo, two]. A system by which 
natural phenomena are explained upon two principles. 
D., Chancrous, the theory of the existence of two 
forms of chancre — the non-infecting, or soft chancre, 
and the infecting, or true (hard) chancre. 

Dualistic (du-al- is'-tik) [dual, of two]. Characterized 
by duality. D. Theory of the Composition of 
Carbon-compounds ; every chemic compound is 
composed of two groups, electrically different, and 
these are further made up of two different groups 
or elements. The Electro-chemic, dualistic theory of 
Berzelius was prevalent in Germany until about i860. 

Duality [du-al' -it-e) [dualitas, dual]. Dualism; the 
supposed distinction, and potentially independent ac- 
tion, of each of the cerebral hemispheres. 

Dubini's Disease. " Electric chorea ;" myelitis con- 
vulsiva ; a malady met with in Italy, differing from 
chorea in the character of the movements, which are 
sudden and shock-like ; in the course of the disease, 
which is progressive and often fatal ; and in the ad- 
dition of muscular palsy and wasting. Its etiology 
and pathology are obscure. See Diseases, Table of. 

Dublin Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Dubois' Caustic. See Caustic. 

Duboisia [du-bois' -e-ah) [after Dubois, a French botan- 
ist]. The leaves of D. myoporoides, an Australian 
tree. It resembles belladonna in physiologic and 
therapeutic effects. D., Ext. Dose gr. %-%. D., 
Ext. Fid. Dose TTi, v-x. D., Tinct. Dose tr^ v-xx. 

Duboisin [du-bois' -in) [after Dubois, a French botanist], 
C 70 H 2:i N 6 O. An alkaloid from Duboisia myoporoides, 
identical with hyoscyamin. 

Dubrueil's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Duchenne's Disease. See Diseases, Table of D. 
Paralysis. See Diseases, Table of. D.-Aran Type 
of Muscular Atrophy. See Diseases, Table of. 

Duck-bill Forceps. See Forceps. D. Speculum. 
See Speculum. 

Duckett's Closet. See Sewage, Disposal of. 

Duck-foot (duk'-foot). Synonym of Flat-foot. 

Duck-legged [duh-leg'-ed). Having very short legs. 

Duck-weed Disease [duk'-wed dis-ez'). A German 
name for tuberculosis in cattle. 

Duckworth's Theory. The neuro-humoral theory of 
the origin of gout. It is that there is a basic, arthritic 
stock, a diathetic habit, of which gout and rheumatism 
are two distinct branches. The gouty diathesis is 
expressed in (a) an abnormality of the nerve-centers, 
which may be inherited or acquired ; and (b) a peculiar 
incapacity for normal elaboration within the whole 
body, whereby uric acid is formed at times in excess 
or is incapable of being duly transformed into more 
soluble and less noxious products. 

Duct, or Ductus [ducere, to lead]. A tube for the con- 
veyance of the fluids of the body. D., Aberrant, a 
small, blind, coiled tube, 2 to 14 inches in length, run- 
ning from the lower portion of the canal of the epi- 
didymis. D., Aberrant Bile, one of a number of 
biliary ducts, occasionally found in the left lateral 
ligament of the liver. They are not surrounded by 
lobules and are the remains of hepatic substance, 
present at an early stage of development. D., Acous- 
tic, the external auditory meatus. D., Adipose, one of 



the sacs in cellular tissue containing the fat. D., Air, 
in biology, one of the intercellular spaces in aquatic 
plants, containing air. D., Alimentary. See D., 
Thoracic. D., Alveolar, one of the infundibula of 
the bronchioles. D., Annular, in biology, one of 
the ring-shaped thickenings of the cells of vascu- 
lar tissue. D. of Arantius. See D. venosus. D., 
Archinephric. See D., Mesonephric. D., Arterial. 
See D. arteriosus. D. arteriosus, a short vessel in 
the fetus between the main pulmonary artery and the 
aorta. It becomes obliterated at birth. D., Auditory, 
the space between the membrana tectoria and the 
membrana basilaris of the cochlea. D. of Bartholin, 
the larger and longer of the sublingual ducts, opening 
into the mouth near to, or in common with, Wharton's 
duct. D. of Bellini, one of the excretory tubes of the 
kidneys. D., Biliary. See D., Common Bile. D. 
of Botal. See D. arteriosus. D., Branchial, in 
Myzontes, a short tube between the branchial pouch 
and the intestinal cavity. D., Canalicular, one of 
the smaller galactophorous ducts of the mammne. 
D., Cement, in Cirripedia , one of a number of tubes 
that pass through the antennre from the cement-glands. 
D. choledochus. See D., Common Bile. D., 
Cochlear. See Canal, Cochlear. D., Common 
Bile, a duct about three inches long formed by the 
union of the cystic and hepatic ducts, and convey- 
ing the bile to the duodenum. D. of Cuvier, in 
the fetus, one of two short transverse venous trunks, 
on either side, opening into the auricle of the heart, 
each being formed by the union of a superior vein, 
the primitive jugular, and an inferior vein. The right 
one becomes the superior vena cava ; the left one 
disappears. D., Cysthepatic. See Hepato-cystic. 
D., Cystic, the excretory duct of the gall-bladder ; 
it is about I V 2 inches long, runs backward, downward, 
and to the left and unites with the hepatic duct to form 
the common bile-duct. D. of Darwin. See D., 
Cement. D., Definitive, one of the straight milk-ducts 
in the nipple. D., Efferent. Same as Canal, Deferent. 
D., Egestive. See D., Excretory. D., Ejaculatory, 
a duct about an inch long, on either side of the body, 
formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal 
vesicle. The semen passes through it into the urethra. 
D., Endolymphatic, a tubular process of the mem- 
branous labyrinth of the ear, passing through the 
aqueduct of the vestibule into the cranial cavity, where 
it terminates below the dura mater in a blind enlarge- 
ment, the sacculus endolymphaticus. D., Esophago- 
cutaneous, in biology, a duct joining the esophagus 
with the branchial pore, and thus with the exterior. D., 
Excretory, the tube through which the secretion of a 
gland is discharged. D., Galactophorous, one of 
the 15 or 20 milk-ducts of the lobes of the mammary 
glands. They converge toward the areola, and ter- 
minate upon the surface of the nipple in small de- 
pressions. D., Gall. See D., Bile, D., Hepatic, and 
D. , Cystic. D. of Gartner, the canal of Gartner. 
See Canal. D., Genital, the genital canal. See 
Canal. D., Guttural, the Eustachian tube. D., 
Hepatic, a duct, I y 2 inches long, formed at the margin 
of the transverse fissure of the liver by the right and 
left hepatic ducts. It unites with the cystic duct to 
form the common bile-duct. D., Hepatic, Left, a 
duct arising from the left lobe of the liver, and joining 
the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic 
duct. D., Hepatic, Middle, an occasional branch 
of the hepatic duct, conveying the bile from the quad- 
rate lobe of the liver. D., Hepatic, Right, a duct 
arising from the right lobe of the liver, and joining the 
left hepatic duct, to form the common hepatic duct. 
D., Hepato-cystic, one of the biliary ducts emptying 



DUCT 



399 



DULCAMARA 



directly into the gall-bladder. D.,Hepato-pancreatic, 
a duct conveying the secretions of the liver and pancreas 
into the intestinal canal ; the common bile-duct. D., 
Hermaphrodite, a duct that in hermaphroditic animals 
receives the male and female elements. D., Hemi- 
thoracic, an ascending branch of the thoracic duct, 
given off high in the thorax, and opening either into 
the right lymphatic duct or close to the angle of union 
of the right subclavian and right internal jugular veins. 
D. inferens, in certain Edentata, one of the ducts 
leading from the submaxillary glands to a common 
receptacle for the secretion of the gland. D., Inter- 
cellular, the intercellular canal. See Canal. D., 
Interlobular, Bile, one of the ducts situated between 
the lobules of the liver. They are of two varieties, 
small and large. D., Intralobular, Bile, one of the 
intralobular canals. See Canal. D., Lachrymal. See 
D., Nasal. D., Lactiferous. See D., Galactophorons. 
D., Leydig's. See D., Mesonephric and D. , Uro- 
genital. D., Lymph. See D., Thoracic. D., Lym- 
phatic. See D. , Thoracic. D., Lymphatic, Left. 
See D. , Thoracic. D., Lymphatic, Right, the vessel 
that receives the lymph from the absorbent vessels of 
the right arm, the right side of the head and neck, the 
chest, lung and right side of the heart, and also from the 
upper surface of the liver. It terminates at the junction 
of the right subclavian and internal jugular veins. D., 
Mammary. See Z>. , Galactophorous. D., Mesone- 
phric, an embryonic duct belonging to the mesone- 
phron, and formed by the longitudinal fission of a por- 
tion of the segmental duct. In the male, it becomes 
the vas deferens, while in the female it almost entirely 
disappears. D., Metanephric, the Ureter, q. v. D., 
Milk. See D. , Galactophorous. D., Muco. See 
Canal, mucous. D., Mucous. See Canal, mucous. 
D. of Miiller, a tube (on either side of the body) 
formed by the undivided portion of the segmental 
duct, and of the longitudinal tubes into which it 
divides. From them in the female are developed the ovi- 
ducts, uterus and vagina, while in the male they atrophy 
and disappear. D., Nasal, the duct, yi an inch long, 
that conveys the tears from the lachrymal sac into the 
inferior meatus of the nose. D., Naso-lachrymal. 
See D. , Nasal. D., Nuckian, one of the excretory 
ducts of the orbital gland of the dog. D., Omphalic. 
SeeZ>. , Vitelline. D., Omphalo-mesenteric. SeeZ>. , 
Vitelline. D., Pancreatic, a duct that extends from 
the pancreas to the duodenum at the point where the 
common bile-duct enters the bowel. D., Pancreatic, 
Accessory, the excretory duct of the lesser pancreas, 
opening into the pancreatic duct or into the duodenum, 
close to the orifice of the common bile-duct. D., 
Pancreatic, Supplementary. See D. , Pancreatic, 
Accessory. D., Parotid. See D. of Stensen. D. of 
Pecquet, the thoracic duct. D., Pneumatic, in 
fishes, the tube that connects the swimming-bladder 
with the esophagus. D., Pronephric. See D. , Seg- 
mental. D., Prostatic, one of the ducts conveying 
the secretion of the prostate into the urethra. D., 
Reticulate, in biology, an aggregation of parenchy- 
matous tissue-cells, in which the thickenings assume 
the form of a network. D. reuniens, a small duct 
leading from the saccule to the membranous labyrinth 
of the cochlea. D. of Rivini, one of the ducts of 
the sublingual gland. D., Roriferous. See D. , 
Thoracic. D., Sacculo-utricular, a small canal 
connecting the saccule of the internal ear with the 
utricle. D. of Santorini. Same as £>., Pancreatic, 
Accessory. D., Scalariform, in biology, one of numer- 
ous parallel narrow and elongated bordered pits in 
plant-cells set close together like the rounds of a ladder. 
D., Secretory, one of the smaller ducts of a gland, 



tributaries of the excretory duct. D., Segmental, 
in embryology, a tube, on either side of the body, 
situated between the visceral and parietal layers of 
the mesoblast, opening anteriorly into the body-cav- 
ity, and posteriorly into the cloaca. D., Seminal. 
See D.,Ejaculatory. D., Spermathecal, in certain 
Mollusca, the duct that connects the spermatheca with 
the hermaphrodite duct. D., Spermatic, the Vas 
deferens ; q. v. D., Spiral, in biology, the prosen- 
chymatous cell-tissue, the walls of which are marked 
by spiral thickenings. D. of Steno. See D. of 
Stensen. D., Stenon's. See D. of Stensen. D., 
Stenonine. See D. of Stensen. D. of Stensen, I. 
a duct about 2^4 inches long, conveying the secretion 
of the parotid gland into the mouth, opening on the 
inner side of the cheek, about opposite to the second 
upper molar tooth. 2. See Canal, Incisive. D., Sub- 
lingual. See D. of Rivini and D. of Bartholin. D., 
Tear, the nasal duct. D., Testicular, the vas de- 
ferens, q.v. D., Thoracic, a duct 18 to 20 inches 
long, extending from the receptaculum chyli, in front 
of the vertebra; as far as the seventh cervical vertebra, 
where it curves down over the subclavian artery and 
empties into the left subclavian vein at its junction with 
the left internal jugular vein. It receives the lymph 
and chyle not received by the right lymphatic duct. 
D., Thyroglossus, in the embryo, a duct that termi- 
nates upon the tongue as the foramen cecum, and leads 
to the rudiments of the thyroid body. D., Trabecular, 
in biology, prosenchymatous tissue-cells, in which 
thickenings cross the lumen of the cell. D., Uro- 
genital, in biology, a duct that receives the urine and 
the genital products. D., Uropygial, in birds, a duct 
leading from the uropygial gland. D., Uroseminal. 
See £>., Uro-genilal. D. venosus, the smaller, 
shorter, and more posterior of the two branches into 
which the umbilical vein divides after entering the 
abdomen. It empties directly into the ascending vena 
cava. After the birth of the fetus it becomes oblit- 
erated. D., Vitellarian, the canal in which an ovum 
receives its investment of albuminoid substance. D., 
Vitelline, a temporary channel of communication be- 
tween the alimentary canal of the embryo and the 
umbilical vesicle. D., Vitello-intestinal. See Z>. , 
Vitelline. D. of Wharton, the duct, about two inches 
long, of the sublingual gland, opening in the mouth at 
the side of the frenum linguae. D. of Wirsung, the 
pancreatic duct. D., Wolffian, the mesonephric duct. 
D., Yellow. See Canal, Eschricht's. 

Ductule (duk'-chfil) [ductulus, a small duct]. A 
small duct, as the straight seminal ducts. 

Dudgeon's Recipe. A formula for varnish to preserve 
sphygmographic and cardiographic tracings. It con- 
sists of one ounce of gum dammar dissolved in six 
ounces of rectified benzolin. 

Dudley's Operation. See Operations, Table of. D. 
Tests. See Tests, Table of. 

Duflos' Tests. See Tests, Table of. 

Dugas' Test. A method of diagnosis in dislocation of 
the shoulder. If the hand of the affected side is 
made to clasp the opposite shoulder, the elbow cannot 
be made to touch the front of the chest. 

Dugong Oil (did -gong). The fixed oil afforded by the 
dugong, Halicore australis, a marine sirenian mam- 
mal. It is regarded as a good substitute for cod-liver 
oil. 

Duhring's Disease, or Impetigo. See Impetigo, Der- 
matitis herpetiformis, and Diseases, Table of. 

Dulcamara (dul-kam-a'-ra) \_dulcamara, bitter-sweet]. 
Bittersweet. The young branches of D. solatium, 
containing several glucosids and an alkaloid. Its 
properties are not well understood. It causes nausea^ 



DULCAMARIN 



400 



DUPLICANA 



emesis and convulsive muscular movements, and in 
toxic doses is a narcotic poison. It is now employed 
in psoriasis and similar skin-diseases. D., Fid. Ext. 
Dose gj. D., Decoctum, unof., 10 per cent, 
strength. Dose ^j-ij. 

Dulcamarin {dul-kam-a/ -riri) [dulcamara, bitter-sweet] 
C 2 ,H ;M O ]0 . An alkaloid of Bittersweet. It is a yel- 
low, amorphous powder, with a sweetish-bitter taste, 
sparingly soluble in water, freely so in alcohol and 
acetic acid, insoluble in ether and chloroform. 

Dulcin (dul' -sin). See Dulcitol. 

Dulcite (did' -sit). See Dulcitol. 

Dulcitol {dul'-sit-ol) \_dulcis, sweet] C 6 H U Q 6 . Dulcin, 
dulcite ; an hexahydric alcohol occurring in various 
plants, and obtained from dulcitol manna (originating 
from Madagascar manna). It is made artificially by 
the action of sodium amalgam upon milk-sugar and 
galactose. It crystallizes in large monoclinic prisms, 
having a sweet taste. It is sparingly soluble in water, 
and melts at l88° C. It is said to be two hundred 
times as sweet as sugar. 

Dull {dul) [ME., did, stupid]. I. Slow of perception. 
2. Not resonant on percussion. 3. Not bright in ap- 
pearance. 4. Not sharp ; blunt. 

Dullness (dul'-nes) [ME., dul, stupid]. The quality 
of being dull, in any sense; lack of resonance on 
percussion. 

Dulong and Petit's Law. See Law. 

Dulse (duls) [Gael., duileasg, dulse]. A popular name 
for various edible sea-weeds, such as Rhodymenia 
palmata. These are popularly esteemed as pectoral 
remedies. Unof. 

Dumas, Method of. A method for the determination 
of nitrogen. In a glass tube (from 70 to 80 cm. long) 
sealed at one end, place a layer (about I cm.) of dry, 
primary sodium carbonate or magnesite, then pure 
cupric oxid (6 cm.), afterwards a mixture of the sub- 
stance with the cupric oxid ; then again pure granular 
cupric oxid (from 20 to 30 cm. ), and finally fill the tube 
with pure copper turnings (about 20 cm.). In the open 
extremity of the tube is placed a rubber cork, bearing 
a gas-delivery tube, which extends into a mercury 
bath. The back part of the combustion-tube, con- 
taining the carbonate, is heated first, to expel the air 
from all parts of the apparatus. A graduated cylinder, 
filled with mercury, is placed over the extremity of 
the exit-tube ; into the tube containing mercury sev- 
eral cubic centimeters of concentrated potassium hy- 
droxid are introduced by means of a pipet. The 
metallic copper and the layer of cupric oxid in the 
anterior portion of the tube are first heated and then 
gradually the mixture. When the combustion is com- 
pleted, heat is applied to another part of the sodium 
carbonate layer. The graduated vessel, containing 
pure nitrogen, is placed in a large cylinder of water, 
allowed to stand a short time until the temperature is 
equalized, when the volume of gas is read and the tem- 
perature of the surrounding air and the barometer- 
height are noted. 

r V f(h — w) „ , 

G = _1— < ; '- X 0.0012562 

760 1 1 + 0.00367 

G = the weight of the nitrogen volume in grams. V = 
the absorbed volume in cubic centimeters, h = the 
barometric pressure, w = the tension of aqueous vapor 
at the temperature I°C. 0.0012562 = the weight, in 
grams, of I c.c. of nitrogen at o°C. , and 760 mm. 
pressure. 
Dumb (dum) [ME., dumb, mute]. Unable to utter 
articulate speech. D. Ague, a popular expression for 
ague or malarial sickness marked by obscure symp- 
toms. D.-bell, a weight consisting of two iron balls 
connected by a shaft, used in exercise for health and 



development. D.-bell Crystals, crystals of calcium 
oxalate, sometimes seen in the urine. D.-cane, the 
Caladium seguineum, or Dieffenbachia seguinea, a W. 
Indian plant ; when bitten it causes the lips and 
mouth to swell, and thus may produce temporary 
inability to speak. The plant is used in preparing an 
ointment, and is said to be useful in dropsies. 

Dumbness (dum'-nes) [ME. , dumb, mute]. Inability 
to utter articulate speech. 

Dumetose {du'-met-os) \_dumus, a bramble]. In biol- 
ogy, belonging to a thicket; bush-like. 

Dumont's Blue. Same as Smalts. 

Dumose(</« / -»/o.f) \_dumus, a thorn-bush]. In biology, 
bushy, or pertaining to a bush. 

Dumoutier's Horizontal Plane. See Plane. 

Duncan's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Dung [ME., dung, dung]. Excrement ; feces; ordure. 
D.-bath. See Pigments, Colors, and Dye-stuffs. 
D.-hill, a heap of dung. 

Dunga (dun'-gah). Synonym of Dengue. 

Dunging (dung' -big) . See Pigments, Colors, and 
Dye-stuffs . 

Dunham's Solution. A culture-medium composed 
of sodium chlorid, 5 parts; dried peptone, I part; 
distilled water, 100 parts. • 

Duodenal {du-o-de' -nal, or du-od' -en-al) \_duodeni, 
twelve each]. Relating to the duodenum. D. Ulcer, 
ulceration of the duodenum. It may be acute, as 
after severe burns or scalds, or after exposure to 
extreme cold ; or (more commonly) it may be chronic, 
occurring usually in old alcoholic males. Its most 
frequent seat is in the first part of the duodenum, 
either on the anterior or posterior wall. It is probably 
due to the action of the gastric juice upon the intestinal 
wall which has been devitalized as the result of some 
form of malnutrition. Perforation and fatal peritonitis 
may ensue if the ulcer be situated on the anterior wall. 

Duodenitis (du-o-den-i' -tis) [duodeni, twelve each ; 
uric, inflammation]. Inflammation of the duodenum. 

Duodeno-cholecystotomy {du-o-de' -no-ko-le-sis-tot' - 
o-me) [duodeni, twelve each ; ,£<5/b7, bile ; kvgtic, 
bladder; ordfia, mouth]. An operation for establish- 
ing an artificial communication between the gall-blad- 
der and duodenum. 

Duodeno-enterostomy ( du-o-de' -no-en-ter-os'-to-me) 
[duodeni, twelve each ; evrepov, bowel ; ardiia, mouth]. 
The establishment of an artificial communication be- 
tween the duodenum and some portion of the small 
intestine. 

Duodeno-jejunal {du-o-de' -no-je/-u' -nal) [duodeni, 
twelve each ; jejunus, dry]. Pertaining to the duo- 
denum and the jejunum. 



Duodeno-renal {du-o-de' -no-' 



-il) [duodeni, twelve 



each; ren, the kidney]. Relating to the duodenum 
and to the kidney. 

Duodenostomy {du-o-de-nos'-to-me) [duodenum : 
arbfia, a mouth]. The operation of opening the duo- 
denum, and the attachment of the lips of the intes- 
tinal slit to the walls of the abdomen, in order to form 
an artificial mouth for the introduction of nutriment. 

Duodenotomy {du-o-den-ot' -o-me) [duodenum ; te/iveiv, 
to cut]. Surgical incision of the duodenum. 

Duodenum {du-o-de' -num, or du-od' -e/i-u//i) [duodeni, 
twelve each ; so called because it is about twelve 
finger-breadths long]. The first part of the small in- 
testine beginning at the pylorus. 

Duotal (did -o-tal). Guaiacol carbonate, C 15 5 H ]4 , a 
crystalline substance ; it is used in tuberculosis. Dose 
gr. iij-viij, three times a day. 

Duplay's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Duplicana (du-plik-a'-nak) [duplicare, to double]. A 
double tertian ague. 



DUPLICATION 



401 



DYNE 



Duplication {du-plik-a' -shun). Same as Reduplication, 
q. v. 

Duplicative (du' -plik-a-chur) [duplicare, to double]. 
The reflection, or folding of a membrane upon itself. 

Duplicity (du-plis'-it-e) \duplicitas, doubleness]. The 
condition of being duplex or double. 

Dupuytren's Contraction. See Diseases, Table of. 
D. Hydrocele. See Diseases, Table of. D. Oint- 
ment, an ointment used to correct baldness. It con- 
tains ox-marrow 250, lead acetate 4, balsam of Peru 
8, diluted alcohol 30, tinct. of camphor, iy 2 , tinct. 
of cloves and tinct. of cinnamon, each 1. D. Opera- 
tion. See Operations, Table of. D. Splint, a splint 
used in the treatment of Pott's fracture of the leg. 
D. Suture. See Suture. 

Dura (du'-rah) \_durus, hard]. The Dura mater, q.v. 
D. mater, the outer membrane of the brain and spinal 
cord. It is divided into the cerebral and spinal or 
rhachidian dura, and its cerebral portion is in part 
identical with the endocranium. D. m. testis, the 
tunica albuginea of the testis. 

Duraematoma (dur-em-at-o' -mah). See Durematoma . 

Dural (du'-ral) [durus, hard]. Pertaining to the dura. 

Duramen (dur'-am-en) \_durare, to harden]. In biology, 
heart-wood. 

Durande's Solvent. A solvent for biliary calculi; it 
consists of three parts of ether and two of turpentine, 
administered in capsules immediately before meals. 
D. Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Duration (du-ra' -shun) [durare, to last]. Continuance 
in time. D. of Life, several methods of ascertain- 
ing the duration of life are employed: I. The Mean 
Age at Death ; 2. the Probable Duration of Life ; 3. 
the Mean Duration of Life; 4. the Expectation of 
Life, or mean after-lifetime ; and 5. the number living 
out of which one dies annually. According to the 
English Life-table No. 3, the mean age at death is 
40. 9 years , but this test is, for several reasons, fallacious , 
though it is of exceptional interest when the deaths 
from various diseases are considered. See Probable 
D. of L., Expectation of Life, and Life-table. 

Durematoma (dur-em-at-o f -mah) \dura, hard; aifia, 
blood; baa, tumor : //. , Ditrematomata~\. Hematoma 
of the dura; an accumulation of blood between the 
dura and arachnoid. 

Durene (du'-ren) \_durus, hard] C 10 H H . A hydrocar- 
bon, present in coal-tar. It is a crystalline substance 
that possesses a camphor-like odor ; it melts at 79-80° 

C, and boils at 1 90° C. 

Diirer, Angle of. See Angle. D., Plane of. See Plane. 

Durham's Tube. The lobster-tail tube largely used 
in tracheotomy. 

Durilic Acid (du-ril'-ik). See Acid, Durilic. 

Duro-arachnitis (did -ro-ar-ak-ni' -tis) \durus, hard ; 
ap&xv7], a spider ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the dura and arachnoid membrane. 

Duroziez' Murmur. See Signs and Symptoms, Ta- 
ble of. 

Dusart-Blondlot's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Dust-occupations. Those that from the nature of 
the particles of the dust produced may give rise to 
pneumoconiosis, tuberculosis, or bronchitis. 

Dutch {duck) [ME., Dutche~\. Pertaining to Holland. 

D. Bitters. See Latifa. D. Gold, an alloy of 
copper and zinc. D. Liquid. See Ethene Chlorid. 
D. Mineral, copper beaten out into very thin leaves. 
D. White. Same as Hamburg White. 

Duval's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Du Verger, Suture of. See Suture. D. Method. 

See Operations. Table of. 
Duverney, Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. D. 

Glands. See Gland. 
26 



Dware's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Dwarf (dzvorf) [ME., dwarf"]. A being characterized 
by completed physical development, but having the 
various parts of unnaturally small dimensions, owing 
to insufficient growth. This condition is frequently 
associated with sterility and impotence. See Nanism, 
A T anus. D. Elder, the Aralia hispidia. Its root 
is a valuable diuretic. Dose of fid. ext. 3J-ij. Unof. 
D. Tape-worm. See Tenia nana. 

Dyad (di'-ad). See Quantivalence. 

Dyaster (di-as'-ter) \_61c, two ; aa ri/p, star]. In biology, 
the karyokinetic figure assumed by the aster of a divid- 
ing nucleus before the formation of the stars at the 
ends of the nuclear spindle. It is the sixth stage of 
I^aryokinesis. 

Dye (di) [ME., dyen, to dye]. To color a substance 
by immersing it in some coloring-matter. The ma- 
terial used as a coloring-substance. D. -stuffs. See 
Pigments , Colors, and Dye-stuffs. 

Dyer's Broom. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Dyerism (di' '-er-izm) \_Dyer, the physician who proposed 
it] . A simple means of giving exercise to all the 
ocular muscles at once. It consists merely in reading 
a certain definite small amount daily, and increasing 
that amount systematically as the strength of the eyes 
increases. 

Dyerizing (di'-er-iz-ing). See Dyerism. 

Dynam (dV -nam). See Dyne. 

Dynamia (di-na'-me-ali) \_<5vva/iic, power]. I. Ability 
to resist diseases, or to withstand the effects of any 
strain, physical or mental. 2. The sthenic character 
of any attack of disease. 

Dynamic (di-nam'-ik) \_Svvajxig, energy]. Pertaining to 
energy. In medicine, a synonym of Sthenic, q. v. D. 
Squint. See Lnsufficiency. 

Dynamics (di-nam' '-iks). See Mechanics. 

Dynamite (dd-nam-lt) [Sbva/w; , power]. An explo- 
sive consisting of nitro-glycerin incorporated with in- 
fusorial earth, to give it consistency. It is eight times 
as powerful as gunpowder. 

Dynamization (di-nam-iz-a / -shun) [d'vvafw;, power]. 
The so-called potentizing of medicines by comminu- 
tion and agitation. 

Dynamo (di' -nam-d) [fiiiva/us, power]. A dynamo- 
electric machine ; a machine that generates dynamic, 
or current electricity, instead of static electricity ; one 
in which the current is generated by revolving coiis 
of insulated wire through the field of a magnet inten- 
sified by the same current. 

Dynamogeny (di-nam-of -en-e) [dvvafiic;, energy ; yev- 
vav, to beget]. The production of energy ; the phys- 
iologic generation of force. 

Dynamograph (di- nam'-o-graf) [diiva/itg, power ; ypa- 
<j>eiv, to write]. An instrument designed to measure 
and graphically record muscular strength. 

Dynamometer (di-nam-om' -et-er) \_6vvaynq, power ; 
fikrpov, a measure]. An instrument designed to 




Dynamometer of Mathieu. (Landois.) 

measure force, or one for the measurement of muscu- 
lar strength, particularly of the hand. 
Dyne (din) [fivva/uic, power]. A force sufficient to 



DYS 



402 



DYSMENORRHEA 



impart a velocity of one centimeter per second to a 
mass of one gram. See Electric Units. 

Dys- [du?-,] a prefix implying difficulty, illness, bad- 
ness ; it may be represented by bad, hard, difficult, 
painful. 

Dysacousma (dis-ak-ooz 1 '-mail) [duf, painful ; duovaia, 
hearing]. A sensation of pain or discomfort caused 
by loud or even moderate noises. 

Dysacusia, or Dysacousis (dis-ak-oo' -ze-ah or -sis) 
[due, hard ; anovaia, hearing]. Hardness or difficulty 
of hearing. 

Dysesthesia (dis-es-the' -ze-ah). See Dysesthesia. 

Dysalbumose (dis-al' -bu-moz) . See Albumose. 

Dysanagnosia (dis-an-ag-no'-ze-ah) [(Sue, hard; avay- 
vaaig, recognition, reading]. Word-blindness ; dys- 
lexia. 

Dysaphe (dis'-af-e) [duf , painful ; d(f>i/, touch] . Mor- 
bid state of the sense of touch. 

Dysapocatastasis (dis-ap-o- kat-as' -tas-is) [duf, hard ; 
a-oKaracsTaots, reestablishment]. Morbid restlessness 
and dissatisfaction. 

Dysaponotocy (dis-ap-o-not' -o-se) [duf-, difficult; arro- 
voc, painless; t6koc, birth.]. Painless, but difficult, 
labor. 

Dysarthria (dis-ar'-thre-ah) [duf-, difficult ; apdpov, 
articulation]. Impairment of the power of speech- 
articulation, from disease of the medulla and pons. 
D. literalis. Synonym of Stammering. 

Dysarthrosis {dis-ar-thro' -sis) [due-, bad ; apdpov, a 
joint]. I. A deformed joint. 2. A false-joint. 3. 
A dislocation of a joint. 

Dysbasia (dis-ba 1 '-ze-ah) [<5uc-, difficult; fiaaic, a step]. 
Difficulty of walking. (Proposed instead of abasia, 
as in the affection there is rarely absolute inability to 
walk.) 

Dysbulia (dis-bzt' -le-ah) [duf-, difficult; (io'vAeadai , to 
will]. Impairment of will-power. 

Dyscataposis (dis-kat-ap' '-o-sis). Synonym of Hydro- 
phobia. 

Dyschroa, or Dyschrcea [dis'-kro-ah or -kre'-ah) [due-, 
bad; ;fpod, color]. Discoloration, especially of the 
skin. 

Dyschromatopsia (dis-kro-j?iat-op' -se-ah) [duf-, ill ; 
Xpaiia, color; oipig, vision]. Difficulty in distin- 
guishing colors. 

Dyschromia (clis-kro' -me-ah) [due-, ill; xp"M-a, color]. 
Discoloration, especially of the skin. 

Dyschylia (dis-ki' -le-ah) [duf-, ill; ^uAdf, chyle]. 
Disorder of the chyle. 

Dyscinesia (dis-sin-e' -ze-ah) [due-, ill ; nivr/ats, mo- 
tion]. Difficult or painful motion. 

Dyscoria (dis-ko' -re-ah) \Sve-, bad; Kdpij, pupil]. Ab- 
normality of the form of the pupil. 

Dyscrasia (dis-kra' -ze-ah) [due-, bad; Kpaaig, combi- 
nation] . A depraved or abnormal state ; an abnor- 
mal or impure condition of the blood, due to general 
disease. 

Dyscrasic, Dyscratic (dis-kraz'-ik, dis-krat' -ik) [due-, 
bad ; Kpamc, combination]. Of the nature of, or af- 
fected with a dyscrasia. 

Dyseccea, or Dysecoia (dis-es-e'-ah, or dis-ek-oi'-ah) 
[_6va>/Koia, deafness]. Hardness of hearing. 

Dysenteria (dis-en-te' -re-ah). See Dysentery. D. 
splenica. Synonym of Melena. 

Dysenteric (dis-en-ter'-ih) [due-, bad ; evrepov, the 
bowels]. Of the nature of or affected with dysentery. 

Dysentery (dis'-en-ter-e) [due-, bad; evrepni\ the 
bowels]. An acute specific disease marked by inflam- 
mation of the solitary glands and follicles of the large 
intestine, with tormina and tenesmus, and the frequent 
passage of scanty and bloody stools. Death may 
result from asthenia, or peritonitis from perforation. 



Toward the close of grave cases of the disease the 
stools may become watery, black (the so-called "meat- 
ivashings"), and of an offensive gangrenous odor. 
Dysentery is prevalent in all malarious regions, and is 
also likely to occur among troops when the food is 
poor and irritating, and the drinking-water impure. 
D., Algid, that form characterized by great feebleness 
or absence of the pulse-beat, cyanosis, aphonia, sup- 
pression of urine, cold surface, and an early fatal 
issue. D., Amebic, that in which the Ameba coli is 
found in the stools. D., Hemorrhagic, a grpve 
bowel-disease in India, marked by profuse hemor- 
rhages from the bowels, with collapse. D., Sporadic, 
a mild type occurring in temperate climates. D., 
White, an epidemic variety, with muco-purulent 
stools. 

Dysepulotic (dis-ep-u-lot'-ik) [duf-, bad ; kTrov7iuTiK.de , 
healing]. Cicatrizing slowly and imperfectly. 

Dysesthesia (dis-es-the' -ze-ah) [duf- , difficult ; alaOr/aig, 
sensation]. Dulness of any sensation, especially that 
of touch. 2. Painfulness of any sensation not nor- 
mally painful. D. interna, amnesia. D. receptiva, 
pain or distress felt in the vertex or occiput, often with 
a feeling " as if the head were being opened and shut . ' ' 

Dysgenesis (dis-jen' -es-is) [duf-, hard; yeveair, genera- 
tion]. In biology, the second of Broca's four degrees 
of fecundity — in the union of two species. Cf. Agene- 
sis, Paragenesis , Eugenesis. 

Dysgeusia (dis-ju 1 '-se-ah) [duf-, ill ; ysiiaig, taste]. 
Morbidity or perversion of the sense of taste. 

Dysgrammatism [dis-gram' -at-izm) [duf-, difficult ; 
ypafipa, a letter]. Inability to make the proper use of 
words. It is a symptom of certain cerebral diseases. 

Dysgraphia (dis-graf -e-ah) [duf-, difficult; ypatyeiv, 
to write]. I. Inability to write, as a result of a brain- 
lesion. 2. Imperfect configuration of an organ. 

Dyshidrosis (dis-hid-ro'-sis). See Dysidrosis. 

Dysidrosis (dis-id-ro' -sis) [duf-, bad; Wpuaig, sweat- 
ing]. Excessive activity of the sweat-glands, in asso- 
ciation with a retention of their secretion, probably 
due to some neurotic disorder. See Chiropompholyx, 
Pompholyx. 

Dyskinesia (dis-kin-e'-se-ah) [duf-, difficult ; Kivr/air, 
movement]. Impairment of the power of voluntary 
motion. See Discinesia. 

Dyslalia [dis-la' -le-ah) [duf-, difficult ; "kaKeiv, to talk]. 
Impairment or difficulty of speaking, due to some 
non-central lesion (such as a defect of the vocal bands 
or of the palate). 

Dyslexia (dis-leks'-e-ah) [duf-, difficult ; "hk^ic, read- 
ing]. Morbid or aphasic difficulty or fatigue in read- 
ing. 

Dyslochia (dis-lo'-ke-ah) [duf-, bad ; Tid^ia, the lochia]. 
An abnormal condition of the lochial discharge. 

Dyslogia (dis-lo'-je-ah) [duf-, difficult; Adyoc, speech]. 
Difficulty in speech, not so much with individual 
words as with the expression of ideas ; it is due to 
some central lesion. See also Alogia. 

Dyslysin (dis' -lis-in) [duf-, difficult ; ?i<eiv, to dissolve], 
C 24 H a6 3 . A resinous anhydrid of cholallc acid. It 
is insoluble in water, alcohol, and alkalies. It is a 
non-crystalline substance soluble in an excess of ether. 

Dysmenorrhea (dis-men-or-e'-ah) [duf , difficult ; jir/v, 
month; pieiv, to flow]. Obstructed or difficult men- 
struation. D., Congestive, a form of painful men- 
struation in which often no lesion can be found, the 
pain being due to an intense congestion of the pelvic 
viscera. In other cases there exists some morbid con- 
dition that is aggravated by the menstrual congestion. 
D., Intermediate, pain occurring regularly each 
month, but not at the menstrual period. D., Me- 
chanical. See D., Obstructive. D., Membranous, 



DYSMEROGENESIS 



403 



DYSSTASIA 



painful discharge of the menstrual decidua in one or 
more large pieees, instead of after undergoing disin- 
tegration. D. Mixture. See Guaiac Mixture, Fan- 
ner's. D., Neuralgic. See D., Spasmodic. Also, a 
term applied to Neurotic dysmenorrhea, q. v. D., 
Neurotic, a peculiar form of dysmenorrhea occurring 
in women of neurotic temperament and marked by 
neuralgic pains, not confined to the pelvis, but dis- 
tributed over the body. D., Obstructive, that due 
to mechanical obstruction to the free escape of the 
menstrual fluid. It is usually due to contraction of 
the cervical canal, associated with anteflexion of the 
uterus. D., Ovarian, that form in which the pain is 
apparently entirely in the ovaries. It is aching or burn- 
ing in character and referred to the ovarian cotter, a 
spot at the level of and about two inches internal to 
the anterior superior iliac spine. D., Spasmodic, 
that form of dysmenorrhea due to spasmodic uterine 
contraction. It is often associated with deficient uterine 
development. 

Dysmerogenesis {dis-mer-o-jen' -es-is) [Ave-, bad ; jik- 
poc, a part; yevvav, to beget]. In biology, a variety 
of budding in which the various buds are very dis- 
similar. 

Dysmimia [dis-mim'-e-ah) [Ave-, difficult; /uifielaOat, 
to mimic]. Aphasic difficulty in using signs or sym- 
bols in lieu of words. 

Dysmnesia [dis-mne'-ze-ah) \Svc-, difficult ; jivqoie, 
memory]. Impairment or defect of the memory. 

Dysmorphia [dis-mor'-fe-ah) [due-, ill; p-optpij, form]. 
Deformity. 

Dysmyotonia {dis-mi-o-to' -ne-ah) [Ave -, bad; five, a 
muscle; rovoc, tone]. I. Atony of the muscles. 2. 
Excessive tonicity in muscles ; myotonia. 

Dysneuria [dis-nu'-re-ah) [<5ur-, bad ; vevpov, nerve]. 
Nervous disorder or distress ; sense-impairment. 

Dysnusia (dis-nu' -ze-ah) [Ave-, bad ; voiic, mind]. 
Weakness or impairment of the mind. 

Dysodia (dis-o' -de-ah) [AvmoAia ; Ave-, ill; b r eiv, to 
smell]. Fetor; stench; ill smell. Also a synonym 
of Rhinitis atrophica, q. v. 

Dysodontiasis (dis-o-don-ti' '-as-is) [Ave-, bad ; bAov- 
riaaic, dentition]. Difficult dentition. 

Dysodynia (dis-o-din'-e-ah) [Ave-, ill ; bAvvr/, pain]. 
Ineffective labor-pains. 

Dysopia [dis-o' pe-ah) [Avauirla ; Ave-, bad; &f, eye]. 
Defective or painful vision. D. tenebrarum. Syn- 
onym of Hemeralopia. 

Dysorexia idis-or-eks' -e-ali) [Ave-, ill ; bpetjic, appetite]. 
A depraved or unnatural appetite. 

Dysosmia (dis-oz'-me-ah) [Ave-, ill; bafiij, odor]. I. 
An unpleasant or fetid odor. 2. Loss or impairment 
of the sense of smell. 

Dysosphresia (dis-os-fre' -ze-ah) [Ave-, ill ; bafptjaic, 
smell]. Impairment of the sense of smell. 

Dysostosis (dis-os-to'-sis) [Ave-, ill; bareov, bone]. 
Defective formation of bone. 

Dyspareunia (dis-par-oo' -ne-ah) [Avtyrrapevvoc, ill- 
mated]. Painful or difficult performance of copula- 
tion from physical incompatibility. 

Dyspepsia (dis-pep'-se-ah) [Ave-, difficult ; tzettteiv, to 
digest]. Impaired or imperfect digestion. It may 
be acute, from some error in diet, or chronic, due to 
catarrh of the mucous coat of the stomach, the presence 
of abnormal ferments, or to other slowly-acting patho- 
logic conditions of the viscus. D., Atonic, a derange- 
ment of the stomach, with disorder of its functions, due 
to insufficient quantity or impaired quality of the gastric 
juice, or to deficient action of the gastric muscles. D., 
Colonic. See Enteritis, Membranous. D., Duode- 
nal. See Enteritis, Membranous. D., Follicular. 
Synonym of Enteritis, Membrancnis. D., Intestinal, 



due to defects in the pancreatic, biliary, or in- 
testinal secretions, or to deficient peristalsis. It is 
marked by borborygmi, flatulence, etc. D., Irrita- 
tive, the catarrhal form of imperfect gastric digestion. 
D., Nervous, that form characterized by sensations 
of distress and uneasiness during digestion, although 
the act is accomplished within the physiologic time- 
limit. It occurs most frequently in those of the neu- 
rotic constitution. D., Smokers'. See D., Tobacco. 
D., Tobacco, that due to excessive use of tobacco. 

Dyspepsodynia (dis-pep-so-din* '-e-ah). Synonym of 
'Gastralgia. 

Dyspepsy (ilis-pep'-se). See Dyspepsia. 

Dyspeptic (dis-pep'-tik) [Ave-, difficult ; ncTrretv, to di- 
gest]. I. Relating to or affected with dyspepsia. 2. 
One who has dyspepsia. 

Dyspeptone (dis-pep' -ton) [Ave-, difficult ; ■Ke-rvreiv, to 
digest]. An insoluble and unassimilable product of 
the gastric digestion of proteids. See Metapcptone 
and Hetniprotein. 

Dysperistalsis (dis-per-is-tal'-sis) [Ave-, painful; nepi, 
around; ara/.aic, compression]. Violent peristaltic 
action of the intestine. 

Dyspermatism (dis-per' '-mat-izm) [Ave-, difficult ; 
cmepfia, seed]. Difficulty of depositing the sperm 
within the vagina. 

Dyspermia (dis-perm'-e-ah). See Dysspermia. 

Dysphagia (dis-fa'-je-ah) [Ave-, ill; Qayeiv, to eat]. 
Difficulty in swallowing, or inability to swallow. D., 
Convulsive. Synonym of Esophagismus. D. glo- 
bosa, globus hystericus. D. hysterica. Synonym of 
Globus hystericus. D. spastica, dysphagia due to 
hysteric spasm of the esophagus or pharynx. 

Dysphasia (dis-fa' -ze-ah) [Ave-, ill; <paoic, speech]. 
Imperfect or disconnected speech, arising from loss of 
or faulty arrangement of words, and dependent upon 
a central lesion. 

Dysphonia (dis-fo' -ne-ah) [Ave-, difficult ; Quvr/, voice]. 
A condition of defective voice ; hoarseness. It is due 
to some acute or chronic inflammatory condition, new- 
growths, paralysis, or ulcerations of the vocal bands. 
D. clericorum, chronic glandular laryngitis; clergy- 
man's sore-throat, q.v. D. spastica, speakers' cramp ; 
stammering of the vocal bands. 

Dysphoria (dis-fo' -re-ah)[Avc- , difficult; </>?pen>,tobear]. 
Impatience and restlessness ; mental anxiety ; fidgets. 

Dysphrasia (dis-fra' -zhe-ah) [Ave-, ill ; (fipdaie, speech]. 
Imperfect speech, due to impairment of the mental 
powers. Kussmaul's term for a mental condition in 
which the emotion is opposed to the words designed 
to express it. 

Dysphrenia (dis-fre' '-ne-ah) [Ave-, bad ; <ppijv, mind] . 
Any mental disorder. 

Dyspnea (disp-ne'-ah) [Ave-, difficult; Trveeiv, to 
breathe]. Difficult or labored breathing, arising from 
various causes, as laryngeal or tracheal obstruction, 
heart-disease, kidney-disease, lung-disease, or anemia. 
It may be either inspiratory or expiratory , according 
as it is mainly dependent upon the muscles of inspira- 
tion or expiration ; or it may be general, that is, both 
inspiratory and expiratory. D., Asthmatic, that due 
to asthma. D., Cardiac, that due to heart-disease. 
D., Postural. See Orthopnea. D., Renal, that due 
to renal disease. D., Uremic, that due to uremia. 
D., Rhythmic. See Cheyme-Stokes Respiration. 

Dyspneic {disp-ne' -ik) [Ave-, difficult; ■kvzeiv, to 
breathe]. Affected with or caused by dyspnea. D. 
Coma. See Coma diaceticum. 

Dysspermia (dis-sper'-me-ah) [Ave-, ill; anep/ia, seed] . 
An imperfect or abnormal condition of the semen. 

Dysstasia, or Dystasia (dis-ta' -ze-ah) [Ave-, ill ; 
ardaie, standing]. Difficulty in standing. A term 



DYSTAXIA 



404 



EARTH 



proposed for astasia, as in this affection there is rarely 
absolute inability to stand. D. Dysbasia. See 
Aslasia-abasia. 

Dystaxia (dis-taks' -e-ah) [due-, bad ; ra^ig, regulation, 
order]. Ataxia, or partial ataxia. 

Dysteleologic (dis-te-le-o loj'-ik) [due-, ill ; teXeoc, per- 
fect ; Aoyoc, science]. Pertaining to Dysteleology. 

Dysteleology (dis-te-le-ol' -o-je) [due-, ill ; re/leoc, 
perfect ; Aoyog, science] . The study of rudimentary 
and useless organs, such as the vermiform appendix. 

Dysthanasia (dis-than-a' -ze-ah) \&ve-, painful ; 8dva- 
roc, death]. A slow and painful death. 

Dysthelasia [dis-lhel-a' -ze-ah) [due-, ill ; dr/Aa^eiv, to 
suck]. Difficulty in sucking or in giving suck. 

Dysthesia (dis-the' -ze-ah) [Svoderesiv , to do, or feel 
ill]. I. Ill condition, especially ill health due to a non- 
febrile disorder of the blood-vessels. 2. Impatience ; 
fretfulness ; ill-temper in the sick. 

Dysthetic (dis-thef -ik) [fivodertEiv, to do or feel ill]. 
Of the nature of a dysthesia ; cachectic. 

Dysthymia (dis-thim' -e-ah) \_&ve-, bad; dvpoc, mind]. 
Melancholy or mental perversion. D. algetica, men- 
tal perversion due to peripheral nerve-irritation. D. 
neuralgica, mental perversion due to facial or other 
neuralgias. 

Dystithia (dis-tith'-e-ah) [due-, difficult ; titBtj, a 
nipple]. Difficulty of nursing or inability to nurse at 
the breast. 

Dystocia (dis-to' -se-ah) [due-, difficult ; roxog, birth]. 
Difficult labor. D., Fetal, difficult labor due to such 



fetal irregularities as displacement of the arm, exces- 
sive size, plural pregnancy, monsters, etc. D., Ma- 
ternal, due to some defect on the side of the mother, 
as pelvic deformity or disease. 

Dystonia (dis-to' -ne-ah) [due-, ill ; rovog, tone]. Dis- 
order or lack of tonicity. 

Dystopia (dis-to' -pe-ah) [due-, ill ; rd-oc, place]. Dis- 
placement of any organ. 

Dystrophia (dis-tro'-fc-ah). See Dystrophy. 

Dystrophic (du-tro'-fik) \_6vg-, bad; rpoyr/, nourish- 
ment]. Poorly nourished. 

Dystrophoneurosis (dis-trof-o-nu-ro'-sis) \_Svq-, bad; 
rdpftj, nourishment; vcvpov, a nerve; vooor;, disease]. 
A disturbance of nutrition caused by abolition or 
perversion of nervous influence ; or a nervous disease 
caused by ill-nutrition. 

Dystrophy (dis'-tro-fe) \6vc-, bad ; rpotpij, nourish- 
ment]. Imperfect or faulty nourishment. D., Prim- 
ary Muscular. See Atrophy, Idiopathic Muscular. 

Dystropodextrin (dis-tro-po-deks' -trin) \_6vc-, bad ; 
rpeTreiv, to turn ; dexter, right]. A starchy material 
existing in normal blood, and but slightly soluble. 

Dysulotous (dis-u' -lo-tus) [tivoovAuToc ; due-, bad; i.v?.i/, 
scar]. Healing with difficulty. 

Dysuria (diz-id -re-ali) [due-, ill; ovpov, urine]. Difficult 
or painful urination ; it may be due to calculi, cystitis, 
spasm, stricture. 

Dysuric (diz-u'-rik) [due-, ill; ovpov, urine]. Affected 
with or relating to dysuria. 

Dysury (diz'-u-re). Same as Dysuria. 



E. Abbreviation of Eye and Emmetropia. 

E. M. F. Abbreviation of Electro-motive Force. 

Ext. Abbreviation of Extractum. 

Eagle-wood (e'-gl-wood). See Agallochum. 

Ear (er) [ME., ere, ear]. The organ of hearing. It 
consists of the outer or external ear, the middle ear or 
tympanum, and the internal ear or labyrinth. Il- 
lustrated details are shown in the annexed cuts. E.- 
ache. See Otalgia. E.-bone, an auditory ossicle. 
E., Cat's, a deformity of the ear, causing it to resem- 
ble the ear of a cat. E. -cough, reflex cough from 
irritation or disease of the ear. E. -crystal, an oto- 
lith. E. -deformities. That insane, imbecile, and 
idiotic persons often have deformities of the external 
ear is a fact well established. Among the named de- 
formities are the following : B/ainville' s ear desig- 
nates asymmetry of the two ears. Cagot ear is an 
ear with no lower lobe ; but it is asserted that this is 
a peculiarity of the Lapps, and not of the Cagots. 
Darwin's ear lacks the upper part of the helix, and 
the remainder of the helix contains nodules of carti- 
lage. Morel 's ear is large, flattened down, as if 
ironed, with a thin.rim and depressed folds. In Stalil's 
ear the helix is flattened and masked with the anti- 
helix, neither the fossa ovalis nor the fossa scaphoidea 
being visible. In Wildermuth' 's ear the anti-helix is 
unduly prominent. See also Hematoma auris and 
Diseases, Table of. E., Drum of. See Tympanum. 
E.-dust, the otoconia, a. v. E. -finger, the little 
finger. E., Flap, a deformity of the ear in which 



it is pendulous, as in certain animals. E. -giddiness, 
a synonym of Meniere' x s Disease. E.-hole, the exter- 
nal auditory meatus. E., Inflammation of. See 
Otitis. E., Internal, the Labyrinth, q. v. E.-lobe, 
the lobe of the ear. E., Middle. See Tympanum. 
E. -sneezing, sneezing produced by inflammation of 
the ear. E.- spoon, a curet used in removing cer- 
umen. E. -stone. See Otolith. E. -trumpet, an 
instrument for gathering a larger number of waves of 
sound to a focus, and thus improving the hearing of 
those partially deaf. E. -tumor, Hamatoma auris, 
q. v. E. -vertigo, a synonym of Meniere's Disease. 
E. -vomiting, reflex vomiting from auditory dis- 
ease. E.-wax. See Cerumen. E.-wig, an insect 
(Eorficula auricidaria) erroneously supposed to have 
a fondness for secreting itself in the external audi- 
tory meatus. 
Earth (erth) [ME., erthe, earth]. In chemistry, a 
name given to various metallic oxids or silicates, not 
soluble in water and not affected by great heat. E., 
Alkaline, the oxids and hydrates of calcium, magne- 
sium, strontium, barium, and other metals of the same 
group. E.-bath, a sand bath. See Bath. E., Ci- 
molian. See Cimolian. E. -closet, a privy in 
which the dejecta are disposed of by the Dry-earth 
System, q. v. E.-cure, the therapeutic use of earth, 
soil, mud, or sand. E. -dressing, a dressing of earth 
for wounds, bruises, etc. It has marked deodorizing 
powers. E., Fuller's, a clay used as an absorbent 
dressing for sores. See also Ammo/kcrapy, Bole. 



EAR 



405 



EAR 



E.-worm, a common soil-inhabiting worm, Lumbricus 
terresiris. An oily liniment prepared from earth- 
worms is vulgarly held in high esteem as a relaxant 
for contracted tendons. In Russia a preparation of 
earth-worms is highly valued as a diuretic. 



2 Z 




Osseous Labyrinth of the 

Ear (Lamina spiralis 

ossea). 

i, 2, 3. Semicircular canals. 4. 
Vestibule. 5. Ampulla. 6. 
Fovea semi -elliptica. 7. 
Fovea hemispherica. 8. Coch- 
lea. 9. Origin of lamina 
spiralis ossea. 10. Foramen 
rotundum. 



Osseous and Membranous 
Labyrinth of the Ear. 

1. Vestibular branch of audi- 
tory nerve. 2. Branch for 
sacculus. 3. Branch for utric- 
ulus. 4. Branch for ampulla 
of membranous posterior 
semicircular canal. 5. Branch 
for ampulla of external canal. 
6. Branch for ampulla of supe- 
perior canal. 7. Cochlear 
branch of auditory nerve. 8. Cochlea. 




External auditory canal. 

6. Malleus. 7. Manu- 

9. Tympanic cavity. 10. 



The Ear. 

Pinna, or auricle. 2 Concha. 3. 
4 Membrana tympani. 5. Incus, 
brium mallei. 8. Tensor tympani. 

Eustachian tube. 11. Superior semicircular canal. 12. Pos- 
terior semicircular canal. 13. External semicircular canal. 
14. Cochlea. 15. Internal auditory canal. 16 Facial nerve. 
17. Large petrosal nerve. 18. Vestibular branch of auditory 
nerve. 19. Cochlear branch. 



Auditory Ossicles. 
. Head of Malleus. 2. Processus 
brevis. 3. Processus gracilis. 4. 
Manubrium. 5. Long process of in- 
cus. 6. Articulation between incus 3 
and stapes. 7. Stapes. 





Membranous Labyrinth of the Ear. 

Distribution of the vestibular branch of the auditory nerve to 
the membranous labyrinth ; membranous vestibule and 
semicircular canals. X 3. 

1. Vestibular branch. 2. Saccular branch. 3. Utricular branch. 
4. Branch to ampulla of external membranous semicircular 
canal. 5. Branch to ampulla of superior membranous semi- 
circular canal. 





Cochlea (Lamina spiralis ossea). 

, 1, 1. Surrounding bony structure. 2. Semi-infundibuliform 
lamella. 3. Its concave surface. 4. Concave border in 
which it terminates. 5. Anterior extremity of this border. 
6. Cupola, superior two-thirds removed. 7. Inferior portion 
of base of semi-infundibuliform lamella. 8, 8. Lamina spi- 
ralis ossea. 9. Its origin. 10. Its beak or terminal portion. 
11, 11. Scala tympani 12. Scala vestibuli. 13. Internal 
auditory canal. 14. Fossa at the base of the modiolus. 



Cochlea. 

1. Scala tympani. 2 Scala vestibuli. 3. Anterior or triangu- 
lar canal. 4. Posterior or quadrilateral canal. 5, 5. Spiral 
ligament. 6. External spiral sulcus. 7. Membrana tectoria, 
or membrane of Corti. 8. Membrana basilaris. 9. Spiral 
vessel. 10. Limbus laminae spiralis. 11. Pillars of organ 
of Corti. 12. Branch of cochlear nerve. 13. Ganglion 
spirale. 14. Branch of cochlear nerve between the lamellae 
of the lamina spiralis ossea. 15. One of the orifices by 
which this branch penetrates the canal of Corti. 16. Part 
of bony cochlea. 17. Lining periosteum. iS. Membrane of 
Reissner. 



EASTON'S SYRUP 



406 



ECHINOPEDIUM 



Easton's Syrup. See Ferritin. 

Eat (it) [AS., etan, to eat]. To masticate and swallow 
food. 

Eau(o) [Fr.]. Water. E. de Cologne, cologne water. 
E. de Vie, brandy ; alcoholic spirit. 

Eberth's Bacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table 
of. E's. Lines. See Lines, Table of. 

Ebner's Glands. See Gland. 

Eboli's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Ebonite (eb'-on-it) [ebon, ebony]. Black hard rubber. 
See Vulcanite. 

Ebracteate (e-brak'-te-at) [e, priv. ; bractea, a. thin 
plate]. In biology, destitute of bracts. 

Ebrietas (e-bri'-et-as) [L.]. Synonym of Alcoholism. 

Ebriety, Ebriosity (e-bri'-et-e, e-bre-os'-et-e). Synonym 
of Alcoholism. 

Ebstein's Theory. A theory as to the origin of gout. 
He claims that a nutritive tissue-disturbance is the pri- 
mary change, leading to necrosis, and in the necrotic 
areas the urates ,are deposited. E.'s Treatment. 
See Treatment ', Methods of. 

Ebullition (eb-ul-lish'-un). See Boiling. 

Ebur (e'-bur) [L.]. Ivory. E. dentis, dentine, q.v. 

Eburnation (e-bur-na' '-s/iun) [ebur, ivory]. I. In- 
crease of the earthy constituents of bone causing 
greater size and density of the same. 2. Ossification 
of a cartilage ; calcareous infiltration of a tumor. 

Eburneous (e-bur' -ne-us) [ebur, ivory]. In biology, 
ivory-white. 

Ecalcarate (e-kal' -kar-at) [e, priv. ; calcar, a spur]. In 
biology, destitute of a spur or spur-like process. 

Ecarinate (e-kar'-in-at) [e, priv. ; carina, keel]. In 
biology, destitute of a carina or keel-like structure. 

Ecaudate (e-kaw'-dat) [e, priv. ; cattda, a tail]. In 
biology, tailless ; without a tail-like appendage. See 
Acattdal. 

Ecballium (ek-bal'-e-um) . See Elaterium. 

Ecblepharos (ek-blef'-ar-os) [ek, out ; /3'Aicfiapov , eye- 
lid]. An ancient form of artificial eye. 

Ecbloma (ek-blo'-mah) [ek, out; jiaXXew, to cast]. An 
abortion ; an aborted fetus. 

Ecbolic (ek-bol'-ik) [eicfloXr/, a throwing out]. I. Abor- 
tifacient. 2. A substance used to produce abortion, or 
to facilitate parturition ; an abortifacient. 

Ecbolin (ek r -bol-in) [ek, out ; j3ol-r/, a throw]. An 
alkaloid said to be one of the active principles of ergot. 
Little is known about it. 

Ecbolium (ek-bo' -le-ttm) [ek^SAcov ; ek, out ; fiaXKuv, 
to throw : pl.,.Ecbolia~\. Any abortifacient drug. 

Eccentric (ek-sen'-trik) [ek, out; nevrpov, center]. I. 
See Excentric. 2. Odd or peculiar in behavior, but 
free from insanity. E. Amputation. See Amputa- 
tion. E. Convulsion, one due to peripheral irritation. 

Eccentricity (ek-sen-tris r -it-e) [ek, out ; nevrpov, center]. 
I. Oddness or peculiarity of behavior without true in- 
sanity. 2. A peculiarity. 

Ecchondroma (ek-kon-dro' -mail) [ek, out ; x6 v 3p°<;, car- 
tilage : pi., Ecchondromata']. A cartilaginous tumor; 
a chondroma. 

Ecchondrosis [ek-kon-dro' -sis') [ek, out; ^(iwfyjoc, car- 
tilage : //. , Ecchondroses~\ . A cartilaginous out- 
growth. 

Ecchondrotome (ek-kon' -dro-lom) [ek, out ; ^dvcSpoc , 
cartilage; ro/xog, cutting]. An instrument for the 
surgical removal of cartilaginous growths. 

Ecchymoma (ek-e-mo'-mah) [EKx'i'pupa, an ecchymo- 
sis : pi. , Ecchymoma/a~\. A tumor made up of extrav- 
asated blood. 

Ecchymosis (ek-e-mo'-sis) [EK%vp6Ea6ai, to extravasate 
blood] . An effusion of blood into the subcutaneous 
tissues. It is marked by a purple coloration of the 
skin, the color gradually changing to brown, green, 



and yellow. It is often the result of traumatism. See, 
also, Purpura. 

Ecchymotic (ek-e-mot'-ik) [Eicxvpoeoflai, to extravasate 
blood]. Relating to or looking like ecchymosis. 

Ecchysis (ek' -kis-is) [ekxvcic, a pouring out]. Any 
skin-disease characterized by effusion into the dermal 
tissue. 

Eccoprosis (ek-o-pro' -sis] [ek, out ; Konpog, feces]. 
Gentle purgation ; defecation. 

Eccoprotic (ek-o-prot'-ik) [ek, out; Konpoc, feces]. I. 
Gently aperient. 2. Any aperient remedy ; a purgative. 

Eccrinology (ek-rin-ol'-o-je) [ekp'weiv, to excrete ; "kbyoc, 
science]. The science of excretion, including its 
physics, physiology, and pathology. 

Eccyesis (ek-si-e' -sis) [in, out; Kvrjoic, pregnancy]. 
Extra-uterine gestation. 

Eccyliosis (ek-se-le-o' -sis) [ek, out; kvXleiv, to roll]. 
Any'disorder of development. 

Ecdemic (ek-dem'-ik) [EKdr/poc, away from home]. 
Applied to diseases originating in a distant locality ; 
not endemic. 

Ecdemiomania (ek-de-me-o-ma'-ne-ah), or Ecdemo- 
mania (ek-de-mo-ma' -ne-ah) [iK.6rjp.oq, away from 
home ; pavia, madness]. Insanity marked by a de- 
sire for wandering. 

Ecdemionosus (ck-de-me-on' -o-sus) [eKAt/phiv , to wan- 
der ; vdaor, disease] . Ecdemiomania. 

Ecderon (ek'-der-on) [ek, out; Sipoc, skin]. I. That 
layer of skin or mucous membrane that lies outside of 
the enderon. 2. The outermost or epithelial layer of 
skin or mucous membrane. 

Ecderonic (ek-der-on'-ik) [ek, out ; 6ipor, skin]. Be- 
longing to or of the nature of the ecderon. 

Ecdysis (ek'-dis-is) [ekSveiv, to cast off]. In biology, 
the sloughing or casting off of the skin. 

Ecgonin (ek'-go-nin), C 9 H 15 N0 3 4-H 2 0. An alkaloid 
produced in the decomposition of cocain by HC1. It 
is very soluble in water, more sparingly in alcohol, 
and consists of prismatic crystals that melt at 205 C. 

Echidnin (e-kid'-nin) [E%idva, viper]. I. Serpent- 
poison ; the poison or venom of the viper and other 
similar serpents. 2. A nitrogenous and venomous 
principle found in the poison-secretion of various ser- 
pents. 

Echinacea (ek-in-a'-se-ali) [ekIvoc, a hedgehog]. A 
genus of coarse composite plants of N. America. E. 
angustifolia. Black Sampson. The root of a peren- 
nial herb growing in the U. S. It is claimed that it 
possesses marked alterative value in strumous and 
syphilitic conditions. Dose of the fluid extract n\,xv- 
xxx. Unof. 

Echinate (ek'-in-af) [echinatus, prickly, from echinus, 
a hedgehog]. Beset with prickles. 

Echinochrome (e-ki 1 '-no-krom) [ixivoc, a sea-urchin ; 
Xpupa, color]. In biology, a brown pigment of 
respiratory function found by MacMunn in the peri- 
visceral fluid of Echinus. 

Echinochromogen (e-ki-no-kro' -mo-jen) [ixivoc, a 
sea-urchin; xp&pa, color; yEv-qc, producing]. In 
biology, the chromogen causing the deepening of 
color in echinochrome on exposure to air. 

Echinococcus (e-ki-no-kok'-us) [ix'tvoq, a hedgehog ; 
k6kko^, a berry]. In biology, the same as E. veteri- 
norum, the hydatid of the Taenia echinococcus of the 
dog, the most universally distributed of all the hyda- 
tids. It is found mainly in the liver and in the lungs 
of cattle. See Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Echinopedium (e-ki-no-pe' -de-uni) [ex'ivoc, a sea- 
urchin ; rraidiov, dim. of 7ra/c (nato*-), a child]. In 
biology, Huxley's term for the bilaterally symmetric 
larva of an echinoderm just as it leaves the egg. It 
in many ways resembles a worm-larva. Cf. Pluteus. 



ECHINOPLACID 



407 



ECPHYMA 



Echinoplacid (e-ki-no-pltis , -id\ \h.%lvos, a sea-urchin ; 
k'/u;, a plate]. In biology, applied to echinoderms 
having spines on the madreporic plate. 

Echinorhyncus [e-ki-no-rin'-kus] [i%ivog, hedgehog; 
pbyX°(, beak]. A worm parasitic within certain ani- 
mals and occasionally found in man. E. gigas is 
the best-known species. E. hominis is smaller, and 
is perhaps an immature form of the other. See Para- 
site's (Animal), Table of. 

Echinulate (e-kin'-u-ldt) \echinulus, dim. of echinus, a 
hedgehog]. In biology, beset with prickles of small 
size. 

Echitamin (e-kit'-am-in), C 22 H 2g N 2 4 . An amorphous 
alkaloid of Dita, with a paralyzing power comparable 
to that of curare. It is also called Ditaiit. 

Echitenin (e-kif -en-in) , C 20 H 27 NO 4 . An amorphous, 
brown alkaloid of Dita, soluble in alcohol and water. 

Echlorophyllose (e-klo-ro-fil'-ds) [e, priv.; ^/Iwpoc, 
yellowish-green; QvaAov, a leaf]. In biology, desti- 
tute of chlorophyl. 

Echma (ek'-mah) \ixpc, a stoppage: //. , Echmata~\. 
A stoppage or obstruction. 

Echmasis (ek' '-mas-is) [exfia&iv, to hinder : //. , Ech- 
mases~\. An obstruction or an obstructive disease. 

Echmatic {ek-mat'-ik) \_kxpaC,eiv, to hinder]. Due to or 
marked by an echmasis or an echma. 

Echo (ekf-d) [_i/X", a sound]. A reverberated sound. 
E.-sign, a symptom of epilepsy and other brain- 
conditions in which there is a repetition of the closing 
word or words of a sentence. It is regarded as the 
result of perverted will, or impaired or defective inhi- 
bition. E. -speech, a peculiar method of utterance in 
one type of hypnotism. 

Echokinesia, Echokinesis (ck-o-kin-e' '-ze-a/i, or -e'-sis) 
\j/Xu, echo ; Kivr/aic, motion]. Imitative unwilled ac- 
tion, like that observed in palmus or latah. See Pal- 
mus and Habit-spasm. 

Echolalia (ek-o-la' -le-ah) [^w, echo ; auKiA, talk]. An 
aphasic symptom consisting in a repetition of words 
spoken to the patient by others. 

Echometer (ek-om' -el-er) [i/x&, sound ; perpov, a meas- 
ure]. A stethoscope. 

Echopathy (ek-op'-ath-e) \hx^-. echo ; TraBoc, disease]. 
Any automatic and purposeless repetition of a word 
or sound heard or of an act seen. 

Echophotony (ek-o-fot'-o-ne) \J)X"i echo ; cpac, light ; 
rdvoc, tone]. The production of the sensation of color 
by the stimulus of aerial waves, or sound. See Phon- 
ism, Photism. 

Echophrasia (ek-o-fra' -ze-ah) \jix^t echo ; q>pao~ic, 
speech]. Same as Echolalia. 

Echos (e'-kos) \jix°Si sound]. Any subjective sensa- 
tion, as of a sound that has no objective cause. 

Echoscope (ek' -o-skop) [_i/x<*>, sound ; OKoirelv, to ex- 
amine]. A stethoscope. 

Echuja (ek'-u-jah). An apocynaceous plant, Adenium 
bahmianum, of Africa. It is extremely poisonous. 

Echujin, Echugin (ek'-u-jiti). A poisonous glucosid 
from the plant called Echuja ; it has much the same 
effects as strophanthin. 

Eciomania (ek-e-o-ma' -ne-ah). See Oikiomania. 

Ecker's Angle. See Angle. E. Fissure. See Fis- 
sure. 

Eclampsia (ek-lamp'-se-ah) \inlapTreiv, to shine or 
burst forth ; from the suddenness of the attack]. I. 
A sensation as of a light flashing before the eyes. 
[Obsolete]. 2. Any epileptiform seizure, espe- 
pecially one in which consciousness is not lost. 3. 
Puerperal convulsion. A convulsive or epileptiform 
seizure suddenly coming on in a woman prior to or 
during labor, or in the puerperal state. The convul- 
sions are first tonic and then clonic, and finally affect 



the involuntary muscles as well as the voluntary ; 
consciousness is lost, and the attack is followed by 
coma or sleep. The etiology is obscure, the attack 
generally repeated, the prognosis grave. The term 
eclampsia is also used as a general designation for 
convulsions, and besides the puerperal form described 
there are the infantile and uremic types. See Convul- 
sions. E. nutans, the nodding spasm or salaam con- 
vulsion of young children. In this affection the head 
and upper part of the body are bowed forward several 
times in succession. The attacks tend to occur in 
paroxysms, during which the child suffers temporarily 
from disordered consciousness. 

Eclampsic (ek-lamp'-sik). See Eclamptic. 

Eclamptic (ek-lamp' -tik) [eaAapTreiv, to shine or burst 
forth]. Relating to, affected with, or of the nature of, 
eclampsia. 

Eclectic (ek-lek'-tik) \_kn2.eKTiK6otc, selection]. Pertain- 
ing to a choosing or selection. Applied by a certain 
school of physicians to themselves, to denote their 
principle or plan of selecting or choosing that which 
is good from all other schools. 

Eclecticism (ek-lek' -tis-izrn) [e/cAe/iTv/cdovc, selection]. 
The doctrine and practice of the Eclectics. 

Eclegm (ek'-lem) [iiikuypa, an electuary]. An elect- 
uary. 

Eclegma, or Ecleigma (ek-leg'-mah, ek-hg'-mah) [en, 
out ; leixeiv, to lick : //., Eclegmata~\. An elec- 
tuary. 

Eclimia (ck-liin' -e-ah) [enAipta]. Same as Bulimia. 

Eclipsis (ek-lip'-sis) [enAecipig, a dying out]. A sudden 
failure ; trance ; catalepsy ; a sudden and transient loss 
or impairment of consciousness. 

Eclysis (ek'-lis-is) \Ikavok;, arelease, aloosening]. Any 
loosening, as of the bowels. Also a slight amount of, 
or merely a tendency to, syncope. It is present in 
anemia of the brain. 

Ecmnesia (ek-mne' '-ze-ah) [f/c, out ; pvijaic, memory]. 
The dropping out of the memory of the events of a 
certain portion of time. 

Ecnea (ek-ne'-ah) [f/c, out ; vovc, mind]. Insanity. 

Ecoid (e'-koid) \o\koc, house]. A blood-shadow ; the 
colorless stroma or framework of red corpuscles of the 
blood that have been deprived of their hemoglobin ; a 
shadow-corpuscle. 

Economy (e-kon'-o-me) [ol/coc, house ; vopoc, a law] . 
A general name for the human being considered as a 
whole. 

Ecorticate (e-kor' -tik-at) \e, priv. ; cortex, bark]. In 
biology, destitute of a cortical layer. 

Ecouvillon (a-koo-ve'-yonig)) [Fr. ] . See Ecouvillonage. 

Ecouvillonage (a-koo-vc-von-ahzh') [Fr. ]. The opera- 
tion of cleansing, and carrying medicinal agents to, the 
inside of the uterus by means of a brush. 

Ecphlysis (ek 1 ' -flis-is) \zK<fAv r uv, burst out : pi., Ecphly- 
sesl. Any vesicular eruption. 

Ecphractic (ek-frak' -tik) \iK§paKUK.bc, clearing ob- 
struction]. 1. Removing obstructions. 2. An ec- 
phractic medicine. 

Ecphronia (ek-fro 1 '-ne-ah) \Ik, out of; (ppr/v, mind]. 
Insanity. 

Ecphyadectomy (ek-fi-ad-ek' -to-me) [kn^vac, appen- 
dage ; hK.Top.ri, excision]. Excision of the vermiform 
appendix. 

Ecphyaditis (ek-fi-ad-i' -tis) [eK<pvac, appendage ; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the vermiform ap- 
pendix ; appendicitis. This term has also been used 
to include typhlitis, perityphlitis, etc. 

Ecphyas (ek'-fi-as) {kn^vac,, an offshoot]. The vermi- 
form appendix. 

Ecphyma (ek-fi'-mah) [f/c, out ; (fiveafiat, to grow : //. , 
Ecphymatd\. An excrescence on the skin. 



ECPHYSESIS 



408 



ECTOPAGUS 



Ecphysesis [ek-fiz-e'-sis) \ek, out ; (pvaavew, to blow]. 
Rapid breathing. 

Ecphysis [ek'-fts-is) [ek, out; (jtvaic, growth]. In 
biology, applied by Bate to the branch of any particu- 
lar crustacean limb ; as coxecpkysis, a branch spring- 
ing from the coxa ; basecphysis, a branch springing 
from the base. 

Ecptoma [ek-to' -rnali) [ek, out ; ninreiv, to fall : pi. , 
Ecptomata~\. Any falling of a part or organ. 

Ecpyesis [ek-pi-e'-sis) [ek, out ; ■kve'iv, to suppurate : //. , 
Ekpyeses\. I. Any suppuration or abscess. 2. Any 
pustular skin-disease. 

Ecpyetic [ek-pi-ef -ik) [ek, out; ■kvelv, to suppurate]. 
Promoting suppuration. 

Ecrasement [a-kraliz' -mon(g)) [Fr.]. Surgical removal 
of a part or growth by means of the ecraseur. 

Ecraseur [a-krah-zer') [Fr.]. An instrument used in 
the amputation of parts, and consisting of a chain or 
wire-loop, tightened by a screw, whereby the tissue is 
slowly crushed apart rather than cut, thus rendering 
the operation easier and bloodless. 

Ecrodactylia [ek-ro-dak-tW -e-ah) [e/cpooc, escape ; 
66.ktvXoc, digit]. Same as Ainhtim. 

Ecstaltic [ek-stal'-tik) [ek, out; gteXKelv, to send]. 
Sent out from a nerve-center ; applied specially to 
nerve-impulses originating from the spinal cord. 

Ecstasy [eks'-ta-se) [EKOTaaic, a trance]. A derange- 
ment of the nervous system characterized by an 
exalted visionary state, absence of volition, insensibil- 
ity to surroundings, a radiant expression, and immo- 
bility in statuesque positions. It is also called Carus- 
extasis and Catalepsia spuria. 

Ecstrophy [ek'-slro-fe) [ek, out; arpefetv, to turn]. 
Eversion ; the turning inside-out of a part. 

Ectad [ek'-tad) [ektoc, external; ad, to]. On or 
toward the ectal part. 

Ectal [ek'-tal) [ektoc, external]. At some surface or 
aspect farther from a supposed center than that with 
which a given object is compared. External, super- 
ficial. See Position and Direction, Table of. 

Ectasia [ek-ta'-se-ah). See Ectasis. 

Ectasis [ek'-tas-is) [sKTamc, extension]. Abnormal 
distention or dilatation of a part. 

Ectatic [ek-taf '-ik) [EKTaair, extension]. Characterized 
by ectasis. 

Ectental [ek-ten'-tal) [ektoi;, outward ; evrdc, inward] . 
Pertaining to the line of union between the ectoderm 
and the entoderm. E. Line. See Lines, Table of. 

Ectethmoid [ek-teth'-moid) [ektoc, out from ; tjdpoEiSijc, 
sieve-like]. Either one of the lateral cellular masses 
of the ethmoid bone. 

Ecthyma [ek-thi' -mafi) [EKdvpa, a pustule]. An inflam- 
matory skin-disease attended with an eruption of large, 
flat pustules, which are usually flaccid and of a yel- 
lowish or yellowish-red color. They vary in size from 
a ten-cent piece to a silver quarter-dollar, and are sur- 
rounded by a distinct inflammatory areola. Brownish 
crusts are formed, which on removal leave a slightly 
excoriated moist surface. The eruption appears as a 
rule on the legs and thighs where the hairs are thick ; 
it occurs in crops, and may persist for an indefinite 
period. It is probably due to inoculation with 
microorganisms, and is prone to occur after local 
irritation. 

Ecthymiform [ek-thV -mif-orm) [endvfia, a pustule ; 
forma, form]. Resembling ecthyma. 

Ectillotic [ck-til-ot'-ik) [ek, out; r'CKkuv, to pluck]. 
Depilatory ; causing the hairs to fall ; removing corns 
from the feet. 

Ectiris [ek-ti'-ris) [ektoc, outward; Iptg, the rainbow]. 
That part of Descemet's membrane that lies in front 
of the iris. 



Ecto- [ek'-to-) [ektoc, without]. A prefix signifying 
without, upon the outer side. 

Ectobatic [ek-to-bat'-ik) [ekt6c, out; jiaivEiv, to go]. 
Efferent ; centrifugal ; moving ectad or distad. 

Ectoblast [ek' -to-blast) [ektoc, outside ; /3/laordc, a 
bud]. In biology, a simple, sensitive, covering, and 
protecting cell-layer ; the ectoderm. 

Ectobliquus [ek-to-bW '-kwus) [ektoc, outward ; obliauus, 
slanting]. The external oblique muscle of the abdo- 
men. See Muscles, Table of. 

Ectocardia (ek-to-kar 1 ' -de-ali) [ekt6c, out ; napSia, the 
heart]. Abnormality of position of the heart. 

Ectocarotid [ek-to-kar-ot'-id) [EK-rdc, out; Kapoc, 
stupor]. The external carotid artery. See Arteries, 
Table of. 

Ectocarpous [ek-to-kar' -pus) [ektoc, outside ; /capTrdc, 
fruit.]. In biology, applied to such animals as have 
the reproductive organs located in the ectoderm. 

Ectoceliac,orEctocelian [ek-to-se' -le-ak, ek-to-se' -le-an) 
[ekt6c, out ; KOikia, the belly]. Occurring or situated 
outside a ventricle of the brain. 

Ectocelic [ek-to-se' -lik) [ektoc, outside ; Kou.ia, a 
hollow]. In biology, applied to structures placed 
outside the body-cavity in a celenterate. 

Ectochoroidea, or Ectochorioidea [ek-to-ko-roi' -de- 
an, or ek-to-ko-re-oi' -de-ah) [ekt6c, out ; x°P lmL ^K, 
like a membrane]. The outer layer of the choroid, 
composed mainly of fibro-connective tissue. 

Ectocinerea [ek-to-sin-e' -re-ah) [ektoc, out ; cinereus, 
ashy]. The gray substance of the cortex of the brain. 
Cf. Entocinerea. 

Ectocondyle [ek-to-kon' -dil) [ekx<5c, out; kovSv'aoc, 
condyle]. An external condyle. 

Ectocornea [ek-to-kor' -ne-ah ) [ekt6c, out ; corneus, 
horny]. The corneal conjunctiva. 

Ectocyst [ek'-to-sist) [ekt<5c, out; Kvarlg, a cyst]. The 
thick, laminated, translucent, and highly elastic mem- 
brane of an hydatid cyst. It is lined by a thin cel- 
lular membrane called the endocyst. The outer layer 
of the cenecium (or common dermal system) of a col- 
ony of Polyzoa. 

Ectoderm [ek' -to-derm) [ekt6c, outside ; 6epp.a, skin]. 
In biology, the primitive outer wall of the body ; the 
animal germinal layer ; the term was first applied to 
the outer of the two membranes of a hydroid zoophyte. 
See Blastoderm. 

Ectoentad [ek-to-en'-tad) [ektoc, without; evt6c, with- 
in; ad, to]. From without inward. 

Ectogastrocnemius [ek-to-gas-trok-ne'-me-us) \in-6c, 
without; yaarpoKvrjfiia, the calf of the leg]. The 
gastrocnemius externus muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Ectogenous [ek-tof -en-us) \ekx6c, out; ysvvav, to pro- 
duce]. Developed outside the body (said of cer- 
tain pathogenic bacteria and of enthetic poisons). 

Ectogluteus [ek-to-glu-tc'-us) \_ekt6i;, without; ykovrbc, 
the rump]. The external gluteus muscle. See Mus- 
cles, Table of. 

~E.cXo\z.z\ti\3\.[ek-to-les'-ith-al) \Ikx6c, outside ; XekiBoc, 
yolk]. In embryology, applied to such eggs as have 
the formation-yolk enclosed in a superficial layer of 
food-yolk. 

Ectomere [ek'-to-mer) [ekt6c, out; pipoc, a share]. 
Any one of the cells of the ovum that are destined to 
take part in forming the ectoderm. 

Ectopagia [ek-to-pa' -je-ah ) [ekt6q, out ; irayoc, a fix- 
ture]. The condition of being ectopagous; an ecto- 
pagous monstrosity. 

Ectopagous [ek-top'-ag-us) \ekt6c, out ; nayog, a fix- 
ture]. Of the nature of or pertaining to an ectopagus. 

Ectopagus (ck-top'-ag-us) [ektoc, out; Tta-joc, a fix- 
ture] . A monomphalic twin monstrosity united later- 
ally the full extent of the thorax. 



ECTOPARASITE 



409 



ECZEMA 



Ectoparasite {ek-to-par'-as-it') \_ektoc, outside; irapa- 
fftrof, a parasite]. In biology, a parasite that lives on 
the exterior of its host. 
Ectoparasitic {ek-to-par-as-if -ik) [kicr6s, out ; ■jrapa- 
airog, a parasite]. Of the nature of or pertaining to 
an ectoparasite. 
Ectopatagium {ck-to-pat-aj' -e-um) [e/crdc, outside ; 
Ttaraeyelov, the border of a garment]. In biology, 
that part of the wing-membrane or patagium of a bat 
which is limited to the manus ; it is also called dacty- 
lopatngiiim. 

Ectophyte [ek' '-to-fit) [ektoc, out ; <j>vrov, a plant]. An 
external parasitic plant-growth. 

Ectophytic [ek-to-fit'-ik) [e/crdc, out ; (pvrov, a plant]. 
Of the nature of or pertaining to an ectophyte. 

Ectopia {ek-to'-pe-ah) \ekto~oc, displaced].' An ab- 
normality of position. E. cordis. See Ectocardia. 
E. lentis, dislocation or congenital malposition of the 
crystalline lens. E. oculi, abnormal position of the 
eyeball in the orbit. E. testis, abnormal position of 
the testicle. E. vesicae, protrusion of the bladder 
through the wall of the abdomen. 

Ectopic (ek-top'-ik) [EKTo-rrog, displaced]. Pertaining 
to ectopia; displaced. See also Teratism. E. Ges- 
tation. See Gestation. 

Ectoplasm (ek'-to-plazm) [ektoc, without ; izAaacecv, 
to form]. In biology, the outer, hyaline, more com- 
pact layer of protoplasm in a cell or unicellular or- 
ganism, as distinguished from the granular endoplasm. 

Ectopy (ek'-to-pe). Same as Ectopia. 

Ectoretina (ek-to-ret'-in-ah) [ektoc, out ; retina, retina]. 
The external and pigmentary layer of the retina. 

Ectosarc {ek'-to-sark) \ekt6c, outside; crdpf, flesh]. 
In biology, same as Ectoplasm, q. v. 

Ectoskeleton (ek-to-skel'-et-un). Same as Exoskeleton. 

Ectosome (ek'-to-som) \_ekt6c, outside; aafia, body]. 
In biology, applied to the outer region of a sponge, 
which forms the covering of the choanosome, or mid- 
dle region, with its flagellated chambers. 

Ectosporous [ek-to-spo' -rus) \_ekt6c, outside ; GTropoc, 
seed]. See Exosporous. 

Ectosteal [ek-tos' -te-al) \_ekt6c, out ; bariov, a bone]. 
Relating to, situated or occurring outside of, a bone. 

Ectostosis (ek-tos-to'-sis) \_ekt6c, out ; bariov, a bone]. 
The growth of bone from without ; ossification that 
begins at the perichondrium, or future periosteum. 

Ectotheca (ek-toth'-ek-ah) [ektoc, outside; 6i]K7], case]. 
In biology, applied to the capsule of such compound 
gonophores as those of Laomedea ; also to such the- 
c?e or asci as are exposed, e. g. those of discomycetous 
fungi and gymnocarpous lichens. 

Ectoxemia [ek-loks-e' -me-ah) [ek, out ; to^ikov, poison ; 
aljia, blood]. Toxemia not originating within the 
organism ; blood-poisoning from some cause not ex- 
isting within the organism. 

Ectozoon (ek-to-zo'-on) [fKrdc, out; r c"oov, an animal: 
pi., Ectozoa]. An external animal parasite ; an ecto- 
parasite. 

Ectrodactylia, Ectrodactylism {ek-tro-dak-til'-e-ali , 
ek-tro-daW -til-izni) [hKTpuim, abortion ; Aa.KTV~Aoc, 
finger]. Congenital absence of any of the fingers or 
toes. 

Ectrogenic {ek-tro-jen'-ik) [iKTpapa, abortion ; ■}n>vdv J 
to produce]. Due to some loss of tissue, as from 
traumatism or surgical operation. See also Teratism. 

Ectrogeny [ek-troj'-en-e) [kKTpufia, abortion ; ysvvav, 
to produce]. Loss or absence of any part or organ. 

Ectroma {ek-tro'-mah) [curpujia, abortion: pi., Ectro- 
mata~\. An aborted ovum or fetus. 

Ectromelus (ek-fro/>i'-el=tts) [f/crpuoYc, abortion ; p.eMc } 
limb]. A single autositic monster characterized by 
the presence of aborted or imperfectly-formed limbs. 




Ectropion. 



Examples of this anomaly show every degree of 
arrested development, from entire absence of the limb 
to simple shortening. 
Ectropion {ek-trer'-pe-on) [ek, out; rpinetv, to turn]. 
An everted eye- 
lid ; abnormal 
eversion of an 
eyelid ; also, an 
everted state of i 
the cervical por- 
tion of the endo- 
metrium. E., 
Cicatricial, due 
to destruction of 
part of the skin 
of the lid, with 
cicatricial con- 
traction. E. 
luxurians, an 
old name for ec- 
tropion, with a proud-flesh appearance of the conjunc- 
tiva. E., Paralytic, that due to paralysis of the 
orbicularis palpebrarum. E., Sarcomatous. See 
£. luxurians. E., Senile, found only in the lower 
lid, due to relaxation of the orbicularis palpebrarum 
muscle. E., Spastic, due to spastic contraction of 
the fibers of the orbicular muscle lying near the mar- 
gin of the orbit. 
Ectropium (ek-tro'-pe-um). Same as Ectropion. 
Ectrosis [ek-lro f -sis) [mrpucic, abortion]. An abor- 
tion, or the production of an abortion. 
Ectrotic [ek-trot'-ik) [ek, out; t it puokeiv, to wound]. 

Tending to cut short ; abortive ; abortifacient. 
Ectylotic (ek-til-of '-ik) [ek, away; tv'aoc, callus]. 

Tending to remove warts or indurations. 
'Eczema (e^-ze- mail) [ek&eiv, to boil over]. Tetter; 
Moist Tetter; an acute or chronic, non-contagious, 
catarrhal inflammatory disease of the skin, character- 
ized by multiformity of lesion, and the presence, in 
varying degrees, of itching, infiltration, and discharge. 
The skin is reddened, the redness shading off insen- 
sibly into the surrounding unaffected skin. When 
well-marked, the skin is fissured, with crusting, 
leathery infiltration, and scaling. Eczema occurs in 
skins that are particularly susceptible to the action 
of external irritants. E. ani — of the anus — a trouble- 
some variety common in children ; it may simulate 
condylomata. E. articulorum, eczema of the flexor 
surfaces of the joints. E. aurium, a common, 
troublesome, pustular form affecting the ears. E. 
barbae, a form resembling sycosis, but more superfi- 
cial. It attacks the bearded portion of the face, but may 
spread. E. capitis, a variety confined to the head. 
It is usually seen in children ; is diffuse, pustular, im- 
petiginous, not itchy, and may be associated with 
pediculi and seborrhea. E. circumscriptum para- 
siticum, a name given by Crocker to a form of erup- 
tion that looks like a dry eczema, but has a border 
more sharply defined than is usual in E. squamosum. 
It occurs chiefly on the legs below the knee, and is 
constituted of minute papules aggregated into a uni- 
form moderately red, scaly patch, with sharply defined 
borders. It is a chronic disease, and is probably par- 
asitic in origin. E. crurum, a form occurring in old 
people as a result of varicosity of the veins of the leg, 
and not associated with eczema elsewhere. The skin 
is much infiltrated, red, scaly, with indolent ulcers. 
E. crustosum, eczema with the formation of thin and 
pale-yellowish crusts. If these crusts are thick and 
dark in color from capillary bleeding the condition is 
termed E. impetiginosum. This latter form occurs 
frequently on the scalp and face of strumous children. 



ECZEMA 



410 



EDEMA 



E., Diabetic, from the irritation of diabetic urine. 
E., Epidemic. See Dermatitis, Epidemic Exfolia- 
tive. E. epizootica, a disease of domesticated 
animals due to a microorganism, attended with a 
characteristic eczematous lesion of the skin and a 
catarrhal condition of the respiratory tract. It is also 
called Foot- and- Mont k Disease. See Streptocytus of 
Schottelius under Bacteria, Synonymatic, Table of. 
E. erythematosum, the mildest form of eczema, 
in which the skin is reddened, slightly swollen, 
infiltrated, and tense, from active congestion ; the 
color of the patches is more vivid, and their edges 
are less well defined, than in true erythema. It is 
seen in its most typical form on the face. E. faciei, 
an acute or chronic form affecting the face ; it resem- 
bles erysipelas, but is attended with no rise of tem- 
perature. E. fissum, E. rimosum; a form affecting the 
hands and skin over the articulations, and characterized 
by the formation of deep, painful cracks or fissures. 
E. folliculare, a form confined largely to the neigh- 
borhood of the hair-follicles, where irritable, acumin- 
ate papules may persist for prolonged periods. E. 
genitalium, an acute form common in men ; it is at- 
tended with great swelling and edema, with excoriation. 
E. hypertrophicum, £. verrucosnm ; a form charac- 
terized by permanent hypertrophy of the papillae of the 
skin, giving rise to general or limited warty outgrowths. 
This variety results from a tendency to passive con- 
gestion. See Granuloma fungoides. E. impeti- 
ginodes. See E. pustulosiim. E. impetiginosum. 
See E. crustosum. E., Infantile, a form commenc- 
ing usually within six months of birth, and making 
its appearance first upon the head or face. E. inter- 
trigo, a form of E. erythematosum occurring in the 
groins, on the inner surfaces of the nates, below the 
mammas, etc. It is due to uncleanliness. See Ery- 
thema intertrigo. E. labiorum, a very obstinate 
variety affecting the lips, and associated with pain- 
ful fissures. E. madidans, E. rubriun ; weeping 
eczema ; large, raw, weeping surfaces studded with 
red points. It follows E. vesiailosum. E. mammae, 
a variety common in nursing primiparas ; it is at first 
vesicular, then squamous, with painful fissures and 
much crusting. It is very obstinate. E. manuum, 
a common form implicating the whole of both 
hands. The acute variety is most marked along 
the edges of the fingers, where deep-seated vesicles 
abound ; the chronic form chiefly involves the palms 
and knuckles. E. marginatum, Hebra's term for 
the most severe form of ringworm of the body. 
Its seats are the groins, axillae, fork, and occasion- 
ally the popliteal spaces. Its lesion is marked by a 
well-defined, festooned, raised margin. E. meatus, 
eczema of the external auditory passage. E. mer- 
curiale, that form due to the irritation produced 
by mercury. E. narium, a form affecting the nos- 
trils. E. palmare, or E. palmarum, confined to 
the palm of the hand. It is also called Psoriasis 
palmce. E. palpebrarum, Tinea tarsi; an obsti- 
nate form affecting the eyebrows ; it is common in 
scrofulous children. E. papillomatosum. Same 
as E. verrucosum. E. papulosum, Lichen simplex ; 
a form associated with the formation of minute 
intensely-itching papules of a deep-red color and firm 
consistence, arranged in irregularly-shaped groups. 
They are about the size of a pin's head, acumi- 
nate, of a bright-red color. Vesicles may form on 
their summits (Lichen agrius*). When they are 
grouped in oval or roundish patches, a form not 
uncommon on the external aspect of the forearm and 
hands and on the calves, it is Lichen circumscriptus. 
E. pedum, eczema of the feet. E. plantarum, con- 



fined to the sole of the foot. E. pustulosum, E. 
impetiginodes ; the stage of eczema in which the 
vesicles develop into pustules that are usually of larger 
size than the preceding vesicles. This is most com- 
mon in strumous children. E. rimosum. See E. 
fissum. E. rubrum. See E. madidans. E. sclero- 
sum, a chronic form of eczema in which there is 
induration and thickening of the tissues. E., Sebor- 
rheic. See Dermatitis, Seborrheic. E. seborrhcei- 
cum. Synonym of Seborrhea. E. solare, that form 
due to irritation from the rays of the sun. E. spargo- 
siforme, a variety of E. sclerosum in which the 
thickening is so very great that a condition indistin- 
guishable from Elephantiasis arabum is produced. 
E. squamosum, a form in which the surfaces of ill- 
defined irregular patches are covered with more or less 
adherent scales of shed epithelium. This is often seen 
on the neck and limbs. E. sulphure, that form due to 
the irritation produced by sulphur. E. tarsi, a form 
affecting the edges of the eyelids. E. tuberosum. 
Synonym of Granuloma fungoides. E. umbilici, a 
tractable form resembling syphilitic disease of the 
same part. E. unguium, involvement of the nails 
in chronic £. manuum. The nails are rough, dull, 
brittle, and punctate. E. unisquamosum, a rare 
form having its seat at the root of the nose between 
the eyebrows. The secretion takes the form of a 
single epidermic lamella that covers the whole of the 
affected surface. E. verrucosum. See E. hypertrophi- 
cum. E. vesiculosum, a stage of vesicular forma- 
tion in the course of eczema. It is the most common 
form of the disease. It is best seen on the flexor 
aspect of the limbs, between the fingers, back of the 
ears, etc. The vesicles, minute at first and closely 
aggregated, coalesce and rupture, exuding a clear 
plasmic fluid that stains and stiffens linen. The burn- 
ing and itching are worse at night, and the excoriated 
surfaces continue to weep for a few days, when they 
gradually heal by crusting. E., Weeping. See E. 
madidans. 

Eczematoid (ek-zem'-at-oid) \jn r keiv, to boil over]. 
Resembling an eczema. 

Eczematosis [ek-zem-at-o'-sis] [kie£6eiv, to boil over: 
//. , Eczematoses~\. Any eczematous skin-disease. 

Eczematous (ek-zem'-at-us) \_hn r kuv, to boil over]. Of 
the nature of or affected with eczema. 

Eczemogenous (ek-zem-oj' -en-tis) [ek^suv, to boil over ; 
yevvav, to produce]. Giving rise to eczema. 

Edeagra (e-de-a' -grail) \_a\&6ia, the genitals ; aypa, a 
seizure] . Pain or gout in the genitalia. 

Edeatrophia (e-de-at-ro'-fe-a]i)\a\6dla, genitals; a-poipia, 
a wasting]. Atrophy or wasting of the genital organs. 

Edeauxe (e-de-awks' -e)\_a\6oia, genitals; ai>fe, increase]. 
Swelling or hypertrophy of the genitals. 

Edebohl's Position or Posture. See Postures, Table of. 

Edeitis (e-de-i' -lis) \_al(hla, genitals ; trie, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the genital organs. 

Edema (e-de'-mah) [oifir//ua : o'idieiv, to swell]. Swel- 
ling, especially such as is due to the effusion of serous 
fluid into areolar tissues. See Anasarca. E., Acute 
Circumscribed. See £., Angio-neurotic and Urti- 
caria .oedematosa. E., Acute Idiopathic. See £., 
Angio-neurotic. E., Acute Non-inflammatory. 
See E. , Angio-neurotic. E., Angio-neurotic, Giant 
urticaria; a vaso-motor disorder, characterized by the 
abrupt occurrence of edematous swelling of variable 
extent, sometimes accompanied by gastro-intestinal 
crises. There may be a marked hereditary feature 
in the disease. Death may result from edema of 
the larynx. E., Brown, the brownish fluid that flows 
from the cut surface of a lung in the state of brown 
induration. E., Filtration, a peculiar sort of edema 



EDEMATOUS 



411 



EGERTIC 



of the conjunctiva observed after operations or injuries 
that have produced a perforation in the most anterior 
sections of the sclera. It is due to the oozing of the 
aqueous humor between the lips of the wound and 
under the conjunctiva. E., Intermittent. See £., 
Angio-neurotic. E., Malarial. See £., Angio-neu- 
rotic. E., Malignant, the term applied by Koch to 
a parasitic form of gangrenous inflammation that occurs 
at times after serious bone-injuries, etc. It is charac- 
terized by the rapid spread, the septic character of the 
inflammatory product, and the speedy destruction of the 
tissue involved, with the formation of gas. It is also 
called Gangrenous emphysema. E., Menstrual. See 
£., Angio-neurotic. E. neonatorum, a disease 
resembling somewhat sclerema neonatorum, the skin, 
however, being less generally involved and less edema- 
tous, filled with a serous fluid, and assuming a livid or 
purplish, rather than a whitish tint, as in sclerema. The 
disease begins before the third day of life, with drow- 
siness, and then the edema appears in the extremities, 
especially the legs, gradually spreading upward. E., 
Solid, a form of edema in which puncture gives exit 
not to serum, but to a sanious, stringy, lymphoid 
material. 

Edematous [e-dein' -at-zts) [oldtjua, edema]. Marked 
by edema ; swollen ; puffy. 

Edentate [e-dcn'-tai) [e, priv. ; dens, a tooth]. In bio- 
logy, toothless, as an entire leaf, or a member of the 
Edentata among mammals. 

Edentation [e-den-ta' -shun) \e, without ; dens, a tooth] . 
A deprivation of teeth. 

Edentulous {e-dcn' -tu-lus) [<?, without; de ns, a tooth] . 
Without teeth (applied to one who has lost his teeth). 
See Caries of the Teeth. 

Edeocephalus (e-de-o-sef '-al-us) [a'tdola, genitals ; from 
the resemblance of the proboscis to a penis ; KEfyaXi), 
head]. A variety of single autositic monsters of the 
species otocephalus, in which there is synopsia, ab- 
sence of the mouth, very rudimentary jaws, and the 
presence of a proboscis. 

Edeodynia (e-de-o-din' -e-ah) [a! do'ia, genitalia ; bdbvr], 
pain]. Any pain in the reproductive organs. 

Edeogargalismus {e-de-o-gar-gal-iz' -mus) [aldola, gen- 
itals ; yapya\iap,6c, a tickling]. Masturbation. 

Edeography (e-de-og' '-ra-fe) [a'idola, the genitals ; 
ypaqeiv, to write]. A description of the genitalia. 

Edeology (e-de-oF -o-je)\_al6dia, genitals ; X6yoc, science]. 
A treatise or monograph on the organs of genera- 
tion. 

Edeomania [e-de-o-ma' '-ne-aK) [alfiola, genitals; jxavia, 
madness]. Nymphomania; satyriasis. 

Edeomycodermitis ( e-de-o-mi-ko-der-mi' -tis ) [olSoia, 
genitals ; uvkoc, mucus : Aepfia, skin ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of 
any of the genital organs. 

Edeopsophy (e-de-op'-so-fe) \_ai86ia, genitals ; ipoyelv, 
to utter a noise]. The emission of sounds from the 
genital organs (as from the bladder or vagina). 

Edeopsy {e'-de-op-se). Same as Edeoscopy. 

Edeoptosis (e-de-op-to'-sis) [alSola, genitals ; ittugk;, 
a fall]. Prolapse of some portion of the genital ap- 
paratus. 

Edeoscopy (e-de-os' -ko-pe)\a\&riia, the genitals; aumrelv, 
to inspect]. An inspection or professional examination 
of the genital organs. 

Edeotomy (e-de-of -o-me) \_ol6ota, genitals ; t6/it/, a cut- 
ting]. The anatomy or dissection of the genital or- 
gans. 

Edgeweed [ej'-wed). A composite-flowered plant, 
Sericocarpus tortifolius, of the Southern U. S. It is 
used as a remedy for colic in horses. Unof. 

Edible (ed'-ib-l) \edibilis, eatable]. A qualification 



applied to food, the condition of which is good and 
wholesome. 

Edison-Lalande Cell. See Cell. 

Edriopthalmous (ed-re-off-thal' '-/nits) \jt6piov, dim. of 
"etipa, a seat; b<pda7\./wt;, eye]. In biology, having 
fixed, sessile eyes, not borne on a movable stalk. 

Educt {e'-dukt) \y, out; ducere, to draw]. A com- 
pound that exists in any substance and is extracted from 
it by a chemic or pharmaceutic process ; opposed to 
product, which designates a body that is produced by a 
process similar to that used in its extraction. 

Edulcorant {e-dul'-kor-ant) [e, out; dulcorare, to 
sweeten]. Sweetening ; corrective of acidity or of 
acrimony. 

Edulcoration [e-dul-kor-a' '-shun) \edulcare, to sweet- 
en]. In chemistry, the act or process of sweetening ; 
the removal of soluble or saline matters by washing. 

Effeminacy (ef-em' '-in-as-e). See Feminism. 

Effemination {ef-em-in-a' '-shun) \effeminare, to make 
womanish]. The state of being effeminate. 

Effera (ef'-er-ah) \efferus, fierce, wild]. Sauvage's 
name for a certain genus of exanthematous diseases. 

Efferent [ef'-er-ejit) \efferens, carrying from]. Of 
nerves, conveying impulses from the central nervous 
system to some tissue ; motor; secretory. Of blood- 
vessels, conveying blood from the tissues toward the 
heart, veins, or from the gills. Of lymphatics, the 
vessels leaving or conveying lymph from the lymphatic 
glands. Compare Afferent. 

Effervescent (ef-er-ves / -ent) \effervescere, to boil up]. 
Susceptible of being made to effervesce, or to dissolve 
with foaming and with the escape of a gas, such as 
carbon dioxid. 

Effervescing [ef-er-ves' -ing) \_effervescere, to boil up]. 
Boiling up ; foaming. E. Powders. See Seidlitz 
Powders. 

Effleurage (efflur-az/d) [Fr.]. In massage, centripe- 
tal strokings, i. e., toward the body or heart. These may 
be made with the palm of one hand, the palms of both 
hands, the thumb, or the tips of the fingers. Effleur- 
age increases the circulation in the venous blood- 
vessels and the lymphatics, thereby causing absorp- 
tion. 

Efflorescence (ef-lor-es' -enz) [efftorescere, to bloom]. 
I. The flowering of plants. 2. The formation of 
minute crystals on the surface of certain crystalline 
bodies, due to the loss of a part or the whole of their 
water of crystallization. 3. The breaking-out or 
characteristic eruption of an exanthematous disease. 

Effluent (ef-lu'-ent) \_effluere, to flow out]. An out- 
flow. The fluid discharged from works for the treat- 
ment of sewage. 

Effluvia (ef-hd -ve-ah) [L.]. Plural o{ Effluvium, q.v. 
E., Telluric, emanations arising from the earth. 

Effluvium (ef-lu'-ve-um) \_effluere, to flow out: //. , 
Effluvia"\. Any subtle emanation from a substance or 
person, especially one that is offensively odoriferous. 

Efflux {ef'-fluks), or Effluxion (ef -flu k' -shun) \_effluxio ; 
effluxus, an outflow]. I. An outflow; that which 
flows out. 2. Abortion, or the escape of the embryo 
from the womb during a very early stage of preg- 
nancy. 

Effracture [ef-frak' -chur) [ex, out ; fractura, a fracture] . 
Fracture of the cranium, with depression of one or 
more fragments. 

Effusion (ef-u'-zhun) [effundere, to pour out]. A 
pouring-out. The abormal secretion or transfer of a 
liquid from its natural organ or place; effused material. 

Effusive (ef-u'-siv) [effundere, to pour out]. Attended 
with or of the nature of an effusion. 

Egertic (e-jer'-tik) [kyepTinbc, wakening]. Causing 
wakefulness. 



EGEST 



412 



ELASTOSE 



Egest (e-jest') [egerere, to discharge]. To void, as ex- 
crement ; to defecate. 

Egesta (e-jes'-tah) \_pl. of egestum, fecal matter]. The 
discharges of the bowels or other emunctory organs. 

Egestion (e-jes'-ckun) \_egestio, that which is voided]. 
Defecation ; the expulsion of excrements or excre- 
tion. 

Egg [eg) [WE., egge, an egg]. See Ovule. E. -albu- 
min, a native albumin, or proteid constituent of the 
human body, of which the unboiled white of egg is 
the type. It is distinguished from serum-albumin by 
its precipitation when shaken with ether, and by its 
appearance unchanged in the urine when injected 
under the skin or into the intestine. E. -apparatus ; in 
biology, the oosphere and the two companion-cells 
(called the synergidse) in the upper end of the embryo- 
sac, are termed the egg-apparatus. E. -cells, primordial 
ova; large, spheroidal, granular cells embedded at in- 
tervals in the layer of the germ-epithelium of the 
ovary. They eventually become the ovules of the 
Graafian follicle. E. -cords, dippings inward into 
the ovarian substance of the specialized columnar epi- 
thelium covering the ovary ; these prolongations carry 
highly-specialized cells, each of which develops into 
an immature Graafian follicle containing an immature 
ovum. E.-nog, a nutritious preparation made by 
adding the beaten yolk of egg and a little spirit to 
a tumblerful of milk, stirring well, adding sugar and 
the white of the egg separately beaten. E. -shell 
Crackling, a peculiar crackling produced by pressure 
upon a soft tumor springing from the medulla or can- 
cellated tissue of a long bone, and surrounded by a 
thin bony capsule. E.-tube. See Oviduct. E.- 
water, a nutritious food for infants having summer 
diarrhea. It consists of the white of a fresh egg, a 
pint of cold water (previously boiled), a teaspoonful 
of brandy, and a small pinch of salt. 

Egilops (e'-jil-ops) \_al^, a goat ; Z)ip, eye]. Abscess, 
with perforation, at the inner canthus of the eye, 
supposed to be a result of lachrymal fistula. See 
Anchylops. 

Eglandular [e-glan' -du-lar) [_e, priv. ; glandula, a 
gland]. In biology, destitute of glands. 

Eglandulose (e-glan'-du-los) [<?, priv. ; glandula, a 
gland]. Same as Eglandular. 

Egobronchophony (e-go-brong-koff' -o-ne~) [raif, a goat ; 
l3p6yx°S> a bronchus; tyuvij, a voice]. A combina- 
tion of egophony and bronchophony. 

Egophony (e-goff' -o-ne) [aii; , a wild goat; <f>uvi/, the 
voice]. In auscultation, a term meaning a modifica- 
tion of bronchophony, in which the voice has a 
bleating character like that of a kid. It is heard in 
pleurisy with slight effusion, usually near the inferior 
angle of the scapula. 

Egregorsis (eg-re-gor' 'sis) [typr/yopoig ; kyeipeiv, to 
wake]. Morbid wakefulness ; insomnia. 

Egyptian [e-jip'-shun) [a'tyuTrrtoc;, Egyptian]. Per- 
taining to Egypt. E. Blue. See Pigments, Conspec- 
tus of. E. Chlorosis. See Ankylostomiasis . E. 
Ophthalmia. See Ophthalmia, Purulent. E. Ul- 
cers. See JEgyptia Ulcera. 

Ehrenritter's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. 

Ehrlich's Anilin-water Solution. See Stains, Table 
of. E. Method, the use of a saturated solution of 
anilin in water, as a mordant for better fixing the anilin 
dyes used in staining bacteria. E. Test. See Tests, 
Table of . E.-Biondi's Fluid. See Biondi's Fluid. 

Eichhorst's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles. 

Eichstedt's Disease. Synonym of Tinea versicolor, 
q. v.; see also Diseases, Table of. 

Eidam Cheese (i'-dani). See Cheese. 

Eidoptometry (i-dop-tom' -et-re) [cWoc, appearance ; 



bnTeoc, seen; fikrpov, measure]. The estimation of 
the acuity of vision. 

Eilema (i-le'-mah) [u?iT//ia ; eIaelv, to twist: pi., Eile- 
mata"]. A pain or colic of the bowels; volvulus; 
tormina. 

Eiloid (i'-loid) [eIIelv, to coil; eldoc, form]. Having 
a coiled texture resembling the coils of an intestine ; 
applied to certain skin-tumors. 

Einbrodt's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Einhorn's Method. I. A method of ascertaining the 
condition of the gastric secretion. An apparatus 
termed a stomach-bucket, consisting of a small oval 
silver vessel, \^ cm. long and ^ cm. wide, is at- 
tached to a silk thread, in which at a distance of 40 
cm. from the bucket a knot is made. The patient 
swallows the bucket, and when the knot enters the 
mouth the operator knows that the bucket is in the 
stomach. It is withdrawn after remaining there five 
minutes, and its contents are tested. Resistance to its 
removal may be overcome by having the patient ex- 
pire deeply or swallow once. 2. See Gastrodiaphany . 

Eisanthema (ls-a>i-the / -mah) [eic, into ; avtir/p.a, in- 
florescence : //. , Eisanthemata^ . Same as Enanthema. 

Eisel (i'-sel) [ME.]. An old name for vinegar. 

Eisodic (is-od'-ik). Same as Esodic. 

Eisophobia (i-so-fo'-be-ah). Synonym of Agoraphobia. 

Eisophoria (i-so-fo'-re-ah). Same as Esophoria. 

Eispnea (Is-pne'-ah) \_uanvoij, a breathing into]. 
Inspiration ; the inhaling of the breath. 

Ejaculation [e-jak-u-la' -shun \ejaculatio, a throwing 
out]. The ejection of the semen. E. -center. See 
Center. 

Ejaculator (e-jak'-u-la-tor) \_ejaculare, to throw out]. 
The accelerator urinse. See Muscles, Table of. 

Ejaculatorium (e-jak-u-la-to'-re-uni) [L.]. A syringe. 

Ejaculatory (e-jak 1 ' -u-la-tor-e) [ejaculatio, a throwing 
out]. Throwing. E. Duct. See Ductus ejaculator his. 

Ejecta, or Ejectamenta (e-jek'-fah, e-jek-tam-en'-tah) 
[L. ,//.]. Things or materials cast out; excretions or 
excrementitious matters. 

Ejection (e-jek'-shun) [e/ectio, a casting out]. The 
casting out of excretions or of excrementitious matters ; 
that which is cast out. 

Elaboration (e-lab-or-a'-shun) \elaborare, to take pains 
with]. Careful and exact working. In physiology, 
any anabolic process, such as that of making crude 
food into higher tissue -products. 

Elaidic Acid (e-la-id'-ik). See Acid. 

Elaidin (e-la'-id-in) [i'Aaic, the olive-tree], C 5V H ]04 O 6 . 
A white, crystalline, fatty substance, isomeric with 
olein, produced by the action of HNO a upon certain 
oils, especially castor-oil. 

Elain (e-la'-iri). See Eleoptene. 

Elaphrium (e-la' -fre-uni) \i.Xa^p6q, light]. A genus 
of burseraceous trees. E. copalliferum produces a 
variety of copal. E. elemiferum is one of the 
sources of Mexican elemi ; E. excelsum and E. to- 
mentosum, of South America, afford tacamahac. 

Elastic (e-las' -tik) [kXabveiv , to urge forward]. Re- 
turning to the original form after change of form by 
external traction or force. E. Bandage, an India- 
rubber bandage exerting continuous compression of a 
part. E. Stocking, an India-rubber stocking exert- 
ing continuous pressure. E. Tissue, a variety of 
connective tissue having elastic properties, and of 
which some ligaments are composed. 

Elastin (e-las' '-tin) [k'Aavveiv, to urge forward]. An 
albuminoid substance, the fundamental element of 
elastic tissue. It yields 36 to 45 per cent, of leucin 
and y z per cent, of tyrosin. E. -peptone. See 
Deutero-elastose. 

Elastose (e-las' -tos) \j\avvziv, to urge forward]. One 



ELATE R 



413 



ELECTRIC UNITS 



of the forms of peptone resulting from the gastric 
digestion of elastin. 
Elater (el'-at-er) [t'Aarr/p, a driver, hurler]. In biology, 

(a) cne of the thread-like, usually spirally-coiled, 
bodies found in the sporangia of mosses, liverworts, 
and equisetum. They serve for the dispersion of spores. 

(b) One of the free filaments of the capillitium of the 
slime-moulds, (<-) One of the elastic anal bristles of 
the insect called spring-tail. 

Elaterin, or Elaterinum [el-af '-er-in, el-at-er-i' -num) 
[i'Aari/ptos, driving away], C 20 H 28 O 5 . A neutral prin- 
ciple obtained from Elaterium ecballium, or squirting 
cucumber. It occurs in colorless, hexagonal prisms, 
that are odorless and have a bitter taste. It is a power- 
ful hydragogue cathartic. In toxic doses, it causes 
emesis, spasmodic respiration, and death. Dose gr. 
^5-jJj. E., Pulv., Comp. (B. P.), contains elaterin I, 
sugar of milk 39. Dose gr. j-v. E., Trituratio, 
elaterin 10, sugar of milk 90 parts, thoroughly mixed. 
Dose gr. ss-j. 

Elaterium [el-at-e' -re-um) [_k7ia.Tr/pioc, driving away]. 
A powerful hydragogue cathartic, being the dried sedi- 
ment from the juice of the squirting cucumber, Ecba- 
lium elaterium of Europe. Dose V% gr. every two 
hours ; of the tincture, gtt. x-xxx. 

Elbow {el' -bo) [ME., elbowe]. The elbow-joint; the 
articulation of the arm and forearm. That part of the 
forearm and arm adjacent to the elbow-joint. E.- 
jerk, one of the reflexes. See Reflexes, Table of . 

Elcoplasty [el' -ko-plas-te) . See Uelcoplasty. 

Elcosis (el-ko' -sis). See Helcosis. 

Elder (el'-der). See Sambucus. E., Dwarf. See 
Dwarf Elder. 

Elecampane (el-e-kam'-paii). See Inula. 

Election (e-lek'-shun) {electio, a choosing]. Selection 
or choice, as of points {points of election) to be oper- 
ated upon ; consideration of circumstances, such as age, 
condition in life, occupation, sex, etc., in determining 
whether to proceed with a proposed surgical operation 
or not. Such operations are called Operations of Elec- 
tion or of Complaisance . E., Triangle of, the Su- 
perior Carotid Triangle. See Triangles, Table of. 

K\ectrepeteT(e-lek-trep / -et-er) [jf/EKTpov, amber ; rpinav, 
to turn]. An obsolete term for " commutator," a. v. 

Electric, or Electrical {e-lek'-trik, or e-lek' -trik-al) 
[ifAEKTpov, amber]. Having the nature of or pro- 
duced by electricity. E. Aura, a current of electri- 
fied air. E. Brush, a wire brush used as an elec- 
trode. E. Commutator, an instrument for automati- 
cally interrupting or reversing the flow of an electric 
current, making and breaking the same with desired 
frequency. E. Chorea. See Dubini's Disease. E. 
Depilation, the permanent removal of hair from any 
part of the body by the electrolytic destruction of the 
hair-follicles. E. Discharger, the instrument that 
directs the charge from a condenser through an ob- 
ject. E. Endosmosis, cataphoresis. E. Fustiga- 
tion, application of electricity through a metallic 
brush. E. Head-bath, application of electricity by 
means of an umbrella-shaped electrode surrounding 
the head, but separated from it by a distance of from 
one-half to one inch. E. Inertia, a term sometimes 
employed instead of electro-magnetic inertia. E. 
Insolation. See E. Sunstroke. E. Insulation, the 
placing of non-conducting material with respect to a 
conductor so as to prevent the loss of a charge or 
the leakage of a current. E. Irritability, irritability 
of nervous or muscular tissue to an electric discharge. 
E. Megaloscope, an apparatus for the medical 
exploration of the cavities of the body. E. Moxa, 
a burn made on the skin by electricity. E. Probe, 
a metallic conductor inserted into the track of a 



wound in order to ascertain the exact position uf a 
bullet, or other foreign metallic substance. E. Pros- 
tration. See E. Sunstroke. E. Reactions, the 
response of muscles and nerves to electric stimulation. 
E. Shock, the physiologic shock produced in an 
animal by an electric discharge. E. Shower-bath, a 
device for general electrization ; one of the poles is 
immersed in a tub containing an alkaline solution. 
The patient stands beneath this reservoir on a metallic 
stool connected with the other pole. The falling 
water completes the circuit, dispersing the current 
over the whole body. E. Sphygmograph, an instru- 
ment for electrically recording the characters of the 
pulse. E. Sterilization, sterilizing a solution by de- 
priving it of whatever germs it may contain by means 
of electric currents. E. Sunstroke, the physiologic 
effects, similar to those produced by exposure to the 
sun, experienced by those exposed for a long while to 
the intense light and heat of the voltaic arc. E. Test, 
the application of electricity to ascertain the exist- 
ence or non-existence of central lesions after railway 
injuries. It must be borne in mind that cutaneous 
insensibility or absence of response in the muscles is 
not positive proof of organic lesion ; hence the so- 
called electric test is not so absolutely relied upon as 
formerly. 
Electric Units. The lowest integral electric values. 
They are as follows : — Ampere, the unit of measure- 
ment of an electric current. It is the electro-motive 
force of one volt produced in a circuit having one ohm 
of resistance, equal to ^ C. G. S. electro-magnetic unit. 
It is sufficient to deposit .3 grain of copper per minute 
on the plate of a copper voltameter, or to decom- 
pose sufficient acidulated water to generate 10.32 
c. c. of mixed hydrogen and oxygen per minute. For 
convenience the y^o part is used in medicine, name- 
ly, the milliampere. This equals I volt divided by 
1000. Ampere-hour, a unit of electric quantity 
equal to one ampere flowing for one hour ; it is the 
equivalent of 3600 coulombs. C. G. S. System, 
Centimeter-gram-second Units, — the system of funda- 
mental units in which a centimeter is adopted as 
the unit of length, a gram as the unit of mass, and. 
a second as the unit of time. Coulomb, the unit of 
measurement of electric quantity ; the quantity of 
electricity that passes during one second through a 
conductor having a resistance of one ohm, with one 
volt of electromotive force. The micro-coulomb is the 
millionth part of this amount. Unit of Current, a 
conductor one cm. long which, if bent into an arc of 
one cm. radius, will act with the force of one degree 
on a unit magnet pole at the center. Dyne, the unit 
of force ; i. e., the force which if it acted for one sec- 
ond on a mass of one gram would, if the mass was 
previously at rest, give it a velocity of one centimeter 
per second ; or if it was previously in motion in the 
direction of the force, would in that time alter its ve- 
locity by that amount. Erg. See Unit of Work. 
Ergten, 10,000,000,000 ergs. Farad, the unit of 
electric capacity. Practically, a capacity sufficient to 
hold one coulomb of current having a potential of one 
volt. The inicro-farad , y^o^TSoT P art °f 'he theo- 
retic farad, is commonly used. A practical form of 
condenser of one farad capacity consists of 300 leaves 
of tinfoil, each 16 centimeters in diameter, separated 
by leaves of mica. The entire surface has an area of 
about I.I sq. meters. Joule, the unit of electric energy 
or work. The volt coulomb. It equals 10,000,000 
ergs. Unit Magnet Pole, a magnet having a strength 
of pole sufficient to repel a similar pole at a distance 
with a force of one degree. Megalerg, 1,000,000 
ergs. Megavolt, 1,000,000 volts. Micro-coulomb. 



ELECTRICITY 



414 



ELECTRODE 



See Coulomb. Microfarad. See Farad. Micro* 
volt, one millionth part of a volt. Milliampere. 
See Ampere. Ohm, the unit of resistance. Lracti- 
tically, it is the resistance of a pure silver wire one 
meter in length and one millimeter in diameter. The 
theoretic or absolute unit is xoW<r<rcro P art °^ tne 
unit practically used. Volt, the unit of electro-mo- 
tive force, or the force sufficient to cause a current of 
one ampere to flow against a resistance of one ohm. 
The following is the voltage of several popular cells : 
Smee, 0.65 ; Bunsen, 1. 90; Daniell, 1.05; Callaud, 
0.60; Leclanche, 1.50. Volt-ampere, the unit of 
electric work. It is the amount of pressure developed 
by a current of one ampere having an electromotive 
force of one volt. Its mechanical equivalent is about 
44.2 foot-pounds per minute. It is sometimes called 
a Watt. Volt-coulomb, the unit of electric work. 
Watt. See Volt-ampere. Weber, an ampere. Unit 
of Work, the erg; it is equal to the work required 
to move a body through one centimeter against a force 
of one dyne. The reciprocal relations of these elec- 
tric units may be expressed thus : — 

1 volt X 1 coulomb = 1 joule 

1 volt X 1 ampere = 1 watt 

1 volt X 1 ohm = 1 ampere 

1 ampere X 1 ohm = 1 volt 

1 volt X 1 ampere X 1 ohm = 1 watt 

1 volt X 1 ampere X 1 ohm X 1 second = 1 joule 

1 ampere X 1 second = 1 coulomb 

Electricity (e-lek-tris'-it-e~) \jjA.eKTpov, amber]. One of 
the forces of nature developed or generated by chem- 
ism, magnetism, or friction, and probably a mode of 
ethereal vibration, closely analogous to and converti- 
ble into heat and light. It has been largely employed 
in its various forms for therapeutic purposes. Most 
animal and vegetable fibers (living) contract when an 
electric current is passed through them, and, in fact, 
no substance is known that does not offer some resist- 
ance to the passage of an electric current. By the 
Conducting Bower of a substance is meant the ability 
of a given length and area of a cross-section of that 
substance to conduct electricity, as compared with an 
equal length and area of a cross-section of some other 
substance, such as pure silver or copper. This power 
may, in various substances, be pronounced, partial, or 
absent. Good conductors are silver, copper, other 
metals, charcoal; partial conductors are water, the 
human body, cotton, wood, marble, paper; non-con- 
ductors, oils, porcelain, dry wood, silk, resins, dry air, 
shellac, gutta-percha, ebonite, paraffin, glass. E., 
Animal, free electricity in the body. E., Chemic. 
See E., Galvanic. E., Faradic, that produced by 
induction. E., Franklinic, frictional or static elec- 
tricity. E., Frictional, that produced by friction. E., 
Galvanic, that which is generated by chemic action 
in a galvanic cell. E., Inductive, that produced in 
a body by proximity to an electrified body without 
contact. E., Magnetic, that developed by bringing a 
conductor near the poles of a magnet. See Current. 
E., Medical, that used for therapeutic purposes. E., 
Static, frictional electricity. E., Voltaic, same as 
galvanic or chemic electricity. 

Electrization [e-lek-triz-a' -shun) [qXeicrpov, amber]. 
The application of electricity to the body. E., General, 
the therapeutic application of electricity to all parts of 
the surface of the body. 

Electrize (e-lck'-trlz) [f/AEKTpov, amber]. To treat by 
means of electricity. 

Electrizer (e-lek' -tri-zer) \JfAeKrpov, amber]. A metal 
disc of copper and zinc, or silver and zinc applied to the 
surface of the body, and connected with copper wire, 
exciting, through the perspiration, a feeble galvanic 
current. 



Electro- {e-lek' -tro-) [ifanTpov, amber]. A Greek word 
used as a prefix to denote connection with or relation 
to electricity. E. -anesthesia, inability to perceive 
the sensation made by electricity upon the skin. 
E. -biology, the science of the electric relations and 
laws of . organic beings. E.-bioscopy. See Bioscopy. 
E.-centesis, the use of electrolysis to cause absorp- 
tion of effusions, as in pleurisy. E. -chemistry, the 
science of the inter-relations and laws of electricity 
and chemistry. E. -cystoscopy, examination of the 
bladder by means of electric illumination. E. -diag- 
nosis, diagnosis by means of the exaggeration or 
diminution of the reaction of the excitable tissues of 
the body when subjected to the varying influences of 
electric currents. E.-esthesia, ability to perceive the 
sensation made by the reception of an electric dis- 
charge ; it may co-exist with local anesthesia, or 
with loss of the power to perceive other sensations. 
E.-magnet, a mass of soft iron surrounded by a 
coil of wire. E. -magnetic Inertia, a term some- 
times employed instead of inductance or the self- 
induction of a current. E. -magnetism, magnetism 
induced within iron, steel, or nickel, by introducing 
it within a coil through which a current is passing. 
E. -massage, the transmission of a current of elec- 
tricity through a kneading instrument ; the use of 
labile currents applied by means of a rolling or wheel 
electrode, or by a sponge or brush. E. -motive, 
pertaining to the mechanic or motor effects of elec- 
tricity. E. -motor Force, that which sets electricity 
in motion ; the difference of potential between two 
points. It is estimated in volts. E. -muscular, per- 
taining to the action of electricity upon muscles. 
E. -muscular Contractility, the contractile response 
of a muscle to an electric current. E. -muscular Sen- 
sibility, the impression upon a sensory nerve by 
electric irritation . E. -otiatria, electricity applied to the 
treatment of diseases of the ear. E. -pathology, the 
study of morbid conditions by the aid of electric irrita- 
tion. E. -physiology, the study of electric reactions, 
properties, and relations of organs and organic tissues. 
E.-puncturation, or E. -puncture, the use of needles 
as electrodes, which are thrust into an organ, or tumor, 
e. g., into the cavity of an aneurysm, with the object 
of coagulating the contained blood. E. -sensibility, 
an effect produced on a sensory nerve by its electriza- 
tion. E. -statics, the science of static electricity, or 
that developed by friction and induction. E.-thanasis , 
a word proposed for death by electricity. E. -thera- 
peutic Bath. See Bath. E. -therapeutics, the 
science and art of the application of electricity for 
therapeutic purposes. E. -therapy. See E. -thera- 
peutics. E. -thermometry, the determination of the 
radiation of body-heat by means of an electric ther- 
moscope. E. -vital, pertaining both to electricity and 
to the phenomena of life. E. -vitalism, the theoretic 
identification of the vital forces with electricity. 

Electrode (c-lek'-trod) [r/'AcKTpov, amber; 636g, a way]. 
The instruments, fastened to the conducting cords of a 
battery, that are used in the application of electricity 
to the body. The standard sizes of electrodes gen- 
erally adopted in therapy are, according to Erb, as 
follows : — 

1. Fine electrode, % cm. diameter. 

2. Small " 2 " " 

3. Medium " 7.5 " 

4. Large " 6X2 

5. Very large 8 X16 " 

E., Brush, one end fitted with a camel's-hair pencil. 
E., Clay, a therapeutic electrode of clay shaped to fit 
the part of the body to be treated. E., Electro - 
therapeutic, the therapeutic electrode is generally 



ELECTROGENESIS 



415 



ELEPHANTIASIS 



placed nearer the organ or part to be treated than 
the indifferent electrode. E., Indifferent, the elec- 
trode that is employed merely to complete the cir- 
cuit ; not directly concerned in the treatment or diag- 
nosis. E., Non-polarizable, zinc wires treated and 
so arranged as to prevent electrolysis. See Anode and 
Cathode. 

Electrogenesis (e-lek-trojen'-es-is) \jjASKrpw, amber; 
•jkveaig, production]. Results following the applica- 
tion of electricity to the spinal cord or nerve after the 
withdrawal of the electrodes. 

Electrolysis [e-lek-trol f -is-is) [//AeK-pov, amber ; 1'vaiq, 
solution]. The dissolution of a chemic compound by 
an electric current ; the discussion of any morbid 
growth by means of an electro-chemic current. It is 
used in the treatment of hydrocele and some other 
surgical affections. 

Electrolytic (e-lek-tro-lif '-ik) \_i]\enTpov, amber; Xvatc, 
solution]. Relating to electrolysis. 

Electrometer (e-lek-trom 1 '-et-er) [r/MKTpov, electricity ; 
perpov, a measure]. An instrument for the measure- 
ment of differences of electric potential. 

Electrophonize (e-lek-trof '-on-lz) [i/'Aeiirpov, amber ; 
tpovor, a killing]. To inflict capital punishment by 
means of electricity. 

Electrophony (e-lek-trof ' -o-ne) [rfAearpov, amber; tyovor, 
a killing]. Capital punishment by means of electricity. 

Electrophorus (e-lek-trof '-or-us) \_rfAenTpov, amber ; 
(pipeiv, to carry] An instrument used to generate 
small quantities of static electricity. 

Electropoion Fluid (e-lek-tro-poi' -on) [r/XenTpov, amber; 
iroielv, to make]. A battery fluid made by dissolving 
I lb. of potassium bichromate in a mixture of water 
10 lbs. to sulphuric acid (commercial) 2)4 lbs. 

Electroscope (e-lek'-tro-skop) \rfAtK-pov, amber; anoize'iv, 
to view]. An instrument for detecting the presence 
of static electricity and determining whether it is posi- 
tive or negative. 

Electrostixis (e-lek-tro-stiks f -is) \J/A.EiiTpov, amber; aril-cg, 
puncture]. Electro-puncture, q. v. 

Electrothanasize (e-lek-tro-than' '-as-lz) \ifi \enrpov, am- 
ber ; 6avar6eiv, to kill]. To produce death by elec- 
tricity, but not as capital punishment. 

Electrothanatose (e-lek-tro-than' -at-os) [ijXetiTpov, am- 
ber; davaror, death]. Same as Electrothanasize. 

Electrothanatosis (e-lek-tro-than-at-o'-sis) [r/lenTpov, 
amber; davaraxjig, a putting to death]. Death by 
electricity. 

Electrotisis (e-lek-trof '-is-is) [r/?.enTpov, amber ; t'ioic, 
penaltv]. Capital punishment by electricity. 

Electrotistic (e-lek-tro-tis'-tik) [rjAenTpov, amber ; riots, 
penalty]. Pertaining to capital punishment by means 
of electricity. 

Electrotistis (e-lek-tro-tis / -tis). An incorrect form of 
Electrotisis , q.v. 

ElectTotome (e-iek'-tro-tom) [ijlenrpov, amber ; repvuv, 
to cut]. The circuit-breaker of an electric battery ; 
especially one that acts automatically. 

Electrotonic (e-lek-tro-ton' -ik) \_i/'A.EK-pov, amber ; rdvoc, 
tension]. Relating to or of the nature of electrotonus. 
E. Effect, an altered condition of excitability of a 
nerve produced when in the electrotonic state. 

Electrotonus (e-lek-trof -o-nus) \jfAmrpov, amber ; 
tovoc, tension]. The change of condition in a nerve 
during the application of a current of electricity. A 
decrease in the electro-motive force of a nerve, effected 
by sending a current through the nerve in the opposite 
direction to the nerve-current, is termed the negative 
phase of electrotonus, while an increase in the electro- 
motive force of a nerve, effected by sending a current 
through a nerve in the same direction as the nerve- 
current, is termed the positive phase of electrotonus. 



See Anelectrotonus, Catelectrolomes, and Electrogenesis. 
E., Law of. See Law. 

Electrovection (e-lek-tro-vek' -shun) [ij/lenrpov , amber; 
vehere, to carry]. Electric endosmosis ; the intro- 
duction of medicaments into the system by means of 
the electric current ; cataphoresis. 

Electrozemia (e-lek-tro-ze' -me-ah) [r/Aenrpov, amber ; 
Qnpla, penalty]. A word proposed for capital punish- 
ment by electricity ; electrotisis. 

Electuary (e-lek'-chu-a-re) [electuarium, an electuary]. 
A soft or pasty confection. See Confectio. 

Eleidin (el-e'-id-in) \_iXaia, olive-oil]. A material that 
forms the elliptic granules of the superficial cells of the 
stratum granulosum of the epidermis. It is called also 
keratohyalin. 

Element (el'-em-ent) [elementum, a first principle]. In 
chemistry, a body that cannot be decomposed into sim- 
pler substances. The recognized elements now num- 
ber about 73. See Table of Elements, on p. 416. The 
term is applied in biology to the ultimate microscopic 
structures of a tissue. In electricity, one of the gen- 
erating plates in a galvanic cell. E., MendelejefFs 
Classification of, the classification of elements ac- 
cording to their atomic weights. See Elements, Table 
of, Note. 

Elementary (el-e-tnen' -ta-re) \elementian, a first princi- 
ple]. Pertaining to an element. E. Cell, an embry- 
onic corpuscle. Also, a synonym of Leukocyte, q. v. 

Elemi (el'-em-i) [Arab]. A concrete resinous exudation 
probably derived from the Canariu??i commune, al- 
though its botanic source is still undetermined. It 
contains a crystalline resin, Elemin or Amyrin. Its 
action is similar to those of the turpentines generally. 
E., Unguent. (B. P.], elemi and simple ointment; it 
is used as an application to indolent sores and boils. 
Many other resins are known to commerce as elemi. 
In general, the elemis are softer than the copals ; and 
they may be classed together as a group of somewhat 
hard oleo-resins. See Resins. 

Eleocharis (e-le-ok' -ar-is) \iAoc, marsh ; x ai P uv > t0 
rejoice]. A genus of sedges or cyperaceous plants ; 
the spike-rushes. E. palustris, a plant very common 
in Europe, Asia, and N. Americans a popular astring- 
ent remedy, useful for diarrhea and for hemorrhages. 
The root, tops, and seeds are used. Unof. 

Eleoptene (el-e-op'-ten) [e~Aaiov, oil ; ttttjv6c, volatile]. 
The permanent liquid principle of volatile oils. See 
Stearoptene. 

Eleosaccharum (e-le-o-sak'-ar-nm) [L. : pi., Eleosac- 
chara~\. Same as Oleosaccharum. 

Elephant Leg. See Elephantiasis arabum. 

Elephant's Foot (el' -e-fants foot) . Any plant of the 
genus Elephantopus, order Compositse. The U. S. 
has several species. Elephantopus tomentosus is diu- 
retic, expectorant, and emetic. Dose of the fid. ext. 
TTi^v-xxx. Unof. E. carolinianus is tonic and febri- 
fuge, and so are various tropical species. 

Elephantiasis (el-e-fan-ti'-as-is) [iAtyac, an elephant]. 
Elephantiasis arabum ; Barbadoes leg ; Tropical big 
leg; spargosis ; elephant leg; morbus elephas ; buc- 
nemia tropica ; pachydennia : a chronic affection of 
the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues, often occurring 
as an endemic or sporadic disease, due to obliteration 
of lymph-vessels, resulting in febrile and other systemic 
symptoms, redness, tumefaction, and infiltration of the 
affected part, and the eventual production of a well- 
marked hypertrophy that may become gigantic. It 
is most common in the leg and genitals. E. grae- 
corum. See Leprosy. E. indica. Synonym of 
E. arabum. E. telangiectodes, a rare vascular 
form of elephantiasis arabum of congenital origin but 
of later development. 



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ELEPHANTOID FEVER 



418 



EMBLICA 



Elephantoid Fever (vl-e-fan'-toid). See Fever. 

Elephas (el'-e-fas) [L.]. Synonym of Elephantiasis 
arabum. 

Eleuthera Bark (e-lu'-ther-ah). See Cascarilla. 

Eleutheropetalous (e-lu-ther-o-pef '-al-us) [eAevdepoc, 
free; -xeraAov, a leaf, a petal]. Polypetalous. The 
same as choripetalous. 

Eleutherophyllous (e-lu-ther-o-fil' -us) [eAevflepor, free ; 
<j>v'A'Aov, a leaf]. In biology, made up of distinct 
leaves ; polypetalous or polysepalous. 

Elevator (el'-e-va-tor) [elevare, to lift]. I. The same as 
Levator. See Muscles, Table of. 2. An instrument 
used in surgery and dentistry. E. Disease, one of 
the professional neuroses, due to constant traveling in 
an elevator. 

Elimination (e-lim-in-a' -shun) [e, out ; li?nen, thresh- 
old] . Excretion ; the process of putting forth or out. 

Eliquation (el-ik-wa' -shun) [eliquare, to melt out]. The 
separation of one substance from another by fusion or 
melting. 

Elixir (e-liks'-er) [Arab., el iksir, the philosopher's 
stone]. A sweetened, aromatic, spirituous prepara- 
tion, which is practically a flavored syrup designed as 
an excipient for extracts and tinctures. There are 
many elixirs, only two of which are official in the U. S. 
P. ; in the N. F. more than seventy are described. E. 
aromaticum, aromatic elixir, comp. spirit of orange 
12 c.c, syrup 375 c.c. , precipitated calcium phosphate 
15 gm., deodorized alcohol and distilled water, q. s. 

Elixiviation (e-liks-iv-e-a' -shun). See Lixiviation. 

Elkodermatosis (el-ko-der-mat-o' -sis) [eAkoc, an ulcer ; 
depfia, skin; vdaog, disease]. An ulcerative skin- 
affection. 

Ellagic Acid (el-aj'-ik). See Acid. 

Elliot's Bassorin Paste. A paste used in the treat- 
ment of eczema. It consists of bassorin, 10 drams ; 
dextrin, 6 drams ; glycerin, 2 drams ; water, sufficient 
to make 25 ]/ z drams. It should be prepared cold. 

Elliptic, Elliptical (el-ip'-tik, -al) [eAAeiiptg, ellipse]. 
Having the form of an ellipse. E. Amputation. 
See Amputation. 

Ellis's Curved Line. See Line. E., Ligament of. 
See Ligament. 

Ellison's Ventilating Bricks. See Ventilation. 

Elm. See Ulmus and Fremontia. 

Elocution (el-o-ku' -shun) \_e, out of; loqui, to speak]. 
The choice, arrangement, and delivery of words and 
language, including the use of the voice, the action 
of the lungs, diaphragm, gesture, etc. 

Elocutionist (el-o-ku' -shun-ist) [e, out of; loqui, to 
speak]. One who is skilled in the art of elocution. 
E.'s Cramp. See Cramp. 

Elodea (el-o-de' '-ah) [eA&Srjc, marshy]. The marsh St. 
John's Worts; a genus of hypericaceous plants. E. 
virginica, common in the U. S. and Canada, is a 
popular stomachic. Unof. 

Elodes (e-lo'-dez) [eAufirjc, swampy; EAog, a swamp]. 
Marsh or paludal fever ; malarial fever. 

Elsberg, Plastidules of. See Heredity. 

Elutriation (e-lu-tre-a' -shun) [elutriare, to wash out]. 
A water-sifting process whereby the coarser particles 
of an insoluble substance are separated from the finer. 

Ely's Operation. See Operations, Table of. E.'s 
Table. See Pregnancy. 

Elythritis (el-ith-ri'-tis). See Vaginitis. 

Elytratresia {el-it-rat-re' '-ze-ah) [eAvrpov, sheath ; 
arp-qroc, imperforate]. Atresia of the vagina; colpa- 
tresia. 

Elytreurynter (el-it-ru-rin'-ter) [D.vrpov, sheath ; 
evpvveiv, to make broad]. Same as Colpeurynter. 

Elytritis (el-it-ri'-tis) [eAvrpov, the vagina ; vuc , 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the vagina. 



Elytrocele (el'-it-ro-sel) [eAvrpov, sheath ; kj/ai], her- 
nia]. Colpocele ; vaginal hernia. 

Elytroclasia (el-it-ro-kla' -se-ah) [eAvrpov, sheath ; /cAd- 
uv, to break]. Rupture of the vagina. 

Elytroncus (el-it-rong' -kus). Same as Elytrophyma. 

Elytrophyma (el-it-ro-f -mah) [eAvrpov, sheath ; (jivfw., 
a tumor] . Swelling or tumor of the vagina. 

Elytroplastic (el-it-ro-plas'-tik) [eAvrpov, sheath ; irAaa- 
aeiv, to form]. Relating to elytroplasty. 

Elytroplasty (el' -it-ro-plas-te) [eAvrpov, sheath ; ir'Aac- 
cetv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the vagina, 
especially for vesico-vaginal fistula. 

Elytropolypus (el-it-ro-pol' -ip-us) [eAvrpov, sheath ; 
noAinrovc, polypus]. Vaginal polypus. 

Elytroptosis (el-it-rop-to'-sis) [eAvrpov, sheath ; tttuoic, 
a falling]. Prolapse of the vagina. 

Elytrorrhagia (el-it-ror-a' -je-ah) [eAvrpov, sheath ; 
pi/yvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the 
vagina. 

Elytrorrhaphy (el-it-ror'-a-fe) [eAvrpov, sheath ; pa<j>rj, 
a seam]. Suture of the vaginal wall. An operation 
to close the opening of the vagina in procidentia uteri. 

Elytrorrhea (el-it-ror-e'-ah) [eAvrpov, sheath ; pola, a 
flow]. A vaginal leukorrhea. 

Elytrostenosis (el-it-ro-ste-no'-sis) [e?ivrpov, sheath ; 
arevuaig, a contraction]. Colpostenosis ; vaginal 
stricture. 

Elytrotome (el-if -ro-tom) [eAvrpov, sheath ; rojir/, a 
cutting]. An instrument for performing elytrotomy. 

Elytrotomy (el-it-rof -o-me) [eAvrpov, sheath ; rofiij, a 
cutting]. Surgical incision of the vaginal wall. 

Elytrum, Elytron (el' -it-rum, -Iron) [eAvrpov, a cover, 
case : //. , Elytra'] . In biology, one of the wing-covers, 
wing-sheaths, or modified fore-wings of beetles ; also 
one of the scales on the back of certain worms. 

Emaciation (e-ma-se-a' -shun) [emaciare , to make lean]. 
Loss of the fat and fulness of the flesh of the body. 
Leanness. 

Emaculation (e-mak-u-la' -shun) [emaculare, to remove 
spots]. The removal of freckles or other spots from 
the face. 

Emanation (em-an-a' -shun) [emanare, to issue]. I. 
Emission ; radiation. 2. That which flows or issues 
from a substance ; effluvium. 

Emandibulate (e-man-dib' -it-lat) [e, priv. ; mandibula, 
mandible]. In biology, without mandibles, or at 
least with soft and minute mandibles. 

Emansio (e-man' -se-o) [L.]. A failing. E. men- 
sium, delayed menstruation ; amenorrhea. 

Emarginate (e-mar'-/'in-at) [emarginatus, to deprive 
of the edge]. In biology, applied to a leaf or feather 
the margin of- which is broken, notched, nicked, or 
otherwise modified. 

Emasculation (e-mas-ku-la' -shun) [emasculare, to 
make impotent]. Removal of the testicles; impo- 
tence. See, also, Eviration. 

Embalming (em-bahm'-ing) [Fr. , en, in; bauma, bal- 
sam]. The treatment of a cadaver with antiseptic and 
preservative substances to keep it from putrefying. 

Embedding (em-bed'-ing). The fixation, in order to pre- 
serve it intact, of a tissue-specimen in a firmer medium 
before freezing or otherwise hardening and section. 

Embelia (em-be' -le-ah) [Embel, a German traveler]. 
A genus of shrubs. E. ribes, a myrtaceous shrub 
that grows in Asia ; it is reputed to have anthelmintic 
properties. Dose of the powdered fruit, Jjj-iv; of 
the fluid extract, JJ j-iv. Unof. 

Emblica (em'-blik-ah) [L.]. A genus of euphorbia- 
ceous trees. E. officinalis, a tree of India; its 
fruit, the Emblica myrobalan (see Myrobalan), is 
astringent and vermifuge, the seed is febrifuge, and 
the bark is also medicinal. Unof. 



EMBOITMENT 



419 



EMBRYO 



Emboitment (on^gybivat'-monig)) [OF., emboister, to 
inclose, as in a box]. In biology, Bonnet's doctrine 
that each germ includes the germs of all generations 
that shall succeed it. 

Embolemia (em-bol-e'-me-ah') [f,«/?o/Lof , thrown in ; 
ai/ia, blood]. A state of the blood in which it is 
said that emboli are readily formed. 

Embolic (em-bol' -ik) [t/z/Jo^oc, thrown in]. Relating 
to, associated with, or caused by an embolus. 

Emboliform {em-bol* -if-orm) [tfipoAnc , an embolus ; 
forma, form]. Resembling an embolus. 

Embolism {em' -bo-lizm) [ty//3o^,oc, an embolus]. The 
obstruction of an artery or capillary, usually by a 
blood-clot or embolus, brought from another point by 
the blood-current. These emboli may be fragments 
of vegetation from the valves of the heart, clots from 
a thrombosis or aneurysm, or fragments of atheroma- 
tous tissue. Around the seat of an embolus thrombo- 
sis'occurs with the production of an infarct, q. v. E., 
Air, by a bubble of air. E., Capillary, obstruction 
of capillaries by micrococci. This occurs in pyemia. 
E., Fat, the entrance into the circulation of fluid fat 
after extensive injuries. Death often follows. The 
symptoms are restlessness, anxiety, slight dyspnea, 
accelerated breathing, quickening of the pulse ; cya- 
nosis, delirium, and insomnia, followed by coma, are 
graver symptoms. The temperature may remain sub- 
normal or it may rise. E., Infective, the emboli are 
metastatic. This occurs in pyemia and ulcerative 
endocarditis. E., Multiple, numerous small emboli. 
E., Paradoxical, embolism of an artery by a venous 
thrombus, as may occur in a patulous foramen ovale. 
E., Pyemic. See E. , Infective. E., Retinal, occur- 
ring in the arteria centralis retinae, followed by sudden 
loss of vision. E., Venous, occurring in veins, espe- 
cially of the lungs and liver. 

Emboloid (em'-bo-Zoid) [e/z/JoAof, an embolus; eidoc, 
likeness]. Resembling an embolus. 

Embololalia (em-bo-lo-la' '-le-ah) [ty^/3o/loc, a thing 
thrown in ; la?ud, talk]. The morbid intercalation of 
words, often meaningless, into the speech. 

Embolophrasia (emf>o-lo-fra' -ze-ah) [ty//5oAof, inser- 
tion ; (j>padig, speech]. Embololalia. 

Embolus (em'-bo-lus) [f///3oAof ; iv, in ; (3&A?ieiv, to 
throw]. I. A clot of blood, or plug of other material, 
brought by the blood-current from a distant artery, 
and forming an obstruction at its place of lodgment. 
2. Wilder's term for the nucleus emboliformis. 

Emboly {em'-bo-le) [_tfij5olfj, insertion]. In embryolo- 
gy, the process of invagination that gives rise to a gas- 
Trula from a blastosphere or vesicular morula. 

Embrocation (em-bio-ka' -shun) [kfifipixeiv, to soak 
in]. A fluid external application for some injured or 
diseased part. 

Embryectomy [em-bre-ek' -to-me) [epppvov, embryo ; 
inTopr], a cutting out]. The surgical removal of the 
embryo in extra-uterine pregnancy. 

Embryo {em'-bre-o) [efi/3pvov~] . The ovum and the pro- 
duct of conception up to the fourth month of pregnancy ; 
the fertilized germ of an animal. Applied in botany 
to the rudimentary plant within the seed. E.-sac. 
In biology, (a) the cell in the nucleus of the ovule 
of flowering-plants, that contains the germinal vesicles 
and finally the embryo ; (b) the protoconch or primi- 
tive shell of certain cephalopods. 



Scheme of a Longitudinal Section of an Early 

Embryo. 

E. Epiblast. m. Mesoblast. e. Hypoblast. 




Scheme of the Formation of the Head- and Tail-Folds. 

r. Head-fold. D. Anterior extremity of the future intestinal 

tract. S. Tail-fold, first rudiment of the cavity of the rectum. 




Scheme of a Longitudinal Section through an Embryo 
after the Formation of the Head- and Tail-Folds. 

Ao. Omphalo-mesenteric arteries. Vo. Omphalo-mesenteric 
veins, a. Position of the allantois. A. Amniotic fold. 




Scheme of a Longitudinal Section through a Human 
Ovum. 

Z. Zona pellucida. S. Serous cavity, r. Union of the amniotic 
folds. A. Cavity of the amnion, a. Allantois. N. Umbilical 
vesicle, m. Mesoblast. h. Heart. U. Primitive intestine. 




Scheme of Human Embryo, with the Visceral Arches 
still Persistent. 

A. Amnion. V. Fore-brain. M. Mid-brain. H. Hind-brain. 
N. After-brain. U. Primitive vertebrae, a. Eye. p. Nasal 
pit. S. Frontal process, y. Internal nasal process, n. Ex- 
ternal nasal process, r. Superior maxillary process of the 
first visceral arch, i, 2, 3, and 4. The four visceral arches, 
with the visceral clefts between them. o. Auditory vesicle. 
h. Heart, with e, primitive aorta, which divides into the five 
aortic arches- f. Descending aorta, om. Omphalic-mesen- 
teric artery, b. The omphalo-mesenteric arteries of the um- 
bilical vesicle, c. Omphalo-mesenteric vein. L. Liver with 
venae advehentes and revehentes. D. Intestine, f. Inferior 
cava. T. Coccyx, all Allantois, with z, one umbilical 
artery ; and x, an umbilical vein. 



EMBRYOCARDIA 



420 



EMMENAGOGUE 



Embryocardia (em-bre-o-kar' -de-ah) [h/ifipvov, embryo ; 
napSia, the heart]. An affection of the heart, char- 
acterized by a heart-beat like that of a fetus. It is 
usually associated with tachycardia, and a condition 
of collapse and cyanosis. See Cyematocardia. 

Embryoctony (em-bre-ok' -to-ne) [ififipvov, embryo ; 
KTsheiv, to kill]. The destruction of the living fetus ; 
the procurement of abortion. 

Embryogenesis (em-bre-o-jen' -es-is), Embryogeny 
(em-bre-oj'-en-e) [i/if3pvov, an embryo ; ykvriq, produc- 
ing]. That department of biology which deals with 
the development of the fecundated germ. 

Embryograph (em'-bre-o-graf) [ffifipvov, embryo ; 
ypafyzw, to write] . A form of microscope and camera 
lucida for use in drawing outlines and figures in em- 
bryologic study. 

Embryography (em-bre-og' '-ra-fe) [ep,[ipvov, embryo ; 
ypdipeiv, to write]. A description of embryos. 

Embryologic (em-bre-o-loj'-ik), Embryological (em- 
bre-o-log' '-ik-al ) [ififipvov, embryo ; 'K6yoc, science] . 
Relating to embryology. 

Embryologist (em-bre-ol'-o-jist) \jt[i($pvov, embryo; 
Xoyog, science]. One skilled in the science of em- 
bryology. 

Embryology (em-bre-ol'-o-je) [_euj3pvov, embryo ; Tidyog, 
science]. The science of the evolution of the em- 
bryo, or the study of fetal development. 

Embryon (em'-bre-on). Same as Embryo. 

Embryonal (em-bre-o'-nal). Same as Embryonic. 

Embryonic (em-bre-on'-ik) [ifippvov, embryo]. Per- 
taining to the embryo. E. Area, in embryology, 
an opaque circular spot that forms on the blastoderm. 
E. Connective Tissue, the primitive condition of 
connective tissue when first formed, consisting of 
small, round cells. E. Spot. See E. Area. 

Embryotega (em-bre-ot' -e-gah) \_e[i(ipvov, an embryo ; 
reyuc, a roof]. In biology, a small lid or cap cover- 
ing the micropyle in certain seeds. 

Embryotome (em'-bre-o-tom) [ififipvov, embryo ; n/uf/, 
section]. An instrument used in embryotomy. 

Embryotomy (em-bre-of -o-nie) [e/xjipvov, embryo ; 
rofifj, section]. An operation for reduction of the size 
of the fetus to render possible its transmission through 
the birth-canal. See Cephalotripsy, Cranioclasm, 
Basiotribe, Basilyst, Decollation, Decapitation, Exen- 
teration, Evisceration, Lamination, Perforation , Spon- 
dylotomy, Transforation. 

Embryotoxon (em-bre-o-toks' '-on) [_efi/3pvov, embryo ; 
rd^ov, a bow]. A condition resembling arcus senilis, 
sometimes seen at birth. 

Embryotrophe (em'-bre-o-trof) \jtuj3pvov, the embryo ; 
Tpoipi], nourishment]. In biology, the food-yolk. 

Embryotrophy (em-bre-ot'-ro-fe) \Jjifipvov, embryo; 
rpofq, nourishment]. The nutrition of the fetus. 

Embryulcia (em-bre-ul' ' -se-ah)\_Efif5pvov, embryo ;'£\k.eiv, 
to draw]. I. Forcible extraction of the fetus. 2. 
The operation of embryotomy 

Embryulcus (em-bre-ul' -kits') [tp.(5pvov'kK6c~\. A blunt 
hook, or obstetric forceps. 

Emerald-green. See Chrome-green, Mittler's Green, 
Sckweinfurt Green, Brilliant Green. 

Emergence (e-?ner'-jens) \e, out ; mergere, to merge ; 
to rise out]. In biology, one of those structures 
occurring in higher plants, analogous to hairs, but 
differing from true hairs in not originating from 
single epidermal cells ; they constitute a transition 
between trichomes in the stricter sense of the term, 
and leaves or secondary axes. 

Emergency (e-?ner' -jen-se) \emergere, to rise up]. A 
sudden, pressing, and unforeseen occasion for action ; 
an accident or condition unlooked for, and calling for 
prompt decision. 



Emergent (e-mer' -jent ) \_emergere, to rise up] . Sud- 
den, unforeseen, and urgent ; calling for prompt de- 
cision and action ; as an emergent case. 

Emerod (em'-er-od). See Hemorrhoid. 

Emesis (em'-es-is) \_e/ie<ji<; ; ep.ieiv, to vomit]. Vomiting. 

Emetatrophia (e-met-at-ro'-fe-ah) [£(iEai<; t vomiting; 
arpcxpia, wasting]. Atrophy or wasting, due to per- 
sistent vomiting. 

Emetic (e-met'-ik) [kusTindc, causing vomiting]. I. 
Having the power to induce vomiting. 2. An agent 
causing emesis, or a dose of such an agent. E., 
Direct, one acting directly on the nerves of the 
stomach. E., Indirect, or E., Systemic, one acting 
through the blood upon the vomiting-center, or by re- 
flex action from other peripheral sources. 

Emeticology. See Emetology. 

Emetin (em'-et-in). See Ipecacuanha. 

Emeto-catharsis (em' -et-o-kath-ar' -sis) [ifieaiQ, vomit- 
ing; tcaOaipeiv, to purge]. Vomiting and purgation 
at the same time, or produced by a common agent. 

Emeto-cathartic (em' -et-o-kath-ar' -tik ) \kp.taic, vom- 
iting; Kadaipeiv, to purge]. Having power to induce 
emeto-catharsis. 

Emetology (etn-et-ol'-o-je) [e/zeroc;, vomiting; Myoc, 
science]. The study or science of the physiology, 
pathology, and therapeutics of vomiting, and of the 
nature of emetics. 

Emetomania (em-et-o-ma' -ne-ah ) [ejietoc, vomiting ; 
fiavin, madness]. Insane desire for frequent emetics. 

Emetomorphin (em-et-o-mor' -fin) [s/itroc, vomiting ; 
Morpheus, the god of sleep]. Apomorphia. 

Emetophobia (em-et-o-fo' -be-ah ) [e/ueroc;, vomiting ; 
<p6 (3oc, fear] . Morbid dread or fear of vomiting. 

Emiction (e-mik'-shun) [e, out ; mingere, to void 
urine] . Urination. 

Emictory (e-mik'-tor-e) \e, out ; mingere, to void 
urine]. I. Promoting the secretion of urine. 2. A 
diuretic medicine. 

Emigration (em-ig-ra' -shun) \e, out ; migrare, to wan- 
der] . The outward passage of a wandering-cell or leu- 
kocyte through the wall of a blood-vessel ; diapedesis. 

Eminence (em'-in-ens) \eminentia, an eminence]. 
A rounded or protuberant part of an organ, especially 
of a bone. E., Canine. See Canine. E., Col- 
lateral, a triangular elevation in the paracele (lateral 
ventricle) collocated with the collateral fissure and be- 
tween the hippocamp and the calcar. E. of Doyere. 
See Doyere and Sarcoglia. E. facialis, an eminence 
in the angle formed by the striae and sulcus ventriculi. 
E., Frontal, the two eminences of the frontal bone 
above the superciliary ridges. E., Ilio-pectinealt a 
ridge on the upper surface of the pubic bone. E., 
Nasal, the prominence above the root of the nose 
between the superciliary ridges. E., Occipital, the 
ridge in the paracele (lateral ventricle) corresponding to 
the occipital fissure ; distinct in the fetus, it is com- 
monly obliterated in the adult ; also called bulbus 
cornu posterioris. E., Parietal, the eminence of the 
parietal bone. 

Eminential (em-in-en'-shal) \_eminentia,a.n eminence]. 
Relating to an eminence. 

Emissarium (em-is-a'-re-um) [L.]. A term for any 
canal or channel conveying a fluid outward. It is 
applied especially to the veins of the skull. 

Emission (e-mish'-un) [emittere, to send forth]. An 
ejaculation, or sending forth. 

Emmena (em-e'-nali) [tfifiijva, menses]. Menses, a. v. 

Emmenagogue (em-en' -ag-og) [e/jfiqva, the menses; 
ayuydc, leading]. A medicine that stimulates the 
menstrual flow. E., Direct, one acting directly on 
the generative organs. E., Indirect, one acting only 
through other functions and indirectly. 



EM MEN I A 



421 



EMPYEMA 



Emmenia (em-e'-ne-ah) [L.]. The menses. 

Emmeniopathy (em-en-e-op' -a-the) \ffip7jva, menses ; 
tradog, illness]. Any disorder of menstruation. 

Emmenology (em-en-oV -o-je) \ipuijva, menses ; Aoyoc, 
science]. That branch of science that treats of men- 
struation. 

Emmenorrhea (em-en-or-e' -ah) [ipptjva, menses; poia, 
a flowing]. The menses. 

Emmerich, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Table of. 

Emmert's Suture. See Suture. 

Emmet's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. E. 
Operation. See Trachelorrhaphy, and Operations, 
Table of. 

Emmetrope (em'-et-rop) \hv, in; perpov, measure; 
u)ip, eye]. A person whose eyes are emmetropic. 

Emmetropia (em-et-ro' -pe-ah) [iv, in ; pirpov, measure ; 
u\b, the eye]. Normal or perfect vision. The con- 
dition of an eye whose shape and refractive media are 
such that, with suspended accommodation, parallel 
rays of light are brought to a focus upon the retina. 
For practical tests, rays of light from a point 20 feet 
away are considered as parallel. 

Emmetropic (em-et-rop' '-ik) [iv, in/ pirpov, measure; 
<Ji/>, eye]. Characterized by emmetropia. 

Emodin (em'-o-din) [Hind. , emodi, rhubarb], C 15 H 10 - 
5 . A glucosid that occurs with chrysophanic acid in 
the bark of wild cherry, in cascara sagrada, and in the 
root of rhubarb. It consists of orange-red crystals, 
melting at 245-250 C. 

Emollient (e-mol' -yent) [emollire, to soften]. I. Soft- 
ening ; relaxing and soothing. 2. A substance used 
by external application to soften the skin ; or, inter- 
nally, to sooth an irritated or inflamed surface. E. 
Cataplasm. Same as Species emollientes. 

Emoptoe (em-op' -to-e). See Hemoptysis. 

Emotion (e-mo' '-shun) [emotio, agitation]. Mental 
feeling, or sentiment, with the associated agitation, 
and often with more or less bodily commotion. With 
the emotions, desire, impulse, and will are intimately 
associated. 

Emotional (e-mo'-shtm-al) [emovere, to move out]. 
Pertaining to the mental condition of feeling. E. 
Insanity, insanity characterized by exaggeration and 
exaltation of feelings. 

Empansement (on(gypon(g)s'-moni g)) [Fr.]. A dis- 
ease of sheep marked by abdominal swelling. 

Empathema (em-path-e'-mah) [iv, in ; irddr/pa, suffer- 
ing: pi., Empathemata~\. A dominant or ungovern- 
able passion or source of suffering. E. atonicum, 
hypochondriasis. E. entonicum, active mania. E. 
r inane, harebrained and purposeless passion and 
excitement. 

Emphlysis (em' -flis-is) [iv, in, on ; <p~Avoi.c, eruption : 
//. , Emphlyses~]. Any vesicular or exanthematous 
eruption. 

Emphractic (em-frak'-tik) [ipfparreiv, to obstruct]. 
1. Obstructive ; closing the pores of the skin. 2. 
Any agent that obstructs the function of an organ, 
especially the excretory function of the skin. 

Emphraxis (em-fraks' -is) [epfpaljir, obstruction]. 
Obstruction ; infarction ; congestion. 

Emphyma (em-f-mah) [iv, in; <pvpa, growth: //. , 
Emphymata~\. A tumor. 

Emphysema {em- fiz-e' '-ma A) [ifitivaaeLv, to inflate]. 
The abnormal collection of air in the connective tissue 
of a part, causing swelling and crepitation, E., Cuta- 
neous, that occurring in the connective tissues 
beneath the skin, usually of the face. E., Gangren- 
ous. See Edema, Malignant. E., Interlobular, a 
form of emphysema following the course of the inter- 
lobular septa. This condition is due to traumatism, 
as after tracheotomy, or in direct injury to the lungs. 



E., Pulmonary, a chronic condition of the lungs in 
which there is a dilatation of the alveoli with destruction 
of the alveolar walls, resulting in a loss of the normal 
elasticity of the lung-tissue. This is associated with 
more or less marked dyspnea, with hacking cough, and 
defective aeration of the blood, giving rise to a certain 
degree of cyanosis. The chest becomes full and round 
- — " barrels haped" — and a line of distended veins 
may often be seen surrounding the body at the lower 
margin of the ribs, constituting the so-called " emphy- 
sematous girdle." There is a hyper-resonant note 
over the chest, with feeble inspiratory sound and num- 
erous rales of all kinds. Hypertrophy and dilatation of 
the right heart are frequent complications. The margins 
of the lungs are often the seat of large bullae due to 
extensive destruction of the alveolar tissue. The 
most frequent causes of emphysema are whooping- 
cough and chronic lung-affections attended with 
severe coughing-spells. E., Surgical. See Aeroder- 
mectasia. 

Emphysematous (em-fz-em'-at-us) [ip^vadeiv, to in- 
flate]. Affected with or of the nature of emphysema. 
E. Girdle. See EmpAysema. 

Emphytriatreusis (em-fit-re-at-ru' -sis) [e/upvror, in- 
nate ; larpevaic, treatment]. The treatment of dis- 
ease by an untrained person, whether clairvoyant, 
medium, trance-doctor, telepathist, mesmerist, or 
seventh son of a seventh son. 

Empiric (em-pir' '-ik) [ip7reipix6c, experiential, practi- 
cal]. One practising medicine without philosophic 
or scientific principles, simply from the results of his 
own experience, or that of others. As commonly 
used it is nearly synonymous with quack. 

Empiricism (em-pir 1 '-is-izni) [ipTTEipmbc, experimental, 
practical]. I. Dependence upon experience or obser- 
vation. 2. Quackery. 

Empiricist (em-pir' -is-ist) [i/inreipiKor, experimental, 
practical]. One who depends upon experience in the 
treatment of disease. 

Emplastrum (em-plas'-trum) [ip-K~kaaauv , to plaster 
up : //. , Ei?iplastrd] . A plaster. In pharmacy, a 
cohesive, tenacious substance, insoluble in water, used 
as an excipient and containing a prescribed medicinal 
substance intended to be spread in a thin layer upon 
chamois, kid, or muslin. The excipient is usually 
lead oleate or Burgundy pitch. (See Lead and Pix.) 
There are 13 official emplastra. E. califaciens. See 
Cantkaris. 

Empresiomania (em-pre-se-o-ma'-ne-ah) [epTrpqatc, 
conflagration; uavla, mania]. Pyromania ; insane 
desire to burn houses or other articles ; maniacal in- 
cendiarism. 

Empresmomania (ttn-pres-mo-ma' -ne-ah) [iiiirpr/<jp6c, 
a burning ; fiavia, madness]. Same as Empresio- 
mania. 

Empresmus (em-pres' ' -mus) [ipirpTjapoc, a burning]. 
Inflammation ; phlogosis. 

Emprosthotonia (em-pros-thot-o' -ne-ah). Same as 
Emprosthotonos . 

Emprosthotonos (em-pros-thof '-o-nus) [iuirpoadev, for- 
ward ; rovor, tension]. Tonic muscular spasm that 
bends the upper and lower parts of the body for- 
ward ; it is one of the symptoms in some cases of 
tetanus, etc. 

Emptysis (emp' -tis-is) [ipTTTvuTj, to spit upon]. Hem- 
orrhage from the lungs ; hemoptysis. 

Empyema (em-pi-e' -mah) [ip, in; ttvov, pus]. Pus in 
the pleural cavity or in the chest. It may be primary, 
which is rare, or secondary. There is associated a 
hectic type of fever, with chills and sweating. If not 
treated it will rupture spontaneously through the lung 
or chest-wall. Empyema is most frequently encoun- 



EMPYEMATOUS 



422 



ENCEPHALOMALACIA 



tered in children, but may occur from pleurisy, tuber- 
culosis, septic conditions, and infectious fevers in any 
individual. E. necessitatis, an empyema in which 
the pus burrows between the interscostal spaces and 
appears as a subcutaneous tumor. E., Pulsating, 
empyema attended with pulsation of the chest-wall. 

Empyematous (em-pi-em' -at-tis) [kv, in ; irvov, pus]. 
Of the nature of or affected with empyema. 

Empyemic (em-pi-em f -ik). See Empyematous. 

Empyesis (em-pi-e'-sis) [kji-nvktiv , to suppurate]. A 
pustular eruption, as smallpox : any disease charac- 
terized by phlegmonous pimples gradually tilling with 
purulent fluid. 

Empyocele (em-pi' -o-sel) [kv, in ; ttvov, pus; Kifkq, 
tumor] . A purulent scrotal tumor. 

Empyomphalus (em-pi-om'-fai-us) [kv, in ; ttvov, pus ; 
bijKpa'Aoi; , navel]. A collection of pus at or about the 
navel. 

Empyreumatic (em-pi-ru-mat' '-ik ) [kfnrbpevfia, a live 
coal; e/inrvpog, on fire]. Obtained from some organic 
substance by the aid of strong heat ; as an empyreu- 
matic oil. 

Emulgent (e-mul' '-jent ) [emulgere, to milk out] . I . 
Draining ; applied to the renal arteries as draining out 
the urine. 2. An emulgent vessel. 3. Any remedy 
that stimulates the emunctory organs. E. Veins. 
See Vein. 

Emulsin (e-mul' -sin) [emulgere , to milk out], 10 (C„- 
H 18 N 2 6 ) -\- S (Bull). A ferment contained in bit- 
ter almonds. It is also called Synaptase . Its union 
with amygdalin forms hydrocyanic acid. See Amyg- 
dalin . 

Emulsio (e-mul'-se-o) [L. : //., Emulsiones~\. See 
Emulsion. 

Emulsion (e-mul'-shun) [emulsio, emulsion]. Water 
or other liquid in which oil, in minute subdivision of 
its particles, is suspended. The U. S. P. and N. F. 
together contain formulae of some 19 emulsiones. 

Emulsionize (e-mul' -shun-lz) [emulgere, to milk out]. 
To transform into an emulsion. The pancreatic juice 
emulsionizes fats. 

Emulsive (e-mul'-siv) [emulgere, to milk out]. Form- 
ing or readily entering into an emulsion. 

Emunctory (e-munk' -tor-e) (emungere, to blow the 
nose, to wipe out]. I. Excretory; excreting or re- 
moving effete matters and waste-products. 2. Any 
organ or part that has an excretory or purifying func- 
tion, as the liver, kidneys, bowel, skin, or lungs. 

Emydin (em'-id-in) [kfivg, the fresh- water tortoise]. A 
white proteid substance procured from the yolk of the 
eggs of turtles. 

Enamel (en-am' -el) [ME., enamaile, enamel]. I. 
The vitreous substance of the crown of the teeth. See 
Teeth. 2. A vitreous substance used for painting on 
porcelain, glass, and for covering metals with various 
kinds of ornamental work. It is composed of color- 
ing matters which consist of metallic oxids, fluxes of 
vitrifiable substances, as silicates, borates, or boro-sili- 
cates. See Porcelain Teeth. E.-blue. See Smalts. 
E.-cell. See Ameloblast. E. -chisel, a dental instru- 
ment shaped like a chisel, with a straight or oblique 
edge, and used for cutting away the enamel and den- 
tine of the teeth. E. -column, E. -fiber, E. -prism, 
E.-rod, any one of the minute six-sided prisms of 
which the enamel of a tooth is composed. E. -cuticle. 
See Cuticitla dentis. E.-germ, an Ameloblast, q. v. 

Enanthema (en-an-the'-mah) [kv, in ; avdi/iia, bloom, 
eruption: //. , Enanthemata\ An eruption within the 
body, in distinction from Exanthema. 

Enanthematous (en-an-them' -at-us) [kv, in ; avOn/ia, 
bloom, eruption]. Of the nature of or accompanied 
by an enanthema. 



Enanthesis (en-an' -thesis) [ev, in ; avdelv, to bloom]. 
1. An eruption of the skin, not connected with an 
internal disease. 2. An exanthematous rash. 

Enanthylic Acid (en-an-thil'-ik). See Acid. 

Enantioblastous (e-nan-te-o-blas' -tus) [kvavrioc, oppo- 
site ; jiXauroc, germ]. In biology, applied to the 
embryo of orthotropous seeds when placed at the end 
opposite the hilum. 

Enantiomorphous (en-an-te-o-?nor' -fus) [kvavrioc , oppo- 
site ; popcpi/, form]. Similar but contrasted or reversed 
in form. Thus the two hands are enantiomorphous. 

Enarthrodia (en-ar-thro' -de-ah). See Enarthrosis. 

Enarthrodial (en-ar-thro' -de-al) [kv, in ; apHpov, a 
joint]. Having the character of an enarthrosis. 

Enarthrosis (en-ar-thro' -sis) [kv, in ; apOpov, joint]. 
A ball-and-socket joint, like that of the hip ; a variety 
of diarthrosis. See Diarthrosis. 

Enation (e-na' -shun) [eiiasci, to be born]. In biology, 
having outgrowths resulting from excessive develop- 
ment. In ethnology, maternal relationship. 

Encanthis (en-kan'-this) [kv, in; navtioq, canthus]. 
A reddish-colored morbid growth in the inner canthus 
of the eye. 

Encapsulation (en-hap-su-la'-shun) [en, in ; capsula, 
a capsule]. Fixation as in a capsule; the absorption 
of a bacillus in a giant-cell ; the enclosure of a for- 
eign body in a tough sheath. 

Enceinte (on(g)-sant') [Fr. , incincta, girdled]. With 
child ; pregnant. 

Encephal (en-sef'-al). Same as Encephalon, q. v. 

Encephalalgia (en-sef-al-al' -je-ah) [kyukipakoc, the 
brain; aXyoc, pain]. Pain in the head. 

Encephalatrophic ( en-sef-al-at-rof -ik ) [kyK.t<pa7.oc, 
brain ; arpopia, wasting]. Relating to brain-atrophy. 

Encephalic (en-sef-al'-ik) [kyKkipa'Aoc, the brain]. Per- 
taining to the encephalon. 

Encephalin (en-sef ' -al-in) [kyr.kfyaTiOc, the brain]. A 
nitrogenous glucosid extracted from brain-tissue. 

Encephalion (en-sef-a' -le-on) [dim. of kynk(ba~Aoc, the 
brain]. The cerebellum. 

Encephalitic (en-sef-al-it'-ik) [kyitkfaTior, the brain ; 
trie, inflammation]. Relating to or affected with en- 
cephalitis. 

Encephalitis (en-sef-al-i'-tis) [kyuktyaXoc, brain ; itlc, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the encephalon; 
brain-fever. 

Encephalocele (en-sef'-al-o-sel) [kyutyakoc, brain; 
Kr/lrj, tumor]. A hernia of the brain through a 
cranial fissure. 

Encephalocoele (en-sef / -al-o-sel) [syKec/iaXo^, brain; 
Koi'/ia, hollow]. A ventricle of the brain. 

Encephalodialysis (en-sef-al-o-di-al'-is-is) [kyid<l>a7.oc, 
brain ; <ha?.vaic, dissolution]. Softening of the brain. 

Encephalodynia ( en-sef-al-o-din' -e-ah ) [kyuktyaXoc;, 
brain; bfi'vvri, pain]. Same as Encephalalgia. 

Encephaloid (en-sef'-al-oid) [k) nkQa'Aor , brain; ddoc, 
like]. 1. Resembling brain-tissue. 2. Soft carci- 
noma. See Carcinoma. 

Encephalolith (en-sef'-al-o-lith) [kyKefaXoc, brain ; 
XiBoc, stone]. A calculus of the brain ; a brain-stone. 

Encephalolithiasis (en-sef-al-o-lith-i' -as-is) [kyuiQaAoc, 
brain; AiHlaaic, the formation of calculi]. The form- 
ation of brain-stones. 

Encephalology (en-sef-al-ol'-o-je) [kyK.ktya'koc, brain ; 
?:6~}oc, science]. The anatomy, physiology, and path- 
ology of the brain. 

Encephaloma (en-sef-al-o'-mah)[k.yK.k<S><ikoc, brain; bixa, 
tumor: //., Encephalomata~\. I. Tumor of the brain ; 
hernia cerebri. 2. Encephaloid carcinoma. 

Encephalomalacia (en-sef-al-o-mal-a' -se-ah) [kyucipa- 
'koc, brain; fiaXaaia, softening]. Softening of the 
brain-substance. 



ENCEPHALOMERE 



423 



ENDEXOTERIC 



Encephalomere (en-sef'-al-o-mer) [kyui^aTuog, brain; 
flew, share]. Any one of the succession of natural 
segments of axial parts into which the brain is divis- 
ible. 

Encephalometer (eti-sef-al-om'-et-er) [kyKe<j>aloc, brain; 
fiirpcw, measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
cranium and locating certain brain-regions. 

Encephalo-myelopathy {cn-scf -al-o-mi-el-op' -ath-e) 
[kyuitpaAor, brain; pveXoc, marrow; xddoc, disease]. 
Any disease that is both an encephalopathy and a my- 
elopathy ; any cerebro-spinal disease. 

Encephalon (en-sef'-al-ori) [kv, in; Keipah'/, the head]. 
The contents of the cranium. The brain. 

Encephalonarcosis (en-sef-al-o-nar-ko' -sis) [kyKktyakoe, 
brain; vaptcdeiv, to benumb]. Stupor from some 
brain-lesion. 

Encephaloncus (en-sef-al-ong'-kus) [kyukfyaAoc, brain ; 
oyaoc, a tumor]. See Encephalophyma. 

Encephalopathy (en-sef-al-op' -ath-e) [kyuktydkoc, brain ; 
■kqBoc, disease]. Any disease of the brain. 

Encephalophyma ( en-sef-al-o-fi' -mah ) [ eyntyaXog, 
brain ; <pi>pa, a growth]. A tumor of the brain. 

Encephalorrhagia (en-sef-al-or-a'-je-ah) [ky^akoc, 
brain ; pr/yvvvai, to break forth]. Cerebral hemorrhage. 

Encephalotome {en-sef -al-o-tom) [kyukipa'Aor , brain ; 
rofir/, section]. An instrument for slicing the enceph- 
alon for examination or preservation. 

Encephalotomy [en-sef-al-of ' -o-me) [kyickipaXor, brain ; 
to/it/, section]. I. The anatomy or dissection of the 
brain ; surgical incision of the brain. 2. Obstetric 
craniotomy. 

Enchondroma (en-kon-dro' -mali) [kv, in ; xdvUpoc, car- 
tilage ; btia, tumor : pL, Enchondromata]. I. A tu- 
mor arising from or resembling cartilage in texture, 
etc.; chondroma. 2. A cartilaginous growth within an 
organ or tissue. 

Enchondrosis (en-kon-dro' -sis) [£?', within ; ^dirSpoc, 
cartilage : //. , Enchondroses] . An outgrowth of cart- 
ilage from an osseous or cartilaginous structure ; the 
process by which an enchondroma is developed. 

Enchylema (en-ki-le' -mali) [kv, in ; ;f«/l<5c, juice]. In 
biology, the basal substance of a cell-nucleus (Kern- 
saft) ; it is a hyaline, fluid, granular substance, con- 
taining the other nuclear elements. 

Enchymatous (en-kim' -at-us) [kv, in ; %eiv, to pour]. 
In biology, applied to cells that are distended by in- 
fusion, as glandular epithelia. 

Enclave (en-klav' , on{gyklahv')[Yx.\ Any substance 
enclosed within a foreign tissue, as an oil-globule in a 
cell ; any exclave (a. v.) considered in relation to the 
part that surrounds it. 

Enclavement (on(g)-klahv'-mon(g ) )[Fr.]. Retention 
due to a constriction ; impaction, as of the head in 
the pelvic strait. 

Enclitic (en-klit'-ik) [kyKkniK.6c, leaning on]. Not 
synclitic. 

En Clou (pn{g)-kloo') [Fr.]. See Cultzire. 

Encoleosis (en-ko-L 1 '-o-sis) [kv, in ; noAeoc, sheath] . 
Invagination. 

Encolpitis (en-kol-pi' -tis) [kv, in; koX-koc, vagina]. 

Mucous vaginitis. 
Encraty (cn'-kral-e) [iy/cpd-ma, mastery]. Self-control; 

continence or strict temperance. 
Encyclic, Encyclical (en-sik'-lik,en-sik'-lik-al)[kv, in; 
kvkAoc, a circle]. In biology, applied to flowers having 
the organs arranged with an equal number of parts, in 
alternate whorls ; isomerous. 
Encysted (en-sist'-ed) [kv, in ; Kvar/c, a bag] . Enclosed 
in a cyst, or capsule. Aneurysms, hernias, or tumors 
may become encysted. 
Encystment (en-sisf '-men/) [kv, in; kvotcc, a bag]. 
The process of becoming encysted. 



End [ME., cnde~\. The terminal point of a thing. E.- 
bud, or E.-bulb, the terminal bulb of a nerve in the 
skin. E.-bulb of Krause. See Corpuscle. E. -plate, 
the expanded terminal of a motor nerve upon a bundle 
of muscular fibers. E. -organ, the general name for 
the terminal organ or part of a sensory nerve-fiber, of 
whatever kind. 
Endangeitis (end-an-je-i' ' -tis) [ivSov, within ; a) yelov,. 
vessel; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the en- 
dangium. 
Endangium, or Endangeion (end-an'-Je-um, -on) 
\lv60v, within; ayyelov, vessel]. The intima or in- 
most coat of a blood-vessel. See Intima. 
Endanthem (end-an' -them) [iv&ov, within ; avdeiv, to 

bloom]. A term applied to a mucous exanthem. 
Endarteritis (end-ar-ter-i' -tis) [kvdov, within ; aprr/pia, 
artery; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
intima, or innermost coat of an artery. The acute 
form is rare, and only occurs in the aorta and the 
larger arteries. Ulceration is very rarely present. 
The chronic form, also named Atheroma, and Arteritis 
deformans, is a peculiar change or degeneration occur- 
ring in the arterial coats of the aged, and is preceded 
by a fatty degeneration of the tissues of the arteries. 
Syphilis is supposed to play an important part in the 
production of this condition. The immediate cause, 
however, is mechanical irritation due to the force of 
the circulation. The fatty debris and the cholesterin that 
are formed during the degenerative process accumulate 
in spaces beneath the intima and constitute the so- 
called atheromatous abscesses. The so-called athero- 
matous ulcer is formed by one of these abscesses break- 
ing through the intima. The sequela; of atheromatous 
degeneration are very grave. Aneurysm, thrombosis, 
embolism, and apoplexy frequently result, and hence, 
the ultimate prognosis is bad. Arterio-capillary 
Fibrosis, or Arterio-sclerosis, is a peculiar change 
occurring in the small vessels throughout the body, 
and consisting in a thickening of the adventitia 
and intima by a deposit of a hyaline-fibroid material 
which diminishes the caliber of the vessels, increases 
the arterial tension, and thus gives rise to the hyper- 
trophy of the heart that is present in this condition. 
Endeictic (cn-dik' -tilt) \kv, in; deucvvvai, to show]. 

Symptomatic ; serving as an indication. 
Endeixis (en-dlks' '-is) [evSu^a;, a pointing out]. A 

symptom, sign, or indication. 
Endemann and Prochazka's Test. See Tests. 
Endemic (en-dem' -ik) \kv, in ; &ripoe, a people]. A 
term applied to diseases that exist among small num- 
bers of persons or within a limited area. An endemic 
disease may or may not become epidemic ; it is in 
general due to some local cause. E. Colic. See Colic. 
Endemicity, or Endemism (en-dem-is'-it-e, or en'-dem- 
izm) [kv in; fii/por, a people]. The quality of being 
endemic. 
Endemiology (en-dem-e-ol' -o-je) [kv, in; 6rjjioc, a peo- 
ple; Xdyor, science]. The science of'endemic diseases. 
Endepidermis [end-ep-e-der' -mis) [ev6or within ; ett'i, 
upon; Seppa, the skin]. The inner layer of the epi- 
dermis. 
Endermatic (en-der-mat'-ik) [kv, in ; Stppa, the skin]. 
Within the skin. Pertaining to a method of adminis- 
tering medicines through the skin, by rubbing, etc. 
Endermic (en-der'-mik). Same as Endermatic. 
Enderon (en'-der-on) [kv, in; dkpoc, skin]. The true 
skin or derm, together with the non-epithelial portion 
of the mucous membrane. 
Enderonic (en-der-on' -ik) [kv, in ; dkpoc, skin]. Per- 
taining to or of the nature of the enderon. 
Endexoteric (en-deks-o-ter' -ik)[kvfinv , within; k^urepiK6g, 
outer]. Due both to internal and external causes. 



ENDO- 



424 



ENDOCHORION 



Endo- (end'-o-) \iv8ov, within]. A prefix, meaning 
within. 

Endo-arteritis (en-do-ar-ter-i' 'tis). See Endarteritis. 

Endo-auscultation (en-do-aws-kul-ta'-shun) [ivdov, 
within; auscultare, to listen to]. A method of 
auscultation devised by Bianchi by using the ordinary 
esophageal tube passed into the stomach, to auscult 
the gullet and stomach, and through them, to a certain 
degree, the heart and lungs. 

Endoblast (en' -do-blast) [ivdov, within; P"kaoToc, a 
germ]. The cell-nucleus, or cytoblast. See Hypo- 
blast. 

Endoblastic (en-do-blas'-tik) [ivdov, within ; piaardg, 
a germ]. Relating to the endoblast. 

Endocardiac, Endocardial (en-do-kar'-de-ak, en-do- 
kar'-de-al) [ivdov, within; napdia, the heart]. Re- 
lating to the endocardium ; situated within the heart. 

Endocarditic (en-do-kar-dit'-ik) [ivdov, within ; napdia, 
the heart]. Pertaining to or affected with endocar- 
ditis. 

Endocarditis (en-do-kar-di' -tis) [ivdov, within ; napdia, 
the heart; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
endocardium or lining membrane of the heart. Acute 
rheumatism is the most frequent cause, though pneu- 
monia, gout, or any infectious disease may precede. 
The valves are nearly always the parts affected, and 
usually those of the left heart. The disease is prone 
to terminate fatally or result in permanent injury to 
the valves. Fibrinous deposits or vegetations project 
into the cavity of the heart ; the thickened endocar- 
dium is liable to become atheromatous, with chronic 
ulceration. Acute endocarditis may be divided into 
simple and malignant. Chronic endocarditis includes 
chronic disease of the valves of the heart. There is a 
fibrous or cirrhotic thickening of the latter, associated 
with contraction and calcification. Usually this 
chronic disease, like the acute, is confined to the left 
heart, and it is generally rheumatic in origin. E., 
Malignant or Ulcerative. Also called diphtheric, 
infectious, and septic endocarditis. A rapidly fatal 
type due to septic infection. It is marked by high fever, 
chills, and profound prostration. This is followed by 
the development of a murmur, purpuric skin-eruptions, 
hematuria, delirium, convulsions, hemiplegia, enlarge- 
ment of the spleen, the typhoid state, and death. 
Frequently no cause can be found. Ulcerations are 
found around and in the valves, and in these ulcers 
micro-organisms are present in large quantities. E. 
polyposa, a form of ulcerative endocarditis in which 
there is an excessive deposit of fibrin, producing poly- 
poid masses. E. pustulosa, a form of ulcerative en- 
docarditis in which minute abscesses occur in the 
substance of the valves. E., Simple, the ordinary 
variety of acute endocarditis, usually associated with a 
mitral systolic murmur. E., Chronic, associated with 
valvular lesions. The following forms are met with : 
I. Aortic Incompetence ; 2. Aortic Stenosis or Obstruc- 
tion ; 3. Mitral Incompetence ; 4. Mitral Stenosis ; 
5 . Pulmonary Incompetence ; 6. Pulmonary Stenosis 
or Obstruction ; 7. Tricuspid Incompetence ; 8. Tri- 
cuspid Stenosis ; 9. Combined valvular disease. Aortic 
Incompetence is produced by a retraction of the 
edges of the valves, which have become rigid and 
thickened ; as a result the aorta is not shut off from 
the left ventricle during the diastole, and there is a 
leaking backward of blood into that cavity. A diastolic 
murmur is thus produced. This is frequently associ- 
ated with a marked degree of arterio-sclerosis. Sud- 
den death occurs in aortic incompetence more 
frequently than in any other valvular affection. The 
pulse is the so-called Corrigan or water-hammer pulse. 
Aortic Stenosis or Obstruction is due to thickening 



and curling, with calcification of the valves. This usually 
occurs in the aged. A systolic murmur is produced, 
accompanied in the late stages of the disease by a 
tendency to syncope, giddiness, and anemia. The 
pulse is slow and small, but regular. Mitral Incom- 
petence, the most frequent of all valvular lesions, is 
due to curling of the valve -cusps or to shortening of 
the chordae tendinese. There is usually produced an 
immense hypertrophy of the walls of the ventricles. 
Late in the disease compensation fails and general 
edema ensues. Dyspnea is a frequent symptom, 
associated with cyanosis and albuminuria. The mur- 
mur is systolic in time ; the pulse is normal during the 
stage of compensation, afterward small and irregular. 
This is a common form among children. Mitral 
Stenosis, due to fibrous thickening and contraction 
of the mitral cusps. The opening may be reduced to 
a mere fissure. If due to a thickening and shortening 
of the chordae tendinese the thickened and adherent 
valves are drawn in a funnel-shape toward the floor 
of the ventricle. Mitral stenosis usually occurs in 
women. A presystolic murmur is produced, associ- 
ated with duplication of the second sound. Pul- 
monary Incompetence, the rarest of valvular 
diseases, may be due to congenital abnormalities, or 
may follow some diseased condition, as malignant 
endocarditis. The murmur is diastolic in time. Pul- 
monary Stenosis or Obstruction, usually congenital, 
is due to fetal heart-disease. The patients usually die 
before they are ten or twelve years old. A systolic mur- 
mur is produced. Tricuspid Incompetence is due to 
endocarditis or to dilatation of the right ventricle and 
tricuspid orifice. Compensation is never adequate, and 
hence venous stasis, cyanosis, and dropsy soon follow. 
A systolic murmur is produced. Tricuspid Sten- 
osis is a rare condition and usually secondary to mitral 
stenosis. It is marked by a presystolic murmur. Com- 
bined Valvular Disease ; frequently two of the fore- 
going murmurs may coexist. The most usual combi- 
nations are as follows: I. Aortic obstruction and 
regurgitation ; 2. Mitral obstruction and regurgitation ; 
3. Mitral obstruction and tricuspid regurgitation ; 4. 
Aortic obstruction and mitral regurgitation; 5- 
Double valvular disease at aortic and mitral orifices 
(four murmurs) . E. ulcerosa, the ulcerative form of 
endocarditis. E. verrucosa, a form of endocarditis 
characterized by the production of endocardial vegeta- 
tions situated mostly upon the curtains of the cardiac 
valves. It is seen usually upon the left side of the 
heart. 

Endocardium ( en-do-kar' -de-um ) [ ivdov, within ; 
napdia, the heart]. The colorless, transparent mem- 
brane lining the interior of the heart. 

Endocarp (en' -do-harp) [ivdov, within ; nap-oc, fruit]. 
In biology, the inner hard and stony membranous or 
fleshy layer of a pericarp ; e.g., the stone of a peach. 

Endocarpoid (en-do-kar' -poid). In biology, applied to 
lichens that have the apothecia immersed in the thallus. 

Endocelarium ( cn-do-se-la' -re-um ) [ ivdov, within ; 
KoCkia, the belly]. In biology, the visceral epithelium 
of the body-cavity. 

Endocervical (en-do-ser'-vik-al ) [ivdov, within ; cervix, 
neck]. Relating to the inside of the uterine cervix. 

Endocervicitis ( en-do-ser-vis-i' -lis ) [ evdov, within ; 
cervix, neck; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation 
within the canal of the cervix uteri. 

Endochondral ( en-do-kon'-drat) [ ivdov, within ; 
Xdvdpor, cartilage]. Situated or occurring within a 
cartilage. 

Endochorion (en-do-ko'-re-on) [ivSov, within ; x°P i0V > 
the chorion]. The inner chorion ; the vascular layer 
of the allantois. 



ENDOCHORIONIC 



425 



ENDONEURIAL 



Endochorionic (en-do-ko-re-on'-ik) [evdov, within ; 
Xdpiov, the chorion]. Relating to the endochorion. 

Endochrome [en/ -do-kroni) [evdov, within; [xptifia, 
color]. In biology, the coloring-matter, other than 
green, of the endoplasm of a cell, or that of diatoms 
or of flowers. 

Endochylema (en-do-ki'-lem-ah) [ivdov, within; x^oc, 
juice]. In biology, the semi-fluid substance filling 
the protoplasmic reticulum of a cell. 

Endochyme (en'-do-kim) \_iv6ov, within ; ^'D/zdc, juice]. 
In biology, the formative cell-sap elaborated from the 
chyme. 

Endoclinal (en-do-kli'-nal) [ ivdov, within; n/Xiveiv, 
to lean]. In biology, having the clinode, an organ 
analogous to the hymenium, inclosed in a conceptacle. 

Endocolpitis (en-do- kol-pi' -tis) [evdov, within ; ko/U-oc, 
vagina]. Same as Encolpitis. 

Endocone (en'-do-kon) [evdov, within ; ncbvoc, cone]. 
In biology, one of the internal cones formed by the 
siphon-sheaths in certain cephalopods. 

Endocranitis (en-do-kra-ni' -tis) [evdov, within ; upavlov, 
the skull ; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
endocranium ; pachymeningitis externa. 

Endocranium ( en-do-kra' -ne-um ) [ ivdov, within ; 
upaviov, the skull]. That part of the cerebral dura 
that adheres to the inner surface of the cranial bones. 
One of the processes projecting into the cephalic cav- 
ity, as the tentorium or cephalopJirag7na. 

Endocyemate (en-do-si' '-em-at) [ivdov, within ; niiy/ia, 
an embryo]. In embryology, applied to that form of 
development in which the embryo is invaginated in a 
fold of the blastodermic membrane, an amnion being 
formed ; the opposite of Epicyemate. 

Endocyesis (en-do-si-e'-sis) [evdov, within; nve'iv, to 
conceive: //. , Endocyeses~\. In biology, the process 
that gives rise to an endocyemate embryo. 

Endocyma (en-do- si' '-mak) [ivdov, within ; nvfia, a fe- 
tus]. A form of double monstrosity in which the 
parasite is contained within the body of the autosite. 

Endocyst (en'-do-sist) [ivdov, within; kvgtlc, bladder]. 
In biology, the endoderm or inner layer of the 
cenecium or common dermal system of a colony of 
Polyzoa. See Ectocyst. 

Endoderm (en' -do-derm) [ivdov, within; dippa, skin]. 
In biology, the simple nutritive cell-layer lining the 
cavity of the primitive intestine, the enteron, and its 
modifications or derivatives. The vegetative germi- 
nal layer. See Blastoderm. 

Endodermis (en-do-der' '-mis) [ivdov, within ; depfia, 
skin]. In biology, the layer of cells surrounding a 
fibro-vascular cylinder. 

Endodontitis (en-do-don-ti' -tis) [ivdov, within ; bdovc, a 
tooth; ltlc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
lining membrane of a tooth. 

Endogastritis (en-do-gas-tri' -tis) [ivdov, within; yaari/p, 
stomach; ltlc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
mucous membrane of the stomach. 

Endogen (en'-do-jen) [ivdov, within; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. A plant, the growth of which is by means 
of new matter deposited in the interior of the trunk 
or branch. A member of one of the great primary 
classes of flowering-plants ; a monocotyledon. See 
Exogen. 

Endogenous (en-doj' -en-ns) [evdov, within; yevric, pro- 
ducing]. In biology, applied to the stems of mono- 
cotyledons and their manner of. growth ; also to spore- 
formation or cell-formation inside of a parent-cell. 

Endognathal (en-dog' -na-thal) [evdov, within; yvadog. 
jaw]. In biology, applied to the pulpiform appenda- 
ges formed by the modification of the three terminal 
joints of the third thoracic limb in certain crustace- 
ans. 



Endognathion (end-og-na' -the-on) [ivdov, within ; yvd- 
Hoc, jaw]. The middle portion of the superior maxilla. 

Endogonium (en -do-go' -ne-um) [evdov, within; ^uvac, 
seed]. In biology, a gonidium formed inside of a re- 
ceptacle or parent-cell, as in the Saprolegniea , Muco- 
rini, Vaucheria. 

Endo-laryngeal (en-do-lar-in'-je-al) [evdov, within; 
/Xdpvji;, the larynx]. Within the larynx. E. Opera- 
tions, operations performed within the larynx. 

Endolemma (en-do-lem' -ah) [evdov, within; \kfifia, 
husk]. Same as Neurilemma. 

Endolymph (en'-do-limf) [ivdov, within ; lympha, 
water]. The fluid of the membranous labyrinth of 
the ear. 

Endolymphangeal (en-do-lim-fan' -je-al) [ivdov, with- 
in ; lympha, lymph; ayyelov, vessel]. Situated or 
belonging within a lymph-vessel ; as an endolym- 
phangeal nodule. 

Endolymphic (en-do-lim' '-fik ) [ivdov, within ; lympha, 
lymph]. Relating to or of the nature of endo- 
lymph. 

Endomersion (en-do-mer' -shun). See Objective. 

Endomesoderm (en-do-me' -so-derm) [ivdov, within ; 
piaog, middle ; dipfia, skin]. In biology, applied to 
two cells that appear on the side of the blastopore in 
the embryos of molluscs and annelids, giving rise by di- 
vision to the two primitive mesoderm cells, and to a 
portion of the lining of the mesenteron. 

Endometrial (en-do-me' -tre-al) [ivdov, within; fiijTpa, 
the womb]. Pertaining to the endometrium; situ- 
ated within the uterus. 

Endometritis (en-do-me-tri' -tis) [ivdov, within ; jii]Tpa, 
the womb; ltlc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the en- 
dometrium. E., Cervical, of the cervical portion. It 
gives rise to the condition known as erosion, ulceration, 
or granular degeneration of the cervix, a very frequent 
condition. There is leukorrhea, pain in the back, and 
congestion of the cervix and pelvic viscera, with metror- 
rhagia or menorrhagia, or both, together with some 
failure of the general health. This condition is due 
to traumatism, usually in parturition. E., Chronic 
Purulent, occurs in old women and is marked by an 
accumulation of pus in the uterine cavity with a pur- 
ulent leukorrhea. E., Corporeal, that of the body 
of the uterus. E., Decidual, of the decidual mem- 
brane of the impregnated uterus. It may be diffuse 
(thickening and development of connective tissue) or 
polypoid (with polypoid growths). E., Fungous, 
that in which the lining membrane is hypertrophied, 
with the formation of vascular granulations. This is 
also called hemorrhagic endometritis. E., Hemor- 
rhagic. See E. , Fungous. 

Endometrium (en-do-me' -tre-um) [ivdov, within ; /ir/rpa 
uterus]. The lining membrane of the uterus. 

Endometry (en-dom' -et-re) [ivdov, within ; fikrpov, 
measure]. The measurement of the interior of an 
organ or cavity, as of the cranium. 

Endomyocarditis (e7i-do-mi-o-kar-di' -tis) [ivdov, with- 
in ; uvr, muscle; Kapdia, heart; ltlc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of both endocardium and myocardium. 

Endomysial (en-do-miz'-e-al) [ivdov, within; p:vr, mus- 
cle]. Pertaining to or of the nature of endomysium. 

Endomysium (en-do-miz' -e-um) [evdov, within ; five, 
muscle]. The extension of the perimysium between 
the muscular fibers. 

Endonephritis (en-do-nef-ri'-tis) [evdov, within ; veeppor, 
kidney; ltlc, inflammation]. Synonym of Pyelitis. 

Endoneural (en-do-nu'-ral) [evdov, within; vevpov, 
nerve]. Relating to or situated within the interior of 
a nerve. 

Endoneurial (en-do-nu' -re-al) [ivdov, within ; vevpov, a 
nerve]. Relating to the endoneurium. 



ENDONEURIUM 



426 



ENDOSTOMA 



Endoneurium (en-do-nu'-re-um) [evdov, within ; vevpov, 
a nerve]. The connective- tissue sheath uniting the 
fibers of a fasciculus (or funiculus) of a nerve. 

Endoparasite (en-do-par' -as-lt ) [evdov, within ; napa- 
airoq, parasite]. An entozoan or internal parasite ; 
one living within its host. 

Endoparasitic (en-do-par-as-if -ik) [evdov, within; irapa- 
airor, a parasite] . Of the nature of an endoparasite. 

Endopatagium (en-do-pat-a' -je-uni) [evdov, within ; 
irarayelov, the border of a woman's gown]. In 
biology, that part of the wing-membrane of a bat 
lying between the body, the humerus, the lower ex- 
tremity, and a hypothetic line drawn downward from 
the elbow and intersecting the free margin of the 
membrane. (Allen.) 

Endopathic (en-do-path' -ik) [evdov, within ; nddoc, dis- 
ease]. Pertaining to the origin of disease from condi- 
tions or causes not derived from without. See Exo- 
p at hie. 

Endopericarditis (en-do-per-ik-ar-di' -tis) [evdov, within ; 
irepi, around ; napdia, the heart ; trie, inflammation] . 
Inflammation of both endocardium and pericardium. 

Endoperimyocarditis (en-do-per-e-mi-o-k a r-d i'-ti s) 
[evdov, within ; izepi, around ; uvc, muscle ; mpdia, 
heart; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of endocar- 
dium, pericardium, and myocardium. 

Endoperineuritis (en-do-per-e-nu-ri' -tis) [evdov, within ; 
TTspi, around ; vevpov, a nerve ; ltd;, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of both endoneurium and perineurium. 

Endophlebitis (en-do-fle-bi'-tis) [evdov, within ; <j>Miji, 
vein; inr, inflammation]. Inflammation of the inner 
coat of a vein or veins. 

Endophleum (en-do-fle'-um) [evdov, within ; <ft\x>wc, 
bark]. In biology, the liber, or inner bark ; bast. 

Endophragm (en' -do-fram) [evdov, within ; (ppay/xa, a 
partition]. In biology, a partition formed by the 
chitinous plates projecting inward from the lateral 
wall of the somites of a crustacean. 

Endophyllous (en-da- fit' '-us) [evdov, within ; <pv?i2,ov, 
leaf]. In biology, enclosed within a sheath, as the 
young leaves of monocotyledons. 

Endophyte (en'-do-flt) [evdov, within ; (pvrdv, a plant]. 
Same as Entophyte. 

Endophytous (en-dof -it-us) [evdov, within ; <j>vrdv, a 
plant]. In biology, applied to the larvae of certain 
insects that bore into the stems and roots of plants. 

Endoplasm (en'-do-plazm) [evdov, within ; nlaafia, a 
thing formed]. In biology, the inner granular pro- 
toplasm of a protozoan or of a histologic cell. 

Endoplast (en'-do-plast) [evdov, within ; TtXaaroc, 
formed]. In biology, the nuclear body of a proto- 
zoan ; the homologue of the nucleus of a histologic 
cell. (Huxley.) 

Endoplastule (en-do-plas'-till) [evdov, within ; irXaardc, 
formed]. In biology, a small oval or rounded body, 
often found attached to the endoplast of a protozoan ; 
the homologue of the nucleolus of a histologic cell. 
Cf. Entoblast. 

Endopleura (en-do-ploo' -rah) [evdov, within ; irXevpa, a 
rib: //. , E)idopleurce~\. In biology, the delicate 
seed-coat ; it is also called tegmen. 

Endopleurite (en-do-ploo' -rif) [evdov, within ; nlevpa, 
a rib]. In biology, one of the lateral apodemal par- 
titions arising from the interepimeral membrane con- 
necting every pair of somites in certain crustaceans. 

Endopodite (en-dop'-o-dlt) [evdov, within; wove, foot]. 
In biology, the inner of the two main divisions of the 
crustacean limb ; when fully developed it consists of 
seven joints, becoming in the thoracic region an am- 
bulatory limb. 

Endoptile (en-dop'-tii) [evdov, within; ■kt'CKov, feather, 
down, leaf]. Same as Monocotyledonous. 



Endorhizal (en-do-ri'-zal) [evdov, within; piC,a, root]. 
In biology, applied to monocotyledonous embryos hav- 
ing the radicle enclosed within a sheath. 

Endosalpingitis (en-do-sal-pin-ji' -tis) [evdov, within ; 
oa'AiTiy!;, trumpet, tube; uric, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the lining membrane of a Fallopian tube. 

Endosarc (en'-do-sark) [evdov, within ; aap^, flesh]. In 
biology, the inner protoplasm of a protozoan ; also ap- 
plied by Hincks to a tissue derived from the endocyst 
(the inner layer of the common dermal system of a 
colony of Polyzoa), and composed, for the most part, 
of fusiform cells, constituting the connection between 
the polypides. 

Endoscope (en'-do-skop) [evdov, within; anoirelv, to ob- 
serve] . An instrument for the examination of a body- 
cavity through its natural outlet. 

Endoscopy ( en-dos'-ko-pe ) [ evdov, within ; OKonelv, 
to observe]. The practice or process of using the 
endoscope. The examination of cavities or organs 
within the body by means of an endoscope. 

Endosiphon (en- do-si' -fun) [evdov, within ; o'mjhjv, a 
tube]. In biology, the inner siphon of a cephalopod. 

Endoskeleton ( en-do-skel'-et-un ) [ evdov, within ; 
aneXerov, a dry body]. In biology, as distinguished 
from exoskeleton, applied to the internal skeletal 
structures of any animal, whether they are bony, car- 
tilaginous, chitinous, calcareous, or silicious, if covered 
by flesh and integument. 

Endosmometer ( en-dos-mom' '-et-er ) [ evdov, within ; 
oo/zdc, a thrusting ; fi'erpov, a measure] . An instru- 
ment for measuring endosmosis. 

Endosmose (en'-dos-mos). Same as Endosmosis. 

Endosmosis (en-dos-mo' -sis) [evdov, within; ioo/udc, 
impulsion]. The passage of a liquid from without in- 
ward, through a porous septum or diaphragm ; inward 
osmosis. See Osmosis. E., Electric, cataphoresis. 

Endosmotic (en-dos-mot'-ik) [evdov, within ; iiap.bg, a 
thrusting]. Pertaining to endosmosis. E. Equiva- 
lent, the weight of distilled water that passes into the 
flask of the endosmometer in exchange for a known 
weight of the soluble substance. This, e.g., for salt 
is 4.3 ; for sugar 7.1. 

Endosome (en'-do-som) [evdov, within ; abpa, body]. 
In biology, the inner layer of the body of a sponge, 
developed from the endoderm and associated meso- 
derm. 

Endosperm (en' -do-sperm) [evdov, within ; avrepiia, 
seed]. In biology, the albumin of a seed. 

Endospore (en' -do-spor) [evdov, within; airopoq, seed]. 
In biology, (1) a bacterium-spore formed by free cell- 
formation, as distinguished from an arthrospore ; (2) 
the inner coat of a spore. 

Endosteal (end-os'-te-al) [evdov, within ; bareov, a. 
bone]. Relating to endosteum. 

Endosteitis (end-os-te-i'-tis) [evdov, within ; bareov, a 
bone; tr/c, inflammation]. Inflammation of the endos- 
teum. 

Endosternite (en-do-ster'-nlt) [evdov, within ; arepvov, 
the breast -bone]. In biology, a sternal piece of the 
endothorax developed to support a series of muscles in 
various arthropods. 

Endosteum (end-os' -te-um) [evdov, within ; bareov, 
bone] . The vascular membranous layer of connective 
tissue lining the medullary cavity of bones ; the inter- 
nal periosteum. 

Endostoma (en-dos'-to-mak) [evdov, within ; arop.a, the 
mouth: //., Endostomata\ In biology, a structure 
found in certain crustaceans behind and giving support 
to the labrum. 

Endostorna (end-os-to' -mah) [evdov, within : bareov, 
bone : //. , Endostomata~] . A bony tumor within a bone, 
or in a cavity surrounded by bone. 



ENDOSTOME 



427 



ENNEANDER 



Endostome (oi'-do-stom) [ivScro, within ; oroua, the 
mouth]. In biology, the orifice of the inner coat of 
an ovule. 

Endostosis (end-os-to' '-sis) [evdov , within ; bareov, 
bone : pi. , Endosloses]. Ossification of a cartilage. 

Endostracum (en-dos' -trak-um) [evdov, within ; barpa- 
aov, shell]. In biology, the inner layer of the exo- 
skeleton of a crustacean. 

Endostyle (en' '-do-stll) [evdov, within ; orvAoe, a col- 
umn]. In biology, an organ for the secretion of 
mucus, forming the ventral edge of the branchial sac, 
and extending from the peripharyngeal bands ante- 
riorly to the posterior end of the sac of Ascidians ; it 
is also called the hypobranchial groove. 

Endotheca (en-do-the' -kali) [evdov, within ; Oi/Krf, a 
case : //. , Endothecce\. In biology, the inner layer of 
the lining investment of the visceral chamber of a coral. 

Endothecium [en-do-the' '-se-um) [b/dov, within ; t)/'/K>/, 
a case]. In biology, the tapetum or inner lining of an 
anther-cell. 

Endothelial (en-do-the' -le-al) [evdov, within ; 6>/a/'/, 
nipple]. Pertaining to endothelium. 

Endothelioid (en-do-the' -le-oid) [evdov, within; difXi/, 
a nipple ; eldog, form] . Resembling endothelium. 

Endothelio-inoma (en-do-the' -le-o-in-o' -mah) [evdov, 
within; Qrjlrj, a nipple; ic, a fiber; bfia, a tumor: 
//. , Endothelio-inomatd\. A malignant inoma or 
fibroma of endothelial origin. 

Endothelioleiomyoma (en-do-the' -le-o-li-o-mi-o' -mah) 
[evdov, within ; BrjAlj, nipple ; Xe log, smooth ; five, 
muscle; bfia, tumor: //. , Endothelioleiomyomata~\. 
Endothelial and malignant leiomyoma ; myosarcoma. 

Endothelioma (en-do-the-le-o' -mah) [evdov, within; 
drfAtj, a nipple ; bfia, a tumor : pi., Endotheliomatd\. A 
tumor of the endothelium, usually, if not always, a 
sarcoma or malignant growth. 

Endotheliomyxoma (en-do-the' -le-o-miks-o' -mall) [ev- 
dov, within ; Oijatj, nipple ; fib^a, mucus ; bfia, a tumor : 
//. , Endotheliomyxomata]. Endothelial and malignant 
myxoma. 

Endotheliorhabdomyoma(<?;2-</o-^ / -Z?-o-?-a(5-(/o-/«z-o / '- 
viak) [evdov, within ; 6r/A>'/, nipple ; pafidog, a rod ; 
/ivg, muscle; bfia , a tumor : pi. , Endotheliorhabdomyo- 
mata\. Endothelial and malignant rhabdomyoma. 

Endothelium (en-do-the' -le-um) [evdov, within ; difkr], 
nipple]. The internal lining membrane of serous, 
synovial, and other internal surfaces ; the homologue 
of epithelium. 

Endothermic (en-do-ther' -mik) [evdov within ; BepfO], 
heat]. Relating to the absorption of heat. E. Sub- 
stances, or Compounds, those of which the forma- 
tion is attended with an absorption of heat. 

Endothoracic (en-do-tho-ra' -sik) [evdov, within ; 6upa^, 
thorax]. Situated or occurring within the thorax. 

Endothorax (en-do-tho'-raks) [evdov, within ; flapa§, 
a breastplate; the chest]. In biology, the interior 
framework, or apodemal system of the cephalotho- 
racic region of a crustacean, furnishing processes for 
the support of the soft parts. 

Endyma (en'-dim-ah) [evdv/ia, garment]. The epen- 
dyma, or lining epithelial membrane of the ventricles 
of the brain, and of the cavity of the spinal cord. 

Endymal (en'-dim-al) [evdvfia, garment]. Relating to 
the endyma. 

Endysis (en'-dis-is) [evdvoiq, a putting on]. In biol- 
ogy, the process of acquiring plumage by a bird. 

Enecation (en-ek-a' -shun) [e, out; necare, to kill]. 
Destruction of life ; complete exhaustion. 

Enechema (en-ek-e'-mali) [ev, in; i/^r/pa, sound, ring- 
ing] Tinnitus aurium. 

Enecia (e-ne'-she-ah) [ijvenyc, continuous]. A con- 
tinuous fever. 



Enema (en'-e»i-ah) [eve/ia ; ev, in ; [kvai, to send : pi, , 
Enemata, Enemas']. A rectal injectionj'or therapeutic 
or nutritive purposes. 

Enepidermatic, or Enepidermic (en-ep-e-der-mat'-ik, 
or -der'-mik) [ev, in; 'eiridepfuc, the epidermis]. Per- 
taining to the treatment of disease by applications to 
the skin. 

Energy (en'-er-ge) [evepyeia ; ev, in ; epyov, work] . 
The power or force displayed by an organism. The 
capacity for doing work. E., Conservation of, the 
law that the various forms of energy can be trans- 
formed one into the other without loss. E., Kinetic, 
the power of a body in motion. E., Potential, the 
possible power of a body at rest. Physiologically, its 
measure is the amount of heat that may be obtained 
by complete combustion of the chemic compounds 
representing the potential energy. 

Enervate (e-ner'-vdt) [enervare, to weaken]. To 
weaken. 

Enervation (e-ner-va'-shun) [enervatio, weakness]. 

1. Weakness; lassitude; languor from lack of nerve- 
stimulus ; neurasthenia ; the reduction of the strength. 

2. The removal of a section of a nerve. 
Enervose (e-ner'-vos) [enervus, without nerves]. In 

biology, applied to leaves destitute of nerves or 
veins. 

Eneuresis (en-u-re' -sis). See Enuresis. 

Engagement-stage of Labor. See Descent-stage. 

Engastrius (en-gas' -tre-us) [ev, in; yaarr/p, belly]. A 
monstrosity in which one fetus is included within the 
peritoneal cavity of another. 

Engelmann's Middle Disc. A light disc, separating 
two darker discs of a muscle-case. It is also called 
Uensen's disc. 

Engenesis (en-Jen' -es-is) [ev, in ; yeveaOai, to be pro- 
duced]. In biology, the fourth of Broca's four de- 
grees of fecundity in the union of two species. Cf. 
Agenesis, Dysgenesis, Paragenesis. 

Engine (en'-Jin) [ME., engin, a mechanical contriv- 
ance]. An apparatus for producing some mechanical 
effect. E., Dental, a foot-power machine, embracing 
the following devices and combinations : The use of a 
flexible wire shaft, with a flexible sheath over it. See 
Dental Engine. E., Surgical, an electric or foot- 
power machine, used with a flexible wire shaft. It is 
employed in surgery, in drilling, boring, and smooth- 
ing bone, etc. 

Engle System. See Cremator. 

English (ing'-glish ) [ME., English]. Belonging or 
pertaining to England. E. Cholera. See Cholera. 
E. Disease. Synonym of Rhachitis. E. Position. 
See Postures, Table of. E.-red. See Colcothar and 
Venetian-red. E. Sweating Fever. _ See Anglicus 
sudor. E. Teeth, artificial teeth with beautiful color- 
ing, and soft translucency, rendering them well 
adapted for matching the natural teeth. 

Engomphosis (en-gom-fo' -sis) [ev, in; ydfixpog, nail]. 
Gomphosis, q. v. 

Engorged (en-gorjd') [Fr. , engorgement, a choking up]. 
Congested. E. Papilla. See Choked Disc. 

Engorgement (en-gorj' -nient ) [Fr. , engorgement , a 
choking up]. Over-distention of the vessels of a part, 
with stagnation of the circulation. Vascular conges- 
tion. 

Enlargement (en-larj'-ment). See Auxe, Auxesis, 
Hypertrophy. 

Enlarger (en-lar'-Jer). See Amplifier. 

Enneagynous (en-e-aj' -in-us) [evvea, nine ; ywi], a 
woman]. In biology, applied to flowers having nine 
pistils. 

Enneander (en-e-an'-der) [evvea, nine ; avr/p, a man]. 
In biology, applied to a flower having nine stamens. 



ENNEAPETALOUS 



428 



ENTEROCLYSTER 



Enneapetalous (en-e-ap-ef -al-us) [kvvka, nine; irkra/iov, 
a leaf]. In biology, applied to a flower having nine 
petals. 

Enneaspermous (en-e-as-per' -mus) [kvvka, nine; 
areppa, seed]. In biology, applied to fruits having 
nine seeds. 

Enodal (e-no'-dal) [e, priv.; nodus, a knot]. In biol- 
ogy, without nodes or joints. 

Enoinomania (en-oi-no-ma' -ne-ah) [kv, in ; cnvog, wine; 
fiavia, madness]. Delirium tremens. 

Enomania (e-no-ma' -ne-ah) [olvoc , wine ; navla, mad- 
ness]. Excessive use of or desire for intoxicating 
liquors ; insanity due to intoxication. Also, delirium 
tremens. See Methomania. 

Enophthalmia (en-off-thal' -me-ah) [kv, in ; bfdaXudg, 
eye]. Retraction of the eyeball in the orbit. 

Enophthalmos (en-off"-thal'-mos) \_iv, in ; b(p6aX)j.6c, 
the eye]. Recession of the eyeball into the orbit. 

Enosomania (en-os-o-ma' '-ne-ah) [evoaig, trembling ; 
fiavia, madness]. Insanity marked by terror, the 
patient expecting for himself the most dreadful visita- 
tions. 

Enostosis (en-os-to'-sis) [kv, in; bareov, bone]. A 
tumor within the medullary canal of a bone, or a bony 
tumor originating in bone. 

En Piqure (on(g) pik-eei-') [Fr.]. See Cul/ure. 

Ensate (en' -sat) \_ensis, a sword]. In biology, sword- 
shaped ; ensiform. 

Ensiform (en' -sif-orm) \_ensis, a sword ; fo}-ma, form]. 
Shaped like a sword. E. Appendix, the sword- 
shaped, cartilaginous process of the sternum ; the 
xiphoid cartilage. 

Ensisternal (en-sis-ter' -nal) [ensis, sword ; arkpvov, 
the breast-bone]. Pertaining to the ensisternum. 

Ensisternum (en-sis-ter' -nwn) \_ensis, sword ; arkpvov, 
the breast-bone]. The xiphisternum or ensiform 
cartilage. 

Ensomphalic (en-som-fal'-ik) [kv, in; a&fia, body; 
b/Mpa'Aoc, navel]. Pertaining to an ensomphalus. See 
also Teratism. 

Ensomphalus (en-som' -fal-us) [kv, in; aaaa, body; 
b/2(j>a'Adc, navel]. A double monstrosity, with practi- 
cally complete and functional organs, but united by 
some more or less superficial bond. 

Enstactum (en-stak 1 -turn) [kv, in ; ara&iv, to drop : 
pi. , Enstacta~\ . A liquid collyrium. 

Enstrophe (en' -stro-fe) [kv, in ; OTpktyeiv, to turn]. 
Inversion, as of the margin of an eyelid. 

Entad (en' -tad) [kvroc, within ; ad, to]. From with- 
out inward ; toward a center ; the opposite of Ectad. 

Ental (en'-tal) [kvroe, within]. A surface, aspect, or 
structure farther from the periphery or nearer the 
center than that with which it is contrasted. Deep, 
internal, profound. Compare the opposite, Ectal ; 
also Position and Direction, Table of. 

Entasia, or Entasis (en-ta' -se-ali , or en'-tas-is) [evraaic, 
a straining]. A generic term for spasmodic muscular 
action ; tonic spasm. 

Entatic (en-tat'-ik) [kvrara<6c, causing straining]. 
Causing spasm or strain ; aphrodisiac. 

Entera (cn'-ter-ah). Plural of Enteron, a. v. 

Enteradenography (cn-ter-ad-en-og'-ra-fe) [evrepov, 
intestine; adi/v, gland ; ypafeiv, to write]. A treatise 
on the intestinal glands. 

Enteradenology (en-ter-ad-en-ol' -o-je) [evrepov, intes- 
tine ; aSijv, gland; Aoyoc, science]. The anatomy, 
physiology, and pathology of the intestinal glands. 

Enteragra (en-ter-a' -grah) [evrepov, intestine; hypa, 
seizure]. Gout in the intestine. 

Enteralgia (en-ter-al'-je-ali) [evrepov, intestine ; akyoQ, 
pain]. Pain in the bowel's. E. infiammatoria. 
Synonym of Acute Intestinal Catarrh. 



Enterectasis (en-ter-ek' -tas-is) [evrepov, intestine ; 
enraaic, dilatation]. Dilatation of some part of the 
small intestine. 

Enterectomy (en-ter-ek' -to-t>ie) [evrepov, intestine ; 
enro/ir/, excision]. Excision of a part of the small 
intestine. 

Enterelcosis (en-ter-el-ko' -sis) [evrepov, intestine; 
e'Atcumc., ulceration]. Ulceration of the bowel. 

Enterepiplocele (en-ter-ep-ip' -lo-sel) [evrepov, intestine ; 
«7T(7r Aoov, caul ; K/'/lr), hernia]. Hernia in which both 
bowel and omentum are involved. 

Enterepiplomphalocele (en-ter-ep-ip-lom-fal' -o-sel) [ev- 
repov, bowel ; kninAoov, caul ; b/i<pa~Aoc, navel ; ttiflvq. 
hernia]. Umbilical hernia, with protrusion of the 
omentum. 

Enteric (en-ter'-ik) [kvrepinoc ; evrepov, bowel]. Per- 
taining to the intestines. E. Fever, typhoid fever. 
To demonstrate bacilli of enteric fever see Gaffky's 
Method and IVoodhead's Method, under Stains, Table 

°f- . 

Enterischiocele (en-ter-is' -ke-o-sel) [evrepov, intestine ; 

lox'tov, ischium ; Krfkri, hernia]. Intestinal hernia 
through the great sciatic notch. 

Enteritic (en-ter-if -ik) [evrepov, bowel ; trie, inflam- 
mation]. Relating to enteritis. 

Enteritis (en-ter-i'-tis) [evrepov, bowel ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the small intestine. E., 
Chronic Exudative. Synonym of £., Pseudo-mem- 
branous. E., Membranous. Synonym of £., Pseudo- 
membranous. E., Pellicular. Synonym of E., Pseudo- 
membranous. E., Pseudo-membranous, a non- 
febrile affection of the bowel, consisting in a peculiar, 
and usually persistent, morbid condition of the intes- 
tinal mucous membrane, marked by the periodic 
formation of viscous, shreddy, or tubular exudates 
composed chiefly of mucin, on the discharge of which 
temporary amelioration of the accompanying acute 
digestive-and nervous symptoms occurs. The disease 
appears mainly in middle life and usually in females. 

Entero- (en'-ter-o-) [evrepov, bowel]. A prefix denot- 
ing relation to the intestines. 

Entero-anastomosis (en'-ter-o-an-as-to-mo'-sis) [evre- 
pov, bowel; avaaroudeiv, to bring to a mouth]. The 
surgical creation of an anastomosis between two parts of 
the intestine ; or the union of two parts of the intes- 
tine after the excision of a segment. 

Enterobrosis (en-ter-o-bro'-sis) [evrepov, bowel ; fipa- 
aig, an eating]. Perforation or ulceration of the in- 
testine. 

Enterocele (en' -ter-o-sel)[ivrepov , bowel ; nijAr], tumor]. 
A hernia containing a loop of intestine. E., Rectal, 
having a covering of the rectal wall. E., Vaginal, 
having a covering of the vaginal wall. 

Enterocentesis (en-ter-o-sen-te'-sis) [ei'repov, intestine; 
Kevrrjcic, puncture]. Surgical puncture of the intestine. 

TLnterozh\oToryhy\(en'-ter-o-klo'-ro-Jil)[evTepov, bowel; 
XAupoc, yellowish-green ; QvXXov, a leaf], Mac- 
Munn's term for a chlorophyl found by him in the 
so-called livers of many invertebrates. 

Enterocholecystostomy (en-ter.-o-ko-le-sis-tos'-to-me) 
[evrepov, bowel ; X ^V> bile ; icvaric, cyst ; ar6fia, 
mouth]. Same as Cholecystenter ostomy. 

Entero-cholecystotomy (en-ter-o-ko-le-sis-tot'-o-me). 
Same as Cholecystenterotomy. 

Enterocleisis (cn-ter-o-klis'-is) [evrepov, bowel ; KAeloic, 
a closing]. Occlusion of the bowel. 

Enteroclysis (en-ter-ok' -lis-is) [evrepov, bowel ; kXvgic, 
a drenching] . Injection of nutrient-material into 
the intestine in cholera, collapse, etc. ; more generally, 
any rectal enema or clyster. 

Enteroclyster (en-t,r-o-/ciis'-ter) [evrepov, bowel ; kAvo- 
fia, a clyster]. A rectal clyster or enema. 



ENTERO-COLITIS 



429 



ENTEROSTOMY 



Entero-colitis (en-ter-o-ko-Ii'-tis) [b/repov, bowel ; 
ku'/cv, the colon; irc£, inflammation]. Inflammation 

of the small intestine and of the colon. 
Enterocystocele (en-ter-o-sis'-to-sil) [evrepov, intestine ; 
Kvar/c, bladder ; k//X//, tumor]. Hernia involving the 
urinary bladder and the intestine. 
Enterodynia (en-ter-o-din'-e-ah) [evrepov, bowel ; 

bdvvrj, pain]. Pain referred to the intestines. 
Entero-epiplocele (en' -ter-o-e-pip' -lo-sel). See Enter- 

epiplocele. 
Enterogastritis (en-ter-o-gas-tri'-lis) [evrepov, intes- 
tine ; yaori/p, belly ; trig, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the stomach and intestine. 
Enterogastrocele (en-ter-o-gas'-tro-sel) [evrepov, bowel; 
yaarr/p, belly; kIjItj, tumor]. A hernia containing 
the gastric and intestinal walls ; abdominal hernia. 
Enterography (en-ter-og' -ra-fe) [evrepov, intestine ; 
ypcHpEiv, to write] . A treatise on or a description of 
the intestines. 
Enterohematin (en-ter-o-he 1 -mat-in) [evrepov, intestine; 
aipdrivoc, of blood]. In biology, a coloring-matter 
found in many invertebrates (e.g., the livers of mol- 
luscs), the mother-substance of histohematin. It is 
the same as the Hemochiomogen and Helicorubin of 
Krukenberg. 
Enterohemorrhage (en-ter-o-hem' -or-dj) [evrepov, in- 
testine ; aipa, blood ; pr/yvbvai, to burst forth]. Intes- 
tinal hemorrhage. 
Enterohydrocele (en-ter-o-hi' -dro-sel) [evrepov, intes- 
tine ; vSup, water; k.tja.7), hernia]. Hydrocele compli- 
cated with intestinal hernia. 
Entero-ischiocele (en-ter-o-is' '-ke-o-sel) [evrepov, intes- 
tine ; lax'iov, ischium; KrfA-q, tumor]. Same as Enter- 
is chiocele. 
Enterolith (en' ' -ter-o-lith) [evrepov, bowel ; lidoc, a 

stone]. A concretion formed in the digestive-tube. 
Enterolithiasis (en-ter-o-lith-i' -as-is) [evrepov, bowel ; 
TuBlaaic, the formation of calculi]. The formation of 
intestinal calculi. 
Enterology (en-ter-ol' -o-je) [evrepov, bowel ; "koyoc, 
science]. The science of the intestinal viscera; the 
anatomy, physiology, pathology, and hygiene of the 
intestines. 
Enteromalacia (en-ter-o-mal-a'-se-ah ) [evrepov, bowel ; 
paAaKia, softness]. Pathologic softening of the bowel- 
walls. 
Enteromenia (en-ter-o-me' ' -ne-ah) [evrepov, bowel ; fif/v, 

month]. Vicarious menstruation by the bowel. 
Enteromerocele (en-ter-o-me' '-rose/) [evrepov, bowel ; 
pvpoQ, thigh ; kjjXt), hernia]. Femoral hernia involv- 
ing the intestine. 
Enteromesenteric (en-ter-o-mez-en-ter' '-ik ) [evrepov, 
bowel; p'eaoc, middle; evrepov, bowel]. Pertaining 
to the intestine and the mesentery. 
Enteron (en'-ter-on) [evrepov, intestine : //., Enterd\. 
I. The intestinal or alimentary canal, exclusive of 
those parts that are of ectodermal origin. 2. The 
intestine. 
Enteroncus (en-ter-ong' -kits) [evrepov, bowel ; byaor, 

mass]. A tumor of the bowel. 
Enteroneuria (en-ter-o-nu'-re-ah) [evrepov, intestine; 
vevpov, nerve]. An intestinal disease dependent upon 
some neurosis. 
Enteropathy (en-ter-op' -ath-e) [evrepov, bowel ; ■KaBoq, 

disease]. Any disease of the intestines. 
Enteroperistole (en-ter-o-per-is'-to-le) [evrepov, bowel ; 
rtepiGroXri , a winding about]. I. Peristaltic motion 
of the bowels. 2. Any constrictive obstruction of 
the intestinal-tube. 
Entero -peritonitis (en-ter-o-per-it-on-i' -tis) [evrepov, 
bowel; nepirdvawv , the peritoneum; trie, inflamma- 
tion]. Combined inflammation of the intestines and 



adjacent peritoneum ; inflammation of the peritoneal 
coat of the intestine. 

Enteropexia (en-ter-o-peks'-e-ah ) [Ivrepor, bowel ; 
7r?7f;c, fixation]. Fixation of a portion of the intes- 
tine to the abdominal wall, for the relief of enterop- 
tosis, splanchnoptosis, etc. 

Enterophlogia (en-ter-o-flo' -je-ah) [evrepov, bowel; 
o>o; ia, a burning]. Synonym of Acute Intestinal 
Catarrh. 

Enterophlogosis (en-ter-o-jlo-go' '-sis) [evrepov, bowel ; 
9/6} wove, a burning]. Synonym of Acute Intestinal 
Catarrh. 

Enterophthisis (en-tcr-off' -this-is) [evrepov, bowel ; 
tptiiotc, wasting]. Intestinal tuberculosis. 

Enteroplastic (en-ter-o-plas'-lik) [evrepov, bowel; 
■k'/mg-lkoc, formed]. Pertaining to enteroplasty. 

Enteroplasty (en' ' -ter-o-plas-te) [evrepov, bowel ; ir'kaa- 
aeiv, to form]. Any plastic operation upon the intes- 
tine to repair injuries of its walls. 

Enteroplegia (en-ter-o-ple' -je-ah ) [evrepov, bowel ; 
irXrjyij, a stroke]. Paralysis of the bowels. 

Enteroplex (en'-ter-o-pleks) [evrepov, bowel ; irAetjeiv, 
to interlace]. See Etiteroplexia. 

Enteroplexia, or Enteroplexy (en-ter-o-pleks' -e-ah , or 
en' -ter-o-pleks-e) [evrepov, intestine ; n'Ae^eiv, to inter- 
lace]. A method of treatment of wounds of the in- 
testine in which union of the bowel is obtained by 
different means, but particularly by an apparatus, the 
enteroplex , without the use of needle and thread. The 
enteroplex is formed of two aluminum rings so con- 
structed that they will fit the one into the other. 
These are inserted into the cut ends of the bowel, 
and then the two are pressed together, the intestinal 
walls being brought into apposition. 

Enteroproctia (en-ter-o-prok' '-she-ah) [evrepov, intes- 
tine ; irpunrds, anus]. The existence of an artificial 
anus, or of an opening into the bowel for fecal dis- 
charge. 

Enteroptosis (en-ter-op-to' -sis) [evrepov, bowel ; irruatg, 
a fall]. Glenard's term for a combination of neuras- 
thenia with gastro-intestinal disturbance and prolapse 
of the abdominal organs, particularly the transverse 
colon, with looseness of the mesenteric and peritoneal 
attachments. It is also called Splanchnoptosis. 

Enterorrhagia (en-ter-or-a' -je-ah) [evrepov, bowel ; 
prpjvvvai , to burst forth]. Intestinal he'morrhage. 
Excessive discharge of any kind from the intestine. 

Enterorrhaphy (en-ter-or'-a-fe) [evrepov, bowel ; pa<j>7/, 
suture]. Suture, or stitching, of the intestine. 

Enterorrhea (en-ter-or-e'-ah) [evrepov, intestine ; po'ia, 
a flow]. Diarrhea. 

Enterorrhexis (en-ter-or-eks' -is) [evrepov, bowel ; pri^tc, 
rupture]. Rupture of the bowel. 

Enterosarcocele (en-ter-o-sar' -ko-sel) [evrepov, intes- 
tine; cap!;, flesh ; Kf/7.rj, a hernia]. Intestinal hernia 
with sarcocele. 

Enterosepsis (en-ter-o-sep' -sis) [evrepov, bowel ; o-f/ipic, 
putrefaction]. Intestinal toxemia or sepsis. A con- 
dition of unusual activity in the contents of the intes- 
tinal canal, by which the ptomaines of putrefaction are 
produced in such manner, or in such quantity, that they 
are absorbed and give rise to a state of intoxication. 

Enterosis (cn-ter-o' -sis) [evrepov, bowel ; voaoc, dis- 
ease : pi. , Enteroses~\. Any intestinal disease. 

Enterostenosis (en-ter-o-ste-no' -sis) [evrepov, bowel ; 
orevuo/c, contraction]. Stricture or narrowing of the 
intestinal canal. 

Enterostomy (en-ter-os'-to-me) [evrepov, bowel ; aropa, 
mouth]. Incision and suture of the small intestine to 
the abdominal wall for introduction of food by this 
artificial mouth, in case of impossibility of food- 
entrance by the normal route. 



ENTEROTERATOMA 



430 



ENTOPLASTIC 



Enteroteratoma (en-ter-o-ter-at-o' '-tnah) [evrepov, 
bowel ; repac, monster; bfia, tumor]. A solid tumor 
of the umbilicus in new-born infants, composed of the 
remains of the omphalic duct. 

Enterotome (en' -ter-o-tom) [ivrepov, bowel ; Top.dc;, 
cutting]. The name of various instruments used in 
cutting-operations upon the intestine. 

Enterotomy (en-ter-ot'-o-me) \ivrepov, bowel ; te/iveiv, 
to cut]. Incision, dissection, or anatomy of the intes- 
tine. 

Enterozoon (en-ter-o-zo' '-on)\hvTzpov, intestine ; (,Ciov, an 
animal : pi., Enterozoa~\. A parasite of the intestine. 

Entheomania (en-the-o-ma' -ne-ah) [evdeog, inspired ; 
pavia, madness]. Mania in which the patient believes 
himself to be inspired ; religious insanity. 

Enthetic (en-thef -ik) \ivTiOkvai, to put in]. Intro- 
duced ; coming from without ; applied especially to 
syphilitic and other specific contagious diseases. The 
list of enthetic diseases given by Dr. Hartshorne, in 
Pepper's "System of Medicine," is as follows: I. 
Only produced by contact or inoculation — primary 
syphilis, gonorrhea, vaccinia, hydrophobia. 2. Con- 
tagious also by atmospheric transmission through short 
distances — variola, varioloid, varicella, measles, 
diphtheria, scarlatina, rdtheln, mumps, whooping 
cough, typhus, relapsing fever. 3. Endemic, occa- 
sionally epidemic — malarial fever, dengue, yellow 
fever. 4. The zymotic or enthetic diseases — influ- 
enza, cerebrospinal fever, erysipelas, puerperal fever, 
tropical dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, plague. 

Entiris (en-ti'-ris) [_kvToc, within ; Ipic, rainbow]. The 
uvea of the iris, forming its inner and pigmentary 
layer. 

Entoblast (en' -to-blast ) \Ivt6c, within; fi\actT6c, a 
bud, germ]. In biology, the nucleolus or germinal 
spot of a histologic cell. Cf. Endoplastule. 

Entobliquus (en~to-bli' -kwus) \jvt6c, within; obliquus, 
oblique]. The obliquus internus muscle of the abdo- 
men. See Muscles, Table of. 

Entobranchiate (en-to-brang' -ke-at) \_kvT6c, within; 
fipdyxta, gills]. In biology, having internal or con- 
cealed branchia. 

Entocarotid (en-to-kar-ot'-id) \ivrog, within; Kapog, 
stupor]. The internal carotid artery. See Arteries, 
Table of. 

Entocele (en'-to-sel) \kvT6c, within ; arjTirj, hernia]. 
Internal hernia (as through the diaphragm) ; ectopia ; 
morbid displacement of an internal organ. 

Entoceliac, or Entocelian (en-to-se'-le-ak, or en-to- 
se'-le-an) [evrdg, within; ttoiXia, hollow]. Situated 
within a brain-cavity or ventricle. 

Entochoroidea, or Entochorioidea (en-to-ko-roi'-de-an, 
or -ko-re-oi-de' -ali) \kvroq, within ; xopo?.i6i]q , like a 
membrane]. The inner lining of the choroid mem- 
brane of the eye, made up mainly of capillaries. 

Entocinerea (en-to-sin-e' -re-ali) [eitoc, within ; ciner- 
eus, ashy]. Cineritious or gray brain-substance sur- 
rounding the cavities of the brain and spinal cord. 

Entocondylar (e?i-to-kon'-dil-ar) \_kvr6g, within ; 
kovSvaoc, a condyle]. Pertaining to an inner condyle, 

Entocondyle (en-to-kon' -d'll) \_ivr6c, within ; kov6vXoc, 
a condyle]. An inner condyle, as of the humerus 
or the femur. 

Entoconid (en-to-ko'-nid ) \_kvr6c, within ; kuvoc, cone]. 
The inner and posterior cusp of a lower molar 
tooth. 

Entocornea (en-to-kor 1 '-ne-ali) [evrd?, within ; corncus, 
horny]. That part of Descemet's membrane that 
lines and adheres to the inner surface of the cornea. 

Entocuneiform (en-to-ku' '-ne-if-orm) \_kvr6g, within ; 
cuneus,a. wedge; forma, form]. The inner cunei- 
form bone of the foot. 



Entocyte (en'-lo-stt) \kvr6c, within; nvroc, cell]. The 
contents of a cell, including nucleus, nucleolus, granu- 
lations, etc. 

Entoderm (en'-to-derm) [ivruc, within; dep/ia, skin]. 
Same as Endoderm. 

Entoectad (en-to-ek 1 '-lad) [ivToq, within ; ektoq, exter- 
nal ; ad, to]. From within outward. 

Entogastric (en-lo-gas'-trik) [ivroc, within ; yaari/p, 
stomach]. Relating to the interior of the stomach. 

Entoglossal [en-to-glos'-al) [kvroc, within; yAuaaa, 
tongue]. Situated within the tongue. 

Entogluteus (en-to-glu-te' -us) [evtoc, within ; yAovroc, 
the rump]. The gluteus minimus muscle. See Mus- 
cles, Table of. 

Entojugular Vein (en-to-ju' -gu-lar) [£.vt6c, within ; 
jugular, a. little yoke]. The internal jugular vein. 
See Vein. 

Entomere (en'-io-mir) [kvros, within ; fiepoc, a part]. 
In embryology, one of the cells forming the center 
of the mass of blastomeres in the developing mam- 
malian ovum, the outer blastomeres being called 
edomeres. 

Entomion (en-to' -??ie-on) [evto/j,?/, notch]. See Cranio- 
mctric Points. 

Entomogenous (en-to-moj' -en-us) \iv-01xov, an insect ; 
yevr/g, produced]. In biology, applied to fungi growing 
upon or within insects. Cf. Entomophytous. 

Entomography (en-to- mog' -ra-fe) \ivrop.ov, an insect ; 
ypayscv, to write]. A written treatise on insects. 

Entomology (en-to-mol'-o-je) [ivrouov, insect; teyetv, 
to speak]. That department of zoology devoted to 
the description of insects. 

Entomophilous ( en-to-moff'-il-us ) \fvTop.ov, insect ; 
QiAeeiv, to love]. Insect-loving or insect-attracting. E. 
Flowers, flowers attracting insects by their secretions 
and thus securing cross-fertilization through the insects 
that carry the pollen to other flowers. 

Entomophytous (en-to-?noff''-it-us) [evro/wv, insect ; 
<J)vt6c, grown]. In biology, applied to fungi that 
grow upon or within the bodies of insects. Cf. Ento- 
mogenous. 

Entomosis (en-to-mo'-sis) [ivrouov, insect ; voaac, dis- 
ease]. Any disease due to parasitic insects. 

Entomotaxy (en-to-jno-taks' -e) [ivrojiov, insect ; rdf tc, 
arrangement]. The systematic preparation and 
arrangement of insects. 

Entomotomy (en-to-mot' -o-me) \lvrofiov, insect ; Tour], 
a cutting]. Insect anatomy. 

Entomozoaria (en-to-mo-zo-a' -re-ak) \fvrojiov, an in- 
sect ; C<joi>, a living being]. A type of bilateral 
animals nearly equivalent to the Arthropoda. 

Entonia (en-to' -ne-ah) \hvrovla, tension]. Rigidity or 
tension of a voluntary muscle ; tonic spasm. 

Entonic (en-ton' -ik) [ivrovla, tension]. Characterized 
by entonia, or by violent tonic spasm. 

Entoparasite (en-to-par' -as-it) \ivrbq, within ; Trapa- 
airoc, parasite]. An internal parasite ; an entozoan 
or entophyte. 

Entopectoralis (en-to-pek-tor-a' -lis) \ev~6c, within ; 
pectoralis, of the breast]. The pectoralis minor mus- 
cle. See Muscles, Tabic of. 

Entoperipheral (en-to-per-if -er-al) [hrog, within ; 
ire pipe peiv, to carry around]. Originating or situated 
within, and not upon the periphery. 

Entophthalmia (en-toff-thal' -me-ah) \svt6q, within ; 
b<btla~A.(iia, a disease of the eyes]. Inflammation of 
the internal parts of the eyeball. 

Entophyte (en' -to-fit) \ivroi;, within ; 6vrov, a plant] . 
An internal parasite of vegetable nature ; as a schizo- 
mycete or bacterium. 

Entoplastic (en-to-plas'-tik) [n>r<5c, within ; ■K\acauv, 
to form]. Same as Endoplastic. 



ENTOPLASTRON 



431 



EPENDYMAL 



Entoplastron (en-to-plas / -tron) [kvrdg, within ; plastron, 
a breastplate : //. , Entoplastra]. In biology, the 
internal clavicular scute, or anterior median piece of 
the plastron of a chelonian. 

Entoptic (en-top' -tik) \_evtuc, within ; otttikuc, pertain- 
ing to vision]. Pertaining to the internal parts of the 
eye. E. Phenomena, visual phenomena caused by 
peculiarities or imperfections of the eye itself, such as 
musas volitantes. 

Entoptoscopic (en-top-to-skop' -ik) \_kvr6q, within ; wi/), 
eye ; cuoire'iv, to inspect] . Relating to entoptoscopy. 

Entoptoscopy (en-top-tos'-ko-pe) [ivroc, within ; £>ip, 
eye ; ckotteIv, to inspect] . The investigation or 
observational study of the interior of the eye, or of 
the shadows within the eye. 

Entorectomy (en-tor-ek' -to-me) [svrepov, bowel ; inrofii], 
excision] . Resection of a diseased portion of the bowel. 

Entoretina (en-lo-retf -in-ah) [kvroc, within ; retina, 
retina]. The innermost layer of the retina, itself com- 
posed of five layers, and an inner limiting membrane. 

Entorrhagia (en-tor-a' -je-aK) [kvroc, within ; pr/yvvvai, 
to burst forth]. Internal hemorrhage. 

Entosternite (en-to-ster'-nlt). See Endostemite. 

Entosthoblast (en-tos' -tho- blast) \_ev6oa6s, from within ; 
jUaaroc, germ]. The supposed nucleus of a nucle- 
olus. 

Entostosis, or Entosteosis (en-tos-to'-sis, -tos-te-o' -sis) 
[kvrdq, within; bareov, bone]. An osseous growth 
within a medullary cavity. 

Entotic (en-tot 1 '-ik) [kvroc, within ; ovc, ear]. Pertain- 
ing to the internal ear. E. Phenomena, sounds 
caused by abnormalities of the auditory mechanism 
itself. 

Entotriceps (en-tot' -re-seps) [evrdc, within; rpe'ic, 
three; ae(pakij, head]. The internal head or division 
of the triceps muscle of the arm. 

Entozoal (en-to-zo' -al) [kvroc, within ; ?<2oj', an animal]. 
Caused by or dependent upon entozoa. 

Entozoon (en-to-zo' -on) [kvroc, within ; ^>ov, an ani- 
mal : pi. , Entozoa~\. An animal parasite living within 
another animal. 

Entrails (en' -trels) [M.E., entraile\ The bowels and 
abdominal viscera. 

Entropium (en-tro'-pe-wn). See Entropion. 




^m 



Entropion. 

Entropion (en-tro' -pe-on) [ev, in ; Tpe-rrsiv, to turn]. 
Inversion of the eyelid, so that the lashes rub against 
the globe of the eye, producing inflammation, pannus, 
etc. It may be cicatricial, organic, or spastic in origin. 
E., Superciliary, the incurvation of the hairs of the 
eyebrow into the palpebral fissure and against the 
conjunctiva, causing the same symptoms as are present 
in ordinary entropion. 

Enucleation (e-nu-kle-a' -shun) [e, out of; nucleus, a 
kernel]. The operation of exsecting or shelling-out 
from its seat or capsule a tumor, etc. E. of Eye, 
excision of the eyeball from the orbit. 

Enucleator (e-nu' -kle-a-tor) \_e, out of; nucleus, a ker- 
nel]. An instrument used in performing enucleation. 



Enuresis (en-u-re'-sis) [hovphiv, to be incontinent of 
urine]. Incontinence of urine. A frequent affection 
of early childhood, due to a variety of pathologic con- 
ditions, including the presence of ascarides, phimosis, 
and vulvitis. E. nocturna, involuntary emptying of 
the bladder during sleep. 

Envelop (cn'-vcl-op) [Fr. , enveloppc\. An investing 
membrane, or layer. 

Environment (en-vi'-ron-nnnt) [Fr. cnvironner, to 
surround]. The totality of influences acting upon 
the organism from without. See Evolution, Factors of. 

Enzootic (en-zo-ot'-ik) [ev, in, or among; r Cmv, animal]. 
Affecting beasts in a certain district ; as an enzootic 
disease. 

Enzooty (en-zo'-o-te) [ev, in, among ; C,Cmv, an animal]. 
An enzootic disease. 

Enzyme (en'-zlm) [kv, in; (v/i?/, leaven]. I. Kiihne's 
name for the soluble ferments. 2. Any ferment formed 
within the living organism. 3. Any chemic or hydro- 
lytic ferment, as distinguished from organized fer- 
ments, such as yeast. Enzymes are most active 
between 30° and 35 C, and are destroyed by boiling. 

Enzymic (en-zi'-mik) [ev, in ; r vjjct], leaven]. The na- 
ture of the action of an enzyme. 

Enzymosis (cu-zi-mo'-sis) [kv, in; fiy/i?, leaven]. The 
action of an enzyme. 

Enzymotic (cn-zi-mot'-ik) [kv, in; r vpr), leaven]. Per- 
taining to enzymes. 

Eonosos, or Eonosus (e-on'-o-sos, or -stts) [?jg)c, morn- 
ing; voaog, illness]. See Morning- Sickness. 

Eosin (e'-o-sin) [r/ua, the dawn], C, H g Br 4 O 5 . Tetra- 
bromfluorescein ; an important dye produced by the ac- 
tion of bromin on fluorescein suspended in glacial 
acetic acid. It occurs in red or yellowish-red crystals, 
and is used as a stain in histology. See Fuchsin. E. 
colors. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Eosinophile (e-o-sin'-o-Jil)[_eosin from ?/uc, dawn; QcAeiv, 
to love]. In bacteriology and histology, applied to mi- 
crobes or histologic elements showing a peculiar affin- 
ity for eosin-stain. 

Eosinophilous (e-o-sin-off ' -il-us) \fiuc, dawn ; <j>i?idv, 
to love]. Staining readily with eosin. Applied to 
certain granules in the lymphoid blood-cells that stain 
with acid anilin-dyes. 

Epactal (e-pak'-tal) [k-anrlx;, brought in]. Interca- 
lated ; supernumerary ; Wormian. E. Cartilages. 
See Cartilage. 

Epanetus (e-pan'-et-us) [kwaveroc, relaxing]. Remittent 
fever. 

Epanisognathous (ep-an-is-og'-na-tlius) \_errt, upon ; 
ai>/aoc, unequal ; yvaBoq, jaw]. In biology, having 
the upper teeth narrower than the lower ones. 

Epapophysis (ep-ap-off'-is-is) [f?n, upon ; a.7v6^voic, ap- 
ophysis]. A median process placed dorsad of the 
centrum of a vertebra. 

Eparterial (ep-ar-te'-re-al) [firi, upon ; apri/pia, artery]. 
Situated above an artery. 

Epaxial (ep-aks'-e-al) \_eiri, on ; axes, axis]. Situated 
or extending over an axis. 

Epencephal (ep-en'-sef-al). See Epencephalon. 

Epencephalic (ep-en-sef-al'-ik) \ini, on ; b/KetyaloQ, 
brain]. Pertaining to the epencephalon. 

Epencephalon (ep-en-sef -al-on) [Itti, on ; kyKi<j>aXoc, 
brain]. The after-brain or hind-brain; the cerebel- 
lum and pons taken together; or, as some define it, 
the cerebellum, pons, and oblongata taken together. 

Ependyma (e-pen'-dim-ah) [kirevfiv/ia, an upper gar- 
ment]. The lining membrane of the cerebral ventri- 
cles and of the central canal of the spinal cord ; 
endyma. 

Ependymal (e-pen' ' -dim-al) [kirivdvpa, an upper gar- 
ment]. Pertaining to the ependyma. 



EPENDYMITIS 



432 



EPICVESIS 



Ependymitis (e-pen-dim-i'-tis) [i.Trtv6vua, an upper 
garment; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
ependyma. 

Ephebic (ef-e'-bik ) [£^,3t/cdf, belonging to puberty]. 
Pertaining to youth, adolescence, or puberty. 

Ephebology (ef-e-bol'-o-je) [e0/?/3oc, youth ; Idyoc; , 
science]. The science of youth, adolescence, and 
puberty. 

Ephedra (ef'-e-drah) \_eiri, upon ; ZSpa, a seat]. A 
genus of gnetaceous plants with four N. American, 
several S. American, and many other species. See 
Tepopote. E. antisyphilitica, and E. trifurca, of 
Texas, etc., are used in gonorrhea, urethritis, and 
leukorrhea, and as vulneraries. E. andina, of S. 
America, and E. distachia (or vulgaris), E. equi- 
setina, E. flava, E. fragilis, and E. monostachya, 
of the old world, have similar properties. 

Ephedrin (ef'-e-drin) \hni, upon ; i6pa, a seat]. The 
active principle of Ephedra vulgaris, proposed as a 
mydriatic by Nagai. It is a cardiac depressant and 
harmless mydriatic. The dose of the hydrochlorate in 
collyria gr. ss in ^ iij distilled water. For instillation 
gtt. ij-iij. Unof. 

Ephelis (ef -el-is) \_k(j»)Xic; ini,on; r/Xoc, wart: pi., 
Ephelides']. A freckle. See Lentigo. 

Ephemera (ef-em' - er-ah) [kcfii/fiepoc;, daily]. The 
name given by old physicians to short and slight 
febrile attacks occurring in the lying-in period. 
These fevers were of frequent occurrence, and of 
slight significance. They indicated a small amount of 
septic infection. E. maligna. See Anglicus sudor. 

Ephemeral (e-fem'-er-al) [etpijpijpoi;, living a day]. 
Temporary. Applied to fevers that pass away in a 
day. 

Ephesis (ef'-es-is) [icbeaic;, a longing]. A longing; lust. 

Ephialtes (ef-e-al'-tez) [e<j>idXrrjg ; ini, upon ; iaXkeiv, 
to leap]. See Nightmare. 

Ephidrosis (ef-id-ro' '-sis) [kiri, upon ; 'idpuair, sweat- 
ing]. Perspiration. See Hyperidrosis. E. cruenta, 
bloody sweat. See Hematidrosis. E. flava, yellow 
sweat. E. lactea, white or milky sweat. E. nigra, 
black sweat. E. tincta. See Chromidrosis. E. 
viridis, greenish sweat. 

Ephippium (ef-ip'-e-um) [ktp'nrruov , saddle-cloth ; km, 
on; ?7T7roc, horse: //. , Ephippia~\. I. Same as Sella 
turcica. 2. In biology saddle-shaped capsules 
formed from the carapace of adult cladocera, and con- 
taining the winter (or ephippial) eggs. 

Epian (e'-pe-an) [Fr. , a raspberry]. The yaws; 
frambesia, q. v. 

Epiblast (ep'-e-blast) \_kni, upon; fiXaardg , a sprout]. 
The external or upper layer of the blastoderm, called, 
also, the ectoderm or tieuro-epidermal layer, from which 
is developed the central nervous system and epidermal 
tissues, including the epithelium of the sense-organs. 

Epiblema (ep-e-ble'-mah) \_kiri, upon; fiaXXeiv, to throw ; 
to throw over or to cloak]. In biology, the imper- 
fectly-formed epidermis in submerged plants and on 
the extremities of growing roots. 

Epibole (e-pib'-o-le). See Epiboly. 

Epiboly (e-pib'-o-le) [kiri, upon; (iaXkeiv, to throw]. 
In biology, a term introduced by Salenka to indicate 
the enclosure of the large yolk-mass by the overgrowth 
of cleavage-cells. Cf. Emboly. 

Epibranchial (ep-e-brang' -ke-al) [eiri, upon ; jipayxia, 
gills]. In biology, applied to various structures; as 
that portion of the carapace of a crustacean that forms 
part of the roof of the branchial chamber ; the terminal 
horn of the hyoid bone of a bird, etc. 

Epibulbar (ep-e-bul'-bar) [km, upon ; fiol(16<;, bulbus, 
bulb]. Situated upon the globe of the eye ; as an 
epibulbar tumor. 



Epicalyx (ep-e-ka'-liks) \_kni, upon ; k&Xv^, calyx: pi.. 
Epicalyces~\. In biology, an involucre resembling an 
exterior or accessory calyx. 

Epicanthis (ep-e-kati' -this) [krriKavdic: pi., Epican- 
thides~\. See Epicanthus. 

Epicanthus (ep-e-ka?i'-thus) [kni, on ; navdoc, angle of 
the eve] . A fold of skin passing from the nose to the 
eyebrow over the inner canthus of the eye. 

Epicardium (ep-e-kar' -de-um) [eTri, upon ; mpdia, 
heart]. The visceral layer of the pericardium. 

Epicarp (ep' -e-karp) [kiri, upon ; K.apn6c, fruit]. In 
biology, the outer skin of a fruit. 

Epicele, Epiccele (ep'-i-sel) [etu, upon; ttoikia, belly]. 
I. In biology, applied to such a body-cavity as that 
of vertebrates or that represented by the atrium of an 
ascidium. 2. The cephalic portion of the fourth ven- 
tricle, constituting the cavity of the epencephal. 

Epicentral (ep-e-sen'-tral) [kni, upon ; nevrpov, center]. 
In biology, adhering to a vertebral centrum, as some 
of the scleral spines in the herring. 

Epicerebral (ep-e-ser' -e-bral) [kni, upon ; cerebrum, 
the brain]. Situated over or on the cerebrum ; as the 
epicerebral space between the brain and the pia. 

Epichilium (ep-e-kil' -e-um) [km, upon ; x ei ^°S> lip, 
brim: pi. , Epickilia~\. In biology, applied to the 
upper portion of the lip of an orchid. 

Epichorion (ep-e-ko* '-re-on) [kni, upon; %6piov, the 
chorion]. I. The decidua reflexa. 2. The epidermis. 

Epiclidium (ep-e-klid' -e-um) [km, upon ; k'AeWiiov, 
clavicle: pi., Epiclidia']. In biology, a separate ossi- 
fication of the distal end of the clavicle in birds ; ac- 
cording to Parker it represents the precoracoid of rep- 
tiles. 

Epiclinal (ep-e-kli'-nal) \_enl, upon ; kTClvij, a bed]. In 
biology, placed upon the receptacle. 

Epiccelia (ep-e-se'-le-ah). See Epicele. 

Epicoma, Epicomus or Epicome (e-pik'-o-mah, 
e-pik'-o-mus, e-pik'-o-me) [siri, upon; k6/u), hair]. A 
parasitic monstrosity having an accessory head united 
to the principal fetus by the summit. 

Epicondylar (ep-e-kon' -dil-ar) [fir/, upon ; KbvUvXog, a 
condyle]. Relating to an epicondyle. 

Epicondyle (ep-e-kon' -dil) \1-ki, upon ; k6v6v2.oc, a 
condyle]. I. Any supracondylar eminence upon a 
bone, as the humerus. 2. Less correctly, the external 
condyle of the humerus. 

Epicondylo - cubitalis (ep-e-kon' -dil-o - ku-bit-a' -lis) 
\iiui(6vfiv)i0c, an epicondyle; cubitum, the elbow]. 
The anconeus muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Epicondylo-radialis (ep-e-kott' -dil-o-ra-de-a' -lis) \i~i- 
KbvivKoq, an epicondyle ; radius, the radius]. The 
supinator brevis muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Epicotyl (ep-e-kot'-ii) [_kiri, on ; KorvAr/duv , a cup-shaped 
hollow (cotyledon)]. In biology, the stem of a young 
plant between the cotyledons and the lowest true leaves. 

Epicranial (ep-e-kra' -ne-al) [f7ri, upon ; Kpaviov, the 
cranium]. Relating to the epicranium. 

Epicranium (ep-e-kra' -ne-um) [et/, upon ; Kpaviov, 
cranium]. The structures covering the cranium. 

Epicrisis (ep-e-kri'-sis) [cn'tup/oic., determination]. The 
phenomena of disease succeeding the crisis ; a sec- 
ondary crisis. 

Epicrusis (ep-e-kru'-sis) \_kni, upon; Kpoixjir, stroke]. 
I. Massage by strokes or blows; percussion; thera- 
peutic scourging. 

Epicyemate (ep-e-si-e'-mat) [kwi, upon; nvr/pa, an 
embryo]. In embryology, applied to that form of 
development in which the embryo remains outside and 
above the yolk-vesicle. It is characteristic of fishes 
and batrachians. 

Epicyesis (ep-c-si-e'-sis) [em, over; kveciv, to be preg- 
nant]. Superfetation. 



EPICYSTIC 



433 



EPIGLOTTIDITIS 



Epicystic (ep-e-sis'-tik) [ki, upon ; Kvarig, bladder]. 
Suprapubic ; situated above the urinary bladder. 

Epicystitis (ep-e-sis-ti'-tis) [wrtj upon ; nvarcg, bladder ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tissues 
above the bladder. 

Epicystotomia (ep-e-sis-to-to' -me-ah). Same as Epi- 
cystotomy. 

Epicystotomy (ep-e-sis-tof -o-me) [em, upon ; Kvarig , 
a bladder; rk/ivuv,t.o cut]. Suprapubic incision of 
the bladder. 

Epicyte (ep'-e-sit) \iiri, upon; Kvrog, cell]. The cell- 
wall or hyaline cuticle of cells. 

Epidemesis (ep-e-dem-e'-sis) [_km6i/ fit/a ig~\. Same as 
Epidemia. 

Epidemia (ep-e-de' -me-ah) [huidr/fiia, an epidemic]. 
Any epidemic disease, or epidemic of disease. E. 
puerorum. Synonym of Whooping-cough. 

Epidemic (ep-e-dem' -ik) [esrt, upon ; or/fiog, people] . 
A term applied to diseases that involve large numbers 
of persons, or spread over a wide area, in contra- 
distinction to Endemic. 

Epidemicity (ep-e-dem-is 1 '-it-e) [erri, upon ; df/fiog, a 
people]. The quality of being epidemic. 

Epidemiography (ep-e-de-me-og'-ra-fe) [imdi/ptog, 
epidemic ; ypdfetv, to write] . A description of epidemic 
diseases. 

Epidemiologic (ep-e-dem-e-o-loj'-ik) [eTudi/fiiog, epi- 
demic; Adyog, science]. Relating to epidemiology. 

Epidemiology (ep-e-dem-e-ol'-o-je) [t-rttdi/fiiog, epidemic; 
Id-yog, science]. The science of epidemic diseases. 

Epidemy (ep'-e-dcm-e). See Epidemia. 

Epiderm (ep'-e-derm). See Epidermis. 

Epiderma (ep-e-der' -mah) [ini, upon ; dep/ua, skin : 
//. , Epidermata~\. Any abnormal outgrowth from 
the epidermis. 

Epidermal (ep-e-der' -mal) [prri, upon ; okp/ia, skin]. 
Relating to or composed of epiderm. 

Epidermatic, Epidermic (ep-e-der-mat'-ik, -der'-mik) 
[ett/, upon ; dep/ua, skin]. Relating to the epidermis. 
E. Method, a method of administering medicinal 
substances by applying them to the skin. It is also 
called latraliptic method. 

Epidermatoid (ep-e-der' -mat-oid) [erti, upon ; Sep/ia, 
skin; eidog, likeness]. Resembling the epidermis. 

Epidermic [ep-e-der' -mik). Same as Epidermatic . E. 
Erythema. SeeAcrodynia. E. Globes. See Can- 
cer-nests. E. Grafting. See Reverdin's Operation 
in Operations, Table of. E. Pearls. See Cell-nests. 

Epidermidomycosis {ep-e-der' -mid-o-mi-ko' -sis) [im- 
dep/iig, epiderm ; /ivK.r/g, fungus]. A disease due to the 
growth of parasitic fungi upon the skin. 

Epidermin (ep-e-der' -min) \_kirl, upon ; dep/ia, skin]. 
A base for ointments prepared by melting one-half 
ounce of white wax in a warm mortar and triturating 
with this one-half ounce of powdered gum arabic 
until a homogeneous paste is obtained. To this is 
added a boiling mixture of one-half ounce each of 
water and glycerin and the whole is stirred until cold. 
Epidermin, thus prepared, is a semi-fluid, creamy sub- 
stance, which, when exposed to the air in a thin layer, 
forms a strongly adherent, flexible pellicle or coating. 
When medicaments are to be added they are always 
previously rubbed up in glycerin. 

Epidermis (ep-e-der' -mis) \_errl, upon ; 6'ep/ia, the skin]. 
The outer layer of the skin. The scarf-skin, consist- 
ing of a layer of horny cells, that protects the true skin. 
It has neither blood-vessels nor nerve-filaments. E., 
Appendages of, a generic name for the hair, nails, 
etc. , growing from the epiderm. 

Epidermization (ep-e-der-miz-a' -shun) [endep/iig, epi- 
derm]. I. The formation of epiderm. 2. Skin- 
grafting. 
28 



Epidermolysis (ep-e-dcr-mol' -is-is) \eiridepiug, epiderm ; 
Avaig, separation]. Acantolysis bullosa; Dermatitis 
bullosa ; a rare skin-disease in which bullre form 
upon the slightest pressure. The disease shows itself 
in infancy, and occurs especially upon the hands and 
feet. The lesion begins as a red spot, which is itchy ; 
in two hours a bulla forms, enlarges, and then gradu- 
ally subsides, drying into a scale. It is most pro- 
nounced in summer. 

Epididymal, or Epididymic (ep-e-did'-em-al, -im-ik) 
\k~L, upon; didv/101, the testes]. Relating to the 
epididymis. 

Epididymis (cp-e-did' -im-is) \_e-iri, upon ; didv/ioi, the 
testes]. The small body lying above the testes. 
The superior end is the globus major, the inferior, 
the globus minor. 

Epididymitis (ep-e-did-im-i'-tis) [kiridtdv/ilg, epididy- 
mis ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the epi- 
didymis. 

Epidosis (e-pid' -o-sis) [erridoatg'] . Enlargement ; in- 
crease ; exacerbation. 

Epidrome (e-pid' -ro-me) [kiridpo/irj, a running upon]. 
Active, or (more often) passive, congestion. 

Epidural (ep-e-du'-ral) [krri, upon ; durus, hard]. 
Upon or over the dura. E. Space, the space outside 
the dura mater of the spinal cord and brain. 

Epifolliculitis (ep-e-fol-ik-u-W -tis) \_eiri, upon ; follicu- 
lus, a follicle; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation 
seated about the hair-follicles of the scalp. 

Epigamic (ep-e-gam'-ik) \hixi, upon ; 7 d/wg, marriage]. 
In biology, applied to those bright tints and patterns 
displayed by many animals during courtship. Cf. 
Allepigamic. 

Epigaster (ep-e-gas'-ter) \_kni, upon; yaarr/p, belly]' 
The large intestine ; hindgut. 

Epigastralgia (ep-e-gas-tral' -je-ah) [emydurpwv, epi- 
gastrium ; aXyog, pain] . Pain in the epigastrium. 

Epigastric (ep-e-gas'-lrik) [prci, upon ; yaarr/p, belly] . 
Relating to the epigastrium. E. Reflex. See Reflexes, 
Table of. 

Epigastrium (ep-e-gas' -tre-um) \hiri, upon ; yaarr/p, 
stomach] . The upper and middle part of the abdom- 
inal surface ; the epigastric region. 

Epigastrius (ep-e-gas' -tre-zts) [ini, upon ; yaarr/p, the 
stomach]. A form of double-monstrosity, in which 
one fetus in an undeveloped condition is contained 
within the epigastric region of the other. 

Epigea, or Epigaa (ep-e-je'-ak) [kni, upon; yaia, 
earth]. A genus of trailing ericaceous plants. E. 
repens, trailing arbutus of N. America, has valuable 
diuretic properties. See Trailing Arbutus. 

Epigeal (ep-e-je'-al) \ktti, upon; yeia, yea, the earth]. 
In biology, growing on or out of the ground, or living 
near the surface of the ground. 

Epigenesis (ep-e-jen' -es-is) [irri, upon ; yeveaig, genera- 
tion]. In biology, the theory that holds the embryo 
to be the result of the union of the male and female 
elements, and the fully formed organism the result of 
a gradual process of differentiation, in distinction to 
the theory of encasement, preformation, or evolution, 
which held the embryo to preexist enfolded in a 
minute form within the germ. 

Epigenous (e-pij' -en-us) [err!, upon; yevr/g, produced]. 
In biology, growing upon the surface or upper side of 
a leaf or other part, as many fungi. Cf. Epiphyllous. 

Epigeous (ep-e-je' -us) \_erri., upon; yka, the earth]. In 
biology, growing on or near the ground. Same as 
Epigeal. 

Epiglottic (cp-e-glot'-ik) \iiti, upon ; yAurrig, glottis] 
Relating to the epiglottis. 

Epiglottiditis (ep-e-glot-id-i'-tis) \_ira.y%urtg, epiglottis ; 
ing, inflammation]. Inflammation of the epiglottis. 



EPIGLOTTIS 



434 



EPINASTY 



Epiglottis (ep-e-glot' -is) [kiri, upon ; yXurric, glottis]. 
A thin fibro-cartilaginous valve that aids in preventing 
food and drink from passing into the larynx. 

Epiglottitis (ep-e-glot-i'-tis). See Epiglottiditis . 

Epignathous (e-pig' -na-thus) [kiri, upon ; yvddog, jaw]. 
In biology, hook-billed ; applied to birds in which the 
upper half of the beak overreaches the under half 
and is deflected over it. 

Epignathus (e-pig' -na-thus) [kiri, upon; yvddog, jaw]. 
A twin monstrosity in which the parasite is united to 
the superior maxillary bone of the autosite. 

Epigonium (ep-e-go'-ne-um) [kiri, upon ; yovi/, seed]. 
In biology, the old archegonium in mosses and Hepa- 
ticcz, after the capsule has developed. 

Epigynous (e-pij'-in-us) [kiri, upon; yvv'q, a woman]. 
In biology, growing upon the ovary. 

Epihippic Fever ( ep-e-hip' '-ik) \kiri, upon ; Mnroc, 
horse]. See Fever. 

Epilation (ep-i/-a'-shu>i) [e, out of; pi/us, a hair]. 
The extraction of hair. 

Epilatorium (e-pii-at-o' -re-um)\Ju.\ An application for 
permanently i-emoving hair- 

Epilatory (e-pil' -at-o-re) \_e, out of; pilus, a hair]. 
I. Extracting the hairs ; depilatory. 2. An epilatorium. 

Epilemma {ep-e-lem'-ah ) [kiri, upon; Xi/x/ia, husk://. , 
Epilemmata']. The neurilemma of very small 
branches or funiculi of nerve-filaments. 

Epilepsia (ep-e-lep' -se-ah ). See Epilepsy. E. cur- 
siva. See Epilepsy, Accelerative. E. gravis. See 
Grand mal. E. larvata. See Epi/epsy, Masked. 
E. mitis. See Petit mal. E. saltatoria. Synonym 
of Chorea. E. vertiginosa, Petit mal, a. v. 

Epilepsy (ep'-il-ep-se) [iir'ikriipig, a laying hold of]. A 
nervous affection characterized by sudden loss of con- 
sciousness and power of coordination of motion with 
tonic and clonic convulsions, the paroxysms lasting 
but a short time. This form of the disease is the 
" true " affection, the haut mal or grand mal of the 
French. The petit mal (abortive epilepsy, epileptic 
vertigo) is less severe, and may consist of only a slight 
loss of consciousness, with retained coordination of 
motion. The so-called epileptiform seizure is a local- 
ized convulsion without loss of consciousness. See 
Epilepsy, Jacksonian. An epileptic seizure is often 
introduced by an aura, a peculiar sensation preceding 
the spasmodic seizure, which is quickly followed by 
the characteristic epileptic cry. The origin of the 
epileptic attack is in all probability a powerful dis- 
charge of energy from the cortical cerebral cells. The 
disease is most common in females, and is influenced 
by heredity and age ; it is rare for it to occur after 
forty years of age. Traumatism and severe mental 
strain may act as exciting causes. E., Accelerative, 
Epilepsia cursiva ; epilepsy in which the patient runs 
before falling down in a fit. E., Acute Infantile, 
a name given to the eclampsia of infants. E., 
Cardiac, paroxysmal tachycardia. E., Cortical. 
See £., Jacksonian. E., Focal. See E. , Jack- 
sonian. E., Jacksonian, spasmodic contractions 
in certain groups of muscles due to local disease of 
the cortex, always confined to one-half of the body 
and with retention of consciousness. E., Masked, 
E. larvata, the less severe form of true epilepsy, 
in which the patient does not fall. E., Partial, 
E. , Jacksonian, q. v. E., Peripheral. Same as 
E. , Jacksonian. E., Pleural. See Pleural. E., 
Procursive, there is propulsion of the body in some 
special direction. E., Reflex, due to some reflex 
neurosis. E. of the Retina, a temporary anemia 
of the retina occasionally observed during an epilepti- 
formseizure. E., Saturnine, epileptiform convulsions 
due to lead-poisoning. E., Sensory, Thalamic epilep- 



sy ; a form of epilepsy in which sensory disturbances 
predominate ; it is believed to be due to a lesion of the 
optic thalamus. E., Spinal, paroxysms of clonic spasm 
in the lower extremities sometimes observed in the 
course of spastic paraplegia. E. , Symptomatic. See 
£., Jacksonian. E., Thalamic. See E., Sensory. 
E., Toxic, that induced by toxic substances in the 
blood. 

Epileptic (ep-il-ep'-tik) [kiril7/ipic, a laying hold of]. 
Pertaining to or like epilepsy. Also one affected with 
epilepsy. E. Aura. See Aura. E. Cry, the vocal 
sound or cry in epilepsy, from laryngeal spasm. E. 
Equivalents, instead of the convulsive attacks in epi- 
lepsy there may from time to time be transient psychic 
disturbances that consist in states of either excitement 
or depression. These are the so-called epileptic equiv- 
alents. E. Hemiplegia, sometimes follows the fit, 
especially after unilateral convulsions. E. Interval, the 
period of time between the epileptic paroxysms. During 
this period there are in the majority of cases, if not in 
all, some abnormal manifestations, as disorders in the 
cardiac rhythm, irregularity in the pupils, and cerebral 
disorders. E. Mania, slight maniacal tendencies fol- 
lowing or taking the place of the fit. E. Seizure. 
See Epilepsy. E. State, a state of profound and 
sometimes comatose depression, with frequently recur- 
ring epileptic attacks, often speedily fatal. E. Ver- 
tigo, giddiness is a common sensation of epilepsy, but 
is erroneously applied to attacks of minor epilepsy. 

Epilepticism (ep-il-ep'-tis-iztn) [kiri'ATiipig , a laying hold 
of]. The epileptic state, or status epilepticus. 

Epileptiform (ep-i/-ep' -tiform) [kiri'tir/ipM;, a laying hold 
of; forma, form]. Resembling epilepsy in the symp- 
toms. E. Tic, a variety of facial neuralgia accom- 
panied by spasmodic movements of the face. This 
occurs in the degenerative period of life, and espe- 
cially in those who present a decided family history 
of insanity. 

Epileptiginous (ep-il-ep-tij' -in-us). Same as Epi/epto- 
genous. 

Epileptogenous (ep-il-ep-toj' -en-us) [sirtAT/^ig, epilepsy ; 
yevvdv, to produce]. Producing epilepsy. E. Zone, 
Brown- Sequard's term for that portion of the skin of 
the face and neck of guinea-pigs which, if irritated 
after section of the spinal cord near the twelfth dorsal 
vertebra, will give rise in a short time to epileptiform 
convulsions. 

Epileptoid (ep-il-ep'-toid) [kiriXr/^ic, a laying hold of; 
eldog, likeness]. I. Resembling epilepsy. 2. A per- 
son subject to various nervous attacks of the general 
nature of epilepsy. 

Epilobium (cp-il-o' -be-um) [kiri, upon ; Xojloc, a pod, a 
lobe]. A genus of herbs including the -willow-herb, a 
demulcent, tonic, and astringent drug. 

Epilose (ep'-il-os) \_e, priv. ; pilosus, hairy]. Without 
hair; bald. 

Epilymph (ep'-e-limf) [kiri, upon ; lympha, water]. 
The fluid between the bony and the membranous laby- 
rinths. 

Epimerite (ep-e-me'-rlt) [kiri, upon; fiqpoc, thigh]. In 
biology, an anterior, deciduous, proboscis-like, pre- 
hensile organ, attached to the protomerite or anterior 
segment of a septate gregarine. 

Epimeron (ep-e-me' -ron) [£7r<,upon ; /u.?ip6c, thigh]. In 
biology, one of the lateral pieces helping to form the 
pleuron, or a part of the segment of an arthropod, 
often giving attachment to the legs. 

Epimylis (e-pim'-il-is) [kiri, over; fj.v2.ri, millstone]. 
The patella. 

Epinasty [ep' -e-nas-te) [kiri, upon ; vaardc, pressed 
close]. In biology, curvature produced by excessive 
growth on the upper side of an extended organ. 



EPINEPHRITIS 



435 



EPISIOHEMATOMA 



Epinephritis (ep-e-nef-ri' -lis) [brt, upon ; vsippdg, kid- 
ney ; ids']. Inflammation of a supra-renal capsule. 

Epineural (ep-e-nu f -ral) [eir/, upon; vevpov, a nerve]. 
In biology, applied to structures attached to a neural 
arch. 

Epineurium (ep-e-nu' '-re-um\ [kiri, upon ; ve'vpov, a 
nerve]. The nerve-sheath, or sheath of any of the 
larger fascicles of nerve-tissue. 

Epinyctis (ep-in-ik'-tis) [kni, upon; v'v^, night]. A 
pustule appearing or becoming worse at night. 

Epiopticon (ep-e-op' -tik-on) [f~;,upon; ottt/koc, of see- 
ing]. In biology, a ganglionic swelling in the optic 
nerve of insects (Hickson). 

Epiotic (ep-e-ot'-ik) \kirl, above ; ovi; , ear]. Situated 
above or on the cartilage of the ear. 

Epipastic (ep-e-pas'-tik) [eirtTraooeiv, to sprinkle]. De- 
signed to be sprinkled upon some surface ; sprinkled 
with some substance ; applied to plasters sprinkled 
with some agent, as cantharides, used as a vesicant. 

Epipedometer (ep-e-pe-dom' -et-er) [imntdov , surface ; 
fiirpov, measure]. An instrument for use in measur- 
ing various complex deformities of the body. 

Epipetalous (ep-e-pef '-al-us) [tiri, upon ; Treralov, leaf 
or petal]. In biology, applied to stamens or other 
structures when borne upon the petals. 

Epipharynx (ep-e-far' -inks) \_kirl, upon ; ipapvyi;, pha- 
rynx]. In biology, the median projection on the 
internal surface of the upper lip of an insect. 

Epiphenomenon (ep-e-fe-nom' -en-on) [kiri, on ; ipai- 
vo/uevov, phenomenon: pi. , Epiphenomena\ An ex- 
ceptional sequence or unusual complication arising in 
the course of a disease. 

Epiphora (e-pif ' -or-ah) [i-ttpopa ; km, upon ; tpkpav, to 
bear]. A habitual or persistent overflow of tears, due 
to over-secretion or impeded outflow through the nor- 
mal channels of excretion. Lachrymation, q. v. 

Epiphyllous (ep-e-fil ' -us) [kiri, upon ; (pv?iAov, a leaf]. 
In biology, borne on a leaf, as certain fungi. Cf. 
Epigenous. 

Epiphyseal, or Epiphysial (ep-e-fiz'-e-al) [kiri, upon; 
<j>betv, to grow]. Relating to or of the nature of an 
epiphysis. 

Epiphyseitis (ep-e-fiz-e-i' -tis) [kirt6v<jic, an epiphysis ; 
iric, inflammation]. Inflammation of an epiphysis, 
or of the epiphyseal part of a bone. 

Epiphysis (e-pif ' -is-is) [ett/, upon ; </>i'«i>, to grow]. A 
process of bone attached for a time to another bone 
by cartilage, but in most cases soon becoming con- 
solidated with the principal bone. E. cerebri, the 
pineal gland. 

Epiphysitis (e-pif -is-i' -tis). See Epiphyseitis. 

Epiphyte (ep'-e-fit) [kiri, upon; (pv-ov,a. plant]. In 
biology, a plant growing on another plant, but not 
nourished by it ; also, a parasitic plant living upon 
another plant ; also, a plant parasitic upon an animal. 

Epiplasm (ep'-e-plaz?n) [£7n,upon; ir'Aaapa, plasma]. 
In the sporangium of many fungi, a part of the proto- 
plasm remaining after formation of the spores. 

Epiplastron (ep-e-plas'-tron) [kiri, upon ; ¥., plastron, 
a breastplate]. In biology, one of the two anterior 
lateral plates of the plastron of a turtle ; probably the 
homologue of the clavicle of other vertebrates. 

Epiplerosis (ep-e-ple-ro'-sis) [kiri, upon ; Trli/pocnc;, fill- 
ing] . Engorgement ; repletion ; distention. 

Epipleura (ep-e-plu' -rah) [kiri, upon ; ivAevpa, a rib]. 
In biology, variously used to designate a structure su- 
perposed upon a rib, as the spines of certain fishes, 
the hooked processes or splint-bones passing from rib 
to rib in birds, or the inflexed outer border of a bee- 
tle's elytrum. 

Epiplexus (ep-e-pleks' '-us) [kiri, upon ; plexus, a net- 
work]. The choroid plexus of the epicele. 



Epiplocele (c-pip'-lo-sel) [iniir'Aoov, caul ; k//A?/, hernia]. 
Omental hernia. 

Epiploenterocele (e-pip- lo-en-ter' '-o-sel )[kiciirAoov , caul ; 
Evrepov, intestine ; k//'/j/, hernia]. A hernia contain- 
ing both omentum and intestine. 

Epiploenterooscheocele (ep-ip-lo-en-ter-o-os'-ke-o-sel) 
[kirfartoov, caul ; kvrepov, intestine ; oa^eov, scrotum ; 
Kfjfal, hernia]. Intestinal and omental hernia into the 
scrotum. 

Epiploic (ep-ip-lo'-ik) [kiriirAoov, caul]. Relating or be- 
longing to the epiploon. 

Epiploischiocele (ep-ip-lois' -ke-o-sel) [ininAoov, caul ; 
'urx'tov, hip; KrfAij, hernia]. Omental hernia through 
the sciatic notch or foramen. 

Epiploitis (e-pip-lo-i'-tis) [kirinAoov, caul ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the omentum; omental 
peritonitis. 

Epiplomerocele (ep-ip-lo-tner' -o-sel) [kiriirAoov, caul; 
pr/p6c, thigh ; Kr/h/, hernia]. Femoral hernia contain- 
ing omentum. 

Epiplomphalocele (ep-ip-lom-fal' -o-sel) [kiriirAoov, caul ; 
bptpa/.og, navel ; nrjlij, hernia]. Umbilical hernia with 
protruding omentum. 

Epiploon (e-pip' -lo- on) [kiri, upon ; diu'Aboc, double : 
//., Epiploa\ The great omentum. E., Gastro- 
colic, the great omentum. E., Gastro-hepatic, 
the lesser omentum. 

Epiploscheocele (ep-ip-los' -ke-o-sel) [kiriir?MOv, caul; 
boxeov, scrotum; nifArj, hernia]. Omental hernia 
descending into the scrotum. 

Epipodite (e-pip' -o-dlt) [kiri, upon; irovc(irod-) , foot]. 
A third appendage of the limb of a crustacean, artic- 
ulating with the coxopodite, and passing into the 
branchial chamber ; it is also called the flabellum. 

Epipodium (ep-e-po' -de-um) [tin, upon; itovq (irod-), 
foot]. In biology, one of the lateral appendages of 
the foot in certain molluscs, as the wing-like structures 
of pteropods. 

Epipsyche (ep-is-i' -ke) [kiri, after ; ipvxr/, soul] . Ap- 
plied by Haeckel to the oblongata proper. 

Epipteric (ep-ip-ter'-ik) [kwi, upon; nrepbv, & wing]. 
Situated over the alisphenoid. E. Bone. See 
Bone. 

Epipterous (e-pip' -ter-us) [kiri, upon; irrepdv, a wing]. 
In biology, winged at the top ; applied to seeds. 

Epirrhizous (ep-e-ri'-zus) [kiri, upon ; piC,a, root]. In 
biology, growing upon roots. 

Episcleral (ep-e-skle'-ral) [kiri, upon; aK."Ar]pdg, hard, 
sclerotic]. Situated on the outside of the sclerotic 
coat. 

Episcleritis (ep-e-skle-ri' -tis) [kiri, upon ; anXrjpbc, hard ; 
trig, inflammation]. A localized inflammation of the 
subconjunctival tissues. 

Episeio- (ep-is'-e-o-). For words thus beginning, see 
Episio-. 

Episeioncus (ep-e-si-ong' -kus) [kiriaeiov, pubes ; oy/coc, 
a mass]. A tumor in the pubic region, or of the 
labia. 

Episeitis (ep-iz-e-i'-tis). See Episioitis. 

Episematic (ep-e-sem-at'-ik) [kiri, upon ; ar/pa, a sign]. 
In biology, applied to that form of mimetic coloration 
which serves as a signal of recognition to other indi- 
viduals and thus enables them to escape ; as the white 
tail of the rabbit. (Poulton.) 

Episiocele (ep-e-si' -o-sel) [kiriaeiov, pubes ; nr/Ar/, 
hernia]. Pudendal hernia; vulvar protrusion. 

Episioclisia (ep-e-si-o-klis'-e-ah) [kiriaeiov, pubes ; 
KAiiaiq, locking, closure] . Surgical closure of the 
vulva. 

Episiohematoma (ep-e-si-o-hem-at-o' -mah) [kiriaeiov, 
pubes ; aipa, blood ; bpa, tumor : //. , Episiohemato- 
mata~\. Hematoma of the vulva or pudenda. 



EPISIOITIS 



436 



EPIZOICIDE 



Episioitis (ep-e-si-o-i'-tis) [iniceiov, pubes ; iTig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the pudenda. 

Episioplasty (ep-e-si'-o-plas-te, [kiricseiov, pubes ; ■kXo.g- 
asiv, to form]. A plastic operation upon the pubic 
region, or on the vulva. 

Episiorrhagia (ep-e-si-or-a' -je-ah) [kiriaetov, the pubes; 
'prjyvvvai, to break forth]. Hemorrhage from the vulva. 

Episiorrhaphy (ep-e-si-or' -a-fe) [ewiireiov, pubes ; pcupq, 
seam]. An operation for the cure of prolapsed uterus 
or procidentia uteri. 

Episiostenosis (ep-e-si-o-ste-no' 'sis) [iirioeLov, pubes ; 
OTEvdg, narrow]. Contraction or narrowing of the 
vulva, whether surgical or pathologic. 

Episiotomy (ep-is-e-ot'-o-me) [hirioeiov, vulva; rop?';, 
section]. Incision through the vulva in childbirth, to 
prevent rupture of the perineum and to facilitate labor. 

Epispadias (ep-e-spad 1 '-e-as) [kni, above ; oirdeiv, to 
pierce]. Abnormal opening of the urethra upon the 
upper part of the penis, either on the dorsum or on 
the glans. 

Epispasis (e-pis' -pas-is) [£7rt, upon ; anaaic, a drawing]. 
An eruption or skin-affection due to medical treat- 
ment ; a drug-exanthem. 

Epispastic (ep-e-spas'-tik) [eirt, upon ; oiraaic, a draw- 
ing]. I. Rubefacient, or vesicatory. 2. A vesica- 
tory or substance producing a blister. 

Episperm (ep' -e-sperm) [iiri, upon; mrepfia, seed]. In 
biology, the outer seed-coat, also called the testa. 

Episplenitis (ep-e-splen-i'-tis) [kiri, upon ; an%r]v, spleen ; 
mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the fibrous coat 
of the spleen. 

Epistasis (e-pis' -tas-is) [«7r/, upon ; laraadai, to stand] . 
A scum or film of substance floating on the surface of 
urine. 

Epistaxis (ep-is-taks'-is) [kmora^eiv, to distil]. Hemor- 
rhage from the nose. 

Episternite (ep-e-ster'-nii) [kni, upon ; arepvov, breast- 
bone]. In biology, applied to the lateral pieces of 
the segment of an arthropod ; a pleurite ; specifically 
one of the valves of the ovipositor in orthopterous in- 
sects. 

Episternum (ep-e-ster'-num) \iiri, upon ; aripvov, 
breast-bone]. In biology, variously applied to desig- 
nate a part above or anterior to the sternum ; as the 
presternum of a mammal, the epiplastron of aturtle, or 
the anterior of the three pieces of the pleuron of an in- 
sect. 

Epistoma (e-pis' -to-mah) \_kni, upon; ardpa, mouth]. 
In biology, variously used to designate some part 
placed above, or anterior to the mouth, as the osseous 
portion of the metope or facies of a macrurous crusta- 
cean, that lies immediately in front of the oral aper- 
ture. 

Epistrophe (e-pis' -tro-fe) [eirj, upon ; orpetyetv, to turn]. 
In biology, applied to the arrangement assumed by 
chlorophyl-grains under the influence of light, on 
those surfaces of the cell-wall that are at right angles 
to the plane of incident light. 

Epistropheus (ep-is-tro'-fe-its, e-pis' -tro-phus) [iniaTpo- 
(pevc~\. A synonym of the axis, or second cervical 
vertebra. 

Epithalline (ep-e-thal'-in)\JTri, upon ; OaXXSg, a branch]. 
In biology, growing upon the thallus. 

Epitheca (ep-e-the' -kah) [km, upon; dr/nr), a case]. In 
biology, a secondary calcareous investment ortegumen- 
tary secretion surrounding the theca of certain corals. 

Epithecium (ep-e-tlie'-se-nm) [iiri, upon ; Bi/K.7], a case]. 
In biology, the surface of the fruiting-disc in certain 
lichens and fungi. 

Epithelial (ep-e-the'-le-al) [ett/, upon ; ftrfkij, a nipple]. 
Pertaining to epithelium ; made up of the elements of 
epithelium. E. Pearls. See Pearls. 



Epithelicell (ep-e-lhe' -le-sel) [eiri, upon ; drfki], a nipple ; 
cella, a cell]. An epithelial cell. 

Epithelioid (ep-e-the' -le-oid ) [E7r/, upon ; drfKij, nipple ; 
A&oq, likeness]. Resembling epithelium. 

Epithelioma (ep-e-the-le-o' -mah) [em', upon ; 0//?i?/, 
nipple; bpa, a tumor: pi., Epitheliomata~\. Carcinoma 
involving skin or mucous membrane. E. mollus- 
cum. Synonym of Molluscum contagiosum. 

Epithelium (ep-e-the' -/e-um) \iiri, upon ; OrjXij, nipple]. 
The cuticle or cellular-structure of mucous surfaces, 
and also of the skin of the body. E. chrotale, the 
ectoderm. E., Ciliated, a form in which the cells 
bear vibratile filaments or cilia at their free extremities. 
E., Columnar, distinguished by prismatic-shaped or 
columnar cells. E., Nucleated, consisting of cir- 
cular or hexagonal cells, each containing a nucleus. 




GOBLET-CELLS. 



Squamous-cells. 



E., Pavement, or Cuboidal, cubical or polygonal 
cells covering the surface like the stones of a pave- 
ment. E., Squamous, the cells have been reduced 
to flattened, scaly plates. E., Stratified, the cells 
are arranged in distinct layers. E., Tessellated. 
Same as E. , Pavement. E. , Transitional, inter- 
mediate between simple and stratified. 

Epithem (ep' -ith-em) [iiridr/pa, a poultice : //. , Epithem- 
ata~\. Any local application ; as a compress, fomen- 
tation, lotion, or poultice ; from this definition some 
writers exclude salves, plasters, and ointments. 

Epithema (ep-ith-e'-mah). See Epithem. 

Epithesis (e-pith'-es-is) \iniridkvai, to lay on]. The 
surgical correction of deformed or crooked limbs. 

Epithyme (ep'-ith-im) [ets, upon ; Obpoi;, thyme]. The 
European plant, Cuscitta epithymum, so called as grow- 
ing parasitically upon thyme ; it is said to be useful in 
melancholy, jaundice, and constipation. 

Epithymia (ep-e-thi'-me-ah) [iKidvpia, longing]. Any 
natural longing or desire ; a yearning. 

Epitrichium (ep-e-trik'-e-um) [ett/, upon ; rpixiov, 
hair]. A superficial cellular layer of epidermis, 
found in embryonic and fetal life. 

Epitrochlea (ep-e-trok'-le-ah) [eiti, upon ; rpoxdea, a 
pulley]. The internal condyle of the humerus. 

Epixylous (e-piks' -il-us) [kiri, upon; f-vXov, wood]. 
In biology, applied to fungi or other plants that grow 
upon wood. • 

Epizoicide (ep-e-zo'-is-ld) [eiri, upon ; Ctiov, an animal ; 
cadere, to kill]. A drug or preparation that destroys 
external parasites. 



EPIZOON 



437 



ERECTION 



Epizoon (ep-e-zo' -on) [ki, upon ; £Cx>v, an animal : 
pi., Epizoa~\. An animal living as a parasite upon 
another ; an external parasite, as distinguished from 
an Entozoon. 

Epizootic (ep-e-zo-of -ik) [km, upon; fuov, animal]. 
I. Affecting the lower animals epidemically. 2. A con- 
tagious, or generally prevalent disease affecting animals. 

Epizobty (ep-e-zo' -o-te) \im, upon ; C,Ciov, animal]. An 
epizootic disease. 

Eponychium (ep-o-nik' -e-um) \hzl, upon ; owl;, finger- 
nail]. A horny condition of the epidermis from the 
second to the eighth month of fetal life, indicating 
the position of the future nail. 

Eponym (ep'-o-nim) [ewiovvfioc, named after a person]. 
A term derived from the name of a person. See 
Table of Eponymic Diseases, under Disease. 

Epoophorectomy (ep-o-o-for-ek' -to-me) \k.iru6<j>opov, 
epoophoron ; ekxo////, excision]. Surgical removal of 
•the epoophoron. 

Epoophoron (ep-o-off'-or-o/i) [t7n,upon; C/o<popog, lay- 
ing eggs]. Same as Parovaria///. 

Epostoma (ep-os-lo'-mah) \lni, upon ; buriov, bone]. 
An exostosis. 

Epsilon-bacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Epsom Salts (ep'-sun/). See Magnesiu///. 

Epstein's Dressing. A method of dressing the um- 
bilical cord. It consists of the ordinary linen quad- 
rangular belly-plastron with a central cap-like recepta- 
cle for the umbilical stump. 

Epulis (cp-u'-lis) [km, upon; ovla, the gums]. A hard, 
fibrous tumor of the alveolar processes of the jaws. 

Epulosis (ep-u-lo'-sis) [iirovAuaic : km, upon ; ovArj, 
scar]. Cicatrization ; a cicatrix. 

Epulotic (ep-u-lot'-ik ) [ctt'i, upon; oh??/, scar]. I. 
Promoting epulosis or cicatrization. 2. A remedy 
or application that promotes the healing of wounds or 
sores. 

Equation (e-iwa'-zhun) [cequare, to make equal]. In 
chemistry, a collection of symbols so arranged as to . 
indicate that if the bodies represented by the symbols 
be brought together a chemic reaction will take place. 
E., Personal, an allowance for individual peculiarity 
or error in an observer's work, in order to render it 
approximately accurate. 

Equator (e-kwa'-tor) [aquare, to make equal]. An 
imaginary circle surrounding a sphere. E. of a cell, 
the boundary of the plane through which division takes 
place. E. of the eye, the (equator ocidi ; the 
boundary of the transverse and central vertical plane 
of the eye. E. of a Lens, the angular edge at the 
meeting of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the 
lens. 

Equatorial (e-kwa-tor'-e-al) [cequare, to make equal]. 
Pertaining or belonging to an equator. E. Plate. 
See Karyokinesis and Plate. 

Equilibration (e-que-lib-ra' -shun) [cequilibrare, to bal- 
ance equally]. Equipoise ; even balance. 

Equilibrism (e-quil' -ib-rizm) [cequilibris, evenly bal- 
anced]. The opinion that every voluntary act may be 
counteracted by an opposing inhibitory volition. 

Equilibrium (e-kwe-lib' -re-uni) [cequus, equal ; libro, 
balance]. An even balancing of a body or condition. 
E., Stable, when, after slight disturbance, the body 
will return to its original condition or position. E., 
Unstable, when it will not so return. 

Equination (e-kwin-a'-shun) [equinus, of ahorse]. I. 
Inoculation with the virus of equine smallpox. 2. 
Inoculation with the virus of equinia. 

Equinia (e-kwin'-e-ah) [eq/ms, a horse]. Glanders. 
Farcy. A contagious, specific disease, with both local 
and general symptoms, derived from the horse or ass. 
It affects chiefly the skin, mucous membranes and 



lymphatics, and begins with a purulent nasal discharge, 
the respiratory, ocular and oral membranes being fur- 
ther successively involved. It is of microbic origin. 
See Bacillus mallei, in Bacteria, Synony/natic Tabic of. 

Equinist (ek'-kwin-ist) [equus, a horse]. One who be- 
lieves in the equine origin of a disease, e. g., of tetanus. 

Equipollent (e-kwip'-o-lenl) [cequus, equal ; pollere, to 
be strong]. Of equal power or efficiency; said, for 
example, of opposing muscles, or of parents in their 
influence upon offspring. 

Equisetum (ek-wis-e' -turn) [equus, a horse ; scc/a, bris- 
tle]. A genus of cryptogamous plants ; the horse- 
tails, or scouring rushes. E. hiemah and E. palustre, 
of Europe and N. America, are reputed to be effective 
and harmless diuretics. 

Equitant (ek' -wit-ant) [equitare, to ride]. In biology, 
literally, riding. Applied to leaves, like those of the 
iris, which are vertical and folded lengthwise, so that 
each leaf, toward the base, overlaps or straddles the 
next ; also applied to the longitudinally folded anten- 
na; of certain insects. 

Equivalence, Equivalency (e-kwiv'-al-ens, e-quiv'-al- 
en-se) [cequus, equal ; valere, to be worth]. Equality 
of valence or saturating-power.' See Valence. In 
chemistry, the property possessed by an element or 
radical of combining with another element or radical 
or of replacing it in a compound body in definite and 
unalterable proportions. It is sometimes used as syno- 
nymous with valence or quantivalcnce. 

Equivalent (e-kwiv' -al-e/if) [cequus, equal ; valere, to 
be worth]. Of equal valency. E. Focus. See 
Focus. 

Equivocal (e-kwiv' -o-kal) [tcq/ius, equal ; vox, sound]. 
Of doubtful significance, as equivocal symptoms. 

Eradication (e-rad-ik-a' -sh/tn) [e, out ; radicare, to 
root]. Complete or thorough removal. 

Eradiculose (e-rad-ik'-/i-lbs) [e, priv. ; radicitla, a 
rootlet]. In biology, destitute of rootlets or rhizoids. 

Erasene (er'-as-en) [eraderc, to scratch out ; from the 
power of erasing grease-spots]. A trade-name for 
California abietene. See Abietene. 

Erasion (e-ra'-zhun) [e, out; radere, to scrape]. The 
act of scraping or cureting. 

Erb's Point. See Point. E. Reaction of degener- 
ation. Deviation from the normal formula of muscu- 
lar response'to galvanism. E. " Upper-arm type " 
of palsy. A myotrophy characterized by paralysis of 
the deltoid and often of the supraspinatus and infra- 
spinatus, the biceps, brachialis anticus, and the supin- 
ators. See Diseases, Table of. 

Erbium (ur'-be-u/n) [L.]. A rare element; symbol 
Er. See Elements , Table of. 

Erdmann's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Erdmann and Uslar's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Erect (e-rekt') [erectus, set up]. Upright; in the state 
of erection. E. Posture. See Postures, Table of. 

Erecthites (e-rek-thi' -tez) [kpexl^Tr/c, groundsel]. A 
genus of composite plants. E. hieracifolia. Fire- 
weed ; a coarse composite-flowered plant common in 
waste-lands in N. America ; it is astringent and tonic. 
Unof. 

Erectile (e-rek' -til) \_erigere, to set up]. Pertaining to 
or possessing the characteristic stiffening, rigidity, or 
erection. E. Glossitis. See Glossitis, Parenchy- 
matous. E. Tissue, that which is capable of erection ; 
consisting of a network of expansile capillaries that 
under stimulus becomes engorged with blood. 

Erection (e-rek' -s/mn) [e/igere, to set up]. The con- 
dition of temporary and functional fulness and firm- 
ness of the penis, clitoris, etc., due to sexual excite- 
ment, friction, etc., the mechanism consisting in an 
overfilling of the blood-vessels with inhibition of the 



ERECTOPATENT 



438 



ERODENT 



return circulation. E. -center. See Center. E., 
Persistent. Synonym of Priapism, q. v. 

Erectopatent (e-rek-to-pa' -tent) [erectus, erect ; patens, 
spreading]. In biology, intermediate between erect 
and spreading, as the fore-wings of a butterfly in 
repose. 

Erector (e-rek'-tor) [erigere, to erect]. Any muscle, 
the function of which it is to erect or elevate a part. 
See Muscles, Table of. E. pili, the unstriped mus- 
cular fibers causing the erection of the hair and the 
phenomenon called goose-flesh or goose-skin. 

Eremacausis (er-em-ak-aw' -sis) [i/pe/ia, slowly ; Kav- 
aic, burning]. Slow oxidation or gradual decay, 
without combustion. 

Eremoblast (er-e' '-mo-blast) [epr/fioc, solitary ; /3Xo.ot6c, 
a germ, sprout]. A unicellular plant. 

Eremophobia ( er-em-o-fo' -be-ah ) [epf/uoe, desolate ; 
(p6 t 3o(;, fear]. The same as Agoraphobia, q. v. 

Erethin (er'-e-thin) [epedigeiv, to irritate] . The name 
given by Klebs to that constituent of tuberculin which 
occasions fever. 

Erethism (er'-e-thizm), Erethismus (er-e-thiz' -mus) 
[epeOiofioc, irritation]. An abnormal heightening of 
nervous irritability. E. ebriosorum. Synonym of 
Delirium tremens. E. hydrophobia. Synonym of 
Hydrophobia. E. tropicus. See Insolation. 

Erethismal (er-e-thiz' -mal) [epe6ia/x6c, irritation]. Of 
the nature of an erethism. 

Erethismic (er-e-thiz' '-mile), or Erethistic (er-e-this' -tik) 
[kpe6ia/udc, irritation]. Relating to, or affected with, 
erethism. 

Erg [epyov, work]. See Electric Units. 

Ergasiomania (ur-gas-e-o-i?ia'-ne-ah) [e pyaoia, work ; 
fiavia, madness]. Mania for performing operations. 

Ergasiophobia (ur-gas-e-o-fo' -be-ah) [epyaaia, work ; 
(pofiog, fear]. Timidity in operating. A dread of 
operations. 

Ergogenesis (itr-go-jen' -es-is) [epyov, work ; yeveaic, 
production]. Same as Ergogeny. 

Ergogenetic (iw-go-gen-et' -ik) [ipyov, work ; yevecic, 
production]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, er- 
gogeny. 

Ergogeny (iir-goj' -en-e) [epyov, work ; yeveaic, produc- 
tion]. In biology, the energy, both potential and 
kinetic, involved in the adaptive processes of living 
organisms ; it includes both kinetogeily and statogeny 
(Ryder). 

Ergograph (ur'-go-graf) [epyov, work ; ypaipeiv, to 
write]. A recording ergometer. An instrument for 
recording the extent of movement produced by a con- 
tracting muscle, or the amount of work it is capable 
of doing. 

Ergometer (ur-gom r -et-er) [epyov, work ; /nerpov, meas- 
ure]. A variety of dynamometer. 

Ergostat (ur'-go-stat) [epyov, work; laravai, to stand]. 
An apparatus for testing muscular strength. 

Ergot, or Ergota (ur'-got, or ur-go'-tah) [Fr., ergot, a 
spur: gen., Ergotce\ I. In farriery, the horny stub 
below the pastern joint, hidden by the fetlock of the 
horse. 2. The hippocampus minor. 3. A fungus, 
Claviceps purpurea, parasitic upon rye. It contains 
sphacelinic acid, ergotinic acid, and cornutin, to which 
its properties are due. It is a powerful excito-motor, 
hemostatic, and gastro-intestinal irritant, but is used 
most frequently to promote uterine contraction in 
childbirth. It is valuable internally in amenorrhea 
and atonic spermatorrhea ; topically in gonorrhea, 
conjunctivitis and inflammations of mucous mem- 
branes. Its effects are most prompt by hypo- 
dermatic injection. Dose gr. x-gj. E., Ext., Fid., 
prepared with dilute hydrochloric acid, alcohol, and 
water. Dose ^ss-ij. E., Ext., Liquid (B. P.). 



Dose TT^x-xxx. E., Ext., — Ergotin. Dose gr. ij-xx, 
hypodermatically gr. J4~v. E., Infus. (B. P.). Dose 
g j-ij. Injectio Ergotinse Hypodermica (B. P.), 
ergotin I, camphor-water, 2. Dose subcutaneously 
TT\,iij-x. E., Tinctura (B. P.). Dose TTLx-gj. E., 
Vinum, 15 per cent. Dose 3J-^j- Sclerotinic 
Acid, thought to be identical with ergotinic acid. 

Ergotin (ur' -go-tin) [Fr. , ergot, a spur]. I. A precip- 
itate or extract prepared from the tincture of Secale 
cereale ; it is an emmenagogue, and parturient. Dose 
T5 to 5 grain, repeated as may be needed. Unof. 
The name is applied in commerce to many different 
preparations of ergot ; often to the extractum ergotie, 
U. S. P. 2. C 50 H 52 N 2 O 5 . An amorphous, brown 
alkaloid found in ergot. It is probably the same as 
ecbolin. 

Ergotinin (ztr-got'-in-in) [Fr., ergot, a spur], C 35 H W - 
N 4 6 . An alkaloid from ergot of rye, occurring in 
white needles ; it is effective in hemorrhage, in erysip- 
elas, and in certain brain-affections. For hypoder- 
matic injection, ? V to jj gr. is used, dissolved in lactic 
acid and water. 

Ergotism (ur' -got-izm) [Fr. , ergot, a spur] . The con- 
stitutional effects of overdoses of ergot or of the per- 
sistent use of food containing ergot. These are mani- 
fested by severe cramps, chiefly in the muscles of the 
leg, ending in tonic contraction of these muscles — the 
spasmodic form ; and secondly by gangrene of the ex- 
tremities — the gangrenous form. The symptoms may 
be acute or chronic. See Pellagra. 

Ergotol (ur'-got-ol) [Fr. , ergot, a spur]. A proprietary 
liquid preparation of ergot, recommended for hypo- 
dermatic injection. 

Ergten (erg' -ten) [epyov, work]. See Electric Units. 

Erianthous (er-e-an' -thus) [epiov, wool ; avdoc, flower]. 
In biology, woolly-flowered. 

Erichsen's Disease. See Diseases, Eponymic Table of. 
E. Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Ericolin (er-ik' -o-lin) [kpe'iKr/, heath], C 34 H- 6 21 . A 
substance found in Uva ursi. It is an amorphous, 
yellowish glucosid with a bitter taste, yielding with 
diluted acids sugar and an essential oil — -ursone. 

Erigeron (er-ij'-er-on) [rjpiyepuv, groundsel: gen., 
Erigerontis~\, Fleabane. The plant E. canadense, 
having physiologic actions like those of oil of turpen- 
tine, but less irritant. It is efficient as a hemostatic in 
menorrhagia. E. bellidifolium and E. philadel- 
phicum afford similar oils, and have the same proper- 
ties. E., Ol., the essential volatile oil of erigeron. 
Dose TTLx-3 ss. Unof. 

Eringo (er-ing'-o). See Eryngo. 

Eriodictyon (er-e-o-dik' -te-on) [epiov, wool ; Siktvov, 
a net] . Yerba Santa or Mountain - balm. The 
leaves of E. glutinosum, a shrub of California, an 
excellent expectorant, and valuable as an excipient 
for quinin, the taste of which it largely conceals. It 
is useful in bronchial affections. E., Ext. Fid. 
Dose n\,xv-3J. E., Ext. Dose gr. ij-x. E. 
tomentosum and E. angustifolium have the same 
uses. The latter are unofficial. 

Eriophorous (er-e-off'-or-us) [epiov, wool ; <j>epeiv, to 
bear]. In biology, wool-bearing. 

Eriophyllous (er-e-off ' -il-us) [epiov, wool ; <f>v7Ck6v, a 
leaf]. In biology, woolly-leaved. 

Erlangen Blue. Same as Berlin Blue. 

Erlau Green. Same as Bremen Green. 

Erlicki's Fluid. A hardening-fluid used especially for 
tissues of the central nervous system. It consists of 
potassium bichromate, 2.5 parts; cupric sulphate, 0.5 
parts ; water, 100 parts. 

Erodent (e-ro'-dent )[e, out ; rodere, to gnaw]. I. Caus- 
tic ; causing erosion. 2. A caustic application or agent. 



EROGENIC 



439 



ERYTHEMA 



Erogenic, or Erogenous (er-o-jen' '-ik or er-oj'-en-us) 
[ipoe, love ; yewav, to produce]. Producing or 
stimulating the sexual appetite. 

Eromania (er-o-ma' '-ne-aXS. See Erotomania. 

Erose (e-ros') \erodere, to gnaw off]. In biology, 
irregularly toothed, as if gnawed. 

Erosion (e-ro'-z/uiu) \srosio; erodere, to eat out]. 
Disintegration of tissue by mechanical, chemic, or 
morbid action. E. of the Cervix, an ulcerated 
condition of the neck of the womb resulting from 
chronic endometritis. It is also called ulceration or 
granular degeneration of the cervix. 

Erostrate (e-ros' -trat) [t, priv ; rostrum, a beak]. In 
biology, not beaked. 

Erotia (e-ro'-she-ah) [L.]. A genus of composite-flow- 
ered plants. E. lanata, white sage or winter-fat ; 
a composite-flowered forage-plant of the Western U. 
S. ; valued locally in intermittent fevers. Unof. 

Erotic (er-ot'-ik) \ipuc, love]. Pertaining to the sex- 
ual passion. 

Eroticism (er-ot'-is-izm) [epuc, love]. An erotic 
disposition ; erotic display ; tendency to erotomania. 

Eroticomania (er-o-tik-o-ma' -ne-ah) [kpuritidc, loving ; 
jiavia, madness]. Same as Erotomania. 

Erotocism (er-ot'-o-sizm). Same as Erotomania, q. v. 

Erotomania (er-ot-o-ma' -ne-ah) \ipug, love ; fiavia, 
madness]. Morbid, abnormal exaggeration of love 
generally ; more limited to the imaginative than to the 
carnal aspect of the sentiment; insanely-perverted sex- 
ual feeling. See Nymphomania and Satyriasis. E. 
personalis. Synonym of Satyriasis and of Ny?)ipho- 
mania. 

Erotomaniac (er-ot-o-ma' -ne-ak) \ipuc, love ; fiavia, 
madness]. A patient who is afflicted with erotomania. 

Erratic (er-al'-ih) \erraticus, wandering]. Moving 
about from place to place ; irregular ; strange or un- 
usual ; eccentric, peculiar. 

Errhine (er'-in) \b>, in; pie, the nose]. I. Causing 
discharges from the nose. 2. A medicine that, applied 
to the mucous membrane of the nose, increases nasal 
secretions. A sternutatory. 

Error (er'-or) [L. , "wandering"]. Displacement or 
perversion in any function; aberration, mental or optic. 

Erskine's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Erubescence (er-u-bes' -ens) \erubescentia, blushing]. 
Redness of the skin. 

Eruca (er-oo' -kali) [L. ,a caterpillar; a colewort]. A 
genus of cruciferous plants. E. sativa, the garden 
rocket, an herb of Asia and Europe, used as a salad. 
It is a stimulant and diuretic, and is considered to be 
aphrodisiac and galactagogue. Unof. 

Erucic Acid (er-oo' -sik). See Acid. 

Eruciform (er-oo' -sif-orm) \eruca, a caterpillar ; forma, 
form]. In biology, said of larvce, spores, etc., that 
are shaped like a caterpillar. 

Erucivorous (er-u-siv' -or-us) [eruca, a caterpillar; 
vorare, to eat]. In biology, applied to birds and other 
animals that feed upon caterpillars. 

Eructation (e-ruk-ta' -slum) \_eructare, to belch]. Belch- 
ing. 

Erugation (er-oo-ga'-shun) [ertigatio ; e, out ; ruga, 
wrinkle]. The removal of wrinkles. 

Erugatory (er-oo' -gat-or-e) [e, out; ruga, a wrinkle]. 
I. Tending to remove wrinkles. 2. A remedy for 
wrinkles. 

Erugineous (er-oo-jin'-e-us). Same as Eruginous. 

Eruginose (er-oo' -jin-os). Same as Eruginous. 

Eruginous (er-oo' -jin-tis) \ieruginosus ; arugo, rust]. 
Having the nature or the color of verdigris. 

Erumpent (e-rum' -pent) \erumpere, to break out]. In 
biology, applied to parts or organs that appear as if 
bursting out. 



Eruption (e-rup'-shun) \erumpere, to burst out]. A 
bursting forth of any kind or from any part, but ap- 
plied especially to the chief symptom of certain skin- 
diseases, consisting in pimpies, vesicles, rash, etc. ; 
the breaking forth of a tooth from the gum. 

Eruptive (e-rup'-tiv) \erumpere, to burst out]. At- 
tended by an eruption, as an eruptive fever. 

Eruthrocyte (er-uth'-ro-sit). Incorrect form of Ery- 
throcyte, q.v. 

Eryngo (er-ing'-go) \i/pvyyrj, a thistle]. Any plant of 
the umbelliferous genus Eryngium, especially E. 
campestre and E. maritimum of Europe. These 
plants, with others of the genus, were formerly made 
into sweetmeats, and were regarded as polychrest 
remedies, but were especially prized as aphrodisiacs. 
Unof. 

Erysipelas (et-is-ip'-el-as) [epvOpog, red; 7rc/Ua, skin]. 
An acute, specific, constitutional febrile disease, with a 
peculiar redness and inflammation of the skin and 
subcutaneous tissue, generally of the face. It is due 
to streptococci. The period of incubation varies from 
a few hours to three or four days. The symptoms are 
an initial chill or rigor, malaise, high temperature, 
vomiting or nausea, and the characteristic rash, with 
a well-defined margin, upon the skin. It may termin- 
ate fatally. Albumin may appear in the urine. At 
the conclusion of the attack desquamation takes place, 
either branny or in flakes. The development of ery- 
sipelas is favored by filth, over-crowding, and defective 
ventilation. One attack rather predisposes to subse- 
quent attacks. E. carbunculosum. Synonym of 
Anthrax. E. malignum internum, an acute, sup- 
purative, rapidly spreading inflammation of cellular 
tissue beginning in the pelvis after parturition. It is 
one form of puerperal fever. It is usually rapidly 
fatal. Antisepsis properly applied at the time of 
delivery will prevent its occurrence. E. migrans, 
wandering erysipelas. E. phlegmonodes, a form of 
erysipelas in which there is pus-formation, with marked 
constitutional symptoms. E., Recurrent, pseudo-ery- 
sipelas, a frequent disease in strumous children, but oc- 
curring also in adults, and especially in women. It is 
entirely confined to the face, especially around the nose 
and upper lip, and is unattended with marked consti- 
tutional symptoms. It is not amenable to treatment, 
and is very prone to recur. E. simplex, the ordinary 
facial form of erysipelas. E. suffusum. Synonym 
of Erythema. E., Wandering, a chronic or sub- 
chronic form in which the process successively disap- 
pears from one part of the body to appear at another 
part. 

Erysipelatous (er-is-ip-el' -at-us) \jpv6poc, red; nkWa, 
skin]. Of the nature of or affected with erysipelas. 

Erysipeloid (er-is-ip-el' -oid) \kpv6poc, red; iri'/ja, 
skin ; fMoc, likeness]. A peculiar affection of the 
palms of the hands or soles of the feet, characterized 
by zones of violaceous-red eruption with burning and 
itching ; it is due to wound-infection. 

Erythanthema (er-ith-an'-the-mah) [jpvBpoc, red; 
avdr/fia, a flowing]. A skin-disease marked by red- 
ness. The term is variously applied by some to denote 
an eruptive disease depending upon vaso-motor, or 
other nervous disorder. It is used to designate a class 
of cutaneous efflorescences that have in common a 
basis of erythema. 

Erythema (cr-ith-e' -mali) ['~Epf8q/m, a blush]. Rose 
rash : a redness of the skin that may be made to dis- 
appear temporarily by pressure. E. ab igne, a form 
of E. hyperemicum produced by the constant irrita- 
tion of artificial heat. It occurs as rings and gyrate 
patterns on the front of the legs, and is of a deep-red 
color, gradually becoming browner in tint. This pig- 



ERYTHEMA 



440 



ERYTHRASMA 



mentation is permanent. E. annulare, a form of E. 
multiforme in which the lesions shrink and desquamate 
at the center, but continue to extend at the periphery 
by a raised margin. It is also called E. circulation. 
These rings may wander over the entire body, intersect- 
ing each other and forming elaborate figures with cres- 
centic edges {E. gyratuni). Occasionally new rings 
develop concentrically around older ones. The forms 
and varieties of color produced give rise to the name 
E iris. E. bullosum. See E. vesiculosum. E. 
circinatum. See E. annulare. E. congestivum, 
E. hypereemicum ; a mere congestion of the skin ; the 
simplest form of erythema. Swelling is absent or in- 
significant in the congested areas, and the tint of red- 
ness varies from the brightest red to a rosy or purple 
hue. E. endemicum. See Pellagra. E., Epi- 
demic. See Acrodynia. E. exudativum, an acute or 
sub-acute non-contagious, inflammatory skin-disease, 
characterized by the development of symmetrically 
distributed, raised erythematous patches, usually dis- 
crete, varying greatly in form and size, accompanied 
by slight transudation of blood or by copious hemor- 
rhage into the skin, occasionally terminating as 
vesicles or blebs, and specially liable to relapse. This 
may be attended with constitutional rheumatic symp- 
toms. E. figuratum, is marked by efflorescence in 
gyrate lines. E. fugax, a variety of E. hypereemicum ; 
it consists in a transitory redness of a patchy charac- 
ter, suddenly appearing on the face and trunk of young 
individuals and gradually disappearing in a few min- 
utes or hours. It is frequently associated with indi- 
gestion, worms, etc. E. furfuracea. Synonym of 
Pityriasis rosea. E. gangrenosum, a term applied 
to spontaneous patches of superficial gangrene or 
ulceration seen chiefly in hysterical women. They are 
undoubtedly self-induced, and are asymmetric, usually 
on the left side, and in easily accessible positions. 
E. gyratum. See E. annulare. E. hypersmicum. 
See E. congestivum. E. induratum, a variety of E. 
exudativum attacking the calf, or the leg immediately 
below, more frequently than the front of the legs. 
It occurs either in diffuse, ill-defined patches or in 
nodules, bright-red at first but gradually assuming a 
violet hue. The nodules may be superficial or deep, 
a quarter of an inch to an inch or more in diameter, 
and may be slowly absorbed, or necrose and slough out, 
leaving a very indolent ulcer. The condition is most 
common in strumous individuals. E. intertrigo, inter- 
trigo ; eczema intertrigo ; a chronic form of E. hy- 
pereemicum resulting from pressure or the rubbing to- 
gether of folds of skin. It is common in infants and 
fat adults. E. iris, Herpes iris. See E. annulare. 
E. keratodes, a diffuse condition of tylosis of the 
palms and soles. E. leve, a common skin-affection, a 
variety of E. hypereemicum, likely to appear upon the 
tense skin of dropsical parts. It may go on to derma- 
titis and sloughing. E. marginatum, an infrequent 
variety of E. multiforme , which generally begins as a 
flat disc a quarter or half an inch in diameter, and very 
rapidly enlarges at the periphery, subsiding pari passu 
in the center. It joins similar adjacent lesions, and in 
a few days traverses the circumference of a limb, or 
a large area on the trunk, leaving a fawn-colored pig- 
mentation that slowly disappears. E. multiforme, 
£. polymorphe ; a variety of E. exudativum, common 
in young adults of either sex, and appearing especially 
in spring and autumn. The eruption first appears 
almost invariably on the backs of the hands and feet 
thence spreading to the forearms and legs. In severe 
cases the trunk and face, and even the mucous mem- 
branes may be affected. The lesions consist of flat or 
slightly convex papules, sharply defined, deep-red or 



purplish in color, varying in size from a pin's head up, 
partially disappearing on pressure. This is the com- 
monest form {£. papulation). If the papules coalesce 
to form larger lesions the condition is described as E. 
tuberculatum. E. nodosum, dermatitis contusiformis ; 
a further development of E. tuberculatum. Multiple 
(seldom more than a dozen) raised, rosy patches, 
round or oval in the direction of the limb, from one- 
half to three inches in diameter, suddenly develop 
along both tibise, and often along the ulnar side of the 
forearms. They are exquisitely tender, tense and shin- 
ing. The condition chiefly occurs in children and deli- 
cate young women. See Bacillus of Demme under Bac- 
teria, Synonymatic Table of. E. papulatum. SeeE. 
multiforme. E. paratrimma, the erythema that ap- 
pears over a bony prominence, etc., immediately before 
the formation of a bed-sore. It is a variety of E. 
hypereemicum. E. pellagrosum. A synonym of 
Pellagra. E. pernio. See Pernio. E. polymorphe. 
See E. multiforme. E. purpuricum, Purpura throm- 
botica ; a variety of erythema resembling Peliosis 
rheumatica, but characterized by its erythematous ap- 
pearance and the absence of alteration by pressure. It 
is attended with no general symptoms, or with slight 
pains in some of the joints, or with edema of the legs. 
E. roseola, a variety of E. hypereemicum ; it consists 
in the development of congestive patches of a delicate 
rose-color, scarcely raised above the surface of the 
skin, varying in size from a split-pea to a finger- 
nail, and either diffused over the whole surface of the 
body or in figured groups. It is common in young 
children in association with digestive troubles. Its 
different stages have been called Roseola infantilis, 
eestivalis, autumnalis, annulata, but these terms are 
not now generally used. E. scarlatiniforme, a 
variety of E. hypereemicum ; it appears as a vivid, 
punctiform eruption, sharply defined in places, attended 
with high temperature, often seen after injuries or sur- 
gical operations. It is followed by furfuraceous des- 
quamation. E. scarlatiniforme desquamativum, 
a more pronounced form of E. scarlatiniforme, with a 
greater tendency to be diffuse instead of punctiform, 
of longer duration, and with a great liability to recur at 
certain seasons. The mucous membranes are often in- 
volved and desquamation occurs in large flakes. E. 
simplex, a variety of E. hypereemicum ; characterized 
by a congestive redness of moderate intensity. It 
appears as diffuse or circumscribed, variously-sized 
lesions, which are usually not raised above the integ- 
ument. It may be idiopathic or symptomatic ; and 
if the latter, brought about by a great number of 
external irritants, including heat and cold, etc. E. 
solare, E- simplex due to the heat of the sun. E. 
tuberculatum. See E. multiforme. E. tuberosum. 
Same as E. tuberculatum. E. urticans, the early or 
pink stage of the urticarial wheal. It is a variety 
of E. hypereemicum. E. vesiculosum, the occur- 
rence of vesication in the progress of E. multiforme . 
If the blebs are large the condition is termed E. 
bullosum. 

Erythematous [er-ith-em'-at-us) [kpvd7)[ia, a blush]. 
Of the nature of erythema. 

Erythemoid (er-ith-em'-oid), Erythematoid (er-itli- 
em f -at-oid) [iphdrjfia, erythema; ehhc;, resemblance]. 
Resembling erythema. 

Erythrasma (er-ith-raz'-mali) [epvdpdg, red]. A rare 
disease of the skin, always attacking the axillae or in- 
guinal regions, or the nates. It forms reddish or 
brownish, sharply defined, slightly raised, desquamat- 
ing patches, that cause no itching or inconvenience. 
It is due to the microorganism, Microsporon minutis- 
simum, and is readily curable. 



ERVTHREMELALGIA 



441 



ERVTHROXYLON 



Erythremelalgia (er-ith-rem-el-aV -je-aK). See Ery- 
thromelalgia. 

Erythremia (er-ith-re' -me-ali) [kpvdpds, red ; alfta, 
blood]. I. The normal condition of the arterial 
blood. 2. Arterial blood in the veins. 

Erythrin (er'-ith-rin) \_ipv6p6q, red], C 20 H 22 O 10 . An 
ether-like derivative of orsellinic acid. It occurs in 
the lichen Roccella fusciformis, and is extracted from 
it by means of milk of lime. It crystallizes with l l / 2 
molecules of water and is soluble with difficulty in hot 
water. Exposure to the air causes it to assume a red 
color. 

Erythrina (er-itk-ri' '-naE) [kpvdpoc, red]. A genus of 
leguminous trees, shrubs and herbs, of some 25 species, 
three or more of which grow in the U. S. E. coral- 
lodendron, coral tree of tropical America, is sedative, 
hypnotic, diuretic, purgative, vermifuge and pectoral. 
Other species have similar properties. Unof. 

Erythrine (er'-ith-rin) [kpvtipoQ, red]. Red. 

Erythrism (er'-ith-rizm) [ipvdpoc, red]. In biology, 
applied to conditions of dichromatism in which the 
normal colors of the integument are affected by an 
excess of red pigment, as often shown in the plumage 
of a bird. 

Erythrite (er'-ith-rit). See Erythrol. 

Erythroblast (er-ith' -ro-blast) [ipvdpoc;, red ; /3/Uzot<5c, 
germ]. A rudimentary red blood-corpuscle. 

Erythrocarpus ( er-ith' -ro-kar' -pus ) [ipvOpdc, red ; 
napiroc, fruit]. In biology, red-fruited. 

Erythrochloropia (er-ith' ' -ro-klo-ro' '-pe-ah) [epv0p6c;, 
red; x?ajp6£, green; uip, eye]. A form of subnormal 
color-perception in which green and red are the only 
colors correctly distinguished. 

Erythrochloropy (er-ith' -ro-klor' -o-pe) [epvdpdc;, red ; 
X^opoc, green]. Ability to distinguish red and green 
colors only. 

Erythrocruorin (er-ith' -ro-kru' -or-in) [epvOpoc, red; 
cruor, blood]. Same as Hemoglobin. 

Erythrocyte (er-ith' -ro-s'it) [epvdpdc;, red; kvto(, cell]. 
A red blood-corpuscle. 

Erythrocytosis (er-ith' -ro-si-to' -sis) [epvdpdc, red ; kvtoc, 
cell]. The formation of red blood-corpuscles. 

Erythrodermia (er-ith' -ro-der' -me-ali) [epvdpdc, red; 
depua, skin]. Abnormal redness of the skin. 

Erythrodermitis (er-ith' -ro-der-mi' -tis) [epvdpdc, red; 
dep/ia, skin ; trig, inflammation]. A chromoder- 
matosis characterized by erythema and superficial 
dermatitis. 

Erythrodextrin (er-ith'-ro-deks'-trin) [epvdpdc, red ; 
dexter, right] . A dextrin formed by the action of 
saliva on starch. It yields a red color with iodin. 

Erythrogen (er-ith' -ro-jen) [epvdpdc;, red ; yevvav, to 
produce]. A green substance that has been found in 
unhealthy bile, and which (apparently without good 
reason) has been regarded as ' ' the base of the color- 
ing-matter of the blood." 

Erythroglucin (er-ith-ro-glu'-sui). See Erythrol. 

Erythrogranulose (er-ith-ro-gran' -u-los) [epvBpdc, red ; 
granulum, a little grain]. A granular substance, 
found in starch-grains, coloring red with iodin. 

Erythroid (er'-ith-roid) [epvdpdc;, red; eUoc, re- 
semblance]. Reddish ; of a red color. 

Erythrol (er'-ith-rol) [kpv0p6c, red], C 4 H 10 O 4 . Also 
called Erythroglucin, Erythrite or Phycite. A princi- 
ple which exists as erythrin (orsellinate of erythrite) in 
many lichens and some algre. It forms large quadratic 
crystals that dissolve readily in water, with difficulty 
in alcohol, and are insoluble in ether. It is a poly- 
hydric alcohol with a sweet taste melting at 126 C. 
and boiling at 330 C. 

Erythrolein (er-ith-ro'-le-in) [epvdpdc, red; oleum, oil], 



litmus. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, and alkalies, 
and in dyeing yields a purple color. 

Erythrolitmin (er-ith-ro-lit'-min) [epvdpdc;, red; Dan., 
lac, lac; tnoes, pulp], C 2ti H 33 13 . A red coloring- 
matter obtained from litmus ; it is crystalline and 
soluble in alcohol. 

Erythromelalgia (er-ith-ro mel-al'-je-ah) [epvdpdc, 
red; /liXoc;, limb; a?.yoc, pain]. Red neuralgia; 
terminal neuritis. A variety of chronic dermatalgia 
characterized by burning and then aching pain of a 
part, usually one or more extremities, intensified by 
warmth and accompanied by flushing and local fever. 

Erythrophage (er-ith' -ro-faj) [epvdpdc, red ; cjiayelv, 
to eat]. Any one of the phagocytic cells which, 
lying about a hemorrhagic area, take up the pigment 
of the blood or even red-corpuscles. They are 
remarkable for their brilliant color (red to golden). 

Erythrophlein (er-ith-ro/' -le-in) [epvdpdc;, red ; cfAoidc, 
bark]. A poisonous alkaloid from Casca bark. 

Erythrophleum (er-ith-ro-Jle'-um). See Casca Bark. 

Erythrophobe (er-ith' '-ro-fob) [epvdpdc, red ; <po3elv, to 
fear]. One fearing or disliking red colors. 

Erythrophobia (er-ith-ro-fo' -be-ah) [epvdpdc, red ; 
cj>6/3oc, fear]. Morbid intolerance of red colors: 
sometimes observed after operations for cataract. 

Erythrophyl (er-ith' -ro-fil) [epvdpdc, red; <pv?^Mi>, 
leaf]. In biology, a red coloring-matter found in 
autumn leaves, ripe fruits, etc. It is also called Phyl- 
lerythrin and Phyterythrin. 

Erythropia (er-ith-ro' -pe-ah) [epvOpoc, red; wi/', vision]. 
A condition in which objects appear as if colored red. 

Erythropsia (er-ith-rop' -se-ah) [epvdpdc, red ; 01/vc, 
vision]. An abnormality of vision in which all ob- 
jects appear red ; red vision ; it has been observed in 
alcoholic ataxia with optic atrophy, after subcutaneous 
injections of strychnin. 

Erythropsin (er-ith-rop' -sin) [ipvdpoc;, red ; uij>, 
vision]. An organic substance of the retina. In the 
presence of light it is believed to form different com- 
binations, constituting color-perception. It is called 
visual purple and Rhodopsin, q. v. 

Erythrorhetin (er-ith-ro-rel'-in) [epvdpdc, red ; perivt], 
resin], C 38 H. )6 O u . The red resin of rhubarb. 

Erythrose (er'-ith-ros) [kpvBpog, red], C 4 H 8 4 . Tetrose. 
A substance derived from erythrol. It is probably a 
mixture of an aldose and a ketose. It is next to the 
lowest glucose. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Erythrosin (er'-ith-ro-sin) [kpvdpog, red], C 30 H 18 N 2 O 6 . 
A compound produced by the action of HN0 3 on tyro- 
sin. It is used as a coloring-matter. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 



Erythrosis (er-ith- 



\_epvdp61;, red]. Arterial pleth- 



ora, or the redness of the skin due to it. 

Erythroxylin (er-ith-roks' -il-in) [epvdpog, red ; Zvlov, 
wood]. A precipitate from the tincture of Erythroxy- 
lon coca. It is a nervine and stimulant. Dose ^ to 
I grain. Unof. 

Erythroxylon (er-ith-roks' -il-on) [epvOpoc;, red ; ^iiXov, 
wood: gen. ,Erythroxyli~\. Coca, Cuca. The leaves 
of E. coca, a shrub indigenous to the Andes. (Not to 
be confounded with cocoa.) It contains an alkaloid, 
Cocain, C ]7 H 21 N0 4 , q. v., to which its properties are 
mainly due. It is an aromatic tonic and cerebral stimu- 
lant, developing a remarkable power of enduring 
hunger and fatigue. Large doses cause hallucinations. 
Its effects are similar to those of coffee, but are more 
intense. It is much used by the natives for sustenance 
during long journeys. The leaves, smoked, are bene- 
ficial in hay-fever. E. coca (B. P.). Dose gr. ij- 
xv. E., Ext., Fid. Dose 3 ss-ij. Extractum 
Cocse Liquid (B. P.). Dose 3 ss-ij. Wines and 
elixirs of coca are numerous. 



ERYTHRURIA 



442 



ESOPHAGUS 



Erythruria [er-ith-ru' -re-ah ) \ipvOpoc, red ; ovpov, 
urine]. The passage of reddish urine. Hematuria. 

Esbach's Test. See Tests, Table of 

Eschar [es'-kar) [kax&pa, a scab]. The slough or 
scab following cauterization, burns, etc. 

Escharodermitis [es-kar-o-der-mi' '-tis) [etr^dpa, ascab ; 
(Up/Lia, skin; trtc, inflammation]. A skin-inflamma- 
tion marked by the formation of eschars. 

Escharosis [es-kar-o'-sis) \_eaxdpuaig']. The formation 
of an eschar ; escharotic action. 

Escharotic (es-kar-ot'-ik) [eff^apwn/cdc]. I. Caustic; 
productive of a slough or scab. 2. A substance that, 
applied to the skin, produces an eschar. A caustic. 

Eschel Blue. See Smalts. 

Escherich, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Eschka's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Eschomelia [es-ko-me' -le-ah) [eoxaror, worst ; piXor, 
a limb]. A monstrosity in which there is a defective 
limb. 

Eschricht's Yellow Canals. See Canals. 

Eschrolalia ( es-kro-la' -le-ah ) [aio^pdc, shameful ; 
Aa/Xia, speech]. Same as Coprolalia. 

Eschromythesis [es-kro-mi-the' -sis) [aicr^-pdc, base ; 
pvdl(eiv, to utter]. The utterance of obscene language 
by delirious or insane patients. 

Eschscholtzia [esh-sholts' -e-ah) [after Eschscholtz, a 
German zoologist]. A genus of papaveraceous herbs. 
E. californica, California Poppy, a plant growing in 
California, is recommended as an excellent and harm- 
less soporific and analgesic. Dose of the fluid ex- 
tract, TT^xv-xxx. Unof. 

Esculapian [es-ku-la' -pe-an) \_;Esculapius, the god of 
medicine]. I. Medical; pertaining to medicine. 2. 
A physician. 

Esculetin [es-ku-le'-tin) [sEsculus, the Italian oak], 
C 9 H 6 4 . A substance present in the bark of the 
horse-chestnut, partly free, and partly as the glucosid 
esculin, from which it is prepared by decomposition 
with acids or ferments. It crystallizes with a mole- 
cule of water in fine needles or leaflets. 

Esculin [es'-ku-lin) \_AlscuIus, the Italian oak], 
C 16 H 16 9 . A glucosid contained in the bark of the 
horse-chestnut, ^Esculus hippocastanum. It crystallizes 
in fine needles with 1% H 2 0, and melts when anhy- 
drous at 205 C; it is soluble with difficulty in water 
and alcohol. 

Eserin [es'-er-in) \_Esere, native name of the plant or 
bean], C^H^NjOj. A poisonous alkaloid derived 
from Physostigma, q. v. It is chiefly used to produce 
myosis, to lessen intra-ocular tension, etc. 

Esiphonal [e-si' -fun-al) [e, priv. ; aifuv, a tube]. 
Having no siphons, as certain shells ; asiphonate. 

Esmarch's Bandage, or Apparatus. An elastic rubber 
bandage used upon a limb to be amputated, in order 
to drive the blood out of it by the pressure of progres- 
sive application of turns about the limb toward the 
trunk. E.'s Operation. See Operations, Table of. 
E.'s Paste, a caustic paste composed of one part each 
of white arsenic and sulphate of morphin, eight parts 
of calomel, and forty-eight of gum arabic. E.'s 
Tubes, test-tubes lined by a thin layer of gelatin for 
culture-purposes. 

Esmarching [es' -mark-ing) [after Esmarch, a German 
surgeon]. The application of the Esmarch bandage, 
so as to drive the blood out of a part or member. 

Esocolitis (es-o-ko-li'-tis) [too, within ; k6)\ov, colon]. 
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the colon ; 
dysentery. 

Esoderm [es'-o-derm) \jau, within; deppa, skin]. In 
biology, the delicate membrane forming the ental sur- 
face of the integuments of insects. 



Esodic [e-sod'-ik) [ec, into; oaor, way]. Afferent or 
centripetal ; conveying impressions toward the central 
nervous system — -applied to certain nerves and nerve- 
filaments. 

Esoenteritis [es-o-en-ter-i' -tis) \_iau, inward ; evrepov, 
bowel ; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
mucous membrane of the intestines. 

Esogastritis [es-o-gas-tri'-tis) \_to~u, inward; yaarr/p, 
belly; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the mu- 
cous membrane of the stomach. 

Esogenetic [es-o-jen-et' -ik) \_iau, within ; yewav, to 
produce]. Produced or arising within the organism. 

Esophagalgia (e-sof-ag-al'-je-ah) [otcro^dyoc, esopha- 
gus ; akyoc, pain] . Pain in the esophagus. 

Esophageal [e-sof-aj' -e-al or e-sof-aj-e'-al) [olaofyayoc , 
esophagus]. Pertaining or belonging to the esophagus. 
E. Glands. See Gland. E. Plexus. See Plexus. 

Esophagectomy [e-sofaj-ek' -to- me) [o'iao<payoc , esoph- 
agus ; kKTop.ii, a cutting out]. Extirpation of cancer 
of the gullet with resection of the walls of the organ. 

Eso'phagectopy [e-sofaj-ek' -to-pe) [oiao<payoc , esoph- 
agus; £«T07roc, away from a place]. Displacement of 
the esophagus. 

Esophagism [e-sof'-aj-izm), Esophagismus [e-sof- 
aj-iz' -mus) \o'tao<pdyor , esophagus]. Spasmodic con- 
traction of the esophagus. 

Esophagitis [e-sofaj-i' -lis) [oiao<t>ayoc , esophagus ; irir, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the esophagus. 

Esophagocele [e-sof'-aj-o-sel) [oiaofdyog, esophagus ; 
ktjXtj, hernia]. An abnormal distention of a portion 
of the esophagus or of the entire tube ; hence it may 
be general, annular, or pouched. 

Esophagodynia [e-sofaj-o-din' -e-ah) [olooipdyoc, esoph- 
agus ; bd'vvrj, pain]. Same as Esophagalgia. 

Esophagomalacia [e-sofaj-o-mal-a' -se-ah) [olootyayoQ , 
esophagus ; pakatda, softness]. Morbid softening of 
the esophagus. 

Esophagomycosis [e-sofaj-o-mi-ko' -sis) [_olao(j)dyog , 
esophagus ; pburjc, a fungus] . Mycotic disease of the 
esophagus. 

Esophagopathy [e-sofaj-op' -ath-e) [olvo<payoc, esoph- 
agus ; TtdOor, disease]. Any disease of the esophagus. 

Esophagoplegia [e-sofaj-o-ple' -je-ah) [_olao<pdyog, 
esophagus; vTir/yi], a stroke]. Paralysis of the esoph- 
agus. 

Esophagorrhagia [e-sof-aj-or-a' -je-ah) \olao<payog , 
esophagus; pr/yvvvai, to break forth]. Hemorrhage 
from the esophagus. 

Esophagoscope [e-sofaj'-o-skop) [oijo^dyoc, esoph- 
agus; CKonuv, to view]. An instrument for examin- 
ing the interior of the esophagus by artificial light. 

Esophagoscopy [e-sofaj-os' -ko-pe) \_olao<j>dyoc , esoph- 
agus; CKOTielv, to view]. Examination of the interior 
of the esophagus. 

Esophagospasm [e-sof -aj-o-spazm). See Esophagis- 
mus. 

Esophagostenosis [e-sofaj-o-ste-no' -sis). \_o'iao(j>dyog, 
esophagus; ari vuaig, constriction]. Constriction of the 
esophagus. 

Esophagostomy [e-sofaj-os' -to-me) \_o\oo(payo(; , esoph- 
agus ; a-bp.a, mouth]. The formation of an artificial 
opening in the esophagus. 

Esophagotome [e-sof-aj' -o-tom) [o\oatj>ayoc, esophagus ; 
-kfiveiv, to cut]. An instrument devised for cutting 
into the esophagus. 

Esophagotomy [e-sof-aj-of '-o-me) \o\ao(bayog, esoph- 
agus; Top?'/, a cutting]. Opening of the esophagus 
by an external incision. 

Esophagus [e-sof '-ag-us) [rpkpsiv, olceiv, to carry ; on- 
yelv, to eat]. The gullet. The musculo-membranous 
canal, about nine inches in length, extending from the 
pharynx to the stomach. 



ESOPHORIA 



443 



ESTLANDER'S METHOD 



Esophoria [es-o-fo' -re-ah) [ecu, inward; (fiopelv, to bear]. 

See Heterophoria. 
Esorhinus [es-or-in' -us) [fiau, within; p/c, nose]. Lis- 
sauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed 
between the lines running from the premaxillary point 
and the incisive foramen to the naso-frontal point is 
between o° and 20°. 
Esoteric [e-so-ter' -ik) \jauTip6c, within ; houTepmoc, se- 
cret, mysterious]. Arising within the organism. 
Esotropia [e-so-tro' -pe-ah) [eau, inward ; Tpkntiv, to 

turn]. Convergent strabismus. See Strabismus. 
Essence [es'-ens) [essentia, essence]. I. That quality 
of a thing giving it peculiarity of power. 2. The pe- 
culiar qualities of a drug extracted and reduced to a 
small compass. 3. A solution of an essential oil in 
alcohol. 
Essential (es-en' -ska!) [essentia, essence]. Pertaining 
to the essence of a substance. Pertaining to the pecu- 
liar and distinctive characteristic of a disease. E. 
Oils ; the essential or volatile oils [attars) are found 
extensively distributed throughout the vegetable king- 
dom. They occur in almost all parts of the plants 
except the cotyledons of the seeds. They 
impart the peculiar and characteristic 
odors to the plants, furnish the perfumes, 
spices, and aromatics, and many of them 
possess valuable medicinal properties. 
Chemically, essential oils are often divi- 
ded roughly into three classes, — oils com- 
posed of hydrocarbons only, oils contain- 
ing hydrocarbons mixed with oxygenated 
products, and oils containing sulphur 
compounds. A more exact, but still 
quite general, chemic division is the 
following: I. Oils consisting chiefly of terpenes 
(C 10 H ]6 ) and oxidized products allied thereto ; exam- 
ples, oil of turpentine, oil of lemon, oil of camphor. 
2. Oils consisting chiefly of cedrenes (C 15 H 24 ) and 
oxidized products allied thereto; examples, oil of 
cedar, oil of cubebs, oil of cloves. 3. Oils consisting 
chiefly of aromatic aldehyds and allied bodies ; exam- 
ples, oil of bitter almonds, oil of cinnamon. 4. Oils 
consisting chiefly of ethereal salts. These may be 
either (a) oxygen salts, as in oil of wintergreen, or (6) 
sulphur salts, as in oil of mustard, oil of garlic. E. 
Paralysis, paralysis without characteristic anatomic 
lesions. 

Ester (es-ter) . Any compound ether in which both an 
alcohol radical and an acid radical are present. E. 
Halogen, a derivative of the alcohols, obtained by 
heating them with the hydrogen haloids, or with 
the halogen derivatives of phosphorus. E. Haloid, 
also called alkylogen ; any product of the action of the 
halogen hydrid on the alcohols. The haloid esters 
are perfectly analogous to the true esters produced by 
the action of alcohols and oxygen acids. 

Esthacyte [es'-thas-it) [aladavcadai, to perceive ; kvtuc, 
a cell]. In biology, one of the sense-cells of a sponge, 
granular, spindle-shaped, bearing palpocils. 

Esthematology [es-them-at-ol' -o-je) [aiadqfia, a percep- 
tion ; A6yoc, science]. The science of the sensations 
and of the sense-apparatus. 

Esthesia [es-the' -ze-ah) [aladrjaic , sensation]. I. Capacity 
of perception ; feeling, or sensation. 2. Any nervous 
disease that affects the senses or perceptions. 

Esthesin [es' -thes-in) [aicflr/oic, sensibility], C 35 H B9 - 
N0 3 . A feebly basic body, said by Thudichum to be 
obtainable from brain-tissue. 

Esthesiodermia [es-the-zc-o-der' -me-ah) [aladijai-g, sen- 
sation ; 6ep/j.a, skin]. An affection of the skin with 
disturbance of the sensory function, which may be 
decreased, increased, or abolished. 



Esthesiogen [es-the' -ze-o-jen) [claOrjcic, sensation ; 
yevvav, to produce]. Any material, as a metal, which 
in certain states of the body appears to have a specific 
effect upon the sensibility of the patient. 

Esthesiogenic [es-the-ze-o-jen'-ik) [aladi/atc, sensation ; 
yevvav, to produce]. Relating to the production of 
sensations. 

Esthesiogeny [es-the-ze-oj 1 ' -en-e) [ala6r/aic, sensation ; 
yevvav, to produce]. The production of altered or 
perverted sensations. 

Esthesiography [es-the-ze-og' -ra-fe) \ala6riaic, sensa 
tion ; ypd(j>£n>, to write]. A description of the organs 
of sensation and perception. 

Esthesiology (es-the-ze-ol' -o-je) [diadrioic, a feeling ; 
?^6yoc, science]. A treatise on, or the science of, the 
senses. 

Esthesiomania (es-the-ze-o-ma' '-ne-ah) [alad7jaic, feel- 
ing; jiavia, madness]. Insanity marked by perverted 
moral feeling and by purposeless eccentricities. 

Esthesiometer [es-the-ze-om' -et-er) \_aiodrjaic, sensation ; 
/j-irpov, a measure]. An instrument for measuring 
tactile sensibility. 




T~T 



' 1 1 I I I I 1 



Esthesiometer of Sieveking. {From Aitkin.) 

Esthesiometry [es-the-ze-om' -et-re) \_aladr)atc, sensation ; 
fikrpov, measure]. The measurement or estimation 
of tactile sensibility. 

Esthesioneurosis [es-the-se-o-nu-ro' -sis) [aladrjoic, per- 
ception ; veiipov, nerve]. Any nervous disease in 
which there are disorders of sensation. 

Esthesis {es-the' -sis) [aiodrjaig, sensation]. Sensibility; 
sense-perception; a feeling or sense-impression. 

Esthesodic [es-the-sod'-ik) [a'tadr/aic, sensation ; 666c, 
a way] . Serving to convey sense-impressions, as to 
the brain. 

Esthetophore [es-thet' -o-for) [alsdjjToc, sensible ; (fiepetv, 
to bear]. In biology, the hypothetic physical basis 
of consciousness (Cope). 

Esthiomene [es-the-om' -en-e) [eadiofihr], eating]. Lu- 
pus exedens ; lupus of the vulva ; a very rare and 
chronic disease commencing during the menstrual 
period. It is a form of ulceration accompanied by 
fibrous overgrowths of the surrounding and adjacent 
tissues. It produces hard, cicatricial tissue on healing. 
There is a process of imperceptible disintegration of 
the tissues, but no sloughing. Death may result from 
hemorrhage or perforation into the peritoneal cavity 
or bladder. 

Esthiomenous [es-the-om' -en-us) [iadioiihr/, eating]. 
Corroding ; phagedenic. 

Esthophysiology [es-tho-fiz-e-ol' -o-je) [aladr/oic, sensa- 
tion ; <j>vaic, nature ; X6yoc, science]. The physiology 
of sensation and of the sense-apparatus. 

Estival [es'-tiv-al) [astas, summer]. In biology, pro- 
duced in summer. 

Estivation [es-tiv-a' -shun) \jzstivare, to pass the sum- 
mer]. In biology, [a) the dormant condition of 
certain plants and animals during the summer ; [b) 
the arrangement of the floral organs in the bud. 

Estlander's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. E. 
Operation. See Operations, Table of. 



ESTROMANIA 



444 



ETHICS 



Estromania [es-tro-ma' -ne-ali) [olorpog, gad-fly; lust; 
uavia, madness]. Same as Nyniphomania. 

Estrual (es' -tru-al) [olarpog, gad-fly]. Pertaining to 
estruation. 

Estruation (es-tru-a'-shun) [olarpoc;, gad-fly]. The 
condition of being under the influence of intense 
sexual passion. 

Estrum, Estrus [es'-trum, es-trus) [olarpog, gad-fly]. 
Any vehement passion or desire ; the sensation in ani- 
mals occurring at the crisis of coition. The orgasm. 

Estuarium [es-tu-a' -re-uni) [astus, heat]. A vapor- 
bath. Also a stove designed to apply warm, dry air 
to all parts of the body at the same time. 

Estuation (est-u-a'-s/uot) [cestuatin, heat]. Heat; 
boiling ; fever ; a heated state. 

Esypus [es'-ip-us) \oicviro(;~\. The yolk or suint of 
wool. See Suint. 

Ethal {e'-thal) [cether, the upper air], C I6 H 33 OH. 
Cetyl alcohol ; a substance separated from spermaceti 
by Chevreul, and named by him. It is a solid, fusible 
at nearly the same point as spermaceti, and on cooling 
crystallizes in plates. It is susceptible of union with 
various bases, with which it forms salts or soaps. 

Ethaldehyd {eth-al'-de-hid). See Acetaldehyd. 

Ethane (eth/-an\ [cether, the upper air]. Paraffin; any 
one of the products of the dry distillation of wood, 
turf, bituminous shales, lignite, and bituminous coal, 
and other coals rich in hydrogen. The ethanes are 
thus present in illuminating gas and the light tar-oils. 
Petroleum contains them already formed. The lowest 
members, up to butane, are gases at ordinary temper- 
atures, soluble in alcohol and ether. The intermediate 
members form colorless liquids of faint, characteristic 
odor, insoluble in water, but miscible with alcohol and 
ether. The higher members are crystalline solids (par- 
affins), soluble in alcohol, and more readily in ether. 
The specific gravities of the liquid and solid hydro- 
carbons increase with the molecular weights, but they 
are always less than the specific gravity of water. The 
boiling-points, too, rise with the molecular weights. 
The isomerids of normal structure possess the highest 
boiling-points ; the lowest are those of the quaternary 
hydrocarbons. (For Table of Ethanes see under Hy- 
drocarbons.') 

Ethene [e'-then). Same as Ethylene. E. Chlorid. 
See Anesthetic. 

Ether {e' -titer) [tether ; a'idi]p, the upper air]. I. The 
tenuous subtle fluid filling space and interpenetrating 
all bodies ; the medium of transmission of the vibratory 
activities called light, heat, electricity, and magnetism. 
2. A thin, colorless, volatile, and highly inflammable 
liquid ; in composition a di-ethylic oxid (C 2 H 5 ) 2 0, 
known also as ethylic ether. It is used mainly as a sol- 
vent for fats and oils, and as an anesthetic. Internally 
it is anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and narcotic. 
Inhaled it is an anesthetic, and a cardiac stimulant in 
toxic doses, paralyzing the respiratory centers. See also 
Anesthetic. The term is used also to designate a 
large class of organic compounds. See Table an- 
nexed. E., Acetic, has properties like those of 
ethylic ether. Dose n\x-5J. E., Commercial, con- 
tains 94 per cent, of ether. It is unfit for use except 
as a solvent. E. fortior, should contain 94 per cent, 
of ethylic oxid. Dose TtV x-gj. E., Hydriodic.unof. 
Dose for inhalation tT\, xv. E., Hydrobromic, unof. 
Dose n\,x-gj. E. Oleum, contains equal parts of 
ether and heavy oil of wine. E., Spt., of, ether 32.5 
and alcohol 67.5. E., Comp. Spt. of, Hoffman's ano- 
dyne. Ether 32.5, alcohol 65, ethereal oil 2.5 percent. 
Dose n\v-gj. E. nitrous, Spirit, sweet spirit of 
niter, a solution of ethyl nitrite in alcohol. Dose ^ss- 
§ ss. There is also a large class of mainly volatile 



compounds known as ethers which are products of the 
union of two monovalent alcohol radicals through the 
agency of an oxygen atom. They are the oxids of 
the alcohol radicals, and are neutral, volatile bodies, 
nearly insoluble in water. The lowest members are 
liquid; the highest are solids. E. -acids, the so- 
called neutral esters. They are not volatile ; are sol- 
uble in water, and yield bases with salts. E. -drink- 
ing, E. -intoxication, a form of tippling somewhat 
common in some parts of Ireland. Thus taken, 
ether is similar in effects to alcohol, but more rapid 
in action, and its use is attended with profound moral 
degeneration. E., Mixed, ether containing different 
alcohol radicals. E., Simple, ether containing two 
similar alcohol radicals. 

TABLE OF ETHERS. 
Of the Fatty Compounds. 



Name. 


Formula. 


Physical 
Condition. 


z W 

? < 
°? & 


J z. 

— M 

(a bi- 


EH 

M < 


Methyl, . . . 


(CH 3 ) 2 


Gas, nor- 
mally. Li- 
quid at 
-23° C. 






Ethyl 


(C 2 H 3 ) 2 


Liquid. 


as 


0.736 at o°. 


Propyl, . . . 


(C 3 H 7 ) 2 


Liquid. 


60-62 




Butyl, .... 


(C 4 H 9 ) 2 








Amyl, .... 


(C 5 H„) 2 


Liquid. 


176 


0.779. 


Cetyl 


(C 10 H 33 ) 2 O 


Solid. 


300° 






(C0H3VO 




39° 




Allyl 


(C 3 H 5 )oO 




85 




Vinyl ethyl, . 


C 2 H 3 O.C 2 Hs 


Liquid. 


35-5° 




Allyl ethyl, . 


C 3 H5-O.C 2 H5 


Liquid. 


66° 





Ethereal {e-the' -re-al) [cether, the upper air]. Per- 
taining to the ether or to ether. 

Ethereomania {e-the-rc-o-ma' ->ie-ali) [ather, ether ; 
fiavia, madness]. The mania for drinking ether; 
ether- intoxication. 

Ethereomaniac [e-the-re-o-ma' -ne-ak ) \_ccther, ether ; 
fiavia, madness]. One who is addicted to the use of 
ether as a stimulant. 

Etherify (e'-ther-if-i) [tether, ether; facere, to make]. 
To convert into ether. 

Etherism (e'-ther-izm) [tether, ether]. The phenomena 
produced upon the animal economy by the administra- 
tion of ether. 

Etherization (e-tlter-iz-a'-shun) [tether, ether]. The 
administration of ether to produce anesthesia. This 
is effected by inhalation of the vapor. 

Etheromania (c-ther-o-ma' -ne-ah) [tether, ether ; fiavia, 
madness]. See Ethereomania. 

Ethics {e/h'-iks) [t/Oikoc;, moral]. The science of human 
feelings, thoughts, and actions relating to duty or 



ETHIDENE 



445 



EUCALYPTOL 



morality. E., Medical, the duties a physician owes 
to himself, his profession and his fellow-men. 

Ethidene (cth'-id-en) (tuther, ether], C 2 H 4 . Ethyli- 
dene ; a bivalent radicle. E. Chlorid, or Dichlorid, 
a colorless, transparent, oily fluid, tasting and smelling 
like chloroform, with a specific gravity of 1.174 at 
1 7 C. , and boiling at 6o° C. It is prepared from alde- 
hyd by acting upon it with pentachlorid of phos- 
phorus; it is also formed as a bye-product in the pre- 
paration of chloral, and is separated by distillation and 
subsequent fractionation. It is insoluble in water, 
but soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and oils. 
It is less inflammable than chloroform, but rapidly 
decomposes. It has been used as a general anes- 
thetic. See Anesthetic. E. Diethylate. See Acetal. 

Ethiopification [e-the-op-if-ik-a' 'shun) [aWioij), an 
/Ethiopian ; facere, to make]. A darkening of the 
skin such as sometimes results from the misuse of 
mercurial, silver, or arsenical remedies. 

Ethmocephalus (eth-mo-sef '-al-us) [jjd/iog, ethmoid ; 
nctyaki], head] . A variety of single autositic monsters 
of the species cyclocephalus, in which there is a repre- 
sentative of the nose in the shape of a proboscis 
terminating anteriorly in two imperfect nostrils or in a 
single opening. There are two eyes and two eye- 
sockets. 

Ethmocranial (eth-mo-kraf -ne-al) \jfip.6c, ethmoid ; 
Kpaviov, skull]. Relating to the ethmoid and to the 
rest of the cranium. 

Ethmofrontal (eth-mo-frun' '-taV) [i/d/ioc, ethmoid ; fron- 
talis, front] . Relating to the ethmoid and frontal bones , 

Ethmoid [eth' -moid) [ijd/idc, a sieve; eldoc, likeness]. 
The cribriform bone of the nose, perforated for the 
transmission of the olfactory nerve ; it forms a part of 
the base of the skull. 

Ethmoid or Ethmoidal ( eth' -moid, eth-moi' -dal ) 
[ijOfioc, a sieve; eldoc, likeness]. Relating to the 
ethmoid bone. 

Ethmoiden (eth-moi' -den) \J)6fi6Q, a sieve ; elSoc, like- 
ness]. Belonging to the ethmoid bone in itself. 

Ethmoiditis (etli-moid-i'-tis) \jjdjxbq, a sieve ; tldac, 
likeness; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
ethmoid bone, or of the ethmoid sinuses. 

Ethmoplecosis (eth-mo-ple-ko' -sis) \ij0fi6c, sieve ; irte- 
KEiv, to twine ; voaoc, disease]. Any disease attacking 
the cellular tissue. 

Ethmoturbinal (eth-mo-tur' -bin-al) \jflixbc, a sieve ; 
turbo, a top]. Relating to the turbinal portions of the 
ethmoid bone, forming what are known as the supe- 
rior and middle turbinated bones. 

Ethmyphe (eth'-mife) [_i/8/u6g, sieve; v<pf/, web]. The 
connective tissue. 

Ethmyphitis (eth-mif-i' -tis) [r/d/i6c, sieve ; v<j>//, web ; 
Mvc, inflammation] . Inflammation of the ethmyphe or 
connective tissue ; cellulitis. 

Ethnic (eth'-nik) \lQvoc, a race]. Pertaining to race. 
E. Idiocy. See Idiocy, Ethnic. 

Ethnology (eth-nol' -o-je) \i6voc, a nation ; A\6yoc, 
science]. The comparative study of the races of man- 
kind. 

Ethoxycaffein (eth-oks-e-kaf'-e-in), C 10 H H N 4 O 3 . A 
remedy recommended to relieve the pain of herpes zos- 
ter, migraine, and neuralgia. In overdoses it has a 
toxic effect ; gr. viij causes drunkenness and vomiting. 
Dose gr. iv. Unof. 

Ethusa (e-thn' -sah) [aldeip, to burn] . A genus of um- 
belliferous plants. E. cynapium, or fools' parsley, 
has poisonous qualities. It was formerly used as an 
emmenagogue. Unof. 

Ethusin (e-thu' -sin) [aideiv, to burn]. A poisonous 
alkaloid obtainable from Ethusa cynapium, or fools' 
parsley. 



Ethyl (eth'-il) [aWr/p, ether; vkq, material], C 2 H 5 . 
The hypothetic radicle of alcohol. E. Blue. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. E. Bromid, C. 2 H 5 Br, Brom- 
ethyl ; monobromethane. A rapid and transient an- 
esthetic. Narcosis is produced in one-half to one min- 
ute, and does not last much longer. See Anesthetic. 
E. Bromid, Liq., I in 200, used in angina pectoris. 
Dose 3ss-ij. Unof. E. Chlorid, C 2 H 5 C1, Chloric 
Ether. An anesthetic resembling chloroform in action. 
It is sometimes followed by corneal opacity. See An- ' 
esthetic. Unof. E. Eosin. Same as Primrose. E. 
Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. E. Iodid. C 2 H 5 
I. Hydriodic Ether. Used to relieve the dyspnea of 
bronchitic asthma and edematous laryngitis. Dose to 
be inhaled, W^v, three or four times daily. Unof. E. 
Purple. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Ethylamin (eth-W -am-in) \_al6>)p, ether; vkri, material ; 
amin\. A non-poisonous ptomaine formed in putre- 
fying yeast, in wheat-flour, and in the distillation of 
beet-sugar residues. It is a strongly ammoniacal 
liquid, boiling at 18. 7 C. , and is miscible with water 
in every proportion ; it is combustible, and possesses 
strong basic properties. 

Ethylene (eth'-il-en) [aidr/p, ether ; vArj, matter], de- 
fiant gas, C 2 H + . A colorless, poisonous gas having an 
unpleasant, suffocating smell. It burns with a bright 
luminous flame, and when mixed with air explodes vio- 
lently. It is one of the constituents of illuminating 
gas, and has strong affinities, especially for chlorin, 
with which it unites to form an oily compound. E. 
Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. E. Bromid, a 
light brownish-colored liquid with the formula, C 2 H 4 
Br 2 . It has been used with great benefit in epilepsy 
in |^ to 2j^ minim doses two or three times daily 
Unof. E. Chlorid. See Ethene chlorid. 

Ethylidene (eth-W -id-en). See Ethidene. 

Ethylidenediamin (eth-il'-id-en-di' -am-in). C 2 H 4 . 
(NH 2 )j. A poisonous ptomaine obtained from de- 
composing haddock. Injections of the ptomaine in 
mice and guinea-pigs produce abundant flow of secre- 
tion from the nose, mouth, and eyes ; the pupils dilate 
and the eyeballs project. Violent dyspnea follows and 
continues until death, which does not take place for 
twenty-four hours or more. The heart is stopped in 
diastole. 

Etiolate (e r -te-o-lat) [F., etioler, to blanch]. In biology, 
to blanch or be whitened by the exclusion of light. 

Etiolation (e-te-o-la' -shun) [Yr., etioler, to blanch]. The 
paleness or blanching, in plants or animals, from con- 
finement in darkness. 

Etiolin (e' -te-o-lin) [Fr. , etioler, to blanch] . The yel- 
low pigment of etiolate leaves. 

Etiology (e-te-ol'-o-je) [niWa, a cause ; \6yoc, science]. 
A treatise on, or pertaining to, the causes of disease. 

Etrotomy (e-trof -o-me) \_fj~pov, pelvis ; ro/ii/, section]. 
A name proposed for pelvic section. Cf. Pubetrotomy. 

Euanthol (u-an'-thol) \fb, well ; avdog, a flower; oleum, 
oil], C 7 H u O. Euanthylic aldehyd, a product of the 
distillation of castor-oil ; it is a liquid of pungent odor, 
boiling at from 153 to 154 C. 

Eucalin (u'-kal-in) [_ev, well ; KalvTrreiv, to cover], 
C 6 H 12 O e . A glucose arising from the fermentation 
of melitose. Its properties are similar to those of 
inosite. It is non-fermentable, and dextrorotatory. 

Eucalyptol (u-kal-ip' -tol) [_ev, well; KaAuTrrew, to 
cover], C 10 H 18 O. An antiseptic camphor, prepared 
from the essential oil derived from the distillation of 
the leaves of E. globulus, and other species of the 
genus. It is used in bronchitis and chronic catarrh ; 
and also in ear- diseases and in urethritis, and externally 
in various liniments and washes. Dose n\_iv, in cap- 
sules, three times daily. Unof. 



EUCALYPTUS 



446 



EUPHONIA 



Eucalyptus (ii-kal-ip'-tus) [ev, well; KaAv^recv, to 
cover]. The leaves (lanceolate, after three years' 
growth) of E. globulus, or Blue Gum, native to Aus- 
tralia, but now cultivated in California. It contains 
a volatile oil, that yields eucalyptol, a camphor, 
by distillation. It is an aromatic bitter, promoting 
digestion. It is highly antiseptic and anti-malarial, 
and is valuable in atonic dyspepsia and in intermittent 
fevers. E., Ext. Dose gr. iij-x. E., Fid. Ext., 
alcoholic. Dose tr^x- 3J. E. Gum (B. P.); also called 
Australian Kino ; a red gum from the bark of the E. 
corymbosa, E. resinifera, and E. rostra/a of Austra- 
lia. It is intensely astringent, and valuable in the treat- 
ment of relaxed throat. Dose gr. ij-x. The genus 
Eucalyptus embraces many species of trees and shrubs, 
nearly all of which appear to have useful medicinal 
properties. E. Honey, honey gathered by bees from 
the flowers of various species of Eucalyptus. It is 
highly aromatic, containing eucalyptol (17 per cent.), 
cymol, and a terpene. It is valued in Australian 
domestic practice as a cure for almost all catarrhal 
troubles. E. Manna, a variety of manna produced 
in Australia from E. viminalis, E. mannifera, and 
E. dumosa. E. Ol., the volatile oil. Dose TTlv-xxx, 
in capsules or emulsion. E., Tinct. Unof. Dose 
^ss-ij. E. Unguentum (B. P.). Seldom used. 

Eucheuma [u-ku'-mali) [ebxvpoc, well-flavored]. A 
genus of sea-weeds. E. gelatinae and E. spinosum, 
from S. E. Asian seas, afford some part of the agar- 
agar of commerce. 

Euchlorin (u-klo 1 '-rin) [ev, well; x^- u p6c, greenish]. A 
mixture of chlorous acid and free chlorin. 

Euchroic Acid (u-kro'-ik). See Acid. 

Euchylia (ti-kll'-e-ah) [tjv, well; ;fi>/Wc, the chyle]. A 
normal condition of the chyle. 

Euchymia [11-kim' -e-ah) [ev, well; xv/j.6c, juice]. A 
healthy condition of the fluids of the body. 

Eucinesia, Eukinesia {u-kln-e'-se-ah) [ev, well; 
kivtjolc, motion]. Normal power of movement. 

Eucrasia [u-kra'-ze-ah) [ev, well ; Kpaaic, mixture]. 
Good health ; a sound constitution ; the reverse of 
dyscrasia. 

Eucyclic (ii-sik'-lik) [ev, well ; k'vkXoc, a circle]. In 
biology, applied to flowers, the organs in each whorl 
of which equal in number, and alternate with, those 
of the adjoining whorl. 

Eudiometer (it-de-om'-et-er) [ev&'ta, oalm weather ; 
ix'erpov, measure]. An instrument for ascertaining the 
purity of the air, and for the analysis of gases. 

Eudipleural [u-de-plu' -ral) [ev, well ; die, two ; ixXtvpa, 
side]. In biology, bilaterally symmetric. 

Euesihesia (ii-es-tke' '-ze-ah) [ev, well ; aladrjaic, sensa- 
tion]. The sense of well-being ; vigor and normal 
condition of the senses. 

Eugenesis {it-jen'-es-is) [ev, well: yeveaic, generation] . 
In biology, fertility. 

Eugenia (u-je'-ne-aK) [after Prince Eugene of Savoy]. 
A genus of more than 500 species of myrtaceous trees 
and shrubs, mostly tropical. E. caryophylata yields 
cloves, q. v. Pimento' is a product of E. pimenta. 
Various other species are medicinal, and some afford 
edible fruits. E. cheken. See Cheken. 

Eugenic Acid (u-jen'-ik). See Eugenol. 

Eugenin {jt'-jen-in). See Caryophyllus. 

Eugenol (u'-jen-ol) [eugenia ; oleum, oil], C 10 H I2 O 2 . 
Eugenic Acid ; a substance that occurs in clove-oil, 
and in allspice. It is an aromatic oil that boils at 
247 C. It is antiseptic, and a local anesthetic in 
dentistry. Dose gr. xv, well diluted. Unof. 

Eukinesia (ti-kin-e'-se-ah). See Eucinesia. 

Eulachon Oil, or Eulachoni Oleum (u'-lak-on, or 
u-lak-o'-ni o'-le-um) [native name in North Pacific 



islands]. Candle-fish Oil. The oil of the fish T/iale- 
ichthys pacificus, or candlefish. It is less disagreeable 
than cod-liver oil, for which it is often substituted. 
Dose 3J-iv. Unof. 

Eulyptol (u-lip'-tol). An antiseptic substance com- 
posed of six parts of salicylic acid and one part each 
of carbolic acid and essence of eucalyptus. It does 
not produce albuminates when applied to wounds. 
Dose internally, 5 ij-iiss per diem. See Eucalyptus. 

Eumerism {u'-mer-i%m\ [ev, well; p.epoc, a part]. In 
biology, opposed to dysmerism ; an aggregate of 
eumeristic parts. 

Eumeristic {ti-mer-is'-tik) [ev, well ; jiepi^ew, to divide]. 
In biology, applied to an aggregation of like parts 
arranged in a regular series, as a tapeworm. 

Eumerogenesis (u-me-ro-je?t / -es-is) [ev, well ; pepoc, 
division; yeveaic, generation]. In biology, develop- 
ment by fission, or the multiplication of like parts, 
producing a regular series. 

Eumeromorph (it'-mer-o-morf) [ev, well ; f-'epoq, a 
division; p.op<pij, shape]. An organism resulting from 
eumerogenesis, as an arthrosporous bacillus-filament. 

Eunuch (it'-nuk) [evvovxoc, guardian of the couch]. 
One from whom the genital organs have been removed 
or mutilated so as to render him impotent. 

Eunuchism («' -nuk-izm) [evvovxoc, guardian of the 
couch]. The condition of being a eunuch. 

Euonymin (11-on' -im-in) [evuvvfioc, having a good 
name]. A precipitate from the tincture of Wahoo, 
Euonymus americanus ; it is tonic, laxative, and ex- 
pectorant. Dose *4 to 3 grains. Unof. 

Euonymus {ic-on 1 '-im-us) [evuvv/ioc, having a good 
name]. I. A genus of celastraceous shrubs and trees. 
2. Wahoo. The bark of E. atropurpureus is an astrin- 
gent tonic and purgative, resembling rhubarb, jalap, 
aloes, etc., but rather milder. It is beneficially em- 
ployed in dropsy and hepatic affections. E., Ext. 
Dose gr. j-v. E., Ext., Fid. Dose 3 ss-ij. E., 
Tinct. (1 in 5). Dose tr^x-xl. E. americanus has 
similar properties. 

Eupareunia (u-par-u'-ne-ah ) [ev, well ; wdpevvoc, 
spouse]. Sexual compatibility. 

Eupathia, or Eupatheia (u-patk-i'-ah) [eviradeia ; ev, 
well; Tradoc-, feeling]. I. Euphoria. 2. Sensitive- 
ness to impressions. 

Eupatorin (u-pat-o / -rin) [evwardptov, agrimony]. I. A 
precipitate from the tincture of Thoroughwort, Eupa- 
toriicm perfoliatum ; it is aperient, emetic, febrifuge 
and tonic. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof. 2. A crys- 
talline glucosid from Eupatorium cannabinum of 
Europe. See also Eupurpurin. 

Eupatorium (u-pat-o' -re-tim) \_evTra-6piov, agrimony]. 
A genus of composite-flowered plants. In pharmacy, 
Eupatorium denotes the leaves and flowering-tops of 
E. perfoliatum, thoroughwort, or boneset. It is a bitter 
tonic, diaphoretic, aperient and emetic, of value in re- 
mittent and typhoid fevers, and thought, also, to be a 
teniafuge. E., Fid. Ext. Dose nXx-^j. E. pur- 
pureum, trumpet- weed, another American species, 
has similar qualities (see Eupurpurin), but is more 
markedly diuretic, as is also E. amarissimum, of the 
U. S. Many other species of this large genus are ac- 
tively medicinal. 

Eupepsia (u-pep'-se-a//) [ei>, well; irkirreLV, to digest]. 
Sound or normal digestion. 

Eupeptic (u-pep'-tik) \_ev, well; irewreiv, to digest]. 
Possessing a good digestion ; promoting digestion. 

Euperistalsis {u-pcr-is-tal' -sis) \_ev, well ; ■Kepi, around : 
oraXmc, compression]. The quiet peristaltic move- 
ments of the intestines in health. See Peristalsis. 

Euphonia [u-fo'-ne-ali) [ev, well; tpov?/, voice]. A 
normal, good, and clear condition of the voice. 



EUPHONY 



447 



EUTOCIA 



Euphony (u'-fon-e). See Euphonia, 

Euphorbia (u-for 1 '-be-ah ) [eb(p6p{3tov, an African 
plant]. A genus of some 700 species of trees, shrubs 
and herbs, mostly with a milky, acrid, or poisonous 
juice. E. resinifera, of Africa affords euphorbium. 
E. lathyris, yields oil of euphorbia, an active, but 
uncertain cathartic. From E. drummondii, drumin 
is prepared. In N. America, E. corollata, E. ipe- 
cacuanha, E. vulgaris, E. prostrate, and other na- 
tive species have been employed in medicine, there 
being about 100 species in the U. S. E. pilulifera, 
of S. America and Australia, has reputed value in 
asthma and cardiac dyspnea. Dose of the extract 
gr. j. ; of the fluid extract 3 ss-j ; of the tincture 5 ss-j ; 
to be used with great caution. E. piscidia, of trop- 
ical America, a virulent poison, is locally employed as 
a caustic. Many other species are actively medicinal. 

Euphorbin (u-for' -bin) [Ev<p6pjliov, an African plant]. 
A precipitate from a tincture of the root of Euphorbia 
corollata ; it is an emetic, expectorant, vermifuge and 
arterial sedative. Dose ^ to 3 grains. Unof. 

Euphorbium (u-for' -be-um) [EV<j>6pf3iov, an African 
plant]. An acrid gum-resin afforded by Euphorbia 
resinifera and E. officinarum. It is strongly purga- 
tive and vesicant, and is now mainly employed in 
veterinary medicine. 

Euphoria (u-for' -e-ah) [eiiQopog, easily carried]. 1. 
The sense of well-being or health. 2. Ability to 
endure pain. 

Euphoric (u-for' '-ik) [Evfopng, easily carried]. Marked 
by or pertaining to euphoria. 

Euphorin (u' '-for-iii) \_eb<popog, easily carried], C g 2 H n . 
Phenyl-urethan, derived from anilin, a white crystal- 
line powder, nearly insoluble in water, soluble in 
weak alcohol. It is recommended as a safe and 
rapid antipyretic in doses of from 5 to 30 grains daily. 
Unof. See Phenyl-urethan. 

Euphrasia (u-fra' -ze-ah) [Evtypaoia, delight]. Eye- 
bright. A small annual, formerly much used in eye- 
affections. It is of utility as an astringent lotion in 
conjunctivis, and invaluable in breaking up nasal 
catarrh and in hay-fever. E., Tinct., strength 1.9. 
Dose TTL j-v. 

Euphthalmin (uf-thal'-min) [ei>,well; btpBalpog, eye]. 
Ci 7 H 2 -N0 3 . HO, the hydrochlorate of the amygdalic 
acid derivative of the unstable n-methyl-vinyl-diacetone- 
alkamin. It is a colorless, crystalline powder, which 
freely dissolves in cold water. The instillation of two 
or three drops of a 2 per cent, solution in the eye pro- 
duces within 20 to 30 minutes mydriasis of intermediate 
intensity, which vanishes after 2 or 3 hours. The ac- 
commodation is but slightly, if at all, affected. 

Eupitton (u' -pit-on), C 25 H 26 9 . Eupittonic acid. An 
aurin into which six methoxyl groups have been intro- 
duced. It forms orange-yellow crystals, melting with 
decomposition, at 200 C. 

Euplastic (u-plas 1 '-tik) [ev, well; irMoaew, to form]. 
Susceptible of being transformed into sound, healthy, 
and permanent tissue. 

Eupnea (up-ne' -ah) [ev, well; ttveelv, to breathe]. 
Normal and easy respiration. 

Eupurpurin (u-pur' -pu-rin) [e{S,well ; /«/«;-«, purple]. 
A precipitate from the tincture of Eupatorium purpu- 
reian ; it is diuretic, stimulant, astringent, and tonic. 
Dose I to 4 grains. Unof. 

Eurhipidurous (u-rip-id-u' -rus) [ev, well ; pnrig, a 
fan; ovpa, tail]. In biology, applied to such birds 
as have a fan-like arrangement of the tail-feathers. 

Eurhodins (u'-ro-dinz). Dyes derived from the phena- 
zins by the introduction of one or more amido-groups. 
They are feeble bases. 

European Cholera. Synonym of Cholera. 



Europhen (u'-ro-fen). A preparation of iodin recom- 
mended as a substitute for iodoform. It is a valuable 
antiseptic, antisyphilitic, and antituberculotic. In skin- 
diseases, a 5 to 10 per cent, ointment is employed. It 
is used hypodermatically in doses of gr. J^-iss. Chemi- 
cally, it contains one atom of iodin joined to two 
molecules of isobutylcresol. Unof. E.-aristol, a 
preparation of europhen with aristol ; a substitute for 
iodoform. 

Eurycephalic, or Eurycephalous, (u-ris-efal'-ik, 
u-ris-ef'-al-us) [evpvg, wide; KEtyahh, head]. Broad- 
headed ; having a very wide skull. 

Eurycerous (u-ris'-er-us) [evp'vc;, broad ; KEpag, a horn]. 
In biology, having broad horns. 

Eurychasmus (ti-rik-az'-nnis) [Ebp'vg, broad ; ^day/a, a 
chasm]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle 
formed between the lines joining the point of the wing 
of the vomer and the posterior nasal spine and anterior 
margin of the foramen magnum is between 153 and 

1 54°- 
Eurythermal (u-rith-er'-mal) [evpiiQ, wide; Gepptj, 

heat]. Capable of sustaining a great range of temper- 
ature. 

Eusomphalus (u-som' -fal-us) [ev, good; b/i<j>a2.6c, 
navel]. A double monstrosity in which the vital func- 
tions of each individual are independent, and in which 
each has a distinct umbilicus. 

Eustachian (u-sta'-ke-an) [swrajuf, rich in corn]. 
Pertaining to the Italian anatomist, Eustachio. E. 
Artery. See Arteries, Table of. E. Catheter, an 
instrument for dilating and otherwise treating the 
Eustachian tube ; it is introduced along the floor of 
the nose. E. Tube, the canal extending from the 
tympanum to the pharynx. E. Valve, a prolonga- 
tion or continuation of the lining membrane of the 
post-cava into the right auricle of the fetal heart to 
about half of its breadth. Its function is to direct 
the blood from the post-cava across the auricle toward 
the foramen ovale. 

Eustachius, Canal of. See Canal. 

Eustomatous (u-sto'-mat-us) [ev, well ; arbpa, mouth]. 
In biology, having a well-formed oral aperture. 

Eustrongylus (u-stron' -jil-us) [ev, well ; arpoyyvloc , 
round]. A genus of parasitic nematode worms. E. 
gigas. See Thread-worms, and Parasites (Animal), 
Table of. 

Eusystole (u-sis'-to-le)'[Ev, well ; avoToki), contraction]. 
A normal contraction of the cardiac cavities. 

Eutaxia (u-faks'-e-ah) [ev, well; rai-ic,, order]. A 
normal condition of the body. 

Euthanasia (u-than-a 1 '-ze-ah) [ev, well ; OavaTog, 
death]. An easy or calm death. 

Euthycoryphus (u-thik-or' '-if-us) [Evdvg, straight ; 
KOpvyi], the head]. Lissauer's term for a skull in 
which the parietal angle is between 142 and 151 . 

Euthymetopus (u-thim-et* -o-pus) [EvBvg, straight ; 
fiETorrov, the forehead]. Lissauer's term for a skull 
in which the angle between the lines joining the 
metopion and bregma and nasion is between 141° and 

151-5°. 

Euthymia (u-thim' -e-ali) [ev, well ; 8vp6c, mind]. 

Tranquility ; cheerfulness. 
Euthyopisthocranius (u-the-o-pis-tho-kra' -ne-us) [ev- 

di'c, straight ; oTrtofloxpaviov, the occiput]. Lissauer's 

term for a skull in which the angulus summi occipitis 

is between 154 and 172 . 
Euthyuranus (u-the-u' ' -ra?t-us)[Evf)vr , straight ; ovpavog, 

the roof of the mouth]. Lissauer's term for a skull 

in which the angulus summi palati is between 163.5 

and 180 . 
Eutocia (u-to'-ke-ah) [fi,weH ; rd/coc, childbirth]. An 

easy natural delivery. 



EUTROPHIC 



448 



EVOLUTION 



Eutrophic (u-lro'-fik) [ev, well ; rptyeiv, to nourish]. 
Pertaining to eutrophy ; promoting the nutritive pro- 
cess ; well-nourished. 
Eutrophy, or Eutrophia [u'-tro-fe, or u-tro' -fe-ah) [ev, 
well; rptibt- iv, to nourish] . A state of normal or healthy 
nutrition ; the condition of being well nourished. 
Eutropic (u-lrop'-ik) [ev, well ; rpenetv, to turn). In 
biology, turning or revolving with the sun. 

Euxanthin {fl.-zan f -thin) [ev, well ; gavOoc, yellow], 
C,c,H l6 O 10 . The essential constituent of Purree, q. v. 
It forms small yellow crystals. 
Euxanthinic Acid (u-zan-thin' -ik). See Acid. 

Evacuant (e-vak / -u-ant) [evacuare, to empty]. I. 
Promoting evacuation. 2. A medicine that increases 
the secretion or evacuation of an organ, especially 
the bowels. A purgative. 

Evacuation [e-vak-u-a' -shun) [evacuatio, a voiding]. 
Defecation ; the act of voiding ; that which is voided. 

E valvular (e-val' '-vu-lar) [e, priv. ; valva, a valve]. In 
biology, destitute of valves. 

Evaporation (e-vap-or-a'-shun) [e, priv. ; vapor, 
vapor]. In pharmacy, the process of converting a 
liquid into vapor by the agency of heat. 

Eve and Lingard, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Syno- 
nymatic Table of. 

Evectics (e-vek'-tiks) [evenTiKoc, in good health]. An 
old name for hygiene ; the science of good health. 

Even-headed (e'-ven hed'-ed). Neither right-headed 
nor left-headed. Even-headedness is a condition 
common among the lower animals, and among idiots, 
imbeciles, and races of men of low development. 

Evening Primrose {fv'-ning prim'-roz). The flower- 
ing tops of Oenothera biennis, recommended for 
asthma with gastric irritability. Dose of the fld. ext. 
5SS-3J. Unof. 

Eventration [e-ven-tra' -shun) [e, out of; venter, the 
belly]. Extrusion of the abdominal viscera, es- 
pecially in a monstrosity. The term is used also as a 
synonym of Pendulous Abdomen, q. v. 

Evergreen-oak [ev' -ur-gren-ok). See Oak-bark. 

Everitt's Salt. A compound of iron and potassium 
cyanid. E.'s Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Everlasting (ev-ur-las'-ting). A popular name for 
certain plants of the genera Gnaphalium and Anten- 
naria, small composite-flowered plants. A. divica 
of Europe is antibechic. A. margaritarea of N. 
America is tonic and astringent, and is considered a 
good sudorific. A. plantaginifolia has similar qualities. 
See also Life-everlasting. 

Evernia [e-vur r -ne-ah) [eii, well; epvoc, sprout]. A 
genus of parmeliaceous lichens. E. prunastri. See 
Acid, Everninic. 

Everninic Acid (ev-ur-nin'-ik). See Acid. 

Eversion (e-ver' '-shun) [eversio, a turning out]. A 
turning outward. E. of the Eyelid, a folding of 
the lid upon itself for the purpose of exposing the 
conjunctival surface or sulcus. See also Eclropium. 

Evertebral {e-ver 1 -te-bral ) [<?, priv. ,vertebra , a vertebra] . 
Not vertebral in character, nor derived from vertebra:. 

Evidence [ev' -id-ens) [evidens, clear]. In legal medi- 
cine, the means by which the existence or non-exis- 
tence or the truth or falsehood of an alleged fact is 
ascertained or made evident ; proof, as of insanity. 
E., Circumstantial, evidence the conclusions based 
upon which are beyond actual demonstration. E., 
Conclusive or Positive, evidence that admits of no 
doubt. E., Expert, that given before a jury by an 
expert in any science, art, profession, or trade. 

Evil [e'-vW) [ME., evel, ill]. I. A disease. 2. Syn- 
onym of Scrofula. 

Eviration (ev-ir-a'-shun) [evirare, to castrate]. I. 
Castration. 2. Emasculation ; a form of sexual per- 



version in which there is a deep and permanent as- 
sumption of feminine qualities, with corresponding loss 
of manly qualities. The opposite of this is termed 
Defemination. 

Evisceration (e-vis-er-a'-shun) [e, out ; viscera, the 
bowels]. The removal of the viscera. E. of the 
Eye, removal of the entire contents of the globe of 
the eye, leaving the sclerotic intact, — an operation in 
place of enucleation, and following which some opera- 
tors insert a glass or metallic shell-globe, called an 
artificial vitreous, to preserve the shape, etc., of the 
eye-ball. E., Obstetric, the removal of the abdominal 
or thoracic viscera of the fetus in embryotomy. 

Evolution [ev-o-lu'-shun) [evolutio ; evolvere, to unroll]. 

1. The development or temporary growth and organic 
change that take place in the uterus during pregnancy. 

2. In biology, (1) the doctrine of incasement or 
preformation of the early physiologists, which sup- 
posed that all parts of the fully-formed animal or 
plant were present in a minute form in the germ. 
Cf. Epigenesis. (2) The doctrine of descent often 
spoken of as Darwinism, based upon the capacity of 
every plant and animal to produce other individuals 
of a like kind, but varying to a greater or less degree 
according to the differentiation induced by special 
environment and natural selection. Cf. Pangenesis, 
Blastogenesis, Epigenesis , Ontogeny, Phytogeny, Natu- 
ral Selection. E., Factors of, the recognized factors 
of evolution are at least five, viz. : (1) Pressure of 
an environment affecting function and function affect- 
ing structure, and the changed structure and function 
inherited and integrated through successive genera- 
tions. (2) Use and disuse of organs reacting on 
growth-force and producing change in form, structure, 
and size of parts, and such change inherited and in- 
tegrated through successive generations. (3) Natural 
selection among individuals of those most in accord 
with an ever-changing environment — or, as it has been 
otherwise called, "■ survival of the fittest." (4) Sex- 
ual selection : the selection by the female, among vary- 
ing male individuals, of the strongest or the most 
attractive. Among mammals, the selection is mainly 
of the strongest, as decided by battle ; among birds, of 
the most attractive, as determined by splendor of color 
or beauty of song. (5) Physiologic selection, or selec- 
tion of those varieties the individuals of which are 
fertile among themselves, but sterile or less fertile with 
other varieties and with the parent stock. This has 
also been called "segregate fecundity" by Gulick 
and homogamy by Romanes. These five factors are 
not universally recognized. The first two are Lam- 
arckian, the second two Darwinian factors. In the 
Lamarckian factors the changes occur during indi- 
vidual life, and the offspring is supposed to inherit 
them unchanged. In the Darwinian factors, on the 
contrary, the changes are in the offspring, and the indi- 
viduals during life are supposed to remain substanti- 
ally unchanged. The fifth factor has been brought 
forward by Romanes and Gulick and is not yet uni- 
versally recognized. (6) To these recognized factors 
of organic evolution must now be added, in hitman 
evolution, another and far higher factor, viz., conscious, 
voluntary cooperation in the ?aork of evolution, con- 
scious striving for the betterment of the individual and 
of the race. This factor consists essentially in the 
formation and pursuit of ideals. This is called a factor, 

but it is also much more than a factor. It stands in 
place of nature herself — it is a higher, rational nature 
using all the factors of physical nature for its own 
higher purposes. To distinguish the evolution deter- 
mined by this factor from organic evolution, it is called 
progress. Underlying all these factors as their nee- 



EVULSION 



449 



EXCITATION 



essary condition, and therefore themselves not called 
factors, are two opposite operative principles, viz. , 
heredity and variability. Like the conservative and 
progressive elements in society, one tends to fixedness, 
the other to change. The one initiates change, the 
other accumulates its effects in successive generations. 
The one tries all things, the other holds fast to what- 
ever is good. They are both equally necessary to the 
successful operation of any or all of the factors. E., 
Ontogenetic, the development of an embryo from an 
egg. E., Phylogenetic, the evolution of species. E., 
Spontaneous, a term expressive of the unaided oc- 
currence in childbirth of a series of changes, whereby 
a shoulder-presentation is transformed within the pel- 
vis into a combined breech-and-shoulder-presentation 
and delivery effected. 

Evulsion (e-vul'-shun) [evulsio ; evellere , to pluck out]. 
The forcible tearing or plucking away of a part, as a 
polypus, tonsil, etc. 

Ewald's Test-breakfast. A method used in ascertain- 
ing the condition of the gastric juice. It consists of 
35 to 70 grams of white bread and 300 cm. of water, 
or a cup of weak tea without milk or sugar. 

Ewald and Boas's Method. A method of removing the 
contents of the stomach. It is earned out by causing 
the patient to make forcible voluntary contraction of 
the abdominal muscles, steady pressure being applied 
to the epigastrium. 

Exacerbation [eks-as-er-ba' -sh un) [exacerbatio ; exac- 
erbare, to be violent]. Increased or paroxysmal 
violence of the symptoms of a disease. 

Exaggerated [eks-af '-er-a-led) [exaggerare, to heap up]. 
Larger ; more marked ; increased. E. Breathing. 
See Breath-sounds. E. Lithotomic Posture. See 
Postures, Table of . 

Exalbuminous (eks-al-bii'-min-us) [ex, priv. ; albumen, 
the white of an egg, from albus, white]. In biology, 
applied to seeds in which the nutritive matter, endo- 
sperm or albumin, is stored within the embryo. 

Exalgin (eks-al'-jin) [ef , out ; aXyoc, -pa.m~], C 9 H n NO. 
Methylacetanilid ; a benzene derivative allied to phen- 
acetin. It is a valuable analgesic and antipyretic in 
doses of one-half to four grains. Unof. 

Exalt (eks-awlf) [exaltare, to lift up; exalt]. In 
chemistry, to purify or refine. 

Exaltation [eks-awl-ta' -shun) [exaltatio, an uplifting]. 
1. Increase of functional activity. 2. Increase of 
mental activity. 3. A morbid mental state char- 
acterized by self-satisfaction, ecstatic joy, abnormal 
cheerfulness, or optimism, or by delusions of 
grandeur. 

Examination (eks-am-in-a' -shun) [examinare, to exam- 
ine]. Investigation, as for the purpose of diagnosis ; 
it is variously qualified as bimanual, digital, oral, 
physical, etc. 

Exangia, or Exangeia (eks-an-je'-ah) [j£, out ; ayyelov, 
vessel]. Any dilatation or distention of a blood-vessel, 
such as aneurysm, varix, or capillary enlargement. 

Examination (eks-an im-a' -shun) \_ex, out ; anima, 
spirit]. Real or apparent death ; fainting. 

Exannulate (eks-an' -u-lat) \_ex, priv ; annulus, a ring] . 
In biology, applied to ferns, the sporangium of which 
lacks the annulus. 

Exanthema, or Exanthem (eks-an' -them-ah, or eks'- 
an-them) [l^avdrj/ia, eruption: pi. , Exanthemata~\. I. 
An eruption upon the skin. 2. Any exanthematous or 
eruptive fever. 3. In biology, any irregular spot on 
the surface of a leaf or other organ. A Table of the 
Exanthemata is appended on page 450. E., Syph- 
ilitic. See Roseola, Syphilitic. 

Exanthematic (eks-an-them-at'-ik). See Exanthema- 
tous. E. Typhus. See Typhus Fever. 
29 



Exanthematology (cks-an-them-at-ol' -o-je) [c^dvdr/fia, 
eruption; Mjoc, science]. The science of the ex- 
anthematous diseases. 

Exanthematous (eks-an-them' -al-us) [e^dvd///ia, erup- 
tion]. Of the nature of or characterized by exanthema, 
or eruption ; of the nature of an eruptive fever. 

Exanthesis (eks-an-the'-sis) [h^avQrjcii^, a blossoming : 
//. , Exantheses~\. I. The breaking out or the appear- 
ance of an exanthem. 2. Any exanthematous dis- 
ease. E. rosalia arthrodynia. Synonym of Den- 

s ue - 

Exanthropia (eks-an-thro' -pe-ali) [If, out ; avdponoc, 
men]. Morbid dislike of human society ; apan- 
thropia. 

Exarteritis (eks-ar-ter-i' -tis) [tf, out; aprrjpia, artery; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the outer coat 
of an artery. 

Exarthrima (eks-ar-thrim'-ah) [£f, out ; apdpov, joint : 
//. , Exarthrimata~\. Luxation or dislocation of a 
joint. 

Exarticulate (eks-ar-tik' -u-lat) [ex, priv. ; articulate, 
to join]. In biology, applied to limbs, antenna;, 
palpi, or other appendages destitute of joints. 

Exarticulation (eks-ar-tik-u-la' -shun) [ex, out ; articu- 
lus, joint]. I. Luxation of a joint. 2. Amputation 
at a joint. 

Excandescentia (ex-kan-des-en' -she-ah) [ex, out ; can- 
descere, to glow]. Angry or furious mania ; a parox- 
ysm of insane fury. 

Excarnation (eks-kar-na' -shun) [ex, out; caro, flesh]. 
The removal of superfluous tissue from an anatomic 
preparation. 

Excaudate (eks-kaiv'-dat) [ex, priv. ; cauda, tail]. In 
biology, tailless. 

Excavation (eks-kav-a'-shun) [excavare, to hollow 
out]. A hollow or cavity, as in the lungs or in a 
tissue. E. of the Optic Nerve, a hollowing or 
" cupping" of the disc, or optic nerve-entrance, that 
may be physiologic or congenital , and without par- 
ticular significance ; or pathologic, the result of glau- 
coma, optic atrophy, etc. 

Excavator (eks'-kav-a-tor) [excavare, to hollow out]. 
A dental instrument for opening and forming cavities 
and removing decayed matter from them; e. g., the 
hatchet, hoe, and chisel. 

Excentric (eks-sen'-trik) [ex, out; centrum, center]. 
1. See Eccentric. 2. Out of the center or median 
line. E. Pains, radiating pains, symptomatic of 
spinal disease, due to irritation of the posterior nerve- 
roots. The pains are felt to be in the peripheral 
organs, hence the name. 

Excerebration (eks-ser-e-bra' -shun) [ex,o\&; cerebrum, 
brain]. The removal of the fetal brain in the process 
of embryotomy. 

Excipient (ek-sip'-e-ent) [excipere, to take up]. In 
pharmacy, any substance used to give an agreeable or 
convenient form to the ingredients of a prescription. 

Exciple (ek'-sip-l) [excipulum, a receiving- vessel]. 
That part of a lichen forming the rim of the perithe- 
cium, or immediately surrounding it. 

Excision (ek-sizh'-un) [excisio, a cutting out]. The 
operation of removing a part or tissue by cutting ; a 
cutting out. 

Excitability (ek-sit-ab-il'-it-e) [excitare, to rouse]. The 
property of reacting to stimulus. 

Excitant (ek-si' -tant) [excitare, to rouse]. A remedy 
that stimulates the activity of an organ. 

Excitation (ek-si-ta' -shun) [excitare, to rouse]. The 
act of stimulating or irritating. E., Direct, in electro- 
therapeutics, the excitement of a muscle by placing 
an electrode on the muscle itself. E., Indirect, the 
excitement of a muscle through its nerve. 



EXCITO 450 EXCURVATION 

TABLE OF THE EXANTHEMATA. 



Name. 


Period 

of 
Incuba- 
tion. 


Stage 

of 
Inva- 
sion. 


Time of Ap- 
pearance of 
Eruption. 


Character 
of Eruption. 


Duration 
of Eruption. 


Location. 


Desquama- 
tion. 


Dura- 
tion of 
Dis- 
ease. 


Con- 
vales- 
cence. 


Erysipelas. 


Few 
hours 
to 3 or 

4 days. 


1 to 3 
days. 


Within 24 
hours. 


Efflorescence ; 
br igh t-red; 
polished; 
with well-de- 
fined, raised 
margin. 


4 to 8 days. 


Face. 


Branny, or in 
large flakes. 


1 to 3 

weeks. 


Crisis. 


Measles. 


10 to 12 
days. 


4 days. 


4th day. 


Maculae; small, 
dark-red, with 
crescentic bor- 
ders. Com- 
plete in 24 
hours. 


4 to 5 days. 


Face; then 
downward 
over body. 


Branny. 8-11 
days. 


2 
weeks. 


Crisis. 


Rotheln. 


8 to 17 
days. 


24 to 48 
hours. 


Within 48 
hours. 


Maculae ; rose- 
colored; 
rounded ; dis- 
crete. 


3 days. 


Face and scalp; 
then down- 
ward over 
body. 


Slightly bran- 
ny. 


4 to 7 
days. 


Crisis. 


Scarlatina. 


1 to 21 
days. 


1 to 2 

days. 


Within 24 
hours. 


Diffuse; scar- 
let ; punctate. 


7 to 10 days. 


Neck, chest, 
face; then 
over body. 


Scales or large 
flakes. About 
one week. 


2 to 3 
weeks. 


Lysis. 


Typhoid 
Fever. 


5 to 35 
days. 


6 to 8 

days. 


7th day. 


In crops. Rose- 
colored, len- 
ticular spots. 


Each crop 3 to 
5 days. Last 
10 to 20 days 
or through- 
out the whole 
course of the 
fever. 


Abdomen, 
chest, and 
back. 


Slightly bran- 
ny or none. 


3 to 4 

weeks. 


Lysis. 


Typhus 
Fever. 


4 to 12 
days. 


5 days. 


Usually 5th 
day ; may be 
on 3d or not 
till 7th day. 


Measly spots ; 
petechias ; 
streaks ; col- 
or, mulberry- 
red. 


Few days, or 
may last 
throughout 
the course of 
the disease. 


Sides of chest 
and abdo- 
men ; arms ; 
back. 


Slightly bran- 
ny. 


2 to 4 
weeks. 


Crisis. 


Varicella. 


4 to 14 
days. 


1 to 2 

days. 


Within 12 to 
24 hours. 


In crops. 
Vesicles. 


5 to 8 days. 


Back, chest, 
arms. 


Crusts. 5-8 
days. 


2 
weeks. 


Lysis. 


Variola. 


8 to 14 
days. 


3 days. 


4th day. 


Umbilicated 
pustules. 


21 to 25 days. 


Face, and over 
body. 


Crusts. 12-22 
days. 


4 to 5 
weeks. 


Lysis. 



Excito- (ek-si'-to-) [excitare, to rouse]. A Latin prefix 
denoting stimulation or excitation. E. -motor, excit- 
ing or arousing motor function ; also, a drug or agent 
that increases activity of the motor nerve-centers. 
E. -nutrient, arousing or quickening the processes 
of nutrition. E. -reflex, pertaining to a reflex action 
that ends in muscular action. E. -secretory, arous- 
ing the function or process of secretion. E. -vaso- 
motor, carrying stimulus to vaso-motor centers. 

Excitor (ek-si'-tor) [excitare, to rouse]. One who or 
that which stimulates or excites. 

Exclave {eks-klav' , eks-klahv') [Fr.]. A detached 
portion of any organ, as of a pancreas or ovary. 

Exclusion [eks-klu' -zhun) [excludere, to shut out]. A 
shutting out. E., Diagnosis by, the reaching of a final 
or most probable diagnosis by successively excluding 
one hypothesis after another, as impossible, from a 
consideration of the symptoms. 

Excochleation (eks-kok-le-a' -shioi) [ex, out ; cochlea, 
shell, spoon]. The scraping out of material with the 
curet. 

Excoriation [eks-ko-re-a' -shun) [ex, from ; corium, the 
skin], 1. Abrasion or removal, partial or com- 
plete, of a limited portion of the skin. 2. A lesion of 
the skin in which, as a rule, the surface is denuded 
only as far as the stratum mucosum. It heals with- 
out leaving a scar. It is usually seen in pruritic dis- 
eases. 

Excreation [ex-kre-a' -shun). See Exscreation. 



Excrement [eks' -kre-ment ) [excernere, to separate ; to 
excrete]. An excreted substance ; the feces. 

Excrement {eks' -kre-ment) [excrescere, to grow out]. 
An old name for the hair, nails, etc. 

Excrementitious [cks-kre-men-tish' -us) [excernere, to 
separate; to excrete]. Pertaining to the excrement. 

Excrescence (eks-kres'-ens) [excrescere, to grow out]. 
An abnormal outgrowth upon the body. See Cauli- 
flower Excrescence. 

Excreta {eks-kre'-tah) [pi. ; excernere, to separate]. 
The natural discharges of the body, particularly those 
of the bowels ; feces. 

Excretin (cks'-kre-tin) [excernere, to separate], 
C., H, 6 O. One of the constituents of feces. It occurs 
in little leaves or tufts mixed with needles, insoluble 
in cold or hot water, soluble in hot alcohol and ether ; 
its reaction is neutral. 

Excretion (eks-kre'-skun) [excretio ; excernere, to ex- 
crete]. The separation of the waste products of an 
organ, or of the body as a whole, out of the blood. 
The material so excreted. 

Excretory (eks'-kre-tor-c) [excretio ; excernere, to 
excrete]. Pertaining to excretion. E. Duct, a 
canal conveying the excretion from the excretory 
organ to the discharging point. See Duct. 

Excurrent (eks-kur'-ent) (ex, out; currere, to run]. 
Leading or going outward, as an excurrent canal. 

Excurvation [ex-kttr-va' -shun) [ex, out ; mrvarc, to 
curve]. A deformity of the eyelid affecting almost 



EXEDENT 



451 



EXOMETRITIS 



exclusively the upper palpebra, and one in which the 
tarsal cartilage becomes turned outward. It occasion- 
ally develops in protracted cases of granular conjunc- 
tivitis. 

Exedent (ek'-se-dent ) [exedens ; <?x,out; edere, to eat] . 
Rodent ; eating away the tissues. 

Exelcysmos (eks-el-sis'-mos) [sf , from ; eak'velv, to 
draw]. Extraction, as of teeth. 

Exencephalocele (eks-en-sef* '-al-o-sel) [cf, out; kyae<j>- 
a?ov, brain; kjjAtj, hernia]. Cerebral hernia; an 
exencephalous tumor ; a mass of brain-substance out- 
side of the cranial cavity. 

Exencephalon (eks-en-sef ' -al-on). Same as Exenceph- 
a/us. 

Exencephalus (eks-en-sef -al-us) \iE, out ; kvneQaAoc, 
brain]. A species of single autositic monsters char- 
acterized by a malformed brain, situated, at least in 
part, without the cranial cavity, the bony walls of 
which are themselves imperfect. The specimens of 
this nature are divided into two main classes — those 
with and those without a spinal fissure. 2. A variety of 
autositic monsters of the foregoing species in which 
there is an arrested development of the cranial bones, 
with protrusion of the brain, associated with an exten- 
sive spina bifida. 

Exenteratio bulbi. See Exenteration of the Orbit. 

Exenteration (eks-en-ter-a' -shun) [jf, out ; ivrepuv, in- 
testine]. 1. Removal of the intestines or thoracic 
viscera in embryotomy. 2. In ophthalmology, the 
operation of evisceration of the contents of the eyeball, 
leaving the globe as a stump in the orbit. E. of the 
Orbit, the removal of the contents of the orbital cavity. 

Exenteritis (eks-en-ter-i'-lis) [e£, out; evrepov, bowel ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the outer or 
peritoneal coat of the intestine. 

Exercise (eks'-er-siz) [exercere, to keep busy]. Func- 
tional activity of the muscles ; often applied to such ac- 
tivity when its purpose is the preservation or restoration 
of the health. E., Active, that exerted by the will of 
the patient. E., Passive, when the part is moved by 
another, or acted upon, as in massage. E. Bones, 
Rider's bones ; osseous growths occasionally found in 
the muscles. 

Exeresis (eks-er' -es-is) [ef, out ; aipeeiv, to take]. 
Surgical removal, as by excision or extraction ; evacu- 
tion. 

Exfetation (eks-fe-ta' -shun) \_exfetatio~\. Ectopic or ex- 
trauterine fetation. 

Exfoliation (eks-fo-le-a'-shun) \_exfoliatio ; exfoliare, to 
shed leaves]. The lamellar (or other) separation of 
bone or other tissue from the living structure in Dry 
Necrosis, etc. 

Exhalant (eks-ha'-lant) \_exhalare, to breathe out]. I. 
Serving for exhalation ; exhaling. 2. A pore or organ 
of exhalation. 

Exhalation (eks-hal-a' -shun) \exhalare, to breathe out] . 
The process of giving off or exhaling vaporous or 
effluvial matters; the vapor, subtle particles, etc., 
given off by the body through the skin or lungs. 

Exhaustion (eg-zawsf '-yun) \_exhaurire, to pour out]. 
Great loss of vital and nervous power from fatigue or 
protracted disease. 

Exhibit (ek-zib'-it) [exhibere, to give]. To administer 
as a medicine. 

Exhibition (ek-zib-ish' -un) [exhibere, to give]. In legal 
medicine, the exposing of the genitalia in public places. 

Exhibitionism (ek-zib-ish' -un-izm) \_exhibere, to give]. 
A perversion of the sexual feeling that leads the 
patient to expose the genital organs. 

Exhibitionist (ek-zib-ish' -un-ist) [exhibere, to give]. 
An insane person who wilfully and indecently exposes 
himself. 



Exhilarant (ck-zil' -ar-ant) [exhilarare, to cheer]. An 
agent to enliven and cheer the mind. E. Gas, 
nitrous oxid gas. 

Exhumation (ex-hit-ma' -shun) [ex, out of; humus, the 
ground]. The digging up after interment of a dead 
body, for examination in medico-legal inquiries, or for 
reinterment. 

Exindusiate (eks-in-du 1 '-se-at) [ex, priv. ; induere, to put 
on ; indusium, the covering of the fruit-dots in ferns]. 
In biology, applied to such ferns as lack the indusium. 

Exner's Solution. See Stains, Table of. 

Exocardiac, or Exocardial (eks-o-kar'-de-ak, or eks-o- 
kar'-de-al) [efw, out; icapdia, heart]. Originating 
or situated outside of the heart. 

Exocarditis (eks-o-kar-di'-tis) [£f«, out; napdia, heart; 
ntg, inflammation]. Inflammation of the outer sur- 
face of the heart. Also a synonym of Pericarditis. 

Exocarp (eks' -o-karp) [ego, outside; Kap~6g, fruit]. 
In biology, the outer layer of a pericarp when the 
latter consists of more than one layer. 

Exoccipital (eks-ok-sip'-it-al) [ex, out ; occiput, the oc- 
ciput]. Lying to the side of the foramen magnum. 
E. Bone, the neurapophysial or condyloid part of the 
occipital bone, with which in adult life it is consoli- 
dated. 

Exocelar (eks-o-se'-Iar) [£fw, outside; noMa, body-cav- 
ity]. In biology, situated on the outer or somatic wall 
of the body-cavity. 

Exocelarium (eks-o-se-la-re' -um) [ffo, outside ; Koclia, 
body-cavity]. In biology, the epithelium of the outer 
wall of the body-cavity. 

Exocelum (eks-o-se'-lum) [e^u, outside ; KoiXia, the 
body-cavity]. In biology, the extra-embryonic part 
of the body-cavity shut off by the somatic and splanch- 
nic stalks at the umbilicus. (Sevenka.) 

Exochorion (eks-o-ko' -re-on) [e^o>, outside ; x°P l0V > 
chorion]. The external layer of the chorion. 

Exocolitis (eks-o-ko-W -tis) [e$u, out ; k6aov, colon ; 
mq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the outer or 
peritoneal coat of the colon. 

Exocranium (eks-o-kra' -ne-utti) [e!;G), out ; upaviov, 
craniwn~\. The outer surface of the skull ; the 
pericranium. 

Exodic (eks-od'-ik) [tf o, out ; 6<5oc, a way]. Transmit- 
ting impulses outward from the central nervous 
system; efferent; centrifugal. 

Exodontosis (eks-o-don-to'-sis). See Exostosis of the 
Teeth. 

Exodyne (eks'-o-din) [efu, out of; bdbvri, pain]. A 
mixture of acetanilid 90, sodium salicylate 5, and 
sodium bicarbonate 5 ; it is used as an anodyne. 

Exogamy (eks-og'-am-e) [etju, outside ; yajxoq, mar- 
riage]. The law that forbids marriage between 
persons of the same family. (Lang.) 

Exogastritis (eks-o-gas-tri' -tis) [e^u, out ; yaari/p, belly ; 
itic, inflammation]. See Perigastritis. 

Exogen (eks'-o-jen) [£f u, outside ; yevf/c, producing] . 
In biology, one of the two primary classes of flower- 
ing-plants, characterized by the growth of the stems 
in concentric layers ; more properly called Dicoty- 
ledons. 

Exogenetic (eks-o-jen-et'-ik) [efw, outward ; yevvav, to 
produce]. Due to an external cause; not arising 
within the organism. 

Exogenous (eks-oj'-en-tis) [e!;o>, out ; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. Of the nature of an exogen ; growing by 
accretions to the outer surface. 

Exognathite (eks-og'-nath-lt). See Basecphysis. 

Exogonium (eks-o-go'-ne-um). See fa tap. 

Exometritis (eks-o-me-tri'-tis) [ffu, out ; fir/Tpa, womb ; 
itic, inflammation]. Perimetritis; less correctly, 
parametritis. See Metritis. 



EXOMPHALOS 



452 



EXPIRATORY 



Exomphalos {eks-om'-fal-os) [if, out; bp<pal6c, navel]. 
Undue prominence of the navel ; also, umbilical 
hernia. 

Exoneural (eks-o-nu' -ral~) [ffu, out; vevpov, nerve]. 
Occurring or situated outside of the nervous appa- 
ratus. 

Exopathic {eks-o-path'-ik) [tfo, out ; irador, disease]. 
Pertaining to those causes of disease coming from 
without or beyond the organism. See, also, Endo- 
patliic. 

Exoperidium [eks-o-per-id' -e-um) [ifw, outside ; peri- 
dium (from nr/pidwv, dim. of Tit/pa, a leather pouch), 
the covering of the spore-case]. The outer peridium 
of a fungus having more than one, as the earth-star. 

Exophoria (eks-o-for'-e-ah). See Heterophoria. E., 
Pseudo-, an outward tending of the eyes excited by 
lessening the activity of the accommodative centers, as 
when hyperopia has been corrected by convex lenses. 
This condition also exists in uncorrected myopia. 

Exophthalmic {eks-off-thaV -mik) [if, out; bipdaAjuoc, 
eye]. Pertaining to exophthalmos. E. Goiter. See 
Goiter. 

Exophthalmometer [eks-off-thal-mom' -et-er) [if, out ; 
b(p0aX/j.6c , eye; fierpop, measure]. An instrument 
for measuring the degree of exophthalmus. 

Exophthalmos, Exophthalmus [eks-off-thal'-mos, -t/ius) 
[ff, out ; b(pHaXp.6c , eye]. Abnormal prominence or 
protrusion of the eyeballs. E., Pulsating, that 
characterized by a bruit and pulsation, due to an aneu- 
rysm that pushes the eye forward. 

Exoplasm (eks'-o-plazm) [i^u, outside ; ttXwoeiv, to 
form]. In biology, the outer protoplasm of a unicellu- 
lar organism or histologic cell. 

Exopodite (eks-op 1 '-o-dlt) [ffw, outside ; irovc {ttoS-), 
foot]. In biology, the outer of the two main divi- 
sions of the typical crustacean limb or appendage. 
Cf. Endopodite and Basecphysis. 

Exorhinus [eks-or-i'-nus) [tfw, without; pig, nose]. 
Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between 
the lines joining the nasion and the alveolar point and 
rhinion is between l° and 20. 5 . 

Exormia (eks-or 1 '-me-ali) [£i;opfiauv, to go forth]. Any 
papular skin-disease. 

Exoskeleton [eks-o-skel' -et-im) [£fu, outside ; okcXet6v, 
a dried body]. In biology, the outer envelop of many 
of the lower forms of life for the protection and 
attachment of organs, representing an integument 
modified by the deposition of chitin, lime, or other 
hardening substance. See Dermoskeleton. 

Exosmose (eks'-os-mos). See Exosmosis. 

Exosmosis (eks-os-mo' -sis) [ef, out; i>ap.6c, thrust]. 
Outward osmosis. See Endosmosis and Osmosis. 

Exosmotic (eks-os-mot'-ik) [ef, out ; cia/idc, thrust]. 
Pertaining to or characterized by exosmosis. 

Exospore (eks' -o-spor) [ffu, outside; a-n6poc, seed]. 
In biology, the outer coat of a spore. 

Exostome (eks'-os-tom) [ffw, outside; ord/ia, mouth]. 
In biology, the orifice in the outer coat of the ovule, 
or the outer peristome of a moss. 

Exostosis [eks-os-to' '-sis) [ff, out; boreov, bone]. 
Abnormal enlargement or growth of bone, especially 
a deposit of bony tissue upon the surface of a pre- 
existing bone. E. of the Teeth, exostosis den- 
tium ; exodontosis. An outgrowth from a tooth. 
The only part of a tooth subject to exostosis is the 
root, and the development of the affection usually 
commences at or near the extremity ; extending from 
thence upward, it sometimes covers a greater or less 
portion of the external surface. E., Ivory, a bony 
outgrowth of extreme hardness and of small size, 
rarely exceeding that of a small walnut. It springs 
usually from the exterior of one of the cranial bones. 



Histologically, it is marked by the absence of Haver- 
sian canals. 

Exostotic (eks-os-tot' -ik) [ef , out ; bartov, bone]. Of 
the nature of exostosis. 

Exoteric (eks-o-ter'-ik) [e^urepiK6c , external]. Synony- 
mous with Exopathic. 

Exoterorhinus [eks-o-ter-or-i' -nus) [ffwrcpoc, outside ; 
pic, nose]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the 
angle between the lines joining the nasion and the 
alveolar point and rhinion is between 22. 5 and 45 . 

Exotheca (eks-o-the'-kah) [ffw, outside ; tti/ia/, a case]. 
In biology, the proper calcareous investment of the 
visceral chamber of a coral. 

Exothecium [eks-o-the' -se-um) [«fu, outside ; di/ny, a 
case]. In biology, the epidermis of the anther. 

Exothyropexy (eks-o-thi'-ro-peks-e) [ «£w, without; 
dvpebc, a shield; tt?/s'C, fixation]. Partial extrusion 
of goiter, with subsequent atrophy from constriction, 
cicatrization, etc. 

Exotic (eks-ot'-ik) [ffur/K<Sc, foreign]. Pertaining to 
plants and products from another country. 

Exotropia (eks-o-tro' '-pe-ah). See Strabismus. 

Expansive (eks-pan'-sif) \expandere, to spread out]. 
Comprehensive ; wide-extending. E. Delirium, 
insane over-estimation of one's mental or bodily 
powers. See Exaltation. 

Expectant (eks-pek'-tant) [expectare, to look out for]. 
Awaiting or expecting ; applied to a plan of treatment 
consisting in watching the progress of a disease, and 
not interfering with therapeutic measures, unless war- 
ranted by special symptoms. 

Expectation (eks-pek-ta' -shun) [expectare, to expect]. 
Same as Expectant. E. of Life, the average num- 
ber of years that persons of a given age, taken one 
with another, live, assuming that they die according 
to a given table of the probabilities of life. It thus 
has no relation to the most probable life of a single 
given individual. E. of L., Complete, the addition 
of one-half year to the curtate expectation to allow 
for that portion of a year lived by each person in the 
year of his death. E. of L., Curtate, the average 
number of whole or completed years lived by each 
person. 

Expectorant (eks-pek' -to-rant) [ex, out ; pectus, breast]. 
1. Promoting expectoration. 2. A remedy that pro- 
motes expectoration. 

Expectoration {eks-pek-tor-a' -sliun) \_ex, out ; pectus, 
breast]. I. The ejection from the mouth of saliva or 
material brought into it by the air-passages. 2. The 
fluid or semi-fluid matters from the lungs and air-pas- 
sages expelled by coughing and spitting. E., Prune- 
juice. See Prune-jziice. E., Rusty. See Rusty Ex- 
pectoration. 

Expellent (ekspd'-ent) [expellere, to drive out]. A 
medicine that has power to expel a materies morbi. 

Experiment (eks-per 1 '-im-ent) [experimentare , to ex- 
periment]. A trial or test. 

Experimentum (eks-per-im-en' -turn) [L.]. Same as 
Experiment. E. mirabile of Kirchner, a hyp- 
notic phenomenon in animals, a hen, e.g., remaining 
in a fixed position when the head is pressed down and 
a chalk line made from its beak. 

Expert [eks' -pert) [expertus, proved]. A person es- 
pecially qualified in a science or art. E., Medical, 
a physician peculiarly fitted by experience or special 
learning to render an authoritative opinion in medico- 
legal or diagnostic questions. 

Expiration (eks-pi-ra'-shuu) [expirare, to breathe out]. 
The act of breathing forth, or expelling air from the 
lungs. 

Expiratory (eks-pi'-rat-or-e) [expirare, to breathe out] . 
Relating to or concerned in the expiration of air. 



EXPIRE 



453 



EXTRA- 



Expire (eks-pir') [expirare, to breathe out]. To breathe 
out ; to die. 

Explanate (cks'-plan-dt) [explanare, to flatten, spread 
out]. In biology, spread out, flattened; applied to 
parts usually rolled or folded. 

Exploration (eks-plor-a' -shun) [explorare, to search 
out]. The searching out the condition of a diseased 
organ or part by means of auscultation, palpation, per- 
cussion, etc. Also the searching of a wound to learn 
its nature, course, etc., and if foreign bodies may be 
present. Also the examination of the female genital 
organs by the finger or instrument for diagnostic pur- 
poses. 

Explorator, Explorer (eks'-plor-a-tor, ex-plor'-er) [ex- 
plorare, to search out]. An instrument for use in 
exploration. E., Electric, an instrument for detect- 
ing a bullet by means of the electric current. 

Exploratory (eks-plor' -at-or-e) [explorare, to search 
out]. Pertaining to exploration. E. Puncture, the 
puncture of a cavity or tumor and extraction there- 
from of some of the contents to learn their nature. 
E. Trocar, one especially adapted for exploratory 
puncture. 

Explosion (eks-plo' ' -zhun) [explodere, to drive away]. 
I. The sudden expansion of a body of small volume 
into great volume, with the resulting effects. 2. The 
sudden and violent occurrence of any symptom or 
function. 

Explosive (eks-plo' -siv) \_explodere , to drive away]. 
See Consonants. E. speech, speech characterized by 
suddenness and explosiveness of enunciation. 

Exposure (eks-po' -zhilr) [exponere, to expose]. I. The 
act of laying bare, as the genitals. 2. The state of 
being open to some action or influence, as of cold or wet. 

Expression (eks-presh'-un) [expressus ; exprimere, to 
press out]. I. A pressing out. The forcible separa- 
tion of liquids from solids by pressure. 2. The 
recognizable manifestation through the facial linea- 
ments or the voice of any subjective feeling. E. of 
Fetus or Placenta, assisting the expulsion of fetus 
or placenta by pressure upon the abdominal walls. 

Expulsion (eks-pul'-shun) \_expulsio ; expellere, to 
drive out]. The act of driving out. E., Spontane- 
ous, the extrusion of the fetus or the placenta 
without external aid. 

Expulsive (eks-puF -siv) [expellere, to drive out]. 
Pertaining to the extrusion or driving out of the fetus 
in childbirth, the voiding of the feces, urine, etc. 

Exsanguination (ek-sang-gwin-a 1 '-shun) [ex, priv. ; 
sanguis, blood]. The forcible expulsion of blood 
from a part, as before amputation. 

Exsanguine (ek-sang' -gwin)[ex, priv.; sanguis, blood]. 
Bloodless. 

Exsanguinity (ek-sang-givin' '-it-e) [ex, priv. ; sanguis, 
blood]. Bloodlessness ; extreme pallor. 

Exscinded (ek-sin'-ded) [ex, out; scindere, to cut]. 
In biology, terminating abruptly in an angular notch. 

Exscreation (ek-skre-a' -shun) [ex, out ; screare, to 
hawk]. The act of clearing the throat by hawking 
and spitting. 

Exsculptate (eks-kulp'-tdt) [exsculpere, to carve out]. 
In biology, presenting a sculptured appearance. 

Exsert, Exserted (ek'-sert, ek-ser' -ted) [exserere, to 
thrust out] . In biology, projecting, as a stigma beyond 
the anthers. 

Exsertus (ek-ser' -tits) [L.]. Protruding; sometimes 
applied to teeth that protrude. See Dens exsertus. 

Exsiccatae, Exsiccati (ek-sik-at'-e,-i) [exsiccare, to dry 
up]. In biology, the dried plants of an herbarium. 

Exsiccation (ek-sik-a' -shun) [ex, out; siccus, dry]. 
The process of depriving a solid of its moisture or 
volatile constituents by the agency of moderate heat. 



Exsiccative (ek-sik'-at-iv) [exsiccare, to dry up]. I. 
Having a strong drying tendency. 2. A desiccating 
or drying remedy or application. 

Exsiccator (ek'-sik-a-tor) [exsiccare, to dry up]. A 
closed glass vessel containing a tray of H 2 S0 4 , used 
to dry and cool substances preparatory to weighing. 

Exspuition (eks-pu-ish'-un) [ex, out; spuere, to spit]. 
Expectoration ; spitting. 

Exstipulate (ek-stip' -u-lat) [ex, without; slipula, a 
stipule]. In biology, destitute of stipules. 

Exstrophy [eks' -tro-fe) [cKGTpifeiv, to evert]. I. The 
turning of a hollow organ inside out ; the state of 
being turned inside out. 2. Congenital absence of 
the anterior wall of the bladder and abdomen with 
extroversion of the bladder. 

Exsuccation (ek-suk-ka'-shun) [ex, out ; succtcs, juice]. 
Same as Ecchymosis. 

Exsuccous (ek-suk'-us) [ex, without ; succus, juice, 
sap]. In biology, juiceless. Also written Exuccous. 

Exsufflation (ek-suf-la' -shun) [ex, out ; sufflare, to 
blow]. Forced discharge of the breath. 

Exta (eks' -tah) [L. ,pl.\ The viscera, especially those 
of the chest. 

Extension (eks-ten' -shun) [extendere, to stretch out]. 
I. The opposite of flexion; the straightening of a 
flexed limb by the natural and functional process ; the 
state of a limb that is not flexed. 2. Traction made 
upon a fractured or dislocated limb in order to bring 
the parts into proper apposition. E., Angular, a 
method of reducing and maintaining old dislocations 
of the hip. E., Counter-, traction upon the trunk or 
the trunk-end of a fractured limb in addition to ex- 
tension. E., Double, traction applied to both limbs in 
hip-joint disease, etc. E. Stage in Labor, one of 
the stages of labor, consisting in the bending of the 
fetal head, the occiput toward the back. 

Extensor (eks-ten' -sor) [extendere, to extend]. That 
which stretches out or extends. E. Muscles. See 
Muscles, Table of. E. Tetanus, in general spasms 
the extensor muscles overcome the flexors, and the 
spasm thus becomes an extensor tetanus. 

Extenuation (eks-ten-u-a' -shun) [fx,out ; tenuis, thin]. 
Thinness; leanness of body ; delicacy. 

Extern (eks' -tern) [extemus, outward]. I. Outside; 
outside the gates of a hospital. 2. An out-door patient. 
3. A medical student, or graduate, who attends to 
out-door charity cases. E. Maternity, a lying-in in 
a private house. 

Externalization (eks-tern-al-iz-a' -shun) [extemus, out- 
ward]. The process of externalizing, or embodying. 
E. of Sensation. See Sensitivisation. 

Externomedian (eks-ter-no-me'-de-an) [extemus, out- 
ward ; medius, middle]. In biology, outside the 
median line. 

Extesticulate (eks-tes-tik'-u-ldt) [ex, out ; testiculus, a 
testicle] . To castrate. 

Extinction (eks-tink' -shun) [extinguere , to extinguish] . 
Complete abeyance or final loss, as of the voice ; also, 
incomplete loss. 

Extine (eks' -tin) [extemus, outside]. In biology, the 
outer coat of a pollen-grain. Also Exine (Schacht). 

Extirpation (eks-ter-pa' -shun) [extirpare, to root out]. 
Thorough excision or out-rooting of a part, as of a 
gland, a tumor, the uterus, the ovaries, etc. E. of 
the Eyeball, complete removal of the globe of the 
eye. Enucleation. 

Extra- (eks'-trah-) [L.]. A prefix, meaning outside, 
without. E. -axillary, in biology, applied to a branch 
or bud somewhat out of the axil. E. -current, the 
induced electric current. E. -enteric. In biology, 
perivisceral. E. -neural, situated or occurring out- 
side of a nerve. A term applied to certain nervous 



EXTRACAPSULARIUM 



454 



EXTROVERSION 



affections of which the true seat is more or less re- 
mote from the point which manifests the symptoms of 
nerve-embarrassment. E. -ocular, outside the eye, or 
eyeball ; in biology, applied to those antennce of insects 
that are located at a distance from the eyes. E. -pelvic, 
situated or occurring outside the pelvis. E. -polar 
Region, that lying outside the electrodes, as opposed 
to the Intra-polar Region, or area, that lying within 
or directly beneath the electrodes. E. -uterine, with- 
out the uterus. E.-u. Pregnancy. See Pregnancy. 
E.-u. Life, that after birth. 

Extracapsularium [eks-trah-kap-su-la' '-re- urn) [extra, 
beyond, outside ; capsula, capsule : pi. , Extra-capsu- 
larid\. In biology, that portion of a radiolarian out- 
side the central capsule. 

Extracardial {eks-trak-kar'-de-al) [extra, without; 
napdia, heart]. Situated or occurring outside of the 
heart. 

Extracloacal [eks-trah-klo-a' -kaT) [extra, without ; clo- 
aca, a sewer]. In biology, situated outside the cloaca. 

Extracostal [eks-trah-kos' '-tal) [extra, without ; casta, 
a rib]. Outside of the ribs. E. Muscle, any 
external intercostal muscle. See JMascles, Table of . 

Extracrureus {eks-trah-kru f -re-us) [extra, outside ; 
crus, a leg]. The vastus externus muscle. See Mus- 
cles, Table of. 

Extract, Extractum [ex'-trakt, -trakt'-uni) [extractus ; 
extrahere, to extract : //. , Extracta"]. In pharmacy, a 
solid or semi-solid preparation, made by extracting the 
soluble principles of a drug and evaporating the 
solution to a proper consistence. Alcohol and water 
are the most common solvents. There are 33 official 
extracts. E., Alcoholic, that in which alcohol is the 
solvent. E., Aqueous, that prepared by using water 
as the solvent. E., Fluid, in pharmacy, an alcoholic 
or hydro-alcoholic solution of the solid principles of a 
vegetable drug, of such strength that 1000 grams of 
the drug are fully represented by one liter of the fluid 
extract. There are 8S official fluid extracts, besides 53 
in the N. F. 

Extraction [ex-trak' -shuii) [extractio ; ex, out ; trahere, 
to draw]. The drawing out of a body, as a calculus, 
a fetus, or a tooth. Also, the pharmaceutic process of 
making an extract, chiefly by the action of some men- 
struum, as alcohol, ether, or water. E. of Cataract, 
removal of the cataractous lens by surgical operation. 
The methods proposed or practised are almost num- 
berless. Daviel's Method, improved by Beer, consists 
in making a semicircular flap (upward in Daviel's, 
downward in Beer's) in the cornea, or at the margin, 
with rupture of the capsule and expression of the lens. 
This method is being revived and, with modification, 
adopted by a large number of modern operators, and 
is called the Flap-extraction. The Discission- 
operation is used in soft cataract, and consists in in- 
troducing a needle, whereby the capsule is broken and 
the aqueous humor gains access to the lens-substance, 
which is then absorbed or removed by suction. In v. 
Graefe's Peripheral Linear Method, the Graefe 
lance-knife enters the sclerotic 1. 5 mm. from the cor- 
neal border, and 2 mm. below the horizontal tangent 
of the upper border of the cornea, and is at first 
directed downward, but the counterpuncture is finally 
made opposite the point of puncture. The cut up- 
ward is then made parallel to the plane of the iris, 
followed by an iridectomy, capsulotomy, and expres- 
sion of the lens. The change in v. Graefe's Modi- 
fied Linear Extraction consists chiefly in bringing 
the section to the corneo-scleral junction. Needling, 
or the needle-operation. See Discission. The Sim- 
ple Method, now advocated by many ophthalmic 
surgeons, consists in a flap-forming section and an 



omission of the iridectomy. The Suction Method 
consists in the extraction of soft cataracts by sucking 
the lenticular matter through a syringe nozzle intro- 
duced into the lens-substance, or by other methods. 
See Operations, Table of. 
Extractive [eks-trak' -tiv) [ex, out; trahere, to draw]. 

1. In pharmacy, a substance which, during the process 
of making an extract from a vegetable or drug of 
vegetable origin, becomes dark, and finally insoluble. 

2. Any one of a class of nitrogenous bodies (such as 
creatin and xanthin) that may be extracted in small 
amount from various animal tissues. By some writers 
they are classed as protein compounds. 

Extractor [eks-trak' -tor) [ex, out ; trahere, to draw] . 
An instrument for extracting bullets, sequestra, etc. 
E., Screw, one armed with a screw-attachment ; a 
tirefond. 

Extractum [eks-trak' '-turn). See Extract. E. ferri 
pomatum, or E. pomi ferratum, ferrated extract 
of apples ; official in the German Pharmacy and given 
in the National Formulary ; it is an extract of sour 
apples, 50 parts, with iron one part. It contains a 
crude malate of iron. 

Extrafloral [eks-trah-fto'-ral) [extra, outside; ftos,a. 
flower]. In biology, placed without the flower. 

Extrafoliaceous [eks-trah-fo-le-a'-she-us) [extra, out- 
side; folium, leaf]. In biology, separated from the 
leaves. 

Extralimital [cks-trah-lim'-it-aT)[extra, outside; limes, 
bounds, limit]. In biology, not included in a given 
area, either on the surface of a plant or animal, or on 
the earth's surface. 

Extramalleolus [eks-trah-mal-e' -o-lus) [extra, without ; 
malleolus, a small hammer]. The outer malleolus of 
the ankle. 

Extrambulacral [eks-tram-bu-la 1 '-kral) [extra, with- 
out; ambulacrum, a walk, alley]. In biology, 
located outside the ambulacra. 

Extramedullary [eks-trah-me-dul'-ar-e) [extra, with- 
out; medulla, marrow]. Situated or occurring out- 
side of the medulla. 

Extraneous [eks-tra' -ne-us) [extraneus, external]. 
Existing or belonging outside the organism. E. 
Body, a foreign or intrusive body, present within the 
organism. 

Extraordinary [eks-tror' '-din-a-re) [extra, beyond ; 
ordo, rule]. Out of the common; special. E. Ray. 
See Ray. 

Extrathecal [eks-trah-the'-kal) [extra, outside ; theca, 
box, case]. In biology, located outside the theca. 

Extravasation [eks-trav-as-a' '-shun) [extra, outside ; 
vas, a vessel]. Filtration or effusion of blood, serum 
or fluid from any vessel into adjacent tissues. 

Extraversio gonadum [cks-trah-ver 1 '-ze-o go-na' -dttni) 
[L.]. In biology, pendent external gastro-genital 
pouches in certain Medusa. 

Extremital [eks-trem'-it-al) [extremus, outermost]. 
Situated towards, or pertaining to, an extremity ; 
distal. 

Extremity [eks-trem' -it-e) [extremus, outermost]. An 
arm or leg ; the distal or terminal end or part of any 
organ ; a hand or foot. 

Extricate, Extricated [eks'-trik-at, -a'-ted) [exfricarc, 
to disentangle]. In biology, applied to the normally 
extruded parts of certain insects, as the ovipositors. 

Extrinsic [eks-trin'-sik) [extrinsicus, from without]. 
External, outward. E. Muscles, those attached to 
the trunk and extending to the limbs. 

Extrorse (eks-trors') [extrorsus, toward the outside]. In 
biology, turned outward or away from the body or 
central axis. 

Extroversion [eks-tro-vcr'-shun). See Exstrophy. 



EXTUBATION 



455 



EYE 



Extubation [eks-tu-ba f -shun) [ex, out ; tubus, a pipe]. 
The removal of a laryngeal tube ; opposed to intuba- 
tion. 

Extuberance (cx-tu'-ber-ans) [ex, out ; tuber, mass]. 
A swelling or protuberance. 

Extumescence (cl-s-lu-mes'-ens) [ex, out ; lumescere, to 
swell]. A projection or swelling. 

Exuber (ex-u'-ber) [ex, from ; uber, breast: //., Exu- 
beres~\. A weaned child. Cf. Sububer. 

Exudate [eks f -u-dat ) [exudare, to sweat]. Material 
that has filtered through the walls of vessels into the 
adjacent tissues. 

Exudation [eks-u-da' -shiai) \_exudare, to sweat]. Fil- 
tration or oozing of the serum of the blood through 
the walls of the vessels ; a mass formed by such 
filtration. 

Exudative (eks' -u-da-tiv) [exudare, \.o exude]. Of the 
nature of or characterized by exudation. 

Exulceration (eks-ul-ser-a/ -shun) [ex, out ; tdcerare, 
to ulcerate]. A superficial ulceration. 

Exumbilication {eks-um-bil-ik-a' -shun) [exumbilicatio ; 
ex,o\A\ umbilicus, navel]. Marked protrusion of the 
navel. 

Exumbral {eks-um' -bral~) [<>.r,out; umbra, shade]. In 
biology, all those parts lying above the free margin of 
the umbrella of Medusre ; the opposite of subumbral. 

Exumbrella (eks-um-brel' -ah) \_ex, out; wnbrella, the 
disc of acalephs]. In biology, the convex outer sur- 
face of the umbrella in Medusa:. 

Exuviae (eks-id -ve-e) [L. ]. Cast-off matters; shreds 
of epidermis ; also, sloughed materials. 

Exuviate [eks-id -ve-dt) [ex, out ; uere, to put on ; from 
induvue, clothes]. To moult, shed, or slough off 
skin, shells, hairs, or feathers of animals. 

Exuviation [eks-u-ve-a' -shun) [exuvice, slough ; exuere, 
to put off]. The shedding of the deciduous teeth, or 
other epidermal part. 

Eyckmann's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Eye (?) [ME. , eye"]. The organ of vision. E., Accom- 
modation of. See Accommodation. E., Appendages 
of, the eyelids, brows, and lachrymal apparatus. E., 
Apple of, formerly the eyeball ; the pupil. E., Arti- 
ficial, a thin shell of glass, celluloid, or other sub- 
stance, colored like the natural eye, placed in the 
socket after enucleation. E., Compound, the organ 
of vision formed of several crystal spheres, as in the 
lower crabs. E., Diagrammatic, of Listing, a 
diagram of the eye for the more exact calculation of 
the passage of rays of light through the eye. E., 
Pineal or Epiphysial, the rudimentary median eye 
in some lizards. E., Schematic, an ideal or normal 
eye. E.-ball, the globe of the eye. E.-ball, Dis- 
location of. See Dislocation. E.-bone, a sclerotal, 
a. v. E. -bright. See Euphrasia. E.-brow, the 
supercilium, the connective tissue, skin, and hairs 
above the eye. The hairs serve chiefly to prevent the 
sweat from falling into the eye. E. -cells, cup-shaped 
cells of porcelain, enameled black, to place over the 
eye after operations. E.-current, the normal electric 
current that passes from the cornea positive) to the 
optic nerve (negative) under the stimulus of light. 
E. -doctor, an oculist. E. -drops. See Collyrium. 
Also an old name for tears. E. -glass, a lens worn 
in one eye. Eye-glasses, pince-nez, worn instead of 
spectacles, and held in position by a spring acting upon 
the bridge of the nose. E. -ground, a synonym of 
the fundus oculi or internal aspect of the vitreous 
chamber of the eye. E. -lashes, the cilia ; the hairs 
of the eyelid. E. -lashes, Evulsion of, pulling out 
the lashes. E. -lashes, Transposition of, shifting 
an excised strip of cilia and lid-edge containing the 
hair-bulbs to a new position, or otherwise altering the 



direction of the lashes by operation. E.-lens, the 
lens of a microscope to which the eye is applied ; an 
eye-piece. E.-lid, the protective covering of the eye- 
ball, composed of skin, glands, connective and muscu- 
lar tissue, the tarsus and conjunctiva, with the cilia at 
the free edge. E.-lid Closure. See Reflexes, Table 
of. E. -piece. Synonym of Ocular. E. -point, the 
point above an ocular or simple microscope where the 
greatest number of emerging rays cross. E. -salve, a 
medicated salve for the eyes. E. -shade, Ward's, a 
circular disc of black rubber connected by an arm with 
the tube of the microscope. It enables the observer to 
keep both eyes open. E. -speculum, an instrument for 
retracting the eyelids. E. -stone, a small calcareous 
disc, the operculum of various Gasteropod molluscs 
(Turbinidce) ; or sometimes a flattened concretion 
from the stomach of a European crawfish [Lapillus 
cancri). In domestic practice it is placed under the 
eyelid for the removal of a foreign body that has 
found its way into the eye. E. -strain, the excess and 
abnormalism of effort, with the resultant irritation, 
caused by ametropia or heterophoria. It is applied 
also to the effects of excessive use of normal eyes. E.- 
souffle, a murmur said to be heard in anemia by 
means of the stethoscope on the globe of the eye. E.- 
teeth, the canine teeth of the upper jaw; dog-teeth. 
E.-wash, a medicated water for the eye ; a collyrium. 
E. -water, a collyrium ; also the aqueous humor. 
E. -winker, an eyelash. 




Muscles of the Eye. Tendon or Ligament of Zinn. 
i. Tendon of Zinn. 2. External rectus divided. 3. Internal 
rectus. 4. Inferior rectus. 5. Superior rectus. 6. Superior 
oblique. 7. Pulley for superior oblique. 8. Inferior oblique. 
9. Levator palpebrae superioris. 10, 10. Its anterior expan- 
sion. 11. Optic nerve. 



Optic nerve. 2. Central artery 
of the retina. 3. Short, posterior, 
and external ciliary arteries. 4. 
Short, posterior, and internal cili- 
ary arteries. 5, 5, 6, 6, 6. Ex- 
ternal and internal posterior cili- 
ary arteries. 7. Posterior long 
ciliary artery, and long ciliary 
nerve. 8. Artery and nerve of 
opposite side. 9, 10. Superior and 
external choroid veins. 11, 12. In- 
ferior choroid veins. 13. Attach- 
ment of inferior oblique muscle. 
14. Tendon of superior oblique. 




Posterior Hemisphere 
of the Globe of the 
Eve. 




The Lacrymal and Meibomian Glands, and Adjacent 
Organs of the Eye. 

i, i. Inner wall of orbit. 2, 2. Inner portion of orbicularis 
palpebrarum. 3, 3. Attachment to circumference of base of 
orbit. 4. Orifice for transmission of nasal artery. 5. Muscle 
of Horner (tensor tarsi). 6, 6. Meibomian glands. 7, 7. 
Orbital portion of lacrymal gland. 8, 9, 10. Palpebral por- 
tion. 11, 11. Mouths of excretory ducts. 12, 13. Lacrymal 
puncta. 



Iris and Choroid. 
. Optic nerve. 2, 2, 2, 2. Sclerotic, divided in four equal parts 
and turned back. 3, 3. Pigmentary granulation of its inner 
layer. 4. Section of lamina fusca. 5,5,5,5. Cornea, divided 
in four equal parts. 6, 6. Canal of Schlemm. 7. Outer sur- 
face of choroid. 8. Superior and internal trunk of vasa vor- 
ticosa. 9, 9. Irregular border limiting the choroid zone 
posteriorly. 10, 10. Anterior half of this zone; ciliary mus- 
cle. 11,11. Ciliary nerves 12 Long ciliary artery. 13,13, 
13, 13. Anterior ciliary arteries. 14. Iris. 15. Small arterial 
circle of iris. 16. Pupillary orifice. 




Vertical Section of Eye in its Antero-Posterior Axis. 

1. Optic nerve. 2. Middle portion of sclerotic. 3. Posterior 
portion. 4. External of optic nerve. 5. Internal tunic. 6. 
Sclerotic beneath insertion of superior rectus. 7. Sclerotic 
in advance of insertion of superior rectus. 8, 8. Superior 
and inferior recti. 9. Cornea. 10. Its central portion. 11. 
Posterior elastic lamina. 12. Junction of cornea and sclero- 
tic superiorly. 13. Inferiorjunction. 14, 14. Canal of Schlemm. 
15. Choroid. 16. Choroidal zone and ciliary processes. 17. 
Ciliary muscle. 18. Ciliary body. 19. Retina. 20. Origin of 
retina. 21. Its anterior limit. 22. Central artery of retina. 
2;. Branches of central artery. 24. Hyaloid membrane. 25. 
Zone of Zinn. 26. Posterior wall of canal of Petit, formed by 
hyaloid membrane. 27. Anterior wall of same canal, formed 
by the zone of Zinn. 28. Crystalline lens. 29. Iris. 30. 
Pupil. 31. Posterior chamber. 32. Anterior chamber. 




— :» 



The Ciliary Muscle. 
, 1. Crystalline lens. 2. Hyaloid membrane. 3, 3 Zone of 
Zinn. 4. Iris. 5,5. Radiating portion of ciliary muscle. 6. 
Section of circular portion. 7. Venous plexus of a ciliary 
process. 8. Sclerotic. 9. Middle layer of cornea. 10. An- 
terior hyaline layer of cornea. 11. Epithelial covering of 
this layer. 12. Posterior hyaline layer of the cornea, or 
membrane of Descemet. 13. Fibers in which this layer ter- 
minates, or ligamentum pectinatum 14. Epithelial covering 
of posterior hyaline layer. 15. Junction of sclerotic and cor- 
nea. 16. Section of canal of Schlemm. 



EVE 



457 



EYE 



tsill 




v 



^UM8^ : : 



5 7 -i ai 3d 

Relations of the Eye and the Lacrymal Excretory 
Apparatus. 

I, i. Canaliculi. 2, 2. Puncta lacrymalia. 3, 3. Inner extrem- 
ity of tarsal cartilage. 4, 4. Free borders of lids. 5. Lac- 
rymal sac. 6. Attachment to maxillary bone of superior 
tendon. 7. Bifurcation of lacrymal sac. 8, 8. Two branches. 



Section of Ciliary 

Body and Iris. 
i,i. Ciliary processes. 

2, 2. Their base or 
rounded extremity. 

3, 3. Their apex. 4. 
A process with bi- 
furcated extremity. 
5, 5. Reticulated 
folds, or ciliary pro- 
cesses of the second 
order. 6,6. Venules 
that emanate from 
these. 7, 7. Oraser- 
rata of choroid. 8, 

8. Veins of choroid. 

9. Section of iris. 

10. 10. Circumfer- 
ence of iris. 11, 11. 
Small ring of iris. 
12, 12. Large ring 
of iris. 





13]c 



13 /* 



Vertical Section Through the Upper Eyelid, 
a. Cutis. 1. Epidermis. 2. Corium. B, 3. Subcutaneous con- 
nective tissue, c, 7. Orbicularis muscle D. Loose submus- 
cular connective tissue. E. Insertion of H. Miiller's muscle. 
f. Tarsus. G. Conjunctiva, j. Inner; K. Outer edge of the 
lid. 4. Pigment cells. 5. Sweat-glands. 6. Hair follicles. 
8,23. Sections of nerves. 9. Arteries. 10. Veins. 11. Cilia. 
12. Modified sweat-glands. 13. Circular muscle of Riolan. 
14. Meibomian gland. 15. Section of an acinus of the same. 
16. Posterior tarsal glands 18, 19. Tissue of the tarsus._ 20. 
Pretarsal or submuscular connective tissue. 21, 22. Conjunc- 
tiva, with its epithelium. 24. Fat. 25. Loosely-woven pos- 
terior end of the tarsus. 26. Section of a palpebral artery. 



458 



FALLING 



F. Abbreviation of Fahrenheit ; also of Fac, make, 
and of Fiat, let there be made. 

Fl., or Fid. Abbreviation of Fluid. 

Ft. Abbreviation of Fiat, let there be made. 

Faam (fali-ahnd) [native Asian]. The plant Angrce- 
cum fragrans, used in Asia and in France as a sub- 
stitute for tea. 

Faba Ignatii {fa' -bah ig-na'-she-i). See Ignatia. 

Fabella (fa-bed -ah) [dim. of faba, a bean]. A sesa- 
moid fibro-cartilage or small bone occasionally de- 
veloped in the gastrocnemius muscle at the posterior 
aspect of the knee-joint. 

Fabiana (fa-be-aid-ah). See Pichi. 

Face {fas) \_facies, the face]. A name applied to the 
lower and anterior part of the head, including the 
eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, lips, etc. F.-ache. 
See Tic douloureux. F., Hippocratic. See Facies. 
F. -plug, a small layer of cerumen lying on the 
membrana tympani. F. -presentation, a presenta- 
tion of the fetal face in labor. 

Facet (fas'-et) \_Fr.,facette, a little face]. A small 
plane surface. The articulating surface of a bone. 
Also, the flat surface occasionally seen on calculi, 
caused by friction upon each other. In biology, a 
segment of the compound eye of an insect. 

Facial (fa'-shal) [facialis, of the face]. Pertaining 
to the face, as fac ial paralysis. F. Angle, the diver- 
gence between a line drawn from the upper jaw tangent 
to the forehead, and another to the external auditory 
foramen. F. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. F. 
Nerve. See A r erves, Table of. F. Palsy, or Pa- 
ralysis. See Paralysis. F. Spasm. See Spasm. F. 
Trophoneurosis. Synonym of Atrophy, Progressive 
Unilateral Facial. F. Vein. See Vein. 

Facies (fd-she-ez) [L., face]. Appearance, especially 
that of the face. F., Cardiac, an anxious expression 
occasionally seen in the early stages of chronic val- 
vular disease. F. hepatica, a peculiar earthy appear- 
ance of the face, often observed in organic disease 
of the liver. F. hippocratica, the Hippocratic coun- 
tenance, indicative of the rapid approach of dissolution; 
the nose seems pinched, the temples hollow, the eyes 
sunken, the ears leaden and cold, the lips relaxed, the 
skin livid. F. ovarina, the characteristic expression 
of women suffering from ovarian disease. The features 
are emaciated and sunken, the expression anxious, the 
forehead furrowed, the eyes hollow, the nostrils open 
and sharply defined, the lips long and compressed, the 
angles of the mouth depressed, with wrinkles encirc- 
ling them. F. stupida, the typhoid face. 

Factitious (fak-tisld -us) \_factitius ; facere, to make]. 
Made by art. Artificial, as factitious teeth, etc. 

Facultas (fak-ul'-tas) [L.]. See Faculty. 

Facultative (fak'-ul-ta-tiv) [facultas, capability]. 
Pertaining to acquired power. Possessing a power 
that is only incidentally or occasionally exercised. 
In bacteriology, amphibious as to oxygen, or capable of 
living either with or without free oxygen. F. 
aerobia. See Aerobia. F. anaerobia. See Anae- 
robia. F. Hyperopia, a division of manifest hy- 
peropia. F. Parasite, applied to such a bacterium, 
dipterous larva, etc., as may at times play the part of 
a p'arasite. F. Saprophyte, applied to a fungus that 
is normally non-parasitic but occasionally parasitic. 

Faculty ( fak'-ul-te) [facultas, capability]. A special 
action of the mind through the instrumentality of an 
organ or organs ; any function, particularly any 
acquired, modified, or facultative function. Also, the 



corps of professors and instructors of a university and 

its colleges. F., Medical, the corps of professors 

and instructors of a medical college. 
Faecal, Faeces (fe'-kal,fe'-sez). See Fecal, Feces. 
Faecula (fek'-u-lah). See Fecula. 
Fasx (feks) [L., "lees": pi. , Faces']. The dregs or 

sediment of any liquid. F. sacchari, treacle or 

molasses. 
Fag [origin uncertain]. Exhaustion; tire. Set Brain- 

fag- 

Fagara (fag-a'-rah) [L. ]. The genus Xanthoxylon, 
q. v. 

Fagin (fa'-jiti) \_fagus, a beech-tree]. A principle 
contained in the husks of the nuts of the common 
beech (Fagus). It is said to be poisonous and 
narcotic. 

Fagopyrum (fag-o-pi'-rum). See Buckwheat. 

Fagus (fa'-gus) [L., "beech-tree: " gen., Fagi~\. A 
genus of cupuliferous trees ; the beeches. F. syl- 
vatica, the common beech. The bark is said to be 
antipyretic, the nuts anthelmintic and anticalculous. 
Unof. 

Faham (fa/d-ahm). Same as /»«;«. 

Fahrenheit's Thermometer. See Thermometer. 

Faint ( font) [fingere, to feign; ME. ,faynt, weak]. 
A condition of languor. Also, a state of syncope or 
swooning. 

Fainting (fdnt'-ing) \_fingere, to feign; ME. ,faynt, 
weak]. A swoon ; the act of swooning. F. Sick- 
ness. Synonym of Epilepsy. 

Faintness (fand-nes). See Syncope. 

Faith-cure (fdt/d-hur). The system or practice of at- 
tempting or pretending to cure diseases by religious 
faith and prayer alone. "It differs from mind- cure, 
in that the faith-curers have no mind, while the mind- 
curers have no faith." F. -doctor. See F. -healer. 
F. -healer, one who-practises the faith-cure. 

Falcate (fad-hat) \_falx, a sickle]. In biology, 
sickle-shaped. 

Falcial (fad -se-al) [falx, a sickle]. Relating to the 
falx cerebri. 

Falcicula (fal-sik'-u-lah). See Fa leu la. 

Falciform (fad-siform) [falx, a sickle ; forma, form]. 
Having the shape of a sickle. F. Ligament. See 
Ligament. F. Process, a process of the dura mater 
that separates the hemispheres of the brain ; the falx. 
See also Ligament, Femoral, of Hey. 

Falcula (fad-ku-lah) [dim. of falx, a sickle]. The 
falx cerebelli. 

Fall (fawl) [ME., fallen, to fall]. To be dropped in 
birth, as a lamb. F. -drink, a Swiss and German 
cordial, of exceedingly varied composition and fla- 
vored with many aromatic and other herbs, as arnica, 
achillea, asperula, etc. It is regarded as a sovereign 
remedy for bruises and the effects of falls. Unof. F. 
Fever. Synonym of Typhoid Fever, q. v. F.- 
rheotome, an arrangement whereby a weight injures 
a muscle, and at the same time breaks and makes a 
galvanometer circuit ; by this instrument it was shown 
that the demarcation-current took a certain time to 
develop. 

Fallacia (fal-a'-se-ah ) [L.]. An insane delusion ; an 
hallucination. F. auditoria, a delusion as to hear- 
ing. F. optica, any visual illusion. 

Falling (fawl'-ing) [ME., fallen, to fall]. Dropping; 
losing one's equilibrium. F.-sickness, a common 
term for epilepsy. F. of Womb. See Uterus and 
Prolapsus. 






FALLOPIAN 



459 



FARCY 



Fallopian (fal-tZ-pe-an) [Falloppius, an Italian anato- 
mist]. Of or pertaining to Falloppius. F. Artery. 
See Arteries, Table of. F. Tubes. See Oviducts. 

Utero-ovariaii ligament. 
Ovary. 

Fallopian tube. 

Broad ligament 




Fimbriated ex- 
tremity of tube. 
Fimbria ovarica. 
Broad ligament. 
Right Fallopian Tube. {After Morris.) 

Fallopius, Aqueduct of. See Aqueduct. F., Arch 
of. See Arch. F., Canal of. See Aqueduct. F., 
Hiatus of, an opening in the petrous portion of the 
temporal bone, for the transmission of the petrosal 
branch of the Vidian nerve. 

Fallow Wards. Certain wards in hospitals that are 
occasionally cleared of patients and are then tempor- 
arily disused. 

False [fawls) \_falsus, deceptive]. Not genuine. 
Feigning or closely counterfeiting. F. Amnion, 
the vesicula serosa, which disappears as the chorion is 
developed. F. Ankylosis, ankylosis due to rigidity 
of the soft tissues. F. Bittersweet. See Climbing 
Staff-tree. F. Conception. See F. Germ. F. 
Germ, a mole, q. v. F. Gromwell, the root of 
Onosmodium virginianum, reputed to be tonic and 
diuretic. Dose of the fld. ext. ITLxv— ^ss. Unof. F. 
Hearing. See Pseudacousma. F. Image, the image 
of the deviating eye, in diplopia. F. Joint, a result 
of non-union of a fractured bone. F. Measles. 
Synonym of Rotheln, q. v. F. Membrane, a fibrinous 
exudate upon a surface, as the fauces. F. Pains, 
pains that precede true labor-pains. F. Passage, a 
passage formed by the laceration of any canal, e. g. , 
the urethra, caused by the forcible introduction of a 
catheter or other instrument in the wrong direction. 
F. Pelvis, the portion of the pelvic cavity situated 
above the linea ileo-pectinea. F. Peritonitis, hysteri- 
cal manifestations simulating peritonitis. F. Pneu- 
monia, peripneumonia notha. F. Pox. Synonym 
of Varicella. F. Ribs. See Ribs. F. Water, a 
collection of fluid in catarrhal endometritis. 

Falsetto {fawl-sef -6) [Ital.]. A voice both high- 
pitched and peculiarly modified as to quality ; the 
highest register of the human voice. It is more 
obvious in the male than in most female voices. 

Falsification {fawl-sif-ik-a' -shun) [falsus, deceptive ; 
facer e, to make]. The fraudulent adulteration of 
foods or medicines ; counterfeiting. 

Falx {falks) [L.]. A sickle. Same as Falx cerebri. 
In biology, variously used to designate falciform 
structures ; e. g, the poison-fangs of a serpent or the 
chelicerse of a spider. F. cerebelli, the falcula ; a 
sickle-like process between the lobes of the cerebellum. 
F. cerebri, the sickle-like process of the dura, separat- 
ing the hemispheres of the cerebrum. 

Famelic {fam-el'-ik) \_famelicus, hungry]. Marked 



by extreme hunger ; effective in overcoming the sensa- 
tion of hunger. 

Famelica {fam-el'-ik-ah) [famelicus, hungry]. Febris. 
famelica ; fever accompanied by hunger. 

Fames (/a'-wfi) [L.]. Hunger. F. bovina, bulimia. 
F. canina ("dog-hunger"), bulimia. F. lupina, 
(" wolf-hunger ''), extreme bulimia. 

Family (fam'-il-e) [familia, a household]. The per- 
sons belonging to a household. In biology, a class 
of genera similar in organic structure. F. Ataxia. 
See Paramyoclonus multiplex. F. Diseases, those 
diseases that are hereditary. 

Famine {fam'-in) [fames, hunger] . Severe and con- 
tinued hunger. Also, a general scarcity of food, 
which results in the starvation of many people. F. 
Bread, a lichen, Umbilicaria arctica, found in frozen 
regions, and serviceable, in extremity, as human 
food. F. Fever. Same as Relapsing Fever, q. v. 

Fanaticism {fan-af -is-izm) [fanaticus, pertaining to 
a temple]. Perversion and excess of the religious sen- 
timent. It often trenches upon the domain of insanity ; 
and is sometimes an outcome, at other times a cause, 
of mental disease. 

Fang [ME. , feng, a catch]. In biology, any prehensile 
part or organ. See Teeth. 

Fantome {fan'-tum). See Phantom. 

Far [E. dial.]. The young of swine ; a litter of pigs. 

Far [ME., fer, at a distance]. At a distance. F. 
Point. See Punctum remotum. F.-sightedness, 
a colloquial term for Hypermetropia. 

Farabeuf's Operation. See Operations, Table of . 

Farad {far' -ad) [after Michael Faraday, a chemist]. 
The unit of electric capacity. Practically a capacity 
sufficient to hold one coulomb of current having a 
potential of one volt. The micro-farad, Ttfo-ffooo 
of the theoretic farad, is commonly used. A practi- 
cal form of condenser of one farad capacity consists 
of 300 leaves of tinfoil, each 16 centimeters in diame- 
ter, separated by leaves of mica. The entire surface 
is about of 1. 1 sq. meters area. See Electric Units. 

Faradic {far-ad'-ik) [named from its discoverer, 
Michael Faraday]. Pertaining to induced electric 
currents. F. Current, the induced electric current. 
See Current. F. Induction is brought about by a 
current of electricity passing through a wire exciting a 
wave of electricity in a second wire placed near or 
parallel with it at the instant of opening and closing 
the circuit. 

Faradimeter {far-ad-im' -et-er) [Faraday; [icrpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the strength 
of an induced electric current. 

Faradism {far' -ad-izm) [after Michael Faraday, a 
chemist]. I. Induced electricity. 2. The applica- 
tion of induced currents to the treatment of disease. 

Faradization, or Faradism {far-ad-iz-a'-shun, or 
far'-ad-izm) [after Michael Faraday, a chemist]. 
The application of the induced current to a diseased 
part, or for disease. 

Farado-puncture {far-ad-o-punk 1 '-chur) [Faraday; 
punctura, a puncture]. The passage of a faradic cur- 
rent into the tissues by acupuncture. 

Farcimen {far-si' -men) [farciminum, farcy : pi. , Far- 
cimina~\. Farcy; also, a farcy-bud. 

Farcin {far' -sin) [Fr.]. Same as Farcy. 

Farcinia {far-sin' -e-ah). Synonym of Equinia. 

Farcinoma {far-sin-o'-mah ) [farciminum, farcy; bfia, 
a tumor : pi, Farcinomata~\. A farcy-bud, or glander- 
ous tumor ; less correctly, farcy, or glanders. 

Farctus {fark'-tus) [L. , a " stuffing "]. Emphraxis; 
congestion ; infarction. 

Farcy (far'-se). See Equinia and Bacillus of Nocard, 
under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. F.-bud, or 



FARDEL-BOUND 



460 



FASTING 



F. -button. A nodular swelling in the course of a 
lymphatic vessel in glanders. 

Fardel-bound {far'-del-bownd) [fardel, a load; ME., 
bounden~\. I. A term applied to neat cattle or sheep 
affected with inflammation of the abomasum, or of 
the omasum, with impaction of food in the latter. 
Fardel-bound cattle are said to have " lost the cud." 

Farding-bag {far' -ding-bag). The first stomach of a 
ruminant animal ; the paunch or rumen. 

Farfara (far' -far-ah ). See Coltsfoot. 

Farina {far-e' -nali) [farina, meal]. The ground or 
powdered fecula of seeds, especially that of corn, 
barley, rye, and wheat. In biology, applied to the 
pollen of flowers, and to the powdery substance found 
on certain insects. 

Farinaceous {far-in-a 1 '-she-us) [farina, meal]. Hav- 
ing the nature of or yielding flour. Also, applied to 
very fine furfuraceous exfoliations. 

Farinose {far'-in-os) [farina, meal]. In biology, 
covered with a flour-like powder, as certain leaves 
and insects. 

Farrant's Solution. See Mounting Fluids, and Media. 

Farre's Tubercles. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of . 

Farriery {far'-yer-e) [ferraria, pertaining to iron]. 
The art of treating the diseases of horses ; veterinary 
surgery. 

Farrow {far'-o) [ME. ,farh,faren, a little pig]. I. A 
little pig. 2. To bring forth, as pigs. 

Fascia {fash' -e-ali) [fascia, a band: pi. , Fascice\. The 
membranous, fibrous covering of muscles and other 
organs. In biology, applied to any broad, transverse 
band of color on the hair, feathers, scales, or stems. 
F., Anal. See F. , Ischio-rectal F. of Arm {Brach- 
ial), invests the muscles of the arm attached to the 
clavicle, acromion, and spine of the scapula. F., 
Cervical, Deep, invests the muscles of the neck and 
encloses the vessels and nerves. F., Cervical, Super- 
ficial, that just beneath the skin. F., Cloquet's. 
See Septum crnrale. F., Cranial, a firm, dense layer, 
adherent to the skin and occipito-frontalis muscle. 
F., Cremasteric, forms a looped, thin covering 
of the spermatic cord. F., Cribriform, the sieve- 
like covering of the saphenous opening. F. dentata, 
a serrated band of cinerea of the hippocampal gyrus 
of the cerebrum. F. of the Dorsum of the Foot, 
forms a sheath for the dorsal tendons of the foot. 
F., Iliac, lines the back part of the abdominal cavity, 
covering the psoas and iliacus muscles. F., Infundi- 
buliform, the funnel-shaped membrane enclosing the 
spermatic cord and testis in a distinct pouch. F., 
Intercolumnar, from the margins of the external ab- 
dominal ring, forming a sheath for the cord and testis. 
F., Intercostal, a thin, firm layer of fascia covering 
the outer surface of the external intercostal and the 
inner surface of the internal intercostal muscles. F., 
Ischio-rectal, covers the perineal aspect of the leva- 
tor ani muscle. F. lata, the dense fibrous aponeu- 
rosis surrounding the thigh, called the Deep F. of the 
Thigh. F., Deep, of Leg, continuous with the last, 
surrounds the leg. F., Lumbar, the posterior apo- 
neurois of the transversalis muscle, divided into three 
layers. F. of Mamma, part of the superficial fascia 
of the thorax, which divides into two layers, one pass- 
ing in front, and one behind the mamma. F. nodosa, 
Packer' s Knot, a knotted bandage formerly used to 
make compression over the temporal artery. F., 
Obturator, continuation of the pelvic, surrounding the 
obturator muscle. F., Pelvic, lines the cavity of the 
pelvis, continuous with the transversalis and the iliac 
fascia. F., Perineal, the deep, called the triangular 
ligament, closes the front part of the outlet of the pel- 
vis ; it is attached to the pubes and rami of the isch- 



ium. F., Plantar, the fibrous membrane of the sole 
of the foot. F., Recto-vesical, the visceral layer of 
the pelvic fascia, investing the prostate, bladder, and 
rectum. F., Spermatic, a thin fascia attached to the 
external abdominal ring, and prolonged down over the 
outer surface of the chorda testis. F. spirales. See 
Ascia. F., Temporal, a strong fibrous investment 
covering the temporal muscle. F., Transversalis, 
a fascia continuous with the iliac and pelvic fascia;, 
and lying between the transversalis muscle and the 
peritoneum. 

Fascial (fash'-e-al) [fascialis, of a fascia]. Pertain- 
ing to or of the nature of a fascia. 

Fasciate {fash' -e-at) [fascia, a bundle or band]. In 
biology, banded ; also applied to monstrous stems that 
grow flat. 

Fasciation {fash-e-a'-shuu) [fasciatio ; fascia, a band- 
age]. The art or act of bandaging. 

Fascicle {fas'-ik-l) [dim. of fascis, a bundle]. In 
biology, a bundle, as a compact inflorescence or a 
cluster of leaves. See Fasciculus. 

Fasciculate, or Fasciculated {fas-ik'-u-ldt, fas-ik'-u- 
la-ted) [fasiculus, a little bundle]. Arranged in 
fasciculi, or little bundles. 

Fascicule {fas'-ik-ul) [fasciculus, a small bundle]. 
In biology, applied to brush-like bundles of hairs often 
seen on caterpillars, etc. 

Fasciculus {fas-ik' -u-lus") [dim. of fascis, a bundle: 
pi. , Fasciculi\. A little bundle, as the fasciculus of 
fibers that compose a nerve. F., Olivary. See Fillet, 
Olivary. F. of Ttirck, the crossed pyramidal tract 
of the spinal cord. 

Fascination {fas-in-a' -shutt) [fascinatio, a bewitch- 
ing]. A form of incomplete hypnotism, intermediate 
between somnambulism and catalepsy ; the alleged 
controlling influence of one person over another. 

Fasciola (fas-i'-o-lah) [L. , a small bandage]. The 
dorsal continuation of the fascia dentata of the cere- 
brum. F. hepatica. See Trematodes. F. hepati- 
cum. See Distoma hepaticum. 

Fasciole {fas'-e-ol) [fasciola, a small bandage]. In 
biology, a narrow transverse band or stripe. 

Fascioliasis {fas-e-o-li'-as-is) [fasciola, a small band- 
age]. A term employed in England for Distomiasis 
(Wiame), or Distoniatosis (Zundel). 

Fasciotomy {fash-e-ot'-o-me). See Aponeurotomy. 

Fast [ME., fast, firm, stiff ; fasten, to fast]. Fixed; 
immovable ; close ; sound, as sleep ; to abstain from 
food ; abstinence from food. F. Color. See Fig- 
ments, Colors, and Dye-stuffs F.-blue. Same as 
Alkali Blue, Coupler's Blue, Methylene-blue. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. F. -brown. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of . F. -green. See Pigments, Conspectus oj . 
F.-red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. F. -yellow. 
Same as Acid Yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Fastidium {fas-tid'-e-um) [L., "a loathing'']. A 
loathing for food or drink. 

Fastigatum {fas-tig-a'-tum). See Nucleus fastigii . 

Fastigiate, Fastigiated {fas-tij'-e-at, -a'-ted) [fastiga- 
tus, sloping, pointed]. In biology, tapering gradually ; 
close, parallel. 

Fastigium {fas-ti/'-e-um) [L. , "summit"]. I. The 
acme of any disease. 2. A dorsal extension of the 
adult epicele into the cerebellum ; its cephalic and 
caudal slopes meet like a gable-roof, whence its name. 

Fasting {fast'-ing) [ME., fasten, to fast]. The partial 
or complete abstinence from food. F.-cure. See 
Li?notherapy. F. -mania, a prevalent or epidemic 
practice of absolute and complete fasting, mainly for 
exhibition and profit, such as occurred in 1890-91. 
Fifty-five days appears to be the extreme limit reached 
as yet by any professional abstainer from food. F.- 



FAT 



461 



FEBRIFUGAL 



girls, hysterical women who, for the sake of gaining 
sympathy and attention, pretend to fast, but for the 
most part secretly obtain food. 
Fat [ME.,/;/, fat]. See Adeps, Tissue, and Oil. F.- 
ball, a mass of fatty substance on the dorsal aspect 
of the buccinator muscle ; called also Bichaf s fat- 
ball. F.-cell, a form of connective-tissue cell con- 
taining oil-globules. F. -column, a columnar-shaped 
space filled with adipose tissue found in the thicker por- 
tion of the cutis vera. F. -necrosis, a peculiar form of 




^4^%^ tissue 



Connective lisswn 
J&brils. 



Fat-cells. X 340. 

necrosis of a tissue occurring in pin-point sized areas of a 
dead-white color. It is seen usually in the interlobu- 
lar pancreatic tissue, mesentery, omentum, and ab- 
dominal fatty tissue generally, and frequently in con- 
nection with pancreatic disease. F. -rickets, that 
form of rickets in which there is not excessive ema- 
ciation. 

Fatal (fa'-tal) [fatalis ; fatum, fate, destiny, death]. 
Ending with death ; mortal ; deadly ; as a fatal acci- 
dent or attack. 

Fatigue {fa-teg'} [fafigo, weariness]. Weariness, 
tiredness. That condition of diminished capacity for 
work produced in a muscle by prolonged activity. 
F. -diseases, those caused by constant repetition of 
certain movements, such as Tailors' cranip, Writers'' 
cramp, Scriveners' palsy, etc. See Cramp, and 
Spasm. F. -stuffs, decomposition products that 
have accumulated in the muscular tissue during ex- 
haustive efforts ; among them are phosphates, phos- 
phoric acid, carbonic acid, and perhaps glycerin-phos- 
phoric acid. 

Fatty {fat'-e) [ME., fat, fat]. A qualification applied 
to certain carbon derivatives, including fats and fatty 
acids. They were better called marsh-gas or methane 
derivatives, as they can all be obtained from methane, 
CH 4 . See Acids, Fatty. F. Degeneration. See 
Degeneration. F. Heart. See Heart. F. Nut- 
meg. Same as Nut7neg Liver. 

Fatuity [fat-u' '-it-e) \_fatuitas, foolishness]. Amentia 
or dementia. 

Fauces [faw'-sez] [L.]. The gullet or windpipe. 
The space surrounded by the palate, tonsils, and uvula. 
In biology, the throat of a monopetalous flower or 
the cavity of a gasteropod shell as exposed in the 
first whorl. F., Isthmus of, the space at the back 
of the mouth enclosed by the margin of the palate, 
the back of the tongue, the pillars of the soft palate 
and the tonsils. F., Pillars of, the folds of mucous 
membrane between the base of the uvula and the 
posterior border of the tongue. 



Fauchard's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 
Faucial (faw'-se-al) \_fauces, the gullet]. Pertaining 

to the fauces. 
Faucitis (faw-si'-tis) [fauces, the gullet ; mc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the fauces ; isthmitis. 
Fault (fawlt) [ME., faut, a lack]. In electricity, any 
failure in the proper working of a circuit due to 
ground-contacts, cross- contacts, or disconnections. 
These may be of three kinds: I. Disconnections; 
2. Earths; 3. Contacts. 
Fauna [faw'-nah) [Faunus, the god of agriculture : 
//., Faunce or Faunas]. The entire animal life of any 
geographic area or geologic period. 
Faunorum ludibria {fawn- 0' -rum lu-dib' -re-ah) [L., 
"sport of the fauns"]. An old designation for 
nightmare and for epilepsy. 
Favaginous (fav-af-in-us) [favus, a honeycomb]. 
Resembling favus ; having a honeycombed surface. 
Favella (fav-el'-ah) [favilla, embers: //., Favellce\ 
In biology, an irregular mass of spores embedded in a 
gelatinous material, and constituting a form of sporo- 
carp found in the Florideae. 
Faveolate (fav-e'-o-lat) [favus, honeycomb], Favose, 

honeycombed ; same as alveolate. 
Faveolus {fav-e'-o-lus) [favus, a honeycomb : pi., 
Faveoli]. In biology, a pit or cell like that of the 
honeycomb. 
Faviform (fav' -if-orm) [favus, honeycomb ; forma, 
form] . Resembling a honeycomb ; a designation of 
certain ulcerated surfaces. 
Favous, or Favose {fav'-us or fav-os') [favus, 
honeycomb]. Resembling a honeycomb ; resembling 
favus ; alveolate ; filled with polygonal depressions. 
Favulus (fav' -u-lus) [dim. of favus, a honeycomb : 
pl.,Favuli\. Any one of the honeycomb-like depres- 
sions or alveoli of the gastric mucous membrane. 
Favus (fa'-vus) [favus, honeycomb]. Tinea favosa ; 
Honeycomb Ringworm, a parasitic skin-disease due to 
the presence of a vegetable parasite, the Achorion 
schoenleinii, which, growing in the epidermis, hair, 
and nails, causes varying grades of inflammation, 
alterations of structure, and, when occurring upon 
hairy parts, partial or complete loss of hair. It is 
characterized by the presence of variously-sized, sul- 
phur-yellow, cup-shaped crusts, having a peculiar 
musty odor, which are found on microscopic examina- 
tion to be composed almost entirely of the elements 
of the fungus. F.-cup, any one of the cup-shaped 
crusts that characterize favus. 
Fax wax [faks'-waks) [fax, hair; Ger. , wachsen, to 
grow]. The ligamentum nucha, or the material of 
which it is composed. It is also called paxwax. 
Fear ( fer) [ME., feer~\. An emotion of dread ; appre- 
hension ; the feeling which in its intenser manifesta- 
tions is called terror or fright. 
Feather (feth'-er) [AS., fedher~\. One of the epider- 
mal appendages of birds. F. Respiration-register. 
See Anesthetic. 
Feature [fe'-chur) [factura, a making]. Any single 

part or lineament of the face. 
Febricity (fe-bris'-it-e) [febris, a fever]. Feverishness. 
Febricula {fe-brik' '-u-lali) [L., dim. of febris, fever]. 
A term indicating a slight and short fever, most fre- 
quently encountered among children. The rash that 
accompanies it is very similar to that of scarlet fever. 
Febrifacient (feb-re-fa'-se-ent) [febris, a fever ; facere, 

to make]. Causing fever. 
Febriferous (fe-brif'-er-us) [febris, a fever ; ferre, to 

bear]. Causing or conveying fever. 
Febrific {fe-brif'-ik) [febris, a fever]. Febrifacient. 
Febrifugal {fe-brif'-u-gal) [febris, fever; fugare, to 
dispel]. Removing or dispelling fever. 



FEBRIFUGE 



462 



FEMINONUCLEUS 



Febrifuge (feb'-rifiiij ) [febris, fever ; fugare, to dis- 
pel]. I. Antipyretic; cooling; lessening or relieving 
fever. 2. An agent that lessens fever. . 

Febrile (fi'-bril) [fibrilis ; febris, a fever]. Pertain- 
ing to or having the symptoms of a fever. 

Febrility (fe-briV -it-e) [febris, a fever]. The quality 
of being febrile ; feverishness. 

Febris (fe'-bris) [L.]. See Fever. F. bullosa. Synonym 
of Pemphigus . F. catarrhalis. Synonym of Influenza. 
F. dysenterica. Synonym of Dysentery. F. fame- 
lica. See Famelica. F. flava. See Fever, Yellow. 
F. nigra. Synonym of Fever, Cerebrospinal. F. 
recurrens. Synonym of Fever, Relapsing. F. re- 
mittens. See Fever, Remittent. 

Fecal (fe'-kal) [fax, sediment]. Pertaining to or 
consisting of feces. 

Fecaline (fi'-kal-en). Same as Fecaloid. 

Fecaloid (fe'-kal-oid) [fax, feces; eldoc, likeness]. 
Resembling feces. 

Feces (fe'-sez) \_fcex, sediment]. The dregs of a liquor, 
as wine. Also, the alvine discharges or excretions of 
the bowels. 

Fechner's Law. See Law. 

Fecula (fek' '-u-lah) [dim. of fax, sediment]. The 
starchy part of a seed. Also the sediment subsiding 
from an infusion. 

Feculent (fik'-u-lent) [ fceculentus, impure]. Abound- 
ing in or of the nature of feces ; excrementitious ; 
sedimentary ; muddy. 

Fecundate (fe'-kicn-ddt) [fecundare, to fecundate]. 
To impregnate ; to render pregnant. 

Fecundation (fe-kun-da' -shun) [fecundatio ; ficundus, 
fruitful]. Fertilization; impregnation; the act of 
making fruitful. F., Artificial, impregnation by 
means of artificial intromission of the spermatic fluid 
into the vagina or uterus. 

Fecundity (fi-kun ; -dit-e) \_fecunditas, fruitfulness] . 
The capability of reproduction. F., Segregate. See 
Homo^amy. 

Fed. See Cross-circulation Experitnent. 

Feeble {fe / -bl)\JA'E.,feble, weak]. Lacking strength ; 
weak. F. -minded, idiotic. 

Feed {fed) [ME., fedan, to nourish]. I. To supply 
with food ; to graze ; to eat. 2. Food, especially 
that for lower animals ; fodder. 

Feeder (fe'-der) [ME., fedan, to nourish]. I. An 
instrument used in the forcible feeding of insane 
patients who obstinately refuse to eat. 2. See Cross- 
circulation Experiment. 

Feeding (fe'-ding) [ME., fedan, to nourish]. The 
taking of food or aliment. F., Artificial, the intro- 
duction of food into the body by means of artificial de- 
vices, such as the stomach-pump or in the form of an 
enema. Also, the nourishing of a child by food other 
than the mother's milk. F-bottle, a glass flask 
armed with a rubber nipple, used in feeding liquid 
food to infants. F. -cup, a cup used in the forcible feed- 
ing of the insane. F., Forcible, the administration of 
aliment by compulsion to such patients as refuse to take 
food in the natural manner. F. -gland, a chyle-gland 
or " salivary gland " of working bees. F. -groove, 
a narrow trough on the tongue of a worker bee, along 
which the honey is brought by compression of the 
honey-sac. F. by the Rectum, the introduction of 
food into the rectum in the form of an enema or sup- 
pository. F. -system. See Rest-cure. 

Feel (fil) [ME., filen, to feel]. To have a sensation 
of ; to try by touch ; to have perception by means of 
the sense of touch. 

Feeler (fil'-er) [ME., felen, to feel]. See Antenna. 

Feeling (fil'-ing) [ME., filen, to feel]. The sense 
of touch ; any emotion or sensibility ; any conscious 
state of nervous activity ; any sensation. 



Feet (fil). The plural of Foot, q. v. F., Frosted. See 
Chilblain. 

Fegaritis (fig-ar-i' '-lis) [Sp. ; trie, inflammation]. An 
old name for a form of gangrenous stomatitis. 

Fehling's Method. A method of dressing the umbili- 
cal cord. The stump is wrapped in cotton-wool pow- 
dered with a mixture of salicylic acid one part, and 
starch five parts. It becomes mummified. F.'s 
Solution, a solution for testing for sugar in the urine ; 
as this solution does not keep well, Prof. Hol- 
land advises its manufacture as follows : To be kept 
in two distinct parts, (a) Take copper sulph. 34.64 
gms. and water enough to make 500 c.c. M. (b) 
Pure Rochelle salt 173 gms.; sol. sodium hydrate (sp. 
gr., 1.33), 100 ex., and water enough to make 500 
c.c. For use, mix equal volumes, and thus make 
Fehling's solution. See Copper. F.'s Test for Sugar. 
See Tests, Table of. 

Feigned Disease. See Disease. 

Fel [L.]. Bile. F. bovis, or F. bovinum, ox-gall. The 
biliary liquid of the domestic ox, Bos taurus. It is a 
dark-green, ropy substance, consisting mainly of sodium 
glycocholate and sodium taurocholate, together with 
cholesterin. It is a tonic, antiseptic, and purgative, 
useful in emulsifying the fatty portions of food. F. b. 
inspissatum, 100 parts fresh ox-gall, strained and 
evaporated to 15 parts. Dose gr. v-xv. F. b. purifi- 
catum, ox-gall 3, alcohol I part. This should stand 
24 hours before straining ; then evaporate to the con- 
sistence of a pilular mass. Dose gr. v-xv. 

Fell's Method. A method of forced respiration in cases 
of narcotic poisoning or drowning, by means of an 
apparatus consisting of a tracheotomy-tube attached to 
a bellows. F.'s Paste, Caustic, or Cancer-salve, a 
famous salve formerly used in epithelioma. Its formula 
was : chlorid of zinc and powdered sanguinaria root, 
of each one ounce ; starch, enough to make a paste ; 
apply on pieces of kid leather or wash-leather. 

Fellator (fel'-at-or). See Passivism. 

Fellatrice ( fel-at-res') [Fr.]. The female agent in irru- 
mation, who receives the male organ in her mouth and 
by friction with the lips or tongue produces the orgasm. 

Fel'lic Acid (fel'-ik) [fil, bile], C 23 H 40 O 4 . A constit- 
uent of the bile. 

Fellmongers' Disease. Anthrax; so called as attacking 
dealers in fells, or pelts, and skins. 

Fellows' Syrup of Hypophosphites. A proprietary 
preparation. Each dram contains hypophosph. of iron 



gr. j, quinin gr. $£, strychnin gr. 



calcium and 



manganese aa gr. j, potassium q. s. Dose 3J. Unof. 

Felo-de-se (fe'-lo-de-se) [Sp.]. A suicide. Also, anyone 
who commits an unlawful malicious act, the conse- 
quence of which is his own death. 

Felon (fil' -on). See Paronychia. 

Felt [feltrum, felt]. A fabric of hair or wool entangled 
together by beating and rolling. Felt splints are em- 
ployed in surgery. 

Female (fe'-mal) [feminca, fimella ; femina, woman]. 
Belonging to the sex that conceives and bears young. 
In surgery, denoting that part of a double-limbed instru- 
ment that receives the complementary part. F. Cathe- 
ter, a catheter having a short tube with a slight curve 
to correspond to the female urethra. 

Feminism (fem'-in-izm) [femina,*. woman]. Arrested 
development of the male organs of generation, accom- 
panied by various mental and physical approximations 
to the characters of the female sex. 

Feminity (fem-in'-it-e), or Femininity (fim-in-in'- 
it-e) [ femina, a woman]. The sum of those qualities 
that distinguish the female sex. 

Feminonucleus ( fem-in-o-nu'-kle-us) [femina, woman; 
nucleus, a kernel]. The embryonic female nucleus, 
as distinguished from the corresponding male nucleus. 



FEMORAL 



463 



FERMENTATION 



Femoral (fem'-or-al) [femur, the thigh bone]. Per- 
taining to the femur. F. Arch, that formed by Pou- 
part's ligament. F. Artery. See Arteries, Table of . 
F. Canal. See Canal. F. Hernia. See Hernia. 
F. Ligament of Hey. See Ligament. F. Ring, 
the abdominal end of the femoral canal, normally 




The Femoral Ring and Saphenous Opening. 

(After Holden.) 
(The arrow is introduced into the femora! ring). 
i. Crural arch. 2. Saphenous opening of the fascia lata. 
3. Saphena vein. 4. Femoral vein. 5. Gimbernat's liga- 
ment. 6. External abdominal ring. 7. Position of internal 



closed by the crural septum and the peritoneum. F. 
Sheath, a continuation downward of the fascife that 
line the abdomen. It contains the femoral vessels. 
F. Vein. See Vein. 

Femoren {fem'-or-en) [femur, the thigh-bone]. Be- 
longing to the femur in itself. 

Femorocele (fem'-or-o-sel) [femur, femur ; kt/?i?/, her- 
nia]. Femoral hernia. 

Femoro-rotulian {fern' -or-o-ro-tu' -le-an) [fe?nur, the 
thigh-bone ; rotula, the patella] . Pertaining to the 
femur and the rotula or patella. 

Femoro-tibial (fem f -or-o-tib' -e-al) [fe?nur, the thigh- 
bone ; tibia, the shin-bone]. Relating to the femur 
and the tibia. 

Femur (fe'-mer) [L., //., Femora, or Femurs']. The 
thigh-bone, the longest and heaviest bone of the 
body, articulating with the acetabulum and the tibia. 
See Bones, Table of. 

Fenestra (fe-nes'-tra/i) [L. , a window]. 1. In anat- 
omy, a name given to two apertures of the ear, the 
F. ovalis and F. rotunda. 2. The open space in the 
blade of a forceps. 3. An opening in a bandage or 
dressing for drainage, etc. 

Fenestral, or Fenestrate {fe-nes'-tral, fe> '-nes-trat) 
[fenestra, a window]. Having apertures or openings. 

Fenestrated (fe-nes' '-tra-ted) [fenestra, a window]. 
Perforated. F. Membrane of Henle, the outer 
membrane of the inner coat of the arteries. 

Fenestrella {fe-nes-trel'-ali) [dim. of fenestra, a win- 
dow : pi. , FenestrellaF\. In biology, a transparent spct 
in the wing-cover of certain insects. 

Fenestrule (fe-nes' -trill) [fenestra, a window]. In 
biology, a small open space, as between the anasto- 
mosing branches of the cenecium of a polyzoan. 

Fenger's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Fennel {fen' -el) [ME,,/f«/]. An umbelliferous plant, 
Fomiculum capillaceiun, native to the Old World and 
common in cultivation. Its dried fruit [Fceniculum, U. 
S. P.) is aromatic and carminative, but is chiefly used as 
a corrigent, as for senna and rhubarb. See Fceniculum . 

Fenner's Guaiac-mixture. See Guaiac-mixture. 

Fenugreek (fen'-ti-grek) [fcenum, hay; grcecum, Greek] . 



The leguminous plant, Trigonella fcenumgracum ; also 
its mucilaginous and oily seed ; it is used in plasters 
and poultices, and is valued in veterinary practice, 
chiefly as a vehicle for other medicines. 

Fenwick's Operation. See Operations , Table of. 

Feraconitin {fer-ak-on' -it-in). Same as Fsettdaconitin, 
q. ~: 

Feral {fi'-ral) [fcralis, deadly]. Deadly or fatal ; as 
a feral disease. 

Fergusson's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. F.'s 
Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Ferine [fe'-rin) [ferinas, wild; fera, a beast]. Nox- 
ious, malignant, or violent ; as & ferine disease. 

Ferment [fer'-ment) [fermentutn , leaven, yeast]. Any 
microorganism, proteid, or other chemic substance 
capable of producing fermentation, i. *.,the oxidation 
and disorganization of carbohydrates. Cf. Fnzym ; 
Zymaze. F., Organized, or Living, one that grows 
and multiplies at the expense of the substance in which 
it occurs — this takes place only so long as the ferment 
is living. Yeast is the representative of this class, caus- 
ing fermentation by splitting up sugar into C0 2 and 
alcohol. See Fer?nentation. F., Unorganized, or 
Non-living, a nitrogenous body produced within the 
body by the vital activity of the protoplasm of the cells. 
These ferments are soluble in water and glycerin, and 
can be precipitated by alcohol. The following is a list 
of this class : Ptyalin, in saliva, converts starch into 
maltose. Pepsin, in gastric juice, converts proteids into 
peptones in an acid medium. There are also in the 
gastric juice milk-curdling, fat-splitting, and lactic 
acid ferments, whose functions are indicated by their 
names. In the pancreatic juice, there are F., Diastatic 
or Amylopsin, converting starch into maltose ; 
Trypsin, converts proteids into peptones in an alka- 
line medium ; F., Emulsive, emulsify fats ; F., Fat- 
splitting, or Steapsin, splits fats into glycerin and 
fatty acids, and F., Milk-curdling. In the intestinal 
juice, there are F., Diastatic, which changes maltose 
into glucose ; F., Proteolytic, which changes fibrin 
into peptone ; Invertase, which changes cane-sugar 
into grape-sugar; and F., Milk-curdling, and F. , Dia- 
static, are also found in blood, chyle, liver, milk, etc. 
Pepsin and other ferments are also found in muscle 
and urine ; and, lastly, a Fibrin-forming F. is also 
found in blood. 

Fermentation [fer-men-ta' ' -shun)[fermentum , leaven]. 
The decomposition of complex molecules under the 
influence of ferments (organized) or zymazes or enzyms 
(unorganized), frequently accompanied by the assimila- 
tion of one or more molecules of water (hydrolysis). 
Processes of oxidation and deoxidation sometimes ac- 
company fermentation. The ordinary transformation 
termed eremacausis or decay, is an oxidation process. 
Putrefaction is applied especially to those fermentations 
involving nitrogenous matter and accompanied by the 
disengagement of offensive gases. In these cases, the 
growth of one or more species of microbes is cor- 
related with the chemic changes in the medium. F., 
Acetic, the fermentation whereby weak alcoholic solu- 
tions are converted into vinegar, caused by the Bacillus 
aceti, etc. F., Albuminoid ; the agents of this de- 
composition are the Bacillus albuminis, B. catenula, 
B. claviformis, B. distortus, B. fliformis, B. geni- 
culatis, B. scaber, B. tenuis, B. tirocephalus, etc. F., 
Ammoniacal ; the agent of the ammoniacal fer- 
mentation of urine is the Micrococcus urece. F., 
Butyric, the conversion of butter-fat into butyric acid, 
due to a microbe, Bacillus butyricus. F., Gluconic ; 
glucose is transformed by the action of the Micrococcus 
oblongus. F., Lactic, the decomposition or "sour- 
ing ' ' of milk, caused by the microbe, Bacillus lacticus. 



FERMENTEMIA 



464 



FERRUM 



F., Propionic ; the Bacillus cavicida decomposes sac- 
charine solutions, producing propionic acid. F., 
Putrefactive, the decomposition commonly known as 
putrefaction, caused by various microbes, especially 
the Micrococcus pyogenes (albus, aureus, citreus, 
tettuis, salivarius, etc.). F., Test. See Tests, Table 
of. F., Viscous, the change produced in the culture- 
medium by the Micrococcus viscosus, a gummy sub- 
stance being developed. 

Fermentemia (fer-men-te' -me-ali) [ fermentum, leaven ; 
ai/ia, blood]. The abnormal presence of a ferment in 
the blood. 

Fermentogen (fer-menf -o-jen) \_fermentum, leaven ; 
yevvav, to produce]. Any substance (like pepsinogen 
or trypsinogen) that on the reception of the appro- 
priate stimulus is changed into a ferment. 

Fern [ME., ferne~\. Any cryptogamous plant of the 
order Filices. See Aspidium. 

Ferntickle (fern' -tik-il) [Prov. Eng. ]. A freckle; 
ephelis. 

Ferralum (fer-al'-um) \_ferrum, iron; alumen, alum]. 
A proprietary disinfectant, consisting largely of the 
sulphate of iron and aluminum. 

Ferramentum (fer-am-en' -turn) [L., an iron imple- 
ment: //. , Ferrat?ien/a~\. A surgical instrument of 
iron or steel. 

Ferran, Peronospora of. See Peronospora. 

Ferrein, Canal of. See Canal. F., Pyramids of. See 
Pyramid. F., Tubule of. See Pyramid. 

Ferri- (fer'-i-) \_ferrum, iron], A prefix that indicates 
the ferric, as distinguished from ferrous compounds. 
Containing iron as a quadrivalent element. 

Ferrier's Snuff. A snuff used in acute rhinitis. Its 
formula is hydrochlorate of morphin gr. ij, powdered 
acacia 3 ij , and subnitrate of bismuth, 3 vj . See 
Bismuth. 

Ferro- {fer'-o-) [ferrum-, iron]. A prefix used with 
the names of certain (ferrous) compounds and salts of 
iron. 

Ferrocyanid (fer-o-si' -an-id)\_ferrum, iron; cyanogen] . 
A compound of ferrocyanogen with an element or 
radical. That of potassium [Potassii ferrocyanidum) is 
official ; that of iron was so formerly. That of zinc 
(Zinci ferrocyaniduni) is sometimes given as a medi- 
cine. Dose gr. 1-4, in pill. F. of Potassium 
and Acetic Acid Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Ferrocyanogen (fer-o-si-an'-o-jen) \_ferrum, iron ; 
cyanogen]. The quadrivalent radical, Fe(CN) 6 . 

Ferrous (fer' -us) \_ferrum, iron] . Containing iron as a 
bivalent element. Cf. Ferric. 

Ferrozone (fer'-o-zon) \_ferrwn, iron; b^eiv, to smell]. 
A material consisting in part of iron protosulphate ; 
it is used as a precipitant for sewage. 

Ferruginous (fer-u' -jin-us) \_ferrugo, rust ; ferrum, _ 
iron]. Same as Chalybeate. 

Ferrule (fer' -til) [fernim, iron]. A metallic hoop 
placed around a broken tooth ; an instrument used 
with an attached lever in aligning irregularly placed 
teeth. 

Ferrum (fer'-um) [L. : gen., Ferri]. Iron. iv=56. 
Quantivalence 11, IV. A metal having a luster vary- 
ing from silver-white to gray. In pharmacy, a fine 
non-elastic, soft wire is used. Externally many of 
the soluble salts of iron make excellent styptic and 
astringent lotions. F. redactum, Quevenne's Iron, 
iron by hydrogen, occurs as a fine powder obtained by 
the reduction of ferric oxid by hydrogen. It is a con- 
stituent of the blood, to the red corpuscles of which 
it gives color. It is an irritant in large or long-con- 
tinued doses. In small doses it is a stimulant and 
slightly astringent tonic. It is highly valuable in 
anemia, but contra-indicated in plethora. Dose gr. 



j-v. F. redacti, Trochisci (B.P.), each containing 
gr. 1 of iron. Ferri acetat., Liq., a 33 per cent, 
solution in water. F. acetat., Liq., fort (B.P. ). 
Dose TTL j-viij. F. acetat., Tinct., has liq. ferri 
acetat 50, alcohol 30, acetic ether 20 parts. It is styp- 
tic and stimulant. Dose n\, x_ 3 ij- F.bromid., Fe- 
Br 2 . Dose gr. v-xx. F. bromidi, Syr., contains 10 
per cent, of ferric bromid. It is a sedative tonic, rec- 
ommended in nervous disorders. Dose W^ v-xxx. F. 
carb. saccharat., contains 15 per cent, of ferrous 
carbonate. It is a stimulant to digestion. Dose gr. ij- 
x, with food. F. carb., Massa, Vallet's mass ; ferrous 
sulphate 100, sodium carbonate no, honey 38, sugar 
25, syrup and distilled water aa q. s. ad fac. 100 parts. 
Dose gr. iij to v, after food. F. carb., Pil. (B.P.). 
Dose gr. v-xx. F., Mist., aromat. (B.P.). Dose 
3J-ij. F., Mistura, comp., Griffith's mixture ; ferrous 
sulphate 6, myrrh, sugar, aa 18, potassium carbonate 8, 
spt. lavender 50, rose-water 900. This is essentially a 
carbonate of iron. Dose^ss. F., Pilulae, comp., Grif- 
fith's pill, containing each, ferrous sulphate gr. %, so- 
dium carb. gr. ^, myrrh gr. iss, syrup q. s. Dose gr. ij 
to vj. F. chloridum, Fe 2 Cl 6 . I2H 2 0, strongly acid, 
astringent, hemostatic, and styptic. It is never used inter- 
nally. F. chlorid., Liq. (Liq. fer. perchloridi, B.P.), 
an aqueous solution containing 38 per cent, of the salt. 
Dose Tt\,ij-x ; rarely used. Liq. fer. perchlor. fort. 
(B.P. ), a powerful styptic. Fe 2 (CgH 5 7 ) 2 6H 2 0. F. 
chlorid., Tinct., contains liq. ferri chlor. 25, alcohol 
q. s. It is very commonly used, and is one of the 
best tonic preparations. Dose Tti^v-xx. Tinct. fer. 
perchloridi (B.P. ). Dose TTLx-xx. F. citras, solu- 
ble in water, insoluble in alcohol ; a mild stimulant. 
Dose gr. ij-v. F. citras, Liq., a solution of ferri citrat. , 
35 per cent, in strength. Dose Tl\, v-xv. F. citras, 
Vinum, ammonio-ferric citrate 4, tinct. orange peel, 
syrup, aa 12, stronger white wine 72 parts. Dose 3J- 
ij. F. hypophosphis, Fe 2 (H 2 P0 2 ) 6 , ferric hypo- 
phosphite, soluble in very dilute hydrochloric acid. 
Dose gr. v-x. F. iodidum saccharat., soluble in 
water. It is a tonic. Dose gr. v-xxv. F. iodid., Pil., 
contains reduced iron, iodin, liquorice, sugar.acacia, and 
water, coated with balsam of tolu in ether. Dose j-ij 
pills. F. iodidi, Syr., contains 10 per cent, of the 
iodid. Dose n\v-xxx. F. lactas, Fe(C 3 H 5 3 ) 2 .3H,0, 
ferrous lactate, — best solvent, sodium citrate. Dose gr. 
j-iij. F. nitratis, Liq., aqueous, contains 6 per cent, 
of the salt ; it is styptic and astringent. Dose ff\v-xv. 
F. oxalas, FeC 2 4 .H 2 0. Dose gr. ij in pill. F. oxid. 
hydratum (Ferri peroxid. hydrat. B.P.), Fe(HO) 6 , 
ferric hydrate, prepared by adding aq. ammonine 8 
parts to a solution of ferric sulphate 10 parts. It is an 
antidote for arsenical poisoning, and should be prepared 
as needed. Dosegj. F. oxid. hydrat. cum magnesia, 
should be prepared as needed from sol. ferric sulphate 
1000 gr. , water 2000 grains, to which is added magnesia 
150 gr. , water 3 xxxij. It is an antidote for arsenic. 
F., Emplastrum, strengthening-plaster ; ferric hy- 
drate 9, olive-oil 5, Burgundy pitch 14, lead-plaster 
72. F., Trochisci, have each of ferric hydrate dried 
gr. v, vanilla gr. y 1 ^, sugar and mucilage of traga- 
canth q. s. Dose j-iij each day. F. phosphas, 
Fe 3 P.,O s . SH 2 0, an adjuvant to laxative pills, gr. 
v-x. F. phosphat., Syr. (B.P.). Dose 3 j. Fox's 
Pill (B.P.), Blaud's Pill. See Pill. F. pyrophos- 
phas, tasteless and non-astringent. Dose gr. ij-v. 
F. subchloridi, Syr. (B.P.). Dose gss-j. F. sul- 
phas, FeS0 4 .7H 2 0, copperas, protosulphate of iron, 
ferrous sulphate, astringent and irritating. It is an 
ingredient of pil. aloes et ferri, q. v. F. sulph. ex- 
siccat., FeS0 4 .H 2 0. Dose gr. ss-ij in pill. F. sulph. 
granulatus (Ferri sulphas granulata, B. P.), FeS- 



FERTILE 



465 



FETUS 



4 .7H.,0, the foregoing precipitated from its solution 
by alcohol. Dose gr. ss-ij. F. subsulph., Liq., Fe 4 
(S0 4 ) 3 , Monsel's solution, an aqueous solution of 
basic sulphate of iron, powerfully astringent, styptic 
and hemostatic ; it is rarely given internally. Dose 
TTLiij— x. F. valerianas, Fe 2 (C 5 H 9 0. 2 ) 6 , valerianate of 
iron, soluble in alcohol. Dose gr. j-iij, in pill. F. et 
ammonii citras, citrate of iron 3, water of ammonia 
I part. Dose gr. ij-v. F. et ammonii sulphas, am- 
nionic sulphate of iron, ferric alum. This is the least 
astringent of the sulphates. Dose gr. ij-v. F. et am- 
monii tartras (F. tartaratum, B.P.), amnionic tar- 
trate of iron. Dose gr. v-xx. F. et potassii tartras, 
the least disagreeable of all iron preparations. Dose 
gr. v-x. F. et quininae citras, contains 12 per cent, 
of quinin. It is astringent and stimulant. Dose gr. 
iij-v. F. et quin. cit., Liq., of doubtful value. 
Dose ttlv-xv. F. et quin. citras solubilis, used in 
preparing vinum ferri amarum. F., Vinum amarum, 
bitter wine of iron, contains sol. citrate of iron and 
quinin 8, tinct. orange-peel 12, syrup 36, stronger 
white wine 44. It is a good substitute for the various 
"elixirs of calisaya and iron." Dose gj-iv. F. et 
strychninae citras, contains I per cent, of strychnin. 
It is astringent and stimulating. Dose gr. j-iij. F. 
et ammonii acetat. Liq., Basham's mixture, con- 
tains tinct. fer. chlorid 2, acetic acid 3. liq. ammonii 
acet. 20, elixir aurantii 10, syrup 15, water 50 parts. 
It is very agreeable, tonic and diuretic. Dose 3 ij-v. 
Unofficial preparations. — F. albuminas. Dose gr. 
x-xxx. F. arsenias, Fe 3 As 2 8 (not to be con- 
founded with arsenzV of iron). Dose gr. t V~f- ^ 
dialysatum, dialyzed iron, a ten per cent, oxychlorid 
in water. It is astringent and styptic, but only feebly- 
chalybeate. Dose TTl x-xxx. Liq. ferri dialyzat. 
(B.P.). Dose rr^x-xxx. F. et manganesii iodidi, 
Syr., containing in each fluid ounce 50 grains of iodids 
in proportion of 3 of iron to I of manganese. Dose 
TTLx-xxx-^j. F. et manganesii phosphat., Syr., 
syrup of phosphate of iron and manganese. Each 
dram contains 2 gr. phosph. of iron and I grain of 
manganese. Dose gj. F., Mistura, aromat., pale 
cinchona bark 4, calumba 2, cloves I, iron- wire 2, 
tinct. cardamom, comp. 12, tinct. orange-peel 2, water 
of peppermint 50. Dose gj-ij. F., Mist., laxans, 
ferrous sulphate gr. ij, magnesium sulphate gj, dilute 
sulphuric acid TTLiij, spt. chloroform ff\,xx, water of 
peppermint ad Jj. F., Mist., salicylat., olei gaul- 
therise TTLxxxij, tr. ferri chlorid fgiv, sodii salicylat. 
giv, acid, citric, gr. x, glycerin, f^j, liq. ammonii 
citrat. (B. P.) q. s. ad f jiv ; iron to be added last in 
mixing. Ferro-salin., Mist., magnesium sulphate ^j, 
potassium bitartrate gj, dried sulphate of iron gr. x, 
water ^ xxxij. Dose a wineglassful. F.phosphatum, 
quininae et strychninae, Syr., Easton's syrup, unof. 
Each gj contains gr. j phosph. of iron, gr. j quinin, 
and gr. ■£§ strychnin. F. Salicylas. Dose gr. j-v. 
F. Tersulphatis, Liq., solution of ferric sulphate, 
used in making other iron preparations. 

Fertile {fer'-til) [fertilis, fruitful]. Prolific, fruitful. 
In botany, applied to flowers having a pistil. 

Fertilization ( fer-til-iz-a' -shiai) \_fertilis, fruitful]. Im- 
pregnation ; fecundation ; the initial act of sexual re- 
production ; it consists essentially in the union of two 
cells possessing respectively male and female qualities. 

Fertilizing Pouch {fer'-til-lz-ing povjch). A folded 
apparatus connected with the oviduct of queen bees. 

Ferula (fer'-u-lak) [L., "a rod"]. I. Giant fennel. 
A genus of the order Umbelliferae. See Asafetida, 
Galbanum, Sumbul, Sagapennm. 2. A splint. 

Fervor (fer'-vor) [L., '-heat"]. Fever-heat; it is 
defined as being more than calor and less than ardor. 
30 



Fessitude (fes'-it-iid) [fessus, weary]. A sensation of 
weariness. 

Fester (fcs'-ter) [ME., fester], I. Any small or super- 
ficial ulceration. 2. To inflame slightly. 

Festination (fes-tin-a'-shun) [festinarc, to hasten]. A 
symptom of paralysis agitans and other diseases in 
which the patient shows in walking a tendency to take 
quicker and quicker steps. Propulsion or retropulsion 
are coincident symptoms. 

Fetal (fe'-tal) [fetus, an offspring]. Pertaining to the 
fetus. 

Fetation {fe-ta' -shun) [fetus, a fetus]. I. The forma- 
tion of a fetus. 2. Pregnancy. 

Fetich, Fetish [fe'-tisli). Any material object re- 
garded with veneration or awe. 

Fetichism, Fetishism (fe' '-tish-izm) [Fr., fetich"]. 
The term applied by Binet to the sexual perversion 
exhibited by collectors of napkins, shoes, etc. He 
maintains that these articles play here the part of the 
fetish in early theology. The favors given by the 
women to the knights in the Middle Ages were both 
tokens of remembrance and sexual excitants of satis- 
faction. Fetichism is the association of lust with the 
idea of certain portions of the female person, or with 
certain articles of female attire. It is designated as 
dress-f., hair-f., hand-f., glove-f, shoe-f, etc., ac- 
cording to the object worshiped. 

Fetichist [fe'-tish-ist) [Fr., fetich]. An individual 
whose sexual interest is confined exclusively to parts 
of the female body, or to certain portions of female 
attire. 

Feticide (fe'-iis-ld) \_fetus, an unborn offspring ; ccedere, 
to kill]. The killing by intent of the fetus in the 
womb. 

Fetid (fe / -tid, or fet'-id) [fetere, to become putrid]. 
Having a foul odor. F. Stomatitis. Synonym of 
Ulcerative Stomatitis. 

Fetiferous (fe-tif -er-us) [fetus, a fetus ; ferre, to bear]. 
Pregnant. 

Fetiparous (fe-tip'-ar-us) \_fetus, a fetus ; parere, to 
produce] . Giving birth to a fetus. 

Fetlock (fet'-lok) [ME. , fitlokes]. A tuft of hair grow- 
ing behind the pastern-joint of horses. F. -joint, the 
joint of a horse's leg next to the foot. 

Fetlow (fet'-lo) [E. , dial], A kind of whitlow or 
felon, seen upon cattle. 

Fetometry {fe-tom' -et-re) [fetus, offspring ; fierpov, 
measure]. The measurement of the fetus, especially 
of its cranial diameters. The measurements usually 
made are as follows : — 



Table of Measurements. 
1. Of the Child. 

Length, 50 cm. (20 

Bisacromial, 12 " (4.8 

2. Head. 

Bitemporal 8 cm. (t,M 

Biparietal, 9% " (3K 

Occipito-frontal, \i% " (4% 

-mental 13K " (5K 

Trachelo-bregmatic 9% " (3]4 

Circumference, occipito-frontal . . . 34% " (138 
Weight of Child 2737 grms. (7% pounds). 



") 



Fetor (fe'-tor) [L.]. Stench; offensive odor. F. 
narium. Synonym of Ozena. 

Fetter-bone (fet'-er-bon). In farriery, the same as 
great pastern. See Pastern. 

Fettered (fet'-erd). In biology, applied to animals, 
as the seal, which have the hind limbs modified so as 
to unfit them for walking. 

Fetus (fe / -tus) [fetus, offspring]. The young of vi- 
viparous animals in the womb ; the embryo in the 
later stages of development. The following is a table 
of the development of the embryo and fetus in the 



FETUS 



466 



FEVER 



different months of pregnancy. First Month. Indis- 
tinguishable from ovum of other mammals. It is a flat- 
tened vesicle. The embryo is nourished by a yelk- 
sac which, even at the end of the first month, is 
larger than the cephalic extremity of the fetus. The 



Occipitomental 



Sub-occipito- i|JB 
bregmatic. 




\ Fronto-mental. 



Occipito- 



frontal. 



Cervico-bregmatic. 



Diameters of the Fetal Head. (Tarnier.) 

visceral arches are distinct. The heart, first traces of 
liver and kidneys, eyes, rudimentary extremities, oral 
and anal orifices are formed. The spinal canal closes 
(spina bifida results if this fails to occur at this time). 
Length, I cm., or .4 inch. Second Month. Grows to 
4 cm. in length (1.57 inches), and is about the size of 
a pigeon's egg. The visceral clefts close, except the 
first, which forms the external auditory meatus, tym- 
panum, and Eustachian tube. At this time arrest of 
development results in hare-lip, umbilical hernia, or 
exomphalos. Eyes, nose, and ears are distinguishable. 
The first suggestion of hands and feet appears, and 
these are webbed. External genitals also now develop, 
but sex is not to be differentiated. Third Month. 
Maternal blood affords nourishment; 9 cm. long (3.6 
inches), and about the size of a goose-egg. Fingers 
and toes lose their webbed character and nails appear 
as fine membranes. Points of ossification are found 
in most of the bones. The neck separates the head 
from the trunk, and sex is determined by the appear- 
ance of the uterus. Weight, 30 grms. = 463 grains. 
Fourth Month. 16 cm. = 6 in. in length. Lanugo 
is present. Intestines contain meconium. Sex is 
well defined. Weight, 55 grms. = 848.76 grains. 
Fifth Month. 25 cm. = 10 in. Vernix caseosa 
appears in places. The face is senile in appearance 
and wrinkled. Eyelids begin to open. Quickening 
occurs. Heart-sounds are heard. Weight, 273 grms. 
= 10.8 oz. Sixth Month. 30 cm. = 12 in. Hair 
grows longer. Eyebrows and lashes appear. The 
testicles approach the inguinal rings. Weight, 715 
grms. = 23 oz. Seventh Month. 35 cm. = 14 in. 
Pupillary membrane disappears. Weight, 1213 grms. = 
39 oz. Eighth Month. 40 cm. = 16 in. Down on 
the face begins to disappear. The left testicle has 
descended. Ossification begins in the lower epiphysis 
of the femur. The nails do not project beyond the 
finger-tips. Weight, 161 7 grms. = 4^ lbs. Ninth 
Month. 45 cm. = 18 in. Subcutaneous fat increases. 
Diameters of the head about I to \]/ 2 cm. less than 
at term. Weight, 1 990 grms. = 5 J lbs. Mature 

Lengths and Weights of the Fetus at Different 
Stages of its Development. 
1st month, 1 cm. .4 in. 
2d " 4 " 1.57 " 

3 d 9 " 36 " 30 grms. 463 grains. 

4th " 16 " 6 " 55 " 848 76 
5th 25 " 10 " 273 " 10 8 ozs. 

6th 30 " 12 " 715 " 23 

7'h 35 " 14 " 1213 " 39 

8th 40 " 16 " 1617 " ty-i lbs. 

9th " 45 " 18 " 1990 " 514 

10th 50 " 20 " 2737 " i\/ 3 



Fetus. 50 cm. long = 20 inches ; weight, 2737 grms. = 
7^ lbs. Skin is rosy ; lanugo has disappeared. 
The nails are perfect and project beyond the finger 
tips. The eyes are opened. The center of ossifi- 
cation in the lower epiphysis of femur is 5 mm. in 
diameter, while that of the cuboid bone is just be- 
ginning to show. Diameters of head are normal. F., 
Amorphous. See Anideus. F. Anideus. See Ani- 
deus. F. in fetu (fetus within the fetus), the name 
applied to those interesting inclusions in which the 
stronger fetus in its growth has included within its 
organism the parts of the weaker fetus. F. papyra- 
ceus, the name given to the malformation resulting in 
a twin-pregnancy, when, owing to an inequality in the 
circulation of the embryos, the weaker fetus dies, and 
by the continually increasing pressure of the growing 
fetus is flattened more and more against the uterine 
walls, until the mass has a thickness little greater than 
stout parchment. F., Position of, the position occu- 
pied by the fetus in the mother's womb. It may be 
oblique, transverse, or longitudinal. Also, the posi- 
tion occupied by the fetus with reference to the 
mother's pelvis. See Table (p. 467). F., Presen- 
tation of, that part of the fetus that presents in 
labor. See Presentation. 

Feuillea [fu-il'-e-ah) [after Louis Feaillet, a French 
naturalist]. A genus of cucurbitaceous climbing 
plants. The seeds of F. cordifolia, of Jamaica, are 
emetic and purgative. F. trilobata, of Brazil, has 
similar qualities. Unof. 

Fever (fe'-ver) \_febris, a fever]. A systemic disease 
or symptom of disease whose distinctive characteristic 
is elevation of temperature, accompanied also by 
quickened circulation, increased katabolism or tissue- 
waste, and disordered secretions. F., Abdominal. 
See F., Typhoid. F., Adeno-nervous. Synonym 
of Plague, a. v. F., Adeno-typhoid. Synonym of 
F. , Mediterranean. F., African. See F, Yellow, 
and Dengue. Also the same as F. , Congo. F. and 
Ague. See F., Intermittent. F., Amatory. See 
Amatory. F., Anomalous, one the symptoms of 
which are irregular. F., Aquamalarial. Same as F. , 
Malarial. F., Ardent, a non-specific, continued fever 
occurring in hot climates, in which the ordinary symp- 
toms of febricula are exaggerated. See Ardent. ¥., 
Articular. See Dengue. F., Asthenic, one with a 
low-fever temperature, weak circulation, and great loss 
of nervous force. F., Ataxic. See F, Typhus. F., 
Atypic. See F. , Anomalous. F., Ballast, fever on 
shipboard ; said to be due to decaying organic mattei 
in the ballast. F., Barbadoes. Synonym of F, 
Yelloiv. F., Barcelona. Synonym of F. , Yellow. 
F.-bark. See Alstonia. F., Bilious, one accom- 
panying affections of the digestive organs. F., 
Black. Synonym of Cerebrospinal meningitis. F., 
Blackwater, a fever occurring on the west coast 
of Africa, and characterized by attacking only those 
who have already suffered from malarial fever. 
There is a chill followed by lumbar pain, slight 
jaundice, fever, and the passage of porter-like urine. 
Bilious vomiting may occur, and death with uremic 
symptoms. It occurs in paroxysms — in other words, 
it is a paroxysmal hemoglobinuria. F., Bladdery. 
I. A vulgar name for Pemphigus. 2. Same as F. , 
Catheter. F. -blister, a vesicular or pustular dermal 
eruption seen near the mouth, after a febrile disturb- 
ance, often occurring after a common cold. See Herpes 
facialis and II. labialis. F., Boa Vista. Synonym 
of F. , Yellow. F., Bona, a form of malignant malarial 
fever in Algeria. F., Bouquet. Synonym of Dengue. 
F., Brain, fever associated with cerebral disturbance, 
or with inflammation of the cerebial meninges. F., 



TABLE OF THE POSITIONS AND PRESENTATIONS OF THE FETUS. 





> 

u 
z 

so 
o 
a 
tii 
os 


Varieties. 


J 

o 

s 

> 


o 2 

Z H 

U til 




Position of Fetus. 


Position of Fetal 
Heart-sounds. 


Mortality. 


< 

h . 

z z 

til o 

til h 
a. 

Cm 


J 

< 
h 
til 


< 
z 

OS 

III 
H 

< 

s 


Vertex. 


95 Per 
cent, of 
all cases. 


Left occipito- 
anterior. 


L.O.A. 


70 per 
cent. 


Occiput to left acetabulum, fore- 
head to right sacro-iliac joint ; 
back to left; extremities to right, 
above. 


One inch below, and 
to left of umbilicus. 


5 Per 
cent. 


Less 

than 1 

per 

cent. 




Left occipito- 
posterior. 


L.O.P. 




Occiput to left sacro-iliac joint, 
forehead to right acetabulum ; 
back in left flank ; extremities 
to right, anteriorly. 


In left flank, below a 
transverse line 
through umbilicus. 


Over 9 
per 
cent. 






Right occipito- 
anterior. 


R.O.A. 




Occiput to right acetabulum, fore- 
head to left sacro-iliac joint ; 
back to right ; extremities to 
left, above. 


Near median line, be- 
low umbilicus. 


Over 9 
per 
cent. 






Right occipito- 
posterior. 


RO.P. 


30 per 
cent. 


Occiput to right sacro-iliac joint, 
forehead to left acetabulum ; 
back in right flank ; extremi- 
ties to leit, anteriorly. 


In right flank, below 
a transverse line 
through umbilicus. 


5 per 
cent. 




Face. 


% of I 
per cent. 


Left mento- 
anterior. 


L.M.A. 


Second 
in fre- 
quency. 


Chin to left acetabulum, forehead 
to right sacro-iliac joint ; back 
to right ; extremities to left. 


Left side of abdomen, 
below umbilicus. 


13 to 15 
per 

cent. 


6 per 
cent. 




Left mento- 
posterior. 


L.M.P. 




Chin to left sacro-iliac joint, fore- 
head to right acetabulum ; back 
to right ; extremities to left. 


Left side of abdomen, 
below umbilicus. 






Right mento- 
anterior. 


R.M.A. 




Chin to right acetabulum, fore- 
head to left sacro-iliac joint; 
back to left ; extremities to 
right. 


Right side of abdomen, 
below umbilicus. 






Right mento- 
posterior. 


R.M.P. 


Most 
com- 
mon. 


Chin to right sacro-iliac joint, 
forehead to left acetabulum ; 
back to left ; extremities to 
right. 


Right side of abdomen, 
below umbilicus. 




Brow. 


U of I 
per cent. 


Left fronto-an- 
terior. 


L.F.A. 




Brow to left acetabulum ; chin to 
right sacro-iliac joint ; back to 
left ; extremities to right, above. 


Left side of abdomen, 
below umbilicus. 


30 per 
cent. 


10 per 
cent. 




Left fron to- 
posterior. 


L.F.P. 




Brow to left sacro-iliac joint ; chin 
to right acetabulum ; back to 
left; extremities to right, above. 


Left side of abdomen, 
below umbilicus. 






Right fronto- 
anterior. 


R.F.A. 




Brow to right acetabulum ; chin 
to left sacro-iliac joint ; back to 
right; extremities to left, above. 


Right side of abdomen, 
below umbilicus. 






Right fronto- 
posterior. 


R.F.P. 




Brow to right sacro-iliac joint ; 
chin to left acetabulum ; back to 
right; extremities to left, above. 


Right side of abdomen, 
below umbilicus. 




Shoulder. 


% of I 

per cent. 


Left dorso-an- 
terior. 


L.D.A. 


Most 
com- 
mon. 


Head in left iliac fossa, back an- 
terior; extremities on right side, 
in upper part of abdomen. 


Left side of abdomen, 
below umbilicus. 


Almost 
50 per 
cent. 


11 per 

cent. 




Left d o r s o - 
posterior. 


L.D.P. 




Head in left iliac fossa, back pos- 
terior; extremities on right side, 
in upper part of abdomen. 


Frequently cannot be 
heard. 






Right dorso- 
anterior. 


R.D.A. 




Head in right iliac fossa, back 
anterior; extremities on left 
side, in upper part of abdomen. 


Right side of abdomen, 
below umbilicus. 






Right dorso- 
posterior. 


R.D.P. 




Head in right iliac fossa, back 
posterior; extremities on left 
side, in upper part of abdomen. 


Right side of abdomen, 
below umbilicus to- 
ward the flank. 




Breech. 


3 to 4 per 
cent, of 
all cases. 


Left sacro-an- 
terior. 


L.S.A. 


Most 
com- 
mon. 


Sacrum to left acetabulum ; back 
to left anterior; abdomen to 
right posterior. 


Left side of abdomen, 
above umbilicus. 


30 per 
cent. 


Less 

than 1 

per 




Left sacro-pos- 
terior. 


L.S.P. 




Sacrum to left sacro-iliac joint; 
back to left posterior ; abdomen 
to right anterior. 


Left side of abdomen, 
above umbilicus and 
toward the back. 






Right sacro- 
anterior. 


R.S.A. 




Sacrum to right acetabulum ; 
back to right anterior; abdomen 
to left posterior. 


Right side of abdomen, 
above umbilicus. 






Right sacro- 
posterior. 


R.S.P. 




Sacrum to right sacro-iliac joint ; 
back to right posterior ; abdo- 
men to left anterior. 


Right side of abdomen, 
above umbilicus and 
toward the back. 





4G7 



FEVER 



468 



FEVER 



Breslau, a contagious, epidemic disease in Breslau in 
the middle of the 18th century. Its nature is not 
known. F., Brokenwing. Synonym of Deng2ce. 
F., Bucket. Synonym of Dengue. F., Bulam. 
Synonym of F. , Yellow. F., Burdwan, a form of 
Indian malarial fever. F.-bush. Spice-wood. The 
bark and fruit of Lindera benzoin, an aromatic stimu- 
lant and tonic. Its properties are due to a volatile oil. 
Dose of the fid. ext. of the bark 3 j-ij ; of the berries 
TTLXX-3J. Unof. F.-bush, California. See Garrya. 
F., Camp. See F., Typhus. F., Carbuncular. 
Synonym of Anthrax. F., Catarrhal, one with 
a catarrhal affection of the air-passages. Synonym 
of Influenza. F., Catheter, a severe remittent 
fever sometimes following the passage of the cathe- 
ter or sound. F., Cerebro-spinal, a malignant epi- 
demic fever characterized by spasmodic contraction 
of the muscles of the neck, retraction of the head, 
hyperesthesia, etc., with lesions of the cerebral and 
spinal membranes ; it is due to a specific poison. 
F., Cesspool. Synonym of F, Typhoid. F., 
Chagres. Synonym of F. , Yellow, or F, Malarial. 
F., Chickahominy. A synonym of F. , Typho- 
malarial. F., Child-bed. See F. , Puerperal. F., 
Colorado. Synonym of Dengue. F., Congestive, 
a malignant form of a remittent or intermittent malarial 
fever. Also a synonym of Cerebro-spinal Meningitis. 
F. , Congo, African fever. A form of fever, of mala- 
rial origin, and often of pernicious type, that prevails 
on parts of the W. African coast. F., Contagious. 
Synonym of F., Typhus. F., Continued, one in 
which there is a slowly continuous rise of temperature 
until a not high acme is reached, whence the fever 
ends fatally or slowly subsides. F., Country. See 
F, Florida. F., Cretan. Same as F. , Malta. F., 
New, of Crete. Synonym of F., Mediterranean. 
F., Dandy. Synonym of Dengue. F., Date. 
Synonym of Dengue. F., Deccan. Synonym of 
F. , Pernicious Malarial. F., Diary. Synonym of 
F. , Ephemeral. F., Dothienteric. Synonym of 
F. , Typhoid. F., Dynamic. Synonym of F , 
Relapsing. F., Elephantoid, a name given to the 
severe febrile symptoms that often attend the onset 
of Elephantiasis arabum. F., Enteric. See F, 
Typhoid. F., Epidemic Catarrhal. Synonym of 
Influenza. F., Epidemic Gastro-rheumatic. Syno- 
nym of Dengue. F., Epihippic, influenza in the 
horse. F., Eruptive, that accompanied or suc- 
ceeded by an eruption on the skin. Examples are 
F. , Scarlet, Measles, Rotheln, Smallpox, Vaccination, 
Varicella, Erysipelas, Dengue. F., Eruptive Epi- 
demic, of India. Synonym of Dengue. F., 
Essential. See F, Idiopathic. F., Famine. See 
F., Relapsing. F., Feco-malarial. See F , Medi- 
terranean. F.-few, the herb Pyrethrum parthenium , 
a stimulant tonic with emmenagogue and anthelmintic 
properties. Dose of the fid. ext. 3 j-ij. Unof. F., 
Five-day. Synonym of F., Relapsing. F., Florida, 
Country Fever ; a form of fever occurring in tropical 
or sub-tropical countries, resembling malaria or typhoid 
fever. It is due to the prolonged action of high 
temperatures. F., Gastric, a term used indefinitely 
to indicate any febrile ailment associated with abdom- 
inal symptoms. It may be a simple febricula or some 
graver affection. F., Gastrobilious. See F. , Medi- 
terranean. F., Gibraltar. Synonym of F. , Mediter- 
ranean. F., Hay, a disease of the mucous membranes 
of the nasal and respiratory passages, also at times 
involving the conjunctiva and eyeball. It is marked 
by catarrhal inflammation , coryza, and abundant lachry- 
mation, with well-marked asthmatic attacks and great 
depression. It is due to the pollen of the grains and 



other grasses, and to dust, odors, perfumes, and irrita- 
ting substances acting upon a hypersensitive Schneide- 
rian membrane in those with a marked nervous con- 
stitution. It is also attributed to the influence of 
microbes that float in the air. Climate seems to be a 
potent factor in the etiology in certain cases. F., 
Heat. Synonym of Insolation. F.-heat, the heat 
of fever. F., Hectic. Synonym of Tabes mesenterica. 
Also the fever that accompanies pulmonary tubercu- 
losis and other diseases attended with suppuration. 
F., Hemo-gastric. See F, Yellow. F., Hospital. 
See F., Typhus. F., Idiopathic, one the cause of 
which escapes detection. F., Inflammatory. Syno- 
nym of Anthrax. F., Intermittent, one in which the 
symptoms intermit, with intermediate periods of free- 
dom from the febrile attack. This is the common form 
of malarial fever. F., Italian. Synonym of Influenza 
and of F. , Mediterranean. F., Jail. Synonym of 
F. , Typhus. F., Jungle, a remittent fever of India. 
F., Kendal. Synonym of F., Yellow. F., Leghorn. 
Synonym of F. , Yellozu. F., Lent. Synonym of F., 
Typhoid. F., Levant. Synonym of F, Relapsing. 
F., Low, fever of an asthenic type. F., Lung, acute 
croupous pneumonia. F. , Lying-in. Synonym of /'. , 
Puerperal. F., Maculated. Synonym of F., Typhus. 
F., Malarial, a febrile condition of periodic character 
dependent upon the presence of the hematozoa malarire. 
F., Malarial Typhoid, typhoid fever modified by 
simultaneous malarial infection. F., Malignant, a 
severe and fatal form of any fever. F., Malta. See 
F., Mediterranean. F., Marsh. Synonym of F. , 
Malarial. F., Mediterranean, Gastrobilious Fever ; 
Feco-malarial Fever ; Malta Fever ; Italian Fever ; 
Neapolitan Fever; Cretan Fever; Rock Fever; Gibral- 
tar Fever; a specific febrile disease occurring particul- 
ary on the Mediterranean coast, and characterized by 
long, irregular pyrexia, frequent relapses, rheumatic 
complications, constipation, and the absence of ulcera- 
tion of Peyer's patches. It has an incubation period of 
from six to nine days. The temperature may rise to 104 
or 106° F., and in fatal cases to 110° F. The course is 
often prolonged to from three months to a year or 
more. The mortality rate is about two percent. F., 
Mesenteric. Synonym of Tabes mesenterica. F., 
Miasmatic. Synonym of F., Malarial. F., Miliary, 
an affection formerly very common, occurring in an 
epidemic form, with a prodromal stage of two or three 
days, during which there is great irritation of the 
skin, debility, and a feeling of suffocation. This is 
followed by profuse sweating, high fever, precordial 
and epigastric distress, and the appearance on the 
third or fourth day of a rash, first upon the neck and 
breast, consisting of numerous round or irregular spots, 
in the center of which vesicles arise that finally burst 
and form crusts. Desquamation and slow convales- 
cence follow. F., Military. Synonym of F. , Ty- 
phus. F., Milk, a form of slight puerperal septi- 
cemia, formerly thought to be due to the formation of 
milk in the mother's breast. F., Mountain. Syno- 
nym of F, Typhoid. F., Mucous. A synonym of 
Fi, Typhoid, a. v. F., Neapolitan. See F., Medi- 
terranean. F., New. Synonym of F. , Malta. F., 
Night-soil. Synonym of F. , Typhoid. F., Och- 
lotic. Synonym of F. , Typhus. F., Paludal. See 
F. , Intermittent. F., Panama, an endemic fever on 
the Isthmus of Panama ; pernicious malarial fever. 
F., Periodic. See F. , Intermittent. F., Pernicious, 
a malignant fatal type of remittent or intermittent 
malarial fever. F., Peyerian. Synonym of F., 
Typhoid. F., Prison, typhus fever. F., Puerperal, 
Metria ; an acute, heterogenetic, contagious febrile 
affection of women in child-bed. It is due to the in- 



FEVER 



469 



FEVER 



traduction of germs and septic material into the sys- 
tem, the poisonous agents finding entrance through 
the wounds and lacerations of the genital tract conse- 
quent upon parturition. In some cases these wounds 
take on an unhealthy condition with the formation 
over them of a whitish or grayish pellicle ; they then 
form the so-called diphtheric ulcers, although they 
bear no relation to true diphtheria. In other cases 
there may start up a gangrenous condition spreading 
rapidly to the adjoining tissues. Virchow calls this 
variety Erysipelas Mallgnum Internum, a. v. It may 
assume a number of other forms, all of which are of a 
greater or lesser degree of gravity. F., Puking. 
Synonym of Milk-sickness. F., Pulmonic. A syno- 
nym of Croupous Pneumonia. F., Putrid. Synonym 
of F. , Typhus. F., Pyogenic. Synonym of Strangles. 
F., Pythogenic. Synonym of F. , Typhoid. F., 
Quinin, fever produced by large doses of quinin ; it 
is attended with hematuria, dysuria, dyspnea, threat- 
ened collapse. F., Red. Synonym of Dengue. F., 
Relapsing, Famine Fever ; an acute specific febrile 
disease characterized by a short paroxysm of fever, 
ending in crisis, followed by a well-marked remission, 
and that by a relapse on or about the fourteenth day. 
The fever is high and the patient restless ; there is no 
characteristic eruption ; but the patient emits a peculiar 
musty odor like that of burning straw. Epistaxis, often 
profuse, is present. A crisis is usual on the seventh day 
and is attended usually by some critical discharge. In 
seven days, or a little sooner, the relapse occurs, last- 
ing from a few hours to seven days or more. During 
convalescence there may be a flaky desquamation. 
There is always in this disease marked enlargement of 
the spleen ; the liver also is enlarged, as well as the kid- 
neys. The disease is due to the presence in the blood of a 
specific spirillum, which is only seen during the parox- 
ysms. F., Remittent, a paroxysmal fever with exacer- 
bations and remissions, but not intermissions ; usu- 
ally applied specifically to remittent malarial fever. 
F., Rheumatic. See Rheumatism. F., Rock. Syn- 
onym of F. , Mediterra7iean. F., Scarlet. See 
Scarlatina. F., Septic, one due to the admission of 
septic matter into the system. F., Seven-day. Syn- 
onym of F. , Relapsing. F., Seventeen-day. Syn- 
onym of F., Relapsing. F., Ship. Synonym of F, 
Typhus. F., Shoddy, an illness occurring among 
shoddy-grinders. The symptoms are headache, 
malaise, dryness of the fauces, and difficulty of breath- 
ing. The acute symptoms subside in six or eight 
hours, but cough and expectoration remain as a 
chronic condition. F., Siam. Synonym of F. , 
Yellozu. F., Simple Continued, a continued, non- 
contagious fever, varying in duration from one to 
twelve days , and usually ending in recovery, F. , Solar. 
Synonym of Dengue. F. -sore, a colloquial name for 
necrosis of the tibia ; also a fever-blister. F., Spiril- 
lum. Synonym of F. , Relapsing. F., Splenic. 
Synonym of Anthrax. See Pustula maligna. F". , 
Sthenic, fever characterized by abnormal increase of 
the cardiac and vital activities. F., Stiff-necked. 
Synonym of Dengue. F., Sudoral. Synonym of F. , 
Mediterranean. F., Summer, hay-fever. F., Sun. 
Synonym of Insolation. F., Three-day. Synonym 
of Dengue. F., Traumatic, that following trau- 
matism, surgical or accidental. F.-twig. See 
Climbing Staff-tree and Celastrus. F., Typhoid, 
Enteric Fever; an acute continued fever due to a 
specific virus, the bacillus typhosis, and characterized 
by peculiar intestinal lesions, splenic enlargement, 
maculae on the skin (rose spots), headache, delirium, 
diarrhea, prostration, etc. The morbid changes are 
chiefly in the lower part of the ileum, occasionally 



in the upper part of the colon, and consist in a 
necrotic inflammatory infiltration of the follicular 
structures and neighboring parts, commonly called 
" Peyer's patches," with a catarrhal inflammation of 
the rest of the intestinal mucous membrane. The 
stools are the characteristic liquid ocher-colored pas- 
sages, resembling pea-soup. Epistaxis is frequently an 
early symptom. The duration of the disease is usually 
about four weeks. There may be, however, .an abor- 
tive form of the disease ending at from the eighth to the 
fourteenth day. The afebrile form, which is rare, may 
have a normal or even subnormal temperature through- 
out the entire course. Perforation of the bowel, 
peritonitis, hemorrhage, and tympanites are some of 
the complications of the disease. Relapses occur in 
a certain proportion of the cases. The poison of 
typhoid fever usually enters the system through the 
drinking-water, or milk, or by inhaling effluvia from 
drains. Direct contagion from the sick to the healthy 
plays but a small part in the dissemination of typhoid 
fever. See Table of Exanthemata. F., Typhoid, 
Ambulatory, the latent form, with illy-defined symp- 
toms, so that the patient scarcely feels ill enough to go 
to bed. The prognosis in this form of the disease is 
often grave. F., Typhoid, Atypical. Synonym of 
F., Mediterranean. F., Typhoid, Canine, a peculiar 
form of typhoid fever occurring only among patients 
who have been previously subject to malaria. The 
period of invasion is from one to three days, during 
which the patient complains of general discomfort and 
constipation. This is followed by a rapid develop- 
ment of the fever, the temperature almost immediately 
reaching 104 F. After the third day diarrhea, epis- 
taxis, and intestinal hemorrhage occur. The fever sub- 
sides at the end of the first week, though the diarrhea 
and enlargement of the spleen continue. The pulse 
is always slow. F., Typhoid, Intermittent. Syno- 
nym of F, Mediterranean. F., Typho-malarial, a 
malarial fever with typhoid symptoms. F., Typhus, 
an acute, specific, epidemic, contagious, exanthematous 
fever, probably due to a specific infecting germ, and 
characterized by a peculiar petechial eruption, depres- 
sion of the vital powers, profound cerebral manifesta- 
tions, and absence of any discoverable lesion. It ter- 
minates by crisis on or about the fourteenth day, or by 
death from exhaustion or coma. See Exanthemata, 
Table of. F., Typhus, Abdominal. Synonym of 
F., Typhoid. F., Typhus, Walking, typhus fever 
in which the vital powers are not greatly reduced, so 
that the patient does not go to bed. F., Urinary, 
the febrile disturbance that follows the use of the 
catheter or bougie, or other operation upon the 
urinary organs, or any distinct impression made upon 
the urethra or bladder by some other means than 
these. Urinary fever varies in severity, from a slight 
chill and moderate rise of temperature to a well- 
marked chill with considerable rise of temperature. 
F., Vitular. See Collapse, Parturient. F., Vitulary. 
See Collapse, Parturient. F.-wort. See Triosteum. 
F., Wound. Synonym of F., Traumatic. F., 
Yellow, an acute, specific, infectious, contagious, 
paroxysmal, malignant fever, occurring mainly in sub- 
tropical regions, and characterized by three stages 
— the febrile, the remission, and the collapse. The 
poison of the disease is destroyed by frost. The 
period of incubation varies from one to fourteen 
days. The onset is sudden, the temperature high. 
There is a tendency to hemorrhage from the nose, 
mouth, vagina, kidneys, or stomach ; the skin and 
conjunctivae acquire a yellow tint or even a deep olive 
or mahogany color. There may be vomiting of 
altered blood. In fatal cases there is found a granular 



FEVERISH 



470 



FIBROMA 



degeneration of the liver-cells. One attack of the 
disease protects against subsequent seizures ; negroes 
display a peculiar immunity to the disease. 

Feverish [fe' -ver-isk) [febris, fever]. Somewhat 
affected with fever ; febrile. 

Fexism (feks'-izm) [Austrian]. A form of cretinism seen 
in Styria (Austria) ; its victims are locally called jexi. 

Fiber (fi'-ber) [fibra, a thread] . A filamentary or thread- 
like structure. Applied to the thread-like filaments of 
muscular, cartilaginous, and tendinous tissues. F , 
Axial, the central or axial band of a nerve-fiber; 
it is called also the band of Remak and the axis- 
cylinder. F., Beale's, a spinal nerve-fiber seen in 
sympathetic ganglion-cells. It becomes a medul- 
lated nerve. F. , Biihlmann's, peculiar lines formed in 
carious teeth due to the Bacterium lineola. F., Gott- 
stein's, the external ciliated cells and nerve-fibers of 
the auditory nerve in the cochlea. F. of Corti. See 
Corti. F. of Gerdy, a transverse band of fibers 
supporting the hand crosswise and forming the 
web of the fingers. F. of Miiller, a supporting 
connective tissue that unites the various layers of 
the retina. F. of Remak, certain pale and non- 
medullated nerve-fibers, found mostly in branches 
of the sympathetic nerve. F. of Sharpey, delicate 
processes or rods that pass through and rivet together 
the concentric laminse of bone. F., Sustentacular. 
See F. of Miiller. F. of Tomes, elongated and 
branched processes of the odontoblasts of the pulp, 
filling the dentinal tubules of teeth. 

Fibra [f'-brah) [L.: //., Fibres]. Same as Fiber. 

Fibration (fi-bra'-shun) [fibra, fiber]. Fibrous con- 
struction ; arrangement of fibers. 

Fibril, or Fibrilla (fi'-bril, or fi-bril'-ah) [dim. of 
fibra, a fiber]. A small fiber or component filament 
of a fiber. A name applied to minute nerve-filaments. 

Fibrillar (fi'-bril-ar) [fibrilla, a small fiber]. Pertain- 
ing to fibrillre. F. Contractions, spontaneous con- 
tractions successively taking place in different bundles 
of muscular fibers ; they are characteristically ob- 
served in progressive muscular atrophy. 

Fibrillary [fi'-bril-a-re). Same as Fibrillar. 

Fibrillation {fi-bril-a'-sluui) \_fibrilla, a small fiber]. 
The quality of being fibrillar ; also a fibrillar contrac- 
tion ; the acquirement of new fibrils. F. of New 
Tissue, the appearance of fibrillse in new-formed 
tissue. 

Fibrin (fi f -brin) [fibra, a fiber]. A native albumin or 
proteid, a substance that, becoming solid in shed 
blood, plasma, and lymph, causes coagulation of these 
fluids. It then exists in the shape of innumerable, 
excessively delicate, closely packed, microscopic, 
doubly refractive fibrils, entangling the blood-corpus- 
cles, as in a spider's web, and with them forming the 
blood-clot ox placenta sanguinis. Fibrin forms about 
o. 2 per cent, of the blood and is insoluble in water 
and ether. It is changed into syntonin by dilute 
hydrochloric acid. F. -ferment, a ferment obtainable 
from blood-serum after clotting has occurred. It 
does not exist in the living, circulating blood. Its 
activity is destroyed by heating to 70 F. 

Fibrination (fi-brin-a' '-skun) [libra, a fiber]. The 
acquirement of an abnormal amount of fibrin. 

Fibrinogen (fi-bi-in'-o-jcn) [fibra, a fiber; yevvav, to 
produce]. A native proteid of the globulin class, 
obtained from blood-plasma, serous transudations, etc. 
According to Schmidt it is one of the chief elements 
in the formation of fibrin (the other being Paraglobu- 
lin), which occurs dissolved in the plasma, aided by a 
fibrin-ferment. 

Fibrinogenic (fi-brin-o-jen' -ik) [fibra, a fiber ; yevvav, 
to produce]. Of the nature of fibrinogen. 



Fibrinogenous (fi-brin-ofi-en-us) [fibra, a fiber ; 
yevvav, to produce]. Forming or producing fibrin. 

Fibrinoplastic (fi-brin-o-plas'-tik) [fibra, a fiber; 
TvAaaaeiv, to form]. Of the nature of fibrinoplastin. 

Fibrinoplastin (fi-brin-o-plas' -tin). See Fai-aglobulin. 

Fibrinous {fi' -brin-us) [fibra, a fiber] . Of the nature 
of or containing fibrin. 

Fibrinuria {fi-brin-u'-re-ah) [fibra, a fiber; ovpov, 
urine]. The presence of fibrin in the urine to an 
extent that causes its coagulation after the liquid 
has been voided. It usually occurs in the course of 
villous cancers of the bladder, or after the use of 
cantharides. 

Fibro- (fi'-bro-) [fibra, a fiber]. A prefix used to 
denote fibrous structure. 

Fibro-areolar {fi-bro-ar-e' -o-lar) [fibra, fiber; areola, 
dim. of area, an open space]. Containing both fibrous 
and areolar tissues. 

Fibroblast (fi'-bro-blast) [fibra, fiber ; j3?aar6g, germ]. 
A connective-tissue cell. 

Fibro-bronchitis {fi-bro-brong-ki'-tis} [fibra, fiber ; 
fipoyxoQ, the windpipe ; iric, inflammation]. Bron- 
chitis with the expectoration of fibrinous casts. 

Fibro-carcinoma (fi-bro-kar-sin-o' '-tna/i) [fibra, fiber; 
Kapaivufia, carcinoma : pi , Fibrocarcinomata~\. A car- 
cinoma with fibrous elements. 

Fibro-cartilage {fi-bro-kar'-til-aj) [fibra, a fiber; car- 
tilago, gristle]. Cartilage with more or less copious 
intermixture of fibrous elements. 

Fibro-cartilaginous {fi-bro-kar-til-af '-in-us) [fibra, 
fiber; cartilago, gristle]. Composed of or contain- 
ing fibro-cartilage. 

Fibro-cellular {fi-bro-seV -u-lar) [fibra, fiber; cella, 
cell]. Both fibrous and cellular ; fibro-areolar. 

Fibro-chondritis {fi-bro-kon-dri'-tis) [fibra, fiber ; 
XdvSpoq, cartilage ; iriq, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of fibro-cartilage. 

Fibrocyst (fi / -bro-sist) [fibra, fiber; kvotu;, cyst]. A 
fibroma that has undergone cystic degeneration. 

Fibro-elastic ( fi-bro-e-las'-tik) [fibra, fiber ; il.aariKdc, 
elastic]. Consisting partly of fibrous elastic tissue. 

Fibro-enchondroma [fi-h-o-en-lcon-dro' -t?iah) [fibra, 
fiber; kv, in ; ;t"dwfy>or, cartilage; b/ia, tumor: //. , 
Fibro-enchondromata]. An enchondroma containing 
fibrous elements. 

Fibro-glioma {fi-bro-gli-o'-mali) [fibra, fiber ; }?.ia, 
glue; 6/j.a, tumor: pi. , Fibrogliomata~\. A tumor con- 
sisting in part of fibrous and in part of glious elements. 

Fibroid (fi / -broid) [fibra, fiber ; eldog, likeness]. A 
term applied to such structures as possess a fibrous ap- 
pearance, but cannot be separated into fibers. Also, 
a fibroid tumor. F. Heart, a chronic form of myo- 
carditis in which there is a development of fibrous 
connective tissue in the cardiac muscle. F. Indura- 
tion. See Induration. F. Phthisis, the very 
chronic form of phthisis, in which the inflammatory 
products have taken on a fibroid change. 

Fibroin {fi'-bro-in) [fibra, fiber], C ]5 H 23 N 3 6 . An 
albuminoid ; a white, shining substance, the chief 
constituent of the cocoons of insects and spider-web. 
See also Fibrorin. 

Fibro-lipoma ( fi-bro-lip-o'-mali) [fibra, fiber ; Ainoc, 
fat; bfia, tumor: pi., Fibro-lipema/a~\. A neoplasm 
constituted of both fibrous and fatty elements. 

Fibroma (fi-bro'-mah) [fibra, a fiber; 6/ja, a tumor: 
pi.. Fibromata]. I. Any fibrous-tissue tumor; it is 
called also inoma. 2. See Molluscum fibrosum. F., 
Concentric, a soft, red, vascular form of uterine fibro- 
ma, forming a general enlargement of the uterus, con- 
centrically surrounding the uterine cavity. It contains 
a relatively greater abundance of muscular tissue than 
the other varieties of fibromata. F. fungoides. See 



FIBROMYITIS 



471 



FILARIA 



Granuloma fungoides and Mycosis. F. lipoma- 
todes. Same as Xanthoma, q. z: F. molluscum. 
Synonym of Molluscum fibrosum. F. simplex. 
Synonym of Molluscum fibrosum. 

Fibromyitis (fi-bro-mi-i'-tis) \_fibra, fiber ; five, mus- 
cle ; irir, inflammation]. Inflammation of a muscle, 
leading to its fibrous degeneration. 

Fibro-myoma (fi-bro-mi-o'-mah) \_fibra, fiber; jivq, 
muscle; baa, a tumor: //. , Fibro-myomata~\. A 
tumor composed of fibrous and muscular tissue. 

Fibromyxoma (fi-bro-miks-o' -mah) [fibra, fiber ; //t'fa, 
mucus ; bua, a tumor : pi. , Fibromyxo>?iata~\. A fibro- 
ma that is undergoing a myxoid change. 

Fibroplastic (fi-bro-plas'-tik) [fibra, fiber ; irXaaosiv, 
to form]. Showing a tendency toward the formation 
of fibers ; a term applied to certain cases of spindle- 
celled sarcoma. 

Fibrorin (fi-bror'-in) \_fibra, fiber]. In biology, the 
substance of which the webs of spiders are composed. 

Fibro-sarcoma (fi-bro-sar-ko'-mah) [fibra, fiber; erd/jf, 
flesh; bua, tumor: pi., Fibro-sarcomala~\. A spindle- 
celled sarcoma, with elements that cause it to resemble 
a fibroma. 

Fibro-serous ( fi-bro-se' -rus) [ fibra. fiber ; serum, 
whey]. Having the qualities of a fibrous and serous 
structure. F.-s. Membranes, thin, transparent, glist- 
ening structures forming closed sacs, that contain 
certain organs. They are the peritoneum, the two 
pleura, the pericardium, the tunica vaginalis testis, the 
arachnoid, and synovial membranes. 

Fibrosis ( fi-bro'-sis) [fibra, fiber]. The development 
of interstitial fibrous tissue ; it occurs as a disease- 
process in the coats of the smaller blood-vessels at about 
middle life. F., Arterio-capillary. See Endarteritis. 

Fibrous (fi'-brus) \_fibra, a fiber]. Containing fibers; 
of the character of a fiber. 

Fibula (fib' -ii-lah) [L. ,a buckle]. The smaller or 
splint-bone at the outer part of the lower leg articu- 
lating above with the tibia, and below with the 
astragalus and tibia. It forms the external malleolus. 

Fibular (fib'-u-lar) \_fibula, a buckle]. Relating to 
the fibula. 

Fibulare (fib-u-la'-re) [L. : //. , Fibularia\ Same as 
Calcaneum. 

Fibulen (fib'-u-len) [ fibula, a buckle]. Belonging to 
the fibula in itself. 

Fibulo-calcaneal (fib-u-lo-kal-ka'-ne-al) \_fibula, a 
buckle ; calcaneum, the heel]. Pertaining to or con- 
necting the fibula and the calcaneum. 

Ficarin (fik'-ar-in) \_ficus, a fig]. A neutral principle 
obtained from the common ficary ; it is used internally 
and externally for piles. 

Ficary (fik'-ar-e) \_ficaria; ficus, a fig; a hemorrhoid]. 
The Ranunculus ficaria, pilewort, a common European 
herb, long a popular remedy for piles. 

Fick's Angle. See Angle. 

Ficoin (fi'-ko-in) \_ficus, a fig]. Doliariin, or cradin ; 
a form of papayin, or vegetable pepsin, obtained from 
various species of Ficus. 

Ficosis (fi-ko'-sis). See Sycosis. 

Ficus (fi'-kus) [L., a fig-tree]. I. The fig. The 
fleshy receptacle of F. carica, native to Asia Minor, 

, and cultivated throughout Europe and tropical Amer- 
ica. It contains 62 per cent, of grape-sugar when 
dry. It is somewhat laxative and fairly nutritious, 
and is a constituent of Confectio senna. The genus 
Ficus contains many species. Forms of papayin 
(cradin, doliariin) occur in several species. Others 
afford caoutchouc, lac, etc. 2. A hemorrhoidal or 
condylomatous tumor. 

Fiddle, Scotch (fid'-l) [ME. ,fidel\ The itch. 

Fiddler's Muscle. See Fidicinal. 



Fidgets (fij'-ets) [dim. oi fiJge\. Uneasiness; restless- 
ness ; dysphoria, q. v. 

Fidicinal Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Fidispinalis (fid-is-pi-na'-lis) [fidicinus, for playing 
on stringed instruments; spina, the back]. The 
muscle called multifidus spinas. See Muscles, Table of. 

Field [field) [ME.,/»/i/]. Any space or area, espe- 
cially the field of vision. F., Contraction of the, 
occurs in certain retinal and cerebral affections. F. - 
glass, in an eye-piece, the lens farthest from the eye. 
F. -hospital, a temporary hospital on a battle-field. 
F. of Vision, sometimes spoken of simply as the field. 
The extent of indirect vision with fixation of the visual 
axis upon one point. Its limit for white light is 
about 90° outward, 70 inward and above, and 6o° 
downward. The F. for Colors is more restricted ; 
that for blue is nearly as large as that for white, 
while that for red and green is more narrow. F., 
Testing the. See Perimeter. 

Fifth Nerve. See Trifacial. F. Ventricle. See Ven- 
tricle. 




Field of Vision of the Left Eye. 

Fig [ME., fig, a fig]. See Ficus. F.-wart. See 
Verruca acuminata. F.-wort, the herb Scrophttlaria 
nodosa, an alterative, diuretic, and anodyne. It is 
sometimes used in the form of an ointment for piles. 
Dose of the fld. ext. ,^ss-j. Unof. 

Figure of Eight. See Bandage. 

Fila (fi'-lah) [L.]. Plural of Filum, q. v. 

Filament {Jil> -am-ent) [filum, a thread]. A small, 
thread-like structure or part of an organ, as a muscle, 
nerve, or tendon. F., Spermatic, the caudal filament 
of a spermatozoon. 

Filamentation [L., filum, a thread]. Thread forma- 
tion. A peculiar reaction produced in certain bac- 
teria (bacillus coli communis, proteus, etc. ) when they 
are brought in contact with blood-serum, and consisting 
in the formation of long interlacing threads. The reac- 
tion is best obtained when the bacteria are suspended in 
serum derived from the same individual from whose 
body the bacteria were obtained (so-called " homolo- 
gous" serum). 

Filaria (fi-la'-re-ah) [ filum, a. thread]. A genus of 
nematode or thread-worms of the family Filariida. 
See Parasites (Animal), Table of. F. bancrofti. See 



FILARIASIS 



472 



FIOCCA, BACILLUS OF 



Thread-worms and Parasites [Animal) , Table of. F. 
conjunctivae has been taken from the human con- 
junctiva; it is found chiefly in Africa. F. lentis has 
been found in cataractous lenses. F. medinensis. 
See Thread-worms, Guinea-worm, and Parasites 
[Animal), Table of . F. sanguinis hominis, Craw- 
craw ; the embryo of a nematode worm native 
to the Guinea coast of Africa, which, entering the 
blood and lymphatics, causes abscesses in the lymph- 
atic glands, certain forms of Elephantiasis, q. v., 
lymph-scrotum, if the lymphatics of the scrotum are 
involved, or chyluria, if those of the pelvis are ob- 
structed. See Parasites [Animal), Table of. F. 
sanguinolenta. See Thread-worms and Parasites 
[Animal), Table of 

Filariasis [fi-lar-i' -as-is) [filum, a thread] . A diseased 
state due to the presence in human blood of Filaria 
sanguinis, or of an entozoon of some allied species. 

File [fll) [WE. , file, a file]. See Raspatory, Xyster. 
F. -cutter's Disease, a form of pneumonokoniosis. 
F., Dental, Odontorine ; Scalprum dentarum ; Lima 
dentaria; a tooth-file ; an instrument for the removal 
of a portion of one or more teeth. There are files for 
separating incisor, bicuspid, and molar teeth, etc. 

Filhos, Caustic of. A cauterizing paste composed of 
quicklime and caustic potash mixed with alcohol. 

Filices [fil'-is-iz) [L., //. of Filix, a fern]. Ferns. 
See Filix. 

Filiform [fil'-iform) [filum, a thread ; forma, form]. 
Thread-like. F. Bougie. See Bougie. F. Papillae, 
the smallest and most numerous of the papillae of the 
tongue, occurring over its whole surface. F. Appa- 
ratus, in biology, the longitudinally striated, homo- 
geneous, strongly refractive, cellulose cap, often 
found at the apex of each of the two cells [synergidce) 
forming a part of the germinal apparatus or egg-appa- 
ratus of plants. 

Filipuncture [fil-e-punk' -ch-ur) \_filu?n, thread; punc- 
tura, a puncture]. The passing into an aneurysmal 
sac of wire-threads, hairs, or the like, to promote 
coagulation. 

Filix [fi'-liks] [L. : pi. , Filices'] . A general name for 
any fern. F. femina, or feminea, the fern now 
called Asplenium filix femina, female fern or spleen- 
wort. See Asplenium. F. mas, male fern. See 
Aspidium . 

Filixolin [fi-liks'-o-lin) \Jilex, fern; oleum, oil]. The 
fatty oil of Male Fern. 

Filleau's Method. See Treatment, Methods of 

Fillet [fil'-et) [Fr., filet, a thread]. A loop-shaped 
bandage ; a tape loop passed through the handles of 
an obstetric forceps, or about some part of the fetus, 
for the purpose of making traction. Also see Lem- 
niscus. F., Olivary, a fasciculus of nerve-fibers 
enclosing the olivary body of the medulla. F. Test. 
See Death, Signs of. 

Filling [fil'-ing) [ME., fillen, to fill]. The material 
used in closing cavities in carious teeth. 

Film [ME., fylme, a film]. A pellicle or thin skin; 
an opacity of the cornea. 

Filoplume [fi'-lo-plum) \_filum, thread ; pluma, a 
feather]. In biology, an extremely slender, thread- 
like feather, usually destitute of vane, very abundant 
on common poultry. 

Filo-pressure [fi'-lo-presh'-ur) [filum, a thread ; pres- 
S2ira, a pressing]. Compression of a vessel by means 
of a wire or a thread. 

Filovaricosis [fi-lo-var-ik-o' -sis) [filum, a thread ; 
varix, a dilated vein]. A varicosity of the axis- 
cylinder of a nerve-fiber, or the formation of one. 

Filter [fil'-ter) [filtrum, felt]. An apparatus for 
straining and removing from water or other liquid 



solutions the impurities it may contain. F. Paper, 
a paper of close, firm mesh, much used by pharma- 
cists for filtration. 

Filth [ME., filthe, foulness]. Foul, offensive matter. 
F. -disease, any disease due to filth. F. -dread. See 
Mysophobia and Rupophobia. 

Y\\\T3,\\o'[\[fil-tra'-shun) [filtrum, felt]. The opera- 
tion of straining through bibulous paper. The best 
white filter-paper should be used for filtering alkaline 
or alkaloidal solutions. 

Filtrum [fil'-trum) [L., felt: pi, Filtra]. I. Felt, 
q. v. 2. A filter or strainer. 

Filum [fi'-lum) [L.]. Any thread-like or filamentous 
structure ; in surgery, a thread or wire. F. corona- 
rium, a cord-like ridge that runs along the auricular 
opening of the heart. F. terminale, the terminal 
strands of the spinal cord, extending from the first 
lumbar vertebra through the cauda equina. 

Fimbria [fim'-bre-ah) [Lat., a "fringe": //., Fim- 
briae']. Corpus fimbriatum; taenia hippocampi ; a zone 
consisting of alba alone, and forming, as it were, a 
margin for the hippocamp. There is one in each 
hemicerebrum between the hippocamp and the rima. 
F. ovarica, one of the fimbriae of the Fallopian tube 
nearly double the length of the others, and characterized 
by the great size of its secondary fringes. It leads 
toward the ovary. 

Fimbriae [fim' -bre-e) [ fimbria, a fringe]. Threads ; 
a fringe. F. of Fallopian Tube, the fringe-like 
processes of the outer extremity of the oviduct. 

Fimbrial ( fi/n' -bre-al) [fimbria, a thread]. Relating 
to the fimbria or to fimbriae. 

Fimbriated [fim' -bre-a-led) [fimbria, a thread]. 
Fringed ; having a shred-like or fimbrial border. 

Fimbriocele [fim' -bre-o-sel) [fimbria, a thread ; Ki/hj, 
hernia]. Hernia enclosing some or all of the fim- 
briae of an oviduct. 

Fimetarious [fim-et-a' -re-us) [fimus, dung]. In bi- 
ology, growing on dung. 

Finckler and Prior, Spirillum of. See Bacteria, 
Synonymatic Table of. 

Fine [fin) [WE., fin, fine]. Opposed to coarse. F. 
Adjustment. See Adjustment. 

Finger [fing'-ger) [ME., finger]. A digit of the 
hand. F., Clubbed. See Clubbed Fingers. F., 
Insane, a finger affected with a variety of chronic whit- 
low ; it is seen in certain cases of confirmed brain- 
disorder. F., Mallet, a deformity of a finger charac- 
terized by deficient extension or undue flexion of the 
terminal phalanx. F. -stall, a rubber covering for 
a finger. F., Transparent, a small, round plate of 
glass set in a metal frame, used by Liebreich in place 
of digital pressure in lupus-examinations. A lens ma)' 
be used in place of plain glass, thus illuminating the 
skin. F., Trigger. See Trigger-finger. 

Fingers and Toes, Numbering of. Among anatom- 
ists the rule is almost universally followed of number- 
ing from the thumb and great toe (pollux and hal- 
lux). Occasionally the index finger is considered 
number one. 

Fining [fi'-ning) [ME. , fin, fine]. A term applied 
to the " clearing" of wine. It consists in adding to 
muddy wine some albuminous or similar substance 
that will mix with the suspended matter and carry it to 
the bottom or bring it to the surface. The sub- 
stances most generally employed are white of egg, ox- 
blood, and milk, or mixtures of these substances. 

Finlay's Micrococcus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Finn ( fin). The cysticercus or larva of a tape-worm. 

Fiocca, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 



FIR 



473 



FISSURE 



Fir {fur) [ME.,/;-, the fir-tree]. See Abies. F. -bal- 
sam. See Abies balsamea. F. -wool, a fiber prepared 
in Germany from pine-leaves. It has been recom- 
mended as a material for the clothing of invalids. 
F.-wool Extract, an extract prepared from the leaves 
of Pinus sylvestris in the process of separating fir- wool. 
It is used in chronic rheumatism. Unof. F.-wool 
Oil (Oleum pini sylvestris, B. P.), the fragrant volatile 
oil distilled from the leaves of Finns sylvestris, used 
mainly by inhalation. Dose, for rheumatism, 10-20 
drops, four times a day. 

Fire [fir) [ME.,/re]. The visible heat of burning 
bodies. F.-damp, the gas contained in coal, often 
given off in large quantities, and exploding, on 
ignition, when mixed with atmospheric air. F. 
measles. Synonym of R'6tlwln. F.-weed. See 
Frechthites and Epilobium. 

Firing {fir'-ing) [ME., fire, fire]. The application, 
either slight or caustic, of a hot metallic cauter. The 
sterilization of a vessel or flask by the combustion of 
contained alcohol. 

Firming \furm'-ing) [firmus, firm]. Hardening of 
, the flesh of a slaughtered animal. Marked flaccidity 
of the flesh is a sign of an unhealthy condition of the 
meat. 

First (furst) [ME., first ~\. Before all others; fore- 
most in rank. F. Intention. See Healing. F. 
Light Oil, the fraction of coal-tar distilling at a tem- 
perature up to 170 C. It includes a small percentage 
of ammonia-liquor which is mechanically contained in 
the tar, and is separated from the tar-oils by being 
allowed to stand and settle out, when it is drawn off. 
The specific gravity of this fraction is about .975, an d 
it is made up of benzene, toluene, and higher homo- 
logues, with phenol, cresol, naphthalene, etc. 

Fischer's Operation. See Operations, Table of. F.'s 
Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Fisetin (fi-se / -tin). Same as Fustin. 

Fish [ME., fisch~\. A vertebrate with gills and fins, in- 
habiting the water. F. -berry. See Cocculus indicus. 
F. -gelatin. See Glue and Isinglass. F.-roe Bodies. 
See Fungus Foot. F.-skin Disease. See Ichthyosis. 

Fisher's Brain-murmur. See Signs and Symptoms, 
Table of. F.'s Train-murmur. See Signs and 
Symptoms, Table of. 

Fissate {fis'-at) [fissus ; findere, Xa cleave]. In bi- 
ology, applied to antenna? or other structures having 
the terminal portion divided or split into two parts. 

Fissile {fis'-il) [findere, to split]. That which may 
be split or cleft. In biology, formed of plates or 
scales closely placed together. 

Fission {fish'-un) [fissus ; findere, to cleave]. In bi- 
ology, spontaneous self-division of unicellular organ- 
isms or histologic cells, as a process of multiplication. 

Fissipalmation {fis-ip-al-ma 1 '-shun) [fissus ; findere, 
to cleave; palma, palm]. In biology, applied to ani- 
mals having the toes incompletely webbed. 

Fissipara {fis-ip'-ar-ah) [fissus ; findere, to cleave ; 
parus, produce]. In biology, applied in a general 
way to all organisms that multiply by spontaneous 
self-division. 

Fissiparation {fis-ip-ar-a' -shun) [findere, to split ; 
parere, to produce] . A form of cell-division. See Cell. 

Fissiparous {fis-ip' -ar-us) [findere, to split ; parere, 
to produce]. Propagating by fission ; applied to uni- 
cellular organisms or histologic cells that undergo spon- 
taneous self-division in the process of multiplication. 
See Fission. 

Fissural Integer {fish' -fir-al in'-te-jer). See Integer. 

Fissuration {fish-ur-a 1 '-shun) [findere, to split]. Same 
as Fission. Also applied to the arrangement of the 
fissures of various organs, such as the brain. 



Fissure (fish'-iir) [fissura ; findere, to cleave]. A 
groove or cleft. A term applied to the clefts or 
grooves in various organs. F., Abdominal, a sepa- 
ration of the recti muscles of the abdomen, either 
above and below the umbilicus, or both. F., Ac- 
cessory, the inferior end of the cartilaginous por- 
tion of the Eustachian tube. F., Adoccipital {of 
Wilder), an inconstant cerebral fissure, extending 
across the caudal portion of the precuneus, and 
forming an acute angle with the occipital fissure. F. , 
Ammon's, during the early fetal period, a pyriform 
fissure in the lower portion of the sclerotic coat of 
the eye. F., Amygdaline {of Wilder), a cerebral fis- 
sure on the mesal aspect of the tip of the temporal lobe ; 
it may be identical with the basirrhinal fissure of Owen ; 
it is collocated with the amygdala. F., Anal. See 
F. of the Anus. F., Anterior {of Burdach), a cere- 
bral fissure, probably the presylvian. F., Anterior 
{of spinal cord). See F, Anterior Median {of spinal 
cord). F., Anterior Lateral {of spinal cord), a 
groove on the ventro-lateral aspect of the spinal cord. 
F., Anterior Median {of medulla oblongata), the 
continuation of the ventral fissure of the cord into the 
oblongata, where it terminates at the pons in the 
foramen cecum. F., Anterior Median {of spinal 
cord), a deep longitudinal groove in the median line 
of the ventral aspect of the spinal cord. F., Antero- 
lateral, a slightly marked depression along the ventro- 
lateral column of the spinal cord, separating the latter 
into the ventral and lateral columns. F., Antero- 
median. See F., Anterior Median {of spinal cord). 
F., Antero-parietal. See F. , Precentral. F., Anti- 
tragohelicine, a fissure between the helix and the 
antitragus of the external ear. F., Antorbital {of 
Owen), a transverse fissure on the orbital surface of 
the frontal lobe of the brain near its cephalic margin. 
F. of the Anus, a linear ulcer at the muco-cutaneous 
junction of the anus, giving rise to intense suffering on 
defecation. F., Ape, I. The dorsal extension of an 
unusually deep occipital fissure. 2. An independent 
fissure on the lateral aspect of the cerebrum, between 
the occipital and temporal regions {the exoccipital fis- 
sure of Wilder). F., Auricular, an opening situated 
between the vaginal and mastoid processes of the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone, through which 
passes the auricular branch of the pneumogastric 
nerve. F. , Basirrhinal {of Owen), a short fissure 
near the tip of the temporal lobe of the brain. F., 
Basisylvian {of Wilder), the stem of the Sylvian fis- 
sure on the ventral aspect of the cerebrum. F. of 
Bichat. See F, Cerebral, Transverse. F., Branchial, 
any one of the visceral clefts. F. of Broca. See F. , 
Limbic. F., Burdach's. See F. , Anterior, and 
F., Superior. F. of Calamus scriptorius, the ter- 
mination of the mesal fissure of the fourth ventricle 
at the apex of the calamus. F., Calcarine, a fissure 
on the mesal aspect of the cerebrum, extending from 
near the occipital end and joining the occipital fissure ; 
it is collocated with the calcar or hippocampus minor. 
F., Callosal {of Owen), the space between the dorsal 
surface of the callosum and the overhanging cortex. 
F., Calloso-marginal, one on the mesal surface 
of the cerebral hemisphere, dividing the area between 
the callosum and the margin into nearly equal parts ; 
opposite to the splenium it turns in a dorsal direction. 
F., Central, a deep and constant fissure extending 
from the dorsal margin in a ventro-cephalic direction, 
at an angle of about 67 with the meson ; it crosses 
the lateral aspect of the cerebrum at about the middle 
of its length ; the fissure of Rolando. F., Cephalic, 
in Schizonemertines, a longitudinal fissure on each side 
of the head. F., Cerebral, Great. See F, Cerebral, 



FISSURE 



474 



FISSURE 



Transverse (of the drain). F., Cerebral, Inferior. 
See F. , Transverse, Inferior. F., Cerebral, Small. 
See F. , Transverse, Inferior. F., Cerebral, Trans- 
verse. See F., Transverse (of 'brain). F., Cervical, 
a congenital cleft in the cervical region, produced by 
a failure of union of the visceral clefts. F., Choroidal. 
SeeF., Cerebral, Transverse. F., Circuminsular ( of 
Wilder), the groove surrounding the base of the insula. 
F. of Clevenger. See F. , Occipital, Inferior. F., 
Collateral, a fissure on the mesal aspect of the cere- 
brum between the subcalcarine and subcollateral gyri ; 
it is collocated with the collateral eminence. F., 
Collateral, Inferior, in lower animals, a slight de- 
pression in the spinal cord corresponding to the ventro- 
lateral fissure in man. F., Collateral, Superior, in 
lower vertebrates, a groove in the spinal cord corre- 
sponding to the postero-lateral groove in man. F., 
Constant (of Wilder), any fissure of the adult cere- 
brum that is always present in a given species or group. 
Among the human constant fissures are : Calcarine, 
callosal, central, collateral, circuminsular, olfactory, 
hippocampal, Sylvian, transinsular, occipital, orbital, 
parietal, postcentral, precentral, subfrontal, supertem- 
poral. F., Coronal (of O-iuen), on the lateral aspect 
of the carnivoral cerebrum, the frontal portion of the 
third arched fissure. F., Cruciate, in nearly all the 
carnivora, a fissure extending laterad, and forming, 
with its opposite, a Roman cross with the intercerebral 
fissure. F., Dentate. See F. , Hippocampal. ¥., 
Dorsal, in embryology, the dorsal median fissure 
of the spinal cord. F. of the Ductus venosus, a 
fissure of the fetal liver, lodging the ductus venosus. 
It is indistinct in the adult. F. of Ecker. See F. , 
Occipital, Transverse. F., Ectoccipital (of Owen), an 
illy-defined transverse fissure near the tip of the occipital 
lobe of the brain. F., Ectofrontal (of Owen), a 
fissure corresponding in position with the anterior 
fissure of Sylvius. F., Ectorrhinal (of Owen), a 
furrow just laterad of the base of the olfactory crus. 
F., Ectosylvian (of Owen), in Carnivora, the first or 
lowest arched fissure. F., Ectotentorial (of Owen), 
the outer fissure on the ventral surface of the occipital 
lobe. F., Endomesognathica, an occasional fissure 
in the superior maxilla, between the endognathion and 
mesognathion. F., Entoccipital (of Owen), an illy- 
defined fissure on the occipital lobe. F., Entolamb- 
doid. See F, Adoccipital. F., Entorbital (of 
Owen), an inconstant fissure between the olfactory and 
orbital fissures. F., Entorrhinal. See F.,Ector- 
rhinal. F., Entotentorial. See F. , Ectotentorial. 
F., Episylvian (of Wilder), an inconstant dorsal 
branch of the Sylvian fissure. F., Ethmoid, the 
superior meatus of the nares. F., Exoccipital (of 
Wilder), the ape-fissure, q. v. F., Falcial (of Owen), 
a fissure on the mesal surface of the frontal lobe. 
F., Fetal, Ocular, in the embryonic eye, a fissure in 
the thick wall surrounding the lens. A coloboma re- 
sults if it be not closed. F., Fimbrial, a small and 
constant depression between the fasciola and the fim- 
bria. F., Frontal (of Owen), the precentral and 
supercentral fissures of man. F., Frontal, First. 
See F. , Frontal, Sitpetior. ¥., Frontal, Inferior, 
the subfrontal fissure. F., Frontal, Superior, the 
superfrontal fissure. F., Frontal, Vertical. See F. 
of Rolando. F., Fronto-marginal, an inconstant 
fissure in the fronto-marginal convolution. F. for the 
Gall-bladder, a shallow depression on the lower sur- 
face of the right lobe of the liver for the accommoda- 
tion of the gall-bladder. F. of Glaser. See F. of 
Glaserius. F. of Glaserius, a small fissure in the 
outer wall of the tympanic cavity opening into the 
glenoid fossa. It lodges the processus gracilis of the 



malleus, and transmits the laxator tympani muscle 
and the anterior tympanic artery. F., Glenoid. See 
F. of Glaserius. F., Hippocampal, a constant fissure 
of the cerebrum extending from the splenium to near 
the tip of the temporal lobe ; it is collocated with the 
hippocamp. F., Horizontal. See F., Calcarine. F., 
Horizontal, Great (of brain). See F. , Calcarine. F., 
Hyposylvian (of Wilder) , an inconstant ventral branch 
of the fissure of Sylvius. F., Incisor, a fissure separat- 
ing the intermaxillary bone from the superior maxillae. 
F., Infero-lateral. See F., Calcarine. F., In- 
flected, an inconstant indentation of the dorsal margin 
of the cerebrum, a little cephalad of the central 
fissure. F., Infra-orbital. See F, Suborbital, 
and F , Spheno-maxillary . F., Insular (of Wilder), 
one of the fissures crossing the insula. F., Intra- 
gyral (of Wilder) , a small cerebral fissure occasion- 
ally developed between the larger fissures. F., 
Intra-orbital, in the dog's brain, a fissure between 
the olfactory bulb and the supraorbital fissure. F., 
Intraparietal. See F, Parietal. F., Intrapara- 
central (of Wilder), a nearly constant depression 
in the paracentral gyrus. F., Intercerebral (of 
Wilder), the great longitudinal fissure of the brain. 
F., Intergyral (of Wilder), a fissure between two 
cerebral gyri. F., Interhemispheral. See F. , 
Longitudinal, Great (of brain). F., Interhemis- 
pheric. See F. , Longitudinal, Great (of brain). F., 
Interlamellar, one of the fissures separating the la- 
mellae of the cerebellum. F., Interlobar (of Wilder), 
the fissures of the brain separating the lobes. F., 
Interlobular, the great longitudinal fissure of the 
cerebrum. F., Interlobular, Great. See F. of 
Sylvius. F., Intermedial (of Jensen), an inconstant 
fissure near the end of the fissure of Sylvius. F., 
Interpalpebral. See F., Palpebral. F. Interparie- 
tal. See F. , Parietal. F., Interpeduncular, the 
depression between the crura cerebri. F., of Jensen. 
See F., Inte7-;nedial. F., Lambdoid. I (of Owen), 
the occipital fissure, q. v.; 2 (of Wilder), in the 
fetus, between the third and seventh months, a sharply 
defined transverse depression in the occipital lobe, 
collocated with the lambdoid suture. F., Lateral, a 
straight fissure between the suprasylvian and the 
longitudinal fissures. F., Lateral (of Owen), an 
inconstant fissure on the mesal surface of the frontal 
lobe. F., Lateral (of spinal cord). See F. , 
Antero-lateral. F., Lateral, Posterior (of spinal 
cord). See F., Postero-lateral. F., Limbic (of 
Broca), the fissure surrounding Broca's great limbic 
lobe. It includes the supercallosal , precuneal , and part 
of the collateral fissures. F., Longitudinal (of brain). 
See A, Longitudinal, Great (of brain). F., Longitu- 
dinal (of liver), a deep fissure on the under surface of the 
liver, separating the right and left lobes. F., Longi- 
tudinal, Great (of brain), the deep mesal fissure that 
divides the cerebrum into two hemispheres. F., 
Longitudinal, Medilateral. See F. , Intercerebral. 
F., Longitudinal, Posterior (of spinal cord), a deep, 
narrow groove, extending the whole length of the 
spinal cord, in the middle line posteriorly. F., 
Longitudinal, Superior. See F., Intercerebral. F., 
Marginal (of Owen), a fissure on the mesal surface of 
the cerebrum, forming the cephalic boundary of the 
paracentral convolutions. F., Maxillary, a fissure on 
the internal surface of the superior maxilla for the 
maxillary process of the palate bone. It extends 
obliquely downward and forward from the lower por- 
tion of the orifice of the antrum. F., Medial, a fis- 
sure parallel with and posterior to the fissure of Ro- 
lando. F., Median, Posterior (of spinal cord]. See 
F., Longitudinal, Posterior (of spinal cord). F., Me- 






FISSURE 



475 



FISSURE 



difrontal (of Owen), an inconstant fissure, subdividing 
the medifrontal convolutions. F., Meditemporal (of 
Wilder), inconstant and irregular fissures, ventrad of 
the supertemporal fissure. F., Meso-exognathic, 
an occasional fissure in the superior maxilla between 
the exognathion and mesognathion. F., Midfrontal. 
See F., Medifrontal. F., Midoccipital. See F.- 
Orbital. F., Midorbital. See F. , Orbital. F.- 
needle, a spiral needle for bringing together the lips 
of a wound. F. of Nipple, a linear ulceration radi- 
ating from the nipple during lactation. It results from 
improper care of the breast. F., Occalcarine (of 
Wilder) , the common stem of which the occipital and 
calcarine fissures are branches. F., Occipital. I (of 
Owen), the mid-occipital fissure, an illy-defined, incon- 
stant fissure on the dorso-caudal slope of the occipital 
lobe ; 2 (of Pansck), a deep and constant fissure, 
situated between the parietal and occipital lobes of the 
brain ; the occipito-parietal. F., Occipital, Anterior 
(of Sckwalbe) , a fissure between the occipito-temporal 
and the inferior temporo-sphenoidal lobes of the brain. 
F., Occipital, External. See F., Ape. F., Oc- 
cipital, Inferior (of Clevenger) , a small fissure between 
the second and third occipital convolutions. F., 
Occipital, Transverse (of Ecker), a transverse fissure 
on the dorsal surface of the occipital lobe of the brain ; 
it is part of the paroccipital fissure. F., Oc- 
cipito-parietal. See F., Occipital. F., Occipito- 
temporal. See F. , Collateral. F., Olfactory, a de- 
pression on the ventral aspect of the frontal lobe, 
lodging the olfactory bulb and crus. F., Orbital, a 
fissure on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe exter- 
nal to the olfactory fissure. F., Orbital, Anterior, 
See F., Spheno- maxillary. F., Orbital, Posterior. 
See F, Sphenoid. F., Orbito-frontal, a partial fis- 
sure on the lateral aspect of the brain, separating the 
super-frontal and orbital convolutions. F. of Owen. 
See Fissures, Antorbital , Basirrhinal, Callosal, Coronal, 
Ectoccipital, Ectofrontal, Octorrhinal, Ectosylvian, Ecto- 
tentorial, Entoccipital, Entorbital, Falcial, Frontal, 
Lambdoid, Marginal, Medifrontal, Occipital, Post- 
frontal, Posthippocampal, Postoccipital, Postorbital, 
Postseptal, Postsylvian, Rhinal, Septal, Subfalcial, 
Subsylvian, Supercallosal, Supersylvian. F., Pal- 
pebral, the space between the eyelids extending 
from the outer to the inner canthus. F. of Pansch. 
See F. , Occipital. F. of Pansch and Dalton. See 
F. , Parietal. F., Paracentral (of Wilder), a. fissure 
on the mesal surface of the cerebrum, surrounding the 
paracentral lobule. F., Parallel. See F. , Super- 
temporal. F., Parietal. I (of Wilder), the parietal 
portion of the intraparietal fissure ; 2 (of Pansck 
and Dalton) , a fissure between the parietal lobules, 
beginning near the ventral end of the central fissure, 
and running to near the tip of the occipital lobe ; 
it includes the parietal and paroccipital fissures. F., 
Parieto-occipital. See F., Occipital. F., Parieto- 
occipital, External, the lateral portion of the occipital 
fissure. F., Paroccipital (of Wilder), the occipital 
portion of the intraparietal fissure. F., Peri- 
toneal, a fissure of the lateral mesoblastic plates 
of the embryo, constituting the rudiment of the great 
visceral cavity. F., Perpendicular, External. See 
F. , Parieto-occipital, External and F. , Ape. F., Per- 
pendicular, Internal, the portion of the occipital fis- 
sure on the mesal surface of the hemisphere. F., Petro- 
squamosal, or Petro-squamous, a small fissure be- 
tween the petrosa and internal surface of the squamosa. 
F., Petro-tympanic, a fissure in the tympanic ring, 
lodging the long process of the malleus. F., 
Petroso-angular, a fissure between the apex of the 
pyramidal portion of the petrosa and the great wing 



of the sphenoid. F., Petro-basilar, a fissure be- 
tween the petrosa and the sphenoid and occiput, join- 
ing the middle lacerated and jugular foramina. 
F. -plane, a term employed to designate the entire 
length and depth of a fissure of the brain. F., 
Pomatic (of Wilder), in monkeys, a fissure crossing 
the cerebrum opposite the dorsal end of the occipital 
fissure ; it forms the margin of the poma or oc- 
cipital operculum. F., Portal. See F., Transverse 
(of liver). F., Postcalcarine (of Wilder), an incon- 
stant vertical fissure at the occipital end of the cere- 
brum. F., Postcentral, a fissure just posterior and 
parallel to the central fissure. F., Postero-inter- 
mediary, a slight depression in the dorsal portion of 
the cervical region of the spinal cord. F., Postero- 
lateral, a groove on the posterior portion of the side 
of the spinal cord, corresponding to the line of 
emergence of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves. 
F., Postero-median (of spinal cord). See F., 
Median, Posterior (of spinal cord). F., Postfrontal 
of Owen), the frontal fissure. F., Posthippocampal 
of Owen). See F, Calcarine. F., Postoccipital 
of Owen), an inconstant vertical fissure forming the 
anterior boundary of the superior occipital convolu- 
tion. F., Postorbital (of Owen), a portion of the 
orbital fissure. F., Postparoccipital (of Wilder), 
an inconstant fissure in the occipital portion of the par- 
occipital gyrus. F., Postseptal (of Owen), a 
small vertical fissure on the mesal surface of the 
posterior portion of the occipital lobe. F., Post- 
sylvian (of Oiuen), the supertemporal or parallel 
fissure. F., Precentral, a fissure running parallel 
with the ventral portion of the central fissure. F., 
Precuneal, a right-angled fissure in the precuneus. 
F., Preoccipital, a fissure on the ventral aspect of 
the brain, separating the occipital and temporal lobes. 
F., Preorbital, the antorbital fissure. F., Preparoc- 
cipital (of Wilder), a fissure in the parietal portion 
of the paroccipital gyrus. F., Presylvian (of 
Wilder), the anterior branch of the fissure of Sylvius. 
F., Pterygoid, the space between the lower ends, of 
the pterygoid plates of the ethmoid. F., Pterygo- 
maxillary, a vertical fissure in the zygomatic fossa, 
opening above into the spheno-maxillary fossa. F., 
Pterygopalatine. See P., Pterygoid. F., Purse- 
like (of Reil), the vallicula, q. v. F. of Reil. See 
F., Purse-like. F., Reticular. See F., Postcentral. 
F., Rhinal (of Owen), the fissure separating the ol- 
factory bulb and crus from the cerebrum proper. F. 
of Rolando. See F. , Central. F., Rostral, 
in Ungulates, a fissure on the mesal aspect of 
the cerebrum. F., Sagittal. See F. , Inter- 
cerebral. F. of Santorini, two transverse fissures 
in the cartilaginous auditory meatus. F. of 
Schwalbe. See F. , Occipital, Anterior, and F, Su- 
percentral. F., Semilunar. See F. , Calcarine. F., 
Septal (of Owen), an inconstant fissure in the cuneus, 
posterior to the calcarine. F., Sphenoid, a tri- 
angular fissure between the greater and lesser wings 
of the sphenoid bone. It transmits the third, 
fourth, sixth, and ophthalmic division of the fifth, 
cranial nerves, and the ophthalmic vein. F., Spheno- 
maxillary, a fissure between the orbital plate of the 
sphenoid and the lateral margin of the superior 
maxilla. F., Splenial, a fissure in the brain of the 
dog near the splenius. F., Subcentral (of Wilder), 
an inconstant fissure at the ventral end of the post- 
central fissure. F., Subfalcial (of Owen), a small 
fissure on the mesal surface of the frontal lobe. F., 
Subfrontal, a fissure between the middle and inferior 
frontal convolutions. F., Suboccipital, an incon- 
stant fissure in the occipital convolution of the brain. 



FISSURE 



476 



FISTULA 



F., Suborbital, a fissure in the superior maxillary 
portion of the floor of the orbit. It is the upper 
termination of the infraorbital canal. F., Subseptal, 
a fissure on the cuneus between the calcarine and the 
collateral fissures. F., Subsylvian. I (of Owen), an 
inconstant fissure on the ventral aspect of the frontal 
lobe ; 2 (of Wilder), the constant horizontal branch of 
the fissure of Sylvius. F., Subtemporal, an inconstant 
fissure in the middle temporal and subtemporal convo- 
lutions. F., Superior (of ' Burdach), a fissure of the 
cerebrum between the lateral surface of the insula and 
the ental surface of the operculum. F., Supercallosal. 
I (of Wilder), the cephalic portion of the calloso-mar- 




MESAL ASPECT. 



Lateral Aspect. — Preop. Preoperculum. 2. Subcentral 
fissure. Mesal Aspect. — 3. Cuneolus ; the fissure cephalad 
of it is the adoccipital. 

ginal fissure ; 2 (of Owen), the calloso-marginal 
fissure. F., Supercentral (of Schwalbe), the fissure 
parallel to and cephalad of the dorsal portion of the 
central fissure. F., Superfrontal, a fissure on the 
lateral aspect of the frontal lobe, marking off the 
second frontal convolution. F., Superoccipital, an 
irregular fissure in the upper portion of the occipital 
surface of the posterior lobe of the brain. F., 
Superseptal, a fissure in the cuneus, almost parallel 
with the occipital fissures. F., Supersylvian (of 
Owen), in Carnivora, the second arched fissure on 
the lateral surface of the cerebrum. F., Super- 
temporal, a constant fissure parallel with the fissure 
of Sylvius. F., Suprasylvian. See F. , Supersylvian. 
F. of Sylvius, a deep fissure of the brain beginning 
on the outer side of the anterior perforated space, and 
extending outward to the surface of the hemisphere. 
It presents two short cephalic branches, subsylvian and 
presylvian, and a long caudal branch, which separate 
the parietal and temporo-sphenoidal lobes. The insula 
is situated between the divisions. F., Sylvian. See 
F. of Sylvius. F., Temporal, First. See F., Super- 



temporal. F., Temporal, Inferior. See F, Subtem- 
poral. F., Temporo-occipital. See F., Collateral. 
F., Temporosphenoidal, a name applied to both 
the supertemporal and subtemporal fissures. F., 
Temporosphenoidal, Superior. See F, Supertem- 
poral. F., Tentorial. See F. , Collateral. F., Trans- 
verse (of brain), the transverse fissure separating 
the anterior from the posterior and middle portions 
of the brain. It transmits the folds of pia that form 
the choroid plexus. F., Transverse (of cerebellum). 
See F., Horizontal (of cerebellum). F., Transverse 
(of liver), a fissure crossing transversely the lower sur- 
face of the right lobe of the liver. It transmits the 
portal vein, hepatic artery and nerves, and hepatic duct. 
F., Transverse, Great (of brain). See F. , Trans- 
verse (of brain). F., Transverse, Inferior, a fissure 
between the cerebellum and the oblongata. It transmits 
a fold of the pia to the fourth ventricle. F., Trans- 
verse, Superior. See F., Transverse (of brain). F., 
Transinsular (of Wilder), the deepest of the fissures 
crossing the insula. F., Transtemporal, one of the 
inconstant short fissures on the lateral surface of the 
temporal lobe. F., Tnradiate. See F., Orbital. F., 
Umbilical, the anterior portion of the longitudinal 
fissure of the liver, separating the left and quadrate 
lobes. F., Uncinate. See F., Collateral. F., 
Ventral. See F., Median, Anterior (of spinal cord). 
F., Wernicke's, an inconstant vertical fissure on the 
lateral surface of the cerebrum midway between the 
end of the fissure of Sylvius and the caudal end of the 
cerebrum ; the exoccipital fissure. F. of Wilder. 
See Fissures, Adoccipital, Amygdaline, Basisylvian, 
Circuminsular, Constant, Episylvian, Exoccipital, In- 
tercerebral, Insular, Interlobar, Intergyral, Intragyral, 
Intraparacentral, Lambdoid, Aleditemporal, Para- 
central, Paroccipital, Pomatic, Postcalcarine , Post- 
paroccipital, Preparoccipital, Presylvian, Subcentral, 
Subsylvian, Supercallosal, Transinsular , Zygal. F., 
Zygal (of Wilder), any fissure that presents a pair of 
branches at either end of a connecting bar. F., Zygo- 
matico-sphenoid, a space between the orbital surface 
of the great wing of the sphenoid and the malar 
bone. 

Fissured (fish'-urd) \_fissus ; fndere,to cleave]. Cleft; 
split. 

Fist [ME. ,f st, the fist]. 1. The firmly-closed hand. 2. 
Same as Bovista. 

Fistula ( fis'-tu-lak) [L. , a " pipe "]. An abnormal, 
tube-like passage in the body. F., Aerial, a smali 
opening in the neck communicating with the larynx, 
.following imperfect closure of incised wounds of the 
throat. The voice is defective in consequence. F., 
Anal, an abnormal channel of communication between 
the bowel and the surface in the neighborhood of the 
anus. F., Biliary, an abnormal channel of com- 
munication with a biliary duct or the gall-bladder. 
F., Blind, a variety of anal, urinary, or other abnor- 
mal tract with but one opening. F., Blind, External, 
an anal fistula with but one opening, and that external. 
F., Blind, Internal, an anal fissure with but one open- 
ing, and that internal. F., Blind, Urinary, a suppurat- 
ing track opening into the urethra, but without external 
opening. F., Branchial, an opening that extends 
from the surface of the neck to the pharynx ; it is 
an unclosed branchial cleft, a relic of fetal life. F., 
Complete, one having two openings, an internal and 
external. F., Fecal, an abdominal fistula, communi- 
cating with the intestine. F., Gastric, an opening 
into the stomach, generally artificial, through the ab- 
dominal wall. It is sometimes used for feeding a 
patient who cannot swallow. F., Horseshoe, a vari- 
ety of fistula in ano, the external opening being on 



FISTULAR 



477 



FLASK 



one side of the anus and the internal opening on the 
other. F. in Ano. See F. , Anal. F., Incomplete, 
one with a single opening. F., Mammary, or Milk, 
a fistula of the mamma or of its ducts. In F. recto- 
labial, recto-urethral, recto-vaginal, and recto- 
vesical, the gut communicates by a fistulous track 
with the labia majora, the urethra, the vagina, or 
the bladder, respectively. F., Thiry's, an artificial 
intestinal fistula made by dividing the intestine in two 
places ; the loop so cut out is still supplied with blood 
and nerves from its mesentery ; it is emptied of its con- 
tents, and one end is closed by sutures, while the other 
is stitched to the abdominal wound, and the intestinal 
juice is thus collected. F., True, one that discharges 
the secretion of an organ. F., Vella's, is the same as 
Thiry's, except that both ends of the loop are left 
free and are sutured to the wound in the abdomen. 
F., Vesical, a fistula of the urinary bladder. 

Fistular, Fistulate (fis'-tu-lar, -lat) [fistula, a tube]. 
Fistulous ; of the form or nature of a fistula. 

Fistulatome (fis'-tu-lat-om) [fistula, a fistula; ri/mecv, 
to cut]. A cutting-instrument used in the operative 
treatment of fistula. 

Fistulous (fis'-tu-lus) [fistula, a tube]. Of the nature 
of or affected with a fistula. 

Fit [ME., fit, a struggle].' A popular name applied to 
any sudden paroxysm of a disease, but especially to 
one of epilepsy. F., Nine-days', Tetanus neonatorum. 

Fivefinger (j'lvfing 1 '-<?;•). I. The plant Potentilla 
canadensis (see Potentilla'). 2. Ampelopsis quinque- 
folia (see Amei-ican Ivy) . 

Fixation (fiks-a' -shun) [fixus, fixed]. A making firm 
or rigid. F., Field of, in optics, the region bounded 
by the utmost limits of distinct or central vision, and 
which the eye has under its direct control through its 
excursions, without movements of the head. F. -for- 
ceps, those used for fixing or holding a part in posi- 
tion during a surgical operation. 

Fixator (fiks-a' -tor) [L.]. A term applied to a muscle 
that holds a part immovable, as the diaphragm. 

Fixature (fiks'-at-ur). See Bandolin. 

Fixed (fikst) [fixus, firm]. Firm; immovable. F. 
Idea, a morbid belief, opinion, or conception, enter- 
tained constantly by certain insane patients, and more 
or less permanently dominating the entire mind. F , 
Oils. See Oleafixa. 

Fixi dentes (fiks'-i den'-tez) [L.]. The teeth of the 
second dentition. 

Fixing (fiks'-ing) [fixus, fixed]. The first stage in 
the preparation of tissues for histologic or pathologic 
examination. The chief fixing agents are — corrosive 
sublimate, nitric acid, alcohol, osmic acid, Flemming's 
solution, Fol's solution, Miiller's solution, picric acid, 
picro-sulphuric acid, acetate of copper. See Stains, 
Table of. 

Fixura; (fiks-u'-re) [fixura, fixure]. In biology, the 
fibrils by which lichens and many other thallophytes 
attach themselves to their substratum. 

Flabby (fiab'-e) [E. dial.]. Lax or flaccid ; deficient 
in firmness. 

Flabellarium (fiab-el-a' -re-um) [flabellum, a fan]. A 
vibraculum; a whip-like process of a polyzoan. 

Flabellate (flab-el' -at) [flabellum, a fan]. In biology, 
fan-shaped ; applied to leaves, antennas, etc. 

Flabellation (flab-el-a' -shun) [flabellare, to fan]. In 
surgery, the act of keeping a wound or fracture cool 
by fanning. 

Flabelliform {fiab-el' -if-orm) . Same as Flabellate. 

Flabellinerved (fiab-el' -in-urvd) [flabellum, fan; 
nervus, a nerve]. In biology, applied to leaves, 
such as those of the Gingko tree, with veins or nerves 
radiating from a common point. 



Flabellum (flab-el' -uw)[L. ,fan]. The set of white fibers 
radiating from the stria terminalis of the cerebrum 
into the corpus striatum. See also Fpipodite. 

Flaccid (flak'-sid) [flaccidus, flaccus, flaccid]. See 
Flabby. 

Flaccidezza (flah-che-det'-sah ) [Ital. for flaccidity~\. 
Same as Flacherie. 

Flaccidity (fiak-sid' -it-e) [ flaccidus, flaccus, flaccid]. 
Flabbiness ; lack of normal reaction or firmness. 

Flacherie, or Flachery (flask' -er-e) [Fr.]. A disease 
attacking silk-worms whose digestive apparatus is 
weakened by disease or heredity. It is said to be 
caused by a bacterium, Micrococcus bombycis. See 
Micrococcus bombycis and Bacillus (i of Hofmann, 
under Bacteria, Syno?tymatic Table of. 

Flag [ME. , flagge~\. One of various endogenous 
plants with ensiform leaves. In biology, a flagellum ; 
a part of the reproductive apparatus of certain gaster- 
opods (Helix) projecting from the vas deferens. F., 
Blue. See Iris. F., Sweet. See Acorus. 

Flagellate (flaj'-el-af) [flagellum, a whip]. In biol- 
ogy, furnished with slender, whip-like processes. 

Flagellation (flaj-el-a'-shun) [flagellare, to whip]. I. 
One of the many means used for the purpose of 
masochistic gratification in the sense of subjection to 
the woman ; the lustful feeling arising from a mechan- 
ical irritation of the genito-spinal center. 2. Flogging, 
formerly used as a local stimulant and counter-irritant, 
and once employed in the control of the insane 
Latterly it has been recommended as a check for post 
partum hemorrhage. See Percussion. 

Flagelliform (flaj-el' -if-orm) [flagellum, a whip ; 
forma, form.] Having the form of a flagellum or 
whip-lash. 

Flagellula (flaj-el' -u-lah) [dim. o{ flagellum, a whip]. 
A flagellate spore ; a zoospore. 

Flagellum (flaj-el' -urn) [L. a whip: pi., Flagella"]. 
Any long vibratile cilium. See also Flag. Inbiology, 
applied to the various long, slender, lash-like ap- 
pendages of bacteria, zoospores, infusoria, etc., and 
to slender runners, and tendrils of higher plants. 

Flagg's Drill-stock. See Drill-stock. 

Flail (flal) [ME., flaile~\. An arm or leg not under mus- 
cular control. F. -joint, a condition of preternatural 
mobility frequently fpllowing resection of a joint. 

Flajan's Disease. Synonym of Exophthalmic Goiter. 

Flake (flak) [ME., flake, a flake]. A small, scale- 
like fragment, as of epidermis. F. Manna, the best 
and purest commercial manna, so called from its form. 

Flambage (flam-bahzh')[Ex .\ The singeing of wounds 
for therapeutic purposes. 

Flank (flank) [WE. , flank~\. The part of the body 
between the ribs and the upper border of the ilium. 

Flannagan Garbage-cart. See Garbage-cart. 

Flannel Rash. See Seborrhea corporis. 

Flap [ME., flap, a loose, flexible part]. A loose and 
partly detached portion of the skin or other soft tissue. 
F. Amputation. See Amputation. F. Extraction. 
See Extraction of Cataract. F. Operation. See 
Operations, Table of. 

Flapless (flap'-les) [ME., flap,*, loose, flexible part ; 
less, a suffix signifying without]. Without flaps. F. 
Amputation. See Operations, Table of. 

Flash-point. The temperature at which a petroleum oil 
gives off vapors which, mixing with air, cause an ex- 
plosion or flash of flame, dying out, however, at once. 

Flask [(pXaGKrj, a flask]. A narrow-necked, globular 
glass bottle. F., Boiling, a small flask, with a wide 
neck, provided on the side with an exit-tube ; it is em- 
ployed for determining the boiling-point. F. -clamp, 
an instrument in the form of a press, employed in 
vulcanite work for closing flasks after packing. F., 



FLAT 



478 



FLOATING 



Moulding. See Moulding-flask. F. -press, a screw- 
press for closing the sections of a vulcanite flask after 
packing. F., Vulcanite, in dentistry, an iron, 
brass, or bronze box for holding the model and teeth 
in the vulcanized-rubber process. It is generally 
divided into two sections, one of which is closed by 
an adjustable lid, the other having a bottom, and is 
locked by pins or bolts. 

Flat [ME., flat']. Lying on one plane. F.-ear. 
See Morel' ' s Ear. F.-foot, depression of the plantar 
arch ; it differs from splay-foot or talipes valgus in that 
the sole is not everted. F.-worm. See Tape-worm. 

Flatulence (flat' -u-lentz)[flatulentia ; flatus, breath]. 
A condition marked by the presence of gases in the 
alimentary canal. It arises mainly from the fermenta- 
tion of the contents of the stomach and intestines. 

Flatulent [flat'-u-lent) [flatus, breath]. Character- 
ized by, or attended with the presence of, flatulence. 

Flatus [flat-' us) [L.]. A term applied to gases in the 
digestive tract. 

Flavanilin {flav-an'-il-in) [flavus, yellow; anilin], 
C 16 H U N 2 . A beautiful yellow dye produced by heat- 
ing acetanilid with zinc chlorid to 270 C. It forms col- 
orless crystals that become yellow on exposure to the 
air. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Flavaurin (flav-aw' -rin) . See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Flavescent {flav-es' -ent) [flavescere , to become yellow]. 
Yellowish. 

Flavin (flav'-in) [flavus, yellow]. A yellow dye-stuff 
prepared from quercitron-bark by the action of H 2 S0 4 . 

Flavophenin {flav-o-fe'-niii) \_flavus, yellow; phenyl], 
C 2G H 18 N 4 6 . A yellow coloring-matter. See Chry- 
samin. 

Flavopurpurin (f/av-o-pu?-' '-pu-rin) \_flavus, yellow ; 
purpura, purple], C u H 8 5 . A coloring- matter occur- 
ring in golden-yellow, acicular crystals. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. 

Flavus (ftav'-us) [L.]. Yellow. 

Flaw [ME., flame, a flake]. A disease in which the 
skin recedes from the nails. 

Flax (fla/es) [ME., flax, flax]. The best known and 
probably the most valuable of the bast-fibers, derived 
from the flax-plant, Linum usitatissimum. The linen 
fiber, when cleansed, has a blonde or even white color, 
a white, silky luster, and great strength. It is less 
pliant and elastic than cotton, but is a better conduc- 
tor of heat. Chemically, it is, like cotton, a pure cel- 
lulose. F., New Zealand, a fiber obtained from 
the leaves of Pliormium tenax, which acquires a 
length of one to two meters. The fiber, as prepared 
by hand-scraping, is soft, white, and of silky luster. 
Its chief value is for rope-making and for coarse tex- 
tiles. The rope made from this fiber is, however, 
weakened when wet by sea- water, and must therefore 
be kept well-oiled. F. -dresser's Phthisis, a form 
of pneumonokoniosis. F.-seed. See Linum. 

Flay ( /la) [ME., fleen, to skin]. To skin. 

Flea (fie) [ME. , flee, a flea] . See Pulex, and Parasites 
{Animal), Table of. F.-bane. See£rige/vn. F.- 
bite, the bite of a flea. F. -powder. See Buhach. 

Fleam {fern) \jp\kip, a vein]. A phlebotome ; a vet- 
erinarian's lancet for venesection. 

Flechsig, Method of. A method of differentiating 
nerve-tracts in the brain and spinal cord. It consists 
in noting the successive periods at which the fibers of 
the tracts become medullated during the process of 
development. F., Tract of. See Tract. 

Fleck's Disinfectant. A disinfectant solution containing 
copperas, 70 parts, and chlorinated lime 20 parts, in 
1000 parts of water. 

Fleece of Stilling. An interlacing of fibers passing 
from the cortex about the dentatum of the cerebellum. 



Fleischl's Law. See Laiu. 

Fleischmann's Bursa. The sublingual bursa. 

Fleitmann's Test. See Tests, Table of 

Flema salada (fla'-mah sal-a'-da) [Sp.]. Synonym 
of Acrodynia. 

Fleming's Tincture. An alcoholic preparation of 
aconite, stronger than the official tincture. Dose, two 
minims. 

Flemming's Method. A method of preparing tissue 
for histologic study. Small bits of tissue are fixed in 
o.I to 0.5 per cent, solution of chromic acid, and the 
hardening completed with alcohol. F.'s Mixture, 
a mixture used in histologic investigations. • Its com- 
position is as follows : One per cent, solution of osmic 
acid, 10 parts ; one per cent, solution of chromic acid, 
25 parts; two per cent, solution of acetic acid, 5 parts, 
water 60 parts. 

Flesh [ME., fles/i, flesh]. The soft tissues of the body, 
especially the muscles. F. -brush, a brush for rubbing 
the surface of the body. F., Goose. See Cutis an- 
serina. F. -juice, the juice derived from meat by ex- 
pression. F., Proud, a colloquial term for the soft 
and inflamed granulations of the edges of a wound. 
F.-wound, a slight or superficial wound. F.-worm. 
See Thread-worms. 

Fleshy {flesh' -e) [ME., flesh, flesh]. Mainly composed 
of muscular tissue. 

Fleury's Method. See Treatment, Methods of 

Flexed-toe {flekst'-to). See Hammer-toe . 

Flexibilitas {flcks-ib-W -it-as) [L.]. Flexibility. F. 
cerea, a condition of the limbs in catalepsy in which they 
resist passive movement and seem as if made ofwax. 

Flexible {flcks'-ib-l) [flexus, bent]. That which may 
be bent. F. Catheter, a catheter made of flexible 
substance. F. Collodion. See Pyroxylin. F. Pillar. 
See Pillar. 

Flexile {flex'-il) [flexilis, pliable]. Easily bent. 

Flexion {flek'-shun) [flexus, bent]. The operation or 
process of bending ; the condition of being bent ; the 
opposite of extension. F., Forcible, in surgery, a 
mode of treating aneurysm by a forcible bending, as, 
for example, of the knee, so as to compress the popliteal 
artery, thereby reducing the volume of blood ; also a 
means of breaking up articular adhesions by mechanical 
bending. F. and Extension, certain passive Swedish 
movements used principally for regulating the circula- 
tion in certain parts, and for relieving local conges- 
tion. F. -stage of Labor, one of the stages of labor, 
consisting in a bending of the fetal head forward toward 
the chest. 

Flexor {fleks'-or) [flexus, bent]. Any muscle that 
bends a limb or part. See Muscles, Table of 

Flexuous ( fleks'-u-us) [flectere, to bend]. In biology, 
alternately curved in opposite directions. 

Flexura {fleks-u'-rah) [L. , a bending]. A bending 
or curve in an organ. In veterinary anatomy, the 
so-called knee (in fact the wrist) of the horse. 

Flexure {fleks'-iir) [flexura, a bending]. A bending. 
F., Sigmoid. See Sigmoid Flexure. 

Flighty {Jli'-te) [Dan., vlugtig, volatile]. Slightly 
delirious. 

Flint's Formula. See Alimentation, Rectal. F.'s 
Murmur. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. F.'s 
Pill, a pill containing half a grain of iron combined 
with all the inorganic salts found in the blood in the 
normal proportion, except chlorid of sodium, which is 
in excess. 

Floating {fldt'-ing) [ME., floten, to float]. Free to 
move around. F. Kidney, one that is misplaced or 
movable ; wandering. F. Liver, a movable liver. F. 
Ribs. See Ribs. F. Spleen, one that is separate 
from its attachments, and displaced. 



FLOCCI 



479 



FLUID 



Flocci (flok'-i) [L.]. Plural of flocais, a tuft. F. 
volitantes. Same as Muscce volitantcs. 

Floccillation (flok-sil-a' -shun) \Jlocillatio~\. Same as 
Carpkology. 

Floccitation (flok-sit-a' '-shun) [floccitatio]. Same as 
Carpkology. 

Floccose (flok'-os) [floccus, a flock of wool]. In bi- 
ology, composed of or bearing tufts of woolly or long 
and soft hairs. 

Floccular (flok' -u-lar) [flocculus, a little flock of wool]. 
Pertaining to the flocculus. 

Flocculence (flok'-u-lens) \_floccus, a lock of wool]. 
In biology, a soft, waxy excretion, resembling wool, 
found on certain insects, e.g, the woolly Aphis. 

Flocculent (flok'-u-lent) [floccus, a flock of wool]. 
Flaky, downy, or woolly; coalescing in flocky masses. 

Flocculus (flok'-u-lus) [dim. oi floccus, a tuft of wool]. 

1. A' bilobular mass attached to the medipeduncle of 
the brain at the peduncular sulcus, and wedged, as it 
were, between the rounded contiguous angles of the 
.cephalic and caudal regions of the cerebellum. Along 
with it is the paraflocculus , a single-lobed mass. Their 
functions and their representatives in other mammals 
are little known. 2. In biology, a small bunch of 
stiff hairs. 

Floccus (flok'-us) [L. , a flock or tuft of wool : //. , 
Flocci~\. In biology, a small tuft of woolly hairs. 

Flood's Ligament. See Ligament. 

Flooding (flud'-ing) [ME., flood, a flood]. A copious 
bleeding from the womb during, after, or just at child- 
birth ; any excessive uterine hemorrhage. 

Floor (flor) [ME., floor, floor]. The basal limit of any 
hollow organ or open space ; as the floor of a ventricle, 
of the antrum, of an orbit, or of the pelvis. F.- 
space, the distance apart of beds required to afford 
proper ventilation in hospitals. It should be not less 
than Jg of the cubic space. 

Flora (flo'-rah ) [Flora, the goddess of flowers]. The 
entire plant-life of any geographic area or geologic 
period. 

Florence Lake. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Florentine Lake. Same as Florence Lake. 

Flores (flo'-rez) [L.]. Plural of flos, a flower. I. The 
flowers or blossoms of any plant used as a medicine. 

2. A flocculent or pulverulent form assumed by cer- 
tain medicines and chemicals after sublimation ; as 

flores sulphuris, flowers of sulphur ; flores benzoes, 
flowers of benzoin, or sublimated benzoic acid. 

Florescence (flor-es' -ens) [florescere, to begin to 
bloom]. The opening of flowers ; blossoming. 

Floret (flor'-et) [flos, flower]. In biology, an indi- 
vidual flower of a head or cluster of flowers ; it is 
also called floscule. 

Florid [flor' -id) [floridus, abounding with flowers]. 
Bright-red in color ; rosy ; as a florid cheek, or 
countenance. F. Phthisis. See Galloping Con- 
sumption. 

Florida (flor'-id-ah) [floridus, abounding with flowers]. 
One of the Southern states of the United States. 
F. Allspice, the leaves of Calycanthus floridus, a 
pleasant aromatic stimulant. Dose of the fld. ext., 
gtt. x-xxx. Unof. F., Fever. See Fever. 

Florisugent (flor-is-u'-jent ) [flos, flower ; sugere, to 
suck]. Applied to birds and insects that suck the 
nectar of flowers. 

Flos [L., a "flower"]. A flower. Singular of 
Flores, q. v. 

Floscule {flos' -kill) [dim. of flos, a flower]. See 
Floret. 

Flour (flowr) [old spelling of flower]. A finely- 
ground meal ; this may be from either wheat, rye, 
barley, oats, maize or Indian corn, and rice, although 



wheat-flour is used in far the largest amount. Wheat- 
flour contains starch, dextrin, cellulose, sugar, albu- 
min, gliadin or gluten, mucin or mucedin, fibrin, 
cerealin, fat, mineral matter, and water. The first 
four are carbohydrates, or non-nitrogenous substances, 
and they form nearly three-fourths of the entire weight 
of the flour. The nitrogenous matter consists of at 
least five principles, three of which, gluten (or glia- 
din), mucin (or mucedin), and fibrin, constitute the 
bulk of the material known as crude gluten, which is 
the substance left when flour is kneaded with water 
and afterwards washed to remove the starch and any 
soluble substance. The remaining two nitrogenous 
principles, albumin and cerealin, are soluble in water, 
and are carried away with the starch in the process of 
washing. Crude gluten possesses a peculiar adhesive- 
ness, arising from the presence of gliadin, which is a 
highly tenacious body, and which is not present in 
the same form in other cereal flours. The vegetable 
albumin is accompanied also by small amounts of 
legumin, or vegetable casein, which is also soluble in 
water. The cerealin is a soluble nitrogenized ferment 
occurring especially in the husk or bran of wheat and 
other cereals. It has a powerful fermentative action 
on starch, rapidly converting it into dextrin and other 
soluble bodies. The difference in the composition of 





Fine White Flour. 


Coarse Wheat Bran. 




In ioo 
parts. 


In one pound. 


In 100 
parts 


In one pound. 


Water, . . . 


13.0 


2 ozs.. 35 grs. 


14.0 


2 ozs., 105 grs. 


Fibrin, etc., . 


10.5 


1 oz., 297 grs 


15.0 


2 ozs., 175 grs. 


Starch, etc., . 


74-3 


11 ozs., 388 grs. 


44.0 


7 ozs., 17 grs. 


Fat 


0.8 


ozs., 57 grs. 


4.0 


ozs., 280 grs. 


Cellulose, . . 


07 


ozs., 49 grs. 


17.0 


2 ozs., 316 grs. 


Mineral! 
matter, J ' 


0.7 


ozs., 49 grs. 


60 


ozs , 422 grs. 



the several parts of the wheat-grain is seen in the fore- 
going table given by Church. F.-ball, a much- 
used food for infants suffering from summer-complaint. 
It is made as follows : — Two or three pounds of 
wheat-flour, tied in a bag, are boiled continuously 
for 12 hours ; the outer shell is then scraped off, and 
the inner, yellow portion (mainly dextrin) is grated 
and used to make a thin gruel. 

Flourens' Doctrine. A theory that the whole of the 
cerebrum is concerned in every psychic process. 

Flow (flo) [ME. , flowen, to flow]. The free discharge 
of a liquid, as the blood. 

Flower (flow'-er) [ME. , floivre, flower]. See Flos. 

Flower, Angle of. In craniometry, the naso-malar 
angle. 

Fluctuation {fluk-tu-a'-shun) [ fluctuare, to float or 
roll]. The wave-like motion of contained fluid upon 
pressure, or by succussion. 

Fluid (flu' -id) [fluere, to flow]. A substance whose 
molecules move freely upon one another ; any liquid 
constituent, or secretion of the body. See Amniotic, 
Condy's, Culture, Labarraque' s, and other fluids. F. 
Extract. See Extractum Fluidum. F. -ounce. See 
Weights,. F.-dram. See Weights. F., Scarpa's, the 



FLUIGRAM 



480 



FCENICULUM 



endolymph. F. Vein, the name given to the eddies 
produced in a cavity of the heart by regurgitating blood 
coming in contact with the current entering the cavity in 
the normal direction. The oscillation of the particles 
of blood are attended with a blowing sound or murmur. 

Fluigram {floo' -e-gram) [fluidus, fluid ; ypdfifia, a 
small weight]. In medicine and pharmacy the gram 
and the cubic centimeter are the most important metric 
units, and to express their close relationship the cubic 
centimeter has been very appropriately termed a Flui- 
gram. 

Fluke or F.-worm {flak) [ME.,floke, a fluke]. Any 
trematode worm ; especially Distoma hepaticum, q. v. 
See Trematodes , and Parasites {Animal), Table of. 

Fluor [flu' -or) [L. , a flow]. I. A liquid state. 2. 
The menstrual flux. F. albus, white flow ; an old 
name for Leukorrhea. F. muliebris. Synonym of 
Leukorrhea. 

Fluoranthene {flu-or-an' -then) [fluor, a flow], C 15 H 10 . 
Idryl ; a substance that occurs in the " stubb-fat " ob- 
tained from the distillation of the "stubb. " It crys- 
tallizes from alcohol in needles or plates, melting at 
109-110 C. , and dissolves readily in hot alcohol, ether, 
and carbon disulphid. 

Fluorene {flu-or-en') [fluor, a flow], C 13 H 10 . A sub- 
stance found in coal-tar ; it can be obtained by passing 
diphenylmethane through a combustion- tube heated 
to redness. It is very soluble in hot alcohol, less so 
in cold alcohol ; it crystallizes in colorless plates having 
a violet fluorescence, melts at 113° C, and boils at 
295° C. 

Fluorescein {flu-or-es'-e-in) [fluor, a flow], C 20 H 12 O 5 - 
-f- H,0. Resorcinol-phthalein. An anhydrid of re- 
sorcin, prepared by heating phthalic anhydrid with 
resorcinol to 200° C. It occurs as a yellowish or dark- 
red powder decomposing at about 290° C. From it 
are derived the eosin coloring-matters, q. v. 

Fluorescence {flu-or-es' -ens) [fluere, to flow]. A 
property possessed by certain substances, consisting in 
the emission of colors while light is being passed 
through them. Quinin, fluorspar, and several struct- 
ures of the eye, possess this power. See also Phos- 
phorescence. 

Fluorescent Resorcinol. Same as Resorcin Blue. 

Fluorescigenous {flu-or-es-if '-en-us) [fluere, to flow ; 
yevvav, to produce]. Giving rise to fluorescence. 

Fluorescin {flu-or-es' -in) [fluere, to flow], C 20 H u O-. 
A colorless amorphous product of the reduction of 
fluorescein. On account of its neutral quality and 
green fluorescence, it has been used to study the 
movements of the intraocular fluids. 

Fluorid (flu'-or-id) [fluere, to flow]. A basic salt of 
fluorin. 

Fluorin {flu 1 '-or-in)[ fluor, a flow]. F=I9; quantival- 
ence I . One of the elements. It has not been isolated, 
but is probably a gas. All its salts are highly corro- 
sive and poisonous in their full strength. See Ele- 
ments, Table of. Ammonium fluorid is recommended 
by Lucas for hypertrophy of the spleen. Dose r^v of 
a gr. iv to ^j solution. Unof. Hydrofluoric acid, 
is an antiseptic and antiferment. Inhalations of the 
dilute vapor have been recommended in diphtheria 
and tuberculosis. 

Fluorindenes ( flu-or-in'-denz) [fluor, a flow]. A 
series of dye-stuffs closely allied to the indulins. They 
are produced by the protracted heating of azophenin 
or amidophenazin, alone or with orthodiamins. They 
dissolve in alcohol with beautiful fluorescence and 
form greenish -blue fluorescent salts. 

Fluoroform ( flu- or' '-0- form) [fluor, a flow ; forma, 
form], CIIF3. A gas, the fluorin analogue of chloro- 
form. 



Fluoroscope (flu-or'-os-kop) [fluere, to flow ; cuomlv, 
to examine].- The instrument for holding the fluor- 
escent screen in X-ray examination. 

Fluoroscopy (flu-or-os'-ko-pe) [fluere, to flow ; onoiretv, 
to examine]. The process of inspecting the tissues 
by means of a fluorescent screen. 

Flush [origin obscure]. A temporary redness, as the 
hectic flush, sometimes due to vasomotor paresis. 

Flushing {flush' -ing') [origin obscure]. I. A frequent 
symptom in the subjects of cardiac palpitation, and 
especially in Graves' disease. It implies a condition 
of vaso-motor irritability with a paresis of the arte- 
rioles in certain areas. It is often accompanied by 
local perspiration. It is seldom a marked symptom of 
organic disease. 2. The process of cleansing by a 
rapid flow of liquid. 

Flux {fluks) [fluxus, flowing]. I. An abnormal flow of 
any of the excretions of the body, especially the feces. 
Also, a synonym of Dysentery. 2. In chemistry, 
any highly-fusible substance or mixture, as the sub- 
borate of soda, employed in the fusion of metals. F., 
Sebaceous. See Seborrhea. 

Fluxion {fl.uk' -shun) [fluxus, a flowing]. A gathering 
of blood or other fluid in one part of the body ; con- 
gestion, or hyperemia. 

Fluxus {fluks' -us) [L.]. A flow or a flawing. F. 
cruentus. Synonym of Dysentery. F. dysenteri- 
cus. Synonym of Dysentery. F. sebaceus. Syn- 
onym of Seborrhea. F. splenicus. Synonym of 
Melena. F. torminosus. Synonym of Dysentery. 

Fly {fli) [WE.,flye, a fly]. A dipterous insect. For 
parasitic flies, see Parasites {Animal), Table of. F.- 
agaric. See Agaricus muscarius. F. - blister, 
Flying Blister. See Blister. F. -poison. See 
Amianthium. F. -sickness. See Barcoo. 

Focal {fo'-kal) [focus, a point; a fire-place]. Pertain- 
ing to or occupying a focus. F. Disease. See Disease. 
F. Hemorrhage, localized hemorrhage, in contradis- 
tinction to diffuse or disseminated hemorrhage. F. 
Meningitis, meningitis involving but a small area of 
the membranes. F. Myelitis, localized myelitis, in 
contradistinction to diffuse or disseminated myelitis. 
F. Sclerosis, the chronic form, sometimes called 
Sclerotic Myelitis. 

Focil {fo'-sil) [focile, a spindle]. Any bone of the 
forearm or leg. F. majus, the ulna. F. majus 
cruris, the tibia. F. minus, the radius. F. minus 
cruris, the fibula. 

Focus {fo'-kus) [focus, a point: pl.,foci\ The prin- 
cipal seat of a disease. The point (called principal 
focus) to which converge the rays of light that 
pass through a convex lens or are reflected from a 
concave mirror. F., Equivalent, in microscopy, when 
the real image of an objective of a certain focal length 
is of the same size as that produced by a simple con- 
verging lens whose focal distance equals that of the ob- 
jective, it is said to have an equivalent focus. F., 
Negative, or Virtual, the imaginary focus of an object 
placed within the principal focus. Conjugate Foci, 
interdependent foci. 

Focusing {fo'-kus-ing) [focus, a point] . The mutual 
arrangement of an object and the optic parts of a 
microscope so that a clear image may be seen. F. 
Down, in microscopy, focusing by moving the objective 
down or toward the object, but at the risk of damag- 
ing it. F. Up, focusing by moving the objective up 
or away from the object. 

Fodere's Test. See Birth. 

Fceniculum {fen-ik'-u-luni) [L.: gen., Focnicu!i\. 
Fennel. The fruit of F. vulgare, with properties due 
to a volatile oil. It is a mild stimulant and aromatic 
carminative. F., Aq., 2 parts of the oil in 1000 of 



FOERSTER'S SHIFTING-TYPE 



481 



FONTANEL 



water. Dose^ss-^j. F., Ol., the volatile oil. Dose 
TTLij-v. See also Fennel. 

Foerster's Shifting-type. See Signs and Symptoms. 

Forster's Method. See Cataract, Artificial Matura- 
tion of. F.'s Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Foetal {fe'-tal). See Fetal. 

Foetor (fe'-tor). See Fetor. 

Foetus (fe'-tus). See Fetus. 

Fokker's Method. A method of estimating uric acid in 
the urine. 200 c.c. of urine are made strongly alka- 
line by sodium carbonate, and after an hour 20 c.c. of a 
concentrated solution of ammonium chlorid are added. 
The mixture is allowed to stand at a low temperature 
for 48 hours, when the precipitate that forms is collected 
on a weighed filter and washed. The filter is washed 
with dilute HC1 (1 in 10), and the filtrate collected; 
this operation is repeated till all the acid urate on the 
filter is dissolved. The filtrates are mixed, allowed to 
stand for 6 hours, and the uric acid which then 
separates is collected on the same filter, washed twice 
with water, then with alcohol, till all acid reaction dis- 
appears, dried at no C, and weighed. To the 
weight obtained add 0.03 gram, and subtract the 
weight of the filter ; the remainder is the weight of uric 
acid in 200 c.c. of urine. 

Fol's Fixing-fluid. A modification of Fleming's solu- 
tion, ustd, as is the latter, for the fixation of cells 
undergoing indirect cell-division. See Stains, Table 
of. F.'s Yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Fold {fold) [ME., fold, a fold]. A term applied to 
the plication or doubling together of various parts of 
the body. F., Aryteno-epiglottidean, a fold of 
mucous membrane stretched between the sides of the 
epiglottis and the apex of the arytenoid cartilage. F., 
Palpebral, the fold formed by the reflection of the 
conjunctiva from the eyelids on to the eye. There 
are two folds, the superior and inferior. F., Recto- 
vaginal, the fold of the peritoneum in females de- 
scending in front of the rectum and behind the vagina. 
It corresponds with the recto-vesical fold of males. 
F., Vater's, the plica transversalis or transverse fold of 
the duodenum, situated just above the opening of the 
pancreatic and biliary ducts. 

Folders {fol'-derz) [ME., fold, a fold]. English usage 
for Pince-nez or "eye-glasses." 

Folia (fo'-le-ali) [pi. of folium, leaf]. I. Leaves; a 
term much used in pharmacopeias and dispensatories, 
and designating the leaves of such plants as are used 
in medicine. 2. The intervening thin plates between 
the crevices of greater or less depth (rimitln?) upon the 
entire surface of the adult cerebellum. 

Foliaceous [fo-le-a'-se-us) [folium, a leaf]. Leaf-like. 

Foliation {fo-le-a' -shun) [foliare, to put forth leaves]. 
The act of leafing out ; frondescence. 

Folie {fo-le') [Fr.]. Insanity. F. a deux {fo-le'-ah 
dull'). [Fr.] See Insanity, Commit7iicated. F. 
Circulaire [fo-k' -ser-ku-lar'). Cyclic insanity. F. 
du Doute. See Doubt, Insanity of. F., Alternate. 
Cyclic Insanity, q. v. 

Foliicolous (fo-le-ik'-o-lus) [folium, a leaf; colere, to 
dwell]. In biology, growing upon leaves. 

Foliole {fo'-le-ol) [folium, a leaf.] In biology, a leaf- 
let or leaflet-like organ. 

Foliose (fo'-le-os) [foliosus, leafy]. Abounding in 
leaves, leaflets, or leaf-like appendages. 

Folium {fo'-le-um) [L., a leaf: //. , Folia']. I. Tn 
biology, a leaf. At the time of Caesalpinus it applied 
equally to sepals, petals, or ordinary leaves. 2. Any 
lamina or leaflet of gray matter, forming a part of the 
arbor vitse of the cerebellum. 

Folius, Process of. Process of Rau ; a process at the 
junction of the handle with the neck of the malleus. 
3 1 



It passes anteriorly into the Glaserian fissure. It 
is about three-and-a-half lines long in the new-born 
infant. After birth it unites with the under wall of 
the Glaserian fissure. 

Follette {fol-et') [Fr.]. Synonym of Influenza. 

Follicle (fol'-ik-l) [folliculus, dim. oifollis, bellows]. 
I. In anatomy, a very small secretory cavity or sac, as 
one of the follicles of Lieberkuhn. 2. In biology, a 
simple pod, splitting only by the ventral suture. F., 
Graafian, one of the small vesicular bodies in the 
cortical layer of the ovary, consisting of flattened 
granular cells with oval nuclei and membrana propria, 
each about TIJ Vff mcn m diameter. F., Sebaceous, 
one of the sacs lying within the skin that secrete the 
oily fluid with which the skin is softened. 

Follicular (fol-ik'-u-lar) [folliculus, a little follicle]. 
Relating or appertaining to a follicle. 

Folliculitis (fol-ih-u-li'-tis) [folliculus, a follicle ; ltit r 
inflammation] . Inflammation of a group of follicles, as 
of the hair. F. barbae. See Sycosis. F. decalvans, 
Quinquaud's Disease : a chronic folliculitis of the hairy 
parts, especially of the scalp, which leads to a cicatri- 
cial alopecia. The patches are about the size of a 
shilling, irregular in outline, and almost smooth and 
polished, but with some granular points at the periph- 
ery, and red points on the white, atrophied, cicatri- 
cially-depressed surface. F. exulcerans. See 
Hydrosaden it is ph legm on osa . 

Folliculium {fol-ik-u'-le-um). The liquor folliculi. 
See Liquor. 

Folliculose (fol-ik' -u-los) [follis, a bellows]. Full of 
follicles. Having the appearance of follicles. 

Fomentation {fo-men-ta / -shun)[fome7itare, to foment]. 
The application of cloths soaked in hot medicinal 
solutions, to reduce inflammation or to allay pain. 
Also, the application of hot dry cloths. Also, the 
medicament, or other material, so applied. 

Fomes (fo'-mez) [L. for "tinder": //. , Fomites~\. 
Any substance (as a garment, carpet, letter) capable 
of acting as the medium for the transmission of an in- 
fectious disease. 

Fonifero (fo-nif'-er-o). See Phonophore. 

Fons pulsatilis (fans pul-sat'-il-is)[y,.~\. See Fontanel. 

Fontaine's Chamber. See Anesthetic. 

Fontana, Canals of. See Canal. F.'s Markings, or 
Striae of. Delicate microscopic transverse folds of 
nerve-fibers, to which is due the fact of the non- 
retraction of the fibers when divided. F.'s, Spaces, 
those between the processes of the ligamentum pecti- 
natum iridis. See Canal. 

Fontanel, or Fontanelle {fon-tan-el') [dim. of fontana, 
a spring, from the appearance and feeling]. A 




Fontanels of Fetal Skull. 

membranous space of the infant's skull, from delayed 
ossification of the cranial bones. F., Anterior, that 
at the point of union of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal 
sutures. See also Bregma. F., Posterior, that at 



FONTICULUS 



482 



FOOT 



the point of junction of the apex of the lambdoid and 
the sagittal sutures. 

Fonticulus {fon-tik' -u-lus) [dim. of fons, fountain]. 
I. The depression at the root of the neck, just 
cephalad of the sternum ; more fully fonticulus gut- 
luris. 2. A small artificial ulcer or issue. 

Food [ME., foode]. Anything used for the nourish- 
ment or formation of tissue. The substances ordin- 
arily employed as aliments. F., Albumin-spring, 
one that diminishes the metabolism of albuminates. 
F.-accessories, a term given to the various sub- 
stances used as condiments, which give flavor to food or 

ANIMAL FOODS. 

Water. Proteids. Albu- N'.free Salts, 

miaoids. org. bodies. 

Beef. [ 

Pork. [ 

Fowl. ( 

Fish. [ 



mm 



21 1 



&&g&aig]i.3 



||2 



■lli 



Cow's milk, f" 



Human i 
milk. I 



| 0.6 
I 0.4 



VEGETABLE FOODS. 



Proteids Digestible. Non- Salts. 

N-free or- digestible, 
ganic bodies. 




Potatoes. f~ 



TTbite 
turnip. ' 



Beer. F 



11 0.5 



11 0.5 



stimulate the digestive secretions, as well as to the well- 
known stimulants, tea, coffee, cocoa, alcohol, etc. 
Foods, Isodynamic. Those producing an equal 
amount of heat. F., Plastic, proteids. F., Res- 
piratory, fats and carbohydrates. (The nomencla- 
ture of the last two rests upon an erroneous theory.) 
F., Classification of (according to Yeo) : — 

i. Albuminates. — Nitrogenous substances having 
the same or nearly the same chemic composition 
as albumin. Examples. — Albumin, fibrin, synto- 
nin, myosin, globulin, casein, from the animal; 
gluten and legumin, from the vegetable kingdom. 

(a). Subordinate nitrogenous substances referred to 
this class, and known as — 

(Gelatin. 
Gelatigenous substances, -< Casein. 

(Chondrin. 

2. Fats, or Hydro-carbons, containing carbon, 
hydrogen, and oxygen; the proportion of oxygen 
being insufficient to convert all the hydrogen into 
water. Examples. — Olein, stearin, margarin. 
(Butter is a familiar one.) 

3. Carbo-hydrates, containing carbon, hydrogen, 
and oxygen ; the two latter elements in the propor- 
tion to form water. Examples. — Starch, dextrin, 
cane-sugar, grape-sugar, lactose or milk-sugar. 

(a). The Vegetable acids, oxalic, tartaric, citric, 
malic, acetic, and lactic, are by some authors 
referred to this class. 

4. Mineral. — Water. Salts. — Sodium and potassi- 
um chlorids, cakium and magnesium phos- 
phates, iron, etc. 

F., Complete, a food that contains all the alimentary 



Inor- 
ganic 



substances required for the support and maintenance 
of animal life. The only complete food afforded by 
the animal kingdom is eggs. F.-cure, dietetic treat- 
ment of disease. F. -stuffs or F. -substances, the 
materials, from both the animal and vegetable king- 
doms, that may be employed for the purpose of sup- 
plying nourishment to the body, and providing the 
elements necessary for the formation of tissue. F.- 
vacuole, a temporary space often noticed in protozoa, 
containing nutritive matter. F.-yolk, all that portion 
of the yolk that does not undergo segmentation, but 
serves to nourish the embryo ; nutritive protoplasm ; 
deutoplasm. 

Fool's Parsley. See Ethusa. 

Foot [ME., foof\. 1. The terminal extremity of the 
leg ; one of the organs of locomotion. In bimana 
and quadrumana it con- 
sists of the tarsus, meta- 
tarsus, and phalanges, or 
toes. 2. The base of a 
microscope. 3. A meas- 
ure of length equal to 
twelve inches or 30.479 
cm. F. -clonus. See 
Clonus and Ankle-clonus. 
F.-bath, a pediluvium. 
F.-drop, a falling of the 
foot due to a paralysis of 
the flexors of the ankle. 
It is seen in neuritis. See 
Dropped Foot. F., Fun- 
gus. Madura Foot; 
Mycetoma ; Ulcus grave. 
An endemic disease of 
India affecting the foot, 
which increases in size, 
this increase being at- 
tended with the develop- 
m e n t of mammillated 
pustules, in each of which 
is a deep-seated sinus. 
The sinuses are lined by 
a distinct membrane, and 
contain characteristic 
"fish-roe bodies" of a 
white, yellowish, red- 
dish, or blackish color. 
These bodies are com- 
posed mainly of fatty and 
caseous matters, the re- 
sults of decomposition, 
encrusted with salts and 
blood- pigment. The 
bones are slowly ab- 
sorbed, and gangrene or 
exhaustion may carry off 
the patient. The disease 
is most common in adult 
males. A fungus, Chiony- 
pha carteri, appears to be 
the active cause of the 
disease. F.-halt, a dis- 
ease of sheep, said to be 
caused by worms in the 




Foot, Plantar Aspect. 

Inferior surface of calca- 
neum. 2. Inner tuberosity. 
3. Outer tuberosity. 4. Angu- 
lar depression between these 
tuberosities. 5. Inferior por- 
tion of head of astragalus. 
6. Plantar surface of cuboid, 
for attachment of inferior cal- 
caneocuboid ligament. 7. 
Tuberosity of cuboid. 8. Sca- 
phoid. 9. Tuberosity of sca- 
phoid. 10. Inferior portion 
of internal cuneiform, n. 
Apex of middle cuneiform. 
12. Apex of internal cunei- 
form 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. First, 
second, third, fourth and fifth 
metatarsal bones. 18. Tuber- 
osity of fifth metatarsal bone. 
19 Two sesamoid bones. 20. 
First phalanx of great toe. 

21. Last phalanx of great toe. 

22, 22. First phalanges of 
remaining toes. 23, 23. Sec- 
ond and third phalanges of 
these toes. 



foot. F. -mange, apara 
sitic disease of the heels and lower parts of the legs, 
especially the hind ones, of a horse, giving rise to great 
itching and irritation. It is due to an acarus, Symbiotic 
equi. F.-and-mouth Disease, a rare affection that 
occurs in sheep, cows, pigs, and horses, and is occa- 
sionally transmitted to man. It manifests itself by the 
appearance of vesicles and bullce in the mouth and on 



FOOT 



483 



FORAMEN 



the feet at the margins of the hoofs, and in cows, on the 
udder and teats. In man, vesicles form in the mouth, on 
the hands and feet. In two or three days, these rupture, 
discharging an opaque, yellowish fluid, and leaving 
dark-red ulcers. There are also fever, anorexia, pain on 
eating, swelling of the tongue, fetid breath, salivation, 
and derangement of digestion. See Eczema epizootica, 
and Streptocytus of Eczema epizootica, Schottelius, under 
Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. F. -phenomenon. 
See Ankle-clonus. F.-pound, the work required to 
overcome a force equal to raising the weight of a 



pound through the space of a foot. See Unit. F.- 
poundal, the work done by a poundal acting through 
one foot. F.-rot, a disease of sheep, said to be due 
to pasturing in wet ground. One form is contagious ; 
and the disease is said by some to be tuberculous in 
nature. 

Footling {foot' -ling) [ME., foote\ With the foot or 
feet foremost ; as a footling presentation in obstetrics. 

Foramen (fo-ra'-meti) \_forare, to pierce]. A passage 
or opening, especially one in a bone. A Table of 
Foramina is appended. 



TABLE OF FORAMINA. 



Name. 


Location. 


Transmits. 


Accessory transverse. 


Anomalous foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical 
vertebras. 


An anomalous and accessory verte- 
bral artery. 


Acoustic. 


The same as the internal auditory meatus. 


The auditory and facial nerves. 


Alveolar, anterior. 


See Dental, inferior. 




Alveolar, inferior. 


See Dental, inferior. 




Alveolar, posterior. 


In the superior maxilla. 


Superior posterior dental vessels and 
nerves 


Amplum pelveos. 


See Obturator. 




Anonymous of Ferrein. 


See Hiatus Fallopii. 




Anteorbital. 


In mammals, an orifice in the cheek-bone in front of the orbit, 
corresponding to the infraorbital foramen of man. 


Superior maxillary division of the tri- 
facial nerve; occasionally the mas- 
seter muscle. 


Antorbital. 


See Anteorbital. 




Aortic. 


An opening in the diaphragm. 


The aorta. 


Arachnoid. 


See Foramen of Magendie. 




Atlantal. 


In many animals, a hole through the ventral border of the atlas ; 
only exceptionally present in man. 


Suboccipital nerve ; vertebral artery. 


Atrio-ventricular, com- 
mon. 


In some animals, an auriculo-ventricular opening common to 
both auricles and ventricles. 


Blood. 


Auditory, external. 


The external meatus of the auditory canal. 


Sound-waves to tympanic membrane. 


Auditory, internal. 


See Acoustic. 




Auricular. 


The mouth of the external auditory meatus. 


Sound-waves to tympanic membrane. 


Bartholin's. 


See Obturator. 




Bichat's. 


A supposed communication between the subarachnoid space 
and the cavity of the third ventricle of the brain. 




Of Botal or Botallo. 


In the fetus, the opening between the two auricles of the heart, 
situated at the lower posterior portion of the septum auricu- 
larum. 


Blood. 


Carotic. 


The inferior aperture of the carotid canal. 


Carotid vessels. 


Carotico-clinoid. 


Sphenoid bone ; an occasional foramen, formed by the union of 
the apices of the anterior and middle clinoid processes. 




Carotico-tympanic. 


See Canal, Carotico-tympanic. 




Carotid, external. 


The external aperture of the carotid canal. 


Internal carotid artery and carotid 
plexus. 


Carotid, internal. 


The internal aperture of the carotid canal. 


Internal carotid artery and carotid 
plexus. 


Cavernous. 


Sphenoid bone ; a small passage. 


The median vertebral vein. 


Cecal, anterior. 


Also called prepontile fossa ; the depression at the cephalic 
margin of the pons. 




Cecal (of frontal 
bone). 


Formed by the frontal bone and the crista galli of the ethmoid ; 
a small foramen. 


A vein, occasionally. 


Cecal (of medulla ob- 
longata). 


See Cecal, anterior. 





FORAMINA 484 FORAMINA 

TABLE OF FORAMINA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Transmits. 


Cecal (of pharynx). 


Median line of posterior wall of the pharynx; a depression in 
the mucous membrane. 




Cecal, posterior. 


A depression just below the pons. 


The ventral median fissure terminates 
in this. 


Cecal (of retina). 


See Fovea centra/is. 




Cecal, retro-anal. 


See Foveola coccygea. 




Cecal (of superior 
maxilla). 


See Incisive. 




Cecal (of tongue). 


Posterior termination of the median raphe of tongue. 


A number of small glands open into it. 


Central. 


See Fovea centralis. 




Central (of the cochlea). 


See Cochlece centrale. 




Central (of Scemmer- 
ring). 


See Central (of the retina). 




Cervical. 


Transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae. 


The vertebral artery and vein. 


Clinoideo-carotic. 


See Carotico-clinoid. 




Cochleae centrale. 


The largest of several openings at the base of the modiolus. 




Common, anterior. 


See Foramen of Monro. 




Conarial. 


The orifice of the conarial recess. 




Condylar, anterior. 


See Condyloid, anterior. 




Condylar, posterior. 


Behind the condyles of the occipital bone, opening externally 
into the occipital fossa. 


Veins. 


Condyloid, accessory. 


A small foramen near the anterior condyloid foramen. 


A vein, occasionally. 


Condyloid, anterior 
(sometimes double). 


Anterior to and to the outer side of each occipital condyle, 
passing downward, outward, and forward through the basilar 
process. 


The hypoglossal nerve ; occasionally a 
meningeal branch of the ascending 
pharyngeal artery. 


Condyloid, posterior. 


The fossa behind the occipital condyles. 


A vein to the lateral sinus. 


Coraco-scapular. 


In some animals, an orifice formed by the articulation of the 
coracoid bone with the scapula. 




Cordiform. 


In reptiles, the obturator foramen. 




Costo-transverse. 


The space between the transverse process of a vertebra and 
the neck of its corresponding rib. 


Branches of intercostal arteries and 
nerves. 


Cotyloid. 


A notch in the acetabulum converted into a canal by a ligament. 


Vessels and nerves. 


Cribrosa. 


Small openings in the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid bone. 


Filaments of the olfactory nerves. 


Cruro-popliteal, ante- 
rior. 


An aperture in the upper part of the tibio-fibular interosseous 
membrane. 


The anterior tibial vessels. 


Dental, inferior. 


The external aperture of the inferior dental canal, in the 
ramus of the inferior maxilla. 


Inferior dental vessels and nerves. 


Dextrum. 


See Quadrate. 




Diaphragmatic. 


Several canals through the diaphragm. 


The esophagus, aorta, vagus nerves, 
inferior vena cava, and other struc- 
tures. 


Diaphragmatic, left in- 
ferior. 


See Aortic. 




Diaphragmatic, left su- 
perior. 


See Esophageal. 




Diploic. 


Small openings in the inner plate of the cranial bones, leading 
from the cranial cavity into the diploe. 


Veins. 


Of Duverney. 


See Foramen of IVinslow. 




Emissary. 


The skull. 


The emissary veins. 


Epiploic. 


See Foramen of Winslow. 




Epitrochlear. 


In many animals, on the inner condyle of the humerus ; some- 
times present or represented in man by a groove. 





FORAMINA 485 FORAMINA 

TABLE OF FORAMINA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Transmits. 


Esophageal. 


The diaphragm. 


The esophagus. 


Ethmoid, anterior. 


A canal formed between the ethmoid and frontal bones. 


The nasal branch of the ophthalmic 
nerve; anterior ethmoid vessels. 


Ethmoid, posterior. 


See Canal, Ethmoid, posterior. 


Posterior ethmoid artery and vein. 


Frontal. 


The supra-orbital notch of the frontal bone when it is con- 
verted into a canal by an overlying process of bone. 


Supraorbital vessels and nerves. 


Fronto-ethmoid. 


The foramen cecum in the suture between the frontal and eth- 
moid bones. 




Glandulosum Mor- 
gagni. 


See Foramen cecum {of tongue). 




OfHuschke. 


A perforation often found near the inner extremity of the tym- 
panic plate ; it is due to an arrest of development. 


Connects the glenoid fossa of the tem- 
poral bone with the external auditory 
meatus. 


Incisive. 


See Incisor 




Incisor. 


Aperture of the incisor canal in the alveolar margin. 


Nerves and vessels to the incisor 
teeth. 


Infra-maxillary. 


The inferior dental canal, q. v., under Canal. 




Infra-orbital. 


In the superior maxilla, the external aperture of the infra- 
orbital canal. 


The infraorbital nerve and artery. 


Infra-pubic. 


See Obturator. 




Innominate. 


Temporal bone. 


The Vidian nerve. 


Intercarpal. 


The carpus of batrachians. 




Interclinoid. 


A canal formed by an anomalous process, connecting the 
middle and posterior clinoid processes of the sphenoid. 




Intermaxillary. 


See Incisor. 




Interorbital. 


In birds, a space in the bony plate separating the orbits. 




Intervertebral, ante- 
rior. 


The aperture formed by the notches opposite to each other in 
the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. 


The spinal nerves and vessels. 


Intervertebral, poste- 
rior. 


The space between the articular processes of adjacent verte- 
brae, except the first cervical 




Ischiadic, major. 


See Sacro- sciatic, great. 




Ischiadic, middle 


An open space left between an anomalous and the normal sacro- 
spinal ligament. 




Ischiadic, minor or 
small. 


See Sacro-sciatic , small. 




Ischio-pubic. 


See Obturator. 




Jugular. 


See Lacerated, posterior. 




Jugular, spurious. 


An anomalous opening in the squamous portion of the temporal 
bone. 


A vessel that connects the external jug- 
ular vein with an intracranial vessel. 


Lacerated, anterior. 


See Sphenoid fissure. 




Lacerated, inferior. 


See Spheno-maxillary fissure. 




Lacerated, jugular. 


See Lacerated, posterior. 




Lacerated, middle. 


An irregular aperture between the apex of the petrous por- 
tion of the temporal bone and the body and great wing of 
the sphenoid, and the basilar process of the occipital bone. 


The carotid artery and the large 
superficial petrosal nerve. 


Lacerated, orbital. 


The Sphenoid Fissure, q. v. 




Lacerated, posterior. 


The space formed by the jugular notches of the occipital and 
temporal bones, divided into two portions. 


The posterior portion, the internal 
jugular vein ; the anterior portion, 
the 9th, ioth, and nth cranial nerves, 
and the inferior petrosal sinus. 


Lacerated, superior. 


See Sphenoid fissure. 




Of Magendie. 


An orifice in the membranous roof of the fourth ventricle. 




Magnum. 


See Magnum occipitale. 





FORAMINA 486 FORAMINA 

TABLE OF FORAMINA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Transmits. 


Magnum ischii. 


The Obturator foramen, q. v. 




Magnum occipitale. 


A large oval aperture, centrally placed in the lower and 
anterior part ot the occipital bone. 


The spinal cord and its membranes ; 
the spinal accessory nerves; the ver- 
tebral arteries. 


Malar. 


The malar bone. 


Nerves and vessels. 


Mandibular. 


See Dental, inferior. 




Mandibular, anterior. 


See Mental. 




Mandibular, posterior. 


See Dental, inferior. 




Mastoid. 


A small foramen behind the mastoid process. 


A small artery from the dura ; a vein 
opening into the lateral sinus. 


Mastoid, posterior. 


See Mastoid. 




Maxillary, anterior. 


See Mental. 




Maxillary, inferior. 


See Dental, inferior. 




Maxillary, posterior. 


See Dental, inferior. 




Maxillary, superior. 


See Canal, Dental, posterior. 




Medium. 


See Lacerated, middle. 




Medullse spinalis. 


See Vertebral. 




Medullary. 


See Nutrient. 




Medullary (of the ver- 
tebral column). 


See Vertebral. 




Of Meibomius. 


See Cecum (of the tongue). 




Meningeal. 


An anomalous opening in the squamous portion of the temporal 
bone. 


A branch of the middle meningeal 
artery. 


Mental. 


A foramen in the inferior maxilla, external to the incisive fossa, 
midway between the upper and lower borders of the bone, 
and in the interval between the two bicuspid teeth. 


Mental nerve and vessels. 


Of Monro. 


An opening behind the anterior pillars of the fornix through 
which the lateral ventricle of the brain communicates with 
the third ventricle. 


The choroid plexus. 


Monro, anterior of. 


See Foramen of Monro. 




Monro, primitive. 


The primitive foramen that connects the third with the lateral 
ventricle of the brain. 




Morgagni's. 


See Cecum (of tongue). 




Nasal. 


Small canals that perforate the nasal bones. 


Vessels and nerves. 


Nutrient. 


The canal connecting the medullary cavity of the bone with 
its external surface. 


The nutrient vessels. 


Nutrient (of femur). 


The aperture near the upper part of the linea aspera of the 
femur. 


Nutrient artery. 


Nutrient (of humerus). 


The aperture slightly below the middle of the humerus. 


The nutrient artery. 


Nutrient (of radius). 


The aperture on the anterior surface of the radius. 


The nutrient artery. 


Nutrient (of ulna). 


The aperture on the anterior surface of the ulna. 


The nutrient artery- 


Obturator. 


The large ovoid opening between the ischium and the pubis, 
internal and inferior to the acetabulum ; it is partly closed in 
by a fibrous membrane. 


Obturator vessels and nerves. 


Occipital. 


See Magnum occipitale. 




Occipital, superior. 


See Superior occipital. 




Occipitale, magnum. 


See Magnum occipitale. 




Oculi. 


The pupil. 


Rays of light. 


Olfactory. 


Numerous foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid. 


Olfactory nerves. 


Omental, great. 


The communication between the cavities of the greater and 
lesser omenta. 





FORAMINA 487 FORAMINA 

TABLE OF FORAMINA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Transmits. 


Omental, lesser or 
small. 


See Foramen of Winsloiv. 




Oodes. 


See Obturator. 




Optic. 


The canal at the apex of the orbit, the anterior termination of 
the optic groove, just beneath the lesser wing of the sphenoid 
bone. 


Optic nerve ; ophthalmic artery. 


Optic (of the choroid). 


The choroid. 


The optic nerve-fibers pass through 
this to their expansion in the re- 
tina. 


Optic (of the sclera). 


The sclerotic coat of the eye. 


The optic nerve. 


Orbital, anterior inter- 
nal. 


See Ethmoid, anterior. 




Orbital, internal. 


See Canal, Ethmoid, anterior. 




Orbital, superior. 


See Supraorbital. 




Ossis pubis. 


See Obturator . 




Oval (of the heart). 


See Foramen of Botal. 




Oval (of the hip). 


See Obturator. 




Oval (of innominate 
bone). 


See Obturator. 




Oval (of the sphenoid). 


An ovoid aperture near the posterior margin of the great 
wing of the sphenoid. 


The inferior maxillary division of the 
trigeminal nerve ; the small menin- 
geal artery ; occasionally, the small 
petrosal nerve. 


Pacchionian. 


The depressions on the inner surface of the skull. 


For the Pacchionian bodies. 


Palatine, anterior. 


See Canal, Incisor. 




Palatine, great poste- 
rior. 


The Posterior palatine canal, q. v. 




Palato-maxillary. 


See Canal, Palato-maxillary. 




Of Panizza. 


The communication between the right and left aortic arches of 
reptiles. 


Blood. 


Papillaria. 


The opening of the uriniferous tubules at the apices of the pyra- 
mids of Malpighi. 


Urine. 


Parietal. 


Near the posterior superior angle of the parietal bone ; incon- 
stant. 


An emissary vein of the superior 
longitudinal sinus ; occasionally a 
small branch of the occipital artery. 


Pelvic, large. 


See Obturator. 




Pneumatic. 


In birds, a large aperture near one end of the long pneumatic 
bones communicating with the interior. 


Permits the entrance of air. 


Posterior. 


See Lacerated, posterior. 




Postglenal. 


See Postglenoid. 




Postglenoid. 


In comparative anatomy, an opening immediately posterior to 
the root of the zygoma. 




Postpalatine. 


The Posterior palatine canal, q. v. 




Pre-acetabular. 


In the Cheiroptera, an opening formed by a process extending 
from the ilio-pectineal eminence to the anterior extremity of 
the ilium. 




Pro sinu petroso infe- 
riore. 


An anomalous roundish opening formed by adjacent portions 
of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and the occipital 
bone. 


The inferior petrosal sinus. 


Profundum. 


See Iter ad infundibulum. 




Pterygo-palatine. 


The external aperture of the pterygo-palatine canal. 


Pterygo-palatine vessels ; pharyngeal 
nerve. 


Quadrate. 


The diaphragm. 


The inferior vena cava. 


Repugnatoria. 


In Cheilognatha, apertures of cutaneous glands on each side 
of the back, in rows. 


Secrete a defensive corrosive fluid. 



FORAMINA 488 FORAMINA 

TABLE OF FORAMINA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Transmits. 


Retina centrale. 


See Fovea centralis. 




Of Rivini. 


An opening in the tympanum, the existence of which is dis- 
puted. 




Rotundum. 


See Round. 




Round. 


A roundish opening in the great wing of the sphenoid bone. 


The superior division of the fifth 
nerve. 


Sacral, anterior {four 
on either side). 


On anterior surface of sacrum, connecting with sacral canal. 


The anterior branches of sacral nerves. 


Sacral, posterior (four 
on either side). 


The posterior surface of the sacrum, external to the articular 
processes. 


Posterior branches of sacral nerves. 


Sacro-sciatic, great. 


The oval space between the lesser sacro-sciatic ligament and 
the innominate bone. 


The pyriformis muscle, the gluteal, 
sciatic, and pudic vessels and nerves. 


Sacro-sciatic, small. 


The space included between the greater and lesser sacro- 
sciatic ligaments and the portion of the innominate bone 
between the spine and tuberosity ot the ischium. 


Internal obturator muscle ; the inter- 
nal pudic vessels and nerves. 


Saphenous. 


See Saphenous Opening. 




Scapular. 


The supra-scapular notch, when it is converted into a foramen 
by a ligamentous or bony structure. 


Suprascapular nerve and artery. 


Of Scarpa. 


Bony canals opening into the incisor canal. 


The naso-palatine nerves 


Sclerotic, anterior. 


The opening in the sclerotic which is filled in by the cornea. 




Sclerotic, posterior. 


See Optic (of the sclera). 




Of Soemmering. 


See Fovea centralis, and Central (of the retina). 




Spheno-frontal. 


In the cartilaginous basis of the skull, between the labyrinths 
of the ethmoid and the alae parva? of the sphenoid and the 
anterior sphenoid. 




Sphenoidal, anterior. 


A rare anomalous opening in the pterygoid process of the 
sphenoid borie. 


The internal maxillary artery. 


Spheno-palatine. 


The space between the sphenoid and orbital processes of the 
palate and sphenoid spongy bone ; it opens into the nasal 
cavity. 


Branches from Meckel's ganglion ; the 
nasal branch of the internal maxil- 
lary artery. 


Spheno-spinosum. 


See Spinosum. 




Spinal. 


See Vertebral. 




Spinosum. 


The great wing of the sphenoid bone, near its posterior angle. 


The middle meningeal artery. 


Spondli. 


See Spheno-frontal. 


/ 


Of Stensen. 


See Canal, Incisor. 




Sternal. 


Near the inferior termination of the sternum ; inconstant. 


Vessel. 


Stylo-mastoid. 


Between the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal 
bone, constituting the external aperture of the aqueduct of 
Fallopius. 


Facial nerve ; stylo-mastoid artery. 


Suborbital. 


The orifice at the anterior end of the infraorbital canal. 


Infraorbital artery and nerve. 


Subsacral. 


See Sacral, anterior. 




Supersacral. 


See Sacral, posterior. 




Supracondyloid. 


See Fpitrochlear. 




Supra-orbital. 


A notch in the superior orbital margin at the junction of the 
middle with the inner third, sometimes converted into a 
foramen by a bony process or a ligamentous band. It is the 
orifice of a groove in the upper wall of the orbit. 


Supra-orbital artery, veins, and 
nerve. 


Supratrochlear. 


The thin plate of bone between the olecranon and the coronoid 
fossa of the humerus ; inconstant. 




Of Tarinus. 


The Hiatus Fallopii, q. v. 




Of Thebesius. 


Small depressions on the inner surface of the heart, especially 
in the right auricle. 


Some of these are cul-de-sacs ; others 
are the mouths of the venae minima? 
cordis. 


Thyreoid. 


See Thyroid. 





FORAMINA 489 FORCEPS 

TABLE OF FORAMINA. — Continued. . 



Name. 


Location. 


Transmits. 


Thyroid. 


i. A foramen in the ala of the thyroid cartilage, more or less 
completely covered by perichondrium. 2. See Obturator. 




Trachelian. 


See Vertebrarterial. 




Transverse. 


See Vertebrarterial. 




Venae cavae. 


See Quadrate. 




Venae saphenae. 


See Saphenous Opening. 




Venosura. 


See Quadrate. 




Vertebral. 


The space included between the body and arch of a vertebra 


The spinal cord and its appendages. 


Vertebrarterial. 


The foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical 
vertebrae. 


Vertebral artery and vein. 


Vesalius. 


A minute inconstant aperture at the root of the pterygoid 
process of the sphenoid bone. 


A small vein. 


Vicq d'Azyr's. 


See Foramen cecum, anterior and posterior. 




Vidian. 


See Canal, Vidian. 




Of the vomer. 


The posterior aperture of the canal of the vomer. 




Of Winslovv. 


An aperture situated between the liver and stomach, bounded 
in front by the portal vein, hepatic artery and duct, behind, 
by the inferior vena cava, below, by the hepatic artery, and 
above, by the liver. It is formed by folds of the peritoneum, 
and establishes communication between the greater and lesser 
cavities of the peritoneum. 




Zygomatic, anterior. 


See Zygomatico-facial. 




Zygomatic, external. 


See Zygo/nalico-facial. 




Zygomatic, internal. 


See Zygomatico-temporal. 




Zygomatic, posterior. 


See Zygomatico-temporal. 




Zygomatic, superior. 


See Zygomatico-temporal. 




Zygomatic, temporal. 


See Zygomatico-temporal. 




Zy gomati co-facial . 


The aperture of the malar canal on the facial surface of the 
malar bone. 


Malar division of temporo-malar 
branch of superior maxillary nerve. 


Zygomatico-temporal. 


The external aperture of the malar canal, on the temporal 
surface of the malar bone. 


Malar division of temporo-m al ai 
branch of superior maxillary nerve. 



Foraminated [fo-ram'-in-a-ted) \_foranien, an open- 
ing]. Containing foramina. 

Foraminiferous (fo-ram-m-if '-er-us) . Same as For- 
aminated. 

Forbes, Micrococcus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. F., Operation of. See Operations, Table of. 

Force (fors) \_fortis, strong]. That which produces or 
arrests motion. The rate of transformation of energy 
in time. Whatever may be converted into motion 
(Robert Mayer). 

Forced (forst) \_fortis, strong]. Accomplished by 
an unusual exertion of force. F. Feeding. See Sur- 
alimentation and Feeding. 

Forceps [for'-seps] [forceps, a pair of tongs]. An 
instrument with two blades and handles for purposes 
of seizing, traction, etc., in surgical, obstetric, and 
other operations. F., Angular, one bent for introduc- 
tion into a canal. F., Arterial, one specially adapted 
for seizing an artery ; many varieties are named after 
inventors. F., Bone, one exceptionally strong, for 
use in operations upon bones. F., Bull-dog, a 
forceps with sharp teeth (as for holding an artery). 
F., Bullet, one of peculiar construction, to extract 
bullets. F., Cannula, long, slender forceps enclosed 



in a tube, that opens by protruding the blades. F., 
Catch, a forceps with a catch on the handle. F., 
Craniotomy, the halves are crossed and adapted to 
embryotomy. F., Dental, adapted for extraction of 
teeth. This was probably among the first, and, per- 
haps, almost the only instrument employed for the 
extraction of teeth, until the invention of Garengeot, 
in the early part of the eighteenth century. But from 
the time of Celsus, down to this period, the forceps 
used for the extraction of teeth were so rude in 
their construction and so illy adapted for the purpose, 
that for the removal of the molar teeth the employ- 
ment of the key-instrument became general, both 
among dentists and physicians. At the present 
time, however, forceps have been so greatly im- 
proved that the key is but little used. F., Duck- 
bill. See Duckbill. F., Ectropion, adapted foi 
seizing the lid in operations for ectropion. F., Gouge, 
cutting-forceps for operations upon bone. F., Hem- 
ostatic, a forceps for controlling hemorrhage. F., 
Iridectomy, a delicate forceps for seizing the iris. 
F., Midwifery, or Obstetric, a forceps for grasping 
the fetal head in difficult labor and by traction aiding 
its exit; there is a great number of varieties. F., 



FORCIBLE 



490 



FORNICATE 



Rat-toothed, a form of forceps used in the removal 




[forceps, 

a pair of 
of a minor 



Simpson's Obstetric Forceps. 
With Poullet Tape-attachment for Axis-traction. 

of bullets, or other foreign bodies, from wounds. F., 
Spring, same as F., Catch. 

Forcible {for'-sib-l) \_fortis, strong]. With force or 
power. F. Extension. See Extension. 

Forcipate, Forcipated {for'-sip-df, -a-ted 
forceps]. In biology, forceps-like. 

Forcipressure {/or' '-se-presh' '-ur) [forceps 
tongs; pressitra, a pressing]. The arrest 
hemorrhage by catching the end of the divided vessel 
with a pair of spring-forceps, the pressure being kept 
up for 24-36 hours. 

Fore {for) [ME. ,fore, before]. Applied to the part 
that is in front or first. F.-arm, that part of the arm 
between the wrist and the elbow. F. -brain, the ante- 
rior of the encephalic vesicles into which the primary 
nervous axis of the embryo divides at an early stage ; at 
a later stage, the prosencephalon. F. -finger, the index 
finger. F.-foot, the foot of a fore-limb. F. -front, 
the forehead. F.-gut, the cavity in the raised ceph- 
alic end of the embryo, called also headgut. The 
rudimentary pharynx and duodenum, with the inter- 
mediate portions of the future alimentary canal, are 
included in the foregut. F.-head, that part of the 
face between the orbits of the eyes, the hair above, 
and the temples at the sides. F.-limb, the pectoral 
limb of an animal. F.-milk. 1. The colostrum, 
q. v. 2. The first part of the milk taken from the 
teat at any one milking. It is less rich in butter than 
is the after-milk, or strippings. F.-skin, the prepuce, 
q. v. ; the term sometimes designates also the 
dewlap occasionally seen upon the throat of an aged 
person. F. -waters, a name sometimes given to that 
portion of the amniotic sac and its contents in advance 
of the presenting part in labor. 



Foreign {for'-eti) [ME., furen, foreign]. Alien; ex- 
otic ; not native ; irrelevant. F. Body, a substance 
in a wound, organ, or cavity not normally present. 

Forensic {for-en'-sik) [forensis, belonging to the 
forum]. Pertaining to a court of law. In medicine, 
that part of the science connected with judicial in- 
quiry. Also, medical jurisprudence. 

Forest's Method. See Artificial Respiration. 

Forficate {for'-fik-dt) [forfex, scissors]. In biology, 
deeply-forked. 

Fork [ME., fork, a fork], A name frequently given 
to the space between the thighs. 

Form [forma, shape]. The external shape or config- 
uration of the body, or of a part of a body. 

Formaldehyd {form-al' '-de-hld) \_formica, an ant , 
a/de/iydl. Formic aldehyd. See Aldehyd, Formic. 

Formalin {for'-mal-in) [formica, an ant], HCOH. 
A proprietary germicide composed of a 40 per cent, 
solution of formaldehyd. Unof. 

Formanilid {form-an 1 '-il-id) [formica, an ant ; anilin~\, 
C 7 H 7 NO. A substance obtained on digesting anilin 
with formic acid, or by rapidly heating anilin with 
oxalic acid. It consists of colorless prisms, readily 
soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, melting at 46 C. 

Formatio {for-ma'-ske-o) [L. ]. A formation. F. 
reticularis, the intercrossing of the fibers of the ante- 
rior columns in the medulla. 

Formative {form' -at-iv) [formare, to form]. Plastic; 
molding. F. Cell, a large spheric, refractive cell be- 
neath the hypoblast. 

Formic Acid {for'-mik). See Acid. 

Formicant {for' ' -mik-ant) [fortnicare, to crawl like an 
ant]. Creeping, or moving with a small and feeble ac- 
tion ; applied to the pulse when it is unequal and scarcely 
perceptible. 

Formication {for-mik-a' -shtai) [ formica, an ant]. A 
sensation like that produced by ants or other insects 
crawling upon the skin. F., Cocain. See Cocain- 
bug. 

Formol {for'-tnol) [fo?-mica, an ant], CH 2 0. A name 
given to formic aldehyd or formaldehyd. It is a 
powerful antiseptic, ranking as one of the best, but 
its microbicidal power in a given time is very feeble. 

Formula { form'-u-ia/i) [dim. of forma, a form : //., 
Formidtv\. A prescribed method. In pharmacy, a 
list of the names and respective quantities of substances 
entering into a composition. In chemistry, a method 
of representing the gravimetric structure of a compound 
by symbols. F., Constitutional, or Rational, one 
that indicates only the union of individual atoms, 
such as are especially characteristic of the compound. 
F., Empiric. See F. , Unitary. F., Graphic. 
Same as F. , Constitutional. F., Rational. Same as 
F. , Constitutional. F., Structural, one that indicates 
the complete grouping of all of the atoms, representing 
the whole chemic deportment of a given compound. 
F., Unitary, or Empiric, one that belongs to an entire 
series of bodies that are isomeric, yet wholly different, 
and that affords no hint as to the character of the com- 
pound. 

Formulary ( for'-mu-/a-re) [ formula ; dim. of forma, 
form]. F., National, a collection of widely-used 
and well-known preparations, omitted from the U. S. 
Pharmacopeia, but collected and published by the 
American Pharmaceutic Association. 

Formyl {for'-mil) [formica, '0n& ant; vTir/, matter], 
CHO. The radicle of formic acid. 

Forne's Method. See Anesthetic. 

Forneaux Jordan's Operations. See Operations. 

Fornicate ( for'-nik-dt) [ fornix, an arch]. In biology, 
bearing fornices ; overarched. To commit fornica- 
tion. 



FORNICATION 



491 



FOUR 



Fornication (for-nik-a' -shun) [fomicari, to forni- 
cate]. The illicit sexual intercourse of an unmarried 
person of either sex with another, whether married or 
not. 

Fornicolumn (for' -ne-kol-uni) [fornix, an arch ; col- 
umna, a column]. The anterior pillar of the fornix, 
one in each hemicerebrum. It is a bundle of fibers 
ascending from the albicans and thalamus, passing 
just caudad of the precommissure, forming the cephalic 
boundary of the porta, and ending in the temporal lobe. 

Fornicommissure (for-ne-kom' '-is-shiir) [fornix, an 
arch; commissura, a commissure]. A lamina of 
greater or less thickness uniting the two hemifornices 
of the brain. It is not a true commissure, nor even 
fibrous in structure. 

Fornicrista (for-ne-kris' -tah ). See Crista. 

Fornix (for'-uiks) [fornix, an arch]. I. An arched 
portion of the brain composed of the two hippocamps 
and their respective fimbrias, united across the meson 
by a thin lamina, the forni commissure. 2. In biol- 
ogy, a vaulted or arched arrangement or appendage, 
as, for example, the scales in the throat of some 
corollas, or the hollow beneath the umbo of a bi- 
valve shell. F. descendens. See Bundle of Vicq 
d'Azyr. 

Forster's Method. See Cataract, Artificial Matura- 
tion of. F.'s, Operation. See Ope?-ations, Table of. 

Fortification Spectrum (for-tif-ik-a' -shun spek' -trum). 
Teichopsia ; the appearance of a peculiar subjective 
visual sensation in migraine. The luminous shape of 
its outer edge assumes a zigzag form, with angles like 
those of a fortification. 

Fosforus (fos'-for-us). A commendable orthography 
for phosphorus . It has been recommended for adop- 
tion by recent spelling-reformers. 

Fossa (fos'-ah) [fossa, a ditch : pi., Fossa]. A de- 
pression, furrow, or sinus. F., Canine, the depression 
on the external surface of the superior maxillary bone, 
giving rise to the origin of the levator anguli oris and 
compressor nasi muscles. F., Condyloid, a fossa 
behind each condyle of the occipital bone. F. coro- 
naris, the boundary between the disc and corona, in 
Medusce. F., Cranial, any fossa of the skull. F., 
Digastric, a deep groove on the inner aspect of the 
mastoid process for the attachment of the digastric 
muscle. F., Digital, a deep depression at the base 
of the inner surface of the great trochanter of the femur. 
F., Glenoid, the fossa in the temporal bone that receives 
the condyle of the lower jaw. F. , Hyaloid, a depres- 
sion in the anterior surface of the vitreous body for the 
crystalline lens. F. , Hyoid, a small cavity external 
to the ary-epiglottic fold on either side of the larynx. 
It is also called the Sinus pyriformis. F., Iliac, the 
smooth internal surface of the ilium. F., Incisive, 
a depression in the superior maxillary bone just above 
the incisor teeth. F., Infraclavicular. See F, 
Mohrenheim' s. F. innominata. Same as F. sca- 
phoidea. F., Jugular, a deep excavation in the pe- 
trous portion of the temporal bone, forming part of the 
posterior lacerated foramen. F. lachrymalis, the de- 
pression in the frontal bone for the reception of the 
lachrymal gland. F., Lenticular. Same as F. , 
Hyaloid. F., Mohrenheim's, the infraclavicular 
fossa ; a triangular depression beneath the clavicle. 
F., Myrtiform. Same as F., Incisive. F., Nasal, 
the nostrils. See Nasal Fossa. F. navicularis, 
MorgagnVs fossa, a fossa within the penis, formed by 
a dilatation in the spongy portion of the urethral pas- 
sage. F., Occipital, a fossa behind the condyle of 
the occipital bone. F., Olfactory, the fossa in the 
fetus that develops into the nasal fossa. F. ovalis, 
an oval depression in the right auricle of the heart. F., 



Palatine, the anterior palatine canal passing through 
the palatine process of the superior maxillary bone. It 
branches into four compartments, the foramina of Sten- 
sen, and the foramina of Scarpa. F. patellaris, a de- 
pression on the anterior aspect of the vitreous humor in 
which rests the posterior surface of the lens. F., 
Pituitary, a depression below the olivary process of 
the sphenoid bone lodging the pituitary body. F., 
Prepontile, the anterior foramen csecum. See Fora- 
mina, Table of. F., Pterygoid, the notch separating 
the external and internal plates of the pterygoid pro- 
cess of the sphenoid. F. of Rosenmiiller, a depres- 
sion on the posterior wall of the naso-pharynx immedi- 
ately behind the Eustachian orifice. F. scaphoidea, 
the curved depression between the helix and antihelix 
of the external ear. F. sigmoidea, a deep groove on the 
internal surface of the mastoid portion of the temporal 
bone into which the mastoid foramen opens. F., Sphe- 
no-maxillary, a triangular space at the angle of the 
spheno-maxillary and pterygo-maxillary fissures. F., 
Sublingual, a depression on the internal surface of the 
inferior maxillary bone, for containing the sublingual 
gland. F., Submaxillary, the oblong depression on 
the internal surface of the inferior maxillary bone, 
which contains the submaxillary gland. F., Sub- 
scapular, a broad cavity on the internal surface of 
the scapula. F., Temporal, the fossa on either side of 
the head filled by the temporal muscle. It is formed 
by parts of the frontal, sphenoid, parietal, temporal, 
and malar bones. F., Trochanteric. Same as F. , 
Digital. F., Zygomatic, a cavity below and on the 
inner side of the zygoma. 

Fosset, or Fossette (fos-et') [Fr.]. A dimple or small 
depression. 

Fossilin (fos'-il-in) [fossilis, dug up]. A trade-name 
for a product resembling vaselin. 

Fossula (fos'-su-lah) [dim. of fossa, a ditch : //., Fos- 
sulcf\. I. In biology, a small fossa. 2. Any one of 
the numerous slight depressions on the surface of the 
cerebrum. F. olfactoriae, the olfactory depressions 
of acraspede medusa;. 

Fothergill's Disease, or Faceache. See Diseases, 
Table of. F.'s Sore-throat, a synonym of the angi- 
noid variety of scarlet fever [Scarlatina anginosa). 

Foubert's Test. See Death. 

Foudroyancy (foo-droi' -an-se) [Fr. ]. The property of 
being foudroyant. 

Foudroyant (foo-droi' -ant") [Fr.]. Sudden and over- 
whelming ; fulminant ; fulgurant. 

Foul (fowl) [ME., foul, foul]. Filthy; offensive; dis- 
gusting. F.-in-the-foot. .See F.-rot. F.-rot, an 
inflammatory disease of the hoofs of cattle ; it is at- 
tended with suppuration. 

Foulage (foo-lahzh') [Fr., " fulling, or pressing"]. In 
massage, a form of manipulation of the tissues. See 
Fulling. 

Foulbrood (fowl' -brood). A contagious zymotic dis- 
ease of the honey-bee and its larva, due to the 
presence of the Bacillus alvei. See Bacteria, Syno- 
ny?7iatic, Table of. 

Foullioy's Operation. See Operations , Table of. 

Founder (fown'-de?-) [fundere, to pour]. Laminitis 
(a. v.) of the horse's fore-feet, with the accompanying 
disorders of related parts. F., Chest, founder in a 
horse, marked or accompanied by atrophy of the chest- 
muscles. 

Foundling (found' -ling) [Ger. , funden, found]. An 
abandoned infant. 

Four (for) [ME., feowur, four]. Twice two. F.-drug 
Ointment. See Basilicon Ointment. F. Masters, 
Suture of the. See Suture. F. -tailed Bandage. See 
Bandage, 



FOURCHET 



492 



FRAMBESIOID 



Fourchet, or Fourchette (foor-shet') [Fr. , a fork]. 
I. A fold of mucous membrane at the posterior junc- 
tion of the labia majora. 2. A forked instrument 
used in division of the frenum linguae. 

Fournier's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Fovea (fo-ve'-ah) [fovea, a small pit]. Applied to 
many depressions in the body or its organs, but more 
particularly to the fovea centralis retina, a little pit in 
the macula lutea opposite the visual axis, the spot of 
distinctest vision, where the retinal cones are massed 
together and the rods and some other parts are absent. 
It is opposite the center of the cornea. F. hemiellip- 
tica, recessus ellipticus ; sinus semiovalis ; a small 
fossa on the inner wall of the labyrinth, between the 
fovea hemispherica and the orifices of the semicircular 
canals. F. hemispherica, recessus sphericus ; a 
depression in the forepart of the inner wall of the 
labyrinth. 

Foveate [fo'-ve-at) \_ fovea, a small pit]. In biology, 
deeply pitted. 

Foveola (fo-ve / -o-lali) [dim. of fovea, a small pit]. I. 
A small pit or depression. 2. The depression at the 
summit of each papilla of the kidney. F. coccygea, 
a slight depression — a congenital defect — a little above 
the anus and at the apex of the coccyx. It is due 
to imperfect development. F. inguinalis, a some- 
what funnel-shaped depression in the external in- 
guinal fossa. It is open in fetal life, and is the ab- 
dominal end of the inguinal canal, through which the 
testis descended. F. radialis. See Anatomist' 's 
Snuffbox. 

Fovilla (fo-vil' '-all) \_fovere, to warm, to cherish: //. , 
Fovillcz~\. In biology, the protoplasmic contents of a 
pollen-grain. 

Fowler's Method. A method of estimating the amount 
of urea in the urine. It consists in mixing one volume 
of the urine with seven volumes of liquor sodse chlo- 
ratae (U. S. P.) and comparing the specific gravity 
before and after effervescence. See Urea. F.'s Solu- 
tion. See Arsenic. 

Fox's Apparatus. An apparatus for treating fracture of 
the clavicle. It consists of a pad in the axilla with a 
suspensory apparatus from the opposite shoulder. 

Fox-glove (fohs'-gluv). See Digitalis. 

Foxination (foks-in-a' -shun) . See Hypnotism. 

Fractional [frak'-shun-ai) \_fractio, a breaking]. Per- 
taining to fractions. F. Cultivation, the isolation of 
one variety of microorganism from a mixture of several, 
in order to study or cultivate it. This is done by at- 
tenuation of the medium so that a drop will probably 
contain but one organism. Distilled water was first 
used as the attenuating medium, but gelatinized media 
are now used. Brefeld and Nageli suggested the 
procedure, and Lister isolated the first microbe, the 
Bacillus lacticus of Cohn. F. Distillation. See Dis- 
tillation. 

Fractionation (frak-shan-a'-shun) [ fractio, a break- 
ing]. Chemic separation by successive operations. 

Fractura (fraktilr'-ah) [L.]. A fracture. F. dentis, 
fracture of a tooth. 

Fracture (f>-ak'-tiir) \_ fractura ; frangere, to break]. 
The breaking of a bone, either by external force, or 
by the action of the muscles of the body. Applied 
also to the breaking of a cartilage. F., Barton's, 
an oblique fracture of the lower end of the radius, begin- 
ning on the articulating surface. F.-bed, a doubly- 
inclined plane used in the treatment of fractures of the 
hip. F.-box, a long box with no ends or cover, used in 
the immobilization of fractured bones. F., Capillary, 
consisting of only a fine crack or fissure. F., Commi- 
nuted, with shattering of the bone. F., Colles', one of 
the lower end of the radius with displacement back- 



ward. F., Complete, entirely through the bone. F., 




Comminuted Fracture of Clavicle. (Moullin.) 

Complicated, with injury of adjacent parts. F., 
Compound, with a communicating wound of the skin. 
F., Depressed, with depression of the fractured part 
below the normal level, as in fracture of the skull. F., 
Double, one bone is fractured in two places. F., 
Dupuytren's, fracture of the fibula, with retraction 
and displacement outward, and with laceration of the 
ligaments of the foot. F., Epiphyseal, with separa- 
tion of the epiphysis of a bone. F., Greenstick, one 




Greenstick Fracture of the Radius. {Moullin.) 

side of the bone is broken, the other bent. F., Im- 
pacted, with forcible compression of the fragments 
into each other. F., Moore's, fracture of the lower 
end of the radius, with laceration of the internal lateral 
ligament and detachment of the triangular interarticu- 
lar cartilage, which allows of the dislocation of the 
head of the ulna and the imprisonment of the styloid 
process under the annular ligaments. F., Pott's, same 
as F., Dupuytren' 's, but without laceration of the in- 
ferior tibio-fibular ligaments. F., Shepherd's, a frac- 
ture of the astragalus, the outer projecting edge being 
detached. F., Simple, without rupture of the over- 
lying skin or mucous membrane. F., Smith's, frac- 
ture of the lower end of the radius, from a quarter of 
an inch to an inch from the articular surface. F., 
Spontaneous, with but a slight force to cause it, as 
when there is disease of the bone. 

Fraenulum (fren'-u-lum). See Frenulum. 

Fraenum (fre'-num). See Frenum. 

Fragilitas [fraj-il'-it-as) [L.]. Brittleness. In phy- 
siology, a want of flexile strength. F. crinium, an 
atrophic condition of the hair in which the individual 
hairs split into numerous fibrilte, the cleavage in many 
cases being recognizable as far as to the roots, the 
fibrils often curling in several turns away from the 
axis of the shaft. F. ossium, abnormal brittleness 
of the bones. 

Fragmentation (frag-men-ta' -shun) \_fragmcntum, a 
piece]. The subdivision into fragments; the separa- 
tion of certain forms of bacilli, or other microorgan- 
isms, into joints which become new individuals ; the 
division or segmentation of a cell. F. of Calculi, 
Spontaneous, the exfoliation and breaking up of a 
calculus by the action of the uric acid or other morbid 
products in the bladder. 

Frambesia ( J ram-be' 'se-ah) \_frambcesia, raspberry]. 
Yaws; Pian ; Amboyna Button; Parangi ; Coco; 
Endemic Verrugas. A tropical contagious disease of 
the skin, of long duration, characterized by dirty or 
bright-red raspberry-like tubercles, appearing usually 
on the face, toes, and genital organs. It is most fre- 
quent in young colored people. 

Frambesial ( fram-be'-ze-al) [ frambcesia, a raspberry]. 
Resembling, or pertaining to frambesia. 

Frambesioid ( fram-be'-z-.-oiJ )[ frambcesia, a raspberry; 
eISoq, likeness]. Resembling frambesia, or one of its 
tubercles. 



FRANCHI MONT'S TEST 



493 



FRENCH 



Franchimont's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Francis' Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Franciscea (fran-sis'-e-ah). See Manaca. 

Franck's Pill. A purgative pill containing aloes 4, 
rhubarb 2, syrup of absinthe, q. s. 

Franco's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Frangible ( fran? -jib-l\ Xfrangere, to break]. Liable 
to fracture ; breakable. 

Frangula (frang' -gu-lah) [origin uncertain]. The bark 
(one year old) of Rhamnus frangula, or alder buck- 
thorn. The fresh bark is a violent irritant ; the old bark is 
a non-irritant purgative much used in the constipation of 
pregnancy. Ext. Rhamni Frang. (B. P.). Dose 
gr. XV-3J. F., Ext., Fid. Dose ^ss-ij. Ext. 
Rham. Frang. Liq. (B. P.). Dose 3J-iv. 

Frangulin [frang' -gu-lin) [origin uncertain], C. 20 H 20 O 10 . 
Rhamnoxanthin ; a lemon-yellow, crystalline, odor- 
less, and tasteless glucosid found in Buckthorn. 

Frank [ME. , frank, open]. Of a benign or favorable 
tendency ; as a frank inflammation ; sometimes also 
applied to remedies, in a similar sense. 

Frank's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Frankel's Apparatus. A pneumatic apparatus. F.'s 
Pneumobacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table. 

Frankenhauser, Ganglion of. See Ganglia, Table 
of. F.'s Micrococcus. The micrococcus of perni- 
cious anemia. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Frankenia (frang-ke'-ne-ah) [after Johann Franke\ 
A genus of heath-like herbs and undershrubs. F. 
grandiflora, of California, called Verba rheuma, is 
astringent, and is a popular remedy for nasal, urethral 
and vaginal catarrhs. F. portulacifolia, of St. 
Helena, has been used as a substitute for tea. Other 
species of the genus are aromatic and stimulant. Unof. 

Frankfort Black. See Pigments, Conspectus of F. 
Plane. See Plane. 

Frankincense [frangk' '-in-sens) \_francum incensum, 
pure incense]. A name given to a variety of resinous 
aromatic substances, especially the exudation of Abies 
excelsa ; the term was originally, and properly, the 
same as olibanum. It is the concrete turpentine 
scraped off the trunks of Pinus australis and P. tceda. 
It is used externally as a slight stimulant and is con- 
tained in Emplastruvi picis (B. P.). 

Frankland's Artificial Human Milk. A nutritious 
preparation made from cow's milk as follows : — Allow 
Yi of a pint of new milk to stand 12 hours; remove 
the cream, and mix it with % of a pint of perfectly 
fresh cow's milk. Take the milk from which the 
cream was removed, and put into it a piece of rennet 
about an inch square (fluid rennet may be employed). 
Keep the vessel containing it in a warm place, until 
the milk is fully curdled, an operation requiring from 
5 to 15 minutes according to the activity of the rennet. 
Break up the curd repeatedly, and carefully separate 
the whole of the whey, which should then be rap- 
idly heated to boiling in a small tin-pan placed over a 
spirit-lamp or gas-lamp. During the heating a further 
quantity of casein, technically called " Meetings, " sepa- 
rates, and must be removed by straining through clean 
muslin . Now dissolve 1 10 grains of powdered sugar of 
milk in the hot whey, and mix it with % of a pint of 
new milk to which the cream from the other fluid has 
already been added. The artificial milk should be used 
within 12 hours of its preparation. F.'s Method, a 
method of estimating the quantity of organic matter 
present in water. The organic carbon is oxidized and 
obtained as CO, 2 , and the organic nitrogen is liberated 
in the free gaseous state and measured. 

Franklin (frangk'-lin) [from Benjamin Frankliri\. A 
unit of static or frictional electricity. F. Spectacles. 
See Bifocal. 



Franklinic (frangk-lin'-ik) [from B. Franklin~\. Fric- 
tional. F. Electricity, static or frictional electricity. 

Franklinism (frangkt '-lin-izm). Same as Frankliniza- 
tion. 

Franklinization (frangk-lin-iz-a' -shun) [after B. 
Franklin\. The therapeutic use of frictional or static 
electricity. 

Frasera (fra'-zer-ah). See American Columbo. 

Fraserin (fra' '-zer-in) [after John Fraser, an English 
botanist]. A precipitate from a tincture of the root 
of Frasera carolinensis ; it is atonic, stimulant, and 
mildly astringent. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof. 

Fraunhofer's Lines. See Absorption, and Lines Table. 

Fraxin (fraks'-iu) \_fraxinus, an ash-tree], C 21 H 22 I3 . 
A glucosid from the bark of certain species of ash 
(Fraxinus excelsior, etc.). It forms fine, white, four- 
sided prisms, of a bitter taste. It has been proposed 
as a remedy for gout, rheumatism, etc. 

Fraxinus (fraks-in' -us) [L. ," ash-tree."]. A genus 
of trees, order Oleacete, to which the various species of 
the ash belong. F. americana, is useful in dys- 
menorrhea. A wine ( Vinum fraxini americana, 
N. F.) is prepared from its inner bark. Dose, one 
fluidrachm. F. excelsior, of Europe, affords a medici- 
nal bark, its leaves, and wood formerly being official. 
Chinese wax is collected from the branches of F. 
chinensis ; and manna from F. ornus and F. rotun- 
difolia. 

Freak (frek) [ME.,f?-eke, bold]. A popular name for 
a deformed person. 

Freckles (frek'-lz). See Lentigo and Ephclides. 

Freestone-hewers' Lung. Synonym of Pneumono- 
koniosis. 

Freezing (frez'-ing) [ME. , freesen, to freeze]. The 
congelation of liquids, especially of water. F. -fluids, 
liquid preparations, with boric acid, syrupy or gummy 
in consistence, in which tissue-specimens are immersed 
prior to freezing and section-cutting. F. -machine, 
an apparatus for producing intense cold by the evapo- 
ration of condensed gases. F. -microtome, a micro- 
tome attached to a contrivance for freezing artificially 
the tissue to be sectionized. It is used with very soft 
tissues. F. -mixture, a mixture of salts which absorb 
heat in undergoing solution. F. -point, the tempera- 
ture at which a liquid freezes. 

Freire, Micrococcus of. See Bacteria, Table of. 

Fremitus (frem'-it-us) [L. , a murmur]. A tremor 
caused by the sympathetic vibration of some part or organ 
of the body in consonance with some other vibrating 
body. Also, a murmuring. F., Friction, the vibrations 
produced by the rubbing together of two dry surfaces of 
the pleura, and felt by the hand. It is met with frequently 
in dry pleurisy. F., Rhonchal, vibrations produced by 
the passage of air through a large bronchial tube con- 
taining mucus. It is most often felt in bronchitis. 
F., Tactile, the vibratory sensation conveyed to the 
hand applied to the chest of a speaking person. F., 
Tussive, the thrill felt when the hand is placed upon 
the chest while the patient coughs. F., Vocal. 
See Vocal. 

Fremontia ( fre-mott' '-she-ah) [after John C. Fremont, 
an American explorer]. A genus of malvaceous 
shrubs. F. californica, Californian slippery elm, is 
not related botanically to the true elms, but its bark 
is used in the same way as that of the slippery elm. 

French \_Francus, a Frank]. Pertaining to France. 
F. Blue. See Artificial Ultramarine under Pigments, 
Conspectus of. F. Crust, or F. Distemper. Synonym 
of Syphilis . F. Green. Same as Schweinfurt Green. 
F. Measles. Synonym of Rotheln, q. v. F. Method, 
the manual method of instruction of deaf-mutes. F. 
Mulberry. See Callicarpa . F. Pox. Synonym of 



FRENETIC 



494 



FRONDOSE 



Syphilis. F. Purple. Same as Archil. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. F. Red. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. F. Spirit, Brandy. F. White. 
Same as White Lead. 

Frenetic (fren-et'-ik) \Yx., frenetique\ Relating to 
mental disorder. 

Freno-secretoTy (fret-no-se-kre'-tor-e) [frenum, bridle; 
secretio, a separation]. Exercising a restraining or 
inhibitory power over the secretions. 

Frenulum (fren' '-u-lum) \_dim., of frenum, a. bridle: 
pi. , Frenula\. A small or minute frenum. The name 
given to the cephalic portion of the valvula of the 
mesencephal. In biology, a strong elastic bristle on 
the upper edge and near the base of the secondary 
wing of butterflies and moths, which folds the secon- 
daries when at rest ; it serves to lock the wings 
together. 

Frenum (fre'-num) [L., a curb]. A ligament, fold 
of integument, or other part, that checks or limits the 
movements of any organ. F. dentis, the socket of 
a tooth. F. labiorum, the fourchet or lower com- 
missure of the labia pudendi. F. linguae, the bridle 
of the tongue. F., Macdowel's, the accessory fibers 
strengthening anteriorly the intermuscular septum of 
the deep fascia of the arm attached to the great pec- 
toral tendon. F. of Penis, the fold on the lower sur- 
face of the glans penis connecting it with the prepuce. 

Frenzy (fren'-ze) \_<ppkvj]aiQ ; fpr/v, brain; mind]. Ex- 
treme and violent mania. F., Transitory, a condi- 
tion of impaired consciousness characterized by either 
an intense maniacal frenzy or a confused hallucinatory 
delirium, the duration of which does not exceed the 
period of a day or two. 

Frere Come, Arsenical Paste of. Arsenious acid 
and animal charcoal, each one part ; mercuric sul- 
phid, four parts; to be used only over a small area 
at a time. F. C.'s Operation. See Operations Table. 

Fresco Colors. See Pigments, Colors, and Dyestuffs. 

Fret \fAYj.,freten, to eat up]. An abrasion; a chaf- 
ing ; herpes ; tetter. 

Fretting (fret'-ing) [M.E., freten, to eat up]. A chaf- 
ing. Synonym of Tormina. 

Fretum (fre'-tum) [L., a strait]. A constriction. F. 
of Haller, in the fetal heart, the constriction between 
the auricles and the ventricles. 

Freund's Operations. See Operations, Table of. F.'s 
Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Frey's White Mass. A substance for injecting tissues. 
Precipitate from 125 to 185 c. c. of a cold, saturated, 
aqueous solution of barium chlorid by adding H. 2 S0 4 , 
drop by drop. Allow the precipitate to settle for 24 
hours, and decant the clear fluid. The remaining mu- 
cilaginous mass is mixed with an equal volume of 
strong gelatin solution. 

Friable (fri'-ab-l) \_friare, to rub]. Easily broken or 
crumbled. 

Friar's Balsam (fri'-arz bal'-sani). A name given to 
the Balsamum traumaticum, N. F. , and also to the 
very similar Tinctura benzoini composita, U. S. P. 
See Benzoin, and Wade' s Balsam. 

Fricke's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Friction (frik'-shun) \_frictio ; fricare, to rub]. I. 
The act of rubbing. The process, in medicine, called 
shampooing. Also the inunction of a medicinal sub- 
stance by rubbing. 2. In massage, firm circular 
manipulations, always followed by centripetal strok- 
ings. Friction may be practised with the thumb, with 
the tips of the fingers, or with one hand. F.-fremitus. 
See Fremitus. F. -sound, the sound observed in 
auscultation, as a result of the rubbing together of ad- 
jacent parts, as of the pleural folds, the pericardium, 
or the peritoneum. 



Friedlander, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of . F.'s Hematoxylon Solution. See Stains, 
Table of. F.'s Method, a method of staining Pneu- 
monia-cocci. See Stains, Table of. F., Microbe of. 
See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Friedreich's Ataxia or Disease. Hereditary Ataxia, 
or Hereditary Ataxic Paraplegia, or Postero-lateral 
Sclerosis, depending on combined posterior and lateral 
sclerosis of the cord, and differing from tabes and 
ataxic paraplegia in the early age of its appearance, 
its hereditary nature, and some other features. Also 
applied to Paramyoclonus multiplex. See Diseases, 
Table of . F.'s Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, 
Table of. 

Fright (frit) [ME. ,frizt, fright]. Sudden and extreme 
fear. F. -neuroses, Page's term for certain neuromi- 
metic disorders following injury. This class of cases 
is generally considered under the name of " trau- 
matic hysteria." Fright-neuroses are frequently en- 
countered in males as the result of railway injuries. 

Frigorific (frig-or-if'-ik ) \_frigus, cold ; facere, to 
make]. I. Producing extreme cold. 2. That which 
produces extreme cold. F. Mixture, Arnott's Mix- 
ture ; a mixture used as a local anesthetic. It con- 
sists of two parts of ice, and one of salt. These are 
pulverized separately in a canvas or linen bag, and 
then thoroughly mixed and surrounded by a piece of 
gauze. As soon as the mixture begins to melt it 
should be placed over the part to be anesthetized. 

Fringe (frinj) [ME., fringe, a fringe]. See Fimbria. 
F.-tree, the bark of the root of Chionanthus 
virginica, a mild diuretic, aperient, and reputed 
alterative. Dose of the fid. ext. 3 ss-j. Unof. See 
Chionanthus. 

Frog [ME., frogge, a frog]. -I. An amphibian of the 
family Ranida. 2. In farriery, an elastic, horny 
substance that grows in the middle of the sole of a 
horse's foot, dividing it into two branches, and run- 
ning toward the heel in the form of a fork. 3. A 
popular name for Ranula, q. v. It is also called 
Frog-tongue. F., Cohnheim's. See Cohnheim. F.- 
face, a facial deformity due to the growth of polypi 
or other tumors in the nasal cavities. A temporary 
condition of this kind may be due to orbital cellulitis 
or facial erysipelas. F.-gait, a peculiar hopping 
progression due to contractions of the flexors and ad- 
ductors of the thighs, and to paralysis of the adductors. 
It is one of the results of infantile diplegia. F.- 
headed, the appellation given to anencephalic mon- 
sters, from their peculiar contour, which is due to the 
imperfect development of the orbits and the consequent 
apparent prominence of the eyes. F. -spawn Mat- 
ter. See Boiled-sago Matter. F. -tongue. See Frog. 

Froissement (frzuas-monig)) [Fr. , bruising]. In mas- 
sage, a form of " rough altachement," of the skin 
and superficial tissues. See Altachement. 

Frolement (frdl-monig)) [Fr. ]. A brushing.; in mas- 
sage, a succession of slow, backward-and-forward 
movements, as from a center to a periphery, and the 
reverse. It is done with the palmar surface of the 
fingers, or with the roulet. 

Fromage de Brie (fro-mahzh du(r)-bre). See Cheese. 

Frohmann's Lines. See Line. 

Frond (frond) \_frons, a leafy branch]. In biology, 
a leaf-like expansion of certain invertebrates, espec- 
ially such as resemble plants. A thallus, or organ in 
which the functions of leaf and stem are not fully 
differentiated. 

Frondescence ( fron-des'-ens ) [ frondescere, to put 
forth leaves]. In biology, the state of bursting into 
leaf. Cf. Foliation, and Phyllody. 

Frondose ifron'-dds) \_frondosus, leafy]. In biology, 



FRONS 



495 



FULGURANT 



having thin, expanded parts. Thalloid, or like a 
thai 1 us. 

Frons {fronz) [L. : gen., Frontis~\. The forehead. 

Front (/runt) [frons, the forehead]. The forehead. 
F. Combination. See Combination. F.-tap Con- 
traction of Gowers. See Contraction, and Reflexes, 
Table of. 

Frontad (frun'-tad) [frons, the forehead; ad, to]. 
Towards the frontal aspect. 

Frontadiform (J run-tad' -/form) [ frons, front ; forma, 
form]. In biology, having the body extended in the 
direction of the forehead. 

Frontal (frunt'-al) [frontalis, of the forehead]. I. 
Pertaining to the anterior part or aspect of an organ 
or body. 2. More often, belonging to the frons or 
forehead. F. Bone, the anterior bone of the skull 
and superior bone of the face. F. Crest. See Crest. 
F. Eminence. See Eminence. F. Lobe. See Lobe. 
F. Section. See Section. F. Sinuses, the cavities, 
one over each orbit, of the frontal bone. F. Trian- 
gle. See Triangles, Table of. 

Frontalis Muscle (fron-ta'-lis) [frontalis, of the 
forehead]. The frontal portion of the occipito-frontal 
muscle. See Afuscles, Table of. 

Fronten (frun'-ten) [frons, the forehead]. Belong- 
ing to the frontal bone in itself. 

Frontlet (fritnt' -let) [frons, the forehead] . In biology, 
applied to the forehead of a bird when distinguished 
by some peculiarity. 

Fronto- (f run' -to-) [frons, the forehead]. A prefix de- 
noting anterior position ; or, more often, expressing 
a relation with the frons, or forehead. F. -alveolar, 
relating to the frontal and alveolar regions. F.- 
ethmoid, relating to the frontal and ethmoid bones. 
F. -occipital, relating to both forehead and occiput. 
F. -triangle. See Triangle. F.-orbital, relating 
to forehead and orbit. 

Frontodymia (frun-to-dim'-e-a/i). Same as Cephalo- 
pagns and Cephalodymia. 

Frost [old Danish, froste, frost]. In farriery, to sharpen 
the front and hind parts of a horse's shoes. F.-bite, 
injury to the skin or a part from extreme cold, result- 
ing in inflammation and gangrene ; pagoplexia. F.- 
itch, a name for Prurigo hiemalis. F.-wort. See 
Helianthemum. 

Frosted Feet (fros'-ted fit). See Chilblain. 

Froth [ME., frotlie, froth]. Foam, as from the mouth. 
F., Bronchial, that coming from the bronchial tubes, 
as in asthma. 

Frottage ( frot-ahzh') [Fr.]. A form of sexual perver- 
sion in which the orgasm is induced by simply rubbing 
against or toying with the clothing of women. An 
individual so afflicted is called z.frotteur. 

Frotteur (fro-tair') [Fr.]. See Frottage. 

Frown [ME., frotmien, to scowl]. To scowl. A 
wrinkling of the brow. 

Frozen Attitude (fro'-zen at'-it-ud). See Attitude. 

Fructiculose (fruk-tik' -u-los) [fructiculus, dim. of 
fructus, fruit]. In biology, bearing much fruit. 

Fructification (fruk-tif-ik-a' -shun) [fructificare, to 
bear fruit]. In biology, fecundation, fertilization, 
impregnation ; the act of forming, or the production of 
fruit, of whatever sort. 

Fructose (fruk'-tos) [fructus, fruit], C 6 H ]2 G . Fruit- 
sugar, formerly called levulose ; it is found in almost all 
sweet fruits. It is formed, together with grape-sugar, in 
the so-called inversion, or decomposition of cane-sugar, 
by boiling with acids or by the action of ferments. The 
mixture of the two is called ijzvert-sugar. Fruit-sugar 
forms a thick syrup, which at 100 C. dries to a 
gummy, deliquescent mass. It may be crystallized in 
fine, silky needles, fusing at 95° C. It is more slowly 



fermented by yeast than grape-sugar. It reduces an 
alkaline copper-solution in the same proportion as the 
latter. See also Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Fruehjahrkatarrh [Ger.]. See Ophthalmia, Spring. 

Frugivorous (fru-jiv'-or-tts) [frux, fruit ; vorare, to 
devour]. Fruit-eating. 

Friihlingskatarrh (fre'-lings-hat-ar) [Ger.]. See 
Vernal Conjunctivitis and Ophthalmia, Spring. 

Fruit {/'root) [fructus, fruit]. The developed ovary of 
a plant, and especially the succulent, fleshy parts 
gathered about the same. Also applied to the offspring 
of animals. F. -sugar. See Sugar and Fructose. 
F.-dots. See Sorus. 

Frumentaceous (fru-men-ta' -she-us) [friunentum, 
grain]. Belonging to or resembling grain. 

Frumentum (fru-men' -turn) [L.]. Wheat or other 
grain. Spiritus frumenti, whisky. See Spiritus. 

Frutescent (fru-tes'-ent) [frutex, a shrub]. In biology, 
somewhat shrubby. 

Frutex (fru'-teks) [L. a shrub, a bush: //. Frutices\ 
In biology, a shrub ; a woody, perennial plant, gener- 
ally having several stems and not exceeding twenty 
feet in height. 

Fruticose, or Fruticous (find -tik-os , or -us) [frutex, 
a shrub]. Shrubby. 

Fruticulose (fru-tik' -u-los) [fruticulus, dim. of fru- 
tex, a shrub]. In biology, resembling a small shrub. 

Fryer's Apparatus. A transfusion apparatus made of 
a single piece of rubber with two bulbs. F.'s Oper- 
ation. See Operations, Table of. 

Fuchsin (fook'-sin) [after Leonhard Fuchs~\, C 20 H 19 N 3 .- 
HC1. Rosein, Magenta, Eosin, Anilin-red. The 
hydrochlorid of rosanilin, a lustrous, green, crystalline 
salt imparting an intense red to solutions. In large 
doses it produces violent emesis and purging. In- 
jected into a vein it causes staggering and trembling. 
It is said to be efficient in reducing albuminuria. Dose 
gr. j^-iv. See Figments, Conspectus of. F. -bodies, the 
name given by Russel to certain bodies found in car- 
cinomata to which he attributes the causation of the 
growths ; he refers them to the sprouting fungi. Other 
observers find similar bodies which they hold to be 
coccidia, while others consider them as crystals of 
safranin or other pigments used in the preparation. 
Fuchsinophile (fook-sin'-o-fil) [fuchsin ; (ftMeiv, to 
love]. Readily stained by fuchsin. 

Fuciphagous (fu-sif'-ag-us). Same as Fucivorous. 

Fucivorous (fu-siv' '-or-us) [fucus, a seaweed ; vorare, 
to devour]. In biology, applied to such animals as 
the dugong, certain marine turtles, etc., that feed on 
sea-weeds. 

Fucus (fid -his) [tpvKog, seaweed]. A genus of marine 
alga;, the rock- weeds. F.vesiculosus, bladder- wrack, 
sea- wrack ; a marine alga abundant on the seashore ; 
it is used as an alterative and tonic. It is employed in 
goiter and glandular enlargements, but mainly as an 
empiric remedy for the absorption of fatty tissue in 
obesity. An extract for such purpose is sold under the 
name of anti-fat. Dose of the solid extract, gr. x ; of 
the fluid extract, 3J-ij. Unof. 

Fuel (fid -el) [ME., fuel, a wood-yard]. Combustible 
matter. F.-gas, natural gas mixed with air, used 
largely for manufacturing purposes as a substitute for 
solid fuel. Artificial gas, of the water-gas type, not 
enriched with hydrocarbons for rendering it illuminant, 
is also sold as fuel-gas. 

Fugacious (fu-ga'-shus) [fugere, to flee]. In biology, 
falling off, or fading early ; fleeting ; fugitive. 

Fugitive Color (fu'-jit-iv kul'-or). See Pigments, 
Colors, and Dye-stuffs. 

Fulgurant (fu'l' -ju-rant) [fulgurare, to flash ; fulgur, 
lightning]. Severe and terrific; as fulgurant pains. 



FULGURATION 



496 



FUNICULUS 



Fulguration (ftd-Ju-ra'-sliun) \_fulguratio, a stroke of 
lightning]. I. Lightning-stroke. 2. A sensation of 
swiftly darting pains. 

Fuliginous (fu-lif '-in-us) \_fuliginosus, full of soot]. 
Smoke-like ; very dark ; soot-colored ; applied to lips 
that are covered with dry, black crusts, as a " fuligin- 
ous coating." 

Fuligo (fu-li'-go) [L.]. Soot; sordes. F. ligni, the 
soot of a wood-fire ; ointments and tinctures of it are 
popularly esteemed. It is a good disinfectant. F. 
kali, a preparation of soot boiled in caustic potash, and 
used in skin-diseases. Cf. Attthrakokali. 

Full [ME., /«/, full]. I. Replete; filled. 2. Intoxi- 
cated. 3. Entire. F. Bath. See Bath. 

Fullers' Earth (ful'-erz urth). A siliceous non-fictile 
clay, used in the fulling of cloth, on account of its 
soapy quality ; it was formerly used as an absorbent, 
like bole. 

Fuller's Lotion. A lotion for rheumatic joints, com- 
posed of carbonate of soda, 6 drams ; laudanum, I 
ounce ; glycerin, 2 ounces, and water, 9 ounces. 
Saturate hot cloths with this and apply. F.'s Pill, a 
purgative pill, containing aloes, senna, asafetida, gal- 
banum, myrrh, sulphate of iron, saffron, mace, oil of 
amber, honey, and alcohol. 

Fulling (ftd'-ing) [ME., fullynge, fulling]. In mas- 
sage, a valuable method of kneading, named from the 
motion used by fullers in rubbing linen between their 
hands. It consists in holding the limb between the 
palms of both hands, with the fingers fully extended, 
and making a rapid to-and-fro movement with each, 
the result being that the limb is rolled back and forth 
between the hands. 

Fulmar Oil {fid' -mar) [ME., fulmar]. Oil cast up 
from the stomach of the fulmar [Froce/laria glacialis) , 
a sea bird of the N. Atlantic. It has the general 
qualities of cod-liver oil. 

Fulminant, or Fulminating [fid'-min-ant, or fid'- 
min-a-ting) [fulminare, to lighten]. Sudden, severe, 
and rapid in course ; as fulminant glaucoma. Same 
as Foudroyant, q, v. 

Fulminate (ful'-min-at) \_fidmen, lightning]. A com- 
pound of fulminic acid with a base, usually silver, 
gold, or mercury, characterized by highly explosive 
qualities. 

Fulminating (ful'-miti-a-ting). See Fulminant. 

Fulvous (ful'-vus) [fulvus, deep-yellow, tawny, flame- 
colored]. Having a tawny-yellow color. 

Fumaria ( fic-ma' -re-ah ) . See Fumitory. 

Fumarin [fu' -mar-in) \_fumus, smoke]. An alkaloid 
from Fumaria officinalis ; recommended as strongly 
antipyretic. Unof. 

Fumigation (fu-mig-a' -s/iun) [ fumigare, to smoke]. 
Disinfection by exposure to the fumes of a vaporized 
disinfectant. 

Fumitory (fu'-mit-or-e) [f limits, smoke; terra, earth]. 
The plants Fumaria officinalis, and F. bullosa, herbs 
native to Europe : formerly esteemed as polychrest 
remedies, but now neglected ; they are actively deob- 
struent and antifebrile. Unof. 

Fumous {fu'-mus) [fumus, smoke]. In biology, 
smoke-colored ; fuliginous. 

Fumus [fu'-mus] [L.]. Smoke. F. terre, old name 
for Fumitory. 

Function ( fungi' -sliun) [fungi, to perform]. The 
normal or special action of a tissue, organ, or part of 
the body. 

Functional {fungk'-skun-al) [fungi, to perform]. Per- 
taining to the special action of an organ, whether 
physiologic or pathologic. F. Disease, one without 
appreciable organic alterations. F. Spasm, a term 
applied to any of the so-called Fatigue-diseases. 



Functionalization {fitnk-sliun-al-iz-a'-shun) [ functio, 
a function]. Restoration of a lost or diseased func- 
tion. 

Fundal (fun'-dal) [fundus, the bottom]. Relating 
to a fundus. 

Fundament (fun'-dam-ent) [fundatnentum : fundus, 
bottom]. 1. The foundation or base of a thing. 2. 
In embryology, the rudiment. 3. The anus. 

Fundamental ( fun-dam-ent'-al) \_fundamentum : 
fundus, bottom]. Pertaining to the foundation. F. 
Tissue, in biology, unspecialized parenchyma ; those 
tissues of a plant through which the fibro-vascular bun- 
dles are distributed. 

Fundus (fuu'-dus) [fundus, the bottom]. The base 
of an organ. F. Glands, microscopic tubular glands 
of the cardiac portion of the gastric mucous mem- 
brane. F. oculi, the posterior and interior portion 
of the eye seen by the ophthalmoscope, comprising 
chiefly the retina, papilla, retinal vessels, etc. F. 
uteri, the part of the womb remotest from the cervix, 
and situated cephalad from the outlets of the oviducts. 
F. vesicae, the basis, floor, or has fond of the urinary 
bladder. 

Fungate [futtg'-gat) [fungus, a toadstool]. To grow 
up with a fungous form or appearance. Also to grow 
rapidly like a fungus (applied to certain pathologic 
growths). 

Fungi (fun'-Ji ). See Fungus. 

Fungicide (fun'-jis-id) [fungus, a toadstool ; ccedere, 
to kill]. 1. Destructive to fungi; bactericide. 2. 
An agent that destroys fungi or bacteria. 

Fungiform ( ftin'-jif or m)[ fungus, a mushroom ; forma, 
form]. Having the form of a mushroom. F. Papillae, 
elevations upon the middle and back part of the tongue. 

Fungin (fun'-jin) [fungus, a toadstool]. A peculiar 
principle found in most of the fungi. It is a whitish, 
soft, insipid, fleshy substance, insoluble in water, alco- 
hol, ether, or weak H. 2 S0 4 , soluble in heated hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Fungoid ifung' '-goid ') [fungus, a toadstool; tidoc, 
likeness]. Resembling a fungus ; fungous. 

Fungosity ( fung-gos' -it-e) [fungus, a toadstool]. A 
fungous growth ; the quality of being fungous. 

Fungous (fung'-gus) [fungus, a toadstool]. Having 
the appearance or qualities of a fungus ; excrescent, 
soft and swiftly-growing. F. Endometritis. See 
Endometritis. 

Fungus [fiatg'-gus) [fungus, a toadstool : //. , Fungi]. 
I. An order of plants without stems, leaves or roots, 
consisting of juxtaposed cells, without chlorophyl. 
They reproduce by spores. The chief classes are the 
Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, Schizo- 
mycetes, and Obmycetes. 2. A spongy, morbid ex- 
crescence, as proud-flesh. F. of Brain, hernia cerebri. 
F. of Dura Mater, a tumor of the skull, of malignant 
nature, originating in the layers of osteal cells. F. 
Foot. See Foot. F. haematodes, a bleeding tumor, 
generally a soft cancer. 

Funic (fu'-nik) [funis, a rope]. Pertaining to the 
funiculus or umbilical cord. 

Funicular (fu-nik'-u-lar) [funis, a rope]. Relating to 
the funiculus. F. Souffle, a hissing sound syn- 
chronous with that of the fetal heart, heard in auscul- 
tating the pregnant abdomen. It is heard in only from 
14 to 15 per cent, of cases, and is referable to the 
umbilical cord. 

Funiculitis (ftt-nil-u-li'-tis) [ funiculus, the spermatic 
cord; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the sper- 
matic cord. 

Funiculus (fu-nik'-u-lus) [L. , a cord ; dim. of funis, 
a rope]. I. In biology, applied to various cord-like 
structures, as the spermatic cord, the umbilical 



FUNIFORM 



497 



FUSIFORM 



cord of mammals or its analogue in lower animals, 
the ultimate nerve-bundles, the attachment of the 
base of the stomach of a polyp with the bottom 
of its cell, the slender part of the clubbed antenna 
of an insect, the stalk of an ovule or seed, etc. 

2. A bundle of nerve-fibers in a sheath of perineurium. 

3. A name, variously qualified, for the different 
columns of the spinal cord and oblongata ; as the 
F. cuneatus, F. gracilis, F. of Rolando, F. teres. 
F. cuneatus. See Column of Burdach. F. gra- 
cilis. See Column of Goll. 

Funiform {fid -nif-orm) [funis, rope; forma, shape]. 
In biology, resembling a rope or cord. 

Funis (fid-nis) [L.]. A cord; applied to the umbili- 
cal cord. 

Funnel {fun'-el) [Old Fr. ,fonel~\. 1. A wide-mouthed, 
conic vessel ending in a tube, designed to aid in the 
speedy and safe transfer of liquids from one vessel to 
another. It is also used as a support for paper-filters. 
2. An infundibulum. F. Mitral, a condition of the 
mitral valve in mitral stenosis in which the left auricle 
and the valve-structures are transformed into a hollow 
cone. This condition is also called Button-hole Mitral. 
F., Muscular, the funnel-shaped space bounded by the 
four straight muscles of the eye ; its apex is at the optic 
foramen, the eyeball forms its base, and along its axis 
runs the optic nerve. F. -shaped Pelvis, a congenital 
deformity of the pelvis, in which it retains its fetal or 
funnel shape. F., Vascular, the light-hued depres- 
sion at the center of the disc of the retina ; if exag- 
gerated, it forms a so-called physiologic cup. 

Funny Bone {fiun'-e bon). The internal condyle of the 
humerus. Being crossed superficially by the ulnar 
nerve, blows upon it give an unpleasant sensation to 
the hand ; whence the name. 

Fur [ME., furre, fur]. A coating of morbid matters, 
including an increased amount of epithelium, seen 
upon the tongue in various conditions of disease. 

Furan [fur' -an) \_furfur, bran] , C 4 H 4 0. Furfuran ; 
tetrol ; a product of the destructive distillation of pine- 
wood ; it is also produced synthetically by the dis- 
tillation of pyromucic acid. It is a liquid, insoluble 
in water, with a peculiar odor, and boiling at 32 C. It 
yields bluish-violet dyestuffs with isatin and sulphuric 
acid, and violet-red with phenanthraquinone. 

Fiirbringer's Method. A method of cleansing the 
hands and nails of operators. The hands and forearms 
having been thoroughly cleansed by scrubbing with 
soap and warm water and the nails carefully cleansed, 
the hands and forearms are dipped for at least a min- 
ute in absolute alcohol, then immediately into warm 
bichlorid of mercury solution (1 : 1000) and well 
scrubbed with a nail-brush, the nails receiving partic- 
ular attention. 

Furca {fur' -kali) [L. ,a fork]. A fork. F. orbitalis, 
the orbital fork ; one of the earliest signs of the 
orbit seen in the embryo ; it is a mere trace of bifur- 
cated bony tissue. 

Furcate {fur'-kat) [furca, a fork]. In biology, 
forked ; divided into two equal branches. 

Furcula {fur'-ku-lah) [L. , dim. of furca, a fork]. In 
biology, applied to various forked structures, as the 
united clavicles (wish-bone or merry-thought) of a 
bird, or the bifid processes of certain insects. 

~F\iifuT{fur'-fur)['L.~\. Dandruff or perrigo ; scurf; the 
bran of flour. F., Microsporon. See Tinea versicolor. 

Furfuraceous {fur-fur-a' -she-us) [furfur, bran]. Re- 
sembling bran. Applied also to dandruff- covered skin. 

Furfuran {fur'-fu-ran). See Furan. 

Furfurin {fur' -fu-rin) [furfur, bran], C 15 H ]2 N 2 3 . 
A basic crystalline principle derivable from furfurol ; 
it has been proposed as an antipyretic and tonic remedy. 
32 



Furfurol {fur'-fu-rol) [furfur, bran ; oleum, oil]. 
C 5 H 4 2 . The aldehyd of furfuryl alcohol is produced 
in the distillation of bran with dilute H 2 S0 4 , or of 
sugar, etc. It is also derived from arabinose or xylose 
and occurs in the decomposition-products of albumi- 
noid bodies, as meat, cheese, urine, etc. With phenyl- 
hydrazin it forms a nearly insoluble compound, fur- 
furol hydrazon. It is a colorless volatile oil, with an 
aromatic odor. Its specific gravity at 130 C. is 1. 163. 
It boils at 162 C. It combines with dimethylanilin 
to form a green dye-stuff, corresponding to malachite 
green. It exists in certain new whiskies ; but as the 
spirit becomes older the furfurol gradually disappears. 

Furibund ( fu' -re-bund ) [fi/ribundus,ragmg~\ . Raging ; 
maniacal (applied to certain insane patients). 

Furor {fu'-ror) [L. ] . Madness ; fury ; a maniacal 
attack. F. genitalis. Same as Erotomania. F. 
epilepticus, epileptic insanity. F. transitorius. 
See Mania, Transitory. F. uterinus. See Nym- 
phomania. 

Furred {furd)[ME. , furre, fur]. Having an abnormal 
coating of granular or epithelial scales and other mat- 
ter; as a furred tongue. 

Furrow {fur'-o) [ME., furwe, a groove]. A groove 
or trench. F., Auriculo-ventricular, the great 
transverse groove separating the auricles of the heart 
from the ventricles. F., Digital, one of the trans- 
verse lines or furrows on the palmar surface of the 
fingers. F., Genital, a groove appearing on the 
genital tubercle of the fetus at the end of the second 
month. F., Interventricular, two longitudinal 
grooves separating the two ventricles of the heart. 
E., Jadelot's. See Jadelot's Lines, or Furrows. 

Furrowing ( fur' -o-ing) [ME., furwe, a groove]. In 
biology, the process of segmentation of the yolk of an 
egg in some animals, as Amphibia. 

Furuncle {fu'-rung-kl). See Furunculus. 

Furunculosis {fu-rung-ku-lo' -sis) [furunculus, a 
boil]. The morbid condition that is associated with 
the production of furuncles. 

Furunculous {fu-rung' -ku-lus) [furunculus, a boil]. 
Characterized by a continuous production of furuncles. 

Furunculus {fit-rung' -ku-lus) [L.]. A boil. A local 
inflammatory affection, commonly involving a skin- 
gland or hair-follicle, ending in necrosis and central 
suppuration of adjacent parts. It begins with painful 
induration, followed by swelling, finally suppu- 
rating and sloughing at the " core." F. orientalis, 
Oriental Boil, Aleppo Boil, Delhi Boil, Biscara But- 
ton, Gafsa Button, Kandahar Sore, Pendjeh Sore, 
Natal Sore. A local disease, marked by the succes- 
sive formation of papule, tubercle, scab, and sharply 
circumscribed ulcer on the face, especially the cheeks 
and angle of the mouth. It is common along the 
shores of the Mediterranean Sea. 

Fuscescent {fus-es'-ent)[fuscus, dusky]. In biology, 
of a dark-brownish tinge. 

Fuscin {fus'-in) [fuscus, dark]. Retinal melanin. A 
pigment found as minute granules imbedded in the 
cell-substance and processes of the retinal epithelium. 

Fuscoferruginous {fus-ko-fer-oo' -jin-us) [fuscus, 
dark; ferruginous, rusty]. Brownish; rust-colored. 

Fuscotestaceous {fus-ko-tes-ta' -she-us) [fuscus, dark, 
dusky; testa ceus, brick-colored]. Dull reddish-brown. 

Fuscous {fics' -his) [fuscus, dusky]. Grayish-brown. 

Fusel Oil {fu'-zel). See Alcohol. 

Fusible {fu'-zib-l) [fiusus, melted]. That which may 
be fused or melted. F. Calculus. See Calculus. 

Fusiform {fu'-sif-orm) [fiusus, a spindle; forma, 
shape]. Spindle-shaped; larger in the middle and 
diminishing in diameter toward either end ; applied to 
cells, fibers, etc. 



FUSION 



498 



GALACTOPHLEBITIS 



Fusion (fu'-zhun) \_fusio ; fundere, to pour out]. The 
process of liquefying a solid by the agency of heat. 

Fuso-cellular (fu'-so-sel'-u-lar) [fusus, a spindle ; cella, 
a cell]. Spindle-celled ; as a fuso-cellular sarcoma. 

Fustic ( fus'-tik ) [Fr. ,fustoc\. A yellow dye-stuff, the 
wood of Cholorophora tinctoria, an urticaceous tree of 
tropical America. The wood of Rhus cotinus, or 
Venetian sumach, is called young fustic. 



Fustigation (fus-tig-a' -shun) [fustigare, to beat]. 
Flagellation. F., Electric, an application of elec- 
tricity in which the surface of the body is rapidly 
tapped with the electrodes of an induced current. 

Fustin {fits' -tin) [fustus, a knotted stick], C 15 H I0 O . 
A yellow crystalline coloring-matter obtained from 
Rhus cotinus. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Fuzzball (fuz 1 '-bawl). See Bovista. 



G. Abbreviation of gram. 

Gabbett's Method. A method of detecting tubercle- 
bacilli in cover-glass preparations. See Stains, Table of . 

Gabian (ga'-be-an) [Fr.]. A variety of naphtha or 
petroleum from Gabian, a town of France, in He- 
rault ; oleum gabianum. 

Gaboon Chocolate (gab-oon' chok'-olet). See Iba. 

Gad-fly {gad'-fli) [gad, a goad; ME., flye, a fly]. A 
dipterous insect belonging to the genus Tabanus. 
Also applied to flies of the genus CEstris. 

Gadinin [gad* -in-in) [from Gadus callarias, haddock], 
C 7 H n N0 2 . A ptomaine obtained from decomposing 
haddock, and also from cultures of the bacteria of human 
feces. It acts as a decided poison when given in large 
doses. 

Gaduin (gad'-u-in) [gadus, the codfish], C 15 H 4e 9 . A 
fatty principle occurring in cod-liver oil ; it is a dark- 
brown, brittle substance. 

Gadus (ga'-dus) [yaSoc, the whiting]. A genus of fish. 
G. morrhua, the cod ; a fish from the livers of which 
cod-liver oil is obtained. See Morrhua. 

Gaeophagia (je-o-fa'-je-ah). See Geophagy. 

Gaertner, Ducts of. See Duct. 

Gaftky's Method. A method of staining the bacillus 
of typhoid fever. See Stains, Table of. 

Gafsa Button (gaf'-sah but'-n). See Furunculus 
orientalis. 

Gag [S a SS en i to suffocate]. An instrument, generally 
made of flexible rubber, placed between the teeth to 
prevent closure of the jaws during the administration 
of nitrous oxid gas, or in operations on the mouth. 

Gage' s Solution. See Stains, Table of. 

Gaiac (ga'-yak). Same as Guaiacum. 

Gaillard's Suture. See Suture. 

Gait (gat) [AS.]. The manner of progression by walk- 
ing. The peculiarities of the gait may assume great 
diagnostic importance in cases of central nervous dis- 
order. G., Cerebellar, a gait in which the feet are 
widely spread apart for support, and associated with a 
staggering movement. It is due to disease, usually 
tumor, of the middle lobe of the cerebellum. G., 
Equine, a gait in which the foot hangs down and can- 
not be moved, progression being accomplished by 
flexing the thigh on the abdomen. It is seen in pero- 
neal paralysis. G., Frog, the characteristic hopping- 
gait of infantile paralysis. 

Gal. Abbreviation of gallon. 

Galactacrasia (gal-ak-tak-ra' -ze-ah) [yaka, milk; d, 
priv. ; Kpaaic, mixture]. Defector abnormality in the 
composition of the milk. 

Galactaemia (gal-ak-te' -rne-ah). See Galacthemia. 

Galactagogue ( gal-ak' -tag-og) [yaka, milk ; ayuydc, 
leading]. I. Inducing the secretion of milk. 2. An 



agent that increases the secretion of milk in the 
breast. 

Galactangioleucitis (gal-ak-tan-je-o-lu-si 1 ' -tis) [yaka, 
milk; ayyelov, vessel; Xevudc, white]. Lymphangitis 
associated with lactation. 

Galactapostema (gal-ak- tap-os-te'-?nah) [yaka, milk ; 
airooT///ia, abscess: //. , GalactapostemataJ. Milk- 
abscess ; mammary abscess associated with lactation. 

Galactedema (gal-ak-le-de'-mah) [yaka, milk ; oiStjfia, 
a swelling]. Swelling of the mamma due to accumu- 
lation of milk within it. 

Galacthemia (gal-ak-the'-me-ah) [yaka, milk ; ai/ia, 
blood]. I. A milky state or appearance of the blood. 
2. Bloody milk, or the giving of bloody milk. 

Galactia ( gal-ak' '-te-ah) [yaka, milk]. A genus of 
diseases, according to Good's Nosology, embracing 
defective or abnormal secretion of milk. G. virorum, 
the secretion of milk by the male. 

Galactic [gal-ak' -tik) [yaka/triads, milky]. Relating 
to or promoting the now of milk. 

Galactidrosis ( gal-ak-tid-ro'-sis) [yaka, milk ; ISpuq, 
sweat]. The sweating of a milk-like fluid. 

Galactin (gal-ak' -tin) [yaka, milk]. I. Same as Lactose. 
2. An amorphous alkaloid or base, reported to be ob- 
tainable from milk. 3. A wax obtained from the sap 
of the S. American cow-tree, Galactodendron utile ; 
it is used locally in candle-making. 4. C 5 H, O 5 , a 
carbohydrate from the seeds of leguminous plants. 

Galactirrhea (gal-ak-ter-e'-ah). See Galactorrhea. 

Galactoblast (gal-ak' -to-blast) [yaka, milk ; pkaardg, 
a germ]. A peculiar fat-containing globule found in 
the acini of the mammary gland. 

Galactocele (gal-ak' -to-sel) [yaka, milk; Kt/ki/, tumor]. 

1 . A cystic tumor of the female breast due to a collec- 
tion of milk and resulting from closure of a milk-duct. 

2. Hydrocele with milky contents. 
Galactodendron (gal-ak-to-den'-dron) [yaka, milk ; 

SkvSpov, a tree]. The cow-tree. See Brosimum. 
Galactoglycosuria (gal-ak-to-gli-ko-su' -re-ah) [yaka, 

milk ; ykvuvc, sweet ; ovpov, urine] . Glycosuria de- 
pendent upon lactation. 
Galactoid (gal-ak' -toid) [yaka, milk ; elooc, form]. 

Resembling milk. 
Galactoma (gal-ak-to' -mah) [yaka, milk ; baa, a 

tumor://., Galactomata~\. Same as Galactocele. 
Galactometer (gal-ak-tom' -et-cr). See Lactometer. 
Galactoncus (gal-ak-tong'-kus) [yaka, milk ; dyKog, a 

swelling]. Same as Galactocele. 
Galactonic Acid (gal-ak-ton'-ik). See Lactonic Acid. 
Galactophagous (gal-ak-toff'-ag-us) [yLXa, milk; 

tyaye'iv, to eat]. Milk-eating. 
Galactophlebitis (gal-ak-to-flc-bi'-lis) [yaka, milk ; 

(j>'kiij), vein ; itic, inflammation]. I. Milk-leg; phleg 



GALACTOPHLYSIS 



499 



GALENIC 



masia alba dolens ; phlebitis associated with lactation. 
2. Phlebitis in a suckling child. 

Galactophlysis (gal-ak-toff ' -lis-is) [ydXa, milk; <pAvoic, 
eruption] . A vesicular eruption containing a milk-like 
fluid, and associated with a suppression of lactation. 

Galactophora (gal-ak-toff* '-or-ah) [yaAa, milk ; tpepetv, 
to bear]. Remedies that increase the secretion of milk. 

Galactophoritis (gal-ak-toff-or-i'-tis) [yaAa, milk; 
(pepetv, to bear ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
a milk-duct. 

Galactophorous (gal-ak-toff '-or-tts) [yaAa, milk; 
(pepeiv, to bear]. Milk-bearing. G. Ducts, the ex- 
cretory ducts of the mamma. 

Galactophorus (gal-ak-toff ' -or-tts) [yaAa, milk ; 
(pepeiv, to bear]. An artificial nipple placed over the 
natural organ in order to facilitate suckling and also 
to protect the natural nipple when abraded. 

Galactophthisis (gal-ak-toff ' -this-is) [yaAa, milk ; 
(pOiaic, consumption]. Emaciation and debility due 
to excessive secretion of milk. 

Galactophyga (gal-ak-toff '-ig-ah)[yaAa, milk ; (pevyeiv, 
to shun]. Remedies employed to arrest the secretion 
of milk. 

Galactophygous (gal-ak-toff '-ig-us) [yaAa, milk ; tyvyfj, 
flight]. Having the power to reduce or arrest the se- 
cretion of milk. 

Galactoplania (gal-ak-to-pla 1 ' -?ie-ali)[yaAa, milk; trAavr/, 
a wandering] . The metastasis of milk ; any secretion 
or discharge of a milky fluid consequent upon a sup- 
pression of lactation. 

Galactoplerosis ( gal-ak-to-ple-ro' -sis) [yaAa, milk ; 
■KMjpuatq, a filling]. Distention of the mamma from 
hypersecretion of milk, or from closure of the milk- 
ducts. 

Galactopoietic (gal-ak-to-poi-et'-ik) [yaAa, milk; 
noieeiv, to make] . Inducing the secretion of milk ; 
concerned in the secretion of milk. 

Galactoposia (gal-ak-to-po' -ze-ah) [yaAa, milk ; irdatc, 
drinking]. " Milk-cure." The treatment of diseases 
by the use of a milk-diet. 

Galactopyretic (gal-ak-to-pi-ref -ik) [yaAa, milk ; 
■Kvperog, fever]. Relating to milk-fever. 

Galactopyretus (gal-ak-to-pi' -ret-us) [yaAa, milk ; 
irvperoc, fever]. Milk-fever ; the febricula that may 
attend the establishment of lactation ; it is a form of 
septic infection. 

Galactorrhea (gal-ak-tor-e'-ah) [yaAa, milk; poia, a 
flow]. An excessive secretion and flow of milk in a 
nursing woman. 

Galactoschesis (gal-ak-tos' '-kes-is) [yaAa, milk ; axeotg, 
retention]. The retention or suppression of the milk. 

Galactoscope (gal-ak'-to-skop). See Lactoscope. 

Galactose (gal-ak'-tos)[ydAa, milk],C 6 H 12 6 . Lactose; 
the aldose of dulcitol. It is formed on boiling milk- 
sugar with dilute acids, and is obtained from such 
gums as yield mucic acid when oxidized. It crystal- 
lizes in nodules of grouped needles or leaflets, that 
melt at l66° C. Its solution is dextro-rotatory. It 
readily reduces alkaline copper-solutions and is fer- 
mentable with yeast. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Galactosis (gal-ak-to'-sis) [yaAanTuaig ; yaAa, milk]. 
The secretion of milk. 

Galactostasis (gal-ak-tos' -tas-is) [yaAa, milk ; ardcig , 
stoppage]. A morbid collection or stoppage of the 
milk. 

Galactosyrinx (gal-ak-to-sir' -ingks) [yaAa, milk ; 
avpiyS,, a pipe]. Lacteal fistula. 

Galactotherapy (gal-ak-lo-lher'-ap-e) [yaAa, milk ; 
depaireip, treatment]. I. The treatment of dis- 
ease in suckling infants by the administration of the 
remedies to the mother or wet-nurse. 2. Milk-cure ; 
galactoposia. 



Galactotrophy (gal-ak-lot' -ro-fe) [yaAa, milk ; rpotyi/, 
nourishment]. Nourishing with milk only. 

Galactozemia (gal-ak-to-ze'-me-ak) [yaAa, milk ; r r/pia, 
loss], I. Loss, diminution, or suppression of the 
milk by failure of secretion. 2. Loss of milk by 
wastage ; oozing of milk from the nipple. 

Galactozyme (gal-ak' -to-zlm) [yaAa, milk; ^v/iij, 
leaven]. I. A drink made by the fermentation of 
milk, as kefir, or kumiss ; also milk fermented with 
common yeast. 

Galacturia (gal ak-tu' -re-alt) [yaAa, milk; ovpov, 
urine]. Milkiness of the urine ; chyluria. 

Gala-heptose (ga-lah-hep'-tos). See Carbohydrates, 
Table of. 

Galanga, or Galangal (gal-ang'-gah, or gal' -an-gal) 
[Chin.]. The rhizome of Alpinia qffcinarum, and 
of Ktzntpferia galganga (great galangal), much re- 
sembling ginger. It was formerly brought from China 
and India, but is now little used. Unof. 

Galax (ga'-laks) [yaAa, milk]. A genus of diapen- 
siaceous plants. G. aphylla, of N. America (carpen- 
ter's leaf, " galax," beetle-weed), has an astringent 
root, and the leaves are said to be vulnerary. Unof. 

Galazyme (gal'-az-im) [yala, milk; tyfiij, leaven]. 
A fermented drink, made on the Continent, from milk 
by adding to it sugar and a special ferment. 

Galbanum (gal' -ban-ttm) [Heb., khelbenah, white 
milk], i. A gum-resin of Ferula galbanifltta, and F. 
rubricatdis, native to Asia. It is expectorant, stimulant, 
and antispasmodic, and is useful in chronic bronchitis 
and catarrh. Dose gr. x-xx. G., Pil., Comp., each 
pill contains galbanum gr. iss, myrrh gr. iss, asafetida 
gr. ss, and syrup. Dose ij-iij. G., Emplastrum, 
galbanum 16, turpentine 2, Burgundy pitch 6, lead- 
plaster 76 parts. 2. Locally, in the U. S., Burgundy 
pitch is popularly called galbanum and is sold under 
that name. 

Galbiati Knife (gal-be-al'-e) [Galbiati, an Italian 
obstetrician]. A special knife used in the operation 
of symphysiotomy. 

Galbulus (gal'-bu-lus) [L., the nut of the cypress-tree: 
pi. , Galbuli\. In biology, a closed, fleshy, berry-like 
cone, as the fruit of the juniper. 

Gale (gal) [ME., gawl, gale]. I. A shrub, Myricagale, 
sweet gale of cool regions ; it has an aromatic odor, 
and is used locally for external parasites. See Sweet 
Gale. 2. The fern-gale, or sweet fern. See Sweet 
Fern. G. bedouine. See Lichen simplex. 

Galea (ga'-le-ah) [galea, yaAea, helmet: //. , Galea?]. 
1. A form of head-bandage. 2. Headache extending 
all over the head. 3. The aponeurotic portion of the 
occipito-frontal muscle. 4. In biology, applied to 
various helmet-shaped parts or organs. G. capitis, 
a fascial investment covering the crown of the head. 

Galeamaurosis (ga-le-am-aw-ro' -sis) [ya'Af/, cat, wea- 
sel ; apavpdeiv, to darken]. See Amaurotic Cat's Fye. 

Galeanthropy (ga-le-an' -thro-pe) [yaAij, cat, weasel ; 
avdpu-Toc, man]. A form of zoanthropy in which the 
patient believes himself to be transformed into or in- 
habited by a cat. 

Galeati, Glands of. See Crypts of Lieberkiikn. 

Galen (ga'-len). An ancient physician, A. D. 130-200. 
G.'s Anastomosis, that between the superior and in- 
ferior laryngeal nerves. G.'s Bandage. See Bandage. 
G.'s Cerate, a cerate composed of white wax, I ; oil 
of almonds, 4; rose-water, 3. G., Veins of. See 
Vein. 

Galena (ga-le'-nah) [yaAr/vr;, lead ore]. I. A remedy 
for poison. 2. Native lead sulphid. 

Galenic, Galenical (ga-len'-ik, -al) [Galen, an ancient 
physician]. Relating to or consistent with the teach- 
ings of Galen. Medicines were said to be galenic 



GALEN] SM 



500 



GALVANIC 



(a) when they were of vegetable origin, and not 
chemic or spagyric ; (b) when they were designed for 
the use of human patients, and were not veterinary ; 
(c) the term was often nearly equivalent to officinal, 
or official, in the modern sense of the latter word. 

Galenism (ga'-len-izm) \_Galen, an ancient physician]. 
The system or theory of medicine taught by Galen 
and his followers. 

Galeopsis (ga-le-op'-sis) \_ya~ker}, a weasel; oipic, ap- 
pearance]. A genus of labiate plants ; hemp-nettle. 
G. ladanum, of Europe, is a popular remedy for 
coughs. The oil of the seeds of G. tetrahit, of 
Europe and N. America, is said to be a vermifuge. 
Unof. 

Galeropia, or Galeropsia (ga-ler-o'-pe-ah, or ga-ler-op' '- 
se-ah) [yatepog, cheerful ; oipic, vision]. A preternatur- 
ally clear and light appearance of objects due to some 
perversion of the visual apparatus. 

Galianconism (ga-le-an' -ko-tiizni) [yakiaynuv, a short- 
armed person; yaAkr/, weasel ; aynuv, elbow]. Atro- 
phy of the arm, with shortening. 

Galipe's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Galipea (gal-ip-e'-ah) [L.]. A genus of tropical Amer- 
ican rutaceous shrubs and trees. G. cusparia and 
G. officinalis afford angustura bark, q. v. , also called 
cusparia bark. 

Galipein (gal-ip-e'-in) \_Galipea~\, C 20 H 21 NO 3 . An 
alkaloid from cusparia bark. 

Galipot (gal' -e-pot) [Fr.]. Crude Burgundy pitch. Cf. 
Gallipot. 

Galium (ga'-le-um) [yaliov, milk- wort]. A genus of 
rubiaceous plants of many species, several of which 
are used in popular medicine. Among them are G. 
californicum, G. circaezans, G. pilosum, and G. 
trifedum, in N. America, and G. mollugo, G. crucia- 
tum, and G. verum in Europe. See, also, Ladies' 1 
Beds/raw. G. aparine, goose-grass, cleavers, or 
clivers, a succulent plant, the juice of which is a 
popular remedy in strumous affections, and is said to 
be actively diuretic. Dose of the juice 3 v ; of the fluid 
extract gj-ij. Unof. 

Gall (garvl) [ME., galle ; ^oZ?/, bile]. The bile. The 
juice normally secreted by the liver. See Galla. G.- 
bladder, the pear-shaped sac in the right lobe of the 
liver, constituting the reservoir for the bile. See Chole- 
cyst. G.-cyst, the gall-bladder. G-duct. See Duct. 
G. -fever, a synonym of intermittent fever. G. -stones, 
the calcareous concretions occasionally formed in 
the gall bladder and its ducts. They are usually of 
small size, but maybe as large as a pigeon's egg. 
They are composed of the bile-pigments and acids, 
cholesterin, various salts, especially of lime and mag- 
nesia. Cholesterin is the chief constituent. They 
give rise to acute attacks of intense pain, the so-called 
biliary colic. 

Galla (gal' -ali) [L]. Nut-gall. An excrescence on 
the leaves of dyer's oak, Quercus lusitanica, caused 
by the deposited ova of an insect. It contains tannic 
acid from 10-75 P er cent., gallic acid 5 per cent. 
Dose gr. v-xv. G., Tinct., 20per cent. Dose 3 ss-iij. 
G., Unguentum, 10 per cent. See Acid, Tannic. 
G., Unguentum, cum opii (B.P.), an astringent and 
sedative ointment. 

Gallacetophenone (gal-as-et-o-fe'-non) [ galla, gall; 
aciditm, acid; F. , phinyle]. A yellow powder with 
the formula CH^CO.CjH.^OHJj, prepared from pyro- 
gallic acid. It is used as a 10 per cent, ointment in 
dermatology. 

Galle'in (ga/'-e-in), C 18 H, 4 7 . Pyrogallol-phthalein ; 
one of the coal-tar colors, obtained on heating pyro- 
gallic acid with phthalic anhydrid to 200 C. It 
dissolves with a dark-red color in alcohol, and with a 



beautiful blue color in alkalies. It is an important 
dye-stuff, producing tolerably fast shades of purple and 
violet on cotton, wool, and silk. See Pigments. 

Gallic (gal'-ik) [galia, an oak-gall]. Pertaining to the 
oak-gall or nut-gall. G. Acid. See Acid, Gallic. 

Gallipoli Oil (gal-e-po' '-/<?). See Turkey-red Oil. 

Gallipot (gal'-e-pot) [OD. , gleypot, a gallipot]. An 
apothecary's pot for holding ointments or confections. 

Gallisin (gal'-is-in) \_galla, an oak-gall], C,,H n O 10 . 
An unfermentable carbohydrate found in starch-sugar. 
It is prepared by fermenting a 20 per cent, solution of 
starch-sugar with yeast at 18 or 20 C. for five or 
six days. In the pure state it is a white, amorphous, 
extremely hygroscopic powder ; its taste is at first 
sweet, but afterward becomes insipid ; it is easily 
decomposed by heat ; is readily soluble in water, nearly 
insoluble in absolute alcohol. It is dextro-rotatory 
and reduces copper-solutions. 

Gallium [gal'-e-um) \_Gallia, Gaul]. A rare metal 
(symbol Ga. , sp. gr. 5.935), extremely fusible, and 
related in chemic properties to aluminum, like which 
it is capable of forming a series of alums. Some of 
its compounds are poisonous. See Elements, Table of. 

Gallivorous (gal-iv'-or-us) \_galla, a gall-nut ; vorare, 
to eat, devour] . In biology, applied to the larvae of 
gall-producing insects that feed on the inside of the 
nut-gall. 

Gallization (gal-iz-a'-shztn). A method of improving 
wine, by which the must of a bad year is brought up to 
the standard found to belong to a good must (24 per 
cent, of sugar, 0.6 per cent, of acid, and 75.4 per cent, 
of water) by correcting the ratio of acid to sugar. 
This is done by adding sugar and water in sufficient 
quantity. 

Gallocyanin (gal-o-si' '-an-in) [galla, ga\\ (-nut) ; n'vavoc, 
blue], C 15 H,,N,0 5 . A compound produced by the 
action of nitroso-dimethyl-anilin upon gallic acid, 
catechuic acid, etc. It forms shining green needles, 
and serves as a beautiful violet-colored lake in calico 
print. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Galloflavin (gal-o-flav'-iii). See Pigments. 

Gallois' Test. See Tests, Table of . 

Gallon {gal'-on) [ME., galon, a. gallon]. A standard 
unit of volumetric measurement, having in the United 
States a capacity of 231 cu. in., and equivalent to a 
weight of 58,328.8 grains of distilled water at maximum 
density. In Great Britain its capacity is 277.27 cu. in. 
G., Miniature, in water-testing, a name given to 70 
c.c. 

Gallop Rhythm {gal'-up rithni). A peculiar form of 
cardiac arrhythmia, in which the sounds resemble the 
footfall of a horse in cantering. It is expressed by the 
words " rat-ta-tat." It is most frequently heard in 
interstitial nephritis and arterio-sclerosis. It is said 
to be met with also in healthy persons. 

Galloping Consumption. T he popular term for that 
very rapidly fatal form of pulmonary tuberculosis, in 
which there is rapid destruction of the lung-tissue on 
both sides. It is also called Florid Phthisis. G. 
Paresis, rapidly progressive general paralysis. 

Galton's Whistle. An instrument used for testing the 
perception of high tones by the ear. 

Galvanic (^al-van'-ik) \_Galvani, an Italian physician 
and scientist]. Pertaining to galvanic or chemic elec- 
tricity. G. Battery. See Battery. G. Belt, a belt 
composed of alternate plates of copper and zinc, sepa- 
rated by pieces of felt moistened with a dilute acid. It 
is designed to be worn around the waist for the con- 
tinuous application of galvanism. G. Cautery. See 
Cautery. G. Discs, discs of two dissimilar metals 
arranged alternately, between which a communication 
is established when moistened and placed on the skin. 



GALVANISM 



501 



GANGLION 



G. Poultice, minute pieces of zinc and copper 
wrapped in cotton-wool, each pair separated by flan- 
nel, all inclosed in a bag, one side of which is made 
of rubber-cloth and the other of cotton. The cotton 
side is placed next the skin, perspiration exciting gal- 
vanic action. 

Galvanism (gal'-van-izm) [Galvani ', an Italian physi- 
cian and scientist]. Primary dynamic or current elec- 
tricity. 

Galvanization (gal-van-iz-a'-sliuit) \_Galvani, an Ital- 
ian physician]. The transmission of a current of low 
electro-motive force through any part of the body for 
the purpose of diagnosticating or curing disease. G., 
Central, a variety of general galvanization in which 
the kathode is placed in the epigastrium and the 
anode is moved over the body. G., General, galvan- 
ization of the entire body. 

Galvano- (gal-van'-o-) [Galvani, an Italian physician]. 
A prefix denoting connection with chetnic or current 
electricity. G. -caustic Amputation, an amputation 
in which the soft parts are divided with the galvanic- 
cautery loop, the bone being sawn through. G. -cau- 
terization, the application of the galvanic cautery. 
G. -cautery. See Cautery. G. -contractility, mus- 
cular contraction produced by the galvanic current. 
G.-emesis, the production of vomiting by galvanism. 
G.-faradization, the simultaneous excitation of a 
nerve or muscle by both a voltaic and a faradic cur- 
rent. G. -hypnotism, a hypnotic state induced by 
an electric current. G. -magnetism, same as. Electro- 
magnetism. G. -puncture, the introduction of fine 
needles, that complete an electric circuit, into the 
skin or other tissue. Also, a form of galvano-cautery 
employing a current of the necessary electro-motive 
force to heat the needles to whiteness. G. -therapeu- 
tics. See Electro-therapeutics. 

Galvanometer (gal-van-om 1 '-et-er) [Galvani, an Ital- 
ian physician; fierpov, a measure]. An instrument 
used for the qualitative determination of the presence 
of an electric current. 

Galvanoscope (gal-van' -o-skop) \_Galvani, an Italian 
physician; okottecv, to view]. An instrument for de- 
tecting the direction and presence of a galvanic cur- 
rent. 

Galvanoscopy (gal-van-os' -ko-pe) [Galvani, an Italian 
physician ; okotteiv, to examine]. The use of the 
galvanoscope. 

Galvanotonus (gal-van-ot' -on-us) [Galvani, an Italian 
physician ; tSvoc, tension]. I. Same as Electrotonus. 
2. The " closing tetanus." The continued tetanus 
of a muscle between the make and break contraction. 

Galvanotropism (gal-van-ot' -ro-pizm) [after Galvani; 
Tpkireiv, to turn round]. In biology, the turning 
movements of growing organs under the influence of 
a current of electricity. 

Gambir, Gambier ( gam-ber') [Malayan]. A kind of 
catechu produced from the leaves and shoots of Un- 
caria gambir, a rubiaceous plant of the Malayan . 
region. It has the general properties of official cate- 
chu. See also Pigments, Conspectus of. Unof. 

Gamboge (gam-bozh'). See Cajnbogia and Pigments. 

Game Leg (gam' -leg). A popular term for a lame leg. 

Gamenomania (gam-en-o-ma' -ne-ah). See Gamoma- 
nia. 

Gametangium (gam-et-an'-je-um) [yafihr], wife; 
ayyetov, a vessel]. In biology, a cell or organ produc- 
ing or containing sexual elements, or gametes. 

Gamete (gam'-et) [ya/ihv, to marry]. In biology, any 
sexual reproductive body. 

Gametophyte (gam'-et-o-fit) [ya/iE-tj, a wife ,■ yafisrr/c, 
a husband ; <j>vrdv, a plant]. In biology, the sexual 
form of such plants as exhibit alternate generation. 



Gamgee Tissue (gam'-ge). Absorbent cotton- wool. 

Gamic (gam'-ik) [yafioc, marriage]. In biology, sexual. 

Gammacism (gam'-as-izm) [gammacismus; ya/ifia, 
the letter G]. Difficulty in pronouncing any guttural 
consonant ; guttural stammering. 

Gamogastrous (gam-o-gas' -trus) [ydjuoc, marriage ; 
yaarr/p, the womb]. In biology, applied to a com- 
pound pistil in which the ovaries only are united. 

Gamogenesis (gam-o-Jen'-es-is) [yd/uog, marriage; 
yevecic, origin] . Sexual reproduction. 

Gamogenetic (gam-o-jen-et' -ik) [ydfxoi;, marriage ; 
yevsaic, origin]. Relating to gamogenesis. 

Gamomania (gam-o-ma' -ne-ah) [ydfioc, marriage ; 
fiav'ia, mania]. Insane desire of marriage. 

Gamomorphism (gam-o-mor'-fzm) [ydfioc, marriage; 
fj.op<pi/, form]. Puberty ; sexual maturity. 

Gamopetalous (gam-o-pet'-al-us) [yd/ioc, marriage ; 
■KETaXov, a leaf ]. In biology, sympetalous; having 
the petals more or less united. 

Gamophyllous (gam-o-fil' -us) [ydfioc, marriage ; 
(pv'A/iov, a leaf]. In biology, symphyllous ; having 
the floral envelops united into a single perianth-whorl. 

Gangliac, Ganglial, Gangliar (gang' -gle-ak, gang' -le- 
al, gang' -le-ar). Same as Ganglionic. 

Gangliasthenia (gang' -gle-as-the' -ne-ah) [ydyylwv, 
ganglion; aadsveia, weakness]. Ganglionic asthenia ; 
neurasthenia due to defect of ganglionic function. 

Gangliform ( gang' -glif-orm) [ydyy'kiov , ganglion ; 
forma, form]. P'ormed like, or having the nature 
of, a ganglion. 

Gangliitis (gang-gle-i'-tis) [ydyyXiov, a ganglion ; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of a ganglion. 

Gangliocytin (gang-gle-o-si' -tin) [yayy'Mov, nucleus ; 
librae, cell]. Same as Cytophosphatid. 

Ganglioma (gang-gle-o' -rnali) [ydyyXiov , ganglion ; 
dfia, a tumor : //., Gangliomata~\. A tumor or enlarge- 
ment of a lymphatic ganglion. 

Ganglion (gang' -gle-on) [yayyliov, a knot : pi. , Gang- 
lia]. I. A separate and semi-independent nervous 
center communicating with other ganglia or nerves, 
with the central nervous system, and peripheral organs. 

2. An enlarged bursa in connection with a tendon. 

3. A lymphatic gland. G. -capsule, the envelop of 
a ganglion containing the ganglion-cells or nerve-cells. 
G.-cell, any one of the nerve-cells characteristic of 




Multipolar Ganglion-cell. 
a. Axis-cylinder process, b. Pigment. 

the ganglia, whether found in a ganglion or not. G.- 
corpuscle, a ganglion-cell. G. -globule, a ganglion- 



GANGLIA 



502 



GANGLIA 



cell. An alphabetic table of the principal ganglia is 
appended, showing their location, roots, and distribu- 
tion. Ganglia, Basal, the ganglia at the base of 



the brain, comprising the corpora striata (caudate 
and lenticular nuclei), thalami, and corpora quadri- 
gemina. 



TABLE OF GANGLIA. 



Name. 


Location. 


Roots. 


Distribution. 


Abdominal, maximum. 


See Semilunar. 






Acoustic. 


In grasshoppers, the termination of 
the acoustic nerve. 


Ganglionic chain. 


Organ of hearing. 


Andersch's. 


See Petrous. 






Anterior (of thalamus). 


The anterior tubercle of the thala- 
mus. 






Arnold's. 


See Otic. 






Auerbach's. 


Several minute ganglia situated in 
Auerbach's plexus, q. v. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Auricular. 


See Otic. 






Auricular, posterior. 


See Temporal. 






Auriculo-ventricular. 


See Bidder's. 






Azygous. 


See Impar 






Basal. 


At base of cerebrum ; they include : 
corpora striata, thalami, corpora 
geniculata, corpora quadrigemina, 
locus niger, nuclei tegmenti. 






Basal optic. 


See Optic, basal. 






Bezold's (Von). 


In the auricular septum of the frog's 
heart. 


Sympathetic. 


Heart. 


Bidder's (2). 


In the auricular septum of the frog's 
heart. 


Termination. of the cardiac branches 
of the vagus. 


Heart. 


Bochdalek's. 


Above the root of one of the upper 
incisor teeth, at the point of commu- 
nication between the posterior nasal 
branch of Meckel's ganglion and the 
anterior dental nerve. 


Dental nerves. 


Dental nerves. 


Branchial. 


In Mollusca, near the branchia. 


Ganglionic chain. 


Branchia. 


Buccal. 


In Mollusca, at the point of union of 
the esophagus with the buccal mass. 


Cerebral ganglia. 


Nerves to the mouth 
and alimentary canal. 


Cardiac, lesser. 


See Cardiac, superior. 






Cardiac, superior (Wris- 
berg). 


Beneath the arch of the aorta. 


Superficial cardiac plexus. 


Cardiac plexus. 


Carotid. 


In the lower part of the cavernous 
sinus, beneath the carotid artery. 


Filaments from the carotid plexus. 


Carotid plexus. 


Carotid, inferior. 


Lower portion of the carotid canal. 


Carotid plexus. 


Filaments to the 
carotid artery. 


Carotid, internal. 


See Carotid, superior. 






Carotid, superior. 


Upper portion of the carotid canal. 


Carotid plexus. 


Filaments to the 
carotid artery. 


Casserian. 


See Gasserian. 






Celiac, lateral. 


Near the spleen. 


Splenic plexus. 


Filaments to the 
spleen. 


Celiac, left. 


The left semilunar ganglion (q. v.). 






Celiac, middle. 


In front of the aorta above the celiac 
axis. 


Hepatic plexus. 


Filaments to the liver. 


Celiac, right. 


The right semilunar ganglion (q. v.). 






Cephalic. 


Svmpathetic ganglia of the head. They 
include the ciliary, spheno-palatine, 
otic, and submaxillary. 






Cerebral. 


In Mollusca, above the esophagus. 


Ganglionic chain. 


To the head. 



GANGLIA 503 GANGLIA 

TABLE OF GANGLIA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Roots. 


Distribution. 


Cerebral, anterior. 


A name for the corpus striatum. 






Cervical, first. 


See Cervical, superior. 






Cervical, great. 


See Cervical, superior. 






Cervical, inferior. 


Between the neck of the first rib, and 
the transverse process of the last 
cervical vertebra. 


Three lower cervical, first dorsal. 


Cardiac nerves and 
plexus, etc. 


Cervical, lower. 


See Cervical, inferior. 






Cervical, middle or thy- 
roid. 


Opposite the fifth cervical vertebra ; 
near the inferior thyroid artery. 


Fifth and sixth cervical nerves, 
spinal nerves and ganglia. 


Thyroid gland, cardiac 
nerve, cavernous 
plexus. 


Cervical, oval. 


See Cervical, superior. 






Cervical (of vagus nerve). 


See Inferior (of vagus). 






Cervical, second. 


See Cervical, middle. 






Cervical, stellate. 


See Cervical, middle. 






Cervical, superior. 


Opposite the second and third cervical 
vertebrae. 


Four upper cervical, petrosal, vagus, 
glosso-pharyngeal, and hypoglos- 
sal nerves. 


Superior, inferior, ex- 
ternal, internal 
branches ; carotid and 
cavernous plexuses. 


Cervical, third. 


See Cervical, inferior. 






Cervical, upper. 


See Cervical, superior. 






Cervical (of uterus). 


Near the cervix uteri. 


Filaments from the hypogastric 
plexus, sacral ganglia, and sacral 
nerves. 


Uterine nerves. 


Of the chorda tympani. 


In Invertebrata, above the Glaserian 
fissure. 


Chorda tympani nerve. 


Chorda tympani. 


Ciliary. 


See Ophthalmic. 






Of the circumflex nerve. 


On the branch of the circumflex nerve. 


Circumflex nerve. 


Filaments to teres 
minor, deltoid, and 
fascia. 


Of Cloquet. 


Incisor foramen. 


Naso-palatine nerves. 


Naso-palatine nerves. 


Coccygeal. 


See Impar. 






Cochlear. 


See Spiral. 






Corti's. 


See Spiral. 






Cranio-cervical. 


See Cervical, superior. 






Diaphragmatic. 


See Phrenic. 






Ehrenritter's. 


See fngular. 






Extraventricular. 


A name for the lenticular nucleus- 






Facial. 


See Geniculate. 






Of Frankenhauser. 


See Cervical, uterine. 






Frontal. 


In Invertebrata, the ganglion from 
which arises the pharyngeal nerve. 


Ganglionic chain. 


Pharyngeal nerve. 


Fusiform. 


See Cervical, superior. 






Gasser's (A. P.). 


See Gasserian. 






Gasserian, or semilunar. 


Fossa on the anterior part of the 
petrosa, near the apex. 


Fifth cranial nerve, carotid plexus. 


Ophthalmic, superior 
and inferior maxillary 
nerves. 


Geniculate. 


Aqueduct of Fallopius. 


Large and small superficial petro- 
sal. 


Facial. 


Great. 


See Cardiac, superior. 






Of the habenula. 


A ganglion situated in the trigonum 
habenulae near the thalamus. 






Hepatic. 


Around the hepatic artery. 


Hepatic branches of the semilunar 
ganglion. 


Liver. 



GANGLIA 504 GANGLIA 

TABLE OF GANGLIA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Roots. 


Distribution. 


Hirschfeld's. 


A name for the hippocampal gyrus. 






Hypogastric. 


See Cervical {of uterus). 






Impar, or Coccygeal. 


Anterior surface of the tip of the coc- 
cyx, uniting the two sympathetic 
nerves. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Inferior (of vagus). 


Near jugular foramen. 


Hypoglossal and cervical nerves 
and various plexuses. 


Vagus. 


Infra-esophageal. 


In Mollusca, beneath the esophagus. 


Ganglionic chain. 


Foot. 


Inframaxillary, anterior. 


Near the incisor teeth. 


Inferior maxillary nerve. 


Filaments to the teeth. 


Inframaxillary, posterior. 


Near the last molar tooth. 


Inferior maxillary nerve. 


Filaments to the teeth. 


Intercarotid. 


Bifurcation of the common carotid. 


Carotid plexus. 


Sympathetic. 


Interoptic. 


The gray matter of the interoptic 
lobes. 






Interosseous. 


Back of the wrist 


Interosseous nerve. 


Nerves to the carpus. 


Intervertebral. 


Near the intervertebral foramen. 


Spinal cord. 


Dorsal root of spinal 
nerve. 


Jugular (Ehrenritter's). 


Upper part of the jugular foramen. 


Glossopharyngeal. 


Continuation of the 
glossopharyngeal. 


Jugular (of vagus). 


Jugular foramen. 


Vagus. 


Vagus. 


Lateral (several in num- 
ber). 


Surrounding the subclavian artery. 


Branches of the inferior cervical 
ganglion. 


Subclavian artery. 


Lenticular. 


See Ophthalmic. 






Lingual. 


See Submaxillary. 






Ludwig's. 


Right auricle of the heart. 


Cardiac plexus. 


Cardiac plexus. 


Lumbar (4 or 5). 


On each side and behind the abdom- 
inal aorta. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Maxillo-tympanic. 


See Otic. 






Meckel's. 


See Spheno-palatine . 






Meckelian. 


See Spheno-palatine . 






Meissner's. 


Intestinal sub-mucosa. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Mesenteric, inferior. 


The inferior mesenteric artery. 


Inferior mesenteric plexus. 


Mesentery and intes- 
tine. 


Mesenteric, lateral. 


Left side of the body. 


Superior mesenteric plexus. 


Mesentery and bowel. 


Mesenteric, superior. 


Near the origin of the superior mes- 
enteric artery. 


Superior mesenteric plexus. 


Sympathetic. 


Of Meynert. 


See Optic, basal. 






Miiller's. 


See Jugular and Prostatic. 






Nasal. 


See Meeker s. 






Nephro-aortic. 


See Renal. 






Nephro-lumbar. 


Junction of the branches of the lum- 
bar and spermatic nerves. 


Lumbar and spermatic nerves. 


Kidney and lumbar re- 
gion. 


Ophthalmic. 


Posterior part of the orbit. 


Nasal branch of the ophthalmic, 
third, cavernous plexus, and 
Meckel's ganglion. 


Short ciliary. 


Optic. 


See Ophthalmic. 






Optic, basal (of Meynert). 


Beneath the third ventricle, near the 
optic tract. 


Gray matter of the cerebrum. 


Optic tract. 


Optic, inferior. 


See Optic, basal. 






Orbital. 


See Ophthalmic. 






Otic (Arnold's). 


Below the foramen ovale. 


Inferior maxillary, aurieulo-tempor- 
al, glosso-pharyngeal, facial, sym- 
pathetic, and internal pterygoid. 


Tensor tympani, ten- 
sor pal at i , chorda 
tympani. 



GANGLIA 505 GANGLIA 

TABLE OF GANGLIA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Roots. 


Distribution. 


Pedal. 


See Infra-esophageal. 






Petrosal. 


See Petrous. 






Petrous (Andersch'sj. 


Petrous portion of the temporal bone, 
lower border. 


Glosso-pharyngeal. 


Tympanic, sympathet- 
ic, and vagus. 


Pharyngeal. 


Near ascending pharyngeal artery. 


Carotid plexus. 


Carotid plexus. 


Pharyngeal, soft. 


On the lingual artery, near the 
pharyngeal ganglion. 


Carotid plexus. 


Lingual plexus. 


Phrenic. 


Under the diaphragm at the junction 
of the right phrenic nerve and 
phrenic plexus. 


Sympathetic. 


To the diaphragm, in- 
ferior vena cava, su- 
pra-renal capsule, 
hepatic plexus. 


Phrenic, major. 


Point of union of the phrenic nerves 
with the spinal and sympathetic sys- 
tems. 


Phrenic, spinal, and sympathetic. 


Filaments to the dia- 
phragm. 


Phrenic, secondary. 


Near the diaphragm. 


Anterior, superior, transverse 
plexus. 


Filaments to the dia- 
phragm. 


Phrenico-hepatic. 


Lower surface of the diaphragm. 


The phrenic plexus. 


Filaments to the dia- 
phragm and liver. 


Plexiform. 


See Gasserian. 






Pneumogastric. 


See Vagus. 






Of the portio dura. 


See Geniculate. 






Post-esophageal. 


In insects, around the gullet. 


Cephalic ganglia. 


Nerves to the mouth 


Postoptic. 


See Optic, basal. 






Pre-esophageal. 


See Cephalic. 






Prostatic (of Miiller). 


On the prostate. 


Prostatic plexus. 


Filaments to seminal 
vesicles and caver- 
nous tissue of penis. 


Pterygo-palatine. 


See Meckel's. 






Remak's. 


Tissue of the heart, near the superior 
vena cava. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Renal. 


Around the renal artery. 


Renal plexus. 


Renal artery. 


Renal, anterior communi- 
cating. 


In front of the renal artery. 


Renal plexus. 


Kidney. 


Renal, left aortic. 


Point of origin of the renal artery. 


Renal plexus. 


Kidney. 


Renal, posterior communi- 
cating. 


Behind the renal artery. 


Renal plexus. 


Kidney. 


Reticulate. 


Medulla oblongata. 


The gray matter scattered through 
the medulla. 




Rhinic. 


See Meckel's. 






Of Ribes. 


Anterior communicating artery of the 
brain. (It is the upper termination 
of the sympathetic.) 


Branches from the two superior 
ganglia. 


Sympathetic. 


Sacral (4 or 5). 


Ventral surface of the sacrum. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Sacral, accessory (4). 


Along the middle sacral artery. 


Sympathetic. 


Middle sacral artery. 


Scarpa's. 


Near the internal auditory meatus, at 
the point of junction of the facial 
nerve and the vestibular branch of 
the auditory nerve. 


Facial and auditory nerves. 


Internal ear. 


Schacher's. 


See Ophthalmic. 






Schmiedel's. 


In the carotid plexus. 


Fifth nerve, third branch. 


Sympathetic. 


Semilunar (2, right and 
left). 


Near the supra-renal bodies, in front 
of the crura of the diaphragm. 


Solar plexus and great splanchnic 
nerves. 


Solar plexus. 


Semilunar. 


See Gasserian. 




Solar. 


See Semilunar. 







GANGLIA 506 GANGLIA 

TABLE OF GANGLIA. — Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Roots. 


Distribution. 


Spermatic, inferior. 


On the spermatic artery, near the 
internal abdominal ring 


Sympathetic. 


Cord and testicle. 


Spermatic, superior. 


Around the spermatic artery. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Spermatico-renal. 


In a plexus formed by the inferior 
branches of the renal plexus. 


Renal plexus. 


Spermatic artery and 
kidney. 


Sphenoid. 


See MeckeVs. 






Spheno-palatine (Meck- 
el's). 


Spheno-maxillary fossa, near the 
spheno-palatine foramen. 


Superior maxillary, facial, sympa- 
thetic. 


Anterior, posterior.and 
external palatine, na- 
so-palatine, superior 
nasal, Vidian, pharyn- 
geal. 


Spinal. 


See Intervertebral. 






Spiral. 


Spiral canal of the modiolus. 


Cochlear nerve. 


Filaments to the os- 
seous lamina and to 
the organ of Corti. 


Splanchnic. 


See Semilunar. 






Stellate. 


The first thoracic (q v.). 






Stomato-gastric. 


In Mollusca, the upper surface of 
the stomach. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Sub-esophageal. 


See Infra-esophageal. 






Sub-intestinal. 


See Meissner's. 






Sublingual. 


See Submaxillary. 






Submandibular. 


See Submaxillary. 






Submaxillary. 


Above the submaxillary gland. 


Gustatory, chorda tympani, sub- 
maxillary, sympathetic. 


Mouth, submaxillary 
gland, and Wharton's 
duct. 


Superior. 


See Jugular. 






Superior (of Vagus). 


Jugular foramen. 


Superior cervical and petrous gan- 
glia, and spinal accessory. 


Vagus. 


Supra-esophageal. 


In Mollusca, above the esophagus. 


Ganglionic chain. 


Esophagus. 


Supra-maxillary. 


Above the canine tooth. 


Anterior superior dental nerve. 


Anterior superior den- 
tal nerve. 


Supra-renal. 


Junction of the great splanchnic 
nerves 


Solar plexus. 


Supra-renal plexus. 


Temporal. 


External carotid artery, near the 
parotid gland. 


Superior cervical ganglion and 
carotid plexus. 


Temporal region. 


Thoracic (12). 


Between the transverse processes of 
the vertebrae and the heads of the 
ribs. 


Sympathetic. 


Splanchnic nerves and 
branches to spinal 
nerves and plexuses 


Thyroid, inferior. 


See Cervical, middle. 






Thyroid, superior. 


See Cervical, superior. 






Transverse. 


See Semilunar. 






Tympanic. 


Canal between the lower surface of 
the petrosa and the tympanum. 


Tympanic branch of the glosso- 
pharyngeal. 


Tympanum. 


Vagus: (1) of the root, see 
Jugular ; (2) of the trunk 
( Vagus). 


Below the jugular foramen. 


Vagus . 


Vagus. 


Valentin's. 


Above the root of the second bicuspid, 
at the junction of the middle and 
posterior dental nerves. 


Posterior and middle dental nerves. 


Filaments to the teeth. 


Ventricular. 


See Bidder's. 






Vertebral. 


See Cervical, inferior. 






Vesico-vaginal. 


Ventral wall of the vagina 


Vesico-vaginal plexus. 


Sympathetic. 


Vestibular. 


Aqueduct of Fallopius. 


Geniculate ganglion. 


Vestibular nerve. 


Walter's. 


See Impar. 






Of Wrisberg. 


See Cardiac. 







GANGLIONIC 



507 



GAS 



Ganglionic (gang-gle-on'-iE) [yayyfaov, a ganglion]. 
Pertaining to or of the nature of a ganglion. G. 
Centers, masses of gray matter of the brain lying be- 
tween the floor of the lateral ventricles and the decus- 
sation of the anterior pyramids of the cord. They 
include the optic thalami, corpora striata, and others. 

Ganglionitis {gang-gle-on-i'-tis). See Gangliitis. 

Gangliopathy (gang-gle-op> '-ath-e) [yayyXiov, a gan- 
glion; irddoc, disease]. Any disorder dependent upon 
a diseased condition of a ganglion ; any diseased state 
of a ganglion. 

Gangraena (gang-gre'-nah) [L.]. Gangrene. G. 
contagiosa. See Gangrene, Hospital. G. noso- 
comialis. See Gangrene, Hospital. G. oris. See 
Stomatitis. 

Gangraenosis (gang-gre-no' -sis). See Gangrenosis. 

Gangrene {gang' -grin) \_ydyypaiva, a sore, from ypaiv- 
uv, to gnaw] . Mortification or death of a part of the 
body from failure in nutrition. The putrefactive fer- 
mentation of a dead limb or tissue. G., Circular, a 
form of mortification occurring usually on some part 
of the lower extremity, and not exceeding in size a 
silver half-dollar. It involves the skin and subcuta- 
neous tissues and is accompanied by signs of 
exhaustion. G., Constitutional, that dependent upon 
systemic disease, such as diabetes, or circulatory dis- 
ease. G., Diabetic. See Sphaceloderma. G., Dry, 
shriveling and desiccation from insufficiency of blood. 
G., Embolic, that caused by an embolus that cuts off 
the supply of blood. G., Hospital, a contagious form 
arising under crowded conditions without antiseptic pre- 
cautions. G., Moist, a form with abundance of serous 
exudation and rapid decomposition. G., Nosocomial, 
hospital gangrene. G., Primary, that without preceding 
inflammation of the part. G., Pulpy. See G., Hos- 
pital. G., Secondary, a form with preceding inflamma- 
tion. G., Senile, that attacking the extremities of the 
aged. G., Symmetric, that attacking corresponding 
parts of opposite sides. It is called, also, Raynaud s 
G. See, also, Sphaceloderma. G., White, a moist 
gangrene of chronic form, in which there is a serous 
exudate with lymphatic obstruction, followed by com- 
plete anemia. It is unaccompanied by the characteristic 
color-change of other varieties of gangrene. 

Gangrenopsis (gang-gren-op'-sis) \_ydyypaiva, gan- 
grene; btpic, the face]. Synonym of Cancrum oris. 

Gangrenosis (gang-gren-o' -sis) [ydyypaiva, gangrene ; 
vdaoc, disease]. The condition of being or of becom- 
ing mortified or gangrenous. 

Gangrenous (gang' -gren-us) [ydyypaiva, gangrene]. 
Pertaining to or being of the nature of gangrene. G. 
Emphysema. See Edema, Malignant. 

Ganja (gan'-jah) [Hind.]. Synonym of Cannabis in- 
die a. 

Gannal's Solution. A preservative fluid containing 
one part of aluminum acetate in 20 parts of water. 

Ganoin (gan'-o-in) [ydvoc, brightness]. In biology, 
the dense enamel-like form of bone of the plates of 
a ganoid fish. 

Gant's Line. See Lines, Table of. 

Gantelet (gant'-let). See Gauntlet. 

Gape (gap, or gap) \_WE.,gapen, to yawn]. To yawn ; 
the act of yawning. 

Gapes (gaps) [ME.,gapen, to gape]. A disease of 
young fowls, caused by the presence of a nematode 
worm, Syngamus trachealis, in the trachea. See 
Parasites, (Animal) Table of. 

Gaping (gap'-ing). See Pandiculation and Yawning. 

Gaps, Cranial (gapz) [ME., gapeti, to gape]. Certain 
occasional congenital fissures of the skull. 

Garancin (gar-an'-sin) [origin unknown]. The product 
obtained by the action of concentrated H 2 S0 4 on pul- 



verized madder, at a temperature of 100 C. (212° F.). 
It is a valuable dye. See Pigments Conspectus of. 

Garbage (gar'-baj) [ME., garbage, the entrails of 
fowls]. The refuse materials of kitchen-cookery, etc. 
G. and Waste. See Sewage, Disposal of. G.-cart, 
Flannagan Automatic, a variety of cart much used 
for the collection of garbage. G. -furnace, a fur- 
nace in use in cities and towns to consume the waste 
material of the place. 

Garbling (gar'-bling) [OF., garbeler, to sift]. The 
assorting of a drug and its separation into grades of 
different quality. 

Garcinia (gar-sin' -e-ah) [after Laurent Garcin, a French 
botanist] . A genus of guttiferous trees of Old-world 
tropical regions. G. hanburii, G. morella, G. pic- 
toria, and G. travancorica afford gamboge. G. 
mangostana yields the palatable fruit called mango- 
steen. 

Garden Rocket. See Eruca sativa. 

Garel, Sign of. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Gargarism (gar' -gar-izm) [yapyapfy.iv, to gargle : //. , 
Gargarismata~\. A gargle. 

Garget (gar' -get) [ME., gargat, the throat]. I. A 
swelling of the throat in swine or cattle. 2. A hard, 
knotty condition of the udder in cows, that sometimes 
follows calving, due to the sudden distention of the 
bag with milk ; it is attended with inflammation. At 
times it is tuberculous in nature. It is also called 
" Weed'''' and Mammitis. G.-root, a name improp- 
erly given to the root of Phytolacca decandra (see 
Phytolacca) ; so called because it is regarded as a cure 
for garget in cows. 

Gargle (gar'-gl) [Fr. , gargouille, the throat]. To 
rinse or wash the interior of the throat and upper part 
of the pharynx. Also, a wash for the throat. 

Gargling (gar'-gling) [Fr. , gargouille, the throat]. 
Rinsing the throat. G., von Troltsch's Method of, 
the patient takes a mouthful of fluid, throws back the 
head, and then, instead of making the customary 
"gurgle," allows the liquid to pass as far down as 
possible. The act of deglutition is then performed, 
without, however, letting the fluid be swallowed. 

Garland (gar' -land). See Karyokinesis. 

Garlic (gar'-lik). See Allium. 

Garnet-brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Garretson's Bandage. See Bandage. 

Garrod's Theory. The theory that gout is due to an 
increase in the uric acid in the blood, either from in- 
creased production or diminished elimination. The 
alkalinity of the blood is also lessened ; hence the 
urates are deposited in the tissues. G.'s Test. See 
Tests, Table of. 

Garrot (gar' -ot) [Fr. , garotter, to bind]. An instru- 
ment for compression of an artery by twisting a cir- 
cular bandage about the part. 

Garroting (gar'-ot-ing) [Sp., garrote, strangulation by 
means of an iron collar]. In forensic medicine, 
a term used in England to signify the forcible com- 
pression of a victim's neck by robbers or criminals. 

Garrulity (gar-oo'-lit-e) \_garrire, to prattle]. Talka- 
tiveness. G. of the Vulva. See Vulva. 

Garrya (gar' -e-ah) [after Garry, a botanist]. Cali- 
fornia fever-bush ; skunk-bush, or quinin-bush. The 
leaves of G. fremontii, a bitter antiperiodic, popular 
on the Pacific coast as a remedy for malarial diseases. 
Dose of the fid. ext. Tr^x-xxx. Unof. 

Garryin (gar'-e-in) \_Garry, a botanist]. An alkaloid 
said to exist in the leaves of Gar?ya fremontii. 

Gartner, Canals or Ducts of. See Canal. 

Gas (gaz). Any substance that is normally aeriform. 
Substances normally in a liquid or solid state are 
usually called vapors when changed to the aeriform 



GASKELL'S CLAMP 



508 



GASTROCEPHALITIS 



condition. G. -black. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 
G., Nitrous Oxid. See Nitrous Oxid. 

Gaskell's Clamp. See Clamp. 

Gasolene (gas'-o-len) [gas~\. Canadol. A product ob- 
tained from petroleum, boiling at 70 to 90 C ; speci- 
fic gravity, .660 to .690, or 8o° to 75° B. It is used 
in the extraction of oils from oil-seeds and in car- 
buretting coal-gas. 

Gasp [ME. , gaspen, to yawn]. To catch for breath. 
To breathe spasmodically with open mouth. 

Gasser's Arteries. See Arteries, Table of. G.'s Gang- 
lion. See Ganglia, Table of. G., Nerve of. See 
Nerves, Table of. 

Gasserian Arteries. See Arteries, Table of. G. Gang- 
lion. See Ganglia, Table of. 

Gaster (gas'-ter) [yaor^p, stomach]. The stomach ; 
the abdomen. G. basalis, the apical canal, pedun- 
cle-tube, or tubus capillar is of hydroid polyps. G. 
buccalis, the esophagus of Medusas. G. centralis, 
the central cavity of Medusa;. G. coronaris, the 
perogaster of Medusae. G. principales. See Axo- 
gaster. 

Gasterangiemphraxis (gas - ter- an-je- em -fraks' - is) 
[yaarrjp, stomach; ayyelov, vessel; e/u<f>pat;ig, obstruc- 
tion]. 1. Congestion of the stomachic blood-vessels. 
2. Pyloric obstruction. 

GasteTasthenia(gas-ter-as-the'-ne-ali) [yaarrjp, stomach ; 
aodevEia, weakness]. Weakness or debility of the 
stomach. 

Gasterataxia (gas-ter-at-aks' '-e-ah) [yaarrjp, stomach; 
ara^ia, disorder]. Disordered state of the functions of 
the stomach ; that state of the stomach-walls in which 
some parts are hardened or thickened, while others 
are softened or inflamed. 

Gasterechema (gas-ter-ek-e'-mak) [yaarrjp, stomach; 
rj^rjpa, sound]. A sound heard in the auscultation of 
the stomach. 

Gasterectasis (gas-ter-ek' -tas-is) [yaarrjp, stomach ; 
enraaig, dilatation]. Dilatation of the stomach; it is 
usually due to pyloric obstruction, but may also result 
from muscular weakness, and from over-distention 
from excessive eating and drinking. 

Gastero- (gas'-ter-o-) [yaarrjp, belly]. See Gastro-. 

Gasterotheca (gas-ter-o-the' '-kali) [yaarrjp, stomach; 
Orjarj, case : pi. , Gasterothecaf\. In biology, the part 
of the pupa or chrysalis-case that covers the abdomen. 

Gasterozooid, Gastrozooid (gas-ter-o-zo'-oid, gas-tro- 
zo'-oid) [yaarrjp, stomach ; uCjov, animal ; e«?oc,form]. 
In biology, one of the nutritive zooids of a polyp- 
colony. 

Gastraea (gas-tre'-ah) [yaarrjp, stomach ;//., Gastrxm\. 
In biology, Hseckel's term for a hypothetic, primeval, 
two-layered, saccular organism ; the supposed ancestral 
type of the gastrula stage of the present Metazoan. 

Gastraemia (gas-tre' -me-ah). See Gastremia. 

Gastral (gas'-tral) [yaarrjp, the stomach]. Pertaining 
to the gaster or stomach ; gastric. 

Gastralgia, Gastralgy (gas-tral' -je-ah, -je) [yaarrjp, 
stomach; aXyog, pain]. Pain in the stomach. A 
mild form is sometimes called gastrodvnia. 

Gastread (gas'-tre-ad) [yaarrjp, stomach]. In biology, 
an animal the morphologic development of which 
stops at the gastrula stage. 

Gastrectasia (gas-trek-ta'-ze-ah). See Gastrectasis. 

Gastrectasis (gas-trek' -las-is) [yaarrjp, stomach; 
inraoig, a stretching out]. Dilatation of the stomach. 

Gastrectomy (gas-trek' -to-me) [yaarrjp, stomach ; 
enrourj, a cutting out]. Resection of any diseased 
part of the stomach. 

Gastrelcobrosis (gas-trel-ko-bro' -sis) [yaarrjp, stomach ; 
eAKog, ulcer; fipucig, an eating]. Ulceration of the 
stomach. 



Gastrelcosis (gas-trel-ko'-sis) [yaarrjp, stomach; 
EAauoig, ulceration]. Ulceration of the stomach. 

Gastremia (gas-tre' ' -me-ah) [yaarrjp, stomach ; alfia, 
blood]. Congestion of the coats of the stomach. 

Gastrenteralgia (gas-tren-ter-al' -je-ah) [yaarrjp, stom- 
ach; evrepov, intestine; a?,yog, pain]. Neuralgia of 
the stomach and bowels. 

Gastrenteromalacia (gas-tren - ter- - mal-a'- se-a/i) 
[yaarrjp, stomach ; evrepov, intestine ; jiaAania, soften- 
ing]. Softening of the stomach and intestines (as- 
serted by some to be merely a post-mortem condi- 
tion). 

Gastreum (gas' -tre-um) [yaarrjp, stomach]. In biol- 
ogy, the under or ventral surface of a bird. 

Gastric (gas'-trik) [yaarrjp, stomach]. Pertaining to 
the stomach. G. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. G. 
Crisis, a severe, paroxysmal attack of pain in the 
stomach, accompanied by obstinate vomiting, faintness, 
and occasionally by slowness and irregularity of the 
pulse. These crises are met with in locomotor ataxia, 
q. v. G. Digestion, that part of the digestion of food 
performed by the gastric juice ; the conversion of albu- 
minous bodies into peptones. G. Fever. See Fever. 
G. Fistula, a perforation or communication other 
than the normal one between the stomach and peri- 
toneal cavity, or with the outer part of the body. G. 
Follicles. See Glands, Peptic. G. Insufficiency, 
a term applied to the early stages of dilatation of the 
stomach. G. Juice, the normal secretion of the tubu- 
lar, peptic glands of the stomach. It is a clear, colorless 
liquid, having an acid reaction, and containing from .5 
to 2 per cent, of solid matter in solution. A small amount 
of hydrochloric acid, .2 to .4 per cent., and a ferment 
called pepsin, are the essential elements. G. Plexus, 
a subdivision of the solar plexus distributed to the 
stomach. It joins branches of the left pneumogastric 
nerve. See Plexus. G. Veins, two veins of the 
stomach ; the lesser one is called the pyloric, the greater 
the coronary. See Vein. 

Gastricism (gas'-tris-izm) [yaarr/p, stomach]. I. The 
theory that ascribes most diseases to some gastric de- 
rangement. 2. A gastric disorder. 

Gastrimargia, or Gastrimargism (gas-tiim-ar' -je-ah, 
or -jizm) [yaarrjp, belly; fiapyoc, greedy]. Insane 
or furious gluttony. 

Gastritic (gas-trit'-ik) [yaarrjp, stomach]. Pertaining 
to or affected with gastritis. 

Gastritis (gas-tri'-tis) [yaarrjp, stomach ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the coats of the stomach. 
It may be acute or chronic. G. polyposa, that form 
associated with a rough, wrinkled, mammillated 
condition of the gastric mucous membrane. 

Gastro- (gas'-tro-) [yaarrjp, stomach]. A prefix de- 
noting some relation with or complication of the 
stomach. 

Gastro-adenitis (gas'-tro-ad-en-i'-tis) [yaarrjp, stom- 
ach; anrjv, gland; iric, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the glands of the stomach. 

Gastro-arthritis (gas-tro-ar-thri' -lis) [yaarrjp, stomach ; 
apSpov, a joint ; trig, inflammation]. Gout in the 
stomach and joints at the same time. 

Gastrobrosis (gas-tro-b?-o'-sis) [yaarrjp, stomach ; /3pw- 
aig, a gnawing]. Perforating ulcer of the stomach. 

Gastrocele (gas'-tro-sel) [yaarljp, stomach ; kijAij, her- 
nia]. A hernia of the stomach. 

Gastrocelus (gas-tro-se'-lus) [yaarrjp, stomach ; no'ikog, 
hollow]. In biology, applied to one of the depres- 
sions at the base of the second abdominal tergita in 
certain insects. 

Gastrocephalitis (gas-tro-scf-at-i'-tii)[yaarr/p, stomach ; 
KeaaAr/, head; trig, inflammation]. Concurrent in- 
flammation of the stomach and of the brain. 



GASTROCHOLIA 



509 



GASTRO-FERICARDITIS 



Gastrocholia ( gas-tro-ko' -le-ah ) [}<ienv)p, stomach ; 
,\6"A)/, bile]. Concurrent gastric and bilious disorder. 

Gastrocnemius (gas-trok-ne'-me-us) [yaari/p, stomach ; 
mi/ at), leg]. See Muscles, Table of. 

Gastrocolic {gas-tro-kol' '-ik\ [; aari/p, stomach ; koXov, 
the large intestine]. Pertaining to both the stomach 
and the colon. 

Gastrocolitis (gas-tro-ho-li'-tis) [■/ aari/p, stomach; 
ko'aov, colon ; irtc, inflammation]. Concurrent inflam- 
mation of the stomach and large intestine. 

Gastrocolotomy (gas-/ro-ko-lot'-o-??ie) [yaari/p, stom- 
ach; ko'aov, colon; repveiv, to cut]. The establish- 
ment of an artificial communication between the stom- 
ach and the colon. 

Gastrocolpotomy (gas-tro-hol-pol'-o-me) [yaari/p, stom- 
ach ; ko/.tvoq, vagina ; repveiv, to cut] . The operation of 
Cesarean section in which the opening is made through 
the tinea alba into the upper part of the vagina. 

Gastrocystis (gas-tro-sis'-tis) [yacTT/p, belly; kvotic, 
bladder]. In biology, the single-layered blastodermic 
vesicle of mammals. 

Gastroderma ( gas-tro-der' -mah ) [yaari/p, stomach ; 
dep/ia, skin]. In biology, the lamina gastralis, or 
intestinal epithelium. 

Gastrodialysis (gas-tro-di-a/'-is-is) [yaari/p, stomach ; 
Abate, a loosening]. A solution of continuity in the 
gastric wall. 

Gastrodiaphane (gas-tro-di'-af-dn ) [yaari/p, stomach; 
did, through ; (patveiv, to show]. See Gastrodiaphany. 

Gastrodiaphanoscopy ( gas' -tro-di-af-an-os' -ko-pe ) 
[yaari/p, stomach ; Sect, through ; ijialveiv, to show ; 
omireiv, to inspect]. The examination of the stomach 
by means of the diaphanoscope. 

Gastiodiaphany(gas-tro-di-af'-an-e)[yaari/p, stomach ; 
Sid, through ; (paiveiv, to show]. A method of ex- 
ploration of the stomach by means of the gastrodia- 
phane. This consists of a soft stomach-tube, at the 
gastric extremity of which is placed an Edison's hard- 
glass lamp, from which conducting wires, containing 
a current-interrupter, run to a portable storage-battery. 
The stomach should be free from food and moderately 
distended with water. The gastric extremity of the 
gastrodiaphane, after being lubricated with oil or gly- 
cerin, is introduced into that viscus, and the circuit is 
closed. If no pronounced thickening of the anterior 
stomach wall exists, trans-illumination in a dark room, 
with the patient erect, permits the outlines of the 
stomach to be seen as a zone of reddish hue on the 
abdominal wall. 

Gastrodidymus ( gas-tro-did' '-im-us) [yaari/p, stomach; 
SiSviuoc, double]. A double monstrosity with one ab- 
dominal cavity. 

Gastroduodenal (gas-tro-du-o-de'-nal) [yaari/p, stom- 
ach ; duodeni, twelve each]. Pertaining to the stom- 
ach and the duodenum. 

Gastroduodenitis (gas-tro-du-od-en-i'-tis) [yaari/p, 
stomach ; duodeni, twelve each ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the stomach and duodenum. 

Gastroduodenostomy ( gas' -tro-dn-od-en-os' -to-me ) 
[yaari/p, stomach ; duodeni, twelve each ; aropa, 
mouth]. A surgical operation upon the stomach and 
the duodenum, in which a new passage from the one to 
the other is established. 

Gastrodynia (gas-tro-din'-e-ah) [yaari/p, stomach ; 
bfivvTj, pain]. A mild pain in the stomach. See also 
Gastralgia. 

Gastroectasis {gas-tro-ek' -tas-is). Same as Gastrec- 
tasis. 

Gastro-electrization {gas-tro-e-lek-triz-a' -shun) [yaa- 
ri/p, stomach ; rfktK-pov, amber] . The therapeutic ap- 
plication of electricity to the stomach. 

Gastroelytrotomy (gas-tro-el-it-rol' -o-tne) [yaari/p, 



stomach; eAvrpov, a sheath; ropi/, a cutting]. A 
method of performing Cesarean section. An incision is 
made into the vagina (after the abdominal section), in- 
stead of into the uterus, and if the child cannot be ex- 
tracted in this way, an incision is made into the os uteri. 

Gastroenteralgia ( gas-tro-en-ter-al' -je-a/i) [yaari/p, 
stomach; evrepov, bowel ; aAyoc, pain]. Concurrent 
pain in the stomach and bowels. 

Gastroenteric ( gas-tro-en-ter'-ih) [yaari/p, stomach ; 
evrepov, bowel]. Pertaining to both stomach and 
bowels. 

Gastroenteritis (gas-tro-en-ter-i'-tis) [yaari/p, stom- 
ach ; evrepov, bowel ; trie, inflammation]. Concurrent 
inflammation of stomach and bowels. 

Gastroenterostomy [gas-tro-en-ter-os' -to-me) [^/aari/p, 
stomach ; evrepov, bowel ; aropa, mouth]. Formation 
of a fistulous communication between the stomach and 
the small intestine in obstruction of the pylorus. 

Gastroenterotomy {gas-tro-en-ler-of -o-me) [yaari/p, 
stomach ; evrepov, bowel ; repveiv, to cut]. Intestinal 
incision through the abdominal wall. 

Gastroepiploic ( gas-tro-ep-ip-lo' -ik) [yaari/p, stomach ; 
eni-KAoov, caul]. Pertaining to stomach and omentum. 

Gastro-esophageal (gas-tro-e-so-fa'-je-al) [yaarijp, 
stomach; oiootpdyoc, the esophagus]. Pertaining to 
both the stomach and the esophagus. 

Gastrofaradization ( gas' -tro-far-ad-iz-a' -shun) [yaa- 
ri/p, stomach ; Faraday\. The application of farad- 
ism to the stomach. 

Gastrogalvanization {gas' - tre -gal- van - iz - a' - shun) 
[yaari/p, stomach; Galvani~\. The application of 
galvanism to the stomach. 

Gastrohepatic (gas-tro-he-pat'-ik) [yaarijp, stomach ; 
Tjirap, the liver]. Relating to both stomach and liver. 

Gastro hysterectomy ( gas' -tro - h is-ter - ek' -to-me) 
[•/aari/p, the stomach; vorepa, the womb; eKropi/, 
a cutting out]. The Porro-Cesarean operation. See 
Operations, Table of: 

Gastrohysterotomy (gas-tro-his-ter-ot'-o-??ie) [yaarijp, 
stomach; vorepa, womb; r'epveiv, to cut]. The 
Cesarean section, q. v. 

Gastrolith (gas'-tro-lith) [yaari/p, stomach ; Ai8oc, a 
stone]. A calcareous formation in the stomach ; gas- 
tric calculus ; bezoar. 

Gastrolithiasis (gas-tro-lith-i'-as-is) [yaari/p, stomach; 
'A/Oiaaig, the formation of calculi]. A morbid con- 
dition associated with the formation of gastroliths. 

Gastrology (gas-trol' -o-Je) [yaarijp, stomach ; Xoyoc , 
science]. A treatise on the stomach and its functions. 

Gastromalacia (gas-tro-mal-a'-se-ah) [yaarr,p, stom- 
ach ; palaKta, softening]. An abnormal softening of 
the structural tissue of the stomach ; it is generally be- 
lieved to be due to post-mortem acidity. 

Gastromelus [gas-trom' -el-us) [yaari/p, stomach; fieXoc, 
limb]. A monster with accessory limbs attached to 
the abdomen. 

Gastromenia (gas-tro-me' -ne-ah) [yaari/p, stomach ; pi/v, 
month]. Vicarious menstruation by the stomach. 

Gastrometritis (gas-lro-me-tri'-tis) [yaari/p, stomach ; 
pi/rpa, womb; irtc, inflammation]. Gastritis con- 
current with metritis. 

Gastromycetes [gas-tro-mi-se' -tez) [yaari/p, stomach ; 
fivnijc, mushroom]. A group of fungi, the spores of 
which are enclosed in a cavity or pouch. 

Gastropancreatic (gas-tro-pan-hre-at'-ih) [yaari/p, 
stomach; trdyKpeac, pancreas]. Both gastric and 
pancreatic. 

Gastropathy (gas-trop'-ath-e) [yaari/p, stomach ; nddoc, 
disease]. Any disease or disorder of the stomach. 

Gastro-pericarditis (gas-tro-per-ik-ar-di' -tis) [yaari/p. 
stomach ; Kepi, around ; nap&la, heart ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Gastritis concurrent with pericarditis. 



GASTROPERIODYNIA 



510 



GAZEOL 



Gastroperiodynia (gas-tro-per-e-o-din' -e-ah) [yaarr/p, 
stomach ; nepiodoc, period ; bdvvTj, pain]. Periodic 
gastralgia. 

Gastrophrenic (gas-lro-fren' -ik) [yaari/p, stomach ; 
(j>pr/v, diaphragm]. Relating to both stomach and dia- 
phragm. 

Gastroplegia (gas-tro-ple' -je-ah) [yaari/p, stomach ; 
-K/\r/yf), stroke]. Paralysis of the stomach. 

Gastropore (gas' -tro-por) [yaarr/p, stomach ; iropoc, 
pore]. In biology, the mouth-opening of a gaster- 
ozooid. 

Gastroptosis (gas-trop-to' -sis) [yaarr/p, stomach : irrcjaig, 
fall]. A prolapse or downward displacement of the 
stomach. 

Gastro-pylorectomy (gas-tro-pi-lor-ek' -lo-me) [yaarr/p, 
stomach; irv/Xupoc, a gate-keeper; kK.ro/ir), excision]. 
Surgical excision of the pyloric portion of the stomach. 

Gastropyra (gas-trop' -ir-ah) [yaari/p, stomach ; 7rSp, 
fire]. Inflammation or phlegmasia of the stomach. 

Gastrorrhagia (gas-tror-a'-Je-ah) [yaarr/p, stomach; 
jjr/yvbvai, to break forth]. See Hematemesis. 

Gastrorrhaphy (gas-tror'-a-fe) [yaarr/p, stomach; patyr), 
suture]. Suture of wounds of the abdominal wall or 
stomach. 

Gastrorrhea ( gas-tror-e' '-ah) [yaarr/p, stomach; poia, 
a flow]. Excessive secretion, or regurgitant flow, of 
gastric mucus or liquid. 

Gastrorrhexis (gas-tror-eks'-is) [yaarr/p, stomach; 
prj^ic, a breaking]. Rupture of the stomach. 

Gastroscope (gas'-tro-skSp) [yaarr/p, stomach ; anoirelv, 
to see]. An instrument for viewing the interior of the 
stomach. It consists essentially of a tube with an in- 
candescent electric light and reflecting prisms. 

Gastroscopy (gas-tros'-ko-pe) [yaarr/p, stomach; 
oko-keIv, to see]. The inspection of the interior of the 
stomach by means of the gastroscope. 

Gastrosis (gas-tro'-sis) [yaarr/p, stomach; v6aoc, dis- 
ease : //. , Gas/roses']. A general term for any disease 
of the abdomen or of the stomach only. 

Gastrosphongioma (gas-tro-sfon-je-o'-inah) [yaarr/p, 
stomach ; aiioyyia, sponge ; b/ia, tumor : //. , Gastro- 
sphongiomata\ A fungosity of the stomach. 

Gastrosplenic (gas-tro-splen'-ik) [yaarr/p, stomach; 
ok/M/v, spleen]. Relating both to the stomach and 
the spleen. 

Gastrosplenitis (gas-lro-splen-i'-tis) [yaarr/p, stomach ; 
airJii/v, spleen ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
both stomach and spleen. 

Gastrostege (gas'-tro-stej) [yaarr/p, stomach, arkyr/, 
a roof]. In biology, one of the short, wide, trans- 
verse scutes or scales that cover the ventral surface of 
a snake. 

Gastrostenosis (gas-lro-ste-no'-sis) [yaarr/p, stomach ; 
arevoc, narrow]. A stricture or morbid contraction 
of the stomach. 

Gastrostomy (gas-tros' '-to-me) [yaarr/p, stomach ; 
aro/ta, mouth]. The establishing of a fistulous open- 
ing into the stomach. 

Gastrosuccorrhea (gas-tro-suk-or-e'-ali) [yaarr/p, 
stomach; snccus, juice ; poia, a flow]. Reichmann's 
disease ; hypersecretion of the gastric juice. 

Gastrothoracic (gas-tro-tho-ra' -sik) [yaarr/p, belly ; 
Hlopa^, thorax]. Pertaining both to the abdomen and 
the thorax. 

Gastrotome (gas'-tro-tom) [yaarr/p, stomach; ro/xr/, 
a cutting]. A cutting instrument used in gastrotomy. 

Gastrotomy ( gas-trot' -o-me) [yaarr/p, stomach ; rk/ivuv, 
to cut]. Incision of the abdomen or the stomach. 

Gastrotrichous (gas-trot' -rik-us) [yaarr/p, stomach ; 
Opi^, hair]. In biology, having the ventral surface of 
the body ciliated. 

Gastro-typhoid (gas'-tro-ti'-foid) [yaarr/p, stomach ; 



rj}0oc, smoke]. Typhoid fever with pronounced gas- 
tric symptoms. 

Gastrovascular (gas-tro-vas'-ku-lar)[yaari/p, stomach; 
vasculum, a little vessel]. Common to the functions 
of digestion and circulation, as the body-cavity of 
some animals. 

Gastroxia (gas-troks'-e-ah) [yaarr/p, stomach ; ofi'f, 
acid]. Abnormal acidity of the contents of the 
stomach. 

Gastroxynsis (gas-troks-in' -sis) [yaarr/p, stomach ; 
bgvvetv, to irritate]. Rossbach's term for hyperchlor- 
hydria ; a periodic form of nervous dyspepsia with 
hyperacidity of the gastric juice. It is, in fact, a 
neurosis of secretion that may be quite independent of 
the time of digestion. It is a rare condition, and is 
associated either with profound neurasthenia or with 
locomotor ataxia. It is marked by a gnawing, un- 
pleasant sensation in the stomach, severe headache, 
and the vomiting of a clear, watery, intensely acid se- 
cretion. 

Gastrula (gas'-lru-lah) [yaarr/p, belly: //. , Gastrula']. 
In biology, a stage in the development of Metazoans, 
in which the germ consists of a two-layered sac, pro- 
duced by the invagination of the one-layered, hollow 
germ-sphere, the blastula. 

Gastrulation (gas-tru-la' -shun) [yaarr/p, belly]. In 
biology, the process of formation of the gastrula by 
the invagination of the blastula. 

Gastruria (gas-tru' -re-ah) [yaarr/p, stomach; ovpov, 
urine]. A supposed passage of urine into the stomach. 

Gate-vein (gat' -van). An old name for the portal vein. 

Gathering (gatli'-er-ing) [ME. , gadering, a gathering]. 
A popular name for an abscess, pustular inflammation, 
or suppurating sore. 

Gattine (gat-en') [F.]. A disease of the silk-worm. 

Gaubius' Table. See Dose. 

Gaule's Experiment. See Cytozo'on. 

Gaultheria (ga-ul-the' -re-ah) [after Dr. Gaultier, a 
Canadian physician]. Wintergreen, Teaberry. The 
leaves of wintergreen, G. procumbens, an evergreen 
plant, with properties due to a volatile oil, methyl 
salicylate, which is also found in black birch and several 
other plants. It is stimulant, astringent, and antipy- 
retic, and is used in rheumatism and gout, or when 
salicylic acid is indicated. G., Ol., oil of winter- 
green, much used as a flavor. Dose, Tt\_iij-x. G., 
Spt., oil of wintergreen 5, alcohol 95. Dose, gss-ij. 
G. fragrans, of India, affords an identical oil. 

Gaultherilene (gawl-ther 1 '-it-en) [after Dr. Gaultier, a 
Canadian physician], C 10 H lfi . A peculiar hydro- 
carbon found in the oil of gaultheria. It is a colorless, 
yellow or reddish liquid, of a peculiar strong and aro- 
matic odor, a sweetish, warm, and aromatic taste, a 
slightly acid reaction, and a specific gravity of about 
1. 180. It is readily soluble in alcohol. 

Gaulthier's Reagent. See Tests, Table of. 

Gauntlet (gahnt'-let, or gawnt' '-let) [OF. , ganielet, dim. 
of gant, a glove]. A surgical bandage that covers the 
hand and fingers like a glove. See Bandage. 

Gauze (gawz). A thin, open-meshed cloth used for 
surgical dressings. When impregnated with antiseptic 
solutions or substances it is called antiseptic gauze, or, 
according to the substance used, it is spoken of as 
iodeforni-gauze, sublimate-gauze , etc. See Carbasus. 

Gavage (gav-ahzh') [Fr.]. I. The regular feeding of 
an infant with freshly-drawn mother's milk, through a 
small, soft catheter passed into the stomach at each 
feeding. 2. The administration of liquid nourish- 
ment through the stomach-tube. 

Gavard's Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Gay-Lussac's Laws. See Law. 

Gazeol (gaz'-e-ol) [Fr., gaztol~\. A mixture of naph- 



GEBER'S GLOMERULES 



511 



GEMINOUS 



thalin, I part j benzene, 10 parts; acetone, io parts; 
coal-tar, loo parts; aqua ammonia; (20 per cent.), 
1000 parts ; it is recommended as affording a vapor 
for inhalation in whooping-cough. 

Geber's Glomerules. The convolutions of the terminal 
branches of the nerves supplying the epithelial lining 
of the mouth. 

Geddes' Fluid Extract. See Abies. 

Geissler Tube. A glass tube designed to show the effects 
of electric discharges through gases at low pressure. 

Geissler's Apparatus. An apparatus for estimating the 
quantity of carbonic acid in a carbonate. 

Geissospermin, or Geissin (gi-so-sper'-min, or gi'- 
sin) \jelaaov, cornice; oirspfta, seed], C 19 H 24 N,0 2 -4- 
H.,0. An alkaloid from the bark of Geissospeniatm 
lave; it is a depressant of the respiration and of the 
cardiac action. 

Geissospermum (gi-so-sper' '-mum) [yc'taaov, cornice ; 
airep/ja, seed]. A genus of apocynaceous trees. G. 
laeve and G. vellosii, of Brazil, afford Pao-pereira 
("pear-tree") bark, an active febrifuge and astrin- 
gent. Unof. 

Geitonogamy (gi-ton-og' '-am-e) [ yeiruv, a neighbor ; 
yd/iog, marriage]. In biology, fertilization of one 
flower by pollen from another flower of the same 
plant. 

Gelasma (Jel-az / -ma/i) [yfjAaaixa, laughter], or Gelas- 
mus (jel-az'-??ius) [_}e'AaaTug, laughable]. Insane or 
hysteric laughter. 

Gelatin {jeV -at-iri) [gelare, to congeal]. An albumi- 
noid substance of jelly-like consistence, obtained by 
boiling skin, connective tissue, and bones of animals 
in water. The glue of commerce is an impure variety. 
See Glue. G.Bath. SeeBat/t. G., Blasting. See 
Blasting Gelatin. G. Capsules, capsules of gelatin 
designed for containing medicines of nauseating taste. 
G. Culture-medium, a jelly made by a solution of 
the best commercial food-gelatin in the proportion of 
6, 8, or 10 parts to loo of water, with I or 2 parts of 
dried peptones or glucose (the latter not to be used if the 
culture is to be made on slides) for increased nutri- 
tive value. Bicarbonate of soda is used to neutralize 
the acid reaction. This, in bacteriology, is simply 
known as Gelatin. G. -dynamite. See Blasting 
Gelatin. G., Liquid, a substance for fastening paper 
to glass, wood, or paper; its formula is : — 

Gelatin or clear glue, 75 to 100 grams (3S) 

Commercial acetic acid (No. 8) 100 c.c. (3.4 f 3) 

Water, iooc.c. (3.4 f S) 

95 per cent. Alcohol 100 c c. (3.4 f3) 

Glycerin 15 to 30 c.c. ( l / 2 to 1 f3) 

Crush the glue and put it into a bottle with the acid ; 
set in a warm place and shake occasionally. After 
three or more days add the other ingredients. G., 
Medicated, a soft basis consisting of gelatin 3, zinc 
oxid 3, glycerin 5, water 9 parts, to which antiseptic 
or other medicaments may be added. It is preferable to 
greasy ointments. All unof. G. Sugar. See Glycin. 

Gelatinigerous (jel-at-in-ij' '-er-us) [gelatina, gelatin ; 
gerere, to bear]. In biology, applied to such organ- 
isms as secrete a gelatinous investment. 

Gelatinoid (jel'-at-in-oid) \_gelare, to freeze; elSoc, 
likeness]. I. Resembling gelatin. 2. Any member 
of a class of nitrogenous substances, including chon- 
drin, collagen, elastin, gelatin, etc. 

Gelatinous (jel-at'-in-us) \_gelare, to freeze]. Resem- 
bling or having the nature of gelatin. G. Tissue. 
See Animal Tissue. 

Gelatio (jel-a'-ske-o) [L.]. Synonym of Frostbite. 

Gelation (jel-a'-shun) [gelatio, a freezing]. I. Freez- 
ing ; also frost-bite, or chilblain. 2. Catalepsy. 

Geld [ME., gelden, to castrate]. ■ To castrate. 



Gelding (gel'-ding) [ME., gelding, a eunuch]. I. Cas- 
tration. 2. A castrated person or animal. 
Gelidium (jel-id'-e-um) [gelum, cold]. A genus of 
seaweed. G. corneum, affords gelosin, and others, 
as G. spiniform, supply some portion of the agar-agar 
of commerce. 

Gelle's Experiment. A diminution of the bone-con- 
duction of sound resulting from compression of the 
air in the external auditory canal. 

Gellert's Green. Same as Rinmann's Green. 

Gelose ( jel-oz') \_gelare, to freeze]. I. The gelatiniz- 
ing principle of agar-agar. 2. A culture-medium 
used in bacteriologic investigation. Gelatin liquefies 
at 23 or 24 C, and is thus inferior to gelose for 
those cultures that require a higher degree of heat for 
their proper development. Agar-agar contains a con- 
siderable proportion of chemic gelose. Of the agar- 
agar a jelly is made, 2 to 3 parts (to 100) of dried pep- 
tone added; 10 to 15 parts of this substance to 50 
parts of water, with I to 5 of glycerin, form a nutri- 
tive jelly which is called gelose, from its essential in- 
gredient. It is also called Parabin. 

Gelosin (Jel' -o-sin) [gelare, to freeze]. A mucilage 
resembling gelose, and extracted from some kinds of 
agar-agar and from various species of algae. It is sol- 
uble in water and alcohol, and is an excellent excipient 
for powders, tinctures, and salts, and is serviceable in 
bacterial cultures. Unof. 

Gelsemin (jel' -sem-in) [gelseminum, jasmine]. I. 
C n H 19 N0 2 , a poisonous .alkaloid from Gelsemium, 
a. v. 2. A precipitate or resinoid from a tincture 
of the root-bark of Gelsemium sempervirens ; it is a 
febrifuge, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, and nar- 
cotic; dose j to 1 grain. Unof. 

Gelseminin (jel-sem'-in-m) [gelsemitium, jasmine]. 
An alkaloid of Gelsemium. It is an amorphous yel- 
lowish-white, bitter, very poisonous powder, soluble 
in ether and chloroform, less so in alcohol and water. 
Dosegr. sV~T5- 

Gelsemium (jel-se'-me-um) \_gelseminum, jasmine], 
C n H 19 N0 2 . Yellow Jasmine. The root of G. sem- 
pervirens, abundant in the southern U. S., with prop- 
erties mainly due to an alkaloid, gelsemin, a powerful 
motor depressant, antispasmodic, and diaphoretic. In 
toxic doses it produces diplopia, extreme muscular 
weakness, and anesthesia, death occurring from as- 
phyxia. It is useful in exaltation of nerve-action and 
in cerebro-spinal meningitis, and is especially valuable 
in remittent and malarial fevers. Dose gr. ij-xx. G., 
Ext., Alcoholic (B. P.). Dose gr. %-°/ z . G., Ext., 
Fid., alcoholic. Dose mjj-xx. G., Tinct., 15 per 
cent, in strength. Dose TTLx-^j. Gelseminin, the 
alkaloid. Dose gr. ^j-aV Gr., Hydrochloras, 
freely soluble in water. Dose gr. ^V - ^V • Gr., Hydro- 
chlorat., Liq., one grain in one dram. Dose rr\j- 
iij, hypodermatically. 

Gely's Suture. See Suture. 

Gemellus (Jem-el' '-us) [dim. of geminus, twin]. Double. 
In pairs. G. Muscle, the gastrocnemius muscle, on 
account of its double origin. See Muscles, Table of. 

Gemina (jem'-in-ah) [L., twins]. A name for the cor- 
pora quadrigemina, or optic lobes. They constitute 
the larger part of the mesoccelian roof. 

Geminate (jem'-in-at) [geminus, a twin]. In pairs. 
In biology, parts that are disposed in pairs. 

Geminiflorous (jem-in-if-lo'-rus) [geminus, twin; 
f/os, flower]. In biology, applied to plants that pro- 
duce flowers in pairs. 

Geminous (jem'-in-us) [geminus, a twin]. Same as 
Geminate. G. or Connate Teeth, twin-formation 
of two teeth from the occurrence of a double dental 
germ in a single sac, from which are developed two 



GEMMA 



512 



GENITALIA 



teeth of the same class, when normally there should be 
but one. 

Gemma (jem'-ah) [L., a swelling bud, a germ: //., 
Gemma]. In biology, one of the various asexual re- 
productive bud-like processes of cryptogams. 

Gemmation ( jem-a' -shun) \_gemmare, to put forth 
buds]. In biology, asexual reproduction by budding, 
as distinguished from fission and free-cell formation. 
Gemmation occurs in certain cryptogams and in the 
Ccelenterata, Polyzoa, and Tunicata among animals, 
in which the bu$l arises as an evagination of the ecto- 
derm only. Cf. Idioplasm, Blastemic, and Bud- 
ding. 

Gemmipara, Gemmiparae ( fem-ip'-ar-ah, -e) \_gemma, 
a bud ; parere, to produce] . In biology, organisms 
that reproduce by budding. 

Gemmule (jem'-ul) \jgemmula, a little bud ; dim. of 
gemma, a bud]. In biology, (a) one of the small 
buds produced by a gemmiparous organism. (b) 
In Darwin's theory of pangenesis, one of the invisible 
granules or atoms, being given off continually by all 
the cells of the body, conveyed into the blood and cir- 
culated through the body to finally settle down in 
other cells, especially the germ-cells. Each gemmule 
is supposed to reproduce the cell from which it is de- 
rived, and the gemmules of the different cells become 
active in the same order as that in which the corres- 
ponding cells followed each other in the ontogeny 
of the parent. Galton accepted the " gemmule hy- 
pothesis," but denied the circulation of the gemmules. 
Brooks attributes to the male germ-cell a particularly 
strong power of attraction for the gemmules, so that 
it collects a special mass of them and stores them up. 
Cf. An/age, Biophor, Determinant, Id, Idioplasm, 
Heredity. 

Gena (jY-nah) [L. , the cheek : pi. , Gence]. In biology, 
applied to a rather poorly defined region on the side 
of the head of various animals ; the cheek. 

Genal (je'-nal) [yevvc, the cheek]. Relating to the 
gena, or cheek. 

Genepi (jeti'-ep-e). See Genipi. 

Genera (jen'-er-ah) [L.]. Plural of Genus, q.v. 

General {Jen/ -er-al) [generalis, of a kind]. Common 
to a class ; universal. G. Anatomy, histology, es- 
pecially comparative histology. G. Anemia, 
oligemia ; also, deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood. 
G. Paralysis, or Paresis. See Paralysis, General, 
of the Insane. 

Generale {ja-ne-ral'-e) [Fr.]. Synonym of Influenza. 

Generate (jen'-er-at) [generare, to beget]. To beget ; 
to produce of the same kind. 

Generatio aquivoca {jen-er-a'-she-o e-kwiv'-o-kaJi) 
[L. ]. See Generation, Equivocal. 

Generation {jen-er-a' -shun) [generatio, a begetting] . 
The begetting or production of offspring. G., Altern- 
ate, in biology, the alternation of asexual with sexual 
generation, the offspring of one process differing from 
that of the other, e.g., the asexual fern and the sexual 
prothallium, the asexual hydroid-polyp and the sexual 
medusa. G., Alternations of. See Alternations of 
Generation. G., Equivocal, spontaneous generation ; 
birth from parentage of another form ; abiogenesis. 
G., Fissiparous. See Fission. G., Organs of, those 
that are functional in reproduction ; the genitalia. G., 
Spontaneous, abiogenesis ; the generation of living 
from non-living matter. 

Generator (Jen / -er-a-tor) [generare, to generate]. One 
who, or that which, begets or causes. G.-gas, a gas 
formed from coal, varying in composition according to 
the kind of coal employed and the manner of work- 
ing ; it is used to gasify coke and for the production of 
heat and power. 



Generic {jen-er'-ik) [genus, a kind]. Pertaining to 
the same genus. 

Genesial {jen-e'-ze-al) [yeveai.c, origin]. Pertaining 
to generation. G. Cycle, the periods of ovarian, 
uterine, and mammary activity into which the re- 
productive life of the female is divided ; the first ex- 
tending from puberty to conception, the second from 
conception to gestation, and the third from gestation 
through lactation. 

Genesiology ( jen-e-ze-ol'-o-je) [ykveaic, reproduction ; 
\6yoq, science]. The science of reproduction. 

Genesis (Jen / -es-is)[yeveoic, production]. The act of be- 
getting ; development ; origin; formation; generation. 

Genetic [jen-et'-ik) [ytveaic, generation]. Pertaining 
to generation, or to anything inherited. G. Affinity, 
relationship by direct descent. 

Genetous (jen'-et-us) [ysveaic, generation]. Congenital; 
existing from some point or period in fetal life ; as 
genetous idiocy. 

Genevrette (zhen-a-vret') [Fr.]. A drink made by 
the fermentation of wild fruits with juniper-berries and 
wine ; it is popular in parts of Switzerland. 

Genga's Bandage. See Bandage. 

Genial (je'-ne-al) [gena, chin]. Pertaining to the chin. 
G. Tubercles, four prominent tubercles on the inter- 
nal surface of the lower jaw. 

Genian [je' -ne-an) [gena; yhuov, chin]. Pertaining to 
the chin. 

Geniculate, Geniculated {jen-ik'-u-lat, -ed) [genicu- 
lare, to bend the knee]. In biology, kneed, or ab- 
ruptly bent. G. Bodies, the corpora geniculata ; two 
oblong, flattened bodies on the outer side of the cor- 
pora quadrigemina and under the back part of the 
optic thalamus. See Geniculum. G. Ganglion. 
Same as Intumescentia gangliformis. 

Geniculum {jen-ik'-u-tum) [genu, knee]. One of 
the two eminences on the latero-caudal aspect of the 
diencephal ; the post-geniculum is mesad and more dis- 
tinct, and the pre-geniculum, laterad and less distinct. 

Genio- {je'-ne-o-) [ykvtiov, the chin]. A prefix denot- 
ing connection with the chin. G.-hyoglossus Mus- 
cle. See Muscles, Table of. G.-hyoid Muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Genioplasty {je'-ne-o-plas-te) [yeveiov, chin ; TrXaoaeiv, 
to form]. Plastic surgery, or a plastic operation, upon 
the chin. 

Genipap (jen'-e-pap) [native Guiana, Genipapo]. The 
agreeable edible fruit of Genipa americana,a. rubiaceous 
tree of tropical America. Cataplasms are made of the 
unripe fruit. 

Genipi {jen'-ip-e) [Fr. , genepi]. A green bitter-sweet 
cordial, or liquor, made from Alpine herbs of the 
genera Artemisia, Achillea, etc. 

Genista (/en-is'-tah) [L.]. A genus of leguminous 
plants. G. canadensis, affords some part of the so- 
called oil of rhodium. G. purgans, of W. Europe, 
is purgative and emetic. G. tinctoria, dyer's broom, 
is diuretic and purgative. Unof. 

Genital {jen'-it-al) [genitalis, pertaining to genera- 
tion]. Pertaining to the organs of generation or to re- 
production. G. Cord, the union of the two ducts of 
Wolff and of Miiller to form a common cord in the 
embryo. G. Eminence, or Tubercle, an elevation 
appearing about the sixth week of embryonic life, in 
front of the cloaca, and from which the penis or clito- 
ris is developed. G. Fissure, a furrow extending 
from the genital eminence of the embryo to the cloaca. 
G. Folds, two plications at the side of the orifice of 
the cloaca. G. Furrow. Same as G. Fissure. G. 
Sense, the degree of vigorousness of the development 
of ovisacs. 

Genitalia {jen-it-a' -le-ah) [genitalis, pertaining to gen- 



GENITALIST 



513 



GENYPLASTY 



eration]. The organs of generation. In the male 
these consist of two testicles or seminal glands, with 
their excretory ducts ; a musculo-glandular organ, the 
prostate, which provides a material for the dilution of 
the semen ; an organ of copulation, the penis ; and a 
canal, the urethra, piercing the prostate and penis, and 



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External Genitalia of Female. 
I. Labia majora of right side. 2. Fourchet. 3. Labia minora. 
4. Clitoris. 5. Urethral orifice. 6. Vestibule. 7. Orifice of 
thevagina. 8 Hymen. 9. Orifice of the vulvo-vaginal gland. 
10. Anterior commissure of the labia majora. 11. Orifice of 
the anus. 

serving for the transit of the generative and urinary 
secretions. The female genitals include an external 
part, the vulva, and the vagina, or passage-way leading 
to the internal organs ; the latter include the ovaries, 
or organs of ovulation, with their ducts or Fallopian 
tubes, and the uterus, a musculo-mucous sac in which 
the ovum undergoes development and by which the 
fetus is ultimately expelled. 

Genitalist (jen'-it-al-ist) [genitalis, pertaining to gen- 
eration]. One who is a specialist in the treatment of 
diseases and affections of the genital organs. 

Genito- (jen'-it-oA [genitus, begotten, from gignere, to 
be born]. A prefix denoting connection or relation to 
the genital organs. G.-anal, pertaining to the geni- 
tals and the anus. G. -crural. See Nerves, Table of. 
G. -enteric, relating to the genitals and to the intes- 
tine. G. -spinal Center. See Center. G. -urinary, 
relating to the genitals and the urinary organs. 

Gennari, Line of. See Lines, Table of. 

Genoblast {jen'-o-blast) [yevoc , sex ; jSAaardc, germ]. 
I. The nucleus of the impregnated ovum, regarded as 
bisexual. 2. An ovum or spermatozoid. 

Genocatachresia ( jen-o-kat-ak-re' '-ze-ak) [yivoc, sex ; 
Ka-axpyct-Q, misapplication]. Perversion of the sexual 
instinct. 

Genometabole (jen-o-me-tab'-o-le) [yevog, sex ; fiera- 
fiolr/, change]. The modification of sexual character 
that may follow the menopause. 

Gentele's Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Gentian, or Gentiana {jen'-she-an, or jen-she-a' -nali) 
\_gentiana, gentian]. The root of G. lutea, a Euro- 
pean, and of G. catesbai, an American species, a sim- 
ple, non-astringent bitter. It is highly esteemed as a 
33 



stomachic tonic in convalescence from acute diseases 
and malarial fever. G.-blue. Same as Spirit-blue. 
G., Ext. Dose gr. j-v ; dose of the British extract 
gr. ij-x. G., Ext., Fid. Dose gss-j- G., Infu- 
sum, Comp., unof. , gentian 10, bitter-orange peel 2V 2 , 
coriander 2J^, alcohol 40, water to make 320. Dose 
3J-Jj. G., Mist., Alkalin., unof. , dil. hydrocyanic 
acid rrLiij, sodium bicarb, gr. xv, infus. gentian, comp. 
to make 3J. Dose # ^j. G. et Sennae, Mist., unof., 
infus. of senna 5iij,comp. tinct. cardamom gj, comp. 
infus. of gentian 3 vj. Dose 3 x. G., Tinct., Comp., 
contains gentian 10, bitter-orange peel 4, cardamom I, 
dil. alcohol to make 100. Dose 3 ss— ij . 

Gentiogenin (jen-she-of-en-in). See Gentiopicrin. 

Gentiopicrin {Jen-she-o-pik f -rin) [gentiana, gentian ; 
■KiKpoq, bitter], C 20 H 30 O ]2 . The principal constituent 
of Gentian. It is a peculiar, intensely bitter, crystal- 
line glucosid, forming clear, radiate, or clustered 
needles, soluble in water and dilute alcohol, insolu- 
ble in ether. Diluted acids separate it into sugar and 
gentiogenin, a yellow, bitter, neutral powder. 

Gentisin (jen f -tis-i??) [gentiana, gentian], C u H 10 O 5 . 
A coloring-matter contained in gentian-root ; it crys- 
tallizes in yellow needles. 

Genu {je'-nii) [ge mi, the knee: pi. , Genna~\. I. The 
knee. 2. Any bent or knee-shaped structure ; as the 
genu of the corpus callosum, or of the optic tract. 
G. corporis callosi, the cephalic reflected part of the 
corpus callosum. G. -cubital, relating to the knee 
and the elbow ; as the Genucubital Posture, in surgery. 
See Postures, Table of. G. extrorsum, out-knee ; 
outward bowing of the knee ; bow-leg. G. facialis, 
the curved portion of the bundle of rootlets emerging 
from the subnuclei of the Nidus facialis, and causing, 
together with the underlying nidus of the abducens, 
the Eminentia facialis on the floor of the fourth ven- 
tricle. G. -pectoral, relating to the knee and the 
chest. G.-p. Posture, the (so-called) Knee-chest Pos- 
ture. See Postures, Table of. G. recurvatum, the 
backward curvature of the knee-joint. G. valgum, 
inward curving of the knee ; knock-knee ; in-knee. 
G. varum. Same as G. extrorsum. 

Genual (jen'-u-al) [genu, the knee]. Pertaining to a 
knee or to a genu. 

Genuclast {Jen' '-u-klasf) [genu, knee ; nMetv, to break] . 
An apparatus for the forcible correction of knee-joint 
deformities or adhesions. 

Genuflex [jen-zt-f/eks') [genu, knee; flexus, bent]. 
Bent at, or like, the knee. Also, bent at any joint. 

Genuflexion, Genuflection {jen-u-flek'-shun) [genu, 
knee ; flexus, bent]. The bending or flexion of the 
knee. 

Genuflexuous {jen-u-fteks' -u-us) [genu, knee ; flexus, a 
bending]. In biology, zig-zag, with knee-like bend- 
ings. 

Genus {je'-nus) [genus, a. family: pi. , Genera~\. A spe- 
cies or a number of species marked by one or more 
common characteristics that distinguish them from 
other groups of species. 

Genyantralgia [jen-e-an-tral' ' -je-ah) [ye vvq, jaw , 
avrpov, cave ; alyog, pain]. Pain or neuralgia in the 
antrum of Highmore. 

Genyantritis (jen-e-an-tri'-tis) [yivvg, jaw; avrpov, 
cave; trie-, inflammation]. Inflammation of the geny- 
antrum. 

Genyantrum, or Genyantron {jen-e-an'-trum, or -tron) 
[yevvg, jaw; avrpov, cave]. The maxillary antrum, or 
antrum of Highmore. 

Genyplasty {jen'-e-plas-te) [yevvq, cheek, chin, jaw; 
■n-TiacoEiv, to form]. An operation for reforming or re- 
storing the cheek or jaw, imperfect either from injury 
or from congenital malformation. 



GEOBLAST 



514 



GERM 



Geoblast (je'-o-blasf) [_y?j, earth; ftXaarog, germ]. In 
biology, a plumule that in germination rises above the 
ground, leaving the cotyledons buried, e. g. , that of 
the pea. 

Geoffroya (je-off- roi' -yah) [after Geoffroy, a French 
physician]. A genus of leguminous trees. G. spin- 
ulose and G. vermifuga are S. American trees 
with anthelmintic seeds. Unof. 

Geogenous (je-oj' -en-us) \_yij, earth ; yevr/r, pro- 
duced]. In biology, applied to such plants as grow 
on the ground, rather than on other plants ; specifically 
applied to fungi. 

Geographic Tongue. An eruption on the dorsum of 
the tongue, which becomes covered with sinuous, map- 
like lines. It is very chronic and obstinate in its 
nature, and most frequently attacks young children. 
It is probably the expression of a tropho-neurosis. 

Geography (je-og'-ra-fe) [yv, earth ; ypaipeiv, to 
write]. In medicine, a description of the earth's 
surface with reference to climatology and the distri- 
bution of disease, with relation to origin and locality. 

Geolin (je'-o-lin) [>//, earth ; oleum, oil]. A trade- 
name for a petrolatum resembling vaselin. 

Geology (je-ol'-o-je) \_yy, earth; Aoyoc, science]. The 
science treating of the structural development of the 
earth. 

Geomalism (je-om'-al-izm) \_}ij, earth ; 6fj.a7i.6g, 
even]. In biology, the tendency of organisms to ad- 
just themselves to the attraction of gravitation by sym- 
metric growth in horizontal planes. 

Geomaly (je-om'-al-e). Same as Geomalism. 

Geometry (je-om'-et-re) [y//, earth ; uerpov, a measure]. 
That branch of mathematic science that treats of the 
relations of magnitudes. 

Geophagia (fe-o-fa'-je-ah). See Geophagistn. 

Geophagism {je-off' '-aj-izm) [yrj, earth ; fayeiv, to eat]. 
The practice of earth-eating or clay-eating ; chthono- 
phagia. 

Geophagist (je-off' -aj-ist) \yfj, earth; fayeiv, to eat]. 
A dirt-eater. 

Geophagous (je-off' -ag-us) \_yij, earth ; fayeiv, to 
eat]. Addicted to dirt-eating. 

Geophagy (je-off' -aj-e). See Geophagism. 

Geophilous (je-off '-il-us) [yv, earth; p/Aoc, loving]. 
In biology, ground-loving, e.g., certain snails. 

Georgia Bark (jor'-je-ah) [after King George, of 
England]. The bark of Pinckneya pubens, a tree 
of N. America ; it is said to be febrifuge. Unof. 

Geotropic (je-o-trop'-ik) \_yf/, earth; rpeireiv, to turn]. 
Affected by or turning toward the earth ; exhibiting a 
tendency to grow toward the earth. The roots of 
plants are geotropic. 

Geotropism (je-ot'-ro-piztri) \y?i, the earth ; rpeiretv, 
to turn]. In biology, the tendency of roots and other 
parts to grow downward toward the earth. 

Geotropy (je-ot'-ro-pe). Same as Geotropism. 

Gephyrocercal (jef-ir-o-ser'-l;al) [yefvpa, a bridge; 
nepnor, tail]. In biology, applied to fishes in which 
the aborted, tail-fin is replaced by the union of the 
dorsal and anal fins. 

Geraniin (je-ra' -ne-iii) \yepaviov, geranium]. A pre- 
cipitate from the tincture of Cranesbill, Geranium 
maculatum. It stimulates and contracts the caliber 
of the capillary vessels of the mucous membranes, etc. 
Dose I to 3 grains. Unof. 

Geranium (je-ra'-ue-um) \_yepaviov, geranium: gen., 
Geranii]. Cranesbill-root. The root of G. macula- 
turn, with properties due to tannic and gallic acids. 
It is useful in diarrhea, infantile colic, etc. G., Ext., 
Fid. Dose l^v-jj. 

Geratic (jer-at'-ih) \ji/pac, old age]. Relating to old 
age. 



Geratology (jer-at-ol'-o-je) \_yijpac, old age; Aeyeiv, to 
speak]. That department of biology that treats of 
the decadence and gradual extinction of a group of 
organisms. 

Gerber's Food. A variety of infantile milk-food having 
the following composition: Water, 6.78; fat, 2.21 ; 
grape-sugar and milk-sugar, 6.06; cane-sugar, 30.50; 
starch, 38.48 ; soluble carbohydrates, 44.76 ; albumi- 
noids, 9.56; ash, 1. 21. 

Gerdy, Fibers of. See Fibers. G., Ligament of. 
See Ligament. 

Gerhardt's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 
G.'s Test. See Tests, Table of. G., Type Theory 
of, the molecules were considered as residues that 
remain unaltered in certain reactions. 

Gerlach's Ammonia-carmin. See Stains, Table of. 
G.'s Carmin Mass, a warm-flowing mass for injecting 
tissues. Dissolve 5 gm. of carmin in a mixture of 4 c. c. 
of water and 0.5 c.c. of ammonia. Allow the solution 
to stand several days, and mix with 8 parts of a solution 
of gelatin, I to 2. Filter and inject at a temperature 
of 40° C. G.'s Network, or Plexus, an exceedingly 
delicate fibrous network of the finest nerve-fibrils in 
the gray matter of the cord. G.'s Theory, pertains 
to the connection of the nerve-fibers and ganglionic 
cells of the cord. G. 's Tubal Tonsil, a granular con- 
dition sometimes noticed at the orifices of the Eusta- 
chian tubes in chronic inflammations in this region, 
and due to swelling of the muciparous glands of the 
tube. G.'s Valve, the fold of mucous membrane that 
surrounds the mouth of the vermiform appendix. 

Gerlier's Disease. An affection (of farm-hands) charac- 
terized by sudden paroxysms of ptosis, vertigo, mus- 
cular paresis, and cervico-occipital pain. See Diseases, 
Eponymic Table of. 

Germ (jerni) [L., germeii, sprig, offshoot, em- 
bryo]. In biology, (a) a portion of matter potentially 
vital and having within itself the tendency to assume 
a definite living form (Harvey) ; a spore, a seed, an 
embryo, (b) A microbe or bacterium. G.-area, 
the germinal area, the germinal disc, area germinativa, 
the spot on an ovum where the development of the 
embryo begins. G., Asexual, or Unisexual. See 
Parthenogenesis , Germ-plasm, Evolution, and Repro- 
duction. G.-band, in embryology, one of the bands 
that unite to form the primitive streak. G.-cell. I. 
The germinal vesicle in a non-fertilized ovum. 2. The 
ovum that has been impregnated, but which is still a 
single cell ; a cytula, or a blastomere ; a simple sphere. 
See also Heredity. G., Dentinal, a tooth-papilla, or 
tooth-pulp. G. of Disease, the special virus or spore 
through which a disease becomes communicable. G.- 
disc. See G.-area. G. Epithelium, cylindric cells 
on the surface of the median plate of the mesoblast. 
G. -flesh. See Sarcophyte. G. -gland, a germ-produ- 
cing gland ; an ovary or a testicle. G. -history, ontog- 
eny, q. v. G. -layer, in biology, any one of the mem- 
branes of a developing germ , as the blastophylla, epiblast, 
mesoblast, hypoblast, endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm, 
somatopleure, splanchnopleure. G. -plasm, in biology, 
a term introduced by Weissmann to indicate the repro- 
ductive or hereditary substance of living organisms. 
It is held to contain all the primary constituents of the 
entire organism ; it is never produced neogenetically, 
but is ever passed on from the germ-cell in which an 
organism originates in direct continuity to the germ- 
cells of succeeding generations. It causes the pro- 
duction of the new individual by directing the process 
of division in ontogeny, in the course of which it be- 
comes changed in a regular manner. It is composed 
primarily of biophores ((/. v.) or bearers of vitality, the 
smallest units that exhibit vital force. (Cf. pangenei 



GERMAN 



515 



GIANTISM 



of De Vries, physiologic units of Herbert Spencer, 
plastidules of Elsberg, and plasomes of Wiesner.) 
These biophores unite into groups called determinants 
(q. v.), each of which is a primary constituent of a 
cell. Groups of determinants in turn combine to form 
ids (Cf. ancestral germ-plasms), which correspond to 
the small granules hitherto called micro-somata [a. v.). 
The ids again form groups called idants (a. ?•.), which 
correspond with the chromatosomes (a. v.) or rod-like 
granular masses of chromatin in the nucleus. G.- 
plasma, the protoplasm of the ovum or germ, sup- 
posed to determine the character of the resultant off- 
spring ; the physical basis of heredity and of the 
conservation of the species. Its alleged unchange- 
ableness is called "the immortality of the germ- 
plasma." See Protoplasm. G. -plasms, Ancestral, 
Weismann's term for bodies of a highly complex con- 
stitution, each containing all the primary constituents 
that are necessary to the formation of an organism 
(•' Aknenplasmen" ), afterward supplanted by the 
word id, q. v.). G.-pore, in cryptogamic botany, 
a simple pit in the coat of a spore or an opening 
that serves as a place of exit for the tubular out- 
growths from the spore at the time of germination 
(De Bary). G.-sac, the vesicle constituting the 
blastoderm of mammals. G., Specific, same as 
Germ. G. -theory, the doctrine of the origin of every 
organism from a germ or germ-plasm; blastogenesis, 
as distinguished from neogenesis, or spontaneous gen- 
eration. Also the doctrine that certain diseases are de- 
pendent upon the presence of certain microorganisms. 
G.-tube, in cryptogamic botany the filamentous growth 
of a spore upon germination. G. -vesicle. See 
Germinal Vesicle. 
German (jer'-man) \_Germa?ius, German]. Pertaining 
or belonging to Germany. G. Breast-tea, a decoc- 
tion of althea, q. v. G. Black. Same as Frankfort 
Black. G. Chamomile. See Matricaria. G. 
Disease. Synonym of Influenza. G. Ichthyol. 
See Thiol. G. Measles. See Rubeola. G. 
Method, the oral method of instruction for deaf- 
mutes. G. Tinder. See Amadou. 
Germander (Jer-ma?i'-der, or jer' -matt-der) [ME., 
germaimider , germander]. A popular name for plants 
of the labiate genus Teucrium. T. ckam&drys , of 
Europe, is a popular polychrest remedy. T narum 
is diaphoretic, tonic, and emmenagogue. Unof. 
Germarium (jer-ma' -re-um) \_germen, germ]. In 
biology, applied to the ovary of certain invertebrates. 
Germicidal (jer' -mis-i-dal) \_germen, a germ ; cadere, 

to kill]. Destructive of germs. 
Germicide (jer' -mis-id) \_germen, germ ; cadere, to 
kill]. A microbicide ; an agent that destroys germs. 
Germiculture (jer' -me-kul-chur) \_germen, germ ; cul- 

tura, culture]. The artificial culture of bacteria. 
Germifuge (jer'-mif-uj) [germen, a germ; fugare, to 
banish]. I. Having the power of expelling germs. 
2. An agent that expels germs. 
Germinal (jer r -??iin-al) \_germcn, a germ]. Pertain- 
ing to a germ or the genesis of a tissue or organ. G. 
Area, the Area germinativa, or embryonal shield, a 
white round spot upon one side of the vitelline mem- 
brane in which the blastoderm becomes double. G. 
Disc. See Disc. G. Matter. See Protoplasm. G. 
Membrane, the blastoderm. G. Spot, the nucleolus 
of the ovule. G. Vesicle ; (a) the blastosphere or 
blastodermic vesicle ; (b) a lacuna in the substance of 
the germ ; (c) the imperfectly formed germ-cell in the 
embryo-sac previous to fertilization. Cf. Gastrocystis. 
Germination (jer-min-a' -shun) [germinatio, sprouting, 
budding]. In biology, the development of an embryo 
from the ovum. Sprouting of a seed or spore. 



Germule (jer' -mill) \_germen, a germ]. An incipient 
germ. 

Gerocomia, or Gerocomy (jer-o-ko'-me-ah, or jer-ok'- 
o-me) [yepuv, old man ; Ko/ielv,to care for]. The hy- 
gienic and medical care of old people. 

Gerocomium (jcr-o-ko 1 '-iiie-um) [jipuv, old man; 
icofiriv, to care for] . A home or institution for aged 
people. 

Geromarasmus (jer-o-mar-az' -inns) [yepav, old man ; 
jxapaaiioe, a wasting]. Emaciation and weakness 
characteristic of extreme old age. 

Geromeninguria (jer-o-men-in-gu'-re-ah) \_yepuv, old 
man ; fii/viy^, membrane; ovpov, urine]. That senile 
condition in which the urine contains membranous 
shreds. 

Geromorphism (jer-o-mor* -flzm) [yi/pae, old age ; 
fj-opipij, form] . Decrepitude of the cutaneous system ; 
appearance of age in a young person. 

Geroni speciosa (jer-o'-ne spe-she-o'-sah) [L.]. An 
Andean plant, having a local reputation as a remedy 
for syphilis and rheumatism. Unof. 

Gerontoxon (jer-on-toks' -on). See Arcus seiiilis. 

Geropigia (jer-o-pij' -e-ah) \_Port.~\. A strongly sweet- 
ened and colored mixture of brandy and grape-juice, 
used in adulterating and fortifying wines. 

Gerst's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Gestation (jes-la'-shun) \_gestatio ; gestare, to bear]. 
Same as Pregnancy. G., Abdominal, the form of 
extra-uterine gestation in which the product of con- 
ception is developed in the abdominal cavity. G., 
Double. I. Twin pregnancy. 2. The coexistence of 
uterine and extra-uterine pregnancy. G., Ectopic. 
Same as G., Extra-uterine. G., Extra-uterine, 
pregnancy in which the product of conception is not 
contained in the uterine cavity. G., Dorsal, the 
hatching of eggs on the back, as occurs in certain 
batrachians, e. g. , the Surinam toad. G., Mammary 
or Pouch, the completion of growth in a pouch, as in 
marsupials. G., Oral, applied to the hatching of eggs 
in the mouth, as occurs in some fishes. 

Geum (je'-um). See Avens. 

Gheel System (gel sis' -tern) [from Gheel, a town in 
Belgium]. The colony-plan of housing, boarding, 
and treating the insane, which prevails at Gheel, in 
Belgium. 

Giacomi's Method. A method of staining the bacil- 
lus of syphilis. See Stains, Table of. 

Giacomini's Method of Preserving the Brain. Im- 
merse the brain in a saturated solution of chlorid of 
zinc ; turn several times daily and inject 6oo grms. of 
the liquid through the carotids. Remove the mem- 
branes in 48 hours. Allow the brain to remain in the 
solution until it begins to sink, then immerse in alcohol 
for 10 days. Immerse in glycerin until it sinks ; 
remove, allow to dry, and varnish. 

Giampetro-Lowenberg Method. A method of intro- 
ducing the Eustachian catheter. The catheter is 
passed into the pharynx, and the beak is then turned 
toward the opposite tube and the catheter withdrawn 
until it catches on the posterior edge of the septum 
narium, when it is rotated in the opposite direction 
through an arc of at least 180 into the tube which it 
is desired to catheterize. 

Giant (ji'-ani) [yiyac, large or ponderous]. An adult 
of a species excessively developed in stature and pro- 
portions. G.-cell. See Cell. G. Pelvis. See Pelvis, 
Female, Deformities of. G. -powder. See Dualin. 
G. -swelling. SeeAngio-neitroticFdemaund Urtica- 
ria tuberosa. G. Urticaria. See Urticaria oedema- 
tosa. 

Giantism (ji' -an-tizm) [yiyac, large]. Excessive over- 
growth ; the quality of being gigantic. Gigantism. 



GIANUZZI, CELLS OF 



516 



GIZZARD 



Gianuzzi, Cells or Crescents of. Granular protoplas- 
mic cells found in mucous glands between the mucous 
cells and the basement-membrane ; they play an im- 
portant part in the functional activity of the gland. 
They are also called demilune cells. See Cell. 

Gibbes' Method. A method of staining tubercle-bacilli. 
See Stains, Table of. 

Gibbon's Hydrocele. See Diseases, Table of. 

Gibbositas [gib-os'-it-as) [L.]. Gibbosity; the con- 
dition of being a hunchback. 

Gibbosity [gib-os' -it-e) [gibber, a hunch, a hump]. In 
biology, a hump or irregular protuberance. 

Gibbous [gib'-us) \_gibber, hunched]. Swollen, con- 
vex, protuberant, especially upon one side. 

Gibert's Pityriasis. See Diseases, Table of. G.'s 
Syrup. See Hydrargyrum. 

Giblets {jib' -lets) [OF., gibelet, giblets']. The entrails 
of fowl. 

Gibraltar Fever. Synonym of Yellow Fever and of 
Mediterranean Fever. 

Gibson's Bandage. See Bandage. 

Gid [gid) [ME., gidie, dizzy]. Staggers in sheep, a 
disease caused by a cystic worm in the brain, formerly 
called Ccenurus cerebralis, a. v. See under Parasites 
[Animal), Table of. 

Giddiness ( gid'-e-nes) [ME. , gidie, dizzy]. A sensa- 
tion of whirling or unsteadiness of the body, usually 
accompanied by more or less nausea. See Gid. 

Giesbrecht's Method. A method of mounting serial 
sections. Make a solution of brown shellac in alco- 
hol ; filter and paint on warmed slides ; allow to dry. 
Over this paint a thin layer of creasote and put the 
sections in place. Then heat the slide on a water-bath 
for fifteen minutes at the melting-point of paraffin. 
Allow to cool ; dissolve the paraffin in turpentine ; 
mount in balsam. The tissue must have been stained 
en masse before embedding. 

Gigantism (ji-gan' -tizm) [ylyac, giant]. Abnormally 
exaggerated size ; excessive overgrowth ; great hyper- 
trophy or auxesis. Giantism. 

Gigantoblast [ji-gan' -to-blast) [yiya$, giant ; fiAaaroc, 
a germ]. A large germ said to exist in the blood in 
cases of pernicious anemia. It somewhat resembles 
the larger megalocyte. 

Giganto-cellular ( /i-gan'-to'-sel'-u-lar) [yiyaq, giant-; 
cella, cell]. Characterized by giant-cells ; as Giganto- 
cellular Endothelioma. 

Gigartina (jig-ar-ti'-nah) [L.]. A genus of sea- 
weeds, several species of which are used in the same 
way as Carragheen, for human food. Some of the 
agar-agar of commerce is believed to be the product 
of plants of this genus. 

Gigerium [ji-je'-re-uni) \_gigeria, the entrails of poul- 
try]. In biology, the gizzard of birds, or the thickened 
muscular portion of the stomach in certain mammals. 
See Gizzard. 

Gigger [jig'-er). See Pulex. 

Gila monster. See Heloderma. 

Gill ( gil) [ME. , gile, gylle, a gill]. One of the respira- 
tory organs of such animals as breathe the air that is 
mixed with water. The gills first appear in the Poly- 
chceta. Cf. Branchice. G. -hearts, contractile expan- 
sions, with but a single cavity, at the base of the 
blood-vessels conducting the blood to the branchiae in 
the higher Crustacea. 

Gillenia [jil-e' -ne-ah ) [after Dr. Arnold Gill, a Ger- 
man botanist]. A genus of rosaceous herbs. G. 
stipulacea (Bowman's root, Indian physic) and G. 
trifoliata, both of N. America, are good, safe, and ef- 
fective substitutes for ipecac. Unof. 

Gillenin [fil'-en-in) [after Dr. Gill, a German botan- 
ist] . The active principle of American Ipecac. It 



is a bitter, slightly odorous, permanent powder with 
emetic properties. 

Gimbernat's Ligament. See Ligament. 

Gin (////) [ME., gynypre, juniper]. Common grain- 
spirit distilled and aromatized with juniper-berries. 
The finest gin, known as " Holland," is made in the 
distilleries of Schiedam, whence also the name 
" Schiedam Schnapps." See Spiribis juniperi. G.- 
drinker's Liver. See Cirrhosis, and Hobnail Liver. 
G. -liver. See Cirrhosis. 

Gingelly Oil [jinjel'-e oil). See Sesami, Oleum. 

Ginger [jin'-jer). See Zingiber. 

Gingiva [jin-jiv'-ah) [L. " the gum :" pi., Gingiva] . 
The vascular tissue surrounding the necks of the teeth 
and covering the alveoli. 

Gingival [jin'-jiv-al) [gingiva, the gum]. Pertaining 
to the gums. G. Line, a blue or purplish line 
along the gums where they meet the teeth, indicative 
of chronic lead-poisoning; also, the reddish line on 
the gums sometimes seen in tuberculosis, etc. G. 
Margin, the line or edge of the gums where they meet 
the teeth ; the free edge of the gums. 

Gingivalgia [jin-jiv-al' -je-ali) [gingiva, gum ; aAyog, 
pain]. Neuralgia of the gums. 

Gingivitis [jin-jiv-i'-tis) [gingiva, the gums ; trie, in- 
flammation]. Ulitis ; inflammation of the gums. 
G., Expulsive, osteo-periostitis of a tooth, which is 
gradually expelled from its socket. 

Gingko [ging'-ko) [Jap.]. A genus of taxaceous 
trees. G. biloba, a native of Eastern Asia, is now 
common in the U. S. Its edible seeds are astringent 
and are said to restrain or to slow the secretion of 
urine. Unof. 

Ginglymoid (ging'-glim-oid) [yiyylvtioi; , a hinge ; eWoc, 
likeness]. Resembling a hinge-joint. 

Ginglymus [ging'-glim-us). See Diarthrosis. 

Ginseng (jin'-seng) [Chinese, jin/san, ginseng]. The 
fleshy root of several species of Panax or Aralia. A. 
ginseng, of Eastern Asia, and A. quinquefolia, of the 
U. S., are the best-known species. Ginseng is an aro- 
matic bitter with tonic properties. Unof. 

Giraffe, Girafy [jir-af, -af'-e). See Endemic Colic and 
Dengue. 

Giraldensian Organ or Organ of Giraldes. The par- 
epididymis. It is composed of a number of flat, white 
bodies, each of which consists of a collection of 
tubes blind at each end. It is situated at the posterior 
portion of the epididymis, between the head and the 
vas deferens. 

Girdle (gir'-dl) [ME., girdel, a waistband]. Any 
band designed to go around the body. G., Emphy- 
sematous. See Emphysema. G., Neptune's, an 
abdominal bandage used in applying the wet-pack. 
G.-pain, a sensation as if a girdle were drawn tightly 
around the body. When not hysteric, it is charac- 
teristic of disease of the myelon, or of the nerve- 
roots. G., Pelvic, the bones (or cartilages) forming 
the support for the lower limbs of vertebrates. In 
mammals they consist of the ilia, ischia, and os pubes. 
G. -sensation. Same as G.-pain. G., Shoulder, 
the system of bones designed for the support of the 
upper limbs or arms. In man, the scapula and clavi- 
cles compose this structure. 

Girgensohn's Method. A method of removing pro- 
teids from a liquid. Mix the solution with half its 
volume of a solution of common salt; add tannin in 
slight excess, and the proteids will be entirely precipi- 
tated. 

Girmir [gir'-mir) [Arab]. Tartar of the teeth. 

Girofle [jir-o-fta'). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Gizzard (giz'-ard) [OF., gesier ; L., gigerium']. The 
strong muscular stomach of birds ; also, the corre- 



GLABELLA 



517 



GLAND 



sponding organ at the pylorus of certain mammals. G.- 
skin, the lining membrane of a gizzard. Pigeons' 
gizzard-skins, dried and triturated, are a popular 
remedy for dyspepsia. See Ingluvin. 

Glabella (gla-bel'-ah) [dim. of glaber, smooth] . The 
triangular space between the eyebrows. See Craitio- 
metric Points. 

Glabellad (gla-bel' -ad) [dim. of glaber, smooth ; ad, 
to]. Toward the glabellar aspect of the head. 

Glabellar (gla-bel' -a r) [dim. of glaber, smooth ; ad, 
to]. Pertaining to the glabella. 

Glabellen ( gla-bel' -en) [dim. of glaber, smooth]. Be- 
longing to the glabella in itself. 

Glabello-inial (gla-bel' '-o-in' '-e-al) [dim. of glaber, 
smooth; tviov, the nape of the neck]. Included 
between the glabellum to the inion. 

Glabello-obeliac (gla-bel' '-p-o-be'-le-ak) [dim. of glaber, 
smooth ; bfeXos, a spit] . Included between the glabella 
to the obelion. 

Glabello-occipital ( gla-bel' -o-ok-sip'-it-al) [dim. of 
glaber, smooth ; occiput, the occiput]. Included be- 
tween the glabellum to the occiput. 

Glabellum (gla-bel' -um) [glaber, smooth]. Same as 
Glabella. 

Glabrate (gla'-brdt) [glabrare, to make smooth]. In 
biology, becoming or tending to smoothness or bald- 
ness. 

Glabrous [ g/a'-brus) [glaber, smooth]. Smooth. In 
biology, destitute of hairs or down. 

Glacial (gla'-she-al) \_glacies, ice]. Icy; resembling 
ice in appearance, as glacial acetic or phosphoric acid. 
G. Phosphoric-acid Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Glacialin (gla-she-a'-lin) \_glacies, ice]. An antiseptic 
substance used for the preservation of foods. It con- 
sists of borax, boric acid, sugar, and glycerin. 

Glaciation (glashe-a' -shun) [glacies, ice]. A condi- 
tion like that of ice ; erosive effect like that of moving 
ice. 

Gladiate (glad'-e-dt) [gladius, a sword]. In biology, 
ensiform, or sword-shaped. 

Gladiolin (glad-i'-o-lin) [gladius, a sword. An alka- 
loid from brain-tissue. 

Gladiolus (glad-e-o'-lus) [dim. of gladius, a sword]. I. 
The middle or second piece of the sternum. 2. A 
genus of iridaceous flowering-plants. G. segetum, 
of Europe, is said to be aphrodisiac and emmenagogue. 
Unof. 

Glair (gldr) [ME., glayre, the white of egg]. The 
white of egg ; any thin, viscous substance, as a mu- 
cous discharge. 

Glairidin (gldr'-id-in). Same as Glairin. 

Glairin (glar' -in) [ME., glayre, the white of egg]. 
A peculiar organic, gelatinous substance found on the 
surface of some thermal waters. It is also called 
baregin, plombierin, zoogene, glairidin, sulphurain, 
and zoidin. See Baregin. 

Glairy (gldr'-e) [glayre, the white of egg]. Slimy; 
also, albuminous. 

Glaisher's Factors. A table of figures for calculating 
the dew-point. 

Glama (gla'-mah) [L.]. Lippitudo. An accumula- 
tion of gummy or hard material at the inner canthus 
of the eye ; the material so accumulated. 

Gland \_glans, an acorn]. A name given to numer- 
ous bodies or organs of the body, both secretive and 
excretive in function, withdrawing from the blood 
material for other purposes, or that is injurious or 
of no use to the economy. In structure they may 
be simple, saccular, or tubular. Also, the bulb- 
ous end of the penis and clitoris. G., Abdominal 
Salivary, a term for the pancreas. G., Absorbent. 
See G., Lymphatic. G., Accessory Lachrymal. 



See G. of Krause. G., Accessory Lactiferous. 
See G. of Montgomery. G., Accessory (of Pan- 
creas). See G., Brunner's. G., Accessory (of 
Parotid). See Socia parotidis. G., Accessory (of 
Rosenmiiller). See G., Rbsenmuller's. G., Acces- 
sory Supra-renal, a small gland sometimes connected 
with and resembling the supra-renal capsules. G., 
Accessory Thyroid, a small mass of gland-tissue con- 
nected with the thyroid gland. G., Acinose, one com- 
posed of acini. G., Acinous. See G., Racemose. G., 
Aggregate. See G. , Cowper's. G., Aggregated (of 
Bruch), a number of follicles in the conjunctiva, at 
the palpebro-sclerotic reflection. G., Agminated. 
See G., Beyer's. G., Albumin, in Cestoda, the gland 
that secretes the albuminous coating of the ovum. 
G., Anal, a lymphatic and odoriferous gland situ- 
ated near the anus. G., Angular. See G. , Sub- 
maxillary. G., Anomalous. See G., Ductless. G., 
Anteprostatic. See G. , Cowper's. G., Aporic. 
See G. , Ductless. G.-area, the depressed area, from 
the alveolar epithelium of which the mammary gland is 
developed. G., Arterial, one of a number of small 
gland-like .bodies connected with the arterial system. 
G., Arytenoid, a small muciparous gland in front of the 
arytenoid cartilage. G., Atrabiliary, an old name for 
the Supra-renal Capsule. G., Auricular, Anterior, 
a lymph-gland anterior to the external auditory meatus. 
G., Auricular, Posterior. See G., Subauricular. 
G., Axillary, one of the lymph-glands situated in 
the axilla. G. of Bartholin. I. A small gland 
on either side of the vagina, opening through a 
duct, on the inner side of the nympha. 2. See 
G., Sublingual. G., Bauhin's. See G., Nuhn's. 
G. of Benham. See G., Lophophoral. G., Blan- 
din's. See G., Nuhn's. G., Blind. See G., Duct- 
less. G., Blood. See G., Hematopoietic. G., 
Blood-vascular. See G. , Hematopoietic. G. of 
Boerhaave. See G., Miliary. G., Bowman's, one 
of the tubular glands of the olfactory region. G., 
Brachial, one of the lymph-glands of the arm and the 
fore-arm. G., Branchio-tympanic. See G., Tym- 
panic. G., Bronchial. I. One of the lymph-glands of 
the bronchi and root of the trachea. 2. See G. , Thyroid. 
G. of Bruch. See G. , Aggregated. G., Brunner's, 
one of the granular racemose bodies found in the wall 
of the duodenum. G., Buccal, one of the glands 
between the buccinator muscle (of the cheek) and the 
adjacent mucous membrane. G., Buccal, Inferior. 
See G., Molar. G., Bulbo-cavernous. See G., 
Cowper's. G., Bulbo-urethral. See G. , Cowper's. 
G., Byssus. See G. , Byssys. G., Byssys, in 
Latnellibranchiata, a gland near the foot, secreting 
the substance that forms the byssus. G., Calcifer- 
ous, in the earth-worm one of several pairs of lateral 
glandular bodies in the esophagus whose function it is 
to secrete a calcareous substance. G., Camphor, 
one of the camphor-secreting glands of the camphor- 
tree. G., Cardiac, one of the acinous glands in the 
mucosa at the distal extremity of the esophagus. G., 
Cardiac Gastric. See G. , Oxyndic. G., Cardiac 
Lymphatic. See G., Mediastinal, Superior. G., 
Carotic. See G., Intercarotid. G., Carotid. See 
G., Intercarotid. G., Cecal, one of the lymph- 
glands around the cecum. G., Celiac, one of the 
lymph-glands on the abdominal aorta, above the supe- 
rior mesenteric artery. G., Cement. I. One of 
certain glands in insects whose function it is to secrete 
the sebum that surrounds the ova prior to their dis- 
charge. 2. In Cirripedia, one of the glands in the 
antennae secreting a sticky substance. G., Cerumi- 
niparous. See G. , Ceruminous. G., Ceruminous, 
one of the convolute glands secreting the cerumen of 



GLAND 



518 



GLAND 



(he ear. G., Cervical, one of the lymph-glands of 
(he neck ; these are also called cervical ganglia. G., 
Cervical, Deep, one of the lymph-glands contained 
in two groups, superior and inferior, that are deeply- 
seated in the neck. They empty into the right lymph- 
atic duct, through the jugular lymphatic. G., Cervical, 
Inferior, Deep, the lower group of deep cervical 
glands in the supra-clavicular fossa. G., Cervical, 
Middle, one of the lymph-glands in the neck, corre- 
sponding to the lower portion of the larynx. G., 
Cervical, Posterior, any one of the deep lymph- 
glands situated along the anterior border of the 
trapezius muscle on either side of the neck. Enlarge- 
ment of these glands is one of the earliest evidences 
of the secondary stage of syphilis. G., Cervical, 
Superficial, one of the superficial lymph-glands in 
the upper anterior portion of the neck. G., Cervical, 
Superior, Deep, the upper of the deep cervical 
lymph-glands, near the bifurcation of the common 
carotid artery. G., Cervical, Upper, Deep. See 
67. , Cervical, Superior, Deep. G., Choroid, in certain 
Teleostei, a vascular plexus around the optic nerve. 
G., Choroideal. SeeC7., Choroid. G., Circumanal. 
See G., Anal. G., Closed. See G. , Ductless. G., 
Coccygeal (or Luschka's). I. A small arterial gland 
on the top of the coccyx, ventrally. 2. See 67., Uro- 
tygial. G., Colic. See Crypts of Lieberkiihn. G., 
Colleterial. See Colleterium. G., Compound, one 
in which the secreting surface is contained in numbers 
of small pouches. A gland whose duct is branched. 
G., Concatenate. See G., Cervical, Deep. G , 
Conglobate. See G., Lymphatic. G., Conglomer- 
ate. See G., Racemose. G., Congregate. See 67. , 
Peyer's. G., Coniferous, an old name for the dis- 
coid tracings in the wood-cells of gymnosperms. G., 
Convoluted, a tubular gland with a highly convoluted 
blind termination. G., Cowper's (or Miry's), in the 
male, one of two small acinous glands, situated be- 
tween the two layers of the triangular ligament, ante- 
riorly to the prostate gland. G., Cowperian. See 67., 
Cowper's. G., Cubital, one of the lymph-glands of 
the elbow. G., Cubital, Deep, any one of the deep 
lymph-glands around the elbow-joint. G., Cubital, 
Superficial, any one of the lymph-glands situated 
over the inner condyle of the humerus in the subcu- 
taneous connective tissue. G., Cutaneous, any one 
of the various glands of the skin. They include the 
hair, sudoriparous and sebaceous glands. G., Cy- 
athiform, in biology, small, fleshy, cup-like glands, se- 
creting a viscid fluid. G., Decidual, any one of the 
glands of the decidua. G., Dental (of Serres), one 
of the small, white epithelial bodies on the mucous 
membrane of the jaw, over the point of emergence of 
the teeth. G., Diapnogenous. See 67., Sudorip- 
arous. G., Digestive, in biology, one of certain 
glands situated on the leaves or other portions of some 
insectivorous plants ; they secrete a fluid capable of 
digesting albuminoid substances. G., Dorsal. See 
67., Scapular. G., Ductless, a gland without a duct. 
G., Duodenal. 1. See 67., B 'runner 's. 2. One of the 
lymph-glands of the duodenal mesentery. G., Du- 
verney's. See 67. of Bartholin. G., Ebner's, one 
of the acinous glands of the tongue situated in the 
region of the circumvallate papillce. G., Enteric. 
See Crypts of Lieberkiihn. G., Epiglottic, one of 
the muciparous glands about the posterior surface of 
the epiglottis. G., Esophageal, one of the acinous 
lymph-glands under the mucous membrane of the 
esophagus. G., Excretory, one of the glands that 
secrete the excrementitious matters of the body. G., 
External, in botany, one of the glands on the outer 
surface of a plant-organ. G., Facial, one of the 



lymph-glands of the face. G., Facial, Deep, one of 
the lymph-glands beneath the buccinator muscle. G., 
Facial, Superficial. See 67. , Auricular, Anterior. 
G., Femoral. See 6?., Inguinal. G. -fever, an infec- 
tious constitutional disorder characterized by rapid and 
painful enlargement of the cervical lymphatic glands, 
with considerable elevation of temperature. G., 
Floral. See 67., Nectariferous. G., Follicular, 
one consisting of or beginning in follicles. G., Fol- 
licular (of the tongue), one of the lymph-glands in 
the mucous membrane at the base of the tongue. G., 
Fundus. See 67. , Oxyntic. G. of Galeati. See 
Crypts of Lieberkiihn. G., Gastric, any one of the 
glands of the stomach, tubular or peptic. Those 
lining the fundus of the stomach are the true pepsin- 
secreting glands. G., Gastro-epiploic, Inferior, 
one of the lymph-glands surrounding the greater 
curvature of the stomach. G., Gastro-epiploic, 
Superior, one of the lymph-glands in the gastro- 
phrenic ligament. G., Genal. See 67., Buccal. G., 
Genital. See 67., Sexual. G., Globate. See 67., 
Lymphatic. G., Globular (of A/irbel), in biology, 
one of the spheric glands forming a pulverulent surface 
upon the calyx, corolla and anthers of many labiate 
plants. G., Glomerate. See 67., Racemose. G., 
Green, in Crustacea, a gland on the side of the ante- 
rior portion of the body. Its duct opens on a cervical 
eminence, just below the antenna. G., Guerin's. 
See 67., Skene's. G. of Guettard. See 67., Miliary. 
G., Guttural. See 67., Pharyngeal. G., Hair, the 
sebaceous gland of a hair-follicle. G., Harder's. 
See 67., Harderian. G., Harderian, a small gland 
in the nictitating membrane of many of the lower 
animals. G. of Havers (also called synovial fringe), 
one of the fatty bodies lying behind the highly vascu- 
lar fringe-processes that project from a synovial mem- 
brane into the cavity of a joint ; these were formerly 
believed to be the glands that secreted the synovia. 
G., Haversian. See 67. of Havers. G., Hemat- 
opoietic, any one of the glands that are supposed to 
take part in the formation of the blood, as the spleen, 
thymus, supra-renal capsules, etc. G. of Henle. 
See G., Aggregated (of Bruch). G., Hepatic, one 
of the lymph-glands in the ligaments around the liver. 
G., Hermaphrodite, in hermaphroditic animals, a 
gland answering both as ovary and testicle. G., 
Hibernating, in hibernating animals, one of the 
masses of fatty tissue, supposed to aid in sustaining 
life during hibernation. G., Honey-comb. See 
G.,Peyer's. G., Hydrophorous. See 67., Sudorip- 
arous. G., Hypogastric. See 67., Iliac, Internal. 
G., Iliac, Anterior, one of the lymph-glands anterior 
to the iliac arteries, and situated between the fifth 
lumbar vertebra and the femoral ring. They receive 
the lymphatic and efferent vessels of the inguinal 
glands. G., Iliac, External. See 67., Iliac, Ante- 
rior. G., Iliac, Internal, one of the lymph-glands 
in the course of the hypogastric artery and vein. G., 
Iliac, Superior, one of the lymph-glands near the 
crest of the ilium. G., Infraclavicular, one of the 
small lymph glands situated below the clavicle, be- 
tween the deltoid and pectoral muscles. G., Inguinal, 
Deep, one of the lj'mph-glands in the crural ring, 
around the femoral artery and vein. G., Inguinal, 
Superficial, one of the lymph-glands in the superficial 
fascia just above Poupart's ligment. G., Infundibu- 
lar, the infundibulum of the brain. G., Intercarot- 
id, a minute body of glandular structure, of unknown 
function, situated at the bifurcation of the common 
carotid artery. G., Intercellular, one of the multi- 
cellular vegetable glands, supplying the walls between 
the cells. G., Intercostal, one of the lymph-glands 



GLAND 



519 



GLAND 



in the posterior portion of the intercostal spaces. G., 
Internal, in botany, a gland below the surface of a 
plant-organ. G., Interocular, in comparative anat- 
omy, the ectocranial portion of the epiphysis cerebri. 
It is regarded as the rudiment of the third eye. G., 
Interungulate, in sheep, a muciparous gland between 
the hoofs. G., Intestinal, Solitary, one of a num- 
ber of peculiar white isolated lymph-glands distributed 
through the intestinal mucous membrane. G., Jugu- 
lar, Inferior. See 67. , Cervical, Deep. G. , Jugular, 
Superficial. See 67., Cervical, Superficial. G., 
Jugular, Superior. See G., Cervical, Superior, 
Deep. G. of Kolliker. See 67., Bowman's. G. 
of Krause, one of a number of acinous glands in the 
orbital portion of the conjunctiva. G., Labial, one 
of several racemose glands near the edges of the lips. 
G., Lachrymal, a compound racemose gland in the 
upper and outer portions of the orbit, whose function 
it is to secrete the tears. G., Lachrymal, Inferior, 
the lower portion of the lachrymal gland. G., 
Lachrymal, Superior, the upper portion of the 
lachrymal gland. G., Lactiferous. See G., Mam- 
mary. G., Laryngeal, Anterior, Posterior, one of 
the acinous lymph-glands in the laryngeal mucous 
membrane. G., Lateral, in Cestodes, one of the 
glands situated on either side of the uterus. G., 
Lenticular. I. In botany, one of the oily or fatty 
glands Found in plants. 2. One of the conglobate 
glands in the mucous membrane of the stomach. G. 
of Lieberkiihn. See Lieberkuhn, Crypts of. G., 
Lingual, Anterior. See 67., Nuhn's. G., Lingual, 
Lateral, one of the acinous glands at the edge of the 
tongue. G., Lingual, Lymphatic, one of two or three 
glands on the outer surface of the hyoglossus muscle. 
G., Lingual, Posterior, one of the acinous lymph- 
glands on the dorsum lingure near the foramen cecum. 
G. of Littre (or of Morgagni), one of the small race- 
mose muciparous glands in the mucous membrane of 
the cavernous portion of the urethra. G., Lobulated. 
See 67., Racemose. G., Lophophoral (of Benhani), 
in biology, a border of glandular tissue, surrounding 
the lophophore. G., Lumbar, one of a number of 
lymph-glands, situated in the lumbar region, behind 
the peritoneum. G., Luschka's. See 67., Coc- 
cygeal. G., Lymph. See 67., Lymphatic. G., 
Lymphatic, a small oval mass of lymphoid tissue in 
the course of a lymphatic vessel. There are supposed 
to be between 500 and 600 in man. The chyle and 
lymph pass through them to the blood. G., Lymphat- 
ic, Solitary. I. A simple isolated lymph-gland. 2. 
See 67., Intestinal, Solitary. G., Mammary, one of 
the glands, in mammals, that secrete milk. G., Mas- 
toid. See 67., Subauricular. G., Maxillary, In- 
ternal. See 67., Facial, Deep. G., Mediastinal, 
one of the lymph-glands in the mediastinum. G., 
Mediastinal, Anterior, one of several small lymph- 
glands in the lower portion of the anterior mediasti- 
num. G., Mediastinal, Posterior, one of the lymph- 
glands in the posterior mediastinum surrounding the 
esophagus and thoracic aorta. G., Mediastinal, 
Superior, one of the lymph-glands in the upper por- 
tion of the mediastinum. G., Meibomian, one of 
the minute sebaceous follicles between the cartilage 
and conjunctiva of the eyelids. G. of Meibomius. 
See 67., Meibomian. G., Mery's. See 67., Cam- 
per's. G., Mesenteric, one of the lymph-glands of 
the mesentery. G., Meseraic. See 67., Mesenteric. 
G., Mesocolic, one of the lymph-glands in the mes- 
entery of the colon. G., Miliary. I. (of Boer- 
haave) any one of the sudoriparous glands. 2. (of 
Mirbel) in biology, one of the minute granules on 
the green parts of plants. 3. (of Guettard) a stoma. 



G. of Mirbel. See 67., Miliary, and 67., Globular. 
G., Molar, one of the large buccal glands situated 
near the molar teeth, between the masseter and bucci- 
nator muscles of the cheek. G., Moll's, one of the 
modified sweat-glands on the free margin of the eye- 
lids opening into the hair-follicles of the eyelashes. 
G., Montgomery's, one of the microscopic sebace- 
ous glands of the areola of the breast. G. of Mor- 
gagni. See 67. of Littre. G., Moriform. See 67., 
Racemose. G., Morrenian, in biology, one of cer- 
tain glands of worms, as the earth-worm, whose func- 
tion is that of assimilation. G., Mucilaginous, a 
name given to one of the fringed processes of synovial 
membranes. See 67. , Haversian. G., Muciparous. 
See 67., Mucous. G., Mucous, one of the glands in 
mucous membranes, secreting mucus. G., Mucous, 
Salivary, a salivary gland mainly secreting mucus. 
G., Mushroom-shaped, a peculiar accessory male 
genital organ in certain insects, probably the analogue 
of the seminal vesicle. G., Musk, the glandular 
structure in certain animals secreting musk. G. of 
Naboth (also called follicle of Nabotli), a pathologic 
vesicle in the mucous membrane of the uterine cer- 
vical canal. G., Nabothian. See 67. of Naboth. 
G., Nasal. I. See 67., Supra-orbital. 2. (of 
Rathke). See Jacobson's Organ. G., Nasal, Exter- 
nal, in birds, a gland in the frontal or nasal bone 
emptying into the nasal cavities. G., Nectar. See 
67., Nectariferous. G., Nectariferous, in biology, a 
gland secreting honey or nectar. G., Nerve, the 
supra-renal capsule. G., Nervous (of the pelvis). 
See 67., Coccygeal. G., Nidamental, in biology, a 
gland secreting a peculiar viscid material that invests 
the ova. G., Nuck's. See 67., Nuhn's. G., Nuhn's, 
one of the acinous glands near the apex of the tongue. 
They are also called Nuck's, Bauhin's, and Blondin's 
glands. G., Occipital, one of the lymph-glands situ- 
ated over the occipital insertion of the trapezius. G., 
Odoriferous, one of the glands secreting odoriferous 
substances, as behind the cervix of the penis, secret- 
ing the smegma. G., Oil. See 67. , Sebaceous. G., 
Oviducal, in Elasmobranchia, a gland connected 
with the oviduct. G., Oxyntic, one of the glands of 
the cardiac region of the stomach, supposed to secrete 
the acid of the gastric juice. G. of Pacchioni. See 
Pacchionian Bodies. G., Pacchionian. See Pac- 
chionian Bodies. G., Palatal. See 67., Palatine. 
G., Palatine, a small acinous gland that with others 
forms a continuous layer beneath the mucous membrane 
of the hard and soft palate. G., Palpebral. See 67., 
Meibomian. G., Pancreatico-splenic, one of the 
lymph-glands following the course of the splenic artery 
and vein. G., Papillary, in biology, a papilla-like 
gland on the under surface of a leaf of labiate 
plants. G., Parotic. See 67., Parotid. G., Parotid, 
a large salivary gland situated in front of the ear. 
G., Parotid, Lymphatic. See G ., Auricular , An- 
terior. G. of Pecklin. See 67., Peyer's. G., Pec- 
toral, one of the lymph-glands on the lower portion 
of the pectoralis major muscle. G., Pepsin. See 
67., Oxyntic. G., Peptic. See 67., Oxyntic. G., 
Perspiratory. See 67., Sudoriparous. G., Petiolar, 
in botany, a gum-secreting gland occurring on the 
petiole. G., Peyer's, one of a number of lymph- 
follicles of the bowel occurring mainly in the ileum. 
They are especially involved in typhoid fever. G., 
Peyerian. See 67., Peyer's. G., Pharyngeal, one 
of the racemose glands in the pharyngeal mucous 
membrane. G., Phrenic, one of the lymph-glands 
in the lower portion of the anterior mediastinum. G., 
Pilous. See 67., Hair. G., Pineal. See Pineal 
Gland. G., Pituitary, a term for the hypophysis of 



GLAND 



520 



GLANDERS 



the brain. See Pituitary Body. G., Plexiform. 
See G., Beyer's. G., Poison, a gland in venomous 
insects and snakes that secretes the poisonous sub- 
stance. G., Popliteal, one of the lymph-glands sur- 
rounding the popliteal vessels. G., Precrural, in com- 
parative anatomy, one of the lymph-glands following 
the course of the nervus circumflex ilii. G., Prehyoid, 
an accessory thyroid gland above the hyoid bone. G. , 
Prelaryngeal, a lymph-gland on the crico-thyroid 
membrane, between the crico-thyroid muscles. G., 
Prepectoral, in comparative anatomy one of the 
lymph-glands surrounding the lower portion of the jug- 
ular vein. G., Preputial. See G. , Tyson's. G., Pre- 
scapular, in comparative anatomy, one of the lymph- 
glands situated beneath the elevator humeri muscle. 
G., Prostate. See Prostate Gland. G., Prostatic. 
See Prostate Gland. G., Pulmonary, one of the lymph- 
glands in the pulmonary substance. G., Purple, in 
Gasteropoda, one of the glands secreting the so-called 
Tyrian purple. G., Pyloric, one of the glands of 
the stomach mainly situated near the pylorus and se- 
creting the gastric juice. G., Racemose, a compound 
follicular gland resembling a bunch of grapes. It is 
composed of a number of acini with a single excretory 
duct. G. of Rathke. See G., Nasal. G., Renal, 
the suprarenal capsule. G., Reticulate, a lymph- 
gland containing reticular tissue. G., Retroperito- 
neal, one of the lymph-glands behind the peritoneum. 
G., Rivini's. See G. , Sublingual. G., Rosenmiil- 
ler's. I. The inferior lachrymal gland [accessory of 
Bosenmiiller). It is the fore part of the lachrymal 
gland, which is separated from the rest of the gland 
by a fibrous septum. It is also called the palpebral 
portion of the lachrymal gland. 2. The lymph-gland 
situated in the crural ring. G., Saccular, a gland 
formed by a sacculation of a mucous or serous mem- 
brane. G., Sacral, one of the lymph-glands on the 
anterior face of the sacrum. G., Salival. See G., 
Salivary. G., Salivary, a gland whose function it 
is to secrete saliva. G., Salivary, External. See 
G., Parotid. G., Scapular, one of the lymph-glands 
near the axillary border of the scapula. G., Scent. 
See G. , Odoriferous. G., Sebaceous. I. One of the 
minute saccular glands in the corium of the skin, se- 
creting sebum. 2. See G. , Cement. G., Sebiferous. 
See G., Sebaceous. G., Sebiparous. See G., Seba- 
ceous. G., Secreting. See G., Secretory. G., 
Secretory, any gland of the body yielding a secretion. 
It is an arrangement of cells by which certain ele- 
ments are separated from the blood that circulates 
in the capillary vessels which are in contact with the 
cells. G., Seminal, the testicle. G., Septal, in 
biology, one of the secreting glands in the septa be- 
tween the loculi of the ovaries of liliaceous plants. 
G., Serous. See G., Albuminous. G., Serous, 
Salivary, one of those salivary glands the secretion of 
which contains a characteristic albuminous substance, 
with little or no mucin. G. of Serres. See G. , 
Dental. G., Sexual, the ovary or testis. G., Sim- 
ple, a gland composed of but one secreting sac, with 
a single and unbranched tube. G., Skene's, one of 
the two mucous glands just within the meatus urina- 
rius of the female ; they are frequently the seat of ■ 
latent gonorrhea. G., Solitary, one of the glands 
scattered through the mucous membrane of the small 
intestine. G., Spinning, one of the tubular glands 
near the anal or oral orifice of certain spiders and 
other insects ; it secretes a viscid material that 
hardens on exposure to the air. G., Stalked, in 
botany, a gland situated upon a stalk. G., Staphyl- 
ine. See G., Palatine. G., Sternal, one of the 
lymph-glands on the upper costal cartilages, near the 



sternum. G., Subauricular, one of the lymph-glands 
situated below and behind the ear. G., Sub-caudal, 
a gland located near the base of the tail, the secretion 
from which yields the peculiar penetrating odor of the 
fox and other animals. G., Subconjunctival. See 
G., Meibomian. G., Sublingual, the smallest of 
the salivary glands. There is one on either side be- 
neath the tongue. G., Submaxillary, a large sali- 
vary gland situated in the submaxillary triangle. G., 
Submaxillary Lymphatic, one of the lymph-glands 
in the submaxillary triangle. G., Suboccipital. See 
G. , Occipital. G., Substernal. See G., Sternal. G., 
Suburethral. Same as G. of Cowper. G., Su- 
doriferous. See G., Sudoriparous. G., Sudorip- 
arous, one of the peculiarly convoluted glands in 
the subcutaneous connective tissue that secrete the 
sweat. G., Supraclavicular. See G., Cervical, 
Inferior, Deep. G., Supra-hyoid, one of the 
small lymph-glands between the anterior bellies of the 
digastric muscles. G., Supra-orbital, in biology, a 
gland in the orbit of birds communicating with the 
nasal passages. G., Suprarenal, the suprarenal cap- 
sules. G., Sweat. See 67., Sudoriparous. G., 
Tarsal. See G. , Meibomian. G., Tarso-conjunc- 
tival. See G. , Meibomian. G., Tartar, one of the 
hypothetic glands thought to secrete the tartar of the 
teeth. G., Temporary, the name occasionally given 
to the Graafian follicle. G., Thoracic, Deep, one 
of the lymph-glands situated on the outer surface of 
the serratus magnus muscle. G., Thoracic, Super- 
ficial. See G. , Pectoral. G., Thymus, a tempo- 
rary organ lying mainly in the neck, attaining its full 
growth at two years and practically disappearing at 
puberty. G., Thyroid, a ductless lobulated gland 
situated in the lower middle ventral portion of the 
neck, in front of the trachea and below the thyroid 
cartilage. G., Tibial, Anterior, a lymph-gland on 
the anterior surface of the interosseous ligament of the 
leg. G., Tracheal, one of the minute ovoid acinous 
glands in the tracheal mucous membrane, especially 
on its posterior surface. G., Trachoma [of Henle). 
See G., Aggregated (of Snick). G., Tubular, a 
gland composed mainly of a tube-like structure. G., 
Tubular, Compound, one composed of a number of 
small tubules with a single duct. G., Tympanic, a 
swelling upon the tympanic nerve, situated near or 
within the tympanic canal, and believed to be of the 
same nature as the coccygeal gland. G., Tyson's, 
one of the sebaceous glands on the corona of the 
glans penis and on the prepuce. See G. , Odorifer- 
ous. G., Urethral. See G. of Littre and G. , 
Skene's. G., Uropygial, the oil-secreting gland sit- 
uated over the coccyx of birds. G., Uterine, one of 
numerous tubular follicles in the uterine mucous 
membrane, secreting the so-called uterine milk. G., 
Utricular. I. In biology, one of the spaces in the 
epidermis filled with a colorless fluid. 2. See G., 
Uterine. G., Vaginal, one of the acinous glands in 
the vaginal mucous membrane. G., Venenific. See 
G. , Poison. G., Veneniparous. See G., Poison. 
G., Vesalius's, one of the pulmonary and bronchial 
mucous glands. G., Vesicular. See G. , Utricular 
(ist def). G., Vulvo-vaginal. See G. of Bartho- 
lin. G., Wax, in insects, one of the glands of the 
surface secreting a wax-like material. G., Weber's, 
one of the tubular mucous glands of the tongue situated 
chiefly near the root. G., Yolk, the vitellarium, a. v. 
G., Zeiss's, one of the sebaceous glands of the eye- 
lashes. G., Zygomatic. See G. , Auricular, Anterior. 

Glanderous (g/an'-der-us), or Glandery ( glan'-der-e) 
[" glandula, a gland]. Affected with glanders. 

Glanders (glan'-derz). A contagious disease of horses, 



GLAND I LEMMA 



521 



GLEOGENE 



sometimes communicated to man. Eor staining the 
microorganism of glanders see Schutz's Method, 
A'iihne's Method, or Lceffler ' s Method, under Stains, 
Table of. See Equinia. 

Glandilemma {glan-dil-em f -aK) [glans, gland; /.i/i/ia, 
husk]. The capsular covering of a gland. 

Glandula {gland' -Uriah) [L. : //., Glandules']. A 
little gland. 

Glandular {gland' '-u-lar) [glandula, a gland]. Re- 
lating to, or of the nature of, a gland. G. Hypertro- 
phy, a term used to indicate an enlargement of a 
lymph-gland, without any appreciable cause. G. Pes- 
tilence, synonym of the Plague, q. v. G. Plague, 
synonym of the Plague, q. v. 

G\a.ndule(gland' -til )[gla ndula ,a gland]. A small gland. 

Glandulin {gland' -u-lin) \_glanaula, a gland]. Ex- 
tract of gland-tissue. 

Glans {g/anz) [glans, acorn]. I. The head of the 
penis or of the clitoris. 2. A gland; an enlarged 
gland. 3. A suppository or pessary. 4. In botany, 
a nut. The name applied to fruits like the filbert, 
acorn, chestnut, etc. G. clitoridis, the small round 
tubercle of the clitoris analogous to the glans penis of 
the male. G. penis, the conical-shaped body form- 
ing the head of the penis. 

Glareose {glar'-e-oz) [glarea, gravel]. In botany, 
growing in gravel. 

Glaser's Fissure. See Fissure. 

Glaserian Artery. See Arte?-ies, Table of. G. Fissure. 
See Fissure. 

Glaserius, Fissure of. See Fissure. 

Glasgow Committee. See Anesthetic. 

Glass {glas) [ME. , glas, glass]. A brittle, hard, and 
transparent substance consisting usually of the fused, 
amorphous silicates of potassium and calcium, or 
sodium and calcium, with an excess of silica. When 
glass of a high refractive index is required, lead silicate 
is also added. G. -blowers' Cramp. See Cramp. 
G. -blowers' Disease, a term formerly used to desig- 
nate any infectious disease of the lips, especially syphi- 
litic eruptions. Also, applied to pulmonary emphy- 
sema. G. -blowers' Patch, a condition of the dor- 
sum of the tongue very similar to smokers' patch, 
and due to an analogous cause. G., Crown, a very hard 
glass, made from sodium sulphate or lime, without 
lead. It has a low refractive index, but consider- 
able chromatic dispersion. It is used for making 
lenses for optic instruments. G., Flint, that com- 
posed of lead and potassium silicates. It has a very 
high refractive index. G. Slides. See Slides. G., 
Soluble, potassium or sodium silicate. 

Glasses {glas'-es) [ME., glas, glass]. A synonym of 
spectacles or eye-glasses. G., Bifocal, those that have 
a different refracting power in the upper part from that in 
the lower. G., Hyperbolic, those ground in the form 
of an hyperbola. G., Periscopic, those in which the 
curvature of one surface exceeds that of the other. 
See Meniscus. G., Prismatic, those formed of prisms; 
used in insufficiency and paralysis of the ocular muscles. 
G., Protective, for shielding the eyes against light ; 
they are made of London smoke or blue glass. G., 
Spheric, those ground in the form of a sphere. G. 
Stenopaic, those consisting of a blackened disc of 
metal in which is placed a small round hole or a narrow 
slit ; they are used for examining astigmatic eyes. 

Glassy Degeneration. See Degeneration. G. 
Swelling, a synonym of amyloid infiltration. 

Glauber's Salt. See Sodium. 

Glaucedo (glaw-se'-do) [L.]. Glaucoma. 

Glaucescence {glaw-ses' -ens) [glaucescens\ A bluish- 
gray or sea-green luster or bloom ; the quality of 
being somewhat glaucous. 



Glaucescent { glaw-ses' -ent) [y?iavnog, silvery]. In 
biology, slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray. 

Glaucin (glaw'-sin) [yAavnoc, sea-green]. Cow-pox; 
so-called from the color of the pocks. 

Glaucium {glaw* '-se-um) [y'kavKiov, horn-poppy]. A 
genus of papaveraceous herbs ; horn-poppy. G. luteum 
and G. corniculatum are acrid herbs, with diuretic 
and alterative properties. Unof. 

Glaucoma {glaw-ko'-mah )'[y'Aavn6c, sea-green]. Adis- 
ease of the eye the essential and characteristic symp- 
tom of which is an abnormally heightened intraocular 
tension, resulting in hardness of the globe, excavation 
of the papilla or optic disc, a restriction of the field of 
vision, corneal anesthesia, colored halo about lights, 
and lessening of visual power that may, if unchecked, 
proceed to blindness. The etiology is obscure. G. 
absolutum, or consummatum, the completed glau- 
comatous process, with blindness. G. acutum, the 
first or the renewed attack, with the characteristic and 
inflammatory symptoms, generally intermitting after a 
few days. G , Auricular, a disease of the middle ear 
characterized by a great increase in the intra-labyrinth- 
ine pressure. G. evolutum, the second stage of glau- 
coma. G. fulminans, an acute attack coming on 
with great suddenness and violence. G. haemorrha- 
gicum, or apoplecticum, that associated with retinal 
hemorrhage. G. malignum, a grave form, attended 
with violent pain and rapidly leading to blindness. G., 
Secondary, that consequent upon other ocular diseases. 
G. simplex, that form without inflammatory symptoms. 

Glaucomatous {glaw-kom' -aUus) \j\avn6c, sea-green]. 
Affected with or pertaining to glaucoma. 

Glaucosis {glaw-ko'-sis) \jAavKuc, sea-green]. The 
blindness resulting from glaucoma. 

Glaucosuria (glaw-ko-su'-re-ah) [yAavubc, sea-green; 
ovpov, urine]. The presence of indican in the urine, 
which is thereby discolored. 

Glaucous {glaw'-kus) [yXavKoc, sea-green]. Of a 
blue-gray or dull sea-green tint ; having a blue, 
or pale-green luster covered with a silvery bloom, 
as the leaves of the cabbage. 

Glaukuria (glaw-ku'-re-ak). See Glaucosuria. 

Glaux {glawks) \y\av%,yka.%, the milk-vetch]. A genus 
of primulaceous herbs. G. maritima, salt-wort, is 
said to be an effective galactagogue. Unof. 

Glea {gle'-a/i) [ylola, glue]. A mucilaginous sub- 
stance secreted by many inferior organisms, and which 
frequently serves as a matrix in which they lie em- 
bedded. 

Glean (glen) [origin obscurej. The afterbirth of a 
domestic animal. 

Gleet {glet) [ME., glet, gleet]. The chronic stage of 
urethritis, with muco-purulent discharge. 

Gleety {gle'-te) [ME., glet, gleet]. Thin and ichor- 
ous; resembling the discharge of gleet. 

Glenard's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Glene {gle'-ne) [yTtfvT/, pit]. I. The glenoid cavity. 
2. The interior of the eye. Obsolescent. 

Gleno-humeral {gle'-no-hu'-mer-al) [yXf/vij, pit; hu- 
merus, the humerus]. Pertaining to the glenoid cavity 
and to the humerus. 

Glenoid {gle'-noid) [y?irjvr/, a cavity ; uSoc, form]. Hav- 
ing a shallow cavity ; pertaining to a shallow cavity. G. 
Cavity, the articular depression in the head of the 
scapula. G. Fossa. See Fossa. 

Glenoin {gle-no'-iu). Same as Trinitrin. 

Glenovertebral {gle'-no-ver'-te-bral) [yTiijvr), a cavity; 
vertebra, a vertebra]. Pertaining to the glenoid and 
vertebral borders of the scapula. 

Gleogene {gle'-o-jen) [yAoioc, a sticky substance ; glue ; 
yevr/c, producing]. In biology, secreting a glairy, 
mucilaginous substance. 



GLIA 



522 



GLOCHIDIUM 



Glia (gli'-ak) [y'Aia, glue]. The neuroglia; bindweb. 
It contains peculiar cells called glia-cells. G. -cells. 
See Deilers' Cells. 




Glia-cell. X 800. 

Gliadin (gli'-ad-in) [yXia, glue]. A proteid obtainable 
from wheat-gluten ; it is tenacious and gelatinous 
when moist, brittle and glassy when dry. Also a syno- 
nym of Hematin. See Gluten. 

Gliding Movement (gli' '-ding- moov'-ment). The most 
simple kind of movement that can take place in a 
joint, one surface gliding or moving over another, with- 
out any angular or rotary movement. 

Glioma (gli-o'-mah) [yXia, glue; bjia, a tumor: //. , 
Gliomata\. A variety of round-celled sarcoma, con- 
sisting of a tumor of neuroglia-cells, occurring in the 
central mass of the brain or of the spinal cord. G. 
of the Retina ( " encephaloid of the retina"), a 
glioma springing from the connective tissue of the 
retina, usually occurring in the young, and involv- 
ing the choroid, optic nerve, and extending finally ' 
into the brain. G., Pseudo-, of the Retina, meta- 
static purulent choroiditis, simulating the appearance 
of retinal glioma. 

Gliomatosis (gli-o-mat-o'-sis) [yXia, glue ; bfia, a tu- 
mor: //. , Gliomatoses~\. The aggregation of exuber- 
ant masses of glioma-like tissue in the spinal cord — a 
condition thought to precede the development of 
syringomyelia. 

Gliomatous ( gli-o f -mat-US') [yA/a, glue ; bfia, a tumor]. 
Of the nature of, or affected with, glioma. 

Gliomyxoma (gli-o-miks-o'-mah) [y\ia, glue; p-ii^a, 
mucus ; bfia, a tumor : pi. , Gliomyxomata\ . A tumor 
having the characters of both glioma and myxoma. 

Gliosarcoma (gli-o-sar-ko'-mah) [yXia, glue; crdpf, 
flesh; bfia, a tumor: pi. , Gliosarcomatd]. A tumor 
with both the neuroglia-cells of glioma and the fusi- 
form cells of sarcoma. 

Gliosis (gli-o' '-sis) [y/iia,glue; vbaoq, disease]. A brain- 
disease marked by foci of sclerosed gray substance, 
with the formation of lacunar spaces within the foci. 
It differs from ordinary diffused sclerosis in its histol- 
ogy and symptomatology. 

Glischraria (glis-hru' '-re-ah) [yVicxpoQ, viscid ; ovpov, 
urine]. Mucous degeneration of the urine, supposed 
to be due to the presence of a microorganism, the 
Bacterium glischrogenum. 

Glisson's Capsule. See Capsule. 

Glissonian Cirrhosis. Synonym of Perihepatitis. 
See also Diseases, Table of. 

Glister (glis'-ter). A clyster or enema. 

Globe of the Eye. The eyeball. 

Globiferous (glo-bif'-er-us) [globus, a ball ; ferre, to 
bear]. In biology, applied to antennae or similar 
structures bearing a large globose joint. 

Globin (glo'-bin) [globus, a globe]. A proteid deriv- 
able from hemoglobin. There is also a class of 
similar proteids grouped together as globins. 

Globinometer (glo-bin-om' -et-er) [globus, a globe ; ukr- 
pov, a measure]. An instrument devised with special 
reference to the calculation of the percentage-amount 
of oxyhemoglobin in a given amount of blood. 

Globo-cellular (glo' -bo-sel' -u-lar) [globus, a globe ; 
cella, a cell]. Round-celled, as globo-cellular sarcoma. 



Globoid (glo'-boid) [globus, a round body; e'ufog, form]. 
In biology, a globular or amorphous particle of the 
double phosphate of calcium and magnesium, often 
found associated with crystalloids in protein-granules. 

Globose (glo-bos') [globosus, round as a ball]. Spher- 
ic in form, or nearly so. 

Globular (glob' -u-lar) [dim. of globus, a globe]. Hav- 
ing the shape of a globe or sphere. 

Globularia (glob-u-la' -re-ah) [globulus, a little ball]. 
A genus of selaginaceous herbs and shrubs. G. aly- 
pum, of the old world, affords leaves that are a good 
substitute for senna. G. puticosa and G. vulgaris 
have similar properties. 

Globule (glob' -ill) [dim. of globus, a ball]. A small 
globe ; a blood-corpuscle or lymph-corpuscle. In bi- 
ology, any minute spheric structure. In pharmacy, 
a small pill or pellet. See also Oil-globule. G. of 
Donne. See Blood-plates and Hematoblast. G. in 
Pulp, a globular mass of dentine within the sub- 
stance of the dental pulp. 

Globulicidal (glob-u-lis-i'-dal) [globuhis, a little ball; 
ccedere, to kill]. Destructive to the blood-corpuscles. 

Globulicide (glob-u' ' -lis-la) [globulus, a globule ; ccedere, 
to kill]. I. Destructive of blood-cells. 2. An agent 
that destroys blood-cells. 

Globulimeter (glob-u-lim'-et-er) [globulus, a little ball ; 
fxkrpov, a measure]. An instrument for estimating the 
corpuscular richness of blood. 

Globulin (glob'-u-lin) [globulus, a little ball], I. A 
general name for various proteids comprising globulin, 
vitellin, paraglobulin, or serum-globulin, fibrinogen, 
myosin, and globin, which differ from the albumins in 
not being soluble in water ; one species, existing in the 
crystalline lens, is specially designated as globulin. 
They are insoluble in distilled water, but soluble in 
dilute neutral saline solutions. These solutions are 
coagulated by heat, and precipitated by a large amount 
of water. They yield acid-albumin when acted upon 
by dilute acids, and alkali-albumin when acted upon 
by dilute alkalies. Vegetable Globulins have been 
studied, and named vegetable myosin, vitellin, and 
paraglobulin ; they are found in the seeds of plants. 
2. A blood-platelet. 

Globulinuria (giob-ze-lin-u' '-re-ah) [globulus, a little 
ball; ovpov, urine]. The presence of globulin in the 
urine. 

Globulism ( glob' -u-lizm) [globulus, a little ball]. The 
administration of medicine in globules ; homeopathy. 

Globulose (glob'-u-los) [globulus, a little ball]. Any 
product of the gastric digestion of a globulin. 

Globulus (glob'-u-lus) [L. ]. The Nucleus globuliforniis 
of the cerebellum. It is a mass of gray matter between 
the fastigatum and the embolus. 

Globus (glo'-bus) [L.]. A ball or globe. G. epidid- 
ymis. See Epididymis. G. hystericus, the " lump" 
or choking sensation occurring in hysteria, caused 
probably by spasmodic contraction of the esophageal 
and pharyngeal muscles. G. major, the larger end 
or head of the epididymis. G. minor, the lower end 
of the epididymis. G. pallidus, the inner and lighter 
part of the lenticular nucleus. 

Glochidiate (glo-kid'-e-at) [yXaxki a projecting point]. 
In biology, barbed. Tipped with barbs, or with a 
doubly-hooked point. 

Glochidium (glo-kid'-e-um) [yXax'C, a projecting 
point: //., Glochidia~\. In biology, a stage in the 
development of lamellibranchiate molluscs [ Unio, 
Anodoii\, the ova of which develop up to a certain 
stage in the gill-pouches of the parent, and remain 
there as glochidia until some fish or wading-bird comes 
into their vicinity, when the glochidia issue forth, and, 
swimming as Pectens by the flapping of their valves, 



GLOCHIS 



523 



GLOSSOTHECA 



attach themselves, like external parasites, to the animal 
whose presence has stimulated their efforts ; here they 
become encysted and transformed into young Unios 
or Anadons. 

Glochis (glo'-kis) [jau^/'c, a projecting point : //., 
Glockines~]. In biology, a barbed spine or point. 

Glome (gloin) [glomus, a ball]. Same as Glomeruli:. 

Glomerate (glom' -cr-dl) [glomerare, to wind around]. 
A descriptive term applied to any gland consisting of 
vessels bunched together like a ball of thread ; con- 
glomerate. 

Glomerule (glom'-er-iil) [dim. of glomus, a ball of 
yarn]. In biology, a capitate cyme; a cluster of 
spores. 

Glomerulitis (glom-er-u-lV -tis) [glomerulus, a small 
ball; (nf, inflammation]. Inflammation of the glom- 
eruli of the kidney. 

Glomerulo-nephritis (glom-er' ' -u-lo-nef-ri' '-(is) [glom- 
erulus, a little ball ; vt<j>poQ, the kidney; iric, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the Malpighian bodies of 
the kidney. 

Glomerulus, or Glomerule {glom-er' '-u-lus, or glom'- 
er-iil) [dim. of glomus, a ball]. A knot or small 
rounded mass. A coil of arterial blood-vessels pro- 
jecting into the capsular widening of the lumen of 
each uriniferous tubule and with it composing the 
Malpighian body peculiar to the vertebrate kidney. G. 
Malpighii. See Malpighian Bodies. G., Olfactory, a 
group of nerve-cells, a number of which are embedded 
in the olfactory nerve-fibers. 

Glonoin (glo-no'-in). See Nitroglycerin. 

Gloriosa (glo-re-o'-sah) [gloriosus, glorious]. A genus 
of splendid liliaceous plants with poisonous juices. G. 
superba, of India, is alterative and tonic, and its 
starch is said to cure hemorrhoids. Unof. 

Glossa (glos' -ah) [yAuaaa, the tongue]. The tongue ; 
also the faculty of articulate speech. 

Glossagra (glos-a'-grah) [y'Auaaa, tongue; ay pa, seiz- 
ure]. Gouty pain in the tongue. 

Glossal (glos'-al) [yAuaaa, tongue]. Pertaining to 
the tongue. 

Glossalgia (glos-al'-je-ali) [yAuaaa, tongue ; h7.yoc, 
pain]. Any pain in the tongue, especially neuralgia 
of the tongue. 

Glossanthrax (glos-an'-thraks). Synonym of An- 
thrax. 

Glossarium ( glos-a' -re-uni) [yAuaaa, a tongue : pi. , 
Glossaria~\. In biology, the slender, elongated labrum 
of a dipterous insect, as the mosquito. 

Glossate (glos' -at) [yAuaaa, tongue]. In biology, 
having a tongue or glossa ; applied to suctorial as dis- 
tinguished from mandibulate insects. 

Glossauxesis (glos-awks-e'-sis) [yAuaaa, tongue; aftf- 
tjolq, increase]. Enlargement of the tongue. 

Glossectomy (glos-ek' -to-me) [yAuaaa, tongue ; kuTO/uq, 
excision]. Amputation or excision of the tongue. 

Glossitic (glos-it'-ik) [yAuaaa, tongue ; iric, inflamma- 
tion]. Pertaining to or affected with glossitis. 

Glossitis (glos-i'-tis) [y'Auaaa , tongue ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the tongue. G., Dissect- 
ing, a form of chronic superficial glossitis character- 
ized by deep furrows upon the tongue that appear to 
penetrate into the mucous membrane. G., Idiopath- 
ic. Same as G., Parenchymatous. G., Interstitial. 
Same as G. , Parenchymatous. G., Parasitic, an in- 
flammation of the tongue said to be due to parasitic 
vegetations. It is also called Glossophytia. G., Paren- 
chymatous, an inflammation of the tongue involving 
its substance as well as the mucous membrane. 

Glosso- (glos'-o-) [yAuaaa, tongue]. A prefix denot- 
ing connection with the tongue. 

Glossocele (glos' '-o-sel) [yAuaaa, tongue ; nr/Ar/, tumor]. 



Swelling or edema of the tongue, with consequent ex- 
trusion of the organ. 
Glossodesmus (glos-o-dez'-mus) [yAuaaa, tongue; 

Sea/jdc, bond]. The frenum lingure. 
Glossodynia (glos-o-din'-e-ah) [yAuaaa, tongue; 

bdvv?j, pain]. Pain in the tongue, sometimes accom- 
panied by exfoliation of its epithelium. 
Glosso-epiglottic (glos'-o-ep-e-glot'-ih) [yAuaaa, 

tongue ; eTuy?MTTic, epiglottis]. Pertaining to both 

tongue and epiglottis. 
Glosso-epiglottidean Ligament. See Ligament. 
Glossograph (glos'-o-graf) [y'Auaaa, tongue ; ypaipeiv, 

to write]. An instrument for registering the move- 
ments of the tongue in speech. 
Glossography (glos-og' -ra-fe) [yAuaaa, tongue ; ypa<p- 

etv, to write]. A descriptive treatise upon the tongue. 
Glossohyal (glos-o-hi'-al) [; 'a uaaa, tongue ; voelStjc, 

the hyoid bone]. Pertaining to the tongue and the 

hyoid bone. 
Glossoid (glos'-oid) [yAuaaa, tongue; eldoc, appear- 
ance]. Resembling a tongue. 
Glossolalia (glos-o-la'-le-ali) [yAuaaa, tongue ; Aalia, 

speech] . The alleged speaking in foreign or unknown 

tongues by somnambulists. 
Glossology (glos-ol'-o-je) [yAuaaa, tongue ; Adyog, a 

treatise]. A treatise concerning the tongue. 
Glossolysis (glos-ol'-is-is) [yAuaaa, tongue; Avoic, a 

loosening]. Paralysis of the tongue. 
Glossomegistus (glos-o-me-jis'-tus). Synonym of 

Glossitis, Parenchymatous. 
Glossoncus (glos-ong'-hts) [yluaaa, tongue ; bynog, 

tumor]. A swelling of the tongue. 
Glossopathy (glos-op'-ath-e) [yAuaaa, tongue ; iradoc, 

disease]. Any disease of the tongue. 
Glosso-pharyngeal (glos'-o-far-in'-je-al) [yAuaaa, 

tongue ; (papvyt;, pharynx]. Pertaining to the tongue 

and the pharynx. See Nerves, Table of. 
Glosso-pharyngeus ( glos'-o-far-in'-fe-us) [yXuaaa, 

tongue ; <j>apvyi;, pharynx]. A portion of the superior 

constrictor muscle of the pharynx. See Muscles, 

Table of. 
Glossophyte (glos'-o-flt) [yAuaaa, tongue ; ipvrov, 

plant]. A parasitic vegetation growing on the 

tongue. 
Glossophytia ( glos-o-fW '-e-ah)[y?iuaaa, tongue ; <fivr6v, 

a plant]. Black tongue. A dark discoloration of 

the tongue, due to accumulations of spores, dead epi- 
thelium, and accidental impurities. 
Glossoplasty (glos' ' -o-plas-te) [yAuaaa, tongue ; irA&a- 

ouv, to form]. Plastic surgery of the tongue. 
Glossoplegia (glos-o-ple'-je-ali) [yAuaaa, tongue; 

■KAr/yi], stroke]. Paralysis of the tongue. 
Glossoptosis (glos-op-to'-sis) [y'Auaaa, tongue ; Trruaig, 

a fall]. Synonym of Macroglossia. 
Glossorrhagia ( glos-or-a'-je-ali) [yAuaaa, tongue ; 

pr/yvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the 

tongue. 
Glossorrhaphy (glos-or'-af-e) [yAuaaa, tongue ; payi], 

suture]. Surgical suturing of the tongue. 
Glossoscopy (glos-os' ' -ko-pe) [y'Auaaa, tongue ; aKowelv, 

to inspect]. Diagnostic inspection of the tongue. 
Glossosemeiotics (glos - o - sem - e - of - iks) [yAuaaa, 

tongue ; aiypeweiv, to mark]. The study or science of 

the diagnostic and prognostic signs exhibited by the 

tongue. 
Glossospasm, or Glossospasmus (glos'-o-spazm, or 

glos-o-spaz' -mus) [yAuaaa , tongue ; arraapbg, spasm]. 

Spasm of the tongue. 
Glossosteresis (glos-o-ster-e / -sis) [yAuaaa, tongue; 

arepr/aig, privation]. Surgical excision of the tongue ; 

absence of the tongue. 
Glossotheca (glos-o-the'-kah) [yAuaaa, tongue ; dr/Ki), 



GLOSSOTILT 



524 



GLUMACEOUS 



a case : //. , Glossothecce\. In biology, that part of a 
pupa-case inclosing the sucking-organ of an insect. 

Glossotilt (glos' '-o-tilf) [y'Auaaa, tongue; riXkeiv, 
ti\t6c, to pull]. An instrument by which the tongue 
is drawn forward during the process of artificial respi- 
ration. 

Glossotomy (glos-ot'-o-me) [yXCicraa, tongue ; re/zveiv, 
to cut]. The dissection of the tongue. Also, the ex- 
cision of the tongue. 

Glossy Skin. A peculiar neurosis of the skin, charac- 
terized by a smooth, shining, red appearance, accom- 
panied by intense burning pain. See Atrophoderma 
neuriticum . 

Glossypertrophia, or Glossypertrophy (glos-e-per- 
tro'-fe-ah, or -per' -trofe)[_y?MGoa, tongue ; vrri/j, over ; 
Tpoiprj, nutrition]. Hypertrophy of the tongue. 

Glottagra { glot-a'-grah) [yAurra, tongue ; ay pa, seiz- 
ure]. Glossagra. 

Glottal (glot'-al) [yAorrif, glottis]. Pertaining to the 
glottis. 

Glottalgia ( glot-al'-je-ah) [yAwrra, tongue ; aAyoc, 
pain]. Glossalgia. 

Glottic (glot'-ik) [yAwrra, tongue]. I. Pertaining to 
the tongue. 2. Pertaining to the glottis. 

Glottid (glot'-id) [yAwrWf, glottis]. An act of the vo- 
cal bands whereby the form of the glottis is changed ; 
also, any sound produced by such a change. 

Glottidean (glot-id' '-e-an) [yAwrnc, glottis]. Pertain- 
ing to the glottis. 

Glottis (glot'-is) [yAorn'f ; yAurra, tongue]. The 
rima glottidis. The opening between the arytenoid 
cartilages, or the interval between the vocal bands ; 
also, the structures collectively that surround that 
opening. Over it is the epiglottis, a thin lamella of 
cartilage covering the larynx during deglutition. 

Glottiscope (glot'-is-kop) [yAwrr/f, glottis ; anoiveiv, to 
inspect]. A form of laryngoscope. 

Glottitis (glot-i'-tis). See Glossitis. 

Glottology (glot-ol'-o-je). See Glossology. 

Glove (gliev) [ME. , glove, a glove]. A protection for 
the hand, with separate partitions for each finger ; it is 
used therapeutically in certain skin-diseases of the hand ; 
also as a guard against septic poisoning. G. Alpha- 
bet. See Dalgarno Alphabet. 

Glovers' Stitch (gluv'-erz stitch). The continuous 
suture in surgery. See Suture. 

Glucinunv (glu-si'-nwn). See Beryllium. 

Glucogen (glu'-ko-jen). See Glycogen. 

Glucohemia (glu-ko-he' -me-ah). See Glycohemia. 

Gluco-heptose (glu'-ko-hep'-tos). See Carbohydrates, 
Table of. 

Glucometer (glu-kom'-et-er). See Glycy meter. 

Gluconic Acid (glu-kon'-ik). See Acid. 

Glucose (glu'-kos) [yAwcdc, sweet], C 6 Hj,,0 6 , Grape- 
sugar, Starch-sugar. A substance obtained from 
starch by the action of the natural ferment, diastase, 
and by the catalytic action of mineral acids. It 
is less soluble, and therefore less sweet, than cane- 
sugar, but equally nutritious. It is much used as an 
adulterant of cane-sugar. Its varieties are numerous, 
dextrose and levulose being the best known. Dextrose 
differs from levulose in its behavior to the polarized 
ray of light, which is turned by the former to the right, 
and by the latter to the left. Glucose crystallizes in 
nodular masses, melting at 86° F. See Carbohydrates, 
Table of. G. Vinegar. See Vinegar. 

Glucosid (glu'-ko-sid) [yXvuvc, sweet]. Any member 
of a series of compounds that may be resolved by the 
presence of an acid into glucose and another principle. 

Glucosin (glu' '-ko-siii) {j'/.vuvc, sweet]. Any one of a 
series of ptomaine-bases obtained by the action of 
ammonia on glucose. One of these, C ]1 H ]0 N 2 (C = 6), 



corresponds in formula and general properties with a 
remarkable unnamed base formed during the alcoholic 
fermentation of sugar or molasses, — Alorin's base, 
C 7 H I0 N 2 : a colorless, strongly refracting, very mobile 
oil, with a nauseous, pyridin-like odor. It causes 
stupor, paralysis, impairment of sensibility, dilatation 
of the pupils, slowing of the pulse and depression of 
the temperature, coma, and death. Similar alkaloidal 
bases have also been found in petroleum, paraffin-oil, 
chloroform, benzole, ether, amyl alcohol, and in most 
solvents in common use. 

Glucosis (glu-ko'-sis). Same as Glycosuria . 

Glucosuria (glu-ko-su'-re-ah). See Glycosuria. 

Glue (glu) \_gluere, to draw together]. A decomposi- 
tion-product of many nitrogenous animal tissues. 
These lose their organized structure, on heating with 
water, swell up, and gradually go into solution. 
The solutions, even when very dilute, gelatinize on 
cooling, forming a jelly that dries to a horny translu- 
cent mass. This mass is glue, or gelatin, as the finer 
grades are termed. It dissolves in hot water and 
forms a liquid possessing notable cementing-power. 
Two proximate principles seem to be present as char- 
acteristic in all preparations of glue : glut in, ob- 
tained chiefly from the hide and larger bones, and 
chondrin, from the young bones while yet in the soft 
state, and the cartilages of the ribs and joints. Of 
these the former much exceeds the latter in adhesive 
power. Hide-glue is the variety that shows most 
strongly the adhesive property. Its color may vary 
considerably without any impairment of its adhesive 
power. It is usually of a gray to amber or brown- 
yellow color, and translucent or partially opaque. It 
should be clear, dry, and hard, and possess a glassy frac- 
ture. It should swell up but not dissolve in cold water, 
but should dissolve in water at 62.5° C. (144.5 F.). 
Cologne Glue is manufactured from scrap-hide which, 
after liming, is carefully bleached in a chlorid-of-lime 
bath and then thoroughly washed. Russian Glue con- 
tains some inorganic admixture. It is of a dirty- white 
color, and contains from four to eight per cent, of white 
lead, chalk, zinc-white, or barytes. Size-glue and 
Parchment-glue are both skin-glues prepared with 
special care. Bone-glue or Bone-gelatin is a clear 
product free from offensive odor. It is much used for 
culinary purposes and for medicinal applications, 
and for fining or clarifying wines, etc. It is largely 
used in the manufacture of gelatin capsules, of 
court-plaster, and of gelatin emulsions with bromid 
and chlorid of silver for coating photographic dry 
plates. Patent Glue is a very pure variety of bone- 
glue of deep dark-brown color. It is very glossy and 
swells up very much in water. Isinglass, or Fish-gel- 
atin, is the finest and best of animal glues. It is pure 
white, nearly transparent, dry and horny in texture, 
and free from smell. It dissolves in water at from 
35° to 50° C. (95 to 122° F.) without any residue, 
and in cooling produces an almost colorless jelly. 
Liquid Glue. By the action of nitric or acetic acid 
upon a solution of glue its power to gelatinize may be 
completely dissipated, while its adhesive power is not 
at all interfered with. 

Gluge's Corpuscles. Compound granular corpuscles ; 
compound granule-cells. Larger or smaller cells 
densely crowded with droplets of fat, occurring in 
tissues that are the seat of fatty degeneration. By 
transmitted light the globules of fat show as black 
dots, and the whole corpuscle looks like a mulberry. 
They are the only pathognomonic evidences of soften- 
ing of nerve-tissue. 

Glumaceous (glu-ma'-she-ns) \gluma, a husk]. In 
biology, possessing chaff-like bracts or glumes. 



GLUME 



525 



GLYCOCYAMIN 



Glume (glum) [glit/ita, a hull or husk]. In biology, 

one of the floral envelops in the grasses. 
Glumellule (glu-mel'-iil). Same as Lodicule. 
Glusidum (glu'-sid- urn) [y/.vKvc, sweet], C 6 H 4 - 

<5q 2> NH. Saccharin. Benzoyl-sulphonic-imid, 

a coal-tar derivative. It is an intensely sweet, white 
powder, 200 times as sweet as cane-sugar. It is anti- 
septic, and is used to disguise the taste of nauseous 
medicine. It may be used as a sweetening-agent in 
diabetes and in the treatment of corpulency. 

Glutaric Acid {glu-tar'-ik). See Acid. 

Gluteal (glu'-te-al) \y\ow6c, the buttock]. Pertain- 
ing to the buttocks. G. Artery. See Arteries, Table 
of. G. Muscles. See Muscles, Table of. G. Nerve. 
See Nerves, Table of. G. Reflex. See Reflexes, 
Table of. 

Gluten (glid-ten) [gluten, glue]. A substance re- 
sembling albumin, with which it is probably identical. 
It occurs abundantly in the seed of cereals, in the form 
of cubic cells surrounding the starchy fecula of the 
seed. It consists mainly of gluten-fibrin, gluten- 
casein, gliadin, and mucedin. G. -bread, a variety 
of non-starch-containing bread for use by diabetics. 
It is made as follows : Take one quart of sweet milk, 
or milk and water, one heaping teaspoonful of good 
butter, one-fifth of a cake of compressed yeast beaten 
up with a little water, and two eggs well beaten. 
Stir in the gluten-flour until a soft dough is formed, 
knead as in making ordinary bread, put in pans to 
raise, and when light, bake in a hot oven. G.-soap, 
a bland and soothing variety of soap, containing a 
considerable proportion of gluten. 

Gluteo-femoral (ghd-te-o-fem'-or-al) \ylov~6s, the but- 
tock ; fetnur, the femur]. Relating to the buttock 
and the thigh. 

Gluteus [glu-te'-us) [ylovroc, the buttock]. One of the 
large muscles of the buttock. See Muscles, Table of. 

Glutin {glu' -tin). See Glue. 

Glutition (glu-tisA'-ttn) \_glutire, to swallow]. Deglu- 
tition. 

Glutitis {glu-ti'-tis) [yTiovrbc;, buttock ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation or suppuration of a buttock. 

Glyceleum [gli-se' '-le-um) \_y\vnvc, sweet ; eXaiov, oil]. 
A mixture of glycerin 2 parts, olive oil 6 parts, al- 
mond-meal I part ; it is used as a base for ointments. 

Glycemia (gli-se'-me-ak) [ylviivc, sweet; at/xa, blood]. 
The presence of glucose in the blood. 

Glycerid (glis'-er-id) [yAu/cepoc, sweet]. A compound 
ether of the triatomic alcohol, glycerol or glycerin. 
Some of the glycerids exist ready-formed, as natural 
fats, in the bodies of plants and animals, and many 
more may be produced artificially by the action of 
an acid upon glycerol. 

Glycerin, Glycerinum (glis'-er-in, glis-er-i' -man) [ylv- 
KepoQ, sweet], C 3 H 5 (HO) 3 . Propenyl hydrate. A vis- 
cous, syrupy, colorless substance derived from certain 
fats — mainly palm-oil — by decomposing them with 
superheated steam. Pure glycerin is an emollient ; the 
impure article an irritant to the skin. Dose 3 j — ij . It 
is an efficient internal remedy in acne and flatulence, 
and may be used in rectal enemata or in suppositories 
with soap or gelatin (j- 1 ^), in chronic constipation. See 
Glycerol. Glycerinum acidi carbolici (B. P.), 
glycerin 4, carbolic acid 1. G. acid, gallici (B. 
P.), gallic acid I, glycerin 4. G. acid, tannici 
(B. P.), tannic acid I, glycerin 4. G. aluminis 
(B. P.), alum I, glycerin 5. G. boracis (B. P.), 
borax I, glycerin 4, distilled water 2. G. plumbi 
subacetat. (B. P.), acetate of lead 5, oxid of lead 
3/4 > glycerin 20, distilled water 12. G. traga- 
canthse (B. P.), tragacanth 3, glycerin 12, distilled 



water 2. Glycerini, Suppos. (B. P.), each contains 70 
per cent, by weight of glycerin. Glycerin-Cupric 
Test (for sugar) ; to an inch of potassium hydrate 
in a test-tube add a few drops of copper sulphate 
and a few drops of glycerin Boil and add the sus- 
pected urine by small amounts up to less than one 
inch in the tube. Sugar will throw out the cuprous 
oxid, red or yellow. G. -Jelly, a valuable preparation 
for the treatment of eczema. It is made as follows : 
Gelatin, 4 drams ; oxid of zinc, 2j4 drams; glycerin, 
Yi ounce ; water, 6 drams. Heat the water, dissolve 
the gelatin in it, then add the glycerin and zinc, and 
stir till cold. Before using, the jelly is melted by 
gentle heat in a water-bath, and applied with a soft 
brush. See Mountmg-media. 

Glycerinum {glis-er-i' -man) [ylvnepoc; sweet; gen., 
glycerini: //., Glycerind\. 1. Glycerin, q. v. 2. A 
solution of some medicinal agent in glycerin, q. v. 

Glycerite, or Glyceritum (glis'-er-it or glis-er-i' -turn) 
[y?\.vK£poc, sweet]. A mixture of medicinal substances 
with glycerin. There are six official glycerites, besides 
several others in the National Formulary. G. acidi 
carbolici, carbolic acid 2, glycerin 8. G. acidi tan- 
nici, tannic acid 2, glycerin 8. G. amyli. See 
Amylum. G. vitelli. See Vitellus. 

Glycerize (glis'-er-lz) [y/liwepoc, sweet]. To treat or 
mix with glycerin. 

Glycerol (glis'-er-ol) [yAu/cepdc, sweet], C 3 H 8 3 . Glyc- 
erin ; a substance produced in small quantities in the 
alcoholic fermentation of sugar. It is prepared exclu- 
sively from the fats and oils. It is a thick, colorless 
syrup, of specific gravity 1.265 at 15 C. It has a 
pure, sweet taste, hence its name. 

Glycerose (glis'-er-os) [yAwcepdc, sweet], C 3 H 6 3 . 
Triose ; a substance derived from glycerol. It is the 
lowest glucose, and is a mixture of glycerol aldehyd 
and dioxy-acetone. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Glyceryl (glis'-er-il) [ ykvuzpoc, sweet]. A designation 
applied to the trivalent group CH 2 .CH.CH 2 . It is 
the hypothetic triatomic radicle of glycerol and the 
glycerids, and is also called propenyl. G. Borate. 
See Boroglycerin. 

Glycid (gli'-sid) [ylvuvg, sweet], C 3 H 6 2 . An anhy- 
drid of glycerin, not yet isolated. G. Compounds, 
certain compounds formed from glycerol-derivatives by 
the loss of H 2 or HC1. These are again readily 
converted into glycerol-derivatives. 

Glycin (gli'-sin) [y/i-u/d'c, sweet], C 2 H 5 N0 2 . Also 
called Glycocol and Glycocin, Amido-acetic Acid, or 
Gelatin-sugar. It does not occur in the free state in 
the animal body, but enters into the composition of 
several important substances, as hippuric and glycochol- 
ic acids. It is acid in reaction, and has a sweet taste. 
It crystallizes in large, colorless, hard rhombohedra, or 
four-sided prisms, easily soluble in water. See Gly- 
cocol. 

Glycina (glis-i'-na/i). Soya-bean. See Soja. 

Glycocholic Acid [gli-ko-kol'-ik) \j\vkvs, sweet ; 
Xo^-V, bile]. An acid found in the bile. See Acid. 

Glycocid (gli'-ko-sid). See Glucosid. 

Glycocin {gli'-ko-sin). See Glycin. 

Glycocol (gli'-ko-kol) [javkvc, sweet; KoXka, glue]. 
The same as Glycin, q. v. The Glycocols, Alanins, or 
Amido-fatty Acids are crystalline bodies, usually of a 
sweet taste, and readily soluble in water. 

Glycocyamin {gli-ko-si'-am-in) [ylvKvc, sweet ; nvavoc, 
blue; amin~\, C 3 H,N 3 0. 2 . Guanido-acetic Acid ; a 
substance obtained by the direct union of glycocol 
with cyanamid. It is soluble in 120 parts of cold 
water and rather readily in hot water; insoluble in al- 
cohol and in ether. It forms crystalline compounds 
with acids and bases. 



GLYCODRUPOSE 



526 



GNATHIDIUM 



Glycodrupose (gli-ko-drzi'-pos) [yAvnhg, sweet; Spvir- 
iva, an over-ripe olive]. The substance forming the 
stony concretions of pears. 

Glycogen {gli'-ko-jen\ \_yAvnvg, sweet ; ysvvav, to pro- 
duce], C 6 H 10 O 5 . A white, amorphous powder, taste- 
less and odorless, forming an opalescent solution with 
water, and insoluble in alcohol. It is commonly known 
as animal-starch. It occurs in the blood and the liver, 
by which it is elaborated, and is changed by diastasic 
ferments into glucose. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Glycogenesis (gli-ko-jen' -es-is) [yAvuvg, sweet ; yev- 
eaig, production]. The formation of sugar in the animal 
economy, whether normal or pathologic. 

Glycogenic {gli-ko-jen'-iK) [yAvuvg, sweet; ykvzcig, 
production]. Pertaining to glycogen or to glycogen- 
esis. 

Glycogeny {gli-koj' -en-e) [ykvKve, sweet ; ykveoig, pro- 
duction]. The normal production of glycogen. 

Glycohemia [gli-ko-ke'-tne-ah) [y/ivKvg, sweet; al/xa, 
blood]. The presence of sugar in the blood, espe- 
cially its presence in excessive quantity ; glycemia. 

Glycol (gli'-kol) [y'Avnvg, sweet; a/co/iof]. A diva- 
lent alcohol ; a compound intermediate in its proper- 
ties and chemic relations between monohydric alcohol 
and trihydric glycerol. The glycols are neutral, thick 
liquids. The solubility of a compound in water in- 
creases according to the accumulation of OH groups in 
it, and it will be correspondingly less soluble in alcohol 
and especially in ether. There will also be an appreci- 
able rise in the boiling-temperature, while at the same 
time the body acquires a sweet taste, inasmuch as there 
occurs a gradual transition from the hydrocarbons to 
the sugars. In accord with this, the glycols have a 
sweetish taste, are readily soluble in water, slightly 
soluble in ether, and boil at a much higher point 
(loo° C.) than the corresponding monohydric alcohols. 
They contain two hydroxyl groups united to different 
carbon atoms. 

Glycolamid (gli-kol'-am-id) [yAviciig, sweet; amidl, 
C 2 H 5 NO,. A substance crystallizing in needles that 
melt at 120° C. ; it possesses a sweet taste, and dis- 
solves easily in water, but with difficulty in alcohol. 

Glycollic Acid {gli-kol'-ik). See Acid. 

Glycoluric Acid (gli-kol-u'-?-ik). See Acid. 

Glycolysis {gli-kol 1 '-is-is) [yAvuvg, sweet; Avglc, dis- 
solution]. The process of decomposition into glycols. 

Glyconin, Glyconon (gli' '-ko-nin,-ott) [yAvuvg, sweet]. 
The Glyceritum vitelli of the U. S. Ph. It is a mixture 
of yolk of egg 45, and glycerin 55. 

Glyco-polyuria (gli-ko-pol-e-id-re-ah) [yAvuvg, sweet ; 
iroAwc, much ; ovpov, urine]. Bouchardat's term for dia- 
betes, attended with a moderate quantity of sugar in the 
urine and with an increase of lithic acid in the blood. 

Glycosamin (gli-kos'-am-m). See Chitin. 

Glycoses (gli-ko'-sez). Same as Glucoses, q. v. 

Glycosometer {gli-ko-sotn'-et-er) [yAvuvg, sweet ; jikr- 
pov, a measure]. An instrument for use in the esti- 
mation of the percentage of sugar in diabetic urine. 

Glycosuria (gli-ko-sn'-re-ak) [yAvuvg, sweet; ohpov, 
urine]. The presence of grape-sugar in the urine. 
See Diabetes. G., Tests for. See Poettger's, Feh- 
ling's, Glycerin-cupric, Indigo-carmin, Pavy's, Picro- 
saccharifneter, Phenyl-hydrazin , Roberts' 1 Differential 
Density, Saccharometer, Trommer's, and others in 
Tests, Table of. G., Hepatic, a temporary glycosuria 
due to excessive formation of glycogen in the liver. G., 
Irritative, that produced by irritation of the diabetic 
center on the floor of the fourth ventricle. G., Para- 
lytic, that produced by dividing the anterior columns 
of the spinal cord at the level of the fourth cervical 
vertebra. 

Glycuronic Acid (gli-ku-ron'-ik). See Acid. 



Glycyrrhea {gli-sir-e'-ah) [yAvuvg, sweet ; pelv, to flow]. 
Any discharge of glucose from the body. Glycyr- 
rhcea urinosa. Synonym of Diabetes mellitus. 

Glycyrrhetin [gli-sir-e' -tin)\jAvnvg, sweet; piC,a, root], 
C 1S H 26 4 . An amorphous bitter substance in liquorice- 
root. 

Glycyrrhiza (gli-sir-i'-zah) [y'Avuvg, sweet; pi(,a, root: 
gen., Glycyrrhizce~\. Liquorice-root. The root of G. 
glabra, a demulcent and mild laxative, of sweet taste. 
In combination with other medicaments it is an excel- 
lent expectorant, and is much used as an excipient in 
pills, troches, etc. G., Ext., the liquorice of com- 
merce, occurring in black rolls. G., Ext., Liquid 
(B.P.). Dose 3J-ij. G., Ext., Purum, made with 
aqua ammonise and water by percolation and evapora- 
tion. G., Ext., Fid., prepared with water and alco- 
hol. G., Mist., Comp., Brown mixture, pure extract, 
sugar, acacia, aa 3 parts, tinct. opii camph. 12, vin. 
antimonii 6, spt. nitrous ether 3, water 70. Dose 3J 
-5 ss. G. et Opii, Trochisci, have each ext. of glycyr- 
rhiza, gr. ij, ext. of opium gr. fa, acacia, sugar, oil of 
anise q. s. Dose j-ij. G., Pufv., Comp., compound 
licorice-powder, senna 18, glycyrrhiza 23, oil of fennel 

4, washed sulphur 8, sugar 50. 
Glycyrrhizin (gli-sir-i'-zin). See Glycyrrhizinum. 
Glycyrrhizinum {glis-ir-iz-i> '-nurri) [yAvuvg, sweet ; 

pi{,a, root: gen., Glycirrhizinf\. A sweet principle 
derived from liquorice-root. G. ammoniatum (U. 

5. P.), ammoniated glycyrrhizin, a sweet preparation 
used as a substitute for liquorice. Dose gr. v-xv. 

Glyoxal (gli-oks'-al) [yAvuvg, sweet; b^aXig, sorrel], 
C 2 H 2 2 . A substance formed by oxidizing acetalde- 
hyd with HN0 3 . It is an amorphous non-volatile 
mass that deliquesces in the air, and is soluble in al- 
cohol and in ether. 

Glyoxalin [gli-oks'-al-in) [yAvuvg, sweet ; ofa/U'f, sor- 
rel], C 3 H 4 N 2 . A substance produced by the action 
of ammonia upon glyoxal. It is easily soluble in 
water, alcohol and ether, and crystallizes in brilliant 
prisms, melting at 89 C. and boiling at 255 C. 

Glyoxim {gli-oks'-im) [y?ivnvg, sweet], C 2 H 4 N 2 2 . A 
compound produced by the action of hydroxylamin 
upon trichlorlactic acid. It is soluble in water, alco- 
hol, and ether; crystallizes in rhombic piates ; melts at 
178 C. ; sublimes without difficulty ; has a faintly acid 
reaction, and forms salts with bases. 

Glyoxylic Acid (gli-oks-il'-ik). See Acid. 

Gmelin's Test. Same as Gmelin-Heintz Reaction. 

Gmelin-Heintz Reaction. A test for bile-pigments 
in the urine. See Tests, Table of. 

Gmelina (tnel' -in-ali) [after Gmelin, a Russian scien- 
tist]. A genus of verbenaceous shrubs and trees. In 
India, G. arborea, G. asiatica, G. parvifolia, G. 
villosa, and other species, are employed in catarrhal 
disorders and in fevers and rheumatism. Unof. 

Gnaphalium {naf-a' '-le-itni) . See Life-everlasting. 

Gnat (nat) [ME., gnat, a gnat]. A dipterous insect, 
the Culex pipiens, differing but slightly from the com- 
mon mosquito, with which it is popularly confounded. 
The "bite " consists in a piercing of the skin and the 
withdrawal of a minute quantity of blood. The gnat 
has no sting or poison-glands. 

Gnathalgia {nath-al' -je-ali) [yvdftog, jaw ; a~A yog, pain]. 
Pain or neuralgia of the jaw. 

Gnathankylosis (iiath-ang-kil-o 1 '-sis) [yvadog, jaw ; 
ayKvluaig, ankylosis]. Ankylosis of the jaw. 

Gnathic {nath'-ik) [_yvaBog, the cheek-bone]. Per- 
taining to the cheek or jaw. G. Index. See Alveo- 
lar and Index. 

Gnathidium [>iath-id' -e-uni) \_yvadog, jaw: pi. , Gnath- 
idid\. In biology, one of the rami of the lower 
mandible of a bird. 



GNATHION 



527 



GOLD 



Gnathion Utath'-e-orC). See Craniometric Points. 

Gnathite (ndt/d-it) [yvadoc, the jaw]. In biology, 
one of the jaw-feet of an arthropod ; a gnathopodite. 

Gnathitis (na/li-i'-t/s) [yvadoc, jaw; trie, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the jaw or cheek. 

Gnathogramma (iia/ko-gram'-ah) [yvadoc-, jaw, 
cheek; ypapiui, line]. Jadelot's genal line. See 
Jadelot ' s Lines ox Furrows. 

Gnathoneuralgia {nath-o-nu-ral' -je-ah) [;. v6.0o$, jaw ; 
vcvpov, a nerve; a/.yoc, pain]. See Gnatkalgia. 

Gnathoparalysis {nath-o-par-al' -is-is) [yvadoc , jaw ; 
TzapaXvaiQ, paralysis]. Paralysis of the jaw. 

Gnathoplasty [ndth'-o-plas-tc) [yvadoc, cheek ; ir'Aaa- 
ceiv, to shape]. Plastic surgery of the cheek. 

Gnathoplegia ( ndth-o-ple' ' -je-ah ) [yvadoc;, cheek ; 
7T/.;/;//. stroke]. Paralysis of the cheek. 

Gnathopodite (ndth-op'-o-dlt) [yvadoc, jaw; trove, 
foot]. Same as Gnathite. 

Gnathorrhagia (nath-or-a' -je-ah) [yvadoc, the cheek; 
pr/yvbvac, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the 
mucous membrane of the cheek. 

Gnathoschisis (ndt/i-os'-his-is) [yvadoc, jaw ; ax't^etv, 
to split]. Cleft -jaw. 

Gnathospasmus (ndfh-o-spaz'-mns) [yvadoc, jaw; 
6~acsp6c, spasm]. Locked jaw; trismus. 

Gnathostegite {nath-os'-tej-it) [yvadoc, jaw; arsyoc, 
roof]. In biology, the cover to the mouth-parts of a 
crustacean formed by the expansion of parts of the 
third thoracic limbs. 

Gnomonic (iio-mon'-ik) [yvupuv, a carpenter's square]. 
In biology, bent at right angles. 

Gnoscopin (nos'-ho-pin), C 34 H 36 N,O n . A crystalline 
alkaloid of opium, melting at 233° C. 

Goa Ball, or Goa Stone [Goa, in Portugal]. A mass 
of drugs made up into a large bolus, from which 
enough for a dose is scraped as needed; it is said to 
have originated at Goa. G. Powder. See Ara- 
roba. 

Goadby's Solution. A solution of salt and corrosive 
sublimate in water, for preserving meat against putre- 
faction. 

Goanese Ipecacuanha {go-an-ez' ip-e-kak-u-an 1 '-ah) . 
See Naregamia . 

Goat's-voice {gotz'-vois). See Egophony . 

Goblet Cells. Chalice-like cells lying between the epi- 
thelial cells of the intestinal villi. 

Goddard's Astringent Gargle. An astringent gargle 
composed of alum 2 drams, pomegranate bark y^ 
ounce, red rose petals I dram, honey I ounce, boiling 
water 6 ounces. 

Godfrey's Cordial. A non-official preparation of 
opium containing from half a grain to a grain and a 
half of opium to the ounce. 

Goggle-eyed (gog'-l-id) [ME., goggleyed\ A vulgar 
synonym of Exophthalmos and of Strabismus. 

Goggles {gog'-lz) [ME., gogelen, to look asquint]. 
Spectacles with colored lenses and wire or cloth sides, 
to protect the eyes from excessive light, dust, etc. 

Gogo {s°'~S°) [African]. The rhizome of Phrynium 
beaumetzii, a marantaceous plant indigenous to 
the western coast of Africa. It is a powerful vermi- 
fuge and purgative. It is used in the form of a de- 
coction, ^ ijss to the Oj. Unof. 

Gogul {go' -gul) [Beng. or Hind.]. A name for 
various balsamic resins, the product of Asiatic trees 
of the genus Balsamodendron ; it is sometimes classed 
as Elemi, and also as Bdellium. 

Goiter [goi'-ter) [guttnr, throat]. Enlargement, par- 
ticularly if hypertrophic, of the thyroid gland. It is 
called, also, Bronchocele and Tracheocele. It gener- 
ally accompanies cretinism. G., Anemic. Synonym 
of G., Exophthalmic. G., Exophthalmic, Basedow's 



Disease, Graves' Disease. A disease characterized 
by cardiac palpitation, goiter, exophthalmos, tremor, 
palpitation usually being the initial symptom ; the pulse 
ranges from 90 to 120. Occasionally the exophthal- 
mos is so extreme as to produce spontaneous disloca- 
tion of one or both eyes. There are present Graefe's 
lid-sign, namely, inability of the upper lid to follow 
perfectly the downward movement of the eye ; and, 
usually, Stelhvag's sign, viz. , apparent widening of 
the palpebral aperture, due to retraction of the upper 
lid. The disease is usually encountered in women ; its 
course is chronic, and the ultimate outcome recovery. 
Death, however, occasionally results. The etiology 
is obscure, but the disease occurs frequently in those 
of the neurotic habit. The theories proposed for the 
explanation of exophthalmic goiter may be placed in 
three divisions: 1. The cardio-vascular theories, 
which locate the seat of the disease in the heart it- 
self, the vessels, and the blood. 2. The mechanical 
theories, which connect the symptoms with compres- 
sion of vessels or nerves in the neck by a primarily 
hypertrophied thyroid. 3. The nervous theories, 
which attribute the disease to disturbance in the 
vagus nerve, in the sympathetic nerve itself, 
or in the central nervous system proper. G., Pulsat- 
ing. Synonym of G., Exophthalmic. G. -stick, the 
coarse stem of certain kinds of sea- weed (Sargassnm 
bacciferum, etc.), used in various places as a cure for 
goiter. 

Goitrous (goi'-lrus) [gitttur, throat]. Pertaining to 
or affected with goiter. 

Gokeroo [gook'-er-oo). See Gokhru. 

Gokhru [gok'-ru) [E. Indian]. Gokeroo. The fruit of 
Pedaliiun mitrex, found in the East Indies, much used 
by the natives for enuresis and spermatorrhea. It is 
used in infusion of 5jj to Oj of boiling water. Dose 
ad lib. Unof. 

Gold [ME. , gold, gold]. See Annan. G., Bichlorid of, 
so-called, has been vaunted in the treatment of drunk- 
enness and the opium-habit. The compounds of chlorin 
and gold are the monochlorid and the trichlorid. 
G. -beaters' Cramp. See Cramp. G. -beaters' Skin, 
a thin membrane prepared from the cecum of the 
ox for gold-beaters' use. It has a limited use in 
surgery. G., Annealing of, the softening of gold 
by means of heat, to reduce the hardness caused by 
the mechanical forces to which it has been subjected 
in its manufacture. See Annealing. G. -brown. 
Same as Phenylene-brown. G. Cinnabar. Same 
as Minium. G. Crowns, portions of the natural 
crowns of teeth capped with gold, thereby restoring 
the contour. G.-foil, Dentists' (aurum foliatum), 
gold-leaf. Gold-foil, as used by dentists for filling 
teeth, is gold hammered into a thin leaf, but finer 
in quality and of much greater thickness than the 
article ordinarily known as gold-leaf. G. -ochre. 
Same as Ochre. G. -orange, an anilin dye employed 
by Unna for staining lepra-bacilli and tubercle- 
bacilli. See Stains, Table of, and Pigments, Conspec- 
tus of. G. -plate, for dental uses, may be made by 
the following formulas : — 

i8-Karat Gold-plate. 

Gold :8dwt. 

Silver, 2 " 

Copper, 4 " 

20-Karat Gold-plate. 

Gold coin 20 dwt. 

Silver, . 2 " 

Copper, 2 " 

G. of Pleasure. See Camelina. G. -purple. Same 
as Cassius' 1 Purple. G. -solder, gold alloyed with one 
or more metals. The following table exhibits the rela- 



GOLDEN 



528 



GONOBLASTIDIUM 



tive proportions of the metals most frequently em- 
ployed : — 

2 dwts., 22-karat gold. 

16 grs fine silver. 

12 grs roset copper. 

6 dwts pure gold. 

2 dwts , . roset copper. 

I dwt., fine silver. 

G. -thread. See Coptis. 
Golden {gold' -en) [ME. , gold, gold]. Of the nature or 
color of gold. G. Hair-dye. See Bleach. G.-rod, 
the leaves of Solidago odora, an aromatic stimulant 
and carminative. A volatile oil distilled from the 
plant is used in flatulence. Dose of the fid. ext. 
Jjj-ij ; of the oil rt^ij-x. Unof. G.-seal. See Hy- 
drastis. G. -yellow. Same as Martius' Yellow. 
Golgi's End-plate. A reticulated ending of nerve- 
fibers in tendons, sometimes embedded in granular- 
looking matter. G.'s Method, a method of staining 
nerve-cells. See Stains, Table of. 
Goll, Columns of. See Column. 
Goltz's Balancing-experiment. Animals lose their 
power of equilibrium with removal of the mid-brain 
or corpora quadrigemina. G.'s Croaking-experi- 
ment, a pithed male frog croaks when the skin of its 
back or flanks is stroked. G.'s Embrace-experi- 
ment, during the breeding-season the body of the 
male frog between the skull and fourth vertebra em- 
braces every rigid object with which it is brought into 
contact. G.'s Static-theory, every position of 
the head causes the endolymph of the semicircular 
canals to exert the greatest pressure upon some part of 
the canals, thus in varying degree exciting the nerve- 
terminations of the ampullae. 
Gomphia [gom'-fe-ak) [y6fi<j)oc, a nail]. A genus of 
ochnaceous trees and shrubs, partly natives of tropical 
America and partly of India. The leaves and bark 
of various species are tonic, astringent, and aromatic. 
Unof. 
Gomphiasis (gom-fi'-as-is) [yo/M/iiaoic, toothache]. 

Looseness of the teeth. 
Gomphodont (gom' '-fo-dont) [yd/upoc, a bolt; bdovc, 
tooth]. In biology, having the teeth set in sockets. 
Gomphosis (gom-fo'-sis) [yopfoc, nail]. See Syn- 

artkrosis. 
Gonacratia (gon-ak-ra'-ske-ah ) [yovij, semen ; anpa- 

reia, incontinence]. Spermatorrhea. 
Gonad [gon'-ad) \_yovi], semen]. A spermary or ovary ; 

a sexual gland. 
Gonades (gon'-ad-ez) [yovij, generation]. In biology, 

the reproductive organs ; genitalia ; sexualia. 
Gonaduct (gon' -ad-ukt) [gonad, seed; ductus, a 
duct]. In biology, the excretory duct of a reproduc- 
tive gland ; an oviduct or a sperm -duct. 
Gonagra (gon-a'-gra/i) [ydvv, knee ; aypa, seizure]. 

Gout of the knee or knee-joint. 
Gonalgia (gon-al'-je-a/i) [ydvv, knee; Dyoc, pain]. 

Pain in the knee-joint. 
Gonangium (go-nan'-je-um) [ydvoc, generation ; ayye- 
lov, a vessel : //., Gonangia]. In biology, the repro- 
ductive capsule of certain hydroids {thecophora) , bear- 
ing within it a modified hydranth that produces, by 
budding, many sexual individuals. 
Gonapophysis {gon-ap-off'-is-is) [ydvoc, generation; 
anoyvoic, an outgrowth : //. , Gonapophyses~\. In biol- 
ogy, one of the paired appendages forming the external 
sexual organs of insects, as the ovipositor, or the 
clasping-organs. 
Gonarthritis ( gon-ar-thri' -tis) [ydvv, knee ; apdpov, a 
joint; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the knee- 
joint. 
Gonarthrocace (gon-ar-t/irofc' -as-e) [ydvv, knee ; 



apdpov, joint; koktj, evil]. A cancerous or ulcerated 
affection of the knee-joint, popularly known as white 
swelling. 

Gonarthrotomy {gon-ar-throf -o-mc) [ydvv, knee ; 
apdpov, joint ; rkfivuv, to cut]. Incision into the knee- 
joint. 

Gonecium (gon-e'-se-um) [ydvog, generation, seed ; 
o'cKia, house]. A modified zoecium set apart in the 
Polyzoa for reproductive functions. 

Gonecyst (gon'-e-sist) [yovij, semen; kvotic, cyst]. A 
seminal vesicle. 

Gonecystic ( gon-e-sis' -tik) [yovij, semen; kvotic, cyst] . 
Pertaining to a gonecyst. 

Gonecystitis (gon-e-sis-li'-tis) \_yovi], semen ; kvotic, 
cyst; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of a gone- 
cyst. 

Gonecystolith [gon-e-sis' -to-lith) [yovij, semen ; kvotic, 
cyst; XSoc, stone]. A sympexion, q. v. 

Gonecystoncus (gon-e-sis-tong' -kits) [yovij, semen ; 
kvotic, cyst; oyKoc, tumor]. Any tumor of a seminal 
vesicle. 

Gonepoiesis (gon-e-poi-e'-sis) [yovij, semen; ttoluv, 
to make]. The secretion or elaboration of semen. 

Gonepoietic [gon-e-poi-et'-ik) [yovij, semen ; noihv, to 
make]. Pertaining to the secretion of semen. 

Gongrona (gon-gro'-na/i) [yoyypuvr/, a ganglion]. 
Synonym of Goiter. 

Gonic {gon'-ik) [yoviKdc, pertaining to semen]. Per- 
taining to semen or to generation. 

Gonid (go-nid'). Same as Gonidium. 

Gonidangium (gon-id-an' -je-um) [yovij, generation ; 
ayyelov, a vessel : //. , Gonidangia]. In biology, a sac 
or sporangium containing asexually-produced spores. 

Gonidimium (gon-id-im'-e-um) [yovij, generation : //. , 
Gonidimia]. Applied to gonidial cells ; certain 
lichens intermediate between gonidia proper and 
gonimia. 

Gonidiophore {go-nid'-e-o-for) [yovij, seed; (pipetv, to 
bear] . In biology, the fruiting-organ of certain fungi 
producing spores asexually. 

Gonidium (go-nid'-e-um) [yovij, seed : pi. , Gonidia]. 
In biology, (a) one of the grass-green algal elements 
of the lichen thallus. (b) Also called Gonid, and applied 
to various asexually-produced reproductive bodies. 
Cf. Pseudocyst. 

Gonimium (go-nim'-e-te/n ) [y6vi/ioc, able to produce : 
//. , Gonimia~\. In biology, glaucous-green or bluish- 
green gonidia. 

Gonioautecious [go-nc-o-aw-te' -she-us) [yuvia, an 
angle ; durdc, the same ; oIkoc, house]. In biology, 
applied to plants producing both male and female in- 
florescences, as mosses with the bud-like male organs 
growing on a female branch. 

Gonion (go'-ne-on) [yuvia, an angle]. See Craniome- 
tric Points. 

Goniotheca {go-tte-o-the'-kak) [yuvia, an angle; BijKrj, 
a case : pi., Goniotheca']. See Macrosporangium. 

Goniotropous (go-ne-ot'-ro-pus) [yuvia, an angle ; 
TpiiTEiv, to turn]. In biology, applied to certain quad- 
rangular stems, in which two of the angles are anterior 
and posterior, and the others lateral. Cf. Pleurotrop- 
ous. 

Gonio-zygomatic {go-ne-o-zi-go-tnat'-ik) [yovia, an 
angle; £vy6v, a yolk]. Relating to the gonion and 
the zygoma. 

Gonitis (go-ni'-tis) [ydvv, knee ; itic, inflammation]. 

Inflammation of the knee-joint. < 

Gonoblast (gou'-o-blast) [y6voc, generation; p^aardc, 
germ]. A sperm-cell or germ-cell; any cell con- 
cerned directly in reproduction ; a spermatozoon ; an 
ovum. 
Gonoblastidium (gon-o-6las-tid'-e-um) [ydvoc, genera- 



GONOBOLIA 



529 



GOSSYI'IIN 



tion, seed; p^nardg, germ: //. , Gonoblastidid]. A 
term applied by Huxley to the organs set apart for the 
production of generative buds in the Physophorida 
and other Hydrozoa. Cf. Blastostyle. 

Gonobolia {gon-o-bo'-le-ah) \jovij, semen; (iaAluv, 
to throw], i. The ejaculation of semen. 2. Sper- 
matorrhea. 

Gonocace [gon-ok' '-as-e) \yovv, knee; k6k>/, evil]. 
Same as Gunarthrocace. 

Gonocalyx (gou-o-ha'-lihs) [)woc, generation, seed ; 
koax%, a cup : //. , Gonocalices, Gonocalyxes~\. In biol- 
ogy, a term applied by Huxley to the investment of the 
reproductive organs of many of the Hydrozoa, having 
more or less the structure of a nectocalyx, but from 
whose walls those of the actual genital sac, the man- 
ubrium of Allman, tend to become independent. 

Gonocele (gon'-o-sel) [ybvv, knee ; KfjMj, tumor]. A 
swelling of the knee. 

Gonocele (gon'-o-sel) \_yovrj, semen; kt/Itj, tumor]. I. 
A tumor of a testis, or of a spermatic cord, due to 
retention of semen. 2. Synonym of Gonorrheal 
Rheumatism. 

Gonocheme {gon'-o-keni) \ybvog, generation, seed ; 
bxelv, to carry, hold]. In biology, hydroid medusa; 
bearing genitalia. 

Gonochorismus (gon-o-kor-iz' '-mus) \_ybvog, generation, 
sex ; ^(j/ujfT/zdf, separation]. In biology, the special- 
ization of sex ; the differentiation of male or female 
genitalia in a developing embryo ; the separation of 
the sexes in phylogeny. 

Gonococcus [gon-o-kok'-us) \_yovr/, semen ; k6kkoc, ker- 
nel]. A microbe thought to be the specific cause of 
gonorrhea. See Gonorrhea, and Bacteria, Synonym- 
atic Table of. 

Gonocyst (gon'-o-sisf) [ybvog, generation, seed ; k'votiq, 
a pouch]. In biology, the inflation of the surface of 
the zoarium in which the embryos are developed in 
certain of the Polyzoa. See Gonecyst. 

Gonoid {go'-noid) [ybvog, semen ; elSoc, appearance]. 
Resembling semen. 

Gonolobus (gon-o lo'-bus) [ybvog, semen; Tioftbg, pod]. 
A genus of asclepiadaceous plants, all American. G. 
macrophyllus, of the U.S. , has a cathartic and poison- 
ous root. Unof. Some varieties of condurango are 
furnished by plants of this genus. 

Gonophore {gon' '-o-for) [ybvog, seed ; fbpog, bear]. 
In biology : I, a stipe below stamens. 2. The ultimate 
generative zooid of the Hydroid- medusa, that which 
immediately produces the generative elements. It 
may be either medusiform or sacciform. 

Gonoplasm {gon' -o-plazm) [ydvog, seed ; irTiaau-a, any- 
thing formed]. In biology, that portion of the pro- 
toplasm of the male fertilizing element in certain 
cryptogams that penetrates and fertilizes the oosphere. 

Gonopod (gon'-o-pod ) [ybvog, generation ; novg, foot]. 
In biology, one of the specialized abdominal feet of 
certain male crustaceans, functionating as auxiliary re- 
productive organs. 

Gonopoiesis (gon-o-poi-e'-sis) . See Gonepoiesis. 

Gonopoietic (gon-o-poi-et'-ik ) [ybvog, generation, seed; 
iroi/fT/Kog, productive]. In biology, productive of re- 
productive elements, as ova or spermatozoa. 

Gonorrhea [gon-or-e'-ah) [ybvog, semen; po'ta, a 
flow]. Etymologically, an involuntary discharge 
of semen, but generally applied to a specific infectious 
inflammation of the mucous membrane of the urethra 
and adjacent cavities. The gonococcus of Neisser is 
believed to be the specific microbe of gonorrhea. It is 
a diplococcus, found in clumps of from 10 to 20, sur- 
rounded by a mucous envelop. G. balani, affects 
the glans penis. G., Bastard. See G., Mucous. G., 
Dry, a form unassociated with discharge. G., Mu- 
34 



cous, the so-called abortive or slight superficial ca- 
tarrh. The inilammation never runs high, and sub- 
sides in from seven to fourteen days. G. preputialis. 
See Balanitis. G. sicca. See G., Dry. 

Gonorrheal [gon-or-e'-al) [yuvog, semen; poia, a 
flow]. Relating to gonorrhea. G. Ophthalmia. 
See Ophthalmia. G. Rheumatism, inflammation 
of one or more joints as a sequel of gonorrhea. G. 
Wart. See Venereal Wart. 

Gonoscheocele [goji-os'-he-o-sel^yovrj, semen ; bax^ov, 
scrotum; ni/'/a/, tumor]. A distention of the testicle 
with semen. 

Gonosome (gon'-o-som) [ybvog, generation, seed; 
cij.ua, the body]. In biology, the entire assembly 
of generative zooids in a hydroid colony. 

Gonospherium ( gon-o-sfe'-re-zim) [ybvog, generation, 
seed; atyajpa, sphere : //. , Gonospheria\ In biology, 
a form of oogonium in which the protoplasm is con- 
densed at the center of the cell and separated by a 
space from the cell-wall. 

Gonostroma (gon-o-stro' -maK) [ybvog, offspring; 
crpufia, stroma]. The proligerous disc. 

Gonotheca (gon-o-the 1 '-kafi) [ybvog, generation, seed ; 
Hr/Kr/, case : //. , Gonotheca]. In biology, the chitin- 
ous hull of the reproductive capsules of certain hydro- 
zoans. 

Gonozemia [gon-o-ze' '-me-ali) [ybvog, semen ; Cr/jxia, 
flow]. Excessive secretion or discharge of semen. 

Gonozooid (gon-o-zo'-oid) [ybvog, generation ; (tiov, 
animal; eldog, form]. In biology, one of the sexual 
zooids of an ascidian. 

Gonyagra (gon-e-a'-grah). See Gonagra. 

Gonyalgia (gon-e-al'-je-ah). See Gonalgia. 

Gonybatia [gon-e-ba'-she-ah) [yovv, knee ; flaiveiv, to 
go]. Walking upon the knees ; a symptom encountered 
in some paralytic and paretic cases. 

Gonycampsis (gon-e-kamp'-sis) [ybvv, knee; K&fi^tg, 
curve]. Deformity of the knee by curvation. 

Gonyocele (gon'-e-o-sel) [ybvv, knee; KrjAri, tumor]. 
Same as Gonyoncus. 

Gonyoncus {gon-e-ong'-kus) \ybvv, knee; bynog, 
tumor]. A tumor or swelling of the knee. 

Gonys (go'-nis) \_ykvvg, the chin]. In biology, the line 
of symphysis of the mandibles of a bird. 

Gonytyle [gon-e-ti'-le) \_ybvv, knee; Tvki], pad]. A 
prominent thickening of the skin upon the knee. 

Goodyera (good-ye'-rah) [after John Goodyer, an Eng- 
lish botanist]. A genus of orchidaceous plants. G. 
repens of Asia, Europe, and America, is a popular 
medicine. G. pubescens of N. America (rattlesnake 
plantain, cancer-plant) is applied to sores, cancers, 
etc. Unof. 

Goose (goos) [ME., goos, a goose]. A bird of the 
family of Anserines. G. -flesh. See G.-skm. G.- 
foot. See Pes anserinus. G. -grass. See Galium 
aparine. G.-skin, Cutis ansera, Goose-flesh, a popu- 
lar name for a well-known condition of the skin 
marked by prominence about the hair-follicles. See 
Arrector pili Muscle. 

Gore (gor) [WE., gore, gore]. Thick or clotted blood. 

Gorged Stomach (gorjd stum'-ak). See Stomach- 
Staggers. 

Gorgeret (gor-jer-ef) [Fr. , gorge, throat]. A surgeon's 
gorget, especially a small gorget. 

Gorget {gor'-jef) \_gurges, a chasm]. A channeled in- 
strument similar to a grooved director. It may be 
blunt, sharp, hooked, etc. In biology, a throat- 
patch, as the brilliant throat of the humming-bird. 

Gorgon's Head. See Caput medusa. 

Gosselin's Fracture. A V-shaped fracture of the distal 
extremity of the tibia, involving the ankle-joint. 

Gossypiin [gos-ip' -e-in) \_gossypium, the cotton-tree]. 



GOSSYPINE 



530 



GRAHAMITE 



A precipitate from a tincture of the root-bark of Gos- 
sypium herbaceum, recommended as an emmenagogue 
and diuretic. Dose, I to 5 grains. Unof. 

Gossypine (gos'-ip-in) \jgossypium, cotton]. In biol- 
ogy, cottony, flocculent. 

Gossypium (gos-ip' '-e-um) [L. , cotton-tree: gen., Gos- 
sypii\. Cotton. The hairs of the seed of G. herba- 
ceum. Freed from impurities and deprived of fatty 
matter, it becomes the absorbent cotton of surgery. It is 
soluble in an ammoniacal solution of copper sulphate. 
The root is thought to have emmenagogue properties. 
G. purificatum, purified cotton. G. rad., Cortex, 
cotton-root bark. Dose gr. xxx-3 j. G. rad., Ext., 
Fid., prepared with glycerin and alcohol. Dose 
TT\,xxx-3J. G. seminis, Ol., the expressed oil con- 
stitutes most of the so-called olive-oil of commerce. 
G., Tinct., 1 in 4. Dose 3J. See, also, Pyroxylin. 

Gothard W 'oim^gotk' -ard wurm). See Anchylostomum. 

Gothic Palate. An enormously high palatal arch. 

Gottinger's Line. See Lines, Table of. 

Gottstein's Basal Process. The filiform basal ex- 
tremity of Corti's organ. It is connected with the fine 
nerve-filaments of the cochlear nerve. G.'s Curet, 
a curved curet for the removal of post-nasal growths. 
G.'s Fibers. See Fiber. 

Gouge (gooj or gowj) [Fr.]. An instrument for cutting 
or removing bone or other hard structures. 

Goujeers (goo'-jers) [OF., gouge, a soldier's mistress]. 
An old name for syphilis. 

Goulard's Cerate. See Plumbum. G.'s Extract. 
See Plumbum. 

Gould, Methods of. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Gourand's, or Goyrand's, Disease. See Diseases, 
Table of . G.'s Hernia. See Hernia. 

Gourdy {gor'-de or goor'-de) [ME., gourd, a gourd]. 
In farriery, having swollen legs (said of horses). 

Gout (gowt) [ME., goute, the gout; gutta, a drop]. 
A constitutional disease characterized by an excess 
of uric acid or alkaline urates, especially sodium 
urate, in the fluids of the body. Sodium urate 
is first deposited about the articular surfaces of 
the small joints, but in time the arteries, cardiac 
"valves, and connective tissue of the kidneys may 
be involved. The metatarso-phalangeal joint of the 
great toe is, curiously, the favorite point of attack, and 
the helix of the ear is another favorite seat. Tophi 
form about the affected part. To diminished solubility 
■of the urates, due to increased acidity of the blood ; to 
increased formation of uric acid, and failure in function 
of the kidneys ; to persistent plethora of the digestive 
organs, — is variously ascribed the cause of gout. The 
symptoms of the acute form are malaise, intense pain in 
the affected part, with swelling and redness, pyrexia, 
■chills, scanty and acid urine, irritability and sleepless- 
ness. The paroxysm usually occurs in the night. 
Other attacks almost invariably follow at irregular in- 
tervals. G., Diaphragmatic, angina pectoris. G., 
Latent or Masked, a condition ascribed to a gouty 
diathesis, but not presenting the typical symptoms of 
gout. G., Retrocedent, that form that is manifested 
by severe internal manifestations, without the cus- 
tomary arthritic symptoms. See DaCosta's Disease. 
G., Rheumatic. See Arthritis, Rheumatic. 

Gouty (gow'-te) [ME., goute, the gout]. Of the nature 
of gout ; affected with gout. G. Kidney. See 
Bright' s Disease. 

Goux, System. See Sewage, Disposal of . 

Gowers' Column. See Column. G.s' Front-tap 
Contraction. See Contraction, and Reflexes, Table 
of. G.'s Method, the method of counting the corpus- 
cles of the blood by the hemocytometer. G.'s Pupil. 
See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 



Gowland's Cosmetic. Lotion, or Wash. A famous 
lotion used in the treatment of acne, and said to have 
contained oxymuriate of mercury in an emulsion of 
bitter almonds. 

Gr. Abbreviation of grain. 

Graafian Follicles, or Vesicles. Peculiar vesicular 
bodies existing in the cortex of the ovary as well as in 




Graafian Follicle and Ovule, with Proligerous Disc. 

the ovarian stroma. Within them the ova mature. 
See Vesicle. 

Gracilis [gras' -il-is) [L. , slender]. See Muscles, Table 
of. G. Experiment, an experiment performed upon 
the gracilis muscle of the frog, showing that pure 
muscular excitation does not travel backward from the 
muscle to the nerve. 

Gradient ( gra / -de-ent) \_gradi, to step, to go]. In biol- 
ogy, walking, rather than creeping or jumping. 

Graduate [grad'-u-at) \_gradus, a step]. To take a 
degree from a college or university. Also, a person 
on whom a degree has been conferred. Also, in 
pharmacy, a glass vessel upon which the divisions of 
liquid measure have been marked. 

Graduated {grad'-u-a ted)\_gradus, a step] Arranged 
in degrees or steps. G. Compress, a compress 
made of pieces decreasing progressively in size, the 
apex or smallest piece being applied to the 
focus of pressure. G. Cones. See Cones. 
G. Full Bath. See Bath. 

Graefe's Collyrium. The celebrated colly- 
rium adstringens luteum. It was made as 
follows : Camphor, 10 grains ; alcohol, I 
ounce; chlorid of ammonium, 15 grains; 
sulphate of zinc, 30 grains ; croci pulv. 
hispanici, 2 grains ; distilled water, 5 ounces. 
One drop of this, after filtration, is used 
morning and evening. G.'s Knife, a 
knife for the performance of the operation 
for cataract. G.'s Operations. See Opera- 
tions, Table of. G.'s Signs or Symp- 
toms. See, Signs and Symptoms, Table 
of. Graefe's 

Grafenberg System. See Hydrotherapy. Knife. 

Graft [ME., graffe, graft]. A small portion of skin, 
bone, periosteum, nerve, etc., inserted into or upon a 
raw surface or tissue deficient in the special structure 
desired. G., Sponge, the insertion of antisepticized 
sponge to act as a framework for the granulations. 

Graham Bread. Brown bread ; wheaten bread made 
from unbolted flour. 

Grahamism (gra'-am-izm) [after Sylvester Graham, 
an American reformer]. Vegetarianism; a theory of 
dietetic and medical reform started in 1839. 

Grahamite [gra'-am-lt) [after Sylvester Graham']. A 
vegetarian ; a follower of the teachings of Sylvester 
Graham, 1794-1851. 



GRAHE'S TEST 



531 



GRANULOMA 



Grahe's Test. See Tests, Table of. 
Grain [gran) \_granum, corn]. A general name ap- 
plied to starch-producing seeds, or to those of the 
cereals. Also, any small seed. In pharmacy, a small 
pill. Also, the TjyVo P art OI " tne Troy pound. 
Graining-colors. See Pigments, Colors, and Dyestuffs. 
Grains of Paradise \_Grana paradisi, " grains of para- 
dise"]. The unripe fruit of Amomum melegueta, 
and of A. granum paradisi, brought from W. Africa. 
It is an aromatic stimulant and diuretic, useful in 
some cases of neuralgia. Unof. 
Grallatorial (gral-at-o' -re-al) [grallaior, one who 
walks on stilts]. In biology, applied to wading-birds. 
Gram, Gramme [gram) [ypd/j./ia, a Greek weight]. 
The weight of a cubic centimeter of distilled water at 
its maximum density. The gravimetric unit of the 
metric system of weights and measures. See Metric 
System. G. [Anglo-Indian.] A commercial name 
for the chick-pea, Cicer arietinum, and for other varie- 
ties of pulse. 
Gram's Fluid. See Gram's Solution. G.'s Method, 
I. See Gram's Solution. 2. See Treatment, Methods 
of. G.'s Solution, a test for amyloid liver, and a mor- 
dant in staining for tubercle-bacilli, consisting of iodin 
I part, potassium iodid 2, water 300. The preparation 
is taken from the color-bath, washed and plunged into 
this solution until it takes a blackish tinge, then 
washed in alcohol until decolorization is complete. 
This process is called Grant 's Method. See Stains, 
Table of. 
Gramineous {gram-in 1 -e-us) \_gramen, grass]. In 

biology, grass-like. 
Graminifolious (gram-in-ifo'-le-tis) \_gramen, grass ; 
folium, a leaf]. In biology, having grass-like leaves. 
Graminivorous (gram-in-iv' -or-us) \_gramen, grass; 

vorare, to devour]. Feeding upon grass. 
Grammatic Acataphasia (gram-at'-ik ak-at-afa'- 
ze-ali). The faulty use of words, due not to ignor- 
ance, but to some central brain-lesion. See Acata- 
phasia, 
Grammopetalous (gram-o-pef '-al-us) [ypafifii/, a 
stroke or line ; neraAov, a leaf]. In biology, having 
petals like leaves of grass, linear. 
Grana paradisi (gran' -ah par-ad-i'-si) [L.]. See 

Grains of Paradise. 
Granatum (gran-a'-tuni) \_granum, a grain: gen., 
Granati~\. Pomegranate. The cortex of the root of 
Punica granatum contains a liquid alkaloid, pelletierin, 
C 8 H 13 NO, one of the most efficient anthelmintics 
against tapeworm, rarely failing to bring away the 
whole worm. G., Fid. Ext. Dose gss-jss. G., 
Decoctum, fresh bark gxvij, water § XV 'J> boiled to 
^xij and strained. Dose ^iv-vj. Pelletierin 
tannas, tannate of the alkaloid, C 8 H 13 NO.C 14 H 10 O 9 . 
Dose gr. v-xx followed by a quick purgative. P. sul- 
phas, very hygroscopic. Dose v-x. All unof. 
Grancher's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 
Grand Mai (grand ma(h)l) [Fr.]. A term for fully- 
developed epilepsy ; major epilepsy. 
Grandeau's Test. See Tests, Table of. 
Grandeur, Delirium of, or Delusions of. Insane 
exaltation of mind, with false opinions as to one's own 
greatness and dignity. 
Grandidentatus (gran-de-den-ta 1 '-tus) \_grandis, large; 

dens, a tooth]. Having large teeth. 
Grandin (gran' -din) \_grando, a hailstone]. A peculiar 
substance found in the urine of pregnant women. It 
is supposed to produce kyestein by its decomposition. 
Grandry's Corpuscles. A variety of sensitive nerve- 
terminations consisting of delicately punctate and 
sharply denned cells that are flattened and lens-like in 
form, and have a nucleus, the latter being the so-called 



Tactile Cells of Merkel. They occur in the beak and 
tongue of the duck and goose, in the epidermis of man 
and mammals, etc. They are the same as the Cor- 
puscles of A'rause. 
Graniticoline ( gran-it-ik' '-o-lin) [lt.,granito, granite ; 
colere, to inhabit]. In biology, applied to such lichens 
as grow upon granite. 
Granny Knot (gran' -e not). A tie of a cord in which 
in the second loop the end of one cord is over and 
the other under its fellow, so that the two loops do 
not lie in the same line. This knot can easily be 
converted into a slip-knot. See Knot. 
Granular (gran'-u-lar) [granum, a grain]. Made up 
of, containing, or bearing granules. G. Casts. See 
Casts. G. Corpuscles. See Granide-cell. G. De- 
generation. See Cloudy Swelling. G. Degenera- 
tion of the Cervix. See Erosion. G. Kidney, a 
kidney affected with diffuse or insterstitial nephritis. G. 
Lids. See Trachoma. G. Liver, a cirrhosed liver. 
See Cirrhosis. G. Pharyngitis, follicular pharyngitis. 
Granulated (graft' -u-la-ted) [granula, a little grain]. 
Characterized by the presence of granulations or 
granules. 
Granulation (gran-u-la' -shuii) [granula, dim. of gra- 
num, a grain]. I. The operation of reducing coarsely 
crystalline substances to particles of uniform size by 
solution and rapid evaporation, with constant stirring. 
Some substances, like ferrous sulphate, are best gran- 
ulated by filtering a strong solution into alcohol. 2. 
The formation of new or cicatricial tissue in the repair 
of wounds or sores, the surface of which has a granu- 
lar appearance ; also, any one of the elevated points 
of such a surface or formation. G., Miliary, a mili- 
ary tubercle. G. -tissue, new or cicatricial tissue 
made up of granulations, or by the process of granu- 
lation. 
Granulative (gran'-u-la-tiv) [granula, a little grain]. 
Pertaining to or marked by the process of granulation. 
Granule (gran' -ill) [granula, a little grain]. In anat- 
omy, any small rounded grain, such as is found in the 
Malpighian bodies of the spleen. Also a spore or an 
isolated cell. In pharmacy, a small pill. G., Ele- 
mentary, irregular protoplasmic bodies in the blood, 
smaller than ordinary blood-corpuscles. G., Seminal, 
any one of the solid particles of the semen, consisting 
of round, granular corpuscles. G.-cell, any one of a 
variety of round cells found in pathologically softened 
brain-tissue, and densely filled with fat-globules. G.- 
mass, a giant-cell. 
Granulia (pran-u' -le-ah) [granula, a little grain]. Em- 
pis' name for an acute inflammatory condition dis- 
tinct from tuberculosis, but, like it, characterized by the 
development of granulations within organs and on 
serous surfaces. 
Granulistics (gran-u-lis' -tiks) [granula, a little grain]. 
That branch of physics employed in the estimation of 
the volume or capacity of a body by means of seed, 
shot, sand, granules, etc. 
Granulitis (gran- u-li'- lis) [granula, a little grain ; iric, 

inflammation]. Acute miliary tuberculosis. 
Granuloma (gran-u-lo' -mail) [granidum, a small grain ; 
ofia, a tumor: pi. , Granulomata~\. A term used by 
Virchow to include such a neoplasm as does not advance 
beyond the stage of granulation-tissue. G. fungoides ; 
Mycosis fungoides ; Fibroma fungoides ; a rare, chronic 
inflammatory disorder, probably of specific origin, that 
affects the superficial and deep layers of the skin, and 
occasionally the mucous membranes. It is marked by 
the appearance of urticarial, erythematous, or eczema- 
tous patches, of irregular shape and size, with well- 
defined margins, usually upon the scalp and skin of 
the trunk. Itching is intense, and frequently the 



GRANULOMATOUS 



532 



GRAY 



patches become hypertrophic, and firm, hard nodules, 
varying in size from that of a pea to an apple, either 
sessile or pedunculated, develop on them. These 
eventually break down, to form deep, unsightly ulcers 
that contain sensitive, fungating granulation-tissue, 
and discharge thin pus and serum. Death results 
from a progressive cachexia. See Mycosis. 

Granulomatous [gran-u-lo' -mat-ns) [granula, a little 
grain ; b/ia, a tumor]. Pertaining to, of the nature 
of, or affected with granuloma. G. Inflammation. 
See Inflammation. 

Granulose (gran'-u-los) [granula, a grain]. The ma- 
terial that forms the inner portion of starch-granules ; 
it is enclosed by coats of cellulose. 

Granum (gra'-num). See Grain. 

Granville's Lotion. A compound liniment of ammonia. 

Grape-cure lygrap'-kur). A cure for pulmonary tuber- 
culosis, consisting in the ingestion of quantities of 
grapes. Some patients should not take more than 
an average of two pounds daily, beginning with 
about a pound, and other patients should not exceed 
four pounds. The laxative influence of the grapes is 
also beneficial. Irritation of the gums produced by 
the treatment should be relieved by rinsing the mouth 
with cold water to which a little bicarbonate of sodium 
is added. G. -disease, a vulgar synomyn for tuber- 
culous disease of cattle. G. -sugar. See Glucose 
and Dextrose. 

Grapes (graps). Same as Grape-disease. 

Graphite (graf'-it) [ypaQmv, to write]. Plumbago, or 
black lead, an impure allotropic form of carbon. It 
has been applied externally in skin-diseases ; its dilu- 
tions are also used by homeopathists. Unof. 

Graphology (graf-ol'-o-Je) [ypatpi/, writing; X6yog, 
science]. The study of the handwriting or of written 
sentences, for the purpose of diagnosticating nerve- 
disease or brain-lesion. 

Graphomania ( graf-o-ma' '-ne-ah ) [ypatpi/, writing ; 
flavin, madness]. An insane desire to write. 

Graphomaniac {graf-o-ma' -ne-ak) [ypaiitiv, to write ; 
fiavia, madness]. One affected with graphomania. 

Graphospasm (graf'-o-spazm) [ypatpi/, writing ; c-rraa- 
p.6c, spasm]. Writers' cramp. 

Grass (gras) [ME., gras, grass]. Herbage. G.-oil. 
See A)ithoxanthum. G. -staggers, indigestion of 
cattle. G.-tree Resin. See Xanthorrhea. 

Grating (gra'-ting) [grata, a grating]. A frame or 
screen composed of bars. Also a sound produced by 
the friction of very rough surfaces against each other. 
In optics, a glass ruled with exceedingly fine parallel 
lines to produce chromatic dispersion in the rays of 
light reflected from it. 

Gratiola (gra-ti'-o-lah) [gratia, grace]. A genus of 
scrophulariaceous herbs. G. aurea, G. carolinensis, 
G. virginiana, and other N. American species are 
actively medicinal, but are little used. G. officinalis, 
of Europe, is cathartic, emetic, and diuretic, and is a 
decided poison. Unof. 

Gratiolet's Angle. See Angle. G.'s Bundle, optic 
radiations running into the occipital cortex. 

Gratiolin (gra-ti'-o-lin) [gratia, grace], C 20 H 34 O 7 . A 
crystalline, bitter glucosid from Gratiola officinalis. It 
was formerly used as a hydragogue. 

Gratiolirrhetin (gra-te-o-lir-et'-in) [gratia, grace; 
f»ITivr], resin], C 17 H 28 3 ,. A resinoid substance; a 
decomposition-product of gratiolin. 

Grattage [grah-ta(h)zh') [Fr.]. A method of remov- 
ing morbid growths, as polypi or trachomatous granu- 
lations, by rubbing with a harsh sponge or brush. 

Grave (grav) [ME. , grave, a grave]. An excavation 
in the earth for burying the dead. G.-wax. See 
Adipocere. 



Gravedo (grav-e'-do)[L.~\. I. Muscular rheumatism of 
the head. 2. Coryza. 

Gravel (grav'-el) [ME., gravel, gravel]. In surgery, a 
common name for the larger calculi or urinary concre- 
tions. Also, difficult or painful micturition. G.- 
plant. See Trailing Arbutus. G. -root, Queen of the 
Meadow, the root of Eupatorium purpureum , or of 
Collinsonia canadensis. See Eupatorium and Collin- 
sonia. 

Graveolent (grav'-e-o-lent) [gravis, heavy ; olere, to 
smell]. Having a strong, unpleasant odor ; fetid. 

Graves' Disease. See Goiter, Exophthalmic, and 
Diseases, Table of. 

Gravid (grav'-id) [gravare, to load]. With child, 
pregnant. G. Uterus, the womb during pregnancy 
or gestation. 

Gravida ( grav' -id-ali) [gravidus, pregnant]. A preg- 
nant woman. 

Gravidin [grav'-id-in) [gravidus, pregnant]. A pecu- 
liar substance occurring in white transparent globules 
on the surface of the urine voided by pregnant women. 
G.-test, a worthless sign of pregnancy. After the 
first month of pregnancy the urine of the gravid woman, 
if allowed to stand from thirty hours to eight days, 
will have formed upon it a pellicle with a cheesy odor 
and an appearance like the " fatty scum of cooled 
broth." Examined microscopically and chemically 
the pellicle shows fungi, triple phosphates, fat-globules, 
and sometimes a peculiar form of albumin. It may 
be found in urine from men, young girls, and very old 
women, hence is of no value as a test of pregnancy. 
The test is also called the Kyesteln Test. 

Gravidism, or Gravidity (grav'-id-izm, or grav-id'- 
it-e) [gravidus, pregnant]. Pregnancy, or the total- 
ity of symptoms presented by a pregnant woman. 

Gravimeter (grav-im'-et-er) [gravis, heavy ; fierpov, 
measure]. An instrument used in determining spe- 
cific gravities ; especially a hydrometer, aerometer, or 
urinometer. 

Gravity (grav'-it-e) [gravis, heavy]. The property 
of possessing weight. Also, a condition of serious im- 
port. G., Specific, the measured weight of a sub- 
stance compared with that of an equal volume of an- 
other taken as a standard. For gaseous fluids, hydro- 
gen is taken as the standard ; for liquids and solids, 
distilled water at its maximum density. 

Grawitz's Theory. A theory as to the immunity con- 
ferred by inoculation. The cells of the body and the 
bacteria take their nutrition from the same places, and 
it is a true fight for existence between them. If the 
cells come out victorious, they become habituated to 
the struggle with the bacteria, and are more able to 
resist a second attack, and this quality is transmitted 
to the succeeding generations of body-cells by heredity. 
This theory is purely hypothetic. 

Gray (gra) [ME., gray, gray]. I. Of a color between 
white and black 2. Having gray hairs. G. Hepatiza- 
tion. See Hepatization and Pneumonia. G. Indura- 
tion. See Induration. G. Infiltration. See Infiltration. 
G. Lanolin Ointment. See G. Oil. G. Matter, 
the cinerea. See Brain. G. Oil, Oleum cinereum, 
a semifluid, fatty, mercurial liquid introduced into 
medicine by Lang, of Vienna, in 1886. It is used in 
the treatment of syphilis by injections. It is prepared 
as follows : A given quantity of lanolin — I or 2 
drams — is rubbed up with sufficient chloroform to 
emulsify it. This mixture is to be thoroughly triturat- 
ed, during which operation the chloroform will evap- 
orate. While the mixture is still in a fluid state, 
metallic mercury to the amount of double the quantity 
of the lanolin is to be added, the trituration being 
meanwhile continued. As a result, a pomade of mer- 



GREASE 



533 



GROCERS' ITCH 



cury is left, which represents two parts of mercury and 
one part of lanolin. This is called strong gray lanolin 
ointment. From this salve-basis a 50 per cent, oleum 
cinereum, or gray oil, may be obtained by mixing three 
parts with one part of olive-oil. A mild gray 
lanolin ointment may be made in the same manner as 
the strong, by taking equal parts of lanolin and mer- 
cury and thoroughly mixing them. From this salve- 
basis a 30 per cent, gray oil may be made by mixing 
six parts with four parts of fresh almond-oil or olive- 
oil. G. Powder, hydrargyrum cum creta. See Hy- 
drargyrum. 

Grease (grls) [ME., grese, grease]. Soft or oily ani- 
mal fat. In farriery, a swelling and inflammation in 
a horse's leg, with excretion of oily matter and the for- 
mation of cracks in the skin. G.-trap, a contrivance 
employed to prevent clogging of waste-pipes, as well 
as to save the grease, which has considerable commer- 
cial value. 

Great (grat)[ ME. , gref, great]. Large. G. Laurel, the 
leaves of Rhododendron maximum, an expectorant, 
useful in obstinate coughs. Dose of the fid. ext. TTLv-xv. 
Unof. G. Mortality. Synonym of the Plague. G. 
Pox. Synonym of Syphilis, to distinguish it from 
smallpox. 

Green (grin) [ME. , grene, green]. I. Verdant; of the 
color of grass. 2. Unripe; not mature. G. Blindness. 
Achloropsia, q. v. G. Dragon, the corm of 
Arum draco/ilium, an expectorant and diaphoretic. 
Dose of the fid. ext. rnj-x. Unof. G. Bice. See Bre- 
men Green. G.-blue. Same as Soluble-blue. G. 
Cinnabar. See Pigments, Conspectus of. G. Gland, 
one of the excretory organs (kidney) of a decapod crusta- 
cean formerly supposed (in Astacus) to be an auditory 
organ. The secretions contain uric acid and traces ofthe 
base guanin. G. -heart. See Bebeeru. G.-man. See 
Aceras. G. Osier, the bark of Cornus circinata, 
an astringent, tonic, and febrifuge. Dose of the fid. 
ext. n"L xx-3 j. Unof. G., Paris, cupric arsenite. G., 
Scheele's, cupric arsenite. G., Schweinfurth's, 
a compound of cupric arsenite and cupric arsenate. 
G. -sickness. See Chlorosis. G. Smalt. Same as 
Rinmann's Green. G. -stick Fracture. See Frac- 
ture. G. Verditer. See Bre?nen Green. 

Green's Test-types. A slight modification of Snellen's 
Test-types, q. v. 

Greenhow's Cholera-mixture. A mixture containing 
guaiacum, cloves, cinnamon, each I ounce ; brandy, 
2 pints. 

Greffotome (gref -o-tom) [Fr. , greffe, graft; TOfids, 
cutting]. A knife used in cutting slips for surgical 
grafting. 

Gregarina (greg-ar-e' -nali) \_grex, a herd]. A genus of 
parasitic protozoa, of extremely simple nature. It is 
not certain that any true Gregarinis infest the human 
subject, most of the supposed protozoan parasites ofthe 
human species being now referred to other classes or 
groups. See Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Gregarinosis (greg-ar-in-o' -sis) \_grex, a herd ; voaoc, 
disease]. A morbid condition due to infestation by 
Gregarince. 

Gregarious (gre-ga' -re-us) \_grex, a flock, a herd]. In 
biology, clustered, but not matted together, as the 
fruit-spots of a parasitic fungus ; e. g. , the cluster-cups. 

Gregory's Powder. Compound powder of rhubarb. 
G.'s Salt, crude hydrochlorate of morphin containing 
codein. 

Grenacher's Alcoholic Carmin. See Stains, Table of. 
G.'s Alum-carmin. See Stains, Table of. G.'s Pur- 
purin Solution. See Stains, Table of. G.'s Solu- 
tion. See Stains, Table of. 

Grenade (gren-dd'). Synonym of Influenza. 



Grenet Cell. See Cell. 

Gressorial (gres-o'-re-al) [gressus, p.p. of gradi, to 
walk]. In biology, adapted for walking; gradient. 

Griesinger's Disease. Cachexia aquosa. 

Griffe (grif) [Sp. , grifos , frizzled hair]. I. In biology, 
the offspring of a mulatto and a negress, or of a mulat- 
tress and a negro. See Mulatto. 2. See Main en griffe. 

Griffin Hand (grif -in hand). Same as Cla?v-hand. 

Griffith's Mixture. See Ferrum. G.'s Pills. See 
Fei-rum. G.'s Snow-white. Same as Zincolith. 

Grin [ME., grinnen, to show the teeth]. To smile, at 
the same time showing the teeth. 

Grindelia (grin-de'-le-ah) [after H. Grindel, a German 
botanist]. The leaves and flowering top of G. robus- 
ta, Wild Sunflower, or Gum-plant, found in California, 
an anstipasmodic and motor-depressant, in large doses 
producing mydriasis. It is valuable in asthma, bronchi- 
tis, and whooping-cough. Dose of the fid. ext. tr^x- 
5jj ; of the alcoholic extract, gr. iij. G. squarrosa, 
common ague-weed, an herb popular in the western U. 
S. as a remedy for ague and malarial diseases. It has 
proved serviceable in chronic rheumatism. Dose of the 
fid. ext. TT^xv-xxx. Unof. G. hirsutula and G. 
integrifolia of the Pacific States have similar qualities. 
These plants are all highly resinous ; their tinctures or 
infusions are said to cure the dermatitis of rhus-pois- 
oning. 

Grindelin (grin'-del-in). An alkaloid reported to exist 
in Grindelia robusta. 

Grinder ( grln'-der) [ME. , gryndere, a miller]. I. See 
Quizzer. 2. A molar tooth. 

Grinders' Asthma. A chronic affection of the lungs 
resulting from the inspiration of metallic or siliceous 
dust, accumulating in the lungs, and producing symp- 
toms similar to those of tuberculosis. It is called also 
G.'s Rot and G.'s Disease. G.'s Disease. See 
G.'s Asthma. G.'s Phthisis. See G.'s Asthma. 
G.'s Rot. See G.'s Asthma. 

Grinning (grinding) [ME., grinnen, to snarl]. Draw- 
ing back the lips, so as to show the teeth. G. -mus- 
cle. See Muscles, Table of 

Grip or Grippe (grip). See Influenza. 

Gripe (grip) [ME., gripen, to seize]. I. To suffer 
griping pains. 2. A spasmodic pain in the bowels ; 
cramp-colic. 

Gripes (grips) [ME., gripen, to seize]. Colic; tor- 
mina. 

Grippal (grip'-al) [Fr. , gripper, to seize]. Pertaining 
to influenza. 

Grippo-toxin (grip-o-toks'-in) [la grippe, an epidemic 
form of influenza; toxicum, poison]. A term intro- 
duced by Althaus to designate the toxin of influenza. 

Griseous (gris'-e-us) [griseus, gray]. Gray or bluish- 
gray. 

Grisolle Sign (gre-zol' sin). A sign said to be a cer- 
tain means of diagnosis of smallpox. If, upon stretch- 
ing an affected portion of the skin, the papule becomes 
impalpable to the touch, the eruption is caused by 
measles ; if, on the contrary, the papule is still felt 
when the skin is drawn out, the eruption is the result 
of smallpox. 

Gristle (gris'-l) [ME., gristel, cartilage]. The popu- 
lar name for cartilage. 

Gristly (gris'-le) [ME., gristel, cartilage]. Cartilagin- 
ous ; like gristle. 

Groan (gron) [ME., gronen, to groan]. To utter a 
low, moaning sound, as when in pain. The sound so 
uttered. 

Grocers' Itch (gro'-serz ich). Eczema of the hands, 
due to irritation from flour, sugar, etc. It is said to be 
due, in some cases, to the presence of sugar-mites 
upon the hands. 



GROIN 



534 



GUACIN 



Groin [origin obscure]. The depression between the 
belly and the thigh. 

Groove (groov) [D., groof, a channel], A furrow or 
channel. G., Auriculo-ventricular. See Furrow. 
G., Bicipital, the deep groove on the anterior surface 
of the humerus separating the greater and lesser tub- 
erosities. G., Cavernous, a broad groove on the supe- 
rior surface of the sphenoid bone lodging the internal 
carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. G., Dental. 
See Denial Groove. G., Infraorbital, the furrow at 
the posterior portion of the superior maxillary bone on its 
orbital surface, which finally develops into a canal of 
the same name. G., Lachrymal, a groove in front 
of the opening of the antrum, on the inner surface of 
the superior maxillary bone. G., Medullary, a long 
shallow furrow that appears along the dorsal line 
of the neural tube of the embryo. G., Mylo-hyoid, 
the groove on the inner surface of the inferior maxil- 
lary bone running from the submaxillary fossa to the 
inferior dental foramen. G., Nasal, the groove in 
the nasal bone for the nasal nerve. G., Occipital, 
the groove in the mastoid portion of the temporal 
bone, that lodges the occipital artery. G., Optic, the 
groove on the superior surface of the sphenoid bone 
terminating on either side in the optic foramen. G., 
Sacral, the channel on the back of the sacrum between 
the spinous and transverse processes. G., Subcla- 
vian, the longitudinal groove on the under surface of 
the clavicle for the attachment of the subclavius mus- 
cle. G., Spiral. See Sulcus spiralis. G., Verte- 
bral, the groove running along the spine on each side 
of the spinous process. 

Groping-test (grop'-ing-test). In ophthalmology, a 
test for false orientation in paralysis of the ocular 
muscles. The affected eye does not locate objects in 
their true place, and if asked to point quickly at an 
object the patient's finger will be carried to one side of 
it. 

Gros Mai (gro-ma(h) I) [Fr.]. The well-marked form 
of epilepsy ; major epilepsy. 

Gross (gros) [F., gros, great]. Coarse; great. G. 
Anatomy, anatomy considered without reference to 
histology or the details of minute structure. G. Ap- 
pearances, macroscopic appearances. 

Grote's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Grough, Grouph (gruf). See Gruff. 

Ground (grownd) [ME. , ground, ground]. The bot- 
tom ; soil ; earth. G. Ivy, a popular name for Gaul- 
theria procumbens. G.Laurel. See Trailing Arbu- 
tus. G.-nut. See Apios. G. -nut Oil, peanut oil. 
A fixed oil expressed from the embryo of the seed of 
the peanut, Arachis hypogcea. It resembles olive-oil 
in general properties, and for which it is often substi- 
tuted. G. -water. See Subsoil-water. 

Groundseltree. See Pacc/iaris. 

Grouse (grows) [OF., griesche, gray]. A bird of the 
genus Tetrao. G. -berry, a popular name for Gaul- 
theria procumbens. G. -disease, a disease that attacks 
and destroys great numbers of red grouse (Lagopus sco- 
ticus) of Europe ; it is believed to be due to the over- 
stocking of its haunts and the propagation of the 
species by depauperized parents. It is said by some 
writers to be due to the presence of a parasite, Stron- 
gylus pergracilis, in the bronchial passages. See Para- 
sites (Animal), Tabic of. 

Grove Cell. See Cell. 

Grow (gi-o) [ME. , grows n, to grow]. To increase by 
a natural process of development. 

Growing (gro'-ing) [ME., growen, to grow]. In- 
creasing in size. G. -fever, pyrexia associated with 
rapid growth. G. -pains, a term applied to neuralgic 
or rheumatic pains in the limbs occurring during 



youth, apparently of varied origin and character. 
G. -point, in botany, the tissue immediately about the 
apical cell ; the tip of the stem or other point where 
cell-division is active ; the Punctum vegetationis. 

Growth (groth) [ME., growen, to grow]. I. The 
augmentation of the body that takes place between in- 
fancy and adult age. Also, the increase of any part of 
the body by addition to the number of its cellular ele- 
ments, without the production of structural abnormality 
or differentiation into unlike tissues. 2. Any tumor 
or adventitious structure. 

Grub [ME., grubben, to dig]. I. A dwarf. 2. See 
Comedo. G.-in-the-head. See CEstrusoz'is, under 
Parasites (Animal), Table of. G. -worms. See 
Comedo. 

Gruber's Experiment. An experiment for detecting 
anomalies of tension in the ear-membrane. A mem- 
brane already excessively tense will give no alteration 
during Valsalva's experiment (q. v.), but if the mem- 
brane has been previously unduly relaxed, Valsalva's 
experiment will, according to Gruber, restore its ten- 
sion, and the vibrating fork will be heard better by air- 
conduction, and worse by bone-conduction than be- 
fore or after. G.'s Gelatin Bougies, medicated al- 
mond-shaped pieces of gelatin for insertion into the 
auditory meatus. G.'s Method. I. A method of 
washing out the tympana. Syringe the fluid into one 
nostril with the other closed, the fluid entering the 
tympana by way of the Eustachian tubes. 2. A 
method of inflating the middle ear. The patient is 
required to phonate at the moment the inflation-bag is 
compressed. A short word, ending in a guttural con- 
sonant, is advised, as " hie" or "hook." 

Gruel (gru'-el) [dim. of grutum, meal]. A decoction 
of corn-meal or oat-meal boiled in water to a thick 
paste. 

Gruff (gruf) [D., grof, coarse]. Any crude drug; 
also the coarse part of a drug that will not pass through 
a sieve ; the term is used also adjectively, as gruff 
sulphur or saltpeter. 

Grume (groom) \_grumus, a little heap]. A clot, as of 
blood ; a thick and viscid fluid. 

Grumose (gru' -mos) \_grumus, a little heap]. Same as 
Grumous. 

Grumous (gru'-mus) \_grumns, a little heap]. Knotted, 
clotty, or in granular masses. Formed of coarse, 
clustered grains. 

Grutum (gru'-tum) \_grutum, grit], A small, hard 
tubercle of the skin, usually seen on the face, and due 
to retention of sebaceous matter. It is also called 
Miliary Tubercle and Pearly Tubercle. See Milium. 

Gruyere Cheese (gru-yar'). See Cheese. 

Gryposis (gri-po'-sis) \_ypv~usic, curvature]. Curvature. 
See Arthrogryposis and Onychogriposis. 

Gscheidlen's Method. A method of preparing hemo- 
globin crystals. Take defibrinated blood that has 
been exposed for 24 hours to the air, and keep it in a 
closed tube of narrow caliber for several days at 37 
C. When the blood is spread on glass the crystals 
form rapidly. 

Gtt. Abbreviation of gulta, or gut hv, drop, or drops. 

Guachamaca (gwaw-sliaw-maw'-kah) [S. America]. 
The bark of an apocynaceous tree. G. toxifera, 
or Malouetia nitida, of S. America, furnishes a 
virulent arrow-poison, somewhat resembling curare ; 
it has been employed in tetanus and hydrophobia. 
Unof. 

Guachata, or Guachacata (gwaw-chaw' '-tali, or <^ivaw- 
chaw-kat'-ah) [Mex.]. The flowers of a Mexican 
plant, containing several bitter tonic principles. Unof. 

Guacin (gwaw'-siii) \_guaco\ A bitter resin from 
guaco ; it is diaphoretic, stimulant, and emetic. Unof. 



GUACO 



535 



GUMMA 



Guaco {groan/ -ko) [S. Amer.]. The leaves of Mikania 
guaco, much used in S. America for snake-bites. It is 
thought to be of value in chronic rheumatism. Dose 
of the fid. ext. 3 ss-j. Unof. Various species of Mika- 
nia and Aristolochia are locally known by this name. 

Guaiac {gwi'-ah) [S. Amer]. See Guaiacum. G.- 
mixture, Fenner's. The Tinctura antacrida [N. 
F.], a tincture of the resin of guaiacum and Canada 
turpentine, in which each fluidram contains y$ of 
a grain of the corrosive chlorid of mercury. G.- 
test. See Tests, Table of. 

Guaiacol {gwi'-ak-ol) [S. Amer.], C 7 H 8 2 . A sub- 
stance that occurs in wood-tar, and is also produced on 
heating pyrocatechin with potassium hydroxid and po- 
tassium methyl-sulphate to 180° C. It is a colorless 
liquid that boils at 200 C, and has a specific gravity 
of 1. 117. It is readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and 
acetic acid, and is recommended instead of creasote in 
pulmonary tuberculosis. D< se m j-ij, or gr. T V-£. 
.Sciolla(i893)found that topical amplications of guaiacol 
reduced bodily temperature, and J. Solis-Cohen and 
Da Costa (189/1) have applied the method successfully 
in cases of high temperature in typhoid fever and other 
febrile diseases. The dose is about 30 drops slowly- 
rubbed on the skin of the abdomen or thigh. Unof. 

Guaiacum {givi'-ak-unz) [Guai'cauans, a tribe of S. A. 
Indians]. Lignum vite. The heart of the tree, and also 
the oleoresin, of G. officinale and G. sanctum, a 
prompt diaphoretic, expectorant, and alterative, efficient 
in tonsillitis, neuralgic dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, and 
rheumatism, and formerly much used as an antisyphili- 
tic. Dose gr. x-xxx. G., Mist. (B. P.) Dose % j-iss. 
G., Resina, the resin of the wood of G. officinale. G., 
Tinct., strength 20 percent. Dose TTLv-^j in mucil- 
age. G., Tinct., Ammoniat., contains guaiac 20, and 
aromatic spirit of ammonia 80 parts. Dose n^v-^ss. 

Guanin (gwaw'-niri) [Sp., guano, dung], C 5 H 5 N 5 0. 
A leukoma'ine discovered by Unger in 1844, as a con- 
stituent of guano. Since then it has been found in 
small quantities in the pancreas, liver, and muscle-ex- 
tract, and has been shown to be one of the decomposi- 
tion products of nuclein in both animal and vegetable 
organisms. In the case of the lower animals it is evi- 
dently the end-product of katabolic change. It is a 
white, amorphous powder, insoluble in water, alcohol, 
ether, and ammonia. Guanin and kreatin appear to 
mutually replace each other — both being substituted 
guanidins. Guanin is an intermediate product in the 
formation of urea. It is non-poisonous and a muscle- 
stimulant. See Capranicd 's Tests. 

Guano (gwa7ci / -no) [Peruv., huanu, dung]. The ex- 
crement of sea-fowl found on certain islands in the 
rainless regions of the Pacific Ocean. It consists es- 
sentially of alkaline urates and phosphates. It is used 
externally in certain skin-diseases. Unof. 

Guarana ( gwaw-rah 1 '-nah) [the name of a tribe of S. A. 
Indians]. A dried paste prepared from the seeds of 
Paullinia cupana, found in Brazil. It contains an alka- 
loid, guaranin, C 8 H 10 N 4 O. 2 .H 2 O, identical with caffein. 
It is employed chiefly in nervous sick-headaches. The 
commercial preparations are not always trustworthy. 
Dose of the fid. ext., TT^v-xxx ; of guaranin gr. j-iij ; of 
the solid ext. gr. iij-x ; of the tincture (1 in 4) 3 ss-j. 

Guard (gard) [garde?-, to keep]. An appliance on 
a knife to prevent too deep incision. G.-cell, in 
biology, one of the two semilunar epidermal cells, 
inclosing the opening of a stoma in plants. 

Guardian-cells [gar'-de-an-selz). Same as Guard-cell. 

Guarinari's Agar-gelatin. A culture-medium com- 
posed of agar-agar 3-4 gms., sodium chlorid 5 gms. , 
peptone 25-30 grms., gelatin 40-60 gms., water 50 
c.c. , meat-infusion 950 c.c. 



Guaycuru (givi-ku-rid) [Sp.]. The S. American name 
of various plants, as Statica brasilicnsis and S. antarc- 
tica. The root is a very powerful astringent. Unof. 

Gubernaculum testis (gu-ber-nak' -u-luiu tes'-tis) 
[L.]. The conical -shaped cord attached above the 
lower end of the epididymis and governing the descent 
of the testes in fetal growth. 

Gubler's Tumor. A prominence over the carpus of 
the dorsum of the hand in chronic wrist-drop from lead- 
poisoning. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Gudden's Atrophy Method. A method of demon- 
strating the connection of a nerve-trunk with a center. 
If a portion of a nerve-trunk is destroyed in a young, 
growing animal, the peripheral fibers will undergo 
Wallerian degeneration, while the proximal cells and 
fibers connected with the destroyed portion will atro- 
phy and disappear. G.'s Commissure, a mass of fibers 
forming the upper (dorsal) part of the optic tracts. 
They cannot be demonstrated in man except in cases 
of complete degeneration of the optic fibers proper. 
G.'s Ganglion, the cephalo-dorsal ganglion of the 
mamillary body of the brain. G.'s Law. See 
Taw. 

Guerin's Glands. See Gland. G.'s Method. See 
Treatment, Methods of. 

Guernsey Blue. See Pigments, Cotispectus of. 

Guettard, Glands of. See Gland. 

Guidi, Canal of. See Canal. 

Guignet's Green. Same as Chrome-green. 

Guillotine {gil'-o-ten) [after Dr. J. I. Guillotin']. A 
surgical instrument for excision of the tonsils or growths 
in the larynx, etc. 

Guimet Blue. Same as French Blue. 

Guinea (gin / -e) [African]. The name of a district on 
the west coast of Africa. G. Fever, a form of inter- 
mittent fever. G. -green. See Pigments, Conspectus 
of. G. Pepper. See Grams of Paradise. G. -pig, an 
animal of the genus Cavia, used in bacteriologic in- 
vestigation. G.-worm, the Filaria mcdinensis, a 
nematode worm of tropical countries, that in the 
human tissues in which it burrows may, unless re- 
moved, develop to a length of several feet, produc- 
ing inflammatory ulceration. See Thread-worm. G.- 
worm Disease. See Dracontiasis. 

Gula [gu'-lali) [L.: //. , Gtdaf\. The gullet; the neck 
and throat, or the pharynx and esophagus. In biology : 
I. An exoskeletal piece on the under side of the head 
of certain insects, behind thementum and between the 
genae. 2. The upper portion of the front of the neck 
of a bird. 

Gulancha (goo-lan'-hah) [E. Ind.]. The plant, 
Tinospora cordifolia, of India. Its stems and roots 
are diuretic, tonic, and antiperiodic. Unof. 

Gular (gti'-lar) [gula, the gullet]. Pertaining to the 
throat, pharynx, or gula. 

Gulinula (gu-lin'-u-lah) [gula, throat]. In biology, 
applied by Hyatt to that stage in the development of 
an actinozoan in which the actinostome or gullet is 
formed; it follows the hydroplanula stage. 

Gullet [gul'-ef). See Esophagus. 

Gum [M~E., gumme, gum]. A name loosely applied to 
the concreted juices of plants. Chemically, a substance 
yielding mucic acid when treated with nitric acid. See, 
also, Gums, and the names of the various gums. G. 
Arabic. See Acacia. G. Benjamin. See Benzoin. 
G.-boil, abscess of the gum. G. Dammar. See 
Dammar. G. -plant. See Grindelia. G. -resins. 
See Resins. G. Tragacanth. See Tragacanth. 
G.-wood Tents. See Tupelo. 

Gumma [gum' -ah) [Fr. , gomme: pi., Gummata~\. 
A soft, elastic tumor resulting from a peculiar kind of 
caseation of tertiary syphilitic inflammatory deposits. 



GUMMATOUS 



536 



GYMNODONT 



Gummatous {gum' -at-iis) [Fr., gomme, gum]. Of 
the nature of or affected with gummata. 

Gummosis {gum-o'-sis) [gummi, gum]. In biology, 
the transformation of plant-tissue into gum. 

Gums {gumz) [ME. , gumme, gum]. I. Amorphous, 
transparent substances widely disseminated in plants. 
They form sticky masses with water, and are precipi- 
tated by alcohol. They are odorless and tasteless. 
2. See Gingiva. 

Gun-cotton. See Pyroxylin. 

Gunjah (gun'-Jah). See Cannabis. 

Gunstock Deformity. A deformity caused by fracture 
of either condyle of the humerus, in which the long axis 
of the fully extended forearm deviates outwardly from 
that of the arm. 

Giinzburg's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Gurgling Sound. The peculiar sound caused by a gas 
passing through a liquid. It is heard in breathing, 
when the bronchi or pulmonary cavities contain fluid, 
and is observed upon palpation of the abdomen in 
enteric fever and other conditions in which the bowel 
is distended with gas and contained liquid. 

Gurjun Balsam (ger'-jun) [E. Ind.]. Balsamum 
dipterocarpus, wood-oil. An oleo-resin obtained from 
several species of Dipterocarpus, trees native to South- 
ern Asia. It is similar to copaiba but more decided 
in therapeutic effects, and is less unpleasant. It is an 
admirable expectorant, useful in true leprosy. Dose 
rrLX-^ij, in emulsion. Unof. 

Gussenbauer's Suture. See Suture. 

Gustation {gus-la'-shun) [gustare, to taste]. The 
sense of taste ; the act of tasting. G., Chromatic, the 
symptom of luminous sensations aroused by the sense of 
taste of certain substances. 

Gustative {gus'-tat-iv). See Gustatory. 

Gustatory ( gus'-tat-o-re) [gustare, to taste]. Per- 
taining to the special sense of taste and its organs. 
G. Bud, a taste - bud. G. Cell, a spindle - cell 
from the interior of a taste-bud. G. Nerve. See 
Nerve. 

Gut [MF..,gut, intestine]. A common name for intes- 
tine. G. Suture. See Catgut. G.-tie, volvulus as 
occurring in the horse. 

Gutta {gut' -ah) [L. : //., Gutta]. A drop. Also, 
freely used as a minim or sixtieth part of a fluid 
dram. G. nigra, or Black-drop, a dilute acetic 
acid containing saffron, and flavored with, sugar and 
nutmeg Unof. G. rosacea. See Acne. G. rosea. 
Synonym of Acne rosacea. G. serena, a synonym 
of Amaurosis. G.-percha, a substance obtained from 
the milky juice of different trees of the genus Di- 
chopsis {Isonandra). It forms a fibrous mass, varying 
in color from nearly white to reddish or brownish, 
looking like leather-clippings cemented together ; it has 
a specific gravity of .979. Hard and somewhat elastic 
at the ordinary temperature, at 25 C. (77 F. ) it becomes 
soft, and at 50 C. (122 F.) it can be kneaded or 
rolled into plates. It is largely used in insulating 
wires and cables ; the best solvents are oil of turpen- 
tine, chloroform, and carbon disulphid. G.-p., Liq., 
a solution in 91 parts of commercial chloroform with 
9 parts of lead carbonate. It is employed as a pro- 
tective application to slight wounds and eruptions. 
See, also. Tranmaticin. 

Guttate (gut' -at) [gutta, a drop]. In biology, spotted 
as if by drops of something colored. 

Guttatim (gut-a'-tim) [gutta, a drop]. A pharma- 
ceutic term signifying drop by drop. 

Gutter-water Passages. The liquid stools of a 
brownish color discharged in typhoid fever. 

Guttula (gul'-u-lah) [L. ,dim. of gutta, a drop://., Gut- 
lulaf\. In biology, a small spot of color. 



Guttulate {gut' '-u-lat) [guttula, a small drop]. In bi- 
ology, resembling small drops of oil or resin. 

Guttur {gut'-er) [guttur, the throat]. The throat 
with reference to the trachea. G. tumidum. Syno- 
nym of Goiter. 

Guttural {gut'-u-ral) [gutturalis, pertaining to the 
throat]. Pertaining to the throat. G. Pouch, in the 
horse one of the large air-sacs, diverticula from the 
Eustachian tubes and lying behind the upper part of 
the pharynx. 

Gutturomycosis {gut-u-ro-mi-ko'-sis) [guttur, throat ; 
fj.vii7/g, fungus]. An ulcerative affection of the guttural 
pouches of horses and mules, produced by the parasitic 
fungus, Gutturomyces equi. 

Gutturo-palatine {gut' -u-ro-pal' -at-in) [guttur, the 
throat; palatum, the palate]. Relating to the pha- 
rynx and the palate. 

Gutturo-tetany (gut'-u-ro-tet'-an-c) [guttur, throat; 
tetanus, tetanus]. A form of stuttering in which the 
pronunciation of such sounds as g, k, q, is difficult. 

Guyon's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Gymnanthous ( jim-nan' -thus) [yvjivoc, naked ; avdoc, 
flower]. In biology, applied to flowers wanting in 
floral envelops. 

Gymnasium (jim-na'-ze-um) [yvjivoc, naked]. A 
place designed and fitted with appliances for the 
systematic exercise of the muscles and other organs of 
the body. Also, in Germany, a high-school. 

Gymnastic (jim-nas'-tih) [yv/xvdc, naked]. Pertaining 
to bodily exercise, or to the science of preserving 
health by bodily exercise. 

Gymnastics {jim-nas'-tiks) [yvfivoc, naked]. The 
science of preserving (and of restoring) health by 
bodily exercise. G., Medical, any physical exercise 
designed to restore or promote health. G., Ocular, 
regular muscular exercise of the eye to overcome 
muscular insufficiency. G., Swedish, a system of 
exercises to restore strength to paretic muscles, and 
found useful in a great variety of abnormal chronic 
conditions. 

Gymnaxony (jim-naks' -on-e) [yv/xv6c, naked ; a^uv, 
axis]. In biology, a monstrous flower in which the 
placenta, with its ovules, protrudes from the ovary. 

Gymnoblastic {jim-no-b.'as' -tilt) [yv/ivoc, naked ; 
piaoTor, germ]. In biology ; applied to those hydroid 
polyps in which the zooids are not inclosed in horny 
receptacles. 

Gymnobranchiate (jim-no-brang' -ke-af] [yviivdc, na- 
ked ; fipayxia, gills]. In biology applied to those 
molluscs that have naked gills ; nudibranchiate. 

Gymnocarpous {jim-no-kar 1 '-pus) [yv/ivoc, naked ; 
napnoc, fruit]. In biology, having the fruit naked; 
applied to lichens and fungi in which the apothecia 
and hymenia are naked or exposed. 

Gymnocaulus {jim-no-kaw'-lus) [;, I'ui'dc, naked; 
nav?i6c, stalk]. In biology, the immature contractile 
cord or stalk of a polypid. 

Gymnoceratous {jim-no-ser' -at-us) [yvuvdc, naked ; 
nepac, horn]. In biology, applied to certain insects 
with prominent antenna. 

Gymnocidium ( jim-no-sid' -e-um) [yvfiv6c, naked : 
//., Gvmnocidia\ In biology, the swelling at the 
base of the spore-case in certain mosses. 

Gymnocladus \jim-nok'-lad-us). See Chicot. 

Gymnocyta( ji m-no-si' -tah)[yvpvoc, naked; /ciiroc, a hol- 
low]. In biology, a naked-celled, unicellular organism. 

Gymnocytode ( jim-no-si'-tod) [yvp.v6c, naked ; /ra/rof, a 
hollow]. In biology, a naked, non-nucleated, unicellu- 
lar organism, as a gregarine while in the monerad stage. 

Gymnodont ( /im'-no-donl) [jvuvor, naked; 6<5orc, 
tooth]. In biology, having naked teeth; applied to 
certain fishes, as the parrot -fish, the globe-fish, etc. 



GYMNOGEN 



537 



GYRUS 



Gymnogen {jim' -no-fen) [yvjivdg, naked ; ysvr/c, pro- 
ducing]. Same as Gymnosperm. 

Gymnogenous ( jim noj' -cn-us) [yv/ivSe, naked; yn/fc, 
producing]. In biology, applied to birds that are 
naked when hatched. 

Gymnogynous (jim-noj' -in-tts) [yv/ivog, naked ; yvvrj, 
female]. In biology, applied to such plants as have 
the ovary uncovered. 

Gymnomyxine ( jim-no-miks'-in) [} u/tvoc, naked ; 
[tvi-a, slime]. In biology, applied to the lower pro- 
tozoa. 

Gymnorhinal {jim-nor-i'-nal) [yv/ivoq, naked; p/f, 
nose]. In biology, applied to birds having the nos- 
trils naked or unfeathered. 

Gymnosomatous {jimno-so'-mat-us) [yv/j.v6(/, naked ; 
auua, body]. In biology, applied to certain molluscs 
that produce no shell ; specifically, naked pteropods. 

Gymnosperm {jim' -no-sperm) [yv/iv6g, naked; airipfia, 
seed]. In biology, a plant characterized by having 
naked seeds (not inclosed in a pericarp}, as in the 
conifene. 

Gymnospore ( jim'-no-spor) [yvuvoq, naked ; arropog, 
a seed]. In biology, a naked spore. 

Gymnostomous ( jim-nos' -to-mus) [yv/ivdc, naked ; 
aroua, mouth]. In biology, applied to such mosses 
as have the mouth of the sporangium destitute of a 
peristome. 

Gynas- {jin'-e). See Gyne-. 

Gynaecology {jin-e-kol'-o-je). See Gynecology. 

Gynascomastia {jin-e-ko-mas'-te-ah). See Gyneco- 
mastia . 

Gynander {jin-an' -der) \_yvvi], woman; avr/p, man]. 
A man of effeminate or woman-like qualities. 

Gynandria {jin-an' -dre-ah) [yvvr/, woman ; avr/p, 
man] . The same as Hermaphroditism. 

Gynandrism, or Gynandromorphism {jin-an' -drizm 
or jin-an' -dro-mor' -fizm) [ywf/, woman ; avr/p, man ; 
fiopiir/, form]. Hermaphroditism. 

Gynandromorphism {jin-an-dro-mor/'-izm) [ywr), 
female; avr/p, male; poppr/, form]. In biology, ap- 
plied to such insect-monstrosities as combine both 
male and female characters. 

Gynandrophore ( jin-an' '-dro-for) [yvvr), female ; avr/p, 
male; tpspeiv, to bear]. In biology, a stalk raising 
the stamens and pistils above the insertion of the 
corolla. 

Gynandrosporous {jin-an-dros' '-por-tis) [yvvr/, female ; 
avr/p, male ; air6pog, a seed]. In biology, applied to 
certain algEe that bear both male and female reproduc- 
tive organs (oogonia and androspores) on the same 
plant. 

Gynandrous {jin-an' -drus) [yvvavSpoc;, of doubtful 
sex]. In biology, having the stamens and pistils more 
or less intimately united. 

Gynantherous {jin-an' -ther-us) [yvvr), female ; avflr/pdc, 
flowering]. In biology, applied to flowers in which 
the stamens have been converted into pistils. 

Gynatresia {jin-at-re' -ze-ah) [yvvr), woman ; arpr/uia, 
atresia]. Vaginal atresia. 

Gynecatoptron ( jin-ek-at-op' -tron) [ywr/, woman ; 
K&ToiTTpop, mirror]. A vaginal speculum. 

Gynecian {jin-e' -se-an) [yvvr/, a woman]. Pertaining 
to women. 

Gynecic {jin-e'-sik) [yvvr), woman]. Relating to 
women. 

Gynecium { jin-e' -se-um) [yvvr), female ; ot/coc, house]. 
In biology, the name applied to the pistils of a flower 
taken as a whole. 

Gynecologic {jin-e-ko-loj'-ik ) [yvvr/, a woman ; 
Aoyog, science]. Relating to gynecology. 

Gynecologist { jin-e- kol'-o-jisf) [yvvr/, a woman ; Adyoc , 
science]. One who practises in gynecology. 



Gynecology {jin-e-kol' -o-je) [yvvr/, a woman ; 'kdyoq, 
science]. The science and therapeutics of the diseases 
of women. 

Gynecomania { jiu-e-ko-ma'-iw-ah) [yvvi/, woman; 
fiavia, madness]. Satyriasis. 

Gynecomastia {jin-e-ko-mas'-te-ah) [yvvr), woman ; 
fiaoroc-, breast]. I. The excessive development of the 
breast of a man, either with or without atrophy of the 
testicles. 2. The secretion of milk by the male. 

Gynecomasty {jin' -e-ko-mas-te). See Gynecomastia . 

Gynecomazia {jin-e-ko-ma' '-ze-ah) [yvvr), woman ; 
jj-au6g, breast]. Same as Gynecomastia. 

Gynecopathy {jin-c-kop' ath-e) \jvvi/, woman; irdOos, 
disease]. Any disease of, or peculiar to, women ; the 
study of diseases of women. 

Gynecophore ( jin' -e-ko-for) [yvvr/, female ; Qipeiv, 
to bear]. In biology, the canal or receptacle in certain 
male worms, in which the female is retained, as in Bil- 
harzia. 

Gynephobia {jin-e- fo'-be-aK) [yvvr], woman ; <p6fio<;, 
fear]. Morbid aversion to the society of women. 

Gyniatrics {jin-e-a'-triks) [yvvr/, woman; iarpcia, 
therapy]. Gynecology, or gynecologic therapeutics. 

Gynobase {jin'-o-bds) [yvvr), a female ; [Sdaig, base]. 
In biology, an elevated portion of the receptacle of a 
flower, bearing the ovary. 

Gynocardia {jin-o-kar' -de-ah). See Chanlmoogra. 

Gynodiecious {jin-o-di-e' -se-tis) [yvvr/, female ; o"iq, 
two; oIkoq, house]. In biology, having pistillate 
flowers on one set of plants and perfect flowers on an- 
other set. 

Gynomonecious {jin-o-mo-ne' -se-us) [yvvr), female ; 
fj.dvoc, single ; o'ikoq, house]. In biology, having both 
pistillate and perfect flowers upon the same plant. 

Gynophore {jin'-o-for) [yvvr), female; (pepelv, to bear]. 
In biology : (a) The stalk of a pistil raising it above 
the receptacle ; {b) The branch of a hydroid gono- 
blastidium that bears only generative buds containing 
ova. 

Gynoplastic ( jin-o-plas' -tik) [yvvr), woman ; 7rAa<rn/c<5c, 
suitable for moulding]. Pertaining to the closing of 
unnatural openings, or to the dilatation of contracted, 
narrow openings in the female organs of generation. 

Gynostegium {jin-o-ste' -je-um) [yvvr/, female ; orkyr/, 
a roof]. In biology, the sheath or covering of the 
gynecium, or female portion of a flower taken as a 
whole. 

Gypsum {jip'-snm) [yvipog, lime]. Native calcium sul- 
phate. See Calcium. 

Gyral {ji'-ral) [gyrare, to turn or whirl]. Pertaining 
to a gyrus or to gyri. 

Gyration {ji-ra' '-shun) [gyrare, to turn or whirl]. A 
turning in a circle ; also, giddiness. 

Gyre {jir) [gyrus, a circle]. A convolution, and a 
more commendable word than the polysyllable. 

Gyrophora(y;'-r<^ ry -o;--a//)[y).y joc > rm g ! <papelv, to bear]. 
A genus of lichens, some species of which afford the 
tripe de roche, a rock-tripe of Northern Canada. 
Though tough, acrid, and unpalatable, these lichens 
are sometimes eaten when other food is not to be had. 

Gyropsoriasis ( ji-ro-sor-i'-as-is ) [yvpdc, round ; 
fupiacic, a skin-disease]. Psoriasis occurring in cir- 
cular patches. 

Gyrosa {ji-ro'-sah) [yvpoc, a circle]. A variety of 
gastric vertigo in which, when the patient is standing, 
everything turns around him, and he must close his 
eyes to avoid falling. 

Gyrospasm {ji'-ro-spazm) [yvpoc, circle ; ciraap,6q, 
spasm]. A peculiar rotary spasm of the head, and 
sometimes a nodding spasm. 

Gyrus ( ji'-rus) [gyrus, yvpog, a circle ; pi. , Gyri~\ . A 
convolution of the brain. See Convolution. 



II 



538 



HALF 



H 



H. Abbreviation of Hypermetropic!. In chemistry, the 
symbol of hydrogen. In pharmacy, the symbol of 
Haustus, a draught. 

Haarlem Blue. Same as Mineral Blue. 

Habena [hab-e'-nah) [L. , " a rein "]. I. A peduncle 
of the conarium. A slight ridge at the dorsal margin 
of the mesal surface of the thalamus, with a dorsal 
convexity, extending from the porta to the supracom- 
missure, which unites it with its opposite. 2. A 
bandage or strip of plaster for a wound. 

Habenal, or Habenar [hab-e'-nal, or hab-e'-nar) \_ha- 

■ bena, a rein]. Relating to the habena. 

Habenula [hab-en' -u-lali) [habena, a rein]. A ribbon- 
like structure. The superficial gray nucleus of the 
optic thalamus in front, and superior to the posterior 
commissure. H. conarii. Same as Habena. H. 
pectinata, perforativa, and tecta (or arcuata), 
names of different zones, or portions of the basilar 
membrane of the internal ear ; called also Zona pecti- 
nata, etc. 

Habenular [hab-en' -u-lar) \Jiabena, a rein]. Pertain- 
ing to an habenula. 

Habit [hab'-it) [habere, to have]. I. That condition or 
quality that one naturally possesses, or that may be ac- 
quired. 2. The tendency to repeat an action or condi- 
tion. 3. In biology, the general aspect of a plant or 
animal and its mode of growth. H. -chorea. See 
H. -spasm. H., Full, of a plethoric constitution. H.- 
spasm ; Habit-chorea ; Convulsive Tic ; Gilles de la 
Tourette' s Disease. A choreic disease characterized 
by simply localized spasmodic movements, or such 
movements combined with explosive utterances and 
psychic symptoms [convulsive tic). Habit-spasm 
is confined chiefly to young girls, and is marked mainly 
by spasmodic action of the facial muscles or of the 
head. Convulsive Tic or Gilles de la Touretle's Disease 
is a psychosis allied to hysteria, and occurring usually in 
children of a neurotic tendency. It is marked by 
involuntary muscular movements, usually affecting the 
facial or brachial muscles, and by explosive utterances 
that may resemble a bark or an inarticulate cry. A 
word heard may be mimicked at once and repeated 
over and over again, usually with the involuntary 
movements. To this the term Echolalia has been ap- 
plied. Coprolalia, or the use of bad language, is 
another symptom, and occasionally actions are mim- 
icked [echokinesis). These may also be associated with 
curious mental disturbances, the patient becoming the 
subject of a form of obsession or a fixed idea. 

Habitat [hab'-it-at) [liabitare, to dwell] . The natural 
locality, or geographic range of an animal or plant. 

Habitation [hab-it-a' -shun) \_habitatio, a dwelling]. A 
dwelling-place. The home, dwelling-place, or natural 
locality of an animal or a plant. 

Habitus [hab'-il-us) [habere, to have]. A habit; gen- 
eral appearance or expression. 

Habromania [hab-ro-ma' -ne-ah) [a t 3por, graceful ; 
fiavia, madness]. Insanity with pleasant or agreeable 
delusions. 

Hachement [hahsh-mon'g)') [Fr., hacking, or chop- 
ping]. In massage, a succession of strokes, usually 
with the ulnar edge of the hand, sometimes with 
the border of the percutor. 

Hackberry [hak'-ber-e). See Celtis. 

Hacking [hak'-ing). See Tapotemenl and Hache- 
ment. 

Haddock [had' -ok) [ME., haddok, haddock]. A 
fish, Gadus ceglcfinus, closely allied to the cod. It 



is said that the oil of the liver of the haddock is some- 
times mixed with cod-liver-oil ; but such admixture is 
probably rare, as it greatly impairs the market 
value of the oil. Unof. 

Haeckel's Law. See Law. 

Haema- [hem' -ah-) [al/xa, blood]. A prefix signifying 
some relationship with the blood. For words (unless 
unanglicized) thus beginning, see Hema-. 

Haemal (hem'-al). See Hemal. 

Haemanthin [hem-an'-thin). See Hemanthin. 

Hematoxylin {hem-al-oks'-il-in). See Hematoxylon. 

Hasmin [hem' -in). See Hemin. 

Hasmo- [Iiem'-o-). For words thus beginning see 
He mo-. 

Haemorrhage [hem'-or-aj). See Hemorrhage. 

Haeser and Neubauer's Formula. A formula for 
estimating from the specific gravity the total amount 
of solids in the urine ; it is sufficiently accurate for 
clinical purposes. The estimation is made by multiply- 
ing the last two figures of the specific gravity by the 
factor 2.33, the product of which represents the num- 
ber of grams of solids in 1000 c.c. of the urine ; this 
must be multiplied by the number of c.c. of the urine 
under examination and divided by 1000 in order to 
obtain the correct amount of solids. 

Hagenia [ha j-e' -ne-ah). See Kusso. 

Hager's Reagent. A reagent for the detection of 
sugar in the urine. It consists of the ferrocyanid 
of iron and caustic potassa. 

Hahnemannism [halm' -e-man r izm). See Home- 
opathy. 

Haidinger's Brushes. A visual phenomenon seen 
upon directing the eye toward a source of polarized 
light, due to the doubly-refractive character of the 
elements of the macula. 

Hair [bar) [ME., here, hair]. The hirsute appendage 
of the skin. Each hair consists of a bulb and a shaft. 
The former is situated in the true skin, but is enveloped 
in a sheath of epidermis. H. -blanching. See Can- 
ities. H.-bulb, a whitish, soft, bulbous enlargement 
at the proximal extremity of the root of the hair. H.- 
cap Moss, Robin's Rye ; the leaves and stems of 
Polvtrichum juniperum, a powerful diuretic. Dose of 
the decoction ad lib. ; of the fid. ext. ??j-ij. Unof. 
H.-despoiler, an individual who is afflicted with a 
form of sexual perversion, in which the feelings are 
aroused during the act of mutilating or cutting-oft the 
hair of the victim. H. -follicle. See Follicle. H.- 
gland, a minute sebaceous gland of the hair-root. 
H.-knob, Henle's term for a hollow, bulbous hair- 
root. H. -papilla, the nipple-like process of the 
corium from which the hair grows. H. -pigment, 
the coloring-matter of the hair. H.-pith, the medulla 
of a hair. H.-root, that portion of a hair contained 
in the follicle. H. -shaft, the part of a hair above the 
root. (See illustration, page 539.) 

Hairy [har'-e) [ME., here, hair]. Covered with hair; 
consisting of hair. H. Heart. See Trichocardia and 
Cor villosum. H. Tongue. See Nigrities. 

Halberd-shaped [(lal'-berd-shapl). Same as Hastate. 

Hale [hal) [ME., hcil, in good health]. Sound; 
healthy ; robust. 

Half (AaUb)f) [ME., half, half]. Oneof two equal parts. 
H.-bath. See Bath. H. -breed, a popular term 
applied to offspring whose parents belong to different 
races. H. -lying, in massage, reclining at an angle 
of about 45 . H. Neck-rest, in massage, having 
one hand supporting the neck posteriorly. H.-wit, a 



HALICORE 



539 



HAMANN'S ACID CARMIN 



weak-minded person ; an idiot. H.-witted, idiotic ; 
weak in intellect. 




Root of a Hair and its Epidermic Sheath. 

i, I. External layer of epidermic sheath. 2, 2. Its inferior ex- 
tremity. 3, 3. Internal layer. 4, 4. External layer of cuticle 
of hair. 5. Root of hair. 6 Bulb of root. 7, 7. Its periph- 
eral or fibrous portion. 8. Its central or medullary portion. 
9, 9. Internal layer of cuticle of hair. 

Halicore [kal-ik' '-or-e) [_akc, sea; nbpri, maiden, mer- 
maid]. See Ditgung. 

Halimeter Uial-im'-et-er) [akvK.it;, saltness; jikrpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for estimating the propor- 
tions of water in milk by means of its power to dis- 
solve common salt. 

Halisteresis {hal-is-ter-e' -sis) [oAf , salt ; CTtprjCiq, 
privation]. The loss by fully-formed bones of ^ to 
l /2. their lime-salts, resulting in osteomalacia. 

Halituous (hal-if -tc-us) [halitus, breath]. Moist, as 
if from having been breathed upon ; applied to the skin. 

Halitus (hal'-it-us) [L., a vapor]. A vapor. Also, ex- 
pired breath. H. oris foetidus, tainted or foul breath. 
H. sanguinis, the characteristic smell of the blood, 
peculiar to each kind of animal. 

Hall's (Marshall) Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 
H.'s Method. See Artificial Respiration. 

Haller, Ansa of. See Ansa. H., Circle of. See Cir- 
cle and Circidus. H., Cones of, the Coni vasculosa. 
H., Fretum of. See Fretian. H., Line of. See 
Lutes, Table of. H., Network of, the Rete vascu- 
losum of the testis. H., Passage of, in the embryo 
the narrow passage joining the auricle and ventricle 
of the heart. 

Hallex (kal'-eks) [L.]. See Hallux. 

Hallucal (hal'-u-kal) [hallux, the great toe]. Per- 
taining to the hallux, or great toe. 

Hallucinatio (hal-lew-sin-a'-she-o)[\^.~\. Hallucination. 
H. hypochondriaca. Synonym of Hypochondriasis. 

Hallucination (hal-lew-sin-a / -shun) \_hallucinari, to 
wander in mind]. The highest degree of subjective 



sensation, dependent alone upon morbid stimulation 
of the sensory cortical centers. There is the percep- 
tion of non-existent objects or impressions, creations 
of the imagination. Hallucinations are variously 
classed as hypochondriac, hypnagogic, motor, nega- 
tive, pseudo-sensorial, unilateral, visual, auditory, 
gustatory, olfactory, tactile, hemiopic, epileptoid, etc. 

Hallux, or Hallus {hal'-uks or hal'-us) [L.]. The 
great toe. The great toe when overriding the second 
toe. H. dolorosus. See H. flexus. H. flexus ; 
Hallux rigidus ; Hallux dolorosus ; a condition allied 
to and perhaps identical with hammer- toe, in which 
there is flexion of the first phalanx of the great toe. 
The second phalanx is usually extended upon the first, 
and there is more or less rigidity of the metatarso- 
phalangeal joint. H. rigidus. See H. flexus. H. 
valgus, displacement of the great toe toward the 
other toes. H. varus, displacement of the great toe 
away from the other toes. 

Halo (ha / -lo) [cuuc,a threshing-floor]. I. The brown- 
ish circle about the female nipple, called also the 
areola. 2. The luminous or colored circles seen by the 
patient about light in glaucoma. 

Halogen (hal' -o-jeii) \_aXc, salt; yevvav, to produce]. 
In chemistry, an element that forms a compound of a 
saline nature by its direct union with a metal. The 
halogens are chlorin, iodin, bromin, and fluorin, 
to which cyanogen may be added as a compound 
halogen. 

Halogenic (Jial-o-jen'-ik) \_a?c, salt; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. Salt-producing; producing haloids. 

Haloid (hal'-oid) [d/lc, salt; elUac, likeness]. Anyone 
of those compounds that consist of a metal directly 
united to chlorin, bromin, iodin, fluorin, or cyanogen. 

Halophilous (lial-off'-il-us) [a/ r, salt; </>/Aoc, loving]. 
In biology, applied to plants growing in salt marshes 
and along sea-coasts. 

Halstern's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Halt (hawlt) [ME., halt, lame]. I. Lame. 2. To 
limp. 3. A disease in sheep. 

Halter (hawl'-ter) [d/.ri/p, a leaping weight : //. Halteres~\ . 
In biology, one of the rudimentary hinder wings of a 
fly ; it is also called poiser or balancer. 

Halteripterous (hal-ter-ip' -ter-us) [dhrf/p, a leaping 
weight; irrepdv, wing]. Having halteres ; applied to 
dipterous insects. 

Halved (hahvd) [ME. , half, half]. In biology, applied 
to bilaterally symmetric organs in which one side is 
wanting, as in certain leaves. 

Ham [ME., hamme, the ham]. That part of the leg 
between the knee-joint and the hip-joint. H. -string, 
one of the tendons of the posterior muscles of the 
thigh. Also, to cripple by cutting the tendons of the 
muscles of the thigh. H., Inner, the tendons of 
the semimembranosus, sartorius, and semitendinosus 
muscles. H., Outer, the tendons of the biceps flexor 
cruris. 

Hamamelin (ham-am-e'-lin) [d/ia/j.r/Aic, a kind of med- 
lar or service-tree]. A precipitate from a tincture of 
the bark of witch-hazel, Hamamelis virginica ; it is 
astringent, tonic, and sedative. Dose gr. j-iij. Unof. 

Hamamelis (hatti-am-e'-lis) [dp.a, together with; 
jrfkov, apple-tree: gen., Hamamelidis~\. Witch- 
hazel ; the leaves of H. virginica, with properties not 
fully known. It is thought to be tonic, styptic, and 
sedative, and appears to affect the circulation in a 
manner similar to aconite. It is highly recommended 
as a hemostatic. A preparation of this drug is sold 
under the name of Pond's Extract. H., Fid. Ext. 
Dose ™j-3j. H., Tinct. (B. P.) (ale), I in 10. 
Dose rnTj-v. 

Hamann's Acid Carmin. See Stains, Table oj. 



HAMARTHRITIS 



540 



HANDKERCHIEF-DRESSING 



Hamarthritis (ham-ar-thri f -tis) [a/xa , together ; apftpov, 
a joint; trig, inflammation]. Gout involving all of the 
joints. 

Hamate or Hamose [lia'-mat, ha'-mos) [hamus, a 
hook]. In biology, hooked, uncinate. 

Hamburg Blue. Same as Berlin Blue. H. White. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. H. Yellow. Same as 
Ch rome-yellow . 

Hamilton's Bandage. See Bandage. 

Hammarsten's Theory of Coagulation. A theory 
that claims that fibrin is formed from one body only, 
namely, fibrinogen. 

Hammer (ham'-er) [ME., hamer, a hammer]. In 
anatomy, the malleus. H.-bone, the malleus. H.- 
cramp. See Cramp, Blacksmiths' . H., Thermal. 
Same as Cautery Button. H.-toe. See Hallux. 

Hammerman's Cramp. A spasmodic, and sometimes 
painless, affection of the muscles of the upper extrem- 
ity. It is seen in those that use a hammer, and is due 
to over-use. 

Hammock (ham'-oh) [Span, ,/iamaca, a hanging mat]. 
A couch or bed made of netting or canvas, suspended 
at the ends. It is much used aboard vessels 
and in tropical regions ; it has been used latterly in 
the transportation of the sick and wounded. Slings 
for fractured legs, etc., are sometimes called ham- 
mocks. 

Hammond's Disease. See Athetosis, and Diseases, 
Table of. 

Hamular (ham'-u-lar) \Jwmus, a hook]. Pertaining 
to or shaped like a hook. 

Hamulate, Hamulose (Iiam'-u-lat, -Ids) \Jiamus, a 
hook]. Hooked or hook-shaped. 

Hamulus (Jiam' -u-lus) [dim. of hamus, a hook : //. 
and gen., Hamuli\. In anatomy, a hook-shaped pro- 
cess, as of a bone ; any unciform process. H. of 
the Cochlea, the hook-like process of the osseous 
lamina at the cupola. 

Hamus (ka'-mus) [L., 
a hook: //. , Hami~\. 
In biology, a hooked 
process found on the 
wings of certain in- 
sects, which, together 
with the tendo, helps 
to keep the wings to- 
gether during flight. 

Hamy's Plane. See 
Plane. 

Hanchinol (han'-chin- 
ol). See Heitnia. 

Hancock's Opera- 
tions. See Operations, 
Table of. 

Hand [ME., hand, 
hand]. The organ of 
prehension in bimana 
and quadrumana, com- 
posed of the caipus, 
the metacarpus and the 
phalanges. H., Ape. 
See Alain en griff e. H . , 
Claw. See Main en 
griffe. H., Dropped. 
See Dropped. H.- 
gout. See Chiragra. 
H. -litter. Set Stretch- 
er. H., Monkey. See 
Main en griffe. 

Handkerchief (hang'-ker-chif) [ME., hand, hand; 
kerchef, a kerchief]. A square piece of cloth for 
wiping the face or nose. H., Barton's ; a handker- 




Hand, Palmar Surface. 

Scaphoid 2. Semilunar. 3. 
Cuneiform. 4. Pisiform. 5. 
Trapezium. 6. Groove for ten- 
don of flexor carpi radialis. 7. 
Trapezoid. 8. Os magnum. 9. 
Unciform. 10, 10 Metacarpal 
bones. 11, 11. First phalanges 
of fingers. 12, 12. Second 
phalanges 13, 13. Third phal- 
anges. 14. First phalanx of 
thumb. 15. Second phalanx. 



chief is folded in the form of a cravat, and the body 
is so placed on the point of the heel that the portion 
on the outer side of the foot is one-third longer than 
the other portion. The short part is held parallel 
with the sole of the foot while the long part is carried 
across the instep, turned round the inner part, carried 
back under the sole of the foot and looped round its 
own side. The two ends are then tied together for 
the purpose of exerting traction. 
Handkerchief-Dressing. A form of temporary dress- 
ing for wounds and fractures made of handkerchiefs. 
There are two varieties, viz. , cravats, in which the 
handkerchiefs are folded into rolls like cravats ; and 
triangles, the handkerchiefs being folded diagonally in 
the form of triangles. The most important cravats are 
the following : C, Abdomino-inguinal ; two hand- 
kerchiefs are folded into cravats and their ends 
tied together. The body of one is placed beneath the 
thigh, close up to the nates ; the ends are brought to 
the front, crossed over the groin, then carried round the 
opposite sides of the body, and tied together on one 
side rather than behind, so that the knot shall notpress 
injuriously upon the back. C, Axillo-acromial. 
See C, Parieto-axillaris. C, Axillo-cervical ; the 
body of the cravat is placed in the axilla, the ends 
crossed over the shoulder, and tied on the opposite sides 
of the neck. C, Cervical ; a handkerchief is formed in- 
to a cravat, the body placed on the front, back, or sides 
of the neck, according to the part to be dressed, the ends 
are carried around, crossed on the opposite side and re- 
turned, and fastened with pins. C, Compound Bis- 
axillary; for this two handkerchiefs in cravat form are 
required. One is tied as an axillo-acromial cravat through 
one axilla, while the body of the other is placed in the 
opposite axilla, and its ends, being brought across the 
chest, one in front and the other behind, are passed 
through the loop of the first and tied in front of the 
breast. C, Compound Bis-axillo-scapulary ; 
form two handkerchiefs into cravats. Tie one as a 
loose ring, or form the axillo-acromial cravat of one 
side, and, placing the body of the other in front of the 
opposite shoulder, bring the ends back, one over the 
shoulder and the other through the axilla ; then form 
these into a single knot, and complete the dressing by 
passing the ends through the ring or loop of the other 
cravat, and tying them into a knot. C, Fronto-oc- 
cipito-labialis ; the handkerchief is formed into a cra- 
vat and the middle portion is placed upon the forehead ; 
the ends are carried back, crossed upon the posterior 
part of the neck, brought forward under the ears and 
crossed over the upper lip. This is used to approximate 
lip-wounds. C, Ilio-inguinal, a double cravat, also 
called the sacro bi-crural cravat of Mayor. The body 
of a long cravat is placed over the body of the sacrum, 
the two extremities are brought around the body down 
in front of each groin and around the thighs, to be fastened 
on the opposite side of the body. C, Ilio-inguinal, 
or the cruro-pelvic cravat of Mayor. The body of a 
large cravat is placed over the inguinal region, the up- 
per extremity is carried around the body, the lower ex- 
tremity around the thigh, and the two ends knotted in 
front. C, Metatarso-malleolar ; place the body of 
the cravat obliquely across the dorsum of the foot ; 
carry one end under the foot and up in front of the 
ankle, and the other around the leg above the mal- 
leoli, fastening them together in front of the joint. 
C, Parieto-axillaris ; one handkerchief is formed 
into a cravat, and its body is placed in the axilla, the 
ends tied over the shoulder, forming the axillo-acromial 
cravat. A second handkerchief is made into a tri- 
angle, and its body placed over the side of the head, 
and its ends tied into the first over the shoulder. It is 



HANDKERCHIEF-DRESSING 



541 



HANDKERCHIEF-DRESSING 



used to approximate wounds on the side of the neck 
and to prevent contraction after burns. C, Simple 
Bis-axillary ; place the body of the cravat in the 
axilla, cross the ends over the shoulder, and after 
carrying one across the back and the other 
across the breast, tie them together at the an- 
terior border of the axilla of the opposite side. C, 
Simple Bis-axillo-scapulary ; this is a posterior fig- 
ure-of-eight, and is best formed with a strip of muslin 
three inches wide and ten yards long. Place the center 
of the strip in front of the shoulder and the axilla ; bring 
one end back over the top of the shoulder and the 



knee, and pinned or tied as they are turned downward. 
C, Tibial ; place the body of a handkerchief, folded 
into a cravat, obliquely across the posterior surface of 
the leg, and carry the extremities around the limb, the 
one below the knee, and the other above the malleoli. 
Mayor's Bandage for Fractured Clavicle ; the arm 
is flexed at a right-angle and confined to the side of the 
chest by a triangular handkerchief, the base being 
placed above the forearm and the two extremities 
fastened on the back, the apex hanging down in front. 
The two folds forming the apex are carried up between 
the arm and the body and the under one is passed to 







Bi-temporal Triangle. 



Fronto-occipital Triangle. 



Auriculo-occipital Triangle. 



Triangular or Hunter's 
Cap of the Head. 




Brachio-cervical Triangle. Oblique Triangle of the Arm and Chest. Mayor's Bandage for Fractured Clavicle. 






Scroto-lumbar Triangle. 
(Suspensory Bandage of the Scrotum). 



Ilio-inguinal Cravat (double). 
The Sacro Bi-crural Cravat of Mayor. 



Ilio-inguinal Cravat. 
(The Cruro-pelvic Cravat of Mayor ) 



other through the axilla, cross them between the 
scapulae, carrying the axillary end over the shoulder of 
the opposite side and back through the axilla, and the 
humeral end forward through the axilla, the two over- 
lapping each other ; then fasten their ends front and 
back. This is an extemporaneous dressing for fracture 
of the clavicle. C, Tarso-patellar ; this requires 
three handkerchiefs, all in cravat-form. One is to be 
placed about the knee as a figure-of-eight ; a second 
round the foot in front of the ankle ; the third is passed 
through the loop of the latter, the ends being carried 
on either side through the figure-of-eight of the 



the sound shoulder, while the upper one is carried to 
the affected shoulder. A broad piece of bandage is 
fastened to one apex and carried beneath the handker- 
chief at the back and is then brought up and fastened 
to the other apex on the opposite shoulder. 

The most important triangles are the following : T., 
Auriculo-occipital, a variety of handkerchief-dress- 
ing for the head, used in keeping an application to the 
ear in proper place. The base of the handkerchief is 
placed in front of the ear to be covered, and the apex 
directed backward. The lower end is next carried 
under the jaw and up over the face in front of the 



HANDKERCHIEF-DRESSING 



542 



HAPTODYSPHORIA 



ear on the sound side, where it is made to meet the 
upper end, the two being tied together. T., Bi-tem- 
poral, a form of handkerchief head-dressing, the base 
being placed over the temporal region upon one side and 
the apex over the other. The ends are carried round to 
the opposite temple, crossed, brought back, and secured 
with pins, and the summit or apex is turned up and 
pinned above the temporal ridge. T., Fronto-occi- 
pital, a variety of handkerchief-dressing in which the 
base is placed over the forehead, while the summit is 
allowed to hang down over the occiput. The ends are 
next carried backward along the sides of the head, 
above the ears, and either tied behind the occipital pro- 
tuberance, or crossed, brought forward, and pinned at 
each side. The apex is then turned forward and pinned 
to the body of the handkerchief. T., Malleolo- 
phalangeal ; form the handkerchief into a triangle ; 
place the base under the foot opposite to the instep ; 
fold the summit back over the toes and the dorsum of 
the foot, and carry the ends round the malleoli, mak- 
ing them fast in front. Tie the ends in front, or cross 
them over the dorsum and tie under the sole of the foot. 
T., Mammary ; fold a handkerchief into a triangle ; 
place its base under the breast and its apex over the 
corresponding shoulder ; then carry one end under the 
axilla and the other over the opposite side of the neck, 
tying the two behind the scapula of the affected side, 
and pin to these the summit. T., Oblique, of the 
Arm and Chest ; the base of the triangle is placed 
under the wrist, the apex being allowed to project 
beyond the elbow. The extremity that is next to the 
chest is carried over the opposite shoulder, the other 
extremity being passed through the axilla of the injured 
side and tied with the first extremity over the sound 
shoulder. The apex is folded backward around the 
elbow and fastened. T., Occipito-frontal ; the same 
as the fronto-occipital, only that the handkerchief is re- 
versed, the base being placed over the occiput. T., 
Occipito-sternal ; one handkerchief is formed into a 
triangle and another into a cravat. The latter is tied 
around the chest, forming the sterno-dorsal cravat. 
The body of the former is placed over the occiput and 
its apex over the forehead. The ends are brought 
down on each side of the face and fastened to the cravat 
about the chest. The apex is turned backward over 
the vertex, and pinned. T., Palmar; the base of the 
handkerchief is placed across the back or the front of 
the wrist, according as it is designed to dress the palm 
or dorsum of the hand ; the summit is folded back upon 
the wrist, and secured there by carrying the ends 
around the same. T., Scroto-lumbar. See T., 
Suspensory . T., Simple Brachio-cervical ; the arm 
being flexed at a right-angle the base of the triangle is 
placed under the wrist, and the two extremities are tied 
around the neck, the knot being thrown to one side. 
The apex is brought round the elbow and pinned in 
front. T., Suspensory ; Scroto-lumbar Triangle; 
fold one handkerchief into a cravat and tie it around 
the loins ; form another into a triangle, the base of 
which should be placed under the scrotum, and the 
extremities brought up, passed beneath the circular 
cravat and tied in front. The apex is next carried up, 
passed beneath the abdominal cravat and turned down in 
front, where it may be fastened with a pin. T., Vertico- 
mental, a form of handkerchief head-dressing in 
which the body of the handkerchief is placed over the 
vertex, the ends brought down over the ears and crossed 
under the chin, carried upward and pinned to the de- 
scending portion of the handkerchief. The apex is 
brought round one side of the head, and secured with 
a pin. The Triangular or Hunter's Cap of the 
Head ; a piece of material is secured, with the side 



sufficiently long to pass over the head and fasten under 
the chin. First fold it transversely across until one 
side is within an inch of the opposite side ; the short side 
is then placed beneath ; the two corners of the folded 
edge are turned inward, forming a triangle. The two 
extremities of the triangle are taken in either hand, and 
while kept tense are twisted and rolled up to the extent 
of two inches. Lifting the bandage and approxi- 
mating the hands cause the two sides to separate. It 
is placed on the head with the thin edge over the fore- 
head and the rolled edge around the back of the neck. 
The ends are brought under the chin, and tied. 

Handwriting (hand'-ri-ting). See Graphology. 

Hanging (hung / -/iig)[M.E.,hangynge, hanging]. Death 
by suspension of the body from the neck, by a rope 
provided with a slip-noose. The immediate cause of 
death may be asphyxia, cerebral hemorrhage (from 
strangulation), or dislocation or fracture of the cervi- 
cal vertebras. 

Hangnail (hang / -ndl) [AS., angncegl, a sore by the 
nail]. A partly detached piece of epidermis at the 
root of the nail, the friction against which has caused 
inflammation of the abraded surface. 

Haouwa [E. Ind.]. Synonym, in Bagdad, of Asiatic 
Cholera. 

Hapantismus (Jiap-an-tiz' -mus} [aTrnc, entire]. Com- 
plete adhesion between parts or surfaces. 

Haphalgesia [liaf-al-je' -ze-ali) [a<p>], touch ; aAyoc, 
pain]. Painful touch by bodies ordinarily not pain- 
ful. 

Haphemetric (Jiaf-e-j)iet' -rik\ [d^?/, touch ; iikrpov, 
measure]. Relating to esthesiometry. See Esthe- 
siometer. 

Haphephobia (Jiaf-e-fo' -be-aK) [a<bri, contact ; <po/3oc, 
fear]. The morbid dread of touching persons or 
things ; mysophobia. 

Haphonosus (haf-on'-o-stts) [apt/, touch ; v6ao<;, dis- 
ease]. Any disorder of the sense of touch. 

Haplodermitis (hap-lo-der- mi' -lis) [6.ka6oc, simple ; 
dkpjia, skin ; trie, inflammation]. A simple or un- 
complicated skin-inflammation. 

Haplodont (hap'-lo-donf) \jm'h6oc , single; adobe, 
(oddir), tooth]. In biology, applied to animals 
whose molar teeth have simple or single crowns. 

Haplolichen (fiap-lo-li'-keii) [ciitaoo^, single ; Aeixijv, 
lichen]. Same as Lichen simplex, a. v. 

Haplomelasma [hap-lo-mel-az'-mah) \Jm7i6oc, simple; 
ficAaa/ia, a livid spot]. Simple melasma. 

Haplomorphous (hap-lo-mor'-fus) \jitt16oc, simple ; 
fiopcjyi/, form]. In biology, applied to the simpler 
forms of certain groups. 

Haploophone {hap-lo' -o-fori) \_a-16oc, single ; (puvij, 
voice]. In biology, applied to the form of the 
syrinx in certain birds (e. g., Xenicida) which have 
but one intrinsic syringomyon. 

Haplopathy (Jiap-lop' -ath-e) [cnrAooc, simple ; Trdfloc, 
illness]. Any uncomplicated disease. 

Haplopetalous (Jiap-lo-pet' -al-tis) \a-Aooe, single ; 
TTETa'Aov, leaf]. In biology, having but a single 
circle of petals. 

Haplophyma (hap-lo-Ji'-mah) [a7r/idoc, simple; (pvfia, 
a tumor]. A simple tumor. 

Haploscope (hap'-lo-skop) \Jlita6oc, single ; OKOTrelv, to 
see]. An instrument for measuring the visual axes. 

Haplostemonous [hap-lo-ste'-mon-us) \_a-'/.6or, single ; 
arijuuv, a thread]. In biology, having but a single 
circle of stamens. 

Haplotomia, Haplotomy, {liap-lo-to'-me-ah, hap-lo/'- 
o-me) [drr/Woc, simple; rofiij, a cut]. A simple inci- 
sion. 

Haptodysphoria (/lap-to-dis-fo'-re-ah) [6.kt6q, tactile, 
touched ; 6vc, difficult ; (popoc, bearing]. The disagree- 






HARAMAITISM 



543 



HATTERS' DISEASE 



able sensation aroused by touching certain objects, as 
velvet, a peach, or a russet apple. 
Haramaitism [Iiar-am-a/ -it-izni) [Anglo-Indian; from 
Haram maiti, the name of an Hindu offender in this 
way]. Child-marriage in India; also, the collective 
physical evils that result from that system. 
Hard [ME., hard, hard]. Solid; hrm to the touch. 
H.-hack, the leaves and twigs of Spinca tomen- 
tosa ; it is astringent and tonic, and a popular New Eng- 
land remedy in diarrhea and cholera infantum. Dose 
gr. v-xv, in decoction; of the fid. ext. 3 ss-j. Unof. 
The shrub Potentilla fruticosa is locally called hard- 
hack ; its properties are the same as those of the 
species named. H. Palate. See Palate. H. 
Pitch. See Pitch. H. Resins. See Resins. H.- 
tack, a form of biscuit used in the nav£ and army. 
Hardenbergia (Jiar-den-ber' -je-ali) [after Countess 
Hardenberg\ A genus of Australian leguminous 
plants. The root of H. monophylla, called lilac, 
and. sarsaparilla, is said to be a good substitute for 
true sarsaparilla. Unof. 
Hardening (hard' -en-ing) [ME., hard, hard]. A 
stage in the preparation of tissues for microscopic ex- 
amination. See Alcohol, Ammonium Chromate, 
Ammonium Bichromate, Potassium Bichromate, 
Milller's Fluid, Erlicki's Fluid, Chromic Acid, 
Klein's Fluid, Pail's Fluid, Corrosive Sublimate, 
Picric Acid, in Stains, Table of. Alcohol for pieces 
under I inch square, and the bichromate solutions for 
larger masses, are best for general use ; others in special 
cases ; but in all, full twenty times the bulk of the 
object should be used. See Stains, Table of. 
Harder's Glands. See Gland. 

Hare's Method. A method of determining the posi- 
tion on the skull corresponding to the fissure of 
Rolando. The pre-Rolandic region occupies 55.7 
per cent, of the distance from the glabella to the 
inion. 
Hare-eye (hdr / -i). See Lagophthalmos. 
Harelip (Jiar'-lip). Congenital fissure of the lip due to 
arrested facial development. The scheme of the 
formation of cleft is shown in the annexed illustrations. 
H., Complicated, with cleft or malformation of the 
superior maxillary bone also. H., Double, two clefts 
of the lip, or one of each lip. Twisted or Harelip 
Suture, a figure-of-8 suture about a pin thrust through 
the lips of freshened edges of the cleft. For opera- 
tions for single harelip see Clemot's, Collis's, Dieff 'en- 
bach's, Giraldes' , Graefe's, Hagedorn' s, Malgaigne' s, 
Miratdt's, JVelaton's, Fare's, Pose's, Stokes' Opera- 
tions; and for operations for double harelip see Barde- 
leben's, Blandin's, Butcher's, Desaidt's, Franco's, 
Gensoul's, Zangenbech's, Pose's, Sedillot's, Smith's 
Operations, in Operations, Table of. 
Harlequin (har' ' -le-kwin) [OF., harlequin, a harlequin]. 
Variegated; party-colored. H. Fetus, a fetus with 
congenital ichthyosis, general seborrhea, or diffuse 
keratoma. Such subjects are always born prematurely, 
and have no external ears, eyelids, or lips. 
Harmalin {har'-mal-in) \_apiua2.a], C 13 H U N 2 0. A 
yellowish crystalline substance used as a dye. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 
Harmonia (har-mo' -ne-ali) \apjj.ovia, harmony]. A 
suture (also a mode of suture) between two bones 
that are apposed closely and immovably upon each 
other. 
Harmonics (har-mon'-iks). See Over-tones. 
Harpoon (Jiar-poon') [Fr., harpon, a grappling-iron]. 
An instrument for the removal of bits of living tissue 
for microscopic examination. 
Harrison's Groove. A transverse curve passing out- 
ward from the level of the ensiform cartilage toward 



the axilla. It may be deepened at each inspiration 
in certain diseases, e.g., rickets. 

Hartig's White Mass. A substance for injecting 
tissues. Dissolve 125 gms. of lead acetate in enough 
water to make the whole weigh 500 gms. Dissolve 95 
gms. of sodium carbonate in enough water to make 
the whole weigh 500 gms. One volume of each of 
these, solutions is mixed with two volumes of strong 
gelatin solution. 

Hartmann's Elixir. An elixir containing camphor 
50 parts, and saffron I part, in alcohol 350 parts. 
H.'s Tubes, small tubes devised to be passed through 
a perforated drum-membrane for the purpose of irriga- 
ting and draining the middle-ear cavity. 

Hartshorn [hai-ts'-horn). 1. Cornu cervi. 2. A 
name popularly given to ammonium hydrate. See 
A?nmonium. 




Scheme of Formation of the Face and Arrest of 
its Development. 
A. First appearance of the face. 1, n, in, iv. The four vis- 
ceral arches, f. Frontal process. 1. Inner nasal process. 2. 
Outer nasal process. 3. Superior maxillary process, u. In- 
ferior maxillary process. 6, c. First and second visceral 
clefts, a. Eye. z. Tongue. B. Normal union of the em- 
bryonic parts. Z. Intermaxillary bone. A". Nasal orifice. 
O. Nasal tear-duct. U. Lower jaw (;«, abnormal dilatation of 
the mouth, constituting makrostomia). C. Arrest of the 
development, constituting oro-nasal cleft. D. Arrest of de- 
velopment showing an " oblique facial cleft " (Q). 

Harvest-bug. See Leptus autumnalis. 

Hashish [hash'-esh). See Cajinabis. 

Hasner's Valve. A fold of the mucous membrane of 
the nasal duct at the lower orifice. It is not of con- 
stant occurrence. See Valve. 

Hassall, Concentric Corpuscles of. Peculiar bodies 
found in the medulla of the thymus gland. They 
consist of a central granular part, around which are 
disposed layers of flattened nucleated endothelial cells 
arranged concentrically. 

Hastate [has' -tat) [has/a, a spear]. In biology, shaped 
like the head of a spear ; halberd-shaped. 

Hastifolious [has-tifo'-le-us) [hasta, a spear ; folium , 
a leaf]. In biology, having hastate leaves. 

Hatters' Disease. A form of constitutional mercurial 
poisoning occurring in the makers of hats ; also a 



HAUNCH 



544 



HEART 



skin-disease, arising from the use of mercury and ar- 
senic ; also an acute irritation of the respiratory tract 
caused by the fumes of nitrogen tetroxid ; all of these 
chemicals being used in hat-making. H.'s Con- 
sumption, a form of pneumonitis occurring in hatters 
from inhalation of the fur and dust arising during the 
process of " finishing and pouncing." 

Haunch (kazonch or hahncfi) [Fr. , hanche, haunch]. 
The part of the body including the hips and the buttocks. 

Haustellum [haws-lel' '-um) \haustrum, a machine for 
drawing water: //. , Haustella]. In biology, the 
sucking-apparatus of an arthropod. 

Haustorium (haws-to 1 -re-um) \_haustus, haurire, to 
draw: //. , Haus.'orid]. In biology, the penetrating 
organs of certain parasitic plants, by means of which 
they obtain nourishment from their host. 

Haustus (haivs'-tus) \_haurire, to draw]. In phar- 
macy, a draft. A portion of medicine in the form of 
a draft. 

Haut Mai (Jw-mahl'). See Epilepsy. 

Havanna-brown. S.vme as Phenyl-brown. 

Havers, Canals of. See Canal. H., Glands of. See 
Gland. H., Spaces of, large and irregular spaces 
found in growing bone mainly, though also to a lim- 
ited extent in adult bones. 

Haversian Canal [hav-er' -zhe-un). See Bone and 
Canal. H. System, a system in bone, consisting 
of a central opening, or Haversian canal, surrounded 
by a number of concentric rings. 

Haw [ME., ha-ii), an excrescence in the eye]. I. The 
third eyelid, nictitating membrane, or winker of a 
horse. 2. A diseased or disordered condition of the 
third eyelid of the horse. 

Hawking (haw' -king)\ytfL., hank, to hawk]. Clearing 
the throat by a peculiar expiratory current of air. 

Hawley's Food. A variety of Liebig's foods for 
infants. Its composition is : Water, 6.60; fat, 0.61 
grape-sugar, 40.57 ; cane-sugar, 3.44; starch, 10.97 
soluble carbohydrates, 76.54; albuminoids, 5.3S 
ash, 1.50. 

Hay (ha) [ME., hay, hay]. Grass, cut and dried. 
H. -asthma. See Fever, Hay. H.-cold. Same as 
Hay -fever. H.- fever. See Fever. 

Hay's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. H.'s Re- 
action. See Strassburg's Test, in Tests, Table of. 
H.'s Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Haya Poison {ha' -yah) [said to have been named after 
Mr. John Hay']. A powerful toxic agent from tropical 
Africa, said by some to be derived from some species 
of erythrophleum ; but this has been disputed. A 
solution of its impure alkaloid (1 to 2 per cent.) is a 
powerful local anesthetic, more persistent in its effects 
than cocain. 

Haycraft's Method. A method for the estimation of 
uric acid in solutions. When uric acid is precipitated 
by an ammoniacal solution of nitrate of silver in the 
presence of the ammonio-magnesic mixture (see 
Salkoivski- Ludivig Method), the precipitate is stated 
to contain one atom of silver to each molecule of uric 
acid. The uric acid is then determined by dissolving 
the precipitate in HNO ;j , in which solution the silver 
is finally estimated volumetrically with a standard 
solution of potassium sulphocyanate. See Uric Acid. 

Hayden's Viburnum Compound. .See Viburnum. 

Hayem's Corpuscles. See Blood-plates. H.'s Fluid, 
a fluid used in hematology. It consists of distilled 
water, with the addition of sulphate of sodium, two 
and one-half per cent.; pure chlorid of sodium, one- 
half per cent.; and bichlorid of mercury, one-fourth 
per cent. 

Hayward's Treatment. After the operation of arthrec- 
tomy for tuberculous disease, Hayward packed the 



cavity with lint saturated with dilute sulphuric acid, 
one-third the official strength, to hasten the separation 
of diseased tissues, to stimulate granulations, and to 
secure ankylosis. 

Head (Jied) [ME. , lied, the head]. The anterior or 
upper part ;f the body. That part of the body con- 
taining the brain or central nerve-system. Also, the 
upper end of a long bone, as the femur. H.-ache, 
any pain in the head, general or local, arising from 
any cause whatever. According to Hughlings-Jack- 
son, frontal headaches, such as " sick" and " bili- 
ous ' ' headaches, are due to disorders of the digestive 
system; headache at the vertex, to cerebral troubles ; 
and occipital headache, to anemia. Eye-strain is a 
frequent source of headache, especially in the frontal 
region. H. -breeze, Electro-therapeutic, a device 
for general static cephalic electrization by a head-plate, 
with numerous insulated pencils for subdividing and 
accumulating strong currents, and giving more grad- 
ual eifects. See Static Breeze. H. -birth, the birth 
of the fetal head first. H.-drop, a peculiar nervous 
disease seen in Japan during the spring and early sum- 
mer, supposed to be miasmatic in origin. It is at- 
tended with inability to hold the head erect, paralytic 
symptoms in the limbs, and optic disorders. One at- 
tack predisposes to others. H.-fold, an inflection or 
tucking-in of the layers in front of and beneath the head 
of the embryo. H.-gut. See Fore-gut. H. -kidney. 
Same as Pronephros. H. -light Oil. See Burning 
Oil. H. -locking, a term in obstetrics denoting the 
entanglement of the heads of twins at the time of 
birth. H. -measurements. See Craniometry. 

Heal (hel) [ME., helen, to heal]. To make whole or 
sound ; to cure. H.-all. See Collinsonia. 

Healing [he' -ling) [ME., helen, to heal]. Union and 
cicatrization of a wound ; applied generally to the 
cure of disease. H. by First Intention, without the 
granulating process. H. by Second Intention, by 
the intermediation of granulations. H. by Third 
Intention, the direct union of two already granulat- 
ing surfaces. 

Health (helth) [ME., helth, health]. That condition 
of the body and its organs necessary to the proper 
performance of their normal functions. A hale or 
whole condition of body. H.-lift, an apparatus for 
exercising those muscles by which weights are lifted 
directly upward. 

Hear [her) [ME., heren, to hear]. To perceive by the 
ear. 

Hearing (ker'-ing) [ME. , heren, to\\tax~\. The special 
sense by which the sonorous vibrations of the air are 
communicated to the mind. The cerebral center is 
excited by the vibration of the fluid contents of the 
labyrinth, or terminal organs of the auditory nerve. 
Sound presents three elements, pitch, intensity, 
and timbre. The first depends upon the number of 
the aerial vibrations ; the second upon their amplitude ; 
the third upon their form. 

Heart (hart) [ME., hart, heart]. The organ giving the 
initiative and chief impulse to the circulation of the 
blood. It is enveloped by a membranous tissue called 
the pericardium. It consists essentially of four cavities, 
a right auricle and ventricle, and a left auricle and 
ventricle. The movements of the heart may be re- 
corded by means of the cardiograph, and these tracings, 
or cardiograms , may be of value in the study of 
diseased conditions. H., Dilatation of, the abnormal 
increase in size of any or all of the cavities of the 
heart. H.-burn, a burning feeling at the epigastrium 
and lower part of the chest, caused by the acetic or 
putrefactive fermentation of the gastric contents. H.- 
clot, coagulation of the blood in the cardiac cavities ; 



HEART 



545 



HEART 



cardiac thrombosis. H. -disease, any functional or 
organic pathologic condition of the heart. H., Fatty, 
a name given to two distinct pathologic conditions of 
the heart-tissue. In the first there is a true fatty de- 
generation of the muscular fibers of the heart ; and in 
the second there is an increase in the quantity of sub- 
pericardial fat — a fatty infiltration. The former and 




most serious condition is due to a deficiency in the 
supply of oxygenated blood to the heart, arising 
either from local or general causes. It gives rise to 
asthma, angina pectoris, and a tendency to syncope and 
sudden death. The second condition is usually asso- 
ciated with general obesity, and may present the same 
symptoms as the first. H. -hurry, Paroxysmal. 
See Tachycardia. H., Hypertrophy of, an abnor- 
mal increase in the muscular tissue of the heart. See, 



Anatomy of the Heart, Right Side. 

i. Cavity of right auricle. 2. Appendix auriculae. 3. Superior 
vena cava. 4. Inferior vena cava. 5. Fossa ovalis ; the 
prominent ridge surrounding it is the annulus ovalis. 6. 
Eustachian valve. 7. Opening of the coronary vein. 8. 
Coronary valve. 9. Entrance of the auriculo-ventricular 
opening. Between the figures 1 and 9, several foramina 
thebesii are seen. a. Right ventricle, b, c. Cavity of right 
ventricle. e,f. Tricuspid valve, g. Long columna carnea. 
h. The "long moderator band." i. The two columnar 
carneae of the right curtain, k. Attachment of chordae 
tendineae of the left limb of the anterior curtain. /, /. Chordae 
tendineae of the " fixed curtain " of the valve, m. Valve of 
the pulmonary artery. «. Apex of left appendix auriculae. 
0. Left ventricle, p. Ascending aorta, q. Its transverse por- 
tion, r. Descending aorta. 





Anatomy of the Heart, Left Side. 

. Cavity of left auricle. 2 Cavity of the appendix auriculae. 
3. Opening of the two right pulmonary veins. 4. The sinus 
into which the left pulmonary veins open. 5. Left pulmon- 
ary veins. 6. Auriculo-ventricular opening. 7. Coronary 
vein. 8. Left ventricle. 9, 9. Cavity of the left ventricle. 
a. Mitral valve, b, b, b. Columnae carneae. c, c. Fixed 
columnae carneae. d. Arch of the aorta, e Pulmonary 
arterv. f. Obliterated ductus arteriosus, g. Left pulmon- 
ary artery, h Right ventricle, i. Point of the appendix of 
right auricle. 

35 



Horizontal Section of Lungs and Heart. 

i,i. Upper lobes of lungs. 2,2. Lower lobes. 3. Dorsal ver- 
tebra. 4, 4. Two ribs. 5. Heart. 6. Right auricular 
appendix. 7. Superior vena cava. 8. Aorta. 9. Pulmonarv 
artery. 10. Left auricle, n. Left auricular appendix 12'. 
Mouths of right pulmonary veins. 13. Mouths of left pul- 
monary veins. 14. Thoracic aorta. 15. Esophagus. (See 
also pp. iij and 370.) 



B.R 




Scheme of the Blood-pressure. 

H. Heart, a. Auricle, v. Ventricle. A. Arterial ; C, capillary ; 
V, venous areas. The circle indicates the parts within the 
thorax. B, P. Pressure in the aorta. 

also, Hypertrophy. H. -murmurs. See Murmur. 
H. -scald. Sameas^-ferK. H. -shock, Latham's 
term for sudden cardiac breakdown during exertion, 
not due to rupture of a valve. H., Sounds of, the 
sounds observed in auscultation of the heart, occurring 
synchronously with systolic contraction and the closure 
of the valves, etc. H., Valves of. See Valve. 
H. -starvation, Fothergill's term for a form of cardiac 
asthenia occurring in adult age, and characterized by 
feeble circulation, cold extremities, tendency to ver- 
tigo, and pseudo-apoplectic attacks, but with absence 
of arcus senilis. It is due to general ill-nutrition, 



HEART 



546 



HEDERIC ACID 



worry, over- work, and loss of sleep. Cardiograms of 
some pathologic conditions of the heart are appended. 



Ilul 

. Id 



EJIi 

svSftH 





P, Q. Hypertrophy and dilatation of the left ventricle. E. 

Stenosis of the aortic orifice. F. Mitral insufficiency. L. 

Exophthalmic goiter, 
(a, b. Contraction of the auricles, b, c. Ventricular systole. 

d, Closure of aortic valve, e. Closure of pulmonary valves. 

e,f. Diastole of the ventricle ) 

Heat {hit) [ME., heete, heat]. A mode or rate of 
vibration of ethereal, atomic, or molecular, or wave- 
motion. Within certain limits of intensity it is essential 
to the development of all organized beings ; above a 
certain degree, it is destructive to all organization and 
life. As regards the body, heat indicates a temperature 
above 98. 6° F. (37 C). In physiology, the period of 
sexual excitement in the females of many animals. 
H., Animal, the heat generated within the bodies of 
living animals by the liberation of the latent heat con- 
tained in the food. H. -apoplexy. See Insolation. 
H. -asphyxia. Same as Insolation. H. -centers, 
certain points situated about the mesal and lateral 
aspects of the corpus striatum, supposed to have the 
function of regulating or inhibiting the production of 
body-heat. H. -eruption. Synonym of Eczema. 
H. -fever. See Insolation. H., Latent, physiolog- 
ically, the potential energy existing in a complex 
proteid molecule, and which is liberated by the sim- 
plification of the latter, or the katabolic processes of 
the organism. H., Prickly. See Urticaria. H., 
Specific. See Specific. H.-spot, a freckle. Also 
a synonym of Eczema solare. H. -stroke, a nervous 
affection characterized by sudden syncope, enfeebled 
circulation and respiration, caused by exposure to 
intense heat. It is called also Simstroke. H.-unit, 
the unit quantity of heat. It is the amount of heat 
necessary to raise one pound of water through one de- 
gree of temperature. 

Heaves {Iievz) [ME. , heven, to raise]. A disease of 
horses, characterized by difficult and laborious respira- 
tion. It is also called " broken wind." 

Heavy Oil. See Creasote Oil. 

Hebephrenia {he-be-fre' -ne-ali) [i/fti], puberty ; <ppr/v, 
mind]. A special form of mental derangement 



occurring in young persons at or soon after the age of 
puberty. 

Hebephreniac {he-be-fre' '-ne-ak) \i]fiv, puberty ; <ppr'/v, 
the mind]. One who is affected with hebephrenia. 

Hebephrenic {he-be-fren'-ik) [i//3r/, puberty; (ppi/v, the 
mind]. I. Affected with hebephrenia. 2. One who 
is affected with hebephrenia. 

Heberden's Asthma. See Asthma, and Diseases, 
Table of. H.'s Rheumatism. See Diseases, Table 
of. H.'s Nodes. See Nodes, and Signs and Symp- 
toms, Table of. H.'s Nodosities. See Signs and 
Symptoms, Table of. 

Hebetic {he-bet' -ik) [?//3//r/K<5c, relating to puberty]. 
Relating to puberty or to adolescence. 

Hebetude {heb'-e-tud) \Jiebetudo ; hebes, blunt]. Dul- 
ness of the senses and intellect. A term applied to 
the state of partial stupor in affections of the brain. 

Hebetudinous {heb-e-tn'-din-us) \_hebetudo ; hebes, 
blunt]. Affected with hebetude. 

Hebra's Arsenical Paste. A paste also known as 
Cosme's Taste. It is used in treating lupus vulgaris. 
It consists of arsenious acid, 10 grains ; artificial cin- 
nabar, ]/ z dram ; ointment of rose-water, ^ ounce. 
It is spread on linen and applied accurately by means 
of a pad and bandage. H.'s Erythema. See Dis- 
eases, Table of H.'s Pityriasis. See Diseases, 
Table of. H.'s Prurigo. See Diseases, Table of. 

Heckle-cell {hek'-l-sel) [ME., hekele, a heckle; cella, 
;i cell]. An epidermal cell having minute, hard, 
horny projections from its cell-wall. 

Hectic {hek'-tik) [&ktik6c, habitual or consumptive]. 
Habitual. A word now commonly used in connection 
with certain constant symptoms of pulmonary tuber- 
culosis, as H. Fever, the febrile symptoms concurrent 
with pulmonary tuberculosis. H. Flush, the flushed 
cheek accompanying pulmonary tuberculosis. H. 
Spot. Same as H. Flush. 

Hectocotylization {hek-to-kot-il-k-a'-shtm) [imrdv, a 
hundred ; Korv/Xr/, a small cup]. In biology, applied 
to the peculiar sexual modification of the arm of the 
male cephalopod, or its use as a fertilizing-organ. 

Hectocotylus {hek-to-kof -il-us) \_tnar6v, a hundred ; 
kotvXtj, a cup]. In biology, a specialized arm in 
certain male cephalopods, which contains the sperm- 
cells, and is detached and deposited within the mantle- 
cavity of the female. 

Hectogram {hek'-to-gram) [«ar<5i>, one hundred ; 
ypappa, a weight]. One hundred grams, or 1 543. 2349 
grains. 

Hectoliter {hek'-to-le-ter) [ina-rov, hundred; "khpa, a 
pound]. One hundred liters, equal to 22.009 imperial 
gallons, or 26.4 U. S. gallons. 

Hectometer {hek'-to-me-ter) [knarov, hundred; perpov, 
a measure]. One hundred meters, or 328 feet, I inch. 

Hedeoma {he-de-o'-mah) [r/dvc, sweet ; bop?/, smell]. 
American Pennyroyal. The leaves and tops of H. 
pulegioides, distinguished by their aroma. Its proper- 
ties are due to a volatile oil. It is stimulant and 
carminative, and has some value as an emmenagogue. 
It is useful in the flatulent colic of children. Its odor 
is extremely repulsive to fleas and mosquitoes. H., 
Ol. the volatile oil. Dose rn_ij-x. H., Spt., unof. , 10 
per cent, of the oil in alcohol. 

Hedera {hed'-er-ah) [L.]. A genus of woody vines. 
H. helix, the true or European Ivy. Its wood is 
used in making issue-peas. A decoction of the 
leaves has been used as an alterative and antibechic. 
The berries are purgative and emetic. The gum is 
emetic and stimulant, and is useful in toothache. Unof. 

Hederic Acid {hed-er'-ik) [hedera, European Ivy]. 
An acid derivable from the leaves of Hedera helix, of 
which it shares the medicinal qualities. Unof. 



HEDERIN 



547 



HELICORUBIN 



Hederin (hed'-er-in) \hedera, European Ivy]. An in- 
tensely bitter alkaloid from the seeds of Hedera helix. 
It is said to be actively febrifuge. (The gum of ivy 
has also been called hederin.) 

Hedge-hog Crystals. Crystals of urate of soda found 
as a urinary deposit. The crystals are globular, with 
spiny projections, and may cause severe vesical irrita- 
tion. 

Hedge-hyssop (liej-his'-up). See Gratiola. 

Hedonia (he-do' -ne-ah) [i/dori/, pleasure]. Abnormal 
cheerfulness ; amenomania. 

Hedonism (hed'-o-nizm) [ySovij, pleasure]. The pur- 
suit of pleasure ; in psychic medicine, the unreasoning 
pursuit of some hobby or whim. 

Hedrocele (hed'-ro-sel) \kdpa, anus; icr/Arj, tumor]. A 
hernia in which the part protrudes through the notch 
of the ischium. Also, prolapsus of the anus. 

Hedrosyrinx (hed-ro-si' -rinks) \i6pa, anus ; funda- 
ment ; avpiy^, pipe] . Fistula in ano. 

Hedwigia (hed-tuij'-e-ah) [after Johann Hedwig~\. A 
genus of amarydaceous trees. H. balsamifera, of 
the W. Indies, affords a resin, not unlike copaiba in 
its uses. The bark is antiperiodic, and contains a 
convulsivant alkaloid, which would appear to be a 
powerful heart-depressant and antithermic. 

Hedyosmon (hed-e-os' -moti) \ij6vc, sweet ; bo/ir/, odor]. 
A genus of tropical chloranthaceous trees and shrubs. 
H. arborescens, a tree of Jamaica, affords a remedy 
for dyspepsia. H. nutans, a shrub of the W. Indies, 
has leaves that are good for headaches. 

Heel (he/) [ME., heel, heel]. The hinder part of the 
foot. H.-bone. See Calcaneum. 

Hegar's Sign. See Signs a?id Symptoms, Table of. 

Hegar-Kohm Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Heidenhain, Demilune Cells of. See Demihine and 
Crescent of Gianuzzi. H.'s Method. See Stains, 
Table of. H., Parietal Cells of. See Delomorphous. 
H., Rods of. See Rods. H.'s Solution. See Stains, 
Table of. 

Heimia (hlm'-e-ah) [after Ludwig Heim, a German 
botanist]. A genus of lythaceous shrubs of N. and 
S. America. H. salicifolia (hanchinol), found in 
Texas and far to the South, is resinous, antisyphilitic, 
hemostatic, and febrifuge. Unof. 

Heintz's Method. A method of estimating uric acid 
in the urine. Take loo c.c. of urine. Add to this 
5 c.c. of HC1. Lay the mixture aside for 24 hours. 
Collect the crystals on a weighed filter-paper, wash 
with dilute HC1 ; dry at 100 C, and weigh. The 
increase in weight will give the percentage of uric 
acid. 

Heisch's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Heister's or Heisterian Valve. A fold of mucous 
membrane in the cystic duct arranged in a spiral. 

Heitzmann's Theory. The theory that the axis-cyl- 
inder of a nerve-fiber is ordinary connective tissue 
modified for the transmission of special impulses. 

Hekistotherm (hek-is' -to-therm) [^motoc, least, worst ; 
depiirj, heat]. In biology, a plant that can subsist 
with a minimum of heat, e.g. , a member of the Arctic 
or Antarctic flora. 

Helcoid (hel'-koid) \_kAnoq, ulcer; eiSoe, likeness]. 
Resembling an ulcer. 

Helcology (hel-kol' -o-je) [eAuor, ulcer; Aoyoc, science]. 
The pathology and treatment of ulcers. 

Helcoma (hel-ko'-mah) [fA/o^a, an ulcer: pi. , Helco- 
mata~\. An ulcer. 

Helcomenia (hel-ko-me' -ne-ah) [£akoc, ulcer ; [iryv, 
month]. Vicarious menstrual discharge from an 
ulcer. 

Helcoplasty (hel 1 ' -ko-plas-te) [eAkoc, ulcer ; nAaooeiv, 
to shape]. The treatment of ulcers by skin-grafting. 



Helcopoiesis (hel-ko-poi-e'-sis) [f/.«oc, ulcer; Troiqaic, 
making]. The surgical formation of an issue, for 
counter-irritation. 

Helcosis (hel-ko'-sis) [kAnuotc, ulceration]. The forma- 
tion and development of an ulcer. 

Helcotic (hel-kot'-ik) [W/ior^oc, pertaining to an ulcer]. 
Ulcerative ; of the nature of or accompanied by ulcera- 
tion. 

Helenin (hel'-en-in), C 6 H 8 0. Alant Camphor ; Inulol ; 
the active principle of inula. It is a faintly odorous 
and nearly tasteless, volatile substance, insoluble in 
water, but soluble in ether, oils, and hot alcohol. It 
is antiseptic and germicidal, and is recommended for 
use in diphtheria and tuberculosis. Unof. 

Helenium (hel-e' -ne-um) [eAiviov, elecampane]. I. 
Same as Inula, q. v. 2. A genus of composite North 
American herbs. H. autumnale, sneezewort. H. 
nudiflorum, and H. bolanderi are strongly errhine, 
and are substituted for arnica. H. puberulum is 
tonic, alterative, and errhine. H. tenuifolium, of 
the Gulf States, is said to be a destructive cattle- 
poison. Unof. 

Helianthella (he-le-an-thel' -ah) \ffkioc, the sun ; avdoc, 
flower]. A genus of North American composite herbs. 
The root of H. tenuifolia is aromatic, expectorant, 
antispasmodic, and, in large doses, emetic. It is of 
reputed service in pulmonary complaints. Dose of 
the fid. ext. rr\v-xxx. Unof. 

Helianthemum (he-le-an 1 -lhem-um) \ijA10c, sun ; avdoc, 
flower]. Frostwort ; Rock Rose. The herb H. cana- 
dense, astringent, aromatic, tonic, and alterative. It 
is useful in diarrhea, scrofula, and secondary syphilis. 
Dose of the fid. ext. TTlv-xx. Unof. 

Helianthin (he-le-an' -thin) \J)Aioc, the sun ; avdoc, a 
flower], C 6 H 4 SO,Na,N:N.C e H 4 N(CH 3 ) 2 . Methyl- 
orange ; an orange-yellow powder used as a dye and 
as a test in analyses. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Helianthus (he-le-an' -thus) [f/'Aioc , sun ; avdoc, flower]. 
A genus of composite-flowered plants. The sun- 
flower. H. annuus, a commonly cultivated species, 
affords highly useful, oil-bearing seeds, the seeds of 
some varieties being also edible. H. tuberosus, the 
Jerusalem Artichoke, has large tuberous roots, some- 
times eaten when cooked or pickled. Several of the 
species are medicinal. 

Helichrysum (he-le-kri' -sunt) \ijA10c, sun ; ^pi'troc, 
gold]. A genus of old-world composite plants. The 
European species (as H. arenarium, H. stoechas) 
are aromatic stimulants, used in domestic practice. 
Several South African species (H. auriculatum, im- 
bricatum, nudiflorum, etc.) are used as pectoral 
teas. 

Helicin (hel'-is-in), C ]3 H 16 7 . A glucosid, produced 
by oxidizing salicin with HN0 3 . It dissolves with 
difficulty in water, crystallizes in small needles, and 
melts at 175 C. 

Helicine (hel'-is-in) \f~Ai!;, a spiral]. I. Tortile, or 
spiral in structure. 2. Pertaining to the helix. H. 
Arteries, arteries proceeding from the profunda penis 
branches of the pudic,and from the dorsal arteries of 
the penis. See Arteries, Table of. 

Helicogyrate (hel-ik-o-ji' -rat) [eA/f, a spiral; yvpoc, a 
ring]. In biology, having a spiral annulus, as the 
spore-cases in trichomanes. 

Helicoid (hel'-ik-oid) [kAil;, a spiral ; eMoc, form]. 
Spiral ; coiled like a snail-shell or helix. 

Helicopepsin (hel-ik-o-pep'-sin) [eAl£;, a spirally coiled 
snail ; Trtipic, digestion]. A peptic ferment found by 
Krukenberg in snails. 

Helicorubin (hel-ik-o-ru' -bin) [£/<f, a spiral, the snail ; 
povpivt, ruby]. A pigment of certain invertebrates; 
the same as Hemochromogen and Enter ohematm, q. v. 



HELICOTREMA 



548 



HEMABAROMETER 



Helicotrema (Jiel-ik-o-tre' '-mah) [fA;f, helix, coil; 
rpfjfia, hole]. The opening connecting the scala tym- 
pani and vestibuli of the spiral canal of the cochlea. 

Heliencephalitis [he-le-en-sefal-i' -lis) \ffkioc, sun ; 
iyKeyakoc , brain ; mg, inflammation]. Encephalitis 
caused by exposure to the sun's rays. 

Heliodorus's Bandage. See Bandage. 

Heliomyelitis (he-le-o-mi-el-i' -Us) \ifkiog, sun ; jive\6g, 
marrow; trig, inflammation]. Myelitis caused by ex- 
posure to the sun's rays. 

Helionosus [Iie-le-on' -o-sus) \fflaog, sun; vdaog, disease] . 
Sunstroke. 

Heliophag (he'-le-o-fag) \ffkiog, sun ; (payelv, to de- 
vour]. A name given to the animal pigment-cell, as 
being a supposed absorber of the radiant energy of the 
sun's light and heat. 

Heliophobia {lie-le-o-fo' -be-all) \ffkiog, sun ; 0o/3oc, 
fear]. Morbid fear of exposure to the sun's rays. 

Heliosis (he-le-o'-sis) \fi'kiog, sun], A sun-bath ; also, 
sunstroke. 

Heliotherapy {Jie-le-o-ther' -ap-e) \rfkiog, sun ; OEpaizda, 
treatment] . The treatment of disease by exposure of 
the body to sunlight. Sun-bathing. 

Heliotrope [lie' '-le-o-trop) [ijkiog, sun ; rpeKEiv, to turn] . 
Any plant of the boraginaceous genus Heliotrdpium. 
H. europaeum is aperient, and is said to cure warts 
and ulcers. Unof. 

Heliotropin (he-le-otf -ro-piti) \jfkiog, the sun ; Tpemw, 
to turn]. I. See Piperonal. 2. A poisonous alkaloid 
from Heliotropium europmutn, a European species of 
heliotrope. Its action is little known. Unof. 

Heliotropism (Jie-te-of '-ro-pizm) [e//Uoc,thesun ; rpeneiv, 
to turn]. In biology, that property of a plant or 
plant-organ by virtue of which it bends toward or 
away from the sunlight. 

Heliotropy {he-le-of '-ro-pe) [ijkiog, the sun ; rpcntl], a 
turning]. Same as Heliotropism. 

Helix (he'-liks) [ekit;, a coil]. The margin of the ex- 
ternal ear. 

Hellebore, Black. See Helleboms. H., White. See 
Veratrum album. 

Helleborein (Jiel-eb-or-e'-hi). See Helleboms. 

Helleborin (hel' -e-bo-rin) \_ekktfiopog, hellebore], C 36 - 
H 42 6 -f- 4H 2 0. A crystalline glucosid of Helleboms 
viridis, insoluble in water. It is a cardiac and ner- 
vous poison of great intensity. See Helleboms. 

Helleborism [IieV -eb-or-izm) [kkkefiopi^uv , to dose with 
hellebore] . The treatment of disease with hellebore ; 
the morbid condition induced by the free exhibition 
of hellebore. 

Helleborus (Jiel-cb'-or-us) [ekteflopog, hellebore: gen., 
Hellebori~\. The root of H. njger, black hellebore, 
with properties due to two glucosids, helleborin, C 3fl - 
H 42 6 , and helleborein, C 26 H 44 15 . It is a drastic 
hydragogue cathartic, and emmenagogue, and was for- 
merly a popular remedy for insanity, dropsy, and 
amenorrhea. Helleborein is sometimes used in cardiac 
affections as a substitute for digitalis, its action being 
obtained by smaller doses and with less irritation. H. 
nigri., Ext. Unof. Dose gr. j-x, cautiously. H. 
nigri., Ext., Fid. Unof. Dose mjj-xv. Helle- 
borein. Unof. Very soluble in water. Dose gr. 
1 1 

Heller's Tests. See Tests, Table of. 

Hellmund's Ointment. A narcotic ointment composed 
of acetate of lead, 10 parts; extract of conium, 30 
parts; balsam of Peru, 30 parts; Sydenham's lauda- 
num, 5 parts ; and cerate, 240 parts. 

Helmerich's. Ointment. An ointment used in the 
treatment of scabies. It consists of sublimated sul- 
phur, 1 dram; potassium carbonate, y z dram; and 
lard, dy z drams. The ointment should remain in 



contact with the diseased surface for four or five 
hours. 

Helmholtz's Apparatus. A galvanometer consisting 
of two equal and vertical coils, with a magnetic needle 
midway between them. H.'s Ligament. See Liga- 
ment. H.'s Line. See Lines, Table of. 

Helminth (liel'-mint/i) \_kkfiivg, worm] . A worm; an 
intestinal or entozoic worm. 

Helminthagogue (Jiel-minth' -ag-og). See Anthel- 
mintic. 

Helminthiasis (liel-min-thi' -as-is) [kkpuvdiav, to suffer 
from worms]. A condition marked by the presence 
of parasites in the body, especially intestinal worms. 
Also, a disorder or lesion caused by worms. 

Helminthicide (hel-minth'-is-ld) [e'Afiivc, a worm ; 
cczdere, to kill]. See Vermicide. 

Helminthics (hel-min'-lhiks). See Anthelmintics. 

Helminthochorton [liel-min-tho-kor' -ton) [kkfiivg, a 
worm; xoprog, grass]. See Corsican Moss. 

Helminthoid [hel-min'-thoid) [kkfuvg, a worm ; elSog, 
likeness]. Shaped like a worm. 

Helminthology (liel-min-thol' -o-je) [kk/Mvg, a worm ; 
luyog, science]. A treatise on worms, especially 
those parasitic within the body. 

Helminthoma {licl-min-tho' -mah) \ykp.ivg, a worm ; 
bfia, a tumor: //. , Helminthomata~\. A tumor 
caused by the presence of a parasitic worm. See 
Bulam Boil and Guinea-worm. 

Helminthoncus (Jiel-minth-ong' -kits') \fk\uvg, a worm ; 
by nog, a tumor]. An old term for a parasitic skin-dis- 
ease. 

Helminthophobia (Jiel-min-tho-fo' -be-ah) \p:uive 
(e?ifiipd-),a worm; <j>6(5oc, fear]. A nervous state 
produced by the -presence or thought of parasitic 
worms. 

Helminthous [hel-min'-thm) \_ekjiivg, a worm]. 
Wormy. 

Helocerous [he-los' -er-us) [fjloc, a nail ; xipac, horn]. 
In biology, having capitate antennae. 

Heloderma (he-lo-der'-mah) \jjAoc, wart ; dtp/ua, skin]. 
A genus of lizards. H. horridum, of Mexico, and 
H. suspectum, of Arizona (called Gila Monster) , are 
said to be the only known species of venomous lizards. 

Helodermatous (he-lo-der' '-mat-us) [rj'Aoc, a nail, wart ; 
dipfia, skin]. In biology, having a warty or tuber- 
culous skin. 

Helodes (he-lo'-dez) [eXoc, a swamp]. Swampy, or 
marshy. Also, a fever attended with profuse sweat- 
ing. Also, marsh-fever. 

Helonias {hel-o'-ne-as) \pMg, a marsh]. A genus of 
monocotyledonous plants. H. dioica. See Chama- 
lirion. 

Helonin (hel-o'-nin) [f/loc, a marsh]. A crude precip- 
itate from the tincture of Channclirion carolinianum. 
It is prescribed for uterine affections, and is tonic and 
diuretic. Caution should be observed in its use. 
Dose, gr. ij-iv. Uno/. 

Helopyra (hel-op'-e-rah) [tvloc, marsh; nvp, fever]. 
Malarial fever. 

Helosis (hel-o'-sis) [r/2.oc, nail, bract]. I. A genus of 
tropical American plants. H. brasiliensis, cayen- 
nensis, and jamaicensis, are styptic and vulnerary 
remedies. Unof. 2. An old name for inversion of 
the eyelids ; strabismus ; eye-spasm ; plica polonica ; 
the term is now seldom employed. 

Helvetia Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Helvolous [hel f -vo-lus) [dim. of helvus, yellow]. 
Tawny, or reddish-yellow. 

Helweg, Triangular Tract of. A tract that appears 
either in juxtaposition with, or as the most ventral part 
of, the ventro-lateral tract of the spinal cord. 

Hemabarometer (Jiem-ab-ar-om' -et-er) [ai/ia, blood ; 



HEMACELINOSIS 



549 



HEMATHERMOUS 



(iap'vc, heavy ; /lirpov, measure]. A contrivance for 
the approximate determination of the specific gravity 
of the blood. 

Hemacelinosis [hem-as-el-en-o'-sis) [aiiia, blood; m/Xic, 
spot ; v6ao<;, disease]. A synonym of the disease, 
Purpura. 

Hemachroin (liem-ak-ro'-in) \_dijia, blood; XP° a > 
color]. Same as Hcmatosin. 

Hemachrome [hem f -ak-rom) [at/ita, blood; xp'°l La i 
color]. The coloring-matter of the blood : hematin.. 

Hemachrosis [hem-ak-rb' -sis) \_a\jia, blood ; xP aai C, 
coloring]. I. Redness of the blood. 2. Any disease 
in which the blood is abnormally colored. 

Hemacyanin (liem-as-i' -an-in) [al/ia, Blood ; nvavog, 
blue]. A blue coloring-matter found in the blood 
and the bile. 

Hemacytometer [hem-as-i-tom' -et-er). Set Hemacytom- 
eter. 

Hemad (hem'-ad) [aipa, blood]. I. Toward the 
hefnal aspect ; opposed to neurad. 2. A blood-cell or 
blood- corpuscle. 

Hemadonosos (Jiem-ad-on' -o-sos) [ai/xdc, blood-stream ; 
v6aog, disease]. A disease of the blood or of the 
blood-vessels. 

Hemadostenosis (Jiem-ad-o-ste-no'-sis) [al/xag, blood- 
stream; arevdg, narrow]. Stricture or narrowing of 
a blood-vessel. 

Hemadosteosis (hem-ad-os-te-o' -sis) [aljiac, blood- 
stream; barsov, bone]. Ossification or calcification 
of blood-vessels. 

Hemadrometer (Jiem-ad-rom' -et-er). See Hemadro- 
mometer. 

Hemadrometry (Jiem-ad-rom'-et-re). See Hemadro- 
mometry. 

Hemadromograph (Jiem-ad-rom' -o-graf) [aifia, blood ; 
6p6fioq, course ; ypdipeiv, to write]. An instrument for 
registering changes in the velocity of the blood-stream. 

Hemadromometer (hem-ad-ro-mom' -et-er) [aifia, 
blood; 6p6iioc, course ; fierpov, measure]. A device 
for measuring the velocity of the blood-current. 

Hemadromometry (hem-ad-ro-mom' '-et-re) [_a'i/ia, blood; 
Spdfioc, course ; fikrpov, measure]. Measurement of 
the speed of the blood-current. 

Hemadynamics (hem-ad-i-nam 1 ' -iks) [aifia, blood ; 
diivafiic, power]. Dynamics of the blood-current. 

Hemadynamometer (Jiem-ad-i-nam-om' -et-er) \atyta, 
blood ; dvvafcic;, strength ; fierpov, a measure]. A 
contrivance for measuring the tension or pressure of 
blood within the arteries. Careful experiments show 
that, in man, the pressure of blood in the carotid 
artery is equal to about that of six inches of mercury. 

Hemafecal (hem-af-e'- kal) [aifia, blood ; fcex, dregs]. 
Characterized by bloody stools. H. Jaundice. See 
Jaundice. 

Hemagogue [Iiem' -ag-og) [di/ia, blood ; ayuyoc, lead- 
ing]. 1. Promoting the menstrual or hemorrhoidal 
discharge of blood. 2. An agent that promotes the 
catamenial or hemorrhoidal flow of blood. 

Hemahysteria (lie?n-a-his-tc' -re-ah) \_dijxa, blood ; 
varepa, uterus]. Synonym of Menorrhagia. 

Hemal {hem' -at) [aifxa, blood]. I. Pertaining to the 
blood or the vascular system. 2. See Ventral. 

Hemaleucin {hem-al-oo' -sin) \_a\p.a, blood ; 'Aevnoc, 
white]. Fibrin ; the white portion of a washed blood- 
clot. 

Hemaleukosis {hem-al-oo-ko' -sis) \aifia, blood ; Xivkoc, 
white] . The formation of the buffy coat of a clot. 

Hemalopia (hem-al-o'-pe-ah) \aip.a, blood ; o>ip, the 
eye]. Effusion of blood in the eye ; erythropsia. 

Hemameba (hem-am-e' -bah) \_a\p,a, blood ; a/uotpf/, a 
change]. A white blood-cell so called from its re- 
semblance to an ameba. 



Hemangioma {hem-an-je-o'-mali) [nlua, blood ; ayye- 
lov, vessel ; bfta, a tumor : //. , Hcmangiomata~\. An 
angioma made up of blood-vessels, as distinguished 
from lymphangioma. 

Hemanthin {hem-an'-thin) \_a\p.a, blood ; avOoc, a flow- 
er]. An alkaloid from Hcmanthus coccineus . it is 
poisonous, with the general properties of atropin. 

Hemanthus [Jiem-an'-tlius) [cu/ia, blood ; avOoc, flow- 
er]. A genus of amaryllidaceous plants; blood- 
flower. H. coccineus, of S. Africa, affords an arrow- 
poison, with the general properties of atropin. The plant 
is a diuretic and cardiant. It affords hemanthin. Unof. 

Hemaphein (hcm-af-e'-in) [aifia, blood; cpaiog, dusky]. 
A brown coloring-matter from blood, regarded as a 
decomposition-product of hematin ; it is probably the 
same as urohematin. 

Hemaphobia (hem-af-o' -be-ah). See Hematophobia. 

Hemapoiesis {hcm-ap-oi-e' -sis) . See Hcmatopoiesis. 

Hemapoietic (liem-ap-oi-ef -ik). See Hematopoietic. 

Hemapophysis {hem-ap-off' -is-is) [aifia, blood ; imo<f>- 
veiv, to put forth]. That part of an ideal or perfect 
vertebra which forms the antero-lateral part of the 
hemal arch. In man, all the hemapophyses are either 
cartilaginous or detached. 

Hemaporia (Jiem-ap-o' -re-ah) [aifia, blood ; cnropia, 
distress]. Any disorder of the blood, e. g. anemia. 

Hemarthron, Hemarthros {hem-ar'-thron, hem-ar'- 
thros) \_aifia, blood; apflpov, joint]. Effusion of blood 
into the synovial sac of a joint. 

Hemarthrosis {hem-ar-thro' -sis) [aifia, blood ; apduaig, 
a joint]. Effusion of blood into a joint. 

Hemastatic (hem-as-tat'-ih). See Hemostatic. 

Hemastatics (hcm-as-iat' -iks) \aljia, blood ; urariKoc, 
standing]. That branch of physiology treating of the 
laws of the equilibrium of the blood. 

Hemasthenosis (liem-as-then-o' -sis) [aipa, blood ; 
aoHiveia, weakness]. A weakening or deterioration of 
the blood. 

Hematachometer (fiei?i-at-ak-o7n' -et-er). See Hcmo- 
tacliometer. 

Hematangionosus (hem-at-an-fe-on'-o-sns) [ai/m, 
blood; ayyelov, vessel ; vdcroc, disease]. Any disease 
of the blood-vessels. 

Hematangiosis {liem-at-an-je-o' '-sis) [atna, blood ; 
ayyelov, vessel]. Any disease of the blood-vessels. 

Hemataporia (//em-at-ap-o' -re-ah). See Hemaporia. 

Hematapostasis (hem-at-ap-os' -tas-is) [at/ia, blood ; 
ciirboTaoic , a standing away from]. Unequal distribu- 
tion or pressure of blood, with congestion or effusion 
in some part of the body. 

Hematapostema (hem-at-ap-os-te'-mah) [alpa, blood ; 
(nroaTTjfia, abscess: pi. , Hemapostemata"]. An abscess 
containing extravasated blood. 

Hemataria [hem-at-a' -re-ah) \aipa, blood]. The so- 
called blood-animals. 

Hematedema (hem-at-e-de'-mah) \_aifia, blood ; oldrj/ia, 
a swelling]. Swelling due to the effusion of blood. 

Hematein (kem-at-e'-in) [aipa, blood], C ]6 H ]2 6 . A 
crystalline principle derivable from, and reconvertible 
into, hematoxylin. 

Hemateleum \hem-at-el-e' -um) \_aljia, blood ; ilaiov, 
oil]. A yellow or brownish oily fluid obtained by 
the dry distillation of blood. 

Hematemesis ihem-at-em' -es-is) \_atjia, blood ; ifieecv, 
to vomit]. The vomiting of blood from any cause. 
It may be due to general or constitutional pathologic 
conditions, or to local conditions. 

Hematencephalon (Jiem-at-en-sef -al-on) [dtpa, blood; 
eyK£(ba7i0c, brain]. A hemorrhage or bleeding within 
the brain ; cerebral apoplexy. 

Hemathermous (!iem-ath-er' -mus) \a)fj.a, blood; 
Oep/jLOQ, hot]. Having warm blood. 



HEMATHIDROSIS 



550 



HEMATOGRAPHY 



Hemathidrosis (Jiem-ath-id-ro' -sis). Same as Hemati- 
drosis. 

Hemathorax {hem-ah-tko' -raks). See Hemothorax. 

Hematic (Jiem-af '-ik) [a)p.a, blood]. Bloody; per- 
taining to, full of, or having the color of, blood. 
Also, a blood-tonic. 

Hematidrosis [kem-at-id-ro'-sis) [alfia, blood ; ISpuai^, 
sweat]. Bloody sweat. Ephidrosis cruenta. A san- 
guineous perspiration caused by the extravasation of 
blood into the coils and ducts of the sweat-glands, 
whence it is carried to the surface, mixed with sweat. 
See also Chromidrosis. 

Hematimeter (liem-at-im' -et-er) [aifta, blood ; jikrpov, 
measure]. A device for counting the corpuscles in a 
given volume of blood. 

Hematimetry (hem-at-im 1 '-et-re) \aiyia, blood ; ukrpov, 
measure]. The estimation of the number or propor- 
tion of the blood-corpuscles, as by the hemocytometer 
or hematimeter. 

Hematin [hem f -at-in) \_difia, blood], C 34 H. J5 N 4 Fe0 3 . 
A substance produced by decomposing oxyhemoglobin 
either by acids or alkalies. It occurs as a scaly but 
non-crystalline mass of bluish-black color and metallic 
luster, strongly resembling iodin. It is a very stable 
substance, and is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, 
chloroform, or benzol, but dissolves freely in dilute 
acids and in alkaline solutions. For test, see Tests, 
Table of. Also a synonym for Hematoxylon, q. v. 

Hematinic [kem-at-in' ik) \_a\fj.a, blood]. I. Relating 
to hematin, or serving to increase the proportion of 
hematin in the blood. 2. An agent, such as iron, 
which tends to increase the proportion of hematin or 
coloring-matter in the blood. 

Hematinometer (hem-at-in-omf -et-er). Same as 
Hemoglobinometer. 

Hematinuria [liem-at-in-u' -re-ak) \_dip.a, blood ; ovpov, 
urine]. Same as Hemoglobinitria. See also Hema- 
turia. 

Hemato- (kem'-at-o-) [til/ia; aifiaroc, blood]. A prefix 
signifying blood. 

Hematobious (hem-at-o' -be-us) [al/xa, blood; P'toq, 
life]. Living in the blood. 

Hematobium (kem-at-o'-be-um) [cTifia, blood; ftiog, 
life]. I. A blood-corpuscle. 2. A blood-parasite. 

Hematoblast (hem' -at-o-blasf) \_a\fia, blood ; /3/Wrdc , 
germ] . Blood-plate ; a rudimentary or immature red 
blood-corpuscle. 

Hematocausis (Jiem-at-o-kaw' '-sis) [atua, blood ; naieiv, 
to burn]. The normal oxidation of certain elements 
of the blood. 

Hematocele {Jiem' -at-o-sel) [a\fia, blood; icr/Xr;, a 
tumor]. A tumor formed by the extravasation and 
collection of blood in a part. H., Pelvic, an effusion 
of blood into the pelvis, usually due to rupture of 
a Fallopian tube, the seat of an extra-uterine preg- 
nancy. It may also be due to the rupture of an ovary, 
or of a vein in the broad ligament ; it may follow 
an abortion, the blood escaping through the Fallo- 
pian tube ; or it may be due to retention of the 
menstrual fluid with escape of the blood. Physical 
examination, whatever may be the cause, reveals a 
boggy swelling in Douglas's cul-de-sac. 

Hematocelia {hem-at-o-se'-le-ah) \_a\pa, blood ; Koilia, 
a cavity]. An effusion of blood into the peritoneal 
cavity. 

Hematocephalus (Jicm-at-o-sef -al-us) [ai/ia, blood ; 
Kefa?.?;, head]. An effusion of blood into, or a san- 
guineous tumor of, the brain. Also a monstrosity 
characterized by an effusion of blood into the cere- 
bral hemispheres. Also a vascular tumor that is 
sometimes observed in the pia mater of anencephalic 
monstrosities. 



Hematochezia^kem-at-o-ket-ze-ak) [aifia, blood ; x^ tlv > 
to defecate]. The passage of hemorrhagic stools. 

Hematochrosis (kem-at-o-kro'-sis) \_ciifia, blood; ^jufffc, 
coloring: pi., Hematockroses~\. I. Any disease char- 
acterized by discoloration of the skin. 2. A discolor- 
ation of the skin. 

Hematochyluria {kem-at-o-ki-lu' -re-ak) [ai/ia, blood ; 
Xv^oc;, chyle; ovpov, urine]. The presence of blood 
and chylous material in the urine, due to Filaria san- 
guinis kominis. It is usually an intermittent condition. 

Hematocolpos (liem-at-o-kol' -pos) [aipa, blood ; koAttoc, 
vagina]. Hemorrhage into the vagina. Also a 
collection of menstrual discharge within the vagina, 
due to atresia or imperforate hymen. 

Hematocrit (Jiem r -at-o-krit)\_difia, blood; npi.rr/g, judge; 
Kpivetv, to separate, to judge]. An instrument for 
making volumetric estimation of the blood by sepa- 
rating by centrifugal action the corpuscles from the 
serum. A volume of blood and one of Muller's 
liquid (to prevent coagulation) are placed together in 
each of two small, thick-walled glass tubes, gradu- 
ated in fifty parts. The tubes rest on brass holders 
which are fixed on the axes of a revolving apparatus. 
After some eight thousand revolutions in from five 
to seven minutes, the process is complete. The 
corpuscles and the salt-plasma are separated by a 
narrow band of leukocytes. The instrument is useful 
in comparing the blood of different individuals. 
With a little practice the total error is not more 
than one per cent. 

Hematocryal (liem-at-ok' -re-al) \_a\fia, blood ; upbog, 
cold]. In biology, of or pertaining to the cold- 
blooded invertebrates. 

Hematocrystallin (Jiem-at-o-kris' -tal-in). Same as 
Hemoglobin. 

Hematocyanosis (liem-at-o-si-an-o' -sis). Synonym of 
Cyanosis. 

Hematocyst (lietn'-at-o-sist) [alfia, blood ; k'ugtic, 
bladder]. A cyst containing blood. Also an effu- 
sion of blood into the bladder. 

Hematocyte [Item' -at-o-sit) [cLifxa, blood ; Kvrtc, cell]. 
A blood-corpuscle. 

Hematocythuria [liem-at-o-si-thu' -re-ak) \_difia, blood ; 
k'vtoc, cell ; ovpov, urine]. The presence of blood- 
cells in the urine. 

Hematocytometer {liem-at-o-si-tom' ' -et-er). See Hema- 
cytometer. 

Hematodes (Iiem-at-o' '-dez) [aifiaTufir/c, bloody]. 
Bloody ; gorged with or appearing like blood. 

Hematodiarrhea [Jiem-at-o-di-ar-e' -ah) . Synonym of 
Dysentery. 

Hematodynamics [Jiem-at-o-di-nam' -iks). See Hemo- 
dynamics. 

Hematodynamometer (kem-at-o-di-tiam-om' -et-er). 
See Hemadytiamometer . 

Hematodyscrasia (liem-al-o-dis-kra' -se-ah) [at/na, 
blood; AvoKpaaia, bad temperament]. A diseased or 
dyscrasic state of the blood. 

Hematogenesis (Jiem-at-o-jen' -es-is) \_difia, blood ; 
yiveaig, production]. The development of blood or 
of blood-corpuscles ; the making of blood. 

Hematogenic {liem-at-o-jen' -ik) \_mp.a, blood ; ytvvav, 
to produce]. Pertaining to the formation of blood. 

Hematogenous (kem-at-oj' -en-its) \aip\a, blood ; yevfc, 
producing]. Derived from, or having origin in, the 
blood. 

Hematoglobin {kem-at-o-glo'-bin). See Hemoglobin. 

Hematoglobulin (Jiem-at-o-glob'-u-lin). Same as 
Hemoglobin . 

Hematography (kem-al-og / -ra : /e)[a''i/ja, blood ; ypaipetv, 
to write]. A description of the blood ; hemat- 
ology. 



HEMATOHIDROSIS 



551 



HEMATOPORPHYRIN 




Hematoidin Crystals. 



Hematohidrosis (hem-at-o-hid-ro' -sis) . See Hematid- 
rosis. 

Hematoid (hem'-at-oid) [alpa, blood; cldog, form]. 
Resembling blood. 

Hematoidin (hem-at-oi' '-din) [alpa, blood ; eMoc, 
resemblance] , C 16 - 
H 18 N 2 3 . A deriva- 
tive of hemoglobin, 
identical with biliru- 
bin, the pigment of 
the bile. It occurs 
as reddish or orange 
rhombohedral crys- 
tals, in old blood-clots, 
as of cerebral hemor- 
rhages, i n corpora 
lutea, and in the 
urine of hematuria. 

Hematoin (hem-at-o' -in) . Same as Hematoporphyrin. 

Hematokrit [hem' ' -at-o-krW). See Hematocrit. 

Hematolin (hem-at'-o-lin) [alpa, blood], C 68 H 78 N 8 7 . 
An iron-free derivative of hematin. 

Hematology (hem-at-ol'-o-je) [alpa, blood ; X6yag, 
science]. The science of the blood, its nature, func- 
tions, and disorders. 

Hematolysis (hem-at-ol'-is-is) [alpa, blood; Zwwc, a 
solution]. A solution, or an imperfect coagulation, of 
the blood ; diminished coagulability of the blood ; a 
diseased condition marked by destruction of the cor- 
puscular constituents of the blood ; impoverishment of 
the blood. 

Hematolytic (Jiem-at-o-lit' '-ik) [alpa, blood ; Xvcls, a 
solution]. Marked by or tending to impoverishment 
of the blood. 

Hematoma (hem-at-o' '-mali) [alpa, blood; opa, tumor: 
pi. , Hematomata~\. A tumor, fungus, or swelling 
containing blood. H. auris, Ittsane Ear ; an effu- 
sion of blood or serum between the cartilage of the 
ear and its covering, occurring in various forms of 
insanity. It may be either acute or chronic, if the 
former reaching the size of a pigeon's egg in a day or 
two. It is an elastic tumor, generally painless, with 
some local heat. It may suppurate and burst, or may 
shrivel up, in either case leaving considerable defor- 
mity. In the majority of cases the left ear is involved, 
and the condition occurs most frequently among men. 
H. of the Dura mater, an effusion beneath the dura 
mater, forming membranous sheets. H., Pelvic, an 
effusion of blood into the cellular tissue of the pelvis ; 
it is frequently due to traumatism, or occurs as a 
complication of pregnancy and the puerperal state, 
from rupture of dilated veins; it is often the result 
of rupture of an extra-uterine pregnancy. 

Hematomantia (hem-at-o-man' -she-ah) [alpa, blood ; 
pavreia, divination]. The arriving at a diagnosis 
from examination of the blood. 

Hematomatous (hem-at-o' '-mat-us) [aifia, blood ; dpa, 
a tumor] . Relating to or of the nature of a hema- 
toma. 

Hematomediastinum {hem' -at-o-me-de-as-ti' -nuni) 
[alpa, blood; mediastinum, the mediastinum]. An 
effusion of blood or bloody serum into the mediastinal 
cavities. 

Hematometer (hem-at-om' '-et-er) . See Hemoglobino- 
rneter. 

Hematometra (hem-at-o-me' -trah) [aifia, blood; pr/rpa, 
womb]. Hemorrhage in the womb. Also, an accu- 
mulation of menstrual discharge within the uterine 
cavity, as a result of obstruction. 

Hematometry (hem-at-om' -et-re) [aifia, blood ; fikrpov, 
measure]. The measurement, or estimation of the 
measure, of the blood. 



Hematomonas (hem-at-o-mo' -nas) [aifia, blood ; povdq, 
a unit]. A genus of microscopic organisms infesting 
the blood. See Ague and Plasmodium. 

Hematomphalocele (hem-at-om-fal'-o-sel) [aifia, 
blood; bfitpa'A 6g, navel ; K//A7/, tumor]. A tumor or 
a hernia at the navel, distended with blood. 

Hematomyces (hem-at-om' -is-ez) [aifia, blood ; fivurjc, 
a fungus]. A hematoid variety of encephaloid carci- 
noma; medullary sarcoma. It is called, also, Fzingus 
hematodes. 

Hematomyelia (hem-at-o-mi-e'-le-ah) [al/ia, blood; 
/iveUg, marrow]. Hemorrhage into the spinal cord; 
an accumulation of blood in the central canal of the 
spinal cord. The symptoms vary with the seat, but 
paralyses, vaso-motor and trophic changes, loss of 
sensation, etc. , are common. 

Hematomyelitis (hem-at-o-mi-el-i'-tis) [alpa, blood; 
pveXdg, marrow ; ir/g, inflammation]. An acute 
myelitis attended with an effusion of blood into the 
spinal cord. 

Hematoncus (he?n-at-ong' -kus) [aifia, blood ; fly/coc, 
tumor]. Blood-tumor; hemangioma; hematoma. 

Hematopathy (hem-at-op' -ath-e) [al/ia, blood ; irddog, 
disease]. Any disease of the blood. 

Hematopedesis (hem-at-o- ped-e' -sis) [al/ia, blood ; 
K-fjSrfaig, a leaping]. Cutaneous hemorrhage ; hemat- 
idrosis. 

Hematopericardium (hem-at-o-per-ik-ar'-de-ti>?i) [alua, 
blood; Tripimpihov, pericardium]. An effusion of 
blood into the pericardium, due to rupture or perfora- 
tion of the walls of the heart. 

Hematophagous (hem-at-o ff~'-ag-tis) [aifia, blood ; 
(payeiv, to eat]. Blood-eating ; pertaining to insects, 
such as the gnat, mosquito, etc., that suck the blood. 

Hematophilia (he>n-at-o-fil'-e-ah). See Hemophilia. 

Hematophobia (hem-at-o-fo'-be-ah) [alpa, blood; 
<j>6f3og, fear]. Morbid dread of the sight of blood. 

Hematophore (hem'-at-o-for) [aifia, blood ; (pepew, to 
bear]. An instrument used in the transfusion of 
blood. 

Hematophthalmia (hem-at-off-thal' -nie-ah). See Hem- 
ophthalmia. 

Hematophyte (hem' -at-o-flt ) [aifia, blood ; <pvr6v, 
a plant]. A vegetable organism, such as a bacillus, 
living in the blood. 

Hematopinax (hem-at-op' -in-aks) [aifia, blood ; nival;, 
tablet: pi, Hematopinaces\ A blood-plaque. 

Hematopisis (hem-at-op' -is-is) [alpa, blood; n'tveiv, to 
drink]. I. The drinking of blood. 2. A morbid 
collection of blood in any cavity of the body. 

Hematopisy (hem-at-op' -is-e). See Hematopisis. 

Hematoplanesis (hem-at-o-plan-e' -sis) [alpa, blood ; 
irXavr/aig , wandering]. See Hematoplania. 

Hematoplania (hem-at-o-pla'-ne-ah) [alpa, blood; 
irXdvTf, a. wandering]. Vicarious or aberrant course 
or flow of the blood. 

Hematoplasma (hem-at-o-plaz'-mah) [alpa, blood ; 
irTiaapa, plasma]. The plasma of the blood. 

Hematoplast (hem'-at-o-plast). Same as Hematoblast. 

Hematoplastic (hem-at-o-plas' -tik) [alpa, blood ; 
7rAao"n/o$c, plastic]. Blood-forming. 

Hematoplethora (hem-at-o-pleth' -or-ah). Synonym of 
Plethora. 

Hematopoiesis (hem-at-o-poi-e'-sis) [alpa, blood; 
TiOicsw, to make]. The making of blood. See 
Hematosis. 

Hematopoietic (hem-at-o-poi-et' -ik) [al/ia, blood ; 
TTodeiv, to make] . Relating to or forwarding the pro- 
cesses of blood-making. 

Hematoporphyrin (hem-at-o-por'-fe-rin) [alpa, blood ; 
Trdp<pvpac, purple], C fi8 H 74 N 8 ]2 . Iron-free hematin, 
a metabolitic decomposition-product of hemoglobin. 



HEMATOPORPHYRINURIA 



552 



HEMIALBUMINOSE 



It is produced by dissolving hematin in concentrated 
H 2 S0 4 . It occurs occasionally in urine and in egg- 
shells of certain birds. See Polyperythrin. 

Hematoporphyrinuria {Jiem' -al-o-por' -fe-rin-u' -re-ah) 
\aipa, blood ; TropQvpor, purple; ovpov, urine]. The 
presence of hematoporphyrin in the urine. 

Hematoporphyroidin {Jiem-at-o-por-fir-oid 1 '-in) [aipa, 
blood; rropfvpoc, purple]. A substance similar in 
origin and character to hematoporphyrin, but less 
soluble. Like hematoporphyrin, it is sometimes found 
in the urine. 

Hematoposia [hem-at-o-po' -ze-ali) \aijia, blood ; ndaig, 
a drinking]. Blood-drinking as a therapeutic meas- 
ure ; hematopisis. 

Hematopsia (Jiem-at-op'-se-ah) [aifia, blood ; utp, eye] 
An extravasation of blood in the subconjunctival tis 
sues of the eye. 

Hematoptysis (Jiem-at-op' -tis-is) . Same as Hemoptysis 

Hematorrhachis (hem-at-or' -ak-is) [alfta, blood ; pd^ic 
spine]. Hemorrhage within the vertebral canal. 

Hematorrhea (Jiem-at-or-e'-ah) [al/ia, blood; poia, a 
flow]. A copious passive flow or discharge of blood 
a hemorrhage. 

Hematorrhosis (hem-af-or-o'-sis) [atfia, blood ; b'p'poc, 
serum]. Separation of the serum of the blood. 

Hematosac \hem' -at-o-sak) [ai/xa, blood ; saccus, a 
bag]. A blood- cyst. 

Hematosalpinx Qiem-at-o-sal' -pinks) \aifia, blood; 
aaXmy^, a trumpet]. A hemorrhagic distention or ob- 
struction of a Fallopian tube. 

Hematoscheocele (hem-at-os' -ke-o-sel) \aipa, blood ; 
oaxeov , scrotum ; k?/'At/, tumor]. A hemorrhagic tumor 
or distention of the scrotum. 

Hematoscope (hem'-at-o-skop) \_a\iia, blood ; OKOtrsiv, 
to inspect]. A modified form of, or an attachment to, 
the spectroscope, for use in examination of blood. 

Hematoscopy [hem-at-os'-ko-pe) \_aipa, blood ; aKorrelv, 
to inspect]. Spectroscopic examination of the blood 
and blood-discs. 

Hematose (hem'-at-os) [aJ/za, blood]. Full of blood. 

Hematosepsis (liem-at-o-sep' -sis). See Septicemia. 

Hematosin (hem-at-o'-sin). See Hematin. 

Hematosis (Jiem-at-o' -sis) [ai/jarua/r • ai/ia, blood]. I. 
The process of the formation of blood and the de- 
velopment of blood-corpuscles. 2. The arterializa- 
tion of the blood. 

Hematospectroscope {hem-at-o-spek' -tro-skop) \_a\im, 
blood; spectrum, an image; ckottsiv, to view]. A 
spectroscope adapted for use in the study of the 
blood. 

Hematospermia (hem-at-o-sper' -me-ah) [ai/ia, blood ; 
onipfia, seed] . The discharge of bloody semen. 

Hematospongus (hem-at-o-spun'-gus) [aifia, blood ; 
o-rroyyoc, sponge]. Medullary sarcoma. 

Hematothorax {Iiem-at-o-tho 1 ' -raks). See Hemothorax. 

Hematoxic {Jiem-at-oks' -ik) \_a\p.a, blood ; to^ikuv, a 
poison]. Pertaining to a poisoned or impure condi- 
tion of the blood. 

Hematoxin (liem-at-oks'\i) \_aipa, blood ; to!;ik6v, 
poison]. Any blood-poison or poisonous principle 
developed in the blood. 

Hematoxylin [hem-at-oks' '-il-in) [aipa, blood ; gvAov, 
wood] , C lri H 14 O . The coloring-matter of logwood ; 
it is very soluble in water and alcohol, and crystallizes 
in yellowish prisms with 2H 2 0. It dissolves in alkalies 
with a violet-blue color. It is a valuable stain in 
microscopy. See Pigments, Conspectus of. H., 
Delafield's. See Stains, Table of. For other hema- 
toxylin stains, including Bohmer's, Kleinenberg's, 
Mayer's, Friedlander's and Cook's, see Stains, 
Table of. 

Hematoxylon {hem-at-oks' -il-on) \_a\fia, blood ; gvXov, 



wood]. Logwood. The heart- wood of H. campe- 
chiannm ; it occurs as dark brown raspings or a coarse 
powder, and contains tannic acid and a coloring-prin- 
ciple, hematoxylin, C 16 H u O e , that becomes grayish-red 
by the action of light. It is a mild astringent. H., 
Ext. Dose gr. v-xx. H., Decoctum, strength I to 
17. Dose ^j-ij. Unof. 

Hematozoic (hem-at-o-zo'-ik) \_aipa, blood; i&ov, an 
animal]. Pertaining to a hematozoon. 

Hematozoon (hem-at-o-zo' -on) \aijia, blood ; £,£-ov, 
animal: pi. , Hematozoa\ Any living organism or 
animal in the blood. 

Hematozymotic {hem-at-o-zi-mof -ik) \a\pa, blood ; 
Qvpr], leaven]. Relating to a blood-ferment, or to 
fermentation in the blood of a living organism. 

Hematuresis (liem-at-u-re' -sis) [aifia, blood ; ovpov, 
urine]. The passage of bloody urine. 

Hematuria (Jiem-at-u' ' -re-ah) \aipa, blood ; ovpov, 
urine]. Hematuresis. Blood in the urine. It may be 
due to injury, local disease, general disorder, or the 
presence of entozoa. When only the coloring-matter 
of the blood is found in the urine, it is termed hemo- 
globinuria or hematinnria. The color of the urine 
in hematuria varies from bright-red to a dingy, smoky 
color, or to merely a tinging of the urine. The urine 
maybe examined for blood-corpuscles by means of the 
microscope ; the presence of blood may be demon- 
strated by the spectroscope. Almen's, or the gitai- 
acnm test, or Heller's test may be made. See Tests, 
Table of. H., Intermittent, that form due to 
malarial poisoning. H., Paroxysmal. Same as 
H , Intermittent. 

Hemautogram {hem-aw' -to-gram) [ai/ia, blood ; eirdc, 
self; yp&fifia, a tracing]. The tracing made in hem- 
autography. 

Hemautograph (hem-aw'-to-graf). Same as Hem- 
autogram. 

Hemautography {hem-aw-tog' -ra-fe) [al/ia, blood ; 
aiiroc, self; ypatysiv, to write]. The tracing of the 
pulse-curve by the jet of blood from a divided artery 
caught upon paper drawn in front of it. 

Hemeralopia [liem-er-al-o' -pe-ah) \r/p.Epa, day ; uip, 
eye]. Day- vision or night-blindness ; a symptom of 
pigmentary degeneration of the retina, failure of 
general nutrition, etc. Vision is good by day or in 
a strong light, but fails at night. See also Nyctalopia. 

Hemeraphonia (hem-er-af-o'-ne-ah) [ 7/uepa, day; n, 
priv.; ^017;, voice]. Loss of voice during the day, 
with return of the power of phonation at night. 

Hemerythrin [liem-er'-itli-rin) \_aipa, blood ; cpvdp6c, 
red]. The pigment found by Krukenberg in the 
blood of Sipunculus nudus. 

Hemerythrogen (//em-er-it/i'-ro-gen) \jiip.a, blood ; 
f pvdpdg, red ; yevr/r, producing]. The chromogen of 
hemerythrin. 

Hemi- {hcm'-e-) \_r)iu, half]. A prefix, meaning one- 
half. In anatomy and physiology it is applied to one of 
the two lateral halves of the body. 

Hemiablepsia (hem-e-ab-lep'-se-ah) [>'//j.i, half; afl/leipia, 
blindness]. See Hemianopsia. 

Hemiacephalus {hem-e-ah-sef'-al-tis) [>'/;u, half; a, 
priv. ; K£<t>a/\J/, head]. A variety of omphalosite 
monsters of the species Paracephalus. It is the 
lowest grade of development in paracephalus, closely 
approaching true acephalus. 

Hemiachromatopsia \liem-e-ah-kro-mat-op' -se-ah) [>)pt, 
half; i, priv. ; ^pu/zn, color ; btpir, vision]. Subnormal 
or absent color- vision in corresponding halves of the 
field of vision. 

Hemialbumin [hem-e-aU -bu-min). See Anti-albumin. 

Hemialbuminose {liem-e-al-bu' -min-bs). The same as 
Hemialbumose. 



HEMIALBUMOSE 



553 



HEMIHYPERESTHESIA 



Hemialbumose (hem-e-al'-bu-mds\ [?)/«, half; albu- 
7tien, the white of egg]. The most characteristic and 
most frequently obtained by-product of proteid zymo- 
lysis. It is the forerunner of hemipeptone. It is 
frequently found in the urine, and occurs normally in 
the marrow of bones and in cerebro-spinal fluid. See 
Peptones. 

Hemialbumosuria [hem-e-al-bu-mos-u'-re-ah). Same 
as Propeptonuria. 

Hemialgia (liem-e-al' -je-aJi) \jiju, half; akyog, pain]. 
Unilateral neuralgia. 

Hemianalgesia {Iiem-e-an-al-je 1 'se-ali) \Jifii, half; av 
priv. ; a'Ayoc, pain]. Insensibility to pain throughout 
one lateral half of the body and limbs. 

Hemianasarca {iiem-e-an-as-ar' -kali) \_>)p.i, half; avd, 
through; crip;, flesh]. Edema of one-half of the body. 

Hemianesthesia (liem-e-an-es-tke-ze' -ah) [i/fii, half; 
avaiadijaia, want of feeling]. Partial or complete loss 
of the sense of feeling in a lateral half of the body. 

Hemianopia [liem-e-an-o' -pe-ah). See Hemianopsia. 

Hemianopsia (Jiem-e-an-op' - se-ah) \jipn, half; av, 
priv. ; oipir, sight]. Blindness in one-half of the 
visual field. It may be bilateral (binocular) or mono- 
lateral (monocular or uniocular), according as it affects 
one or both eyes. H., Binasal, due to anesthesia of 
the temporal halves of the retina, the nasal fields 
thereby failing to be visible. H., Bitemporal, the re- 
verse of the last. H., Crossed or Heteronymous, a 
general term for either binasal or bitemporal hemianop- 
sia. H., Homonymous, right, or left, the most com- 
mon form, affecting the inner half of one field and the 
outer of the other. H., Inferior and Superior, the 
upper or lower halves of the retina are insensitive. 

Hemianoptic (liem-e-an-op'-tik) \fiiu, half; dr, priv. ; 
6i/»c, sight]. Affected with hemianopsia. 

Hemiataxia [lie?n-e-at-aks' -e-ah) [//pi, half; a, priv. ; 
ragig, order]. Inability to produce orderly or system- 
atic movements on one side of the body. 

Hemiathetosis (hem-e-ath-et-o'-sis) \rpu, half; aderog, 
without fixed position]. A term for athetosis or in- 
voluntary rhythmic movements of one side of the body 
only. 

Hemiatrophy (Jiem-e-af '-ro-fe) [$fu, half; a-po<pia, lack 
of nourishment]. Imperfect or impaired nutrition 
confined to one side of the body. 

Hemiazygous (liem-e-az' -ig-us) \Jifii, half; a, priv. ; 
(vy6q, a yolk]. Partially paired ; imperfectly azy- 
gous. H. Veins. See Vein. 

Hemibranchiate {Jiem-e-brang'-ke-af) \ji\ii, half; 
f3payxia, gills]. In biology, having an incomplete bran- 
chial apparatus. 

Hemic (liem'-ik) \a\fia, blood]. Pertaining to the 
blood ; hemal. 

Hemicardia (hem-e-kar' '-de-ali) \_rjfn, half; napdia, 
heart]. Half of a four-chambered heart. 

Hemicarp {hem' -e-karp) \fffu, half; Kap-Koq, fruit]. In 
biology, one of the separable carpels of a dicarpel- 
lary fruit. 

Hemicatalepsy (hem-e-kat'-al-ep-se) [yfic, half; nara- 
Xeijua, catalepsy]. Catalepsy affecting only one lateral 
half of the subject. 

Hemicentrum (hem-e-sen' '-truni) \_rjpi, half; Kkvrpov, 
center]. Either on*.,of the two lateral elements of 
the centrum of a vertebra. 

Hemicephalia (liem-e-sef-a'-le-ah). Synonym of 
Hemicrania. 

Hemicephalus (hem-e-sef -al-tts) \jifu, half; KefyaM], 
head]. A monster fetus in which the cerebral hemi- 
spheres and skull are absent or undeveloped. It is a 
synonym of Anencephalns. 

Hemicerebrum (hem-e-ser' '-e-brum) \fiiii, half ; cere- 
brum, cerebrum]. A cerebral hemisphere. 



Hemichordate {liem-e-kor'-ddt) \Jiemi, half; chorda, 
a string]. In biology, of or pertaining to such animal 
forms as are intermediate between the Chordata and 
the Achordata, e.g., Balanoglossus. 

Hemichorea (Jiem-e-ko-re' -ah) \jiju, half; %opela, 
chorea, dance]. Unilateral chorea ; a form of chorea 
in which the convulsive movements are confined to 
one side of the body only. 

Hemicollin (liem-e-kol'-in) \Jiju, half; noAAa, glue], 
C 47 H 70 N M O 19 . A peptone-like substance derived 
from collagen. It is soluble in 70-80 per cent, 
alcohol, and is not precipitable by platinum tetra- 
chlorid. 

Hemicrania {Jiem-e-kra'-ne-ali) \Jjju, half; upaviov, 
head]. Neuralgia or headache of one-half of the 
head. See Migraine. 

Hemicranic (licm-c-kra'-nik) \vfu, half; ttpavidv, 
skull]. Pertaining to half the skull. H. Equiva- 
lents, a name given to isolated symptoms — flitting 
scotomala, vomiting, vaso-motor disturbances, etc. — 
in cases of aborted migraine. 

Hemicyclic (hcm-e-si'-klik) [>/,«', half; kvkXoc, a circle]. 
In biology, having certain of the floral organs ar- 
ranged in whorls, and others in a spiral. 

Hemidesmus {liem-e-dez' -mils') \_f/fu, half; &eofi6<;, a 
band]. Indian sarsaparilla. The dried root of H. 
indicus, imported from India. It is atonic, alterative, 
diaphoretic, and diuretic. H., Syr. (B.P.). Dose gj. 

Hemidiaphoresis (Jiem-e-di-af-or-e' -sis) \jipi, half ; 
Siatfidpr/aiq, sweating]. Sweating of one lateral half 
of the body only. 

Hemidrosis (hem-id-ro'-sis). See Hcmatidrosis. 

Hemidysesthesia (hem-e-dis-es-the'-ze-ah) [q/ii, half; 
due, difficult; aladr/cig, sensation]. Enfeebled or 
dulled sensation in a lateral half of the body, or in 
half of one of the organs of sense. 

Hemidystrophia (Jiem-e-dis-tro' -fe-ali) [i/fii, half; 3va, 
ill; rpoi>r}, nourishment]. In biology, the state of 
being imperfectly nourished. 

Hemi-elastin (Jiem-e-e-las'-tin). See Proto-elastose. 

Hemielytrum, Hemielytron (Jiem-e-el' -it-rum, -tron) 
\JljiL, half; IXvrpov, a sheath : pi., Hemiefyti-a~\. One 
of the fore-wings of hemipterous and heteropterous 
insects, or one of the dorsal scales of certain marine 
annelids, as in Hermioni. 

Hemiencephalon (hem-e-en-sef'-al-on) {ji/il, half ; 
kyKcfaloc , brain]. Either lateral half of the brain. 

Hemiencephalus (Jiem-e-en-sef -al-us) \Jifu, half; 
kyuetpaAoc, brain]. A monstrosity without organs of 
sense, but possessing otherwise a nearly normal brain. 

Hemiepilepsy [hem-e-ep' -il-ep-se) [f/fii, half; eiri?i7]ipia, 
epilepsy]. A form of epilepsy in which the convul- 
sions are confined to one lateral half of the body. 

Hemifornix {liem-e-for'-niks) [fjfu, half; fornix, an 
arch, vault]. A name used to designate the irregular, 
elongated portion of either paracelian floor, composed 
of hippocamp, fimbria, and fornicolumn. 

Hemigamous (hem-ig'-am-ut) \jiyn, half; ya/ior, mar- 
riage]. In biology, applied to grasses in which one 
floret is neuter and the other male or female. 

Hemiglossitis (hem-e-glos-i' -tis) \fifii, half; y?iHiaaa, 
tongue; itlc, inflammation] . Inflammation of one-half 
of the tongue only. A definite nodule or lump may be 
present in the substance of the tongue. 

Hemignathous {Jiem-ig' -na-thus) [yfu, half; yvaOoq, 
jaw]. In biology, applied to such birds as have one 
mandible shorter than the other. 

Hemihidrosis (hem-e-hid-ro' '-sis) \jjfu, half; Idp&c;, 
sweat]. The same as Hemidiaphoresis. 

Hemihyperesthesia {he??i-e-hi-per-es-the r -ze-ah) [i/fii, 
half; i'lrep, over ; alofhjaic, sensation]. Hyperesthesia 
confined to one lateral half of the body. 



HEMIHYPERTROPHY 



554 



HEMITERATIC 



Hemihypertrophy (hem-e-hi-per' -tro-fe) \jifii, half; 
bnep, over; rpotyi], nourishment]. Hypertrophy of 
half of the body. 

Hemihypesthesia {hem-e-hi-pes-the' -ze-ah) \j)p.i, half; 
vivo, under; aiodrjoic, perception]. Impairment of 
sensibility in one lateral half of the body. 

Hemilethargy [hem-^-leth' -ar-je) \_i/fit, half ; Ar/dapyia, 
lethargy]. A state of partial lethargy. 

Hemimelus (hem-ini '-el-us) [i/fii, half; p.e'AoQ, limb]. 
An ectromelic monstrosity having deficient or atrophied 
forearms, legs, feet, and hands, and normal arms and 
thighs. 

Hemimetaboly (Iiem-e-?net-ab' -o-le)\jifii, half; fieTafloAi/, 
transformation]. In biology, incomplete or imperfect 
metamorphosis ; hemimetamorphosis. 

Hemimetamorphosis [hem-e-met-am-or' '-fo-sis) [Jj/u, 
half; [tETafioptyuotc, transformation]. In biology, in- 
complete metamorphosis ; hemimetaboly. 

Hemimyasthenia (hem-e-mi-as-the' -ne-ah) \jifu, half; 
five, muscle; aadevia, weakness]. Myasthenia of 
one lateral half of the body. 

Hemimyoclonus (hem-e-mi-ok f -lo-nus) \Jjfit, half; five, 
muscle; kKovoq, commotion]. Clonic spasm of the 
muscles of one lateral half of the body. 

Hemin {hem' -in) \_a\fia, blood], C 3 ^H 35 N 4 FeO r HC1. 
Teichmann's crystals, or hydrochlorid of hematin. A 
doubly-refractive pleochromatic crystalline substance 
derived from blood. It is obtained by heating under 
a cover-slip, a drop of fresh blood on a glass-slide with 
a little glacial acetic acid. In the case of blood that 
has been dried, or in old blood-clot or stain, the resi- 




Hemin Crystals. 

i. Human. 2. Seal. 3. Calf. 4. Pig. 5. Lamb. 6. Pike. 7. 

Rabbit. 

due should be powdered as finely as possible with a 
trace of NaCl. Some of this powder is then placed 
on a slide and glacial acetic acid added, and heat care- 
fully applied. The crystals are dark-brown or black, 
elongated rhombic plates and prisms belonging to the 
triclinic system ; they are insoluble in water, alcohol, 
ether, chloroform, or dilute acids. 

Hemineurasthenia {Jiem-e-nu-ras-the' -ne-aK) \Jjhi, 
half; vevpov, a. nerve ; aadevia, weakness]. Neuras- 
thenia peculiar to one lateral half of the body. 

Hemiopia [hem-e-op'-e-ah) [?/,«(, half; utp, eye]. The 
older term for hemianopsia. Hemiopia refers to the 
seeing-half of the retina, hemianopsia to that part of 
the field not seen. 

Hemiopsia, Hemiopy (hem-e-op'-se-ah, hem'e-op-e). 
See Hemiopia. 

Hemipagus {Iiem-ip' -ag-its) [i/fii, half; nr/yvvvai, to 
unite]. A monomphalic monstrosity united by the 
thoraces, and with a common mouth. 

Hemiparaplegia [liem-e-par-ap-le' -je-ah) \j)pi . half; 
■KapaTtArryia, paralysis of the limbs]. Paralysis of a 
lower limb on one side only. 

Hemiparesis {Iiem-e-par' -es-is) {j]fu, half; irapeaig, im- 



pairment of strength] . Paresis, or weakening of the 
strength on one side of the body only. 

Hemiparesthesia [liem-e-par-es-the' -ze-ah) \Jifii, half; 
■xapa, beside ; aioBijaiq, sensation]. Numbness or 
paresthesia of one lateral half of the body. 

Hemiparetic (Iiem-e-par-ef -ik) [_r'/fii, half; ndpeaic, im- 
pairment of strength]. Affected with hemiparesis. 

Hemi-peptone (Jiem-e-pep'-ton). See Peptones. 

Hemiphalacrosis (Jiem-e-fal-ak-ro'-sis) [i/fii, half; 
<f>a'kaiip(joi<;, baldness]. Baldness affecting one lateral 
half of the head. 

Hemiphonia (Jiem-e-fo' -ne-ah) \_>'/fJi, half; <j>ui'r}, voice]. 
Speech having the characteristics of half-voice, half- 
whisper ; used by patients in great weakness and ex- 
haustion. 

Hemipinic Acid (Iiem-e-pin'-ik). See Acid. 

Hemiplegia {hem-e-ple' -je-ah) \tjjxl, half; jrAT/yi/, 
stroke]. Paralysis of one side of the body, due 
usually to a lesion of some part of the corpus striatum 
and internal capsule, of the eras cerebri, or of the cor- 
tex or subcortex of the opposite side of the brain. H., 
Alternate, paralysis of the facial muscles upon one 
side, with paralysis of the trunk and extremities upon 
the opposite side of the body. H., Bilateral Spastic. 
See Paraplegia, Infantile Spasmodic. H., Cere- 
bral, the ordinary form first described. H., Crossed. 
Same as H., Alternate. H., Facial, motor paralysis 
of one side of the face. H., Hephestic, from the 
use of the hammer by smiths, a form of occupation neu- 
rosis. H., Spastic, a form occurring in infants, in 
which the affected extremities are subject to convul- 
sive twitchings. H., Spinal, paralysis of one side or 
of the whole body, with loss of sensation of the 
opposite side. It is due to disease of the spinal 
cord. 

Hemiplexia (hem-e-pleks'-e-ah). Same as Hemiplegia. 

Hemiprosoplegia \hem-e-pro-so-ple' -je-ah) \i]fii, half; 
irpdcuiTov, face; irAi/yi/, stroke]. Paralysis of one 
side of the face. 

Hemiprotein (liem-e-pro'-te-in). See Antialbumate. 

Hemipterous (liem-ip'-ter-ns) \jifii, half; rrrepdv, 
wing]. In biology, applied to certain insects that 
have the fore-wings partly membranous and partly 
coriaceous or chitinous. 

Hemirheumatism (hem-e-ru' -mat-izm) \i]\u, half; 
pevfiarur/idc, liability to rheum]. Rheumatism con- 
fined to one lateral half of the body. 

Hemisection [hem-e-sek'-shun) \jifu, half ; sectio, a 
cutting]. Bisection; chiefly applied to division into 
two lateral halves. See Medisection. 

Hemiseptum (hem-e-sep'-tum) [rj/ii, half; septum, a 
partition]. The lateral half of a septum, as of the 
heart ; the lateral half of the septum lucidum. 

Hemispasm (hem'-e-spazm) [t)ui, half; airaapoc, a 
spasm]. A spasm or convuls^e movement affecting 
only one side of the body. 

Hemisphere (hem'-is-fer) [$/u, half; ofya'ipa, a ball]. 
Half a sphere. H., Cerebellar, either lateral half 
of the cerebellum. H., Cerebral, either lateral half 
of the cerebrum. 

Hemisystole (Jiem-e-sis' '-to-le) [f/fii, half; ov<jTo?.r/, a 
contraction]. A peculiar kind of irregular action of 
the heart-muscle, in which, with every two beats of 
the heart, only one beat of the pulse is felt. 

Hemiterata (hem-it-er'-at-ah) \j)fU, half; repac, mon- 
ster]. A class of malformations, including all human 
bodies presenting any abnormality of development, not 
grave enough to be called monstrous, nor of the spe- 
cific character to be classed as heterotaxic or herma- 
phroditic. 

Hemiteratic (hem-it-er-at'-ik) \Jipt, half; repac, a mon- 
ster]. Pertaining to Hemiterata. 






HEMITIS 



555 



HEMOGLOBINEMIA 



The instrument of Gowers, illustrated below, and that 
of Thoma are those most frequently employed. 

Hemocytotrypsis {hem-o-si-to-trip'-sis) [al/ia, blood; 
Kvrog, cell ; rpipEiv, to rub]. The breaking up of 
blood-corpuscles under strong pressure. 

Hemodiapedesis (hem-o-di-ap-ed-e'-sis) [al/za, blood ; 
diajTr/Sr/aic;, an oozing through]. The transudation of 
blood through the skin. 

Hemodromograph [hem-o-dro' -mo-graf). Same as 
Hetnotachometer . 

Hemodromometer (Jiem-o-dro-mom' -et-er). See Hema- 
dromometer. 

Hemodynamometer \hem-o-di-nam-om' '-et-er). See 
Hemadynamometer. 

Hemogallol [hem-o-gal' -ol) [ai/ia, blood ; galla, gall- 
nut] . A proprietary substance occurring as a brownish- 
red powder, and formed by oxidizing the hemoglobin 
of the blood by pyrogallol. It is used in anemia in 
doses of gr. iss-viiss. Unof. 

Hemogastric (liem-o-gas' -trik) \_aifia, blood ; yaari/p, 
stomach]. Pertaining to blood in the stomach. 

Hemogenesis {Jiem-o-jen' -es-is) [ai/ua, blood ; ykveaiq, 
generation]. The formation of blood. 

Hemogenic (Jiem-o-jen' -ik) \_diiia, blood ; ykvtGiq, gen- 
eration]. Pertaining to the formation of blood ; blood- 
producing. 



Hemitis [hem-i'-tis) [atfia, blood; tnj, inflammation]. 

A condition of the blood associated with inflammation. 
Hemitriteus {hem-it-rit-e'-us) [_t)ju, half; rpsig, three]. 

The semi-tertian form of ague. 
Hemitropous {hem-it* -ro-pus) ['/«', half; Tpoiri/, a 

turning over]. In biology, amphitropous ; half ana- 

tropous ; applied to the plant-embryo when much 

curved. 
Hemizonia [liem-iz-o' -ne-ah) \Jjfii, half; ijuvr}, girdle]. 

A genus of composite-flowered herbs and shrubs, of 

which some 19 species are Californian ; they are 

called tar-weeds and resin-weeds. They are generally 

strongly fragrant, resinous plants, locally esteemed for 

their balsamic qualities. Unof. 
Hemlock {hem'-lok). See Coninm. H.-bark, a bark 

used in the manufacture of leather. It is taken from 

Abies canadensis of Canada and the United States, 

and contains nearly fourteen per cent, of tannin. It 

is said to produce a leather harder than oak-bark, but 

which is less pliable and more pervious to water. H.- 

extract, a strongly astringent, solid extract of hem- 
lock-bark, q. v. It is principally employed in the 

arts. H. Spruce. See Abies. 
YLz.mo-(!iem'-o-)\aii±a, blood]. Aprefix denoting blood. 
Hemocelum Qieni-o-se' -lam) [at/ia, blood; KoiKia, a 

cavity]. A blood-cyst. 
Hemochromogen (Jiem-o-kro' '- 

mo-jen) \_alfia, blood ; xp£>/ua, 

color; yevi/c;, producing]. An 

excretory pigment of certain 

invertebrates. In some bee- 
tles it has a respiratory func- 
tion. It is the same as En- 

terohematin and Helicornbin. 
Hemochromometer (Jievi-o- 

kro-mom' '-et-er) [ai//a, blood ; 

Xpo>fia, color ; fierpov, meas- 
ure]. Colorimeter; an instru- 
ment for estimating the 

amount of oxyhemoglobin in 

the blood, by comparing a 

solution of the blood with a 

standard solution of picrocar- 

minate of ammonia. 
Hemochyle (Jiem' -o-kil)\_di ua, 

blood; x v ^c, juice]. The 

blood-lymph of vertebrates. 
Hemocrystallin (hem-o-kris'- 

tal-in). See Hemoglobin. 
Hemocyanin {hem-o-si' -an-in) 

[al/zcz, blood; kvovoc, blue], 

C 867 H 1363 N 223 CuS 4°258 (Grif- 
fiths). A blue proteid pig- Gowers' Hemocvtometer. 

ment, having a very constant A. Pipet for measuring the diluted solution. B. Capillary tube for measuring the blood, 
percentage composition. It C. Cell with divisions on the floor, mounted on a slide. D. Vessel in which the dilution 

■ F. Guarded spear-pointed needle. 




is analogous to hemoglobin, is made - E ' Glass stirrer 
but contains copper instead of iron, and forms the 
chief constituent in the blood of many invertebrates, 
in which it acts as the carrier of oxygen. 

Hemocyne {hem'-o-sln) [aijia, blood ; kvqv, kvv6c, 
dog]. The serum of dogs' blood. 

Hemocyte(Aem / -o-sU) \_a\jia, blood ; Kiiroc,a cell]. One of 
the protistan organisms found in the blood of man and 
animals, e.g., the parasite of malarial fever, as studied 
by Lavaran, Celli, Machiafava, Golgi, Councilman, 
Osier, and Pfeiffer. See Parasites [Animal) Table of. 

Hemocytolysis (hem-o-si-tol' -is-is) \a\fia, blood ; kvtoc;, 
cell ; "Kvuv, to unloose] . The dissolution of blood- 
corpuscles by means of heat. 

Hemocytometer ihem-o-si-tom' -et-er) [difia, blood ; 
kvto<;, a cell; /xerpov, a measure]. A device for 
estimating the number of corpuscles in the blood. 



Hemoglobin {Jiem-o-gto 1 '-bin) \_a.)//a, blood ; globus, a 
round body]. Hematoglobin, Hemocrystallin. A 
doubly-refractive, pleochromatic colloid or crystalline 
matter, existing in the corpuscles of the blood, and to 
which their red color is due. In man the amount is 
13.77 per cent., in woman 12.59 per cent., reduced 
by pregnancy to from 9 to 12 per cent. It is an oxygen- 
carrier or respiratory pigment. The crystals of hemo- 
globin have a dark-red appearance with a strong 
purple or bluish tint; they are very soluble in water. 

Hemoglobinemia [hem-o-glo-bin-e 1 '-me-ah) [a\pa, 
blood; globus, a round body ; ai/ua, blood]. A con- 
dition in which the hemoglobin is dissolved out of the 
red corpuscles, probably as the result of the destruc- 
tion of the latter, and is held in solution in the serum. 
The blood is " lake "-colored. It occurs in some in- 



HEMOGLOBINIFEROUS 



556 



HEMOPHTHISIS 



fectious diseases, and after injecting certain substances 
into the blood. 

Hemoglobiniferous (liem-o-glo-bin-if'-er-us) \aifia, 
blood ; globus, a round body ; ferre, to bear] . Yield- 
ing or carrying hemoglobin. 

Hemoglobinocholia {liem-o-glo-bin-o-ko' '-le-ah) \a\jia, 
blood ; globus, a round body ; xo'^V, bile]. The pres- 
ence of hemoglobin in the bile. 

Hemoglobinometer [liem-o-glo-bin-om' -et-er) [al/ua, 
blood ; globus, a round body ; /xerpov, a measure]. 
An instrument for the quantitative estimation of hemo- 



of glands which, according to W. F. Robertson, are a 
kind of cross between the hemogenic glands (e. g. the 
spleen) and the lymphatic glands. The small prever- 
tebral glands are examples. 

Hemolysis (Jiem-ol' -is-is) \aijia, blood; Avok;, solution]. 
Destruction or breaking-up of the red blood- corpuscles. 

Hemolytic (hem-o-lit'-ik) [ai/ia, blood ; Xiiaic, solu- 
tion]. Pertaining to hemolysis. 

Hemometer (Jiem-om' -et-er) \atjia, blood ; fierpov, 
measure]. See Hemoglobinometer. Also, an appa- 




Gowers' Hemoglobinometer. 
A. Pipet-bottle for distilled water. B. Capillary pipet. C. 
Graduated tube. D. Closed tube containing standard dilu- 
tion. F. Lancet for pricking the finger. 

globin by comparing the color of a solution of blood of 
unknown with a color of a known valuation. 

Hemoglobinuria (hem-o-glo-bin-u'-re-ah) [ai/ia, blood ; 
globus, a round body ; ovpov, urine] . The presence of 
hemoglobin, the red coloring-matter of the blood, 
in the urine, due either to its solution out of the 
red corpuscles, or to disintegration of the red corpus- 
cles. It occurs after transfusion of blood, during cer- 
tain stages of septicemia, and after severe burns. It 
is unattended with the presence of the corpuscular ele- 
ments of the blood in the urine, thus differing from 
hematuria. Hemoglobin Test : to a suspected sam- 
ple add a drop of acetic acid and boil ; a red coagulum 
indicates hemoglobin. See, also, Almen's Test, Hemiu, 
and Heller. H., Epidemic, a condition of the new- 
born marked by jaundice, cyanosis, and nervous symp- 
toms. H. Intermittent. See H. , Paroxysmal. H., 
Paroxysmal, a form characterized by recurring peri- 
odic attacks. It is related to cold, and is also closely 
associated with Raynaud's Disease. H., Toxic, that 
form occurring in consequence of poisoning by various 
substances, e. g. , potassium chlorate. 

Hemoglobulin [hem-o-glob' -u-lhi) [al/ia, blood ; globus, 
a ball]. Same as Hemoglobin . 

Hemoid [liem'-oid) \a\fia, blood; eMoc, likeness]. 
Having the appearance of, or resembling, blood. 

Hemology (liem-ol / -o-/e) [ai/ia, blood ; Xoyog, science]. 
The science treating of the blood. 

Hemolutein (hem-o-lu'-te-iii) [ai/ia, blood ; luteus,ye\- 
low]. A yellow coloring-matter obtained from corpora 
lutea. 

Hemolymph {Jiem'-o-limf) [ai/ia, blood; lympha, 
clear water]. The blood of the higher invertebrata, 
containing more albuminoids and less water than the 
hydrolymph of lower forms. H. Glands, a variety 



Fleischl's Hemometer. 
K. Red-colored wedge of glass moved by R. G. Mixing ves- 
sel with two compartments a and a'. M. Table with opening 
to read off the percentage of hemoglobin on the scale P. T. 
To move K through R. S. Reflector of Plaster-of-Paris. 

ratus for ascertaining the amount of hemoglobin in 
normal or diseased blood. 

Hemometra (Jiem-o-me'-trah). See Hematometra. 

Hemoophoritis [hem-o-off-or-i'-tis) \ai[ia, blood ; o)6v, 
egg ; tpspetv, to bear]. Oophoritis with hemorrhage. 

Hemopericardium (kem-o-pe)--ik-ar / -de-um) [at/ia, 
blood; wept, around; napdia, the heart]. An effu- 
sion of blood into the pericardial cavity. It is due 
usually to the bursting of an aneurysm of the aorta, 
but may also follow rupture of the heart, or the burst- 
ing of an aneurysm of one of the coronary arteries. 

Hemophagic [liem-o-faj'-ik) [aipa, blood ; (payelv, to 
eat]. Feeding upon blood; applied to certain animal 
parasites. 

Hemophagocyte {hem-o-fag' -o-slf) [aifia, blood ; (j>ayeiv, 
to eat; kvtoq, a cell]. Any phagocyte of the blood ; 
a white blood-corpuscle. 

Hemophilia {Jiem-o-fil' -e-ah) \_aiiia, blood; tyiluv, to 
love]. The hemorrhagic diathesis ; an abnormal ten- 
dency to hemorrhage, or ease of bleeding. It usually 
first appears at about the period of the second denti- 
tion, and is most frequent among males. Heredity 
plays a prominent part in this affection. 

Hemophthalmia (Jiem-off-thal' -me-ali) [ai/ia, blood ; 
b<pfia?iu6g, eye]. A hemorrhage into the interior of 
the eye. It may arise from contusion, from iridec- 
tomy, or by rupture of a vessel. 

Hemophthalmos {hem-off-thai' -mos) \_aijia, blood ; 
b(j>0a2,/i6c, the eye]. Blood in the vitreous chamber 
characterized by a reddish reflex from the pupil. 

Hemophthisis [hem-off ' -this-is) \a\jia, blood ; <t>dicn<;, 
wasting]. Anemia dependent upon undue degenera- 
tion of the red blood-corpuscles. 






HEMOPLASMODIUM 



557 



HEMP 



Hemoplasmodium {Jiem-o-plaz-mo' -de-itm) [at/ia, 
blood ; TiTiaajia, a moulded figure ; eidoc, form]. The 
Plasmodium of malaria, bee Parasites {Animal), 
Table of. 

Hemoplastic (Jiem-o-plas'-tik) [al/^a, blood ; ir^acsoeiv, 
to form]. Same as Heniatoplastic. 

Hemopneumothorax (hem-o-nu-mo-tho'-raks) \aifxa, 
blood; Trvev/ia, wind; Oupa!;, the chest]. An effu- 
sion of air and blood within the pleura. 

Hemopoiesis {Jiem-o-poi-e' -sis). See J/ematopoiesis. 

Hemoptysis [hem-op' -tis-is) \_a\pa, blood; ktveiv, to 
spit]. The spitting of blood. The term is confined 
usually to the expectoration of blood from the lungs. 
It may be slight or profuse, and death may result from 
suffocation. The blood is frothy and bright-red. H., 
Parasitic. See Distoma ringeri. 

Hemorhodin (Iiem-or-o' -din) [a\fia, blood ; pdrW, a 
rose]. A rose-colored albuminoid found in the blood 
of Aplysia depilans ; it was discovered by L. Cuenot. 

Hemorrhage (Jiem' -or-aj) [aifia, blood ; ptjyvvvat, to 
burst forth]. The flowing of blood from wounded or 
ruptured vessels. H., Accidental, during pregnancy 
from premature detachment of the placenta when 
normally situated. H., Capillary, oozing of blood 
from a wound without a flow from large vessels. H., 
Collateral, bleeding occurring in the course of acute 
inflammations. H., Complementary, succeeding up- 
on another hemorrhage that has been cut short. H., 
Concealed, a variety of accidental hemorrhage in 
which the bleeding takes place between the ovum and 
the uterine walls, without escape from the genital tract. 
H., Consecutive, ensuing some time after injury. 
H., Critical, occurring at the turning-point of a dis- 
ease. H., Petechial. See Purpura. H., Post- 
partum, primary, within 24 hours after labor ; second- 
ary, after 24 hours. H., Primary, that immediately 
following any traumatism. H., Secondary, that oc- 
curring some time after the traumatism, and usually 
due to the sloughing of the tissues. H., Unavoidable, 
from detachment of a placenta previa. H., Vicarious, 
suppression of the menses with abnormal discharge of 
blood from some other part of the body than the vagina. 

Hemorrhagic (Jiem-or-a'-jik) [al/ia., blood ; prr/vbvai, 
to burst forth]. Relating to or accompanied by 
hemorrhage H. Diathesis. See He?nophilia. H. 
Endometritis. See Endometritis. H. Infarct. 
See Infarct. H. Pneumonia, a form of pneumonia 
occurring in elderly people and in certain weakened 
states of the constitution, characterized by the pres- 
ence of a large amount of blood in the expectoration. 

Hemorrhaphilia (liem-or-af-W -e-ah) [aijioppayia, hem- 
orrhage ; <2>('/loc, loving]. Synonym of Hemophilia. 

Hemorrhea {hem-or-e' '-ah) \_aip.a, blood; poia, a flow]. 
A hemorrhage; a flow of blood. H. ventriculi. 
See Hematemesis. 

Hemorrhelcosis (liem-or-el-ko'-sis) [atfj oppoig, a hemor- 
rhoid ; eXfcuoig, ulceration]. The formation of an 
ulcer upon a hemorrhoid. 

Hemorrhinia (Jiem-or-in' -e-ah) \aifia, blood ; p/c, nose]. 
Epistaxis; nose-bleed. 

Hemorrhoid {Jiem 1 '-or-oid) [al/jLoppooc, flowing with 
blood]. Pile. An enlarged and varicose condition of 
the vessels in the tissues around the anus, sometimes 
associated with eversion of the rectal mucous mem- 
brane. There is always more or less pain and tender- 
ness, with discomfort in sitting. Hemorrhoids are 
caused by sedentary habits, constipation, obstruction 
to the portal circulation, or violent purging. H., 
External, situated without the sphincter ani. H., 
Internal, within the anal orifice. 

Hemorrhoidal (hem-or-oi'-dal) \_alij.6ppooc , flowing with 
blood]. Pertaining to or affected with hemorrhoids. 



Hemoscope (hem'-o-skop). Same as Hematoscope. 

Hemosialemesis (hem-o-si-al-em'-es-is) [al/ia, blood ; 
aiaXov, saliva ; kfieeiv, to vomit]. A form of vomit- 
ing sometimes observed in hysterical women with 
dysmenorrhea, the vomited matter consisting largely 
of saliva and a small quantity of blood, in addition to 
the ordinary contents of the stomach. 

Hemosiderin {Jiem-o-sid' -er-in) [alfia, blood ; oidrjpoq, 
iron]. Neumann's name for a pigment often found 
in extravasations and thrombi with hematoidin, but 
differing from the latter in containing iron. 

Hemospasia (hem-o-spa'-ze-ah) \_alfia, blood ; air&tiv, 
to draw]. The drawing of blood to a part ; derivative 
action ; the process of dry-cupping, especially when 
thoroughly carried out. 

Hemospastic (Jiem-o-spas'-tik) [aifia, blood; airaeiv, 
to draw]. Effecting or pertaining to hemospasia. 

Hemostasia, or Hemostasis (hem-o-sta' '-se-ah , or 
hem-os' -tas-is) [a\p.a, blood ; OTaaic, a standing]. I. 
Stagnation of the blood-current. 2. Arrest of a flow 
of blood. 

Hemostatic (Jiem-o-stat'-ik) \_a\jia, blood; arariKdc, 
stationary]. Having the power to arrest hemorrhage. 
Also, an agent or remedy that arrests or restrains bleed- 
ing. 

Hemostatics (hem-o-stat'-iks). See Hemastatics . 

Hemotachometer (hem-o-tak-om' -et-er) \_aip.a, blood ; 
rd^oc, swiftness ; fiirpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for measuring the rate of flow of arterial blood. 

Hemotexis (Jiem-o-teks 1 '-is) \aijia, blood ; rfi^iq, a melt- 
ing]. The dissolution of putrid blood. 

Hemothorax (Jiem-o-tho'-raks) [al/xa, blood ; dtjpat;, 
the chest]. An accumulation of blood in a pleural 
cavity. It may occur under many varied conditions. 

Hemotrophy (hem-of '-ro-fe) [aifia, blood; Tpoipr/, 
nourishment]. Synonym of Plethora, q. v. 

Hemp [ME., hemp, hemp]. The hemp-fiber is the pro- 
duct of the Cannabis saliva, which is grown for textile 
purposes chiefly in Russia and Italy, while the seed is 
grown in India. It is a bast-fiber similar to that of 
the flax-plant, but coarser and stronger, and of deeper 
color, and less luster. It is used chiefly for the manu- 
facture of ropes and cordage, and the fabric woven from 
it, known as canvas, is used in sail-making. Hemp is 
a mixture of cellulose and bastose. H., Manila, is a 
tropical fiber obtained on the Philippine Islands from 
the leaves of the wild plantain. It furnishes a very 
superior rope-making fiber, because of its combined 
lightness and strength, and the finer grades are used 
for woven goods. The color is yellowish or white, 
and the white variety has a fine silky luster. H., 
Suron, is grown in India, and furnishes a fiber of 
light-yellowish color. It resembles jute, although less 
lustrous. It is well adapted for cordage and netting. 
H., Sisal (or henequen), is derived from the fleshy 
leaves of a species of agave grown in Yucatan and 
the West Indies. It is used largely in the United 
States as a substitute for jute in the manufacture of 
bagging and for cordage, being stronger and lighter 
than jute. See also Cannabis. H. -nettle. See 

Galeopsis. H.-seed Calculus, a small rounded 
urinary concretion composed of oxalate of lime. It 
may vary in size from a pin's head to that of a hemp- 
seed, and is smooth and dark-colored. H.-seed 
Oil, oleum cannabis, is obtained from the seeds of 
the Cannabis sativa or common hemp. It has a 
mild odor, but mawkish taste, and greenish-yellow 
color, turning brown with age. Its specific gravity 
at 15° C. is .9276. It is freely soluble in boiling 
alcohol, has weaker drying properties than linseed 
oil, but is used in paint and varnish manufacture and 
in making soft soaps. 



HEMURESIS 



558 



HEPATOCYSTIC 



Hemuresis (Jiem-u-re'-sis). Synonym of Hematuria. 

Hen [ME., hen, a hen]. The female of the domestic 
fowl. H.-bane. See Hyoscyamus. H. -blindness, 
a popular name for night-blindness. H. -cluck 
Stertor, a form of stertorous respiration heard in some 
cases of retropharyngeal abscess. 

Henequen [hen' -e-keti). See Hemp, Sisal. 

Henle's Ansa. See Ansa. H.'s Canals. See Canal. 
H.'s Fenestrated Membrane, the layer of longitud- 
inal elastic fibers of the inner coat of the arteries. H.'s 
Fibers, the elastic fibers forming the fenestrated mem- 
brane of Henle. H.'s Glands. See Gland. H.'s 
Layer, a layer of flat, horny, polygonal, non-nuclea- 
ted cells situated between the cuticula and the ex- 
ternal root-sheath of a hair-bulb. H.'s Loop, a 
loop in the uriniferous tubules. See Tubuli uriniferi. 
H.'s Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. H.'s Sheath, 
a connective-tissue sheath, surrounding terminal 
nerve -fibers. H.'s Tubular Tumor. See Siphon- 
oma. 

Henna (Jien'-ah) [Arab., Khanna, henna]. A cosmetic 
much used in the Orient ; it is prepared from the leaves 
of Lawsonia alba, and is sometimes used externally and 
internally in leprosy and in skin-diseases. Unof. 

Henocardia {hen-o-kar' -de-alt) [etc, ev, one ; mpdia, 
heart]. The condition of having but one auricle and 
one ventricle in the heart ; it is normal in some of the 
lower animals. 

Henoch's Purpura. See Diseases, Table of. 

Henogenesis \hen-o-jen' -es-is) [elf (ev-), one ; yiveair, 
origin]. In biology, the developmental history of an 
individual organism ; ontogenesis. 

Henosis [ken-o'-sis) [evuaic, uniting], I. Healing or 
uniting. 2. Symblepharon. 

Henotic (keti-of -ifc) [ivuTinor ; tig, one]. Tending to 
heal or to promote union. 

Henry's Law. See Law. 

Hensen's Disc. See Engelmann's J\ 'fiddle Disc. H.'s 
Experiment, an experiment proving that the so-called 
auditory hairs of the crustacean Mysis vibrate to a 
particular note. H.'s Prop-cells. See H.' 's Support- 
ing Cells. H.'s Stripe, a glistening band in the mid- 
dle of the under surface of the membrana tectoria of 
the ear. H.'s Supporting Cells, tall columnar epi- 
thelial cells on the outer side of the outermost of 
Deiters' cells of the ear. 

Hepar (lie'-par) [ijirap, the liver ; gen. Hepatis']. The 
liver; jecur. H. adiposum, a synonym of fatty liver. 
H. amyloideum, amyloid degeneration of the liver. 
H. sulphuris, the liver of sulphur; potassium sul- 
phid ; formerly much employed in medicine ; now 
used mainly by homeopathists. 

Hepatalgia (liep-at-al' -je-ali) [rjirap, liver; aXryor, pain]. 
Pain in the liver, but more especially the paroxysmal 
pain occasionally affecting the right hypochondrium. 

Hepatalgic (hep-at-al' '-jik) [rjirap, the liver ; aXyoc, 
pain]. Relating to or affected with hepatalgia. 

Hepatapostema (Jiep-at-ap-os-te' -viah) [rjirap, liver ; 
air6aTr//j,a, abscess: //., Hepatapostemata\. An abscess 
of the liver. 

Hepatauxesis (hep-at-azuhs-e' '-sis) [rjirap, liver ; ab^rjair, 
enlargement]. Enlargement of the liver. 

Hepatectomy (Jiep-at-ek' -to-me) [r/-ap, liver ; eKTOfir), a 
cutting out]. Excision of the liver, wholly or in 
part. 

Hepatemphractic {hep-at-em-frak' -tik) [rjirap, liver ; 
eiuppagir, obstruction]. Relating to hepatemphraxis. 

Hepatemphraxis (liep-at-em-fraks' '-is) [rjirap, liver ; 
efuppa^tc, obstruction]. Hepatic obstruction. 

Hepathelcosis (hep-a/h-el-ko'-sis) [rjirap, liver ; sAkuoic, 
ulceration]. Ulceration of the liver. 

Hepatic [hep-at'-ik) [ijirariKoc ; r/irap, liver]. Pertain- 



ing or belonging to the liver. H. Aloes. See Aloes. 
H. Duct. See Duct. H. Lobes, the natural an- 
atomic divisions of the liver, usually designated as 
right, left, quadrate, spigelian, and caudate lobes. H. 
Plexus. See Plexus. H. Zones, certain areas in 
an hepatic lobule. The central area, capillaries and 
cells form the Hepatic-vein Zone, specially liable to 
congestive changes ; the area next the periphery of the 
lobule is the Portal-vein Zone ; and the area between 
the two the Hepatic-artery Zone. H. Starch, a 
synonym of Glycogen. 

Hepatica (kep-at'-ik-ah) [r/irariKdc ; rjirap, liver]. The 
liverwort ; a genus of ranunculaceous plants. H. 
triloba and H. acutiloba were formerly esteemed in 
hepatic, renal, and pulmonic complaints. Unof. 

Hepaticell (Jiep-af -is-el) [rjirariKoq ; rjirap, liver; cella, 
cell]. An hepatic or liver cell; a cell of the liver 
tissue. 

Hepatico-ductitis {hep-at' -ik-o-duk-ti' -tis) [rjirariKdg, 
pertaining to the liver ; ductus, duct ; itiq, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the hepatic ducts. 

Hepatic o-pancreatic (liep-at' -ik-o-pan-kre-at' -ik) 
[r/irariKOC, pertaining to the liver ; irdyKpeag, sweet- 
bread]. Relating to the liver and the pancreas. 

Hepaticous {liep-at' -ik-us) [r/iraTinos, of the liver]. 
In biology, resembling liver. 

Hepaticula [kep-at-ik'-u-lah) [rjirap, liver]. I. A small 
liver. 2. A slight degree of hepatitis. 

Hepatin [hep' -at-in) [rjirap, liver]. Same as Glycogen. 

Hepatirrhagia {ftep-at-ir-a 1 '-je-ah)\j]nap, liver; pr/yvvvai, 
to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the liver. 

Hepatirrhea ifiep-at-ir-e' -ah) . See Hepatorrhea. 

Hepatism [liep' -at-izni) [rjirap, liver]. Derangement 
of various functions of the body, due or ascribed to 
some functional or other disorder of the liver. 

Hepatitic (hep-at-if -ik) [rjirap, liver ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Affected with, or relating to, hepatitis. 

Hepatitis (hep-at-i' -lis) [rjirap, liver ; itic, inflamma- 
tion.] Inflammation of the liver. H. chronica in- 
terstitialis, cirrhosis of the liver. H., Parenchy- 
matous, Acute, acute yellow atrophy of the liver. 
H. suppurativa, abscess of the liver. 

Hepatitopyitis (liep-at-it-o-pi-i' -tis) [rjirap, liver ; irvov, 
pus; uric, inflammation]. Hepatitis characterized by 
the formation of abscesses. 

Hepatization {hep-at-iz-a' -shun) [rjirap, liver]. An 
abnormal change in lung-tissue, in which it becomes 
solid and friable, somewhat resembling the tissue of the 
liver. H., Gray, the condition of a lung in the third 
stage of pneumonia. H., Red, that in the second 
stage of pneumonia. H., White, the condition of 
the lungs in stillborn syphilitic children. H., Yellow, 
the condition of the lung in the third stage of pneu- 
monia when tinted by the presence of numerous pus- 
cells. See Pneumonia. 

Hepatocace (hep-at-ok'-as-e) [rjirap, liver; nandc, ill]. 
Gangrene of the liver. 

Hepatocarcinia (fup-at-o-kar-sin' '-e-ah) [rjirap, liver ; 
Kapnivoc, cancer]. Malignant disease of the liver. 

Hepatocele (kep'-af-o-sel) [rjirap, liver ; nij "krj, a tumor]. 
A form of hernia in which the liver protrudes through 
an opening in the abdominal wall. 

Hepatochromate {Jiep-at-o-kro' -mat) [rjirap (i/irar-), 
the liver ; xP^>h la ^ a color]. Krukenberg's name for 
Enterochlorophyl. 

Hepatocirrhosis {hep-at-o-sir-o'-sis) [rjirap, liver; 
Kippdc, yellow]. Cirrhosis of the liver. 

Hepatocolic (hep-at-o-koF-ik) [r/irap, liver ; nakov, 
colon]. Relating to the liver and the colon. 

Hepatocystic {liep-at-o-sis'-tik) [rjirap, liver; kvotic, 
bladder]. Pertaining to the liver and the gall- 
bladder. 



HEPATODIDYMUS 



559 



HERAPATH'S METHOD 



Hepatodidymus {hep-at-o-did ' -im-us) \jiixap, the 
liver ; ditivuoc, double] A monster with a double 
body from the liver up. 

Hepatoduodenal {lnp-at-o-du-od'-en-al) ['/Trap, liver ; 
duode/ii, twelve each]. Relating to the liver and the 
duodenum. 

Hepatodynia [hep-at-o-din 1 -e-aK) [i/rrap, liver; bSvvi/, 
pain]. Pain in the liver. 

Hepatogastric (hep-at-o-gas' '-trik) [r/rrap, liver; yaarijp, 
stomach]. Pertaining to the liver and the stomach. 

Hepatogastritis (hep-al-o-gas-tri'-tis) [//reap, liver ; 
yaari/p, stomach ; irtc, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of both liver and stomach. 

Hepatogenic (hep-at-o-jen'-ik) [rjTrap, liver ; ytvvav, to 
beget]. Produced by or in the liver. H. Icterus, 
also called absorption-icterus or jaundice, is caused by 
the absorption of bile already formed in the liver. 

Hepatography (hep-at-og'-ra-fe) [r/wap, liver; ypdfetv, 
to write]. A description of the liver. 

Hepatoid (hep'-al-oid) [rjnap, liver; eldoc, likeness]. 
Resembling a liver or liver-substance. 

Hepatolith (Aep'-al-o-lith) \fnap, liver; Xidoc, stone]. 
Biliary calculus ; gall-stone. 

Hepatolithiasis ifiep-at-o-lith-i' -as-is) [r/Trap, liver ; 
faOiaaic, presence of calculus]. A disease character- 
ized by gall-stones or concretions in the liver. 

Hepatolithic {hep-at-o-lith'-ik) \Jjnap, liver; Xidoc, a 
stone]. Affected with biliary calculi. 

Hepatology (hep-at-ol' o-je) [rjnap, liver ; Uyoc , 
science]. The science of the nature, structure, func- 
tions, and diseases of the liver. 

Hepatomalacia (Jiep-at-o-mal-a' -se-ali) \fjTxap, liver ; 
fiaAania, softness]. Softening of the liver. 

Hepatomegalia (hep-at-o-meg-a'-le-ah) \j]Kap, liver ; 
fieyac, large]. Auxesis of the liver. 

Hepatomyeloma (hep-at-o-mi-el-o' '-mail) \_r)nap, liver ; 
/ivekdc, marrow ; 6/j.a, a tumor: //. Hepatomyelomatd\. 
Medullary carcinoma of the liver. 

Hepatoncus (hep-at-ong'-kus) [i/Trap, liver; dy/coc, a 
tumor]. A tumor or swelling of the liver. 

Hepatonecrosis (hep-at-o-ne-kro'-sis) [f/rrap, liver; 
veapoxuc, death]. Gangrene of the liver. 

Hepatopancreas (hep-at-o-pan'-hre-as) \jinap, the liver; 
Traynpeac, the pancreas: //. Hepatopancreates\. In 
biology, a glandular organ of many invertebrates which 
exercises a digestive action upon starch and albumin, 
and at the same time secretes matters similar to those 
. found in the bile of vertebrates. 

Hepatopathy (hep-at-op'-ath-e)\J]Trap, liver; nadoc, dis- 
ease]. Any hepatic disease or disorder. 

Hepatoperitonitis (hep-at-o-pei'-it-on-i' -tis) [r/rcap, liver; 
TrepiTovaiov, peritoneum ; irtc, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the peritoneal or serous coat of the liver. 

Hepatopexia, or Hepatopexy (hep-at-o-pehs'-e-ah, 
hep' -at-o-peks-e) [rjTrap, liver; rrf/^ic, fixation]. The 
suturing of a floating liver in its proper position. 

Hepatophage (hep'-at-o-fdj) [rjTrap, liver; <payeli>, to 
eat]. A giant-cell of a type peculiar to the liver; it 
is said to absorb and to destroy liver-cells. 

Hepatophyma (hep-at-o-fi'-mah) \fi~ap, liver ; (piifia, 
growth]. Any tumor of the liver. 

Hepato-portal (hep-at-o-por' -tal ) [i/rzap, liver ; porta, 
a gate]. Relating to the portal circulation in the liver ; 
portal as distinguished from reniportal. 

Hepatoptosis (hep-at-op-to'-sis) [fwap, liver ; tttcxjic, a 
falling]. Synonym of Floating Liver, q. v. 

Hepatorrhagia (hep-at-or-a'-je-ah). Same as Hepatir- 
rhagia. 

Hepatorrhaphy (hep-at-or' '-a-fe) [rjnap, liver ; pa&y, 
suture]. Suture of the liver. 

Hepatorrhea (hep at-or-e'-ah) [rjTrap, liver ; poia, flow]. 
Morbid or excessive secretion of bile by the liver. 



Hepatorrhexis {liep-at-or-eks' -is) [ijirap, liver ; p^s'f. a 
rupture]. Rupture of the liver. 

Hepatoscirrhus (inp-at-o-skir' -us) \j]Trap, liver ; enip- 
poc, an induration]. Scirrhous carcinoma of the liver. 

Hepatoscopy [Inp-at-os' -ko-pe) [i/nap, liver ; okokeIv, 
to examine]. Visual examination of the liver. 

Hepato-splenitis (hep-at-o-sp/en-i' -tis) [fjnap, liver ; 
CTTAi/v, spleen ; mg, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
both liver and spleen. 

Hepatotomy (Jiep-at-ot'-o-me) \Jj~ap, liver ; rifiveiv, to 
cut]. Incision of the liver. 

Hephestic (Jief-es'-tik) \_Hephastus, Vulcan]. Prevail- 
ing or occurring among hammermen. H. Cramp. See 
Hammermen 's Cramp. H. Hemiplegia. See Hemi- 
plegia. 

Heptacosane (Jiep'-tak-o-san) \k nra, seven] , C 27 H 56 . 
A hydrocarbon contained in beeswax. 

Heptad [kep'-tad) [inta, seven]. In chemistry, an 
atom whose equivalence is seven atoms of hydrogen, 
or that can be combined with, substituted for, or re- 
placed by, seven atoms of hydrogen. 

Heptagynian (Iiep-taj-in'-e-an). See Heptagynous. 

Heptagynious Qiep-taj-in' '-e-us). See Heptagynous. 

Heptagynous (liep-taj' -in-us) \_knTa, seven; yvvij, 
female]. In biology, having seven pistils or styles. 

Heptamerous [hep-tarn' '-er-us) \_enra, seven ; /nepoQ, a 
part]. In biology, consisting of seven parts; having 
the organs in sevens. 

Heptandrous (hep-tan' -drus) [ottq, seven ; avr/p, mar\~\. 
In biology, having seven stamens. 

Heptane (hep'-tdn) [fnrd, seven], C 7 H ]6 . A paraffin 
existing as a mobile, colorless liquid. It is contained 
in petroleum, and is also obtained from the resin of 
Pinus sabiniana by dry distillation. It is also called 
abietene, theolin, erasene, and aurantin. See Hydro- 
carbons, Table of. 

Heptapetalous {liep-tah-pet' -al-us) \_knra, seven; 
TTETalov, a leaf]. In biology, having seven petals. 

Heptaphyllous (liep-tah-fil'-us) \_ewTa, seven ; pvXtov, 
a leaf]. In biology, having seven leaves. 

Heptatomic (hep-tat-om'-ih) [«7rrd, seven ; dro/zoc, an 
atom]. Same as Heptavalent, q. v. 

Heptavalent (hep-tav-a'-lent) [£7rrd, seven; valens, 
having power]. In chemistry, equal to seven atoms 
of hydrogen in combining or saturating-power ; ap- 
plied to an atom that can be substituted for, or re- 
placed by, seven atoms of hydrogen. 

Heptolactone (Jiep-to-lak' -ton) [en-rd, seven; lac, 
milk], C 7 H I2 0. 2 . A substance formed from teracrylic 
acid by reducing with hydrobromic acid. It melts at 
n° C. , and boils at 220° C. 

Heptoses (hep-tos'-ez) \_iTtrd, seven]. A division of 
the glucoses, of the composition C 7 H u 7 . They are 
prepared by reducing the corresponding heptonic 
acids, C-H u 8 (their lactones), with sodium amalgam. 
They have similar propeities to the hexoses, and are 
not fermented by yeast. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Heracleum (lier-ak-le'-uni) \_'~Hpa.K?iEior, Hercules]. A 
genus of umbelliferous plants, the cow-parsnips. 
Several species, especially H. lanatum, in North 
America, and H. tauricum, in Europe, are diuretic 
and expectorant, and the roots and seeds are recom- 
mended for use in epilepsy. Unof. 

Herapath's Method. A method for determining the 
presence of minute quantities of quinin. For a test-fluid 
use — 

Metric. Apoth. 

Glacial acetic acid 12 c.c. (3.24 f 5). 

Ninety-five per cent, alcohol, . . . 4 c.c. (1.08 fS). 
Dilute sulphuric acid 7 drops. 

A drop of this is put on the slide, and a very minute 
amount of the quinin-containing substance added. 



HERAPATHITE 



560 



HERMAPHRODITE 



When dissolved, add an extremely minute drop of an 
alcoholic solution of iodin. The first effect is the 
production of the yellow, cinnamon-colored compound 
of iodin and quinin, which forms as a small circular 
spot ; the alcohol separates in little drops, which, by a 
sort of repulsive movement, drive the fluid away ; 
after a time the acid liquid again flows over the spot, 
and the polarizing crystals of sulphate of iodoquinin 
are slowly produced in beautiful rosets. This test suc- 
ceeds best without the application of heat. 

Herapathite (her'-ap-ath-it) [from Herapath, an Eng- 
lish chemist]. An iodid of quinin-sulphate, occur- 
ring in rhomboid laminae. It has been used as a 
remedy in scrofula and in febrile cases ; in micros- 
copy, it is employed in polarizing light. 

Herb (erb or herb) \_herba, an herb]. An annual, bien- 
nial or perennial plant, the stem of which contains 
but little wood and dies down to the ground at the 
end of the season. H. -doctor. See Herbalist. 
H. -juice Cure. See Cure. 

Herbaceous (lier-ba' -se-us) \_herba, grass]. In biology: 
I. Applied to stems or other organs that have a 
tender, juicy consistence and perish at the close of the 
growing-season. 2. Feeding upon herbs. 

Herbal (her'-bal) \_herba, grass]. An old name for a 
book on herbs ; chiefly designating a book on the 
medicinal virtues of herbs. 

Herbalist (her'-bal-ist) \_herba, grass]. An herb-doc- 
tor or simpler ; a so-called botanic physician. 

Herbarium (lier-ba' -re-um) \_herba, grass]. A col- 
lection of dried plants arranged for study ; a hortus 
siccus. 

Herbicarnivorous (lier-be-kar-niv' '-or-ns) \_herba, herb- 
age ; caro, flesh: vorare, to eat]. Omnivorous; 
living upon both animal and vegetable food. 

Herbivora (her-biv'-or-ah) \_kerba, grass ; vorare, to 
devour]. A name given to a division of mammalia. 
Animals that feed on vegetation. 

Herbivorous (her-biv'-or-us) \_herba, grass ; vorare, 
to devour]. A descriptive term applied to animals 
that subsist on vegetation. 

Herbst's Corpuscles. A variety of sensory end-organs 
found in the mucous membrane of the tongue of the 
duck; they resemble small Vater's corpuscles, but 
their lamella; are thinner and closer to each other, while 
the axis-cylinder within the central core is bordered 
on each side by a row of nuclei. 

Hercogamy [lier-kog'-am-e) \kpKoc, a fence ; yafior, 
marriage]. In biology, the prevention of impregna- 
tion or fertilization by some structural obstacle ; 
applied to flowers. 

Herculeus morbus (lier-ku-le'-us mor'-bus) [L.]. 
Synonym of Epilepsy. 

Hereditary {he-red' -it-a-re) \heres, an heir] . Acquired 
by inheritance. H. Disease, one transmitted from 
parent to offspring. H. Parts. See Determinate. 
H. Syphilis. See Syphilis. 

Heredity (he-red' -it-e) \Jiereditas, heredity]. The 
principle or fact of the transmission of physical or 
mental qualities or tendencies from ancestor to offspring. 
Darwin's Theory of Heredity, or the Hypothesis 
of Pangenesis, supposes that each of the different 
cells of the body gives off gem mules (Plastidules of Els- 
berg) , or germinal particles, that are capable of repro- 
ducing their kind, and which are included in and consti- 
tute the generative cells, and thus reproduce all of the 
peculiarities of the original organism. Weissmann's 
Theory of the Continuity or " Immortality" of 
Germ -plasma, is developed from Nussbaum'' s proposi- 
tion that germ-substance is directly abstracted from the 
developing ovum and preserved, without essential 
alteration, to become, by giving rise to sexual elements, 



the germ-substance of another generation, by the 
corollary that the whole nature of the animal or plant 
depends upon its germinal substance, and that the 
resemblance of the offspring to the parent is due to 
every gonoblast containing some germinal matter. 
According to Nussbaum and Weissmann the cells of 
the embryo are separated into two kinds: (i) The 
germ-cells, which become the sexual elements ; (2) 
The somatic cells or body-cells, used as building-material 
(Somatoplasm) of the individual. Kolliker and others 
have demonstrated that no sharp distinction exists be- 
tween germ-cells and somatic cells, so that speculations 
based on such assumed difference necessarily fall to the 
ground. Naegele's Theory of Idioplasm and Nutri- 
tive Plasma, is a definite theory of germinal continu- 
ity ; he assumes the formative force to reside in a specific 
material substratum, i. e., idioplasm — essentially iden- 
tical with Weissmann's germ-plasma. Minot as- 
sumes idioplasm to be the miclear substance, chro- 
matin, the essential factor in the function of heredity, 
and the nucleus, therefore, the organ of hereditary 
transmission. De Vries' Theory of Intracellular 
Pangenesis, suggests that the nuclear substance of 
the germ-plasm is composed of minute particles, Pan- 
genes, not cells, but the bearers of the properties of 
the cells. There are also in the nucleus Nuclear 
Rods, called also Idants, and Chromatin Rods, which 
are built up of a series of ancestral plasms, called Ids, 
each representing "an individuality." The doubling 
and multiplication of these idants prior to fertilization 
is in the interest of variety, or variation of form and 
character of the subsequent individual. This theory 
claims the same independence for all constituent parts 
of the cell-body as Weissmann claimed for those of 
the nucleus. The entire cell is called the Protoplast , 
and its various living, independent parts are called 
Pangenes. The cell is thus likened to a compound 
organism or colony. 

Hering's Experiment. A delicate test of stereoscopic 
vision in which the perception of degrees of depth is 
tested by means of falling bodies, seen through a long 
tube. H.'s Theory. See Color-sensation. 

Hermann's Difference-theory. See Difference. H.'s 
Theory, a theory as to the causation of muscular con- 
traction ; he claims that the formation of carbonic 
anhydrid on contraction is not simply due to oxida- 
tion, but rather to the decomposition of inogen, with 
the formation of certain simpler products, of which 
carbonic anhydrid is one, and sarcolactic acid and 
myosin the others. 

Hermaphrodism, or Hermaphroditism (her-?naf- 
ro-dizm, her-maf'-ro-dlt-izm) ['Epfjijc, Mercury; 
' A<ppodi.T!) , Venus]. The co-existence in a single in- 
dividual of completely developed ovaries and testicles, 
or of at least one of each gland. H., Bilateral, an 
ovary and a testicle on each side. H., Complex, a 
rare instance of hermaphrodism in which there are pres- 
ent both the internal and external organs of either sex. 
H., Double. Same as H. , Complex. H., Lateral, 
an instance in which male organs (especially a testicle) 
are more or less developed on one side, and female 
organs (especially an ovary) on the opposite side. 
H., Protandrous, applied to the phenomenon as ex- 
hibited by most hermaphrodite platode worms, of 
developing the male sexual products before the female. 
H., Spurious, doubtful, but not double, sex. H., 
Transverse, an instance in which the external organs 
indicate the one sex, and the internal the opposite. 
H., Unilateral, on one side an ovary and a testicle, 
on the other an ovary or a testicle. H., Vertical. 
Same as H., Complex. 

Hermaphrodite (her-maf -ro-dit) ['Epjur/f, Mercury; 



HERMAPHRODITIC 



561 



HERNIA 



'AcppcuVrr/. Venus]. An individual affected with her- 
maphrodism, q. v. ; usually the condition is due to 
some congenital malformation of the genital organs, 
such as epispadias, hypospadias, cleft of the scrotum, 
etc. , that makes the determination of sex somewhat 
doubtful. For varieties, see Hermaphrodism. 

Hermaphroditic [her-maf-ro-ditf -ilz) ['Eppf/c, Mercury; 
'Afpoi)iri/, Venus]. Pertaining to hermaphroditism, 
q. v. See also Teratism. 

Hermaphroditism (Jier-maf'-ro-dit-izm). Same as 
Hermaphrodism. 

Hermetic, Hermetical [her-met'-ik, her-met' '-ik-al) 
['Epur'/c, the god Mercury, the reputed founder of al- 
chemy]. Pertaining to chemistry. Also, having resist- 
ance to chemic action. Also, protected from exposure 
to air. H. Medicine, alchemistic or spagyric practice. 
H. Sealing, the closure of an outlet by cementation or 
fusion, so that it is impervious to air. Also, the 
closing or covering of a wound by impervious dress- 
ings. 

Hermodactyl {her-mo-dak'-til) ['Ep/i^r, Mercury ; 
6a.H.Tv/ioc , ringer]. The root or bulb of Colchicum 
variegatum, or C. aittumnale ; also of Iris tuberosa. 
It was formerly prized in medicine, but is now little 
used, except in India. Unof. 

Hernia (her'-ne-ah) [hernia, from ipvoc, sprout]. A 
tumor formed by the protrusion of the contents of a 
cavity (usually the abdominal) through its wall. Her- 
nias may be called after their locality, Epigastric, 
Femoral, Inguinal, Perineal, Scrotal, Umbilical, etc. ; 
according to their condition, Encysted, Reducible, 
Strangulated , Purulent, etc. ; according to their con- 
tents, Cerebral, Intestinal, Omental, Vesical, etc. ; 
or, lastly, according to their origin, Acquired, Con- 
genital, Infantile, etc. H., Abdominal, a protrusion 
of a portion of the abdominal viscera through some 
portion of the parietes. H., Beclard's, a hernia 
through the saphenous opening. H., Birkett's, a 
hernia of the synovial membrane of a joint, following 
laceration of the capsular ligament. H. of the 
Bladder, the protrusion of a part of the bladder 
through one of the openings of the abdominal cavity, 
viz. : the femoral ring, or external adominal ring ; or 
it may form part of a ventral hernia after celiotomy or 
injury, or it may take place through an opening in the 
floor of the pelvis ; the term was also formerly applied 
to cystocele, q. v. H. of Brain. See Fungus cerebri. 
H., Bruggiser's. Same as H. , Preperitoneal. H., 
Bursal. Same as H., Birketfs. H. carnosa. 
Synonym of Elephantiasis arabum. H., Cecal, a 
hernia containing the cecum (with or without other 
parts of the bowel). H. cerebri. See Fungus 
cereb7-i. H., Chronic, an old hernia. H. of Cloquet. 
See H. , Pectineal-crural and Diseases, Table of. H., 
Complete, a hernia in which the sac and its contents 
have passed the hernial orifice. H., Congenital, a 
form of indirect inguinal hernia in which the vaginal 
process of the peritoneum having remained patulous, the 
bowel descends at once into the scrotum, in direct con- 
tact with the testicle. See also H. of the Cord. H., 
Cooper's, a variety of femoral hernia with a diver- 
ticulum through the superficial fascia. See, also, Dis- 
eases, Table of. H. of the Cord, a congenital condition 
resulting from arrest of development of the lateral plates, 
with persistence of the omphalic duct. If the latter does 
not wither away, the fetal intestines are drawn out into 
the cord, giving rise to congenital umbilical hernia. 
H., Crural. See H., Femoral. H., Cruro-pro- 
peritoneal, a variety in which an additional sac exists 
between the peritoneum and abdominal wall, in the 
cellular tiss.ie of the nelvis, and at the side of the blad- 
der. H., Cystic. Same as Cystocele, q. v. H., Dia- 
^,6 



phragmatic,a protrusion of a portion of some of the ab- 
dominal viscera into the thorax, through a congenital 
defect in the diaphragm, or through a dilatation 
or laceration of one of the natural openings. H., 
Direct Inguinal. See II. , Inguinal, Direct. H., 
Dorsal. Synonym of.//., Lumbar. H., Encysted 
(of Cooper) ; this form occurs when the ventral orifice 
closes, but the tunica vaginalis remains patulous, 
allowing the hernia to descend within the latter, push- 
ing before it the thin septum. H., Epigastric, a 
hernia in the linea alba, between theensiform cartilage 
and the umbilicus. H., External, one appearing 
upon the external surface of the body. H., Femoral, 
a protrusion of the abdominal contents through the 
femoral canal, the tumor appearing on the upper 
inner aspect of the thigh, below Poupart's ligament. 
H. of the Foramen ovale. See//., Obturator. H. 
into the Foramen of Winslow, a lodgment of a 
portion of intestine in the foramen of Winslow. H., 
Funicular, a hernia into the umbilical cord. See H., 
Infantile. H., Gastric. See Gastrocele. H., Goyrand's 
or Gourand's. See II, Inguino-interstitial. H., 
Guttural. Synonym of Goiter. H. of Hesselbach, 
a femoral hernia with a diverticulum through the cribri- 
form fascia, the hernia presenting a lobulated appear- 
ance. See, also, Diseases, Table of H. of Holthouse. 
See H. , Inguino-crural. H., Humoral. Synonym 
of Epididymitis, or Swelled Testicle. H., Incar- 
cerated, an old irreducible hernia which has become 
occluded by the accumulation of gas, feces, or un- 
digested food, thus causing obstruction of the bowels. 
H., Incomplete, one that has not entirely passed 
through the hernial orifice. H., Infantile, that form 
of direct inguinal hernia that occurs when the 
funicular portion of the vaginal process of peritoneum 
has remained patulous. H., Infantile (of Hey). 
See H. , Encysted. H., Hey's. See H. , Encysted. 
H., Infrapubic. Same as H. , Obturator. H., 
Inguinal, a hernia occupying wholly, or in part, the 
inguinal canal. H., Inguinal, Direct, a protrusion 
of the abdominal viscera through the parietes at the 
site of the external abdominal ring, without hav- 
ing traversed the inguinal canal. H., Inguinal, 
External. See H. , Inguinal, Indirect. H., Inguinal, 
Indirect, one in which the protrusion occurs at the 
internal ring, and passes along the inguinal canal. H., 
Inguinal, Internal. See H, Inguinal, Direct. H., 
Inguinal, Oblique. See H., Inguinal, Indirect. 
H., Inguino-crural, or H. of Holthouse, a variety 
of suddenly-developed oblique inguinal hernia, in 
which, owing to the non-descent of the testicle, or to 
other causes, the hernia protrudes outward along the 
fold of the groin. H., Inguino-interstitial, an 
incomplete inguinal hernia. H., Inguino-labial, a 
variety of oblique inguinal hernia in the female, corre- 
sponding to the inguino-scrotal hernia of the male. 
H., Inguino-properitoneal, or H. of Kronlein, a 
hernia, with a prolongation of the hernial sac in various 
directions, within the abdominal walls. H., Inguino- 
scrotal, the common form of oblique inguinal hernia 
in men past middle life. H., Intermuscular. Same 
as H. , Inguino-properitoneal. H., Interparietal. 
Same as H. , Inguino-properitoneal. H., Inveterate. 
See H., Chronic. H. of Iris, a prolapse of a portion 
of the iris after iridectomy, trauma, etc. H., Irreduc- 
ible ; a hernia is called irreducible when the protruded 
viscera cannot be returned to the abdomen by manipu- 
lation, with complete disappearance of the symptoms. 
H., Ischio-rectal. Same as H. , Pe rineal. H.,Ischi- 
atic, a protrusion of the bowel through the great sacro- 
sciatic foramen. H. -knife, a probe-pointed knife for 
incising the constriction of a hernial sac. H. of 



HERNIA 



562 



HERNIA 



Kronlein. See H., Ingaino-properitoneal. H., 
Labial, a protrusion of the bowel between the vagina 
and the ramus of the ischium into a labium majus. 
H. of Laugier, a femoral hernia through Gimbernat's 
ligament. See, also, Diseases, Table of. H. of 
Littre, a hernia of the bowel in which only a portion 
of the lumen is constricted in the hernial orifice. 
There is not, therefore, complete obstruction. H. of 
the Liver. See Hcpatocele. H., Lumbar, a pro- 



at which the fascia is deficient. H., Obstructed. 
See H., Incarcerated. H., Obturator, a protrusion 
of bowel through the obturator foramen. H., Omental, 
a hernia containing omentum. This condition is also 
called Epiplocele, q. v. H. of Ovary, a hernia 
including ovary, wholly or in part. H., Para- 
inguinal. Same as //., Preperitoneal. H. of 
Partridge, a femoral hernia, external to the femoral 
vessels. See, also, Diseases, Table of. H., Pectineal- 





The pillars open, the cord held up. The pillars sutured, The deep fascia 

the cord held up. closed over 

the cord. 
Radical Operation for Inguinal Hernia. (After Bassini.) 



An Unstrangulated 
Hernia. 




M^> 





A Strangulated Hernia. 




Femoral Hernia. 

trusion of the intestine through Petit's triangle — a 
space bounded by the external oblique and latissimus 
dorsi muscles and the crest of the ilium. H. of the 
Lung. See Pneitmocele. H., Malgaigne's. Same 
as//., Congenital. H., Mesenteric (of Cooper) ; the 
passage of a portion of gut through an opening in the 
mesentery. H. of Muscles ; occasionally, owing to 
imperfect healing of the deep fascia after wounds, a 
limited protrusion of the muscle occurs at the point 



Oblique Inguinal Hernia. Direct Inguinal Hernia. 

Bubonocele on right side, but passing through 
external ring on left. 

crural, or H. of Cloquet, a variety in which, after pass- 
ing the femoral ring, the hernia turns within and behind 
the femoral vessels, resting on the pectineus muscle. 
H., Perineal, a protrusion of the abdominal contents 
between the fibers of the levator ani muscle, in front 
of or to one side of the anus. H., Petit's. Same 
as H., Lumbar. H., Pharyngeal. See Pharyn- 
gocele. H., Phrenic. Same as H., Diaphragmatic. 
H., Pleural. See Pleurocele. H., Preperitoneal, 
a hernia occupying a position between the planes of 
the abdominal wall, in front of the parietal peritoneum. 
H., Pudendal. Same as H. , Labial. H., Reducible, 
one that may be returned or reduced by manipulation. 
H., Retroperitoneal ; in this form of hernia the 
small intestine lodges in the fossa duodeno-jejunalis. 
H., Sciatic. Same as H. , Ischiatic. H., Scrotal, 
that form of inguinal hernia in which the protrusion 
has entered the scrotum. H. of the Spleen. See 
Splenocele. H. of the Stomach. Same as Gastroccle. 
H., Strangulated; a hernia is said .obe strangulated 
when it is so tightly constricted at its neck as to inter- 
fere with its return, with the circubtio , of blood, and 
the passage of feces. H., Synovial. See H. , Bir- 
ketfs. H. of Testis, a protrusion o r th seminiferous 



HERNIAL 



563 



HETERADELPHIA 



tubules through a fistulous opening following abscess 
of the testicle. H. of the Tongue. See Glossocele. 
H. of the Trachea. See Tracheocele. H., Thyroid. 
See H. , Obturator. H., Umbilical, a protrusion 
of the abdominal contents through the umbilicus. 
H. of the Uterus. See Jlyslerocele. H., Vaginal, 
a protrusion of the abdominal viscera between the 
uterus and rectum, forming a tumor on the vaginal 
wall. H.,Velpeau's, a femoral hernia in front of the 
femoral vessels. H., Ventral, the name applied to 
protrusions of the abdominal contents through the 
abdominal walls in situations not usually subject to 
hernias ; e. g. , not at the abdominal rings or the 
umbilicus. H., Vesical. See //. of the Bladder. 

Hernial {her'-ue-al) [hernia, a rupture]. Pertaining to 
hernia. H. Sac, the diverticulum of the peritoneum 
that accompanies a hernia. 

Hernio-celiotomy [her' ' -ne-o-se-le-ot' -o-me) [hernia, a 
rupture; mik'ia, belly]. Abdominal section for the 
relief of hernia. 

Herriio-enterotomy [her' ' -ne-o-en-ter-ot 1 '-o-me) [hernia, 
a rupture ; evrepov, bowel ; ro/ii/, a cutting] . Herni- 
otomy combined with enterotomy. 

Hernio-laparotomy [her' '-ne-o-lap-ar-ot' '-o-me) [hernia, 
a rupture; Xanapa, the flank; ro/ur/, a cutting]. 
Same as Hernio-celiotomy. 

Herniology {her-ne-ol'-o-je) [hernia, hernia ; loyoc, 
science]. That department of surgery which treats of 
the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of hernia. 

Herniopuncture {her-ne-o-punk' -chiir) [hernia, hernia; 
punctura, a pricking]. The puncture of a hernia. 

Herniotome [her' ' -ne-o-tbin) [hernia, hernia ; to/jl6c, 
cutting]. A hernia-knife. 

Herniotomy {her-ne-ot' -o-me) [hernia, hernia ; re/uveiv, 
to cut]. Operation for the relief of hernia by section 
of the constriction. 

Heroic (lie-ro'-ik) [ijpuc, a hero]. Bold or daring; 
rash or unusually severe ; as heroic treatment or 
measures. 

Herophilus, Torcular of. See Torcidar. 

Herpes {her'-pez) [epnr]c ; epnew, to creep]. An acute 
inflammatory affection, characterized by the develop- 
ment of groups of vesicles on a patch of inflamed 
skin or mucous membrane. H. catarrhalis, herpetic 
fever ; a form of herpes accompanying the onset 
or crisis of acute febrile disorders, and frequently fol- 
lowing a rigor, of which it may be the sole sequel. It 
is most common in spring and autumn. Its forms are 
H facialis and H. progenitalis. H. circinatus. See 
Tinea circinata. H. circinatus bullosus. See Hy- 
droa herpetiforme. H. desquamans. See Tinea im- 
bricata. H. esthiomenos. See Lupus. H. facialis, 
Herpes labialis ; Herpes febrilis ; Hydroa febrile ; an 
acute, non-contagious, inflammatory disorder of the 
skin that appears in the form of one or more groups of 
vesicles. It is commonly ca\\tA fever-blisters. Its usual 
seats are the lips, angles of the mouth, and the face, 
generally below the forehead. Owing to its relation 
to digestive derangements the ulcers are often termed 
"dyspeptic ulcers." H. febrilis. See H facialis. 
H. gestationis. See Hydroa herpetiforme. H. iris, 
a form of erythema in which a vesicle is seated on an 
erythematous base. It is usually seen on the backs of 
the hands and feet. H. labialis. See H. facialis. 
H. miliaris. Synonym of Eczema. H. phlycteno- 
des, Willan's name for Herpes zoster occurring else- 
where than on the trunk. H. preputialis. See H. 
progenitalis. H. progenitalis, Herpes preputialis ; a 
form of H. simplex, in which vesicles occur upon the 
glans and prepuce, from the size of a pin's head to 
that of a small pea. They number from two or three 
to a dozen. The condition is most common in males. 



H. pysemicus. See Impetigo herpetiformis. H. sim- 
plex. A synonym of H. catarrhalis. H. tonsurans. 
SeeTinea tonsurans. H. tonsurans maculosus. See 
Pityriasis rosea. H. zoster, Zoster ; Zona ; Shingles ; 
Ignis sacer ; an acute inflammatory disease of the skin, 
which consists of grouped vesicles on a reddened 
base, the lesions being distributed in relation to the 
course of the cutaneous nerves, and, as a rule, uni- 
lateral. They are usually seen in the course of the 
intercostal nerves, but may follow the course of any 
nerve. The outbreak of the eruption is usually pre- 
ceded by severe neuralgic pain. The condition occurs 
most frequently in young people and in the autumn 
and spring of the year. H. z. ophthalmicus, follow- 
ing the course of the ophthalmic nerve. 

Herpetic {her-pet' -ik) [epKj/r, herpes]. Pertaining to 
herpes. H. Bridge. See Bridge. H. Fever. See 
He/pes catarrhalis. H. Sore-throat. See Tonsil- 
itis, Herpetic. 

Herpetiform (her-pef '-if-orni) [f/JTrec, herpes ; forma, 
form]. Having a likeness to herpes. 

Herpetism {her' '-pet-izm) [epTrr/c, herpes]. The her- 
petic diathesis ; a constitutional predisposition to her- 
pes. 

Herpetography(/w-/<tf og'-rafe) . Same as Herpetology . 

Herpetoid {her' -pet-oid) [epnerdv, a reptile ; eldoc, 
likeness]. In biology, resembling a reptile. 

Herpetology {her-pel-ol'-o-je) [epnr/c, herpes ; "koyoc, 
treatise]. The science of skin-diseases, especially 
those of an herpetic nature. 

Herpetology {her-pet-ol' -o-je) [kp-nerov, a reptile; Aeyeiv, 
to speak]. The classified knowledge of reptiles. 

Hertwig's Theory. A theory of immunity founded 
upon the chemotactic action of certain chemic sub- 
stances. The fact of cardinal importance in this theory 
is that negative chemotropism may, under certain con- 
ditions, become positive. 

Hesperetinic Acid {hes-per-et-in' -ik). See Acid. 

Hesperidin {hes-per' '-id in) ["Eawepoc, Hesperus]. 
C 2 ,H. 26 12 . A glucosid present in the unripe fruit of 
oranges, lemons, etc. It separates from alcohol in 
fine needles, and melts at 25 1° C. 

Hesperidium {hes-per-id' -e-um) ["EoTrepoc, Hesperus (in 
allusion to the golden apples of the Hesperides) : pi. , 
Hesperidia~\. In biology, an orange-like fruit, having 
a succulent flesh covered with a leathery rind ; a va- 
riety of berry. 

Hesse's Apparatus. An apparatus for air-analysis. 

Hesselbach's Hernia. See Hernia, and Diseases, Table 
of. H.'s Triangle. See Triangles, Table of. 

Hessian Crucible {hesh'-yan kru'-sib-l). A crucible 
made of fine clay and sand, and used for melting gold, 
silver, and their alloys in the manufacture of gold and 
silver plates and solders. H. Purple. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. H. Violet, and H. Yellow. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Hesthogenous {hes-thoj 1 -en-us) [eud/'/r, dress, clothing ; 
yovoc, offspring]. In biology, applied to birds that 
are hatched with a covering of down ; ptilopedic, 
opposed to gymnogeno2is, psilopedic. 

Heteracanth {het'-er-ak-anth) [krepoc, other ; aimvda, 
spine]. In biology, applied to fishes in which the 
dorsal and anal fin-spines are asymmetric. 

Heteracephalous {het-er-a-scf'-al-us) [erepoc, other; 
aefaAi/, head]. See Heteroccphalous. 

Heteracmy {het-er-ak' -me) [erepor, other, different ; 
aap-i], prime, maturity]. In biology, applied to plants in 
which cross-fertilization is secured by the heterochron- 
ous maturing of the stamens and pistils. 

Heteradelph {het'-er-ad-elf). See Hetei-adelphus. 

Heteradelphia {het-er-ad-el'-fe-ah) [erepoc, other; 
atieAtyoc, brother]. Heteradelphous teratism. 



HETERADELPHOUS 



564 



HETEROGENESIS 



Heteradelphous [het-er-ad-eV -fus) [erepoc, other ; 
a&e\(f>6c , brother]. Relating to an heteradelphus, or to 
an autosite and its parasite. 

Heteradelphus [het-er-ad-el' -fus) [erepoc, other ; adeX- 
<j>6c, brother]. A joined twin-monster, consisting of 
an autosite with an attached parasite, the head of the 
latter being absent. 

Heteradenia [het-er-ad-e'-ne-ah) [erepoc, other ; adfjv, 
gland]. I. Normal glandular structure occurring in a 
part normally not provided with glands. 2. Gland- 
ular structure departing from the normal type. 

Heteradenic {Jiet-er-ad-e' -nik) [erepoc, other; adijv, 
gland]. Pertaining to or consisting of tissue that is 
unlike normal glandular tissue, though essentially 
glandular. 

Heteradenoma {Jiel-er-ad-en-o' '-ma/i) [erepoc, other ; 
a&ifV, gland ; o/na, tumor: pi., Heteradenomata\. A 
tumor formed of heteradenic tissue. 

Heteralius (het-er-a/ -le-us) [erepoc, other ; aXuc, a disc]. 
A double monster in which the parasite is very incom- 
plete — usually merely a head — and inserted at a dis- 
tance from the umbilicus of its host, and with no direct 
connection with the umbilical cord of the latter. 

Heterauxesis [het-er-awks-e' -sis) [erepoc, other, differ- 
ent; ab^r/aic, increase]. In biology, any unsymmetric 
growth, normal or abnormal. 

Heterecious [het-er-e' -se-us) [erepoc, other, different ; 
o'ikoc, a house]. In biology, parasitic upon different 
hosts at different stages of growth. 

Hetero- [het'-er-o-) [erepoc, other]. A Greek prefix 
denoting diversity or unlikeness. 

Hetero-albumose [het'-er-o-al'-bu-mos). See Albu- 
moses. 

Hetero-autoplasty [lief '-er-o-aw' ' -to-plas-te) [erepoc, 
other; avroc, self; nXdaaeiv, to form]. Grafting of 
skin from one person upon the body of another. 

Heterobiophorid [het-er-o-bi-off'-or-id) [erepoc, other, 
different; biophore, a bearer of vitality, from (iioc, life; 
fepeii>, to bear]. In biology, Weismann's name for a 
primitive organism, the constituent biophores of which 
have been differentiated, in connection with a division 
of labor, and combined in various ways to form the 
body of the organism. See Homeobiophorid. 

Heteroblastic [het-er-o-blas' -tik) [erepoc, other, differ- 
ent ; fi'Miaroc, germ, bud]. In biology, arising from 
a different or abnormal source. 

Heterocarpous [het-er-o-kar' '-pus) [erepoc, other, dif- 
ferent ; Kap-6c_, fruit]. In biology, having more than 
one sort of fruit. 

Heterocele [hef -er-o-sel) [erepoc, other; ktjTit], hernia]. 
A hernia existing in some prolapsed organ, as in a 
rectocele. 

Heterocephalous [het-er-o-sef -al-us) [erepoc, other, 
different; Kefa/.r/, head]. In biology, applied to 
plants bearing flower-heads of more than one kind, as 
pistillate and staminate. 

Heterocephalus (Jiet-er-o-sef -al-us) [erepoc, other ; 
KEtpa\i], the head]. A fetal monstrosity with two 
heads of unequal size. 

Heterocercal [het-er-o-ser'-kal) [erepoc, other ; nepitoc, 
tail]. In biology, having an asymmetric or unequally 
divided tail-fin. 

Heterocerous [hct-er-os'-er-us) [erepoc, other, different; 
nkpac, horn]. In biology, applied to a group of in- 
sects, the members of which vary as to the form of 
their antennre. 

Heterochromia [het-er-o-kro' -me-ah) [erepoc, other; 
Xp&fia, color]. A difference in color (as between the 
irides of the two eyes). 

Heterochromous [het-er-o-kro' -mus) [erepoc, other ; 
Xpuua, color]. In biology, having different colors. 

Heterochronia [het-er-o-kro' -ne-ah) [erepoc, other; 



Xpovoc, time]. The production of a structure or the 
occurrence of a phenomenon at an abnormal period 
of time. 

Heterochronic, Heterochronous [het-er-o-kron'-ik, 
Iiet-er-ok' -ron-us) [erepoc, other; xpovoc, time]. Ir- 
regular in occurrence. Occurring at different times, 
or at other than the proper time. 

Heterochrony [het-er-ok'-ro-ne) [erepoc, other ; xpovoc, 
time]. In biology, out of order as to time, as organs, 
organisms, or hereditary traits that occur out of the 
true ontogenetic sequence. Cf. Homeochronous. 

Heterocline [hef -er-o-klln) [erepoc, other, different ; 
kXiv>], bed]. Same as Heterocephalus. 

Heterocrania [het-er-o-kra' -ne-ah) [erepoc, other ; 
Kpaviov, skull]. Headache involving but one side of 
the head. 

Heterocyst [het' -er-o-sist) [erepoc, other, different ; 
k'vgtic, a bag, pouch]. In biology, applied to individ- 
ual cells in the moniliform rows of roundish, chloro- 
phyl-bearing cells of the Nostocacea , which, appar- 
ently without any definite law, vary in size and color 
from those among which they are intercalated ; a 
limiting-cell. 

Heterodactyl [het-er-o-dak' -til) [erepoc, other; H&k- 
rvkoc, a finger or toe]. An animal in which the 
digits are in some way peculiar or irregular. 

Heterodermotrophy [het-er-o-der-mot' -ro-fe) [erepoc, 
other; fieppa, skin; rpoij)//, nutrition]. Disordered 
or perverted nutrition of the skin. 

Heterodont [het> ' -er-o-dont) [erepoc, different ; bSovc 
[odour-), tooth]. In biology, having more than one 
sort of teeth, as incisors, canines, molars; the oppo- 
site of Homodont. 

Heterodromous [het-er-od' -ro-mus) [erepoc, other ; 
Spapelv, to run]. In biology, growing or turning in 
opposite directions, as a tendril that coils first one 
way and then the other. 

Heterodromy [het-er-od' -ro-me) [erepoc, other; Sp6poc, 
a running]. In biology, a change in the direction of 
the spiral in the leaves of the branches and stem. 
Same as Antidromy. 

Heterodymus [het-er-od' -im-us) [erepoc, other ; difivpoc, 
twin]. A double monster, the accessory part being 
but an imperfect head, with a neck and thorax by 
which it is implanted in the anterior abdominal wall 
of its host. 

Heterogamous [het-er-og'-am-us)[erepoc, other; yapoc, 
marriage]. In biology, bearing male and female 
flowers in the same inflorescence or plant. 

Heterogamy [het-er-og' -am-e) [erepoc, other; yapoc, 
marriage]. In biology, a term applied to different forms 
of sexual development arising from difference in nutri- 
tion or environment. It is typified in the Phylloxera 
vastatrix, the development of which is far more com- 
plex when the insects are bred under ground, on the 
roots of the grape-vine, compared with that when the 
insects breed upon the leaves of the vine. In the 
latter case the successive generations consist of apter- 
ous, oviparous females only ; in the former the cycle 
consists of male insects, apterous females for perpetuat- 
ing, and winged females for spreading the species. 

Heterogeneity [het-er-o-jen-e'-it-e) [erepof, other; 
yevoc, kind]. The condition or quality of being 
heterogeneous. 

Heterogeneous [hct-er-o-je' -ne-us) [erepoc, other; yivog, 
kind]. Differing in kind or nature ; composed of 
different substances ; not homogeneous. 

Heterogenesis [het-er-o-jen'-es-is) [erepoc, different; 
yeveoic, generation]. I. Organic deviation in the 
situation or character of organs, etc. 2. In biology, 
a mode of biogenesis, by which the living parent gives 
rise to offspring that pass through totally different 



HETEROGENETIC 



565 



HETEROPHYADIC 



series of states from those exhibited by the parents, 
and do not return into the cycle of the parents (Hux- 
ley). Milne-Edwards has substituted the word Xeno- 
genesis, q. v. 

Heterogenetic (het-er-o-jen-et' -ik) [erepof/, other ; 
yeveaic, generation]. Pertaining to heterogenesis. 

Heterogenist (het-er-oj' '-en-ist). See Abiogenesis. 

Heterogeny (het-er-oj' -en-e\. Same as Heterogenesis. 

Heterogonous (het-er-og'-o-nus) [trtyjoc, other ; yovoc, 
generation]. In biology, having several kinds of 
flowers as regards the length of the stamens and 
styles ; hetero-styled. Cf. Dimorphous, Tritnorphous. 

Heterogony (het-er-og' -o-ne) [jrepoq, other; yovor, 
generation]. A form of reproduction that consists 
in the occurrence, in the cycle of development, of in- 
dividuals differing in structure from the parent forms 
and existing under special conditions of nutrition. 

Heterogynous (het-er-oj' -in-us) [jrepoQ, other, differ- 
ent ; ybvTj, female]. In biology, applied to certain 
groups of insects among which there are two kinds of 
females, one sexually perfect, the other not. 

Heteroinfection (het-er-o-in-fek' -shun) [erepoc, other; 
iiificere, to taint] . I. Infection transmitted by a person 
who is himself not infected. 2. Infection of any 
organism by a poison not produced within itself; op- 
posed to auto-infection. 

Heteroinoculation (het-er-o-in-ok-u-la'-shun) [rrrpoc, 
other; inoculatio, an ingrafting]. Inoculation of one 
person by another. 

Heterokinesis (het-er-o-kin-e' -sis) [irepoc, different ; 
Kivelv, to move]. In biology, Weismann's term for that 
kind of nuclear division in which the two daughter- 
nuclei contain different kinds of idioplasm, i.e. , nuclear 
division depending upon a heterogeneous grouping of 
the primary constituents and resulting in parts contain- 
ing dissimilar hereditary tendencies. Cf. Homeokincsis. 

Heterolalia (het-ei'-o-la'-le-ah) [rrepoc, other; 'kakia, 
talk]. The utterance of words other than those in- 
tended by the speaker ; heterophemy. 

Heterologous (het-er-ol' -o-gus) [irepoQ, other ; Xoyog, 
relation]. Differing in structure or form from the 
normal. H. Series, a series derived from each other 
by chemic metamorphoses. H. Tissues, morbid tis- 
sues that have no structural relation with the normal 
tissues of the part. H. Tumors, tumors constituted 
of a different tissue from that of the part in or on which 
they are situated. 

Heterology (het-er-ol' -o-je) [crepoc, other ; Myoc, rela- 
tion]. Abnormality in nature, form, or structure ; de- 
velopment of an abnormal structure. 

Heterolopia, Heterolopy (het-er-o-lo' -pe-ah, het-er-ol' - 
o-pe) [erepoc, other; /Woe, scale]. The presence of 
abnormal scales, crusts, or scabs. 

Heteromastigate (het-er-o-mas' -tig-at) [trepoc, other, 
different ; fidaric, a whip]. In biology, having more 
than one kind of flagellum. 

Heteromerous (het-er-om' -er-us) [erepoQ, other ; fiepos, 
a part]. In biology, having homologous parts di- 
versely composed. 

Heteromorphism (het-er-o-mor' -fizm) [erepoc, other ; 
pop<fir/, form]. A condition marked by difference in 
form, as compared with the normal form. In chem- 
istry, the property of crystallizing in different forms. 
In biology : I . A state of deviation from a type or 
norm. 2. Exhibiting different forms at different 
stages in the life-history. 

Heteromorphosis (het-er-o-mor-fo' -sis) [t'repoe, other ; 
[i6p<puoic, formation]. Malformation or deformity ; 
any disease characterized by deformity. 

Heteromorphous (het-er-o-mor' -fus) \jrtpoc, other ; 
p.op<p7], form]. Differing from the normal in form. 

Heteronephrotrophy (het-er-o-nef-rot' -ro-fe) [ertpor, 



other; v£<j>p6<;, kidney; rpofr/, nutrition]. Malnu- 
trition or degeneration of any part of the kidney. 

Heteronomous (het-er-on'-o-mus) \JTEpog, other; vo/xor, 
law]. In biology, diversification in any series or set 
of morphologically related structures through special- 
ization. 

Heteronomy (het-er-on' -o-me) [irepoc, other; vdfioc, 
law]. 1. Subordination to a law of adaptive modifi- 
cation. 2. The presence of segmentation. Cf. Auton- 
omy and Homonomy. 

Heteronym (het' -er-o-nim) [irepoc, other; bvviia, name]. 
An unrelated synonym ; a name in one language that 
corresponds to the same name in another language, but 
has no near derivative relationship thereto. 

Heteronymous (het-er-on' -im-us) [frepoc, other; ovv/ia, 
name]. Not homonymous ; applied to crossed double 
visual images, such as are seen when there is a rela- 
tive divergence of the eyes. 

Heteronymy (het-er-on' -im-e) [krepcic^ other; ovvpa, 
name]. A system of polyglot nomenclature in which 
exact synonyms are used in each language to repre- 
sent corresponding but unrelated words in other lan- 
guages ; compare paronymy. 

Hetero-osteoplasty (het'-er-o-os'-te-o-plas-te) [erfpor, 
other ; bariov, bone ; TtAaaaeiv, to form] . The surgi- 
cal grafting of bone, especially with a graft taken 
from a bone of one of the lower animals. 

Heteropagus (het-er-op' -ag-us) [krepoc, other; noyvvvai, 
to unite]. A monstrosity with normal head, upper 
and lower extremities, but with a parasite attached to 
the anterior abdominal wall. The parasite has a head 
and extremities. 

Heteropathic (het-er-o-path' -ik) [JTepoc, other ; iradoc, 
disease]. Pertaining to or making use of hetero- 
pathy. 

Heteropathy (het-er-op' -ath-e) [srepoc, other ; iradoc, 
affection]. The treatment of a disease by inducing a 
different morbid condition to neutralize it. Abnormal 
reaction to stimulus or irritation. 

Heteropelmous (het-er-o-pel' -mus) [erepof, different. ; 
■KeXpa, the sole of the foot]. In biology, applied to 
birds in which each of the flexor tendons of the sole 
of the foot splits into two. 

Heterophagous (het-er-off' -ag-us) [irepoc, other, differ- 
ent ; (payelv, to eat]. In biology, applied to young 
animals that require to be fed by the parents ; altri- 
cial. 

Heterophemism (ket-er-off' -etn-izm). See Heterophet)iy . 

Heterophemy (het-ei'-off'-em-e) [eTzpoc, other ; <f>i/p7), 
utterance]. The utterance of one thing when another 
is intended ; heterolalia. 

Heterophonia (liet-er-o-fo' -ne-ahi) [jrepog, other ; (puvrj, 
voice]. Abnormal quality or perversion of the voice. 

Heterophoralgia (het-er-o-for-al' -je-ah) [trtpoc, other; 
(popdc, tending ; akyoc, pain]. Eye-strain or ocular 
pain caused by heterophoria. 

Heterophoria (het-er-o-fo' -re-ah) [jrepog, different ; 
(popdg, tending]. A tending of the visual lines in 
some other way than that of parallelism. It may be 
Esophoria, a tending of the lines inward ; or Exo- 
phoria, outward ; or Hyperphoria, a tending of the 
right or left visual line in a direction above its fellow ; 
Hyperesophoria, a tending of the visual lines upward 
and inward ; Hyperexophoria, upward and outward. 

Heterophoric (het-er-o-fo' -rik) [jrepoc, other ; <j>opoc, 
tending]. Due to heterophoria. 

Heterophthongia (liet-er-off-thong' -e-ah) \jtrepoq, other ; 
(pddyyog, sound]. Synonym of Ventriloquism. 

Heterophyadic (Iiet-er-o-fi-ad' -ik) [irepoc, other, dif- 
ferent ; (pveaOai, to grow]. In biology, characterized 
by producing two kinds of stems, e. g., one fertile, the 
succeeding one sterile. 



HETEROPHYLLOUS 



566 



HEXANE 



HeteTophy\\ons(/iet-er-oJ c/ -il-us)^eT£poi:,otiier, different; 
yvWov, leaf]. In biology, producing more than one 
kind of leaves on the same stem, as mjuniperus sabina, 
var. proaanbens, or having the leaves different in the 
several species of a genus. 

Heteroplasia (hct-er-o-pla' -ze-ali) [irepoc; other; TrAaovc, 
shaping]. I. Development of abnormal tissue; the 
presence in a part where it does not normally belong, 
of tissue that may, or may not, be normal. 2. The 
gradual removal of the material of an engrafted part, 
and its replacement by material normal to the part in 
which it is engrafted. 

Heteroplasm (hef-er-o-plazm) [erepoc, other ; ir'Ada/ia, 
something formed]. Heteroplastic material. 

Heteroplastic (het-er-o-plas' -tik) \iripoc, other ; 
irXdooeiv, to form]. I. Relating to heteroplasia. 2. 
Differing in structure. 

Heteroplastid (het-er-o-plas' -tid) [srepoc, other; 
■K'Aaaoeiv, to form]. A surgical graft. 

Heteroplasty (lief ' -er-o-plas-te) [erepoc, other; itImooeiv, 
to form]. 1 and 2. Same as Heteroplasia, q. v. 3. 
Surgical grafting, especially of parts taken from another 
species. 

Heteroprosopus (het-er-o-pro-so' '-pus) [erepoc, other ; 
■nrpoaw-ov, face]. A fetus with two faces; janus or 
janiceps. 

Heteropsychology (het-er-o-si-koV -o-je) [erfpoc, other ; 
tpv^f/, soul; \6yoc, treatise]. The study or science 
of psychology, as based upon facts other than those of 
one's own subjective experiences. 

Heteropterous (het-er-op' -ter-us) [erepoc, other, differ- 
ent ; ir-epov, wing]. In biology, having the wings 
composed of several distinct parts, as in the bugs. 

Heterorexia (het-er-o-reks' -e-ali) [trspoc, other ; bpe^ic, 
desire]. Perversion of the appetite. 

Heteroscopy (het-er-os'-ko-pe) [erfpoc, other ; gkotteiv, 
to examine]. Same as Deuteroscopy. 

Heterosomatous (liet-er-o-soni' -at-us) \erep6q, other, 
different; o£>/m, body]. In biology, having the body 
bilaterally asymmetric, or otherwise varying from a type. 

Heterosporous (ket-er-os' -po-rus) [erepoc, other, differ- 
ent ; onopoc, seed]. In biology, bearing spores of 
more than one kind, as macrospores and microspores. 

Heterostrophy (het-er-os' '-(ro-fe) [erepoc, other, differ- 
ent ; orpo<f>i], a turning]. In biology, a reversal in the 
direction of the twist, as in certain spiral shells. 

Heterostyled (lief ' -er-o-sfild) \erepoc, different ; <rrh2.oc, 
a pillar, style]. See Heterogonous. 

Heterotaxia (het-er-o-taks' -e-ali). See Heterotaxis. 

Heterotaxis (het-er-o-taks 1 '-is) [erepoc, other ; ra^ic, or- 
der]. The anomalous disposition or transposition of 
internal organs ; a form of malformation occasionally 
seen in the human species — situs inversus viscerum. 
The transposition is most commonly seen in the abdo- 
men. There is no interference with nutrition or func- 
tion by the abnormal arrangement of the parts. The 
opposite of Homotaxis. 

Heterotopia (het-er-o-to' -pe-ali) [erepoc, other ; rdiroc, 
place]. 1. Any misplacement of normal tissue, 
especially a congenital malformation of the brain, in 
which masses of gray matter are found transplanted 
into the white. This condition is invariably associated 
with idiocy. 2. The same as Heterochronia. 3. In 
biology, a mode of acceleration or change during 
growth, characterized by the transfer of cells from one 
part of the organism to the other. 

Heterotopic (ket-er-o-top'-ik). See Heterotopous. 

Heterotopous (hct-er-of '-o-pus) [erepoc, other ; rdnoc, 
place]. Characterized by heterotopia ; misplaced. 

Heterotopy (ket-er-of-o-pe). Same as Heterotopia. 

Heterotrophia, or Heterotrophy (hct-er-o-tro' -fe-ah, 
or het-er-of -ro-fe) [erepoc, other ; rpofr/, sustenance]. 



Any perversion or disorder of nutrition, local or 
general. In biology, obtaining nourishment by some 
abnormal or unusual arrangement. 

Heterotopia (het-er-0-trop 1 '-e-ali). See Strabismus. 

Heterotopic (hel-er-o-trop'-ik) [erepoc, other, different ; 
rpdiroc, a turning]. In biology, applied to plants the 
different organs of which behave differently under the 
same form of irritation. Cf. Anisotropic. 

Heterotropous (het-er-of -ro-pus) [erepoc, different ; 
rpdiroc, turning]. In biology, applied to any organ or 
part which is turned in an unusual direction, as an 
embryo transverse to the axis of the seed ; amphitro- 
pous. 

Heterotypic (het-er-o-tip'-ik), Heterotypical (het-er-o- 
tip'-ik-al) [erepoc, other; riirvr, pattern]. Applied 
to a monstrosity consisting of a well-developed fetus 
from which grows an immature secondary fetus. 

Heterotypus (het-er-o-ti'-pus) [erepoc, different ; rvnoc, 
a type]. A double monster having the parasitic 
fetus hanging from the ventral wall of the principal 
subject. 

Heteroxanthin (het-er-o-zatf -thin) [erepoc, other ; 
gavdoc, yellow], C 6 H 6 N 4 2 . A leukomaine isolated 
from urine in 1884. In composition it is methyl-xan- 
thin, and it is intermediate between xanthin and para- 
xanthin or dimethyl- xanthin ; it exists in the urine of 
man in the same proportion as para-xanthin. It occurs 
in larger amount in the urine of leukemic patients. 
It is crystalline, soluble in hot water, insoluble in 
alcohol and ether. It is thought by Solomon to have 
its origin in the kidney. Its physiologic action is not 
yet fully known. Xanthin, heteroxanthin, and para- 
xanthin form normally an homologous series of xan- 
thin-bodies in the urine. 

Heubner's Disease. Syphilitic disease of the cerebral 
arteries. See Diseases, Table of. 

Heuchera (hu'-ker-ali). See Alum-root. 

Heurteloup (her' -tel-up) [after Baron Heurteloup, the 
inventor]. An artificial leech or cupping-apparatus. 

Hewitt's Mixture. A mixture used in treating chlo- 
rosis. It consists of compound spirit of ether, com- 
pound tincture of lavender, and aromatic spirit of 
ammonia, each 2 drams ; water sufficient to make 2 
ounces. Of this one dram is given every two or three 
hours. 

Hewson's Dressing. An application for wounds, 
tumors, etc., consisting of dry earth containing about 
50 per cent, of clay. H.'s Experiments, experi- 
ments made to prove that the blood-vessels exert a 
restraining influence on coagulation. 

Hexabasic (heks-ah-ba'-sik) [ef, six; jidaic, a base]. 
Replaceable by six basic atoms. 

Hexactinal (licks-ak'-tin-al) [ef , six ; auric, ray]. In 
biology, bearing six rays. 

Hexad (licks' -ad) [ejiic, six]. In chemistry, an 
element the atoms of which have six times the saturat- 
ing power or equivalence of the hydrogen atom. 

Hexadactylism (heks-ad-ak' -fit ' izm) [efdf, six; Sciktv- 
aoc, a finger] . Having six fingers or toes. 

Hexagynian (licks-aj-in'-e-an) [ef, six; ywrj, female]. 
In biology, having six pistils or styles. 

Hexahydric Alcohols (hcks-ah-hi'-drik). See Alco- 
hol. 

Hexamerous (lieks-am'-er-us) [ti, six ; fitpoc, part]. 
In biology, having six parts, or the parts in sixes. 

Hexandrous (heks-an' -drtts) [ff, six; avrjp, male]. In 
biology, having six stamens. It is also called Hexan- 
drious, Hexandrian. 

Hexane (heks'-an) [ffac, six],C 6 H u . The sixth mem- 
ber of the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It is a 
liquid, boiling at about 11° C , found in various natural 
oils. 



HEXAPETALOUS 



507 



HIGH 



Hexapetalous (heks-ap-et'-al-tts) [ef, six; nhaXov, a 
leaf]. In biology, having six petals. 

Hexaphyllous [heks-af-il f -tts) [ef, six ; tybXkov, leaf]. 
In biology, having six leaves or leaflets. 

Hexapod [keks> '-ap-od) [ef, six; irobg, foot]. In 
biology, having six feet, as the true insects. 

Hexapodan (heks-ap' -o-dan) . Same as Hexapod. 

Hexapterous {heks-ap 1 '-ter-us) [«■;, six ; nrepdv, a 
wing]. In biology, having six wings or wing-like 
appendages. 

Hexastemonous (Jieks-as-tem' -o-nus) [ef , six ; arq/biov, 
warp, taken as stamen]. Same as Hexcuidrons. 

Hexastichous {Jieks-as' -tik-us) [ffdcrn^oc, of six rows]. 
In biology, having the parts or organs arranged in six 
rows. 

Hexatomic (Jieks-at-om'-ik) [£fdf, six ; arofiog, an 
atom]. In chemistry, consisting of six atoms; also 
applied to atoms that are hexavalent, and to alcohols 
or other compounds having six replaceable hydrogen 
atoms. 

Hexavalent (Jieks-av'-al-ent) [fftif , six ; valens, having 
power]. In chemistry, having the same saturating or 
combining-power as six hydrogen atoms, or a valence 
of six. 

Hexicology (Jieks-ik-ol'-o-je). See Hexiology. 

Hexiology (heks-e-oF -o-je) [ff(f, habit; Xoyuq, science]. 
The science of the relations of the organism to its 
environment. 

Hexoses (heks-o'-sez) [efdf, six]. The aldehyd or 
ketone derivatives of the hexahydric alcohols. They 
occur frequently in plants, especially in ripe fruits. 
They are formed by the hydrolytic decomposition of 
all disaccharids and polysaccharids when they are 
boiled with dilute acids, or acted upon by ferments. 
They possess feeble reducing-power. They precipitate 
cuprous oxid from warm alkaline cupric solutions, one 
molecule of hexose precipitating about five atoms of 
copper. This is the basis of the method for the vol- 
umetric estimation of glucose by means of Fehling's 
solution. When exposed to Schizomycetes the hexoses 
readily undergo fermentation. See Carbohydrates, 
Table of. 

Hexylamin (heks-il'-am-in). See Caproylamin. 

Hey's Hernia. See Hernia, Encysted. H.'s Liga- 
ment. See Ligament . 

Hiation (lii-a' -shun) \_hiare, to gape]. The act of gap- 
ing or yawning. Cf. Pandiculation. 

Hiatus (Jii-a'-tus) \_hiare, to gape], A space or open- 
ing. Also, the vulva. H. aorticus. See Aortic 
Opening. H. of Fallopius, the shallow groove on 
the petrous portion of the temporal bone. H. 
sacralis, a slit-like opening on the posterior surface 
of the sacrum. It is continuous above with the spinal 
canal. H. semilunaris, a crescentic furrow upon 
the outer wall of the middle meatus of the nose. 

Hibernaculum [hi-ber-nak' -u-luni) [L., a winter resi- 
dence : //. ,Hibernacula~\ . In biology, an organ fitted to 
protect delicate parts during the winter ; a winter bud. 

Hibernation (hi-ber-na' -shun) \Jiibernns, winter]. The 
dormant condition or winter-sleep of certain animals, 
notably bears, hedgehogs, etc., in which animation is 
almost suspended. Respiration and circulation are 
greatly reduced, and nutrition is performed mainly at 
the expense of the fatty tissues of the animal. 

Hiccup, or Hiccough (hik'-uf) \_hic, a mimic word; 
ME., cough, a cough]. A spasmodic contraction of 
the diaphragm causing inspiration, followed by a 
sudden closure of the glottis. 

Hickory (hik'-or-e) [an American Indian name]. The 
bark of shellbark hickory, Hicoria, or Carya alba ; 
it is tonic and anti-intermittent, and useful in malarial 
fevers. Dose of the fld. ext. .^ss-j. Unof. 



Hicks (Braxton), Method of. In obstetrics a method 
of performing version. It is the bipolar or combined 
internal and external method. H., Sign of. See 
Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Hidden Seizure. A popular name for various forms of 
slight or sudden epileptiform attacks. 

Hide [hid) [ME., hide, skin]. The skin of an animal. 
The skins of the ox, cow, buffalo, horse, etc., that are 
utilized in the manufacture of leather, are especially 
so termed. If obtained from younger animals of the 
same kind, they are called kips. H. -bound Disease. 
See Scleroderma. H. -bound Skin. See Sclero- 
derma. H.-glue. See Glue. 

Hidro- (lii'-dro-) [icSpoc, sweat]. A prefix signifying 
sweat. 

Hidroa (hid-ro' '-ah) fcdpoa, sweat-spots ; sudamina]. 
Sudamina ; any dermal lesion associated with or 
caused by profuse sweating. 

Hidrocystoma (Jiid-ro-sis-to' -mah) [_'t6po>a, sudamina; 
kvgtic, a cyst; bfia, a tumor: pi., Hidrocystomatd\. 
A variety of sudamina appearing on the face, especi- 
ally in women in middle and advanced life. 

Hidromancy (liid'-ro-mah-se) [idpuc, sweat; /uavreta. 
divination]. The forming of a prognosis from exami- 
nation of the perspiration. 

Hidronosus (Iiid-ron' -o-sus) \i6p6g, sweat ; v6aog, dis- 
ease]. Any disease of the sweat-glands. 

Hidropedesis (hid-ro-ped-e' '-sis) [Wpwc, sweat ; nr/ilTjaic;, 
a leaping]. Excessive sweating. 

Hidroplania (liid-ro-pla' -ne-ah) \\6piiq, sweat ; ■kIAvti, 
a wandering]. Sweating in an unusual portion of the 
body. 

Hidropoiesis (Jiid-ro-poi-e' -sis) [idpwc, sweat ; ■woikuv, 
to make]. The process of the formation and excre- 
tion of sweat. 

Hidropoietic (liid-ro-poi-et' -ik) [ISpkc, sweat ; nouetv, 
to make]. Relating to hidropoiesis ; sudoriparous. 

Hidrorrhea (liid-ror-e'-ah) [«3/juc, sweat ; poia, a flow]. 
Excessive flow of sweat. 

Hidrosadenitis (hid-ros-ad-en-i'-tis) [Mpwc, sweat; 
adi/v, gland ; itlq, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the sweat-glands. 

Hidroschesis (hid-ros'-kes-is) [Mpwc, sweat ; o^-fffjc, 
retention]. Retention or suppression of the sweat. 

Hidrosis [hid-ro' -sis) [idp6g, sweat]. I. The forma- 
tion and excretion of sweat. 2. Abnormally profuse 
sweating. 3. Any skin-disease marked by disorder of 
the sweat-glands. 

Hidrotic (hid-rot'-ik) [Mptm/cdf, producing sweat]. I. 
Diaphoretic or sudorific. 2. A medicine that causes 
sweating. 

Hidrotopathic (hid-ro-to-path'-ik) [t<5pwf, sweat ; iradoq, 
disease]. Relating to a morbid state of the perspira- 
tory function. 

Hidrotopoiesis {Jiid-roto-poi-e' -sis) \\l6pLi;, sweat ; noit- 
etv~\. Same as Hidropoiesis. 

Hidrotopoietic [hid-ro-to-poi-et'-ik). See Hidropoietic. 

Hidrozymases (hi-dro-zi-ma' -sez) [ilipuc, sweat : r vp.ri, 
ferment]. Sweat-ferments, including amylase, emul- 
sin, and pepsin. 

Hiera picra \hi'-er-ah pi'-krah) [L. , sacred bitters]. 
Pulvis aloes et canellre. See Aloes. 

Hieracium (hi-cr-a'-se-um) [jepatuov, hawk- weed]. A 
genus of composite-flowered herbs. In the old world, 
H. murorum and H. pilosella, and in the U. S., 
H. scabrum and H. venosum are popularly esteemed 
as useful remedies. They have astringent and pectoral 
qualities. Unof. 

Hieralgia [hi-er-al'-je-ah) [lep6v, sacred, sacrum ; 
aAyoQ, pain]. Pain in the sacrum. 

High (hi) [ME., high, high]. I. Elevated far above 
a base. 2. Intensified in physical quality, as temper- 



HIGHGATE RESIN 



568 



HIRCIN 



ature. H. Pelvic Posture. See Postures, Table of. 
H.-ride Sitting, in massage, sitting astride a high stool 
or narrow bench in order to fix the pelvis. 

Highgate Resin (jii'-gat rez'-in). See Copalin. 

Highmore, Antrum of. A cavity in the superior max- 
illary bone. H.'s Antrum of the Testicle. See 
Antrum. 

Highmorianum, Corpus (hi-mor-e-ait'-um kor'-pus) 
[L.]. See Corpus. 

Hilar (hi'-lar) \Jii'um, a little thing]. In biology, 
pertaining to the hilum. 

Kill Diarrhea. Hill colic. A peculiar type of diarrhea 
prevailing in certain hill-districts of India, marked by 
pernicious fever, extreme pain, and often speedy death. 

Hill's Stopping. A preparation consisting principally 
of bleached gutta-percha, carbonate of lime, and quartz, 
used for filling teeth. 

Hilton's Law. See Law. H.'s Line. See Lines, 
Table of. H.'s Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 
H.'s Sac, a laryngeal pouch. 

Hilum [hi'-luni) [hilum, a little thing: //. , Hi la]. 
In biology : (a)the point of attachment of an ovule or a 
seed to its funiculus, or if sessile, to the placenta; (b) 
a small pit, scar, recess, or opening in an animal 
structure, especially the notch on the internal or con- 
cave border of the kidney. 

Hinckes-Bird Method. See Ventilation. 

Hind (hind) [MT&., hindere, hinder]. Pertaining to the 
rear or posterior extremity. H. -brain, a division of 
the brain, developing from a funnel-shaped tube in the 
embryo to an anterior lobe that becomes the cerebel- 
lum, and a posterior lobe that becomes the medulla 
oblongata. H.-gut, that part of the embryonic intes- 
tine from which the extreme aboral part of the large 
intestine is developed. See Epigaster. H.-head. the 
occiput. H.-limb, one of the posterior limbs of a 
quadruped. 

Hinge-joint {Jiinj' -joinf) . See Diarthrosis. 

Hinoid (Jiin'-oid) [ic-(ii\ ), strength; elSog, form]. In 
biology, applied to leaves the veins of which are 
parallel and undivided and set at right angles to the 
midrib. 

Hip [ME., kipe,h\]f\. I. The upper part of the thigh 
at its junction with the buttocks. 2. The hip-joint. 
3. The coxa or first joint of an insect's leg. 4. To 
sprain the hip. 5. The fruit of the rose. Confection 
of hips, confectio roscecaninie. H.-bath. See Bath. 
H.-bone, the ischium. H. -girdle, the pelvic arch. 
H. -joint, the articulation of the femur with the 
haunch-bone or innominate bone. H. -joint Dis- 
ease, an arthritis of the hip-joint ; an affection of 
early life, and according as it begins in the head of 
the femur, the acetabulum, or in the synovial mem- 
brane and proper structures of the joint, divided 
respectively into Femoral, Acetabular, and Arthritic. 
Its etiology is obscure, its symptoms pain (coxalgia), 
swelling, and deformity. Coxalgia is incorrectly used 
as a synonym. 

Hipling [hip' -ling) [ME., hipe, hip]. In obstetrics, a 
hip-presentation of the fetus. 

Hippanthropy (hip-an'-thro-pe) ['(ttttoc, horse ; avBpu- 
■rzog, man]. A form of zoanthropy in which the 
patient believes that he is a horse. 

Hippiater (hip-e-a' '-ter) [Imroc;, a horse; la-pus, a phy- 
sician]. A horse-doctor ; a farrier. 

Hippiatric [hip-e-af '-ric) [i~~oc, a horse; iarpdc, a 
physician]. Pertaining to veterinary surgery. 

Hippiatry (hip-i' -at-re) [jttttoc, horse ; larpeia, medical 
art]. Veterinary medicine, in so far as it relates to 
the horse ; farriery. 

Hippocamp (hip' -o-kamp) ['iinrog, horse; Ka/nrog, a 
sea-monster]. The hippocampus major. 



Hippocampal (hip-o-kam'-pal) [i--or, horse; Ka/nrog, 
a sea-monster.] Relating to the hippocampus. 

Hippocampus (liip-o-kam'-pus) [i-ttoc, horse ; Kafiirog, 
a sea-monster]. A name applied to two elevations, 
H major and H. minor, the former situated in the in- 
ferior, and the latter in the posterior horn of the 
ventricles of the brain. When the name Hippocam- 
pus is used alone, the H. major is meant. 

Hippocoryza (hip-o-ko-ri'-zah) . Synonym of Equinia. 

Hippocras (hip' -o-hras)[i7T7rog, horse ; Kpdrog, strength]. 
An old-fashioned cordial or liquor, made of red wine, 
sweetened and flavored. 

Hippocrates' Bandage. See Bandage. 

Hippocratic [hip-o-kraf -ik) \_Hippocrates, a Greek 
physician of the fourth century]. Pertaining to Hip- 
pocrates. H. Expression, an anxious expression of 
the countenance, described as characteristic of peri- 
tonitis. H. Face. See Fades. H. Finger. See H. 
Nail. H. Nail, a peculiar curvation of the nails 
seen in pulmonary tuberculosis and other lung- dis- 
eases. They are curved, longitudinally striated, over- 
lapping the finger like the beak of a parrot. The 
condition is also called Hippocratic Finger. H. 
Sound. See Succussion-sound. 

Hippocratism (liip-ok' '-rat-izm) [Hippocrates, a Greek 
physician]. Hippocrates' doctrine of imitating nature 
in the treatment of disease. 

Hippocrepian (kip-o-kre' -pe-an) [irr-of, ahorse ; Kpr/Tric, 
a boot]. In biology, horse-shoe-shaped ; hippocrepi- 
form, as a certain deformity of the kidney. 

Hippocrepiform (liip-o-ki-ep'-iform). See Hippocre- 
pian. 

Hippolith (flip' -o-lith) \\-ttoq, horse; /u'floc, stone]. A 
calculus or bezoar found in the stomach of the 
horse. 

Hippology (liip-ol'-o-ie) [(7r7roc, horse ; ZSyoc, knowl- 
edge]. The anatomy, pathology, etc., of the horse. 

Hippomane (hip-om' ' -an-e) ['nrTropavig ; t;r-or, horse ; 
fiavia, madness ; the ancients believed that horses 
were madly fond of a plant called by this name]. A 
genus of euphorbiaceous trees. H. mancinella and 
H. spinosa, the manchineal trees of tropical America, 
are extremely acrid and poisonous, even to the 
touch. They are used locally in medicine, especially 
in skin-diseases. Unof. 

Hippomelanin (hip-o- mel> '-an-in) [iTr-or, horse; ptlac,, 
black]. A pigment found in melanotic tumors in 
horses. 

Hippopathology (Jiip-o-path-ol'-o-je) [ct-jtoc, horse; 
-<i#oc, disease; Xoyog, science]. The science of the 
diseases of the horse. 

Hippophagy [hip-off '-a-je) [Ittttoc, horse ; (payeiv, to 
eat]. The eating of horse-flesh. 

Hipposteology (liip-os-te-ol'-o-je) [lrnro$, horse ; bareov, 
bone; Aoyog, science]. The science of osteology as 
applied to the horse. 

Hippotomy (hip-ot'-o-me) ['(-7roc, horse ; to//j?, a cut- 
ting]. The anatomy or dissection of the horse. 

Hippurate (hip'-u-rdt) [t7T7roc, horse; ovpov, urine]. 
Any salt of hippuric acid, q. v. 

Hippuria (liip-u'-re-ah) [t7T7roc, horse; ovpov, urine]. 
Excess of hippuric acid in the urine, e.g., after medi- 
cation with benzoic acid. 

Hippuric Acid (hip-u'-rik). See Acid. 

Hippuris (hip-u'-ris) \_'irr-ovpig, horse-tail]. I. A genus 
of halorageaceous aquatic herbs, common in all cool 
regions. H. vulgaris is astringent. Unof. 2. The 
Cauda equina, q. v. 

Hippus (hip' -its) \_'i--oc, horse, from analogy to the 
movement of this animal]. Spasmodic pupillary move- 
ment, independent of the action of light. 

Hircin (Iwr'-sin). See Acid, Hircic. 



HIRCINOUS 



569 



HOARSENESS 



Hircinous {her-si'-nus) \hircinus, of a goat]. In biology, 
having a goat-like odor. 

Hircismus (her-siz'-mus) \hircus, a goat]. The goat- 
like odor sometimes emitted by the human axilla. 

Hircus (her' -kits) [L. , "goat"]. The tragus. 

Hirschfeld's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. 

Hirsute (her-suf) \Jiirsutus, rough, shaggy]. In bio- 
logy, thickly covered with rough, shaggy hair. 

Hirsuties (her-su' -te-ez) \_hirsittus, shaggy]. Hyper- 
trichosis ; hypertrichiasis ; polytrichia ; trichauxis ; 
that condition in which the hairs of the body are in- 
creased in number or size, or grow in unusual situa- 
tions, or in normal situations in unusual length or 
number. H. gestationis, a growth of hair about the 
chin and lips in women in the course of pregnancy. 

Hirsutocinereous (her-su-to-sin-e' -re-ns) \Jiirsutus, 
hairy; cinereous, ashy]. In biology, having a hairy 
coat of an ashy-gray color. 

Hirtellous (her-tel'-us) [hirtus, hairy]. Minutely hir- 
sute ; stiffly pubescent. 

Hirudiniculture (hi-rn'-din-e-kul-chur) [hirudo, leech ; 
cultura, culture]. The artificial breeding and rearing 
of leeches. 

Hirudo (hi-ru'-do)[_h. : pi., Hirudines\. The leech, a. v. 

His, Bursa of. A dilatation of the end of the archen- 
teron described by His in a human embryo. H.'s 
Granule-cell, a granular cell resembling a leuko- 
cyte, found in the ovarian stroma. H.'s Tissue, a 
synonym of Adenoid Tissue. 

Hispid (his'-pid) \_hispidus, bristly]. In biology, 
bristly. Beset with rigid, spreading hairs or minute 
spines. 

Hispidulous (his-pid' -u-lus) \_hispidus, hairy]. In 
botany, minutely hispid ; having short, stiff hairs. 

Histioid (his'-te-oid). See Histoid. 

Histochemic (his-to-kem' -ik) \Iot6c, tissue ; x^H-^t 
chemistry]. Relating to histochemistry. 

Histochemistry (his-to-kem' -is-tre) [iordf, tissue ; 
XVf-eia, chemistry]. The chemistry of the histologic 
elements of the body. 

Histodialysis (his-to-di-al'-is-is) [tordf, web ; dialvaig , 
a resolution]. The dissolution of organic tissue. 

Histogenesis (his-lo-jen' -es-is) \_iarog, web ; ykvtaiq, 
generation]. In biology, the process of formation of 
cells and cell-products. 

Histogenetic (his-to-jen-et'-ik) [laror, web; yevvav, to 
produce]. Relating to histogenesis. 

Histogeny (his-toj'-en-e). See Histogenesis. 

Histography (his-tog'-ra-fe) [_iarog, tissue ; ypatpeiv, to 
write]. A description or written account of the 
tissues. 

Histohematin (his-to-kem' '-at-in) \Iot6c, web ; atua, 
blood]. I. A pigmentary extractive of the suprarenal 
bodies ; it is found also in various other tissues in the 
lower animals. 2. One of a class of respiratory pig- 
ments ; the intrinsic coloring-matters of the organs and 
tissues of invertebrates. The hisiohcmatins are of 
wide-spread occurrence in the tissues of both verte- 
brates and invertebrates. The best known is that found 
in muscles, viz., myohematin, q. v. 

Histoid (his'-toid) [terror/, web; eldog, likeness]. Per- 
taining to tissue derived from the mesoblast, as a his- 
toid tumor. See A r eoplasm. 

Histokinesis (his-to-kin-e' -sis) \jgt6q, tissue ; Ktv^aig, 
movement]. Movement that takes place in the 
minute structural elements of the body. 

Histologic, Histological (his-to-loj'-ik, his-to-loj' -ik-al) 
[tordf, tissue ; Aoyof, science]. Relating to histology. 

Histologist (his-tol' -o-jist)\j.oroi; , tissue ; Aoyog, science]. 
One who is expert in histology. 

Histology (his-tol' -o-je) \_1<jt6c, tissue ; Uyor, science]. 
The study of the intimate structure of tissues. 



Histolysis (his-tol' -is-is) [itrrof , tissue ; Avoig, dissolu- 
tion]. Disintegration and dissolution of organic tissue. 

Histolytic (his-tol-it'-ik) [<ardc, tissue ; a'vgiq, dissolu- 
tion]. Pertaining to histolysis. 

Histomorphology (his-to-morf-ol'-o-je) [lordg, tissue ; 
l'op<j>r/, form ; Auyoc, science]. The morphology of 
the histologic elements of the body. 

Histon (his'-ton) \_ioruc, tissue]. A proteid prepared 
from the nuclei of ceils. It belongs to the group of 
proteids known as albumoses or propeptones. 

Histonomy (his-ton' -o-me) \_iotoq, tissue ; vopoc, a law]. 
The laws of the development and arrangement of or- 
ganic tissue. 

Histopathology (his-to-path-ol' -o-je) [lords, tissue ; 
TrdOog, disease ; 'Aoyos, science]. The study of minute 
pathologic changes or states. 

Histophysiology (his-to-fiz-e-ol' -o-je) [lords , web, tis- 
sue ; tyvois, nature ; /dj of, science]. The science of 
the functions of the various tissues. 

History (his' -tor-e) [loropia, a learning by inquiry]. A 
narrative; story. H., Biologic, the life-story of any 
animal. H., Medical, the account obtained from a 
patient as to his health, past and present, and the 
symptoms of his disease. 

Histotome (his' -to-torn) [lards, tissue; ropoq, cutting]. 
A microtome or other apparatus for cutting tissue 
for the study of its minute structure. 

Histotomy (his-tol' -o-me) [lords tissue ; rkpveiv, to cut]. 
The dissection of any organic tissue. 

Histotripsy (his-to-trip'-se) [fiords , web ; rptyis, a 
crushing] . The crushing of tissues by an ecraseur. 

Histotromy (his-tot' -ro-me) [lords, tissue ; rpdjxos, tre- 
mor]. Fibrillary contraction. 

Histotrophic (his-to-trof'-ik) [lords, tissue ; rpotpr/, 
nourishment]. Concerning the nutrition of the tissues. 

Histozyme (his'-to-zlni) [<ordc, tissue ; (,'vp.r), leaven]. 
A ferment found by Schmiedeberg in the kidneys of 
pigs, and concerned in splitting up hippuric acid. 

Histrionic (his-ire-on'-ih) \histrio, an actor]. Dram- 
atic. H. Mania, insanity with affectation and lofty 
manner. H. Muscles, the expressional muscles of 
the face. H. Spasm, spasm of the histrionic mus- 
cles. 

Histrionism (his'-lre-on-izm) \_histrio, a player]. 
Dramatic action in insanity or in hysteria. 

Hitooch (hit-oosh'). See Hitouch. 

Hitouch (hit-oosh') [Heb.]. Hitooch; the first step 
in the Jewish rite of circumcision. It consists in cut- 
ting off the prepuce. 

Hives (lilvz) [origin uncertain]. A name loosely ap- 
plied to almost any papular eruption of the skin. In 
Great Britain, the term is applied to eroup, laryngitis, 
and to chicken-pox ; in the United States it is limited 
to a transitory form of urticaria, q. v. 

Hive-syrup. See Scilla and Antimonium. 

Hoang-nan, or Hwang-nao (Invang-nozu') [Chinese]. 
A Chinese preparation obtained from the bark of 
Strychnos gaultheriana. Its properties are due to a 
small percentage of strychnin. It is recommended as 
an alterative in syphilis, leprosy, and similar diseases, 
and is an alleged preventive of hydrophobia if given 
in large doses (gr. xv) during the period of incubation. 
Dose of the powdered drug gr. iij-v ; of the aceto-al- 
coholic extract gr. Y%-)/i ; of the tinct. n\j -v - 

Hoar (hor) [ME., hore, hoar]. Gray; old. 

Hoarhound (lior'-hownd). See Marrubium. 

Hoariness (hor'-e-nes). See Canities. 

Hoarse (hors) [ME. , hoors, harsh]. Harsh; grating; 
discordant ; applied to the voice. 

Hoarseness (hors'-nes) [ME., hoorsnesse, hoarseness]. 
Harshness of the voice depending on some abnormal 
condition of the larynx or throat. 



HOB-NAIL LIVER 



570 



HOLOTETANUS 



Hob-nail Liver, or Hob-nailed Liver. A liver covered 
with small bosselations like the heads of hob-nails; it 
is the result of cirrhosis, or of an old and persistent 
hyperemia. It is called also Gin-drinker? Liver. 

Hobokenius, Valves of. Crescentic or ring-like ridges 
on the inner surface of the umbilical vessels, produc- 
ing constrictions upon their outer surface. 

Hock (hok) [Ger., Hochheimer']. White Hochheimer 
wine ; any German white wine. 

Hock, Hough (/to/;) [ME., houz, heel]. The joint on 
the hind-leg of a quadruped between the knee and the 
fetlock, corresponding to the ankle-joint in man. In 
man, the back part of the knee-joint ; the ham. 

Hodgen's Apparatus. A modification of Smith's 
anterior splint. 

Hodgkin's Disease. See Lymphadenoma and Dis- 
eases, Table of. 

Hodgson's Dilatation, or Disease. Dilatation of 
the aorta. It commences with inflammatory and 
sub-inflammatory changes in the tissues, going on 
to extreme degeneration, with dilatation of the first 
part of the aorta. There is sometimes involvement of 
the aortic valves, with hypertrophy and dilatation of 
the heart. See Diseases, Table of. 

Hoe (ho) [ME., howe, a hoe]. A scraping-instrument 
used in operations for cleft-palate, or in dentistry. - 

Hoffmann's Anodyne. See Ether. H.'s Violet. 
Same as Dahlia. H.'s Method. See Treatment, 
Methods of. 

Hofmeier's Method. A method of expression of the 
fetal head. It is carried out by pressure on the head 
alone, by directly pressing from without upon the oc- 
ciput and the face from both sides. 

Hofmeister's Method. A method of removing pro- 
teids from a liquid. To the liquid, rendered faintly 
acid and heated to boiling, add a solution of ferric 
acetate, made by saturating acetic acid with recently 
precipitated ferric hydrate. After boiling for a few 
minutes and filtering, a solution is obtained which 
contains neither proteids nor iron. This method does 
not precipitate peptones. 

Hog [ME., hog, a gelded hog]. I. A gelded pig; a 
barrow-pig. 2. A glutton. H. -cholera, a specific, 
highly contagious fever of swine, attended with in- 
flammation of the lungs, stomach, intestines, and 
other organs, usually diarrhea, frequently cough, and 
extravasations of blood in the skin and mucous mem- 
branes. It is called also Pnenmoenteritis. See Bacillus 
ex pneumo-enteritide suis, under Bacteria, Table of. 
H.-gum, a name for various West Indian resins. See 
Gum. H.'s Potato. See Camass. H.-weed. See 
Ambrosia. 

Hohl's Method. A method of preserving the peri- 
neum in labor. It consists in applying resistance to 
the presenting part, the thumb being applied anteriorly 
to the occiput and the index and middle fingers pos- 
teriorly upon that portion of the head lying nearest 
the commissure. 

Holagogue (hol'-ag-og) [oAoc, whole; dyo}oc, leading]. 
A medicine or remedy that expels or drives out the 
whole of a morbid substance. A radical remedy. 

Holarrhena (hol-ar-e' -nali). See Wrightia. 

Holcodont (hol'-ko-dont) \_oakoc, a furrow ; b&o'vq 
(bS6vT), tooth]. In biology, applied to teeth planted 
in a continuous groove. 

Holden's Line. See Lines, Table of. 

Holder (hold'-er) [ME., holdere, a holder]. A device 
for holding instruments, sponges, etc., in surgical op- 
erations. 

Holder's Plane. See Plane. 

Hold-fast (hold' '-fast). A " lumpy-jaw " tumor. See 
Actinomycosis. 



Hollands (hol'-ands). See Gin. 

Hollek (hol'-ek). Same as Hollyhock. 

Hollow-foot (hoi' -0- foot). See Cavus. 

Holly (hol'-e). See" Ilex. 

Hollyhock (hol'-e-hok) [AS., holihoc, hollyhock]. A 
name given to the Alt/tea rosea and other species of 
Althea. See Althea. 

Holmgren's Test. The worsted test for color-blind- 
ness. One of the worsteds is placed before the per- 
son to be tested, and he is asked to match it as nearly 
as possible. 

Holo- (hol'-o-) [6/loc, entire]. A prefix signifying 
entirety. 

Holoblast (hoi' -o-blast) [o/ioc, whole ; j3Aaar6<;, germ]. 
In biology, an ovum that undergoes complete seg- 
mentation while germinating. 

Holoblastic (hol-o-blas'-tik) [oAo<;, whole ; fiAaoroc, 
germ]. In biology, applied to eggs in which the 
entire yolk is included in the process of segmentation ; 
one in which there is no separate food-yolk. 

Hologastrula (hol-o-gas' ' -trti-lah) [o/.oc , whole ; yaorr/p, 
stomach: pi. , Hologastridaf\. In biology, the gas- 
trula resulting from the development of a holoblastic 
ovum. 

Holometabolian (hol-o-met-ab-o' -le-an). Same as Holo- 
metabolic. 

Holometabolic {Iiol-o-met-ab-ol' rik) \okoc, whole ; 
pera(ioAog, changeable]. In biology, applied to ani- 
mals that undergo complete metamorphosis or trans- 
formation, as insects. 

Holonarcosis (hol-o-nar-ko' -sis) \h\oq, complete ; 
vdpKuaig, stupor]. Complete narcosis. 

Holopathy (hol-op' -ath-e) [oAof, entire ; Trddor;, disease]. 
1. A general or constitutional disease of which a local 
disorder is but a manifestation. 2. The theory that 
local diseases are manifestations of a general disorder. 

Holophanerous (hol-o-fan'-er-us) [o'aoc;, whole ; 
<pavepoc, visible]. In biology, discernible through- 
out, as the transformation of insects. 

Holophy tic (hol-o-fit'-ik) [o/toc, whole ; Qvt6v, plant] . 
In biology, applied to certain protozoa and other 
animals that, in theirmode of nutrition, closely resemble 
plants. 

Holoplexia {Jwl-o-pleks' -e-ah) [uAor , whole ; tt?.?j^cc, a 
stroke]. Complete or general paralysis. 

Holopneustic (hol-op-nu' '-stik)[y?Mc, whole ; TrvevoTLK.be, 
rrvelv, to breathe]. In biology, applied to such in- 
sect larvae as possess many pairs of open stigmata, as 
distinguished from those having no open stigmata, 
apneustic larvce. 

Holorhinal (hol-o-ri' -nal) [pAog, whole; p'c, the nose]. 
In biology, applied to the Gallina and other birds 
having the anterior margin of the nasal bone con- 
cave, with two cornua directed forward, the processes 
being 'continuous behind with the body of the bone 
and with one another. 

Holoschisis (hol-os' -kis-is) [o'aoq , whole ; er^'mf, 
cleavage]. Amitotic or indirect cell-division ; ami- 
tosis. 

Holosericeous (hol-o-ser-is' '-e-us) [Moc, whole ; az/piKoc;, 
of silk]. In biology, covered with very minute silky 
hairs. 

Holosteous (hol-os' -te-us) [62o?, whole ; bnrkov, a 
bone]. In biology, having a completely bony 
skeleton. 

Holostomatous (hol-o-sto' -mat-tts) [6/ioc, whole ; a-6pa, 
mouth]. In biology, having the mouth entire, neither 
notched nor with parts missing. 

Holostomous (liol-os'-to-mus). Same as Holostoma- 
tous. 

Holotetanus (hol-o-tef '-an-tis) [6?.oc, whole ; reravoc, 
tetanus]. General tetanus ; called also Holotonia. 






HOLOTHECAL 



571 



HOMICIDE 



Holothecal [hol-o-the' -kal) [fi/loc, whole ; Or/nr/, case]. 
In biology, booted ; applied to birds in which the tar- 
sal envelop is entire. 

Holotomy \hol-ot' -o-me) [o'aoc, whole ; re/uveiv, to cut]. 
Complete surgical excision of a part or organ. 

Holotonia, or Holotony {Jiol-o-to'-ne-ah, hol-ot' -o-ne) 
[oXoq, entire; reiveiv, to stretch]. Same as Holotet- 
anus. 

Holotonic (hol-o-ton r -ik) [p'Aoc, entire ; reiveiv, to 
stretch]. Relating to, or characterized by, holotet- 
any. 

Holozoic (Jiol-o-zo f -ik) [o/loc, whole ; (umv, an animal]. 
In biology, entirely resembling animals in mode of 
nutrition. 

Holthouse, Hernia of. See Hernia. 

Holting (holt'-ing) [after Holt, the inventor of the 
method]. The divulsion of an urethral stricture by 
Holt's dilator. 

Holtz Machine. A particular form of electro-static 
induction-machine. 

Homalocephalus (liom-al-o-sef -al-us) [bfialb^, flat ; 
necpa'Ai/, the head]. Lissauer's term for " flat- 
headed." 

Homalocoryphus (Jiom-al-o-kor' -if-us) \_6fiali6c, flat ; 
Kopvcf)//, the head]. Lissauer's term for a skull in 
which the angle formed by two lines drawn from the 
bregma and the occipital point to the highest point 
above is between 132 and 142 . 

Homalogonatous (Jiom-ato-gon' -at-us) \_bp.ak6Q, even, 
level; ydvv, knee]. In biology, applied to such birds 
as possess an accessory femoro-caudal muscle and a 
tufted oil-gland and cocca ; the opposite of Anoma- 
logonatous, in which this combination is never found. 

Homalographic (Jwm-al-o-graf -ik) [bfiaAoc, same ; 
ypaipew, to write]. Pertaining to homolography. H. 
Method, a method of showing the structure of the 
body by means of plane sections of a frozen body. 

Homalography (Jwm-al-og' -ra-fe) \_bp\aAbc, level ; 
ypdipeiv, to record]. Anatomy by sections; the repre- 
sentation of structure by means of sketches of various 
sections. 

Homalometopus (hom-al-o-met-o' '-pus) [_6/xa?i6r , flat ; 
fieromov, the space between the eyes]. Lissauer's 
term for a skull having a frontal angle between 130.5 
and 141°. 

Homalopisthocranius {horn - al- o-pis-tho - kra'-ne-us) 
\bpakoq, flat; oTiaftev, behind; upaviov, the skull]. 
Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed 
by lines joining the external occipital protuberance 
and the occipital point with the highest point of the 
skull is between 140 and 154 . 

Homalosternal (liom-al-o-ster'-nal) \bp.a\bc, even, 
level; arepvov, sternum]. In biology, having a raft- 
like or keelless sternum ; ratite, as certain birds. 

Homaluranus (Jiom-al-u-ra' -nus) \b\iak6c, flat ; ovpa, 
a tail]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the 
angle formed by lines joining the occipital point and 
the bregma with the highest point of the skull is 
betwen 147. 5 and 163. 5 . 

Homatropin (hom-at'-ro-pin). See Atropin. 

Homeo- {ho'-me-o-) \bfioioc, like]. A prefix signifying 
like or similar. 

Homeobiophorid (Jio-me-o-bi-off ' -or-id) [bpoioc, like ; 
(iioc, life ; <j>epeiv, to bear]. In biology, Weismann's 
name for the lowest and most primitive undifferentiated 
organism conceivable, having the form of a single 
biophore, or of a number of similar biophores, in which 
multiplication and transmission would occur together, 
no special apparatus being required for the latter pro- 
cess, as,a reproduction by binary fission must result 
in two corresponding halves, each containing similar 
biophores, and each of which, simply by the multipli- 



cation of its units, is able to give rise to a compact 
organism like the parent. Cf. Hcterobiophorid. 

Homeochronous [lio-me-ok' -ro-nus) [o//o(oc, like, simi- 
lar ; XP° V0 S> time]. In biology, true ontogenetic 
sequence ; appearance in proper order in time ; applied 
to animals, organs, or hereditary traits. H. Heredity, 
pertaining to the appearance of an organ, trait, ten- 
dency or function, whether psychologic, physiologic, 
or pathologic, at a similar time of life in a series of 
descendants. 

Homeodont (Jio'-me-o-dont) [bfioioc, like ; bfibvc, tooth]. 
In biology, applied to teeth that are simple cones. 

Homeokinesis {Jw-me-o-kin-e'-sis) [ujjoioc, like ; Kivelv, 
to move]. In biology, Weismann's term for that kind 
of nuclear division in which the two daughter-nuclei 
contain similar idioplasm ; i. e. nuclear division de- 
pending upon a perfectly uniform distribution of the 
primary constituent and resulting in parts containing 
similar hereditary tendencies. Cf. Heterokinesis. 

Homeomerous Qio-me-om' -er-us) [bftotoc, like ; fiepog, 
part]. In biology, having given organs or parts dis- 
tributed uniformly throughout. 

Homeomorphous (Jio-me-o-mor' -fits) \piinioc, like ; 
[iopfi/, form]. Like or similar in form and structure. 

Homeopathic [ho-me-o-path' '-ik) [bfioioc, like ; nation, 
feeling]. Relating to homeopathy. 

Homeopathist {ho-me-op' -ath-ist) \_b/iowc, like ; iradoc, 
feeling]. A practitioner of homeopathy. 

Homeopathy (ho-me-op' '-ath-e) [bfwioc, like ; Trddoc, 
ailment or disease]. A system of treatment of dis- 
ease by the use of agents that, administered in health, 
" would produce symptoms similar to those morbid 
conditions for the relief of which the agent or medi- 
cine is given." The hypothesis expressed by the 
adage, " similia similibus curantur." See Regular 
and Allopathy. 

Homeoplasia (ho-me-o-pla' -se-ah) [bftoiog, like ; 
irAaaaeiv, to shape]. The growth of tissue resem- 
bling the normal tissue, or matrix, in its form and 
properties ; also the tissue so formed. 

Homeoplastic [ho-me-o-plas'-tik) \bjioioc, like; 
TrAaaaeiv, to form]. Pertaining to a neoplasm re- 
sembling its matrix-tissue in texture. One differing 
widely in this respect is heteroplastic. If separated 
in position, it is said to be heterotopic ; in date, 
heterochronic. 

Homeoplasty (Jio r -me-o-plas-te) . See Homeoplasia. 

Homeosis, or Homoiosis (Jio-me-o'-sis, or ho-moi-o'- 
sis) [bfioiuoic ; b/iowc, like]. The assimilation of 
nutrient material. 

Homeo-therapeutics [lio-me-o-ther-ap-u' -tiks) [o/moc, 
like; dtpawevew, to serve]. The homeopathic doc- 
trine of therapeutics. 

Homeothermal, or Homoiothermal (Jio-me-o-ther' - 
mal, ho-moi-o-ther' '-mat) \b/iomc, like ; deppr/, heat]. 
Pertaining to animals that are " warm-blooded," or 
that maintain a uniform temperature despite variations 
in the surrounding temperature. 

Homeozoic (Jio-me-o-zo' -ik) [ojxoioc, the same, similar; 
£u7/, life]. In biology, applied to geographic areas, 
zones, or belts, having similar forms of life. 

Homesickness {Jiom'-sik-nes). Nostalgia. An urgent 
desire to return to one's home. It may be accom- 
panied by a morbid sluggishness of the functions of 
the various organs of the body, and may develop into 
profound melancholy. 

Homicidal (hom-is-i'-dal) \_homo, a man; ccedere, to 
kill]. Pertaining to homicide. H. Mania, insanity 
characterized by murderous impulses. 

Homicide (Jiom' -is-ld) [homo, a man ; ccedere, to kill]. 
The killing of a human being without malice or in- 
tent, as distinguished from murder or manslaughter. 



HOMICULTURE 



572 



HOMOLOGOUS 



Also, the taking of human life in general by another. 
Also, one who takes the life of another. 

Homiculture (ho' ' -mik-ul-chur) \_homo, man ; cultura, 
culture]. The proposed improvement of the human 
species by attention to the laws of breeding ; stirpi- 
culture. 

Hominisection (ho-min-is-ek' -shiui) \Jiomo, hominis, 
man; sectio, a cutting]. Dissection of the human 
body ; anthropotomy. 

Homo (ho' -mo) [L.]. Man. The sole genus of the 
order Bimana. 

Homoblastic (Jw-mo-blas'-tik) [6/i6g, the same; /3/Wzctoc, 
a bud, germ]. In biology, derived from like germs or 
cells. 

Homocarpous (ho-mo-kar' '-pics) \_bu6c, the same; 
napTror, fruit]. In biology, bearing fruits all of one 
kind. 

Homocentric (ho-mo-sen' '-trik) \_bfi6c, same ; Kevrpov, 
center]. Concentric. Having the same center. H. 
Rays, a pencil of light-rays either cone-shaped or 
rod-shaped. 

Homocerc (ho'-mo-serh) \_6fi6c, the same ; nkpnoc, the 
tail]. Same as Homocercal. 

Homocercal (ho-mo-sei-'-hal) \_6p-6g, the same ; nepnoc, 
the tail]. In biology, applied to fishes in which the 
caudal fin-rays are so disposed as to give the tail an 
appearance of symmetry with respect to the axis of 
the body. 

Homocerebrin (ho-mo-ser' -e-brin) \oji6c , like ; cere- 
brum, cerebrum]. A substance derivable from brain- 
tissue, closely resembling cerebrin, but more soluble 
in alcohol. 

Homochromous (ho-mo-kro' -mus) \bp.6q, the same ; 
Xpu/na. color]. In biology, all of one color, as the 
florets in a flower-head, or an entire organism. 

Homocinchonidin (ho-mo-sin-kon' -id-in\ [o,«of, the 
same; cinchona], C ]9 H 22 N 2 O r An alkaloid derived 
from South American Red-bark, one of the Cin- 
chonas. 

Homodermic (ho-mo-der' -mik) \_bfj.6c, the same ; 
dep/ia, the skin]. In biology, of similar blastodermic 
origin ; applied to tissues or organs. 

Homodesmotic (ho-mo-des-mot'-ik) [6//oc, like; dea/ioc, 
bond]. Connecting centers of equal importance (as a 
nerve-fiber). 

Homodont (ho'-mo-donl) \_b116r, the same ; bSovc, 
tooth]. In biology, having the teeth alike through- 
out. 

Homodromous (ho-mod' -ro-mus) \_6jj.6<;, the same ; 
Sp6/mc, a course]. In biology, applied to plants in 
which the spiral arrangement of the leaves on the stem 
and branches is alike throughout. 

Homodynamy (ho-mo-di' '-nam-e) [ojioc, the same ; 
(Ivvaptg, power]. In biology, serial homology; ap- 
plied to homologous parts (somites or metameres) 
arranged along the long axis of the body. 

Homceo- (ho'-ine-o-). For words thus beginning, see 
Homeo-. 

Homogamous (ho-mog' -am-us) \o\x6c, the same ; 
yapor, marriage]. In biology, having all the florets 
of the inflorescence alike in sex. 

Homogamy (Jio-mog' '-am-e) [6//<5c, same ; yapoc, mar- 
riage]. I. Romanes' term for that method of evolu- 
tion by physiologic selection of those varieties, the in- 
dividuals of which are fertile among themselves, but 
less fertile or sterile with other varieties and with the 
parent-stock. It is called also Segregate Fecundityhy 
Gulick. See Evolution. 2. In biology, applied to 
hermaphrodite flowers that mature their stigmas and 
anthers at the same time. 

Homogen (ho' -?no-jen) \opoc, the same ; yevoc;, race]. 
In biology: I. Derived from the same or similar 



parents ; having a common ancestor. 2. One of two 
organs or organisms having a common ancestor or an- 
cestral part. H., Ancestral, i. e. , homogenetic homo- 
logues that do not arise similarly, though probably 
descended from common ancestral parts, e. g., the legs 
of flies of diverse development. H., Developmen- 
tal, i. e., homogenetic homologues that arise similarly, 
whether descending from the same ancestral part or 
not, e.g., some of the cranial bones of a Teleostean 
and of a mammal. 

Homogeneity (ho-mo-jen-e'-it-e) \_bpoc, like; ~)ivoc, a 
kind]. The condition of being homogeneous. 

Homogeneous (ho-mo-je' ' -ne-us) [opoc, like ; yivoq, 
kind]. Having the same nature or qualities. Sim- 
ilar or identical in structure. . H. Immersion. See 
Immersion. H. Triplets. See Homogeneous Twins. 
H. Twins, in embryology, when the cleavage-force 
is exerted to its fullest effect, the entire embryonal 
trace is completely divided ; each resulting part may 
be capable of independent development, whereby two 
fetuses are produced remarkable for their great simi- 
larity ; such offspring are known as homogeneous 
twins. They are always of the same sex and possess 
almost perfect identity of physical characteristics. So 
also may a secondary fission of one of the halves take 
place, as an extremely rare occurrence, homogeneous 
triplets resulting from such twofold division of the 
original area. Such fetuses usually lie within a single 
chorion, enclosed by a separate or a common amni- 
otic sac, the increased pressure arising from the 
unusual contents of the limited uterine cavity favoring 
absorption and disappearance of the amniotic parti- 
tions. 

Homogenesis (ho-mo-jen'-es-is) [6p.6c, like ; yevvav, 
to beget]. Uni vocal generation ; reproduction in 
which a living parent gives rise to offspring that 
pass through the same cycle of changes as itself. 

Homogenization (ho-mo-jen-iz-a'-shun) [6/'0f, the 
same; yevvav, to produce]. The act or process of 
rendering or of becoming homogeneous ; reduction to 
a common standard ; the process of rendering the 
objects of microscopic study transparent and fixed. 

Homogenous (ho-moj'-en-us) \_6p6c, the same ; yevoc, 
race]. In biology, applied to structures that are 
genetically related, in so far as they have a single 
representation in a common ancestor. 

Homogentisic Acid (hom-o-jen-tiz' -ik) . See Acid. 

Homogeny (ho-moj' -en-e) [buoyevijc, of the same race or 
family]. In biology, an agreement among organisms 
depending on the inheritance of a common part or 
having a common ancestor. See Homogenesis. 

Homogonous (ho-mog'-on-us) \_biioq, similar ; ydvoc, 
offspring]. In biology, having the stamens and pistils 
alike in all the flowers of the species ; homostyled. 
Cf. Heterogenous. 

Homoio- (ho'-moi-o-). For words thus beginning, see 
Homeo-. 

Homoiosis (ho-moi-o'-sis). See Homeosis. 

Homologize (ho-moF -o-jlz) \0p6q, the same; "keyetv, to 
speak]. In biology : 1. To recognize as homologous ; 
2. To exhibit homology ; to correspond in structure. 

Homologous (ho-mol'-o-gus) \bpbq , the same ; 'keyeiv, 
to speak]. In biology, corresponding in structure, 
either directly or as referred to a fundamental type. In 
chemistry, being of the same chemic type or series; 
differing by a multiple or an arithmetic ratio in certain 
constituents, while the physical qualities are analogous, 
with small differences, as if corresponding to a series 
of parallels. H. Tissues, those identical in type of 
structure. H. Tumor, a name given by Virchow to 
a tumor consisting of tissue identical with that of the 
organ whence it springs. 



HOMOLOGUE 



573 



HOMOTHERMOUS 



Homologue {hom'-o-log) [6fi6(, same ; Xbyoc;, propor- 
tion]. An homologous organ common to any number 
of species, classes, or orders of animals ; that which 
has the same relative structure, position, or develop- 
ment as another. The same organ in different organ- 
isms under every variety of form and function. We may 
have: I. Homogenetic Homologues, i.e., parts 
which, on the evolutionary theory, have a genetic rela- 
tion, e.g., tne humerus of a horse and that of an ox. 
2. Homoplastic Homologues, i. e., parts closely 
similar as to relative position, but with no genetic af- 
finity, or only a remote one, e. g. , the ventricle of a bat 
and that of a bird. 3. Homogenetic Serial Homo- 
logues, i.e., different parts of one individual, the 
correspondence between which is to be accounted for 
by the influence of external conditions (the "superin- 
duced segmentation " of Mr. Herbert Spencer), e.g., 
the fore-limbs and hind-limbs of one side of any animal. 
4. Vertical Homologues, ;'. <?., different correspond- 
ing parts of one individual, of which one part is dorsal, 
the other ventral, e.g., dorsal and anal fins of certain 
fishes. 5. Lateral Homologues, i. c. , different cor- 
responding parts of one individual, of which one part 
is right and the other left, e. g. , the right and left arms 
of a man. 6. Antero-posterior Homologues, i. e., 
different corresponding parts of one individual, of 
which one part is anterior, the other posterior, e.g., 
the mouth and the cloaca. 7. Radial Homologues, 
i. e., different corresponding parts of one individual 
which radiate from a central axis, e.g., any two arms 
on the same starfish. 8. Homotrophic Homologues, 
i.e., parts of an individual, the correspondences be- 
tween which are regarded as due to internal modifying 
influences, e.g., the eyes and the ears. 9. Actinol- 
ogous Homologues, i. e. , successive subdivisions, 
parts, or regions of a part or segmented organ, e.g. , 
two successive joints of an antenna of a lobster, or 
the vertebral and sternal parts of the same costal ele- 
ment. 10. Special Homologues, i. e. , parts of two 
organisms belonging to the same special skeletal cate- 
gory, e.g.. the basi-occipital of man and the cod. II. 
General Homologues, i. e. , parts of two organisms 
belonging to the same general skeletal category, e.g., 
the vertebral center of man and that of the cod, or the 
lateral appendages of the lobster and those of the scor- 
pion. (Mivart.) 

Homology {Jio-mol'-o-je) \bpbc, same ; "kbyoQ, proportion]. 
The quality of being homologous ; also, the morpho- 
logic identity of parts or organs in different animals. 
In biology, a term introduced by R. Owen to indicate 
a close resemblance between parts, depending upon 
relations of relative position. (Mivart.) 

Homomalous [lio-mom'-al-us) \bp.akoe, even, level, 
equal]. In biology, applied to parts or organs that 
are all turned to one side. 

Homomorphism [ho-mo-mor' -fizni) \bpbq , the same ; 
fiop(p7], form]. In biology, superficial resemblance, 
without true homology ; mimicry or adaptive resem- 
blance. 

Homomorphous (lio-mo-mor r -fus) [bp.bg , the same ; 
[iop<pf], form]. In biology, exhibiting superficial 
resemblance, but not truly homologous. 

Homonomous (Jw-mon' -o-mus) [bu.bg, same ; vbpog, 
law]. Governed by or under the same law. 

Homonym [Jiojh' -o-nirti) [bpba, same ; bvv/ia, name]. 
That which is homonymous. 

Homonymous {Iio-mon' -im-ns) [bpbg, same ; bvvua, 
a name]. I. A term applied to names that have the 
same sound or pronounciation, but different meanings. 
2. Coming under the same general designation 
(thus the two external recti muscles are homony- 
mous) ; occurring on or within the same lateral half 



of the body; not heteronomous. H. Diplopia, 
occurs when the image seen by the right eye seems to 
be on the right side and that seen by the left eye seems 
to be on ihe left side. H. Hemianopia, occurs when 
all points in the visual field of each eye lying to the 
right (Right H. H.) or to the left (Left H. H.) of 
the fixation-point are not seen. 

Homophthalic Acid (liom-off-lhal' -ik). See Acid. 

Homophthalimid {hom-off-thal' -im-id) [bpbg, same; 
bij>HaA.pog , eye ; imid], C 9 H 7 N0 2 . A substance produced 
when the ammonium salt of homophthalic acid is 
heated. It crystallizes in minute needles, melting at 

233 c. 

Homophyadic {Jio-mo-fi-ad'-ik) [bpbg, the same; 
<t>i'sat)ai, to grow]. In biology, having but one kind 
of stem, as distinguished from heterophyadic. 

Homophyly (Jio-moff'-il-e) [bpbg, the same ; <pv\r/, 
race]. In biology, correspondence in genetic rela- 
tionships. 

Homoplasis {ko-mo-pla'-sis) [bpbg, the same ; w\aoig , 
formed]. In biology, Lankester's term for structural 
agreement or modification resulting from the action of 
identical or nearly similar forces or environments' on 
two or more parts of an organism, or on two organisms, 
which parts are exactly or nearly alike, or perhaps 
homogenetic. The same as the " superinduced seg- 
mentation " of Spencer. 

Homoplasmic {Jio-mo-plaz' -mik). Same as Homo- 
plastic. 

Homoplasmy (Jio> ' -mo-plaz-me) [bpbg, the same ; 
■n'kacpa, a thing moulded]. In biology, homoplastic 
or homomorphic, i. e. , showing mimetic resemblances. 

Homoplast (Jio' -mo-plasf) [bpbg, the same ; TrAaardc, 
formed, moulded]. In biology ; I. One of any aggregate 
or fusion of plastids. 2. An organ or part showing mere 
superficial or mimetic resemblance to another. 

Homoplastic (ho-?no-p!as / -tik) [bpbg, the same ; TrXaarbc, 
formed]. In biology, showing close agreement, de- 
pendent upon the common action of evoking causes 
or moulding environment upon homogeneous parts, or 
on parts that, for other reasons, offer a likeness of 
material to begin with. (Lankester.) 

Homoplasy {ho' ' -mo-plaz-e) [bpbg, the same ; TT?ibaig, a 
forming, moulding]. In biology, agreement in the 
form, structure, and perhaps function, of organs or 
parts in the same or separate organisms, dependent 
upon evoking causes other than genetic affinity. 

Homopterous (lio-mop' -ter-tis) [bpbg, the same ; nrepbv, 
wing, feather]. In biology, applied to insects having 
wings of the same texture throughout. 

Homorgan {Jwm 1 ' -or-gaii) [bpbg, the same ; bpyavov, 
organ] . In biology, an organ resembling another ; a 
homoplast. 

Homosexual (ho-mo-seks f -u-a!) [bpbg, same ; sexus, 
sex]. Pertaining to the same sex. 

Homosexuality \ho-mo-seks-u-al'-it-e') [bpbg, same; 
sexitalis, of a sex]. That form of sexual perversion, 
acquired or congenital, in which the individual con- 
ceives a violent sexual passion for one of the same 
sex, and gratifies it either by sodomy, by titillation, or 
platonically. 

Homosporous (Jio-mos' -por-us) [bpbg , similar ; cirbpog, 
seed]. In biology, producing but one kind of spores ; 
isosporous. 

Homostyled {Jio'-mo-stlld') [bpbg, the same; gtv'Aoq, 
pillar]. See Homogonous. 

Homothermic (ho-mo-ther* '-mik) [bpbg, same ; depiirj, 
heat]. Having uniformity of temperature or bodily 
heat. 

Homothermous [ho-mo-tker'-mus) [bpbg , the same ; 
Qepp.7], heat]. In biology, applied to animals showing 
the same degree of bodily heat. 



HOMOTONIC 



574 



HORIZONTAL 



Homotonic (ho- mo-ton' -ik\ [6/idf , same ; rovog , tone, 
tension]. Having a uniform or even course; ap- 
plied to diseases. 

Homotopia (ho-mo-to'-pe-ah). See Homolopy. 

Homotopy (ho-motf -o-pe) \bp.bq, the same ; t6kos, 
place]. In biology, the usual or normal mode of 
acceleration or change of parts during growth, 
characterized by the exact or modified repetition or 
multiplication of cells or segments already present ; 
also called repetition. Autonym of Heterotopy . 

Homotropal (ho-mot'-ro-pal). Same as Homotropous. 

Homotrophe (ho'-mo-trof) [o/i<5c, the same ; rpo(f>?/, 
nourishment]. In biology, one of two or more 
homologous parts or organs the structural correspond- 
ences of which are due to corresponding internal, 
modifying conditions, rather than to external environ- 
ment, i. Serial Homotrophes, i. e., homotrophic 
homologues, the correspondence between which is 
antero-posterior, e.g., an extra thumb and an extra 
great toe on the same side of the body. 2. Ver- 
tical Homotrophes, i. e. , homotrophic homologues 
that correspond vertically. 3. Lateral Homo- 
trophes, i. e., homotrophic homologues of the two 
sides of one individual, e. g. , the right and left eyes. 
4. Antero-posterior Homotrophes, i. e., homo- 
trophic homologues that correspond antero-posteriorly. 
(St. Geo. Mivart.) 

Homotrophic (ho-mo-trof -ik) \bp.bq, the same ; Tpotyi], 
nourishment]. In biology, exhibiting homotrophy. 
Homotrophic Homologues, i. e., parts of an 
individual, the correspondences between which are 
regarded as due to internal modifying influences, e. g. , 
the eyes and the ears. 

Homotrophy (Iio-mof '-ro-fe) \_6fi6^ , the same ; rpotpi], 
nourishment]. In biology, correlations of growth; 
homoplasy due to internal conditions rather than ex- 
ternal environment. 

Homotropous (ho-motf -ro-pus) \ofibc, the same ; Tpb-Koq, 
turn]. In botany, said of the embryo when curved 
the same as the seed containing it. 

Homotype (ko / -mo-tip) [o//oc, same ; Ti)7roc, a pattern]. 
A part corresponding and similar to another part, as 
the humerus to the femur, a serial homologue, or an 
antitype. 

Homotypic (ho-mo-tip 1 '-ik) [bfidi;, the same ; rvnog, 
type]. In biology, showing serial correspondence or 
bilateral symmetry. 

Homotypical (ho-mo-tip' '-ik-al). Same as Homotypic. 

Homotypy (ho'-mo-ti-pe) \_b/j.0TVKia, sameness of form]. 
In biology, serial or bilateral homology. 

Homunculus (ho-mun' -ku-lus) [L., dim. of homo, 
man]. The fetus ; a dwarf. 

Honduras Bark (hon-du'-ras bari). See Cascara 
amarga. 

Honey (hun'-e) [ME., hony, honey]. See Mel. H.- 
berry. See Celtis. H.-comb, the waxy structure 
formed by bees as a repository for the honey that they 
produce. H.-comb Glands. See Gland. H.- 
comb Ringworm. See Favns. H.-cyst. See 
Meliceris. H.-dew, a glutinous liquid exuded by 
aphides, and frequently to be noticed covering the 
leaves of the bass-wood, sycamore, oak, maple, plum, 
apple, box, currant, etc. Its taste is mawkish, its 
odor unpleasant, and its color often as dark as molas- 
ses, especially that found in the oak and sycamore. 
H. -stone. See Mellitic Acid. 

Honorarium (on-or-a' -re-uni) [L.]. A professional 
fee ; especially one that is in theory a gift, no formal 
professional charge having been made. 

Hoof (hoof) [ME., hoof, a hoof]. The casing of hard, 
horny substance that sheathes the ends of the digits or 
incases the foot in many animals. H. -bound, in far- 



riery, having a dryness and contraction of the hoof, 
resulting in pain and lameness. This condition is 
also called Contracted Heels. 

Hook [ME., hok, a hook], A curved instrument. See 
Hainus. H., Blunt, an instrument described by its 
name, for exercising traction upon the fetus in an ar- 
rested breech-presentation. H., Tyrrel's, a blunt, 
slender hook for operations upon the eye. 

Hooke's Law. See Law. 

Hooper's Pill. A pill containing aloes, crystallized 
sulphate of iron, extract of hellebore, myrrh, soap, 
canella,and ginger. 

Hooping-cough (hoop' -ing-kawf). See Pertussis. 

Hoose (hooz) [ME., hose, hoarse]. Sheep-cough. A 
disease of sheep, lambs, etc., due to the presence of 
Strongylus filar ia, a nematode worm, in the lungs and 
air-passages (see under Parasites, Animal), and 
characterized by a husky cough, anorexia, dry muzzle, 
constipation, and dyspnea. 

Hoove, Hooven (hoov, hoov'-en) [dial., hooven~\. Dis- 
tention of the stomach of a ruminant animal with 
gas, caused by the fermentation of food. It is gen- 
erally due to eating too much green food. 

Hop. See Humulus. 

Hope's Camphor-mixture. A mixture containing nitric 
acid, camphor-water, and tincture of opium. It is 
used in the treatment of serous or choleraic diarrheas. 

Hopea (ho-pe'-ah) [after John Hope, a Scotch botanist]. 
A genus of dipterocarpaceous trees of S. Asia. 
Several species afford resins known in commerce as 
Dammar. Unof. 

Hopein (ho-pe'-in). See Humulus. 

Hoppe-Seyler's Method. A method of preparing 
hemoglobin crystals. Mix defibrinated blood with ten 
volumes of a 20 per cent, salt-solution, and allow it 
to stand for two days. Remove the clear upper fluid 
with a pipet, wash the thick deposit of blood-cor- 
puscles with water, and shake it for a long time with 
an equal volume of ether, which dissolves the blood- 
corpuscles. Remove the ether, filter the lake-colored 
blood, add to it one-fourth of its volume of cold 
alcohol (o°C.) and allow the mixture to stand in the 
cold for several days. The crystals can be collected 
on a filter and pressed between folds of bibulous paper. 

Hordeiform (lior-de' -if-orm) \J10rdeum, barley ; forma, 
form]. Shaped like a grain of barley. 

Hordein (hor'-de-in) [hordeum. barley]. A mixture of 
a proteid with starch-cellulose ; it exists in barley- 
starch, but is not soluble. 

Hordeolum (Jior-de' -o-lum) \_horde21m, a grain of bar- 
ley]. A stye ; a furuncular inflammation of the 
connective tissue of the lids, near a hair-follicle. 
H., External, //. zeissianum ; one produced by sup- 
puration of one of Zeiss' s glands. H., Internal, H. 
meibomianum ; one produced by suppuration of one 
of the Meibomian glands. H. meibomianum. See 
H., Internal. H. zeissianum. See H. , External. 

Hordeum (hor'-de-um) [L.]. Barley, q. v. H. 
decorticatum, barley deprived of its husk; com- 
monly called pearl barley. H. germinatum, malt. 
Also, one of several granular elevations described by 
Spitzka on the floor of the fourth ventricle. 

Horehound (hor'-hoiond). .See Marrubium. 

Horizon (hor-i'-:on) [bpi(,uv, horizon]. I. The line sep- 
arating the visible from the invisible part of the earth 
from a single point of view. 2. In craniometry, a 
line that extends around the skull, touching the lower 
border of the orbital cavities and passing through 
the auricular points. 

Horizontal (hor-iz-on'-lal ) [op/'Coi 1 , the horizon] . Par- 
allel to the horizon. H. Posture. See Postures, 
Table of. 



HORLICK'S FOOD 



575 



HOT 



Horlick's Food. A variety of Liebig's foods for in- 
fants. Its composition is : Water, 3.39 ; fat, 0.08 ; 
grape-sugar, 34.99 ; cane-sugar, 12.45 ; no starch ; 
soluble carbohydrates, 87.20 ; albuminoids, 6.71 ; ash, 
I.28. 

Hormion [hor / -me-on) \_upfii/, the first]. See Cranio- 
inetric Points. 

Hormogone, Hormogon (hor / -?no-gon). Same as /for- 
mogonium. 

Hormogonium (hor- mo-go' -ne-um) \hpjioc_, a cord, 
chain; ydvoq, offspring : //. , fformogonio]. In biol- 
ogy, a short, moniliform reproductive body, found in 
the Nostocs. 

Horn [ME., ho?-)!, horn]. The hard projection, used 
as a defensive weapon, growing on the heads of cer- 
tain animals. Horns may be permanent, as in the ox ; 
or deciduous, as in the deer. Also, the hardened 
epithelial substance of which the horn is composed. 
H., Cutaneous. See Cornit cutaneum. H. -blende, 
a common mineral, occurring massive or in prismatic 
crystals, of various colors, from white, through green 
shades, to black. It is a silicate of lime, magnesia, 
or iron. It is sometimes used in the manufacture of 
porcelain teeth for shading the body or enamel. H.- 
distemper, a disease of cattle affecting the core of the 
horn. H.-pock. See Warty Smallpox. H.-pox, 
a variety of varicella in which the lesions resemble 
papules. See also Warty Smallpox. 

Horner's Mixture. See Red Mixture. H.'s Muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Horny (Jiom'-e) [ME., horn, horn]. Composed of, 
or resembling, horn. H. Band of Tarinus, a band 
of white fibers running between the optic thalamus 
and the corpus striatum. See Band. H. Epithelium. 
See Trachoma. 

Horologic (hor-o-loj'-ik) [upo/\6yoc , lit. , telling the 
hour]. In biology, applied to such flowers as open or 
shut at certain hours. 

Horological (Jwr-o-loj' -ik-al). Same as Horologic. 

Horopter (Iior-op' -ter) \_bpog, boundary; bwrr/p, an ob- 
server]. The sum of all the points seen singly by the 
two retinas while the fixation-point remains stationary. 
" A circle passing through the center of rotation of 
each eye and through the apex of the point of fixation 
of the visual lines." (Mueller.) "A line representing 
the curve along which both eyes can join in sight.' ' 
(JVbyes.) 

Horopteric (hor-op-ter'-ik) [opor, boundary ; bnrtjp, 
observer]. Pertaining to an horopter. 

Horrida cutis (hor'-id-ah ku'-tis) [L.]. Goose-skin. 
Cutis anserina. 

Horripilation (hor-ip-il-a' -shun) \_horrere, to stand on 
end ; pilns, the hair]. A sensation as if the hairs of 
the skin were stiff and erect. 

Horripilator [hor-ip-il-a' -tor). Same as Arrector pili. 

Horrors (hor'-orz) \_horror, a shaking , terror] . A popular 
name for Deliritan tremens, q. v. 

Horse (hors) [ME., /tors, a horse]. A member of the 
genus E quits ; a domestic beast of burden. H.- 
chestnut. See JEsculus hippocastanum. H.- 
chestnut bark, the bark of the horse-chestnut (sEscu- 
lus hippocastanum), said to be used in leather-manu- 
factures for the production of an extract under the 
simple name of chestnut extract. H. -distemper, 
influenza. H. -doctor, a farrier ; a veterinary surgeon. 
H. -drench, a dose of physic for a horse. H.-foot. 
See Talipes equinus. H. -leech, a large leech, the 
Hsemopis of Southern Europe and Northern Africa ; 
also a horse-doctor. H. -power. See Unit. H.-pox. I. 
A pustular disease of horses, which, communicated to 
cows, produces cow-pox. It is also called pustular 
grease. 2. See Coitus Disease. H. -radish, the fresh 



root of Cochlearia armoracia , with properties due to 
a volatile oil. It is stimulant, diuretic, and externally 
a rubefacient, and is much used as a condiment. Dose 
of the fld. ext. gj-ij. Armoracise, Spt., Comp. 
(B.P.). Dose 3J-ij. H.-shoe Fistula, a name ap- 
plied to a fistulous track surrounding the rectum in a 
semicircle, either in front or behind. H.-shoe Hy- 
men. See Hymen. H.-shoe Kidney, the union of 
the lower ends of the two kidneys, so that they appear 
to form a single organ of a form somewhat like that of 
a horseshoe. H. -sickness. See Anthrax. H.-tail. 
See Equisetum. H.-weed. See Collinsonia cana- 
densis. 

Horsikin (hor'-sik-in) [ME., hors, a horse]. A model 
used in teaching the anatomy and surgery of the 
horse. 

Horsley's Method. A method of determining the 
position of the fissure of Rolando. It is carried out by 
means of an instrument made to encircle the head, 
and having an arm fixed at an angle of 67 , which 
indicates the position of the fissure. H.'s Test. 
See Tests, Table of. 

Horst's Eye-water. Collyrium adstringens luteum. 
An eye-solution prepared as follows : Take of 
ammonium chlorid, 50 centigrams, and zinc sulphate, 
125 centigrams, dissolve in 200 grams of distilled 
water, and add a solution of 40 centigrams of camphor 
in 20 grams of dilute alcohol, and 10 centigrams of 
saffron. Digest for 24 hours with frequent agitation, 
and filter. 

Hospital (hos'-pit-al) \J10spitale, a large house]. A 
building for the care and treatment of sick or infirm 
people. H. Fever, a feverish condition formerly 
common in hospitals, due to ill-ventilation and un- 
sanitary conditions. Also, the fever symptomatic of 
gangrene. Also, a synonym of Typhus Fever. See 
Fever. H. Gangrene, a contagious, phagedenic 
gangrene occasionally attacking wounds or open sores. 
It is confined mainly to military hospitals, and is of 
microbic origin. 

Hospitalism (Jios 1 ' -pit-al-izm) \}iospitale , a large house] . 
The morbific influence arising from the gathering of 
diseased persons in a hospital, a condition that seems 
to have a tendency to produce septic diseases. 

Hospitalization (hos-pit-al-iz-a' -shun) \_hospitale, a 
large house]. Confinement in a hospital for treat- 
ment. 

Hospitalomania (hos-pit-al-o-ma' -ne-ah ) \J10spitale, a 
large house ; fiavla, madness]. A mania for founding 
or visiting hospitals. 

Host (host) \_hostis, a stranger, a landlord]. The or- 
ganic body upon which parasites live. 

Hot [ME., hot, hot]. Having or yielding the sensa- 
tion of heat; stimulating; biting. H.-air Bath. 
See Bath. H.Bath. See Bath. H. -blanket Pack, 
a rubber sheet and one or two woolen blankets are 
placed upon the bed. A heavy woolen blanket is 
wrung out of water at 1 10° F. , spread upon the dry 
blanket, the patient placed upon it and wrapped with 
it like a mummy. The dry blankets and rubber sheet 
are wrapped over this, and the patient is allowed to 
remain in this pack from half an hour to two hours. 
It is useful in suppression of urine. Hot-box, Jap- 
anese, a device for applying dry heat to a part. H. 
Drops, the Ti?ictura capsici et myrrhte, N. F. ; they 
are useful in many painful conditions of the stomach 
and bowels, when there is no inflammation or organic 
disease; it is called also ''number six." H. Eye, 
Hutchinson's term for a persistent hyperemia of the 
conjunctiva seen in gout. H. -spots. See Tempera- 
ture-sense. H. Wet-pack, instead of wringing the 
linen sheet out of cold water, as in the Wet-pack, it 



HOTTENTOT APRON 



576 



HUMMING-TOP MURMUR 



is dipped into water at 110° F. , well wrung out 
and spread upon the blanket, as in the cold-pack. 
The patient is wrapped in this and allowed to remain 
for an hour. Then he is removed to the side of the 
bed upon which he is to lie, lightly rubbed over with 
a rough wash-rag dipped into water at 65 F. , squeezed 
out by the hand, quickly dried and left alone. This 
method is useful only in Obstinate insomnia. H.-wind 
Stroke, a form of heat-fever, not unlike sunstroke, 
but caused by hot winds, and far more fatal than sun- 
stroke ; it is common in India. 

Hottentot Apron (hod-n-tot). See Velamen vulva. 
H. Deformity. See Steatopygia. 

Hottentotism (hot'-n-loi-izm). An extreme form of 
stammering, sometimes congenital, and often due to 
or associated with deformity of the vocal organs. 

Hough (huf ) [AS., hok, the hough]. The lower part 
of the thigh. 

Hound's Tongue (howndz tung). The leaves and root 
of Cynoglossum officinale, an anodyne, demulcent, 
and astringent. Dose of the fid. ext. ^ss-j. Unof. 

Hour-glass Contraction. See Uterus. 

House (/tows) [ME., Aous, a house]. In biology, a 
cuticular secretion, representing the cellulose coat of 
higher ascidians, in which the lowest Tunicata, as 
represented by Appsndicularia , shelter themselves. H.- 
maid's Knee. See Abscess, Bursal. H. -physician, 
the resident physician in a hospital. H. -refuse, the 
ashes, dust, food-scraps, both animal and vegetable, 
waste-paper, and other waste material from a house- 
hold, and which does not enter the drains. H. -sur- 
geon, the resident surgeon in a hospital. 

Houston's Folds, or Valves. Three folds of mucous 
membrane within the rectum. They are directed 
obliquely. H.'s Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Hove, Hoven (hov, ho r -ven). See Hoove and Blown. 

Hovius, Canals of. See Canal. H., Plexus of. See 
Plexuses, Table of. 

Howard's Method. See Artificial Respiration. 

H Jwship's Lacunae, or Pits. Certain deep or shallow 
depressions, sometimes simple, and at times quite 
complex, occurring in bones undergoing absorption, at 
the edges of the bone bordering on vascular surfaces, 
and seen on making a microscopic examination. 
These lacunse are usually filled or lined by larger and 
smaller granular, frequently multinuclear cells — the so- 
called osteoclasts. 

Hoyer's Alcoholic Carmin. See Stains, Table of. 
H.'s Carmin. See Stains, Table of. H.'s Solution. 
See Stains, Table of. 

Huanokin (whah' '-no-kin) [from Huamico, a place- 
name]. An alkaloid from Cinchona nitida, said to be 
strongly febrifugal. Unof. 

Hubbell's Wheat Food. A variety of farinaceous 
food for infants, with the following composition : 
Water, 7. 78 ; fat, O.41 ; grape-sugar, 7.56 ; cane-sugar, 
4.87; starch, 67.60; soluble carbohydrates, 14. 29 ; 
albuminoids, 10. 13; ash, 1.0; gum, cellulose, etc. , 
undetermined. 

Huchard's Diet. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Huckle-bone (huk'-l-bon) [ME., huccle-bone, the as- 
tragalus]. The Astragalus, q. v. 

Hudson's Apparatus. An apparatus to support the 
fingers and hands in the treatment of wrist-drop. 

Hueter's, Bandage. See Bandage. H.'s Method, a 
method of inducing premature labor. It consists 
in applying a bladder filled with water or decoction 
of ergot to the neck of the womb. 

Hiifner's Method. A method of obtaining glycocholic 
acid. A little HC1 is added to fresh bile, the mixture 
shaken, and the mucinoid material so precipitated is fil- 
tered off. Ethyl ether and HC1 are added to the 



filtrate ; the proportions of the filtrate, acid, and ether 
are respectively 100, 5, and 30. The mixture is 
shaken and allowed to remain some hours, when crys- 
tals form, which are then collected on a filter, washed 
with water holding HC1 and ether in solution, and 
dried in the air. By recrystallization the crystals are 
obtained perfectly colorless. 

Hufeland's Cerate. A preparation used in treating sore 
nipples. It consists of zinc oxid and lycopodium each 
2 parts, simple cerate 30 parts. 

Hughes Bennett's Diuretic. A diuretic mixture em- 
ployed in chronic nephritis, composed of pulverized 
potassium acetate, 2 drams ; sweet spirit of niter, 
half an ounce ; water sufficient to make two ounces ; 
one dram of this is given three times daily. 

Huguier's Canal. See Canal. H.'s Disease. See 
Diseases, Table of. H.'s Glands, two small glands 
opening into the vagina. 

Huingan (whin'-gan) [S. Amer.]. The seed of a 
plant (Duvarra dependens) native to the Andes. The 
infusion is used in urinary affections. Unof. 

Human (hid -man) \J1uma71us, human]. Pertaining to 
or characteristic of man. H. Dolphin, a monster 
with complete union of the lower limbs. H. Milk, 
mother's milk. It derives its origin from an over- 
growth of epithelial cells lining the lactiferous ducts, 
with infiltration with fat, and subsequent rupture. Its 
specific gravity is 1024-35, its reaction alkaline. Each 
minute fat-globule is surrounded by a pellicle of 
serum-albumin. The chemical composition of human 
milk is as follows : — 

Mei^s. Vogel. Gautrelet. 

Water 87.163 89.5 88.1 

Fat, 4.283 3.5 4.0 

Casein, 1.046 20 2.2 

Sugar, 7407 4.8 5.2 

Ash, 0.101 0.17 05 

Humation (hu-ma' '-shun) \Jiumore, to inter]. Inter- 
ment ; inhumation. 

Humboldt Blue. Same as Spirit-blue. 

Hume's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Humectant (hu-mek' -tant) \Jiumectare , to make moist]. 
I. Moistening; like a poultice ; diluent. 2. A diluent ; 
a substance used to moisten. 

Humeral (hu'-mer-al) \Jiumerus, the shoulder]. Per- 
taining to the humerus. 

Humeren (hid-mer-en) [humerus, the shoulder]. Be- 
longing to the humerus in itself. 

Humero- (hid -mer-o-) [humerus, the shoulder]. A pre- 
fix signifying relationship with the shoulder. H.- 
cubital, relating to the humerus and the ulna. H.-c. 
Amputation, amputation at the elbow-joint. H.- 
radial, relating to the humerus and the radius. H.- 
scapular, relating to the humerus and the scapula. 
H.-s. Amputation, amputation at the shoulder-joint. 
H. -ulnar, relating to the humerus and the ulna. 
H.-u. Amputation, amputation at the elbow-joint. 

Humerus (hid -mer-us) [L.]. The bone of the upper 
arm. Also, the shoulder. 

Humid (hid -mid) \_humidus, moist]. Moist; damp. 
H. Tetter. See Eczema. 

Humidity (hu-mid'-it-e) [humor, moisture] . The state 
or quality of being moist. H., Absolute, the actual 
amount of water present in the air at any moment, 
regardless of saturation. H., Relative, the relative 
amount of water present in air which is not saturated, 
as compared to what the air should contain at the ex- 
isting temperature were its condition that of saturation. 

Humifuse (hu'-mif-us) [humus, the ground ; fundere, 
to pour]. In biology, spread over the surface of the 
ground. 

Humming-top Murmur or Sound. See Bruit de 
diable. 



HUMOR 



577 



HYALOID 



Humor [kuf-morox u'-mor) [L.]. Any fluid or semi- 
fluid part of the body. H., Aqueous, the trans- 
parent fluid that rills the anterior chamber of the eye. 
H., Crystalline. See Lens, Crystalline. H., Vitre- 
ous, the transparent gelatin-like substance filling the 
posterior chamber of the eye. 

Humoral (hu' '-mor-al) [humor, moisture]. Pertain- 
ing to the natural fluids of the body. H. Pathol- 
ogy, an obsolete theory that all diseases result from 
a disordered or abnormal condition of the fluids or 
humors of the body. 

Humoralism [hu'-mor-al-izni), or Humorism ifiu'- 
mor-izm) . Same as Humoral Pathology. 

Humoralist {hu' ' -mor-al-ist) [humor, moisture]. The 
name given to one who was an advocate of the 
supreme importance of the blood in the processes of 
health and disease. 

Humoro-vitalism {hu' -mo-ro-vi' -tal-izm) [humor, 
moisture ; vita, life]. The obsolete belief that the 
fluids of the body are the seat of life. 

Humpback {hump'-bak). See Kyphosis. 

Humulin {hu'-mu-lin) [hamulus, hop]. I. The same 
as Lupulin. 2. A concentrated preparation from 
the tincture and decoction of hops. Unof. 

Humulus {hu'-mu-lus) [L. : gen.,Humuli\. Hop. The 
strobiles of H. lupulus. It contains various principles, 
hopein and lupulin being the most important. It is a bit- 
ter stomachic tonic and feeble hypnotic, increasing the 
cardiac action. A poultice of hops is a favorite remedy 
for painful conditions and in inflammations. H., In- 
fusum, unof:, ^ss-Oj. Dose ^j-iv. H., Tinct., 20 
per cent, in strength. Dose gj-ij. Lupulinum, the 
glandular powder. Dose gr. v-xv. L., Ext. (B. P.) 
Dose gr. v-x. L., Fid. Ext., alcoholic. Dose Tt^x- 
gj. L., Oleoresina, ethereal. Dose gr. ij-v. L., 
Tinct., unof., strength 12^ per cent. Dose gss-ij. 

Humus {hu'-mus) [L., the earth, ground, soil]. Vege- 
table mold. It contains ulmin and ulmic acid, humin 
and humic acid. H. Pigments, certain pigmentary 
bodies of a more or less dark-brown color, produced 
when carbohydrates are treated with acids or alkalies. 
When urine is treated with acids in the presence of oxy- 
gen, it becomes darker from the formation of some of 
these humus-pigmented substances by the action of 
the acids on the carbohydrates. 

Hunchback {hunch' -bak). See Kyphosis. 

Hungarian {hung-ga' -re-ati) [Hungaria, Hungary]. 
Pertaining to Hungary. H. Balsam, or H. Tur- 
pentine, a thin turpentine from the branches of 
Pinus pumilio. H. Disease. Synonym of Typhus 
Fever. 

Hungary Blue. Same as Cobalt-blue. 

Hunger {hung'-ger) [ME., hzinger, hunger], A con- 
dition marked by a sensation of emptiness of the 
stomach, with intense desire for food. H.-cure. See 
Nestiatria. H.-pest. Synonym of Relapsing Fever, 
q.v. H. -typhus. Synonym of Relapsing Fever, q. v. 

Hunter, Canal of. See Canal. H.'s Line. See Lines, 
Table of. H.'s Method, a method of treating aneur- 
ysm by ligating the artery on the proximal side of the 
sac. 

Hunterian Chancre. See Chancre. 

Huntingdon's Chorea. Hereditary Chorea. An affec- 
tion characterized by irregular movements, disturbance 
of speech, and gradual dementia. It is frequently 
hereditary, is associated with psychic troubles, and 
occurs between the thirtieth and fortieth years. The 
disease has no connection with Sydenham's Chorea. 
See Chorea, Hereditary , and Diseases, Table of. 

Huntsman's Cup. See Trumpet Plant. 

Hunyadi Janos (hun-yah' -de) [from the name of the 
Hungarian national hero, otherwise called fohn Cor- 
37 



zrinus]. An aperient mineral water from Buda-Pesthj 
in Hungary. It is an effective laxative or cathartic. 
It should be taken in the quantity of from a half to 
one wineglassful, fasting. 

Hura {hu'-rah) [S. Amer.]. A genus of poisonous 
euphorbiaceous trees of tropical America. H. bra- 
siliensis, H. crepitans, and H. strepens, are the 
best-known species. They have the general acrid, 
pustulant, and cathartic properties of nearly all 
euphorbiaceous plants. Unof. 

Huschke, Auditory Teeth of. Nipple-like projections 
along the free border of the labium vestibulare of the 
ear. H., Canal of. See Canal. H., Foramen of. 
See Foramen. H., Valve of, the fold of mucous 
membrane at the point where the common canal 
formed by the junction of the canaliculi enters the 
lachrymal sac. 

Husky {hits' -ke) [E. dial., hasky, rough, dry]. Harsh, 
rough, as the voice. 

Hutchinson's Lotion. A lotion used in the treatment of 
eczema. It has the following composition : Liquor 
plumbi subacetatis, y^ ounce ; liquor carbonis deter- 
gentis, 2]/ z ounces. Of this one teaspoonful is mixed 
with a pint of water, and used as a lotion. H.'s 
Patch. See Signs and Sy?nptoms, Table of. H.'s 
Teeth, a notched or furrowed condition of the free 
edges of the permanent teeth, especially the central 
incisors of the upper jaw, due to inherited syphilis. 
See Signs and Symptoms , Table of. H.'s Treat- 
ment. See Treatment, Alethods of H.'s Trio of 
Symptoms. See Signs and Symptoms , Table of. 

Huttoning (hut'-on-ing) [after Hutlon, the inventor]. 
A method of manipulating a luxated joint, introduced 
by one Hutton, a bone-setter. 

Huxham's Tincture. See Cinchona. 

Huxley's Angle. See Angle. H.'s Layer, Mem- 
brane, or Sheath, a layer of nucleated, elongated, 
polygonal cells lying within Henle's layer of the inner 
root-sheath of hairs. H. Law. See Law. 

Huygenian Ocular {hi-je'-ne-an). See Ocular. 

Huygens, Theory of. The undulatory theory of light. 

Hyalin {hi'-al-in) [va\og, glass]. A translucent sub- 
stance, called also canalized fibrin, that sometimes 
occurs in miliary tubercle. Also, the membrane or 
sac forming the walls of hydatid cysts. Also, a substance 
found in echinoderms and other invertebrates. Its 
centesimal formula is, = 45.3 to 44- I > H = 6-5 to 
6.7; N = 5.2to 4 .5; = 431044.7. 

Hyaline [hi'-al-in) [vaXoq, glass]. Resembling glass 
in transparency. H. Cartilage. See Cartilage. H. 
Cast, or Cylinder, a clear, nearly transparent urinary 
tube-cast. H. Degeneration, a degeneration of 
fibrous tissue, which becomes transparent , jelly-like, and 
homogeneous in structure. 

Hyalinosis {hi-al-in-o' -sis) [va%or, glass]. Hyaline or 
waxy degeneration. 

Hyalinuria {hi-al-in-u' -re-ah) [vaXo$, glass ; ovpov, 
urine] . The presence of hyalin in the urine. 

Hyalitis {hi-al-i' -tis) [valog, glass ; trie, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the hyaloid membrane. It is also 
used as a synonym of inflammation of the vitreous 
humor. 

Hyalogen (hi-al'-o-Jen) [vaXoc, glass ; yevvdv, to pro- 
duce]. One of the albuminoids found in cartilage; 
it is readily changed into hyalin, whence the name. 

Hyaloid {hi'-al-oid) [vaXog, glass; ddor, form]. 
Transparent ; like glass. H. Artery, in the embryo s 
a branch of the arteria centralis retinae, traversing the 
vitreous humor to the posterior capsule of the lens. 
Its hyaloid sheath forms the Canal of Cloquet. Per- 
sistence of this artery after birth has been observed. 
H. Membrane, a delicate, transparent membrane 



HYALOIDITIS 



578 



HYDRANGIOLOGY 



surrounding the vitreous humor, except in front, 
where it becomes fibrous and strong and forms a leaf- 
let of the zonula of Zinn. 

Hyaloiditis [hi-al-oid-i' -tis) . See Hyalitis. 

Hyalonyxis \hi-al-o-niks'-is) [baAoc, glass ; vb^ig, a 
pricking]. Puncture of the vitreous body of the eye. 

Hyalophagia \J>i-al-o-fa' -je-ah) [ba'Koq, glass ; ipayelv, 
to eat]. The practice of eating glass, sometimes seen 
among insane persons. 

Hyaloplasm [hi'-al-o-plazm) [baAoc, glass ; nAaa/ia, 
plasm]. The clear, fluid, homogeneous portion of the 
protoplasm surrounding the spongioplasm of a living 
cell. The term is also used as a general synonym of 
protoplasm. 

Hybrid (Iii'-brid) [bfipic, insult]. The offspring of 
two individuals of distinct but closely related species. 
Among animals, the mule is the best known hybrid. 
H. Measles. Synonym of Rothehi, q. v. 

Hybridism, or Hybridity (Jii'-brid-izm, hi-brid' '-it-e) 
[bjipic, insult]. Cross-breeding; mixture of races; 
the combination of various diseases. 

Hybridization [hi-brid-iz-a 1 'shun) \_hybrid, a mongrel ; 
vjipiq, insult]. Cross-breeding. 

Hydantoic Acid (fii-dan-to'-ik). See Acid, Glyco- 
luric. 

Hydantoin (Iii-dan-to'-in), C 3 H 4 N. 2 2 . Glycolyl urea. 
A substance that crystallizes from hot water and from 
alcohol in needles that melt at 206 C. , and have a 
neutral reaction and sweet taste. 

Hydarthrosis [hi-dar-thro'-sis). See Hydrarthrosis. 

Hydatenterocele (hi-dat-en-ter' '-o-sel) [vSup, water ; 
evrepov, bowel ; ki/At], a tumor]. Hydrocele with in- 
testinal hernia. 

Hydatid (hi'-dat-id) [IdaTic, vesicle]. A cyst with 
aqueous contents formed by the larva of a tenia, Echi- 
nococcus polymorphus, the larva of a small tapeworm, 
Ttznia echinococcus , which, in its adult (strobila) con- 
dition is only known to infest the dog and the wolf, 
while the larvae (hydatids) are of frequent occurrence in 
man and other mammals. Three principal forms of 
hydatids are recognized, viz. , exogenous, endogenous, 
and multilocular. The first is sparingly found in 
man, but is extremely common in the lower animals, 
whilst the second is most frequently developed in the 
human subject, the third kind being found only in 
man. (Cobbold.) See Parasites [Animal), Table of. 
The term hydatid is frequently, also, loosely applied to 
vesicular tumors and cysts of many kinds. Hydatids 
are most frequent in the liver, but are found in almost 
any tissue, even in bone. H. Disease, a disease 
characterized by the presence in various portions of 
the body of cysts containing the embryo of the Tania 
echinococcus. The symptoms vary according to the 
location of the tumor. H. Fremitus, a modified 
sense of fluctuation occasionally obtained on palpating 
an hydatid cyst. Placing the palm of one hand 
upon the tumor, and striking the dorsum with the 
fingers of the other hand, a tremor or thrill is per- 
ceived. This is doubtless due to the physical condi- 
tions of a cyst containing fluid, and provided with a 
tense elastic wall. H. Mole. See Chorion, Cystic 
Degeneration of and Mole. H. of Morgagni, one of 
certain short processes of the tunica vaginalis testis ; 
also a similar structure connected with the fimbriated 
extremity of the Fallopian tube. These hydatids are 
the remnants of the Mullerian duct. H. Tapeworm. 
See Tania echinococcus. 

Hydatidiform (hi-dat-id' -if-orm) [Marie, hydatid ; 
forma, form]. Having the form of an hydatid. 
Resembling an hydatid. H. Degeneration of the 
Chorion, or Vesicular Mole. See Mole and 
Chorion, Cystic Degeneration of. 



Hydatidocele {hi-dat-id' -o-sel) [b&ar'tc, hydatid ; tdfh), 
tumor]. Oscheocele with hydatid cysts. 

Hydatidoma (Jii-dat-id-o' -mah) [bdarig, hydatid; ofia, 
a tumor] . Any hydatid cyst or tumor. 

Hydatidosis [hi-dat-id-o' -sis) [idarig, hydatid]. The 
condition of being affected with hydatids. 

Hydatogenesis (Jii-dat-o-jen'-es-is) [y&u>p, water; 
yeveaig, production]. The formation of water within 
the tissues or cavities of the body. 

Hydatoncus (/ii-dal-ong'-kus) [bSup, water; bynoc, a 
tumor]. Any cyst, or watery tumor. 

Hydatorrhea {Jii-dat-or-e' -ah) [b6up, water; poia, 
flow]. A copious flow of water. 

Hydatotherapy [lii-dat-o-ther'-ap-e). See Hydro- 
therapy. 

Hyderabad Commission. See Anesthetic. 

Hydnocarpus [hid- no- ha r' -pus) [vdvov, mushroom ; 
napKog, fruit]. A genus of poisonous bixaceous trop- 
ical trees. H. (or Gynocardia) anthelminthicus, 
is anthelmintic and useful in skin-diseases. H. 
inebrians and H. wightianus have similar uses. 
Unof. 

Hydracetin (Iii-dras' -et-in) [bdpa, a water-serpent], 
C 6 H 5 N 2 H 2 (C 2 H 3 0). A derivative of coal-tar and a 
powerful antipyretic and antirheumatic ; its use, 
however, is attended with danger. Dose gr. y^ to ij. 
An ointment (10 per cent.) is recommended in pso- 
riasis. Unof. 

Hydracid (Iii-dras' -ia) [vfiop, water; acidum, acid]. 
A term sometimes used in chemistry to denote an 
acid formed by a combination of hydrogen and some 
acid element or radicle other than oxygen. Hydro- 
chloric acid, HC1, and hydrogen or hydric sulphid, 
H 2 S, are examples. 

Hydradenitis (hi-drad-en-i'-tis) [bSup, water; adi/v, 
gland; trig, inflammation]. I. Same as Hidrosad- 
enitis. 2. Lymphadenitis. H. destruens sup- 
purativa. See Hydrosadenitis phlegmonosa. 

Hydradenoma (hi-drad-eu-o'-ma). Same as Hidrad- 
enoma. 

Hydrsemia (hi-dre'-me-ah). See Hydremia. 

Hydraeropericardium (hi-drah-e-ro-per-ik-ar'-de-um) 
[vSup, water ; ai/p, air; rcepi, around ; mpdia, heart]. 
The presence of fluid and gas in the pericardium. 

Hydraeropleuria [Jii-drah-e-ro-plu' -re-ah) [bfiup, water ; 
ai/p, air ; nAcvpa, side]. Same as Hydropneumothorax . 

Hydragogue (hi'-drag-og) [bdup, water; ayoyoc, 
leading]. I. Expelling water. 2. A purgative that 
causes copious liquid alvine discharges. 

Hydramin (hV -dram-in) [bdup, water ; amiti\. Any 
one of the oxyethyl bases produced by the action of 
aqueous ammonia upon ethylene oxid. The hydra- 
mins are thick, strongly alkaline liquids, that decom- 
pose upon distillation. 

Hydramnios (hi-dram'-ne-os) [b$up, water ; hjiviov, 
fetal membrane]. An abnormal amount of amniotic 
fluid. 

Hydrangea (Jii-dran' '-je-ah) [bdop, water ; ayytiov, 
vessel]. A genus of saxifragaceous shrubs. The root 
of H. arborescensis, much used by the Cherokee 
Indians for calculi in the bladder, is said to be of 
some utility. Dose of the liquid extract 3 ss-ij ; of 
a decoction §j-ij. Unof. 

Hydrangeion {Jii-dran' -je-on) [ydup, water, lymph ; 
ayyetov, vessel : //. , Hydrangeia\ A lymphatic 
vessel. 

Hydrangeitis [hi-dran-je-i 1 -tis) [ySup, water ; ayye'iov, 
a vessel ; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of a lym- 
phatic vessel ; lymphangitis. 

Hydrangiology (Jii-dran-je-ol' -o-je) [vdup, water ; ay- 
ye'iov, vessel; Aoyoc, science]. The science of the 
nature, functions, and diseases of the lymphatics. 



IIVDRANTH 



579 



HYDRASTIS 



Hydranth {hi'-dranth) \_v6poc, hydra ; avdog, flower]. 
In biology, the proper nutritive zooid of the Hy- 
drozoa. 

Hydrargism [hi-drar'-giztri). See Mercurialism. 

Hydrargyria {hi-drar-jir' -e-ah). See Mercurialism. 

Hydrargyriasis {hi-drar-jir-i' '-as-is). See Mercurial- 
ism. 

Hydrargyrism {hi-drar' -jir-izm). See Mercurialism. 

Hydrargyromania (hi-drar-jir-o-ma' '-ne-aK) [ySpap- 
yvpoQ, mercury ; fiavia, madness]. Insanity due to 
the unwise use of mercury. 

Hydrargyrophobia {hi-iirar-jir-o-fo' -be-ah) [hSpap- 
yvpog, mercury; o<5/3oc, fear]. Morbid dread of mer- 
curial medicines. 

Hydrargyrophthalmia {hi - drar-jir - off-thai 1 '-me-ali) 
\_v5papyvpog, mercury ; b^>6a2.fiia, ophthalmia]. Oph- 
thalmia due to mercurial poisoning. 

Hydrargyrum {hi-drar' -jir-um) \h6pdpyvpoq, mercury : 
gen., Hydrargyria. Mercury. Quicksilver. Hg = 
200 ; quantivalence 11, IV. The only liquid metallic 
element, hence the common name, quicksilver. See 
Elements, Table of. In medicine, the metal, its 
nitrate, oxids, chlorids, and iodids are the salts most 
commonly, the sulphid and cyanid less frequently, 
used. In small doses continued not too long a time 
it is a tonic, purgative, and alterative. In larger 
doses, or too long continued, it is likely to produce 
pytalism. In "biliousness," mercurial purgatives have 
long been a favorite remedy, blue-mass, and mercur- 
ous chlorid or calomel being usually employed. In 
syphilis, mercuric chlorid and mercuric iodid are 
generally considered specific. Mercury in the form 
of calomel is useful in glandular inflammations. Form- 
erly it was much used in the same form in typhoid 
fever and malarial fevers. The soluble salts of 
mercury are highly poisonous. H. ammoniatum, 
ammoniated mercury, " white precipitate," mercur- 
ammonium chlorid, NH 2 HgCl, is used externally. 
H. ammoniati, Ung., " white precipitate ointment" 
—ammoniated mercury 10, benzoated lard 90 parts. 
H. benzoas, Hg(C 6 H.C0 2 ) 2 . Dose, in pill, gr. J„. 
H. carbolas, easily absorbed. Dose, in pill, gr. \-\. 
H. chloridum corrosivum, HgCl 2 (H. percti- 
loridum, B. P.), corrosive chlorid of mercury, 
mercuric chlorid, " bichlorid of mercury," " corrosive 
sublimate." Soluble in water and alcohol; anti- 
syphilitic. Dose gr. ^VtV Very poisonous. Liq. 
hydrarg. perchlorid. (B. P.), contains gr. ss of 
the mercurial salt to the ounce. Dose 3 ss— ij. H. 
chloridum mite, Hg. 2 Cl 2 (H. subchloridum, B. 
P.), mild chlorid or subchlorid of mercury, mercurous 
chlorid, " calomel," — laxative, tonic, and antipyretic. 
Insoluble in water and alcohol. Dose gr. ^5-x. 
H. subchlor., Ung. (B. P.), I to 6\ of benzoated 
lard. H. cum ammonia, Emplastrum. See Am- 
monium. H. cum creta, mercury with chalk, 
"chalk-mixture," " gray powder," contains mercury 
38, clarified honey, 10, prepared chalk 57, water q. s. 
Dose gr. ss-x. H. cyanidum, Hg(CN) 2 , mercuric 
cyanid. Soluble in water and alcohol. It is recom- 
mended, with aconite, in diphtheria. Dose gr. 
^^-J^. Poisonous. H., Emplastrum, mercurial 
plaster — mercury 30, oleate of mercury 1.2, lead- 
plaster q. s. H. et arsenii iod., Liq., Donovan's 
Solution. See Arsenic. H. flav., Lotio, unof., 
"yellow wash" for syphilitic sores — corrosive sub 



limate gr. xviij, lime-water 

unof., hydrarg. biniodid. gr. nj, 

cij, water giij, syrup q. s. ad 

flavum, Hg 2 I 2 , green iodid of 

ous iodid. Dose gr. j^-j. H 

Hgl 2 , red iodid or biniodid of 



Gilbert's Syrup, 
potass, iodid. gr. 
3 x. H. iodid. 
mercury, mercur- 
iodid. rubrum, 
mercury, mercuric 



iodid. Soluble in a solution of potassium iodid. 
Poisonous. Dose gr. sV~tV ^. iodid. rub., 
Ung. (B. P.), one in 28. H., Liniment (B. 
P.), contains one part of mercury in six. H., Massa, 
"blue mass," " bluepill," has mercury 33, liquorice 5, 
althea25, glycerin 3, confection of rose 34. It is used 
mainly as a purgative. Dose gr. ss-xx. H. nigra, 
Lotio, unof., "black wash" for syphilitic sores — 
calomel gr. xxx, lime-water ^ x. H. nitrat., Liq., 
solution of mercuric nitrate. It is used as an escharotic. 
H. nitrat. rub., Ung., unof., red ointment of mer- 
curic nitrate, brown citrine ointment ; it is made with 
cod-liver oil. H. nitrat., Ung., citrine ointment, — 
mercury 7, nitric acid 17, lard-oil 76. H. nitrat., 
Ung., Dil. (B. P.), citrine ointment and soft paraffin, 
I in 2. H. oleat., contains yellow oxid 20, oleic 
acid 80. H. oxid. flav., yellow oxid of mercury. 
Insoluble in water ; soluble in nitric and hydrochloric 
acids. It is used in the preparation of ointments, etc. 
H. oxid. flav., Ung., contains 10 per cent, of the oxid. 
H. oxid. rub., red oxid of mercury. Dose gr. ■^- B - 
•Jjj. H. oxid. rub., Ung., contains 10 per cent, of 
the oxid. H. salicylas, HgC G H 4 OCOO. Dose gr. 
A, in pill. H. subsulph. flav., Hg(HgO) 2 S0 4 , 
yellow subsulphate of mercury, basic mercuric sul- 
phate, " turpeth mineral." Soluble in nitro hydro- 
chloric acid. Dose, for emesis, gr. ij-v. H. 
succinimidum has been recommended for hypo- 
dermatic use. H. sulph. rub., red mercuric sulphate, 
" cinnabar," is used only by fumigation. H., Sup- 
positoria (B. P.), each contains gr. v of mercurial 
ointment. H. tannas, a green powder, rapidly ab- 
sorbed. Dose gr. j, in pill. H., Unguent., mer- 
curial ointment, " blue ointment," — mercury 450, lard 
225, suet 225, comp. tinct. benzoin 40, old mercurial 
ointment 100 ; these are triturated until the globules 
of mercury disappear under a magnifying glass. It 
is used to produce the physiologic effects of mercury 
by inunction. 

Hydrarthrosis (Jii-drar-thro 1 '-sis) \_v6up, water ; apRpov, 
joint]. An effusion of fluid into a joint, usually the result 
of chronic synovitis. It is called also Hydrops ar- 
ticuli, dropsy of the joint, white swelling, etc. 

Hydrarthrus (hi-drar' '-thrus). See Hydrarthrosis. 

Hydrastin {hi-dras 1 -tin) [ixSwp, water ; fipav, to act], 
C,,H 23 N0 6 . 1. An alkaloid occurring together with 
berberin (C 20 H 17 NO 4 + 4|H 2 0) in the roots of Hy- 
drastis canadensis [a. v.) ; l\— 4 grains may be given per 
diem, in divided doses. In overdoses it may have 
poisonous effects. 2. A precipitate from a tincture of 
the root of Hydrastis canadensis ; it is laxative, chola- 
gogue, alterative, tonic, antiseptic, etc. Dose gr. j- 
ij . Unof. 

Hydrastinin {hi-dras' -tin-i?:) \_'v6up, water ; dpav, to 
act], C n H I3 N0 3 . An alkaloid obtained by the 
oxidation of hydrastin. It is useful in chronic metritis 
and in salpingitis, controls hemorrhage, and is a good 
substitute for ergot. It stimulates the cardiac muscle 
and causes contraction of the lumen of arteries. Dose 
of the hydrochlorate gr. ij-iv, hypodermatically. 

Hydrastis {hi-dras' -lis) [ySup, water ; dpav, to act]. 
Golden seal. The roots of H. canadensis, with pro- 
perties due to several alkaloids, the principal being 
hydrastin, q. v. It is a simple, bitter tonic, with anti- 
periodic properties, and arrests the movements of white 
blood-corpuscles. It is useful in catarrh of the stomach 
and urinary organs, and as a lotion in gonorrhea and 
gleet. Dose of the fid. ext., ITLv-xxx ; of the tinct. 
(20 per cent.) Jjss-ij. H., Ext., Liquid. (B. P.) 
Dose TTLv-xxx. H., Glyceritum, hydrastis 10, gly- 
cerin 5, alcohol and water, q. s. H., Tinct., 20 per 
cent, strength. Dose ITLxx-^j- Unof. 



HYDRATE 



580 



HYDROBIOSIS 



Hydrate [hi' -drat) [bdup, water]. A compound of an 
elementary atom, or of a radical, with the radical 
hydroxy I H-O- or -O-H, as the hydrogen atom may 
be positive or negative. Practically a hydrate is con- 
sidered as a molecule of water with its basic atom of 
hydrogen replaced by another electropositive atom, e.g., 
potassium hydrate, K-O-H, is derived from water, 
H-O-H. 

Hydration [hi-dra' -shun) \b&up, water]. The process 
by which a body or substance becomes impregnated 
or saturated with water. 

Hydrazin [hi-draz' '-iii) [ySup, water ; asotum, nitro- 
gen], H 4 N.,. I. Diamid; a colorless, stable gas, 
soluble in water, having a peculiar odor and a strong 
alkaline reaction. Orthin is prepared from it. See 
Phenyl-hydrazin. 2. One of a class of bodies de- 
rived from hydrazin by replacing one or more of its 
hydrogen atoms by a compound radical. 

Hydrazones (hi'-draz-ons) [vdcop, water; azotum, 
nitrogen]. Phenylhydrazones ; a group of chemic 
bodies produced by the action of phenylhydrazin 
upon carbonyl compounds. They are usually crystal- 
line compounds, insoluble in water. They are yellow 
or brown in color, and almost invariably decompose 
upon fusion. 

Hydrecium (hi-dre' '-se-zem) [yiup, water ; dimg, house : 
pi. , Hydrecia~\. In biology, the sac for the reception 
of the retracted cenosarc attached to the swimming- 
bell of certain hydrozoans. 

Hydrectasis (Jii-drek 1 '-las-is) \y5oip, water ; i/tractr, 
a stretching out]. Distention by water or by a watery 
fluid. 

Hydremesis (lii-drem'-es-is) [vScop, water ; Efieaic, 
vomiting]. The vomiting of a watery material. 

Hydremia (hi-dre' '-me-ah) \y5wp, water ; ai/ia, blood]. 
A watery condition of the blood due to defective 
renal secretion or to imperfect fibrination. It accom- 
panies albuminuria and certain other exhausting dis- 
eases. 

Hydrencephal (hi'-dren-sefal) [ySap, water; kyice- 
<pa2.or, brain]. A hydrocephalic brain. 

Hydrencephalitis (hi-dren-sef-al-i'-tis) \_v8up, water; 
iynetyaloc , brain ; itic, inflammation]. Inflammatory 
hydrocephalus. 

Hydrencephalocele (hi-dren-sef ' -al-o-sel) [vSap, wa- 
ter; eynefaloc, brain ; tdfkri, hernia]. Encephalocele 
in which the tumor is in part composed of a watery 
fluid. H. palatina, a variety of . hydrencephalocele 
in which the dura mater, distended with serum, pro- 
jects into the mouth, forming a tumor possibly as 
large as a small apple. 

Hydrencephalus (hi-dren-sef '-al-zts). See Hydro- 
cephalus. 

Hydrenterocele (hi-dren-ter'-o-sel) \y6iop, water; 
evrepov, intestine; kt)1j], hernia]. Intestinal hernia, 
the sac of which contains some extravasated fluid. 

Hydrenterorrhea (hi-dren-ter-or-e'-ah) \_vdup, water ; 
Ivrepov, intestine; poia, flow]. A watery diarrhea. 

Hydriasis (hi-dri'-as-is). See Hydro-therapeutics. 

Hydriatic (hi-dre-at' -ik) [ydap, water; laTiKoc, heal- 
ing]. Pertaining to the cure of disease with water. 

Hydriatric {hi-dre-at' -rik) [bSup, water; larpoc, physi- 
cian]. Relating to the treatment of disease with 
water. 

Hydriatry (hi' -dre-at-re) . See Hydro-therapeutics. 

Hydric (hi'-drik) [vSup, water]. Containing water. 

Hydrid (hi'-drid) \y8wp, water]. A chemic compound 
containing hydrogen united to an element. 

Hydriodic (hi-dre-od'-ik) [iicSwp, water ; iufirjc, like a 
violet]. Containing hydrogen and iodin. H. Acid, 
HI, a heavy, colorless gas, with a suffocating odor and 
an acid reaction. It freezes at — 55° C. The syrup of 



hydriodic acid contains I per cent, of absolute HI. 
Dose, 3J-iv, well diluted. 

Hydro- (hi'-dro-) [ydup, water]. A prefix signifying 
water, or that water forms a structural part. See, 
also, Hydrate. 

Hydroa (hi-dro'-ah) \ydup, water; L>6v, egg]. A 
term including a group of vesicular and bullous skin- 
affections presenting many points of affinity with vesi- 
cating erythemata, herpes, and pemphigus. The group 
includes the diseases described as Dermatitis herpeti- 
formis, Pemphigus pruriginosus, Urticaria vesicaizs, 
and Herpes gestation is, and is by no means uncommon. 
Hydroa occurs in individuals of the neurotic tempera- 
ment ; its course is chronic, but with a decided tendency 
toward ultimate recovery. (Hydroa, as the name of a 
skin-disease, is much confused in meaning with Hidroa, 
q. v.) H. bullosa. See H. pruriginosum. H. 
sestivale. See H. vacciniforme. H. febrile. See 
Herpes facialis. H. gestationis, that of pregnancy. 
H. herpetiforme. Also called Dermatitis herpeti- 
formis ; Herpes gestationis ; Herpes circinalus bztllo- 
sus ; Pemphigus circinatus. See Pemphigus prurigi- 
nosus. H. pruriginosum. Hydroa bullosa; a very 
rare form, attended at its development with intense 
itching, and sometimes preceded by slight febrile 
symptoms, followed by the formation of small bullie 
not exceeding the size of a split pea, and commencing 
as vesicles, without any antecedent lesion. Slight 
umbilication occurs, followed by desiccation, and the 
formation of scales or crusts. Successive crops are 
formed, the bulla; being discrete or grouped irregu- 
larly, but never in circles. H. puerorum. See H 
vacciniforme. H. vacciniforme. Hydroa cestivale ; 
Hydroa puerorum ; Recurrent sumnier eruption ; a 
recurring summer eruption of boyhood, usually with 
vesicles that leave scars. The disease generally 
begins in the first, second, or third year of life, and is 
often preceded by articular symptoms. The eruption 
develops chiefly on the uncovered parts, and is generally 
preceded by burning or pain , fulness of the region at- 
tacked, anorexia, and insomnia. Red spots appear, and 
on these rounded vesicles develop, singly or in groups, 
varying in size from that of a millet- seed to that of a 
large pea. They may coalesce into an irregularly out- 
lined flattish bulla. The redness remains as an areola. 
These bullae dry up, rupture, or become umbilicated, 
and form crusts which, on separating, leave slightly 
depressed scars resembling those of smallpox. The 
pathology is unknown. 

Hydroadipsia (hi-dro-ad-ip'-se-ah) \ySap, water; a, 
priv. ; 8'npa, thirst]. Absence of thirst, or of desire 
for water. 

Hydrobenzamid (hi-dro-ben'-zam-id) [ydap, water; 
benzoin; amid'], C 21 H 18 N.,. Azobenzoyl hydrid, a 
crystalline compound, soluble in alcohol. 

Hydrobenzoi'n (hi-dro-ben-zo'-in) [vdup, water; ben- 
Z0i»],C u H 14 O 2 . A compound prepared by the action 
of sodium amalgam on benzoin. It dissolves with 
difficulty in water, is readily soluble in alcohol, and 
crystallizes in large, shining, rhombic plates, melting 
at 134° C. 

Hydrobilirubin (hi-dro-bil-e-rzt'-biiz) [ySop, water; 
bills, bile ; ruber, red] , C^H^N^Oj. A rose-red or 
brown-red pigment formed by treating a solution of 
bilirubin or biliverdin in dilute alkali with sodium 
amalgam. It is slightly soluble in water, easily so in 
alcohol, ether, and chloroform. It is a coloring- 
matter of feces, said to be identical with stercobilin, 
and is sometimes found in urine. 

Hydrobiosis (hi-dro-bi-o'-sis) [ydup, water; /3/oc, life]. 
In biology, the origin and maintenance of life in fluid 
media. 



HVDROBROMATE 



581 



HYDROCARBON 



Hydrobromate (lii-dro-bro'-mat) [bdup, water; /?pu//of, 
a stench]. A basic salt of hydrobromic acid. 

Hydrobromic {hi-dro-bro' -mUi) \_vdup, water ; Ppu/ioc, 
stench]. Composed of hydrogen and bromin. H. 
Acid. See Acid, Hydrobromic. H. Ether, C 2 H 5 Br. 
Bromid of ethyl. A colorless, translucent liquid, with 
a neutral reaction, ethereal smell, and a pungent, 
sweet taste ; its specific gravity is 1.4733 ; »t D °i' s at 
104 F. (40. 7 C), and burns with difficulty with a 
green, smokeless flame. It is prepared by distilling 
alcohol with either bromin, hydrobromic acid, or bromid 
of phosphorus. It is only slightly soluble in water, 
but freely so in ether or alcohol. It is used as an 
anesthetic. See Anesthetic. 

Hydrobromid {hi-dro-bro' -mid). Same as Hydrobro- 
mate. 

Hydrocaffeic Acid {hi-dro-kaf-e'-ik). See Acid. 

Hydrocarbon (hi-dro-kar' -boii) [ySup, water ; carbo, 
charcoal]. A name applied to any one of a multitude 
of . compounds composed mainly of hydrogen and car- 
bon, but also under certain conditions containing other 
elements as substitution-products. The possibilities 
of the number of such compounds may be seen in the 
following series, perhaps the simplest, carbon, C, being 
a tetrad, and requiring four monad atoms to saturate 
its quanti valence :- 



TABLE OF HYDROCARBONS.— Continued. 
1. PARAFFINS (ETHANES).— Continued. 



Methane, CH 4 . 
Ethane, C 2 H 6 . 
Propane, C 3 H 8 . 
Butane, C 4 H 10 . 
Pentane, C-H, 



In either of these one or more 
atoms of hydrogen may be 
replaced by other atoms or radi- 
cles without altering the struc- 
ture of the compound. 
It will be noticed that the members of the series differ 
by CH 2 in the present case. The various members of 
the Fat-series are usually indicated as follows : — 
Paraffin Series, C n H 2U + 2 , \ in which n stands for any 
Olefins, C 2 H 2n , I number of carbon atoms. 

Acetylenes, C 2 H. 2n _,, j Thus, if « = 3, the corre- 

sponding member of the Paraffin series would be 
CjH g , etc. All the hydrocarbons are inflammable. 
They occur in nature as marsh-gas (fire-damp), natural 
gas, naphtha, petroleum, asphaltum, ozocerite, etc., in 
a multitude of forms. They, with their derivatives, 
form the subject-matter of organic chemistry. A 
Table of the Hydrocarbons is appended. 



TABLE OF HYDROCARBONS. 

I. PARAFFINS (ETHANES), CnH2n + 2. 



Name. 


< 
-1 


S 

u. 



z 



<->z 
J 

3H 

K Q 

X 


21? 

O Q 

B. < 

13 K 

z2 
►> 2 


z w 

§3 

6 

Z r 
J z 

go 


s z 

<£ . 

^2 
~ a 

fa X B. 
O t- 

(fiS 


Methane, . . . 


CH 4 


Gas 






0-5598 


Ethane 


C 2 H 6 


Gas 








Propane, . . . 


C3H8 


Gas 








Butane 


C 4 H 10 


Gas 




0° 




Pentane, . . . 


C 5 H 12 


Liquid 




37-39° 




Hexane, . . . 


CeHi 4 


Liquid 




71-5° 


0.663 


Heptane, . . . 


C7H 16 


Liquid 




99° 


0.6967 


Octane 


QHig 


Liquid 




1 25 


0.718 


Nonane, . . . 


C9H20 


Liquid 


-51° 


149-5° 


0.7330 



Name. 


< 

J 


s 

a. 



z 



°z 

«§ 

y H 
> 

X 

0* 


2"sr 
2 

a. < 
z<2 


z u 

p < 

a. a 
6 O 

2P 

J z 

paii 


Hz 

U S z 
u - 
r a 
tx*- 

U H 


Decane, . . . 


CioHw 


Liquid 


-32° 


i 

i 


'173° 


0.7456 


Undecane, . . 


CnH 2 4 


Liquid 


- 26.5° 


194-5° 


0-7745 


Dodecane, . . 


C12H26 


Liquid 


-12° 


214 


0-773 


Tridecane, . . 


C13H28 


Liquid 


— 6.2° 


234° 


0-775 


Tetradecane, . 


C14H30 


Liquid 


+ 4-5° 


252-5° 


0-775 


Pentadecane, . 


C15H32 


Liquid 


+ 10° 


270-5° 


0-775 


Hexdecane, 


C16H34 


Solid 


+ 18 


287.5° 


0-775 


Hepdeeane, . . 


CnH 36 


Solid 


+ 22-5° 


303° 


0.776 


Octdecane, . . 


CisHa? 


Solid 


28° 


317° 


0.776 


Nondecane, . . 


C19H40 


Solid 


32° 


-330° 


0-777 


Eicosane, . . . 


C20H40 


Solid 


36.7° 


8 
<■? 

■J" 

i5 


'205 


0.777 


Heneicosane, . 


C21H44 


Solid 


40.4° 


215° 


0.778 


Docosane, . . 


C22H46 


Solid 


44-4° 


224.5° 


0.778 


Tricosane, . . 


C23H4 8 


Solid 


47-7° 


234° 


0.778 


Tetracosane, . 


C24H50 


Solid 


51 1° 


243° 


0.778 


Pentacosane, . 


C25H52 


Solid 








Hexcosane, . . 


C2CH54 


Solid 








Heptacosane, . 


C 27 H 66 


Solid 


59 5° 


270 


0.779 


Octcosane, . . 


C28H58 


Solid 








Noncosane, . . 


C29H60 


Solid 








Hentriacon- 
tane 


C31HC4 


Solid 


68.1° 


302° 


0.780 


Dotriacontane, 


C3 2 He6 


Solid 


70 


310° 


0.781 


Pentatriacon- 
tane, .... 


C35H72 


Solid 


74-7° 


.331° 


0.781 


Hexacontane, 


C6oHl2-2 


Solid 


102° 









2. . 

Methylene, . . 


\LKYL1 
CH 2 


iNS (OLEFINS), CnH2n. 
Does not exist in the free state 




Ethylene, . . . 


C2H4 


Gas 




— 105° 




Propylene, . . 


C3H0 


Gas 








Trimethylene, 


C3H6 


Gas 








Butylene, . . . 


C4H8 


Gas 




-5° 




Amylene, . . . 


C5H10 


Liquid 




+ 37° 




Hexylene, . . 


C6H12 


Liquid 








Heptylene, . . 


C 7 H 14 


Liquid 








Cetene 


CsHic 


Liquid 










C9H18 


Liquid 










C10H20 


Liquid 










CnH 22 


Liquid 








Dodeeylene, . 


C12H04 


Liquid 


- 3L5° 


96° 


0-7954 




C13H26 


Liquid 









HYDROCARBON 



582 



HYDROCARBON 



TABLE OF HYDROCARBONS.— Continued. 
2. ALKYLENS (OLEFINS).- Continued. 



TABLE OF HYDROCARBONS.— Continued. 

5. HYDROCARBONS.— Continued. 



Name. 


< 

X 



z 



U z 

t; 
55 Q 

X 
Oh 


z a 

£S 

1 OS 


-J M 


z w 

°r « 


J z 


°Sz 

O H 

<j)S 


Tetradecylene, 


ChHos 


Liquid 


— 12° 


127° 


0.7936 




C15H30 


Liquid 








Hexadecylene, 


C16H30 


Solid 


+ 40° 


151° 


0.7917 


Heptadecylene, 


C17H34 


Solid 








Octodecylene, 


C18H315 


Solid 


+ 18° 


179 


0.7910 


Melene, . . . 


C3oHoo 


Solid 









3- A 
Acetylene, . . 


CETYL 
C 2 H 2 


ENE SERII 
Gas 


:S, Cnl 


l2n 


—2. 




Allylene, . . . 


C3H4 


Gas 








Crotonylene, . 


C4H0 


Liquid 




180° 




Valerylene, . . 


C 5 H 8 










Hexoylene, . . 


Q3H10 












C 7 H]2 












CsH 14 












CgHic 










Menthene, . . 


CioHis 


Liquid 




167° 






C11H20 










Dodecylidene, 


C12H22 




-9° 


I 

8 


-105° 


0.8097 


Tridecylidene, 


C13H24 










Tetrad ecyli- 
dene 


C14H26 




+ 6.5° 


134° 


8064 


Pen tadecyli- 
dene 


C15H28 










Hexadecyli- 
dene, .... 


C10H30 




20° 


160° 


08039 


Heptadec yl i- 
dene 


C17H32 










Octadecyli- 
dene, .... 


C18H34 




30° 


.184° 


0.8016 



4. HYDROCARBONS, CaH2n— 4. 



Vinylacetylene, 


C4H4 


Not yet isol 


ited. 






Valylene, • . . 


C5H6 


Liquid 




50° 




Camphene, . . 


CinHic 


Solid 








Citrene, . . . 


CioHi 6 


Liquid 




175-176° 


0.846 


Dipentene, . . 


CioH lc 


Liquid 




175-176° 


0.853 


Pinene, .... 


C10H16 


Liquid 




175-17°° 




Sylvestrene, . 


CioHig 


Liquid 




175-178° 




Terpinene, . . 


CioH ]6 


Liquid 




180° 




Fichtelite, . . 


Cl8H32 


Solid 


46° 







5. HYDROCARBONS, CnH2n— 6. 



Diacetylene, . 


C4H2 


Gas 








Dipropargyl, . 


Cf,H6 


Liquid 




85° 


0.81 


Benzene, . . . 


CgHq 


Liquid 


+ 6° 


80.5 


0.899 


Toluene, . . . 


C7H8 


Liquid 




110.3 


0.S82 



Name. 


< 

D 

S 
a 



z 



u z 

J 

< r 

O £ 
D) Q 
> 

X 

a. 


Z 111 

n 


z a 

S D 
? < 

ft. QJ 
O O 

SP 

-1 z 


m 

-lip 

a, s c 
u h 
W |_ 
°- 5 


Cumene, . . . 


C9H12 


Liquid 




153° 


0.879 


Mesitylene, . . 


C9H12 


Liquid 




163° 




Pseudoeumene, 


C0H12 


Liquid 




166° 


0.8722 


Cymene, . . 


C10H14 


Liquid 




175-176° 




Durene, . . . 


C10H14 


Solid 


79-80° 


190° 




Prehnitol, . . 


C10H14 


Liquid 




204° 





6 
Methyl 


OTHE 
CH 3 


R HYDROCARBONS. 

Does not exist in the free state. 




Allyl 


C 3 H 5 


Does not exist in the free state. 


Butyl 


C4H9 


Does not exist in the free state. 


Benzyl 


C 7 H 7 


Does not exist in the free state. 


Styrol 


CsHe 


Liquid 




144-145° 


0-9^5 


Indene 


C9H3 


Liquid 




1 77-i 78° 


1.040 


Naphthalene, . 


CioHg 


Solid 


79° 


218° 




Terpinolene, . 


CioH]5 


Liquid 




185-190° 




Acenaphthene, 


C12H10 


Solid 


95° 


277° 




Diphenyl, . . . 


C12H10 


Solid 


71° 


254° 




Fluorene, . . . 


C13H10 


Solid 


113° 


295° 




Diphenyl 

methane, 


C13H12 


Solid 


26.5 


262° 




Anthracene, 


C14H11) 


Solid 


213° 






Phenanthrene, 


C14H10 


Solid 


99° 


34C° 




Tolane 


ChHjo 


Solid 


6o° 






Stilbene, . . . 


Ci4H ]2 


Solid 


120° 






Dibenzyl, . . . 


C14H14 


Solid 


52° 


284° 




Fluoranthene, 


CisH 10 


Solid 


109-110° 






Methyl 

anthracene, 


Ci5H 12 


Solid 


190° 






Pyrene 


CieHin 


Solid 


148° 






Chrysene, . . 


CigHi2 


Solid 


250° 


436° 




Retene, .... 


Ci8H ls 


Solid 


98° 


390° 




Triphenyl 

methane, 


CigHic, 


Solid 


93° 






Picene 


C22H14 


Solid 


338° 


519° 




Ceryl 


C27H55 


Does not ex 


st in the 


free state 





Benzene, CsH 6 , . . 
Toluene, CgH 6 .CH 3 , 

Xylene, C 6 H 4 .(CH 3 ) 

Pseudoeumene 



Benzene Series. 

Boiling-point. &*?■&, 
& r gravity. 

80.4° C. .8S4 at 15° C. 

uo.3°C. .872 " " 

( o-Xylene 142° -143° C. 

< m- " 139.S C. .866 " " 

{/>- " I36°-I37°C. .862 " 19.5 1 



>5° C. 

.853 " -20°C. 

Mesitvlene r <- 6 "*"-"s« \ i6 4 . 5 ° C. .869 " 9.8° C. 

Duretie, C,-,H 2 .(CH 3 )4 iS9°-i9i°C. 

Pentamethvlbenzene, C f ,H.(CH 3 ) 5 , -230° C. 

Hexametliylbenzene. CjICHaV . -264° C. 



" s IK?' 



HVDROCARDIA 



583 



HYDRODIURESIS 



Hydrocardia (hi-dro-kar'-de-ah). See Hydropericar- 
diitm. 

Hydrocaulus (ki-dro-kaw'-lus) [ySup, water ; Kavkoc, a 
stem : //. , Hydrocauli~\. In biology, the main stem of 
a hydrozoan colony. 

Hydrocele (hi'-dro-set) [ySup, water; nr/Ar/, tumor]. 
A collection of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis 
testis, or in connection with the testicle or cord. The 
term is applied, also, to a serous tumor in other loca- 
tions. 

Hydrocelia (hi-dro-se' -le-ah) \_v6up, water; aoiXia, 
belly]. Dropsy of the belly or abdominal region. 

Hydrocellulose (hi-dro-sel' '-/(-Ids) \bSiop, water ; cellula, 
a little cell], C 12 H 22 O n . A body formed by moisten- 
ing cellulose with a dilute mineral acid, and then dry- 
ing. It is used in photography. 

Hydrocelodes (hi-dro-sel-o'-dez) \bSup, water; kt]A.i], 
tumor; Efdoc, form], A tumor resembling hydrocele, 
but due to an extravasation of urine. 

Hydrocenosis (hi-dro-seii-o' -sis) \_vdup, water; KEvuaig, 
evacuation]. An evacuation of water either by the 
use of hydragogue cathartics or by the operation of 
"tapping" the cavity containing the accumulation of 
fluid. See Paracentesis. 

Hydrocenotic (hi-dro-sen-of '-ik) \_vSop, water ; Kgvuaig, 
evacuation]. Relating to or causing hydrocenosis. 

Hydrocephalic (hi-dro-sef-al' -ik) \y6up, water ; KE<j>aA.rj, 
head]. Pertaining to or affected with hydrocephalus. 
H. Cry, the shriek of pain of the hydrocephalic 
child during the exacerbations. 

Hydrocephalics (hi-dro-sef-al-i' -tis). See Hydrenceph- 
alitis. 

Hydrocephalocele (hi-dro-sef '-al-o-sel) \_v5up, water ; 
KEtpaTiij, head ; kt/At], a tumor]. Congenital hydro- 
cephalus in which the encephalon protrudes through 
the ununited or undeveloped cranial wall. 

Hydrocephaloid (hi-dro-sef -al-oid) [ySup, water; 
KEcpaTi?/, head ; EtSog, form]. Pertaining to or resem- 
bling hydrocephalus. H. Disease, Marshall Hall's 
Disease ; a disease resembling hydrocephalus, some- 
times observed in poorly-nourished infants just after 
weaning. It is a condition of nervous exhaustion, 
generally coming on after a prolonged illness, or fol- 
lowing premature weaning. There is a stage of irrita- 
bility and one of torpor. The pulse is irregular, 
the fontanel flaccid and hollow, and there is no, or 
but slight, tendency to vomiting. Stimulants and tonics 
arrest the progress of the condition. 

Hydrocephalus (hi-dro-sef ' -al-us) [vdap, water ; ke- 
(pcMj, head]. A collection of fluid in the cerebral 
ventricles (internal hydrocephalus) or outside the brain- 
substance (external hydrocephalus) , preventing closure 
of the fontanels and causing enlargement of the skull. 
The head may measure as much as thirty inches in cir- 
cumference. Wormian bones develop in the sutures and 
fontanels ; the eyeballs are rendered prominent and at 
the same time their axes are depressed. Often there is 
a retardation of the mental development, and the patient 
usually dies within a few years. An acute hydrocephalus 
occurs in meningeal inflammation. The chronic form is 
congenital or infantile. 

HydTochinone(hi-dro-ki , -ndn) [bdup, water ; quinone~\ , 
C 6 H 6 2 . A substance existing in urine as an ethereal 
compound with H, 2 S0 4 ; it is largely the cause of the 
dark color that this excretion assumes after the ab- 
sorption of phenol on exposure to the air. 

Hydrochlorate (hi-dro-klo' -rat) [yHup, water ; x%6poc, 
green]. Any salt or compound of hydrochloric acid. 

Hydrochloric Acid (hi-dro-klo' -rik). See Acid, Hy- 
drochloric. 

Hydrochlorid (hi-dro-chlo' -rid) \_bSup, water; xkLpoq, 
green]. Same as Hydrochlorate. 



Hydrocholecystis (hi-dro-ko-le-sis' -tis) \ySap, water ; 
XoAr/, bile; Kvarig, bladder]. Dropsy of the gall- 
bladder. 

Hydrocinnamic Acid (hi-dro-sin-am' -ik). See Acid. 

Hydrocirsocele (hi-dro-sir' -so-sel) [ixSup, water ; Ktpadg, 
venous enlargement; ktjKti, tumor]. Hydrocele ac- 
companied with varicose veins of the spermatic cord. 

Hydroccelia (hid-ro-se' -le-ah). See Hydrocelia. 

Hydrocceroulignone (hi- dro -se-ru-lig'-non) [vSup, 
water ; cceruleiis, blue ; lignum, wood] ,Cj 6 Hj 8 6 . A 
divalent phenol, crystallizing from alcohol and glacial 
acetic acid in colorless leaflets, and melting at 
190° C. 

Hydrocollidin (hi-dro-kol' -id-in) \ySup, water; K6Xka, 
glue]. A highly poisonous ptomaine-base, so named 
by Gautier and Etard, and declared by them to be 
identical with the hydrocollidin obtained by Cahours 
and Etard from the action of selenium on nicotin. 
Nencki, on the other hand, asserted its identity with a 
base (collidin) isolated by him in 1876, to which he 
had ascribed the formula C 8 H n N. The formula of 
Gautier and Etard's hydrocollidin is C 8 H 13 N. This 
ptomaine was obtained from chloroformic extracts, 
from putrefying mackerel, and putrefying horse-flesh 
and ox-flesh. The free base is an almost colorless, 
alkaline, oily fluid, having a strong, penetrating odor 
like syringa. So small a dose as 0.0017 gram of the 
hydrochlorid, injected into birds, produced dizziness, 
paralysis, and death. The pupils remain normal, and 
the heart stops in diastole. 

Hydrocolpocele (hi-dro-kol' '-po-sel) \ydup, water; 
k6attoc, vagina ; Krfkj], tumor]. A serous tumor of the 
vagina. 

Hydrocotarnin (hi-dro-ko-tar' -nin) \_v6ap, water ; co- 
iamhi\, C 12 H 15 N0 3 -f- /4H 2 0. A crystalline alkaloid 
occurring in small amount in opium. It melts at 50 
C. ,and is readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloro- 
form. 

Hidrocotoin (hid-ro-ko' -to-in) [yStdp, water; Sp., coto, 
a cubit], C 15 H u 4 . An alkaloid of coto-bark, occur- 
ring in yellowish crystals without taste. 

Hydrocotyle (hi-dro-kol' -il-e) \y5up, water ; Korvfa], a 
cup]. Pennywort; a genus of umbelliferous herbs. 
The leaves of H. asiatica serve as a bitter tonic and 
alterative, and are very serviceable in skin-diseases, 
syphilitic sores, and leprosy. H. centella, of S. Africa, 
H. umbellata, of America, and H. vulgaris, of 
Europe, have been employed in medicine, but their 
properties are little known. H. bonariasis, of S. 
America, is diuretic. All unof. 

Hydrocrania (hid-ro-kra' -ne-ah) . Same as Hydro- 
cephalus. 

Hydrocyanic (hi-dro-se-an' '-ik). See Cyanogen, and 
Acid, Hydrocyanic. 

Hydrocyst (hi' -dro-sist) [ySap, water ; kvotlc, blad- 
der]. A cyst containing a water-like liquid. Some- 
times it is synonymous with hydatid. In biology, 
Huxley's name for singular organs found in certain of 
the Hydrozoa (especially the Physophoridtz). They are 
pyriform sacs of ectoderm and endoderm, closed at 
their distal ends, but in free communication with the 
somatic cavity at their proximal ends ; they are ar- 
rested polypites in which the mouth has never become 
developed. 

Hydroderma (hi-dro-der' -mail) [ySop, water ; dtpfia, 
skin]. Dropsy of the skin. 

Hydrodictyotomy (hi-dro-dik-te-otf -o-me~) \_vSup, water; 
S'lktvov, net ; 70/^7, section]. Surgical incision of the 
retina for the relief of edema. 

Hydrodiuresis (hi-dro-di-u-re' -sis) [ySup, water; Sia, 
through ; ovpeEcv, to make water]. A copious flow of 
watery urine. 



HYDRO-ELECTRIC 



584 



HYDRONAPHTHYLAMIN 



Hydro-electric (Jii-dro-e-lek' -trik) [yiup, water ; rfkeK- 
rpov, electricity]. Pertaining to electricity developed 
by the physical action of fluids or in connection with 
water. H. Bath, a bath in which the metallic lining 
of the tub is connected with one pole of a battery, the 
other being in contact with the person of the patient. 

Hydrofluoric Acid (lii-dro-flu-or' -ik) . See Acid. 

Hydrogaster {ki-dro-gas' -ter). Synonym of Ascites. 

Hydrogen [lii f -dro-jen) [y&up, water; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. H = I. Quantivalence I. A gaseous element, 
one liter of which weighs .0896 gram. It is 
feebly basic and occurs in nature combined with oxy- 
gen in the form of water H 2 0. It has been liquefied 
at a temperature of — 286 F. under a tension of 650 
atmospheres — a pressure of about 4.7 tons per square 
inch. In combination with carbon, oxygen, and 
nitrogen, it forms a multitude of radicles formerly 
known as " organic" compounds, but now often syn- 
thetically formed. It is used largely in the qualitative 
determination of arsenic and antimony, and for com- 
bustion with oxygen to produce intense heat. It has 
also been used by inhalation in pulmonary tuber- 
culosis. See Elements, Table of. H. peroxid, or 
dioxid, an unstable compound having the composition 
H 2 2 . It is a powerful antiseptic and germicide, and 
is used as a disinfectant in diphtheria, glandular 
swellings and suppurative inflammations, and as an 
antispasmodic to relieve the paroxysms of whooping- 
cough. It is the basis of most hair-bleaching solu- 
tions. Dose^ss-ij. Unof. H. d., Aqua, solution of 
hydrogen dioxid ; contains 3 per cent, by weight of the 
pure dioxid. H. sulphid. See Acid Hydrosulpliuric. 

Hydrogenesis [hi-dro-jen'-es-is) [vdup, water; yevvav, 
to produce : //. Hydrogeneses~\. I. The collection or 
formation of a watery fluid. 2. Any disease in which 
there is a predominance or degeneration of mucous 
secretion, fat, bile, or milk. 

Hydrohematocele (lii-dro-hem 1 '-at-o-sel) [vdup, water; 
dipa, blood; niflrj, tumor]. Hematocele associated 
with hydrocele. 

Hydrohemia (Jii-dro-hem' -e-ah) . Same as Hydremia. 

Hydrohemostat (Jii-dro-hem'-o-stat) [vdup, water; 
ai/j.a, blood ; orardc, stopped] . A device for stopping 
hemorrhage by means of hydrostatic pressure. 

Hydrohemothorax (hi-d7'o-he?n-o-tko'-raks) [vdup, 
water; ai/aa, blood; Oupa^, thorax]. An effusion of 
hemorrhagic fluid into the pleural cavity. 

Hydrohymenitis {Iii-dro-hi-men-i' -tis). See Hydry- 
menitis. 

Hydrohystera (lii-dro-his' -ter-ah). See Hydrometra. 

Hydroid {hi'-droid) [ydup, water; eldoc, form]. 1. 
Like water. 2. Living in water. 

Hydrolactometer {Jii-dro-lak-to?n> '-et-er) [vdup, water ; 
lac, milk; fierpov, measure]. An instrument used in 
estimating the percentage of water in any given sam- 
ple of milk. 

Hydrolatum {Jii-dro-la' -turn) [ydup, water: gen., Hy- 
drolati ; pi., Hydrolata\ A medicated water. 

Hydrolein (ki-droF -e-in) [vdup, water; oleum, oil]. 
A proprietary remedy consisting of an emulsion of cod- 
liver oil with pancreatin and borax. 

Hydrology (Jii-drol'-o-je) [ydup, water; Aoyoc, sci- 
ence]. A treatise on the nature and uses of water. 

Hydrolymph {hi'-dro-limf) [ydup, water ; lympha, 
water], A term applied to the blood of certain ani- 
mals which is composed largely of the salt or fresh 
water in which they live, and containing a small 
amount of corpuscular elements. 

Hydrolyst (Jii' -dro-list) [ydup, water; Xvaiq, dis- 
solving]. A substance that, like sulphuric acid, 
diastase, emulsin, etc., induces hydrolysis ; an 
hydrolytic agent. 



Hydrolyte (lii' -dro-lit) [vdup, water; Xvatc, dissolving]. 
The substance hydrolyzed. 

Hydrolytic (Jii-dro-lit' -ik) [vdup, water ; Xveiv, to dis- 
solve]. Pertaining to the decomposition of water, or 
the liberation of water during a chemic reaction. H. 
Ferments, those causing a combination with the ele- 
ments of water in the substances they decompose. 

Hydroma (Jii-dro'-mah) [udpup-a ; vdup, water ; ufia, 
a tumor: //. , Hydromata\ A tumor containing 
water. A cyst or sac filled with water or serous fluid. 
Also, an edematous swelling. Also, the cystic dilata- 
tion of a lymphatic of the neck. 

Hydromania [lii-dro-ma' -ne-ah) [vdup, water ; fiavia, 
madness]. I. Intense or maddening thirst. 2. Ma- 
nia with desire for suicide by drowning. 

Hydromel {Jii r -dro-mel ) [ydup, water ; jieki, honey]. A 
fermented mixture of honey and water, whether medi- 
cated or not ; a kind of mead or metheglin. 

Hydromeningitis (tii-dro-men-in-ji' -tis) [ydup, water ; 
fi?]viy%, a membrane ; trie, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the membranes of the brain or cord, ac- 
companied by effusion of watery fluid. 

Hydromeningocele {lii-dro-men-in' '-go-sel) [vdup, 
water ; fiijviylj, membrane ; KrjXij, a tumor]. A cystic 
tumor of the meninges, protruding through the skull. 
Also, a cystic tumor in the arachnoid cavity or in the 
continuation of the subarachnoid space. 

Hydrometer (Jri-drom 1 '-et-er) [vdup, water ; fierpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for determining the specific 
gravity of liquids or solutions containing water. 

Hydrometra (Ji i-dro-me' -trak) [vdup, water ; fJ-'/rpa, 
the womb]. A collection of water or mucus in the 
womb. It may result from congenital atresia in in- 
fants, but usually follows an endometritis with stenosis 
of the cervix. 

Hydrometrectasia {hi-dro-me-trek-ta' -ze-ah) [ydup, 
water; /ir/Tpa, womb; mranig, a stretching out]. 
Hydrometra causing distention of the uterus. 

Hydromicrencephalia {lii-dro-mi-kren-sef-a'-le-ah) or 
Hydromicrencephaly {hi - dro - mi - kren - sef - al-e) 
[_'v5up, water; fi/npog, small: kyaetpaAog , the brain]. 
Micrencephaly leading to, or complicated by, a serous 
effusion within the cranial cavity. 

Hydromphalocele ( hi-drom-fal' -o-sel) [ydup, water ; 
bfiipakoc, navel ; nrfh], hernia]. Cystic tumor in the 
sac of an umbilical hernia. 

Hydromphalus (hi-drom'-fal-us) \ydup, water ; bfupa- 
/l<5c, navel]. A tumor at the navel distended with 
water. It may arise either from ascites or umbilical 
hernia. 

Hydromyelia (Iii-dro-mi-e' -le-ah) or Hydromyelus 
(Jii-dro-mi' '-el-ns) [bSup, water ; fiveAoc, marrow]. 
Dilatation of the central canal of the spinal cord 
with an accumulation of fluid. It may be moderate 
or extreme. 

Hydromyelitis {hi-dro-mi-el-i'-tis) [ydup, water; five- 
A-oq, marrow; mc, inflammation]. Same as Hydror- 
rhachis hi tenia. 

Hydromyringa, or Hydromyrinx (lii-dro-mir-in' -gah 
or hi-dro-mi' -rinks) \y6up, water; myrinx, the tym- 
panic membrane], 1. The distention of the mem- 
brana tympani with water effused within its substance. 
2. Less correctly, the same as Hvdrotympanum. 

Hydronaphthol {hi-dro-naf -thol) \y6up, water; va<j>da, 
asphalt]. A proprietary preparation recommended as 
an odorless, non-poisonous, and non-corrosive antisep- 
tic. It is regarded by some as identical with beta- 
naphthol. Dose gr. ij-v. Unof. 

Hydronaphthylamin (lii-dro-naf-t/iil'-am-in) [ydup, 
water; va<pt)a, asphalt; amin~\, C 10 H..H 4 .NH 2 . A 
compound, called also tetrahydrobetanaphthylamin ; 
a solution of I to 5 per cent. , whether used topically 



HYDRONCUS 



585 



HYDROPYOSALPINX 



or hypodermatically, causes great dilatation of the 
pupil. 

Hydroncus (hi-drong'-hus) [vSup, water; by nog, mass]. 
A distention or swelling caused by an accumulation 
of water. See, also, Edema and Anasarca. 

Hydronephrosis (hi-dro-nef-ro'-sis) [bSu>p, water ; 
vefpog, kidney]. A collection of urine in the pelvis of 
the kidney from obstructed outflow. The obstruction 
may be caused by an impacted calculus, a stenosed 
ureter, congenital deformities, or new-growths. The 
cyst may vary in size, being either very small or 
enormous. Hydronephrosis is marked clinically by 
the presence of a tumor in the renal region, soft and 
fluctuating, and usually painless. H., Intermittent, 
one in which there is from time to time the occurrence 
of a free discharge of urine, with diminution in the 
size of the renal tumor ; ordinarily the retention is the 
result of twisting or kinking of a ureter. 

Hydronephrotic (hi-dro-nef-rol' -ik) [v&up, water ; ve<p- 
p6c, kidney]. Relating to, affected with, or of the 
nature of, hydronephrosis. 

Hydronosos (Jii-dron'-o-sus) [vdup, water ; voaoc, dis- 
ease]. A disease attended with dropsy. 

Hydroparesis (hi-dro-par 1 '-es-is) [bSup, water ; ird/)- 
eaiQ, paralysis]. A paretic affection characterized by 
watery effusions, such as are seen in beriberi. 

Hydropathy (hi-drop'-ath-e) [bdcop, water; TrdBoc, dis- 
ease]. The treatment of diseases by the use of water, 
externally and internally. 

Hydropedesis (hi-dro-ped-e'-sis). See Hidropedesis. 

Hydropericarditis (hi-dro-per-ik-ar-di'-tis) [Mup, 
water ; irepi, around ; napdia, heart ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Pericarditis accompanied by serous effusion into 
the pericardium. 

Hydropericardium (Iii-dro-per-ik-ar' -de-uni) [vdap, 
water; irepl, around; napdia, heart]. A collection 
of water within the pericardium. It may be active, 
passive, or mechanical, but is generally the result of 
kidney-disease, valvular lesions of the heart, or chronic 
affections of the lungs. 

Hydroperididymia (hi-dro-per-e-did-im'-e-ah) [ijSap, 
water; irepi, around ; Sidvftoc, testicle]. Hydrocele. 

Hydroperitoneum (hi-dro-per-it-on-e' -urn) . See As- 
cites. 

Hydrophallus (hi-dro-fal' -us) [vSup, water; tydlMc, 
penis]. A dropsical swelling of the penis. 

Hydrophilous ( hi-droff' '-il-us) [iiifiup, water; (pikog, 
loving]. In biology, applied to plants that are fertil- 
ized through the agency of water. 

Hydrophlegmasia (hi-dro-Jleg-ma'-ze-ah) [vdup, water; 
<j>ley/M<jia, inflammation]. Any phlegmasia or inflam- 
mation characterized by serous effusion. 

Hydrophobe (hi' -dro-fob) [vdap, water; (j>6f3og, fear]. 
A person who is affected w : ith rabies. 

Hydrophobia (hi-dro-fo' -be-ah) [iidup, water ; <p6(3or, 
dread]. A symptom of rabies in man, consisting in 
fear of, or inability to swallow, water. The term is 
used commonly as a synonym of /babies, and particu- 
larly of the disease in man. H., Pseudo-. See 
Pseudo-hydrophobia. 

Hydrophobic (hi-dro-fo' -bik) [vSup, water ; </><5/?oc, 
dread] . Pertaining to, or having the nature of, hy- 
drophobia. H. Tetanus. See Kopf-tetanus. 

Hy drophobophobia [hi - dro -fo - bo -fo '- be -ah) [vdwp, 
water; <p6(ioc, fear]. A morbid and intense dread of 
hydrophobia. 

Hydrophone (hi'-dro-fdn) [vSup, water ; (jhjvtj, the 
voice]. An instrument used in auscultatory percus- 
sion, the sound being conveyed to the ear through a 
column of water. 

Hydrophthalmia (hi-droff-thal'-me-ah) [v6up, water; 
bfda'Auoc, eye]. An increase in the fluid contents of 



the eye, resulting in glaucoma, keratoglobus, staphyl- 
oma, etc. 

Hydrophthalmos (hi-droff-thal' '-mos). See Keralo- 
globus. 

Hydrophyllium (hi-dro-ffl'-e-um) [vdup, water; <j>vMov, 
leaf]. In biology, one of the protective envelops of 
the nutritive zooids in a colony of hydrozoa. 

Hydrophyr (hi'-dro-fer) [vdwp, water]. Briicke's 
name for a variety of peptone insoluble in alcohol. 
See Peptone. 

Hydrophysocele (hi-dro-fi' -zo-sel) [vfiup, water ; ipvaa, 
air; ni/'Ar/, tumor]. Hernia containing both serous 
fluid and a gas. 

Hydrophysometra [Jii-dro-fi-zo-me' -trail) [ytiup, water; 
<pvcra, wind ; fii/rpa, womb]. An abnormal collection 
of water, or other fluid, and gas, in the womb. 

Hydrophyton [hi-droff' -it-on) [bdup, water ; tpvrov, a 
plant: pi. , Hydrophyta~\. In biology, the branching 
structure furnishing support to a colony of hydrozoa. 

Hydropic (hi-drop'-ik) [v&punm6g, dropsical]. Per- 
taining to dropsy. 

Hydropica (hi-drop'-ik-ah) [i/tipum/coc, dropsical]. 
Medicines useful in dropsy; especially diuretic reme- 
dies. 

Hydroplanula (hi-dro-pian'-u-lah) [hydra, a genus of 
hydrozoans ; planula, a stage of the embryo]. In 
biology, an embryo hydrozoan between the planula 
and the tentaculated actinula. 

Hydroplasm (hi' -dro-plazm) [i/Sup, water; irAacfia, 
plasma] . A fluid constituent of protoplasm, or of any 
plasma. 

Hydropneumatosis (hi-dro-nu-mat-o' -sis) [v6up, water; 
■nvevjiaruoic, inflation]. An abnormal or morbid col- 
lection of water, or other fluid, and air, within any of 
the tissues of the body. See, also, Hydropneumonia . 

Hydropneumonia (hi-dro-nu-mo'-ne-ah) [vdup, water ; 
■kvei'iiuv, the lung]. A disease thought to consist of a 
serous infiltration into the lung ; pulmonary edema ; 
also, an effusion within the pleura sometimes accom- 
panying pneumonia. 

Hydropneumopericardium (hi-dro-nu-mo-per-ik-ar' - 
de-um) [bSup, water; Trvevfia, air; wepiKapdiov, pericar- 
dium] . A morbid collection of air and water within 
the pericardium. It causes the clacking sound com- 
monly known as the " water-wheel " sound. 

Hydropneumothorax (hi-dro-nu-mo-tho'-rahs) [vSup, 
water; Trvev/ia, air ; 6d>pa^, thorax]. Air (or gas) and 
water (or serous effusion) in the pleural cavity. 

Hydropolyp (hi-dro-pol'-ip) [vSup, water; ttoMkovc;, 
polyp]. In biology, a hydroid polyp ; a nutritive 
zooid of a hydrozoan colony. 

Hydrops (hi' -drops) [vdpuip, dropsy]. Dropsy; an ab- 
normal collection of fluid in a cavity or part of the 
body. See Anasarca. H. articuli, a watery effusion 
into the synovial cavity of a joint. H. cerebri, hydro- 
cephalus. H. fibrinosus, effusion into a joint, 
with fibrinous deposits. H. oculi. Same as 
Hydrophthalmia . H. paralyticus, that in paralyzed 
parts. H. renalis. See Hydronephrosis. H. spu- 
rius, from obstruction of the natural outlet of a secret- 
ing organ. H. tubs. Same as Hydrosalpinx, q. v. 
H. tubarum. See Hydrosalpinx. H., Tuberculous, 
a copious effusion into a joint from tuberculous affection 
of the synovial membrane. H. vesicae fellese, 
dropsy of the gall-bladder. 

Hydroptic (hi-drop'-tik). Same as Hydropic. 

Hydropyopneumothorax (hi-dro-pi-o-nu-mo-tho'-raks) 
[vScjp, water ; ttvov, pus ; 7rvevfia,air ; 86pat; , chest] . Hy- 
dropneumothorax, associated with the presence of pus. 

Hydropyosalpinx (hi-dro-pi-o-sal' -pingks) [vfiup, water; 
iri/ov, pus; aaAwiyS;, tube]. An accumulation of 
water and pus in an oviduct. 



HYDROPYRETIC 



586 



HYDROZOON 



Hydropyretic (hi-dro-pi-ref '-ik) [ydup, water; nvperdg, 
heat]. Pertaining to, or affected with, hydropyretos. 

Hydropyretos (Jii-dro-pir* '-et-os) [ySup, water ; nvperbr-, 
heat]. Sweating fever. 

Hydroquinin [hi-dro-kwin 1 -in) \ydup, water; quina, 
Peruvian bark], C 20 H 26 N 2 O 2 . An alkaloid obtained 
from cinchona, said to be an admirable antipyretic. 
Unof. 

Hydroquinone (Jii-dro-kivin' -on) [ydap, water ; quina, 
Peruvian bark], C 6 H 6 2 . Quinol, a divalent phenol 
that results on boiling arbutin with dilute H 2 S0 4 , or 
from the oxidation of anilin. It crystallizes in mono- 
clinic leaflets and hexagonal prisms, that melt at 169 
C. It is readily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, 
and is valuable as an antipyretic, without producing 
injurious after-effects ; it is also used as an antiseptic. 
Dose gr. xv-xx. Unof. 

Hydrorhiza [lii-dro-ri' -zah) [ydup, water; pi^,a, root]. 
In biology, the disc of attachment of a Hydra or the 
homologous organs in other Hydrozoa. 

Hydrorrhachiocentesis {hi - dror - ak-e-o- sen - te'- sis) 
[vdup, water ; pdxis, spine ; KkvrrjOiQ, puncture]. Punc- 
ture of the spinal meninges in the treatment of hy- 
drorrhachis. 

Hydrorrhachis (Jii-dror'-ak-is) [ySup, water ; paxig, 
spine]. Dropsical effusion within the vertebral canal. 
H. interna, syringomyelia, q. v. 

Hydrorrhachitis (hi-dror-ak-i'-tis) [ydup, water ; pdx^, 
spine ; triq, inflammation]. Hydrorrhachis with in- 
flammation. See Spina bifida. 

Hydrorrhea {Iii-dror-e' -all) [vSup, water ; /Wa, flow]. 
A flow of water. H. gravidarum, a condition oc- 
curring occasionally in the pregnant woman, ki which 
there is a periodic discharge from the uterus of thin 
mucus that accumulates as a result of hypertrophy of 
the uterine glands with excessive secretion. 

Hydrosadenitis (hi-dros-ad-en-i' -tis) [ydup, water ; 
adrjv, gland; itlc, inflammation]. See Hidrosad- 
enitis. H. phlegmonosa, a furunculus beginning 
in a sweat-coil. It is also called Hydradenitis destru- 
ens suppurativa (Politzer), Acnitis (Barthelemy), and 
Folliculitis exulcerans (Lukasiewicz). 

Hydrosalpinx (lii-dro-sal' -pinks)\y&op, water ; cdltuyi;, 
trumpet]. A distention of the Fallopian tube with a 
fluid substance, and its obstruction at the fimbriated 
extremity, caused by inflammation. It is frequently 
a result of gonorrhea. 

Hydrosarca [hi-dro-sar' -kak) . See Anasarca. 

Hydrosarcocele (Jii-dro-sar'-ko-sel) \ydu>p, water; 
capi; , flesh ; Krfkr), hernia]. Sarcocele with dropsy of 
the tunica vaginalis testis, or with true hydrocele. 

Hydroscheocele (hi-dros' '-ke-o-sel) [ydup, water ; baxeov, 
scrotum ; ktjAt), a tumor] . Dropsical hernia of the 
scrotum. 

Hydrosoma [hi-dro-so' -mah) \ydwp, water ; ou/ia, body: 
pi., Hydrosomata\ In biology, the entire double- 
walled body of a hydrozoon. 

Hydrospermatocyst (hi-dro-sper' ' -mat-o-sist) [iidup, 
water; airep/ia, seed; nvaric, cyst]. A hydrocele 
whose fluid contains spermatozoa. 

Hydrosphygmograph (Jii-dro-sfig f -mo-graf) [iidup, 
water; a<j>vyp.6c, pulse ; ypdfeiv, to write]. A sphyg- 
mographic apparatus, in which the registering device 
is actuated by the fluctuations of a body of water. 

Hydrostatic, or Hydrostatics (Jii-dro-stat'-ik, or -iks) 
[bdup, water; oraTinij, standing]. The science treat- 
ing of the conditions and properties of liquids in a 
state of equilibrium. H. Test. See Birth . 

Hydrostomia (Jii-dro-sto'-me-ah) \ydwp, water ; ard/ia, 
mouth] . Excessive excretion of water from the mouth. 

Hydrosudopathy (Jii-dro-su-dop' -ath-e) \ydwp, water; 
sudor, sweat; irdtioc, disease]. The treatment of dis- 



ease by sweating and the use of water internally or 
externally, or both. 

Hydrosulphuric acid (lii-dro-sul-fu' -rik). See Acid. 

Hydrotheca {Jii-dro-the' -kah) [iickip, water ; OijKTj, a 
case : //., Hydrotheca]. In biology, a polyp-cell; the 
cuticular investment of a hydroid polyp, forming a 
cup-like receptacle allowing the protrusion of the 
distal moiety of the polypite. 

Hydrotherapeutics {hi-dro-tlier-ap-u' -tiks) \_vSup, wa- 
ter ; OeptnreveiLi , to heal]. That part of balneology 
treating of the hygienic use of water, and of its thera- 
peutic application to the body. See,also,j5<7//2 and Aqua. 

Hydrotherapy [lii-dro-ther' -ap-e) . See Hydrotherapeu- 
tics. 

Hydrothion (hi-dro-thi'-on) [ySup, water ; Oelov, sul- 
phur]. Hydrogen sulphid. 

Hydrothionammonemia {hi-dro-thi-on - am - o-ne'- 
me-ah) [ydup, water; deiov, sulphur; ammonia, 
ammonia; di/za, blood]. The presence of hydro- 
sulphid of ammonium in the blood. 

Hydrothionemia [lii-dro-thi-on-e' -rne-ah) \h6wp, water; 
delov, sulphur; a\p.a, blood]. The presence of hy- 
drogen sulphid in the blood; also, the train of mor- 
bid symptoms resulting therefrom. 

Hydrothionuria [hi-dro-thi-on-u'-re-ah) \ySup, water; 
Oelov, sulphur; ovpov, urine]. Hydrogen sulphid in 
the urine. 

Hydrothoracic (lii-dro-tho-ra' -sik) [ySup, water ; dupai;, 
thorax]. Pertaining to hydrothorax. 

Hydrothorax {Iii-dro-tho' -raks) \y6up, water ; Bupa!;, 
chest]. A non-inflammatory dropsy of the pleura, 
usually involving both sacs. H. purulentus. Syn- 
onym of Empyema. 

Hydrotis (lii-dro' -tis) [ydup, water ; ovg, ear]. Dropsy 
of, or effusion into, the ear. 

Hydrotomy (hi-drot'-o-me) [bfiup, water ; t£{iveiv, to 
cut]. A method of dissecting certain tissues by the 
forcible injection of water into the arteries and capil- 
laries, whereby the structures are separated. 

Hydrotropism (Jii-drot 1 '-ro-phm) [vfiup, water ; rpdirog, 
a turn]. In biology, that state of a growing plant or 
organ which causes it to turn either away from, or 
toward, moisture. 

Hydrotympanum (hi-dro-tim'-pan-um) [bfiup, water ; 
tympanum, the ear-drum]. Dropsical effusion into 
the cavity of the middle ear. 

Hydrovarium (hi-dro-va'-re-um) [ydup, water; ova- 
rium, ovary]. Ovarian dropsy, or cystoma. 

Hydroxid Qii-droks'-id) \_vSup, water; b^vc, sharp]. 
A metallic or basic radicle combined with one or 
more hydroxyl groups. Hydroxids may be regarded 
as formed from water (HOH) by the substitution for 
one of its hydrogen atoms of a metal or basic radicle. 

Hydroxyl (lii-droks' -il) [ydup, water; b$vc:, sharp]. 
A compound radicle, OH, that has never been iso- 
lated, but which is a factor in a vast number of chemic 
compounds. Thus, the oxygen bases are regarded as 
compounds of hydroxyl with electropositive atoms or 
radicles, e.g., sodium hydroxid, NaOH. Water may 
be regarded as hydroxyl hydrid, HOH. 

Hydroxylamin (lii-droks-il' -am-in) [bdup, water ; o^vq, 
sharp; amin\. A basic substance (NOH 3 ) known 
only in solution in water or in combination with acids. 
It is prepared by passing nitric-oxid gas through a 
solution containing nascent hydrogen. The aqueous 
solution is colorless and odorless, with a strong alka- 
line reaction. Hydroxylamin hydrochlorid is recom- 
mended as a good substitute for chrysarobin in the 
treatment of skin -diseases. 

Hydrozoon (hi-dro-zo' '-on) \_i<Swp, water; Cwov, an ani- 
mal], A cnidarian of the sub-class Hydrozoa, contain- 
ing the orders Hydrides, Hydromedusm , Siphonophora. 



HYDRURESIS 



587 



HYMENOMALACIA 



Hydruresis (ki-dru-re'-sis) [bdwp, water ; obp?/atq, ovpov, 
urine]. The passage of a relatively large proportion 
of water in the urine. 

Hydruria (hi-dru f -re-aK) [i'Aup, water ; ovpov, urine]. 
Excessive excretion of water by the kidneys, with or 
without decrease in the amount of the solid constit- 
uents of the urine. The urine is pale, limpid, and of 
low specific gravity. The amount of water discharged 
in the twenty-four hours is enormously increased. The 
condition occurs most frequently in men, usually 
under twenty years of age. 

Hydrurilic Acid [hi-dru-ril'-ik). See Acid. 

Hydrymenitis [hi-dri.-men-i f -tis) [bdup, water ; vfirjv, 
membrane ; inq, inflammation]. Any inflammation 
of a serous membrane or surface. 

Hygeia (hi-je'-ah), or Hygieia (hi-je-i' -ali) [byieia, 
health]. The state or condition of health. 

Hygiene (hi'-je-en) [yyieivdg, good for the health]. 
The science that treats of the laws of health in its 
broadest sense. 

Hygienic (hi-je-eW '-ik\ [vyteiv6g, good for the health]. 
Pertaining to health, or its maintenance. H. Vinegar, 
a vinegar composed of oils of clove and lavender, each 
4.0; oil of marjoram, 2.0; oil of benxoes, 50.0; spir- 
itus vini, 500; concentrated acetic acid, 1000. 

Hygienist (hi-je-en'-ist) [iryieta, health]. One who is 
a student of, or an expert in, hygiene. 

Hygieology [hi-je-oV -o-je) [vyieia, health ; Xdyoq, rela- 
tion]. The science of health ; hygiene. 

Hygrechema (hi-greh-e'-mah) [bypdq, moist; r)xr)p,a, 
sound: //. , Hygrechemata\. The peculiar sound 
produced by a liquid, as heard upon mediate or im- 
mediate auscultation. 

Hygrin (hi'-grin) [bypdq, moist; from its liquid form], 
C 12 H 13 N. A liquid, oily alkaloid, derived from coca 
(q. v). It has the power of strongly dilating the pupil, 
but has no anesthetic properties. 

Hygrinic (hi-grin' -ik) [bypdq, moist]. Pertaining to, 
or composed of, hygrin. H. Ether, a substance of 
uncertain composition, said to have mydriatic proper- 
ties. Unof. 

Hygro- (hi'-gro-) [vypdq, moist]. A prefix denoting 
moist or wet. 

Hygroblepharic (hi-gro-blef'-ar-ik) [hypo's, moist ; 
fiXtfyapov, eyelid]. Serving to moisten the eyelid, as 
a hygroblepharic duct. 

Hygrocele (hi'-gro-sel) [bypdq, moist; Kr/Xr), a tumor]. 
Same as Hydrocele. 

Hygrodermia (hi-gro-der' -me-aJi) [vypdq, moist ; dip/ua, 
skin]. An edematous non-inflammatory skin-affec- 
tion. 

Hygrology (hi-grol'-o-je) [bypdq, moist; Xdyoq, science]. 
The science of the fluids, or so-called humors, of the 
body. 

Hygroma (hi-gro' -mali) [vypdq, moist; bfia, tumor: 
//. , Hygromata~\. A serous bursa or cyst. 

Hygromatous (hi-gro' -mat -its') [vypdq, moist ; 6/j.a, 
tumor]. Pertaining to, or characterized by, a hygroma. 

Hygrometer (hi-grom' -et-er) [bypdq, moist ; fiirpov, 
measure]. An instrument for determining quantita- 
tively the amount of moisture in the air. This amount, 
constantly varying, is expressed in terms of the per- 
centage required to saturate the air at the particular 
temperature observed. 

Hygrometric (hi-gro-mef '-rik) [bypdq, moist ; fikrpov, 
measure] . I. Pertaining to hygrometry, or the 
quantitative determination of atmospheric moisture. 
2. Readily absorbing water, as a hygrometric salt ; 
hygroscopic. 

Hygrometry (hi-grom' -et-re) [bypdq, moist ; fierpov, 
measure] . The measurement of the moisture of the air. 

Hygrophanous (hi-grof -an-us) [vypdq, moist ; (pduijq, 



show]. In biology, applied to such plant-structures 
as are transparent when wet, but opaque when dry. 

Hygrophila (hi-grof '-il-ah) [vypdq , moist ; tp'tAoq, lov- 
ing]. A genus of dicotyledonous gamopetalous plants. 
H. spinosa, is a shrub used in Ceylon and India as 
a diuretic in dropsy. Unof. 

Hygrophobia [hi-gro-fo' -be-aK) [bypdq, moist ; 0o/3oc, 
fear]. Insane dislike of water or of moisture. 

Hygroplasm , or Hygroplasma (hi' ' -gro-plazm or hi-gro- 
plaz'-mah) [bjpdq, moist ; TrXda/za, anything formed]. 
In biology, the fluid part of protoplasm (Nageli). Cf. 
Stereoplastna. 

Hygroscope (hi' -gro-skop) [bypoq, moist ; anoTreiv, to 
inspect]. An instrument that indicates variations in 
the moisture of the air. 

Hygroscopic (hi-gro-skop'-ik) [bypdq, moist ; uko-ke'lv, 
to see]. Having the property of absorbing moisture 
from the air. 

Hygroscopy (hi-gros'-ko-pe) [yypdq, moist ; ckotteiv, to 
view]. Same as Hygrometry. 

Hylogenesis (hi-lo-Jen'-es-is) [vXri, matter ; yevecnq, 
formation]. The formation of matter. 

Hylogeny (hi-loj'-en-e). Same as Hylogenesis. 

Hylopathism (hi-lop' -ath-izni) [vX.r/, matter ; -rrdOoq, 
disease]. Any disease arising from defect or disor- 
der of the body-substance. 

Hylophagous (hi-loff -ag-us) [yk-q, wood ; (payelv, to 
eat]. In biology, applied to certain animals that feed 
upon wood. 

Hymen (hi' -men) [bp.r]v, membrane]. The fold of 
mucous membrane at the vaginal entrance. H., Im- 
perforate, a congenital abnormality, the hymen not 
having an opening, and thus closing the vaginal outlet 
or inlet. H., Forms of: I. Bifenestrate, or hymen 
biforis, with two openings. 2. Bilobate, with two 
lobes. 3. Circular, with a small foramen. 4. 
Cribriform, with many holes. 5. Denticular, with 
a serrate edge. 6. Double (rare). 7. Fimbriate, 
with fringed edges. 8. Horseshoe, with its convexity 
downward. 9. Imperforate. 10. Nor vial. 1 1. 
Setnilunar, same as 10, or normal. 12. Hymen 
septus, divided across by a slit. 13. Hytnen sub- 
septus, covering only the anterior and posterior portions 
of the passage. 

Hymenal (hi-me'-nal) [vpr/v, membrane]. Pertaining 
to the hymen. H. Tubercles. See Myrtiform Car- 
uncles. 

Hymenea (hi-men-e'-ah) [bprjv, membrane]. A ge- 
nus of leguminous trees. H. courbaril, locust-tree, 
indigenous to tropical America ; is a good arterial 
sedative and astringent in hemoptysis, hematuria, 
dysentery, etc. Dose of the fluid extract gtt. x-xx. 
This tree and others of the genus afford copal and 
anime. Unof. 

Hymeniferous (hi-men-if -er-us) [vfir/v, membrane ; 
ferre, to bear]. In biology, having a hymenium. 

Hymenitis (hi-men-i'-tis) [v/ui/v, membrane ; irtq, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the hymen, or of any 
membranous structure. 

Hymenium (hi-me'-ne-um) [bfitviov, dim. of vp.rpj, a 
membrane: pi. , Hymenia\ In biology, the spore- 
bearing surface in fungi. 

Hymenocallis (hi-men-o-kal' -is) [vpr/v, membrane]. 
A genus of amaryllidaceous plants. H. rotata, grows 
in the southern U. S. This and other species afford 
bulbs that may be substituted for squill. Unof. 

Hymenography (hi-men-og' -ra-fe) [bprjv^ membrane ; 
ypdcpetv, to write]. Same as Hymenology. 

Hymenology (lii-men-ol'-o-;e) [b/tf/v, membrane ; Xdyoq, 
science]. The science of the nature, structure, func- 
tions, and diseases of membranous tissue. 

Hymenomalacia (hi-men-o-mal-a' '-se-ah) [bpi/v, mem- 



HYMENOMYCETES 



588 



HYPERALGESIC 



brane ; fiaT-ania, softness]. An abnormal softening of 
membranous tissues. 

Hymenomycetes (hi-men-o-mi-se'-tes) \yfir)v, mem- 
brane ; fivKTjg, fungus]. An order of fungi having 
a hymenium or umbrella. All the edible mush- 
rooms belong to this class. 

Hymenoptera (hi-men-op' -ter-ali) [bfii/v, membrane ; 
TTTepdv, wing]. An order of insects distinguished by 
two pairs of membranous wings. It includes ants, 
bees, wasps, ichneumons, flies, etc. 

Hymenopterous (hi-men-op' -ter-us) \yfiijv, membrane ; 
nrepdv, wing]. In biology, applied to insects having 
membranous wings. 

Hymenorrhaphy (hi-men-or' '-a-fe) \yp.i]v, hymen ; 
pa(j>r/, suture]. Closure, more or less complete, of the 
vagina by suture at the hymen. 

Hymenotome (hi-men'-o-tom) \yfiijv, membrane; rkp.- 
vetv, to cut]. A cutting instrument used in operations 
upon membranes. 

Hymenotomy (hi-men-ol' '-o-me) [v/ii/v, membrane; 
TEfiveiv, to cut]. I. Surgical incision of the hymen. 
2. Dissection or anatomy of membranes. 

Hyo- (hi'-o-) [hoeiir/c, hyoid]. A prefix denoting 
attachment to or connection with the hyoid bone. 

Hyoepiglottic (hi-o-ep-e-glof -ik) [yoeidr/g, hyoid ; ini- 
y?,urr/c, epiglottis]. Relating to the hyoid bone and 
the epiglottis. 

Hyoglossal {ki-o-glos'-al) \yoeidfjc;, hyoid; yTuJaaa, 
tongue]. Pertaining to the hyoglossus. Extending 
from the hyoid bone to the tongue. 

Hyoglossus (hi-o-glos'-us). See Muscles, Table of. 

Hyoid (hi'-oid) [iiosiSi/c, similar to the Greek letter 
upsilon]. Having the form of the Greek letter 
upsilon. H. Bone, a bone situated between the root 
of the tongue and the larynx, supporting the tongue 
and giving attachment to its muscles. See Bones, 
Table of. H. Fossa. See Fossa. 

Hyoplastron (hi' ' -o-plas-tron). See Hy asternal. 

Hyoscin (hi'-os-in) [hoonvafioi;, henbane], C 17 H 23 N0 3 . 
A viscous liquid found in henbane ; it is a good 
soporific and valuable mydriatic. Dose, y^ to fa of 
a grain. See Hyoscyamus. 

Hyoscyamin (hi-o-sV -atn-iti) \yocK.vap.oq, henbane], 
C 17 H 23 N0 3 . An alkaloid occurring in the seeds of 
Hyoscyamus niger, in Atropa belladonna, and in Datu- 
ra stramonium. It is isomeric with atropin, and 
identical with daturin and duboisin. It crystallizes 
in shining needles, and melts at 108.5 C. It is a 
mydriatic, narcotic, and sedative. Dose, gr. T i 5 , 
gradually and cautiously increased, even to I grain. 
See Hyoscyamus. 

Hyoscyamus (hi-o-si' -am-us) [uc,hog; Kvajior, bean]. 
Henbane. The older leaves of H. niger. It contains 
an alkaloid, hyoscyamin, isomeric with and similar to 
atropin ; also, a derivative, hyoscin, C n H 23 N0 3 . It 
is an excellent narcotic, calmative, and hypnotic, less 
irritating than belladonna and stramonium, and is use- 
ful in mania and the delirium of fevers. Hyoscyamin 
is useful whenever atropin is indicated . It is a powerful 
but uncertain mydriatic. H., Abstract. Dose gr. 
iij-v. Unof. H., Ext. (B. P.). Dose gr. ij-v. H., 
Ext., Alcoholic (of uncertain strength). Dose gr. j. 
H., Ext., Fid. Dose rr^v-xx. H., Succus (B. P.) 
Dose 3ss-j. H., Tinct., 15 per cent, in strength. 
Dose 3J-iv; as a hypnotic 3 ss-j. Hyoscyamin. 
sulph. (C 17 N 23 N0 3 )N 2 S0 4 . Dose.hypodermatically, 
gr. yjj— fa; by the mouth gr. %-y Injectio hyos- 
cyamin hypodermics. Strength I in 120. Dose 
TT\j-iv. Hyoscin. hydrobrom. Unof. Dose, gr. 
TffcnV Injectio hyoscin. hydrobromat. hypo- 
dermics, ^percent. Dose rry-ij. 

Hyosternal (hi-o-ster'-nal) [voeidqg, hyoid; arepvov, 



sternum]. I. Relating to the hyoid bone and the 
sternum. 2. In biology, the second lateral piece of 
the plastron of a turtle ; it is also called Hyoplastron. 

Hyp (hip) \yn6, under]. A popular name for hypo- 
chondriasis, or persistent depression of spirits ; hypo. 

Hypacousis, Hypacusia, Hypacusis, or Hypakusis 
(hip-ak-u'-sis) \_vno, under; okovgic, hearing]. 
Hardness of hearing from defect of the auditory nerve. 

Hypaesthesia (hip-es-the' -ze-ali). See Hypeslhesia. 

Hypalbuminosis (hip-al-bu-min-o' -sis) \_vito, under ; 
albumen]. Morbid diminution in the proportion of 
albumin in the blood. It is caused by anything that 
gives rise to an increased consumption of albumin on 
the part of the organism. 

Hypalgesia (hip-al-je' -ze-ali) \yii6, under; aky/jaic, 
painfulness] . Diminished sensitiveness to pain. 

Hypalgia (Aip-al' '-je-ah) [_utto, under; atyog, pain]. 
Slight or moderate pain ; diminished sensibility to pain. 

Hypalgic (hip-al'-jik) \_vtt6, under; dAyoc, pain]. 
Slightly painful ; experiencing slight pain. 

Hypanisognathism {hip-an-is-og' '-nath-izm) \_vtt6, un- 
der; diwoc, unequal, uneven; yvadoq, the jaw]. In 
biology, a lack of correspondence between the teeth 
of the opposite jaws. Cf. Anisognathisni and 
Epanisognathism . 

Hypanisognathous (hip-an-is-og' '-na-thus) [hiro, un- 
der; aviaog, unequal, uneven ; yvcSoq, the jaw]. In 
biology, having the upper teeth broader than the lower. 

Hypanthium (hip-an' -the-um) [bno, under; avdog, a 
flower: //. , Hypanthia\ -In biology, an enlarged 
receptacle. 

Hypanthodium (Jiip-an-tho' -de-um [i7r<5, under ; av- 
doc, a flower ; eZ<Soc, form]. See Synconium. 

Hypapophysis (liip-ap-off' -is-is) \_vtt6, under; cnr6<j>- 
[u<7<f, apophysis: //. , Hypapophyses~\. An anterior 
or ventral apophysis from the centrum of a vertebra in 
the human skeleton ; the atlas is held by some to have 
an hypophysis, which is blended with the ring of that 
vertebra. 

Hypapoplexia (hip-ap-o-pleks' -e-ali) \_vtto, under : d;ro- 
Tr/byf/a, apoplexy]. A slight apoplexy. 

Hypatonia (Jiip-at-o'-ne-ak) [iV<5, under; arovia, at- 
ony]. A slight amount of atony. 

Hypemia ifiip-e'-me-ah). See Hyphemia. 

Hyper- (hi'-per-) [invep, above]. A Greek prefix sig- 
nifying above, beyond, or excessive. 

Hyperacidity (Jii-per-as-id' -it-e) \yTztp, over; acidum, 
acid]. Excess of acidity. 

Hyperacousis, Hyperacusia, Hyperacusis, or Hy- 
perakusis (lii-per-ak-u' -sis, hi-per-ak-u' -ze-ali) \h~ip, 
over ; anouois, hearing] . Morbid acuteness of the 
sense of hearing ; auditory hyperesthesia. Also, a 
highly developed capability of the discernment of pitch 
and timbre of musical sounds. 

Hyperactivity (hi-per-ak-tiv'-it-e) \_v-rrip, over; agere, 
to do]. Excessive or abnormal activity. 

Hyperadenosis (Jii-per-ad-en-o' -sis) [t'Tt/3, over; aSi/v, 
gland; vdaoq, disease]. Enlargement of the lymph- 
glands ; Hodgkin's disease. 

Hyperemia (hi-per-e-me-ali). See Hyperemia. 

Hyperesthesia (hi-per-es-the' -ze-ali). See Hyperesthe- 
sia. 

Hyperakusis (hi-per-ak-u' -sis). See Hyperacousis. 

Hyperalbuminosis (hi-per-al-bu-min-o'-sis) [iirip, 
over; albumen, albumin]. An increase in the amount 
of albumin in the blood, which may be either relative 
or absolute. It is often due to the excessive ingestion 
of albuminous food, with insufficient exercise. 

Hyperalgesia (hi-per-al-je' -ze-ali) [virip, over ; akyrj- 
acc, pain]. Excessive sensibility to pain. 

Hyperalgesic (hi-per-al-je' -zik) \y-kp, over ; aXyrjais, 
pain]. Exhibiting or appertaining to hyperalgesia. 



HVPERALGIA 



589 



HYPERERYTHROCYTHEMIA 



Hyperalgia ( hi-per-al'-je-ah) [virip, over; alyqoic, 

pain]. Excessive pain. H., Acoustic, excessive 

hyperakusis. 
Hyperalonemia (hi-per-al-on-e'-me-ah) [virep, over; 

oXc, salt ; atfia, blood]. Excess of blood-salts. 
Hyperamnesia (hi-per-am-ne' -ze-ah). See Hyperm- 

nesia. 
Hyperanabolism (hi-per-an-ab' -o-lizm) [bir'ep, over ; 

avafi&Xksiv, to build up]. Hypertrophy or excess of 

construction of a tissue or part. 
Hyperanthraxis (hi-per-an-thraks f -is). Synonym of 

Asiatic Cholera. 
Hyperaphia (hi-per-a'-fe-ah) [virep, over ; afr/, touch]. 

Excessive sensitiveness to touch. 
Hyperaphrodisia (lii-per-af-ro-diz' -e-ah) [birep, over; 

aippociiaia, aphrodisia]. An over-strong venereal ap- 
petite. 
Hyperapophyseal (Jii-per-ap-o-fiz' -e-al) [birep, over; 

airopuaic, apophysis]. Pertaining to a hyperapophy- 

sis., 
Hyperapophysis (hi-per-ap-off' -is-is) [birep, over; airo- 

(pvaiQ, apophysis]. A process projecting backward 

from a neural spine. 
Hyperarthritis Qii-per-arth-ri' -tis) [bir'ep, over; apdpov, 

joint; mc, inflammation]. Severe arthritis. 
Hyperasthenia (hi-per-as-the' -ne-ah) [birep, over; 

aatieveia, weakness]. Extreme weakness. 
Hyperauxesis (hi-per-awks-e'-sis) [birep, over ; av^jjoic;, 

increase]. Extreme increase in the size of a part. 
Hyperbolic (hi-per-bol'-ik) [virep, over ; flaXXecv, to 

throw]. Exaggerated. 
Hyperbrachycephalic (lii-per-brak-e-sef-al' -ik) [birep, 

over; jipaxbc, short; Ke^aKi], head]. Extremely 

brachycephalic. 
Hyperbrachycephaly (lii-per-brak-e-sef'-al-e) [yirep, 

over; ppaxvg, short ; necpaM/, head]. Extreme brachy- 

cephaly. 
Hyperbulia (Jii-per-bu' -le-ah) [virep, over ; fiovkij, will]. 

Exaggerated wilfulness or obstinacy ; abnormal or in- 
sane development of will-power. 
Hypercardia [hi per-kar' '-de-ah) [birep, over; napSla, 

the heart]. Cardiac hypertrophy. 
Hypercatabolism (Jii-per-kat-ab' -o-lizm) [yirep, over ; 

Kara, down ; fia/Ckeiv, to throw]. Wasting or excess 

of destruction of a tissue or part. 
Hypercatharsis (Jii-per-kath-ar' -sis) [birep, over ; a&Oap- 

mc, cleansing]. Excessive purging, or the result of 

too free use of cathartic medicines. 
Hypercedemonia (hi-per-se- de-mo' '-ne-ah) [virep, over; 

Kr/Sepov la, anxiety]. I. Extreme anxiety or grief. 2. 

Excessive care on the part of the physician. 
Hypercele (hi'-per-sel) [virep, over; KoiXia, belly]. The 

dorsal portion of the epicele. 
Hypercenosis (lii-per-sen-o' -sis) [bir'ep, over ; Kevwaiq, 

evacuation]. -Excessive evacuation, as by purging or 

bleeding. 
Hyperchlorhydria (lii-per.-klor-ki 1 '-dre-ah) [bir'ep, over ; 

X'/\up6g, green ; v&up, water; yewav, to form]. Ex- 
cess of hydrochloric acid in the gastric secretion. 

Rossbach's Disease. See Diseases, Eponymic, Table of. 
Hypercholesteremia (hi-per-ko-les-ter-e'-me-ah) [virep, 

over; x°^ l V> bile ; areap, fat ; aipa, blood]. Excess 

of cholesterin in the blood. 
Hypercholia (hi-per-ko' -le-ah) [virep, over; ^o/Uy, bile]. 

An excessive secretion of bile. 
Hyperchroma (lii-per-kro'-mah) [yirep, over; xP&pa-, 

color]. The excessive formation of the pigment of the 

skin, as in phthiriasis or syphilis. 
Hyperchromatemia (Jii-per-kro-mat-e f -me-ali) [birep, 

over ; xp^pa, color ; atpa, blood]. An increase in the 

color of the blood ; excess of coloring-matter in the 

blood. 



Hyperchromatic (hi-per-kro-mai'-ik) [birep, over; 
Xpapa, color]. Exhibiting hyperchroma. 

Hyperchromatism (lii-per-kro' -mat-izm). Same as 
Hyperchroma. 

Hyperchromatosis (hi-per-kro-mat-o' -sis) [birep, over ; 
Xpupa, color]. Excessive pigmentation, as of the skin. 

Hypercinesia (lii-per-sin-e' -ze-ah) . See Hyperkinesia. 

Hypercrinia (hi-per-krin'-e-ah) [virep, over ; Kpiveiv, to 
separate]. Abnormal or excessive secretion. 

Hypercyesis (Iii-per-si-e' -sis) [bir'ep, over ; Kvrjcic, con- 
ception]. Superfetation. 

Hypercyrtosis \hi-pcr-sir-to' -sis) [virep, over; Kvpruotc, 
curvature] . Extreme curvature, as of the back or a 
limb. 

Hyperdactylia (lii-per-dak-til' -e-ah) [virep, over ; 
da.K.Tv2o£, finger]. Polydactylism. 

Hyperdermatosis [hi-per-der-mat-o' -sis) [bir'ep, over ; 
deppa, skin]. Hypertrophy of the skin. 

Hyperdicrotic (hi-per-di-kro/'-ik) [bir'ep, over ; diKporoc, 
a double beat]. Affected with marked or delayed 
dicrotism ; pertaining to the pulse when the pulse- 
curve shows the aortic notch below the base-line. 

Hyperdicrotism (hi-per-dik' -rot-izm) [yirep, over ; 
diKporoc, a double beat]. Strongly marked or exces- 
sive dicrotism. 

Hyperdistention (hi-per-dis-ten' -shun) [yirep, over ; 
distendere, to stretch] . Forcible or extreme distention. 

HypeTdiuTesis^i-per-di-u-re'-sis) [virep, over ; dwvpeetv, 
to pass urine]. Excessive secretion of urine. 

Hyperdynamia [lii-per-di-najn' -e-ah) [virep, over ; 
dbvapic, energy]. Excessive strength or exaggeration 
of nervous or muscular function. 

Hyperdynamic (lii-per-di-nam' -ik) [/;7r?p,over; dvvapi.c, 
energy]. Pertaining to, or marked by, hyperdynamia. 

Hypereccrisia (Jii-pei--ek-kris'-e-ah) [virep, over; ek, 
out; KpivtLv, to separate]. Excessive excretion. 

Hyperechema (hi-per-ek-e' -mah) [virep, over ; rjxypa., 
sound : pi., Hyperechemata\ A normal sound ab- 
normally exaggerated. 

Hyperechesis (hi-per-ek-e' -sis') [virep, over; rjx^Oic, 
sound]. Abnormal loudness of voice. 

Hyperemesis ijii-per-em' -es-is) [virep, over; epeaiQ, 
vomiting]. Excessive vomiting. H. gravidarum. 
See Morning Sickness. 

Hyperemetic (lii-per-em-et' -ik) [virep, over ; epeoic, 
vomiting]. Pertaining to, or characterized by, ex- 
cessive vomiting. 

Hyperemia (Iii-per-e' -meah) [virep, over; atua, blood]. 
A condition of plethora or congestion. H., Active, 
caused by an excessive supply of blood. H., Pas- 
sive, caused by an impediment to the removal of the 
blood. H. of the Dental Pulp, a condition due 
to the overfilling of the vessels of the pulp with blood, 
the resulting pain being sharp and lancinating, and 
paroxysmal in character, especially in its earlier stages. 

Hyperencephalus [Jii-per-en-sef -al-us) [virep, over ; 
eynefaXog, brain]. A variety of single autositic mon- 
sters of the species exencephalus, in which there is 
the same deformity as in podencephalus, but in a 
higher degree. There is often hydrocephalus, and 
the body is likely to be deformed in other regions. 

Hyperenterosis (fii-per-en-ter-o'-sis) [virep, over ; 
evrepov, bowel]. Hypertrophy of the intestines. 

Hyperephidrosis (lii-per-ef-hid-ro' -sis) [virep, over; 
e^iSpuaic, perspiration]. Excessive or long-continued 
sweating. 

Hypererethisia, or Hypererethism [Iii-per-er-eth-iz' - 
e-ah, or hi-per-er' -eth-izm) [bir'ep, over; epeBiapdc, irri- 
tation]. Excessive nervous or mental irritability. 

Hypererythrocythemia (hi-per-er-ith-ro-si-the'-me-ah) 
[virep, over; epvOpdc, red; nvrog, cell; aipa, blood]. 
Excess of red corpuscles in the blood. 



HYPERESOPHORIA 



590 



HYPERODONTOGENY 



Hyperesophoria (hi-per-es-o-fo' -re-ah). See Hetero- 
phoria. 

Hyperesthesia (hi-per-es-the' -ze-ah) \jmip, over ; dia- 
Or/oic, sensation]. Excessive or exalted sensibility of 
the skin. It may be symptomatic or idiopathic. 

Hyperesthetic (hi-per-es-thet' -ik) [birkp, over ; aioOr/aiq, 
sensation]. Pertaining to hyperesthesia. 

Hyperexophoria (hi-per-eks-o-fo' -re-ah). See Hetero- 
phoria . 

Hyperfecundation (hi-per-fe kun-da' -shuti). Same as 
Superfecundation . 

Hyperfiexion (hi-per-flek' -shun) [vTrep, over ; Jlexio, 
a bending]. Overflexion, as of a limb. This is one 
method of treating aneurysm. 

Hypergenesis (hi-per-jen'-es-is) [ynep, over ; yeveaic, 
generation]. Excess or redundancy of the parts or 
organs of the body. It may be normal, as in the in- 
crease of the tissue of a muscle ; or abnormal, as seen 
in monstrosities. Also, an excessive production of 
the elements of a tissue or organ. 

Hypergenetic (hi-per-jen-ef '-ik) [inrkp, over ; yiveoic, 
generation]. Marked by enlargement or increase of 
size. See also Teratism. 

Hypergeusia (hi-per-gid -se-ak) {bnip, over ; yevacg, 
taste]. Abnormal acuteness of the sense of taste. 

Hyperglobulia (hi-per-glo-bid -le-ah) [bnep, over ; glo- 
bus, a ball]. Polycythemic plethora. An abnormal 
increase of the red blood-corpuscles ; hypererythrocy- 
themia. 

HypeTglycemia.(hi-per-gli-se / -nie-ah) [bnep, over; ylv- 
Kvg, sweet; alfia, blood]. Excess of sugar in the 
blood. 

Hyperglycogenia (hi-per gli-ko-je' -ne-ah) \bnep, over ; 
yXvubc, sweet ; yevi/c, producing]. The excessive 
production of glycogen. 

Hyperhidrosis, or Hyperidrosis (hi-per-hid-ro' -sis, or 
hi-per-id-ro' '-sis) [inrsp, over; ISp&c, sweat]. Ex- 
cessive sweating. A functional disorder of the sweat- 
glands marked by excessive secretion. It may be 
general or local. 

Hyperhydremia (hi-per-hi-dre r -me-ah) [yittp, over ; 
viup, water ; a\pa, blood]. Excess of water in the 
blood. 

Hyperhypnosis (hi-per-hip-no' -sis) \yizkp, over ; vnvoc, 
sleep]. Excessive or frequent drowsiness and sleep. 

Hypericum (hi-ptr-i'-kum or hi-per' '-ik-um) [biripEiKov , 
" under heath "]. St. John's wort; a genus of plants, 
mostly herbs or shrubs, with a resinous juice. H. 
perforatum, one of the commonest of the 1 60 spe- 
cies, has styptic, stimulant, and diuretic properties, 
but is now used mainly in domestic practice. Dose of 
the ext., gr. x-xx ; of the fld. ext., j5J-ij. Unof. 

Hyperideation (hi-per-i-de-a' -shun) [b-irep, over ; idea, 
idea]. Excessive or morbid mental activity. 

Hyperidrosis (hi-per-id-ro' -sis). See Hyperhidrosis. 

Hyperino-epithelioma (hi-per' '-in-o-ep-ith-e-le-o 1 '-mah) 
[_birep, over ; ic, a fiber ; kni, upon ; 0r]Xij, nipple ; bp.a, 
tumor : //. , Hyperino-epithelio)nata~\. Scirrhous car- 
cinoma with an abundance of fibrous elements. 

Hyperinosemia (hi-per-in-o-se' -me-ah) \_birkp, over ; ic, 
fiber; al/ia, blood]. An exaggerated tendency to 
the formation of fibrin in the blood. 

Hyperinosis (hi-per-in-o' -sis) \bnkp, over; Ic, muscle]. 
1. Over-activity of the muscular fiber. 2. Abnormal 
increase in the fibrin-factors in the blood ; hyperino- 
semia. 

Hyperinotic (hi-per-in-otf -ik) [ynep, over; lg, fiber]. 
Characterized by hyperinosis. 

Hyperinvolution (hi-per-i)i-vo-lu' -shun) \birkp, over; 
involvere, to roll around]. An extreme diminution in 
size of the uterus, due to abnormally excessive involu- 
tion occurring after pregnancy. 



Hyperisotonia (hi-per-i-so-to 1 '-ne-ah) [bxip, over; laoc, 
equal; tqvoc, tone]. Unusual equality of tone or ten- 
sion; applied to muscles. 

Hyperkeratosis (hi-per-ker-at-o'-sis) \lirkp, over; nepac, 
horn, cornea]. Hypertrophy of the cornea either in 
extent or thickness. 

Hyperkinesia (hi-per-kin-e / -ze-ah) [i>7rfp,over; Kivrjatc, 
energy]. I. Any exaggerated spasm or muscular 
contraction. 2. Excessive irritability. 3. Impulsive 
insanity. 

Hyperkinesis (hi-per-kin-e' -sis) [_birkp, over ; nivTjOig, 
energy]. I. See Hyperkinesia. 2. A disease or 
diseased condition marked by hyperkinesia. 

Hyperkinetic (hi-per-kin-ef -ik) [uwep, over ; idvrjau;, 
energy]. Pertaining to, or marked by, hyperkinesia. 

Hyperlactation (hi-per-lak-ta' -shuii) [ynkp, over ; lac- 
tare, to give milk]. Prolongation of lactation beyond 
the ninth month. If persisted in, it produces an ex- 
hausted physical condition of the mother known as 
Tabes lactealis. This condition is marked by anemia, 
with cramp-like pains of the upper extremities when 
the child is put to the breast. 

Hyperleukocythemia (hi-per-lu-ko-si-the' -me-ah) [yir'ep, 
over; "kevnoc, white; k'vtoc, cell; di/ia, blood]. Ex- 
cess in the proportion of white cells in the blood ; 
leukocythemia. 

Hyperleukontemia (hi-pcr-lu-kon-te'-7ne-ah) [yirip, 
over; ?.evkov, albumin; aifia, blood]. Increase in 
the albuminous elements of the blood. 

Hyperlipemia (hi-per-lip-e' -me-ah) \y-rckp, over; "kiiroq, 
fat ; dtfia, blood]. Excess of fat in the blood ; 
lipemia. 

Hyperlithuria (hi-per-lith-u' -re-ali) [yirep, over ; Xidor, 
stone ; obpov, urine]. Excess of lithic acid in the 
urine. Same as Lithuria. 

Hyperlogia (hi- per-lo'-je-afi) \yiikp, over; /l<5yoc, 
speech]. Excessive or maniacal loquacity. 

Hyperlymphia (hi-per-limf '-e-ah) [tWp, over; lytnpha, 
water]. An increase in the amount of lymph in the 
body. 

Hypermastia (hi-per-mas'-te-ah) [yirip, over; fiaardc, 
breast]. Excessive development or hypertrophy of 
the mammary gland, which remains normal in structure. 

Hypermetamorphosis (lii-per-met-am-or-fo'-sis) [yirtp, 
over; fierafi6pcl>(jaic, a transformation]. In biology, 
applied to insects that undergo transformation more 
completely or having more stages than ordinary. 

Hypermetropia (hi-per-me-tro'-pe-ah). Same as Hy- 
peropia, q. v. 

Hypermetropic (hi-per-me-trop' -ik) \_bnep, over ; ixkrpov, 
measure; o>ip, eye]. Affected with, or pertaining to, 
hypermetropia. H. Disc. See Disc. 

Hypermnesia, or Hypermnesis (hi-pcrm-ne' -ze-ah, or 
hi-perm-ne'-sis) [vKep, over ; fivijaic, memory]. Abnor- 
mal exaltation of the power of memory. 

Hypermotility (hi-per-mo-til' -it-e) [bjrtp, over ; motilis, 
motile]. Excessive action. H., Gastric, excessive 
churning action of the gastric walls, often accom- 
panied with hyperacidity due to increased secretion of 
HC1. 

Hypernervia (hi-per-ner' '-ve-ah). See Hyperneuria. 

Hyperneuria (hi-per-md -re-ah) [bnep, over; vevpov, 
nerve]. Excessive nerve-action. 

Hypernidation (hiper-nid-a' -shun). See Supernida- 
tion. 

Hypernea (hi-pcr-ne' -ah) or Hypernoia (hi-per- 
noi'-ah) [bnip, over; voeeiv, to think]. Excessive 
or abnormal mental activity ; also, the uncontrolled 
and incongruous activity of the imagination in some 
cases of insanity. 

Hyperodontogeny (hi-per-o-don-toj'-en-e) \_b~ep, over; 
6<5oi'c, tooth ; yevvdv, to beget]. The phenomenon of 



HYPEROITIS 



591 



HYPERTROPHY 



a third dentition late in life. It is supposed to be due 
to the development of one or more superfluous tooth- 
germs that have remained dormant. 

Hypero'itis (hi-per-o-i' '-/is) [brrepua, palate ; ltiq, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the palate. 

Hyperonychia (lii-per-o-nik'-e-ah) [inip, over; bvv^, 
nail]. Hypertrophy of the nails. 

Hyperope (kV-per-op) [bnep, over; u\j>, sight]. One 
who is affected with hyperopia. 

Hyperopia (hi-per-o' -pe-aft) [vnep, over; Z)ip, sight]. 
That condition of the refractive media of the eye in 
which, with suspended accommodation, the focus of 
parallel rays of light is behind the retina ; it is due to 
an abnormally short antero-posterior diameter of the 
eye, or to a subnormal refractive power of its media. 
H., Absolute, that which cannot be corrected com- 
pletely by accommodation, so that there is indistinct 
vision even for distance. H., Axial, that due to ab- 
normal shortness of the antero-posterior diameter of 
the eye, the refractive power being normal. H., 
Facultative, that which may be corrected by the 
accommodation, so that there is distinct vision at a 
distance. H., Latent, that part of the total that can- 
not be overcome by the accommodation, or the differ- 
ence between the manifest and the total hyperopia. H., 
Manifest, that which the accommodation can over- 
come, or that corrigible by a convex glass aided by 
the accommodation. H., Relative, a high hyperopia 
in which distinct vision is possible only when excessive 
convergence is made. H., Total, the entire hyperopia, 
both latent and manifest. 

Hyperorthognathy (hi-per-or-thog' -na-the) [birep, over; 
bpdbg, straight; yvaOog, the jaw]. Excessive orthog- 
nathy ; the condition of having a cranial index greater 
than 91 . 

Hyperosmia (hi-per-oz' -me-ah) [bxep, over ; bafirj, 
smell]. An abnormal or morbidly acute sense of 
smell; also, the presence of olfactory illusions. 

Hyperosphresis [hi-per-os-fre' -sis) [vnep, over ; batpprj- 
aig, the power of smelling]. Exaggeration of the 
sense of smell. 

Hyperostosis (lii-per-os-to' -sis) [imep, over ; bariov, 
bone] . Exostosis or general hypertrophy of bony tissue . 

Hyperparasite ihi-per-par' -as-lt) [bn'ep, over ; izapa- 
atroQ, parasite]. In biology, a parasite including in 
itself another parasite. 

Hyperparasitism (hi-per-par' -as-lt-izm) [vnep, over; 
irapaoiTot;, parasite]. The infestation of parasites by 
other parasites. 

Hyperpepsia (hi-per-pep' '-se-ah) [bitip, over; iteipie;, di- 
gestion]. Hayem's term for a form of dyspepsia 
characterized by an excess of chlorids in the gastric 
juice, without an excess of free hydrochloric acid. 

Hyperphagia (Jii-per-fa' -je-ah) [bix'ep, over; <j>ayeiv, to 
eat]. Excess in eating. See Bulimia. 

Hyperphasia (hi-per-fa' -se-ah) [birep, over; <f>datc, 
saying]. Hyperlogia ; insane volubility; lack of con- 
trol over the organs of speech. 

Hyperphoria (lii-per-fo'-re-ah). See Heterophoria. 

Hyperphrasia [hi-per-fra' 'se-ah) [birep, over ; (ppda/c, 
utterance]. The incoherent and exaggerated utter- 
ance of an insane person. 

Hyperphrenia (lii-per-fre' -ne-ah) \inrkp, over ; (ppi/v, 
mind]. Passionate mental exaltation of the insane. 

Hyperphysemia (hi-per-fi-ze'-me-ali) [wep, over; (pvaa, 
air; al/ia, blood]. Excess of gases in the blood, or 
the abnormal conditions associated with such excess. 

Hyperplasia (Iii-per-pla' -ze-ah) [birep, over ; irXdaiq, 
moulding]. The excessive deposit or augmentation 
of the elements of the tissue composing an organ. 

Hyperplastic (hi-per-plas'-tik) [birep, over ; izXaoTindc;, 
fit for moulding]. Pertaining to hyperplasia. 



Hyperplerosis {lii-per-ple-ro' -sis) [birep, over; irlijpumg, 
fulness]. Excessive repletion or fulness. 

Hyperplexia [hi-per-pleks'-e-ah) [vnep, over; ir?.?j^ic, 
stroke]. I. Ecstacy. 2. Melancholia with stupor. 

Hyperpnea, or Hyperpnoia [lii-per-pnc'-ah, or hi-per- 
pnoi'-ah) [imkp, over; irvd//, breath]. Panting or 
labored respiration ; dyspnea. 

Hyperporosis (hi-per-po-ro' -sis) [vnep, over ; ncipuoig, 
cementing or uniting]. An excessive formation of 
callus in the reunion of fractured bones. 

Hyperpraxia (hi-per-praks' -e-ah) [vnep, over ; nph^tc, 
exercise]. The excessive restlessness of movement 
characterizing certain forms of mania. 

Hyperpresbyopia {Jii-per-pres-be-o' -pe-ah) [vnep, over ; 
npeafivg, old ; uip, eye]. Excessive presbyopia. Obs. 

Hyperpselaphesia (Jii-per-sel-af-e' -ze-ah) [vnep, over ; 
i[ir/"Ad<f>7/aic, touch]. Abnormal increase of tactile sen- 
sibility. 

Hyperpyretic {hi-per-pi-ret'-ik) [vnep, over ; nvp, fire]. 
Pertaining to hyperpyrexia. 

Hyperpyrexia (lii-per-pi-reks' -e-ah) [vnep, over ; nvp, 
fire; e^e», to have]. A condition marked by exces- 
sively high temperature or aggravated febrile symptoms. 

Hypersarcoma, or Hypersarcosis \hi-per-sar-ko' -ma, 
or hi-per-sar-ko' -sis) [vnep, over ; ffapf , flesh ; bfia, a 
tumor]. I. Excessive granulation, fungosity, or proud- 
flesh. 2. Obesity ; hypertrophy. 

Hypersecretion (Jii-per-se-kre' -shun) \b-n:ip, over ; se- 
cretio, a secreting]. Excessive secretion. 

Hypersomnia (Jii-per-som' -ne-ak) \yitkp, over ; som- 
nus, sleep]. Excessive sleep. 

Hyperspasmia [Jii-per-spaz' -me-ah). Synonym of Con- 
vulsions. 

Hypersplenia ()ii-per-sple' -ne-ah). See Spleno?negalia. 

Hypersthenia (hi-per-sthen' -e-ah) [ynep, over ; odevot;, 
strength]. A condition of exalted strength or tone 
of the body. 

Hypersthenic [hi-per-sthen' -ik) \ynep, over ; adivog, 
strength]. Characterized by hypersthenia. 

Hypersystole (hi-per-sis' -to-le) [inrep, over ; ovcTolfj, 
systole]. An excessively strong systole. 

Hyperthermia ijii-per-ther' -me-ah) [yirep, over ; depfxT], 
heat]. Excessive elevation of temperature. 

Hyperthymia {hi-per-thi f -me-ah) [inrsp, over ; tivfibq, 
mind]. I. Mental hyperesthesia; morbid over-sen- 
sitiveness. 2. Vehement cruelty or foolhardiness as 
a symptom of mental disease. 3. Moral insanity. 

Hypertonia (hi-per-to' -ne-ah) [bnep, over ; t6voq , tone]. 
I. Excess of muscular tonicity. 2. Increased intra- 
ocular tension. 

Hypertonic (Jii-per-lon' -ik) [bnep, over; rovoc, tone]. 
Characterized by hypertonia. 

Hypertrichiasis {hi-per-trik-i 1 '-as-is) . See Hirsuties. 

Hypertrichosis Qii-per-trik-o' -sis). See Hirsuties. 

Hypertromos (hi-per'-tro-mos) [virep, over ; Tpdfio^, 
tremor]. Excessive tremor or fear. 

Hypertrophia [hi-per-tro' -fe-ah) [bw'ep, over ; rpoipij, 
nourishment]. Same as Hypertrophy. H. cordis, 
hypertrophy of the heart. 

Hypertrophic (lii-per-trof'-ik) [birep, over; rpoipi/, 
nourishment]. Marked by hypertrophy or excessive 
size. 

Hypertrophy (hi-per' '-tro-fe) [im'ep, over ; rpofi/, nour- 
ishment]. This word etymologically denotes simply 
over-nourishment, but it has unfortunately become 
synonymous with excessive growth or size of an organ 
or part (auxesis), whether this is due to over-nourish- 
ment, over-use, orto any other condition. H., Cardiac, 
may follow dilatation of the heart, or be caused by 
valvular disease, diseased condition of the aorta, 
diseases of the kidneys and other distant organs, 
by constitutional disease, by excessive use of tobacco 



HYPERTROPIA 



592 



HYPNOTISM 



and of some drugs, or excessive muscular action. It 
is attended with violent action of the heart, increase 
in the cardiac area of dulness and increased arterial 
pressure, headache, vertigo, dyspnea, palpitation, and 
pain in the heart. H., Compensatory, that following 
dilatation of the heart, or obstructive or regurgitant 
valvular disease, and produced by the efforts of that 
organ to make good the deficiency resulting from 
failing cardiac power. Let the circulation be restored, 
and the previous distressing symptoms will disappear. 
H., Concentric, increase in the thickness of the cardiac 
walls, without increase in the size of the organ, but with 
diminution in the capacity of its chambers. H., Ex- 
centric, cardiac hypertrophy, with dilatation. H., 
False, the thickening of the heart-wall is due to some 
extent to an adventitious fibrous growth. H., Idio- 
pathic, that developing in the absence of other disease 
of the heart's structure, or of the structure of other 
organs. H., Numerical, an actual increase in the 
number of the constituent muscle-cells of the heart- 
walls. H., Simple, the walls are thicker than usual, 
the size of the cavities remaining unchanged. H., 
True, the hypertrophy consists in an increase in the 
muscular tissue itself. 

Hypertropia {ki-per-tro' -pe-ah). See Strabismus. 

Hyperuremia {hi-per-u-re' -me-ah) [v-rrkp, over ; ovpov, 
urine ; aipa, blood]. Excess of urea in the blood. 

Hyperuresis {ki-per-u-re 1 ' -sis). Same as Polyuria and 
Enuresis. 

Hyperuricemia {hi-per-u-ris-e' -me-ah) [virep, over ; 
ovpov, urine ; aijia, blood]. Excess of uric acid in 
the blood. 

Hyperventilation {ki-per-ven-til-a'-skun) [bnep, over; 
ventilare, to fan]. A method of treating some dis- 
eases by exposing the body to drafts of air. 

Hypesthesia {kip-es-tke' '-ze-ah) [vtto, under ; aia- 
Oijgic, sensation]. Impairment of sensation ; lessened 
tactile sensibility. 

Hypha {ki'-fak) [biprj, a weaving, web: //. , Hypka~\. 
In biology, the filament or thread of a fungus ; the 
matted hyphre form the mycelium. 

Hyphemia {hi-fe' -me-ah) [otto, under; aifia, blood]. 
I. Oligemia; deficiency of blood. 2. Hemorrhage 
within the globe of the eye. 

Hyphidrosis {hip-hid-ro'-sis) [vtt6, under ; ISpuoic, 
sweating]. Deficiency of perspiration. 

Hyphodrome [hi' ' -fo-drom~\ [btpij, a weaving ; dpdfioc, 
a running]. In biology, a leaf in which the veins 
are more or less concealed in the thick mesophyl. 

Hyphology {ki-fol' -o-je) [vpr/, web; Xoyoc, science]. 
Same as Histology. 

Hyphomycetes {hi-fo-mi-se' -tez) [vipr}, web ; fib^qc, 
fungus]. A group of fungi having the spores naked, 
on prominent threads. 

Hyphostroma (hi-fo-stro 1 -maK) [b<pij, a web ; arpu/ia, 
a bed]. Same as Myceliiun. 

Hyphotomy {hi-fot' -o-nie) [i'07, a web ; to/ai], a cut- 
ting]. The dissection of tissues. 

Hypinosis {hip-in-o' -sis) [vtt6, under ; Ic, lv6c, fiber]. 
A deficiency of fibrin in the blood. 

Hypinotic [jiip-in-ot' ' -ik) [vtto, under ; ic, ivoc, fiber]. 
Pertaining to, or affected with, hypinosis. 

Hypnagogic {Aip-nag-og' -ik) [vttvoc, sleep ; ayuyoc, 
leading]. 1. Inducing sleep ; pertaining to the incep- 
tion of sleep. 2. Induced by sleep. 

Hypnal {hip'-nal) [vttvoc, sleep], A drug composed 
of antipyrin and chloral hydrate, proposed as an 
hypnotic. It is tasteless, odorless, and crystalline, 
and soluble in water. Dose gr. xv. Unof. 

Hypnepagogue {hip-nep' -ag-og) [vttvoc, sleep ; knayu- 
y6c, enticing]. A medicine that induces sleep ; an 
hypnotic. 



Hypniater {hip-ne' -a-ter) [vttvoc, sleep ; lari/p, practi- 
tioner]. A somnambulistic or clairvoyant doctor ; a 
hypnotizer or mesmerist. 

Hypnic {flip' -nik) [vttvckOc, producing sleep]. I. Per- 
taining to or inducing sleep. 2. An agent that induces 
or influences sleep. 

Hypnobat, or Hypnobate {hip' -no-bat) [vttvoc, sleep; 
/3o.t6c, walking]. A sleep-walker; somnambulist. 

Hypnobatia (kip-no-ba' -ske-ak) [vttvoq, sleep ; jiarbc, 
walking]. Somnambulism. 

Hypnocyst {hip'-no-sist) [vttvoc, sleep; Kvartc, bladder]. 
In biology, an encysted unicellular organism not un- 
dergoing sporulation. 

Hypnogenetic, Hypnogenic, Hypnogenous [hip-no- 
jen-et'-ik, hip-no-jen'-ik, hip-noj' -en-us) [vttvoc, sleep ; 
ytvvav, to produce]. I. Producing or inducing sleep. 
2. Inducing hypnotism. 

Hypnography {kip-nog' -ra-fe). Same as Hypnology. 

Hypnolepsy {liip' -no-lep-se) [vttvoc, sleep; M/xpic, seiz- 
ure]. Narcolepsy ; morbid sleepiness. 

Hypnology {hip-nol'-o-je) [vttvoc, sleep; Adyoc, sci- 
ence]. The science of sleep, its disorders, and its 
hygienic effects. 

Hypnone {hip'-non). See Acetophenone. 

Hypnopathy {kip-nop'-ath-e) [vttvoc, sleep ; iraftoc, dis- 
ease]. Sleep due to a diseased or morbid condition 
of the body, brain, or mind ; also, narcolepsy ; sleepy 
disease. 

Hypnophobia {kip-no-fo' '-be-ah) [vttvoc, sleep ; (j>6j3oc, 
fear]. Morbid dread of sleep; also, nightmare or 
night-terror. 

Hypnosis {kip-no' -sis) [vttvoc, sleep]. An artificial 
condition produced by hypnotizing. Also, the grad- 
ual approach of sleep. H., African. See African 
Lethargy. 

Hypnosperm {hip' -no-sperm) [vttvoc, sleep ;' a-kpfia, 
seed]. In biology, a resting spore. Cf. Hypnospore. 

Hypnospore {kip' -no-spor) [vttvoc, sleep ; OTropa, a 
spore]. In biology, a resting spore. 

Hypnotherapy {kip-no- tker'-ap-e) [vttvoc, sleep; 
OepciTreia, healing] . Hypnotic treatment of disease. 

Hypnotic {kip-not 1 '-ik) [vttvoc, sleep]. A remedy that 
causes sleep. A soporific. Also, pertaining to hyp- 
notism. 

Hypnotism {hip' -not-izm) [vttvoc, sleep]. A state of 
artificial somnambulism ; it may be produced by va- 
rious means, as, for example, by having the subject 
look with concentrated attention at any small object so 
near that effort is required to converge the axes of the 
eyes. It is characterized by a partial or complete absence 
of volition, sensation, and self-consciousness, except so 
much as comes from the hypnotizer or some dominat- 
ing will or idea. There are four main methods of in- 
ducing hypnotism, all originating in France. These 
are as follows: Charcot's Method; it consists in 
making gentle pressure over the eyeballs, and, finally, 
rubbing the top of the head. Luys' Transference 
Method ; the hypnotism is induced by having the 
patient sit with his back to the light and look steadily 
at a rapidly revolving mirror placed two or three feet 
from him, on which the light is directly shining. The 
constant flash of the light soon wearies the eyes and 
produces sleep. Nancy Method ; in this method 
hypnotism is induced by means of suggestion entirely, 
the patient submitting to the will of the operator. 
Voisin's Method ; Braidism ; the patient lies 
upon the broad of his back and gazes steadily at 
a bright silvered ball, suspended from the ceiling 
and at a distance of about nine inches from his eyes. 
The method of fascination is also used, the operator 
gazing fixedly in the subject's eyes at a distance of 
about a foot. See, also, Somnambulism. 



HYPNOTIZABLE 



593 



HYPODERMATOMY 



Hypnotizable [hip-not-lz' '-ab-l) [tirwc, sleep]. Sus- 
ceptible of being hypnotized. 

Hypnotization [hip-not-iz-a'-shtm^ytcvog, sleep ; facere, 
to make]. The employment of the means used to 
hypnotize a person ; the induction of hypnotism. 

Hypnotoid (hip'-not-oid) [otjtoc, sleep ; ridog, form]. 
Resembling hypnotism. 

Hypo- (hi'-po-) [vk6, under]. A prefix denoting defi- 
ciency or lack. 

Hypo (hip'-o) \_rrro, under]. A popular name for hy- 
pochondriasis, lowness of spirits, or imaginary illness, 
or exaggeration of slight ailments. 

Hypoaemia (hi-po-e' -me-ah). See Hyphemia. 

Hypoalbuminosis (hi-po-al-bu-min-o'-sis). See Hyp- 
albuminosis and Hypoleukontemia. 

Hypoalonemia (hi-po-al-o-ne' -me-ah) [y-6, under ; ahg, 
salt, a/.uiv, of salts; aifia, blood]. A deficiency of 
the salts of the blood. 

Hypoaria (hi-po-a' -re-ah) [i<-6, under ; coapiov, dim. of 
Liov, an egg]. In biology, a pair of oval ganglia found 
on the ventral side of the region of the thalami in 
most fishes. 

Hypoblast (hi'-po- blast) [vtto, under; /3/taurdc, sprout]. 
The internal layer of the blastoderm, or the ental 
layer of cells of the embryo of a metazoan ; it is called, 
also, the endoderm, endoblast, entoderm, or epithelio- 
glandular layer ; from it is developed the intestinal 
epithelium (except that of the mouth and anus) and 
that of the glands opening into the intestines ; also, 
the epithelium of the air-passages. 

Hypoblepharon {hi-po-blef -ar-on) [i-n-6, under ; (Ste- 
<papov, lid], i. An artificial eye. 2. A swelling 
under the eyelid. 

Hypobromite (hi-po-bro'-mil) [y-6, under ; ppo/zor-, 
stench]. A salt of hypobromous acid. H. Method, 
a method of estimating the quantity of urea in urine, 
based upon the fact that when urea is acted upon by 
sodium hypobromite (or calcium hypochlorite) it is 
decomposed into nitrogen, carbon dioxid, and water. 

Hypobulia (hi-po-bu'-le-ah) [vrro, under ; flovXi], will]. 
Loss or deficiency of will-power. 

Hypocardia (hi-po-kar' -de-ah) [bird, under ; K.apdia, 
heart]. Downward displacement of the heart. 

Hypocatalepsis (hi-po-kat-al-ep'sis) [vtto, under ; Kara, 
down; /.afcfidveiv, to seize]. Slight catalepsy, or epi- 
lepsy. 

Hypocatharsis (hi-po-kath-ar'-sis) [inrd, under ; Kad- 
aipeiv, to purge] . A gentle purgation. 

Hypochilium (hi-po-kil' -e-iim) [inr6, under; x ei ^°C, 
the lip: //. , Hypochilia\. In biology, the lower part 
of the lip of certain orchids. 

Hypochlorhydria (hi-po-klor-hi' -dre-ah) [vtto, under; 
X^upor, green; vdup, water]. A condition in which 
there is a diminished amount of HC1 in the gastric 
juice. It is usually associated with an overproduction 
of lactic acid, and is often due to a state of lowered 
general nutrition. 

Hypochlorite (hi-po-klo' -rit) [vtt6, under; ^-?updf, 
green]. Any salt of hypochlorous acid. Calcium 
hypochlorite is the essential constituent of bleaching- 
powder. 

Hypochlorous Acid (hi-po-klo' -nts). See Acid. 

Hypocholesteremia (hi-po-ko-les-ter-e' -me-ah) [biro, 
under; x°^-Vi bile; arsap, fat; a\p.a, blood]. Decrease 
or deficiency of the cholesterin of the blood. 

Hypochondria (hi-po-kon' '-dre-ah) [y-6, under ; ^df- 
6pnQ, cartilage]. I. The regions below the costal 
arches on either side. 2. Same as Hypochondriasis. 

Hypochondriac (hi-po-kon' -dre-ak) [vno, under; jdv- 
dpoc, cartilage]. I. Pertaining to the hypochon- 
drium. 2. A person who is affected with hypochon- 
driasis. 
38 



Hypochondriasis (lii-po-kon-dri' -as-is) [(Vo^owfyim/cdc, 
affected in the hypochondria]. A disturbance of the 
functions of the nervous system similar to that in mel- 
ancholia, in which the patient believes himself suffer- 
ing from bodily disease. It is characterized by alternate 
spells of moodiness and excitability. H. pituitosa. 
Synonym of Membranous Enteritis. 

Hypochondrium (hi-po-kon' -dre-uni) [vtt6, under ; x^v- 
6poc, cartilage: p!., Hypochondria]. The region of 
the abdomen at each side of the epigastrium. See 
illustration under Abdominal. 

Hypochromatemia (hi-po-kro-mat-e' -me-ah) [vtto, un- 
der; xpup-a, color; ai/ia, blood]. Deficiency of the 
coloring-matter of the blood. 

Hypochromatic (hi-po-kro-maf '-ik)[yTx6 , under; X9^l xa i 
color]. Deficient in coloring-matter. 

Hypochromia (hi-po-kro' -me-ah) [v~6, under; ^poj/ztz, 
color]. Abnormal pallor or transparency of the skin, 
occurring in certain skin-diseases. 

Hypochrosis (hi-po-kro' -sis) [vtto, under ; xP" ai C> 
coloring]. Abnormal paleness; lack of normal col- 
oration. 

Hypochyma (hi-po-ki' -mali) [i>7rd, beneath ; ^£f(c, to 
pour]. An old name for cataract. 

Hypocist (hi'-po-sist) [vtto, under; /c/crroc, cistus]. I. 
The plant Cytinus hypocistis, of the old world. 2. 
The dark astringent extract prepared by drying the 
sap of the foregoing plant and the juice of its ber- 
ries. It is useful for hemorrhages and diarrhea. Unof. 

Hypoclidium (hi-po-kli' -de-nm) \vtt6, under ; Kkeic-, a 
key ; the clavicle : pi. , Hypoclidia~\. In biology, the 
inferomedian process formed at the junction of the 
clavicles of a bird. 

Hypoclysis (hip-ok'-lis-is) [iVd, under ; nAva/uog, a 
clyster]. The administration of an enema. 

Hypocotyl (hi-po-kot'-il) [tVd, under ; kotvXtjSuv, coty- 
ledon]. A short term for Hypocotyledonotts stem. 

Hypocotyledonous (hi-po-kot-il-e' -don-us)\inr6 , under ; 
KOTv7irj6iiv, cotyledon]. In biology, situated below 
the cotyledons. 

Hypocraterimorphous (hi' -po-kra-ter-im-or' -fus) [inro- 
upaTT/piov, the stand of a crater ; pop</>^, form] . Applied 
to certain flowers the corolla of which have a flat, spread- 
ing limb surmounting a straight tube ; salver-shaped. 

Hypocyrtosis (ki-po-sir-to' -sis) \_vtt6, under; nvpTuaic, 
curvature]. A slight amount of curvature. 

Hypocystotomy (hi-po-sis-tof -o-me) [bird, under ; nva- 
tic, bladder; to/it/, a cut]. Perineal cystotomy. 

Hypoderm (hi'-po-derm) [vtto, under; depfia, skin]. 
I. Subcutaneous tissue. 2. A hypodermatic injection. 
3. In biology, applied to the epithelial membrane 
lining the cuticular, crustaceous, or chitinous invest- 
ment of arthropods ; also called Hypodermis. 

Hypoderma (hi-po-der'-mah) [u/rd, under; Sepfia, skin]. 
In biology: I. A layer of cells, usually collenchyma, 
just beneath the epidermis of a leaf or stem. 2. A 
genus of dipterous insects, the bot-flies. See Parasites 
(Animal), Table of. 

Hypodermatic (hi-po-der-mat'-ik) \inr6, under; dep/xa, 
skin]. Pertaining to that which is under the skin, or 
to the introduction of medicines beneath the skin. 

Hypodermatoclysis (Ai-po-der-mat-ok'.-lis-is) , or Hy- 
podermoclysis (hi-po-der-mok'-lis-is), [i7rd, under; 
clsppa, skin; kXvgic, injection]. A method of supply- 
ing fluid to the body to replace that lost through ex- 
cessive purging, as in cholera, or in cases of hemor- 
rhage. It consists in the introduction into the subcu- 
taneous tissues of certain quantities of normal saline 
solution. 

Hypodermatomy (hi-po-der-mat'-o-me) [t'7rd, under; 
fii-pfia, skin ; ts/iveiv, to cut]. Subcutaneous surgical 
section of parts. 



HYPODERMIC 



594 



HYPONASTY 



Hypodermic (hi-po-der'-mik). See Hypodermatic. 

Hypodermis (hi-po-der'-mis) \brxo, under; 6ep,ua, skin]. 
See Hypoderm. 

Hypodermoclysm (hi-po-der'-mo-klizm). Same as 
Hypodermatoclysis. 

Hypodicrotous (Jii-po-dik' -ro-tus) [_bno, under ; dkpo- 
rac, double beat]. Dicrotic in a small degree. 

Hypodipsia (hi-po-dip' -se-ah) [_b-6, under; Siipic, drink- 
ing]. The drinking of too little water or fluid. 

Hypodynia (hi-po-din'-e-ah) \btrb, under; bdbvr/, pain]. 
Slight or trifling pain. 

Hypoemia (hi po-e' -me-ali) [biro, under; al/ia, blood]. 
Insufficiency of blood. 

Hypoerythrocythemia (hi-po-er-itli-ro-si-the' -inc-ah) 
\_v~6, under; ipvtlpoc, red; kvtoc, cell; aifia, blood]. 
Deficiency in the normal number of red corpuscles in 
the blood. 

Hypogala (hi-pog'-al-ah) [_vtv6, under; yaka, milk]. 
The collection of a milk-like fluid in the eye. 

Hypogastralgia (hi-po-gas-tral'-je-ali) [yn6, under; 
yaari/p, stomach ; aXyoc, pain] . Pain in the hypogas- 
trium. 

Hypogastric (hi-po-gas'-trik) [biro, under ; yaari/p, the 
belly]. Pertaining to the hypogastrium. See Abdo- 
men, Artery, Ganglion, and Plexus. 

Hypogastriotomy (hi-po-gas-tre-ot'-o-me) \_bn6, under ; 
yaari/p, belly ; Top.?/, section]. The surgical opening 
of the abdomen through the hypogastrium. 

Hypogastrium (hi-po-gas' -tre-uin) [biro, under; yaarr/p, 
stomach] . The lower median anterior region of the 
abdomen. See Abdomen. 

Hypogastrocele (hi-po-gas' -tro-sel)[_vn6, under; yaarr/p, 
stomach; Ki/h/, hernia]. A hernia in the hypogastric 
region. 

Hypogastrodidymus (hi-po-gas-tro-did 1 ' -im-us) [vtt6, 
under; yaarr/p, stomach; Sidvfioc, twin]. A double 
monstrosity in which the two fetuses are united at the 
hypogastrium. 

Hypogastrohemia (hi - po - gas - tro - he' '- me - all) \yn6, 
under; yaarr/p, stomach; a) pa, blood]. Hemorrhage 
in the hypogastrium. 

Hypogastrorrhagia (hi-po-gas-tror-a' -je-ali). Same as 
Hypogastrohemia. 

Hypogastrorrhea (hi-po-gas-tror-e'-ah) \_im6, under ; 
yaarr/p, stomach ; poia, a flow]. A slight amount of 
gastrorrhea. 

Hypogastrorrhexis (hi-po-gas-tror-eks 1 '-is)[_VTr6 , under ; 
yaarr/p, stomach ; pt^ic, rupture]. Eventration. 

Hypogeal, Hypogaeal (hi-po-je'-al) \im6yztoc, under 
ground]. In biology, growing beneath the surface of 
the ground. Also, Hypogcean,Hypoga:ous, Hypogean, 
Hypogeous. 

Hypogenesis (hi-po-jen' -es-is) \_vir6, under ; yeveair, 
production, generation]. In biology, direct develop- 
ment, without alternation of generations. 

Hypogenous (hi-poj'-en-us) \im6, under ; yevr/c, pro- 
duced]. In biology, growing below the surface or 
on the under side. 

Hypogeusia (hi-po-gu' -se-ah) [bn6, under; yevaic, 
taste]. Diminution in the sense of taste. 

Hypoglossal (hi-po-glos'-al) [bird, under ; yXuaaa, 
tongue]. Under the tongue. H. Nerve. See 
/Verves, Table of. 

Hypoglossiadenitis (hi-po-glos-e-ad-en-i'-tis) [i>tt<5, un- 
der ; yAtbaaa, tongue ; afii/v, gland ; vric , inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the sublingual gland. 

Hypoglossis [Jii-po-glos'-is). See Hypoglottis. 

Hypoglossals (hi-po-glos-i'-tis) \inr6, under ; yXuaaa, 
tongue ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
tissue under the tongue. 

Hypoglossus (hi-po-glos'-us) [bir6, under ; y/\aaaa, 
tongue]. The hypoglossal nerve. 



Hypoglottis (hi-po-glot'-is) [b-6, under ; ylurra, 
tongue]. The under part of the tongue, attached to 
the lower jaw. Also, a swelling at the under part of 
the tongue. 

Hypoglycemia (hi-po-gli - se'-me-ah) [bird, under; 
ylvubc, sweet; al/ia, blood]. Deficiency of sugar in 
the blood. 

Hypognathadenitis (hi-pog-nath-ad-en-i' -lis) [bxo, un- 
der ; yvdtloc, jaw ; adr/v, gland; trie, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the submaxillary gland. 

Hypognathous (hi-pog'-na-thus) [bird, under; yvadoc, 
jaw]. In biology, applied to animals in which the 
lower mandible is longer than the upper. 

Hypognathus (hi-pog'-na-thus) \Jjtv6, under; yvaftoc, 
jaw]. A double monstrosity in which the parasite is 
attached to the inferior maxillary bone. 

Hypogynia (hi-po-jin'-e-ah) [bird, under ; yvvr), a 
woman] . The state of being hypogynous. 

Hypogynous (hi-poj' -in-us) \_b~6, under ; yvvr), female]. 
In biology, growing beneath the pistil ; applied to 
stamens or other floral organs that are inserted be- 
neath the pistil. 

Hypohaemia (hi-po-he' -tne-ah). See Hypohemia. 

Hypohematosis (hi-po-hem-at-o'-sis)[_bn6, under ; aiiia, 
blood]. A diseased condition marked by hyphemia, 
or deficiency in the amount of blood ; also, the produc- 
tion, or process of inducing such a condition. 

Hypohidrosis (hi-po-hid-ro' -sis) \bito, under ; Idpuaic, 
sweating]. Scanty perspiration. 

Hypohydremia (hi-po-hi-dre' -me-ah) [vko, under ; 
vaup, water; aipa, blood]. Deficiency of water in 
the blood. 

Hypohypnosis (hi-po-hip-no'-sis) \brx6, under; vttvoc, 
sleep]. Imperfect or partial sleep. 

Hypoinosemia (hi-poin-o-se' -me-ah) [biro, under ; ic, 
fiber; a\pa, blood]. Decrease in the tendency to 
the formation of fibrin in the blood. 

Hypokinesia, or Hypokinesis (hi-po-kin-e' -se-ah, or 
hi-po-kin-e'-sis) \_b~6, under; Ktvr/atr, motion]. De- 
ficiency in motor reaction under stimulation. 

Hypoleukocythemia (hi-po-lu-ko-si-the'-me-ah) \_vtt6, 
under; 'Asvk6c, white; kvtoc , a cell; aipa, blood]. 
Deficiency of white corpuscles in the blood. 

Hypoleukocytosis (hi-po-lu-ko-si-to'-sis) [vtto, under ; 
'Aevubc, white; kvtoc, cell]. Diminution in the number 
of colorless corpuscles in the blood. 

Hypolipemia (hi-po-lip-e' -me-ah) [bird, under ; %'moc , 
fat; alpa, blood]. Deficiency of fat in the blood. 

Hypologia (hi-po-lo' -ge-ali) [bird, under; /\6yoc, word]. 
Poverty of speech as a symptom of cerebral disease. 

Hypomania (lii-po-ma' -ne-ah) [biro, under; /iavia, 
madness]. A moderate degree of maniacal ex- 
altation. 

Hypomelancholia (hi-po-mel-an-ko' '-le-ah)\bn6, under ; 
jiekay xok'ia, melancholia] . Moderate or reasoning 
melancholia. 

Hypomenous (hi-pom 1 '-en-its') \_bx6, under ; y.iveiv, to 
remain]. Same as Hvpogenous. 

Hypomere (hi'-po-mer) \_bno, under; //fpoc, a part]. In 
biology, the lower half of certain sponges (rhagon), 
which consists of all three fundamental layers. 

Hypometropia (hi-po-me-tro' pe-ah) \_vko, under; 
uirpov, measure ; uij>, vision]. Myopia. 

Hypomnesis (hi-pom-nc'-sis) [bxopvr/aic, memory]. 
Memory or recollection. 

Hypomoria (hi-po-mo' -re-ah) \b~6, under; pupia, folly]. 
Slight mental disorder. 

Hypomyosthenia (hi-po-mi-os-the' -ne-ah) \_vtt6, under ; 
/ivc, muscle ; aOivoc, strength]. Deficiency in mus- 
cular power. 

Hyponasty, or Hyponastic Curvature (hi' -po-nas-te) 
[biro, under; vaaruc, close pressed]. In biology, a 



HYPONEURIA 



595 



HYPOTIIECIUM 



curvature produced by growth on the under side of 
an extended organ. Cf. Epinasty. 

Hyponeuria (hi-po-nu' -re-aK) [i'~6, under; vevpov, 
nerve]. Slight or diminished nerve-power. 

Hy-ponoetic(h i-po-no-el'-ih) \_r~6, under; vm/rtudg, under- 
standing]. Under the control of the will. 

Hyponome (hi'-po-no/ii) [_vn6, under ; ve/neiv, to dwell 
in, to inhabit]. In biology, the exhalant funnel of a 
cephalopod. 

Hyponomous [hi-pon' '-o-mus) \vk6, under ; vi/ietv, to 
feed]. Spreading or eating below the surface ; applied 
to certain ulcers, etc. 

Hypopepsia (hi-po-pep' '-se-ah)\i<-6, under; TTei)iic, diges- 
tion]. A disorder of digestion in which there is a 
notable diminution in the functional activity, glandular 
and chemic, of the stomach. 

Hypophemia, Tropical. See Ankylostomiasis. 

Hypophlceodic (Iii-po-Jle-od'-ik) [y-6, under ; tpAoioc, 
bark]. In biology, situated beneath the bark. 

Hypophlceous (Ai-po-Jle'-us): Same as Hypophlceodic. 

Hypophosphite {fd-po-fos / -fif)\wr6, under; phosphorus]. 
Any salt of hypophosphorous acid. Several hypo- 
phosphites (as of calcium, potassium, sodium) are offi- 
cial, and many others are used to a limited extent. 

Hypophosphorous Acid (hi-po-fos-fo'-rus). See Acid. 

Hypophrasia (hi-po-fra' -ze-ah) [into, under ; (ppdaic, 
phrase, utterance] . Meagerness or poverty of speech, 
as a sign of cerebral disease. 

Hypophyllium (Jii-po-fiF -e-um) [bird, under; (pvXkov, 
a leaf: pi., Hypopliyllia~\. In biology, a sheath-like 
petiole, without laminae. 

Hypophyllous (Jii-poff'-il-us) [i7r<5, under ; tyvWov, 
leaf]. Same as Hypogenous. 

Hypophysemia (Jii-po-fi-se> '-tne-ah) \_inr6, under ; 
(pvaa, air; a'iu.a, blood]. Deficiency of gaseous ele- 
ments in the blood. 

Hypophysis (hi-poff'-is-is) \_bno, under; tpvF.iv, to grow]. 
The pituitary body, q. v. ; sometimes called the H. 
cerebri. 

Hypoplasia (Jii-po-pla'-ze-ah) \_vtt6, under; ■n7Aaae.iv, 
to mould]. Deficiency or arrested development of 
any organ or tissue. See Aplasia. 

Hypoplastemia (Jii-po-plas-te' -me-ah) . See Hypoplas- 
ticemia. 

Hypoplasticemia (Jii-po-plas-tis-e' '-me-ah) [ynd, under ; 
■KlaaTiKoc, plastic ; alfia, blood]. Deficient plasticity 
of the blood. 

Hypopraxia (hi-po-praks' -e-ah) \y-ad, under ; irpa^vc, 
doing]. Inactivity; listlessness ; inefficiency as a 
sign or result of cerebral disorder. 

Hypopselaphesia (Jii-pop-sel-af-e' -ze-ah) [wrd, under ; 
TprjTiCKbTiOLc;, touch]. Diminution of sensitiveness to 
tactile impressions. 

Hypoptilum [hi-pop 1 '-til-urn) \vtt6, under ; ktiXov, 
feather: //. , Hypoptila~\. In biology, the entire 
after-shaft of a feather, including the vanes ; hypo- 
rachis. 

Hypoptyalism (hi-pop-ti' -al-izm) \inr6, under ; TVTvaXw- 
fidc, ptyalism]. A mild or slight ptyalism. 

Hypopygium (hi-po-pif '-e-um) [vttu, under ; irvyi], the 
rump: //., Hypopygia\ In biology, the male clasp- 
ing-organ of dipterous insects. 

Hypopyon [lii-po' '-pe-on) [vivo, under; ttvov, pus]. A 
collection of pus in the anterior chamber of the eye, 
secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues. 

Hypoquebrachin [lii-po-kive-brak' -in) \_vtto, under ; 
quebracho~\, C 2] H 26 N 2 2 . An alkaloid of Quebracho, 
occurring in yellow masses, melting at about 8o° C. , 
and soluble in alcohol and ether. 

Hyporachis {Jii-por' -ak-is) [iitto, under ; paxic, the 
spine]. In biology, the stem or rachis of the after- 
shaft ; the hypoptilum of a feather- 



Hyporadioli (hi-po-ra-di' -o-li) [viro, under ; radius, 
radius]. In biology, the barbules of the after-shaft of 
a feather. 

Hyporrhea (hi-por-e'-ah) \_vtt6, under ; pelv, to flow]. 
A slight hemorrhage. 

Hyposmia (Jii-poz' -me-ah) \yv:6, under ; ba/ur/, smell]. 
Diminution of the sense of smell. 

Hypospadia, or Hypospadias (Jii-po-spa'-de-ah, hi-po- 
spa'-de-as) \_vtto, under ; aizav, to draw]. An abnormal 
opening and ending of the urethra upon the under 
surface of the penis, or in the under wall of the urethra. 
It is variously classed, according to the position of its 
opening, as glandular (or balanic), balano-penile, 
penile, peno-scrotal, scrotal, or perineal. Certain 
tribes of the Arabs, Africans, and native Australians 
produce an artificial hypospadias. 

Hypostaphylitis (hipo-staf-il-i'-tis) [vtt6, under; 
CTafyvXtc:, uvula; itic, inflammation]. Slight inflam- 
mation of the uvula. 

Hypostasis (hi-pos' ' -tas-is)[yii6aTaaig , a standing under]. 
A word loosely used to denote feces, or any sediment 
falling from a liquid, especially the sediment of urine. 
Also, a form of passive hyperemia caused by the de- 
pendent position of the part affected. 

Hypostatic [lii-po-stat'-ik) \_vTv6aTaaic, a standing 
under]. Due to, or of the nature of, hypostasis. H. 
Congestion. Same as Hypostasis, q. v. H. Pneu- 
monia, Piorry's term for the variety of pneumonia 
secondary to most of the acute febrile diseases, and 
occurring in the final stage of many chronic diseases. 
It is in part due to the mechanic gravitation of blood 
to the part affected, as to the back, in cases of long- 
continued dorsal decubitus. 

Hyposternum {Jii-po-ster' -nuvi) \yir6, under ; aripvov, 
the breast: pi. , Hyposternd]. In biology, the third 
lateral piece of the plastron of a turtle ; also called 
Hypoplastron. 

Hyposthenia (hi-po-sthe'-ne-ah) \_vtt6, under ; aOhoc, 
strength]. Weakness ; subnormal strength. 

Hyposthenic {lii-po-sthen' -ik) \xnz6, under; adivoc, 
strength]. I. Tendency to, or characterized by, hy- 
posthenia ; applied to diseases that are more than or- 
dinarily enfeebling. 2. A medicine that reduces the 
action of the heart without affecting its rhythm. 

Hypostoma [hi-pos' '-to-mali) [_viro, under; ar6p.a, 
mouth: pi. , Hypostoma ta~\. In biology, applied (a) 
by Meigen and Bouche to the clypeus of Diptera, and 
by Meinert to a curved broad sclerite behind the lamina 
labialis of the inner stipes in the mouth of Myriopods ; 
(b) to the proboscis of Hydroidea. 

Hypostomatous (hi-po-sio / -mat-its) or Hypostomous 
(hi-pos' -to-mus) \_inrd, under; ard/ia, mouth]. In 
biology, having the mouth inferior or ventral. 

Hypostome (Jii'-po-stom). Same as Hypostoma. 

Hypostyptic (Jii-po-stip' -tik) \yit6, under ; aTvirrindc, 
astringent]. I. Moderately or mildly styptic. 2. A 
mildly styptic medicine. 

Hyposynergia (hi-po-sin-er'-je-ah) [Ino, under ; avvtp- 
yia, cooperation]. Defective coordination. 

Hyposystole (lii-po-sis' -to-le) [hnd, under; avaroli], 
systole]. Deficiency of the cardiac systole. 

Hyposystolia (hi-po-sis-to' -le-ah). See Hyposystole. 

Hypotension (hi-po-ten' '-shun) \_vtt6, under; tensio, 
a stretching] . Diminished or abnormally low tension ; 
hypotonia. 

Hypothallus [Jii-po-thaF -us) \_inv6, under; 0a\16c, a 
young shoot or branch, a frond : //. , Hypothalli\ In 
biology, a delicate filamentous mass upon which is 
developed the thallus of a lichen. 

Hypothecium (hi-po-the' -se-um) [inrd, under ; Ot/kti, a 
case]. In biology, that portion of a lichen thallus 
immediately around or beneath the apothecium. 



HYPOTHENAR 



596 



HYSTERIC 



Hypothenar (Jii-poth' -en-ar) [y-6, under; Qkvap, palm]. 
The fleshy eminence on the palm of the hand over 
the metacarpal bone of the little finger. Also, the 
prominences on the palm at the base of the fingers. 
Also, the ball of the thumb. 

Hypothermal (Jii-po-lher 1 '-ma/) \_vk6, under; dip/ir;, 
heat] . Tepid ; denoting a temperature placed ar- 
bitrarily between 59° and 68° F., or 15 and 25 C. 
Also, pertaining to the reduction of the temperature 
of the body. 

Hypothermia [lii-po-ther' -me-ah ) or Hypothermy 
(lii'-po-ther-?ne) [biro, under; dcp/17/, heat]. De- 
ficiency in the heat of the body. 

Hypothesis (Jii-poth' -es-is) \_b-n6, under ; dkaie, a posi- 
tion]. A supposition set forth for discussion or 
demonstration. A theory assumed as true. 

Hypotonia, or Hypotonus (Iti-po-to'-ne-ali, or hi-pot'- 
o-niis) [vrrd, under ; ~6voq, tension]. Decrease of nor- 
mal tonicity ; diminution of intraocular pressure. 

Hypotony {hi-pof -o-ne) [vtto, under ; t6voc, tension]. 
Same as Hypotonia. H., Gastric, the reverse condi- 
tion of gastric hypermotility, q. v. 

Hypotreme (Jii> '-po-trem) \_b~6, under ; rpijfj.a, a hole, 
(here, a spiracle) : //. , Hypotre?natd\. In entomology, 
one of a pair of strong fusiform processes extending 
obliquely across the anterior coxo-sternal foramina to 
the lower borders of the anterior spiracles in certain 
insects (e. g. , Diptera) ; they strengthen the anterior 
part of the thoracic wall. (Lowne.) 

Hypotrichous (Jii-pot'-rik-ns) \b~6, under; Dpi!;, hair]. 
In biology, applied to such infusoria as have the 
locomotor cilia on the under side of the body. 

Hypotrophy (hi-pof -ro-fe) [bno, under; Tpi^eiv, to 
nourish]. Subnormal nutrition. A defect in the con- 
structive or tissue-building powers of the organism. It 
may be congenital or acquired, and varies much in 
degree in different individuals, or even in the same 
individual at different times. 

Hypouremia (hi-po-zt-re' '-me-ah) [vtt6, under ; ovpov, 
urine; aipa, blood]. Diminution of the urea nor- 
mally present in the blood. 

Hypouricemia [hi-po-u-ris-e' -me-ah) \_bno, under ; 
ovpov, urine ; aifia, blood]. Decrease in the uric acid 
of the blood. 

Hypourocrinia (lii-po-u-ro-krin' -e-ah) [yw6, under ; 
ovpov, urine ; Kpivuv, to separate]. A deficient or too 
scanty secretion of urine. 

Hypoxanthin (ki-po-zan'-tkin) \_b-6, under ; i-avdoc, 
yellow], C 5 H 4 N t O. A leukomaine, also known as 
Sarcin or Sarkin. It occurs, accompanying adenin 
and guanin, in nearly all the animal tissues and organs 
rich in nucleated cells. In minute quantities it is a 
normal constituent of urine. It has also been found 
in plants, seeds, ferments, and wines. It is a crystal- 
line body, soluble in cold and boiling water, insoluble 
in cold alcohol and ether. Hypoxanthin appears to 
be one of the products formed by the decomposition 
and successive oxidation of proteid matter previous to 
the formation of uric acid and urea. It is produced 
from adenin by the action of nitrous acid. It is non- 
poisonous. See Kossel 's Test, and Sarcin. 

Hypsicephaly (liip-sis-ef'-al-e) [lnl>L, on high ; Ke<paXrj, 
head]. The condition of a skull with a cranial index 
of over 75. i°. 

Hypsicranius [hip-sik-ra' '-ne-us) [vifu, on high ; Kpavlov, 
skull]. Lissauer's term for a skull having the ratio 
between length and height of 82. 5 to 90. 4 . 

Hypsiliform (hip-sil' -if-orm). See Ypsiliform. 

Hypsodont (hip'-so-dont) [i'i/'«, on high ; bSobc, tooth]. 
In biology, applied to such animals as have teeth fur- 
nished with long crowns and short roots. 

Hypsonosus (hip-son' -o-sus) \_vipoq, height; voaoc, ill- 



ness]. Mountain-sickness; balloon-sickness ; charac- 
terized by nausea, headache, epistaxis, etc. 

Hypsophobia (liip-so-fo' -be-ah) [btyoq, height; fflo/3oc, 
fear]. Morbid dread of being at a great height; 
aerophobia. 

Hypsophyl, (Iiip'-so-fil) [yiin, on high ; 0i//Uw, a leaf]. 
In biology, one of the leaf-like or bract-like structures 
subtending a flower or an inflorescence. 

Hypsopisthius [hip-so-pis' -the-us) \_bipi, on high ; okIo- 
Oiov, occiput]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle included between the radius fixus and the 
line joining the hormion and lambda is between 33° 
and 41°. 

Hypural (hip-u'-ral) [vtto, under; obpd, tail]. In bi- 
ology, located beneath the tail. 

Hyraceum (Jii-ra' -se-ztm) [ypa^, a mouse]. A product 
from South Africa, somewhat resembling castoreum, 
and believed to be an excretion, perhaps fecal, of 
Hyrax capcnsis, the so-called South African cony or 
cliff-badger. Its use is the same as that of castor. 

Hyssop \Jiis'-op) [boou-oc, an aromatic plant]. Hedge- 
hyssop. The leaves and tops of Hyssopus officinalis, 
an aromatic stimulant, carminative, and tonic, much 
employed in chronic catarrh of the respiratory tract. 
Dose of the fid. ext. 3J-ij. Unof. See also Lophan- 
thus and Gratiola. 

Hystera [Ids' -tfr-ah) [_baripa, womb]. The uterus or 
womb. Also, the vulva. Also, the placenta or after- 
birth. 

Hysteralgia (his-ter-al' -je-ah) \barkpa, womb; h\yoc, 
pain]. Pain in the womb. 

Hysteranesis (his ter-an'-es is) [barkpa, womb; aveaic, 
relaxation]. Relaxation and atony of the uterus. 

Hysteranthous (lus-ter-an' -thus) [yoTtpoc, later; avflog, 
a flower]. In biology, applied to plants in which the 
leaves do not appear till after the flowers have appeared. 

Hysteratresia (his-ter-at-re' -ze-ak) [baripa, womb ; 
arpEToc, imperforate]. An imperforate or impervious 
condition of the mouth of the womb. 

Hysterauxesis (his-ter-awks-e' -sis) [baripa, womb ; 
avI-Tjois, enlargement]. Enlargement of the uterus, 
normal (as in pregnancy) or abnormal. 

Hysterectomy (Jiis-ter-ek' -to-me) [borcpa, womb ; 
htiTOfii], a cutting out]. Excision or removal of the 
womb by surgical operation. H., Vaginal, removal 
of the womb through the vagina. 

Hysterelcosis iyhis-ter-el-ko' -sis) [barepa, womb ; ea- 
nuaig, ulceration]. Ulceration of the uterus. 

Hysteria {liis-te' -re-ah) \_borkpa, womb]. A functional 
disturbance of the -nervous system, supposed by early 
physicians to be due to a disordered condition of 
the womb. It is now often considered a neurosis; 
it is not with certainty known whether it is due to 
structural alteration in any part of the central nervous 
system, or to abnormal blood-supply. Paralyses, impair- 
ment of vision, convulsions, sensory disturbances, and 
psychic manifestations, are usually prominent symp- 
toms. Major and minor types are differentiated. 
The popular significance of the term is that of feigned 
disease, but the physician usually considers the 
affection real. It is more frequently encountered in 
females than in males. H., Epileptiform, a synonym 
of Hystero-epilepsy. H., Major, hystero-epilepsy. H., 
Minor, hysteria of a mild form. 

Hysteric, Hysterical (liis-ter'-ik,his-tcr'-ik-al)\_boTi:pa, 
womb]. Pertaining to hysteria, q. v. Also, pertaining 
to the womb. H. Temperature. See Thermal Ataxia. 
H. Breast, a condition of the breast in neurotic 
women marked by excessive superficial tenderness, 
diffuse swelling, constant variation in size and hard- 
ness, and by the recurrence of these symptoms at the 
menstrual epochs. H. Dyspnea, intensely rapid 



i 



HYSTERICISM 



597 



HYSTEROPSOPHY 



breathing, 50 to 150 respirations per minute, occurring 
in neurotic individuals, without corresponding altera- 
tion of the pulse-rate. H. Somnolence, the early stage 
or lighter form of // Trance. H. Trance, a peculiar 
condition in which the patient sinks into a lethargic, 
corpse-like condition, lasting from a few hours to several 
days. 

Hystericism (his-ter' -is-izm) [iaripa, womb]. The 
hysteric diathesis or temperament ; proneness to the 
exhibition of hysteric symptoms. 

Hysterics [his-ter' '-iks) [yarepa , womb] . A popular term 
for hysteric or convulsive movements and conditions. 

Hysteriencephalitis (his-ter-e-en-sef-al-i* '-tis) [varepa, 
womb; t-, ni ipa'/.ov , brain; trig, inflammation]. En- 
cephalitis and meningitis following repeated attacks of 
hysteria. 

Hysterionica (his-ter-e-on 1 '-ik-aK) [varepa, womb]. A 
composite-flowered herb of South America (H. bayla- 
huen) of considerable efficacy in the treatment of 
acute and chronic affections of the respiratory appar- 
atus. It is also a stomachic and intestinal antiseptic 
of value in the treatment of flatulent dyspepsia. Dose 
of the fluid extract rt\v-xv. Unof. 

Hysteritis (Jiis-ter-i' -tis) . See Metritis. 

Hysterizable (Jiis-ter-iz'-a-bl) [varepa, womb; able, 
able]. Capable of being thrown into a hysteric con- 
dition. 

Hystero- (his' -ter-o-) [varepa, uterus]. A prefix sig- 
nifying relation to the uterus, or to hysteria. 

Hysterocatalepsy (his-ter-o-kat'-al-ep-se) [varepa, 
womb ; Karahjinc, catalepsy] . A form of hysteria 
accompanied by catalepsy. 

Hysterocele (his'-ter-o-sel ) [yarepa, uterus ; Krfkrj, her- 
nia]. Hernia containing the uterus, or part of it. 

Hysterocleisis (his-ter-o-hli'-sis) [varepa, womb ; 
Klelaic, closure]. The closure of the os uteri by scari- 
fying and suturing the labia ; an operation formerly 
employed in the treatment of vesico-uterine fistula. 

Hysterocyesis (his-ter- o-si-e' -sis)[barepa, womb; nvr/aic, 
pregnancy]. Uterine pregnancy. 

Hysterocystocele (his-ter-o-sis' -to-set) [varepa, womb ; 
nbaric, bladder ; nrjlrj, hernia]. Hysterocele compli- 
cated by cystocele ; hernia of the womb and the 
bladder, or parts of them. 

Hystero-demonopathy (his - ter -o-de-mon- op' -ath-e) 
[varepa, womb; daifiwv, a demon; iradoc, disease]. 
Hysteric demonopathy or demonomania. 

Hysterodynia (his-ter-o-din' -e-ah) [varepa, womb ; 
bdvvr], pain]. Pain in the womb. 

Hystero-epilepsy (his-ter-o-ep'-il-ep-se)[barepa, womb ; 
e-c?iT/ipia, epilepsy]. A form of hysteria accompanied 
by convulsions resembling those of epilepsy. Gowers 
advises the term hysteroid in reference thereto. 

Hystero-epileptogenous (his' ' -ter-o-ep-il-ep-tof '-en-iis) 
[yarepa, womb; c-rrilr/tpla, epilepsy; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. Producing hysteric epilepsy. 

Hysterogenic (his-ter- o-jeti' -ik)[bar'epa, womb; yevvav, 
to beget]. Causing or producing hysteria. 

Hysterogenic (his-ter-o-jen'-ik) [varepoc;, later ; yeveta, 
produce, bear]. In biology, applied to intercellular 
spaces or structures appearing late in the life of a 
plant. Cf. Protogenic. 

Hysterogeny (his-ter-oj' -en-e) [varepa, womb ; yevvav, 
to produce]. The induction of the hysteric state or 
paroxysm. 

Hysteroid (his'-ter-oid) [varepa, womb; elSor, form]. 
Resembling hysteria. See Hystero-epilepsy. H. Con- 
vulsions, convulsive movements with hysteric symp- 
toms in various organic diseases of the brain, in 
epilepsy, and in hydrophobia. 

Hysterolith (his'-ter-o-lith) [varepa, womb; Xldoc, 
stone]. Calculus or stone in the womb. 



Hysterolithiasis (his-ter-o-lith-i' -as-is) [varepa, womb ; 

\16iaa1r, the formation of calculi]. The formation of 

hysteroliths. 
Hysterology (his-ter-ol'-o-je) [_barepa, womb ; Myog, 

science]. The anatomy, physiology, and pathology, 

of the uterus. 
Hysteroloxia (his-ter-o-loks'-e-ah) [varepa, womb; 

?io^6c, oblique]. Oblique displacement or position of 

the uterus. 
Hysteromalacia (his-ter-o-mal-a'-se-ah)[bar'epa, womb ; 

fia'/aida, softness]. Softening of the tissues of the 

womb. 
Hysteromalacoma (his-ter-o-mal-ak o'-mali) [varepa, 

womb; pa'Aanoc, soft]. Softening of the womb or of 

any part of it. 
Hysteromania (his-ter-o-ma' -ne-ali) [yarepa, womb; 

pavia, madness]. Hysteric insanity ; also, nympho- 
mania. 
Hysterometer (his-ter-om'-et-er)[barepa, womb ; fierpov, 

measure]. An instrument for measuring the length 

of the intra-uterine cavity. 
Hysterometry (his-ter-om' -et-re) [varepa, womb ; pir- 

pov, measure]. The measurement of the womb or of 

its internal space. 
Hysteromyoma (his-ler-o-mi-o'-mah) [varepa, womb ; 

live, muscle ; bpa, tumor : //. , Hysteromyomata~\. My- 
oma or fibro-myoma of the womb. 
Hysteromyomatous (his-ter-o-mi-o' mat-us) \bartpa, 

womb; pvr, muscle; 6/ia, tumor]. Of the nature of 

or pertaining to hysteromyoma. 
Hysteromyomectomy (his' - ter- 0- mi-o- mek' - to - me) 

[barepa, uterus; pvc, muscle; chto/iI/, excision]. 

Removal of a hysteromyomatous growth. Removal 

of the body or supravaginal portion of the uterus for 

fibroid tumor. 
Hysteroncus (his-ter-ong r -kus) [barkpa, womb ; dyaoc, 

a tumor]. A tumor or swelling of the uterus. 
Hysteroneurasthenia (his'- ter- - nu- ras-the' -ne-ali) 

[yarepa, womb ; vevpov, nerve ; acdevela, weakness]. 

Neurasthenia resulting from womb-disease. 
Hystero-neurosis (his'-ter-o-mi-ro'-sis) [yarepa, 

womb; vevpov, nerve ; voaoq, disease]. A reflex ac- 
tion resulting from irritation of the uterus. 
Hystero-oophorectomy (his' -ter-o-o-off-or-ek' -to-me) 

[yarepa, womb ; co6<popoc, egg-bearing ; inroprj, a 

cutting out]. The surgical removal of the uterus and 

ovaries together. 
Hystero-paralysis (his-ter-o-par-al'-is-is) [varepa, 

womb; Trapalvaic, palsy]. Paralysis or weakness of 

the walls of the womb. 
Hysteropathic (his-ler-o-path' -ik) [varepa, womb ; 

nador, disease]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, 

hysteropathy. 
Hysteropathy (his-ter-op' -ath-e)[barepa, womb ; rraBoc, 

disease]. Any disease or disorder of the womb. Also, 

hysteria. 
Hysteropathy (his-ter-op' -ath-e) [yarepoq, later ; iraBog, 

illness] . Same as Deuteropathy. 
Hysteropexia, Hysteropexy (his-ter-o-peks'-e-ah, his'- 

ter-o-peks-e) [varepa, womb ; 7r^f(c, a fastening]. Ab- 
dominal fixation of the uterus by a surgical operation. 
Hysterophore (his' -ter- 0- for) [varepa, womb ; (popdc, 

bearing]. A form of uterine pessary. 
Hysterophrenic (his-ter-o-fren' -ik) [varepa, womb ; 

<ppr/v, the mind]. Opposed to hysterogenic. 
Hysteroplegia (his-ter-o-ple' -je-ah) [varepa, womb ; 

irXriyrj, a stroke]. Same as Hystero-paralysis. 
Hysteropnix (his-ter-op' -niks) [varepa, womb; nvit-, 

suffocation]. Globus hystericus. 
Hysteropsophy (his-ter-op' -so-fe) [varepa, womb; 

ipocpoc, sound, utterance]. The escape of air from the 

uterus with an audible sound. 



HYSTERO-PSYCHOl'ATHY 



598 



1CAJIN 



Hystero-psychopathy (his-ter-o-si-kop 1 -ath-e) [vorepa, 

womb; ipunf/, the mind; Tradoc, disease]. Mental 

disorder secondary to disease of the uterus. 
Hysteropsychosis (his-ter-o-si-ko' -sis) [jjoripa, womb; 

TpvKfj, the mind]. Mental disorder associated with 

uterine disease. 
Hysteroptosis (his-ter-op-to'-sis) [yorkpa, womb; 

7t-(Jcyc, a falling]. Falling of the womb. See Pro- 
lapsus. 
Hysterorrhaphy (his-ter-or' '-ra-fe) \_varepa, womb ; 

pa<j>r/, suture]. The closure of a uterine incision or 

rent by suture. 
Hysterorrhea (Jiis-ter-or-e 1 '-all) \_voripa, womb ; poia, 

flow]. A discharge from the uterus. 
Hysterorrhexis (his-ter-or-eks' -is) \bc-kpa, womb ; 

pr/^ic, rupture]. Rupture of the womb. 
Hysterosalpinx (Jiis-ter-o-sat'-pingks) \yarkpa, womb ; 

aafauy!;, pipe]. A Fallopian tube or oviduct. 
Hysteroscope (his'-ter-o-skop) \yarkpa, womb ; okotteIv, 

to view]. A uterine speculum, with a reflector. 
Hysterospasm [his' ' -ter-o-spazm) \bortpa, womb ; a-racr- 

pdc, spasm]. Uterine spasm. 
Hysterostomatome (his-ter-o-sto' -mat-dm) [varipa, 

womb ; arSfia, mouth ; rofii], section]. A knife for 

use in hysterostomatomy. 
Hysterostomatomy, or Hysterostomatotomy (his- 

ter-o-sto-mat' -o-me, or his-ter-os-to-mat-ot'-o-me) \_va- 

rkpa, womb ; ar6/j,a, mouth; ro/u//, section]. Surgical 

incision of the os uteri, or its enlargement by a cutting 

operation. 
Hysterotokotomy {/it's - ter - o - to - kol' '-o-me) \ha-epa, 



womb; ro/cor, birth; tout/, section]. Cesarean 
operation, or delivery through an incision into the 
womb. 

Hysterotome (his' -ter-o-tom) [vorepa, womb ; To/iq, a 
cutting]. A hysterotomy-knife or cutting-instrument 
for use in hysterotomy. 

Hysterotomotocia {Jiis-ter-o-to-mo-to' -se-ah) \harkpa, 
wombf TOfiij, cutting; tokoc, birth]. An incision 
into the womb for the removal of a fetus ; hysteroto- 
kotomy. 

Hysterotomy (his-tcr-ot'-o-me) [yarkpa, womb ; ro/iy, 
section]. I. Surgical incision of the uterus. 2. Cesa- 
rean section. See Cesarean Operation. 

Hysterotrachelorrhaphy (/lis - ter-o - tra-kel-or' -ra-fe) 
\yaripa, womb ; Tpdxi/I.oc, neck; pa<pr/, suture], A 
plastic operation for the restoration of a lacerated 
cervix uteri. 

Hysterotrachelotomy (kis-ter-o-tra-kel-of -o-me) \ha- 
rspa, womb ; rpdxr/Aor, neck ; Top,ij, section]. Surgi- 
cal incision of the neck of the womb. 

Hystero-traumatism (his-ter-o-traw' -mat-icm) \ymkpa, 
womb ; rpavfia, wound]. Hysteric symptoms due to 
or following traumatism. 

Hysterotrismus (liis-ler-o-triz' -mus) \_varepa, womb ; 
rpwuog, a creaking]. Spasm of the uterus. 

Hystriciasis (his-tru-V -as-is) [yorpti;, a hedgehog]. 
A disease of the hair in which the latter " stares" or 
stands stiffly out like the hair of the hedgehog. 

Hystricismus (liis-tris-iz 1 -mus). See Ichthyosis hystrix. 

Hystrix (his'-ttiks) [harpi!;, porcupine]. Same as 
Ichthyosis hystrix. 



I. The symbol of Iodin. 

Iamatology (i-am-at-ol' '-o-je) [lajua, remedy; X6yor t 
science]. The science of remedies, or of therapeutics ; 
aceology. Obsolete. 

Iasis (i-a'-sis) [iaair, treatment, cure]. Medical or 
surgical treatment. 

Iateria, or Iatoria (i-at-e'-re-ah, or i-at-o' -Pe-ah) [larr/- 
pia, IciTopla, therapeutics]. Therapeutics ; the art or 
practice of medicine. 

Iatraliptic (i-at-ral-ip'-tik) [larpdr, physician ; a/ieiirrijc: , 
an anointer]. Curing by using ointments and fric- 
tions. I. Method. Same as Epidemiatic Method. 

Iatreusiology (i-at-ru-se-ol' -o-je) [(drpew7<c, practice of 
medicine; "kdyoc, science]. The science of medical 
or surgical treatment ; therapeutics. Obsolete. 

Iatreusis (i-at-ru' -sis) [larpevair, treatment]. Medical 
or surgical treatment. 

Iatric (i-at'-rih) [iaTpticdr, medical]. Pertaining to the 
physician or to the science of medicine. 

Iatro- (i-at'-ro-) [iarpdc, physician]. A Greek prefix 
signifying relation to medicine or to physicians. 

Iatrochemic, Iatrochemical (i-at-ro-kem'-ik, i-at-ro- 
kem' -ik-al) [larpdc, physician ; xtp-^' 10 -, chemistry]. 
Pertaining to the obsolete chemic school of therapeu- 
tists ; spagiric. 

Iatrochemist (i-at-ro-hem'-ist) [Iarpdc, physician ; 
X?/[/ein, chemistry]. A follower of iatrochemic or 
spagiric doctrines. 

Iatrol (i'-at-rol) [larpov, surgery]. Oxy-iodo-methyl- 



anilid; an odorless and non-toxic antiseptic agent, said 
to be three times as effective, weight for weight, as 
iodoform. Unof. 

Iatroliptic (i-at-ro-lip r -tik). See Iatraliptic. 

Iatrology (i-at-rot'-o-/e) [ia-pdc, physician ; Xdyor, 
science]. The science of medicine ; an account of, 
or treatise on, physicians. 

Iatromathematician (i-at - ro - math - cm - at - ish'- an) 
[iarpdf, physician; p.a8ij(iaTin6c, a mathematician], 
A physician of a 17th century school (chiefly Italian) 
which ascribed vital activities to the sizes of pores 
and particles, to friction and consequent retardation, 
and to other mechanical causes. He asserted that 
all vital phenomena are mechanical. 

Iatrophysics (i-at-ro-fiz'-iks) [larpdr, physician ; <pvci- 
koc, pertaining to nature]. The relation of physics to 
medicine or the application of physics to disease or thera- 
peutics. The materialistic explanation of disease ; ap- 
plied especially to an obsolete theory of the 17th cen- 
tury, that sought to explain physiologic and therapeutic 
facts by means of the principles of physics (dynamics 
and statics). 

Iatrotechnics (i-at-ro-tek'-niks) ['iarpdc, physician; 
-exvrj, art]. The art of healing. 

Iba (e'-bah) [African], Gaboon chocolate; a substi- 
tute for chocolate from Trvingia gabonensis, a simaru- 
baceous tree of W. Africa. Unof. 

Icajin (ih'-aj-iii) [African, icaja], A poisonous alka- 
loid derived from an African ordeal-drug called icaja. 



ICE 



599 



ICHTHYOTOXICUM 



It somewhat resembles brucin, and is probably derived 
from some species of Strophanthus. Unof. 

Ice (is) [ME., ise, ice]. Water in its solid state, to 
which it is reduced by a temperature of o° centigrade, 
or 2,2° Fahrenheit. I. -bag, a bag of waterproof ma- 
terial filled with ice, for application to any part of the 
body. I. -cap, a bladder or rubber cap filled with 
pounded ice for application to the head in case of con- 
gestion. I. -cot, a bed cooled by ice, so as to reduce the 
temperature of the patient. I. -cradle, a device that 
consists in the suspension over a febrile patient in 
bed, by means of iron frames or barrel-hoops, of a 
number of zinc buckets kept half-filled with ice and 
enclosed in a light covering. The patient is covered 
with a muslin sheet and provision is made for the circu- 
lation of pure air in the cradle. The temperature of 
the patient is to be taken at least every four hours, and 
if it falls to ioo° the apparatus is to be removed. If a 
sense of chilliness appears hot bottles are to be applied 
to the feet. I. -poultice, or I. -compress, an applica- 
tion of broken ice used for local refrigeration. 

Iceland (is' -land) [ME., ise, ice; ME.-, land, land]. 
An island of the Arctic Ocean. I. Moss. See Cetra- 
ria. I. Spar, a transparent calcium carbonate, crys- 
tallized in rhomboidal prisms. It has the property of 
dividing and doubly refracting a ray of light. 

Ichor (i'-kor) [}x<^p, serum, or pus]. An acrid and 
thin puriform discharge from an ulcer or wound. 

Ichoroid, or Ichorous (i'-kor-oid, i'-kor-us) [i,i'"P> 
serum, or pus; eidoc, like]. Resembling or relating 
to pus containing serum and disintegrated tissue. 

Ichorrhea (i-kor-e'-ah) [kop, pus; (tola, a flow]. A 
copious flow of ichor. 

Ichorrhemia [i-kor-e '-me-ali) [Jjup, ichor; aifia, blood]. 
The presence in the blood of ichorous matter; septice- 
mia; pyemia. 

Ichthiasis (ik-thi'-as-is). See Ichthyosis. 

Ichthidin (ik' '-thid-in) [Ixdbg, fish]. A substance re- 
sembling lardacein, but obtained from the eggs of 
cyprinoid fishes.. 

Ichthin (ik'-thin) [i%dvr, fish]. An albuminous sub- 
stance obtained from the eggs of some fishes, and also 
from cartilaginous fishes and frogs. 

Ichthulin (ik' -thu-lin) [Ixdvg, a fish; vAtj, matter]. A 
lardaceous substance, with the percentage-composi- 
tion, C 5 ,,. 5 H g N 15 . 2 S I P . (; , found in the eggs of fishes 
and in salmon. It is akin to ichthin and ichthidin. 

Ichthyiasis (ik-the-i'-as-is). Same as Ichthyosis. 

Ichthyic (ik'-the-ik) [}xdviKog, of a fish, fishy]. Per- 
taining to, or resembling, a fish ; piscine ; ichthyoid ; 
ichthyo-morphic ; icthyopsidan. 

Ichthyisation (ik-the-iz-a' -shun) [ix8i'C, fish]. In 
biology the process of intensification of fish-like char- 
acters. 

Ichthyocolla (ik-the-o-kol'-ah) [2^f0i)f , fish ; /cd/Ua, 
glue]. Isinglass. The air-bladder of the sturgeon, 
Acipenser huso. It occurs in horny, translucent, white 
sheets, that form a jelly with hot water. It is the 
purest form of gelatin, and is used as a food, for clari- 
fying liquids, and as a test for tannic acid. I., Em- 
plastrum, court-plaster ; it consists of isinglass io, 
glycerin I, alcohol 40, water and tinct. benzoin q. s. , 
spread upon fine white silk bolting-cloth and dried. 

Ichthyography (ik-the-og'-ra-fe) [i-xOi'g, fish ; ypaipeiv, 
to write]. A description of fishes; ichthyology. 

Ichthyoid (ik'-the-oid ) [i^fli'c, fish ; eMoc, form]. Re- 
sembling a fish ; fish-like. 

Ichthyol lik'-the-ol) [t£0{>c, fish ; oleum, oil], C 26 H 3(; - 
S,Na,0 B . -Sodium sulpho-ichthyolate. A preparation 
obtained from certain varieties of fossiliferous shale oc- 
curring in the Tyrolese Alps. It has a characteristic 
bituminous odor and taste. It is a good antiphlogistic, 



and has proved efficient in eczema and psoriasis, and 
in gynecology. It is used in the form of a 10 to 20 
per cent, ointment, as a solution in glycerin, equal 
parts, or in the pure state. I., German. See Thiol. 
Ichthyology {ik-the-oV -o-je) [J^Wyr, fish ; /.o} or, science]. 
The science of fishes, their anatomy, distribution, 
and biology. 
Ichthyomorphic (ik-the-o-mor' -fik) ['i^duc, a fish ; ftop<pi/, 
form]. In biology, having the morphologic characters 
of a fish ; ichthyopsidan. 
Ichthyophagous (ilc-the-off'-ag-us) [Ixd'vr, fish ; ipayeiv, 
to eat]. Fish-eating. A word applied to such ani- 
mals as subsist on fish. 
Ichthyopterygium (ik-the-op-ter-if -e-nm) ['A'^'f, a fish; 
■KTepuyt-ov, a wing or fin]. The fore-limb or hind- 
limb of a vertebrate, modified as a fin. 
Ichthyosis (ik-the-o'-sis) [ixdvc, fish ; vdcoc, disease]. 
Xeroderma ichtkyoides, Ichthyosis vera, fish-skin dis- 
ease ; a congenital skin-disease, usually involving the 
entire surface of the body, aggravated by cold, and 
characterized by extreme dryness of the skin and by 
the development of epidermal plates coarsely resem- 
bling the scales of a fish, and forming in some cases 
verrucous growths, sessile and pedunculated, freely 
projecting from the surface. I. congenita. See 
Seborrhea squamosa neonatorum. I. follicularis, 
a form in which the sebum and epithelium are heaped 
up around the orifices of the hair-follicles ; it is 
especially seen upon the extensor surfaces of the arms 
and legs. I. hystrix ; Hyslricismus ; a rare skin- 
disease characterized by warty-looking growths, con- 
sisting of elongated and hypertrophied papillae, covered 
by greatly thickened, dark-brown, horny epidermis, 
and forming flat-topped or pointed, spinous projections. 
These are grouped together to form patches, often 
unilateral and distributed along the course of cutaneous 
nerves. They are seldom present on the face. Usu- 
ally they offer no subjective symptoms. I. linguae, 
an acquired affection of the tongue in which it be- 
comes dry and scaly. I. nacree. See /. simplex. 
I. nigricans. See /. simplex. I. nitida. See /. 
simplex. I. palmae vel palmaris et plantaris, 
the exceptional form ccjifined solely to the palms and 
soles. I. sauroderma. See /. simplex. I. scutel- 
lata. See /. simplex. I. sebacea. Synonym of 
Seborrhea. I. sebacea cornea. See Darier's Dis- 
ease. I. serpentina. See /. simplex. I. simplex, 
the common form of ichthyosis in which the whole 
surface has atesselated appearance, from being covered 
with large, angular, dirty- white, finely corrugated, 
papery scales that are adherent, and therefore slfghtly 
depressed in the center (/. scutellatd), while the edges 
are detached, transparent, and shining (/. nacree or 
I. nitida). In still higher grades the scales adhere 
together to form thin plates, and being of a greenish 
tint, resemble a serpent's skin (/. serpentina) ; when 
there are still thicker plates, the appearance of a 
crocodile hide is produced (/. sauroderma). The 
older the plates the darker they become, so that they 
may vary from olive-green to black (/. nig)icans~). 
The hair is dry, harsh, and dull-looking, and the 
scalp branny; the nails may be pitted and brittle. 
Itching is frequent. Warmth ameliorates the condition 
by favoring sweating. I. spinosa, a form of /. 
hystrix, in which the scales are spiny. I. vera. See 
Ichthyosis. 
Ichthyotic (ik-the-ot'-ik) [JxOvr, fish]. Relating to or 

affected with ichthyosis. 
Ichthyotomy (ik-the-ot'-o-me) [IxQvr, a fish ; rofii/, a 

cutting]. The dissection or anatomy of fishes. 
Ichthyotoxicum (ik-the-o-toks' -ik-um) [Ix^bg, nsn \ 
toS,ik6v, poison]. A name loosely given to poisoning 



ICHTHYSMUS 



600 



IDEOMOTION 



from eating the flesh of certain fish, and also to the 
poisonous principle. It may be a natural poisonous 
principle, or the result of putrefactive fermentation of 
the substance of the fish. It is probably a ptomaine. 

Ichthysmus (ik-thiz' -vius) [i^tfiic, fish]. Poisoning by 
shell- fish and other fish. It is due to the absorption of a 
poison known as mytilotoxin , that exists chiefly in the 
liver of the mussel. The symptoms are numbness 
and coldness, apyrexia, dilated pupils, rapid pulse, 
and death from collapse, at times within two hours. 

Ichthytoxin (ik-the-toks' -in) [IxObc, fish ; to^ikov, poi- 
son]. A poisonous substance obtained from the blood- 
serum of eels. 

Icica (is'-ik-ah) [S. Am.]. A genus of amyridaceous 
trees, mostly of tropical America. Varieties of elemi, 
caranna and tacamahac are produced by trees of this 
genus. Unof. 

Icmacratia (ik-mak-ra' -she-ah) [k/zdf , moistness ; anpa- 
Tia, weakness]. I. Inability to retain the fluids of 
the body. 2. Depraved or enfeebled state of the 
bodily fluids or humors. Obsolete. 

Icmastic (ik-mas'-tik) [k/idf, fluid]. Relating to the 
fluids or humors of the body. 

Icon (i'-kon) [e'ikuv, image]. An image or model. 

Iconography (i-kon-og' '-ra-fe) [e'ikuv, image ; ypatyeiv, 
to write]. A description by means of pictorial illus- 
tration. 

Icosander (i-ko- san' -der) [einooi, twenty ; avfjp, male]. 
In biology, a plant having twenty or more perigynous 
stamens. 

Icterepatitis (ik-ter-ep-at-i' '-tis)[lnT?po(; , jaundice; 7]Kap, 
liver; inq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the liver 
attended with jaundice. 

Icteric (ik-ter' -ik) ['mrepiKOC, pertaining to jaundice]. 
Pertaining to jaundice. 

Icterine (ik'-ter-in) [iKrepog, jaundice]. Yellow, or 
with yellow marks. 

Icteritia (ik-ter-ish' -e-ah) [L.]. I. Same as Icterus. 
2. Discoloration of the skin. 

Icteritious (ik-ter-ish' -us) [icteritia, jaundice]. Af- 
fected with icterus or icteritia. 

Icterode (ik'-ter-od) [iKTepcStir/c, jaundiced]. Icteroid. 

Icteroid (ik'-ter-oid) [hirepoc, jaundice; elSoq, form]. 
Resembling or having the nature of jaundice. 

Icterophthisis (ik-ter-off ' -this-is) [i/crepoc, jaundice ; 
<p6ioi,c, wasting]. Pulmonary tuberculosis with yellow 
discoloration of the skin. 

Icterus (ik'-ter-us) [Ikt epoc, jaundice]. Jaundice, q. v. 
I. gravis, Acute Yellow Atrophy of the Liver. 
A rare disease of the liver in which there is a rapid 
wasting of the liver-substance, with marked jaundice, 
and death. It may be either primary or secondary. 
Associated with the jaundice are headache and marked 
cerebral symptoms, hemorrhage from the mucous sur- 
faces, and rise of temperature. The urine contains 
leucin and tyrosin. The liver is much reduced in 
weight, flattened, soft, its capsule wrinkled ; microsco- 
pically there is an extensive destruction of the liver- 
cells, due to fatty degeneration. The disease occurs 
most frequently in females, and in early adult life. 
The primary form of the disease is usually encountered 
in pregnancy and during the puerperium. The second- 
ary form may follow other morbid conditions of the 
liver, and phosphorus-poisoning. I., Hematogenic, 
See Jaundice. I., Hepatogenic. See Hepatogenic . 
I. neonatorum, that which is sometimes observed in 
an infant during the first few days afterbirth ; it is pos- 
sibly an indirect result of tying the umbilical cord, or 
may be due to a breaking-down of the red blood-cor- 
puscles from exposure to cold. I., Urobilin, a form of 
jaundice, so called, due to the production in the body 
of an excess of urobilin by oxidation of the bile-pig- 



ments. The skin and conjunctiva? are colored yellow, 
the urine dark-brown, but no true jaundice exists. 

Ictus (ik'-tus) [L. , a stroke] . A sudden or unforeseen 
attack. I. epilepticus, an epileptic fit. I. paralyti- 
cus, a paralytic stroke. I. solis, sunstroke. 

Id [idus, the dividing or division]. In biology, ac- 
cording to Weismann's theory of the germ-plasm, a 
vital unit of the third degree, having a definite struc- 
ture of determinants, which in their turn are made up 
of biophores ; an " ancestral germ-plasm," or unit 
containing all the primary constituents of the species. 
Each id represents an individuality, and is probably 
identical with the " microsome " of the nuclear rod. 
Cf. Idioplasm ; Idant. 

-id, or ide (id) [idus, a term]. A suffix used in chem- 
istry to denote a combination of two elementary sub- 
stances. 

Idant (i'-dant) [idus, the dividing or division]. In 
biology, according to Weismann's theory of the germ- 
plasm, a vital unit of the fourth degree ; a group of 

. ids, differing from the latter in not being perfectly 
invariable quantities, but only relatively constant, 
their constitution being modified from time to time, so 
that the ids which previously belonged to the idant A 
may later take part in the composition of the idant B 
or C. A chromosome (chromatosome) or nuclear rod, 
composed of vital units or ancestral plasms, termed 
ids or microsomata (microsomes). 

-ide [u6oc, resembling in form]. A suffix denoting 
resemblance to the object with the name of which the 
designated body is combined. 

Idea (i-de'-ah) [Ide, idea, form or semblance]. A men- 
tal representation of something perceived. I. -chase, 
a condition in acute mania in which disconnected ideas 
and fancies flow rapidly through the mind. It is a term 
much used by German authors. I., Fixed, that form 
of mania in which one dominant idea controls all 
actions. I., Imperative, a morbid idea or insane 
suggestion imperiously demanding notice, the patient 
often being painfully conscious of its domination over 
his will. 

Ideation (i-de-a'-shun) [Idea, form or semblance]. The 
formation of a mental conception ; the cerebral action 
by which, or in accord with which, an idea is formed. 

Identical (i-den' -tik-al) [identicus, the same]. The 
same. I. Points, corresponding points of the two 
retinae, or the two positions in normal eyes where the 
image of an object is focused upon the retinae. 

Identism (i-den' '-tizni) [idem, the same]. The theory 
that chancre, chancroid, and gonorrhea are due to one 
and the same poison or virus. 

Identist (i-den' -tist) [idem, the same]. A term applied 
to one who believes in the identity of certain diseases, 
e. g. , that gonorrhea and hard and soft chancre are 
due to the same specific vums, or that typhus and 
typhoid fevers are identical. 

Identity (i-den' -tit-e) [idem, the same]. Absolute 
sameness. I., Personal, one's personal existence; 
the continuity of one's state as a person ; the reality 
of the existence of any person ; in law, the fact of 
one being the person he is assumed to be ; that which 
is commonly proved by the establishment of simi- 
larity or sameness of age, sex, physical characteristics, 
marks, and peculiar habits. 

Ideo-dynamism (i-de-o-di'-nam-iz?n) [idea, idea; 
dvva/itg, force]. The domination of an idea; the 
control exercised by a suggested idea over the subse- 
quent acts of a person who is, or has been, hyp- 
notized. 

Ideomotion (i-de-o-mo'-shun) [idea, idea; motio, a 
moving]. Motion or action due to some idea, and 
neither purely voluntary nor reflex. 



IDEO-MOTOR 



601 



IDIOPLASM 



Ideo-motor (i-de-o-mo'-tor) [idea, a mental image ; 
movere, to move]. Pertaining conjointly to ideation 
and movement. I. Center, that part of the gray 
matter which, influenced by ideation, excites muscu- 
lar movement. I. Movements, unconscious move- 
ments, due to impulses of the mind when the attention 
is otherwise absorbed. 

Ideopegma (i-de-o-peg' -mah) [Idea, idea ; 7r?/yp.a, a thing 
fixed : pi. , Ideopegmata~\ . A fixed or dominant idea 
that colors all the thoughts of the patient and thus 
creates a monomania. 

Ideophrenia (i-de-o-fre' -ne-ah) [idia, form ; (ppi/v, 
mind]. Insanity with marked perversion of ideas. 

Ideophrenic (i-de-o-fren'-ik) [idea, form ; <ppr/v, 
mind]. Relating to, or marked by, ideophrenia. 

Ideoplastic (i-de-o-plas' -tik) [idea, idea; irlaooEiv, to 
form]. Giving shape to the ideas ; that stage of hyp- 
notism in which the idea impressed on the brain of the 
subject is translated into action. 

Ideosynchysia, or Ideosynchysis (i-de-o-sin-ki' -ze-ah, 
or i-de-o-sin'-kis-is) [tdfa, idea ; a'vyxvatg, a pouring 
together]. Confusion of ideas ; delirium. 

-ideus (-id'-e-us) [idiog, one's own]. A suffix having 
the sense of possession or ownership. 

Idianoia (id-e-an-oi'-ah) [idiog, own, peculiar ; vdog, 
mind]. Same as Idiocy. 

Idiempresis (id-e-em-pre f -sis) [idiog, own ; i/nrpr/atc, 
burning]. Spontaneous combustion. Also, sponta- 
neous inflammation. 

Idio- (id'-e-o-) [idiog, own]. A prefix signifying indi- 
vidual peculiarity. 

Idiobiology (id-e-o-bi-oF -o-je) [idiog, peculiar ; (3iog, life ; 
leyetv, to speak]. The physiology of any particular 
organized body, as opposed to Biontology, q. v. (J. 
Aitken Meigs.) 

Idioblast (id'-e-o-blast) [idiog , peculiar ; fiAaardg, off- 
shoot]. In biology, a histologic cell having a charac- 
ter different from that of the surrounding cells, owing 
to a difference either in its form or its contents, e.g., 
the stellate hair in the interior of the tissue of Nyvi- 
phtzcece (Sachs). 

Idiocrasy (id-e-ok'-ras-e) [IdioKpaaia : idiog, own ; Kpaaig, 
mixture]. Same as Idiosyncrasy. 

Idioctonia (id-e-ok-to' -ne-ah) [idiog, own ; kt6voc , kill- 
ing]. Self-murder; suicide. 

Idiocy (id'-e-o-se) [idturr/g, a private person]. A con- 
dition of mental deficiency, usually accompanied by 
physical degeneracy. It is characterized by a pecu- 
liar coarse, brutal, and cunning nature, with marked 
physical peculiarities. It is more common in males 
than in females. I. of Deprivation, that in which 
from birth there is a loss of two or more of the senses, 
with consequent lack of external impressions. I., 
Eclampsic, that following infantile convulsions. 
Fourteen per cent, of cases of idiocy are said to be 
of this origin. I., Epileptic, that associated with 

epilepsy. Such cases are the subjects of epileptic 
convulsions through life. I., Ethnic, a characteristic 
of certain idiocies of the Caucasian race, in which in- 
dividuals are seen who present a kind of mimicry of 
various other races of mankind. Among the types of 
genetous idiocy thus characterized, writers have de- 
scribed the American- Indian type, the Ethiopian or 
negroid, the Kalmuck, the Malayan, and the highly 
characterized Mongolian type, which includes about 
ten per cent, of all cases of idiocy. I., Genetous, 
those cases in which, although the causation is indefi- 
nite, the condition dates from fetal life. I., Hydro- 
cephalic, that dependent upon hydrocephalus. I., 
Inflammatory. See /. , Traumatic. I., Micro- 
cephalic, that associated with smallness of the head. 
A circumference less than eighteen inches implies 



idiocy. I., Paralytic, that from paralysis following 
injury before or after birth. I., Traumatic, that due 
to injury during labor or in early childhood. 

Idioderma (id-e-o-der' -mah). Same as Dermatitis tu- 
berosa. 

Idiodinic (id-e-o-din' -ik) [idiog, one's own ; divog, ro- 
tation, a round area, taken in the sense of "pore"]. 
In biology, applied to animals that bring forth or re- 
produce by means of a special genital pore. 

Idio-electrics (id'-e-o-e lek'-friks) [Idiog, own; fjAenrpov, 
amber]. A name formerly applied to such bodies as 
amber, resin, or glass, which are readily electrified by 
friction, and which were then supposed to be electric 
in themselves. 

Idioglossia (id-e-o-glos'-e-ah) [idiog, own, peculiar; 
y'Auaaa, tongue]. Extremely defective utterance, but 
one in which the same sound is used to express the 
same idea, even though the sounds used belong to no 
known language. 

Idiologism (id-e-ol 1 '-o-fizm) [Idiog, own ; 16yog , utter- 
ance]. A characteristic expression or form of utter- 
ance peculiar to any person, especially to an insane 
person. 

Idiometritis (id-e-o-me-tri'-tis) [16 toe, own; [ir/Tpa, 
womb; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
parenchymatous substance of the womb. 

Idiomiasma (id-e-o-mi-az'-mah) [idiog, own; fiiacpia, 
stain, defilement: //., Idiomiasmatd\. A term for 
any noxious exhalation from the body. 

Idiomology (id-e-o-mol' -o-je) [t6iupa, a peculiar phrase- 
ology, idiom; Aeyeiv, to speak]. The study of the 
peculiarities of speech of various races. 

Idio-muscular (id-e-o-mus' '-ku-lar) [idiog, own ; musctil- 
us, muscle]. Peculiar to muscular tissue ; not involving 
any nerve-stimulus or any function of the organism, 
except those of the muscle itself. I. Contraction, 
the contraction of a fatigued or tired muscle under 
certain conditions of extraneous stimulus. 

Idioneurosis (id-e-o-nu-ro' -sis) [l6tog, own ; vevpov, a 
nerve ; vdaog, disease]. An affection due to some dis- 
turbed or abnormal condition of the nerves supplying 
the affected part ; a simple and uncomplicated neurosis. 

Idionym (id' '-e-o-nim) [Idiog, own ; bvi/xa, name]. 
A term restricted in its application to a particular 
organ. 

Idiopathic (id-e-o-path' ' -ik) [idiog, own ; Tradog, disease]. 
Not consequent or dependent upon another disease, 
or known or recognized cause. The antithesis of 
sympathetic, deuteropathic. I. Dysmenorrhea, pain- 
ful menstruation unassociated with organic lesion or 
displacement. 

Idiopathy (id-i-op' -ath-e) [idiog, own ; iradog, disease]. 
I. An idiopathic disease or condition. 2. The fact or 
quality of being idiopathic. - 

Idiophrenic (id-e-o-fren'-ik) [idiog, own ; <j>pr)v, mindj. 
Due to disease of the brain ; a term used to designate 
certain forms of insanity. 

Idioplasm (id' ' -e-o-plazm) [I6u>(, peculiar; nAaopa, a 
thing formed]. In biology, a term introduced by 
Nageli for a special hereditary reproductive substance 
not contained in the body of the cell, but in the chromo- 
somes of the nucleus, controlling and determining the 
actual characters of the particular cell, and also those 
of all of its descendants. Each idioplasm is ccm- 
posed of several or many ids (q. v.). which are capable 
of growth and multiplication by division ; although 
much smaller in bulk than the rest of the living sub- 
stance of the cell or body (trophoplas??i), idioplasm 
is the active element in the process of formation, and 
determines the detailed construction of the tropho- 
plasm, which is the passive element. I., Accessory 
(Neben-idioplasm), a special, minute group of" supple- 



IDIOPSYCHOLOGY 



605i 



ILEOLOGY 



mentary determinants" enclosed within the id in the 
neighborhood of the determinants which control the 
cell in question, and rendering the cell capable of 
regeneration of tissues other than that of which it is a 
component. I., Bone, that form of idioplasm which 
contains the determinants of bone-cells. Cf. Germ- 
plasm. I., Nageli's. See Heredity. 

Idiopsychology (id-e-o-si-hoF -o-je) [idiog, own ; irvxi/, 
soul]. Psychology based upon introspective study of 
one's own mental acts. Cf. Heteropsychology. 

Idioretinal [ia-e-o-ref -in-al) [idiot;, own ; retina, ret- 
ina]. Peculiar or proper to the retina. 

Idiospasm (id r -e-o-spazm) [irSioc, own ; onaajioq, spasm]. 
A spasm or cramp confined to one part. 

Idiospastic (id-e-o-spas'-tik) [Idiot;, one's own; onaoTi- 
koc, stretching]. Pertaining to Idiospasm. 

Idiosthenia (id-e-o-sthe' -ne-ah) [idinc, one'sown ; trOevoc, 

' strength]. Having innate or spontaneous strength or 
power. 

Idiosyncrasy (id-e-o-sin 1 '-kra-se) [IdioobyKpaoit;, peculi- 
arity of temperament]. Any special or peculiar char- 
acteristic or temperament by which a person differs 
from other persons of ordinary habits. I., Hemor- 
rhagic. See Hemophilia. I., Imaginary, a hysteric 
aversion to certain foods or medicines. I., Olfac- 
tory, a perversion of the sense of smell. 

Idiosyncratic (id-e-o-sin-kra/'-ik) [iSioovynpaotc, peculi- 
arity of temperament]. Pertaining to idiosyncrasy. 
I. Coryza, a synonym of Hay-fever. 

Idiot (id'-e-ot) [ISitliT/jg, a private person]. A person 
of imperfect, deficient or arrested mental develop- 
ment, either congenital or due to causes arising soon 
after birth. I. savant, an idiot who has a con- 
siderable or even remarkable mental development in 
certain directions, as in musical art, in mathematics, 
in memory, or in mechanical ingenuity. 

Idiotcy [id' -e-ot-se) , Idiotism (id'-e-ot-izm), Idiotry 
(id'-e-ot-ry) [iSioiTt/t;, a private person]. Idiocy, q. v. 

Idiothalamous (id-e-o-thal' -am-us) [Mraf, one'sown; 
dakap,og, a room]. In biology, applied to such lichens 
as have certain parts of a different character from the 
thallus. 

Idiotia [id-e-o' -she-ali) [Idiurda, the condition of an 
idiot]. A state of idiocy; idiotism. 

Idolum [id-o'-lum) [ei5uAov, an image]. An illusion 
or hallucination. 

l&xo&ermi3L{id-ro-der'-me-ah) [«5poc,sweat ; depfia, skin]. 
An affection of the sudoriferous glands of the body. 

Idromania (id-ro-ma' -ne-ah) [vdup, water; fiavia, 
mania]. Hydromania ; insane desire for water, or to 
commit suicide by drowning. 

Idrosadenitis (id-ros-ad-en-i' '-lis) . See Hidrosadenitis. 

Idrosis (id-ro'-sis). See Hidrosis. 

Idryl (id'-ril). See Fluoranthene. 

rgasuric Acid (ig-as-u'-rik) [Malay, igasur ; ignatia]. 
An acid occurring in St. Ignatius' bean, and certain 
other plants containing strychnin. 

Igasurin (ig-as-u'-rin) [Malay, igasur : ignatia]. An 
alkaloid from ignatia, said to be more poisonous than 
brucin. Its existence as a definite compound has 
been denied. 

Ignatia (ig-na' -she-alt) [from Ignatius, the founder of 
the Jesuits: gen., Ignatits\. St. Ignatius' bean. 
The seed of Strychnos ignalii, with properties due to 
the alkaloids strychnin and brucin, of which the plant 
contains of each about I per cent. It is said by some 
to contain igasurin, q. v. Its therapeutic effects are 
similar to those of nux vomica, q. v. It is recom- 
mended in hysteria, and is highly efficient in controlling 
the functions of the cerebro- spinal axis. I., Ab- 
stractum. Dose gr. ss-j. I., Tinct., contains 10 per 
cent, of the drug. Dose TTLij-x. 



Ignavia (ig-na' -ve-ah) [L.]. Sluggishness; abnormal 
slowness of function. 

Ignipuncture (ig-ne-punk'-tur) [ignis, fire ; punctura, 
puncture]. A method of cauterization employed in 
the treatment of certain forms of hypertrophy by the 
introduction of platinum needles heated to whiteness 
by the electric current. 

Ignis (ig'-nis) [L.]. Fire. Combustion distinguished 
by rapid oxidation. I. actualis, actual cautery. I. 
fatuus, the phenomenon known as Jack o' Lantern, 
Will o' the Wisp, etc. I. sacer, an obsolete name 
for erysipelas. See Anthrax and Herpes zoster. I. 
sancti Antonii, Saint Anthony's Fire, a common 
name for erysipelas. 

Ignition (ig-nish'-un) [ignis, fire]. The process of 
heating solids, especially inorganic compounds, until 
all volatile matter has been driven off. 

Ihering's Line. See Lines, Table of . 

Ihle's Paste. A modification of Lassar's paste. It 
is composed of resorcin, gr. 10 to 60 ; lanolin, vase- 
lin, oxid of zinc, and powdered starch, each, 2 drams. 
It is used in eczema. 

Ikota (ik-o'-tah) [Siberian]. A form of religious and 
hysteric mania, prevailing among the women of Siberia. 

Ileac (il'-e-ak) [eiXeiv, to roll]. Pertaining to the 
ileum. I. Passion, an ailment characterized by 
severe griping pains and vomiting of fecal matter, 
together with spasm of the abdominal muscles. 

Ileadelphus % (il-e-ad-el' -fits) [el?.siv, to roll ; adetyoc, 
a brother]. A monstrosity double from the pelvis 
downward. 

Ileitic (il-e-it'-ik) [eXktiv, to roll ; trie, inflammation]. 
Pertaining to or affected with ileitis. 

Ileitis (il-e-i'-tis) [el?i£iv, to roll ; irit;, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the ileum. 

Ileo- (il'-e-o-) [eiXeiv, to roll]. A prefix signifying con- 
nection or relation to the ileum. I. -cecal, pertaining 
or belonging to both ileum and cecum. I.-c. Fossa, 
a depression in the lower part of the small intestine at 
the base of the vermiform process. I.-c. Valve, a 
valve consisting of two folds of mucosa that guards 
the passage between the ileum and cecum. I.-costalis. 
See Muscles, Table of. I. -lumbar, pertaining to the 
ileum and the lumbar region. I. -1. Ligament. See 
Ligament. I. -typhoid, a synonym for typhoid or 
enteric fever. 

Ileo-cleisis [il-e-o-kli'-sis') [ukziv, to roll ; nXeieiv, to 
lock] . Obstruction or closure of the ileum. 

Ileo-colic (il-e-o-kol' '-ik) [eiXeiv, to roll ; koXov, colon]. 
Pertaining conjointly to the ileum and the colon. I.-c. 
Valve. .Same as Ileocecal Valve. 

Ileo-colitis (il-e-o-ko-li' -tis) [eiXeiv, to roll ; adlov, 
colon ; nig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
lower part of the ileum and the colon. It is com- 
monly known as intestinal catarrh. 

Ileo-colostomy (il-e-o-ko-los'-to-me) [elleiv, to roll; 
koXov, colon ; arofia, mouth]. The surgical establish- 
ment of an artificial communication between the ileum 
and the colon. 

Ileo-colotomy {il-e-o-ko-lof '-o-me) [eiXeiv, to roll ; ko?iov, 
colon; refiveiv, to cut]. A surgical operation upon 
the ileum and the colon. 

Ileodicliditis (il-e-o-dik-lid-i' -tis) [eiXeiv, to roll ; fimXiQ, 
valve; (r/r, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ileo- 
cecal valve. 

Ileo-ileostomy (il-e-o-il-e-os' -to-me) [ukuv, to roll ; 
AXeiv, to roll ; aro/ia, mouth]. The surgical operation 
of establishing an artificial communication between 
two different parts of the ileum. 

Ileology (il-e-ol' -o-je) [uKuv, to roll; ?.6yoc, science]. 
The anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the 



J 



ILEOPISOLITIS 



603 



ILLUMINATION 



Ileopisolitis (il-e-o-pis-o-li'-tis) [eO^iv, to roll ; pisum, 
a pea ; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of Peyer's 
patches or glands. 

Ileoproctostomy (il-e-o-prok-tos' -to-me) [eileiv, to roll ; 
TrpuKTog, rectum; ardfia, mouth]. The surgical estab- 
lishment of an artificial communication between the 
ileum and the rectum. 

Ileorectostomy (il-e-o-rek-tos' -to-me). See Ileoproctos- 
tomy. 

Ileos [il'-e-os). See Ileus. 

Ileostomy (il-e-os' -to-me) [elXeiv, to roll ; ord/za, mouth]. 
The surgical establishment of a passage through 
the abdominal wall into the ileum, or from the ileum 
to some other hollow organ. 

Ileotyphus (il-e-o-ti' -fus) [&7&iv, \oxo\\; tik/ioc, smoke]. 
Enteric or typhoid fever. 

Ileum (il'-e-um) [tiXelv, to roll]. The lower portion of 
the small intestine. It receives its name from its 
peristaltic movement. 

Ileus (il'-e-us) [elXeog ; e'rtetv, to roll]. Same as Ileac 
or Iliac Passion ; volvulus. I. inflammatorius. 
Synonym of Aciile Intestinal Catarrh. I. spasmod- 
icus. Synonym of Enteralgia. 

Ilex (i'-leks) [L. , the holm-oak]. A genus of aqui- 
foliaceous trees and shrubs of many species ; the hol- 
lies. I. aquifolium, common European holly; the 
bark and leaves have medicinal uses. I. cassine. See 
Cassena. I. opaca, American holly ; it has the proper- 
ties of I. aquifolium. I. glabra, and I. verticillata, 
of the U. S. , are tonic, febrifuge, and astringent. See 
also Mate. All unof. 

Ilia (il'-e-ah) [L. : //. of Ilium']. The iliac bones; the 
flanks or loins. 

Iliac (il'-e-ah) [ilia, the flanks]. Pertaining to the ilium 
or to the flanks. I. Aneurysm, one occurring at the 
groin. I. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. I. Crest, 
the upper free margin of the ilium to which the ab- 
dominal muscles are attached. I. Fascia. See 
Fascia. I. Fossa. See Fossa. I. Muscle. See 
Muscles, Table of. I. Region, one of the regions into 
which the abdomen is conventionally divided. See 
Abdomen. 

Iliaco- (il-i'-ak-o-) [ilia, the loins]. A prefix signifying 
relation to the loins. I. -femoral, relating to the 
ilium and the femur. I. -trochanteric, relating to 
the ilium and the great trochanter of the femur. 

Iliacus (il-i'-ak-us). See Muscles, Table of. 

Iliadelphus (il-e-ad-el' -fus) [ilia, flanks ; ade?i,(p6g, bro- 
ther]. A monstrosity double from the pelvis up- 
ward. 

Ilicin (il'-is-in) [ilex, the holm-oak]. A crystalline 
febrifugal principle from the leaves of Ilex aquifo- 
lium. 

Ilien (il'-e-en) [ilia, the loins]. Belonging to the ilium 
in itself. 

Ilio- (il'-e-o-) [ilium, the ilium]. A prefix to denote rela- 
tion to or connection with the ilium. I.-capsularis, 
a muscle occasionally found in man, originating at 
the anterior inferior spine of the ilium and in- 
serted into the ilio-femoral ligament. See Muscles, 
Table of. I. -femoral, pertaining conjointly to the 
ilium and the femur. I.-f. Crease. See Crease. I.-f. 
Ligament, an inverted V-shaped ligament extending 
obliquely across the hip-joint, from the anterior inferior 
spine of the ilium to the trochanters of the femur, pre- 
venting over-extension of the joint. I.-f. Triangle, 
a triangle of which the base is a line drawn from the 
summit of the great trochanter to the anterior superior 
spine of the ilium, and the apex is formed by lines drawn 
backward from the anterior superior spine and upward 
from the summit of the trochanter. See Triangles, 
Table of. I. -hypogastric, pertaining conjointly to 



the ilium and the hypogastrium. I.-h. Nerve. See 
Nerves, Table of. I. -inguinal, pertaining to the 
ilium and the groin. I.-i. Nerve. See Nerves, Table 
of. I. -lumbar, pertaining conjointly to the ilium and 
the loins. I.-l. Artery, a branch of the posterior 
division of the internal iliac artery, supplying the 
iliacus, and also the psoas and quadratus lumborum 
muscles. See Arteries, Table of. I.-l. Muscle, that 
part of the quadratus lumborum muscle that is inserted 
into the tips of the processes of the lumbar verte- 
brae. See Muscles, Table of. I. -pectineal, pertaining 
conjointly to the ilium and the pubes. I. -p. 

Ligament, that part of the iliac fascia by which 
Poupart's ligament and the sheath of the crural 
vessels are attached to the os pubis. I.-p. Line, 
the ridge reaching from the spine of the os pubis 
to the auricular surface of the ilium. See Lines, 
Table of. I. -pelvic, pertaining conjointly to the 
ilium and the pelvis. I.-p. Abscess, suppuration 
sometimes occurring over the iliacus muscle during 
labor, and commonly due to the laceration of mus- 
cular fibers. I. -perineal, relating to the ilium and 
the perineal region. I.-polymelius, a monstrosity 
with supernumerary limbs attached to the ilium L- 
psoas, pertaining conjointly to the ilium and the 
loins. I.-p. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. L- 
pubic, relating to both ilium and pubes. I. -spinal, 
relating to the ilium and the spinal column. L- 
tibial, pertaining to or connecting the ilium and the 
tibia. I.-t. Band, a thickened portion of the fascia 
lata extending from the outer tuberosity of the tibia 
to the iliac crest. I. -trochanteric, pertaining to the 
ileum and a trochanter. 

Ilium [il'-e-um) [L.]. The upper part of the osinno- 
minatum. The haunch-bone. 

Ilixanthin [il-iks-an' -thin) [ilex, holly ; %av66c, yellow], 
C 17 H 2 ,O n . A yellow crystalline coloring-matter found 
in holly. The crystals melt at 198 C, and are soluble 
in hot water and alcohol. 

Ill {it) [ME., ille,\\\\ Sick ; diseased; unwell. 

Illacrimation (il-lak-rim-a' -shun) [illacrimalio ; hi, on ; 
lacrima, a tear]. Same as Epiphora. 

Illaqueation (il-lak-we-a'-shun) [illaqueare, to en- 
snare]. A method of changing the direction of mis- 
placed cilia, by withdrawing them, by a noose, through 
an opening in the adjacent tissue of the lid. 

Illegitimacy (il-e-jit'-im-a-se) [in, not ; legilimus, ac- 
cording to law]. The condition of being unlawful, 
or not legitimate. 

Illegitimate (il-e-jif -im-at) [in, not ; legitimus, accord- 
ing to law]. Not in accordance with statutory law. 
I. Child, one born out of lawful wedlock ; a bastard. 

Illequation {il-e-kiva' -shun). See Illaqueation. 

Illicium (il-is'-e-um) [illicere, to entice]. Star Anise. 
The fruit of Illicium anisatum, with properties due to 
a volatile oil identical with oil of anise. Illicium is 
properly the name of a genus of magnoliaceous trees 
and shrubs. I. floridanum, of the Gulf States, has 
poisonous leaves. I. religiosum, of Asia, is said to 
be highly poisonous. I. verum, is said to yield the 
star anise of commerce. Unof. 

Illness {il'-nes) [ME., ilk, ill]. Sickness; disease; 
an attack of disease. 

Illumination (il-oo-min-a' -shun) [illuminare, to make 
light]. A light produced by a luminous body, and 
reflected by surrounding objects. In photometry, the 
unit of intensity of illumination is that given by a 
standard candle at a distance of one foot. I., Dark- 
ground, in microscopsy, a condition in which the 
object appears self-luminous on a dark back ground. 
This occurs when the rays of light are too oblique to 
enter the front lens of the objective, except such as 



ILLUMINATOR 



604 



IMMUNITY 



are reflected or refracted from the object itself. I. of 
Eye, the lighting up of the interior of the eye by 
means of the ophthalmoscopic mirror. I., Oblique, 
in microscopy, an illumination produced by throwing 
the rays of light upon an object at any angle of inclina- 
tion. In ophthalmology, oblique illumination of the 
cornea consists in focusing a pencil of rays obliquely 
upon the part. 

Illuminator (il-oo 1 ' -min-a-tor) [illuminare, to make 
light]. In microscopy, an optic apparatus for con- 
centrating light. I., Abbe, an illuminating apparatus 
for the microscope designed by Professor Abbe. Abbe 's 
Condenser. 

Illuminism (il-oo' -min-izm) \jlluminare, to make 
bright]. Insane exaltation; especially exaltation 
with belief in one's communion or direct intercourse 
with supernatural or heavenly beings. 

Illusion \il-lu' -zhun) [illusio, a mocking]. A false or 
deceptive mental impression. Illusion differs from 
hallucination in that it is the false interpretation by the 
mind of a real sensation. The senses are not at fault 
in .case of illusions, and the defective process is purely 
psychic. The distinction between illusion and halluci- 
nation is, however, by no means a constant one. 

Illusional (il-lu'-zhun-al) [illusio, a mocking]. Of 
the nature of an illusion. 

Illutation (il-lu-ta'-shun) [in, in; latum, mud].- Treat- 
ment of disease by the mud-bath. 

Image (im'-aj) [imago, a likeness]. The picture of an 
object formed by the focused rays of light proceeding 
from it. I., After. See After-image. I., Diffusion 
of. See Diffusion. I., Direct, or I., Erect, that 
of the fundus oculi as seen with the ophthalmoscope, 
the details of the fundus presenting their natural rela- 
tions. I., Inverted, that obtained by interposing 
between the ophthalmoscope and the observed eye a 
high-power lens ; it is an aerial image at the focus of 
the lens used. I., Real, that made by the focused re- 
flected rays. I., Refraction, an image due to the 
refraction of light upon entering and leaving an object. 
Two things are involved : I. The form of the object. 
2. The relative refractive power of the object and the 
mounting-medium. I., Subjective, a photism ; also 
a visual hallucination. I., Virtual, that produced by 
the imaginary focus of the rays, as, e.g., behind a 
mirror. 

Imaginal (im-a/'-in-al) [imago, an image]. Pertain- 
ing to the Image, a. v. I. Discs, in entomology, the 
name given by Weismann to curious encapsulated 
groups of embryonal cells, connected with the nerves 
and nerve-centers of certain insect larvs (Diptera). 
They are the rudiments from which the nymph is 
developed. 

Imagination (im-aj-in-a' -shuti) [imaginatio, imagin- 
ation]. The picture-making power of the mind. 
The faculty by which one creates ideas or mental 
pictures by means of the data derived from experience, 
ideally revivified, extended, and combined in new 
forms. 

Imago {im-a'-go) [L. ; gen., Imaginis\ An image. 
Also, the final, adult, or reproductive stage of an 
insect. 

Imbalance (im-bal'-ans) [in, not; bilancia, a balance]. 
Lack of balance ; lack of the power of keeping the 
erect position ; lack of muscular balance (as between 
the muscle of the eyes). 

YmhecWefm' -bes-il)[imbccillus ,\\eak~\. Feeble in mind. 

Imbecility (im-bes-il'-it-e) [imbecillitas , imbecility]. 
Mental weakness or defect, similar to that of idiocy, 
but of less degree. 

Imbibe (im-blb') [imbibere, to drink in]. To drink or 
suck in. 



Imbibition (im-bib-isli'-un) [imbibitio, a drinking in]. 
The sucking up, or capillary absorption, of moisture, 
liquids, or gaseous substances by inorganic, or by 
dead or torpid organic bodies. 

Imbowelling (im-bow'-et-ing). Same as Eviscer- 
ation. 

Imbricate [im'-brik-at) [imbricare, to cover with tiles]. 
Applied to that arrangement of scales, feathers, leaves, 
or floral organs in the bud, in which they overlap like 
shingles on a roof. 

Imbricated (im'-brik-a-ted) [imbrex, a roof-tile]. Dis- 
tinguished by overlapping. Applied to the position 
and arrangement of scales in certain squamous diseases 
of the skin. 

Imitation [im-it-a' -shun) [imitari, to imitate]. A 
production that is similar to, or a copy of, another ob- 
ject or process. I., Morbid, the occurrence of a 
convulsive or mental affection brought about by ob- 
serving a similar affection in another ; mental con- 
tagion. 

Immaculate (im-ak'-u-lat) [in, not; macula, a spot]. 
Pure ; spotless. 

Immarginate (im-ar* -jin-at) [in, not ; marginare, to 
furnish with a border]. In biology, having no well- 
defined border. 

Immature [im-at- iir') [immaturus, unripe]. Not ripe; 
not yet of an adult age or growth. 

Immediate {im-me'-de-dt) [in, not; medio, the middle]. 
Direct. Without anything intervening, as immediate 
auscultation ox percussion. I. Contagion, that from a 
direct source. I. Ligature. See Ligature. I.Union, 
union by first intention, or without suppurative granu- 
lation. 

Immedicable (im-med'-ik-ab-l) [in, not ; medicare, to 
cure]. That which does not yield to medicine or 
treatment. Incurable. 

Immersion (im-mer'-shun) [in, in ; mergere, to dip]. 
The plunging of a body into a liquid. In medicine, 
treatment by a continued bath. See Oil-immersion, 
Water-immersion . I. -bath, the liquid employed for 
immersion. I. -battery, a form of battery in which, 
by inclining the cell, the elements are immersed in 
the liquid. I., Homogeneous, a fluid between the 
objective of a microscope and the cover-glass, having 
about the same refractive and dispersive power as the 
glass. I., Objective, a microscope-objective, usually 
of high power, the lower lens of which is immersed 
in a drop of water, glycerin, or oil, placed on the 
cover-glass of the object under examination. 

Immissio {im-ish'-e-o) [L.]. Insertion. I. catheteris. 
See Calketei ism. I. penis, introduction of the penis 
into the vagina. 

Immission (im-mish'-un) [immissio, a letting in]. 
Introduction, as of a catheter. 

Immobilization {im-mob-il-iz-a' -shwi) [immobilis, im- 
movable ; facere, to make]. The surgical fixation of 
a part (as a fractured bone) by means that prevent 
any local motion. 

Immortality (im-mor-taV -it-i) [immortalitas, undying- 
ness]. Exemption from death ; unending existence. 
I. of Germ-cells. See Heredity; also, Germ-plasma. 

Immune {im-miin') [immunis, safe]. I. Safe from at- 
tack ; protected by vaccination, or some analogous 
procedure, or by previous illness. 2. A person who is 
protected against any special virus. I. Animal. See 
Control-experiment . 

Immunity (im-miin' -it-e) [immunitas, exemption]. The 
condition of an organ, or of the body, whereby it resists 
the development of infectious or morbid processes. 
The inoculation of attenuated virus and of chemic 
compounds are examples of methods by which im- 
munity is acquired. It has also been shown that inflam- 



IMMUNIZATION 



605 



IMPLANTATION 



matory action is inhibitive of bacterial development. 
I., Acquired, that derived from a previous attack of 
the same disease or from a modified form, as varioloid, 
or artificially produced by inoculation. I., Artificial, 
that produced by inoculation with the virus of a disease. 
I., Natural, the natural resistance of the tissues or 
system. Immunization may be transient or perma- 
nent, relative or absolute. 

Immunization (im-miin-isi-a'-skuti) [immunitas, ex- 
emption]. The act or process of endowing with im- 
munity. 

Immunize [im' '-miln-lz) \immunis, exempt]. To give 
or to acquire immunity. 

Impact (im'-pakt) [impactus : impingere, to drive into or 
against]. A forcible striking against. 

Impacted {im-pak'-ted) [impact us ; impingere, to drive 
into or against]. Driven against and retained, as a 
wedge. I. Fracture, one in which the fragments of 
bone are driven into one another in such a manner as 
to cause shortening. 

Impaction (im-pak'-shun) [impactio, impact]. The 
state or quality of being impacted ; fracture with fixa- 
tion of the fragments ; obstinate constipation ; the 
wedging of the fetal head in the pelvic canal. 

Impalement (im-pdl'-ment) [in, in ; pal, a pale or 
picket] . The perforation of the body or a part by a 
rod or stake. 

Impalpable (im-pal' '-pa-bl) [impalpabilis, impalpable]. 
That which cannot be felt ; ^inappreciable by touch. 
I. Powder, a powder so fine that its separate particles 
cannot be felt. 

Impalsy (im-pawl'-ze) [in, in; ME. , palsey, palsy]. 
To paralyze. 

Impaludism (im-pal' -u-dizni) [in, in ; pains, a marsh]. 
Chronic malarial poisoning. 

Impar (im'-par) [in, not ; par, equal] . Odd or unequal. 
I., Ganglion, a small ganglion on the coccyx. See 
Ganglia, Table of. 

Imparipinnate (im-par-ip-in' -at) [impar, unequal ; 
pinnatns, feathered]. In biology, unequally pinnate ; 
having an odd leaflet at the apex. 

Impatiens (im-pa' -she-enz) [L., impatient]. Touch- 
me-not ; jewel-weed or balsamine ; a genus of gera- 
niaceous plants. I. balsamina and I. lutea, of 
the old world, and I. fulva and I. pallida, of the 
U. S., are diuretic, emetic, and cathartic. Unof. 

Impatiinid (im-pa' -te-in-id ) [impatiens, impatient]. A 
resinous emetic principle obtainable from Impatiens 
lutea. Unof. 

Impennate (im-pen'-af) [in, not; pennatus, winged]. 
In biology, applied to such birds, as the penguin, as 
have short wings covered with scale-like feathers. 

Impennous (im-pen'-us) [in, not ; penna, wing]. In 
biology, without wings. 

Imperative (im-per' ' -at-iv) [imperativns , imperative]. 
Peremptory ; absolute ; binding. I. Idea. See Idea, 
Imperative. 

Imperatoria (im-per-at-o' -re-ali) [imperatoriits, be- 
longing to a commander]. A genus of umbelliferous 
plants ; masterworts. I. ostruthium, false pellitory 
of Spain, is an aromatic stimulant, once prized as a 
polychrest remedy, but now little used. Unof. 

Imperfection (im-per-fek' -shiui) [imperf edits , imper- 
fect]. A physical defect. 

Imperforate (im-per' '-for-at) [in, not ; perforare, to 
pierce]. Congenitally and abnormally closed ; applied 
to an opening of the body, as the anus, vagina, etc. 
See Occlusion and Obstruction. 

Imperforation (im-per-for-a' -shun) [imperforatio ; in, 
not ; perforare, to bore through]. Occlusion; applied 
especially to the anus, hymen, vagina, etc. 

Imperial (im-pe'-re-aT) [imperialis, pertaining to an 



empire]. Sovereign ; commanding. I. -blue. Same 
as Spirit-blue. I. Drink or Draft, potus imper- 
ialis, a solution of a half-ounce of potassium bitar- 
trate in three pints of hot water, to which are added 
four ounces of sugar and half an ounce of fresh lemon- 
peel. It is a good diuretic and refrigerant drink. 
Unof. I. granum, a farinaceous food for infants. 
Its composition is: Water 5.49, fat i.oi, a trace 
each of grape-sugar and cane-sugar, starch 78.93, 
soluble carbohydrates 3.56, albuminoids 10.51, gum, 
cellulose, etc., 0.50, ash 1. 16. I. -green. Same 
as Schweinfurth-green. I. -violet. Same as Rosan- 
ilin-violet. 

Imperialin (im-pe'-re-al-in) [imperialis, pertaining to an 
empire]. An alkaloid from Fritillaria imperialis, or 
crown imperial ; it acts upon the heart. Unof. 

Impermeable [im-per' -me-a-bl) [in, not ; per, through ; 
meare, to go]. Not capable of being traversed. 

Impervious (im-per' -ve-us) [in, not ; pervius, capable 
of passage]. Not permitting a passage through. 

Impetiginoid (im-pet-ij'-in-oid) [impetigo, impetigo; 
impetere, to attack; eldoc, like]. Same as Impetigi- 
nous. 

Impetiginous (im-pet-ij '<-' '-in-us) [impetigo; impetere, to 
attack]. Affected with or resembling impetigo. 

Impetigo (im-pet-i'-go) [impetigo ; impetere, to at- 
tack]. An acute inflammatory skin-disease character- 
ized by one or more pea-sized or finger-nail sized, 
discrete, rounded, and elevated firm pustules, unat- 
tended, as a rule, by itching or other subjective symp- 
toms. The pustules are rounded, with thick walls, 
and are surrounded by areolae. They appear suddenly, 
and come out one after another during the first week 
of the attack, attain full size, and then undergo ab- 
sorption or crusting. No scar or pigmentation fol 
lows. The disease is likely to occur in children. I. 
annua. See Ale/po Boil. I. capitis. Same as 
Eczema capitis. I. contagiosa, Porrigo contagiosa; 
an acute, inflammatory, contagious disease, due to the 
presence of a microorganism, and characterized by 
the appearance of vesico-pustules or blebs, that dry 
into flat, straw-colored, granular-looking crusts. The 
disease occurs usually in children. The vesicles vary 
in size from minute points to that of a quarter of a 
dollar, and the contents, at first serous, become sero- 
purulent, and then dry up. The disease is most prone 
to attack the face and hands. I., Duhring's, differs 
from the foregoing by being non-infectious. See Dis- 
eases, Table of. I. erysipelodes, an old term for 
Eczema pustulosum, with deeper inflammation than 
usual. I. granulata. Same as Pediculosis. I. her- 
petiformis, Herpes pycemicus ; a very rare disease of the 
skin, characterized by the formation of superficial mili- 
ary pustules, that may be discrete, but are usually closely 
set. The contents of the pustules are at first opaque, 
but become greenish-yellow, and dry up into dirty- 
brown crusts. The disease spreads until the whole 
surface is covered with swollen, crusted, and excori- 
ated patches. It develops first on the inner side of 
the thighs, and about the groins, navel, breasts, and 
axillae, and is mainly seen in pregnant women. The 
termination is fatal, as a rule. I. rodens, an old term 
for a carcinomatous disease of the skin. I. scabida, 
an old term for Eczema pustulosum, with unusually 
thick crusting. I. sparsa, an old term for small, 
scattered patches of Eczema pustulosum. I., Syph- 
ilitic. See Syphilid, Impetiginous. 

Impetus (im'-pe-tus) [L.]. I. Force or momentum. 2. 
The onset or attack of a disease, or of a paroxysm. 

Implantation (im-plan-ta' -shwi) [implantatio ; in, in; 
plantare, to set]. The act of setting in. Also, the 
transplantation of a tooth from the jaw of one person 



IMPLEXOUS 



608 



INCARIAL BONE 



to that of another. Also, the engrafting of epidermis 
from the skin of one person upon the body of another. 
The surgical repair of a wounded intestine by unit- 
ing the divided ends. I., End-to-end, the approxi- 
mation of the ends of a divided structure, as of the 
bowel, or a nerve. I., Hypodermatic, the intro- 
duction of a medicine in the form of a soluble 
solid under the skin for therapeutic purposes. I., 
Teratologic, a fetal monstrosity consisting of an im- 
perfect, joined to a perfect fetus. 

Implexous [im-pleks 1 -us) [implectere, to entwine, en- 
tangle]. In biology, entangled. 

Implumous (im-plu'-mus) [in, without ; pluma, 
feathers]. In biology, featherless. 

Imponderable [im-pon 1 '-der-a-bl) [in, not ; pondera- 
bilis, that which can be weighed.] That which 
cannot be weighed. I. Fluids, an obsolete term, 
formerly applied to light, heat, and electricity. 

Importation (im-por-ta' -shuti) [in, in ; portare, to 
carry]. Transference from another locality or foreign 
country. I. of Disease, the carrying of the conta- 
gion of disease. 

Imposthumate (i/n-pos' '-lu-mdt) [corrupt form of apos- 
temate\. To suppurate. 

Imposthume (itn-pos'-tum) [a corrupt form of apos- 
temd\ . An abscess. 

Impotence (im'-po-tens) [in, not; possum, to be able]. 
Lack of power, applied especially to male incapacity 
of procreation. It is variously qualified as atonic, 
when due to spinal or central exhaustion ; paralytic 
or paretic, when the impulse that leads to the perform- 
ance of the function is abolished ; psychic, when due 
to fear, bashfulness, or mental disturbance ; symp- 
tomatic, when due to some drug, or to a disturbance of 
the health. 

Impregnation (im-preg-na' -shun) [impragnatio, the 
state of being with child]. The state of being preg- 
nant ; the act of impregnating ; fecundation ; fertili- 
zation. 

Impressio (im-presh 1 '-e-o) [L.]. An impression. I. 
colica, an impression on the under surface of the right 
lobe of the liver for the hepatic flexure of the colon. 
I. renalis, an impression behind the /. colica for the 
right kidney and suprarenal capsule. 

Impression (im-presh' '-««) [impressio ; imprimere, to 
press upon], A hollow or depression. I. -cup, in 
dentistry, a cup or tray of metal, porcelain, gutta- 
percha, or other substance, used for conveying to the 
mouth and holding in position the material for impres- 
sions. I., Digital, the mark made by the pressure 
of a finger upon an edematous limb, or upon the neck 
in strangulation. I., Rhomboid, a broad impression 
on the inferior surface of the clavicle, near the sternal 
end, for the attachment of the rhomboid ligament. 

Impressionable (im-presh' -un-a-bl) [impressio, an im- 
pression]. Readily susceptible to impressions. I. 
Heart, the condition of the heart in which it is very 
liable to functional disturbance. 

Impressorium (im-pres-o' -re-um) [L.]. The seat of 
impressions ; sensorium. 

Impuberal (im-pu'-ber-al) [impuber, impubes ; in, not; 
pubes, pubes] . Destitute of hair on the pubes. Not 
of adult age. 

Impulse (im'-puls) [impulsus ; impellere, to drive 
against]. Any communicated force. Also, the shock 
and reverberation on the chest-walls caused by the 
beating of the heart. Also, a sudden spontaneous 
emotion of the mind or influence acting upon it. I., 
Cardiac, the systolic beat of the heart occurring at 
the apex, and felt in the fifth intercostal space to the 
left of the sternum. I., Morbid, any strong, unnatural 
impulse, especially one of an insane character. Morbid 



impulses are variously qualified, as animal, destructive, 
homicidal, suicidal, uncontrollable, etc. 

Impulsion (im-pul'-shun) [impellere, to impel]. The 
act of driving or urging onward, either mentally or 
physically. 

Impurity (im-pu'-rit-e) [in, not ; purus, pure or clean]. 
Want of purity or cleanliness. In chemistry, the con- 
dition of containing some substance other than that 
desired. Adulteration. In medicine, a want of clear- 
ness in the sounds of the heart, but not sufficient to 
cause a murmur. 

Imputability (im-pu-tab-il' -it-e) [itnputabilitas, imput- 
ability]. In legal medicine, that degree of mental 
soundness that makes one responsible for his own acts. 

In- [L. ]. A prefix signifying in or within. Also, a 
particle signifying negation. 

-in, or -ine (in). A suffix seen in the names of the hal- 
ogen elements, chlorin, bromin, iodin, and fluorin. 
Also, a distinctive termination used to distinguish or- 
ganic bases, particularly the class known as alkaloids. 
It is also loosely applied to certain organic radicles, 
and to many glucosids. 

Inadequacy (iti-ad' -e-qwa-se) [in, not ; adaquare, to 
make equal]. Same as Insufficiency. I., Renal, 
that state of the kidney in which it is unable to remove 
from the blood a sufficient proportion of the effete 
matters that are normally excreted by it. 

Inanagenesis (in-an-aj-en' -es-is) [ic, fiber; avd, again; 
yevecig, production]. The renewal or regeneration of 
muscular fiber. 

Inanaphysis (in-an-af -is-is) [if, fiber; avd, again ; 
(pbcii;, growth]. Same as Inanagenesis. 

Inanimate (in-an'-im-at) [in, not; animus, life]. Not 
animate ; dead ; without life. 

Inanition (in-an-ish' -un) [inanire, to make empty]. 
Emptiness of the organs of digestion from want of food. 
Also, wasting of the body from starvation or disease. 
Synonym of Fasting. 

Inantherate (in-an'-ther-at) [in, without; anthera, 
anther]. In biology, destitute of anthers. 

Inantinial (in-an-tin'-e-al) [tviov, the nape of the neck ; 
avTi, against; Iviov, the nape of the neck]. Inio-an- 
tinial ; pertaining to the inion and the antinion. 

Inappendiculate (in-ap-en-di¥ -u-lat) [in, without; 
appendicula, dim. of appendix, an appendage]. In 
biology, destitute of appendages. 

Inappetence (in-ap 1 '-et-ens) [in, not ; appetere, to de- 
sire]. Loss or want of appetite. 

Inappetentia (in-ap-et-en' -she-ali) [L.]. Synonym of 
Anorexia. 

Inarticulate (in-ar-tik' -u-lai) [in, not ; articulus, a 
joint]. Not jointed or articulated. Also, vocal sounds 
not capable of arrangement into syllables, or of being 
understood. 

Inassimilable (in-as-itn' -il-a-bl) [in, not; assimulare, 
to make like]. Incapable of assimilation. 

Incandescent (in-han-des'-ent) [incandescere, to be- 
come white-hot]. Emitting luminous heat-rays; 
heated to the degree of emitting light. I. Electric 
Light, one consisting of a film of carbon of high re- 
sistance enclosed in a vacuous glass globe. The film 
emits a white light when the current passes through it. 

Incapacity (in-kap-as'-it-e). See Doli incapax; also 
Impotence. 

Incarcerated (in-kar'-ser-a-ted) [incarcerare, to im- 
prison]. Imprisoned; closely constricted. 

Incarceration (in-kar-ser-a'-shun) [incarceratio ; in, 
in; carcerare, to imprison]. The condition of im- 
prisonment or confinement of a part, as of the pla- 
centa. See also Hernia. 

Incarial Bone (in-ka f -re-al) [Peruvian, Inca, a prince]. 
The interparietal bone ; usually in adult man a part 



INCARNATIO 



607 



INCREMENT 



of the occipital bone. It is called incarial, because, 
in the skeletons of ancient Peru, the land of the In- 
cas, it is often persistent as a distinct bone. 

Incarnatio {in-kar-na f -she-o) [L.]. Conversion into 
flesh. I. unguis, the ingrowing of a nail. See 
Onychogryphosis. 

Incarnation (in-kar-na f -shuri). I. Granulation ; heal- 
ing process. 2. See Conception. 

Incarnification (in-kar-nif-ik-a'-shun). Same as In- 
carnation. 

Incasement (in-kas'-meni) [in, in ; ME., casse, a box]. 
The act of inclosing in a case. Incasement, Encase- 
ment, Theory of, the doctrine that the ovumorsper- 
matozoid of the first animal of each species incased the 
germs of all subsequent individuals of the species. 
This theory was also called that of Preformation. Cf. 
Evolution. 

Incest (in'-sest) [incestus, not chaste]. Carnal inter- 
course between persons of near relationship. 

Inch [ME., inche, inch]. The twelfth part of a foot. 
It equals 25.39954 millimeters. 

Incidence (in'-sid-ens) \_incidere, to fall upon]. A 
falling upon. The direction in which one body strikes 
another. I., Line of, the path of a ray or a projec- 
tile. I., Point of, the point upon which the ray or 
projectile is reflected or strikes. 

Incident (in'-sid-ent) [incidere, to fall upon]. Falling 
upon. 

Incineration (in-sin- er-a' -shun) [in, in ; cineres, ashes]. 
The process of heating organic substances in contact 
with the air until all organic matter is driven off, and 
only the mineral ash remains. 

Incised (in-sizd') [incidere, to cut] . Cut or notched. 
I. Wound, one made by a sharp-edged instrument. 

Incisiform (in-si' -sif-orm) [incisor, incisor ; forma, 
form]. In biology, resembling an incisor tooth. 

Incision (in-sizh 1 '-««) [incisio, or incisnra, an incision]. 
The act of cutting into any tissue of the body. 

Incisive (in-si' -siv) [incidere, to cut]. Having the 
quality of cutting. Pertaining to the incisor teeth. 
I. Canal. See Canal. I. Foramina. See Foramen. 
I. Fossa. See Fossa. I. Teeth. See Incisor. 

Incisor (in-si' -sor) [incidere, to cut]. Any cutting in- 
strument. I. Nerve, the branch of the inferior dental 
nerve supplying the incisor and canine teeth. See 
Nerves, Table of. I. Teeth, the four most anterior 
teeth in each jaw. 

Incisura (in-si-su' '-rah) [incidere, to cut into]. A 
notch. Also, an incision. I. cerebelli, one of two 
notches separating the hemispheres of the cerebellum, 
the one in front and the other behind. I. inter- 
tragica, the deep notch in the pinna of the ear separ- 
ating the tragus and the anti-tragus. I. santorini, 
a fissure extending in a vertical direction through the 
cartilage of the auditory canal. 

Incisure (in-sizh' '-zir) [incisus, p. p. of incidere, to cut 
into]. A slit or notch. I.'s of Schmidt and Lan- 
termann, oblique lines running across the white sub- 
stance of the inter-annular segments of stretched me- 
dullated nerve-fibers. 

Inclaudent (in-klaw'-deni) [in, not ; claudere, to close]. 
In biology, not closing. 

Included (in-klitd'-ed) [in, in; claudere, to shut in]. 
Applied to stamens or pistils that do not project be- 
yond the corolla, but are contained within it. 

Inclusio foetalis (in-kht'-ze-o fe-ta'-lis) [L.]. A form 
of fetal parasitism in which the parasite is more or 
less included and overgrown by the tissues of the au- 
tosite. 

Inclusion (in-klu'-zhun) [includere, to enclose or shut 
in]. The state of being shut in. Also, the act of 
shutting in ; that which is shut in. 



Incoagulable (in-ko-ag' -u-la-bl) [in, not; coagulate, to 
curdle]. That which will not curdle or coagulate. 

Incoherence (in-ko-her'-ens) [incoharen/ia ; in, not; 
cohcerere, to cling together]. The quality of being 
incoherent ; absence of connection of ideas or of lan- 
guage ; incongruity or inconsequence of diction. 

Incoherent (in-ko-he'-rent) [in, not; cohterere, to stick 
together]. Not connected or coherent; without 
ability to preserve that sequence of words or of ideas 
that is necessary to convey meaning. 

Incombustibility (in-com-bus-tib-U' -it-e) [in, not ; 
comburere, to burn up]. The state of being incombus- 
tible. 

Incombustible (in-com-bus'-tib-l) [in, not; comburere, 
to burn up]. Incapable of burning. 

Income (in'-kum) [ME., income, income]. The 
amount of food taken per diem. 

Incompatibility (in-kom-pat-ib-il'-il-e) [in, not ; com- 
patibilis, compatible]. That relation between medi- 
cines that renders their admixture unsuitable This 
incompatibility may be physiologic, chemic, physical, 
or therapeutic . 

Incompatible (in-kom-pat'-ib-l) [in, not ; compatibilis, 
endurable]. Incapable of mixture without undergo- 
ing such chemic or physical changes as impair or 
destroy the usefulness of the compound ; physiologi- 
cally antagonistic, and therefore useless to prescribe. 

Incompetence, Incompetency (in-kom' -pet-ens, in- 
kom' ' -pe-ten-se) [in, not ; competere, to be capable ; in- 
competens, insufficient]. Incapacity; inadequacy. 
Inability to perform natural functions. I., Mental, a 
disorder of mind sufficient to produce irresponsibility. 
I., Aortic, Mitral, Pulmonary, Tricuspid. See 
Endocarditis. I., Valvular. See Insufficiency. 

Incomplete (in-kom-plet') [in, not ; completus, com- 
plete]. Partial, as an incomplete hernia. I. Cop- 
ulation. See Coitus reservatus. I. Hernia. See 
Hernia. 

Incongruence (in-kon' -gru-ens\ [incongrzeens, incon- 
sistent]. Lack of congruence. I., Retinal, lack 
of correspondence in the situation of the percipient 
elements of the two retinae. 

Incongruity (in-kon-gru' -it-e) [in, not; congruere, to 
go together]. Absence of agreement or of needful 
harmony. 

Incontinence (in-kon' -tin-ens) [in, not , continere, to 
contain]. Inability to control the evacuation of the 
feces or the urine ; involuntary evacuation. This term 
is sometimes used as a synonym of venereal indulgence, 
lewdness. I., Seminal. See Spermatorrhea. 

Incoordination (in-ko-or-din-a' -shttn) [in, not ; con, 
together; ordinare, to order]. In pathology, the 
inability to produce voluntary movements in proper 
combination or sequence ; lack of harmony between 
the will and the muscular activity. I. of Ocular 
Muscles. See Insufficiency. 

Incorporation (in-kor-por-a' -shun) [in, in ; corpus, a 
body]. The process of intimately mixing the particles 
of different bodies into a practically homogeneous 
mass. 

Incrassate (in-kras'-at) [in, in; crassare, to make 
thick]. In biology, thickened or swollen. 

Incrassation (in-kras-a' -shun) [incrassatio ; in, in; 
crassus, thick]. The process of making thick, as by 
inspissation ; enlargement of a part, due to fatness. 

Incrassative (in-kras' -at-iv) [incrassare, to make 
thick]. I. Having the power to make thick or 
thicker. 2. Formerly a medicine supposed to correct 
a thinness of the humors. 

Incremation (in-kre-ma' -shun). See Cremation. 

Increment (in' -kre-ment) [i7icrementum, growth]. In- 
crease or growth. 



INCREMENTAL 



608 



INDIA 



Incremental (in-kre-men'-tal) [incrementum, growth]. 
Pertaining to increment or growth. I. Lines. See 
Salter's Lines, in Lines, Table of. 

Incrustate (in-krus'-tat) [incrustare, to incrust]. Form- 
ing a crust, or coated with a brittle or granular substance. 

Incrustation [in-krus-ta' '-shun) [incrustare, to cover 
with rind]. The formation of a crust. Also, the for- 
mation of a calcareous deposit in organic tissue. 

Incubation {in-ku-ba'-shun) [incubare, to sit on eggs]. 
I. In medicine, the period between the implanting of 
the contagium and the development of the disease. For 
the periods of incubation of some of the most import- 
ant diseases, see Exanthemata, Table of. 2. The pro- 
cess of sitting upon eggs to favor hatching. See Table 
under Pregnancy. 

Incubator {in* ' -ku-ba-tor)\_inctibare, to sit on eggs]. A 
device for the artificial hatching of eggs or cultivation 
of microscopic plants; a couveuse (t/. v.) for the pre- 
servation of the life of children prematurely born. I., 
Crede's, a copper tube made with double walls, be- 
tween which water at the desired temperature may be 
kept, and withdrawn by means of pipes and stop-cocks. 
I., Tarnier's, an apparatus for the rearing of prema- 
ture children, consisting of a box with two compart- 
ments, one containing the child, the other, and lower 
compartment, being filled with warm water, so as to 
keep a uniform temperature of 86°-88° F. 




Incubator or Couveuse. 
{Prom Fullevton's " Obstetric Nursing .") 

Incubous (in' -ku-biis) [incubus, lying upon]. In biol- 
ogy, with the tip of one leaf lying flat over the base of 
the next above. 

Incubus (in' -ku-bics) [L.]. I. Nightmare ; ephialtes. 
2. Formerly, a supposed male demon that beset 
women, just as the succuba was supposed to consort 
with men. I. vigilantium. See Day mare. 

Incudal (ing'-ku-dal) [incus, anvil; incus]. Relating 
to the incus. 

Incudate [ing' -ku-ddt) [incus, incus]. In biology, 
having an incus. 

Incudo- (ing' -leu-do-) [incus, incus]. In composition, 
signifying relationship to the incus. I.-malleal, re- 
lating to the incus and the malleus. I. -orbicular, re- 
lating to the incus and the orbicularis. I. -stape- 
dial, relating to the incus and the stapes. I. -tym- 
panic, relating to the incus and the tympanum. 

Incuneation (in-ku-ne-af-shun) [incuneatio, a wedg- 
ing], i. The impaction of a fracture or of the fetal 
head. 2. The same as Gomphosis. 

Incurable (in-kiir'-a-bl) [in, not; curare, to care for]. 
That which cannot be cured or restored to wholeness. 

Incurvation (in-kur-va 1 -shun) [incurvare, to bend]. 
The state of being bent or curved in. 

Incus (ing' -kits) [L. , an anvil: //. , Incudes~\. In bi- 
ology : (a) The middle one of the chain of bones in 



the middle ear of a mammal ; (b) A portion of the 
mouth-parts of a rotifer. 

Indazole (in'-da-zol), C 7 H 6 N 2 . A substance formed 
by heating hydrazin-cinnamic acid. It crystallizes 
from hot water in colorless needles, melting at 146 
C. , and boiling at 270 C. 

Indecent [in-de* '-sent) [indecens, unbecoming]. Not 
decent ; obscene. I. Exposure. See Exhibitionism. 

Indecision (in-de-sizh'-un) [in, not; decisio ; decidere, 
to decide]. Morbid irresolution ; want of firmness or 
of will ; abulia or hypobulia. 

Indehiscent (in-de-his'-ent) [in, not; hiscere, to gap]. 
In biology, not opening spontaneously. 

Indene (in-den'), C 9 H 8 . A hydrocarbon that occurs 
with coumarone in that fraction of coal-tar boiling at 
I76°-i82° C. It is a clear oil, boiling at i,-]°-i7?>° 
C. Its sp. gr. is I.040 at 15 C. 

Indentation (in-den-ta' -shun) [in, in ; dens, a tooth]. 
A condition of being notched or serrated. I. of 
Tongue, the notching of the borders of the tongue 
made by the teeth, and visible especially during in- 
flammation of the tongue. 

Index (in'-deks) [L.]. The first finger. Also, the re- 
lation or ratio of one part to another, taken as a 
standard. I., Altitudinal, the height of a skull 
multiplied by 100 and divided by its length. I., 
Alveolar, the degree of prominence of the jaws, 
measured by the basi-alveolar length multiplied by 100 
and divided by the basi-nasal length. When the 
alveolar index is less than 98, the skull is orthognathic, 
when more than 103, prognathic , when intermediate, 
mesognathic I., Basilar. Same as /., Alveolar. 
I. of Breadth. Same as /. , Cephalic. I., Cephalic, 
the breadth of a skull multiplied by 100 and divided 
by its length. When this is below 75, the skull is 
called dolichocephalic, when above 80, it is called 
brachycephalic, between these limits, mesaticephalic. 
I., Cephalo-orbital, the ratio of the solid contents 
of the two orbits to the contents of the cranial cavity, 
multiplied by 100. I., Cephalo-spinal, the ratio of 
the measure of the foramen magnum in square milli- 
meters to that of the cranial cavity in cubic centi- 
meters, multiplied by 100. I., Cerebral, the ratio of 
the greatest transverse to the greatest antero-posterior 
diameter of the cranial cavity, multiplied by 100. 
I. -digit, the forefinger. I., Facial, the ratio of the 
distance of the ophryon from the alveolar point to the 
transverse diameter measured from one zygoma to the 
other, multiplied by 100. I. -finger, the forefinger. I., 
Gnathic, the ratio of the distance between the basion 
and the alveolar point to the distance between the 
basion and the nasal point, multiplied by 100. I., 
Nasal, the greatest nasal width multiplied by 100, and 
divided by the nasal length. When the nasal index ex- 
ceeds 53, the nose is platyrhine, when less than 48.it 
is said to be leptorhine, if bet ween these numbers, meso- 
rhine. I., Orbital, the orbital height multiplied by 100 
and divided by the orbital width. If the orbital index be 
above 89, it is called megaseme, if under 84, microseme, 
if between, mesoseme. I., Refractive, the coefficient 
of refraction. I., Thoracic, taken at its widest part is 
100 times the sagittal, divided by the transverse 
measurement. I., Vertical, of Height, the ratio of 
the vertical diameter of the skull to the maximum 
antero-posterior diameter, multiplied by 100. 

India iin'-de-ah) [Asiatic]. A country of Asia. I. 
Liver, a condition of hyperemia and enlargement of 
the liver, associated with general anemia and cachexia, 
cyanosis, anasarca, and irritable and irregular pulse. 
I. -rubber, the prepared concrete juice obtained mainly 
from an Indian tree, Ficus elasticus, and a South 
American tree, Siphonia elastica . It is valuable 



INDIAN 



609 



INDIVIDUAL 



chiefly for its elasticity and its insolubility in water. It 
is with difficulty soluble in oil of turpentine, but is highly 
soluble in carbon disulphid. It melts at 248° F. , and 
remains unchanged up to 500 F. It is hardened and 
used in mechanical dentistry as a base for artificial 
teeth. It is also called Caoutchouc, q. v. 

Indian (in'-de-an) [India] . Pertaining to India, the 
West Indies, or to the aboriginal Americans. I. Bas- 
ket, a hollow cylinder woven of twigs of the willow, 
or of strips of other wood, used in applying extension to 
a dislocated limb. The greater the extension, the more 
firmly does the device cling to the surface. I. -blue. 
Same as Indigo. I . Black-root, the root of Pterocaulon 
pvcnoslachium. It has reputed alterative properties. 
Dose of the fluid extract rt\xv-xxx. Unof. I. Corn. 
See Zea mays. I. Hemp. See Cannabis. I. Liquo- 
rice. See Abrits. I. Physic, American Ipecac- 
uanha, the bark of the root of Gillenia trifoliata, a 
mild emetic and cathartic. Dose of the fluid extract, 
rr[x-xl. Unof. I. Sarsaparilla. See Hemidesmus. 
I. Tobacco. See Lobelia. I. Turnip. See Dragon 
Root. I. Madder. Same as Mungeet. I. Meal, 
corn-meal. I. Ochre. Same as Ochre. I. Plague. 
Synonym of the Plague, q. v. I. Potato. See 
Apios. I. -purple. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 
I. -red. Same as Colcothar and Ochre. I. -yellow. 
Same as Purree. 

Indican (in'-dik-an) [indicum, indigo], C 26 H 31 N0 17 . 
The natural glucosid by the decomposition of which 
indigo-blue is produced from the various species of 
indigo-producing plants. It forms a transparent brown 
syrup, the aqueous solution of which has a yellow 
color, bitter taste, and slightly acid reaction. It is 
occasionally detected in the urine. 

Indicant (in'-dik-ant) \_indicans ; indicare, to indicate]. 
I. Serving as an index or as an indication. 2. A fact 
or symptom that indicates a certain treatment ; an indi- 
cation. 

Indicanuria (in-dik-an-u'-re-ah) [indicum, indigo; 
obpov, urine] . The morbid excess of indican in the urine. 

Indication (in-dik-a'-shim) [indicatio, an indication]. 
A sign or symptom, especially when it points out the 
proper course of treatment ; the inference drawn from 
the various symptoms or signs in any particular case. 

Indicator (in' -dik-a-tor) [indicare, to point out]. I. 
The index-finger. 2. The extensor indicis muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Indicium (in-dish'-e-um) [L. : pi., Indicia']. A symp- 
tom or sign ; a discriminating or diagnostic mark. 

Indifferent (in-dif'-er-ent) [in, not ; differens, differ- 
ent]. I. Not specially differentiated. 2. Not acted 
upon in a special way by any reagent. 

Indifferentism (in-dif'-er-ent-izm) [in, not ; differens, 
different] . Lack of special differentiation. 

Indifulvin (in-de-ful'-vin) [\v8ut6v, indigo ; fulvus, 
yellow]. A yellowish substance occurring in two vari- 
eties, and produced by the action of dilute acids on 
indican. 

Indifuscin (in-de-fus 1 '-in) [Iv6ik6v, indigo ; fuscus, 
dark] , C. M H. 2n N,0 9 . A substance produced by the ac- 
tion of dilute acids on indican. 

Indigenous (in-dij' -en-us) [indu, in ; gignere, to be- 
get]. Native, and not exotic. Originating or belong- 
ing to a certain locality or country. 

Indigestion (in-di-jes'-clmn) [indigestio ; in, not ; 
digerere, to digest]. Same as Dyspepsia. 

Indigitation (in-dij-it-a' -shun) [in, in ; digitus, a fin- 
ger]. A displacement of a part of the intestine by in- 
tussusception. 

Indiglucin (in-de-glu'-sin) [IvSckov, indigo ; yAvKvc, 
sweet], C 6 H 10 O 6 . A yellow syrup, one of the decom- 
position-products of indican. 
39 



Indiglycin (in-de-gli'-sin). Same as Indiglucin. 
Indigo (iu'-dig-o) [tvdcicov, indigo]. A blue pigment 
formed during the fermentation of Indigofera anil, I. 
lincloria, and other species. It is insoluble in alcohol 
or water, but freely soluble in strong sulphuric acid ; 
it is used mainly in the arts as a dye-stuff. Chemic- 
ally, it is a mixture of several principles, the chief 
being a blue coloring-matter, indigotin. Therapeutic- 
ally, it is an irritant to the mucous membrane of the 
alimentary tract, producing intense nausea. It has 
been used advantageously in epilepsy, chorea, and 
convulsions, in doses varying from gij-^ij daily. 
Unof. I. -blue, C lc H I0 N 2 O 2 . Indigotin ; a chromo- 
gen found in ordinary indigo, of which it constitutes 
the principal ingredient. It is also derived from 
wood (Isatis tinctorid). It occurs in the plant as 
a glucosid, indican. Indigo-blue is a dark-blue pow- 
der with a reddish glimmer ; it becomes metallic and 
copper-like under pressure. It is insoluble in water, 
alcohol, and ether, and is odorless and tasteless. It 
dissolves in hot anilin with a blue color, and crystallizes 
from hot oil of turpentine in beautiful blue plates. 
I. -brown, a resinous substance of a brown color, ob- 
tained by boiling an aqueous solution of indican with 
an acid. It is composed of a mixture of indihumin , 
C 10 H 9 NO 3 , and iudirhetin, C 18 H 17 N0 5 , the former 
soluble and the latter insoluble in alcohol. I.-car- 
min, a sodium salt of indigotin-disulphonic acid; it 
is used as a blue dye, a washing-blue, and is a delicate 
test for sugar. I.-carmin Test for Sugar; put 
in 30 minims of water one part each of indigo-carmin 
and sodium carbonate ; heat gently to solution ; add 
one drop of urine, and boil quietly. A change to red 
or yellow indicates sugar. See Tests, Table of. I. 
Bxtract. See Indigo-carmin. I. -red. See Indi- 
rubin. I. -white, C 16 H 12 N 2 2 . Indigogen; a sub- 
stance obtained by the reduction of indigo-blue. It 
occurs as a white crystalline powder, soluble in alco- 
hol, ether, and the alkalies, with a yellowish color. 
It rapidly reoxidizes to indigo-blue by exposure to the 
air. I., Wild. See Baptisia. 
Indigogen (in'-dig-o-Jen). See Indigo-white and Uro- 

xanthin. 
Indigotin (in-dig-o'-tin). See Indigo-blue. 
Indigouria (in-dig-o-u'-re-ali) [Iv6ik6v, indigo; ovpov, 
urine]. The presence of indigo in the urine ; it is 
due to a decomposition of indican. See Cyanurin. 
Indihumin (in-de-hu'-min). See Indigo-brown. 
Indirect (in-di-rekf) [in, not ; dirigere, to be in a 
straight line]. Not direct. I. Division of Cells. 
See Karyokinesis. I. Segmentation. See Karyo- 
kinesis. I. Vision, that perception of an object in 
which the image falls on some other spot than the 
macula. 
Indirhetin (in-dir-e'-tvi). See Indigo-brown. 
Indirubin (in-de-rid -bin) [ivfiindv, indigo ; rubum, red], 
C ]t .H 10 N 2 O 2 . A substance isomeric with indigo- 
blue, and very similar in its entire character to this 
substance. It is produced by effecting the conden- 
sation of indoxyl with isatin by means of a dilute 
soda-solution. It is also called indigo-red. 
Indisin (in'-dis-in). Same as Mauvein,q. v. 
Indisposition (in-dis-po-zish'-un) [indispositio, unsuit- 
ableness]. Any slight illness or disturbance of the 
functions of the body. 
Indissoluble (in-dis'-o-lu-bl). See Insoluble. 
Indium (in' -de-uni) [indicum, indigo, so-called from 
its indigo-blue spectral line]. A rare metal. Symbol 
In., atomic weight, 113.7. It is very soft, and resem- 
bles lead in its properties. See Elements, Table of. 
Individual (in-div-id' -u-aT) [in, not; dividere, to di- 
vide]. A single being; one of a group or species. 



INDOGEN 



610 



INFANTILISM 



In biology, the total result of the development of a 
single ovum. I. Prepotency. See Prepotency. 

Indogen (in'-do-jen). Same as Uroxanthin, 

Indoin (in' -do-in) [indicum, indigo]. A blue substance 
produced from propiolic acid on adding metallic iron, 
zinc, or copper. 

Indol (in'-dol) [indicum, indigo], C 8 H 7 N. A product 
of intestinal putrefaction, and occurring in the feces, to 
which, with skatol, it imparts the unpleasant odor. It 
is also formed when proteids are heated with alkalies, 
or by superheating with water to 200 C. It is a crys- 
talline bodv melting, when pure, at 53° C. It is solu- 
ble in boiling water, alcohol, and ether. 

Indolemia (in-do-le' -me-ali) [lv86g, Indian ; Aoi/udc, 
pestilence]. Asiatic cholera. 

Indolent {in' -do-lent) [in, not; dolere, to feel pain]. 
Sluggish. Without pain ; applied to ulcers, tumors, 
etc. 

Indophenin (in-do-fe' '-nin) [indicum, indigo; phenyl~\, 
C 13 H 7 NOS. A bluish compound formed by the ac- 
tion of a solution of isatin, I part to 30 parts of H 2 S0 4 , 
on benzene. 

Indophenol (in-do-fe' -not), [indicum, indigo ; phenyl~\. 
Same as Naphthol-blue. I. -blue. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Indosynclonus (in-do-sin' '-Alo-mts) [lv66c, Indian ; 
csvyxXovEiv , to dash together]. Same as Beriberi. 

Indoxyl (in-doks'-il ) [ipdinov, indigo; bifvc, sharp], 
C 8 H,NO. A substance isomeric with oxindol. It re- 
sults on the elimination of carbon dioxid from indoxylic 
acid. It is an oil, not volatile in aqueous vapor, 
readily soluble in water, showing yellow fluor- 
escence. 

Indoxylic Acid (in-doks-il'-ik). See Acid. 

Induced (in-dusd') [inducere to lead into]. Made 
or produced by the agency of any means. I. Cur- 
rent. See Current. 

Induction (in-duk' -shun) [inductio ; inducere, to lead 
in]. The establishment of an abstract law or pro- 
position drawn from specific or particular facts. 
I. -balance, in physics, an instrument used for the 
detection of currents too weak to affect the galvano- 
meter. I. -current. See Current. I., Faradic. 
See Faradic. I. of Labor, the bringing on of labor 
by artificial means. I. -coil. See Cod. 

Inductorium (in-duk-to' -re-um) [L., a covering]. A 
magneto-induction apparatus for physiologic purposes. 

Indulin-blue. Same as Coupler's Blue. 

Indulins (in'-du-linz) [ivdtKov, indigo ; vkr), matter]. 
Members of the safranin class of dye-stuffs. They 
are violet-blue to gray-blue in color, and are formed 
upon heating various azo-azobenzenes and amido-azo- 
benzenes with anilin hydrochlorids. They are also 
called nigrosins. They are used to impart a blue color 
to wool, cotton, and silk. See Pigments, Conspectus 
of. 

Indumentum (in-du-men' '-turn) [induere, to put on 
(clothes)]. In biology, the plumage of a bird or the 
pubescence of a plant. 

Induplicate (in-du' -plik-at) [in, in, on; duplicare, to 
double]. In biology, applied to leaves, petals, or 
sepals while in the bud, which have their edges bent 
or rolled inward. 

Indurascent (in-du-ras' -ent) [in, in; durare, to 
harden]. In biology, gradually hardening. 

Indurated (in'-du-ra-ted) [indurare, to harden]. 
Hardened. I. Bubo, a hard inflammation of the lym- 
phatic glands, usually of syphilitic origin. 

Induratio (in-du-ra'-she-o) [L.]. Induration. I. telae 
cellulosse. See Sclerema neonatorum. 

Induration (in-du-ra'-shun) [induratio, an induration]. 
The hardening of a tissue without alteration of struc- 



ture ; a hardened mass or lump. I., Black. See/., 
Gray. I., Brown, a hardening of lung-tissue, with 
deposition of pigmentary matter. I. of Chancre, 
a hard nodule, or a cup-like ring, about the margin of a 
chancre or syphilitic ulcer. I., Fibroid. See P., Gray, 
and Cirrhosis. I., Granular. See Cirrhosis. I., 
Gray, the appearance of the lung in chronic pneu- 
monia, the cut-surface of the lung being smooth, 
glistening, gray, and dense. It is also called black or 
fibroid induration. I., Red, a firm, resistant, red- 
dened condition of the lung in chronic pneumonia. 

Indusiate (in-du' -ze-at) [induere, to put on]. In bi- 
ology, having an indusium. 

Indusium (in-du' -ze-um) [induere, to put on: pi., In- 
dusia~\. I. In biology : (a) that portion of the epider- 
mis of a fern-frond that covers the fruit-dots or sori ; 
(b) the case or covering of an insect larva. 2. The 
vestigial layer of the cerebral cortex existing with 
greater or less distinctness upon the dorsal surface of 
the callosum ; it is also seen in many other mammals 
beside man. It is called also Indusium griseum. 

Induviae (in-du' -ve-e). [L. ://. Clothes]. In biology, 
persistent withered leaves. 

Induviate (in-du' -ve-at) [induviic, clothes]. In biology, 
clothed with old or withered parts. 

Inebriant (in-e' '-bre-ant)[i?iebrians ; inebriare, to make 
drunk]. I. Intoxicant; causing inebriation. 2. An 
agent or drug that causes inebriation. 

Inebriation (ine bre-a'-shun) [inebriatio ; inebriare, 
to make drunk]. The condition of drunkenness. 

Inebriety (in-e-bri' ' -et-e) [inebrietas, drunkenness]. In- 
ebriation ; especially habitual drunkenness. 

Inedia (in-e'-de-ali) [in, not; edere, to eat]. Synonym 
of Pasting. 

Inein (in'-e-in). A crystalline substance obtained from 
the hairs of the seeds of Strophanthus. 

Inenucleable (in-e-nu' -kle-a-bl) [in, not; enucleare, 
to shell out]. Not removable by enucleation. 

Inequivalve (in-e-kwi' -valv) [in, not ; equus, equal ; 
valva, the leaf of a door]. In biology, applied to 
shells having unequal valves. 

Inerm (in-erm') [in, without ; arma, arms]. In biol- 
ogy, without hooks, thorns, or prickles ; unarmed. 

Inertia (in-er'-she-ah) [iners, inactive, unskilled ; in, 
not; ars, skill]. Sluggishness. In physics, the ina- 
bility of matter to change its condition except by 
means of an external force. In physiology, inactivity 
of any organ or function of the body. I. of Drugs, 
lack of power, from inferior quality, to produce cus- 
tomary physiologic reactions. I., Intestinal, torpor 
of intestinal action, or peristalsis. I., Time. See 
Time. I., Uterine, the failure or sluggishness of 
uterine contractions in labor. 

In extremis (in ehs-tre'-mis) [in, in; extremis, last]. 
A Latin phrase, meaning at the end ; at the point of 
death or in extreme danger of speedy death. 

Infancy (in'-fan-se) [infans, 'a little child]. Early 
childhood. I., Diseases of, those to which infants 
are peculiarly liable. 

Infant (in'-faut)[infaus, a little child]. A babe. Accord- 
ing to English law, one not having attained the age of 
twenty-one. I., Overlaying of, suffocation of an 
infant by the lying upon it of an adult in sleep. 
I. -shelter, a day-nursery where the infant-children 
of working mothers are kept at a moderate expense 
during the hours of labor. In France, a creche. 

Infanticide (in-fant'-is-ld) [infans, a little child ; 
ciedere, to kill]. The murder of an infant. 

Infantile (in' -fan-til) [infantilis, of an infant]. Per- 
taining to infancy. I. Paralysis. See Paralysis. 

Infantilism (iu-fan' -til-izm) [infans, a little child]. 
The persistence of the characters of childhood into 



INFARCT 



611 



INFLORESCENCE 



the period of normal adolescence or even into adult 
life. 

Infarct (in-farkf) [infarcire, to fill in]. An obstruc- 
tion or plug. I., Anemic, a pale wedge-shaped area 
in an organ due to the occlusion of a blood-vessel 
by an embolus, the tissues in the distribution of the 
vessel undergoing coagulation-necrosis. I., Hemor- 
rhagic, a dark-red wedge-shaped area in an organ due 
to the occlusion of a vessel by an embolus, with the 
subsequent extravasation of blood into the tissues be- 
yond the point of obstruction. The base of the wedge 
is toward the periphery, the apex toward the hilum of 
the organ. The condition is most common in the 
spleen, the kidney, and the lung. I., Uric Acid, the 
deposition of crystals of uric acid in the renal tubules 
of the newborn. 

Infarction (in-fark' -shun) [infarcire, to stuff in]. The 
plugging of a vessel by an embolus ; the masses of 
extravasated blood in the tissues in embolism ; obstruc- 
tion ; infarct. 

Infarctus (in-fark' -tus) . See Infarct. 

Infect (in-fekt') [inficere, to put in, or corrupt]. To 
communicate or transmit the specific virus or germs of 
disease. 

Infection (in-fek' -shun) [infectio, infection]. The 
communication of disease-germs or virus, by any 
means, direct or indirect. 

Infectious (in-fek' -shits) [infectio, infection]. Having 
the quality of transmitting disease or the agents that 
cause disease. See also Contagions. I. Endocardi- 
tis, ulcerative endocarditis ; malignant endocarditis. 
I. Pseudo-rheumatism. See Pseudo-rheumatism. 

Infective (in-fek' -tiv) [infectio, infection]. Infectious. 
I. Angioma. See Angioma serpiginosum . 

Infectivity (in-fek-tiv'-it-e) [inficere, to infect]. In- 
fectiousness ; the quality of being infectious. 

Infecundity (in-fe-kun' -dit-e) [in, not ; fecundus, fruit- 
ful]. Sterility, barrenness. 

Inferent (in'-fer-ent). Same as Afferent. 

Inferior [in- fe' -re- or) [comp. of inferus, low]. Lower. 

Inferius (in-fe' '-re-its') [L.]. Inferior. 

Infero-lateral (in' -fer-o-lat ' -er-al) [inferus, low; 
latus, side]. Situated below and to one side. 

Infero-posterior (in' -fer-o-pos-te' -re-or) [inferus, low ; 
posterius, posterior]. Situated backward and below. 

Infertility (in-fe?--til' -it-e) [in, not; fertilis, fertile]. 
Same as Sterility. 

Infibulation (in-fib-u-la' -shun) [in, in; fibula, a clasp]. 
An operation formerly employed to prevent the retrac- 
tion of the prepuce over the glans penis in order to 
prevent copulation. It consisted in passing a ring 
through opposite edges of the prepuce. In a similar 
manner a ring was passed through the labia of the 
vagina in order to insure the chastity of females. 

Infiltrate (in'-fil-lrdt) [in, in ; filtrare, to strain]. To 
ooze into the interstitial spaces of a tissue ; also, the 
substance thus having passed. 

Infiltration (in-fil-tra' -shuri) [infiltratio, infiltration]. 
The abnormal diffusion of any fluid from without into 
an organ or tissue, affecting it mechanically so as to 
destroy its function. I. of Bone, a tuberculous in- 
filtration of bone, consisting either of matter that 
becomes puriform, or else of gray cancellous matter. 
I., Calcareous, deposits of lime or other calcium 
salts within any tissue of the body. I., Cellular, 
the primary exudation into a tissue, conveying white 
corpuscles. I., Fatty, the presence of oil or fat- 
globules in the interior of a cell. I., Gray, an opaque 
condition of the lung found after death from acute 
tuberculosis, the lung being of a dirty ash-gray color, 
with no appearance of lobulation or of the normal pul- 
monary structure. I., Plastic, that of a character from 



which new normal growth may develop. I., Red, a 
form of infiltration of the lung in acute tuberculosis in 
which the lung presents a more or less hyperemic ap- 
pearance, and is soft and granular. I., Sanguineous, 
an extravasation of blood. An ecchymosis. I., Tu- 
berculous, a confluence of tuberculous granulations. 

Infinite (in'-fin-it) [infinittis, boundless]. Immeasur- 
ably or innumerably great. I. Distance, a term in 
optics to denote parallelism of the light rays. Absolute 
parallelism does not exist, but, practically, rays from 
an object 20 feet away are so considered and so called. 

Infinitesimalism (infin-it-es 1 ' -im-al-izm) [infinitus, 
boundless]. The doctrine that favors the infinitesimal 
dilution of drugs with the view of potentizing them, 
or developing their power over disease. 

Infirm (in-fcrm') [infirmus, not strong or firm]. Weak 
or feeble. 

Infirmary (in-fer 1 '-ma-re) [infirmarium, an infirmary]. 
A hospital. An institution where ill and infirm people 
are maintained during the period of treatment. 

Infirmity (in-fer' -mit-e) [infirmitas, weakness]. Weak- 
ness. Feebleness due to disease or senility. 

Inflame (in-flam') [inflammare, to set on fire]. To 
undergo inflammation. To become unduly heated 
and turgid with blood, owing to a morbid condition. 

Infiammatio (in-fiam-a'-ske-o) [L.]. A burning. I. 
ventriculi. See Gastritis. 

Inflammation (in-fiam-a 1 '-shun) [infiammatio, a burn- 
ing]. A condition of nutritive disturbance character- 
ized by hyperemia, with proliferation of the cells of a 
tissue or organ, and attended by one or more of the 
symptoms of pain, heat, swelling, discoloration, and 
disordered function. I., Adhesive, a synonym of 
Healing by First Intention. I., Aplastic, and I., 
Plastic. See Lymph. I., Granulomatous, a chronic 
form of inflammation occurring usually in scrofulous or 
syphilitic individuals, with the formation of granulation- 
tissue of low vitality. This tissue breaks down into 
small abscesses, the latter uniting to form fistulous tracks 
without any tendency to the formation of cicatrices. I. 
of the Periosteum of a Tooth, periodontitis. See 
Odontalgia, and Periostitis, Dental. I., Pyo-gangren- 
ous, a form of rapidly progressive inflammation, with 
the production of a gangrenous focus, surrounded by a 
zone of suppuration. I., Regenerative, that form of 
inflammation which is followed by cicatrization. See 
also Theories of Inflammation. 

Inflammatory (in-flam' -at-o-re) [inflammare, to in- 
flame]. Pertaining to inflammation. I. Blush, 
synonym of Erythema,. I. Corpuscle. See Cor- 
puscle, Gluge's. I. Exudation, the fluid exuded 
from an inflamed part. I. Fever. See Traumatic 
Fever. I. Focus, the central or culminating spot of 
an inflamed part, or that at which suppuration begins. 
I. Fungoid Neoplasm. See Mycosis. I. Infiltra- 
tion, the exudation escaping into the interstices of an 
inflamed tissue and not removed by the lymphatics. 
I. Zone, the area of gangrenous formation bounded 
by the line of demarcation between dead and living 
tissue. Also, the line of demarcation. 

Inflation (in-fia' -shun) [infiatio ; infiare, to puff up]. 
Distention with air. In surgery, distention of the 
bowels with air, to relieve obstruction ; or of the lungs, 
for artificial respiration ; or of the Eustachian tube, for 
therapeutic purposes. 

Inflected (in-flek'-ted) [in, in ; flectere, to bend]. In 
biology, bent inward or downward. 

Inflexed (in-fleksf) [inflectere, to bend]. In biology, 
bent. Same as Inflected. 

Inflorescence (in-flor-es' -ens)[in, in ;florescere, to begin 
to blossom]. In biology : (a) blossoming, flowering ; 
(b) a flower-cluster. 



INFLUENZA 



612 



INFUSUM 



Influenza (in-flu-en' -zah) [Ital., an influence, formerly 
thought to be due to the stars]. A specific, conta- 
gious, epidemic affection characterized by catarrhal in- 
flammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory 
tract, accompanied by a muco-purulent discharge, 
fever, and prostration. There is a strong tendency to 
the development of broncho-pneumonia. At times 
symptoms referable to the gastro-intestinal system pre- 
dominate ; at other times the symptoms are mainly re- 
ferred to the nervous system. The aged, weak, and 
young often succumb. The disease is popularly called 
by its French name, la grippe. See Bacillus of In- 
fluenza, under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Influx (in'-fluks) [in, in; /lucre, to flow]. An inflow. 
The act of flowing in. 

Infossous (infos'-us) [in, in ; fodere, to dig]. In bi- 
ology, sunk in or depressed. Cf. Introvenium. 

Infra- {in' -f rah-) [infra, below]. A Latin prefix 
meaning below or beneath. 

Infra-axillary (in' -frah-aks' -il-a-re) [infra, below ; 
axilla, the arm-pit]. Below the arm-pit. 

Infra-branchial (in-fra-brang'-ke-al) [infra, below ; 
branchia, gills]. Beneath or below the gills. 

Infra-buccal (in-fra-buk'-al) [infra, below; bucca, 
the cheek]. In molluscs beneath the buccal mass. 

Infraclavicular (in-frak-klav-ik' -u-lar) [infra, be- 
low; clavicula, the collar-bone]. Below the collar- 
bone. 

Infracommissure (in-frali-com'-is-ur) [infra, below ; 
committere, to unite]. The inferior commissure of the 
brain. 

Infraconstrictor (in-frah-kon-strik' -tor) [infra, be- 
low; constringere, to bind together]. The inferior 
constrictor of the pharynx. See Muscles, Table of. 

Infracortical (in-frah-kor' -tik-al) [infra, below ; 
cortex, a bark] . Lying beneath the cortical substance 
of the brain. 

Infracostal (in-frah-kos'-tal) [infra, below; costa,a. 
rib]. Below the ribs. 

\r\fc&cos\a\zs(in-frah-kos-ta'-lez). See Muscles, Table of 

Infraction (in-frak' -shun) [in, in; fr actio, breaking]. 
Incomplete fracture of a bone. Also, an indentation 
or driving forward. 

Infradiaphragmatic (in-frah-di-afrag-mat'-ik) [infra, 
below; (Via, across; (ppdy/xa, wall]. Situated below 
the diaphragm. 

Infraglottic [in-frah-glot' -i k) [infra, below ; ylurrig, 
the glottis]. Below the glottis. 

Infrahyoid (in-frah-hi'-oid) [infra, below; voeidijc, 
hyoid]. Situated below the hyoid bone. 

Inframammary (in-frah-mam' -ar-e) [infra, below ; 
mamma, the breast]. Below the mammary apparatus. 

Inframaxillary (in-frah-maks' -il-a-re) [infra, below ; 
maxilla, the jaw]. Below or under the jaw. 

Infraorbital (in-frah-or'-bit-tal) [infra, below; or- 
bita, orbit]. Beneath or below the orbit. I. Artery, 
the branch of the internal maxillary artery traversing 
the infraorbital canal. I. Canal, the canal in the 
superior maxillary bone that transmits the infraorbital 
vessels and nerve. I. Foramen, the aperture in the 
superior maxillary bone through which the infraorbital 
artery passes. I. Groove, the groove in the superior 
maxillary bone leading to the infraorbital canal. I. 
Nerve, the name of the superior maxillary nerve at 
its entrance into the infraorbital canal. 

Infrapubian (in-frah-pu' -be-an) [infra, below; pubes, 
the pubes] . Situated beneath the pubes. 

Infrarectus (infrah-rek' -tus) [infra, below ; rectus, 
straight]. The inferior rectus muscle of the eye. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Infrascapular (in-frah-skap' '-u-lar) [infra, below ; 
scapula, shoulder-blade]. Below the shoulder-blade. 



Infraspinatus (in-frah-spi na'-tus). See Muscles, Table 
of. 

Infraspinous (m-frah-spi'-nus) [infra, below ; spina, 
a spine]. Beneath a spine, as of the scapula or a ver- 
tebra. I. Fascia, the dense membranous fascia cov- 
ering the infraspinous muscle. I. Muscle. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Infrasternal (in-frah-ster'-nal) [infra, below; ster- 
num, breast-bone]. Below the sternum. I. De- 
pression, the depression of the ensiform cartilage, 
commonly called the pit of the stomach. 

Infratemporal (in-frah-tem' -po-ral) [infra, below; 
tempora, the temple]. Situated beneath the temporal 
bone. 

Infrathoracic (in-frah-tho-ra' -sik) [infra, below ; 8i>- 
paf, thorax]. Below the thorax. 

Infratrochlea (in-frah-trok' -le-ah) [infra, below ; 
trochlea, a pulley]. Below the trochlea. I. Nerve. 
See Nerves, Table of. 

Infraturbinal (iu-frah-tur'-bin-al) [infra, below ; tur- 
bo, a wheel, top]. Inferior turbinal. See Bones, 
Table of 

Infravaginal (in-frah-vaf -in-al) [infra, below; 
vagina, sheath]. Situated below the vaginal vault. 

Infriction (in-frik' -shun) [infrictio, a rubbing in]. The 
rubbing of a surface with an ointment or liniment. 

Infundibula (in-fun-dib' -u-lah) [L.]. Plural of Infun- 
dibulum, a. v. I. of Kidneys, the calices or the 
divisions of the pelvis of the kidney formed by the 
confluence of the calices. I. of Lungs, the elongated 
sacs (set about with air-cells) in which the smallest air- 
passages terminate. I. subgenitalia. SeeDe/unia. 

Infundibular (in-fun-dib' -u-lar) [infundibulum, a fun- 
nel]. Of the nature of or belonging to an infundi- 
bulum. 

Infundibuliform (i/i-fun-dib-u'-lif-orm) [infundibulum , 
a funnel; forma, a form]. Funnel-shaped. I. 
Fascia, the funnel-shaped membranous layer that 
invests the spermatic cord. I. Process, the cremas- 
teric process of the fascia transversalis. 

Infundibulum (in-fun-dib' -u-luin) [infundere, to pour 
into]. In biology, a term frequently and variously ap- 
plied to funnel-shaped organs or parts. I. of Brain, a 
funnel-shaped mass of gray matter attached to the 
pituitary body. I. of Cochlea, a small cavity at the 
end of the modiolus. I. of Heart, the arterial cone 
from which the pulmonary artery arises. I. of Ovi- 
duct, the cavity formed by the fringes at the ovarian 
end of an oviduct. 

Infuscate (in-fus'-kat) [infuscare, to make dark or 
dusky]. In biology, clouded or darkened. 

Infused (in-fuzd') [infundere, to pour in] . Extracted; 
steeped. I. Oils. See Olea infusa. 

Infusion (in-fu'-zhun) [infusio, infusion, an infusion]. 
I. See Infusum. 2. The slow and gentle injection 
of water or of a medicated liquid into a vein, or into 
parenchymatous tissues. 

Infusor (infu'-zor) [L.]. An instrument by means of 
which water or a medicated liquid may be made to flow 
slowly into a vein, or into the parenchymatous tissues. 

Infusoria (in-fu-so'-re-ah) [infusum, an infusion]. A 
class of microscopic, ciliated Protozoa. They are so 
called because they often develop in great numbers in 
organic infusions. They reproduce by fission. 

Infusum (in-fu'-sum) [L. : gen., Infusi ; pi., Infusa~\. 
An infusion. In pharmacy, a preparation made by 
treating a vegetable substance with hot or with cold 
water, without boiling. Infusions should, in the ab- 
sence of specific directions, contain I part of the sub- 
stance to 10 of water. There are four official infusa, 
and two in the National Formulary, besides a large 
number in the British Pharmacopeia. 






INGESTA 



613 



INJECT 



Ingesta (in-jes'-tah) [ingerere, to carry into]. Sub- 
stances introduced into the body, especially for pur- 
poses of alimentation. 

Ingestion (in-jes f -chun) [ingestio, ingestion]. I. The 
introduction of food or nutrition into the mouth or 
stomach. 2. The process by which a cell takes up 
foreign matters, such as bacilli or smaller cells. 

Ingluvial (iu-g/u'-iv-al) \_ingluvies, the crop]. Per- 
taining to the ingluvies. 

Ingluvies (in-glu'-ve-ez) [in, in ; glutire, to swallow]. 
In biology, the most anterior dilatation of the alimen- 
tary canal, as the crop or craw in birds, the paunch or 
rumen in mammals, the sucking-stomach of insects. 

Ingluvin (in'-glu-vin) [ingluvies, crop or craw of a 
bird] . A preparation obtained from the gizzard of the 
fowl, Pulius gallinaceus, used as a substitute for pep- 
sin and pancreatin. It is very efficient in the vomit- 
ing of pregnancy. Dose gr. x-xx. 

Ingot (ing' -got) [ME., ingot, a mold for molten metal]. 
A bar of gold, silver, or other metal, cast in a 
mold. 

Ingrassias, Processes, or Wings of. The lesser 
wings of the sphenoid bone. 

Ingravescent (in-grav-es' '-ent) [ingravescere, to become 
heavy]. Increasing in weight or in severity. I. 
Apoplexy. See Apoplexy. 

Ingravidation (in-grav-id-a'-shun). See Impregna- 
tion. 

Ingredient (in-gre'-de-ent) [ingredi, to step into]. Any 
substance that enters into the formation of a com- 
pound. 

Ingrowing Nail. See Onychogriposis. 

Inguen (ing' -gwen) [L.]. The groin, q. v. 

Inguinal (in'-gtvin-al) [inguen, the groin]. Pertaining 
to the groin. I. Arch, the crural arch. I. Canal, 
the canal transmitting the spermatic cord in the male, 
and the round ligament in the female. It is situated 
parallel to and just above Poupart's ligament. I. 
Glands, the superficial and the deep glands of the 
groin. I. Hernia. See Hernia. See, also, Liga- 
ment, Region, Ring. I. Plague. Synonym of Plague. 

Inguino- (in' -gwin-o-) [inguen, the groin]. In com- 
position, pertaining to the groin. I. -abdominal, 
pertaining conjointly to the groin and the abdomen. 
I. -crural, relating to the groin and the thigh. I.- 
cutaneous, relating to the integument of the groin. 

Ingurgitation (in-gur-jit-a' -shun) [ingurgitatio, a swal- 
lowing]. I. The act of swallowing; deglutition. 2. 
Excess in eating or drinking. 

Inhalation (in- ha- la' -shun) [inhalatio ; inhalare, to 
draw in]. The in-breathing of air or other vapor. 
I. -diseases, those due to the inspiration of air contain- 
ing dust or any finely divided matter. See Grinders' 1 
Disease. I. of Medicines, the introduction into the 
air-passages or lungs of medicinal substances in the 
form of vapor or fine spray. 

Inhale (in-hal') [inhalare, to breathe in]. To inspire 
or draw air or other vapor into the lungs. 

Inhaler (in-ha'-ler) [inhalare, to breathe in]. An in- 
strument for inhaling a gas or the vapor of a liquid 
medicine. I., Nitrous-oxid, a breathing-tube for the 
inhalation of nitrous-oxid gas ; it is constructed of 
vulcanized rubber or metal. See Anesthetic. 

Inherent (in-he' '-rent) [inhtrrere, to cleave to]. Con- 
stitutional ; innate ; natural to the organism ; not 
casual or derivative. 

Inheritance (in-he)-' -it-ans) [F. , inheriter, to inherit]. 
The act of inheriting. I., Particulate, the reappear- 
ance of single peculiarities in the offspring. I., Use, 
the inheritance of acquired characters ; the acquisition 
by the offspring of changes in the body-cells of the 
parent. 



Inherited (in-her' -it-ed) [in, in, to; heres, heir]. De- 
rived from an ancestor. I. Disease, a disease that 
has been transmitted to a child by its parent. 

Inhibit (in-hib 1 -it) [inhibere, to check]. To check, 
restrain, or suppress. 

Inhibition (in-hib-ish'-un) [inhibitio, restraint]. The 
act of checking, restraining, or suppressing ; any in- 
fluence that controls, retards, or restrains. Inhibitory 
nerves and centers are those intermediating a modifi- 
cation, stoppage, or suppression of a motor or secretory 
act already in progress. I., Mental, the involuntary 
restraint that active mental states exercise over bodily 
functions, normal or otherwise. I., Vasomotor, an 
influence exerted on the contractile walls of the blood- 
vessels, that causes their dilatation by a diminution of 
their tone. I., Voluntary, the checking or temporary 
restraint of a reflex by force of will. 

Inhibitive (in-hib' -it-iv). See Inhibitory. 

Inhibitory (in-hib' -it-o-re) [inhibitorius, inhibitory]. 
Having the power to restrain or hold in check. I, Cen- 
ter of Setschenow, a cerebral center in the optic lobes 
of the brain of the frog, the stimulation of which checks 
spinal reflexes. I. Nerves of the Heart, those of 
the vagus supplied by the cardio-inhibitory center, 
through the spinal accessory nerve. I. Nerves of 
Respiration, certain afferent fibers in the laryngeal 
branches of the vagus nerve, that exert an inhibitory 
action on the inspiratory act of respiration. I. Cen- 
ters, nerve-centers that inhibit, restrain, or even 
arrest the action of other centers. I. Fibers, centri- 
fugal nerve-fibers that affect other centers so as to 
moderate or nullify their action. 

Inhumation (in-hu-ma'-shun) [inhumare, to put in the 
ground]. Burial of the dead in the ground. See 
Humation. 

Iniad (in'-e-ad) [ivlov, the occiput]. Toward the 
inial aspect. 

Inial (in' -e-al) [iviov, occiput]. Pertaining to the inion. 
I. Aspect, the posterior aspect of the head. 

Inien (in'-e-en) [iviov, occiput]. Belonging to the inion 
in itself. 

Iniencephalus (in-e-en-sef '-al-us) [Iviov, occiput ; 
hyueqakog, brain]. A variety of single autositic mon- 
sters of the species Exencephalus in which there is the 
same deformity of the skull as in notencephalus, with 
the addition of a spinal fissure involving the cervical 
and thoracic vertebrae. 

Iniodymus (in-e-od'-im-us) [Iviov, occiput ; 3ia*vfioc, 
double]. A teratism with one body and two heads 
joined at the occiput. 

Inio-glabellar (in'-e-o-gla-bel'-ar) [iviov, occiput ; 
glaber, smooth]. Relating to or joining the inion and 
the glabella. 

Inion (in'-e-on) [iviov, occiput]. The external protu- 
berance of the occipital bone. SeeCraniometric Points. 

Iniops (in'-e-ops) [iviov, occiput ; bip, face]. A cata- 
didymous monstrosity with the parts below the navel 
double, the thoraces joined into one, and one head 
with two faces, the one incomplete. 

Inirritative (in-ir' -it-a-tiv) [in, not ; irritare, to irri- 
tate]. Not irritant ; soothing. 

Initial (in-isM-al) [in, into; ire, to go]. Beginning or 
commencing. I. Cells, germ-cells. I. Sclerosis, the 
primary induration of a hard chancre. I. Stage of 
Labor. See Labor, Stages of. 

Initis (in-i'-tis) [if, muscle, fiber; ing, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of fibrous or muscular tissue. 

Inject (in-jekt r ) [in, into; jacere, to throw]. To effect 
the introduction of a liquid into any cavity of the body, 
natural or artificial, by means of a syringe or similar in- 
strument. In pathology, to produce a condition of 
distention of the capillaries with blood. 



INJECTA 



614 



INOSCULATION 



Injecta {in-jek'-tah) [L.]. Things introduced, as into 
the alimentary canal (correlated with ejectd). 

Injection [in-jek' 'shun) [injectio, a throwing in]. An 
aqueous or other solution thrown into the vessels, be- 
neath the skin or into any cavity of the body ; the intro- 
duction of such a liquid ; a condition of capillary disten- 
tion. I., Anatomic, filling the vessels of a cadaver 
or of an organ with preservative or coagulating solu- 
tions, for purposes of dissection, I., Coagulating, 
injection of coagulating solutions into the cavity of an 
aneurysm. I., Hypodermatic, into the subcutaneous 
connective tissue, by means of a syringe. I., Nutri- 
ent, injection of nutritive fluids into the rectum or 
other cavity of the body. I., Opaque Naked-eye, 
for anatomic or microscopic purposes, made of plaster- 
of- Paris, tallow, vermilion and gelatin, plumbic acetate 
and potassium bichromate (yellow injection), or 
plumbic acetate and sodium carbonate (white). I., 
Transparent Microscopic, made with carmin for 
red, potassium ferrocyanid for blue, potassium bi- 
chromate for yellow. I. -pneumonia, a condition of 
the lung somewhat resembling pneumonia, following 
injections of Koch's tuberculin. 

Injector [in-jek' -tor-) [injicere, to throw in]. An ap- 
paratus, as a syringe, used in injecting any material 
into the organism, or into any of its cavities. 

Injury (in'-ju-re) [injuria; in, not; jus, a right]. 
Any damage or harm to the body or any of its parts. 

In-kne'e [in'-ne). Knock-knee, or genu valgum, q. v. 

Inlet (in'-let). The place where the air of ventilation 
is admitted into a room. I. of the Pelvis, the heart- 
shaped space within the brim of the pelvis ; the supe- 
rior pelvic strait. 

Inman's Myalgia. See Diseases, Table of. 

Innate (in-ndt' or in'-ndt) [innatus, born in]. Con- 
genital ; native to the organism ; intrinsic. In biology, 
applied to anthers that appear to be supported by the 
very apex of the filament. 

Innervation (in-ner-va'-shun) [in, in ; nervus, nerve]. 
The discharge of nervous impulses from a ganglionic 
center ; the supply of nervous influence bestowed 
upon any part or organ ; the distribution of nerves 
within a part or organ ; the manifestation of nervous 
force. 

Innominata (in-nom-in-a'-tali). Plural of Innomina- 
tum. The innominate bones. 

Innominate (in-nom' -in-dt) [in, without ; nomen, a 
name]. A term applied to several parts of the body 
to which no other definite name has been given. I. 
Artery. See Arteries, Table of. I. Bone, the ir- 
regular-shaped bone forming the sides and anterior 
wall of the pelvic cavity. See Bones, Table of. I. 
Foramen. See Foramina, Tables of. I. Veins. See 
Vein . 

Innominatum [in-nom-in-a' -turn) [L. , nameless: pi. , 
Innominata']. The innominate bone. 

Innutrition (in-mi-trish'-un) [in, not; nutrire, to 
nourish]. Want or deficiency of nutrition or nourish- 
ment. 

Inoblast [in' -o-blast) [Ic, fiber; /3Aaor(5c, germ]. Any 
one of the cells, or corpuscles, from which connective 
tissue is derived. 

Inocarcinoma (in-o-kar-sin-o 1 ' -mali) [Ic, fiber; Kapnivoc, 
a crab ; bfia, tumor: pi. , InocarcinomataX. A car- 
cinoma with a preponderance of fibrous tissue. 

Inoccipitia (in-ok-sip-it' -e-ah) [in, negative ; occiput, 
occiput]. Deficiency of the occipital lobe of the brain. 

Inochondritis (in-o-kon-dri' -tis) [if, fiber ; x^ v ^P 0C i 
cartilage; trie, inflammation]. Conjoined inflamma- 
tion of tendons and cartilages. 

Inoculability [in-ok-u-la-bil' -it-e) [inoculare, to im- 
plant]. The quality of being inoculable. 



Inoculable (in-ok'-u-la-bl) [inoculare, to implant]. 
Susceptible of being inoculated. 

Inocular (in-ok' -u-lar) [in, in; oculus, eye]. In bio- 
logy, applied to those insect antennre that arise from 
notches in the inner margins of the compound eyes. 

Inoculation (in-ok-u-la' '-shun) [inoculatio, an ingraft- 
ing]. The introduction into the circulation of the 
virus of infectious diseases, or of certain medicinal 
agents. I., Jennerian, vaccination, or the inocula- 
tion of cowpox- virus. I. of Smallpox, inoculation 
with the contagium of smallpox to produce a mild type 
of the disease. I., Preventive, inoculation with some 
virus to act as a preventive of a more serious disease 
or type of the same disease. 

Inoculator [in-ok 1 '-u-la-lor) [inoculatio, an ingrafting]. 
One who or that which inoculates ; an instrument used 
in inoculation. 

Inocyst [in'-o-sist) [ic, a fiber; kvotic, bladder]. A 
fibrous capsule. 

Inoendothelioma (in-o-en-do-the-le-o'-mah) [if, fiber ; 
evSov, within ; vfkr], nipple ; bfta, tumor : pi. , 
Inoendotheliomata~\. Round-celled fibro-sarcoma. 

Inoepithelioma [in-o-ep-ith-e-le-o'-mah) [if, fiber; 'mi, 
upon; 6ij?ii/, nipple ; bua, tumor: //., Inoepithelio- 
mata\ Medullary carcinoma containing fibrous tissue. 

Inogen (in'-o-jen) [if, (gen. ivbc), fiber; yevvav, to 
produce]. A hypothetic substance believed to occur in 
muscular tissue, and to be decomposed, during 
contraction, into carbon dioxid, sarcolactic acid, and 
myosin. Because of this behavior it is considered as 
the energy-producing substance of muscle. 

Inogenesis [in-o-jen'-es-is) [if, muscle ; yheaic, gen- 
eration]. The formation of fibrous muscular tissue. 

Inohymenitis [in-o-lii-men-i'-tis) [if, fiber ; viiijv, mem- 
brane ; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of any 
fibrous structure. 

Inoleiomyoma (in-o-li-o-mi-o' -mail) [if, fiber ; "Kuoc, 
smooth; five:, muscle; bua, a tumor: //., Inoleiomyo- 
ma'a~\. A myoma made up of, or containing, un- 
striped muscular fibers. 

Inoma [in-o' mah) [ic, a fiber; bfta, a tumor: //. , 
Inomala~\. Same as Fibroma. 

Inomyxoma (in-o-miks-o'-mali) [if, fiber ; fivS,a, 
mucus; bua, tumor: //. , Inomyxomata~\. Same as 
Fib ro- myxoma. 

Inoperculate [in-o-per' -ku-ldt) [in, without; operculum, 
a cover, lid]. In biology, having no operculum or lid. 

Inopexia, or Inopexy [in-o-peks'-e-ah, or in'-o-peks-e) 
[if, fiber; nf/^ig, coagulation]. A tendency in the 
blood toward spontaneous coagulation. 

Inophlogosis [in-o-flo-go' -sis) [if, fiber; tyloyuoic, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of any fibrous tissue. 

Inopolypous (in-o-pol'-ip-us) [if, fiber; polypus, 
polyp]. Of the nature of an inopolypus. 

Inopolypus (in-o-pol'-ip-us) [if, fiber ; polypus, polyp]. 
A fibrous polypus. 

Inorganic (in-or-gan'-ik) [in, not; organum, an instru- 
ment]. A term applied to a body or a substance that 
possesses none of the possibilities of development, 
growth, or life. I. Constituents. See Constituents. 

Inorrhabdomyoma (i)i-or-ab-do-mi-o' -mah) [ic, fiber ; 
paftdoc, rod; fivQ, muscle ; bfia, tumor: //. , Inorrhab- 
domyomata'\. A fibrous rhabdomyoma. 

Inosclerosis (in-o-skle-ro'-sis) [if, fiber; aK%T]p6c , hard] . 
Sclerosis or hardening of fibrous tissue. 

Inosculate (in-os' -ku-ldt) [in, in, on ; osmium, dim. 
of os, mouth]. In biology, to unite by small open- 
ings ; to anastomose. 

Inosculation (in-os-ku-la'-shiui) [in, in; oscu la re, to 
kiss]. The joining, at their mouths, of the branches of 
blood-vessels, especially the extremities of the arteries 
with the origins of veins. 



INOSINIC ACID 



615 



INSANITY 



Inosinic Acid [in-osin'-ih). An ammonium derivative 
from muscle, of unknown constitution. 

Jnosis (iu-o'sis). See Inogenesis. 

Inosite {in'-osit) [Zc, fiber], C 6 H 12 6 -f 2 H 2 0. A 
saccharine substance occurring sparingly in the human 
body, especially in the muscles. It also occurs in 
diabetic urine and in the urine of chronic nephritis. 
It is found in abundance in the vegetable kingdom, 
particularly in unripe beans. It forms large efflor- 
escent crystals (rhombic tables) ; in microscopic pre- 
parations it is usually obtained in tufted lumps of fine 
crystals. It is readily soluble in water, but insoluble 
in absolute alcohol and ether. 

Inosituria [in-osit-u' '-re-aK) [if, fiber; ovpov, urine]. 
The presence of inosite in the urine. 

Inosteatoma [in-oste-at-o' -mah) [ic, fiber ; ariap, fat ; 
6//o, tumor: pi. , Inosteatomata~\. A steatoma with 
fibrous elements. 

Inosuria (in-o-su'-re-a/i). See Inosituria. 

Inotagmata {in-o u tag / -mat-ah\ (7c Civ), strength, force ; 
rdy/xa, a regular arrangement, as of soldiers]. In 
biology, Engelmann's name for hypothetic, contractile 
elements that generate the force of protoplasmic 
motion ; they are held to be uniaxial and doubly 
refractive ; also written Isotagmala. 

Inquest [in'-kwesi) \_inquesita ; in, into ; quarere, to 
ask]. A judicial inquiry. I., Coroner's, an inquiry 
concerning the cause of the death of one who has 
died by violence or in some sudden or unknown way. 

Inquiline (in'-kwil-in) [L., inquilinus . an inhabitant 
of a place that is not his own]. In biology, a com- 
mensal or messmate ; an animal inhabiting an abode 
that it does not produce. 

Inquination (in-kwin-a' 'shun) [inquinatio, pollution]. 
Pollution; infection; corruption. 

Inquisition [in-kwiz-ish' -uti) [inquisitio, an inquiry]. 
The inquiry or hearing before a jury or commission 
concerning the sanity or lunacy of a criminal or a 
person charged with crime. 

Insaccation (insak-a' shun) [in, in; saccus, sac]. 
Encystment ; enclosure in a sac. 

Insalivation (insal-iv-a' shzin) [in, in ; saliva, the 
spittle]. The mixture of the food with saliva during 
mastication. 

Insalubrity (insal-ic' -brit-e) [in , not ; salubris, whole- 
some]. Unwholesomeness of air or of climate. 

Insanability [insan-ab-W -it-e) [in, not; sanabilis, 
curable]. Incurableness ; the quality or state of 
being incurable. 

Insane (in-sdn') [in, not ; sanus, sound]. Deranged 
or diseased in mind. I. Ear. See Hematoma auris. 

Insaniola (insan-i' -o-lali) [dim. of insania, insanity]. 
A slight or minor degree of insanity. 

Insanitary (insan f -it-a-re) [/;z,not; sanitas, health]. 
Not sanitary ; not in a proper condition as respects the 
preservation of health (said of houses, buildings, and 
their surroundings). 

Insanitation (insan-it-a' shun) [in, not ; sanitas, 
health]. Lack of proper sanitary conditions ; defect 
of sanitation. 

Insanity (in-san'-it-e) [insanitas, insanity]. A de- 
rangement or abnormal condition of the mental facul- 
ties, with or without loss of volition and of conscious- 
ness. Insanity may be due to defective development, 
to acquired disease, or to natural decay. It is char- 
acterized, according to its form, by a variety of symp- 
toms, the most common of which are change of char- 
acter and habits, moroseness, confusion, elation, 
melancholy, mania, delusions, and hallucinations. 
The psychotic tendency is the chief predisposing cause, 
and on this some one of the many exciting causes will 
act and result in the final break-down. The vast 



majority of cases of insanity occur between the ages 
of twenty-five and forty-five. Melancholia, mania, 
delusional insanity, and dementia are the four principal 
types of the affection. According to Krafft-Ebing, in- 
sanity may be divided into two great groups, accord- 
ing as the disorder is the result of a disturbance of the 
developed brain or of an arrest of brain-development. 
He places insanity ordinarily so-called under the first 
head ; his subdivisions are as follows : — 

A. Mental affections of the developed brain. 

I. Psychoneuroses. 

1. Primary curable conditions. 

a. Melancholia 

a. Melancholia passiva. 
/3. Melancholia attonita. 

b. Mania. 

a. Maniacal exaltation. 
/3 Maniacal frenzy. 

c. Stupor. 

2. Secondary incurable states. 

a. Secondary monomania. 

b. Terminal dementia. 

a.. Dementia agitata. 
|3. Dementia apathetica. 
II Psychic degenerative states. 

a. Constitutional affective insanity (folie raison- 

ante). 

b. Moral insanity. 

c. Primary monomania. 

a. With delusions. 

an. Of a persecutory tinge. 

/3S. Of an ambitious tinge, 
(3. With imperative conceptions. 

d. Insanities transformed from the constitutional 

neuroses, 
o. Epileptic. 
(3. Hysteric. 
y. Hypochondriac. 

e. Periodic insanity. 

III. Brain diseases with predominating mental symp- 
toms. 

a. Paralytic dementia. 

b. Cerebral syphilis. 

c. Chronic alcoholism. 

d. Senile dementia. 

e. Acute delirium. 

B. Mental results of arrested brain-development : idiocy 

and cretinism. 

I., Acquired, that arising after a long period of life 
of mental integrity. I., Alcoholic, that induced by 
alcoholic excess, usually a result of hereditary tenden- 
cies. I., Alternating. See /., Circular. I., Cir- 
cular, cyclothymia ; alternating insanity ; a form of 
insanity recurring in cycles varying in length from a 
few days to many months. The arrangement of the 
cycle varies in different individuals, but is constant in 
a given case. Thus melancholia may be followed by 
mania, and this by a lucid interval, the passage from 
one mental condition to the other being abrupt or gradual. 
I., Climacteric, insanity occurring at or near the 
menopause. I., Communicated, that transmitted by 
association with an insane person. I., Confusional, 
stuporous insanity; delusional stupor; mania hallu- 
cinatoria ; surgical insanity ; puerperal mania ; post- 
febrile insanity ; an acute insanity produced by nervous 
shock or exhausting disease, without distinct constant 
emotional depression or exaltation, with marked fail- 
ure of mental power or complete imbecility, often 
accompanied by hallucinations and loss of physical 
power. Recovery is usually complete. I., Doubting, 
a form of melancholia according to Regis, but accord- 
ing to others a psycho-convulsive mental disease 
closely allied to delusional insanity, which consists in an 
uncontrollable doubt and indecision regarding the oc- 
cupations, duties, or events of the day, of religion, etc. 
I., Epidemic, a form occasionally manifested among 
a number of people in common association, as in con- 
vents or schools. I., Febrile, a maniacal form, occa- 
sionally occurring in the course or as a sequel of acute 
inflammation or fever. I., Hereditary, that trans- 
mitted from parent to child, and not induced by other 



INSATIABILITY 



616 



INSTINCTIVE 



apparent cause. I., Ideational, a term applied to 
any form in which there is marked perversion of the 
reasoning powers. I., Impulsive, a form in which 
the patient possesses an uncontrollable desire to commit 
acts of violence. I., Moral, a form marked by perver- 
sion and depravity of the moral sense, apparently with- 
out impairment of the reasoning and intellectual fac- 
ulties. I. of Pregnancy, a form occurring during 
pregnancy, characterized by melancholia, suicidal in- 
tent, and abhorrence of friends and relatives. I., Pri- 
mary, a form, often congenital, that arises with the 
development of the body. It may also proceed from 
injury or disease of the brain in early life. I., Puer- 
peral, a term sometimes applied to the delirium of 
childbirth, but more properly to the mania occurring 
after delivery. I., Simultaneous, when two or more 
persons hereditarily inclined become affected at the 
same time. I., Menstrual. See /., Periodic. I., 
Periodic, a condition dependent upon original or ac- 
quired psychopathy, in which attacks of insanity occur 
at regular or irregular intervals. If occurring in women 
at the menstrual epoch it is called Menstrual Insanity. 
I., Stuporous, the primary acute form of dementia; a 
disease chiefly met with in youth and early maturity. 
It is usually due largely to masturbation, and is also 
called Anergic Stupor. See also /. , Confusional. I., 
Surgical. See /. , Confusional. I., Volitional, such 
forms as are marked by derangement of the will. 

Insatiability (in-sa-she-ab-il' -it-e) [in, not; satiare, to 
satisfy]. The property of being insatiable. SeeAcoi-ia. 

Insatiable (in-sa'-she-ab-l) \_insatiabilis, that which 
cannot be satisfied]. Inordinately greedy ; incapable 
of being satisfied. I. Appetite. See Bulimia. 

Inscriptiones tendinea? (in-skrip-te-o'-nez ten-din' -e-e). 
The linese transversa? of the rectus abdominis muscle. 

Insculpt (in-skulpf) [insculpere, to cut or carve in]. 
In biology, applied to lichens that grow in the de- 
pressions in rocks. 

Insect (in'-sekt) [insertion, an insect]. Any mem- 
ber of the class of animals called Inserta. I.- 
powder, the powdered flowers of several species of 
Pyrethrum or " buhach," an insecticide in common 
use. In the United States the flowers of P. cinerce- 
folium are extensively grown for this purpose. See 
Buhach. I. Wax. See Chinese Wax. 

Insected (in-sek' -ted) [inseclus, p. p. of insecare, to cut 
in]. Incised or cut into. 

Insecticide (in-sek'-tis-ld) [insertion, insect ; c&dere, 
to kill]. A substance that is destructive to insects. 

Insectiform (in-sek' -tif-orm) [insertion, an insect ; 
forma, form]. Resembling an insect. 

Insectivora (in-sek-tiv' -o-rah) [insertion, an insect ; 
vorare, to devour]. An order of plantigrade animals 
belonging to the Mammalia, and living upon insects. 

Insectivorism (in-sek-tiv' -or-izm) [insertion, an insect; 
vorare, to devour]. In biology, the property of 
capturing and devouring insects, such as is possessed by 
certain plants. 

Insectivorous (in-sek-tiv' -or-us) [insertion, insect ; 
vorare, to devour]. In biology, feeding upon insects. 

Insectology (in-sek-tol'-o-je) [insertion, insect ; "hbyoc, 
science]. The science treating of insects. 

Insemination (in-sem-in-a'-shun) [Inseminare, to plant 
seed]. The planting of seed. The introduction of 
semen. 

Insenescence (in-sen-es'-ens) [insenescentia : in, not, 
or upon; senex, old]. I. Vigorous age; old age 
without its ordinary infirmities. 2. The approach of 
old age. 

Insensibility (in-sens-ib-il'-it-e) [in, not ; sentire, to 
feel]. The condition or state of being insensible ; 
absence of consciousness ; anesthesia. 



Insensible (in-sen'-sib-l) [in, not ; sentire, to feel]. 
Without the sense of feeling. Incapable of being 
perceived or recognized by the senses. Unconscious. 

Insertion (in-ser'-shioi) [insertio ; inserere, to set in]. 
The act of setting or placing in ; or, that which is set 
in ; the point at which a muscle is attached to the part 
that it moves ; the place or the mode of attachment 
of an organ to its support. I., Velamentous, the 
attachment of the umbilical cord to the margin of the 
placenta. 

Insidious (in-sid'-e-us) [insidia, an ambush]. Deceit- 
ful, stealthful. Hidden from external view. I. Dis- 
ease, one, the onset of which is gradual or inappre- 
ciable. 

Insipid (in-sip'-id) [insipidus, unsavory]. Tasteless. 

Insitio dentis (in-sish'-e-o den' -lis) [L.]. Implantation 
of a tooth. 

In situ (in si' -hi) [in, in ; situ, position], A Latin 
phrase meaning in a given or natural position. 

Insolatio (in-so-la'-she-o). See Sunstroke. 

\Ti%o\z.\.\ori.(in-so-la'-shun) [insolatio ; in, in; sol, sun]. 
I. Exposure to the sun, either as a prophylactic treat- 
ment or as a cause of disease. 2. Sunstroke. 3. In 
pharmacy, the drying or bleaching of substances by 
exposure to the sun. 

Insolubility (in-sol-u-bil '-it-e) [insolubilis , insoluble]. 
The quality of being insoluble ; lack of solubility. 

Insoluble (in-sol'-u-bl) [in, not ; solubilis, soluble]. 
Incapable of solution. 

Insomnia (in-som' -ne-ali) [in, not; somnus, sleep]. 
Want of sleep ; inability to sleep. 

Inspection (in-spek' -shun) [inspertio, or inspectus, a 
beholding]. In medicine, the examination of the 
body or any part of it. 

Inspergation (in-sper-ga' -shioi) [inspergere, to sprinkle 
into]. The sprinkling or dusting of a part with a 
fine powder. 

Inspiration (in-spir-a'-shun) [inspiratio ; in, in; spir- 
are, to breathe] . That part of respiration consisting of 
the drawing in of the breath. 

Inspiratory (in-spi' -rat-or-e) [in, in; spirare, to 
breathe]. Pertaining to the act or function of inspir- 
ation. I. Spasm, a rare form of hysteric spasm of 
the larynx occurring only during inspiration, the 
vocal bands instead of separating, tending to approach 
one another. 

Inspissant (in-spis'-ant) [inspissans ; in, in; spissare, 
to thicken]. 1. Tending to thicken ; thickening the 
blood or other fluids. 2. An agent that tends to in- 
crease the thickness of the blood or some other fluid. 

Inspissate (in-spis'-at) [inspissare, to thicken]. To 
make thick by evaporation or by absorption of the 
liquid menstruum. 

Instaminate (in-stam'-in-af) [in, not ; stamen , a sta- 
men]. Without stamens. 

Instauration (in-staiu-ra'-shun) [instauratio, renewal]. 
The first appearance of a physiologic condition ; the 
establishment of a new function. 

Instep (in'-step) [instop, the bend of the foot]. The 
arch of the foot, or its dorsal aspect. 

Instillation (in-stil-a'-shun) [instillatio ; instillare, to 
put in little by little]. The pouring of a liquid gutta- 
tim, or little by little. To introduce into a cavity, 
canal, or sac, drop by drop. 

Instinct (in-stingkt') [instinguere,\.o'\Trvpe\~\. In biol- 
ogy, organic habits registered in the nervous system 
of the race (Grant Allen). An inherited natural im- 
pulse, unassociated with a reasoning conception as to 
cause and effect. 

Instinctive (in-stingk'-tiv) [instinguere, to impel]. 
Prompted or determined by instinct ; of the nature of 
instinct. 



INSTIPULATE 



617 



INTENSITY 



Instipulate (in-stip 1 '-u-Iat) [in, without ; slipula, a 
stalk]. In biology, without stipules. 

Institute (in'-sfit-iii) [insiituere, to set up]. A state- 
ment of principles. Also, any establishment for the 
statement or dissemination of principles. Institutes 
of Medicine, the explanation or philosophy of the 
laws of the science of medicine, physiology, pathol- 
ogy, therapeutics, and hygiene, or the general and 
elementary principles of the same. The term is used 
sometimes as a synonym of physiology. 

Instrument (in'-strn-ment) [instrumentum ; instruere , 
to build]. Any mechanical tool or device used in 
operation or treatment. I., Exploring, for examin- 
ing teeth to ascertain the work necessary to be done ; 
more especially for determining the presence of caries 
of the teeth. 

Instrumentarium (in-stm-mcn-ta' -re-um) [L.]. A 
supply or collection of surgical, dental, or other in- 
struments. 

Instrumentation (in-stru-men-ta' '-shiui) [instrumen- 
tum, an instrument]. The care and management of a 
surgeon's instruments. 

Insuccation (in-suk-a' -shun) [in, into; succus, juice]. 
The steeping of a drug for a considerable time in water 
before using it in any pharmaceutic process. 

Insufficiency (in-suffish' '■ e?i-se) [insufipcientia ; in, 
not; sub, under; facere, to make]. Incapacity of 
normal action, on account of some deficiency, as of 
size ; the quality of not being sufficient for a special 
function or duty. In ophthalmology, a disturbance of 
equilibrium of the ocular muscles, that is overcome by 
the effort of binocular vision, and so does not produce 
strabismus. It is also called latent or dynamic squint. 
I., Aortic. See Endocarditis. I. of the Cardiac 
Valves, imperfect closure, permitting regurgitation. 
I. of the Externi, or esophoria; the internal recti 
ocular muscles are more powerful than the externi, or 
more accurately, the power of adduction, or conver- 
gence, is excessive. I. of the Interni, or exophoria; 
the external recti are predominant or the power of ad- 
duction is subnormal. I. of Muscles, Active, a phe- 
nomenon of amuscle actingon two ormore joints when 
the joints over which it passes are so changed that it 
cannot contract actively any further than to the extent of 
the shortening from which it begins to be active. I. of 
Muscles, Passive, the analogue of the phenomena 
of active insufficiency whereby motion of the part is pre- 
vented from the position of the joint, the muscle being 
too short to act under such circumstances. I. of the 
Ocular Muscles, heterophoria, or unbalance ; high 
degrees result in strabismus, diplopia, asthenopia, 
etc. I., Mitral. See Endocarditis. I., Pulmon- 
ary. See Endocarditis. I., Tricuspid. See Edno- 
carditis. 

Insufflation (in-suf-fla' -shun) [insufflare ; in, in; 
suffiare, to puff]. The blowing of any finely divided 
substance upon a surface or into a cavity, or the filling 
of any cavity with air, gas, or vapor. 

Insufflator (in'-suf-la-tor) [in, in; sufflare, to blow]. 
A small instrument for blowing fine powders into a 
cavity or on a surface. Also, one for blowing air into 
the lungs. 

Insula (in' -su-lah) [L.]. I. In anatomy, the island of 
Reil. 2. Any detached part or exclave of an organ. 
3. A blood-islet, or island. See Island. 

Insular (in'-su-lar) [insula, an island]. Isolated in 
condition ; also, pertaining to the Island of Reil. I. 
Sclerosis, Disseminated, Cerebrospinal, or Multiple 
Sclerosis. A disease characterized by scattered islets 
of sclerosis in the brain and cord. It is called sclerose 
en plaques disseminees by the French, and multiple 
sclerosis by the Germans. It is distinctly a disease of 



early adult life, and is of about equal frequency in the 
two sexes. The causes are obscure. The disease has 
been observed to follow infectious diseases, exposure 
to wet and cold, and traumatism. In some cases a 
neuropathic predisposition has been present. The 
symptoms vary according to the situation of the islets ; 
the most common are motor derangement, a jerky 
tremor, paresis or paralysis, and ocular symptoms, as 
diplopia and amblyopia, with nystagmus, and occasion- 
ally atrophy of the discs. The tremor is ordinarily 
absent during repose, but appears on attempted move- 
ment, and is hence designated, intention-tremor. The 
speech is a characteristic one, very slow, each syllable 
being pronounced with difficulty ; hence it is said to 
be of a " scanning ' ' nature. Vertigo is also a very fre- 
quent symptom, and in the advanced stage the mind 
undergoes deterioration, and dementia may make its 
appearance. The knee-jerks are exaggerated and ankle- 
clonus is present. The lesions of the disease are small 
grayish or yellow gelatinous patches scattered through- 
out the brain and in both the white and gray matter 
of the cord. 

Insulate (in'-su-lat) [insularc, to make like an island]. 
To isolate or separate from surroundings. In elec- 
tricity, to surround a conductor with a non-conducting 
substance or with one having an exceedingly high 
degree of resistance. 

Insulation (in-su-la'-shuti) [insulatio ; insulare, to 
make like an island]. The process of insulating ; the 
state or quality of being insulated. 

Insult (in' -suit) [insulins ; in, upon; saltare, to 
leap]. The beginning of a paroxysm or of an 
attack of a disease. I., Apoplectic, an apoplectic 
stroke. 

Insusceptibility (in-sus-sep-tib-W -it-e) [insusceptibilis, 
not susceptible]. Absence of contagious quality; it 
differs from Immunity in being applied to the disease 
instead of the person. 

Integer (in'-te-ger) [L.]. An entity. I., Fissural, 
a term designating a fissure of the brain, which 
is independent in some species or individuals, 
and deepest at or about the middle of its length, 
corresponding nearly with the place of first appear- 
ance. 

Integral (in'-le-gral) [integer, whole]. Entire; es- 
sential. 

Integration (in-te-gra' -shun) [integratio, a renewing]. 
The blending of separate parts into one, as in the 
embryo. 

Integrity (in-teg'-rit-e) [integritus ; integer, whole]. 
Wholeness ; entirety. Also, virginity. 

Integument (in-teg' ' -u-ment)[integumentum ; in, upon ; 
tegere, to cover]. A covering, especially the skin. 
In botany, the envelop surrounding the ovule of 
phanerogamous plants. I., Fetal, the fetal mem- 
branes. 

Intellect (in' -tel-ekt) [intellectus ; [inter, between; 
legere, to choose]. The mind or reasoning power. 
I., Deranged. See Insanity. 

Intelligence (in-tel 1 '-ij-ence) [intelligentia, intelligence]. 
The understanding that comes from the perception of 
.qualities and attributes of the objective world, and is 
manifested in the purposive employment of means to 
attain an end. 

Intemperance (in-tem' -per-ans) [in, not ; temperan- 
tia, mildness]. Want of moderation ; immoderate 
indulgence, especially with reference to alcoholic 
liquors. 

Intensity (in-ten'-sit-e) [intensus, stretched, strung]. 
Concentration of energy or activity. Also, a high 
degree of energy or power. I., Specific. See Spe- 
cific. 



INTENSIVE 



618 



INTERFILAR 



Intensive (in-ten'-siv) [intensus, stretched; strung]. 
Gradually increased in force or energy. Strengthen- 
ing or increasing the sexual passions. I. Method of 
Pasteur. See Pasteur. 

Intention (in-ten' -shun) \intentio, a stretching out]. 
See Healing. I. -tremor, a tremor coming on when 
attempts at voluntary motion are made. 

Inter- (in'-ter-) \_inter, between]. A Latin prefix signi- 
fying between. 

Interaccessory (in-ter-ak' -ses-or-e) [inter, between ; 
accedere, to go to]. Situated between accessory pro- 
cesses of the vertebrae. I. Muscles, short lumbar mus- 
cles connecting the accessory processes of the vertebrae. 

Interarticular (in-ter-ar-tik' -u-lar) [inter, between ; 
artiatlus, a joint]. Situated between joints. I. 
Fibro-cartilage, the flattened cartilaginous plates, 
irregular in shape, between the articular cartilages of 
certain joints. 

Interarytenoid (in-ter-ar-i'-ten-oid) [infer, between; 
apuratva, a pitcher; elSoc, likeness]. Between the 
two arytenoid cartilages. I. Muscle. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Interauricular (in-ter-a?v-rik' -u-lar) [inter, between ; 
auricula, auricle]. Situated between the auricles or 
auriculae. 

Interbrain (in'-ter-brdn). See Diencephalon and 
Thalamencephalon. 

Intercadence iin-ter-ka' -dens) [inter, between ; cadere, 
to fall]. The irregular beating of the pulse, which 
seems occasionally to have an additional beat between 
normal pulsations. 

Intercadent (in-ter-ka 1 '-dent) [inter, between ; cadere, 
to fall]. Exhibiting the quality of intercadence. 

Intercalary (in-ter' -kal-a-re) [inter, between ; calare, 
to insert]. Placed or inserted between. I. Growth, 
a growth of new material interstitially deposited. 

Intercalatum (in-ter-kal' -at-um) [inter, between ; 
calare, to insert]. Substantia nigra; locus niger ; a 
dark mass of crescentic outline situated between the 
ventral crusta and the dorsal tegmentum of the crus 
cerebri. 

Intercapillary (in-ter-kap' -il-a-re) [inter, between ; 
capillus, a hair]. Between capillaries. 

Intercarotic, Intercarotid (in-ter-kar-ot'-ik, in-ter-kar- 
ot'-id) [inter, between; impoeiv, to produce sleep]. 
Situated between the external and internal carotids. 
I. Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. 

Intercavernous (in-ter-kav-er'-nus) [inter, between ; 
caverna, a cave]. Situated between two antra, or 
between the two cavernous sinuses. 

Intercellular (in-ter-sel' '-u-lar) [inter, between ; 
cellula, a small cell]. Among or between cells. 

Intercentral (in-ter-sen'-tral) [inter, between ; cen- 
trum, a center]. Between centers. 

Intercerebral (in-ter-ser' -e-bral) [inter, between ; cere- 
brum, cerebrum]. Between the right and left cerebral 
hemispheres. 

Interchondral (in-ter-kon' -dral) [inter, between ; 
XovSpog, cartilage]. Between cartilages; by means 
of the interposition of cartilages. 

Intercilium (in-ter-sil' -e-um). See Glabella. 

Interclavicle (in-ter-klav'-ik-l) [inter, between; 
clavus, a key]. A membrane-bone which in all ver- 
tebrates below the rank of mammals, and also in the 
monotremes, is developed either ventrad of the 
sternum, or between the clavicles. In the typical 
mammalia no true interclavicle exists ; but some 
theorists have given the name to certain extra-sternal 
structural elements in the true or placental mammals. 

Interclavicular (in-ter-klav-ik' -u-lar) [inter, between ; 
clavicula, the collar-bone]. Between the clavicles. 

Interclinoid (in-ter-kli 1 ' -noid) [inter, between ; KXivfj, 



bed ; dfioq, resemblance]. Between the clinoid pro- 
cesses of the sphenoid bone. 

Intercolumnar (in-ter-kol-um'-nar). See Fascia. 

Intercondylar, or Intercondyloid (in-ter-kon' -dil-ar , 
in-ter-kon' -dil-oid) [inter, between ; kov6v'/jii;,& knob ; 
elSoc, likeness.] Between condyles. I. Eminence, 
the spine or knob separating the two condylar portions 
of the tibia. I. Fossa, the notch between the condyles 
of the femur. I. Line, a transverse line crossing above 
the intercondyloid fossa, and joining the condyles. 
I. Notch. Same as /. Fossa. 

Intercostal (in-ter-kos'-tal ) [inter, between ; costa , a 
rib]. Pertaining to the space between ribs. I. Arteries, 
the aortic arteries of the intercostal spaces. See 
Arteries, Table of. I. Muscles. See Muscles, Table 
of. I. Nerves, the anterior divisions of the doi so- 
spinal nerves. See Nerves, Table of. 

Intercosto-humeral (in-ter- kos' -to-hu' -mer-al) [inter, 
between ; costa, rib ; humerus, the bone of the upper 
arm]. Pertaining to the arm and the space between 
the ribs. 

Intercourse (in'-ier-kors) [intercursus, commerce]. 
Communication. I., Carnal, sexual connection ; coi- 
tion. I., Sexual. Same as I. , Carnal. 

Intercoxal (in-ter-koks'-al) [inter, between; coxa, 
hip]. Situated between the coxa? or hips. 

Intercurrent (in-ter-kur'-ent) [inter, between; cur- 
rere, to run]. Occurring or taking place between. 
I. Disease, a term loosely applied to diseases occur- 
ring sporadically during a period of prevailing endemic 
or epidemic diseases. Also applied to a disease arising 
or progressing during the existence of another disease in 
the same person. 

Interdental (in-ter-den'-tal) [inter, between ; dens, a 
tooth]. I. Between the teeth. 2. An interdentium. 
I. Splint, a splint used in fracture of the jaw, con- 
sisting of a metallic frame at the neck of the teeth, 
held by wire sutures passing between the teeth. 

Interdentium (in-ter- den' -she-urn) [inter, between ; 
dens, a tooth] . The space between any two of the teeth. 

Interdiction (in-ter-dik' -shun) [interdictio, a prohibit- 
ing]. A judicial or legal process that deprives an 
insane person or one suspected of insanity of the man- 
agement of his own affairs or of the affairs of others. 

Interdigital (in-ter-dij'-it-al) [inter, between; digitus, 
a finger]. Between fingers. I. Membrane, the 
skin between the toes of palmate-footed animals. 
I. Space, that between adjacent fingers. 

Interdigitation (in-ter-dij-it-a' -shun) [inter, between ; 
digitus, a finger]. The locking or dovetailing of 
similar parts, as the fingers of one hand with those of 
the other; or of the ends of the obliquus externus 
muscle with those of the serratus magnics. 

Interfascicular (in-ter-fas-ik'-ular) [inter, between; 
fasciculus, a bundle]. Situated between fasciculi. 

Interfemoral (in-ter-fem' -or-al) [inter, between; 
femur, the thigh]. Between the femurs or thighs. 

Interfere (in-ter-fer') [inter, between ; fe> ire, to 
strike]. In horses, to strike one hoof or the shoe of 
one hoof against the opposite leg or fetlock. 

Interference (in-ter-fer' -ens) [inter, between ; ferire, 
to strike]. Interposition. I. of Light, the mutual 
neutralization of waves of light, as shown in Newton's 
rings, when the crest of one wave falls upon the 
trough of another. I. of Sound, the neutralization 
of two sound-waves, one by the other. 

Interfibrillar (in-ter-fi'-bril-ar) [inter, between ; fibra, 
a fiber]. In biology, situated between the fibrillar of 
tissues. 

Interfilar (in-fer-fi'-lar) [infer, between ; filum, a 
thread]. In biology, existing between the filaments 
of a reticulum. 






INTERGANGLIONIC 



619 



INTERPARIETAL 



Interganglionic {in-ter-gang-gle-on f -ifi) [inter, between ; 
yayy^iov, a tumor, ganglion]. Connecting one 
ganglion with another ; lying between ganglia. 

Interglandular {in-ter-gland'-u-lar) {inter, between ; 
glandula, a gland]. Situated between glands. 

Interglobular {in-ter-glob' -ular) [inter, between ; 
globulus, a ball]. Situated between globules. I. 
Spaces, irregular cavities seen in a section of den- 
tine, after the earthy matter has been removed by 
putting a tooth in dilute acid. They are so called 
because surrounded by minute globules of dentine. 

Intergyral (in-ter-ji'-ral) [infer, between; gyrus, a 
gyre]. Situated between two or more gyri. 

Interhemicerebral {inter-liem-e-ser'-e-bral) [inter, 
between; ?}fti, half; cerebrum, cerebrum]. Situated 
between the cerebral hemispheres. 

Interhemispheric {in-ter-kem-is-fer'-ik) [inter, be- 
tween; 7)111, half ; a<j>aipa, sphere]. Situated between 
hemispheres. 

Interinhibitive {in-ter-in-hib' -it-iv) [inter, between ; 
inhibere, to inhibit]. Mutually inhibitory. 

Interjectional (in-ter-jek'-shun-al) [inter, between ; 
jicere, to throw]. Interjected; thrown between. I. 
Speech, the expression of emotions by inarticulate 
sounds. 

Interlaminar {in-ter-lam' '-in-ar) [inter, between ; 
lamina, a leaf]. In biology, situated between laminse. 

Interlobar (in-ter-lo' -bar~) [inter, between ; lobus, a 
lobe]. Situated between lobes. 

Interlobular {in-ter-lob'-zt-lar) [inter, between ; lobidus, 
a lobule]. Between lobules. I. Emphysema. 
See Fmpliysema. 

Intermalar (in-ter-ma'-lar) [inter, between ; mala, the 
cheek-bone]. Situated between the malar bones. 

Intermarriage {in-ter-mar'-aj\ [inter, between; mari- 
tus, a husband]. Marriage between persons related by 
consanguinity, or between persons of different races. 

Intermastoid [in-ter-mas'-toid)[inter, between ; jiaa-6q, 
breast; elSog, likeness]. Situated between or con- 
necting the two mastoid processes. 

Intermaxilla [in-ter-maks-iF -all) [inter, between ; 
maxilla, jaw]. The premaxilla ; the intermaxillary 
bone. 

Intermaxillary {in-ter-maks'-il-a-re') [infer, between ; 
maxilla, jaw-bone]. Between the maxillary bones. 
I. Bone, the small bone that receives the incisors, 
situated between the superior maxillary bones of the 
fetus. It also occurs in most mammals. 

Intermediate {in-ter-me' -de-af) [inter, between ; me- 
dius, the middle]. Situated between. I. Dysmenor- 
rhea. See Dysmenorrhea. I. Carbon-atoms, those 
connected with two other carbon-atoms, having two 
valence-units that may be saturated by two hydrogen- 
atoms (or other elements). 

Intermeningeal {in-ter-men-in' -je-al) [inter, between ; 
fifjviy!;, membrane]. Between the dura and the 
arachnoid; or, between the latter and the pia. I. 
Hemorrhage, a hemorrhage between the meninges 
of the brain or spinal cord. 

Intermenstrual (in-ter-men'-sfru-al) [inter, between ; 
menstrualis , menstrual]. Between the menstrual pe- 
riods. 

Interment (in-ter' -menf) [in, in ; terra, the earth]. 
The burial of the body. 

Intermetacarpal (in-ter-met-ak-ar f -pal) [inter, be- 
tween; fiera, beyond ; napiroc, the wrist]. Between 
the metacarpal bones. 

Intermetatarsal (in-ter-met-at-ar' -sal) [inter, be- 
tween; fiera, beyond; rapa6c, tarsus]. Between the 
metatarsal bones. 

Intermission (in-ter-mish' '-wi) [intermissio, a breaking 
off]. The interval between the paroxysms of a fever. 



Also, an interval in which the pulse fails to beat in 
rhythmic time. 

Intermittent (in-ter-mit'-ent) [inter, between ; mittere, 
to send or occur]. Occurring at intervals. I. Fever. 
See Fever. I. Insanity. See Insanity, Cyclic. I. 
Ligature. See Ligature. I. Pulse, one the rhythm 
of which is interrupted by pauses at irregular intervals. 
I. Hemisystole, a very rare condition sometimes en- 
countered in cases of mitral insufficiency, in which 
with every two beats of the heart only one beat of the 
pulse is felt. 

Intermuscular (in-ter-mus'-ku-lar) [inter, between ; 
tnusculus, a muscle] . Situated between muscles. 

Intern (in-tem') [Fr. , interne]. An in-door or resident 
physician in a hospital ; a member of an in-door 
staff of physicians. 

Internal (in-ter' f -nal) [internus, inward]. Situated 
within or on the inside. I. Capsule, the band of 
white nerve-matter between the thalamus and the 
interventricular portion of the striatum. I. Capsule, 
Knee of, the angle formed by the junction of the two 
divisions of the internal capsule. I. Cell-formation, 
free cell-formation ; endogenous cell-formation. That 
mode of cell-division in which new cells are formed 
within the walls of an old cell, as distinguished from 
fission and gemmation. 

Internarial (in-ter-na' '-re-aT) [inter, between ; nares, 
nostrils]. Situated between the nostrils. 

Interneural (in-ter-nu'-ral) [inter, between; vevpov, 
nerve]. Situated between neural spines. 

Internode {in' '-ter-nbd) [inter, between; nodus, a 
knot]. The space between adjacent joints or knots, 
as the phalanx of a finger or a toe. That part of a 
nerve- fibril between Ranvier's nodes is called the 
internodal seg ment. 

Internodium (in-ter-no' -de-uni). Same as Internode. 

Internuclear (in-ter-nu' -kle-ar) [inter, between ; nu- 
cleus, a kernel]. Situated between nuclei. 

Internuncial (in-ler-nun' '-s/ial) [inter, between; 
nuncius, a messenger]. Serving as a connecting or 
announcing medium, e.g., the nerves in their relation to 
the muscles and the will. 

Internus {in-ter' '-mis). See Internal. 

Interoptic {in-ter-op' -tik) [inter, between ; opticus, 
optic] . Between the optic lobes, tracts or nerves of 
the brain. 

Interorbital {in-ter-or' -bit-al) [inter, between ; orbita, 
the orbit]. Situated between the orbits. I. Bone, the 
median bone of fishes. I. Plate and I. Septum, a 
structure of the fore-brain, with its extension, found 
in certain fishes and reptiles. 

Interosseous (in-ter-os' -e-us) [inter, between ; ossa, a 
bone]. Between two bones. I. Arteries, a name given 
to various branches of the dorsal, palmar, plantar, and 
metatarsal arteries of the hand, foot, and forearm. 
See Arteries, Table of. I. Muscles, a name given 
to certain muscles of the hand, foot, and forearm. 
See Muscles, Table of. I. Nerves, the nerves sup- 
plying the interosseous muscles. See Nerves, Table of . 

Interpalpebral (in-ter-pal' '-pe-bral) [inter, between ; 
falpebra, the eyelid]. Between the palpebras. I. 
Spot. See Pinguectila. I. Zone, that part of the 
cornea and of the scleral conjunctiva that ordinarily 
is not covered by the lids. 

Interpapillary (in-ter-pap'-il-a-re) [inter, between; 
papilla, a papilla]. Between papillse. 

Interparietal (in-ter-par-i' '-et-al) [infer, between; 
paries, walls]. Between walls. I. Bone, a term 
sometimes applied to the upper, squamous, and non- 
carti'aginous part of the occipital bone. I. Fissure. 
See Fissure. I. Suture, the sagittal suture, or that 
formed by the approximation of the parietal bones. 



INTERPEDUNCULAR 



620 



INTESTINAL 



Interpeduncular (in-ter-pe-dung' -ku-lar) [inter, be- 
tween ; peduncidus, a little foot]. Situated between the 
cerebral or cerebellar peduncles. I. Space, the pons 
Tarini, or posterior perforated space that forms the 
posterior portion of the floor of the third ventricle. 

Interphalangeal (in-ter-fa-lan 1 '-je-al) [inter, between ; 
tyaXayi;, a finger]. Between the fingers or the toes. 
I. Articulations, the ginglymoid articulations of the 
fingers and of the toes. 

Interplacental (in-ter-plas-en' '-tal) [inter, between ; 
placenta, a cake]. Between the placental lacunae. 

Interpolation (in-ter-po-la' -sliun) [interpolare, to fur- 
bish up]. The surgical transfer of tissue to a new 
part, or from one subject to another. 

Interpubic (in-ler-pu'-bih) [inter, between ; pubis, 
pubis]. Situated between the pubic bones. I. Disc, 
the fibro-cartilaginous mass forming the symphysis of 
the pubis. 

Interradial (in-ter-ra' -de-al) [inter, between ; radius, 
a ray]. Situated between two rays. 

Interramicorn (in-ter-ram' -ik-orn) [inter, between ; 
ramus, a branch; comu, a horn]. In biology, a 
portion of the horny sheath of the bill in certain 
birds. 

Interrenal (in-ter-re'-nal) [inter, between; ren, the 
kidney]. Situated between the kidneys. 

Interrupted (in-ter-up'-ted) [interrumpere, to break 
apart]. Broken; irregular. I. Breathing. See 
Breath-sounds. 

Interrupter (in-ter-tip'-fer) [interrumpere, to break 
apart]. One who, or that which, interrupts ; specific- 
ally, a device for breaking an electric current. 

Interscapular (jn-ter-skap' '-u-lar) [inter, between ; 
scapula, the shoulder-blade]. Between the shoulder- 
blades. I. Region, the part of the chest between 
the two shoulder-blades. I. Reflex. See Reflexes, 
Table of. 

Interscapulum (jn-ter-skap' -u-luni) [inter, between ; 
scapula, shoulder-blades : //. , Interscapular . In bi- 
ology, the region of the back between the shoulder- 
blades. 

Interspace (in'-ter-spds) [inter, between ; spalium, a 
space]. An interval between the ribs, or between 
the fibers or lobules of a tissue or organ. 

Interspinal (in-ter-spi'-nal) [inter, between; spina, a 
spine]. Between spines ; specifically, between the 
spines of the vertebra. I. Muscles. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Interspinous (in-ter-spi' -mis) [inter, between ; spina, 
a spine]. Situated between spinous processes, as of 
the vertebrae. 

Interstice (in-ter'-slis) [interstitium, a space between]. 
A space or interval. Also, a pore. 

Interstitial (in-ter-stish 1 -al ) [interstitium, space be- 
tween: //., Interstitial. Pertaining to any space or 
interval between parts or organs, and especially ap- 
plied to that which is placed between parenchymatous 
structures. I. Absorption, the absorption of the 
partitions of a multiloculated cyst or abscess. Also, 
any similar absorption. I. Atrophy, a condition 
observed in certain diseases of the bones (art/iritis 
deformans), in which the mineral matter has been 
absorbed to such an extent that only reticulated 
laminae remain. I. Hypertrophy, a condition in cer- 
tain diseases of the bones in which there is an excessive 
deposit of mineral matter in the Haversian canals and 
lacunas. It is often accompanied by diminution in the 
size of the bone. I. Keratitis. See Keratitis. I. 
Pregnancy. See Pregnancy. 

Intertransversales (in-ter-lrans-ver-sa'-lez) [inter, 
between ; transversus, turned across] . A name given 
to the short bundles of muscular fibers extending 



between the transverse processes of contiguous ver- 
tebrae. See Muscles Table of. 

Intertriginous (in-ter-trij'-in-us) [inter, between ; 
terere, to rub]. Of the nature of or affected with 
intertrigo. 

Intertrigo (in-ter-tri' -go) [inter, between ; terere, to 
rub]. An erythematous eruption or lesion of the 
skin produced by friction of adjacent parts. See 
Erythema. 

Intertrochanteric (in-ter-tro-kan-ter'-ik) [inter, be- 
tween; Tp(>x<ivTr/p, trochanter]. Between the trochan- 
ters. I. Line. See Lines, Table of. 

Intertubular (in-ter-tu'-bu-lar) [inter, between ; 
tubulus, a tube]. Between tubes. I. Substance, 
the translucent, granular substance of the dentine of 
the tooth, containing most of its earthy elements. 

Interureteric (in-ler-u-ret-er' '-ih) [inter, between; 
ovprjTTjp, ureter]. Situated between the ureters or 
their outlets. 

Intervaginal (in-ter-vaj' -in-al) [inter, between ; va- 
gina, sheath]. Between sheaths. I. Space, that 
found within the sheaths of the optic nerve. 

Interval (in' -ter-val) [inter, between ; vallum, a ram- 
part]. A space or lapse either of time or distance, 
as the interval between the paroxysms of a fever, or 
between two organs or parts of the body. I., Focal, 
the distance between the anterior and posterior focal 
points. I., Sacro-cotyloid, a space existing between 
the promontory of the sacrum and the posterior part 
of the cotyloid cavity or acetabulum. 

Intervenium (in-ter-ve' -ne-um) [inter, between ; vena, 
vein : //., Intervenia\ In biology, the space between 
the veins of leaves. 

Interventricular (in-ter-ven-trik' -u-lar) [inter, be- 
tween ; ventrictilum, a ventricle]. Between ventricles, 
e.g., of the heart. I. Septum, the fibrous septum or 
partition between the ventricles of the heart. 

Intervenular (in-ter-ven' -u-lar) [inter, between ; 
venula, a little vein]. In biology, situated between 
the veins of an insect's wing. 

Intervertebral (in-ter-ver' -te-bral) [inter, between ; 
vertebra, a bone of the spine]. Between the verte- 
brae. I. Discs, the lenticular discs of fibro-cartilage 
between the adjacent surfaces of the bodies of the 
vertebrae. I. Foramen. See Foranien. I. Notch, 
the notch at the base of the pedicle of the laminae on 
the sides of the body of each vertebra. I. Substance. 
Same as /. Discs. 

Intervillous (in-ter-vil' -us) [inter, between ; villus, a 
tuft of hair]. Situated between villi. 

Intestinal (in-tes'-tin-al) [intestinum, the intestine]. 
Pertaining to the intestine. I. Absorption, the ab- 
sorption of the peptonized products of digestion by the 
capillaries, veins, and lacteals of the mucous membrane 
of the intestines. I. Anastomosis. See Anasto- 
mosis. I. Arteries, the arteries of the intestines, of 
which the principal trunks are the celiac axis and the 
mesenteric branches. The lower part of the rectum 
is supplied by the hemorrhoidal branches of the iliac 
and pudic arteries. See Arteries, Table of. I. 
Canal, the entire intestinal passage from the begin- 
ing of the duodenum to the anus. I. Cast. 
Same as I. Mole. I. Concretion. See Entero- 
lith. I. Fever. Synonym of Typhoid Fever. 
I. Fistula, a fistula or unnatural aperture in any 
part of an intestine. I. Glands, the glands found in 
the /. Canal. See Gland. I. Juice, the liquid 
secretion of the intestinal glands. I. Mole, the 
membranous discharge from the bowel in Pseudo- 
membranous Enteritis. I. Obstruction, arrest of or 
interference with the progress of the feces. I. 
Tract, or Tube. Same as I. Canal. 



INTESTINE 



621 



INTRAMURAL 



Intestine (in-tes'-tin) [intestinus, intestine]. The part 
of the digestive tube extending from the beginning 
of the duodenum to the anus. I., Large, comprises 




The Large Intestine. 
a. Entrance of the small intestine. 6. Appendix vermiformis. 
c- Caput caecum coli. d. Transverse colon, e. Descending 
colon, f. Sigmoid flexure, h. Rectum, i. Anus. 

the cecum, colon, and rectum. I., Small, consists 
of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. 

Intestinorum inflammatio (in-tes-tin-o'-rum in- 
flam-a' -she-o) [L. , " Inflammation of the intestines "]. 
See Enteritis. 

Intestinulum (in-tes-tin' -u-lum) [L., a small intes- 
tine: //. , Intcstinula~\. I. The small intestine. 2. 
A cerebral convolution or gyrus. 3. The umbilical 
cord or navel-string. 

Intextine (in-teks' -tin) [intus, within ; externus, with- 
out]. In biology, a supplementary inner layer of the 
extine of the pollen-grains of certain plants. 

Intima (in'-twi-ah) [intimus, inmost]. A term used 
instead of tunica intima ; the innermost coat, or thin, 
transparent endothelial lining of the heart and blood- 
vessels, consisting of a layer of irregular, long, fusi- 
form, nucleated, squamous cells. 

Intine [in' -tin) [intus, within]. In biology, the inner 
coat of the pollen-grain. 

Intolerance (in-tol' -er-ans) \jntolerans ; in, not ; 
tolerere,to bear]. Want of endurance or ability to 
stand pain. Impatience. Also, the inability to endure 
the action of a medicine. 

Intonation {in-to-na' -skun) [intonere, to thunder]. I. 
The rumbling or gurgling sound produced by the 
movement of flatus in the bowels. 2. The tone of the 
voice. 

Intortion (in-tor' -shun) [intortiis, p. p. of intorqtiere, 
to curl, to twist]. In biology, the winding, bend- 
ing, or twisting of a part or organ. 

Intoxicant (in-toks' -ik-ant) [intoxicare, to intoxicate]. 
I. Intoxicating; capable of producing intoxication 
or poisoning. 2. A drug or agent capable of produc- 
ing intoxication. 

Intoxication (in-toks-ik-a' -shun) [intoxicare, to poi- 
son] . A word popularly used to denote the effect of 
the excessive use or of an overdose of an alcoholic 
liquor; in a wider sense, any poisoning ; the state re- 
sulting from an overpowering dose of any poison. I., 
Septic. See Septicemia. I., Uremic. See Uremia. 

Intra- (in'-ti'ah-) [intra, within]. A Latin prefix sig- 



nifying within. I. -abdominal, within the cavity of 
the abdomen. I. -arachnoid, within the arachnoid 
space. I. -articular, within a joint. I. -capsular, 
within the capsular ligament of a joint. 

Intrabiontic (in-trah-bi-on'-tih) [intra, within ; /3/oc, 
life; uv ibvr), being]. In biology, applied to phe- 
nomena occurring within, and determined by, an indi- 
vidual organism. I. Selection, Weismann's term 
for the principle formulated by Roux, of the struggle 
of the parts concerned in ontogeny. 

Intracardiac [in-trah-kar' -de-ak) [intra, within ; mp- 
6ia, heart]. Situated or produced within the heart- 
cavity. 

Intracartilaginous (in-trah-kar-til-aj' -in-us) [intra, 
within ; cartilago, cartilage]. Within a cartilage. I. 
Ossification. See Ossification . 

Intracellular (in-tra-sel' -tc-lar) [intra, within; cellula, 
a little cell]. In biology, existing or happening 
within the cell. I. Digestion, also called parenchy- 
matous digestion ; digestion as exhibited by unicel- 
lular organisms. I. Pangenesis. See Heredity and 
Pangenesis. 

Intracerebral (in-trah-ser' -e-bral) [intra, within ; cere- 
brum, cerebrum]. Within the cerebrum. 

Intracervical (in-trah-ser' -vik-al) [intra, within ; cer- 
vix, cervix]. Within the cervical canal of the uterus. 

Intraciliary (in-trah-siF -e-a-re) [intra, within; cilium, 
an eye-lash]. Situated within the ciliary region. 

Intracranial (in-trah-kra'-7ie-al) [intra, within; 
Kpaviov, the skull]. Within the skull. I. Hemor- 
rhage, an escape of blood within the cranial cavity ; 
cerebral hemorrhage. 

Intracutaneous (in-trah-hu-ta'-ne-us) [intra, within ; 
cutis, the skin]. Within the skin-substance. 

Intracystic (in- Irak-sis' -tik) [intra, within ; Kvang, a 
cyst]. Situated or occurring within a cyst. 

Intradermic (in-trah-der'-mik) [intra, within ; 6'spjxa, 
skin]. Same as Intracutaneous. 

Intradural (in-trah-du'-ral) [intra, within; durus, 
hard]. Situated or occurring within the dura. 

Intrafetation (in-trah-fe-ta' -shun) [intra, within ; fetus, 
a fetus]. The formation of a fetus within another fetus. 

Intragyral (in-trah-ji'-ral) [intra, within; gyrus, a 
gyre]. Within a gyre of the brain. 

Intrahepatic (in-trah-he-paf '-ik) [intra, within ; rjreap, 
liver]. Within the liver-substance. 

Intralamellar (in-trah-lam-el' -ar) [intra, within ; 
lamella, a thin plate]. In biology, within the 
lamellae. 

Intraligamentous (in-trah-lig-am-en'-tus) [intra, with- 
in ; ligamcntum , a ligament]. Within or between 
the folds of a ligament, as a cyst. 

Intralingual (in-trah-ling'-gival) [intra, within ; lin- 
gua, tongue]. Within the substance of the tongue. 

Intralobular (in-trah-lob' -u-lar) [intra, within ; lobulus, 
a little lobe]. Within a lobe or lobule. I. Vein, a 
vein traversing a liver-lobule. I. Plexus, a net- 
work of vessels in a liver-lobule. 

Intramembranous (in-trah-mem'-bran-tis) [intra, 
within; membrana, a membrane]. Within a mem- 
brane. 

Intrameningeal (in-trah-men-in' -je-al) [intra, within ; 
firjviy^, membrane]. Situated within the substance of 
the membranes of the brain or spinal cord. I. 
Hemorrhage, an effusion of blood into the sac of the 
dura mater. 

Intramolecular (in-trah-mo-lek' -u-lar) [intra, within; 
molecula, a molecule]. Within the molecules of a 
substance. 

Intramural (in-trah-mu'-ral) [intra, within ; mura, a 
wall]. Intraparietal. Within the substance of the 
walls of an organ. 



INTRAMUSCULAR 



622 



INTUSSUSCEPTION 



Intramuscular (in-trah-mus' '-ku-lar) [intra, within ; 
musculus, a muscle]. Within the substance of a 
muscle. 

Intranasal (in-trah-na' -sal) [intra, within; nasus, 
nose]. Within the cavity of the nose. 

Intranuclear [in - trah - nit'- kle - ar) [intra, within ; 
nucleus, a kernel]. Within a nucleus. 

Intra-ocular (in-trah-ok' '-u-lar) [intra, within; ocidus, 
eye]. Within the globe of the eye. I. Hemor- 
rhage, an effusion of blood into the globe of the eye. 
I. Pressure, or Tension. See Tension. 

Intra-orbital (in-trah-or' -bit-al) [intra, within ; orbita, 
orbit]. Within the orbit. I. Aneurysm, an aneu- 
rysm within the orbit of the eye, and usually involving 
a branch of the ophthalmic artery. I. Hemorrhage, 
a hemorrhage taking place within the orbit, but behind 
the capsule of Tenon. 

Intraosseous (in-trah-os'-e-us) [intra, within; os, a 
bone] . Within the substance of a bone. 

Intraovarian (in-trah-o-va' -re-an) [intra, within ; 
ovarium, ovary]. Within the ovarian stroma. 

Intraparietal (in-trah-par-i' '-et-al) [intra, within; 
paries, a wall]. I. Within the wall or the substance 
of the wall of an organ. 2. Within the parietal region 
of the cerebrum, e.g., the I. Fissure. 

Intrapelvic (in-trah-pel' -vik) [intra, within; pelvis, 
basin]. Within the pelvic cavity. 

Intraperitoneal (in-tra-per-it-on-e' '-al) [intra, within ; 
■xepiTOvaiov, the peritoneum]. Within the peritoneum 
or membranous sac that covers the abdominal viscera. 

Intraplacental (in-trah-plas-en'-tal) [intra, within; 
placenta, cake]. Within the placental tissue. 

Intrapleural (in-trah-p/u'-ral) [intra, within ; irXevpa, 
a rib]. Within the pleural cavity. 

Intrapolar (intrah-po'-lar) [intra, within ; polus, pole]. 
Between the poles or ends of an axis. See, also, 
Extrapolar. 

Intrapulmonary (in-trah-pul' ' -mo-na-re) [intra, within; 
pulmo, the lung]. Within the substance of the lung. 

Intraretinal [in-trah-ref '-in-al) [i7itra, within , retina, 
retina]. Within the substance of the retina. 

Intrascleral (in-trah-skle'-ral) [intra, within; onTir/pSc, 
hard]. Situated, occurring, or performed within the 
sclera. 

Intrascrotal (in-trah-skro'-tal) [intra, within; scro- 
tum, scrotum]. Within the scrotal sac. 

Intraspinal (in-trah-spi'-nal) [intra, within; spina, 
spine]. Within the spinal canal. 

Intratesticular (in-trah-tes-tik'-u-lar) [intra, within ; 
testiculus, a testicle]. Within the testicle. 

Intratubal (in-trah-fic'-bal) [intra, within; tuba, a 
trumpet]. Within a Fallopian tube. 

Intratympanic (in-trah-tim-pan' -ik) [intra, within ; 
tympanum, the ear-drum]. Within the tympanic 
cavity. 

Intraurethral (in-trah-u-reth' '-ral) [intra, within ; 
obpi/Bpn, urethra]. Within the urethra. 

Intra-uterine {in-trah-u' -ter-in) [intra, within ; uterus, 
womb]. Within the womb. I. Amputation, a spon- 
taneous amputation occurring occasionally to some part 
of the foztus in utero that becomes constricted by the 
umbilical cord or from other causes. I. Drowning, 
death of the fatits in utero from efforts at respiration, 
liquor amnii instead of air being drawn into the 
air-tubes. The cause of the respiratory efforts is an 
arrest of fetal circulation in the cord or placenta. I. 
Fracture, that which occurs to a foetus in utero. I. 
Life, that period of the existence of an animal 
between conception and birth. 

Intravasation (in-trav-as-a 1 '-sliun) [intra, within ; vas, 
vessel]. The entrance of extraneous matter, as pus, 
into a blood-vessel. Cf. Extravasation. 



Intravascular (in-trah-vas' -ku-lar) [intra, within ; 
vasculum, a small vessel]. Within the blood-vessel 
system. 

Intravenous (in-trah-ve' ' -nus) [intra, within ; vena, a 
vein]. Within, or into the veins. I. Infusion, or 
Injection, the introduction of a saline solution or 
other liquid into the veins. 

Intravertebral [in-trah-ver' -te-bral) [intra, within ; 
vertebra, a vertebra] . Same as Intraspinal. 

Intravesical (in-tra-ves'-ik-al) [intra, within ; 7>esica, 
bladder]. Occurring or situated within the bladder. 

Intrinsic [in-trin' -sik) [intrinsecus, on the inside]. I. 
Inherent, inward. Peculiar to a part — e. g., certain 
muscles. 2. Relating to the body (or organism) inde- 
pendent of the environment — e. g., Toponymy. 

Introcession {in-tro-ses' -shun) [introcedere, to go into]. 
A depression or sinking in, as of a surface. 

Introflexion (in-tro-Jlek' -shun) [intro, within ; Jlcxio, 
a bending]. A bending in ; inward flexion. 

Introitus (in-tro'-it-us) [intro, within; ire, to go]. 
Any aperture or opening in the body. I. pelvis, the 
inlet of the pelvis. I. vaginae, the external aperture 
of the vagina. 

Intromission [in-tro-mish' -un) [intro, within ; mittere, 
to send]. The introduction of one body within the 
walls of another, as of the penis into the vagina. 

Introrse (in-trors') [intro, within; versus, p. p. of ver- 
tere, to turn]. In biology, applied to stamens that 
turn toward the axis of the flower. 

Introspection (in-tro-spek 1 'shun) [intro, within ; 
spicere, to look]. The act of looking inward. I., 
Morbid, the morbid habit of self-examination ; insane, 
or quasi-insane, dwelling upon one's own thoughts, 
feelings, impulses, fears, or conduct. 

Introsusception (in-tro-sus-sep' '-shun) [intro, within ; 
suscipere, to receive]. The slipping or telescoping of 
one part of the intestine upon another part ; intussus- 
ception. 

Introvenium (in-tro-ve' '-ne-um) [intro, within ; vena, 
vein]. In biology, a condition of leaves in which the 
veins are infossous, or sunk and embedded in the 
parenchyma. 

Introversion (in-tro-ver' -shun) [intro, within ; vertere, 
to turn]. A turning within, as, introversion of the 
uterus. I. of the Iris, a bending backward of the 
iris in such a way that it lies upon the ciliary body. 

Introvert (in-tro-ve rt') [intro, within ; vertere, to turn]. 
In biology, turned in. 

Intruse (in-trus f ) [intrusus, p.p. of intrudere, to 
thrust in]. In biology, projecting inward. 

Intubation (in-tu-ba' -shun) [in, in ; tubus, a pipe]. 
The passage of a tube into or past the larynx, to allow 
the entrance of air into the lungs in croup, diphtheria, 
etc., or to dilate a stricture, etc. 

Intumescence (in-tu-mes'-ens) [intumescentia ; intu- 
tnescere, to swell]. A swelling, of any character 
whatever. Also, an increase of the volume of any 
organ or part of the body. 

Intumescentia (i)t-tu-mes-en'-she-ah) [L. ]. A swell- 
ing. I. gangliformis, the reddish gangliform swelling 
of the seventh nerve in the aqueductus Fallopii in the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone. 

Intussusception {in-tus-sus-ep' -shun) [intus, within: 
suscipicre, to receive]. Invagination or involution of 
one part of the intestine within another part. It 
is of frequent occurrence in the young. It is caused 
by undue peristalsis. The site of the intussusception 
varies; thus, it may be— I. Ileo-cecal, the ileum with 
the ileo-cecal valve descending into the cecum 
and colon ; this is the most common variety ; 2. Colic, 
the invagination being limited to the large intestine ; 
3. Ileal, when the ileum alone is involved ; 4. Ileo- 






INULA 



623 



INVOLUTION 



colic , when the ileum prolapses through the lips of the 
ileo-cecal valve. 

Inula (in'-u-laK) [L.]. Elecampane. The root of /. 
kelenium. It contains a crystalline substance, helenin, 
C 6 H s O, the dose of which is gr. \-\, and from 20 to 
40 per cent, of a starch, known as inulin. It is a gentle 
stimulant, and is employed in bronchitis and to hasten 
the appearance of the skin-symptoms in exanthematous 
fevers. Dose gr. xx- gj of the root, or 3J -ij of a 
decoction, ^ss to the Oj. The genus Inula contains 
various coarse composite-flowered herbs of the old 
world, several of which have properties similar to those 
of the official species. 

Inulin (in' -u-lin) [inula, elecampane], C 6 H 10 O 5 . I. A 
vegetable principle found in the roots of dahlia, 
in chicory, and other plants. It is a white powder, 
with which iodin gives a yellow color, and is soluble 
in hot water. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 2. The 
precipitate from a tincture of the root of Imila 
helenium ; an aromatic stimulant, tonic, and expector- 
ant. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof. 

Inulol (in'-u-lol). See Alantol. 

Inunction (in-tink' -shun) [inunctio ; inunguere, to 
anoint] . The act of rubbing an oily or fatty substance 
into the skin. Also, the substance used for anoint- 
ment. I. Treatment, a form of treatment of syphilis. 
It consists in rubbing into the skin metallic mercury 
or some mercurial preparation, mixed or suspended in 
a fatty vehicle. It is active, sure, and rapid, but 
dirty and unpleasant. It is best used in the form of 
the blue ointment of a strength of fifty per cent. 
The application should be made upon different 
portions of the body in successive treatments. 

Inustion (in-us' -chun) [inustio, a burning in]. A 
burning in ; deep or thorough cauterization. 

Invagination (in-vaj-in-a'-shu>i)[invaginatio ; iiwagin- 
are, to ensheathe] . The sheathing or telescoping of 
a part or organ by a canal-like structure, as the intes- 
tine. An operation for obliterating a hernial canal 
by the inflammation resulting from pushing the skin 
inward and suturing the parts together. 

Invalid (in'-val-id) [invalidus ; in, not ; valere, to be 
well]. One who is not well, especially one who is 
chronically ill or whose convalescence is slow. 

Invaliding (in'-val-id-ing) [in, not ; valere, to be well].- 
The placing of a soldier or officer on the list of in- 
valids, and thus excusing him from active duty. 

Invalidism (in' -val-id-izm) [in, not ; valere, to be well]. 
Chronic ill-health ; the state or condition of being an 
invalid. 

Invenose (in-ve'-nos) [in, not; vena, a vein]. In 
biology, destitute of veins. 

Invasion (in-va'-zhun) [invasio ; in, upon ; vadere, to 
go]. The beginning or attack of a disease. Also, 
the manner in which the disease begins its attack. I.- 
disease, one due to the presence in the body of some 
animal parasite, as the tapeworm or the protozoan of 
malaria. 

Invermination (in-ver-tnin-a' -shwi) [in, in ; vermis, 
worm]. A condition of having intestinal worms; ill- 
health due to parasitic worms ; helminthiasis. 

Inverse Temperature. A complete reversal of the 
usual course of the temperature, so that the morning 
temperature exhibits the maximum, and the evening 
temperature the minimum. It is not infrequently seen in 
acute tuberculous affections, and rarely in typhoid fever. 

Inversio palpebrarum (in-ver'-ske-o pal-pe-bra'-rum). 
Synonym of Entropion. 

Inversion (in-ver' -shun) [inversio; in, not; vertere, to 
turn]. A turning or placing in a position the opposite 
of the normal position. In chemistry, a decomposi- 
tion of certain sugars and other carbohydrates, induced 



by the action of a ferment or dilute acid, by which the 
elements of water are added to a carbohydrate, each 
molecule of which breaks up into two molecules of a 
different carbohydrate. I. of Bladder, a condition 
in which the bladder is in part or completely pushed 
into the dilated urethra. It occurs in females only. 
I. of Eyelashes. See Entropion. I. of Uterus, a 
condition in which the uterus is partially or completely 
turned inside out. 

Invert (in-verf) [in, in ; vertere, to turn]. To turn in 
an opposite direction. I. -sugar, an amorphous 
saccharine substance, the chief constituent of honey, 
and produced by the action of ferments or dilute acids 
on cane-sugar. It is regarded as a mixture of equal 
parts of dextrose and levulose. A solution of cane- 
sugar turns the polarized ray of light to the right, 
while invert-sugar turns it to the left. From this in- 
version of the action on polarized light the process is 
called inversion, and the product invert-sugar. 

Invertase (in-ver' -tas). Same as Invertin, q. v. 

Invertebrata (in-ver-te-bra' -tali) [in, not ; vertebra, 
backbone]. Animals that have no spinal column. 

Invertin (in-ver' -tin) [in, not; vertere, to turn]. A 
ferment found in the intestinal juice, and produced 
by several species of yeast-plant ; it converts cane- 
sugar in solution into invert-sugar. See Ferments. 

Investing (in-ves' -ting) [investire, to invest]. Ensheath- 
ing. surrounding. In dentistry, embedding a denture 
in what is known as investing-material, for the pur- 
pose of soldering the linings or backings of the teeth 
to the plate. 

Inveterate (in-vet'-er-dl) [inveteratus ; vetus, old]. 
Long established, and obstinately resisting treatment, 
as an inveterate skin-disease. 

Invirility (in-vir-il'-it-e) [in, not ; virilis, of a man]. 
Lack of manly qualities, especially lack of virile power ; 
male impotency. 

Inviscation (in vis-ka' -shun) [in, in; viscum, bird- 
lime] . The mixing of food with the saliva during 
mastication. 

Invital (in-vi'-tal) [/;z,not; vita, life]. In biology, 
non-living or dead matter. 

In vitro (invit'-ro) [L.]. In the glass ; applied to 
phenomena that are observed in experiments carried 
out in the laboratory with microorganisms, digestive 
ferments, and other agents, but that may not neces- 
sarily occur within the living body. 

Involucel (in-vol'-u-sel) [dim. of involuerum, involu- 
cre]. In biology, a secondary involucre. 

Involucre (in' -vo-lu-ker)[involvere, to roll up, to wrap up]. 
In biology, the bracts at the base of a flower-cluster. 

Involuerum (in-vo-lu' -k^um) [involvere , to enwrap : 
pi. , Involucra\ The covering of a part. The sheath 
of bone enveloping a sequestrum in dry necrosis. 

Involuntary (in-vol'-un-ta-re) [involuntarius : in, not ; 
volo, velle, to will]. Performed independently of the 
will ; not by an act of the will. A term applied to 
certain motions and functions of the various organs of 
the body that are not controlled by, or are not depend- 
ent on, the will. I. Contraction, muscular contrac- 
tions not resulting from an act of the will. I. Muscles, 
those that are not governed by the will. 

Involute (in'-vo-lut) [involvere, to roll up, to wrap up]. 
In biology, rolled up, as the edges of certain leaves in 
the bud. 

Involution (in-vo-lu' -shun) [involutio ; involvere, to roll 
upon]. The retrogressive change to their normal con- 
dition that certain organs undergo after fulfilling their 
functional purposes. I. of the Uterus, the return of 
the uterus, which after gestation weighs about two 
pounds, to its normal weight and condition. I.- 
forms, a term applied to microorganisms that deviate 



INWARD 



624 



IONTHUS 



from a type, or undergo degenerative changes, prob- 
ably as a result of nutritive variation. They are free 
in filaments, flat layers, or cube-like packets. 

Inward [in' -ward ) [ME. , inward, inward] . Toward the 
center. I. Convulsions. Synonym of Laryngismus 
stridulus. 

Iodal [i'-o-dal) [idxh/g, like a violet], C 2 I 3 HO. A com- 
pound formed on the type of chloral, but containing 
iodin instead of chlorin. It is reported to resemble 
chloral in its sedative qualities, but is seldom used as 
a remedy. Unof. 

Iodantipyrin [i-o-dan-tip-i' '-riti). See Iodopyrin. 

Iodate [i'-o-dat) [ioidz/f, like a violet]. Any salt of 
iodic acid. 

Iodated [i'-o-da-ted) [iut5/;c, like a violet]. Charged 
with iodin. 

lodatum [i-o-da' -turn) [id>Sr/<;, like a violet]. Charged 
with iodin. Amylum iodatum, iodized starch. 

Iodia [i-o'-de-ah) [icJdi/t;, like a violet]. A proprietary 
remedy said to contain stillingia, menispermum, etc. , 
with five grains of potassium iodid and two grains 
of iron phosphate in each fluidram. Dose as an 
alterative, 3 j-ij. 

Iodic Acid [i-od'-ik). See Acid. 

Iodid [i'-o-did) \Iu5ijc-, like a violet]. A compound 
of iodin with a metal or other substance. 

Iodidum [i-o-di' '-dum\ [ttjdtjc;, like a violet: gen. 
Iodidi\ An iodid. 

Iodin, or Iodum [i'-o-din, or i-o'-dum) [i<iJ//c, like a 
violet]. I = 126.53 ; quantivalence I ; specific gravity 
4.948 at 17 C. (62. 6° F. ) A non-metallic element 
with metallic luster, volatilizing at a low temperature, 
and giving off a crimson-purple vapor. It occurs in cod- 
liver oil, in most marine plants, and in shell-fish. It 
is soluble in alcohol, in solution of potassium iodid, and 
in solution of sodium chlorid. In its elementary state 
it is an irritant to the skin, and is much used as a tincture 
to produce counter-irritation. See Elements, Table of. 
Potassium iodid, the principal form for internal use, is 
an alterative, ranking as a specific in tertiary syphilis, 
and with mercury, available in all forms of that disease. 
It is also an excellent remedy in hepatic cirrhosis and 
chronic bronchitis. Combined with ammonium it is 
valuable in catarrhal affections. Acidi hydriodici, 
Syr., contains one per cent, of the absolute acid. 
Dose^j-iv. Ammonii iodidum. See Ammonium. 
Iodized Phenol, unof. , a mixture of iodin and car- 
bolic acid, usually I to 4. For local use. I., Lini- 
ment (B. P.), one part of iodin in nine. I., Liquor 
(B. P.), one of iodin in 20. Iodi, Liq., Comp., Lu- 
gol's solution — iodin 5, potassium iodid 10, water 85 
parts. Dose rrij-x, diluted.' I., Tinct., 8 per cent, in 
alcohol. Dose n"|J-v. For local use. I., Trichlorid, 
unof., recommended by Langenbach as an antiseptic 
in surgery. I., Ung., iodin 4, potassium iodid I, water 
2, benzoated lard 93 parts. I., Vapor (B. P.), for 
inhalation, 3 j of iodin to ^j of water. Amylum 
iodatum, iodized starch, iodin 5, starch 95 parts, dis- 
tilled water 100 parts, triturated and dried. Dose 3 j- 
^j. Potassii iodidum, K.I. Dosegr. v-^j. Potass, 
iodid., Ung., contains potass, iodid. 12, sod. hypo- 
sulph. 1, boiling water 6, benzoated lard 81 parts. 
Sodii iodidum, Nal, deliquescent. Dose gr. v-^ij. 
I. -green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. I. -scarlet. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. I. -violet. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. 

Iodism (i'-o-dizm) [JcM^c, like a violet]. A condition 
arising from the prolonged use of iodin or iodin- 
compounds, marked by redness of the conjunctiva and 
of the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages, 
furry throat, and lacrymation, with symptoms resem- 
bling those of acute coryza. 



Iodized [i'-o-dlzd) [itodr/c, like a violet]. Impregnated 
with iodin, as cotton, glycerin, etc. 

Iodoform [i-o' -do-form) [i<j(5^c, like a violet; forma, 
form], Tri-iodo-methane, CHI;,. Iodid of Formyl. 
A compound containing about 91 per cent, of iodin. 
It is an antiseptic and feeble anesthetic, and is highly 
useful for local application to wounds, abrasions, and 
indolent sores. Internally it is a tonic. It seems to 
exert a special influence upon tuberculous processes. 
Its odor may be disguised by means of thymol or oil of 
rose. Dose, internally, gr. j-v. L.Suppos. (B.P. ), 
each containing gr. iij of iodoform. I., Unguent., for 
fetid sores. 

Iodoformism [i-o' -do-form-izm) \_l66jjg, like a violet ; 
forma, form] . Poisoning with iodoform. 

Iodoformize [i-o' -do-form-iz) \\t>&r)q, like a violet ; 
forma, form]. To impregnate with iodoform. 

Iodol (i'-o-dol) [JfcK%c, like a violet], C 4 I 4 NH. An 
iodo-carbamid existing in the form of an amorphous 
brown powder, soluble in ether and oil. It is more ac- 
tively antiseptic than iodoform and is free from odor. 
Locally it is an anesthetic, and favors granulation. It 
is of reputed service as an application to syphilitic 
sores, etc. Dose gr. ss-v. Unof. 

Iodo-naphthol-beta [i-o-do-naf'-thol-ba'-tah) [jutir/c, 
like a violet ; va<p8a, naphtha ; fiera , the second 
Greek letter]. The diiodid of naphthol-beta, sug 
gested as a substitute for iodoform as an antiseptic 
dressing. Unof. 

Iodophenin (i-o-do-fe'-nin) [<(jc5/;c, like a violet ; 
phenyl']. A compound allied to phenacetin. It is an 
efficient bactericide, but is objectionable because of its 
strong evolution of iodin, of which it contains about 
50 per cent. It is a crystalline powder, of an iodin-odor 
and a burning taste, and colors the skin yellow. It 
melts at 266 F. (130 C.) Unof. 

Iodophthisis (i-o-doff' -this-is) [}o>6r/c, like a violet ; 
<j>f)i<jiq, a wasting]. The emaciation, or local or 
general wasting that may result from free use of iodin 
as a remedy. 

Iodopyrin [i-o-do-pi'-rin) [iw(5//c, like a violet ; irvp, 
fire]. Iodantipyrin. A chemic compound of iodin 
and antipyrin, with the composition, C n H n IN. 2 0. 
It is an antipyretic in doses of from one to five grains. 
Unof. 

Iodo-quinin Sulphate. Same as Herapathite. 

Iodosis [i-odo'-sis). Same as Iodism. 

Iodotannin [i-o-do-tan'-in) [<<j(S//c, like a violet ; ME., 
tannen, to tan]. An aqueous mixture of iodin and 
tannin. 

Iodotherapy [i-o-do-ther' -ap-e) [iuJ^r, like a violet ; 
Oepatre la, therapy]. The treatment or cure of disease 
by the use of iodin or its compounds. 

Iodum [i-o'-dum). See Iodin. 

Iodure [i'-o-dur) [Fr.]. An iodid. 

Ioduret [i-od'-u-ret) [lufir/t;, like a violet]. An iodid. 

Ion [i'-on) [luv, lov, going]. An element set free by 
electrolysis, and classified as an anion or kation, ac- 
cording as it is set free at the positive or negative pole. 
I., Migration of, the transference of an ion from one 
pole to another. 

Ionidium [i-o-nid' -e-itm) [iov, a violet]. A genus of 
violaceous herbs and shrubs. I. ipecacuanha, 
produces what is called white ipecac ; this and several 
other species are emetic and cathartic. See also 
Cuichunc/iulli. None is officinal ; but the roots of 
several species are said to be mixed with commercial 
ipecac. 

Ionthus [i-on'-thus) \\ovBoq, acne]. That form of acne 
that often accompanies the first appearance of the 
beard. A general name for acne and the diseases that 
resemble it. 






IOPTEROUS 



625 



IRIDORRHEXIS 



lopterous (i-op , -ter-tts)[lov, a violet; nr£p6v, a feather]. 
In biology, having violet-colored wings. 

Iotacism (i-o'-las-izm) [<<jra/aoy/<5c,'iotacism]. I. In- 
ability to pronounce distinctly the proper sound of the 
letter i. 2. Substitution of the long e sound for the e 
sounds of other vowels. 

Ioterium (i-o-te'-re-um) [\6c , poison ; repteiv, to pierce : 
pi. , Ioteria~\. In biology, a poison-gland. 

Ipecac (ip'-e-kak). See Ipecacuanha. I., American. 
See Gillenia. I., White. See • Ionidium. 

Ipecacuan (ip-e-kak'-u-an). See Ipecacuanha. 

Ipecacuanha (ip-e-kak-u-an'-ah) [Braz., ipecaaguen~\. 
Ipecac. The root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, found in 
Brazil. It contains an alkaloid, emetin, C 20 H 30 NO 5 , 
and is an emetic, expectorant, and cholagogue ; in very 
small doses, gr. y%, it is a mild tonic. It is used mainly 
as a safe and prompt emetic, in membranous croup, and 
in the summer diarrhea of children. Dose as an 
expectorant gr. ss-ij ; as an emetic gr. xv-xxx. I., 
Acetum. (B. P.) Dosem_v-xl. I., Ext., Fid. Dose 
TT\j-v. I., Syr., 5 per cent, strength. Dose 3J-3SS. 
I., Vin., 7 per cent, in strength. Dose tt\j-3J. I., 
Trochisci, contain each % gr. of the drug. I. et mor- 
phinse, Trochisci, contain each.morphinsulph. gr.^L, 
ipecac gr. T V, with flavoring-oil and sugar. Let opii, 
Pulvis (Pulv. ipec. comp., B. P.) Dover's pow- 
der, contains ipecac and opium each 10, sugar of 
milk 80 parts. Dose gr. ij-xv. I. cum scilla, Pil. 
(B. P.) Dose gr. v-x. I. et opii, Tinct., deodor- 
ized tinct. of opium 100, evaporated to 85, fld. ext. 
ipecac 10, alcohol q. s. ad 100. Dose TT^v-xxx. 
Emetin. Dose as an expectorant gr. xzo~iff > as an 
emetic }/&-}(. 

Ipomcea (ip-o-me' -ah) (it/;, worm ; bfioioc, like]. A 
genus of convolvulaceous plants ; bindweeds. I. 
batatas is the sweet potato. I. purga. See Ja lap. 
I. pandurata, of the U. S. , resembles jalap in its 
action. The seeds of I. ccerulia are recommended as 
a useful intestinal stimulant. I. turpethum affords tur- 
peth-root, q.v. Many other species are medicinal. Unof. 

Iralgia (i-ral'-je-ah). See Iridalgia. 

Irascibility (i-ras-ib-il'-it-e) [irasci, to be angry] . The 
quality of being choleric, irritable, or of hasty temper. 
It is a frequent symptom in some varieties of insanity 
and in neurasthenia, and in some cases it amounts to a 
species of insanity. 

Iridsemia (ir-id-e'-me-ah). See Iridemia. 

Iridal (i'-rid-al) [Iptc, iris]. Relating to the iris. 

Iridalgia (i-rid-al'-je-ali) [ipic, iris; akyoc, pain]. 
Pain referable to the iris. 

Iridauxesis (ir-id-awks-e' -sis) [Ipic, iris ; av^aic, in- 
crease]. Auxesis or tumefaction of the iris. 

Iridavulsion (ir-id-av-ul ' -shun) [Ipic, iris ; avellere, to 
tear away] . Surgical avulsion of the iris. 

Iridectome (ir-id-ek'-tom) [Ipic, iris ; wtojjti, a cutting 
out]. A cutting instrument used in iridectomy. 

Iridectomy (ir-id-ek' -to-me) [Ipic, iris ; eKTO/ir/, ex- 
cision]. The cutting out of a part of the iris. I., 
Antiphlogistic, one performed in inflammatory pro- 
cesses for therapeutic purposes. In Optic I. the piece 
of iris excised is over a portion of the lens or beneath 
a portion of cornea clearer than that exposed in the 
natural pupil, as a result of which additional vision is 
gained. See Pupil, Artificial. I., Preliminary, is 
performed in advance of the extraction of cataract, 
instead of at the same time. 

Iridectropium (ir-id-ek-lro' -pe-um) [ipic, iris ; kuTpbiriov, 
eversion]. Eversion of a part of the iris. 

Iridemia (ir-id-e'-me-ah) [Ipic, iris ; at/ia, blood]. 
Hemorrhage from the iris. 

Iridencleisis, or Iridenkleisis (ir-id-en-kli' -sis) \lpic, 
iris ; iyK%eiv, to lock in]. See Iridodesis. 
40 



Iridentropium (ir-id-en-tro' '-pe-uni) [ipic, iris ; ivrpoirf). 
a turning in]. Inversion of a part of the iris. 

Irideremia (ir-id-er-e'-me-ah) \lptg, iris; kpr/pia, lack]. 
Absence of one or both irides. 

Iridescence (ir-id-es'-ens) [iridescere, to shine with 
rainbow-colors]. The property of breaking up light 
into the spectral colors. 

Iridesis (ir-id-e / -sis). See Iridodesis. 

Iridian (i-rid ' -e-an) [Ipic, iris]. Relating to the iris; 
iridal. 

Iridicolor (ir-id' -ic-ul-or) [iris, a rainbow; color, color]. 
In biology, iridescent ; exhibiting prismatic colors. 

Iridin (i' -rid-in) [Ipic, iris]. Irisin ; a precipitated ex- 
tract of Blue Flag. See Iris. 

Iriditis (ir-id-i'-tis). Same as Iritis. 

Iridization (ir-id-iz-a' -shun) [ipic, iris]. The subjec- 
tive appearance, as of an iridescent halo seen by per- 
sons affected with glaucoma. 

Iridocele (i-rid'-o-sel) [ipic, iris; Kr/^rj, hernia]. Pro- 
trusion of a part of the iris through a wound or ulcer. 

Iridochoroiditis (ir-id-o-ko-roid-i' -tis) [Iptc, iris ; %6- 
piov, chorion; eidoc, likeness; iric, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of both the iris and the choroid of the 
eye, the form usually assumed in sympathetic oph- 
thalmia. 

Iridocinesis (ir-id-o-sin-e'-sis). See Iridokinesis. 

Iridocyclitis (ir-id-o-sik-W -tis) [ipic, iris ; kvkAoc, a 
circle; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the iris 
and the ciliary body. See Cyclitis. 

Iridocyclochoroiditis (ir-id-o-sik-lo-ko-roid-i' -tis) [ipic, 
iris ; kvkXoc, circle ; \6piov, chorion ; eidoc, likeness ; 
itic, inflammation]. Combined inflammation of the 
iris, the ciliary body, and the choroid. 

Iridocyte (ir'-id-o-sit) [Iptc, rainbow; ai'Toc cell]. 
Any cell that produces color, either by means of its 
structure or its contents. 

Iridodesis (ir-id-od' -es-is) [iptc, iris; 6koic, a binding 
together]. An obsolete method of displacing the nor- 
mal pupil by ligature, instead of iridectomy. 

Iridodialysis (ir-id-o-di-al'-is-is). See Coredialysis. 

Iridodonesis (ir-id-o-do-ne' -sis) [ipic, iris ; dovr/aic, a 
trembling], Tremulousness of the iris ; hippus. 

Iridokinesis (ir-id-o-kin-e' -sis) [ipic, iris ; Kivqoic, 
movement]. Any movement of the iris, normal or 
otherwise. 

Iridomalacia (ir-id-o-mal-a'-se-ali) [Ipic, iris ; pakaKia, 
softness]. Morbid softening of the iris. 

Iridomotor (ir-id- o-mo' '-tor) [Ipic, iris ; movere, to move]. 
Promoting the motion of the iris. 

Iridoncosis (ir-id-on-ko'-sis) [ipic, iris ; oynuoic, a 
puffing out]. Thickening of the iris. 

Iridoncus (ir-id-ong'-kus) [Ipic, iris ; bynoc, mass]. A 
tumor or swelling of the iris. 

Iridoparalysis (ir-id-o-par-al'-is-is) [ipic, iris; Ttapa- 
*Avoic, paralysis]. Paralysis of the iris. 

Iridoparesis (ir-id-o-par' -es-is) [ipic, iris; napecic, a 
letting go]. A slight or partial paralysis of the iris. 

Iridoplania (ir-id-o-pla' -ne-ali) [Ipic, iris ; TcXa.vq, a 
wandering]. Same as Hippus. 

Iridoplasma (ir-id-o-plaz'-mah) [Ipic, iris ; irXdofia, 
anything formed]. A form of degeneration of the 
iris. 

Iridoplegia (ir-id-o-ple' '-je-ah) [ipic, iris ; irh/yr/, stroke]. 
Paralysis of the sphincter of the iris. 

Iridoptosis (ir-id-op-to'-sis) [ipic, iris; tttoxtic, a fall- 
ing]. Prolapse of the iris. 

Irido-pupillary (ir-id-o-ptt' -pil-a-re) [Ipic, iris ; pupilla, 
the pupil of the eye]. Pertaining to the iris and the 
pupil. 

Iridorrhexis (ir-id-or-reks'-is) [Ipic, iris; pv^ic, a 
breaking]. Iridectomy with iridavulsion. Rupture of 
the iris. 



IRIDOSCHISIS 



626 



IRREGULARITY 



Iridoschisis, or Iridoschisma {ir-id-os' -kis-is or ir-id- 

os-kh 1 ' -?nah) [Ipic, iris; gxiolc, <y;£/o/*a, cleft]. 

Coloboma of the iris. 
Iridotome (ir' -id-o-tom) [Ipic, iris; roiir/, a cutting]. 

A cutting-instrument employed in iridotomy. 
Iridotomy [ir-id-ot'-o-me) [Ipic, iris; to/jltj, section]. 

An incision of any kind into the iris. 
Iridotromos [ir-id-of '-ro-mos) [IpK, iris; Tp6p.oc, 

tremor]. Hippus ; tremor of the iris. 
Iris (i'-ris) [Ipic, a colored halo or circle]. I. The 

anterior portion of the vascular tunic of the eye, 

attached to the pectinate ligament and ciliary body ; 

its central aperture forms the pupil. 2. Blue-flag. 

The roots of I. versicolor. It contains a resinous 
13 IG i 5 




Iris and Choroid. 



I. Optic nerve. 2, 2, 2, 2. Sclerotic, divided in four equal parts 
and turned back. 3, 3. Pigmentarv granulation of its inner 
layer. 4. Section of lamina fusca. 5, 5, 3, 5. Cornea, divided 
in four equal parts. 6, 6. Canal of Schlemm. 7. Outer sur- 
face of choroid 8. Superior and internal trunk of vasa vor- 
ticosa. 9, 9. Irregular border limiting the choroid zone 
posteriorly. 10, 10. Anterior half of this zone ; ciliary mus- 
cle. 11, 11. Ciliary nerves. 12. Long ciliary artery. 13, 13, 
13, 13- Anterior ciliary arteries. 14. Iris. 15. Small arterial 
circle of iris. 16. Pupillary orifice. 



Section of Ciliary 
Body and Iris. 

, 1. Ciliary processes. 
2, 2 Their bases or 
rounded extremities. 
3,3. Their apices. 4. 
A process with bi- 
furcated extremitv. 
5, 5. Reticulated 
folds, or ciliary pro- 
cesses of the second 
order. 6, 6. Venules 
that emanate from 
these. 7, 7. Ora ser 
rata of choroid 8 

8. Veins of choroid 

9. Section of iris 

10. 10. Circumfer 
ence of iris. 11, 11 
Small ring of iris, 
12, 12. Large ring 
of iris 




principle, iridin. The fresh rhizome is purgative, 
emetic, and diuretic, and is serviceable in catarrh of 
the duodenum, and in malarial ailments. I., Ext. 
Dose gr. j-v. I., Ext. Fid. Dose ttiv- 3 j. Iridin, 
the oleoresin, is a cholagogue. Unof. Dose gr. j-v. 
The genus Iris embraces many other species, some of 
them purgative, and some reputed to be poisonous. 
See Orris-root. I., Absence of. See Irideremia. 
I., Angle of, that formed by the junction of the 
cornea and the iris. I. -contraction. See Reflexes, 
Table of. I. -green. Same as Bladder-green. 
I., Prolapse of (or Hernia of), protrusion of a por- 
tion of the iris through an opening in the cornea or 
sclera ; when the iris is adherent the condition is 
called anterior synechia ; when the iris is adherent 
to the lens behind, the condition is called posterior 
synechia. I., Tremulous, arises from non-support of 
the iris in aphakia or dislocation of the crystalline lens. 

Irish (i'-rish) [ME., Irish, Irish]. Pertaining to 
Ireland. I. Ague. Synonym of Typhus Fever, a. v. 
I. Moss. See Chondrus. 

Irisin [i'-ris-in) [ipic, iris]. The precipitate from a 
tincture of the root of Blue-flag, Iris versicolor ; it is 
cholagogue, sialagogue, and diuretic. Dose 2 to 4 
grains. Unof. 

Iritic (i-rit'-ik) [I/Mf, iris; itic, inflammation]. Of the 
nature of, pertaining to, or affected with, iritis. 

Iritis (i-ri'-tis) [ipic , iris ; iris, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the iris, called after its origin, or character, 
blennorrhagic, rheumatic, diabetic, syphilitic, plastic, 
serous, primary, secondary. I., Condylomatous, 
/. papulosa ; that accompanied by the formation of 
papules or condylomata in the iris. I. gummosa, 
that in which gummata are formed in the iris. I. 
papulosa. See /. , Condylomatous. 

Iritomy {i-rit'-o-me). See Iridotomy. 

Iron {i'-ern) [ME., iron, iron]. See Ferrum. I. 
Bath. See Bath. I. Minium. Same as Colcothar. 
I. Wood, the heart-wood of Ostrya virginica, a 
tonic, antiperiodic, and alterative. It has been 
successfully used in malarial diseases, neuralgia, and 
strumous affections. Dose of the fld. ext. , Xss-j. 
Unof. 

Irradiating (ir-ra 1 ' -de-a-ting) [irradiare, to emit rays in 
every direction]. Radiating from a center, as a pain 
arising from a definite focus of irritation. 

Irradiation [ir-ra-de-a' -shun) [irradiatio ; irradiare, to 
emit rays in every direction]. A phenomenon in 
which, owing to the difference in the illumination of 
the field of vision, or its background, objects appear 
much larger than they really are. 

Irreducible (ir-re-dzis'-ib-l) [in t not ; reduce re, to lead 
back]. That which cannot be reduced or restored to 
its normal condition. In chemistry, applied to a 
compound that cannot be separated. In surgery, 
applied to a fracture or dislocation that cannot be 
replaced. I. Hernia. See Hernia. 

Irregular (ir-reg'-u-lar) [in, not; regula, rule]. Not 
regular ; not normal or according to rule ; not rhythmic ; 
not recurring at proper intervals. 

Irregularity [ir-regtt-lar'-it-e) [in, not; regula, a rule]. 
Lack of regularity ; unevenness. I. of the Teeth, 
deviation of the teeth from their natural arrangement 
is of frequent occurrence, and is dependent upon a 
variety of causes. The following are among the most 
frequent: I. Want of synchronism between the 
destruction of the roots of the temporary teeth and 
the growth of the permanent teeth. 2. The premature 
removal of one or more of the temporary teeth. 3. 
Disproportion between the size of the alveolar arch 
and the teeth. 4. Supernumerary teeth. 5. Mai 
formation of the jaws. 



IRRESPIRABLE 



627 



ISCHIOCERITE 



Irrespirable {tr-res-pV -rab-t) [in, not; respirare, to 
breathe]. Not capable of being breathed. 

Irrigant (ir'-ig-ant) [irrigare, to lead water to]. A 
substance or wash used in or by irrigation. 

Irrigation (ir-ig-a'-shun) [irrigare, to lead water to]. 
The application of water, especially a stream, to an 
inflamed or abnormal tissue for purposes of moistening, 
antisepsis, cooling, or flushing the part. 

Irrigator {ir' -ig-a-tor) [irrigare, to lead water to]. An 
apparatus, or device, for accomplishing the irrigation 
of a part, surface, or cavity. 

Irritability (ir-it-ab-il'-it-e) [irritabitilas, irritability]. 
The quality of being susceptible to excitement or 
irritation. I., Faradic, the muscular contraction 
caused by a secondary or induced current. I., Gal- 
vanic, the muscular contraction caused by the 
direct current. I., Muscular, the inherent contractile 
quality of a muscle. I., Nervous, the property of a 
nerve to transmit impulses upon stimulation. See, 
also, Irascibility. 

Irritable (i/'-it-ab-l) [irritabilis, easily excited]. 
Easily inflamed. Susceptible to irritation. I. Blad- 
der, a condition of the bladder marked by constant 
desire to void urine. I. Breast, a neuralgic condi- 
tion of the mammary gland, usually associated with 
uterine affections, or with intercostal neuralgia. I. 
Heart, Da Costa's term for a peculiar condition of the 
heart characterized by precordial pain, dyspnea on exer- 
tion, palpitation, and irregularity of the heart's action. 
It is induced by over-exertion, masturbation, and neu- 
rotic tendencies. Hypertrophy may occasionally 
develop. I. Spine, a condition of spinal anemia 
frequently occurring in young hysteric females. There 
is pain along the spine, with tenderness on pressure, 
and vertigo, nausea, palpitation, and neuralgias. I. 
Testicle. See Testicle. I. Tongue, the clean, very 
red tongue, with enlarged red papillae about its tip, 
seen in the dyspepsia of drunkards. 

Irritant (ir' -it-ant} [irritare, to excite]. I. Causing, 
or giving rise to, irritation. 2. An agent or remedy that 
induces irritation or inflammation. I., Chemic, one 
acting by virtue of its affinity for the elements or 
compounds of organic tissue, as nitric acid, or potassic 
hydrate. I., Mechanical, one causing lesions or 
inflammations by mechanical operation, as cuts, con- 
tusions, pressure, or distention. I., Nervous, one 
acting through the medium of the nerves. 

Irritation (ir-it-a'-shnii) [irritatio, excitement]. A con- 
dition of undue excitement. Also, an inflamed state. 
Also, the stimulus necessary to the performance of the 
functions of an organ. 

Irritative (ir' '-it-a-tiv) [irritare, to excite]. Exciting or 
irritating. I. Fever, a febrile condition dependent 
upon the presence in the body of irritating substances. 
Also a synonym of Simple Continued Fever. 

Irrorate (ir'-or-al) [in, upon; rorare, to distil dew]. 
In biology, minutely dotted, as if with small dew- 
drops. 

Irrumation (ir-u-ma' -shun) [irrumare, to give suck]. 
Same as Buccal Coitus, q. v. See Nameless Crime. 

Isabel, Isabelle (iz'-a-bel) [/raH^awoman'sname], 
Drab, or yellowish gray. 

Isadelphous (i-sad-el'-fus) [iaog, equal ; adeXipoc, 
brother]. In biology, having an equal number of 
stamens in each bundle or brotherhood. 

Isambert's Disease. Acute miliary tuberculosis of 
the larynx and pharynx. 

Isandrous (i-san' '-dries') [iaoc, equal ; avi/p, a male]. 
In biology, having stamens alike and corresponding in 
number to the petals. 

Isanthous (i-san'-thus) [iaoc, equal; avftoc, a flower]. 
In biology, having regular flowers. 



Isatin (i'-sat-in) [lacing, wood], C 8 H 5 N0 2 . A substance 
obtained by the oxidation of indigo with HN0 3 . It 
crystallizes in yellowish-red monoclinic prisms, melting 
at 201° C. It dissolves in water and in alcohol with a 
reddish-brown color ; it has a disagreeable odor. I.- 
yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Isatoxim (i-sat-oks'-im) [inane, wood ; to^ikov, poison], 
C 8 H fi N 2 2 . A substance prepared from isatin and 
hydroxylamin. It crystallizes from alcohol in yellow 
needles, and melts at 202 C. 

Isatropylcocain (i-sat-ro'-pil-ko-ka'-in), C 19 H 22 N0 4 . 
An amorphous alkaloid from coca leaves. It has no 
anesthetic properties, but is said to be an active cardiac 
poison. Unof. See Cocamin. 

Ischemia (is-ke'-me-ah) [iaxeiv, to check ; dipa, blood]. 
Bloodlessness. Deficiency of the supply of blood to 
a part. Local anemia. 

Ischemic (is-kem'-ik) [iaxeiv, to check ; aifia, blood]. 
Affected with or relating to ischemia. 

Ischesis (is'-kes-is) [iaxetv, to check]. Retention or 
suppression of a discharge or secretion. 

Ischiadic (is-ke-ad'-ik). Same as Ischiatic. 

Ischiagra (is-ke-a'-grah) [laxiov, hip ; aypa, seizure]. 
Gout in the hip. 

Ischial (is'-ke-al) [laxiov, ischium]. Pertaining or 
belonging to the ischium. 

Ischialgia (is-ke-al'-je-ali) [laxiov, hip ; a/lyoc, pain]. 
Sciatica ; neuralgia of the hip. 

Ischialgic (is-ke-al'-jik) [laxiov, hip ; akyog, pain]. 
Relating to or affected with ischialgia. 

Ischiatic (is-ke-al'-ik) [laxiov, hip]. Pertaining to the 
ischium. I. Notches, the notches, greater and 
lesser, of the ischium. The former transmits the 
pyriformis muscle, gluteal vessels, and superior gluteal 
nerve, the latter the tendon of the obturator internus, 
its nerve, and the pudic vessels and nerve. These 
notches are called also sacro-sciatic notches. (See 
illustration on p. 228.) 

Ischiatitis (is-ke-al-i' -tis) [iax'iov, hip ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the sciatic nerve. 

Ischiatocele (is-ke-at'-o-sel). See Ischiocele. 

Ischidrosis (is-kid-ro'-sis) [iaxeiv, to suppress ; idpug, 
sweat]. Suppression of sweat. 

Ischidrotic (is- kid-rot' -Hi) [iaxeiv, to suppress ; l&ptdg, 
sweat]. Causing a retention or suppression of the 
sweat. 

Ischien (is'-ke-en) [laxiov, hip]. Belonging to the 
ischium in itself. 

Ischigalactic (is-ke-gal-ak' -tik) [iaxeiv, to restrain ; 
yala, milk]. I. Tending to check the flow of milk. 
2. An antigalactic agent or medicine. 

Ischio- (is'-ke-o-) [laxiov, hip]. A prefix indicating 
relationship to the ischium. I. -anal, pertaining to 
the ischium and the anus. I. -bulbar, pertaining to 
the ischium and the bulb of the urethra. I. -capsular, 
pertaining to the ischium and the capsular ligament of 
the hip. I.-cavernosus, the muscle that compresses 
the veins of the cries penis and assists in the erection 
of the penis. The I.-clitorianus has a similar rela- 
tion to the clitoris. See Muscles, Table of. I. -fibular, 
pertaining both to the ischium and the fibula. I.- 
neuralgia, sciatica. I. -perineal, belonging to or 
pertaining to both ischium and perineum ; pertaining 
to the space between the anus and the scrotum. I.- 
pubeotomy. See Farabceuf s Operation. I. -sacral, 
relating to the ischium and the sacrum. I. -tibial, 
relating both to the ischium and the tibia. I. -verte- 
bral, relating to the ischium and the vertebral column. 

Ischiocele (is'-ke-o-sel) [laxiov, hip ; ni)7n], tumor]. Is- 
chiatic hernia. 

Ischiocerite (is-ke-os'-er-lt ) [laxiov, hip-joint; nepag, 
horn]. In biology, the third joint of the developed 



ISCHIODIDV.MUS 



628 



ISODYNAMIC 



antenna of a crustacean. It is borne upon the basicerite 
and bears the merocerite. 

Ischiodidymus (is-ke-o-did'-im-us) [la^/ov, hip; 6i5v- 
fj.o$, double]. A double monstrosity united at the hips. 

Ischiognathite (is-ke-og'-nath-lt) [ioxiov, hips ; yvadoc;, 
jaw]. The third joint of any one of the mouth-parts 
of an arthropod. 

Ischiomyelitis (is-ke-o-mi-el-i'-tis) [laxiov, hip, loins ; 
fiveAog, marrow; trig, inflammation]. Lumbar myeli- 
tis ; osphyomyelitis. 

Ischiopagus (is-ke-op' -ag-us) [tcx'ov, hip ; Tvdyor, 
united]. A monomphalic monstrosity united by the 
coccyges and the sacra. 

Ischiophthisis (is-ke-off'-this-is) \\ox'lov, hip ; (pfliatr, a 
wasting]. Emaciation associated with or due to hip- 
joint disease. 

Ischiopodite [is-ke-op' -o-dit^) \\ax'iov, hip-joint; novc, 
foot]. In biology, the third joint of the inner [endo- 
podite) of the two main divisions of the typical limb 
of a crustacean. 

Ischiorectal [is-ke-o-rek'-tal) \\cxiov, ischium; rectus, 
straight]. Pertaining to both ischium and rectum. 
I. Abscess or I. Cellulitis, an inflammation of the 
areolar tissue of the ischiorectal fossa involving the 
rectum and the thigh. Suppuration may occur at any 
point of the inflammation, but is ordinarily near the 
anus. I. Fascia. See Fascia. I. Fossa, a deep 
fossa filled with fatty tissue situated on either side of 
and between the rectum and the ischium. 

Ischium {is' '-ke-uni) [laxi-ov, hip]. I. The inferior 
part of the os innominatum or hip-bone ; the bone upon 
which the body rests in a sitting posture. It forms a 
part, also, of the acetabulum. (See illustration on p. 
228. ) 2. The third joint of any appendage of a 
crustacean, e. g. , the ischiognathite and the ischiopodite. 

Ischnogyria (isk-no-jir 1 '-e-ali) [ioxvoc, feeble ; yvpoc, 
curve]. A condition attended with slight develop- 
ment of the cerebral convolutions. 

Ischnous (isk'-nus) [lax"6g, thin]. Emaciated. 

Ischo- (is'-ko-) [iaxeiv, to suppress]. A prefix mean- 
ing suppressed, stopped, or checked. 

Ischoblennia (is-ko-blen'-e-ah) [laxn-v, to suppress; 
(3'Aevvor, mucus]. The suppression of a mucous dis- 
charge. 

Ischocenosis (is-ko-sen-o'-sis) [ioxeiv, to suppress ; 
nivuaig, discharge]. The suppression of any estab- 
lished or normal discharge. 

Ischocholia {is-ko-ko' -le-ali) [icx^iv, to suppress ; x o ^V> 
bile]. A suppression of the flow of bile. 

Ischogalactia (is-ko-gal-ak' -te-ah) [iax Etv > to suppress ; 
yaka, milk]. Suppression of the natural flow of 
milk. 

Ischolochia (is-ko-lo' -ke-ali) [icr^eiv, to suppress ; 
%6x la > lochia]. Suppression of the lochial flow. 

Ischomenia [is-ko-me'-ne ah) [Ioxslv, to suppress ; jxr/v, 
month, menses]. Suppression of the menstrual flow. 

Ischophonia (is-ko-fo' -ne-ah) [laxsiv, to suppress ; 
<pwvi/, voice]. Aphonia. An impediment in speech. 

Ischopyosis (is-ko-pi-o'-sis) [_iaxeiv, to suppress ; irvov, 
pus]. The checking of any discharge of pus. 

Ischospermia [is-ko-sper? -me-ak) [i(7^-«i>, to check ; 
o-epfia, seed]. Suppression of semen. 

Ischuretic (is-ku-ret'-ik) [iaxeiv, to suppress ; ovpov, 
urine]. I. Relating to or relieving ischuria. 2. A 
remedy or agent that relieves retention or suppression 
of urine. 

Ischuria (is-ku'-re-ah) [ta%Eiv, to suppress ; ovpov, 
urine]. Retention or suppression of urine. I. para- 
doxa, the condition in which there is an excessive 
distention of the bladder, with constant dribbling of 
urine. 

Ischyomyelitis {is-ke-o-mi-el-i' -tis). See Ischiomyelitis. 



Isidium (i-sid'-e-um) [L. : //. , Isidid], In biology, 
an excrescence frequently found upon lichens ; it cor- 
responds to a soredium. 

Isinglass (i'-zing-glas). See Ichthyocolla and Glue. 
I., Vegetable. See Agar-agar. 

Island (i'-land) [ME., Hand, island]. See Insula 
and Blood-island. I. of Reil, the central lobe of the 
hemisphere of the brain, situated at the base, on either 
side of the fissure of Sylvius. See Insula. 

Iso- (i'-so-) [laog, equal]. A prefix signifying equality. 

Iso-amylamin (i-so-am-il' -am-in) [iuoc, equal; amylum, 
starch; amiri\. A ptomaine obtained in the distilla- 
tion of horn with potassic hydrate; it also occurs in 
the putrefaction of yeast. It boils at 95 C. , and is 
non-poisonous. See Ptomaines, I'able of. 

Iso-apiol (i-so-a'-pe-ol) \laoc, equal ; apium, parsley ; 
oleum, oil] . A substance obtained from apiol, exer- 
cising a powerful influence upon the vasomotor 
system. 

Isobar (i'-so-bar) [laog, equal; Bapoc;, weight]. In 
meteorology, a term denoting a line drawn through 
points having the same synchronous barometric pres- 
sure. 

Isobrious (i-so' '-bre-us) [laor, equal ; jiplav, to be 
strong, to make strong]. In biology, applied to 
dicotyledonous embryos, the two lobes of which grow 
with equal vigor ; isodynamous. 

Isocaprolactone (i-so-kap-ro-lak' -ton) [iaoc;, equal ; 
caper, a goat; lac, milk], C 6 H 10 O.,. A compound 
produced by the distillation of terebic acid. It melts 
at about 7 C. ; boils at 206° C, or 207 C. ; at o°C. 
it is soluble in double its bulk of water. 

Isocercal (i-so-ser'-kal) [iuoc, equal; KtpKoc, tail]. In 
biology, having the tail symmetrically divided by the 
straight back-bone. 

Isocholesterin (i-so-ko-les 1 '-ter-itt) \loor, equal ; x oA V< 
bile ; areap, fat], C 26 H 44 0. A substance isomeric 
with cholesterin, and found in distilled sheeps' fat ; it 
melts at 138 C. 

Isocholin (i-so-ko' '-liu) [/croc, equal ; ^o/b;, bile], CjH I5 - 
N0 2 . A body isomeric with cholin ; it is found in fly- 
agaric, and maybe formed by oxidizing cholin. 

Isochromatic {i-so-kro-mat'-ik) [icroc, equal ; xpw/za, 
color]. Having the same color. 

Isochronism (j-sok' -ro-nizni) [/croc, equal ; XP° V0 C, 
time]. The quality of occurring at equal intervals of 
time, or lasting for equal periods of time. 

Isochronous (i-sofc'-ro-nus) \Joog, equal ; XP° V0 S> 
time]. Having, occurring at, or occupying equal in- 
tervals of time. 

Isocoria [i-so-ko' -re-ah) \JaoQ, equal ; nop?}, pupil]. 
Equality in diameter of the two pupils. 

Isocyclus (i-so-si'-klus) [laoc, equal ; kvk\oc, circle]. 
In biology, an organism consisting of a series of 
similar rings. 

Isodactylous {i-so-dak' -til-us) \looq, equal ; (Jdfcru/loc, 
digit]. In biology, having the toes and digits alike. 

Isodiametric (i-so-di-am-et'-rili) [tcoc, equal ; (ha, 
through ; /uirpop, measure]. Having equal diameters. 

Isodimorphism {i-so-di-morf ' -ism) \laoc, equal ; 
ihfiop<po^, two-formed]. A form of dimorphism, 
characterized by the appearance of a substance in two 
similar but incompatible forms. 

Isodont (i'-so-dout) [Jaoc, equal; bSovc, tooth]. Hav- 
ing teeth of the same size and shape. 

Isodulcite (i-so-dul'-sit). See Rhamnose. 

Isodynamia (i-so-di-nam' ' -e-ah) [«<toc, equal; 6bva/iic, 
force]. The property of being isodynamic. 

Isodynamic [i-so-di-nam/ -ik) [icroc, equal; 6'vvajitc, 
force]. Having equal force. I. Foods, those that 
produce an equal amount of heat in undergoing the 
chemic changes of digestion. 



ISODYNAMOUS 



629 



ISOPHORIA 



Isodynamous {i-so-di' '-nam-us) [iooc, equal ; Svvap.ic, 
power, force]. Same as Isobrious. 

Iso-electric (i-so-e-lek'-tric) [iooc, equal ; ijkEKTpov, 
amber]. Equally electric ; applied to two bodies 
or points. I. Curves. See Tension-curves. I. 
Surfaces. See Ten si on- planes. 

Isogamous (i-sog' -am-us) [iooc, equal ; ya/ioc, mar- 
riage]. A term used to designate that mode of repro- 
duction in which the uniting gametes are of equal 
size. The same as conjugating. 

Isogamy {i-sog'-am-e) [icroc, equal ; yauoc, marriage]. 
In biology, conjugation of similar gametes. 

Isogeny (i-soj'-en-e) [iooc, equal ; yivoc, kind]. In 
biology, having a general similarity of origin. 

Isognathous (i-sog' -na-t/ius) [_iooq, equal ; yvdtioc, jaw]. 
In biology, having the molar teeth of both jaws alike. 

Isogonic (i-so-gon'-ik) [iooc, equal ; ydroc, offspring]. 
In biology, characterized by isogonism. 

Isogonism (i-sog 1 '-o-nizm) [iooc, equal ; yovoc, off- 
spring]. In biology, the production by different stocks 
of sexual organisms of identical structure. 

Isogynous (i-soj'-in-us) [icroc, equal ; yvvr/, female] . 
In biology, having the pistils or carpels equal in 
number to the sepals. 

Isolate (is'-so-ldt or i'-so-ldt) [isola, an island]. To 
separate one from another. To place apart. In 
chemistry, to separate an element from its combina- 
tion. In electricity, to insulate. 

Isolation (is-o-la'-skun) [isola, an island]. The act 
or process of isolating, or the state of being isolated ; 
separation of those ill of contagious diseases from 
other persons. 

Isologous (i-sol'-o-gus) [iooc, equal ; "koyoq, method, 
ratio, or system]. Having similar relations or pro- 
portions. A qualification applied to compounds con- 
taining a like number of carbon-atoms, with a gradually 
decreasing number of hydrogen-atoms. 

Isolophobia (is-o-lo-fo' -be-ali) [isola, an island; $<5/3oc, 
fear]. Morbid dread of being alone. 

Isomastigate (i-so-mas'-tig-at) [iooc, equal ; fiaon!-, a 
whip]. In biology, applied to organisms bearing two 
or more similar flagella. 

Isomer (i'-som-er) [ioouepqc, having equal parts]. An 
isomeric body. The same as lsomerid. 

Isomere [i' 'so-mer) [ioouepi/c, having equal parts]. In 
biology, a portion of one organism that is homologous 
with a portion of another organism. 

Isomeric (i-so-mer' -ik) [iooc, equal ; pepoc, a part]. In 
chemistry, applied to substances having the same cen- 
tesimal composition, but the molecules of which have 
an essentially different structure and chemic properties ; 
e. g. , aldehyd and ethylene oxid, both of which have 
the formula CjH^O. The former, however, has the 
structure — 

Methyl. Carbonic 
oxid. 

CH 3 — CO — H, 

while the latter is composed of two molecules of 
ethylene, joined by an atom of oxygen, thus (CH 2 ) — 
O — (CH 9 ). This, the most common type of isomer- 
ism, is sometimes called metamerism. The term is also 
applied to substances having the same centesimal com- 
position, but whose molecular weights are in even 
multiples, a type of isomerism commonly called poly- 
merism. Also, in crystallography, applied to any sub- 
stance that crystallizes in more than one form. Also, 
applied to a substance existing in two or more 
forms, a type of isomerism called allotropism. I. 
Theory of Nerve-force ; Herbert Spencer's 
hypothesis that in nervous action the disturbance 
transmitted is a wave of isomeric change, the alter- 



nation of isomeric states depending upon both nerve- 
fiber and molecular continuity. 

Isomerids (i-som'-er-ids) [loofiepf/c , consisting of equal 
parts: iooc, equal ; ficpoc, a part]. A name applied 
to different substances possessing the same molecular 
composition. I., Physical, a designation applied to 
derivations to which one and the same structural 
formula must be assigned. They have been explained 
by assuming them to be different aggregations of mole- 
cules that were chemically similar. See also Physi- 
cal Molecules . 

Isomerism (i-sont'-er-izni) [iooc, equal; fdpoc, apart]. 
The phenomenon of bodies of like composition and 
like number of atoms being different in physical or 
in chemic properties, or in both. I., Geometric. 
Alloisomerism, q.v. I., Spatial. Same as /. , Geo- 
metric. 

Isomerous ii-som' -er-us) [laoc, equal ; fiepoc, part, 
share]. In biology, having an equal number of parts, 
ridges, or markings. 

Isometric (i-so-met'-rik) [iooc, equal ; fierpov, measure]. 
Of equal measure. I. Act, the tension of a muscle 
when stimulated, its length remaining constant. 

Isometropia (i-so-met-ro' -pe-ali) [iooc, equal; uerpov, 
measure ; £>ip, eye]. Equality of kind and degree in 
tne refraction of the two eyes. 

Isomorph (i' -so-morf) [iooc, equal ; fioptpi], form]. In 
biology, one of two similar organisms belonging to 
different groups. 

Isomorphic (i-so-nior'-fik) [iooc, equal; jiop^i], form]. 
In biology, pertaining to morphologic similarity. 

Isomorphism (i-so-mor'-Jiz/n) [iooc, equal ; fiop(j)t/, 
form]. Similarity in crystalline form. Also, the replace- 
ment of one element in a crystalline salt by another, 
without alteration of form or system. I., Heteromer- 
ous, a condition of dissimilarity in molecular composi- 
tion. I., Isomerous, a condition of similarity in 
molecular composition. I., Polymeric, the substitu- 
tion of two or more atoms of one element for one of 
another, without alteration of crystalline form. 

Isonitrosoacetones (i-so-ni-tro-so-as'-et-onz) . A group 
of colorless crystalline bodies, readily soluble in ether 
and in chloroform, and as a rule soluble with difficulty 
in alcohol. Their aikaline solutions have an intensely 
yellow color. 

Isonitroso-compounds (i-so-ni-tro' -so-kom' -poimidz) . 
Compounds that contain the bivalent oximid group 
=N.OH linked to carbon. 

Isonomic (i-so-no?n'-ik) [ioovoiunoc, having equality of 
laws]. In chemistry, applied to isomorphism ex- 
isting between two compounds of like composition. 

Isonym (i'-so-nim) [iooc, equal; bvo/ua, a name]. A 
paronym. 

Isopathotherapy (i-so-path-o-ther' -ap-e). Same as Iso- 
path v. 

Isopathy (i-sop'-ath-e) [iooc, equal ; tt&Ooc, suffering]. 
A term used to denote the treatment of disease by 
the administration of one or more of its own products. 
Thus, smallpox would be treated by the administra- 
tion internally of the variolous excretions. 

Isopelletierin (i-so-pel-ef -e-er-in) [iooc, equal ; pelle- 
tierin\. A substance found in the root-bark of Tunica 
granatin//. It has the same properties as pelletierin. 

Isopepsin (i-so-pep'-sin) [iooc, equal ; rriipig, digestion]. 
I. A body formed by heating pepsin to a point be- 
tween 104° and 140° F. It changes albumin into 
parapeptone. 2. Same as Tarapeplone. 

Isopetalous (i-so-pet'-al-us) [iooc, equal ; irkrakov, a. 
leaf]. In biology, having the petals alike. 

Isophoria (i-so-fo' -re-ali) [iooc, equal ; <p6poc, a tending]. 
A condition in which the eyes lie in the same hori- 
zontal plane, the tension of the vertical muscles of 



ISOPHOROUS 



630 



ITER 



each eye being equal, and the visual lines lying in the 
same plane. 

Isophorous (i-soff'-or-us) [itroc, equal ; (psptiv, to bear]. 
In biology, of equal taxonomic importance, as a spe- 
cies and its abnormal forms. 

Isopia (i-so'-pe-ah )\laoq, equal; iiiij), eye]. A term 
proposed to indicate equal acuteness of vision in the 
two eyes. 

Isopleural (i-so-plu' -raT) \laog, equal ; nTievpa, a rib]. 
Bilaterally symmetric. 

Isopogonous (i-so-pog' '-o-nus) [lavq, equal ; nuyuv, 
beard, barb] In biology, applied to feathers, the 
web of which is alike on both sides of the rachis. 

Iso-propylamin (i-so-pro-pW -am-in). See Propylamin. 

Isopters (i-sop'-ters) [ioog, equal; 0K-r/p, observer]. The 
curves of relative visual acuity of the retina at dif- 
ferent distances from the macula, both for form and 
for color. 

Isopurpurin (i-so-pur' '-pu-rin) \laoq, equal ; purpura, 
purple], C u H 5 2 (OH) 3 . A coal-tar color used in 
dyeing, closely allied to alizarin ; it is formed by 
heating beta-anthraquinondisulphonic acid with sodic 
hydrate and potassium chlorate. It produces a yellow 
shade of red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Isoquinolin (i-so-kwin'-o-lin) [ktoc, equal; quinolin~\, 
Cj,H 7 N. A substance that occurs together with quinal- 
din and ordinary quinolin in the crude quinolin from 
coal-tar. It is very similar to quinolin, solidifies at 
o° C. to a crystalline mass, melting at 20-22 C. , 
and boiling at 237 C. 

Isosaccharic Acid (i-so-sak-a' -rik) . See Acid. 

Isosaccharin (i-so-sak' '-ar-in) [looc, equal ; GMxapov, 
sugar], C 6 H 10 O 5 . An isomerid of saccharin. It 
results from the action of lime upon milk-sugar and 
maltose. 

Isoscope (i'-so-skop) [ianq, equal ; okotteIv, to see]. 
An instrument consisting of two sets of parallel ver- 
tical wires, one of which can be superimposed on the 
other ; it is designed to show that the vertical lines of 
separation of the retina do not correspond exactly to 
the vertical meridians. 

Isospore (i'-so-spor) \_iaog, equal ; anopoc, a seed]. In 
biology, a plant producing but one kind of spore ; a 
zygosperm. 

Isosporous (i-sos' -por-us) \laoc, equal ; airopa, seed]. 
Same as JPomosporous . 

Isostemonous (i-so-stem 1 ' -o-nus) \laog, equal ; arfifjov, 
a stamen]. In biology, having the stamens of the 
same number as the parts of the calyx or corolla. 

Isotagmata (i-so-tag' -mal-ah). See Inotagmata. 

Iso-therapeutics (i-so-ther-ap-u'-tiks). Same as 
IsopatJi otlierapy. 

Isothermal (i-so-ther'-mal) \jaoc, equal ; Oepfi//, heat]. 
Of equal or uniform temperature. I. Lines, in physi- 
cal geography, lines drawn through places having the 
same average temperature for a given period of time. 
Inasmuch as it frequently happens that two places hav- 
ing the same annual average temperature may have, 
one a climate of great extremes, the other a very 
equable climate, it is now customary to display com- 
parative isotherms for the six warm and the six cold 
months of the extra-tropical regions. I. Zones, 
zones bounded by isothermal lines. 

Isotome (i'-so-tom) \_ioot;, equal ; to/it/, a cutting]. In 
biology, an imaginary line or plane indicating homo- 
logous segments or structures. 

Isotonia (i-so-to'-ne-ah) \_iaoq, equal; rovoq, tension]. 
Equality of tension of the blood. 

Isotropic (i-so-trop'-ik) [looc, equal ; Tpoirij, turning]. 
Having the same properties throughout ; isotropous ; 
isotropal. 

Isotropous (i-sot'-ro-pus) \looq, equal ; rpmri/, a turn- 



ing]. Having the same shape and appearance, from 
whatever point observed. A term applied to singly- 
refracting bodies. 

Isozobid (i-so-zo' -oid) \iooe, equal ; (tiov, animal ; 
eidoq, form]. In biology, a zooid resembling the 
organism producing it. Cf. Allozooid. 

Issue (ish'-u) [Fr. , issue, from exire, to go out]. A 
discharging ulcer, especially that made artificially 
for purposes of drainage, or counter-irritation. I.- 
pea, a pea or pea-shaped pellet (as of ivy-wood, or 
orris-root), inserted into an issue to keep up suppura- 
tion. Orange-seeds are also used for the same pur- 
pose. 

Istarin [is' -tar-in). A nitrogenous, phosphorized sub- 
stance of complex structure occurring in brain-tissue. 
Its properties have not been investigated. 

Isthmiac, or Isthmic (is'-me-ak or is'-tnik) \jo8p.6c, 
a narrow passage]. Pertaining to any isthmus, as 
that of the fauces. 

Isthmitis (is-mi'-tis) \_1aftp6q, a narrow passage ; itlq, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the fauces. 

Isthmo- (is' -mo-) \_lad/j,6g, a neck]. A prefix signifying 
the fauces. 

Isthmocatarrhus (is-mo-kat-ar' -us) \ladp6q, isthmus ; 
Karapphw, to flow down]. A catarrh of the faucial 
isthmus. 

Isthmodynia (is-mo-din'-e-ah) [iodfioc, neck ; bdvvr/, 
pain]. Pain in the faucial isthmus. 

Isthmoid (is'-moid) [zcty/dc, a neck; eldoc, likeness]. 
Resembling an isthmus. 

Isthmopathy (is-mop'-ath-e) [ladp.6q, neck ; nddoc, 
disease]. A disease of the faucial isthmus. 

Isthmoplegia (is-mo-ple'-je-ah) \\odp.6c, neck ; nXrjyrj, 
stroke]. Paralysis of the faucial tract. 

Isthmopolypus (is-mo-pol' -ip-us) [iod/idr, isthmus; 
iroVvwovq, polyp]. A polyp of the fauces. 

Isthmorrhagia (is-mor- a'-je-ah) [iodfioq, isthmus; 
priyvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the throat. 

Isthmospasm (is'-mo-spazm) [icrfy/dc, isthmus; anao/idc, 
spasm]. Spasm of the isthmus of the fauces. 

Isthmus (is'-mus) [icdftoc, isthmus]. The neck or 
constricted part of an organ. The part of the brain 
which, situated axially, serves to unite the forebrain, 
the cerebellum, and the spinal cord. I., Gyral, a nar- 
row gyrus connecting two adjoining gyri ; an annectant 
convolution or pli de passage. I. of Fauces, the space 
between the arches of the palate. I. of Thyroid Gland, 
the transverse cord connecting the lobes of the thyroid 
body. 

Isuretin (i-su-re' -tin) [iooc, equal ; ovpov, urine] , 
CH 4 N 2 0. A substance isomeric with urea ; it appears 
on evaporating the alcoholic solution of hydroxylamin 
and hydrogen cyanid. It crystallizes in rhombic prisms 
similar to those of urea, and melts at 104-5 C. 

Italian (i-tal'-yan) \_fta/us,a.n Italian]. Of or pertain- 
ing to Italy. I. Fever. Synonym of Influenza, and 
also of Mediterranean Fever. I. Leprosy. See 
Pellagra. I. Method. See Tagliacotian Method. 

Itch (id/). See Scabies. I., Army. See Army. I., 
Bakers'. See Baker. I., Barbers'. See Barber. 
I., Bricklayers'. See. Bricklayer. I., Drunkards', 
an intense itching frequent in old alcoholics. I., 
Grocers'. See Grocer. I. -mite. See Acarus 
scabiei. I., Norway, an extreme form of general 
scabies of the body, resulting in fish-scale-like des- 
quamation. Hebra's first case was from Norway. I., 
Warehousemen's. Same as/., Grocers'. 

-ite (It). A suffix employed in mineralogy denoting a 
mineral, or of mineral origin. A contraction of ?itdog, 
a stone. 

Iter (i'-ter) [iter, a journey]. A passage affording com- 
munication between two or more parts. I. ad infundi- 



-ITIS 



631 



JACTITATION 



bulum, the passage between the third ventricle of the 
brain and the infundibulum. I. a palati ad aurem, 
the Eustachian tube. I. a tertio ad quartum ventri- 
culum, the aqueduct of Sylvius, extending from the 
third ventricle to the fourth. I. chordae anterius, 
the aperture through which the chorda tympani nerve 
leaves the tympanum. I. chordae posterius, the 
aperture through which the chorda tympani nerve 
enters the tympanum. I. dentium, the canal of the 
permanent dental sac opening behind the correspond- 
ing temporary tooth and through which the permanent 
tooth rises. 

-itis (i'-tis) [in/;, inflammation]. A suffix used to denote 
inflammation. 

Ivory [i'-vor-e) [ME., ivory, ivory]. The hard bone- 
like substance of the tusks of elephants. I. -black. 
See Carbo animalis, and Pigments, Conspectus of. I., 



Dental. See Dentine. I. -brown. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. I. of Tooth. See Dentine. 

Ivy [i'-ve) [ME., ivy, ivy]. See Hedera. I. -pea, an 
issue-pea made of the wood of the ivy. I., Poison. 
See Rhus. 

Ixodes [iks-o 1 '-dez) [if<ifV/c, sticky; 't£6g, bird-lime; eldog, 
form]. An insect of the natural order Acaridea. See 
Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Ixyomyelitis [iks-e-o-mi-el-i' -tis) [tgvc , waist ; ftve'Aog, 
marrow; irir, inflammation]. Myelitis of the dorsal 
region of the spinal cord ; ischiomyelis ; osphyomy- 
elitis. 

Izal (i'-zal). Thorncliffe disinfectant; a by-product 
obtained in the process of coke-formation ; it posseses 
strong disinfectant properties without any irritating 
quality. It mixes well with water, and has an agree- 
able odor. Unof. 



Jabber {jab'-er) [ME., jaber, to chatter]. To talk 
rapidly and indistinctly ; to chatter. 

Jaborandi (jab-or-an'-de) [Braz.]. The leaves of Pilo- 
carpus pennalifolius, a valuable diaphoretic. See Pilo- 
carpus. 

Jaborin (jab'-or-in) [Braz., Jaborandi~\, C n H le N 2 5 . 
An alkaloid derivable from pilocarpin by the action of 
heat and sulphuric acid. It is an amorphous, strongly 
basic substance, and has properties resembling those 
of atropin. Unof. 

Jacaranda ( jak-ar-an'-dali) [Brazilian]. A genus of 
bignoniaceous plants of tropical America. J. caroba 
is antisyphilitic, and is of service in the treatment of 
urethritis, rheumatism, and skin-diseases. Dose of 
the fl. ext. gtt. xvi-fl. 3 j. J. lancifoliata, is used by 
the natives of Brazil in urethritis. Dose of an 5 ij to 
Oj tincture TT^xv ; of the fl. extract, gtt. xvi-xxx. 
Unof. 

Jaccoud's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Jack (jak) [ME., Jacke, a personal name]. A popular 
term for horse-flesh salted and subsequently washed in 
order to deprive it of its peculiar taste. J. -knife 
Posture. See Postures. 

Jacket [jak'-et) \Yx.,jacque, a coat of mail]. A short 
coat. J., Bark, a jacket stuffed with powdered cin- 
chona. J., Cotton, a jacket lined with cotton, some- 
times used in the treatment of pneumonia. J., 
Plaster-of- Paris, a mould of plaster-of- Paris cast 
upon the body or part, for keeping it rigid and fixed 
in a desired position, in sprain or dislocation of the 
spine, etc. J. -poultice, a poultice applied about the 
whole surface of the thorax ; it is sometimes used in 
the treatment of pneumonia. J., Straight, a system 
of leather straps used to bind violently insane persons 
in order to prevent self-inflicted injury. 

Jackson's Pectoral Syrup. A cough-medicine contain- 
ing morphin hydrochlorate, sugar, sassafras pith, gum 
arabic, and water. 

Jacksonian Epilepsy. Focal, cortical, or symptomatic 
epilepsy. A spasm limited to a single group of muscles 
in the face, arm, or leg, due generally to irritative lesion 
of the motor area of the brain ; the spasm may also in- 
volve other groups of muscles ; consciousness is usually 



retained ; there is danger of the convulsions becoming 
general. See Epilepsy, and Diseases, Table of. 

Jacob's Membrane. A name sometimes applied to 
the layer of rods and cones of the retina. J.'s Ulcer. 
See Rodent Ulcer, and Diseases, Table of. 

Jacobson's Anastomosis. The tympanic plexus. See 
Plexus. J.'s Canal. See Canal. J.'s Cartilage, 
a strip of cartilage under Jacobson's organ, firmly 
adherent to the latter, but distinct from the septal 
cartilage of the nose, to the outer side of the ventral 
edge of which it is situated. J.'s Nerve, the nerve 
of the tympanum. See Nerves, Table of. J.'s Organ, 
a short, rudimentary canal, extending along the septum 
of Stensen's duct, and ending in a cul-de-sac. 




Plaster Jacket. (Sayre.) 

Jacquart, Angle of. See Angle. 

Jacquemin's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 
Jactation {jak-ta'-shun). See Jactitation. 
Jactitation {jak-tit-a'-shun) [j'actitare, to pour forth]. 
The restlessness and tendency to frequent changes of 



JADELOT'S LINES OR FURROWS 



632 



JAUNDICE 



position that characterize severe distress in disease. 
J., Periodic. Synonym of Chorea. 
Jadelot's Lines or Furrows. Certain furrows of the 
face of children in serious illness. Three sets are 
distinguished : The Genal Furrow, from the mouth 
almost to the malar bone ; this and the nasal furrow are 
said to indicate disease of the gastro-intestinal tract or 
abdominal viscera ; the Labial Furrow, from the angle 
of the mouth outward to the lower part of the face, which 
"should direct attention to the lungs;" the Nasal 
Furrow, from the nasal alee in a semicircle about the 
mouth ; the Oculo-zygomatic Furrow, beginning at 
the inner canthus of the eye, and passing outward 
below the lower lid, to be lost on the cheek ; it is said to 
point to disorders of the cerebro-spinal nervous system. 
See, also, Lines, Table of; and Signs and Symptoms, 
Table of. 

Jaeger's Test-types. A series of types of varying size 
for testing the power of vision. 

Jag {jag) [Prov. Eng.]. A popular slang name for a 
state of drunkenness ; also, for enough liquor to pro- 
duce a state of drunkenness. The term has been 
adopted into the jargon of certain proprietary cures for 
the alcohol-habit. 

Jaggery (jag'-er-e) [E. Ind.]. The name given to a 
very impure East Indian palm-sugar, sometimes refined 
in England, but chiefly consumed in the country of its 
production. 

Jail-fever. Synonym of Typhus Fever, q. v. 

v. Jaksch's Disease. Pseudoleukocythemia of infants. 
See Diseases, Table of. 

Jalap, or Jalapa {jal'-ap or jal'-ap-ali) [named from 
Jalapa, a city of Mexico]. The tuber of Ipomcea 
jalapa, a plant with properties due to two resins, jala- 
pin and convolvulin. It is an active hydragogue 
cathartic, especially useful in combination with calo- 
mel. J., Abstractum, an ingredient of pil. cathartic 
comp. Dose gr. j-v. Unof. J., Ext. Dose gr. v-xv. 
J., Resina, precipitated from the tincture by water. 
Dose gr. ij-v. J., Pulv., Comp., contains jalap 35, 
potassium bitartrate 65. Dose gr. x-^j. J., Tinct. 
I B. P.) Dose gss-j. 

Jalapin {jal'-ap-in) [from Jalapa, a city of Mexico], 
C 34 H 56 ]6 . 1. A glucosid from Convolvuhcs oriza- 
bensis, very similar in properties to convolvulin ; it is 
actively cathartic. 2. The precipitate from a tincture 
of the root of Ipoma'a jalapa ; an irritant hydragogue 
cathartic. Dose gr. iij. Unof. 

Jamaica {jam-a'-kah) [W. Indies]. An island of the 
West Indies. J. Dogwood. See Piscidia. J. Kino. 
See Coccoloba. 

Jamaicin [jam-a'-is-in). Same as Bcrberin. 

Jambosa {jam-bo' -salt) [Fr., jambosier\. A genus of 
myrtaceous S. Asiatic trees. The bark of J. aquea, 
J. domestica, and J. vulgaris is astringent ; the 
fruit (rose-apple, or jambosa) is edible; the fruit and 
flowers are refrigerant, and the seeds are aromatic. Unof. 

Jambu assu [jam'-boo as-soo') [E. Ind.]. The root of 
Ottonia jaborandi, a Brazilian tree. It is thought to 
be stimulant and febrifuge, but its properties are not 
definitely known. Dose of the fid. ext. n\x-xxx. Unof. 

Jambul {jam'-bul) [E. Ind., jambu]. The dried and 
powdered fruit-stones of Syzygium jambolamtm, a shrub 
of the order of Myrtacere, growing in Western India. 
It is a valuable astringent in the diarrheas of children, 
and has also been found to lessen the amount of sugar 
and urine excreted in diabetes. Dose gr. ij-x ; of the 
fluid extract of the seeds, TTLv-x. Unof. 

James's Pill. A pill containing equal parts of James's 
powder, ammoniac, and pil. aloes and myrrh. J.'s 
Powder. See Antimonium. 

Jamestown Weed. See Stramonium. 



Janosik's Embryo. A human embryo described by 
Janosik as having two gill-pouches and three aortic 
arches. 
Janus, or Janiceps (ja'-nus ox jan'-is-eps) [Janus, a. 
two-faced divinity; caput, head]. A syncephalic 
monstrosity with two faces. 
Japan {jap-an') [Chin., Jik-pun\. An island on the 
eastern coast of Asia. J. Colors. See Pigments, 
Colors, and Dye-stuffs. J. -black. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. J. Lacquer. Same as J.-black. J. 
Wax, a wax obtained by boiling the berries of several 
trees of the genus Rhus, from incisions in the stems 
of which flows the famous Japan lacquer varnish. It 
is properly a fat, as it consists almost entirely of 
glyceryl palmitate. Its specific gravity is .999 and its 
melting-point 120° F. (49 C). When freshly broken, 
the fractured surface is almost white or slightly yel- 
lowish-green and the odor tallow-like. It is used for 
mixing with beeswax in the manufacture of candles 
and wax matches. 
Japanese (jap-an-ez') [Japan, an island on the east 
coast of Asia]. Pertaining to japan or its inhabit- 
ants. J. Method of Resuscitation ; it consists in 
drawing forward the tongue and making rapid passes 
with paper fans soaked in water and aqua ammonite. 
The object is to get as much of the vapor of ammonia 
into the lungs as possible. This method is also called 
Japanese Fanning. J. Fanning. See J. Method of 
Resuscitation. J. Hot-box, a device for applying 
dry-heat to a part, as the eyes. 
Jar [Pers., jarrah, a little cruse]. A small earthen or 
glass vessel without handle or spout. J., Leyden, an 
electric condenser consisting of a glass jar lined, exter- 
nally and internally, in its lower two-thirds with tin. 
See Leyden. 
Jargon \jar f -goii) [ME., jargoun, chattering]. Con- 
fused, unintelligible talk ; gibberish; babble; charac- 
teristic of some forms of idiocy and insanity. 
Jargonize [jar'-gon-lz] [ME., jargoun, chattering]. 

To utter unintelligible sounds. 
Jarich's Ointment. An ointment containing pyrogallic 

acid, Jjj, and lard, one ounce. 
Jarjavay's Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 
Jasmine {jaz'-min) [Pers., yasmin, jasmine]. See 

Jasminum . J. -yellow. See Gelsemium. 
Jasminum (jaz'-miu-u/n) [Pers., yasmin, jasmine]. A 
genus of oleaceous plants, mostly of tropical old-world 
origin ; jasmine. Many of the species are cultivated 
for their fragrant flowers, and for their essential oil. 
Some of the species are vermifuge, others lactifuge, and 
still others are used in the treatment of skin-diseases. 
Unof. 
Jatropha ( jat'-ro-fah) [iarpoc , a physician ; rpoibij, 
nourishment]. A genus of euphorbiaceous plants 
having irritant, cathartic, and emetic properties. See 
Barbadoes Nut and Tapioca. J. macrorhiza, the root 
of a plant indigenous to Mexico and the Southern 
United States, possessed of alterative and cholagogue 
properties ; in large doses it is a hydragogue cathartic 
and emetic. Dose of the fluid extract 3 ss-ij. Unof. 
J. Oil, the oil of the Barbadoes nut. 
Jaundice [janm'-dis) [Fr. , jaunisse, yellowness] . A 
condition arising from obstruction of the biliary pas- 
sages. It is characterized by a yellowish coloration of 
the skin, and may be associated with languor, malaise, 
nausea, vomiting, itching of the skin, diarrhea or con- 
stipation, clay-colored stools, slow pulse, and depres- 
sion of temperature. Certain of the secretions of the 
body also are discolored, as the urine. J., Acute 
Febrile. See IVeiTs Disease. J , Acute Infective. 
See Weil's Disease. J., Black, an extreme degree of 
jaundice. J. , Blue, a synonym of Cyanosis. J., Hema- 



JAUNE 



633 



JERVIN 



togenous, the yellowish discoloration of the skin, re- 
sulting from disorganization of the red blood-corpus- 
cles. J., Hemafecal, jaundice associated with bloody 
stools. J., Hepatogenic. See Hepatogenic. J., 
Malignant, acute yellow atrophy of the liver. J., 
White. Synonym of Chlorosis. 

Jaune (zhon) [Fr.]. Yellow. J. -brilliant. Same as 
Cad in in in -j, 'ellow. 

Java Tea. The leaves of Orthosiphon staminceus, the 
infusion of which is reputed to be diuretic in doses 
of 3J-ij. See Orthosiphon. 

Javelle's Water. A solution of potassium or sodium 
hypochlorite. 

Jaw [ME., jazue, jaw]. See Maxilla. J. -bone, a 
maxilla, especially the inferior maxilla. J. -disease, a 
term for phosphorus-necrosis. J. -jerk, a tendon reflex 
obtained by suddenly depressing the lower jaw. See 
Reflexes, Table of . J. -less, without jaws. J., Lock, or 
Locked. See Trismus. J., Lumpy, actinomycosis 
of cattle. J. -pocking, a Scottish term for Wattles, 
q. v. J. -tooth, a molar tooth. 

Jaws (jawz). See Maxillary Bones. 

Jealousy (jel'-its-e) [ME., jalous, jealous]. A feeling 
of resentful suspicion caused by belief in the rivalry 
of another person in the love or favor of one's hus- 
band or wife. When excessive, unreasonable, or 
abnormal, it may be looked upon as a symptom of 
insanity. 

Jecinorous (jes-in' -or-us) \_jecur, jecoris, liver]. He- 
patic. 

Jecoral (jek'-or-al), Jecorary (jek'-or-a-re), Jeco- 
rose (jek'-or-os) [jecur, jecoris, liver]. Hepatic; 
relating to the liver. 

Jecorin (jek' '-or-iii) [jecur, jecoris, liver] , C 103 H 186 N 3 - 
SP 3 46 . A complex body found by Drechsel in the 
liver-substance. In its properties it somewhat resem- 
bles lecithin, but it reduces Fehling's solution. It 
occurs also in the spleen, muscle, brain, etc. 

Jecur [je'-ker) [L.]. The liver. J. aselli, the liver of 
the cod-fish. J. lardaceum, waxy or lardaceous liver. 

Jeffersonia (jef-er-so'-ne-ah) [after Thomas Jefferson, 
a president of the U. S.]. A genus of berberidaceous 
plants. J. diphylla, a N. American berberidaceous 
plant, useful in rheumatism, and a good substitute for 
senega. It is tonic and in large doses expectorant ; 
it is also called rheumatism-root and twin-leaf. See 
Twin-leaf. Unof. 

Jeffries, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Jejunal (jej-u'-nal) [jejunus, dry]. Pertaining to the 
jejunum. 

Jejunitas (je-ju'-nit-as) [L.]. Fasting. 

Jejunitis (jej-u-ni'-tis) [jejunus, dry ; inc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the jejunum. 

Jejunium {je-ju' -ne-um) [L.,pl.,Jejunia~\. A fast. 

Jejuno-colostomy (jej-u-no-ko-los' -to-me) [jejunus, 
dry; kuTiov, colon; arofia, mouth]. The surgical 
formation of an artificial passage between the jejunum 
and the colon. 

Jejuno-ileitis {jej-u-no-il-e-i'-tis) [jejunus, dry; elleiv, 
to roll; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
jejunum and the ileum. 

Jejuno-ileostomy (jej-tt-no-il-e-os / -to-me) [jejunus, 
dry; A'Kttv, to roll; crd/xa, mouth]. The surgical 
formation of an artificial communication between the 
jejunum and the ileum. 

Jejunostomy [jej-u-nos' -to-me) [jejunus, dry ; ordfia, 
mouth]. The making and maintenance of an artificial 
opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum. 
The operation is designed to permit the introduction 
of food in cases of carcinoma of the pylorus and sim- 
ilar affections. 



Jejuno-typhoid {jej-u-no-ti'-foid) [jejunus, dry; 
ri(po^, smoke; eltfoc, likeness]. Typhoid fever with 
involvement of the jejunum or its glands. 

Jejunum (jej-u'-num) [jejunus, dry, empty, because 
thought to be empty after death]. The two-fifths of 




c. Cardiac, p. Pyloric parts of stomach, d. Duodenum, i. 
Jejunum and ileum, ac. Ascending, tc. transverse, and dc. 
descending colon, r. Rectum, a. Anus. 

the small intestine extending between the duodenum 
and the ileum. Also a synonym of Fasting. 

Jelly {jel'-e) [gelare, to freeze]. In pharmacy, a soft, 
non-viscid, but somewhat elastic substance, of which 
hydrated gelatin is the best example. Domestic fruit- 
jellies consist of the inspissated juice of the fruit, with 
one or two parts of sugar, together with the natural 
mucilage of the seeds of the fruit. Many of the 
imported jellies sold in the United States contain no 
fruit-juice, being for the greater part ordinary animal 
gelatin acidified with tartaric acid, and flavored arti- 
ficially. J., Glycerin. See Mounting-media ; also, 
Glycerin-jelly. J., Wharton's. See Wharton. 

Jennerian [jen-er'-e-ati) [after Jenner, an English 
physician]. Pertaining to Jenner, or to the theory or 
practice of vaccination. 

Jensen's Fissure. See Fissures, Table of. 

Jequiritin [jek-ir'-it-in). A soluble active principle 
obtained from jequirity seeds. See Abrus. 

Jequirity [jek-ir'-it-e). See Abrus. 

Jerk [origin uncertain]. See Chin-jerk, Elbo7v-jerk, 
Jaw-jerk, Knee-jerk, Toe-jerk, etc. J. -finger. See 
Spring-finger. 

Jerkers {jerk'-erz). See Jumpers. 

Jerks [origin uncertain]. A form of hysteric and almost 
maniacal agitation, accompanied by sudden distortions 
of the body. It has been epidemic in certain seasons 
of unusual religious excitement. 

Jersey Tea. See Red-root. 

Jervin (jer'-vin) [jerva, green hellebore-root] : 
C 2(; H 37 N0 3 ; a poisonous, crystalline alkaloid found in 
varieties of veratrum. 



JESUITS' BARK 



634 



JUNIPERUS 



Jesuits' Bark. A name for Cinchona. J. Drops. 
See Wade's Balsam. 

Jetolin {jel'-o-lin). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Jewel-weed {ju' -el-wed). See Impatiens. 

Jewlap (/id-lap). See Dewlap. 

Jigger Flea. See Pulex. 

Jimjams {jim'-jamz) [slang]. A vulgar synonym of 
delirium tremens. 

Jimson {jim' -sun). See Datura stramonium. 

Jingko {jing'-ko). See Gingko. 

Job's Tears. See Coix lacrima. 

Jobert's Suture. See Suture. 

Joe Pye Weed. See Eupatorium purpureum. 

Johnson's Picro-saccharimeter. See Picro-saccharim- 
eter. 

Joint [ME. , joynt, a joint]. See Articulation. J. -dis- 
ease, any morbid affection involving the joints and 
their surrounding tissues. J., Charcot's, a disease of 
the joints accompanying tabes dorsalis. It is charac- 
terized by a swelling, due to effusion of fluid into the 
articular cavity and about the surrounding tissues, 
followed by a lax condition, and ending in distortion 
or deformity of the joint, sometimes with diminished 
range of motion, and at other times with excessive 
range of motion. J. -felon. See J. -ill. J. -ill, a 
term applied to two very different forms of disease 
in cattle: I. To septic arthritis, resulting from septic 
inflammation of the navel ; 2. To an acute exudative 
arthritis, in which large quantities of plastic lymph 
are thrown into the cavity of the joint, leading to per- 
manent stiffening and deformity. J. -less, without 
joints. J. -mice. See Corpora libera articuloriun. 
J. -oil, the synovia. 

Jones's (Bence) Albumin. See Albumin. 

Jorissenne's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Joule (jool) [after J. P. foule, an English physicist]. 
A heat-unit, equal to one calorie divided by 4200. 
See Electric Units. J.'s Law. See Law. 

Jowl {jol or joul) [ME., jolle, jaw]. The cheek. 

Judas Tree (ju' '-das tre). Red-bud. The bark of 
Cercis canadensis, an astringent, much used in diar- 
rhea, and as an injection in leukorrhea. Dose of the 
fld. ext., TrLXv-gj. Unof. 

Jugal (Ju'-gal) \_jugum, a yoke]. Connecting or 
uniting, as by a yoke. J. Bone, the malar bone. 
J. Points. See Craniometric Points. J. Process. 
See Zygoma. 

Juglandin {jug-Ian' -din) \_ juglans, a walnut]. A 
precipitate from a tincture of the root-bark of Butter- 
nut, fuglans cinerea ; it is alterative, tonic, laxative, 
detergent, etc. Dose 2 to 5 grains. Unof. 

Juglans {jilg'-lanz) [L. , " walnut"]. A genus of trees, 
including the true walnut. J. regia, the European 
walnut, has stimulant and alterative leaves, which 
have been found useful in expelling tapeworm. The 
black walnut, J. nigra, has the same properties. 
Butternut, the inner bark (collected in autumn) of 
the roots of J. cinerea, is a mild cathartic, very popu- 
lar in dysentery and chronic constipation. Dose of 
the ext., gr. v x. 

Juglone {jug' -Ion) \_ juglans, walnut], C 10 H 5 (O. 2 ).OH. 
An active principle existing in the bark of the Euro- 
pean walnut; it is also obtained by oxidizing hydrojug- 
lone with ferric chlorid. It is almost insoluble in water, 
consists of yellow needles, and melts with decomposi- 
tion at about 150-155 C. It has the smell of fresh 
walnuts, and is a powerful sternutatory. Unof. 

Jugo-maxillary {ju' -go-maks' -il-a-re) \_jugum, a yoke ; 
maxilla, a jaw]. Relating to the jugular vein and 
the maxilla. 

Jug-sound. A term for amphoric resonance. 

Jugular {ju'-gu-lar) \_jugularis ; jugulum, throat]. 



Pertaining to the throat. J. Fossa. See Fossa. J. 
Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table. J. Veins. See Vein. 

Jugulation {jug-u-la'-shun) [jugulalio, a killing]. 
The swift and sudden shortening of an attack of dis- 
ease by therapeutic measures ; also, the arrest of an 
epidemic by prompt and effective measures. 

Jugulocephalic {ju-gu-lo-sef-al' -ik) [ jugulum, the 
throat ; ne<pa2.T/, head]. Pertaining to the throat and 
the head. 

Jugulum {jug'-u-lum) [L. : pi., Juguld]. The collar- 
bone ; also, the throat. 

Jugum {ju'-gum) [L. : //., Juga~\. A yoke. In 
biology, a pair of leaflets in a compound leaf. J. 
penis, a cushioned forceps or compressor applied to 
the penis to prevent incontinence of urine. J. sphen- 
oidale, the line of fusion of the orbito-sphenoid bones. 

Juice {jus) \_jus, broth]. The fluid or liquid contained 
in the tissue of an animal or plant. Various secretions 
of the body are known as juices, e.g., the gastric, 
intestinal, and pancreatic juices. J. -canals, spaces 
within the connective tissue, constituting the origin of 
the lymphatic vessels. J., Gastric. See Gastric. 
J., Intestinal, the intestinal secretion, succus entericus, 
the secretion of the follicles of Lieberkiihn mainly, 
but in the duodenum including that of Brunner's 
glands. J., Pancreatic. See Pancreatic. 

Jujube {ju'-jilb) [_jujuba, fruit]. The fruit of the 
jujube tree, Zizyphus jujuba. J. -paste, a confection, 
originally containing the pulp of jujubes, but now 
made of gum-arabic, or of gelatin, variously flavored. 

Julaceous {ju-la'-she-us) \iulus, catkin]. In biology, 
resembling a catkin. 

Julep (ju'-bp) [Pers., jfdab, a sweet drink]. A sweet- 
ened and aromatized alcoholic or medicated drink. 

Jumbai-bean ( jum'-hi-hen) [Negro dial., Jumbai, an 
evil spirit]. The Leucana glauca Benth, a leguminous 
tree resembling the locust, found in the West Indies. 
The eating of the fruit or the foliage by horses and 
cattle results in the loss of hoofs, horns, and hair of 
tail and mane. 

Jumpers (jum'-perz) [ME., jumpen, to jump]. A 
name applied to those afflicted with a neurosis charac- 
terized by motor incoordination and convulsive move- 
ments of any part of the body, but especially of the 
lower extremities, so that springing movements or 
jumping movements follow efforts to walk, etc. The 
name has also been given to hysteric fanatics whose 
devotional frenzy is accompanied by acts of leaping 
and distortion ; and also to certain persons whose 
powers of will and control over their movements 
are in part abolished. See Latah, Myriachit, Palmus, 
and Saltatoric Spasm. 

Jumping {jump'-ing). See Palmus. 

Junctura {junk-tu' -rah) [L.]. A suture, as of bones. 

June {jun) [Junius, a Roman name, meaning young]. 
The sixth month of the year. J. -cold. Synonym of 
Hay-fez'er. J. Lobster. See Buckle-shell. 

Jungle Fever. See Fever. 

Juniper {ju'-nip-er). See Juniperus. 

Juniperin {ju-nip' -er-in) [ juniperus, the juniper-tree]. 
A yellow, resin-like powder found in juniper-berries. 

Juniperus {ju-nip' -er-us) \jL.,gen., Juniperi\ I. A 
genus of berry-bearing coniferous trees. Besides the 
official species (see Juniperus, 2), there are several 
other medicinal species. 2. Juniper, the fruit of /. 
communis; its properties are mainly due to a volatile oil, 
and it is a stomachic tonic, diuretic, and aphrodisiac. 
The oil is eliminated by the kidneys. It is valuable in 
chronic pyelitis and cystitis. J., Infusum, unof, 
consists of juniper-berries ^j, boiling water Oj. J., 
Ol., the volatile oil. Dose nV-xx. J.,_Spt., 5 parts 
of the oil in 95 of alcohol. Dose 3 j— 5 j. J., Spt., 






JUNK 



635 



JUXTAPOSITION 



Comp., the gin of commerce ; oil of juniper S, oil of 
caraway I, oil of fennel I, alcohol 1400, water q. s. ad 
5000 parts. Dose 5SS-J. J. oxycedrus affords oil 
of cade, q. v. See also Sabina. Oil of Cade, 
a tar obtained by the distillation of juniper-wood ; it is 
sometimes used externally in eczema and psoriasis. 
Unof. 

Junk [Fori., junco, a rush]. In surgery, a quilted cushion 
forming a sling in which to suspend a fractured limb. 
It was formerly made of rushes or reeds. 

Junker's Inhaler. See Anesthetic. 

Junket (junk'-el) [ME., junket, a rush]. Curds and 
whey ; a delicacy for invalids, prepared by taking l / z 
pint of fresh milk heated to an agreeable tempera- 
ture, adding I teaspoonful of rennet or essence of pep- 
sin, and stirring well. Let the mixture stand till 
curdled, and serve with sugar and nutmeg. 

Junod's Boot. A boot-shaped case, usually of stiff 
leather, made to enclose the leg so that, the air being 
exhausted, the blood-vessels and tissues of the limb are 
dilated by the excess of blood. It has been em- 
ployed to relieve inflammation and congestion of 
the viscera. 

Jurema (ju-re'-mali) [Braz.]. A leguminous Brazilian 
tree, Stryphnodendron jurema. Its bark is astringent, 
and is said to be narcotic. Unof. 

Juriballi (ju-rib-al'-e) [W. Ind.]. A name for several 
meliaceous trees and their astringent and antipyretic 
bark, among which are Tricliilia moschata, Soymida 
febrifuga, and Khaya senegalensis. 

Jurisprudence (ju-ris-pru'-dens) [jus, law; prudentia, 
skill]. The science of the interpretation and applica- 
tion of the law. J., Medical, the application of med- 
ical knowledge to the principles of common law. 

Jurubeba { ju-ru-be' -ball) [Braz]. The leaves and juice 
of a shrub, Solatium insidiosum, indigenous to Brazil. 
It is an alterative, tonic, diuretic, and drastic cathartic. 
Dose of the fluid extract gtt. j-v. Unof. 

Jury (ju'-re) [jurare, to swear]. A body of men 
legally appointed to determine the guilt or innocence 
of a prisoner, or to determine the facts in judicial 
inquiries. J. -leg, a wooden leg. J. of Matrons, a 
body of twelve matrons, formerly empaneled in Eng- 
land to determine if a murderess, for whom such plea 
was made, were pregnant. J. -mast, a steel shaft with 
curved iron rods attached, sometimes employed to sup- 
port the head in disease of the upper vertebras ; it is 
mainly used in connection with Sayre's treatment of 
spondylitis. See annexed illustration. 

Jus {jus) [L.]. See Juice, and Jusculum. 

Jusculum (jus'-ku-luni) [L., a decoction]. A soup or 
broth ; gruel or porridge. 

Jusetmond's Arsenical Powder. A preparation of 
arsenic used in various skin-affections. It consists of 



sulphuretted antimony, 16 parts; arsenious acid, one 
part. These are melted in a crucible, and, when cold, 
the mass is reduced to a powder, and five parts of 
extract of opium are added. 

Justicia ( jus-tis'-e-ali) [named from a Mr. Justice, a 
botanist]. A genus of acanthaceous herbs and shrubs. 
J. adhatoda is antispasmodic and febrifuge. J. ec- 
bolium is anti-icteric, diuretic, and deobstruent. J. 
echioides, diuretic. J. gendarussa, diaphoretic. J. 
pectoralis is bechic and stomachic. Unof. 

Justo-major Pelvis (jus'-to-ma'-jor). See Pelvis, 
Female, Deformities of. 

Justo-minor Pelvis. See Pelvis, Female, Deform- 
ities of. 

Jute (jut) [Beng., jut, matted hair]. The bast fiber of 
two species of the genus Corc/iorus , grown chiefly in 
India and Ceylon. The fibers have a length of 2.5 
meters, or even more, are of a yellowish-white color, 
and have a fine luster. Jute contains no free cellulose, 
but consists of bastose. When treated with iodin and 
sulphuric acid, it yields a deep-brown color. 

Juvantia (ju-van'-she-ah) [L., " aiding"]. Adjuvant 
remedies or medicines. See Adjuvant. 




Jury-mast. (Sayre.) 

Juventus (ju-ven'-tus) \_juve71is, young]. A term 

formerly applied to that period of life between the ages 

of twenty-five and thirty-five years. 
Juxtaposition (juks-tah-po-zish* '-tin) \_juxta, near ; posi- 

tio, position]. Situation adjacent to another; the act 

of placing near; apposition. 



K 



636 



KARTULIS, BACILLUS OF 



K 



K. The symbol of Kalium, or its more commonly used 

equivalent, Potassium. 

K., or Ka. In electrotherapeutics, the abbreviation of 
Katlwde, or of Kathodic. 

Kaateer's Method. A method of staining tubercle- 
bacilli. See Stains, Table of. 

Kabbalistic, Cabalistic [kab-al-is'-tik) [Heb., gabba- 
lah, reception]. Pertaining to the Kabbala, which 
included a system of the treatment of diseases by su- 
pernatural agencies. 

Kaif (klf) [Arab.]. Languor; dreamy enjoyment; 
sensuous tranquillity, such as follows the use of cer- 
tain drugs (like opium, or hashish). 

Kairin (ki'-rin) [naipoc, the right time], C ]0 H 13 NO.- 
HC1.H 2 0. An artificial alkaloid prepared from 
chinolin. It is valuable as a powerful antipyretic ; 
it also produces diaphoresis and emesis ; its use is 
sometimes followed by collapse. Its general proper- 
ties are similar to those of antipyrin, q.v. Dose gr. iij- 
xxx. Unof. 

Kairocoll (kV -ro-kol) \xxiip6c, the right time ; K.6Xka, 
glue], CjjHjjNOj. An artificial alkaloid prepared 
from chinolin. 

Kairolin, or Kairolina (Jii'-ro-lin, or ki-ro-li' -nah) 
\_naip6g, the right time], C 10 H I5 N. Methylquinolin 
hydrid. An antipyretic resembling kairin, but less 
efficient. Unof. 

Kakke [Izak'-kd) [Chinese for "leg-disease"]. Epi- 
demic and endemic multiple neuritis, or beriberi, as 
seen in Eastern and Southern Asia. 

Kako- (kak'-o-). See Caco-. 

Kakodyl {kak'-o-dil). See Cacodyl. 

Kakosmia (kak-oz' '-nie-ali) . See Cacosmia. 

Kakotrophia (kak-ot-ro' -fe-ah). See Cacotrophy. 

Kaladana [kal-ad-a' -nah) [origin unknown]. An East 
Indian convolvulaceous plant, Ipomcea (Pharbitis) nil. 
Its seeds are a safe and good cathartic. Dose of the 
powdered drug, ^ss-^ij; of the resin, gr. iv-viij. 
Unof. 

Kalanchoe {kal-an-ko'-e) [Chinese]. An East Indian 
crassulaceous plant. Its leaves are used in the form 
of poultices for bites and boils, the juice as an anti- 
pyretic. Unof. 

Kali {kal'-e, or ka'-li) [Ar., qali, potash]. Potassium, 
q. v. K.-blue. Same as Berlin-blue. 

Kalidium (kal-id'-e-um) [_Ka2.l6i.ov, dim. of nakia, cot, 
granary://.; Kalidia_\. In biology, the spore-capsule 
of certain algre. 

Kaligenous Qtal-ij' -en-us) [Ar. , qali, potash; ytvvav, ■ 
to beget]. Pertaining to the production of potassium. 

Kaligraph [kal' -ig-raf) [/ca/Wc, beautiful, ypa<peiv, to 
write]. An instrument for the use of those afflicted 
with writers' cramp. It is essentially a pantograph, 
so arranged that by making the letters very large at one 
point, they are reproduced of a natural size at another. 

Kalimeter [kal-im'-et-er). See Alkalimcter. 

Kalimetry \kal-im' -et-re). See Alkalimetry. 

Kaline [ka'-lin or kal' -in). See Alkaline. 

Kalisaya (kal-is-a' '-yah). See Calisaya. 

Kalium (ka'-le-um). A synonym of Potassium , q. v. 

Kalmia [kal'-me-ah) [after Peter Kalm, an explorer]. 
Laurel, Mountain-laurel, Sheep-laurel, Broad-leaved 
laurel, Calico Bush. The leaves of K. latifolia, a 
well-known evergreen common in the United States, 
having alterative, cardiac, sedative, and astringent 
properties. It is a popular cure-all, and has proved 
valuable in diarrhea and in syphilitic affections. Dose 
gr. xx-xxx ; of the fid. ext. tTLxx-^ss. Unof. K. 



angustifolia, like the foregoing, is poisonous. Its 
decoction is a popular remedy for sores and ulcers, to 
which it is applied hot. Unof. 

Kalmuck Type. See Idiocy, Ethnic. 

Kamala {kam-a'-lah) [Hind., &z//«/a]. Rottlera. The 
glands and hairs from the capsules of Mallotus philip- 
pinensis (Pottlera tinctoria), native to Southern Asia 
and Abyssinia. It is a purgative and anthelmintic, 
much used for the expulsion of lumbricoid and other 
parasitic worms. Dose 3J-^j of an 5 vj to ,f xvj 
alcoholic tincture. 

Kambi (kam'-be) [E. Ind.]. An aromatic gum, like 
elemi, from Gardenia lucida, a plant of India. Unof. 

Kamela [kam-e'-lah) or Kamila {kam-e'-lah). See 
Kamala. 

Kammerer and Giacomi's Apparatus. An appara- 
tus for air-analysis. 

Kanarin (kan'-ar-in), C 3 N 3 HS 2 . A substance ob- 
tained from KCNS by electrolysis ; it is probably 
identical with pseudo-cyanogen sulphid, and is em- 
ployed as a yellow or orange dye for wool, not re- 
quiring a mordant. 

Kandahar Sore {kan'-da-har). See Furi/nculus ori- 
entalis. 

Kandelia (kan-de'-le-ah) [E. Ind., kandel_\. A rhizo- 
phoreaceous plant found in the Malay Islands. K. 
rheedii, a small tree found in India, where its bark, 
mixed with dried ginger, or pepper and rose-water, is 
used in diabetes. Unof. 

Kandol (kan'-dol). A volatile constituent of coal-tar, 
proposed as a local anesthetic. Its rapid evaporation 
freezes the superficial tissues. It is possibly identical 
with rhigolene, q. v. Unof. 

Kangaroo Method (kang-gar-oo'). H. C. Wood's 
term for the method of treating disease by giving, at 
short intervals, powerful remedies whose influence is 
short-lived. K. Tendon, a material derived from 
the tail of Macropus giganteus, the great kangaroo. It 
is used in surgery for ligatures. See Ligature. 

Kanten [kan'-ten) [Jap.]. A variety of agar-agar, or 
Japanese sea-weed isinglass, used in the arts, and as 
a food. 

Kaolin (ka'-o-lin) [Chin., kaolin^, "high ridge"]. 
White clay, China clay. The silicate of aluminum, 
obtained from the decomposition of felspar. It is 
sometimes used as a protective application in eczema. 
K., Ung., 1 in 3, allays irritation if applied to abraded 
skin. Unof. 

Kaposi's Disease. See Atrophoderma pigmentosum , and 
Xeroderma pigmentosum ; also, Diseases , Table of. K.'s 
Ointment, an ointment used in the treatment of sca- 
bies. It consists of naphthol, 40 grains; green-soap, 
2.y_, drams; prepared chalk, )A dram; lard, y 2 ounce. 
It is also called the compound naphthol-ointment. 

Kappeler's Method. See Anesthetic. 

Karabic Acid (kar'-ab-ic). See Acid, Succinic. 

Karakin (kar'-ak-in) [N. Zeal., karaka~\. A white 
crystalline body, apparently a glucosid, obtained from 
the nuts of the karaka (Corynocarpus laevigata). It 
is an intensely bitter, crystalline body, soluble in water, 
alcohol, and alkalies, insoluble in ether and chloro- 
roform, and melts at 100° C. 

Kardio- [kar' -de-o-). See Cardio-. 

Karlinski, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. K., Proteus of. See Bacteria, Synonym- 
atic Table of. 

Kartulis, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table 
of. 



KARYOGAMIC 



637 



KATHODIC 



Karyogamic {kar-e-o-gam' -ik) \jidpvov, nucleus ; ydfioc, 
marriage]. Pertaining to the blending of nuclei, as 
in reproduction. 

Karyokinesis {kar-e-o-kin-e' -sis) [napvov, a nut (nu- 
cleus) ; nivr/cic, movement, change]. A complicated 
series of changes accompanying the maturation of the 
ovum and the extrusion of the polar globule ; indirect 
or nuclear cell-division, characterized by a radiate ar- 
rangement of the protoplasm immediately about the 
" centrosome " and the "sphere of attraction" at 
one pole, but outside of the nucleus, and following 
the division of the "sphere of attraction" into two 
halves of clear protoplasm ; also, by changes in the 
nucleoplasm, the chromatin becoming granular and 




Karyokinesis. 
A. Nuclear reticulum, resting stage. B. Preparing for divi- 
sion. C. Wreath stage. D. Monaster with achromatic 
spindle. E. Barrel or pithode stage, or metakinesis, 2. e., 
chromatin-fibrils traveling along the achromatic spindle 
toward the poles F Diaster. G. Daughter-wreath stage. 
H. Daughter-cells passing to resting-stage. 

arranged as a transverse band or disc, while the achro- 
matin is transformed into threads {karyomita), form- 
ing a spindle-shaped structure {nuclear, spindle, 
barrel-form, pithos), stretching between the two astral 
systems, or suns. The entire arrangement, central 
disc, spindle, and the two suns, constitutes the so- 
called amphiaster, or diaster, and, in connection with 
the production of the polar globules, the archiamphias- 
ter. The groups of the V-shaped chromatin-grains, 
produced by the division of the central disc, are then 
translated to the ends of the spindles, and form two 
polar crowns (Carnoy's couronne polaire, the 'wreaths, 
rosets, spirems) ; the spindle-threads break and are 
drawn toward the polar crowns, and two daughter-nu- 
clei result. 

Karyokinetic {kar-e-o-kin-et' -ik) [napvov, nucleus ; 
nivrjaiq, motion]. In biology, applied to the active 
stages of nuclei. 

Karyolysis {kar-e-oV -is-is) [mpvov, nucleus ; Aveiv, to 
loose]. The segmentation of the nucleus of the cell. 

Karyolytic {kar-e-o-lif ' -ik) \_ndpvov, nucleus ; Tibtiv, to 
loose] . Relating to karyolysis. 

Karyomita (kar-e-o' -mit-ah) [mpvov, nucleus ; fiiroc, a 
thread]. In biology, the achromatin-threads forming 
the nuclear spindle in a dividing or active nucleus. 



Karyomitoic {kar-e-o-mit-o' -ik) [xapvov, nucleus ; ji'itoc, 
a thread]. Relating to karyomitosis. 

Karyomitoma {kar-e-o- init-o' '-mail). See Cell-body. 

Karyomiton {kar-e-om' -it-on) . See Chromatin. 

Karyomitosis {kar-e-o-mit-o' -sis) \_wdpvav, nucleus ; 
fx'noc, a thread]. The division or splitting of the 
nuclear mass of chromatin-fibers. 

Karyomitotic {kar-e-o-mit-ot f -ik) \_Kapvov, nucleus ; 
ji'itoc, a thread] . Relating to karyomitosis. 

Karyoplasm {kar'-e-o-plazm) [icdpvov, a nut, kernel ; 
TvAddfia, anything formed]. In biology, the nuclear 
substance of a cell. See Chromatin. 

Karyoplasma {kar-e-o-plaz' -mah). Same as Karyo- 
plasm. 

Karyosoma {kar-e-o-so' -mali) \_ndpvov, nucleus ; aufia, 
a body, //., Karyosomata~\. A nuclear microsoma ; 
a round body resembling a nucleolus, contained in the 
segmentation-nucleus of the ovum. 

Karyostasis {kar-e-os' -ta-sis) \jidpvov, nucleus; ard- 
aic, a stoppage]. The resting-stage of nuclei of cells. 
It is opposed to karyokinesis. 

Karyostatic {kar-e-o-staf -ik) \jidpvov, nucleus ; ardaic , 
a stoppage]. Pertaining to karyostasis. 

Karyostenosis {kar-e-o-ste-no' -sis) \_ndpvov, a nucleus ; 
gtev 6c, narrow ; arevoeiv, to make narrow]. The sim- 
ple division of the nucleus of a cell. This process 
is called also akinetic, or direct division. 

Kassu {kas'-oo) [E. Ind. ]. A black astringent sub- 
stance obtained from areca nuts, and used for the 
same purpose as true catechu. 

Kata- {kat'-ah-). For words thus beginning, and not 
found under K., see Cata-. 

Katabolergy {kat-ab-ol' -er-je) . See Catabolergy . 

Katabolic {kat-ab-ol' -ik). See Catabolic. K. Nerves, 
thermo-excitory, as distinguished from anabolic, or 
thermo-inhibitory, nerves. 

Katabolism {kat-ab' -o-lizm). See Catabolism. 

Katacrotic {kat-ak-rot'-ik). Same as Catadicrotic. 

Katadicrotic {kat-ah-di-krot' -ik) . See Catadicrotic. 

Katadicrotism {kat-ad-ik' '-rot-ism). See Catadicrotism. 

Katadidymus {kat-ad-id' '-im-us). See Catadidymus. 

Katalepsy {kat'-al-ep-se). See Catalepsy. 

Katalysis (kat-al'-is-is). See Catalysis. 

Katantostomus {kat-an-to-sto' '-mies). See Catantosto- 
nius. 

Katanturaniscus {kat-an-tur-an-is' '-kus). See Catan- 
turaniscus. 

Katanturanus {kat-an-tur'-an-us). See Catanturanus. 

Kataplasm {kat'-ap-lazm). See Poultice. 

Katastate {kat 1 '-as-fat). See Catastate. 

Katatonia {kat-at-o' -tie-ah). See Catatonia. 

Katelectrotonic {kat-el-ek-tro-ton'-ik). See Catelectro- 
tonic. K. Zone. See Zone. 

Katelectrotonus {kat-el-ek-trot'-o-nus). See Catelec- 
trotonus. 

Katharophore {kath-ar' '-o-for) [nafiapoc;, clean ; (popkeiv, 
to carry]. An instrument for cleansing the urethra. 

Katharsis {kath-ar' -sis). See Catharsis. 

Kathetometer {kath-et-om' -et-er) [/card, against ; fier- 
pov, measure]. An instrument for ascertaining the 
level of fluids. 

Kathion {kath'-e-on). See Cation. 

Kathode {kath'-od) \_Kard, down; bSoc, path]. The 
negative pole of a galvanic battery. 

Kathodic {kath-od'-ik) [/card, down; 666c, path]. 
Pertaining to the kathode or negative pole of a galvanic 
battery. In biology, turned in the opposite direction to 
that of the genetic spiral. K. Closure-contraction, 
the muscular contraction occurring when the circuit 
is closed with the rheophore on a motor point. K. 
Opening-contraction, the muscular contraction that 
occurs when the circuit is opened. 



KATIN 



638 



KERATECTASIA 



Katin (kat'-in) [Ar. , kat, khat, khat]. An alkaloid 
found in Catha edidis, with properties somewhat like 
those of caffein. 

Kation (kat'-e-on). See Cation and Electrolysis. 

Katostomus (kat-os'-to-mtts). See Catostomus. 

Katouraniscus (kat-o-u' '-i-an-is' '-kits'). See Catouran- 
iscus. 

Katouranus (kdi-o-u' -rdn-tts). See Catouranus. 

Kauri (kow'-re). Same as Cowdie. K. Gum. See 
Cozvdie-gum. 

Kava,or Kava-kava(/'rt// / -zw//) [Hawaiian]. Ava-kava. 
The root and also the resin oi Piper methysticum , a shrub 
native to South America and the South Sea Islands. 
It is a diuretic and motor depressant, producing in- 
toxication when taken in large doses. In small and 
moderate doses it resembles coca in its action in allay- 
ing fatigue. Dose of the fluid extract sjss-j. Unof. 

Kavain (kah'-va-in) [Hawaiian, kava~\. A neutral sub- 
stance obtained from the roots of kava-kava. 

Kavia, Kaviac, or Kaviar (kav'-e-ah, kav'-e-ak, kav'- 
e-ar). See Caviar. 

Keasbey and Mattison's Food. A variety of Liebig's 
food for infants. Its composition is: Water 27.95; 
fat, none; grape-sugar, 36.75; cane-sugar, 7.58; no 
starch; soluble carbohydrates 71.50; no albuminoids; 
ash, 0.93. 

Keber's Corpuscles. Oval or lens-shaped bodies 
present in the ova of fresh- water mussels. 

Keel (kel) [AS., ceol, a ship]. In biology, a projecting 
ridge on a surface, as the two anterior petals of a pap- 
ilionaceous corolla, or the crest of the breast-bone. 

Keen's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Keeper (ke'-per). See Armature. 

Keere nugra. Synonym of Madura Foot. 

Kefir (ka'-fer). See Kefyr. 

Kefyr (ka'-fer) [Caucasian]. A nutritious substance 
obtained by a peculiar fermentation of cows' milk pro- 
duced by certain fungi. K.-seed, a substance con- 
taining the ferment [Bacillus caucasicus) of kefyr. It 
is used in preparing the genuine kefyr. See Bacteria, 
Synonymatic Table of. 

Kehrer's Operation. See Cesarean Operation, in Opera- 
tions, Table of. 

Keimplasm, Keimplasma (kim'-plazm, kim'-plaz- 
mak) [Ger. , Keim, germ, bud; irAdc/ia, plasm]. 
Weissmann's term for the hereditary transmission of a 
nuclear matter or germ-plasm that he believes to be 
passed on from generation to generation without altera- 
tion. See Germ-plasm. 

Kelectome (ke'-lek-tom) \_K.rfkri, a tumor ; ck, out ; 
rkjivuv, to cut]. A cutting instrument introduced in- 
to a tumor, by means of a cannula, in order to obtain a 
part of the substance for examination. 

Kelis (ke' -lis) [k^/U'c, spot : //. , K~elides~\. I. The same 
as morphea or scleroderma. 2. See Keloid. 

Kellgrenism (kel' -gren-izm) [after J. H. Kellgren, 
1889]. A system of charlatanry that professes to 
cure disease by manipulation, which leads to the dis- 
charge of a " broach ' ' of gaseous matter passing from 
the patient through the operator. 

Kellin (kel' -in). A glucosid from the fruit of Ammi 
visnaga. It is said to affect the respiration and the 
pulse, and to have a paralyzant effect upon the lower 
extremities. 

Kellner's Ocular, or Eye-piece. See Ocular. 

Keloid (ke'-loid) [x>ft'/> a claw ; eidog, likeness]. Che- 
loid ; Alibert's Keloid ; Kelis. A term applied to an 
overgrowth of scar-tissue, and also to fibrous out- 
growths of the skin of a similar character, apparently 
spontaneous in origin, though many of them are 
traceable to comparatively trilling lesions of the skin. 
This is a rather rare disease, and affects the colored 



races more than the white. It is commonest in mid- 
dle age ; its favorite sites are the sternum, shoulders, 
and neck. The lesion is crab-like in appearance, 
hence its name. K. of Addison, forms contractions 
of the skin and fascia;, giving a hide-bound look to the 
part. It arises spontaneously at the sites of cicatrices 
and other injuries to the skin. See Diseases, Table of. 

Kelology (ke-lol' -o-je) [kj/Xi/, hernia ; Xoyog, science]. 
The science of hernias. 

Kelotomy (ke-lot'-o-me). See Celotomy and Hernio- 
tomy. 

Kelp [origin obscure]. I. Burnt sea- weed, from which 
iodin is obtained. 2. The Fttcacece laminaria and 
other large sea-weeds. 

Kelvin (kel'-vin) [in honor of Lord Kelvin']. A com- 
mercial unit of electricity ; one thousand watt-hours. 

Kemperdick's Apparatus. An apparatus for reducing 
the temperature in fever. It consists of a rubber bag 
to be introduced into the rectum having an entrance- 
tube and an exit-tube, thus permitting a continuous flow 
of water. 

Kempherid (kern' -fer-id) [after Kcempfer, a Gentian 
traveler], C 16 H 12 6 . A yellow, crystalline body ob- 
tained from the resin of A'iempfei-ia galanga. 

Kenogenesis (ken-o-jen' -es-is) [/cerdc, empty ; ykveoiQ, 
genesis]. Evolution of forms not true to the parental 
type, but variously adapted or modified. A vitiated 
individual development in which the phylogenetic evo- 
lution is not truly epitomized. 

Kenogenetic (ken-o-jen-el' -ik) \_kev6c, empty ; ysveaig, 
generation]. In biology, having a vitiated germ- 
history. 

Kenogeny (ken-oj'-en-e). See Kenogenesis. 

Kenophobia (ken-o-fo' -be-all) [/cew5c, empty ; <p6fios, 
fear]. The morbid fear of open spaces or places. 
Same as Agoraphobia. 

Kenosis (ken-o'-sis). See Cenosis. 

Kenospudia (ken-o-spu' -de-ah). See Cenospudia. 

Kentish Ointment. The compound resin-ointment 
made by adding one dram of turpentine to each ounce 
of the ordinary resin-ointment. It is a useful stimulat- 
ing application to severe burns. 

Kentrokinesis (ken-tro-kin-e' -sis) [nhrpov, center, spur ; 
KtM)cic, motion]. The influence of any motor nerve- 
center ; excito-motor action. 

Kentucky Coffee-bean. See Chicot. 

Kephalic (kefal'-ik) \_Ke(j>aXfj, head]. See Cephalic. K. 
Acid. An acid described by Thudichum as existing in 
brain-tissue. 

Kephalin (kef'-al-in). See Cephalin. 

Kephalograph (kef'-al-o-graf). See Cephalograph. 

Kephalometer (kefal-om'-et-er). See Cephalometer. 

Kephalo-phosphoric Acid (kef'-al-o-fos-for'-ik). See 
Acid. 

Kephalyl (kef'-al-ii) \_Ke(paXij, head ; vXr), matter, prin- 
ciple]. The radicle of kephalic acid. 

Kephyr (ka'-fer). See Kefyr. 

Keracele (ker'-as-el) \jikpae, horn ; Ki/Xq, tumor]. A 
horny tumor on the hoof of horses- 

Keraphyllocele (ker-af-W '-o-sel) [xtpac, horn ; <pvXXov, 
leaf; KqXij, tumor]. A horny growth between the 
covering of the horse's hoof and the deeper tissues. 

Keraphyllous [ker-af-W -us) [/cfpac, horn ; <pvX?.ov, 
leaf]. Composed of horny layers. 

Kerasene, or Kerasin (ker'-as-en or ker'-as-in) [nepac;, 
horn], C^HjijNO;,. A nitrogenous substance; one 
of the cerebrins obtained from brain-substance. 

Keratalgia (ker-at-al'-je-ah ) [jikpac, cornea ; aXyog, 
pain]. Pain in the cornea. 

Keratectasia (ker-at-ek-ta 1 -se-ah ) [/ifprzc, horn, cornea ; 
enraoic, extension]. The forward protrusion or bulging 
of the cornea. A bulging forward of the deeper layers 



KERATECTOMY 



639 



KERATODERMAT1TIS 



of the cornea, after loss of the superficial lamina. It 
differs from staphyloma in the absence of perforation, 
and in the non-involvement of the iris. 

Keratectomy (ker-at-ek' -to-me) \_Ktpac, horn, cornea ; 
kKToinj, a cutting out]. Surgical excision of a part of 
the cornea. 

Keratiasis (ker-at-i'-as-is) [tipac, horn]. A morbid 
condition characterized by the growth of horny excres- 
cences. 

Keratic (ker-at' -ik) [/vtpac, horn]. Horny. 

Keratin (kcr'-at-in) \_aepac, horn]. The basis of horny 
tissues, hair, nails, feathers, etc. It is a mixture of 
various complex substances. Decomposed, it yields 
leucin and ty rosin. It is used in pharmacy. 

Keratinian (ker-at-in' '-e-an) \_nipa.(;, horn]. Relating 
to keratin or to the cornea. 

Keratinization (ker-at-in-iz-a' 'shun) \jiipaq, horn]. 

1. The development of a horny quality in a tissue. 

2. The coating of pills with keratin. 

Keratitis (ker-at-i'-tis) \_Kspag, cornea ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the cornea. K., Asthenic. 
See K., Phlyctenular. K., Astigmatic, a form of 
keratitis said to be due to uncorrected astigmatism. K. 
bullosa, the formation of large or small blebs upon 
the cornea of an eye, the seat of iridocyclitis, inter- 
stitial keratitis, or glaucoma. K., Circumscribed, 
limited to a part of the cornea. K. contagiosa, a 
contagious, suppurative variety occurring in cattle. 
K., Cretaceous, a calcareous infiltration of the cor- 
neal epithelium. K., Deep. See K. profunda. 
K., Diffuse. See K., Interstitial. K., Dotted. See 
K. punctata. K., Fascicular, a form of phlyctenular 
keratitis in which one of the ulcers, originally formed 
at the margin of the cornea, creeps across its sur- 
face, followed by a leash of distended blood-vessels. 
K., Granular, due to conjunctival granulations ; 
pannus. K., Herpetic, characterized by the forma- 
tion of small vesicles on the cornea, which ulcerate 
and then heal. Relapses are common. K., Hypo- 
pyon, an ulcerative form accompanied by the forma- 
tion of pus in the anterior chamber. K., Inherited. 
See K., hiterstitial. K., Interstitial, a form of 
keratitis in which the entire cornea is invested with a 
diffuse haziness, almost completely hiding the iris. 
The surface of the cornea presents a ground-glass 
appearance. Later, from ciliary injection, blood-ves- 
sels form in the superficial layers of the cornea, and 
produce a dull-red color, the "-salmon patch' 1 '' of 
Hutchinson. The entire cornea may become cherry- 
red. The disease is most frequent between the ages 
of five and fifteen, and occurs in syphilitic individ- 
uals. K. maculosa. See K. superficialis punc- 
tata. K., Marginal, a form of phlyctenular keratitis 
in which the phlyctenules are arranged around the 
margin of the cornea. K. marginalis, a rare form 
of keratitis that must not be confounded with the 
marginal form of phlyctenular keratitis. It occurs in 
elderly people, and consists of a yellowish-gray zone 
of opacity immediately joining the sclera, which pushes 
into the clear cornea and occupies about one-half the 
circumference. K. neuroparalytica, keratitis fol- 
lowing paralysis of the fifth nerve. It does not 
usually occur in partial paralysis of the nerve. Its 
cause is loss of trophic influence, aided by mechanical 
irritation and drying of the cornea. K. of Reapers, 
a traumatic form due to irritation of the corneae of 
reapers by beards of grain. K. pannosa, a superfi- 
cial form in which blood-vessels develop beneath and 
in the epithelium. The latter undergoes hyperplasia 
and becomes in part opaque. K., Parenchymatous. 
See K., hiterstitial. K., Phlegmonous. See K. 
purulenta. K., Phlyctenular, a disease of the eye 



characterized by the formation upon some portion of 
the cornea of small papules or pustules, often asso- 
ciated with the formation of a similar lesion upon the 
conjunctiva. It is marked by much local congestion, 
lacrymation, and intense photophobia. The papules 
may develop into ulcers. K. profunda, an unusual 
form of keratitis characterized by the formation of a 
gray opacity in the center of the cornea, covered by 
superficial and stippled corneal layers. K. punctata. 
I. A secondary affection of the cornea in association 
with affections of the iris, choroid, and vitreous. It is 
characterized by the formation of opaque dots, gener- 
ally arranged in a triangular manner upon the poste- 
rior elastic lamina of the cornea. It is sometimes des- 
ignated as Descemetitis. 2. Also a term given to an 
inflammatory affection of the cornea in which isolated 
white spots appear in Descemet's membrane, sur- 
rounded by cloudy areas. It occurs in children before 
puberty, and is probably syphilitic. K. purulenta, 
accompanied by the formation of pus. K., Pustular. 
See K., Phlyctenular. K., Rheumatic, occurring in a 
rheumatic subject. K., Ribbon-like, a name applied 
to the formation of a transverse calcareous film on the 
cornea, especially in elderly people. It is usually 
symmetric, and occurs chiefly in men of the gouty 
diathesis. K. scrofulosa. See K., Interstitial. K., 
Secondary, due to disease of other parts. K., Spe- 
cific. See K., Interstitial. K., Strumous. See A'., 
Phlyctenular, and K., Interstitial. K. subepithelialis 
centralis. See K. superficialis punctata. K. su- 
perficialis punctata, a disease of the cornea asso- 
ciated with severe conjunctivitis and with catarrh of the 
respiratory tract. In two or three days punctiform or 
linear spots appear immediately beneath the epithe- 
lium, the overlying conjunctiva being slightly hazy. It 
is also called K. sudepithelialis centralis, and K. macu- 
losa. K. suppurativa. See K. purulenta. K., 
Sympathetic, that following inflammation of the 
other eye. K., Syphilitic. See K., Interstitial. 
K. tanulosa. See K. , Phlyctenular. K., Trach- 
omatous. See. Pannus. K., Traumatic, that conse- 
quent upon wounds or other injury of the cornea. K. 
ulcerosa, a form in which one or more ulcers involv- 
ing part of the cornea are present. K. variolosa, that 
occurring in smallpox. It is purulent and often arises 
from a corneal pustule. K. , Vascular, a superficial 
vascularity of the cornea occurring in pannus, etc. 
K., Vesicular. See K., Phlyctenular. 

Keratocele (ker'-at-o-sel) \ji£pa<;, cornea; Krfkq, tumor]. 
A hernia of Descemet's membrane through the cornea. 

Keratochromatosis (ker-at-o-ki-o-mat-o'-sis) [/cspac, 
horn ; xP'- ) t JLa > color] . Discoloration of the cornea. 

Kerato-conjunctivitis (her' ' -at-o-kon-junk-tiv-i' '-(is) 
[/cepac, horn, cornea; conjunctivas, connecting; trig, 
inflammation]. Simultaneous inflammation of the 
cornea and the conjunctiva. 

Kerato-conometer (ker-at-o-ko-nom' '-et-er) [nkpac, 
cornea; Kavog, cone; fiirpov, measure]. An instru- 
ment for estimating astigmatism by the images reflected 
from the cornea. 

Keratoconus (ker-at-o-ko' -nus). See Keratoglobus. 

Keratode (ker' -at-od) [nepac;, horn; eISoq, like]. The 
horny substance composing the skeleton of certain 
sponges. 

Keratodeocele (ker-at-od' -e-o-set). See Keratocele. 

Keratodeonyxis {Jzer-at-od-e-o-niks'-is). See Kerat- 
onyxis. 

Keratoderma [ker-at-o-der' -mall) \jiipac, horn; tiepfia, 
skin]. I. The cornea. 2. A horny condition of the skin. 

Keratodermatitis (ker-at-o-der-mat-i'-tis) [ntpas, horn ; 
Sepfia, skin ; itlq, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the keratoderma ; keratitis. 



KERATODERMATOCELE 



640 



KERAUNONEUROSIS 



Keratodermatocele (ker' -at-o-der-niat' -o-sel) [nipac, 
horn; dippa, skin; nifAr), tumor]. See Keratocele. 

Keratodermatomalacia (ker' -at-o-der-mat-o-mal-a' -se- 
ali) \_nkpaq, horn; dtppa, skin; fia'Aania, softness]. 
Softening of the cornea. 

Keratodermatosis (ker-at-o-der-mat-o'-sis) \jiipae, 
horn; dipfia, skin ; voaog, disease]. A skin-affection 
characterized by alteration in the horny elements of 
the skin. 

Keratodermia (ker-at-o-der'-me-ah)\_ntpac, horn ; 6ipua, 
skin]. See Keratoderma. K. erythematosa sym- 
metrica, tylosis of the soles and palms, in which the 
horny patches show a broken-up surface. 

Keratodermites (ker-at-o-der-mi' '-tie) [«fpac, horn ; 
6ep/xa, skin; trig, inflammation]. A group of in- 
flammatory scaly skin-affections. 

Keratogenous (ker-at-oj 1 '-en-us) \_akpag, horn ; yevvav, 
to beget]. Pertaining to the formation of horny 
growths. K. Membrane, that part of the skin or 
layer of corium that develops into nails, claws, and 
hoofs. 

Keratoglobus (kcr-at-o-glo' -bus) \_nepac, cornea ; globus, 
a ball]. Distention and protrusion of the cornea. 
The sclerotic may also become distended in severe 
cases. When so extensive as to prevent closure of the 
lids, it has been called buphthalmos. When the dis- 
tention is transparent, regular, and cone-shaped, the 
apex of the cone being the center of the cornea, it is 
called keratoconus, or conical cornea. When the pro- 
trusion is opaque, or connected with synechia of the 
iris, it is called staphyloma of the cornea, or anterior 
staphyloma. When due to increase in the fluids of the 
eye, with increased tension and uniform ectasia, it is 
called hydrophthalmos. Enlargement of the cornea 
is also called megalo-cornea. 

Keratoglossus (ker'-at-o-glos'-us) \_Kkpac, horn; yAixsoa, 
tongue]. See Muscles, Table of. 

Keratohyalin (ker'-at-o-hi'-al-in) \_Ktpac, horn ; va?,oc, 
glass]. A peculiar substance occurring in granules in 
the deeper layers of the skin. These granules are in- 
soluble in ether, alcohol, and water, and are present 
in the process of cornification of the rete cells. See 
also Eleidia. 

Keratoid (ker'-al-oid) [/ctpac, horn ; eldor, like]. 
Hornlike. 

Kerato-iritis (ker'-at-o-i-ri'-tis) [wpnc, cornea ; Ipig, 
iris; trig, inflammation]. Combined inflammation of 
the cornea and the iris. 

Keratoleukoma (ker-at-o-lu-ko' -mah ) \_Kipag , horn ; 
aevkoc, white: //. , Keratoleukomata~\. A leukoma 
or whitish opacity of the cornea. 

Keratolysis (ker-at-ol' -is-is) \_nepac, horn ; Xvatc, solu- 
tion]. Deciduous skin ; a curious and rare condition 
of the skin in which the latter, like the serpent's, is 
cast off periodically, that of the limbs coming off like 
a glove or a stocking. 

Keratolytic (ker-at-o-lit'-ik) \_Ktpac, horn; Abate, solu- 
tion]. Pertaining to keratolysis. 

Keratoma (ker-at-o 1 '-mah ) [nipac, horn ; dfta, tumor : 
pi. , Keralomata~\. I. See Callositas. 2. Congenital 
ichthyosis ; the presence, dating from fetal life, of 
horny plates upon the integument. 

Keratomalacia (ker-at-o-mal-a' -se-ah ) \jikpac, cornea ; 
palaKia, softness]. A softening of the corneal 
tissue. 

Keratome (ker'-at-om) \jikpac, cornea; ropr), a cutting]. 
A knife with a peculiar trowel-like blade, used for 
making the incision into the cornea in the operation 
of iridectomy. 

Keratometer (ker-at-om'-et-er) \_nipac, cornea ; fierpov, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the curves 
of the cornea. 



Keratomycosis (ker-at-o-mi-ko' -sis) \idpac, cornea ; 
pl'Kijc, fungus], A fungoid growth of the cornea, 
or the diseased condition therewith associated. 
K. aspergillina, a form characterized by the presence 
of Aspergillus glaucus. 

Keratoncus (ker-at-ong'-kus) [nkpac, horn ; bynoc , a 
tumor]. Any horny tumor. 

Keratonosis (ker-at-on'-o-sis). See Keratosis. 

Keratonyxis (ker-at-o-niks' -is) [/ct'pac, cornea; vvt;ic, 
needling]. Tl e needling of a soft cataract by punc- 
ture through tL : cornea ; also, the old operation of 
couching a cataract with the needle. 

Keratoplasia (ker-at-o-pla' -ze-ali) \jiipac, horn ; ix'hacs- 
aeiv, to form]. The reparative renewal of the horny 
layer of the skin. 

Keratoplastic (ker-at-o-pla s'-tik) [nepac, horn ; nlaon- 
k.6c, formed]. Pertaining to keratoplasty. 

Keratoplasty (ker'-at-o-plas-te) \_nipac, cornea ; ttAclg- 
aeiv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the cornea, 
especially the transplantation of a button or excised 
portion of cornea from the eye of a lower animal to that 
of man. This is effected by means of a peculiar 
trephine, with which the tissue to be transplanted is 
removed from the animal's eye and the place for its 
reception is made in the human eye. The operation 
is sometimes called trephining the cornea. 

Keratorrhexis (ker-at-or-eks'-is) f/cfpac, horn ; pr/^ir, 
rupture]. Rupture of the cornea, due to ulceration or 
traumatism. 

Keratoscleritis (ker-at-o-skle-ri'-tis) \jiipac, cornea ; 
GK\r)p6c, hard ; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the cornea and the sclera. 

Keratoscope (ker'-at-o-skop) \_nkpac, cornea; okqtzuv, 
to observe]. An instrument for examining the cornea, 
and testing the symmetry of its meridians of curvature. 

Keratoscopy (ker-at-os' -ko-pe) \jdpac, cornea ; aicoireiv, 
to observe]. Examination of the cornea. See Rhin- 
oscopy. 

Keratose (ker' -at-os) \_Kipac, horn]. Horny. 

Keratosis (ker-at-o' '-sis) \_nepac, horn; vbaoq, disease]. 
Any one of a class of skin-diseases characterized by 
thickened epidermis, and the presence of such callosities 
as horns, warts, etc. See Callosity. K. follicularis. 
See Darier's Disease. K. obturans, a condition of the 
external auditory meatus due to desquamation of the 
epithelium, the mass being colored by cerumen and 
containing cholesterin-crystals. K. pilaris, Lichen 
pilaris ; Lichen spinulosus ; Pityriasis pilaris ; a chronic 
affection of the skin marked by a pin-head-sized coni- 
cal elevation investing the hair-follicle, and somewhat 
resembling gooseflesh and ichthyosis. The skin be- 
comes dry and hard, and feels like a nutmeg-grater. 
The disease appears in workingmen who are uncleanly, 
and in scrofulous children, and it occurs chiefly on the 
thighs, arms, and forearms. K. senilis, a cornifica- 
tion of the skin of old people, general or partial, cir- 
cumscribed or diffuse, and often limited to certain defi- 
nite regions, as the face and dorsal surfaces of the 
hands and feet. The lesions consist of light or dark 
yellowish, brownish, or blackish points, dry, scaling, 
and horny, or scaling and greasy. These may become 
the seat of an epitheliomatous process. 

Keratotome (ker'-at-o-tom). See Keratome. 

Keratotomy (ker-at-ot' -o-me) \_Kepag, cornea ; rkfivtiv, 
to cut]. Surgical incision of the cornea. 

Keraunographic (ker-aw-no-graf '-ik) \_ntpavv6c, light- 
ning ; ypatyeiv, to write]. Pertaining to the pictorial 
impressions of near objects sometimes seen upon the 
body of a person who has been struck by lightning. 

Keraunoneurosis (ker-a-o-no-nu-ro'-sis) \_K£/>avv6r, 
lightning ; vei'pov, nerve ; voaoc, disease]. Nervous 
disease due to lightning-stroke. 



KERAUNOPHOBIA 



641 



KIDNEY 



Keraunophobia [ker-aw-no-fo' '-be-ah) \_nepavv6c, light- 
ning; (pojiog, dread]. Morbid dread of lightning; 
astrapaphobia. 

Kerectasia (ker-ek-ta'-se-ali). See Keratectasia. 

Kerectomy (Aer-ek'-to-me). See Keratectomy. 

Kerion, or Kerium [ke'-re-on or ke'-re-um) \_tajpiov, 
honey-comb favus] . Same as Favus. 

Kerkring, Valves of. See Valve. 

Kermes (ker'-mez) [Pers., qirmiz, crimson]. A red 
dye-stuff, made up of the dried females of Coccus ilicis, 
an insect not unlike cochineal, found on oak-trees 
in the Orient. K. Mineral, a mixture of the teroxid 
and tersulphid of antimony, formerly much used in 
medicine. It is also called red antimony. 

Kermesine (ker'-mez-in) [Pers., qirmiz, crimson]. 
Pertaining to kermes. 

Kermesite (ker'-mez-lt) [Pers., qirmiz, crimson]. The 
native oxysulphid of antimony. 

Kermisin (ker r -miz-in) [Pers., qirmiz, crimson]. 
Carmin-red. 

Kernel (ker'-?iel) [ME., kirnel, a little corn or grain]. 
I. The popular name for the pancreas or sweetbread 
of animals. 2. The bundle of fat on the fore-shoulder ; 
any swelling or mass of flesh. 3. A nucleus. 4. In 
the plural, a popular term for enlarged lymphatic 
glands. 5. In biology, the edible portion of a drupe or 
an entire seed. 

Keroid (ker'-oid) \_nepac, horn; eISoc, like]. Horny. 

Kerosene {ker* '-o-sen) . See Burning oil. 

Kerosolene iker'-o-so-leii) \_Kr/p6c, wax; oleum, oil]. 
A colorless, volatile liquid distilled from coal-oil. It 
boils at 58 C. and has been used as a local anesthetic. 
Unof. 

Kessel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Ketin (ket'-in), C 6 H 8 N 2 . I. An oily substance, boil- 
ing between 170 and 180 C. 2. A member of a ho- 
mologous series, CnH 2 n — 4 N 2 , produced by the action 
of sodium (or tin) and hydrochloric acid on nitroso- 
acetone and its homologues. Diethylketin, C 10 H ]6 - 
N 2 , is an oily substance, boiling at from 215 to 217 
C. ; it is formed by the reduction of nitrosoethyl- 
acetone. Dimethylketin is a crystalline solid, 
soluble in ether, fusing at 87 C, and produced by 
the reduction of nitrosomethylacetone. Dipropyl- 
ketin, C ]2 H 20 N 2 , is an oily substance, boiling between 
235° and 240 C, and formed in the reduction of 
nitrosopropylacetone . 

Ketols (ke'-tolz). In chemistry, ketone-alcohols, con- 
taining both the ketone and alcohol groups. 

Ketone (he' -ton) [an arbitrary variation of acetone"]. In 
chemistry, an organic compound consisting of the 
unsaturated radicle =C=0 united to two alcohol 
radicles. It may be considered as a derivative of 
secondary alcohols, bearing the same relation to them 
as the aldehyds bear to the primary alcohols. The 
ketones are compounds in which two hydrogen atoms 
of an intermediate carbon atom are replaced by one 
atom of oxygen. They are generally volatile liquids, 
of ethereal odor, insoluble in water. They are the 
products of the oxidation of the secondary alcohols, 
or of the union of carboxyl, CO, with two alkyl 
atoms. 

Ketonic (ke-ton'-ik) [ketone]. Pertaining to ketone. 

Ketoses (ke-to'-ses). In chemistry, a generic name 
applied to the ketone alcohols, CO.CH 2 .OH. 

Ketoxims [ke-toks'-imz). Same as Acetoxims. 

Kettle [ket f -l) [ME., ketel, a kettle]. A vessel made of 
metal, used for heating liquids. K., Bronchitis. See 
K, Croup. K., Croup, a contrivance for the inhala- 
tion of heated moist air, which may be medicated. 
Shaw's croup-kettle consists of an alcohol-lamp and a 
vessel fitted with a long tube, by means of which the 
41 



steam is directed downward when the mouth-piece is 
introduced far back into the mouth. 

Key (ke) [ME., keye, key]. An instrument for opening 
or fastening a lock. K. -forceps, Elliot's ; two in- 
struments are so called, the one having beaks of for- 
ceps and the handle of a key, for the extraction of 
teeth ; the other is designed for the extraction of roots 
of teeth that present but one side above the alveolus. 
They are now but little used. K. of Garengeot, an 
instrument for the extraction of teeth, composed of a 
shank with a movable clasp and a cross-bar. The 
clasp is applied to the inner surface of the tooth, and 
the extraction is accomplished by turning the handle. 
K., Tooth. See K. of Garengeot. 

Key and Retzius, Foramina of. Two foramina at 
the extremities of the lateral recesses of the fourth 
ventricle behind the upper roots of the glosso-pharyn- 
geal nerves. They connect the cisterna magna with 
the fourth ventricle. 

Kiafer {ki'-afer). See Kefir. 

Kibbie's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Kibe (klb). See Chilblain. 

Kidinga pepo [kid-in' '-gah pe'-po) [African]. A name 
applied in Zanzibar to a disease resembling dengue. 

Kidney [kid'-ne] [ME., kid, the belly; nere, kidney]. 
One of the two large glandular organs situated in the 
upper and posterior portion of the abdominal cavity, 




Longitudinal Section through the Kidney. 
{Tyson, after Henle.) 

". Boundary layer of medulla. 2'. Papillary portion of me- 
dulla. 3,3. Transverse section of tubules in boundary layer. 
4. Fat of renal sinus. *. Transversely coursing medullary 
rays, s, 5. Artery. 1". Labyrinth. 1'. Medullary rays. 
2. Medulla. 1. Cortex. C. Renal calyx. U. Ureter. 
A. Branch of renal artery. 

and especially concerned in the elimination or excre- 
tion of water and nitrogenous matter. It consists 



KIDNEY 



642 



KIDNEY 



of an outer cortical substance, and an inner medullary 
substance. In biology , the term is applied to the " con- 
tractile vacuole" of a protozoan, the "segmental 
organ "or " nephridium " of an annelid, the " glandu- 
lar organ " of a nematode worm, the " Malpighian 
tubules " and " shell-gland " of an arthropod, and the 
" organ of Bojanus " of amollusc. K., Aching, a mild 
subacute nephritis characterized by pain, anemia, 
albuminuria, and irritability of the bladder, with ex- 
acerbations at menstrual periods. K., Amyloid, that 
of amyloid degeneration. K., Arterio-sclerotic, the 
small, sometimes granular organ characterized by 
arterio-sclerosis. K., Branny, applied to the bran- 
like appearance of the kidney seen in the early stages 
of chronic parenchymatous nephritis, due to fatty de- 
generation occurring in spots. K., Bright's Disease 
of. See Bright 's Disease. K., Calices of, six to twelve 
membranous canals surrounding the papilla? of the kid- 
ney, and opening into the three infundibulse. K., Cica- 
tricial, the final result of the so-called "surgical kid- 
ney." It is produced by the absorption of the ab- 




DlAGRAM SHOWING THE RELATION BORNE BY THE BLOOD- 
VESSELS to the Tubules of the Kidney. 

The upper half corresponds to the cortical, the lower half to 
the medullary part of the organ. The plain tubes are shown 
separately on the right, and the vessels on the left. The 
darkly shaded arteries send off straight branches to the 
pyramids and larger interlobular branches to the glomeruli, 
the efferent vessels of which form the plexus around the 
convoluted tubes. 

scesses and the formation of cicatrices, and by the still 
further contraction of the increased interstitial tissue. 
The kidney is small, irregular, and fibrous. K., Cir- 
rhotic. Same as K., Arterio-sclerotic , q. v. K., 
Contracted. Same as K., Arterio-sclerotic, q. v. 
K., Embolic Contracted, one the seat of a scar 
the result of an infarct. K., Fatty, one the seat 
of extensive fatty degeneration. K., Floating, 
one susceptible of displacement over a considerable 
extent of the abdomen. This condition is more 
frequent in females, and in the majority of cases 
is situated on the right side. It has been sug- 
gested that the term " floating kidney " be reserved 
for those cases in which a distinct mesonephron is 
present, and that all other cases be designated by the 
term "movable kidney." K., Gouty. Same as K., 



Arterio-sclerotic, q. v. K., Granular. Same asA^, 
Arterio-sclerotic, q. v. K., Head, the pronephron. 
K., Hilum of. See Hilum. K., Hobnail. Same 
as K. , Arterio-sclerotic, q. v. K., Horseshoe, a con- 
genital deformity in which the two kidneys are joined 
together, generally at the lower, but occasionally at 
the upper end, by a connecting band, composed either 
of true renal substance or of firm fibrous tissue. K., 
Lardaceous. Same as JC., Amyloid, q. v. K., 
Large Mottled, that of parenchymatous nephritis, 
mottled with gray patches. K., Large Red, the 
kidney of Bright's Disease extravasated with blood. 
K., Large White, one affected with lardaceous de- 
generation ; also, that of the advanced stage of 
chronic parenchymatous nephritis. K., Microcystic, 
one containing many small cysts. K., Movable. 
See K. , Floating. K. of Pregnancy, is described as 
an anemic kidney with fatty infiltration of the epithelial 
cells, but without any acute or chronic inflamma- 
tion, occurring in pregnant women. It is possibly due 
to a diminution of the blood-supply from tonic con- 
traction of the renal arteries, produced by the pres- 
ence of effete matter in the blood. Albumin is found 
in the urine. K., Palpable. See K. , Floating. K., 
Pelvis of, the funnel-shaped expansion or dilated 
portion of the ureter formed by the junction of the 
infundibula. K., Pigback, a name proposed for the 
large congested kidney found in alcoholics. K. -plant, 
the Baccharis pilularis. K., Primordial, the meso- 




Bowman's Capsule and Glomerulus. 
a. Vas afferens. e. Vas efferens. c Capillary network of the 
cortex, k. Endothelium of the capsule, h. Origin of a con- 
voluted tubule. (Landois.) 

nephron. K., Red Contracted. Same as K. , Arterio- 
sclerotic, q. v. K.-root, the root and lower part of the 
stem of Baccharis pilularis ; used in cystitis. Unof. 
K., Scrofulous, one affected with tuberculous dis- 
ease, in which the kidney-substance is largely de- 
stroyed, nothing being left but a sac with thickened 
fibrous walls, filled with a yellow creamy or putty-like 
material containing fatty masses, cholesterin, tubercu- 
lous debris, and occasionally calcareous matter. K., 
Sigmoid, a congenital anomaly intermediate between 
the horseshoe form and complete fusion. K., Small 
Red Granular. Same as A"., Arterio-sclerotic, q. v. 
K., Small White, the final stage of the large white 
kidney after loss of its substance from atrophy or de- 
generation. K., Spotted. Same as A", Large Mot- 
tled. K., Surgical, a name sometimes given to pyelo- 
nephritis, or distention of the kidney attended with 
inflammation, abscesses of the cortex, and retention 
of urine mixed with fetid pus. K., Syphilitic, 
one presenting either gummata or resulting scars. 



KIESTINE 



643 



KINO 



K., Unsymmetric, a term given by Rokitansky to a 
kidney that is normal in position and conformation, 
though occasionally rather enlarged, its fellow being 
deficient. K., Wandering. See K, Floating. K., 
Waxy. Same as A", Amyloid. K.-worm. See 
Thread-worms and Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Kiestine (ki-es'-tin). See Gravidin. K. Test. See 
Gravidin Test. 

Kif [African]. An Algerian mixture, the principal 
ingredient of which is Cannabis indica. Also, the 
dreamy state induced by the use of hashish. 

Kilian's Line. See Lines, Table of. K.'s Pelvis, a 
halisteretic pelvis ; a pelvis the seat of osteomalacia. 

Killosis (kil-o'-sis). Synonym of Strabismus. 

Kilogram (kil'-o-gram) \_x'i^ioi, one thousand; ypdjifxa, 
a gram]. One thousand grams, or 2.2 pounds avoir- 
dupois. 

Kilogrammeter (kit' ' -o-gram-et' '-er) \_xi\101, one thou- 
sand ; ypdfifia, gram ; /nerpov, a measure] . A term 
denoting the energy required to raise one kilogram 
one meter in height ; equivalent to 7.233 foot-pounds. 

Kiloliter (kil'-o-le-ter) [jv/Uoi, thousand ; Xirpa, a 
liter]. One thousand liters, or 35.31 cubic feet. 

Kilometer (kil'-o-me-ter) \_x'il-ioi, thousand ; /xtrpov, 
measure]. One thousand meters, or 1093.6 yards. 

Kilostere [kil' '-o-ster) [x'thioi, thousand ; arepeug, 
solid]. One thousand cubic meters. 

Kilowatt (kiV-o-wot) [x'iXoi, thousand ; watf\. One 
thousand watts of electricity ; same as the kelvin. 

Kin [ME., kin, kin]. Race; family; breed; kind; 
relationship. 

Kina, or Kino-kina (ki'-nah or ki'-no-ki'-nah). Cin- 
chona bark, q. v. 

Kinsesthesia (kin-es-the' -ze-ah). See Kinesthesia. 

Kincough, or Kinkcough (kin'-kof or king'-kof). 
Synonym of Whooping-eough. 

Kinematic (kin-em-at'-ik) \_Ktvrijia, a. motion]. Pertain- 
ing to Kinematics. 

Kinematics (kin-em-af -iks) \K.ivrip.a, a motion]. The 
science of motion without reference to its origin or 
effects. 

Kinepock (kln'-pok). Synonym of Vaccinia, q. v. 

Kinesalgia (kin-es-aF -je-ah) [nivr/oig, movement ; 
dAyoc, pain]. Local pain following upon muscular 
contraction. 

Kinesia ikin-e' -ze-ali) [nivr/aig, movement]. Move- 
ment-cure ; systematic use of motion for therapeutic 
or hygienic purposes. 

Kinesiatric (kin-es-e-af '-rik) \_nivrjdLi;, movement ; lar- 
piKoq, therapeutic]. Relating to kinesitherapy. 

Kinesiatrics (kin-es-e-at' -riks). Same as Kinesitherapy. 

Kinesic (kin-ez'-ik). See Kinetic. 

Kinesiesthesiometer (kin - ez- e - es - the - ze-om' '-et-er) 
[kivijuk;, movement ; alaOr/cic, perception ; jierpov, 
measure]. An instrument devised by Hitzig for testing 
the muscular-sense. It consists of seventeen wooden 
balls of the same diameter, but of different weights. 

Kinesiology (kin-es-e-ol' '-o-je) [nivr/oit:, motion ; Aoyoc, 
discourse]. The science of movements, considered 
especially as therapeutic or hygienic agencies. 

Kinesiometer (kin-es-e-om' -et-er) \kivtjcli;, motion ; 
phpov, measure]. An instrument for determining 
quantitatively the motion of a part. 

Kinesioneurosis (kin-es-e-o-nu-ro' -sis) [nivr/aic, move- 
ment ; vevpov, a nerve; v6aog, disease]. Functional 
abnormalism of the motor centers or nerves. 

Kinesionosos (kin-es-e-on' -o-sos) [KivqaLq, movement ; 
vogoq, disease]. Any disease marked by impairment 
of the power of motion. 

Kinesiotherapy (kin-es-e-o-ther' -ap-e) \K.lvqaiq, move- 
ment; depaireia, therapy]. The treatment of disease 
by systematic active or passive movements. 



Kinesipathic (kin-es-ip-alh' -ik) [nivr/oig, motion ; 
TrdWoc, disease]. Pertaining to kinesipathy. 

Kinesipathist (kin-es-ip'-ath-ist) [kw/ovc, motion ; 
nddoc, disease]. One who practises the gymnastic 
treatment of disease. 

Kinesipathy (kin-es-ip'-ath-e) \_nivi]aiQ, motion ; nadog, 
disease]. I. Kinesionosos. 2. (Incorrectly) kinesi- 
therapy. 

Kinesis (kin-c'-sis) [k'ivtiolc;, motion]. The general 
term for all the physical forms of energy, as opposed to 
Metakinesis, a term intended to express the psycho- 
logic exhibition of coordinates or correlates of kinesis. 
According to a monistic conception of the universe, 
both are the double aspects of one underlying reality. 

Kinesitherapy (kin-es-e-ther' -ap-e) ^jiivrjaig, motion ; 
depaireia, care, cure]. See Swedish Movements. 

Kinesodic (kin-es-od'-ik) [aivrjmg, motion ; o66g, way]. 
Pertaining to those nerve-fibers conveying motor in- 
fluences. Also, the motor tracts of the nerve-system. 

Kinesotherapy (kin-es-o-ther' '-ap-e). Same as Kinesi- 
therapy. 

Kinesthesia kin-ez-the' -ze-ah) . Same as Kinesthesis. 

Kinesthesis (kin-es-the' -sis) \_mveew, to move ; alsOr/oic, 
sensation]. That quality of sensations whereby one 
is aware of one's positions and movements, especially 
those of the automatic type ; it is distinct from the 
muscular sense. 

Kinesthetic (kin-es-thet'-ik) [mveeiv, to move ; aiadr/aig, 
sensation.] Relating to kinesthesia. 

Kinetia {kin-e' -she-ah) \_Kivrjaiq, motion]. A term ap- 
plied to all forms of motion-sickness. It includes such 
disorders as sea-sickness and car-sickness. 

Kinetic (kin-et'-ik) \_nivrjTLn6Q, producing motion]. That 
which produces motion. Pertaining to those forces 
that produce motion. 

Kinetics (kin-et' -iks) ^kcvt/tikoc, producing motion]. 
The science of force as developing motion. 

Kinetogenesis (kin-et-o-jen' -es-is) \_iuvelv, to move ; 
yevecic, origin]. In biology, the origin of animal 
structures, either directly or indirectly through move- 
ments. 

Kinetogenetic (kin-et-o-jen-etf -ik) \jdvqaiq, motion ; 
yeveaig, genesis]. Of the nature of or pertaining to 
kinetogenesis. 

Kinetogenetically (kin-et-o-jen-ef -ik-al-e) [nivelv, to 
move ; yeveaic, production]. In biology, originating 
through movement. 

Kinetogeny (kin-et-oj'-en-e) \_mvrj-6g, verbal adj. of 
KLveiv, to move; yevrjg, producing]. In biology, ap- 
plied to the agency of that energy developed in the 
motions of organisms and their parts, in the modifica- 
tion of the forms and proportions of their hard parts. 

King's Blue. Same as Smalls. K.'s Evil, a name 
formerly popularly applied to scrofula, on account of a 
belief that it could be cured by the touch of the king. 
K.'s Yellow. See Orpiment, and Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Kinic Acid (kin'-ik). See Acid, Quinic. 

Kink (kingk) [D. , kinken, cough]. 1. The whoop in 
whooping-cough. 2. A synonym of whooping-cough. 
3. A flexion or a twist. K. -cough, a synonym of 
whooping-cough. K.-host, a synonym of whooping- 
cough. See Pertussis. 

Kino (ki'-no) [E. Ind.]. The inspissated juice of 
Pterocarpus marsupium, found in India, and similar 
in action to tannic acid ; it is used mainly as a constit- 
uent of gargles and diarrhea-mixtures. K., Tinct., 
10 per cent, of the drug. Dose rTLx-^ij. K., Pulv., 
Comp. (B.P.), kino 15, opium I, cinnamon 4. Dose 
gr. v-xx. Various similar substances are called by 
this name. K., Jamaica, is produced by the tree 
Coccoloba unifera. See Coccoloba. K., Australian, is 



KINOIC ACID 



644 



KNIES AND WEBER'S THEORY 



obtained from various species of Eucalyptus. K., Butea, 
from Butea frondosa. K.-red. See Ki7ioic Acid. 
K. -tannic Acid, a variety of tannic acid found in kino. 

Kinoic Acid (kin-o'-ik), [E. lnd., kino], C 2S H 22 O u . A 
red, amorphous substance, a dei-ivative of kinoin. 

Kinoi'n (ki-no'-iti) [E. Ind. , kino'], C 14 H I2 6 . A ma- 
terial derived from kino, slightly soluble in water and 
in alcohol. 

Kinometer (kin-om' '-et-er) \_klveziv, to put in motion ; 
ucrpov, measure]. An instrument to measure the 
amount of displacement of the uterus in case of tumor 
or cellular inflammation of the pelvis. 

Kinone (kin' -on). See Quinone. 

Kinovin [kin' '-o-vin\ See Quinovin. 

Kionitis [ki-on-i'-tis). Same as Staphy litis. 

Kionorrhaphy (ki-on-or' -afe). Same as Staphylor- 
rhaphy. 

Kiotome (ki'-o-tom) [k'iuv, the uvula; ro/idc, cutting]. 
An instrument for amputating the uvula, or for divid- 
ing strictures of the bladder or rectum. 

Kipp's Apparatus. An apparatus for generating sul- 
phuretted hydrogen by acting upon sulphid of iron 
with H 2 S0 4 . 

Kips (kips). See Hides. 

Kirchhoff's Laws. See Law. K.'s Lines. See 
Lines, Table of. 

Kirchner's Experiment. See Experimentum tnira- 
bile. K., Micrococcus of. See Bacteria, Synony malic 
Table of. 

Kirkland's Cerate. • A cerate composed of lead- 
plaster, 16 parts ; olive-oil, chalk, and vinegar, each 8 
parts; Goulard's extract, I part. It is used in the 
same conditions as is Goulard's cerate. 

Kirschley Green. Same as Schweinfurth Green. 

Kirschwasser (kirsh' -vos-er) [Ger.]. A spiritous liquor 
obtained in Germany and Switzerland by the distilla- 
tion of cherries. It is colorless, of agreeable odor 
and flavor, which improves by keeping, and is equal 
in strength to the strongest spirit ; it is called, also, 
Spiritus cerasorum. 

Kisch's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Kissing Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Kissingen Salts (Ms' -ing-en) [Ger.]. Effervescing salts 
from the mineral springs of Kissingen. K. Water, a 
laxative tonic mineral- water of Bavaria. 

Kistotome (kis' -to-torn). See Cystotome. 

Kite-tail Plug. A tampon used in controlling uterine 
hemorrhage. It is made by tying rolls of cotton to a 
string at intervals, the whole resembling a kite-tail. 

Kitsune-tsuki (kit'-sun-lsu'-ki) [Jap.]. A Japanese 
form of zoanthropy, or neuropathic delirium, in which 
the patient (usually a woman or child) believes her- 
self inhabited by a living fox, cat, or badger. 

Kiwisch's Method. A method of inducing premature 
labor by injections of hot water into the vagina. 

Kjeldahl's Method. See Nitrogen. 

Klarophthalmus (klar-off-thal' '-mus). See Embryo- 
toxon. 

Klang [Ger.]. See Timbre. 

Klaprothium (klap-ro'-tlie-um) . Same as Cadmium,/?, v. 

Klastoplast (Mas' -to-plast) \_Kkaar6c , broken ; Tv/Aaaeiv, 
to form]. A cell formed By the partial segmentation 
of the ovum of Cephalopoda. 

Klatsch-preparation (klotch-prep-ar-a f -shun) [Ger., 
Klatschpraparat\. A cover-glass preparation made 
by pressing the cover-glass lightly on a bacterial col- 
ony in plate-culture. 

Kleidarthrocace (klid-ar-throk' -as-e) [k/Wc, clavicle ; 
apftpov, joint; nanri, evil]. Spontaneous luxation of 
the clavicle. 

Klein's Fluid. See Stains, Table of 

Kleinenberg's Fibers. The primary form of nerve, of 



solely internuncial function. K.'s Hematoxylin 
Solutions. See Stains, Table of. 

Kleinhovia (klln-ho' -ve-ah) [after Klcinhof director of 
the Botanic Gardens at Batavia, Java]. A genus of 
sterculiaceous trees. K. hospita, a plant belong- 
ing to the Helictereas, found in the islands of the 
Indian Ocean. The leaves have been used to darken 
the cornea ; their juice causes itching. Unof. 

Kleistian Jar (klis'-te-an). Same as Leyden Jar. 

Klemperer's Method. A method of ascertaining the 
condition of gastric peristalsis. It consists in the in- 
troduction, by the tube, into the empty stomach of loo 
grams of olive-oil, and removing by aspirating with 
water what remains after two hours. As oil is not 
absorbed from the stomach, the difference between 
the amount introduced and that withdrawn indicates 
the activity of gastric peristalsis. The oil is taken up 
from the water with ether, and the ethereal solution 
placed in a bulb, the weight of which is known. 
The weight of the oil is calculated after evaporation of 
the ether. 

Kleptomania (klep-to-ma' -ne-ah) \k\£ttthv, to steal ; 
uavia, madness]. A form of emotional insanity mani- 
fested by a morbid desire to commit theft. It is 
sometimes accompanied by impaired intellect, and is 
often hereditary. 

Kleptophobia (klep-to-fo' -be-ah) \_k71~telv, to steal ; 
<p6j3oc, fear] . A morbid dread of thieves. 

Klopemania (klop-e-ma' -ne-ah) [icAoTrf/, theft; [iavla, 
madness]. Same as Kleptomania. 

Klopsophobia (klop-so-fo' -be-ah) \_Klutp, thief; <f>6ftoc, 
fear]. Insane dread of thieves. Same as Kleptophobia. 

Klumene (Mu'-men). Same as Acetyleiie. 

Knapp's Reagent. A reagent for the detection of 
sugar in the urine. It consists of cyanid of mercury 
and an alkali. 

Knapweed (nap' -wed). See Centaurea. 

Kneading (ne'-ding) [ME., kneden, to knead]. The 
same as Petrissage, a. v. See also Malaxation. 

Knee (ne) [ME. ,kne, knee]. The articulation between 
the femur and the tibia. See also Genu. K. -aching 
Disorder. Synonym of Dengue. K.-cap, the pa- 
tella. K. -chest Position. See Postures, Table of. K. 
of Corpus Callosum, the anterior extremity of the cor- 
pus callosum. See Genu. K. -elbow Position. See 
Postures, Table of. K. of Facial Nerve, the point 
at which the nucleus of its origin winds around that 
of the abducens nerve. K., Housemaid's. See Ab- 
scess, Bursal. K., Hysteric, a painful functional 
affection of the knee-joint in hysteria. K., In. See 
Genu valgum. K. of Internal Capsule, the angle of 
junction of the anterior and posterior limbs of the in- 
ternal capsule. K.-jerk, Patellar Tendon-reflex, 
K. -reflex, or K. -phenomenon, a retraction of the 
quadriceps extensor femoris muscle as a result of a 
light blow on the patellar tendon. See also Reflexes, 
Table of. K. -joint, a hinge-joint consisting of the 
articulation of the condyles of the femur with the upper 
extremity of the tibia and the posterior surface of the 
patella. K. -joint Disease. See White Swelling. 
K., Knock. See Genu. K., Lawn-tennis, an af- 
fection occurring in tennis-players, probably due to 
a contusion or laceration of the internal semilunar 
cartilage. K., Out. See Genu varum. K.-pan, the 
patella. 

Kneel (nil) [ME., knelen, to kneel]. To rest upon 
the knees. 

Kneeling (nel'-ing) [ME., knelen, to kneel]. Rest- 
ing upon the knees. K. -squatting Position. See 
Postures, Table of. 

Knies and Weber's Theory. A theory as to the ori- 
gin of glaucoma. It claims that glaucoma is due to 



KNIFE 



645 



KOCH'S APPARATUS 



retention of an excess of fluid in the eye, from closure 
of the canal leading through the pectinate ligament 
into Schlemm's canal. 

Knife (nif) [ME., knif knife]. An instrument for 
cutting. In surgery, knives are of various shapes and 
sizes, according to their use. K. -needle, a needle 
with a cutting edge, used in the discission of cataracts. 

Knitter's Cramp {nit'-erz kramp). See Cramp. 

Knitting Uiitf-ing) [ME., knitten, to knit]. The 
union and becoming rigid of a fracture. 

Knob (nob) [ME., /■«*', a knob]. A protuberance. 
K.-root. See Collinsonia canadensis. 

Knock-knee {iiok'-ne). See Genu valgum. 

Knoppern (knop'-ern) [Ger.]. Galls from immature 
acorns of several species of oak, largely used in Aus- 
tria for tanning. They contain from twenty-eight to 
thirty-five per cent, of tannin. 

Knot (not) [JSlE.,knotte, a knot]. An interlacement of 
ends or parts of one or more cords or threads so that 
they cannot be readily separated. K., Clove-hitch, 
a knot consisting of two single, contiguous loops, the 




Clove-hitch Knot. 




the primitive streak. K., Reef, a knot so formed that 
the ends come out alongside of the standing parts and 
the knot does not jam. It is also called Square 
Knot. K, Sailor's. Same as K. , Reef. K, Square. 
Same as K., Reef. K., Staffordshire, a knot used 
in ligating the pedicle in ovariotomy. The ligature 
is passed through the pedicle, and withdrawn so as to 
leave a loop, which is passed over the tumor, and one 
of the free ends is then drawn through the loop ; both 
ends are then passed through the pedicle, tightened, 
and tied. It is also called Tail's Knot. K., Stay, a 
term applied by Ballance and Edmunds, to a knot 
formed by two or more ligatures in the following way : 
On each ligature separately is made the first hitch of 
a reef-knot, which is tightened so that the loop lies in 
contact with the vessel, without constricting it; then 
taking the two ends on one side together in one hand, 
and the two ends on the other side in the other hand, 
the vessel is constricted sufficiently to occlude it, after 
which the reef-knot is completed. The simplest 
method of completing the knot is to treat the two ends 
in each hand as a single thread, and to tie them as if 




Combined Surgeon's and Reef Knot. 



Staffordshire Knot. 





Granny Knot. 



Reef, or Sailor's Knot. 



free ends toward each other. It is used for making 
extension in the reduction of dislocations. K., Double. 
Same as K, Friction. K., False. Same as K, 
Granny. K, Friction, one in which the ends are 
wound twice around each other before they are tied. 
K., Gerdy's Extension, resembles the clove-hitch ; it 
is employed in making extension of the leg at the ankle. 
K., Granny, a tie of a cord in which in the second 
loop the end of one cord is over, and the other under 
its fellow, so that the two loops do not lie in the same 
line. This knot may easily be converted into a slip- 
knot. K. -grass : I. Arrhenatherum odoratum ; 2. 
Avena elatior ; 3. Hippuris vulgaris ; 4. Illecebrum ; 
5. Polygonum ; 6. Triticum repens. K., Hensen's, a 
fixed point in the mammalian blastodermic vesicle at 
which the formation of the primitive axis and notochor- 
dal canal begins. It marks the anterior extremity of 




Surgeon's Knot. 

completing a single reef-knot. K., Surgical, a double 
knot made by passing the thread twice through the 
same loop. K., Tait's. See K, Staffordshire. K.- 
weed, Centaurea nigra. See also Collinsonia cana- 
densis. 

Knuckle {nuk'-l) [ME., knokel, a knuckle or joint]. 
Any one of the joints of the phalanges with the meta- 
carpal bones or with each other; also a loop of in- 
testine. 

Knuckling (iiuk'-ling) [ME. , knokel, a knuckle or 
joint]. In farriery, a partial dislocation of the fetlock- 
joint, in which the relative position of the pastern- 
bone to the cannon and coronet bone is changed, the 
pastern becoming more nearly perpendicular, with the 
lower end of the cannon-bone resting behind the 
center line of the suffraginis, while the lower end of 
this bone rests behind the center line of the coronet. 
It is also called Cocked Ankles. 

Kobelt's Tubes. Blind tubes of the parovarium. 

Koch's Apparatus. An apparatus for air-analysis. K., 
Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonytnatic Table of. 



KOCHIN 



646 



KOUMISS 



K., Comma-bacillus of. Set Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. K.'s Dampfapparat. See K.' j Steam Appa- 
ratus. K.'s Eruption, an eruption simulating that 
of measles or, more rarely, that of scarlet fever, and 
which occurs at times after the injection of tuberculin. 
K.'s Lymph. See Tuberculin. K.'s Method, or Koch- 
Ehrlich Method, for isolated staining of bacteria. See 
Stains, Table of. K.'s Method of Sterilization, a 
method of interrupted heating. The culture-media are 
heated for a short time daily for from three to five suc- 
cessive days. By means of a graduated water-bath 
temperatures suitable to the various media are main- 
tained. The method is eminently sure, and has not 
the injurious effects on the media that follow one 
prolonged heating. K.'s Plates, the casting and 
solidifying of liquefied inoculated culture-media in 
plates for the purpose of isolating colonies of micro- 
organisms. K.'s Rules rules formulated by Koch 
which must be complied with before a given micro- 
organism can be accepted as the cause of an infec- 
tious disease. I. The microorganism must be present 
in every case of the disease, and not in cases of other 
diseases. 2. It must be isolated and grown on arti- 
ficial media. 3. Its cultures when injected into an 
animal body must produce the disease in question. 
4. The microorganism must again be found in the 
body in which the disease was thus produced. K.'s 
Specific. See Tuberculin. K.'s Steam Apparatus, 
an apparatus for sterilization by steam. K.'s Treat- 
ment. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Kochin. Synonym of Tuberculin , q. v. 

Kceberle's Nceud. A serre-nceud used in the perform- 
ance of abdominal hysterectomy. 

Kbnig's Cylinders. An apparatus for testing the per- 
ception of high tones by the ear. K.'s Manometric 
Flames, toothed or zigzag flame-pictures seen in a 
revolving mirror, and produced by the vibrations of 
the voice against a thin membrane that separates the 
gas-chamber supplying a small burner from the air- 
chamber into which one speaks. The form of the 
flame-picture is characteristic for each vowel, and 
varies with the pitch. K.'s Rods, steel rods for 
producing notes of very high pitch. Same as K.'s 
Cylinders. 

Kofacker-Sadler's Law. See Law. 

Kohlrausch's Fold. See Third Sphincter. 

Koino-miasm (hoi' '-no-mi 1 '-asm) \_noiv6g, common ; 
Hiaofxa, miasm]. A miasm emanating from the soil. 

Kola-nut (ko'-lah) [African]. The seed of Cola acu- 
minata, used in parts of Central Africa as a substitute 
for tea and coffee. It contains an alkaloid similar to 
caffein, and is a cerebral stimulant and cardiac tonic. 
Dose of a twenty per cent, tincture, gj ; of the fluid 
extract, gtt. xx-xxx. Unof. 

Kolla (kol'-ah) [native name]. An Abyssinian dis- 
ease resembling malaria. 

Kollerism (kol'-er-izm). See Cocainization. 

KSlliker's Columns. See Muscle-columns. K., 
Glands of. See Gland. K., Lamina or Mem- 
brane of. See Membrane, Reticular. 

Kollonema (kol-on-e'-mah) [nolla, glue; vfjjia, tissue]. 
Same as Myxoma, q. v. 

Kolossow's Fixing-solution. See Stains, Table of. 

Kolotyphus (ko-lo-ti' -fus) [kuXov, colon; rixpoc, stupor]. 
Typhoid fever. 

Kolpo- (kol'-po-). See Colpo-. 

Kolpocystotomy (kol-po-sis-tot' -o-me). See Colpocyst- 
otomy. 

Kolpodesmorrhaphy (kol-po-dez-mor'-a-fe) [Mttoc, 
vagina; (ho/iog, bond; pa<j>//, seam]. Same as Colpor- 
rhaphy, q. v. 

Kolpokleisis (kol-po-klis'-is). See Colpokleisis. 



Kombe (kom'-bah) [African]. An African arrow-poison 

(kombe inee) extracted from Strophanthus kombe. 
Komeceras, Komoceras (ko-mes'-er-as, ko-mos' -er-as) 
[nofiij, the hair; akpag, horn]. In biology, applied 
to such a horn as that of the American prong-horn, 
formed of matted hair. 
Kommabacillus (kom-ah-bas-il'-us). See Bacteria, 

Synonymatic Table of. 
Koniantron (ko-ne-an' -tron) \kovi^, dust ; avrpov, 
antrum'] . An instrument for spraying fluid into the 
tympanic cavity. 
Koosso, or Koosoo (hoo'-soo). See Brayera. 
Kopf-tetanus (kopf -tet-an-us) [Ger.]. Cephalic tet- 
anus, due to wounds of the head, chiefly in the region 
of the fifth nerve. Initial trismus is associated with 
paralysis of the face on the side of the injury. In 
some cases there is also pharyngeal spasm, so that the 
name Hydrophobic Tetanus has also been given 
to this form of tetanus. 
Kopiopia (kop-e-o'-pe-ah). See Copiopia. 
Kopp's Asthma. See Asthma. 

Koprikin [kop f -rik-in) [«d-poc, dung]. A term applied 
by Hunefeld to undigested animal matter in the feces. 
Kore- {kor'-e-). See Core-. 

Koronion (ko-ro'-ne-on). See Craniometric Points. 
Koroscopy (ko-ros'-ko-pe). See Retinoscopy. 
Kosin (ho' -sin) [Abyssinian, cusso~\, C 31 H 38 O 10 . Same 

as A~oussin. See Brayera. 
Koso (ho' -so). Same as Brayera, q. v. 
Kossein (kos'-e-in) [Abyssinian, cusso], A crystalline 
body contained in koosso. It is soluble in ether, in 
alcohol, and in acids. It is slightly styptic. 
Koubasoff, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 

Table of. 
Koumiss (koo'-mis) [Tartar, kumiz, fermented mare's 
milk]. An alcoholic drink made by the fermenta- 
tion of milk. As made by the fermentation of 
mare's milk, it has long been a favorite beverage 
with the Tartars and other Asiatic tribes. Cow's 
milk has been used chiefly in making it, both in Europe 
and America. Mare's milk is the more suitable for 
fermentation because of the larger percentage of milk- 
sugar that it contains. The composition of the kou- 
miss as prepared from both mare's milk and cow's 
milk is shown in the accompanying analyses from 
various sources : — 

ANALYSIS OF KOUMISS. 





h 
< 


< 
O 
O 
VI 

U 

J 

s 


u 

< 

u 

h 
O 

< 


oi 
Q 
O 
Z 

i 

D 

n 

j 
< 


h 
< 


O 

X 


u 

J 

< 



X 


Q 
z 



CQ 

a 

< 
V 

0.88 
1.03 
0.95 

0.83 


X 

ft 

< 


Koumiss from mare's 
milk (Fleischmann), . 


91-53 


1-25 


1. 01 


1.91 


1.27 
0.85 


1.85 
2.65 


0.29 


Koumiss from cow's 
milk (Fleischmann), . 


88.93 


3-" 


0.79 


2.03 


0.44 


Koumiss from mare's 
milk (Konigl 


92.47 


1.24 


0.91 


197 


1.26 


1.84 
286 
076 




Koumiss from mare's 
milk (London, 18S4), . 


91.87 


0.79 


I.04 


1.91 


1. 19 




Koumiss from cow's 
milk (Wiley), .... 


89.32 


4-38 


o.47 


2.56 


2.0S 





K.-cure, a method of treating pulmonary tuberculo- 
sis. Large quantities of koumiss can be easily digested, 
and its use is frequently attended by a gain in weight. 



KOUSSIN 



647 



KUPFFER'S CELLS 



The patients rise early and take a glass of koumiss 
every half hour, except during the two hours preced- 
ing dinner and supper. Meat and fats form the chief 
part of the ordinary food ; sweets, fruit and salads 
are avoided, as well as ices, coffee, and spirits. If the 
koumiss causes diarrhea, lime-water is used to arrest 
this. At first a few glasses only are taken daily to 
gradually accustom the patient to the cure. 

Koussin (koos'-in). See Brayera. 

Kousso (koos'-o). See Brayera. 

Kowalevsky, Canal of. See Canal. 

Krameria {hra-me'-re-ah) [after J. G. H. Kramer, an 
Austrian physician], A genus of polypelatous herbs. 
Rhatany, the root of K. triandra and K. tomentosa, 
shrubs native to South America, possesses the same 
astringent qualities as tannic acid. It is a popular 
remedy for fissure of the anus, spongy gums, etc. 
K., Ext., in water. Dose gr. v-x. K., Ext., Fid. 
Dose rr\v-;5ss. K., Infus. (B. P.) Dose ^j-ij. 
K., Syr., contains of the fluid extract 45, syrup 55. 
Dose ^ss-^ss. K., Trochisci, contain each gr. j 
of the extract. K., Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose TTLv-gj. 

Krameric Acid (hra-me' -rih)[_aker J. G. H. Kramer, an 
Austrian physician] . An acid contained in Kratneria. 

Krampton's Muscle. The muscle of the so-called 
ciliary ligament in the avian eye. 

Krarkoff's Method. A method of extracting soluble 
animal ferments ; it consists in precipitating these and 
the albuminoids by means of ammonium sulphate ; 
subsequent treatment with acids renders the albumin- 
oids insoluble, and the ferments are readily extracted 
with water. 

Kraurosis (kraw-ro'-sis) \_Kpavpoc, dry]. Shriveling and 
dryness of a part, especially of the vulva. 

Krause's Corpuscles. Terminal nerve-corpuscles de- 
scribed by W. Krause (i860) as existing in the con- 
junctiva, the genitals, and other parts of the human 
body, and differing from the Pacinian corpuscles only 




Krause's End-bulb. 

a. Nucleated capsule, b. Core. c. Fiber entering and 

branching, terminating in core at d. 

in the absence of a thick laminated investment. K.'s 
Embryo, an embryo of the fourth week, in which 
there is an absence of the allantoic stalk, the allan- 
tois hanging from the posterior extremity of the embryo. 
K.'s End-bulbs, terminal bodies of sensory nerves 
in the skin and membranes of all mammals. They 
are elongated, oval, or round bodies, 0.075 to 0.14 
mm. long. K., Glands of. See Gland. K.'s 
Membrane, a structure that extends from the sarco- 
lemma through the fiber of a muscle, making a com- 
plete partition. K.'s Method, a method of inducing 
premature labor. It consists in passing a flexible 
bougie into the uterine cavity. K.'s Muscle, the 



coraco-cervicalis muscle. See Muscles, Table of. K.'s 
Nerve, a branch of the musculo-spiral' nerve which 
accompanies the ulnar and terminates in the inner head 
of the triceps. K.'s Process, a process for the sepa- 
ration of the two coloring-matters of chlorophyl. 1. 
Prepare a solution by allowing fresh bruised leaves 
to be acted upon for a few hours in the dark 
by warm 65 per cent, alcohol ; decant. 2. Shake 
one volume of this solution with two volumes of 
benzol ; after a time the turbid liquid separates into 
a benzol layer above having a bluish-green color, and 
an alcohol layer below tinged yellow. The yellowish 
pigment is called by Krause xantlwphyl, the bluish- 
green, kyanophyl. According to Wiesner, kyano- 
phyl is nearly pure chlorophyl freed from its asso- 
ciated yellow pigment xanthophyl. It is believed 
by many that the yellow pigment separated by this 
process is identical with that found in plants blanched 
(etiolated) in darkness, and which has been called 
etiolin (Goodale). 

Kreatin [lire' -al-in). See Creatin. 

Kreatinin [kre-at'-in-in). See Creatinin. 

Kremnitz White, Krems White. Same as White Lead. 

Kreolin [lire' -o-lin) . See Creolin. 

Kresol [lire' -sol). See Cresol. 

Krinosin (krin'-o-sin). See Crinosin. 

Kristeller's Method. A method of hastening tedious 
labor by fetal expression by means of rhythmic pres- 
sure on the fundus uteri. Pressure is made on the 
fetus while the entire child is still in the genital canal. 

Krohn's Glands. A pair of glands in the cephalo- 
thorax of certain of the Arachnoidea [Phalangida, 
Cyphophthalamidos) . 

Kronecker's Center. The inhibitory center of the 
heart. It may be injured in cardiocentesis. 

Kronlein's Hernia. See Hernia, Inguino-properito- 
neal, and Diseases, Table of. 

Krull's Treatment. See Treatment , Methods of. 

Krypto- (1; rip' -to-). See Crypto-. 

Kiihne's Method. A method of staining bacilli, and 
K.'s Modification of Gram's Method. See Slams, 
Table of. K.'s Carbol. Methylene-blue, methyl- 
ene-blue 1.5, absolute alcohol 10. Rub up and gradu- 
ally add 100 parts of a five percent, solution of carbolic 
acid. K.'s Motorial End-plates, a peculiar form 
of nerve-ending. The same as the Hillocks of 
Doyere. K.'s Pancreas-powder, an extract pre- 
pared by the prolonged extraction of fresh pancreas of 
ox with alcohol and then with ether. 

Kuhnt, Cylinder-cone of. See Cylinder. 

Kujawah (ku> '-jah-waw) [E. Ind.j. An apparatus used 
in India, by means of which wounded persons may be 
carried on camels. 

Kumbecephalic [kum-be-sef-aV -ik) or Kumbokephalic 
[kum-bo-kefal'-ik). See Cymbocephalic. 

Kumiss [koo'-mis) or Kumyss [koo'-mis). See Kou- 
miss. 

Kiimmel [kirn' -el) [Ger. , " cumin. "] A liqueur, or 
cordial, originating in Germany and Russia, and flav- 
ored with fennel, caraway, cumin, or coriander. 

Kummerfeld's Lotion. A cosmetic used in dermat- 
ology. It consists of spirit of camphor and spirit 
of lavender, each y z dram; precipitated sulphur 15 
grains ; cologne-water one dram, distilled water 2 
ounces. 

Kumysgen [koo-mis' -jen) [Tartar, kumiz, fermented 
mare's milk ; yevvav, to beget]. A preparation used 
for the production of koumiss. 

Kupffer's Cells. Liver-cells which, according to Asp 
and Kupffer, present exceedingly minute intracellular 
passages that pass from the bile capillaries into the 
interior of the cells, where they communicate with 



KURUNG OIL 



648 



KYTOPLASM 



certain small cavities or vacuoles. K.'s Method. See 
Stains, Table of. K.'s Vesicle, a small globular cav- 
ity seen near the posterior extremity of the embryo in 
teleostean fishes. 

Kurung Oil [ku'-rung). See Pongamia. 

Kiissmaul's Coma. A manifestation of diabetes usu- 
ally associated with the presence of acetone in the 
urine, and the patient is comatose. See Diseases, 
Table of.. K.'s Disease, acute atrophic spinal paraly- 
sis. See Diseases, Table of. 

Kusso (koos'-o). See Brayera. 

Kiister's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Kutubuth (koo-too- booth') [Arab.]. Melancholia erra- 
bunda. 

Kvas, or Kwas [kvas or kwas) [Russ.]. A kind of 
beer made in Russia of rye-flour, oatmeal, or baked 
bread, sometimes with the addition of various sweet 
fruits. 

Kyanizing (ki' ' -an-lz-ing) [after Kyan, the inventor]. 
A wood-preserving process having for its object the 
coagulation of the protein matters in wood-cells, thus 
retarding putrefaction by impregnating the wood with 
a solution of mercuric chlorid. Impregnation with 
a 50 per cent, solution of zinc chlorid is called Bur- 
netlizing. See Biwnetf s Disinfecting-fluid. 

Kyanophyl (kl'-an-o-fU) \_Kvavoc , dark-blue ; <pvA?iOv, a 
leaf]. The bluish-green pigment of chlorophyl. Same 
as Cyanophyl. 

Kyestei'n (ki-es 1 '-te-iti) \_Kvrjaic, conception ; satiric, cov- 
ering]. A filmy deposit upon decomposing urine, at 
one time thought to be diagnostic of pregnancy. 

Kyllopodia (kil-o-po 1 '-de-ah) \kv?Ji6c, twisted ; novc, 
foot]. See Club-foot. 

Kyllosis (kil-o'-sis) \_kv7Ji6c, twisted]. Same as Club- 
foot. 

Kymograph (ki'-mo-graf), Kymographion (ki-mo- 
graf'-e-on) \jcbiia, wave; ypa<j>eiv, to write]. An in- 
strument for reproducing graphically the variations in 
the pressure of the blood. 

Kymoscope (ki'-mo-skop) \_KVfia, wave; ckotte'lv, to in- 
spect]. A device used in the observation and study 
of the blood-current. 

Kynurin (ki-nu' -rin) \kvuv, a dog ; ovpov, urine], 
C l8 H u N. 2 2 . A crystalline substance obtained from 
cynurenic acid. It may also be made by oxidizing 
cinchonin and cinchoninic acid with chromic acid. 
It crystallizes in needles containing 3H. 2 0. 

Kyphoscoliorachitic (ki-fo-sko-le-o-rak-if -ik) [Kv<burjic , 
hump-back ; okoXloc, oblique ; pa^tc, spine]. Kypho- 
scoliotic. 

Kyphoscoliosis (ki-fo-sko-le-o'-sis) \jiv<poo~ic, hump- 
backed ; CKoXiwmc, a bending]. Kyphosis combined 
with scoliosis. 



Kyphoscoliotic (ki-fo-sko-le-ot' -ik) \_Kv<puaic, hump- 
back ; OK.o2.t6c, oblique]. Characterized by or per- 
taining to kyphoscoliosis. 

Kyphosis (ki-fo'-sis) \_K.btj>uo-ic, hump-back]. Hump- 
back. Angular curvature of the spine, with the 
prominence or convexity turned dorsad. K. bicy- 
clistarum, a curvature of the spine, due to error in 
posture in bicycle-riding. 

Kyphotic (kifot'-ik) [kv<j>uoic, hump-back]. Relating 
to, of the nacure of, or affected with, kyphosis. 

Kysthoproptosis (kis-tho-prop-to' -sis) [nvodog, a hol- 
low; irpoTtTuaic, a falling forward]. Prolapse of the 
vagina. 

Kysto- (kis'-to-). See Cysto-. 

Kystoma [kis-to'-mah). See Cystoma. 




Kymograph. (Ludwig.) 
a, a. Artery. C. Revolving-cylinder, c. Height of mercury 
in tube; the difference between this point and d indicates 
the pressure within the vessel, d, s. Float on mercury in 
tube. f. Writing-style. 

Kytharrhagia {kith-ar-a'-je-ah). See Cytharrhagia. 
Kythemolytic {ki-them-o-lit'-ik) \kvtoc, cell ; at/ia, 

blood; 1 vmc, solution]. Pertaining to, characterized 

by, or causing, the destruction of blood-cells. 
Kytomitom (ki-tom'-it-om) \_kvtoc, cell; pimc, thread]. 

The network in the body of the nucleus of the cell. 
Kytoplasm (ki'-to-plazm) [kvtcic, cell ; n?i.da/ia, plasm] . 

The protoplasm of the cell. 



649 



LABOR 



L. The abbreviation of Left, of Lumbar, of Lithium, 
and of Libra, a pound. 

X denotes wave-length. For instance A 506, means a 
wave-length equal to 506 millionths of a millimeter. 
Sometimes the letters W. L. are used instead of 'A. 

Lb. Contraction of liber = pound. 

Lab, or Lab-ferment. The ferment of rennet pro- 
ducing coagulation of milk. It is separated from the 
proenzyme, labzymogen, by means of the acids of the 
gastric juice , and especially by HC1. Labzymogen 
resists the action of alkalies, which, even in very 
small amounts, destroys the lab. A temperature of 35 
to 40° C. is most favorable to the action of lab. At 
70 C. the lab is destroyed, but not the labzymogen. 

Labarraque's Liquor. See Liquor. L.'s Solution. 
See Chlorin. 

Labbe, Vein of. See Vein. 

Labdacism {lab'-das-izm). Same as Lambdacism. 

Labdanum {lab'-dan-um). See Ladanum. 

Labellum (la-bel'-um) [dim. of labium, a lip: pi. , 
Labella\ In biology : (a) One of the petals of an 
orchid, which, properly the upper one, is made the 
lower by a semi-twist of the ovary. It is larger than the 
other petals and offers a landing-place for insects ; it 
is carried backward in the form of a spur, and then 
assumes the functions of a nectary and so attracts 
visitors (Cheshire) ; {b) One of the mouth-parts of an 
insect. 

Labes {la'-bez) [L.]. An old name for the plague ; 
also, for any depravation or lowering of the standard 
of health. 

Labial {la'-be-al) [labium, a lip]. Pertaining to the 
lips. L. Bone. See Intermaxillary. L. Frenum, 
frenum of the lips. 

Labialism [la' ' -be-al-izm) [labium, a lip]. The ten- 
dency to pronounce any articulate sounds as if they 
were labials ; the addition of a labial or labio-dental 
quality to an articulate sound. 

Labials {la'-be-alz) [labium, a lip]. The consonant- 
sounds ; they are formed mainly by the lips. See 
Consonants. 

Labiate {la' -be-at) [labium, a lip]. In biology, 
lipped. Shaped like, or functioning as, a lip. L. 
Plants, the Labiata, or mintworts ; an order of 
square-stemmed plants, mostly herbs, with aromatic 
properties, many of the species being highly charged 
with volatile oils. 

Labiatiform {la-be-at'-if-orm). See Labiate. 

Labidometer {lab-id-om' -et-er) [aq/3<'c, forceps ; fierpov, 
a measure]. A forceps used in measuring the dimen- 
sions of the head of a fetus in the pelvis. 

Labidophorous (lab-id-off ' -or-us) [Aajiic, forceps ; 
(popoc, bearing]. Applied to insects having organs 
resembling pinchers. 

Labidoprion {lab-id-o' -pre-on) [Aaft'tc, forceps ; Trpiuv, 
saw]. A forceps-saw. 

Labiella {la-be-el' -ah) [labium, a lip]. In biology, a 
minute, rounded, median portion of the deutomala in 
myriapods ; it corresponds in a degree to the lingua 
of hexapods (Packard). 

Labile {lab'-il) [labilis ; labi, to glide]. I. In electro- 
therapeutics a labile application is the passing of the 
electrode — usually the negative — along and touching 
the skin over the track of a nerve. 2. Deciduous. 

Labimeter [lab -im' -et-er). Same as Labidometer. 

Labio-alveolar {la' -be-o-al-ve' -o-lar) [labium, lip; 
alveolus, a small hollow]. Pertaining to the lip and 
to one or more dental alveoli. 



Labio-chorea {la' -be-o-ko-re' -ah ) [labium, lip ; xopeia, 
dancing]. A choreic affection of the lips, and the 
stammering that results from it. 

Labio-choreic {la' -be-o-ko-re' -ik) [labium, lip ; x°P tia t 
dancing]. Relating to lip-stammering. 

Labio-dental {la'-be-o-den'-tal) [labium, lip ; dens, a 
tooth]. Pertaining to the lips and the teeth. 

Labio-glosso-laryngeal {la' -be-o-glos' -o-lar-in' -je-al) 
[labium, lip; y'/.uaaa, tongue; Aapvyg, larynx]. Per- 
taining conjointly to lips, tongue, and larynx. L. 
Paralysis. See Bulbar Paralysis. 

Labio-glosso-pharyngeal {la' -be-o-glos' -o-far-in' -je- 
al) [labium, lip; y'Auaaa, tongue ; <pdpvy§, pharynx]. 
Pertaining conjointly to lips, tongue, and pharynx. 

Labiomancy (la' -be-o-man-se) [labium, lip ; jiavreia, 
divination]. The power of understanding what is 
said by observing the motions of the lips in speech. 

Labio-mental {la' -be-o-men' -tal) [labium, lip; men- 
turn, chin]. Relating to lip and chin. 

Labio-nasal {la'-be-o-na'-sal) [labium, lip; nasus, 
nose] . Labial and nasal ; pertaining to lip and nose. 

Labio-palatine {la' -be-o-pal' -at-ui) [labium, lip ; pala- 
tum, palate]. Relating to lip and palate in common. 

Labioplastic {la-be-o-plas' -tik) [labium, lip ; irAaaaeiv, 
to form]. Pertaining to an operation for restoring the 
lip, after injury or partial destruction of the same ; 
chiloplastic. 

Labiose {la'-be-os) [labium, lip]. In biology, resem- 
bling a true labiate flower. 

Labiotenaculum {la-be-o-ten-ak' -u-lum) [labium, lip ; 
tenaculum, a holder]. An instrument for holding the 
lips in a position required for examination or opera- 
tion. 

Labipalp {la' -be-palp)[labium, a lip ; palpare, to stroke, 
to feel]. In biology, a labial palp or feeler. 

Labitome {lab'-it-om) ["hajiic, forceps; ro/xi/, cutting]. 
Cutting-forceps. 

Labium {la'-be-um) [L. : pi. , Labia]. A lip. Also, 
any structure consisting of a strip or flap of elastic tis- 
sue that closes upon an orifice. In biology, applied 
to various lip-like structures in animals and plants, 
usually the lower when two are present, the upper 
being called the labi-um. L. austriacum, Austrian 
lip ; the thick, pendent upper lip of the Austrian reign- 
ing family. L. cerebri, the margins of the cerebral 
hemispheres that overlap the corpus callosum. L. 
duplex, a congenital longitudinal duplication of 
the mucosa of the upper, and rarely of the lower 
lip. L. externus pudendi. See L. majus. L. 
internus pudendi. See L. minus. L. leopoldi- 
num, a thick, pendent lower lip; named after Em- 
peror Leopold. L. leporinum. See Hare-lip. L. 
majus, or L. pudendi majus, one of two folds of 
skin of the female external genital organs, arising 
just below the mons veneris, surrounding the vulval 
entrance, and meeting at the anterior part of the perin- 
eum. L. minus, L. pudendi minus, or nympha, 
one of two folds of mucous membrane at the inner 
surfaces of the labia majora. L. tympanicum, the 
portion of the lamina spiralis forming the lower border 
of the sulcus spiralis. L. urethrae, the lateral margins 
of the external urinary meatus. L. vestibulare, the 
overhanging extremity of the lamina spiralis that forms 
the upper part of the sulcus spiralis. 

Labor {la'-bor) [L.]. Work. Parturition; bringing 
forth young. That natural process by which a preg- 
nant woman expels the product of conception at 
the expiration of the period of pregnancy, normally, 



LABORATORY 



650 



LACCIN 



280 days after conception. L., Abnormal, departing 
from the normal course. L., Artificial, when effected 
or aided by other means than the forces of the maternal 
organism. L., Atonic, labor protracted or rendered in- 
capable of spontaneous termination by atony of the 
uterus. L., Conduct of, management, hygienic, medi- 
cal, or surgical, of the parturient woman. L., Difficult. 
See Dystocia. L., Dry, when there is a deficiency of 
the liquor amnii, or when there has been a premature 
rupture of the bag of waters. L., False, or False 
Pains. See Pains. L., Induced, labor brought on 
by artificial means. L*, Insanity of. See Insanity. 
L., Instrumental, one requiring manual or instru- 
mental means to extract the child. L., Metastatic, 
labor in which the true pains cease suddenly, and are 
succeeded by muscular contractions of neighboring 
organs, bladder, rectum, or of the muscles of the trunk 
and limbs. L., Missed, retention of the dead fetus in 
utero beyond the period of normal gestation. L.., 
Natural, Normal, or Physiologic, when effected 
by the sole power of the maternal organism. L., 
Obstructed. See L. Pathologic. L., Pathologic, 
when deviating from the normal type by reason of weak- 
ness of the maternal forces, anomalies of the pelvis, or 
of the fetus, or of complications, all being causes of 
Obstructed L. L., Postponed, delayed beyond 
nine months. L., Premature, taking place before the 
normal period of gestation, but when the fetus is viable. 
L., Stages of, arbitrary divisions of the period of 
labor, — the first begins with dilatation of the os, and 
ends with complete dilatation, so that the head can pass ; 
the second ends with the expulsion of the child ; the 
third [placental) consists in the expulsion of the pla- 
centa. L., Mechanism of, the mechanism by which 
a fetus and its appendages traverse the birth-canal and 
are expelled. L. -pains, the pains of, or the contrac- 
tion of the uterus during, labor. L., Perverse, labor 
in which there is an abnormal position of the child. 
L., Precipitate, labor in which the expulsion of the 
fetus and its appendages takes place with undue celer- 
ity. L., Protracted, labor prolonged beyond the 
usual limit (10-20 hours in primiparse, 2-6 hours in 
multipara). L., Spontaneous, labor accomplished 
without artificial aid. 

Laboratory (lab'-or-at-o-re) \laboratorium, from labor- 
are, to work]. A room or place designed for experi- 
mental work in chemistry, physiology, biology, etc. 

Laborde's Method. See Treatment, Methods of '. L.'s 
Sign. See Death. 

Labrador Tea (lab'-ra-dor). The leaves of Ledum 
latifolium, demulcent, expectorant, and tonic. Dose 
of the fid. ext., gj-ij. Unof. 

Labrose (la'-bros, or la-brbs') \labrosus, lipped]. 
Supplied with lips. Large-lipped. 

Labrum (la'-brum) [L. , a lip-edge, margin: //. , 
Labra~\. In biology, a lip-like structure, usually the 
upper, when two are present, the lower being the 
labium . 

Laburnin (lab-er'-nin) [laburnum, laburnum]. Also 
called Cytisin. An alkaloid found in Cylisus labur- 
num. 

Laburnum (lab-er' -num) [L. ]. The leaves of Cytisus 
laburnum, the properties of which are due to an alka- 
loid, cytisin. In small doses itis diuretic and resolvent; 
in larger doses poisonous, irritating the alimentary tract, 
and inducing purging, vomiting, and exhaustion. Unof. 

Labyrinth (lab' -ir-inth) [Aapvpivfloc, a maze]. A name 
given to the series of cavities of the internal ear com- 
prising the vestibule, cochlea, and the semicircular 
canals. L., Bony. See L. , Osseous. L., Cortical, 
the intricately arranged collection of uriniferous tubules 
and blood-vessels filling the intervals in the cortical 



substance of the kidney. See Kidney. L., Mem- 
branous, the membranous cavity within the osseous 
labyrinth, from which it is partly separated by the 
perilymph. It comprises two sacs contained within 
the vestibule, the semicircular canals and the canal of 




Labyrinth of the Ear Laid Open. 
a. Fovea elliptica. b. Fovea hemispherica. c. Common en- 
trance of the posterior and superior semicircular canals. 
d. Opening of the aqueduct of the vestibule, e. Superior 
semicircular canal, f. Posterior, g. Inferior semicircular 
canal, h. Spiral canal of cochlea, i. Opening of the aque- 
duct of the cochlea, j. Lamina spiralis. 

the cochlea. L. of the Kidney. See Labyrinth, Cor- 
tical. L., Osseous, the bony capsule of the internal 
ear, communicating in front with the cochlea and be- 
hind with the semicircular canals. L. Pit. See Ear. 

Labyrinthal (lab-ir-in'-thal), Labyrinthic (lab-ir-in'- 
thik). See Labyrinthine. 

Labyrinthine {lab -ir-in/ -thin) [XafivpcvOos, a maze]. 
Pertaining to a labyrinth. L. Vertigo. See Meniere's 
Disease. 

Labyrinthus (lab-ir-in' -thus) [L. : pl.,Labyrinthi~\. A 
labyrinth. 

Lac (lak) [Pers. , lak, lac]. A resinous incrustation 
produced on the bark of the twigs and branches of 
various tropical trees ( Urosligma religiosa, Mimosa 
cinerea, Butea frondosa, Schleichera trijuga, of 
Ceylon, India, and Burmah, Croton lacciferum, of 
Ceylon, Croton draco, Acacia greggii, Larrea mexi- 
cana, of Mexico), by the puncture of the female lac- 
insect Carteria [Coccus) lacca. This crude exudation 
constitutes the stick-lac of commerce. Shellac is pre- 
pared by spreading the resin into thin plates after 
being melted and strained. In the preparation of the 
shellac, the resin is freed from the coloring-matter, 
which is formed into cakes, and is known as lac- 
dye. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Button-lac differs 
from shellac only in form, appearing in cakes about 
three inches in diameter and one-sixth of an inch thick. 
Bleached lac is prepared by dissolving lac in a 
boiling lye of pearlash or potassic hydrate, filter- 
ing and passing chlorin through the solution until 
all the lac is precipitated. Seed-lac is the residue ob- 
tained after dissolving out most of the coloring-matter 
contained in the resin. The common shellac is used 
in varnishes, lacquers, and sealing-wax ; the bleached 
lac in pale varnishes and light-colored sealing-wax. 
L.-beet, a fruit used in Siam for diarrhea and 
dyspepsia. L., Stick, lac as taken from the twigs 
on which it is formed. L. sulphuris, milk of sul- 
phur ; sulphur prcecipitatum (U. S. P.) L., White. 
See Bleached lac. 

Lacca [lak' -ah). See Lac. 

Laccate (lak' -at) [Pers., lak, lac, or sealing-wax]. 
In biology, appearing as if varnished or lacquered. 

Laccin (lak' -in) [Pers., lak, lac]. A substance resem- 
bling wax, extracted from lac. It is insoluble in water, 
soluble in alcohol, in ether, in hydrochloric acid, and 
in potassic hydrate. 



LACERATE 



651 



LACTAMID 



Lacerate (las' -er-dt) [Xanepor, torn]. In biology, with 
a margin appearing as if torn. L. Foramen. See 
Foramina, Table of. 

Laceration (las-er-a'-shun) [laceratio ; lacerare, to 
tear]. Mechanical rupture by a tearing action, 
whether accidental or surgical. See Dilaceration. L. 
of the Infratrochlear Nerve. See BadaPs Opera- 
tion in Operations, Table of . L. of Perineum, a tear- 
ing through the wall separating the lower extremity of 
the vagina and rectum, which occurs occasionally to 
women in childbirth. 

Lacerator (las' '-er-a-tor) \Jacerare, to tear]. An in- 
strument used in effecting surgical laceration. 

Lacertiform (las-er' -tiforni) [lacerta, lizard ; forma, 
form]. Lizard-shaped. 

Lacertoid (las-er' -toid) [lacerta, lizard; eldoc, like]. 
Resembling a lizard. 

Lachesis (lak'-e-sis) [lax^aic, destiny, fate]. I. A 
genus of venomous South American reptiles. 2. The 
venom of L. mutus (the bushmaster snake), and 
also a homeopathic preparation of the poison. 

Lachnanthes (lak-nan' -thez) [faxvr/, soft, woolly 
hair; avdoc, a flower]. A genus of North American 
bloodworts. L. tinctoria, red-root, is a plant popu- 
lar in parts of the United States as an expectorant 
and alterative in pulmonary tuberculosis. Dose of a 
10 per cent, tincture, Tn^x. Unof. 

Lachrymal (lak'-rim-al). See Lacrymal. 

Lacinia (las-in' -e-a)i) [L. , a lappet, flap, as of a gar- 
ment://., Lacinia]. In biology, one of the fimbriae 
at the ovarian extremity of the oviduct ; a narrow lobe, 
as in an incised leaf; or, specifically, the slender apex 
of the maxilla of a beetle. Cf. Galea. 

Laciniate (las-in' -e-ai) [lacinia, a flap]. In biology, 
fringed ; cut into narrow flaps. 

Laciniform (las-in' -if orvi) \_lacinia, a flap ; forma, 
form]. In biology, fringe-like. 

Laciniola (las-in-i' -o-lali) [dim. of Lacinia : pi, La- 
ciniola]. In biology, a small lacinia. 

Lacinula (las-in' -u-lali) [dim. of Lacinia, a flap: pi. , 
Lacimtla]. In biology, a small lacinia. 

Lacmoid (lak' -moid). Same as Resorci?i-blue. 

Lacmus (lak'-mtes). See Litmus. 

Lacquer (lak'-er) [Pg., lacre, sealing-wax]. An 
opaque varnish containing lac. L., Burmese, a 
natural varnish consisting of a thick, grayish terebin- 
thinous liquid, collected from the Melanorrhaa usita- 
tissima of Burmah. It dissolves in alcohol, turpen- 
tine-oil, and benzene, assuming greater fluidity. 
Locally, it is used in lacquering furniture, temples, 
idols, and varnishing vessels. 

Lacrima (lak'-rim-aA). See Lacryma. 

Lacrimal (lak'-rim-al). See Lacrymal. 

Lacryma (lak' -ri?n-ali) [h.: pi., Lacryma]. A tear. 

Lacrymal (lak'-rim-al) \_lacryma, a tear]. Having ref- 
erence to the organs of the secretion, transfer, or ex- 
cretion of tears. L. Apparatus, the lacrymal gland, 
ducts, canal, sac, and nasal duct. See Eye. L. 
Artery, the first branch of the ophthalmic artery, sup- 
plying the gland. See Arteries, Table of. L. Bone, 
a bone upon the nasal side of the orbit, articulating 
with the frontal, the ethmoid, and superior maxillary 
bones, in which begin the lacrymal groove and nasal 
duct. See Bones, Table of. L. Canals, or Canal- 
iculi, superior and inferior, extend from the lacrymal 
puncta to the sac, and serve to convey the excess 
of tears from the eye to the nose. See Canal. L. 
Caruncula. See Caruncle. L. Crest. See Crest. 
L. Ducts, seven to fourteen in number, extending 
obliquely from the gland to the fornix conjunctiva, 
carrying the tears to the conjunctival surface of the 
globe. See Duct. L. Gland, the gland secreting the 



tears, situated in a depression of the frontal bone, the 
L. fossa, at the upper and outer angle of the orbit. 
See Gland. L. Lake, the inward prolongation of the 
palpebral fissure of the eyelids. L. Papilla. See 
Papilla. L. Probe, a probe for exploring or dilating 
the canaliculi and nasal duct. L. Puncta, the minute 
orifices of the canaliculi, upon the eyelids near the 




Relations of the Eve and the Lacrymal Excretory 

Apparatus. 

1, 1. Canaliculi. 2, 2. Puncta lacrymalia. 3,3. Inner extremity. 

of tarsal cartilage. 4, 4. Free borders of lids. 5. Lacrymal 

sac. 6. Attachment to maxillary bone of superior tendon. 

7. Bifurcation of lacrymal sac. 8, 8 Two branches. 

inner canthus. L. Sac, a sacciform enlargement of 
the upper part of the nasal duct, into which the cana- 
liculi empty. L. Style, a probe used in stricture 
of the nasal duct. L. Tubercle. See Tubercle. 

Lacrymation (lak-rim-a'-skun) [lao ytna , a tear] . An 
excessive secretion, or an overflow, of tears, from any 
cause. 

Lacrymatome (lak-rim' -at-om) [lacryma, tear; rofiij, 
cutting]. A cutting-instrument used in dilating the 
nasal duct or the canaliculi ; a syringotome. 

Lacrymiform (lak-rim' -if-orm) [lacryma, a tear; 
forma, form]. In biology, tear-shaped ; guttiform. 

Lacrymin (lak' -rim-in}. See Dacryolin. 

Lacrymotomy (lak rim-ot'-o-me) [lacryma, tear ; to/itj, 
cutting]. The division of strictures of the lacrymal 
passages. 

Lactagogue (lak'-tag-og). See Galactagogue. 

Lactalbumin (lakt-al' -bu-min) [lac, milk ; albumin] . 
A proteid contained in milk in small quantities — % of 
1 per cent. It resembles serum-albumin very closely, 
differing in specific rotatory power, in its coaguability 
by heat, and in its precipitation of neutral salts. 

Lactamic Acid (lak-tam'-ik). See Alanin. 

Lactamid (lak'-tam-id) [lac, milk; amid], C 3 H 7 - 
N0 2 . A substance formed by the union of lactid and 
ammonia. It forms crystals readily soluble in water 
and in alcohol, and melts at 74° C. 



LACTAMIN 



652 



LACTOSE 



Lactamin (lak'-tam-in) . See Alanin. 

Lactant (lak'-tant) [lactare, to suckle]. Suckling. 

Lactate (lak'-tdt) [lactare, to suckle]. Any salt of 
lactic acid. 

Lactated Food. A Liebig's food for infants. Its 
composition is : Water 7.76; fat 1.64; starch 36.43; 
soluble carbohydrates 39.0; albuminoids 11.85; ^h 
2.61 ; milk-sugar 29.65. 

Lactatic (lak-tat'-ik). See Galaclagogue. 

Lactation (lak-ta'-shun) [lactatio ; lactase, to suckle]. 
Suckling ; the period during which the child suckles. 

Lacteal (lak' -te-al) \_lac, milk]. I. Pertaining to milk. 
2. Any one of the lymphatics of the small intestine 
that take up the chyle. 

Lactean (lak' '-te-an) [lac, milk]. See Lacteal. 

Lactein (lak 1 '-te-in) [lac, milk]. Same as Lactolin. 

Lacteous (lak'-te-us). See Lacteal. 

Lactescence (lak-tes' -ens) [lactescere, to turn to milk]. 
Milkiness (often applied to the chyle). 

Lactescent (lak-tes' -ent) [lactescere, to turn to milk]. 
Milky, or secreting a milky sap or fluid. 

Lactic (Jak'-tik) [lac, milk]. Pertaining to milk or its 
derivatives. L. Acid. See Acid, Lactic, and Stains, 
Table of. L. Ether, (C 4 H 3 O.C 6 H 5 O 5 )C 10 H 10 O 6 . A 
colorless substance resulting from the distillation of 
equal parts of calcium lactate, absolute alcohol, and 
sulphuric acid. It is soluble in water, in alcohol, 
and in ether, and boils at 77 C. L. Fermentation. 
See Fermentation. 

Lactica (lak' -tik-ah) [lac, milk]. An old name for 
typhoid fever. 

Lactid (lak'-tia) [lac, milk], C 6 H 8 4 . A volatile sub- 
stance, one of the anhydrids of lactic acid produced 
by dry distillation of that acid. It crystallizes from 
alcohol in rhombic plates that melt at 124.5 C. , and 
boil at 255 C. ; it dissolves slowly in water, with 
the gradual formation of lactic acid. 

Lactiferous (lak-tif'-er-iis) [lac, milk; ferre, to carry]. 
A term applied to vessels that convey milk. L. 
Ducts, the ducts of the mammary gland. L. 
Glands, the mammary glands. L. Swelling, a dis- 
tention of the breast arising from obstruction of a 
lactiferous duct. 

Lactific (lak-tif'-ik) [lac, milk ; facere, to make]. 
Producing milk. 

Lactiflorous (lak-tif-lo'-rus) [lac, milk; f/os, flower]. 
In biology, having milk-white flowers. 

Lactiform (lak' -tif-orm) [lac, milk; forma, form]. 
Resembling milk. 

Lactifuge (lak' -tif-iij) [lac, milk; fugare, to drive 
away] . A drug or agent that causes a lessening in 
the secretion of milk. 

Lactigenous (lak-tij'-en-us) [lac, milk ; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. Milk-producing. 

Lactimid (lak'-tim-id) [lac, milk; imid~\, C 3 H 5 NO. 
A substance produced by heating alanin in a current 
of HC1 to 180-200° C. It consists of colorless leaf- 
lets or needles that melt at 275 C. , and dissolve readily 
in alcohol and in water. 

Lactin (lak'-tin) [lac, milk]. Sugar of milk ; lactose. 

Lactinated (lak' -tin-a-ted) [lac, milk]. Containing 
sugar of milk. 

Lactiphagous (lak-tif'-ag-us) [lac, milk; (payelv, to 
eat]. Consuming milk. 

Lactipotous (lak-tip' -o-tus) [lac, milk ; potare, to 
drink]. Milk-drinking. 

Lactis (lak' -lis) [gen. of lac, milk]. Pertaining to 
milk. L. redundantia, an excessive flow of milk. 
L. retentio, suppression of the flow of milk. 

Lactisma [lak-tiz' '-ma/i ) [/.aKTHjfia ; Aanri r eiv, to kick : 
//. , Lactismata~\. The kicking or motion of the fetus 
in utero. 



n 



Lactivorous (lak-liv'-or-zes) [lac, milk ; vorare, to de- 
vour]. Subsisting on milk. 

Lacto- (lak' -to-) [lac, milk]. A Latin prefix denoting 
connection with or relation to milk. L. -pepsin, a 
preparation of pepsin. According to Heger, its com- 
position is: Pure pepsin 10 parts, pancreatin 7.6 
parts, sugar of milk 50 parts, extract of malt 5 parts, 
lactic acid 2.6 parts, hydrochloric acid (25 per cent.) 
10 parts, glycerin 20 parts. To this is added enough 
powdered tragacanth to make a pill-mass. The adult 
dose is about 15 grains. L.-peptine, a proprietary 
mixture claimed to contain pepsin, diastase, and pan- 
creatin, acidulated with lactic and hydrochloric acids. 
One dram should peptonize ^ viij of albumin, casein 
or fibrin, or emulsionize ^ xvj of cod-liver oil. Dose, 
gr. v— xv. See Pepsin. Unof. L. -peptone, same 
as L.-peptine. L. -phosphate, any phosphate combined 
with lactic acid. L.-proteid, any proteid of milk, as 
caseinogen or lactalbumin. L. -protein, a derivative 
of milk. 

Lactobiose (lak-to' -be-bs). See 
Galactose. 

Lactobutyrometer (lak-to-bn-tir- 
om'-et-er) [lac, milk ; fHovrvpov, 
butter; jikrpov, measure]. An 
instrument used in estimating the 
proportion of butter in milk. 

Lactocele (lak'-to-sel) [lac, milk; 
Krficq, tumor]. A cyst containing 
a milky fluid. Same as Galac- 
tocele. 

Lactocrit (lak'-to-krit) [lac, milk ; 
KpiTT/g, a judge]. An apparatus 
for testing the quantity of fatty 
substance in a sample of milk. 

Lactodensimeter(/a/'-/<?-<3' l ?«-^?>« / - 
et-er) [lac, milk ; densus, dense ; 
fiETpov, measure]. A variety of 
lactometer. f 

Lacto-globulin(/tf/'-/0-£'/i?<5 / -M-/?'«) 
[lac, milk ; globus, a ball]. One 
of the native proteids of milk ; 
lactalbumin. 

L.actoglucose(lak-to-glu'-kds)[lac, 
milk; yXvuvc, sweet]. A saccha- 
rine substance, produced in the 
fermentation-fluid along with ga- 
lactose. It is probably the same 
as glucose. 

Lactokrit (lak'-to-krit). See Lac- 
tocrit. 

Lactolin (lak'-to-lin) [lac, milk ; 
olen?n, oil]. Condensed milk. 

Lactometer (lak-tom'-et-er). An 
instrument for determining the 
specific gravity of milk. 

Lactone (lak' -ton) [lac, milk], 
C 10 H 8 O 4 . An aromatic, colorless, 
inflammable fluid, derived from 
the dry distillation of lactic acid. 
The lactones are generally liquids, 
readily soluble in water, of neutral 
reaction, possessing a faintly aro- 
matic odor, and can be distilled 
without decomposition. 

Lactonic Acid (lac-ton' -ik). See 
Acid. 

Lactoscope (lak'-to-skop) [lac, milk ; ukotve'cv, to ex- 
amine]. An instrument for estimating the proportions 
of water and fat-globules of milk. 

Lactose (lak'-tos) [lac,m\\\q, C !2 H.,,O n -f H 2 0. Milk- 
sugar; it occurs in the milk of mammals, in the 



r\ 




Lactometer. 
Stem on the right grad- 
uated as used in Bos- 
ton. Stem on the left 
shows graduation 
adopted in New 
York. Central stem 
graduated to show 
percentage of solids. 



LACTOSERUM 



653 



LyESIS 



amniotic liquor of cows, and in certain pathologic 
secretions. It crystallizes in white, hard, rhombic 
prisms, containing one molecule of water. It is soluble 
in water, has a faint sweet taste, and is insoluble in 
alcohol. Its aqueous solution is dextro-rotatory. It 
melts at 205 C. It is much used in pharmacy for 
making triturations, and is the vehicle of most homeo- 
pathic preparations. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Lactoserum (lak-to-se' '-rum) [lac, milk ; serum, whey]. 
The serum or whey of milk. 

Lactosuria (lak-to-su' -re-ali) [lac, milk; oipov, urine]. 
The presence of lactose in the urine ; a condition oc- 
casionally seen in pregnancy. 

Lactotoxin (lak-fo-toks'-in) [lac, milk; to^ikov, poison]. 
A poisonous substance found in milk. 

Lactous (lak'-tus) \Jactosus, milky]. Milky. 

Lactuca (lak-tu' -kali) [L. ," lettuce "]. A genus of 
composite-flowered herbs ; the lettuces. L. altissi- 
ma, L. elongata, L. montana, L. sativa (com- 
mon garden lettuce), and L. virosa, afford lactuca- 
rium ; but the L. virosa is the source recognized in 
the U. S. Pharmacopeia. Lactuca (B. P. ) is also a 
synonym of Lactucarium , q. v. 

Lactucarium (lak-tu-ka' -re-um) [L.'.gen., Lactucarii~\. 
Lettuce. The milky juice of Lactuca virosa, a bien- 
nial plant. It contains a crystalline substance, lactu- 
cerin, to which its properties are thought to be due. 
It is a mild hypnotic, with sedative and diuretic prop- 
erties, somewhat similar to opium, but without depres- 
sant after-effects. It is frequently an ingredient of 
patented cough-mixtures ; varieties of commercial lac- 
tucarium are produced by other species of Lactuca, q. 
v. L., Ext. (B. P.) Dose gr. v-xv. L., Ext., 
Fid. Dose trLx-^j. L., Syr., contains 5 per cent, 
of the drug. Dose 3J-^j- L., Tinct., dose 3 ss-3 ij. 

Lactucerin (lak-tu' -ser-in) \_lactuca, lettuce ; cera, 
wax]. A crystalline substance existing in lactu- 
carium, q. v. 

Lactucerol (lak-tu' -ser-ol) [lactuca, lettuce ; oleum, 
oil] , C 3B H 60 O.,. A crystalline substance existing in 
lactucerin; it occurs in two isomeric forms. 

Lactucic Acid (lak-tu' -sik) \_lactuca, lettuce], C 80 H M O 6 . 
A yellow, amorphous body found in lactucarium. It 
is insoluble in chloroform, ether, benzin, and carbon 
bisulphid. In some respects it resembles oxalic acid. 
See Acid. 

Lactucin (lak-tu' '-sin) \_lactuca, lettuce]. A crystalline 
extractive of lettuce and of lactucarium. 

Lactucol (lak'-tu-kol) [lactuca, lettuce], C 13 H 20 O. A 
substance crystallizing in needles, formed when lac- 
tucerin and potassium hydrate are melted together. 

Lactucon (lak-tu' -ko7i). Same as Lactucin. 

Lactucopicric Acid, Lactucopicrin (lak-tu-ko-pik' - 
rik, lak-tu-ko-pik' -rin) [lactuca, lettuce ; irinpoc, 
bitter], C^H^O.^. An amorphous, bitter principle 
contained in lactucarium. 

Lactumen [lak-tu' -men) [lac, milk : pi. , Lactumina~\. 
A synonym of Porrigo larvalis. Also, applied to 
that form of aphthae in which the spots have a fanci- 
ful resemblance to clots of curd. 

Lactupicrin (lak-tu-pik'-rin). See Lactucopicric Acid. 

Lacuna (la-ku'-nak) [lacus, a lake: pi., Lacunce~\. 
A little hollow space. A mucous or lymphatic folli- 
cle. L., Absorption. See JLowsAip's Lacuna. L. 
amatorum, the vertical groove in the center of the 
upper lip. L. Bone. See Bone. L. of Cemen- 
tum, spaces in the cement of the teeth analogous to 
those in bone. L. cerebri, the infundibulum of the 
brain. L. of Cornea, spaces between the laminae of 
the cornea. L. graafianae, Graafian follicles. L., 
Haversian. See Bone. L., Howship's. I. De- 
pressions on the surface of bone beneath the perios- 



teum. 2. Carious excavations in bone filled with 
granulation-tissue. L., Intervillous (of placenta), 
the spaces in the maternal portion of the placenta 
filled with blood, and in which the fetal villi hang. 
L. labii superioris. See L. amatorum. L. later- 
ales sinus superioris, depressions along the groove 
of the superior longitudinal sinus. L. magna, the 
largest of the orifices of the glands of Littre, situated 
on the upper surface of the fossa navicularis. L. 
morgagni, the orifices of the glands of Littre, or the 
glands themselves. L. pharyngis, a depression at 
the opening of the Eustachian tube into the pharynx. 
L. of Tongue, the foramen cecum. See Foramina, 
Table of. L. of Urethra, follicular depressions in 
the mucous membrane of the urethra, most abundant 
along the floor, especially in the region of the bulb. 
Their mouths are directed forward. 

Lacunal (la-ku'-nal), or Lacunar (la-ku'-na?-) [lacus, 
lake]. Pertaining to the lacunae. L. Spaces, the 
irregular fissures between the fasciculi of connective 
tissue, forming the beginnings of the lymphatic vessels. 

Lacunose (la-ku'-nos) [lacuna, a pit, a hollow]. In 
biology, having pits, depressions, or spaces. 

Lacunosorugose (la-ku' '-no-so-ru' -gos) [lacuna, pit, 
hollow ; ruga, a wrinkle] . In biology, deeply pitted 
or wrinkled, as the slone of a peach. 

Lacunula (lak-u' -nu-lah) [dim. of lacuna, a lake : pi., 
Lacunulaf\. A small or minute lacuna; an air- 
space, such as is seen in a gray hair when magnified. 

Lacus (la'-kus) [L.]. A small hollow or cavity in a 
tissue. L. derivationis, one of the venous spaces 
in the tentorium cerebelli communicating with the 
superior longitudinal and lateral sinuses. L. lacry- 
malis, the space at the inner canthus of the eye, near 
the punctum, in which the tears collect. L. sangui- 
neus, the utero-placental sinus. 

Lacustrine (la-kus' -trin) [lacus, a lake]. In biology, 
inhabiting lakes or ponds. 

La Dando (lah dan' -do). Synonym of Influenza. 

Ladanum (lad'-an-um)]^. • Gr., Xrj6avov~\. The con- 
crete gummy and resinous juice of various species of 
Cislus, growing in the Mediterranean region ; as C. 
ladaniferus , C. creticus, C. salvifolius, C. cyprius, C. 
ledon, and C. villosus. It is a greenish-gray solid, of 
bitter taste, formerly in high esteem. It is now 
chiefly used in making pastils for fumigation. 

Ladendo (lad-en' -do). Synonym of Influenza. 

Ladrerie (lak-dra-re') [Fr.]. See Measles. 

Ladric (lah'-drik). Pertaining to measles. 

Lady Crespigny's Pill. A pill of aloes and cinchona ; 
aloes socotr. gj, ext. cinchona ^iij, cinnam. gj, syr. 
absinth, q. s. It is a stomachic and laxative. Dose 
gr. x— xx. 

Lady Hesketh's Pill. A pill similar to Lady Cres- 
pigny's Pill, q.v. 

Lady Webster Pill. See Aloe. 

Lady's Bed-straw. Cheese-rennet. The herb Gal- 
ium verum, a refrigerant and diuretic. Dose, fid. ext. 
gss-j. Unof. L.'s Slipper. See Cypripedhun. 

Laemoparalysis (le-mo-par-al'-is-is). See Lemoparal- 
ysis. 

Laennec's Cirrhosis. Atrophic cirrhosis of the liver; 
a form of chronic interstitial hepatitis of the liver in 
which the organ is greatly reduced in size and may be 
deformed. The weight may be reduced to a pound 
or a pound and a half; the surface of the organ is 
granular ; and its substance is composed of greenish- 
yellow islands surrounded by grayish-white connective 
tissue. L.'s Perles and L.'s Rale. See Signs and 
Symptoms, Table of. L. tubercles, the miliary granu- 
lations of tuberculosis. 

Laesis (le'-sis). See Lesion. 



L^TIFICANT 



654 



LAMELLA 



Lsetificant (le-lif'-ik-ant). See Letificant. 

Laevo- (le'-vo-). Yor words so commencing, see Levo-. 

Laevorotatory (le-vo-ro'-ta-tor-e). See Levorolatory. 

Laevulin (lev'-u-lin). See Levulin. 

Laevulose (lev'-u-los). See Levulose. 

Lafayette Mixture. A mixture employed in gonor- 
rhea. It contains copaiba, cubebs, liquor potassae, 
sweet spirit of niter, and is known also as the com- 
pound copaiba mixture. See Copaiba. 

Lag Tooth. A delayed tooth. A name for the molar 
or wisdom tooth. 

Lagam-balsam (lag'-am-bal'-sam). A variety of gur- 
jun-balsam brought from Sumatra. 

Lagarous (lag'-ar-us) [fayapog, lax]. Lax, loose, or 
soft. 

Lagena (laj-e'-nah) \fdywoQ a flask, bottle : //. , Lag- 
ena:~\. In biology, the flask-like extremity of the 
cochlea in certain vertebrates. 

Lageniform (laj-en'-if-orm) \lagena, a flask ; forma, 
form]. Flask-shaped. 

Lagentomum (laj-en' -to-mum) [ layuc, hare ; kv, in ; 
tout], a cutting]. Hare-lip. Cf. Lagochilus. 

Lagnea, or Lagneia (lag-ne'-ah, or lag-ni'-ak) [Xay- 
veia, coition, lust]. Same as Satyriasis. Also, coition. 
Also, the semen. 

Lagnesis (lag-ne'-sis) [Xdyvr/c, lewd]. Same as Saty- 
riasis. L. furor, unconquerable lust. L. valacitas, 
lust capable of control. 

Lagnosis {lag-no' -sis). Same as Lagnesis. 

Lagochilus (lag-o-ki'-lus), or Lagochilos (lag-o-ki'- 
los) [Aayug, hare ; ^eiAof, lip]. Hare-lip. Cf. Lagen- 
tomum. 

Lagophthalmia (lag-off-ihal' -me-ah). Same as Lag- 
ophthalmos. 

Lagophthalmic (lag- off-thai' -mik) [fayuc, hare; 
b<pda?./i6c , eye]. Pertaining to or affected with lagoph- 
thalmos. 

Lagophthalmos (lag-off-thai' '-mos) [Xay&c , hare ; 
bftiahfidc; , eye ; from the popular notion that a 
hare sleeps with open eyes]. Inability to close the 
eyes. 

Lagopodous (lag-op' -o-dus) [Xayutrovc, hare-footed]. 
In biology, hare-footed ; densely clothed with long 
and soft entangled hairs. 

Lagostoma (lag-os' -lo-mah) [Xayhc, hare; ar6[ia, 
mouth]. See Hare-lip. Cf. Lagochilus and Lagen- 
tomum. 

Lagrange's Exterminator. An apparatus for destroy- 
ing the ectoparasites of poultry. It is a wooden box 
into which the bird is introduced with its feet tied, its 
head being kept outside by a special opening. In the 
box a brimstone match is burned ; a few minutes of 
exposure to this vapor suffice to kill the parasites. 

La Grippe (lah grip) [Fr.]. Synonym of Influenza. 

Laisne's Method. A method of abdominal massage. 
The masseur lays his hands on either side of the ab- 
domen, and executes a firm but not violent double 
rubbing movement, one hand ascending as the other 
descends, the principal pressure being made by the 
thenar and hypothenar prominences ; the movements 
do not extend higher than the transverse colon, or 
lower than the ileum. 

Laity (la'-it-e) [/lade, the people]. The non-profes- 
sional public. 

Lake (lah). See Pigments, Colors, and Dye-stuffs, and 
also Lacus. L.-burn. See Fardel-bound. L.- 
colored, applied to blood in which the hemoglobin, 
having separated from the stroma, is dissolved in the 
serum. 

Lakmoid, Lacmoid (lah' -moid )\lac, milk; eldoc, like]. 
A delicate reagent in alkalimetry, made by acting on 
resorcin with sodium nitrate. 



Lakmus (lah'-mus). See Lacmus. 

Laky (la' -he). See Lake-colored. 

Lalia (la'-le-ah) [?ia?ad, talking]. Speech. 

Lallation (lal-af -shun) \_lallatio ; lallare, to babble]. 
Any unintelligible stammering of speech, such as the 
prattling of a babe. Also, the defect or peculiarity 
of speech, usually racial, in which / is substituted 
for r. 

Lalling (lal'-ing) \lallare, to babble]. Lallation; 
prattle; baby-talk. 

Laloneurosis (lal-o-nu-ro' -sis) [Ad/loc, prattle ; vsvpov, 
nerve : pi. , Laloneuroses~\ . An impairment of speech 
arising from spasmodic action of the muscles. It in- 
cludes stammering and aphthongia. 

Lalopathy (lal-op'-ath-e) [/,d'/.og, speech; Tidt)oc, dis- 
ease]. Any disorder of speech. 

Lalophobia (lal-o-fo' -be-ah) \}A7.oc, prattle ; <pdjio(; , 
fear]. Stutter-spasm, leading to, or complicated 
with, a dislike of speaking. 

Laloplegia (lal-o-ple' -je-ah) [2,d/loc, talking ; nXtjyr), 
a stroke.] Paralysis of speech, not due, however, to 
paralysis of the tongue. 

Lamarckism or the Lamarckian Theory. The doc- 
trine based upon the teachings of the French naturalist, 
J. B. P. A. de Monet de Lamarck (1744-1829), who 
attempted to explain the progressive'evolution of nature 
by virtue of an inherent tendency to development 
through the appetency and habits of living organisms, 
the efforts excited by change of conditions reacting 
upon the structure. It is based on the theory that 
matter acted upon by heat, light, and electricity may 
spontaneously generate life of low, homogeneous 
organisms, and that such organisms would develop 
qualities of heterogeneity and organs as governed by 
their surroundings, and especially by their wants or 
desires. To this preponderating influence of new 
wants Lamarck ascribes the chief role in evolution, 
while Darwin emphasizes the advantage of acciden- 
tal variations in the struggle for existence. See Neo- 
lamarckism. 

Lambda (lam'-dah) [lautida, the Greek letter />.]. 
The junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures at 
the apex of the latter. See Craniometric Points. 

Lambdacism(/^/« / -(/aj-/s;«)[/ia / udaj«o' ; udf,lambdacism]. 

1. Difficulty in uttering the sound of the letter /. 

2. Too frequent use of the /sound, or its substitution 
for the r sound ; lallation. 

Lambdoid, or Lambdoidal (lam'-doid or lam-doi'-dal) 
[fdpjid'a, the letter \ ; eldoc, resemblance] . Resem- 
bling the Greek letter A. L. Suture, the suture 
between the occipital and the two parietal bones. 

Lambert's Method. A method of mixing colors by 
colored wafers and a slip of glass. By means of re- 
flections from the surface of the latter one color may 
be in part reflected and superimposed on another 
color. 

Lame (lam) [ME., lame, lame]. Crippled; halting ; 
limping. 

Lamel (lam-el') \_lamella, dim. of lamina, a plate]. 
A medicated disc, made with some soluble basis; it 
is used in the dosimetric application of drugs to the 
eye, etc. 

Lamella (lam-el' -ah) [dim. of lamina, a plate: pi., La- 
mella*^ . A descriptive term applied to any foliation or 
scale-like appearance ; a thin lamina, scale, or plate. 
L. of Bone, the concentric rings surrounding the 
Haversian canals. L., Bronchial, one of the folds 
of the mucosa of the gills of fishes and certain 
molluscs. L. carnosa, that part of the parietal meso- 
blast from which the muscles of the trunk are 
developed. L. ceratina, the epiblastic layer giving 
origin to the skin and its appendages. L. cerebellare, 






LAMELLAR 



655 



LAMINA 



one of the laminae of the cerebellum. L., Concentric, 
one of the plates of bone surrounding the Haversian 
canals. L. coriaria, the part of the somatopleure from 
which the corium and possibly the cutaneous muscles 
are developed. L., Cribriform. See Lamina 
cribrosa. L., Fundamental or General, a general 
term applied to all varieties of osseous lamellae. 
L., Haversian. See L., Concentric. L., Homo- 
geneous, the clear, apparently structureless layer of 
an osseous lamella. L., Intermediate, one of the 
plates filling the spaces between the concentric layers 
of bone. L., Interstitial. See L., Intermediate. 
L., Investing. See L. , Concentric. L medullaris, 
the epiblastic layer forming the central nervous 
system and organs of special sense. L., Medullary, 
the internal lamellae forming the wall of the 
medullary cavity of hollow bones. L. mesenterica, 
that portion of the splanchnopleure from which the 
mesentery, and the muscular and fibrous parts of the 
intestines are derived. L. mucosa, that part of the 
hypoblast from which the epithelia of the gastro- 
intestinal tract and its glands are developed. 
L. of Nail, an elevation on the corium, dove-tailing 
into a furrow on the under surface of the nail. L., 
Perineural, the perineurium. L., Periosteal or 
Peripheral, a superficial lamella of bone lying under 
the periosteum. L. renalis, that portion of the 
mesoblast from which the kidneys and generative 
organs are developed. L., Special. See L., Con- 
centric. L., Striped, the dark portion of a bone- 
lamella which has a striped appearance. L., Tri- 
angular, a fibrous layer connecting the choroid 
plexuses of the third ventricle of the brain. L., 
Vascular. See Endochorion. 

Lamellar (lam-el' -ar) Lamellate [lam-el' -at) [lamella, 
a thin plate]. Having the nature of, or resembling any 
thin, osseous or membranous tissue ; composed of lam- 
ellae or thin plates. L. Cataract. See Cataract. 

Lamelliferous (lam-el-if'-er-us) [lamella, a thin plate ; 
ferre, to bear]. Composed of lamellae. 

Lamelliform (lam-el' -if -orm) [lamella, a small plate ; 
forjna, form]. Having the shape of a lamella. 

Lamelligerous (lam-el-ij' -er-us). See Lamelliferous. 

Lamelliped (lam-el' -ip-ed) [lamella, a small plate; 
pes, foot]. Having a flat or lamelliform foot. 

Lamellose (lam'-el-os). See Lamellar. 

Lamellule (lam-el' -ill) [lamellula, dim. of lamella, a 
plate]. A very small plate. 

Lameness (lam'-nes) [ME., lame, lame]. The state of 
being lame. L., Cross, a peculiar gait of horses in 
which the lameness seems to be in the leg on the 
opposite side of the one diseased. L., Kennel, a 
rheumatic affection of dogs. L., Uterine, weakness 
of the uterus due to disease. 

Lamin (la'-min) [laminum, the dead-nettle]. An 
alkaloid said to exist in Lamiitm album, q. v. 

Lamina (lam'-in-ah) [L. , a plate or scale: //. , Lam- 
iii(z~\. A descriptive term used to designate foliated 
structure. Also, any thin layer of bone, membrane, 
or other tissue. L., Arcuate (of the cerebellum), 
a bundle of fibers uniting the contiguous convolutions 
of the cerebellum. L., Arcuate (of the cerebrum), 
a band of fibers uniting adjacent convolutions of 
the cerebrum. L. ascendens (of the palate bone), 
the vertical plate of the palate. L. axilis, the primi- 
tive streak of the blastoderm. L., Basal (of the 
placenta), the decidua serotina. L., Bowman's, the 
structureless membrane between the anterior layers 
of epithelium and the fibrous tissue of the cornea of 
the eye. L. cacuminis, a narrow band connecting 
the posterior superior lobes of the cerebellum. L. 
of Cerebellum, the layers of white matter, covered 



externally with gray substance, that arise from the cen- 
tral white axis of the cerebellum. L. chrotalis, 
the dermal plate or covering. L. cinerea, the 
connecting layer of gray matter between the corpus 
callosum and the optic chiasma ; the terma. L. cinerea 
convoluta, the tuber cinereum. L. conarii, the 
lower lamella of the recess of the pineal gland. 
L. concharum, the inner surface of the lateral 
masses of the ethmoid bone. L. connectens, the 
posterior cerebral commissure. L. connectiva, 
the colloderma, q. v. L. cortis, the membrana tectoria 
of the internal ear. L. cornea, a thickened band 
of the ependyma of the lateral ventricle covering 
the taenia semicircularis. L., Cribriform, the crib- 
riform plate of the ethmoid. See also L. crib- 
rosa of the Temporal Bone. L. cribrosa (of the 
choroid), in lower animals that portion of the 
choroid which is perforated for the passage of the 
optic nerve. L. cribrosa (of the fascia lata) , the 
cribriform fascia covering the saphenous opening. 
L. cribrosa anterior, the anterior perforated space. 
L. cribrosa anterior inferior, the anterior part of 
the inferior fossula, through which branches of the 
cochlear nerve pass. L. cribrosa media, the middle 
part of the inferior fossula transmitting the branches 
of the auditory nerve going to the saccule. L. 
cribrosa posterior, the posterior perforated space. 
L. cribrosa of the Sclerotic, the perforated lamina 
through which the optic nerve enters the globe of 
the eye. L. cribrosa of the Temporal Bone, a 
small laminated bone forming the boundary of the 
internal auditory meatus. L. of the Cricoid 
Cartilage, the flat posterior plate of the cricoid car- 
tilage. L., Crystalline, the anterior part of the cap- 
sule of the crystalline lens. L. dentata, the dentate 
fascia. L. denticulata, the covering of the outer 
fifth of the vestibular surface of the bony cochlea, 
from which delicate teeth-like elevations project 
into the scala vestibuli. L. dorsalis, one of the 
two ridges bordering the medullary groove, that 
unite to form a canal which finally develops into 
the cerebro-spinal canal. See Plates, Medullary. L., 
External Medullary, the outer of the two white 
layers of the lenticular nucleus. L., Fibro- 
cutaneous, the parietal mesoblast. L., Fibrointesti- 
nal, the visceral mesoblast. L. fusca, the pig- 
mentary tissue of the sclera forming the ectal layer 
of the perichoroidal sinus. L. gastralis, the gastro- 
derma, q. v. L., Gray. See L. cinerea. L. grisea, 
the gray matter of the spinal cord. L., Internal 
Medullary, the inner of the two white layers of the 
lenticular nucleus. L., Lateral (of the sphenoid bone), 
the external pterygoid plate. L. lentis, one of the 
layers of the crystalline lens. L. mastoidea, the basal 
plate of the mastoid process of the temporal bone. L., 
Median (of the sphenoid bone), the internal pterygoid 
plate. L. medullaris media cerebelli, the valve of 
Vieussens. L. medullaris thalami, a layer of white 
matter between the optic thalamus and the internal nu- 
cleus of the striate body. L. medullaris transversa, 
a delicate layer of gray matter covering the aqueduct of 
Sylvius. L. medullaris triangularis, the lyra of the 
fornix. L. modioli, the bony lamina spiralis of the coch- 
lea. L. muscularis, the myoderma, q. v. L. nervea 
involvens, a delicate layer of nerve-matter covering the 
ventricular surface of the ependyma. L. neuroder- 
malis, the epiblast. L., Nuclear, the nuclear layer. 
L. palatina, the horizontal plate of the palate bone. 
L. papyracea, the os planum of the ethmoid bone. 
L. pedunculorum, one of the layers of which the 
crura cerebri are composed. L. perforata, either 
perforated space. L. pigmenti, a delicate layer of 



LAMINA 



656 



LANCET 



pigment-cells between the retina and the choroid. 
L., Posterior Elastic, the posterior layer of the 
cornea ; the membrane of Descemet. L. prima 
cutis, the epidermis. L. propria (of the tympanic 
membrane), the middle or fibrous layer of the 
tympanic membrane. L., Protovertebral, that por- 
tion of the mesoblast lying to the side of the chorda 
dorsalis in which the protovertebrae subsequently form. 
L. quadrigemina, a layer of gray inatter, forming the 
roof of the aqueduct of Sylvius. L. Quadrilateralis, 
a term for the Clivtts of Blumenbach, q. v. L., Reti- 
cular, the hyaline membrane of the inner ear, extend- 
ing between the conjoined head of Corti's rods and 
Hensen's supporting cells. L. secundaria, one of 
the secondary germ-layers, q. v. L. semicircularis. 
See Tcenia semicircularis. L. sphenopetrosa, a small 
plate of bone near the spinous foramen of the greater 
wing of the sphenoid bone. L. spiralis, a thin plate 
in the ear, osseous in the inner part and membranous in 
the outer, which divides the spiral tube of the cochlea 
into the scala tympani and the scala vestibnli. L. 
spiralis ossea, a thin plate of bone that winds spirally 
around the modiolus of the cochlea. L. supercho- 
roidea, the delicate membrane of the outer surface of 
the choroid tunic of the eye. L. tectoria. See 
Lemniscus, Inferior. L., Terminal. I. See L. 
cinerea. 2. The anterior terminal plate of the anterior 
brain-vesicle. L. terminalis. See Terma. L. 
triangularis (of the sphenoid bone), the posterior 
triangular part of the great wing of the sphenoid bone. 
L. transversa, one of the transverse laminae of the 
cerebellum. L., Tympanic, the tympanic plate of 
the petrous portion of the temporal bone. L., 
Vascular, the endochorion. L. of Vertebra. See 
Vertebra. L. ventralis, one of the lateral mesoblastic 
plates. L. vitra, the inner or vitreous table of the skull. 
L. visceralis, one of the thickened layers of meso- 
blastic tissue on each side of the notochord, which by 
proliferation and splitting form the splanchnopleure 
and somatopleure. L., Vitreous (of the choroid), a 
homogeneous membrane covering the inner surface of 
the choroid ; it is also called the membrane of 
Bruch. 

Lamina? (lam'-in-e) [lamina, a thin plate] . The sensi- 
tive plates of soft tissue, covering the entire anterior 
surface of the coffin-bone in the horse. See also 
Lamina. 

Laminage (lahm-in-ahzh') [Fr.]. Flattening; the 
compression or flatwise crushing of the fetal head to 
facilitate delivery. 

Laminal, Laminar (lam r -in-al, lam' -in-ar) [lamina, a 
layer]. Composed of lamina? ; having the form of a 
lamina. L. Tissue, a synonym of Connective Tissue. 

Laminaria (lam-in-a' -re-ah) [lamina, a thin plate]. I. 
A genus of alga;, or seaweeds. Several species are rich 
in iodin. 2. The cured lower part of the stem of L. 
cloustoni, or L. digitata. L. Bougie, a bougie made 
of the stalk ; it is used for urethral dilatation. L. cor- 
nica, L. digitata, devil' s-apron, tangle ; sea-tangle, 
sea-girdleSj or sea-wand ; caim-tangle, dead-man's- 
toe, oarweed. A species found in Scotland, very rich 
in iodin ; the stem is used for the manufacture of tents 
and bougies. L. esculenta, an edible species said 
to have anti-scorbutic properties. L. Probe, a probe 
made of the stalk, used to dilate the canaliculi and 
nasal duct. L. saccharina, ribbon-weed ; sea-belt, 
sweet-tangle, is rich in iodin and potash ; it is used 
as food, and is also purgative. L. Tent, a tent 
made of the stem of the plant, for dilatation of the 
cervix uteri. 

Laminate, Laminated (lam'-in-at, lam'-in-at-ed). See 
Laminar. 



Lamination (lam-in-a' -shun) [lamina, a layer]. Ar- 
rangement in plates or layers. An operation ia 
embryotomy, consisting in cutting the skull in slices. 

Laminectomy (lam-in-ek' -to-me) [lamina, a layer; 
(.KTOfiij, excision] . The operation of removing the 
posterior vertebral arches. 

Lamineur (lam-in-dr') [lamina, a layer]. An instru- 
ment for performing laminage, q. v. 

Laminitis (lam-in-i'-tis) [lamina, plate ; ltic, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the lamina; of a horse's 
hoof; founder. 

Laminose (lam'-in-os) [lamina, a thin plate]. Thin, 
membranous, or plate-like. 

Lamium (/a'-TOf-!»«) [L. , the dead-nettle]. A genus 
of labiate plants. L. album, the leaves and stems of 
the plant L. album, with properties due to an alkaloid, 
Lamin. It is useful in menorrhagia. Dose of the 
tincture gss-ij. Unof. 

Lamnar (lam'-nar) [lamna, a thin plate]. A term 
applied to nails that are flat, short and broad. 

Lamnectomy (lam-nek 1 '-lo-me). Same as Laminec- 
tomy. 

Lamp [/Mfi-wdc, a lamp]. A vessel containing a liquid 
capable of burning, and a wick. It is used to give 
light. L., Aphlogistic, a lamp devised by Davy in 
which glowing platinum furnishes the light. L. -black, 
a fine black substance, almost pure carbon, made by 
burning coal-oils in an atmosphere deficient in oxygen, 
or by allowing a gas-flame to impinge on a cold surface. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. L., Laryngoscopic, a 
small incandescent lamp used in laryngoscopy. One 
form is provided with reflectors and lenses by 
means of which light can be projected into the mouth, 
pharynx, and larynx. L., Lee's, a lamp used in mer- 
curial fumigation. L., Mercurial, a lamp consisting 
of two cups, an upper for holding the mercury, a 
lower for holding water. The latter is heated by 
means of a Bunsen burner, the water and mercury 
being both vaporized. L., Spirit, one in which 
alcohol is used to produce heat rather than light. L., 
Van Buren's, a device for mercurial fumigation. 

Lampas (lam'-pas) [Fr., lampas, lampas]. A conges- 
tive swelling of the fleshy lining of the roof of the 
mouth, in the horse. 

Lampers (lam'-perz). See Lampas. 

Lamprophony (lam-proff ' -o-ne) [Aa/iirpbc sounding ; 
(fuvij, voice]. A sonorous, ringing quality of the voice. 

Lampsana (lamp-sa'-nali). See Lapsana. 

Lampsis (lamp' -sis) [Xafiijjig, a shining]. Splendor, 
brilliancy. 

Lana (la'-nah) [L.]. Wool. 

Lanate (lan'-at) [Aijvoc, wool]. Woolly; lanuginous ; 
lanigerous ; lanose. 

Lancaster Black-drop. Acetum opii ; vinegar of 
opium. 

Lance (lans) [lancea, a lance or spear] . I. A lancet. 
2. To open, as with a lancet or bistoury. L., Mau- 
riceau's, a lance-shaped knife for opening the fetal 
head in embryotomy. 

Lanceate (lan'-se-dt) [lancea, a lance]. See Lanceo- 
late. 

Lanceolar (lan'-se-o-lar). See Lanceolate. 

Lanceolate (lan'-se-o-lat) [lanceola, a little lance]. In 
biology, shaped like a lance-head ; thin and tapering 
towards each end. 

Lancet (Ian' -set) [dim. of lancea, a lance]. A two- 
edged surgical instrument for incising tumors, etc. L., 
Gum, a small instrument in which the cutting portion 
has a convex edge and is at right-angles to the shaft. 
L., Spring, one in which the blade is thrust out by 
means of a spring, which is controlled by a trigger. 
L., Thumb, one with a double-edged, broad blade. 






LANCIFORM 



657 



LAPARELVTROTOMY 



Lanciform (lan f -sif-orm) [lancea, lance ; forma, form]. 
Lance-shaped. 

Lancinate Qan'-sin-at) [lancinare, to tear]. To lacerate, 
to pierce, or tear. 

Lancinating' (lan'-sin-a-ting} [lancinare, to tear]. 
Tearing ; shooting. L. Pains, rending, tearing, or 
sharply-cutting pains, common in posterior spinal 
sclerosis. 

Lancing (lan'-sing). See Lance. 

Lancisi, Nerves of. The stria longititdinales. The 
slight ridges of the callosum of the brain bounding 
the raphe. See Nerves, Table of. 

Landmarks [land' -marks) [ME., landmark, the boun- 
dary of a country]. Superficial marks (such as emi- 
nences, lines, and depressions) that serve as guides to, 
or indications of, deeper-seated parts. The knowledge 
of landmarks is of the utmost importance, both to the 
surgeon and the physician. 

Landolphi's or Landolfi's Paste. A caustic applica- 
tion composed of the chlorids of zinc, antimony, 
bromin, and gold, which is used pure, or weakened by 
mixing with basilicon ointment in varying propor- 
tions. It should be spread on the surface with a 
spatula, or applied on charpie, and allowed to remain 
for 24 or 48 hours. 

Landolphia (lan-dol'-fe-ah) [after Capt. Landolph, an 
explorer]. A genus of tropical climbing shrubs, in- 
cluding the African rubber-tree, a source of caoutchouc. 

Landolt's Method. A method of determining insuffi- 
ciency of the internal recti muscles. A small lamp or 
candle is surrounded by a blackened chimney, a ver- 
tical slit in which serves as an object of fixation. The 
light is then approximated to the eyes, and when the 
internal recti are no longer able to maintain the nec- 
essary convergence, two images of the slit are seen. 

Landouzy-Dejerine Type. A type of muscular 
atrophy. See Diseases, Table of. 

Landry's Disease or Paralysis. Acute ascending 
paralysis ; a form of atonic paralysis described by 
Landry, characterized by loss of motor power in 
the lower extremities, gradually extending to the 
upper extremities, and to the centers of circulation 
and respiration, without characteristic sensory mani- 
festations, trophic changes, or variations in electric 
reaction. See Diseases, Table of. 

Land-scurvy. See Purpura hcsmorrhagica. 

Landzert, Angle of. See Angle. 

Lanesin, or Lanessin (lan'-es-in) [lana, wool]. A 
proprietary preparation of wool-fat similar to lanolin. 

Lanfranc's Collyrium. A stimulant application to 
ulcers, containing aloes and myrrh, each 5 parts ; ace- 
tate of copper, 10 parts ; trisulphid of arsenic, 15 parts ; 
rose-water, 380 parts, and white wine, 1000 parts. 

Lang's Oil. See Gray Oil. 

Lange's Method. A method of testing for C0 2 in the 
air. It consists in shaking in a bottle full of the air 
to be tested, a half ounce of clear fresh lime-water. 
If the air contains 7 parts per 1000 of C0 2 , a turbid- 
ity of the fluid will occur. 

Langenbeck's Operation. See Operations , Table of. 

Langerhans' Cells. Certain modified epithelial cells 
forming the simplest nerve-endings. L.'s Granular 
Layer, the stratum granulosum of the epidermis. 

Langier's Apparatus. A form of immovable splint for 
a limb. It is composed of strips of brown paper 
impregnated with starch-paste. L.'s Bandage. See 
Bandage. 

Langley, Oxyntic Cells of. See Delomorphoits. L.'s 
Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Language (lang'-gwdf) [lingua, the tongue]. The ar- 
ticulate sounds, signs, or symbols whereby thought is 
communicated. L., Center for. See Aphasia. 
42 



Languor (lang'-gwor)rL., faintness]. Lassitude. Dis- 
inclination to take bodily exercise, or to exert one- 
self. 

Laniaries or Laniary Teeth (la' ' -ne-ar-e-ez) [Denies 
laniarii : lan/are, to rend]. The cuspid teeth; ap- 
plied more particularly to those of carnivorous ani- 
mals. 

Laniariform (la-ne-ar' -if-orm) [laniare, to rend; 
forma, shape]. Shaped like the canine teeth of car- 
nivora. 

Laniary (la' '-ne-a-re) \_laniare, to tear, rend]. In 
biology, applied to well-developed canine or lacerating 
teeth. 

Lanigerous (lan-ij' -er-us) [lana, wool ; gerere, to bear]. 
In biology, producing, or covered with wool or a 
woolly growth ; lanate ; lanose ; lanuginous. 

Lank [ME., lank, lank]. Lean, thin, attenuated. 

Lanoleum (lan-o'-le-uni). See Lanolin. 

Lanolin (lan'-o-lin) [lana, wool; oleum, oil]. A 
cholesterin-fat obtained from sheep's wool, introduced 
as a basis for ointments. It does not saponify or 
become rancid, and is characterized by remarkable 
penetrative powers. 

Lanose (la'-nos) \lana, wool]. In biology, woolly;. 
wool-like ; lanate. 

Lantana (lan-ta' -7iali) [L.]. A genus of verbenaceous 
shrubs and herbs, principally natives of tropical 
America. A few grow native in the U. S. L. acu- 
leata is an aromatic stomachic. L. brasiliensis 
and L. camara are among the antipyretic species. 
Unof. 

Lantanin (Ian' -tan-in) [lantana]. An alkaloid ex- 
tractive of Lantana brasiliensis, called Yerba sagrada. 
It is asserted to have antiperiodic and antipyretic pro- 
perties, and has been successfully used in intermittent 
fevers. Dose, gr. xv-xxx. Unof. 

Lantermann's Notches or Segments. Conico-cyl- 
indric segments in the medullary sheath of a nerve- 
fiber ; they are marked off from one another by the 
incisures of Schmidt. 

Lantern of Aristotle, or Aristotle's Lantern. In 
biology, the oral skeleton of a sea-urchin. L.-jaws, 
a colloquialism for a long, thin visage. 

Lanthanum (lau'-tkan-um), or Lanthanium (lan-tha'- 
ne-um) [7-.av66.vEiv, to conceal ; lanthanum was a sub- 
stance concealed from the knowledge of chemists]. 
A rare metallic element; symbol La., atomic weight, 
138. Little is known of its medicinal properties. 
See Elements, Table of. 

Lanthopin (lan'-tho-piii) [TiavBaveiv , to conceal], 
C„ 3 H 25 N0 4 . A finely crystalline alkaloid of opium. 
It occurs in white crystals fusible at 200 C. 

Lanuginose, Lanuginous (lan-u'-jin-os, lan-u'-jin-us) 
[lanuginosus, wooly]. In biology, woolly, downy, 
lanate, lanose, lanigerous. 

Lanugo (lan-u'-gd) [tana, wool]. The down-like hair 
that appears upon the fetus at about the fifth month of 
gestation ; the downy growth often seen upon the face 
of women and girls. L. prima, the first growth of 
beard. L. pudendorium, pubic hair. 

Lap [ME., lappen ; Gr., \airreiv , to lap with the 
tongue]. I. To lick up. 2. A lick. 3. That part 
of the body formed by the anterior aspect of the 
thighs. 

Lapactic (lap-ak'-tik) [lairauaetv, to empty]. I. Emp- 
tying; evacuant. 2. Any purgative substance. 

Lapara (lap' -ar-ali) [Aairapor, loose]. I. The loins; 
loosely applied to the abdomen. 2. Diarrhea. 

Laparacele (lap'-ar-as-el). See Laparocele. 

Laparectomy (lap-ar-ek'-lo-me). See Enterectomy. 

Laparelytrotomy (lap-ar-el-it-rot '-o-me) . Same as 
Laparo-elytrotomy. 



LAPAROCELE 



658 



LAPIS 



Laparocele (lap'-ar-o-sel ) \_7iairdpa, loin; Kr/Arj, tumor]. 
Lumbar or abdominal hernia. 

Laparocholecystotomy {lap-ar-o-ko-les-is-tof -o-me ) 
[Aa-apa, loin; x o '-'h bile; kuotjc, bladder; ropr), 
cutting]. Laparotomy conjoined with cholecystotomy. 

Laparoclysis (lap-ar-ok' -lis-is) [?MTrdpa, loin ; kKvoic, 
a drenching]. An injection into the peritoneal 
cavity. 

Laparocolectomy {lap-ar-o-ko-lek' '-to-me). Same as 
Colectomy. 

Laparocolotomy (lap-ar-o-ko-lof -o-me) \\airdpa, loin ; 
actkov, colon ; Top.?/, a cutting]. Inguinal or abdominal 
colotomy. 

Laparocolpotomy (lap-ar-o-kol-pot' -o-me). See La- 
par o- elytrotomy. 

Laparocystectomy (lap-ar-o-sis-tek' -to-me) [?»airdpa, 
loin; Kvarig, cyst, bladder ; inroprj, excision]. An 
operation performed in advanced extrauterine preg- 
nancy for removal of the fetus and the entire sac. It 
is performed like an abdominal section for any cystic 
tumor in the abdominal cavity with dense adhesions. 
The sac is to be evacuated, or not, as indicated, and 
adhesions separated, if necessary, after ligation. 

Laparocystotomy (lap-ar-o-sis-tot'-o-me) [Xcnrdpa, loin ; 
kvotic, cyst, bladder; ropr/, a cutting]. I. Suprapu- 
bic cystotomy. 2. An operation in advanced extra- 
uterine pregnancy for the removal of the fetus, the sac 
being allowed to remain. 

Laparo-elytrotomy (lap-ar-o-el-il-rot' o-me) \_landpa, 
loin ; elvrpov, sheath ; Topi], a cutting]. An oper- 
ation devised by Jorg as a substitute for the Cesarean 
operation. It consists in an incision over Poupart's 
ligament, dissecting up the peritoneum until the vagina 
is reached, when the latter is incised transversely, the 
cervix dilated, and the child thus extracted above the 
inlet. Its mortality is about 50 per cent. 

Laparo-enterotomy (lap-ar-o-en-ter-ot'-o-me) \Xairapa, 
loin; ivTepov, intestine; ropr/, a cutting]. An open- 
ing of the intestine through an abdominal incision. 

Laparogastrotomy (lap-ar-o-gas-trot'-o-me) [laTrdpa, 
loin; yaarf/p, stomach; ropr/, a cutting]. The 
opening of the stomach through an abdominal incision. 

Laparohysterectomy ( lap-ar-o-his-ter-ek' -to-me ) \Xa- 
jrdpa, loin; vorepa, womb; ropi],& cutting]. The 
removal of the womb through an incision in the ab- 
dominal walls. 

Laparo-hystero-oophorectomy (lap' -ar-o-kis'-ter-o-o- 
off-or-ek' -to-me) \XaTidpa, loin ; varepa, womb ; 
dotpdpot;, ovary ; enrop?/, a cutting out] . Removal of 
the womb and ovaries through an incision in the 
abdominal wall. 

Laparohysterotomy (lap-ar-o-his-ter-of '-o-me) . See 
Gastro-enterotomy. 

Laparo-ileotomy (lap-ar-o-il-e-ot'-o-me) [lairdpa, loin; 
tikeiv, to roll ; ropr/, a cutting]. The formation of 
an artificial anus in the groin. 

Laparokelyphotomy (lap-ar-o-kel-if-of -o-me) [Xandpa, 
loin; nkXvipoc, egg-shell; ropr/, a cutting]. Same as 
Laparocystotomy. 

Laparokolpotomy [lap-ar-o-kol-pot' -o-me) . See Lap- 
aro-elytrotomy. 

Laparomyitis (lap-ar-o-mi-i'-tis) [Xairdpa, loin ; pvc , 
muscle; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
muscular portion of the abdominal wall. 

Laparomyomectomy (lap-ar-o-mi-o-mek' -to-me) \Xair- 
dpa, loin ; pvc, muscle; cKropq, a cutting out]. Re- 
moval of a myoma through an abdominal incision. 

Laparomyotomy (lap-ar-o-mi-ot'-o-?ne). See Laparo- 
myomectom v. 

Laparonephrectomy (lap-ar-o-nef-?-ek' -to-me) \_Xairdpa, 
loin; veypdc, kidney ; eKTop?'/, a cutting out]. Neph- 
rectomy by an abdominal incision. 



Laparonephrotomy (Jap-ar-o-nef-rol' -o-me) \jM-dpa, 
loin ; vt(j>poc, kidney ; ropi/, a cutting]. Nephrot- 
omy through an abdominal incision. 

Laparosalpingectomy (lap-ar-o-sal-pin -gek' -to-me) 
tyairdpa, loin ; od'AKiyi; , tube; Top?/, a cutting]. Re- 
moval of a Fallopian tube through an abdominal incis- 
ion. 

Laparosalpingotomy (lap-ar-o-sal-pin-gof '-o-me) \%an- 
dpa, loin; cd'/.TiQ^, tube; ropij, a cutting]. 1. Cut- 
ting into an oviduct through an abdominal incision. 
2. Laparosalpingectomy. 

Laparoscope (lap' -ar-o-skop) \j.a-dpa, loin ; ononeiv, 
to examine]. An instrument for examining the ab- 
domen. 

Laparoscopy. (lap-ar-os' -ko-pe) \_Aa-ndpa, loin; gko- 
Tvelv, to examine]. The examination of the abdo- 
men by the stethoscope, plessimeter, or by other in- 
strumental means. 

Laparosplenectomy (lap-ar-o-splen-ek' -to-me) [Tiawdpa, 
loin; ott'Aijv, spleen; kuTopt), a cutting out]. Re- 
moval of the spleen through an abdominal incision. 

Laparosplenotomy (lap-ar-o-splen-ot'-o-mc) [Aandpa, 
loin; airTirjv, spleen; ropr), a cutting]. The sur- 
gical incision or entrance upon the spleen through the 
abdominal walls. 

Laparotome (lap'-ar-o-tom) [y.airdpa, loin; ropr), a cut- 
ting]. A cutting-instrument used in laparotomy. 

Laparotomist (lap-ar-of '-o-mist) [/anrdpa, loin ; ropr), 
a cutting]. A surgeon who performs laparotomy. 

Laparotomy (lap-ar-of -o-me) [/.a-rvdpa, loin ; ropr'/, 
a cutting]. I. Surgical incision through the ab- 
dominal wall ; celiotomy. 2. Surgical entrance into 
the abdominal cavity through the loin or flank. (The 
definition first given is that offered by most lexico- 
graphers, and is in accord with common usage ; but 
objection has been made to this use of the word. 
The second definition is believed to represent the ety- 
mologically more correct use of the term.) L., Con- 
servative, abdominal section, with a view either to 
aspiration of the distended Fallopian tubes, or to break- 
ing down adhesions and freeing the diseased uterine 
appendages. 

Laparotyphlotomy (lap-ar-o-tif-lof -o-me). Synonym 
of Typhlotomy. 

Laparovaginal (lap-ar-o-vaj' -i?i-al) [laTrdpa, loin ; va- 
gina, sheath]. Pertaining to the abdomen and the 
vagina. 

Laparysterotomy (lap-ar-is-ter-of -o-me). Same as 
Laparohysterotomy. 

Lapaxis (lap-aks' -is)\\d~a^ic, evacuation]. Evacuation. 

La Perleche. See Perleche. 

Lapides cancrorum (lap'-id-ez kang-kro' -rum) [L.]. 
See Crab' ' s-eyes. 

Lapidillum (lap-id-il'-um) [dim. of lapis, stone]. A 
scoop for removing stones from the bladder. 

Lapidose (lap'-id-os) [lapis, a stone]. In biology, in- 
habiting stony places. 

Lapillation (lap-il-a'-shun) \_lapillus, a small stone]. 
The formation of stones ; lithogenesis, q. v. 

Lapis (la' -pis) [L. , a rock]. An alchemic term ap- 
plied to any non-volatile substance. L. dentium, 
tartar of the teeth ; salivary calculus. L. divinus, 
aluminated copper; a preparation used in ophthal- 
mology. It is made by fusing together 32 parts 
each of cupric sulphate, potassium nitrate, and alum, 
and adding a mixture of 2 parts each of camphor 
and alum. L. imperialis, silver nitrate. L. lazuli, a 
beautiful blue stone of complex composition, formerly 
employed as a purgative and emetic, and in epilepsy. 
L. lunaris, silver nitrate. L. mitigatus. See Ar- 
gentum. L. mutabilis. See Tabasheer. L. nau- 
ticus, a lode-stone. 



LAPLACE'S FORMULAE 



659 



LARYNGISMUS 



Laplace's Formulae. I. For preparing acid sublimate 
solution, I to iooo: Take of bichlorid of mercury, I 
gram ; nitric acid, 5 grams ; water 1000 grams. 2. For 
preparing acid sublimate tablets : Take of bichlorid 
of mercury, I gram ; tartaric acid, 5 grams. Make 
into one tablet. This is to be dissolved in one liter 
(1000 grams) of water. 3. Acid sublimate gauze is 
prepared by dipping the gauze in the foregoing solu- 
tion, wringing it out, and allowing it to dry in a clean 
atmosphere. 

Lappa (lap'-aK) [L.: gen. , Lappa\ Burdock. The root 
of the common burdock, Arctium lappa, contains a bit- 
ter principle, a resin, and tannin. It is aperient and diu- 
retic and has some reputation as an alterative in constitu- 
tional blood-diseases. A tincture of the seed has been 
recommended in skin-diseases. The dose of the root 
is 7, j-ij , in infusion or tincture ; of the fluid extract, 

Lappaceous (lap-a' -she-us) [lappa, a bur]. In biology, 
bur-like. 

Lappet (lap'-et) [ME., lappet, lappet]. In biology, the 
wattle of a bird. 

Lapsana [lap 1 ' -san-ah) [7iai[>av7/, an eatable herb]. A 
genus of composite plants. L. communis, was 
formerly used as a laxative and in skin-diseases. 

Lapsus (lap'-sus) \_labi, to fall]. A fall ; ptosis. L. 
palpebrae superioris, ptosis of the eyelid. L. pilo- 
rum, alopecia. L. unguium, falling of the nails. 

Larch [ME., larche, larch]. See Larix smd Tamarac. 

Larcher's Sign. See Death. 

Lard and Lard-oil [M~E. , larden, lard]. Adeps. The 
fat of the pig melted by gentle heat and strained. 
Crude lard is white, granular, and of the consistency 
of a salve, of faint odor and sweet, fatty taste. 
Its specific gravity is .938 to .940 at 15 C. Exposed to 
the air it becomes yellowish and rancid. When com- 
pressed at 32 F., it yields 62 parts of colorless lard- 
oil and 38 parts of compact lard. Lard is used in 
cooking ; lard-oil for greasing wool, as a lubricant, 
and an illuminant. 

Lardacei'n (lar-da'-se-in) [ME., larden, lard]. An 
animal proteid, an indigestible amyloid substance, 
chiefly occurring as a pathologic infiltration into 
various organs, as the liver, or spleen. 

Lardaceous (Jar-da' -she-us) [ME., larden, lard]. See 
Amyloid. L. Kidney. See Brighfs Disease. 

Larinoid (lar'-in-oid) [lapivoc, fat; eldoc, like]. Lar- 
daceous ; as larinoid carcinoma. 

Larix (la'-riks) [L., gen. Laricis\ Larch. The dried 
bark of Larix europcea, the European larch, similar 
in action to balsamic and terebinthinate remedies. It 
is expectorant, stimulant, and astringent. L., Tinct. 
(B.P. ) Dose TT\_xx-xxx. See, also, Tamarac. 

Larkspur [lark' -spur). The seed of Delphinium con- 
solida, a diuretic and emmenagogue. Dose of the fld. 
ext. , Try-x. Unof. 

Larnaude's Disinfecting-fluid. A solution of zinc 
sulphate containing a little copper sulphate. 

Larrey's Amputation. See Operations, Table of '. L.'s 
Apparatus, a form of immovable dressing made by 
saturating the bandages in a mixture of camphorated 
spirit, lead-water, and white of egg. L.'s Bandage. 
See Bandage. 

Lartigue's Pills. Pills used in the treatment of gout, 
containing compound extract of colchicum 20 parts, 
and extract of digitalis, one part. 

Larva (lar'-vali) [larva, a ghost: pi. Larvte~\. The 
young stage of such animals as undergo transformation. 
The form that insects take in emerging from the egg, 
commonly known as the caterpillar or "grub" stage. 
Also, applied to the immature form distinguishing many 
of the lower vertebrates before maturity. L., Loven's, 



the young of the marine worm polygordius. L., 
Miiller's, the free-swimming young of the polyclad 
platodes, Thvsanozodn and Yungia. 

Larvaceous (lar-va' -she-us), Larval {far'-val) [larva, 
a mask]. Covering the face like a mask. 

Larval [larva, a ghost]. I. Pertaining to or existing 
in the condition of a larva. 2. Same as Larvace- 
ous. L. Paludism. See Dumb Ague. L. Pneu- 
monia. See Pneumonia. L. Scarlatina, a mild 
case of scarlet fever in which the rash is absent. 

Larvate (Jar' -vat) [larvatus, masked]. Concealed; 
masked ; applied to diseases and conditions that are 
hidden by more obvious conditions, or by some pecu- 
liarity of their symptoms. 

Larviform (lar'-viform) [larva, a larva; forma, 
shape]. Resembling or being a larva. 

Larvigerous (lar-vif -er-us) [larva, ghost, mask ; gerere, 
to carry]. In biology, bearing the larval skin. 

Larviparous (lar-vip'-ar-us) [larva, larva ; parere, to 
bring forth]. In biology, bringing forth young that 
have reached the larval state. 

Larvivorous (lar-viv' -or-us) [larva, larva; vora re, to 
devour]. In biology, feeding on larvae. 

Laryngalgia (lar-in-gal'-je-ah) [AapvyZ, larynx ; alyoc, 
pain]. Pain or neuralgia of the larynx. 

Laryngeal (lar-in' -je-al) [lapvy%, larynx]. Per- 
taining to the larynx. L. Artery. See Arteries, 
1 able of. L. Cough, an hysteric manifestation in 
young women. It is a paroxysmal cough, with a pe- 
culiar hoarse and muffled sound, like the barking of a 
dog. L. Crisis, an acute laryngeal spasm, occurring 
in the course of tabes dorsalis. L. Dilator, an in- 
strument designed to dilate the larynx, when the latter 
has become constricted by cicatricial tissues, or from 
other causes. L. Edema, infiltration of a fluid or 
semi-fluid into the submucous connective tissue of the 
larynx. It is usually associated with some disease or 
injury of the larynx, and occurs mainly between the 
eighteenth and thirty-fifth years. It is characterized 
by dyspnea and dysphagia. L. Epilepsy, a peculiar 
neurosis of the larynx characterized by a sense of 
suffocation during sleep. There is no discoverable 
lesion. L. Mirror, a small circular, silvered-glass 
mirror used in laryngoscopy. L. Nerve. See 
Nerves, Table of. L. Paralysis, a loss of power 
of some or of all of the muscles of the larynx. L. 
Pouch. See Pouch. L. Reflex. See Reflexes, 
Table of. L. Spaces, the upper, middle, and lower 
parts into which the larynx may be conveniently di- 
vided. L. Vertigo. See Vertigo and L. Epilepsy. 

Laryngectomy (lar-in- jek r -to-me) [?idpv)^, larynx; 
kuTojiT], a cutting out]. An operation for the extir- 
pation of the larynx. 

Laryngemphraxis (lar-in-jem-fraks' -is) [\apvyi- , 
larynx ; ht<ppa^tc, stoppage]. Closure or obstruction 
of the larynx. 

Laryngismal (lar-in-jiz' -mal) [fapvyy'i(,Eiv, to vocifer- 
ate]. Relating to laryngismus. 

Laryngismus (lar-in-jiz' -mus) [?iapvyyl r eiv, to vocifer- 
ate]. A term loosely applied to various spasmodic 
affections of the larynx, such as epileptic spasm. See 
Laryngeal Epilepsy. L. paralyticus, a paralysis of 
the recurrent laryngeal nerve in horses, producing 
the affection called "roaring." L. stridulus, 
laryngospasm ; spasmodic croup ; spasm of the 
glottis. A spasmodic affection of the larynx, mainly 
confined to the early period of childhood. There 
is a sudden arrest of respiration, with increasing 
cyanosis, followed by long, loud crowing inspirations. 
This affection occurs in rachitic children and especially 
in such as are of the neurotic tendency. The attack 
may be severe enough to terminate life. 



LARYNGITIS 



660 



LARYNGOTOMY 



Laryngitis (lar-in-ji'-tis) [?idpvy!;, larynx ; trie, inflam- 
mation]. A catarrhal inflammation of the larynx ac- 
companied by sore-throat, hoarseness, and, usually, 
painful deglutition and cough. In severe cases there 
may be edema, dyspnea, and suffocation. In infants 
it is much the same disease as catarrhal croup. It also 
accompanies malignant affections of the throat and 
trachea, such as diphtheria, carcinoma, etc. L., 
Atrophic, a chronic form with atrophy of the mucous 
membrane. L. catarrhalis, catarrhal inflamma- 
tion of the larynx. L., Croupous. See Croup. 
L., Diphtheric. See Croup. L., Dry, a chronic 
form in which the secretion is small or dries into 
crusts. L., Edematous. See Laryngeal Edema. 
L., Fetid, a form with a sticky exudate that decom- 
poses. L., Follicular, a form in which the mucous 
glands are involved. L., Glandular. See L., 
Follicular. L., Granular. See L., Follicular. L., 
Hypertrophic, a chronic form with hypertrophy of 
the tissues. L., Membranous. See Diphtheria. 
L., Parenchymatous. See L. , Phlegmonous. L., 
Phlegmonous. See Laryngeal Edema. L., Poly- 
pous, a form characterized by the presence of 
polyps. L., Pseudo-membranous, an inflammation 
of the laryngeal mucous membrane characterized by the 
presence of a pseudo-membrane of a whitish-gray 
color, of varying consistency, and different degrees 
of attachment. It is usually met with between the 
second and seventh years. There is a paroxysmal 
cough, with hoarseness and increasing dyspnea, with 
occasional attacks of suffocation. Death frequently 
results. L., Serous. See Laryngeal Edema. L., 
Simple, a subacute catarrhal laryngitis. L., Spas- 
modic, a form in which there is spasm of the glottis. 
L., Stridulous, laryngitis with stridor. L., Sub- 
mucous. See L. , Phlegmonous and Laryngeal 
Edema. L., Suffocative, diphtheria. L., Tuber- 
culous, laryngeal tuberculosis. A chronic, usu- 
ally painful, inflammation of the larynx due to the 
development of "tubercles." There may be infiltra- 
tion, ulceration, and destruction of the cartilages. 
L., Ulcerative, characterized by the presence of 
ulcers. 

Laryngocace (lar-in-gok' '-as-e) [Adpyj-f, larynx ; /ca/cof, 
bad]. See Croup. 

Laryngocentesis (lar-in-go-sen-te'-sis) [Xdpvy^, larynx ; 
Kkvrrjou;, puncture]. Surgical puncture or incision 
of the larynx. 

Laryngo- fissure (lar-in f -go-fish' -ur)\%apvy^, larynx; 
fissurd, from findere, to cleave]. Division of the 
larynx for the removal of tumors or foreign bodies. 

Laryngography (lar-in-gog' -ra-fe) [Adpvyi; , larynx ; 
ypdfeiv, to write]. A description of the larynx. 

Laryngologic, Laryngological (lar-in-go-loj'-ik, lar- 
in-go-loj' -ik-al) [TApvy!;, larynx ; Adyoc, science]. Per- 
taining to laryngology. 

Laryngology (lar-in-gol'-o-je) \\dpvyS. , larynx ; \dyoc , 
science]. The anatomy, physiology, and pathology 
of the larynx. 

Laryngometry (lar-in-gom 1 '-et-re) [2-dpvy^ , larynx ; 
perpov, measure]. The systematic measurement of 
the larynx. 

Laryngonecrosis ( lar-in' -go-ne-kro' -sis ) \\dpvy!;, 
larynx; vtKpuGit;, death]. Necrosis of any portion 
of the larynx. 

Laryngoparalysis ( lar-in' -go-par-al' -is-is ) [Xdpvy^, 
larynx ; TrapdXvaiq, palsy]. Loss of the voice or par- 
alysis of the vocal bands from nervous affections, and 
not from local disease. 

Laryngopathy (lar-in-gop'-ath-e) [Tidpvy^ , larynx ; 
irdOoc, a suffering]. Any disease of the larynx. 

Laryngophantom (lar-in-go-fan'-tum)\jMpvy^, larynx ; 




(pavrdc, visible]. An artificial larynx designed for 
illustrative purposes. 

Laryngo-pharyngeal (lar-in' -go- far-in' -je-al) \jMpvyi-, 
larynx; <j>dpv)^, pharynx]. Pertaining conjointly to 
larynx and pharynx. 

Laryngo-pharynx [lar-in' -go-far' -inks) \_?idpvy^, lar- 
ynx ; <pdpv)$, pharynx]. The inferior portion of the 
pharynx. It extends from the greater cornua of the 
hyoid bone to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage. 

Laryngophony (lar-in-goff' -o-ne)[Xdpvy^ , larynx; (j>ui>?j, 
voice]. The sound of the voice observed in auscul- 
tation of the larynx with the stethoscope ; also, the 
sound of the voice observed in auscultation of a large 
cavity in the lung. 

Laryngophthisis [lar-in-goff ' -this-is) [/.dpvy!; , larynx ; 
C>t7«T(C, wasting]. Laryngeal tuberculosis. 

L,aryngop\asty(lar-in'-go-plas-te)[_?.d- 
pvy%, larynx; —'/.daamv, to shape]. 
Plastic surgery or operation upon 
the larynx. 

Laryngoplegia (lar-in-go-ple' -je-ah) 
[/dpvyZ, larynx ; Ti/jp/r/, stroke,]. 
Paralysis of one or more muscles of 
the larynx. 

Laryngorrhagia (lar-in-gor-a' -je-ak) 
[}.dpvyt;, larynx ; pr/yvvvai, to burst 
forth]. Hemorrhage from the larynx. 

Laryngorrhea [lar-in-gor-e'-ah) [/.d- 
pvy^, larynx ; poia, a flow]. Ex- 
cessive secretion of the laryngeal 
mucosa, especially on attempting to 
use the organ. 

Laryngoscope (lar-in' -go-skop) \7.d- 
pvy£, larynx; oiioireiv, to examine]. 
An instrument for examination of 
the interior of the larynx. 

Laryngoscopist (lar-in-gos'-ko-pist) 
[Adpuyf , larynx ; gkotteIv, to ex- 
amine]. An expert in laryngoscopy. 

Laryngoscopy (lar-in-gos' -ko-pe) [M- 
pvyt;, larynx; ckottuv, to examine]. 
Examination of the interior of the 
larynx by means of the laryngoscope. 

L,aryngospasm(lar-in'-go-spazm)['/.d- 
pvyZ, larynx ; a-aap.de, spasm] . Spas- 
modic contraction or closure of the 
glottis ; spasmodic croup, as distin- 
guished from inflammatory croup. 

Laryngospasmopsellismus (lar-in- 
go-spaz-mop-sel-iz' -mus) [Adpu;f, la- 
rynx ; a-aapoq, spasm ; tpe?iA.iapdg, 
stammering]. Spasmodic stammer- 
ing of laryngeal origin, without the 
utterance of words. 

Laryngostasis (lar-in-go-stas'-is) [7d- 

pvyt;, larynx ; ardatg, stagnation], a Small, b. Large. 
Synonym of Croup. 

Laryngo-stenosis (lar-in' -go-ste-no' -sis) \}.dpvy^, lar- 
ynx; arevua/g, contraction]. Contraction in size or 
in caliber of the larynx. 

Laryngosyrinx (lar-in-go-sV -ringks) \7dpv.i, larynx; 
ovpiyi; , pipe: //. , LaryngosyringesX. A laryngeal tube. 

Laryngotome (lar-in' -go-torn) [Adpir/f, larynx ; toutj, a 
cutting], A cutting-instrument used in laryngotomy. 

Laryngotomy (lar- in-got' -o-me) [Adpuyf, larynx; rep- 
veiv, to cut]. The operation of incision of the larynx. 
L., Complete, incision of the larynx through its 
whole length. L., Median, incision into the larynx 
through the thyroid cartilage. L., Subhyoid, in- 
cision into the larynx through the thyro-hyoid mem- 
brane. L., Superior, and L., Thyro-hyoid, incision 
into the larynx through the thyro-hyoid membrane. 



Laryngoscopic 
Mirrors. 






LARYNGOTRACHEAL 



661 



LATERAL 



Laryngotracheal (Jar-in' '-go-tra' '-ke-al) [Xapvy!;, lar- 
ynx; Tpa%Ela, the windpipe]. Pertaining conjointly 
to the larynx and the trachea. 

Laryngotracheitis (lar-in-go-tra-ke-i 1 -tis) [lixpvyi- , lar- 
ynx; Tpa%eiv, windpipe; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the larynx and the trachea. 

Laryngotracheopyra (lar-in-go-tra-ke-op'-ir-ali). Sy- 
nonym of Croup. 

Laryngotracheotomy (lar-in-go-tra- ke-ot 1 '-o-me) [2.ap- 
Vf) ;, larynx ; Tpaxs'ia, windpipe ; ~ofiij, cutting]. That 
form of the operation of tracheotomy in which the 
cricoid cartilage, and one or more of the upper rings 
of the trachea are divided. 

Laryngo-typhoid (lar-in' -go-ti' -fold) , Laryngoty- 
phus (lar-in' '-go-ti' '-fits) [Aapvyi;, larynx ; rvyor, 
smoke]. Typhoid fever associated with marked laryn- 
geal complications. 

Larynx (lar'-inks) [l.apvy!;, larynx]. The upper part 
of. the air-passage between the trachea and the base 
of the tongue. It comprises three single cartilages, the 




Larynx, Front View, Showing the Ligaments and 
Insertion of Muscles. 
O.h. Os hyoides. C.th. Thyroid cartilage. Corp.trit. Cor- 
pus triticeum, or lesser cornu of the hyoid bone. C.c. Cricoid 
cartilage. C. tr. Tracheal cartilage. Lig. thyr.-hyoid med. 
Middle thyro-hyoid ligament. Lie;, th.-h. lat. Lateral thyro- 
hyoid ligament. Lig. cric.-thyr. rued. Middle crico-thyroid 
ligament. Lig. eric. -track Crico-tracheal ligament. M.st-h. 
Sterno-hyoid muscle. M. th.-hyoid. Thyro-hyoid muscle. 
M. st.-th. Sterno-thyroid muscle. M. cr.-th. Crico-thyroid 
muscle. 

thyroid, the cricoid, and the epiglottis, and three pairs 
of cartilages, the arytenoids and those of Santorini and 
Wrisberg. It is lined by an extremely sensitive mucosa, 
which is thrown into two transverse, lipped folds that 
constitute the vocal bands. 

Lascivious (las-iv'-e-us) [lascivia, wantonness]. Li- 
bidinous. Wanton. Having an unlawful desire. 

Laser (la'-ser) [L.]. I. A gum-resin highly prized by 
the ancients ; probably the same as Asadulcis, q. v. 
2. The resin of Laserpitium latifolium. Unof. 

Laser, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table 
of. 

Laserpitium (las-er-pish' -e-uni) [L.]. A genus of res- 
inous and umbelliferous old-world herbs, various spe- 



cies of which have been employed in medicine. L. 
latifolium, or laserwort, is tonic and stimulant ; its 
root abounds in a cathartic gum-resin. Unof. 

Lash [ME., lashe, the flexible end of a whip]. An 
eye-lash. 

Lassaigne's Test. See Semen and Tests, Table of. 

Lassar's Paste. A paste used in the treatment of ery- 
thema intertrigo. It consists of salicylic acid 30 
grains, oxid of zinc and powdered starch each 6 
drams, vaselin 2 ounces. This is spread over the 
involved area. It is curative and affords protection 
from discharges. 

Lassitude (las'-it-ud) [lassitudo ; lassus, tired]. A 
state of exhaustion or weakness, arising from causes 
other than fatigue. 

Lasso-cell. One of the peculiar filiferous cell-like 
structures of celenterates, having the power of throw- 
ing out with great rapidity the contained thread, wdiich 
produces a stinging sensation when brought in contact 
with the skin ; a nettling cell ; an urticating organ. 

Lata, or Latah (la' -tali) [Jav.]. An hysteric neurosis 
locally prevalent in Java, nearly identical with the 
disorder of the jumpers in Maine and Canada, and 
with the myriachit of Siberia. The will and the 
motor centers appear to lack coordination, and the 
patient becomes to some extent obedient to the will of 
others, in spite of his own volitions. See Palm us 
and Chorea, Automatic. 

Latebra (lat'-eb-rali) [latebra, a hiding-place : //. , Lat- 
ebree]. In biology, the central space of the food-yolk 
of a meroblastic ovum. 

Latebricole (lat-eb'-rik-ol) [latebra, a hiding-place; 
colere, to dwell]. In biology, inhabiting a hiding- 
place, as certain spiders, crabs, etc. 

Latency (la' -ten-se) [latere, to be hid]. The condition 
of being latent or concealed. 

Latent (la' -tent) [latere, to be hid]. Concealed. Not 
manifest. In physics, applied to heat that apparently 
disappears when a liquid is vaporized or a solid melted. 
L. Period, the time required for the incubation of a 
disease. L. Squint. See Insufficiency. 

Laterad (lat' -er-ad) [latus, the side; ad, to]. Toward 
the lateral aspect. 

Lateral (lat'-er-al) [lateralis, belonging to the side]. 
At, belonging to, or pertaining to the side. Situated on 
either side of the median vertical plane. See Position 
and Direction, Table of. L. Column, that column of 
the spinal cord between the ventral and dorso-lateral 
fissures. L. Ginglymus, an articulation in which a 
pivot turns within a ring or a ring around a pivot. L. 
Laparo-nephrectomy, Langenbuch's operation. See 
Operations , Table of. L. Line, in biology, a very 
delicate organ of sense, usually tubular, that runs 
along each side of almost all fishes. According to 
M. de Sede, it is sensitive to the faintest movements 
of the water, giving the fish continual information 
as to the state of the medium in which it lives. L. 
Operation, that form of operation in lithotomy in 
which the opening is made on the right or left side of 
the perineum. L. Organs. See Organs. L. Plates, 
the part of the mesoblast lying external to the pro- 
vertebras. L. Sclerosis, Amyotrophic, a disease of 
the lateral columns and anterior gray matter of the cord. 
It is characterized by motor weakness and a spastic con- 
dition of the limbs, associated with atrophy of the 
muscles and final involvement of the nuclei in the 
medulla oblongata. The cause is unknown, and death 
may result in from two to three years. L. Sclerosis, 
Primary, Spasmodic Tabes dorsalis ; Spasmodic Spinal 
Paralysis ; Spastic Paraplegia ; a sclerotic disease of 
the crossed pyramidal tracts of the cord characterized 
by paralysis of the limbs, with rigidity, increased 



LATERALITY 



662 



LAUDANUM 



tendon-reflexes, and absence of sensory and nutritive 
disorders. A peculiar characteristic jerking gait is pro- 
duced, and clonus of the limb may be readily excited. 
Males are most frequently affected, and the disease 
occurs usually between the ages of twenty and fifty. 
Syphilis, exposure, and traumatism are mentioned as 
causes. The duration is long. L. Sclerosis, 
Secondary, the descending degeneration that takes 
place in the lateral columns of the spinal cord after 
and below lesions of the cerebro-spinal axis. L. 
Sinuses, the two veins of the dura mater situated in 
the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli. L. 
Ventricles. See Ventricle. 

Laterality (lat-er-al'-it-e) [lateralis, belonging to the 
side]. Excessive development on one side. 

Lateralization (lat-er- al-iz-a' -shun) [lateralis, lateral]. 
The localization of a disease upon one or the other side 
of the body. 

Lateralized (laf ' -er-al-izd) \_lateralis, lateral]. Local- 
ized on one side ; directed to one side. 

Lateren (lat'-er-en) [latus, side]. Belonging to the 
lateral aspect in itself. 

Latericious, Lateritious (lat-er-ish' -us) [lateritius ; 
latej-, brick] . Pertaining to an urinary sediment resem- 
bling brick-dust. 

Latericorn (lat'-er-ik-orn) [latus, side ; cornu, horn]. 
In biology, one of the lateral pieces of the bill-sheath 
of certain birds. 

Latericumbent (lat-er-ik-um' '-bent) [latus, side ; cum- 
bere, to lie] . Lying on the side. 

Lateriflection, Lateriflexion (lat-er-if-lek 1 '-shun) . See 
Late reflection. 

Laterifolius (lat-er-if-o' -le-us) [latus, side ; folium, a 
leaf]. In biology, growing alongside of a leaf. 

Laterigrade (lat'-er-ig-rdd) [latus, side; gradus, step]. 
Progressing sideways. 

Laterinerved (laf '-er-in-ervd) [latus, side ; nervzis, 
nerve]. In biology, applied to such leaves as have 
lateral nerves. 

Laterirectus (lat-er-ir-ek' '-tus) [latus, side ; rectus, 
straight]. The rectus capitis lateralis muscle. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Lateriversion (lat-er-iv-er'-shun). See Lateroversion. 

Latero-abdominal (lat -er-o-ab-dom' -in-al)[lattis , side ; 
abdominalis, pertaining to the abdomen]. Pertaining 
both to the side and the abdomen. L. Posture, Sims' 
posture. See Postures, Table of. 

Laterocaudal (lat-er-o-kaw'-dal) [latus, side; cauda, 
tail]. In biology, situated laterally and posteriorly. 

Latero-cervical (lat-er-o-ser' '-vik-al) [lateralis, lateral ; 
cervix, the neck]. At or about the side of the neck. 

Laterodorsal (lat-er-o-dor'-sal) [latus, side; dorsum, 
back]. In biology, placed at one side of the upper 
surface. 

Lateroflection, or Lateroflexion (lat-er-o-fiek' -shun) 
[lateralis, lateral ; flectere, to bend]. Flexion or 
bending to one side. 

Lateromarginal (lat-er-o-mar'-jin-al) [latus, side; 
margo, edge]. Placed on the lateral edge. 

Lateronuchal (lat-er-o-nu' -kal) [latus, side; nucha, 
nape]. Situated at the side of the nape of the neck. 

Lateropulsion (lat-er-o-pul' -shun) [lateralis, lateral ; 
pellere, to drive]. An involuntary motion or bearing 
to one side ; a symptom in certain central neuroses. 

Lateroretroversion (lat-er-o-re-tro-ver' -shun) [latera- 
lis, lateral; retro, backward ; vertere, to turn]. Re- 
troversion (of the uterus), with deviation to one 
side. 

Laterostigmatal (lat-er-o-stig' ' -mat-al) [latus, side ; 
stigma, a mark]. In entomology, located on the 
side of the body above the stigmata. 

Lateroversion (lat-er-o-ver'-shun) [latus, side ; vertere, 



to turn]. A term applied to the deviation of the 
uterus from the central position. It may be quite con- 
sistent with health and require no treatment 

Latex (la'-teks) [L. , liquid : //. , Latices\ The sap or 
the juice of the tubes or vessels of plants. L. -cells, 
cells giving rise to latex or milky juice. 

Latham's Theory. A theory as to the constitution of 
the proteid molecule ; it claims that the living proteid 
is composed of a chain of cyanalcohols, or cyanhydrins, 
as they are sometimes termed, united to a benzene 
nucleus. 

Lathyrin (lath' -ir-in) [Xadvpu;, pulse]. A bitter ex- 
tractive of lathyrus. 

Lathyrism (lath'-ir-izm) [Xadvpit;, pulse]. Lupinosis ; 
an affection, observed only in males, produced by the 
use of meal from varieties of vetches, chiefly the 
Lathyrus sativus and Z. cicera. The grain is popu- 
larly known as the chick-pea. It gives rise to a 
form of spastic paraplegia, with tremor, involving 
chiefly the legs, and this may proceed to complete 
paraplegia. There is exaggeration of the knee-jerk 
and ankle-clonus. The arms are rarely, if ever, 
affected. It appears to be a slow sclerosis induced by 
this toxic agent. 

Lathyrus (lath'-ir-us) ['Aadvpig, pulse]. A genus of 
leguminous plants. L. cicera, a species of vetch, 
commonly known as "chick-pea." L. sativus. 
See Lathyrism. 

Latibulum (la-tib' '-u-lum) [L. , latere, to lie hid]. A 
lurking-place for disease, infection, or poison. 

Laticiferous (lat-is-if-er-us) [latex, liquid ; ferre, to 
bear] . In biology, producing or containing latex, or 
milky juice. 

Laticostate (lat-ik-os 1 '-tat) [latus, broad; costa, rib]. 
Having broad ribs. 

Latifia (la-tife'-ah) [Cf. Ratafia]. An alcoholic li- 
queur, or aromatic cordial, with tonic drugs, as gentian, 
cherry-bark, quassia, and rhubarb ; it is called also 
Dutch bitters. 

Latifoliate (lat-if-o' -le-af) [latus, broad; folium, a 
leaf]. Broad-leaved. 

Latipennate (lat-ip-en'-df) [latus, broad ; pennatus, 
winged]. In biology, broad- winged. 

Latipennine (lat-ip-en'-in). Same as Latipennate. 

Latissimus (laf-is'-im-tis) [superl. of latus, wide]. An 
adjective signifying widest. It is used as descrip- 
tive of certain muscles. L. colli. See Muscles 
(Platvsma myoides), Table of. L. dorsi. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Latrine (la-tren') [Fr.]. A water-closet or privy, 
especially one in a public place or institution. 

Lattice-work of the Thalamus. The formatio retic- 
ularis, a. v. 

Latus (la' -tus) [L.]. Broad. L. ani, synonym of 
Levator ani. See Muscles, Table of. 

Laudable (law'-da-bl) [laudabilis, or laudandum, 
praiseworthy]. Formerly, indicative of a healthy or 
improving condition ; characterizing an active inflam- 
mation, as laudable pus. (Obs.). 

Laudanin (law'-da?i-in) [Ti&Savov, a gum], C, n H 25 N0 4 . 
One of the alkaloids of opium. It is soluble in chlo- 
roform and in alkaline solutions. 

Laudanosin (law-dan' -o-sin) [Xadavov, a gum], 
C 2] H 27 N0 4 . A crystallizable alkaloid of opium. 

Laudanum (Ind'-an-um) [derivation undetermined; 
by some derived from laudatum medicamentum, the 
praiseworthy drug ; by others from laude dignum, 
worthy of praise; by others, again, from Ladanum]. 
Tinctura opii. See Opium. L., Liquid. Synonym of 
Vinum opii. See Opium. L., Rousseau's, a prepa- 
ration used in Belgium, France, and Mexico, consisting 
of opium, honey, beer-yeast, water, and alcohol. L., 



LAUGH 



663 



LAW 



Sydenham's. Synonym of Vinum opii. L., War- 
ner's, an ammoniated tincture of opium. Unof. 

Laugh {/ah/) [ME., laughcn, to laugh]. I. To make 
an audible expression of mirth. 2. The audible expres- 
sion of mirth. L., Canine, L., Sardonic. Synonyms 
of Pisus sardonicus , q. v. 

Laughing, or Laughter [lah/'-ing, /ah/'-ter) [ME., 
laughen, to laugh]. A succession of rhythmic, spas- 
modic expirations with open glottis and vibration of the 
vocal bands. L. Gas, nitrous oxid, or protoxid of 
nitrogen. See Nitrous Oxid and Anes/Iietics. L. 
Muscle, the risorius. See Muscles, Table o/ 

Laugier's Hernia. See Hernia and Diseases, Table of. 

Laumonier's Ganglion. The superior carotid gan- 
glion. 

Laurel [lazv'-rel, /or'-e/) \laurus~\. See Cherry-laurel, 
Cali/ornia Laurel, Great Laurel, Kalmia, Laurus. 
L. -water, aqua laurocerasi. See Cher>y-latirel. 

Laurer, Canal of. See Canal. 

Laurin (law'-rin) [laurus, laurel], C 22 H 30 O 3 . A fatty, 
crystallizable substance obtainable from the berries of 
the European laurel, Laurus nobilis. 

Lauro-cerasus [law-ro-ser' '-as-us) [laurus, laurel ; 
cerasus, cherry-tree]. See Cherry-laurel. Lauro- 
cerasi folia, the leaves of the European cherry-laurel. 

Laurus [law'-rus) [L.]. A genus of old-world trees 
and shrubs ; the true laurels. Formerly the plants 
that produce benzoin, camphor, cassia, cinnamon, etc., 
were assigned to this genus, but at present it is much 
restricted by botanists. L. nobilis, the noble laurel, is 
indigenous in the south of Europe. Its fragrant oils 
(one essential, from the leaves, and the other fixed, 
from the berries) are chiefly used in liniments. Unof. 

Lauryl [law'-ril) [laurus, laurel], C I2 H 25 . A univa- 
lent radicle, the hydrid of which is dodecane. 

Laurylene [law' -ril-en) [laurus, laurel], C 12 H 24 . A 
liquid with a high boiling-point, found in certain 
mineral oils. 

Lauth's Ligament. See Ligament. L.'s Violet. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Lava [lah'-vah) [L. , a flood or torrent]. The molten 
ejecta of a volcano. 

Lavage [lav-ahzh') [Fr.]. Irrigation or washing out of 
an organ, such as the stomach, the bowel, etc. 

Lavamentum [lav -am- en' -turn) [lavare, to wash]. An 
injection. 

Lavandula [lav-an 1 '-du-lah). See Lavender. 

Lavater, Angle of. See Angle. 

Lavatera [lav-at-e' -rah) [after the two Lavaters, phy- 
sicians of Zurich]. A genus of malvaceous trees, 
shrubs, and herbs, natives of the old world. L. 
thuringiaca, L. triloba, and others abound in 
mucilage, and are used as demulcent remedies. Unof. 

Lavation [lav-a' -shun) [lavatio, from lavere, to wash]. 
Lavage. L. of the Blood, intravenous injection of 
water. 

Lavatory [lav'-at-or-e) [lavatorium, a place for bathing]. 
A wash or lotion for a diseased part. 

Lave {lav) [lavare, to wash]. To wash; bathe. 

Lavel [la'-vel) [Prov. Eng.]. A local name for the 
epiglottis. 

Lavement [lav'-ment) [lavare, to wash]. I. Awash; 
the act of washing. 2. A clyster or enema. 

Lavender [lav'-en-der) [lavare, to wash] . The flowers 
of Lavandula vera, having properties due to a volatile 
oil. It is aromatic, stimulant, and carminative, but is 
used mainly as a flavor and as an adjuvant to other medi- 
cines. Lavandulae, Ol., the volatile oil distilled 
from the whole herb. Dose rr\j-v. L., Ol., Flo- 
rum, the oil distilled from the fresh flowers; prefer- 
able to the preceding. Dose TTlj-v. A constituent 
of Spt. odoratus. L., Spirit of, 5 parts of the oil 



in 95 of alcohol; a perfume. Dose 3 SS_ J- ^--< 
Tinct., Comp., oil of lavender 8, oil of rosemary 2, 
cinnamon 18, cloves 4, nutmeg 10, red saunders 8, 
alcohol 680, water 270, dilute alcohol to make 1000. 
Dose 3 ss— ij . A constituent of Fowler's solution. 
To the labiate genus Lavandula also belong L. sfica, 
or broad lavender (which furnishes the oil 0/ spike), 
and other medicinal species. 

Laveran's Corpuscles, or Plasmodia. The Plas- 
modia malaria, first described by Laveran as Os- 
cillaria malaria!. See Parasites [Animal), Table of, 
and Plasmodium. 

Laville's Liquid Mixture, or Antigout Remedy. A 
mixture used in acute rheumatism. It is said to be a 
tincture of quinin and colocynthin, but very prob- 
ably the active principle in it is colocynthin. See 
Colocynthis. 

Lavipedium [lav-ip-e 1 '-de-um) [lavare, to wash ; pes, 
foot]. A foot-bath; a pediluvium. 

Law [law) [ME., lawe, a law]. A generalized and 
epitomized statement of facts. A general rule, or 
constant mode of action of forces, or phenomena. A 
rule of action prescribed by authority. See Jurispru- 
dence. L. of Abridged Transmission, the forms 
assumed by an individual in its ontogeny difter some- 
what from the accepted ancestral type. L. of Adap- 
tation, the law that a living organism, under whatso- 
ever conditions, will mould itself into harmony with 
those conditions, and thus continue its existence, 
whether in a more perfect or less perfect form. L., 
Angstrom's, of Absorption-spectra, the " rays that 
a substance absorbs are precisely those that it emits 
when made self-luminous." L., Ampere's. See 
Ampere. L. of Avogadro, equal volumes of all gases 
and vapors, at like temperature and like pressure, con- 
tain an equal number of molecules. L., Baer's, the 
principle that the evolution of any animal form is 
determined, first, by increasing histologic and morpho- 
logic differentiation, and secondly, by transition from a 
more general to a more specific type. L., Bell's, the 
law that the ventral roots of the spinal nerves are 
motor, and the dorsal sensory. See also Wallerian 
Degeneration. L., Berthollet's, when two salts in 
solution can by double decomposition produce a salt 
less soluble than either, this salt will be produced. 
L., Boudin's, that antagonism exists between tuber- 
culosis and malaria. L., Boyle's, at any given 
temperature the volume of a given mass of gas varies 
inversely to the pressure that it bears. This is also 
called Mariotte's Law. L., Brewster's, the angle of 
polarization of a body is equal to that angle of incidence 
at which the reflected rays are at right angles to 
those refracted. L., Charles's, equal increments 
of temperature add equal amounts to the product of 
the volume and pressure of a given mass of gas. The 
increase is j$j of its volume measured at — 273 C. , 
which is the zero of absolute temperature. L., 
Colles', a child born of a mother who is without ob- 
vious venereal symptoms, and which, without being ex- 
posed to any infection subsequent to its birth, presents 
symptoms of syphilis when a few weeks old, can infect 
the most healthy nurse, whether she suckle it or merely 
handle and dress it, while it will not infect its own 
mother, even though she suckle it while it has venereal 
ulcers of the lips and tongue. L. of Contemporane- 
ous Transmission, changes in an individual appear 
at the same time as they appeared in its ancestor. L., 
Coulomb's, the force of attraction or repulsion between 
two charges of electricity is proportional to the quantity 
of electricity acting, and inversely proportional to the 
square of the distance between them. L., Dalton's, 
or L., Dalton-Henry's, although the volume of a gas 



LAW 



664 



LAW 



absorbed by a liquid remains constant, the weight 
(volume multiplied by the density) of the absorbed 
gas rises and falls in proportion to its pressure. L. 
of Definite Proportions, when two or more chemic 
substances unite to form a compound, they do so in a 
fixed and constant proportion. L., Delbceuf's, a 
congenital variation of a number of individuals in a 
species, if not advantageous or injurious, and if not 
balanced by reversion, will produce a variety, the 
proportion of which to the whole species tends to reach 
equality. L. of Diffusion of Gases through 
Membranes. See Z., Graham's. L. Donders'. 
See Z., Listing's. L., Dulong and Petit's, the 
products of the specific heat of elements in the solid 
state multiplied by their atomic weights are (approxi- 
mately) the same ; i. e. , the atomic heat of elements 
is (nearly) a constant. L. of Electrotonus, in 
anelectrotonus the excitability and rate of nervous 
conduction are diminished, while the electromotive 
power is increased ; whereas in kathelectrotonus, the 
excitability and rate of nervous conduction are in- 
creased, while the electromotive power is diminished. 
(Rutherford.) L. of Eccentric Sensations, that 
wherever excitation occurs, whether in the nerve-cells 
themselves or anywhere in the course of the nerves 
leading to the cells, consciousness always refers the 
sensation to the presence of some external cause of 
excitement, i. e., the power of conception always pro- 
jects every sensation that reaches the consciousness 
outward, that is, to where the cause of the excitement is 
normal. (Rosenthal.) L., Faraday's : I. The quan- 
tity of an electrolyte decomposed in a given time is pro- 
portional to the strength of the current acting upon it. 
2. The quantities of the substances decomposed are pro- 
portional to their chemic equivalents. 3. The electro- 
lyte must be a conductor. 4. The strength of the 
electrolytic force is the same in all parts of the elec- 
trolyte. L., Fechner's, the more expanded and 
accurate statement of Weber' s Law as to the relation 
between the intensity of stimuli and the changes 
in the resulting sensations, a constant ratio exist- 
ing between the strength of the stimulus and the 
intensity of the sensation. With increase of the 
stimulus the sensation increases only as the logarithm 
of the stimulus. As there is a lower limit [threshold} 
or liminal intensity of excitation, so there is an upper 
or maximal height of sensibility. Between the two 
is the Range of Sensibility. L., Fleischl's, of Con- 
traction, that the excitability of a nerve varies at 
different points in its course. L. of Functional Sub- 
stitution. See Z., Vulpiaris. L., Gay-Lussac's. See 
Z., Charles's. L., Goodell's, Rule of Ready Practice : 
" when the cervix uteri is as hard as one's nose, preg- 
nancy does not exist ; when it is as soft as one's lips, 
pregnancy is probable." L., Graham's, the rate of 
diffusion of gases through porous membranes is in in- 
verse ratio to the square-root of their density. L., Gud- 
den's, lesions of the cortex do not give rise to lesions 
of the nerves of the periphery. L., Haeckel's Fun- 
damental Biologic, the principle that every organ- 
ism, in its ontogeny, goes through a series of stages, 
each of which represents a stage in the evolution of 
that class of organisms to which it belongs ; heredity 
influencing or securing its palingeny, and the environ- 
ment causing its kenogeny ; in other words, " that the 
ontogeny is a short repetition of the phylogeny. " 
L., Henry's. See Z., Da/ton's. L., Hilton's, 
that a nerve-trunk supplying a given joint also supplies 
the muscles moving that joint and the skin over the 
insertion of those muscles. L. of Homotopic 
Transmission, variations or acquired characters ap- 
pear in the parts of an individual as in those of its pro- 



genitor. L., Hook and Gravesande' s, of Elasticity, 
that the tension is directly proportionate to the length 
of the body extended, and to the amount of the extend- 
ing weights, and that it is also inversely proportionate 
to the diameter of the extended body. L., Huxley's, 
the physical differences between man and the higher 
apes are less marked than those between the higher 
and the lower apes. L., Joule's, the heating-power 
of a current is proportional to the product of the resist- 
ance, the square of the current-strength, and the time the 
current flows. L., Kirchhoff's, in electricity : I. The 
sum of all the positive currents is equal to the sum of all 
the negative currents, and, hence, if we add these, the 
result is zero. 2. The sum of all the electromotive 
forces in any circuit is equal to the sum of all the 
products obtained by multiplying the separate currents 
by the resistances through which they are flowing. 
3. In optics, the law that a transparent body absorbs 
from a beam of light passing through it those rays which 
it emits in the incandescent state. See Z., Angstrom's. 
L., Kofacker-Sadler's, a law as to the cause of the 
difference of sex. From a study of 80,000 cases these 
observers conclude that if the husband is younger than 
the wife there are as many boys as girls ; if both are of 
the same age there are 1029 boys to 1000 girls ; if the 
husband is older, 105 7 boys to 1000 girls. L., Kopp's 
(of boiling-points), the addition of CH a to members of 
certain homologous series of chemic compounds 
raises the boiling-point about 19. 5 C. L., Lenz's, 
the law in electro-magnetic induction that the direction 
of induced currents is such that their reaction arrests 
the motion that produces them. L., Levert's, that 
in placenta prsevia there is a marginal insertion of the 
cord. L., Listing's, pertains to the movements of the 
eye-ball : when moved from the position of rest, the 
angle of rotation in the second position is the same as 
if the eye were turned about a fixed axis perpendicular 
to the first and second positions of the visual line. 
L., Louis', in adults the lungs usually contain 
tubercle when it is present elsewhere in the body. L., 
Magnus's, in thermo-electricity, the law that " in cir- 
cuits of the same metal throughout, no electromotive 
force is produced by variation in temperature or of 
section of the conductorat different parts of the circuit. " 
L., Malaguti's, when two salts are mixed in solution 
double decomposition occurs and four salts are formed 
(metathesis), the proportions of each depending on the 
strength of union of the respective basic and acid 
radicles. L., Mariotte's, the law of physics that 
the volume of a gas varies inversely as the pressure to 
which it is subjected. See Z. , Boyle's. L. of 
Molecular Weights, the molecular weight of an 
element is twice its atomic weight (with the exception 
of Hg and Cd) ; the molecular weight of a compound is 
equal to half the sum of the atomic weights of its 
elements. L. of Multiple Proportions, that two 
substances uniting to form a series of chemic com- 
pounds, do so in proportions that are simple multiples 
of one another or of one common proportion. L., 
Newton's, the unit force is that force which, acting 
for unit time on the unit mass, produces unit velocity. 
L., Ohm's, the law that the current-strength varies 
directly as the electromotive force, and inversely as the 
resistance. It is usually expressed by the formula 

-, in which C is the current in amperes; E, 



R + v 

the electromotive force in volts ; R, the resistance of 
the external, and y, that of the internal part of the 
circuit, in ohms. L. of Organic Balance, exces- 
sive development of one part of an organism is coun- 
terbalanced by deficient growth of another part. L., 
Pfliiger's, "a given tract of nerve is stimulated by 






LAWN-TENNIS ARM 



665 



LEAD 



the appearance of kathelectrotonus and the disap- 
pearance of anelectrotonus — not, however, by the 
disappearance of kathelectrotonus, or by the appear- 
ance of anelectrotonus." L. of Progress, the law 
of progressive increase in the perfection of organisms 
in the successive periods of the earth's history. L., 
Psycho-physical. See L., Fechner's. L. of Re- 
ciprocal Proportions, two elements combining with 
a third do so in proportions that are simple multi- 
ples or simple fractions of those in which they com- 
bine with each other. L. of Refraction, that rays 
of light entering a denser medium are deflected toward 
a perpendicular drawn through the point of incidence, 
and those entering a rarer medium are deflected away 
from the same perpendicular. L. ( Ritter's or Ritter- 
Valli's, if a nerve be separated from its center, or if 
the center die, the excitability of the nerve is in- 
creased ; the increase of excitability begins at the 
central end, and travels towards the periphery ; the 
excitability then falls until it disappears entirely. L. 
of Sexual Transmission, a parent transmits charac- 
teristics to children of his or her sex not transmitted to 
the opposite sex. L., Stokes' : i. See Z. , Angstrom ' s, 
2. Every muscle in relationship with an inflamed 
mucous or serous surface becomes paralyzed. L., 
Tait's, in every disease of the abdomen or pelvis in 
which the health is destroyed or life is threatened, and 
in which the condition is evidently not due to malig- 
nant disease, an exploration of the cavity by celio- 
tomy should be made. L., Toynbee's, a law con- 
cerning intra-cranial disease secondary to otitis. It 
is that the cerebellum and lateral sinus suffer from 
disease of the mastoid, while the cerebrum is endan- 
gered by caries of the tympanic roof. L., Valli- 
Ritter's. See L., Ritter-VallV s. L., Van der 
Kolk's, the sensory fibers of a mixed nerve are dis- 
tributed to parts that are moved by muscles that re- 
ceive the motor fibers of the same nerve. Thus, in 
nerve-lesions the chief sensory symptoms are always 
peripheral or distal from the chief motor symptoms. 
L., Volta's, of Tension, the contact of two differ- 
ent substances produces an electromotive force equal 
to the algebraic difference of their electric condition, 
which difference is constant for the same substances. 
L., Vulpian's, the functions of a destroyed portion 
of an animal's brain are assumed by the remaining 
portion. L., Wallerian, of Degeneration ; from 
experiments Waller showed that the trophic centers of 
the ventral roots of spinal nerves lie in the multipo- 
lar nerve-cells of the ventral horns of gray matter, 
while those of the dorsal roots lie in the ganglia placed 
upon them. Generalized, the law predicates that 
the course of the impulses in a nerve may be ascer- 
tained by tracing the course of the subsequent degen- 
eration. L., Weber's, the principle that that varia- 
tion of stimulus that causes the smallest appreciable 
variation in sensation maintains, approximately, a 
fixed ratio to the total stimulus. See also L., 
Fechner's. 

Lawn-tennis Arm. Displacement of the tendon, or 
body (or both) of the pronator radii teres. Com- 
mon in lawn-tennis players. L.-t. Knee. See Knee. 
L.-t. Leg, tendinous, fascial, or muscular rupture 
in the calf or sura. 

Lawsonia (la-w-so' -ne-ah). See Henna. 

Lax (laks) \laxus, loose]. Loose; not tense. 

Laxarthrus (laks-ar' -thrus) \_laxus, loose ; apftpov, 
joint]. Luxation of a joint. 

Laxative {laks' -at-iv) \_laxativus ; laxare, to loosen]. I. 
Aperient; mildly cathartic. 2. An agent that loosens 
the bowels ; a mild purgative. 

Laxator (laks-a'-tor) \_laxare, to loosen]. That which 



loosens or relaxes. A name applied to various mus- 
cles. L. tympani. See Muscles, Table of. 

Laxitas (laks'-it-as) [L.]. Looseness. L. alvi, diar- 
rhea. L. gingivarum, spongy gums. L. intes- 
tinorum, diarrhea. L. ventriculi, atony of the 
stomach. 

Laxity (laks' -it-e) [laxitas, looseness]. Lack or loss 
of tone or tension ; a relaxed, loose, or spongy state of 
a tissue. 



Layer (la 



[ME., leyer, a layer]. A mass of uni- 



form, or nearly uniform, thickness, spread over or 
covering a considerable area. L., Bacillar (of the 
retina), the layer of rods and cones of the retina. L., 
Basement, basement membrane, q. v. L., Bow- 
man's. See Lamina, Hotcman's. L., Fibrous (of the 
pericardium), the outer layer of the pericardium, con- 
tinuous above with the deep cervical fascia. L., Funda- 
mental, one of the three layers of the blastoderm, q. v. 
L., Ganglionic, a layer of angular cells of the cerebral 
cortex, best developed in the motor area. L., Ger- 
minal. See L., Fundamental. L., Henle's, the 
outer layer of the inner root-sheath of the hair. L., 
Huxley's, the inner layer of the inner root-sheath of 
the hair. L., Horny (of the epiderm), the superficial 
layer of the skin. L., Inner Molecular, one of the 
layers of the retina. L., Latticed, the formatio reticu- 
laris, q. v. L., Malpighian, the rete mucosum of 
the skin. L., Ollier's. See L., Osteogenetic. L., 
Osteogenetic, the lower layer of periosteum, con- 
nected with the formation of bone. L., Papillary (of 
the skin), the upper layer of the true skin, having papil- 
lary projections fitting into the epidermis. L., Pig- 
mentary (of the retina), the innermost layer of cells 
of the retina extending also to the choroid, ciliary body, 
and iris. L., Primitive, or Primordial, the layers of 
the blastoderm ; by some applied to epiblast, hypo- 
blast, and mesoblast ; by others to the first two only. 
L. of Rods and Cones. See L. , Bacillar, and 
Retina. L., Serous, the ental layer of serous mem- 
branes, consisting of endothelium. 

Layering (la'-er-ing) [ME., leyer, a layer]. The 
propagation of plants by layers. 

Layette (lay-ef) [Fr.]. The full outfit of garments, 
bedding, etc. , for a new-born child. 

Layman (la' -man) [D., leeman, a layman]. A mem- 
ber of the laity. 

Lazar (ta'-zar) [from Lazarus, a Biblical name] . An 
old name for a leper, or for any person having a repul- 
sive disease. 

Lazaret Fever. A synonym of Typhus Fever, q. v. 

Lazaretto (laz-ar-et'-o) [Ital. , a pest-house]. A quar- 
antine establishment. Also, a place for fumigation 
and disinfection. 

Lazari malum (laz'-ar-i ma'-lutn) [L., "Lazarus' 
ill"]. Synonym of Leprosy. 

Lazulite (laz'-u-lit) [S., azul, blue]. A mineral of a 
light-blue color, composed of the hydrous phosphate 
of aluminum, magnesium, and iron. 

Leaching (lech'-ing) [ME., leechen, to wet]. In 
chemistry, removing by percolation. 

Lead (led) [ME., leed, lead]. See Plumbum. L., 
Black. See Graphite. L. -colic. See Colic. L.- 
encephalopathy, a morbid condition of the brain due 
to chronic lead-poisoning. L.-line, blue line ; the line 
of discoloration on the gums in cases of chronic lead- 
poisoning. L.-pipe Contraction, Weir Mitchell's term 
for the marked resistance encountered in attempting to 
flex the legs in cases of spastic paraplegia of infants, 
the resistance gradually yielding as the effort to flex is 
maintained; also the condition of the limbs in the 
cataleptic state in which they maintain any position 
that is given them. L.-pipe Paralysis. Same as 



LEADER 



666 



LECTUAL 



L.-pipe Contraction. L. -poisoning, plumbism ; saturn- 
ism ; painters' colic ; lead-palsy ; systemic poisoning. 
It is due to the introduction of lead into the system. 
The symptoms are disturbed nutrition, anemia, the 
gingival line, lead-colic, constipation, pains in the 
limbs, local muscular paralysis (wrist-drop) and wast- 
ing, saturnine encephalopathy, etc. The treatment 
consists in stopping ingress of lead to the system, its 
elimination by iodid of potassium, aperients, particularly 
the sulphates, etc. L., Sugar of. See Plumbi 
acetas. L., Vinegar of, liquor plumbi subacetatis, 
q.v. Also applied to alkaline solutions of basic lead 
salts. L., White, basic lead carbonate (PbC0 3 ).,.Pb- 
(OH),. L., Pattison's White, the oxychlorid of 
lead ; it is used as a paint. 

Leader (le'-der) [ME., leder, a leader]. A sinew or 
tendon ; a main artery; a terminal shoot. 

Leaf (lef) [ME., leef, leaf; Xkirog, a scale]. In botany, 
an expanded plant-organ, produced laterally from the 
stem or branch, and, regarding only the way in which 
it originates, applied arbitrarily to the carpels, stamens, 
floral envelops, cotyledons, and ordinary leaves. See 
Folia. L.-cup. See Bearsfoot. L. -green. See 
Cklorophyl. 

Leaflet (lef '-let) [ME., leef, a leaf]. A small leaf, or 
leaf-like organ or appendage. 

Lean (/en) [ME., lene, lean]. Scant of flesh; thin; 
spare. Free from fat. L. -faced, having a thin face. 

Leanness (len'-nes) [ME. , lene, lean]. A condition 
of having less than the usual amount of fat or flesh. 
It may be natural, or the result of disease. 

Leap (lip) [ME., lepen, to spring]. To bound; to 
spring up. 

Leaping (Isp'-ing) [ME., lepen, to spring]. Springing ; 
jumping. L. Ague, a synonym of Dancing Mania. 

Leash (les)i) [ME., leesshe, a leash]. The network of 
branches into which a nerve-trunk or a vessel may be 
divided. 

Leather (leth'-er) [ME., lether, leather]. A material 
manufactured from hides or skins by the process of 
tanning, which may be done by a number of methods. 
The following are the main varieties of leathers so 
produced : Sole-leather; this is the heaviest and firm- 
est variety of leather produced. It is made from the 
heaviest and thickest hides, and is valued for its fine 
grain and toughness. It retains the whole thickness 
of the hide. Upper and Harness Leathers ; these are 
made from lighter hides, and are tanned for strength 
and flexibility rather than for weight. The black 
color and finish are put on upper leather by coating it 
with a mixture of lamp-black, linseed oil, and fish-oil, 
to which tallow and wax and a little soap have been 
added. Morocco Leather ; the true morocco leathers 
are manufactured from goat-skins. A cheaper grade, 
known as French morocco, is produced from sheep- 
skins. Enamelled or Patent Leathers ; these are leath- 
ers finished with a water-proof and brightly varnished 
surface, similar to lacquered wood- work. Thin and 
split hide is used for these. Russia Leather is peculiar 
in its characteristic odor and its ability to withstand 
dampness, without any tendency to mold, both of 
which qualities it owes to the currying with the empy- 
reumatic oil of birch-bark. Chamois Leather is a soft 
felt-like leather, originally prepared from the skin of 
the chamois-goat, but now made from other goat-skins 
and from the "flesh splits" of sheep-skins. Crown 
Leather is a variety intermediate between oil -tanned 
and tawed leather, being stronger than the first and 
more water-resistant than the latter. The leather 
readily becomes moldy, but seems to be strong and 
specially adapted for belting. White-tanned or 
" Tawed'''' Leather ; skins to be tanned with the hair 



on, as sheep-skin rugs, etc., as well as light calf-kid 
and glove-leather, are always alum-tanned. The glove- 
leather thus obtained has softness and considerable 
strength, but is not thoroughly water-resistant. Parch- 
ment and Vellum ; the first of these is prepared from 
the skins of sheep and goats, and the second from the 
skins of calves. The skins are washed, limed, un- 
haired, and fleshed, and then stretched thoroughly. 
They are then again well-scraped and rubbed with 
pumice-stone, and allowed to dry on a frame in the 
shade, care being taken to avoid sunshine or frost. Very 
fine vellums are prepared with the finest pumice-stone. 
Degras, a valuable side-product of the leather indus- 
try. It is essentially an emulsion of oxidized fish-oil, 
produced by soluble albuminoids. It is used largely 
for currying purposes. L. -brown. Same as Pheny- 
lene-brown. L.-wood. See Dirca palustris. 

Leathery (leth'-er-e) [ME., lether, leather]. Resem- 
bling leather ; applied to thickened arteries, to various 
tough tissues in the body, and to the liver, spleen, 
or lungs. 

Leaven (lev'-n) \_levare, to raise]. A name given to 
several species of ferments belonging to the class of 
Saccharomyces, of which the culture known as "sour 
dough" is a common example. 

Leban, Leben (leh'-an, leb'-en) [Ar. , leban~\. A 
' variety of fermented milk of the Arabs. It is made 
by adding some of the fermented milk of the previous 
day to the fresh milk as soon as it is brought in from 
the milking. It is a slightly acid fluid of the consist- 
ence of cream, with small, flaky curds, and with the 
taste of buttermilk. It is easily digested, and hence is 
suitable for invalids. It corresponds to the "Alatzoon " 
of the Turks. 

Leber's Disease. Congenital malformation of the 
optic nerve, with atrophy. Hereditary optic atrophy. 
See Diseases, Table of. 

Lecat's Gulf. The dilated bulbous portion of the urethra. 

Lecheguana (la-cha-gwan'-ali) [Port.]. A kind of 
poisonous honey collected in S. America from flowers 
of the genera Paullinia and Serjania. It produces 
hilarity, followed by heavy narcotic slumber, and later 
by melancholic depression. Unof. 

Lechopyra (lek-op'-ir-ah) [Ae^o, a lying-in woman ; 
Trip, fire, fever]. Puerperal fever. 

Lecithigenous (les-ith-ij'-en-us) [femdog, yolk ; yev- 
vav, to beget]. Producing lecithin. 

Lecithin (les' -ith-in) \Xenidoc, yolk of egg], C 44 H 90 - 
NP0 9 . A complex nitrogenous fatty substance occur- 
ring widely spread throughout the animal body. It 
is found in the blood, bile, and serous fluids, as well 
as in the brain, nerves, yolk of egg, semen, pus, and 
white blood-corpuscles. It is a colorless, slightly 
crystalline substance, readily soluble in cold, and very 
much so in hot alcohol. It swells up in water, and 
throws out curling filamentous processes at the same 
time. It is easily decomposed. The lecithins, as a 
class, form a group of substances the type of which is 
normal lecithin. 

Lecithoid (les' -ith-oid) [/ti/aflof, yolk; eldoc, like]. 
Resembling lecithin. 

Lecithophore (les'-ith-o-fbr) [leKtdog, yolk ; <popeiv, to 
bear]. A layer of cells in the ovum, constituting the 
floor of the segmentation-cavity. 

Lecithus (les'-ith-us) ['Aeiadoc, yolk]. The egg-yolk. 

Lecithymen (les-ith-i'-men) [XekiOos, yolk ; vfti/v, mem- 
brane]. The vitelline membrane. 

Leclanche Cell. See Cell. 

Leco (le'-ko) \\i)k£i, penis]. The penis. 

Lectual (lek'-tu-al) [L., lectus, a bed]. Pertaining to 
a bed or couch. L. Disease, a disease that confines 
one to bed. 






LECTULUS 



667 



LEMITHOCHORTON 



Lectulus (lek'-tu-lus) [dim. of ieccus, bed]. An old 
name for various forms of splints, cushions, and pads 
used in surgery ; also, a bed or couch ; a couch or 
mattress containing medicinal substances. L. medi- 
catus, a dry fomentation. 

Ledon (le'-don) \7i/6ov, cistus]. See Ladanum. 

Ledoyen's Disinfecting-fluid. A solution of lead 
nitrate. 

Ledran's Suture. See Suture. 

Ledum (le'-dum) [Af/dov, a species of cistus]. A genus 
of ericaceous shrubs. L. palustre, marsh-tea, the 
leaves of which have been used as a febrifuge and 
sedative, and in skin-diseases. Unof. 

Ledyson, Powder of. A powder containing Armenian 
bole, with powdered charcoal, slaked lime, sal am- 
moniac, and powdered cinnamon. 

Leech (lech) [AS., lace, physician]. I. Hirudo medi- 
cinalis, or other worm-shaped aquatic and blood- 
sucking animals employed in surgery. 2. Formerly a 
medical practitioner ; a physician. 3. To extract 
blood by leeching. See Hirudo. L., Artificial, an 
apparatus for cupping. See Heurteloup. L. -craft, 
an archaic name for the art of healing. L., Horse. 
See Horse-leech. L.-tube, a glass lube in which a 
leech is placed so that its mouth will come in contact 
with the skin of the part over which the tube is placed. 

Leecher (lech'-er) [ME., leeche, a physician]. A per- 
son who applies leeches. 

Lees (lez) [AS., lies, dregs]. The dregs or solid mat- 
ter held in suspension by a liquid, that finally settles 
at the bottom of the vessel. Especially the sediment 
of vinous liquors. Also, a valuable side-product in 
the manufacture of wine. It is the deposit formed on 
the bottom of the casks, and consists of from 30 to 40 
per cent, of vegetable matter, the remainder being 
tartrates, sulphates (in plastered wines), alumina, 
phosphoric acid, etc. 

Leeting (let'-ing). The exudation on the surface of 
the skin in eczema. 

Le Fort's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Left [ME., left, left]. Sinistral; opposite of right. 
The left-hand side. In man and other mammals, the 
side containing ihe larger part of the heart. L.- 
brained, having the speech-center in its normal situ- 
ation, in the left third frontal, or subfrontal convolu- 
tion. L. -handed, having more power and dexterity 
in the left than in the right hand. L. Lateral 
Recumbent Position. See Postures, Table of. 

Leg [ME., leg, leg]. The lower extremity of man, 
especially that part from the knee to the ankle. An 
organ of locomotion in man and other animals. L., 
Bandy, bow-leg. L., Barbadoes, elephantiasis of 
the leg. L., Black, of Canada, a condition of 
purpura affecting the legs of Canadian lumbermen. 
L., Cochin. See L., Barbadoes. L., Crossed, a 
crossing of the axes of the legs. L., Dentist's, a 
painful cramp in the leg-muscles of dentists. L., 
Dover's, a term for hypochondriasis. L.-ill. See 
Black Leg. L., Lawn-tennis. See La?vn-tennis Leg. 
L., Milk, phlegmasia alba dolens. L., Scissors. See 
L., Crossed. L. , Weeping, a leg the seat of eczema 
madidans. L., White. See L., Milk. 

Legal (le'-gal) [lex. le^is, law]. Pertaining to law. 
L. Medicine, medical jurisprudence. 

Legal's Disease. Headache due to meningo-tympanic 
disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Legitimacy (le-jit'-i?n-as-e) \_legitimare , to make law- 
ful]. The condition of being within the bounds of the 
law. Also, the statutory recognition of a child born 
within wedlock, or within a period of time necessary 
to gestation, which may elapse after the death of the 
father. 



Legume (leg'-um or leg-um') [legere, to gather (so- 
called because it may be gathered by the hand) ]. In 
biology, the fruit of plants of the pea or pulse family, 
a pod splitting along both sutures, and formed from 
a simple pistil. 
Legumin (leg-u'-min) \legumen, pulse]. A proteid 
compound in the seeds of many plants belonging to 
the natural order of leguminosK. Vegetable casein. 
See Casein. 

Leguminosse (leg-u-min-o'-se) \legumen, pulse]. The 
pulse family ; an important family of plants compris- 
ing the bean, the clover, the lentil, the pea. 
Licorice, indigo, gum arabic, senna, are also obtained 
from species of this family. 

Leguminous (leg-u'-min-us) \legumen, pulse]. Per- 
taining to or resembling the Leguminosa •. 

Leicester System. A system of combating smallpox 
that consists in isolation, quarantine, and disinfection, 
without vaccination. 

Leiocephalous (li-o-sef'-al-us) \\uoc , smooth ; Ke(j>a?i7/, 
head]. Having a smooth head. 

Leiodermia (li-o-de?-' -me-ah) [Ae7oc, smooth ; dipfia, 
skin]. A disease of the skin marked by abnormal 
glossiness, and by atrophy. 

Leiodermatous (li-o-der' -?nat-us) [peioc, smooth ; 
6kpfia, skin]. Smooth-skinned. 

Leiomyoma (li-o-mi-o' -mah) [fuoc, smooth ; /ivq, 
muscle ; o/ua, a tumor: pi., Leiomvomata~\. A tumor 
consisting largely of unstriped muscle-fibers. 

Leiopilous (li-op'-il-us) [feloc, smooth ; tcIXoc, wool]. 
Same as Leiocephalous. 

Leiopus (li'-o-pus) [At/oc, smooth ; Trove, foot"]. Syn- 
onym of Talipes planum, or flat-foot. 

Leiotrichous, Liotrichous (li-of -rik-us) [p.eloc, 
smooth; dpi!;, hair]. Having smooth or straight hair. 
See Lissotrichous. 

Leiphemia (li-fe'-me-ah) [feiireiv, to fail ; aifia, blood]. 
Failure, poverty, or a depraved state of the blood. 

Leipodermia (li-po-der 1 '-me-ah) \_Aeirreiv, to leave ; 
depfia, skin]. A deficiency of the skin, especially of 
the prepuce. 

Leipomeria (li-po-me' -re-ali) \\uneiv, to leave ; fiepoc, 
part]. A monstrosity with absence of one or more 
limbs. 

Leipopsychia (li-pop-si' -ke-ah) [fe'nreiv, to fail ; ipvx'll, 
spirit]. Fainting; weakness; asphyxia. 

Leipothymia (li-po-thi' -me-ah) [XeItteiv, to fail ; 6vfi6g, 
mind]. A fainting or syncope. 

Leipothymic (li-po-thi' -mi k) \_aeItceiv, to fail ; dv/idc, 
mind]. Faint ; affected with or pertaining to leipo- 
thymia. 

Leipsic Green. Same as Schweinfurth Green. L. 
Yellow. Same as Chrome-yellow. 

Leipyria (li-pir'-e-ah) [ae'ltteiv, to fail ; rcvp, fire]. 
Coldness, as of the extremities, during a high fever. 

Leitch's Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Leiter's Apparatus, Coil, or Tubes. Tubes of soft, 
flexible metal designed for application about any part of 
the body. Cold water is passed through the tubes, 
thereby reducing the temperature of the parts encased. 

Leithner's Blue. Same as Cobalt-blue. 

Lekene (le'-ken). The principal constituent of Cau- 
casian ozokerite ; it melts at 79 C, and has the com- 
position C n H 2n _)_ 2 or C n H. 2n . 

Lema (le'-mah) [/ rjjj.7}, rheum]. The collection of dried 
matter sometimes seen at the canthus of the eye. 

Lembert's Suture. See Suture. 

Lemery's Powder. A stimulant and digestive powder 
containing cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, cloves, mace, 
musk, and raisins. L.'s Salt, magnesium sulphate. 

Lemithochorton (lem-ith-o-kor' -ton). Same as Hel- 
minthochorton. 



LEMMA 



668 



LENTICULAR 



Lemma (lem'-ali) [2£/ifia, peel: //. , Lemmata~\. A 
general name for a limiting orensheathing membrane ; 
e. g., neurilemma, sarcolemma, etc. It is mostly 
used in composition. In embryology, the outer layer 
of the germinal vesicle. 

Lemnian Earth (lem'-ne-an) [/[///ivtog, Lemnian]. A 
variety of reddish kaolin, originally found in the Isle 
of Lemnos ; a kind of bole (q. v.) used as an astrin- 
gent; also, as a detergent, like fuller's earth; Lem- 
nian bole. See, also, Ocher. 

Lemniscus (lem-nis'-kus) ['A.r//j.viaKoc , fillet]. I. A 
ribbon-like appendage. 2. Fillet; a triangular area 
on the lateral slope of the mesencephal, in which the 
fibers run approximately cephalo-dorsad. It is dorso- 
cephalad of the demarcation-line of the pons, and con- 
stitutes the most ventral part of the tegmentum. Sev- 
eral divisions are made; e.g., inferior, lateral, and 
median or superior lemniscus. 3. In biology, the 
name given by Rudolphi to a glandular, filiform organ, 
pendent, on either side of the proboscis-sheath, in 
the anterior body-cavity of Echinorhynchus. Dujardin 
considers it to be of the nature of a salivary gland. 

Lemon (lem' -on). See Limon. 

Lemonade (lem-on-ad') [limon, lemon]. An acidulous, 
refrigerant drink made from the juice of lemon. L., 
Sulphuric Acid, a solution of sugar in water con- 
taining sulphuric acid. It is used in lead manufac- 
tories to prevent lead-poisoning. 

Lemoparalysis (le-mo-par-al' -is-is) [Kaifiog, gullet ; 
Trapd'Avotc, palsy]. Paralysis of the esophagus. 

Lemostenosis (le-mo-ste-no'-sis) [Xa.iju.6t; , gullet ; ork- 
vuait;, stricture]. Constriction of the pharynx or 
esophagus. 

Lendigerous {len-dif -er-us) [lens, a louse's egg ;gerere, 
to bear]. Bearing or having vesicles. 

Lenhossek, Bundle of. The ascending root of the 
vagus and glosso-pharyngeal nerves. 

Leniceps (len' -is-eps) [/em's, mild ; capere, to seize]. 
A form of obstetric forceps, with short handles ; it is so 
called because it was designed to be safer in use than 
the ordinary forms. 

Lenient (le'-ne-ent) [leniens, softening]. I. Lenitive; 
emollient. 2. An emollient medicine or application. 

Leniment (len'-im-ent) [lenire, to soothe]. A liniment 
or soothing application. 

Lenitis (len-i'-tis). A term for phlegmonous gastritis, 
or suppurative inflammation of the areolar tissue of 
the stomach. 

Lenitive (len'-it-hi) [lenitivus, soothing]. Emollient 
or demulcent ; laxative or aperient. 2. An emollient 
remedy or application ; an aperient or mildly cathartic 
agent. L. Electuary, confectio sennas. 

Lens (len:) [L. , a lentil]. A regularly-shaped piece 
of glass or crystal for the refraction of rays of light. 
The crystalline lens of the eye. L., Achromatic. 
See Achromatic. L., Apochromatic. See Apo- 
chromatic. L., Astigmatic. See L., Cylindric. 
L., Astigmatic, of Stokes, an apparatus con- 
sisting of two plano-cylindric lenses, one concave, 
the other convex, the two of equal focal distance ; 
it is used in the diagnosis of astigmatism. L., 
Biconcave (negative or minus ( — ) lens), a thick- 
edged lens having concave spheric surfaces upon 
its opposite sides ; it is used in spectacles to cor- 
rect myopia. L., Biconvex (positive or plus (-\-) 
lens), a thin-edged lens ; it has two convex surfaces, 
and is used to correct hyperopia. L., Bifocal. See 
Bifocal. L., Cicatricular, a lenticular body in the 
ovum formed by the junction of the germinal vesicle 
and the non-germinal layer of the ovum. L., Con- 
vergent or Converging, a double convex or plano- 
convex lens that focuses rays of light. L., Crystalline, 



the lens of the eye, situated immediately behind the 
pupil. L., Cylindric (either minus or plus), one 
ground upon a cylindric tool, i. e., one with a plane sur- 
face in one axis and a concave or convex surface in the 
axis at right angles to the first. L., Decentered, one 
in which the optic center is not opposite the pupil of 
the eye. L., Dispersing, a name for a concave lens. 
L. -paper, a soft absorbent paper much used for clean- 
ing lenses ; it is also known as Japanese filter-paper. 
L., Periscopic, one with concavo-convex or convexo- 
concave surfaces, the opposite sides being of different 
curvatures ; it is used to avoid spheric aberration, and 
to gain a greater field of clear vision ; such lenses are 
called meniscus lenses. L., Plano-concave, Plano- 




12345 

Different Forms of Spheric Lenses. 
1. Biconvex lens. 2. Plano-convex. 3. Concavo-convex, or 
convergent meniscus. 4. Biconcave 5. Plano-concave. 
6 Convexo-concave, or divergent meniscus. 

convex, Plano-cylindric, have a plane surface upon 
one side and a curved surface upon the reverse side. 
L., Prismatic, a triangular bar of glass. L., Spheric, 
one whose curved surface, either concave or convex, is 
a segment of a sphere, in contradistinction to a cylin- 
dric lens. L., Sphero-cylindric, one with a spheric 
surface upon one side, and a cylindric surface upon the 
reverse, used for the correction of either myopia or 
hyperopia, associated with astigmatism. See Spectacle- 
lenses. L.-star, the stellate figure seen on the pos- 
terior surface of the crystalline lens. L., Test or 
Trial, one of a set of lenses employed in determining 
refractive errors. 

Lenticel (len'-tis-el) [lenticella ; dim. of lens, lentil]. 
Any one of the little mucous follicles or crypts at the 
base of the tongue ; any lenticular gland. In biology, 
a lens-shaped collection of cells ; applied to the dots on 
new bark and to certain glands. 

Lenticellate (len-tis-el'-at) [lenticella ; dim. of lens, 
lentil]. Having lenticels. 

Lenticonus (!en-tik-o'-nus) [lens, a lens ; conns, a 
cone]. A rare, usually congenital, anomaly of the 
lens in which there is a conical prominence upon its 
anterior, or more rarely upon its posterior, surface. 

Lenticula (lcn-tik'-u-lah), Lenticule (len'-tik-ftl) [L. ; 
dim. of lens, lentil : //., Lenticulce\. I. Same as 
Lentigo. 2. A mass of gray matter in the brain situ- 
ated in the hemicerebral wall, between the caudatum 
and the cortex. It consists of three zones known as 
articuli, all more or less striated, the erital the small- 
est, and the ectal, also called pitta men, the largest 
The latter is of a deeper reddish-gray color than the 
two mesal divisions, which together are termed 
globus pallidus. 3. In biology : (a) a spore-case; 
(b) a freckle. 

Lenticular (len-tik'-u-lar) [lentieularis ; lens, a lentil]. 
Pertaining to, or resembling, a lens ; also a descrip- 
tive term applied to an instrument with a curved cut- 
ting-edge for removing the rough edges of bone made 
by the trephine. L. Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table 
of. L. Nucleus, the lenticula, q. v. 



LENTIFORM 



669 



LEPROLOGY 



Lentiform (len'-tif-orni). See Lenticular. 

Lentigines (len-tij' ' -in-ez) [lens, a lentil]. See Lentigo. 
L. leprosae, the pigmented spots of macular leprosy. 

Lentiginose, Lentiginous (len-tij' ' -in-bz, len-tij' -in-us) 
\_lentiginosus, freckled]. Affected with lentigo. 
Speckled or freckled. 

Lentigo (len-ti'-go) [lens, a lentil; pi., Lentigines]. 
A freckle ; ephelid. A circumscribed spot or patch of 
pigment, small in size, and occurring mainly on the 
face and hands. Freckles rarely occur before the age 
of eight years, and are not common in aged persons. 
They are most frequent among people of light com- 
plexion. Those occurring upon parts of the body not 
exposed to the sun's rays are called " cold freckles." 
L. aestiva, summer freckles. L. congenita, pig- 
mented nevus. 

Lentil (len'-til) [lenticula, a lentil]. The plant Lens 
esculenta ; also its flat lenticular seed, a kind of pulse, 
valued as an article of food. 

Lentitis (len-ti'-tis). See Phakitis. 

Lentoid (len'-toid) \_lens, lentil ; ddoc, like]. Lens- 
shaped, or lenticular. 

Lentor (Jen' -tor) [lentor ; lenlus, adhesive]. Viscidity 
of a liquid ; slowness of any function, or process. L. 
cordis, sluggishness of the heart. 

Lentous (leu'-tus) [lentus, thick]. Thick, tenacious, 
or viscid. 

Lenus (le'-nus) [fo/i>6c;, a depression]. A depression ; 
the torcular herophili, q. v. 

Lenz's Law. See Law. 

Leonard's Tint. A name for methyl-violet, penta- 
methyltriamido-triphenylcarbinol, used for staining mi- 
croscopic sections and bacteria.' 

Leonine (le'-o-nin) \_leoniniis, belonging to a lion]. 
Lion-like ; resembling a lion. 

Leontiasis (le-on-ti' '-as-is) [leo, a lion]. A variety of 
elephantiasis in which the patient's face is said to re- 
semble that of a lion. See Elephantiasis and 
Leprosy. L. ossea, L. ossium, a form of sclerosis of 
bone, following osteitis, in which nodular deposits are 
seen upon the diseased bone. L. vitulina, a con- 
genital disease characterized by a painless enlargement 
of the face, giving it some resemblance to that of a calf. 

Leontodin (le-on' -to-d in) [?iewv, a lion ; b&o'uq, a 
tooth] . The precipitate from a tincture of the root of 
dandelion, Leontodon taraxacum; it is a tonic, 
diuretic, aperient, and hepatic excitant. Dose two to 
four grains. Unof. 

Leontodon (le-on 1 '-to-don) . See Taraxacum. 

Leonurus (le-on-u'-rus). See Motherwort. 

Leopard's Bane (lep'-ardz bait). See Arnica. 

Lepal (le'-pal) [Aem'c, a scale]. In biology, a "barren 
stamen ; a stamenode. 

Leper (lep'-er) tyenpoc, scaly]. One affected with 
leprosy. 

Lepidin (lep' -id-iti) [Xett'ic, scale], C 9 H 6 (CH 3 )N. 
I. Methyl-quinolin, a substance that occurs with quino- 
lin and quinaldin in coal-tar, and is obtained on distill- 
ing cinchonin with potassic hydrate. It possesses an 
odor like that of quinolin, and boils at 257 C. 2. A 
bitter principle from Lepidium iberis ; it is reputed to 
be antipyretic. Unof. 

Lepidium (lep-id' -e-um) [XeirlSiov • heirlc, scale]. A 
genus of cruciferous herbs; cress, or peppergrass. L. 
iberis, L. latifolium, L. ruderale, L. sativum, and 
L. virginicum, have been used in medicine. They 
are antiscorbutic, and stimulant, and are reputed to be 
antipyretic. Unof. 

Lepido- (lep'-id-o-) [Aejn'c, scale]. A prefix signifying a 
scale, or scaly. 

Lepidoid (lep'-id-oid) [Xeniq, scale]. Having the ap- 
pearance of a scale. 



Lepidoplastic [lep-id- o-plas' -tik) [Aeiric, scale ; irXaa- 
asn>, to form]. Forming scales. 

Lepidoptera (lep-id-op' -ter-aK) ['Aeirlr, scale ; nrcpov, a 
wing]. An order of insects distinguished by feather- 
like scales and a spirally-coiled suctorial apparatus. 
The order includes butterflies and moths. 

Lepidosarcoma (lep-id-o-sar-ko' -mah) ["Aeiriq, scale ; 
adpKUfia, sarcoma]. A sarcoma covered with scales, 
occurring in the mouth. 

Lepidosin {lep-id' -o-sin) [Xeirig, scale]. A substance in 
the scales of fishes analogous to dentine. 

Lepidosis (lep-id-o'-sis) [fa-nig, scale]. Same as Lchthy- 
osis. Also, a synonym of Lepra and of Pityriasis. 

Lepidote (lep'-id-ot) [ae7t/c, a scale]. In biology, 
scurfy or covered with small scales. 

Le Pita. Synonym of Tinea imbricata. 

Lepocyta (lep-os' -it-ah) [Aeiroc;, a scale, a husk ; kvtoc, a 
hollow, a cavity]. In biology, a unicellular organ- 
ism furnished with a limiting membrane. Cf. Gym- 
nocyta. 

Lepocyte (lep'-o-sit) [Atrroc, a scale, a husk ; Kvror, a. 
hollow]. In biology, a nucleated cell possessing a cell- 
wall. Cf. Gymnocyte. 

Leposteophyton, or Leposteophytum {lep-os-te-o-fi' - 
ton, lep-os-te-o-fi' -turn) [fanog, scale ; bareov, bone ; 
(j>vtov, plant]. A new growth of bone, scaly in 
character. 

Lepothrix (lep' -o-thriks) [Mivog, scale ; ftpi'f , the 
hair]. A condition in which the hairs of the axillae 
or scrotum are fringed with feather-like masses along 
the shaft, or become encased in a sheath of hardened 
sebaceous matter. 

Lepra (lep' -rah) [TiEirpa, leprosy]. I. Leprosy. An en- 
demic, chronic, and highly malignant disease, some- 
what analogous to syphilis in pathologic character. It 
is prevalent in Europe and Asia, especially along the 
Mediterranean shores, but is rare in North America. 
It is a constitutional disease preceded by malaise, de- 
bility, and languor, followed by characteristic bullous, 
macular, or tubercular lesions of the skin. Its cause 
is the Bacillus lepra discovered by Hansen. See 
Leprosy, and Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of, and 
also Psoriasis. 2. A so called " false leprosy," ap- 
parently a form of psoriasis. L. alba or albida, 
white leprosy. L. alphos. See Psoriasis. L. anaes- 
thetica. See Leprosy. L. antanea. Same as- 
Leprosy, Tuberculated. L. asturiensis. Synonym 
of Pellagra, q. v. L. fungifera. Synonym of 
Frambesia. L. ichthyosis. Ichthyosis, q. v. L. 
italica, or mediolanensis, pellagra, q. v. L. macu- 
losa, the stage of true leprosy, characterized by the 
presence of pigment-spots. L. mediolanensis. See 
L. italica. L. melas, black leprosy. L. mutilans, 
the final stage of true leprosy, in which there is- 
a loss of members. L. nervorum. See Leprosy, 
Nerve. L. nervosa. Same as Leprosy, Anesthetic? 
q. v. L. nodosa, or L., Nodular. See Lepi-osy. 
L., Non-tuberculated. See Leprosy. L. of Willan, 
psoriasis. L. tuberosa. See Leprosy, Tuberculated. 
L. umbrosa. See Leprosy, Black. L. vera. See 
Leprosy. L. vulgaris, a synonym of psoriasis. 

Leprelcosis (lep-rel-ko'-sis) [Xiirpa, lepra; ehtuais, 
ulceration]. Leprous ulceration. 

Lepriasis (lep- ri' -as-is) [Tikivpa, leprosy] . A synonym of 
leprosy and of psoriasis ; an obsolescent term vaguely 
used to designate various scaly diseases of the skin. 

Lepric (lep'-rik) \j\enpiKOt;, leprous]. Pertaining to 
lepra. 

Leprologist (lep-rol' -o-jist) [Xeirpa, leprosy; Myog, 
science]. An expert or specialist in leprology. 

Leprology (lep-rol' -o-Je) \_Aeivpa, leprosy ; Xdyog, 
science]. The science of leprosy. 



LEPROMORPHE 



670 



LEPTOMENINGES 



Lepromorphe [lep-ro-mor'-fe) [keirpa, leprosy ; poptyri, 
form]. An advanced stage in leprosy in which the 
bones are affected. 

Leprophobia [lep-ro-fo' '-be-ah ) [leirpa, leprosy ; (pojiog, 
fear]. Morbid or insane dread of leprosy. 

Leprophthalmia [lep-roff-tkal' -me-ah ) [Xt— pa, leprosy; 
bipda'AfiOQ, the eye]. Ophthalmia of a leprous charac- 
ter. 

Leprosarium [lep-ro-sa'-re-um) [L.]. A leper-house ; 
leprosery. 

Leprosery [lep'-ro-ser-e) [Fr., leproscrie\ Same as 
Leprosarium. 

Leprosity [lep-ros' -it-e) \leprositas, from Aeirpa, leprosy]. 
Leprousness ; the state of being leprous. 

Leprosy [lep' -rose) [AsTrpa, leprosy]. Lepra vera; 
Elephantiasis grcecorum ; Black Leprosy ; Leontiasis ; 
an endemic, chronic, constitutional disease analogous 
to syphilis, and varying in its morbid mani- 
festations according as the brunt of the disease 
falls on the skin, the nerves, or other tissues. It 
occurs in three forms, the tuberculated, non-tuber- 
culated or anesthetic, and the mixed tuberculated. 
The tuberculated or nodular leprosy is attended at the 
onset with debility, depression, dyspepsia, diarrhea, 
drowsiness, chilliness and profuse perspiration, 
marked vertigo, recurrent epistaxis, fever up to 104 
F. ; after a variable period of days or even months, com- 
ing first with edema of the eyelids, the leprous spots 
appear on the face and ears, and then on the anterior 
and external surfaces of the limbs. The exanthem is 
an erythema, varying from a bright-red to a purplish-red 
or mahogany-red tint, associated with the leprous deposit 
of well-defined, shiny, slightly raised patches of from 
one to several inches in diameter. Papules then form 
in crops, gradually reaching the size of a hen's egg and 
of a yellowish to a dark-brown color. Tuberculation 
does not develop until from three to six months after the 
commencement of the disease. Nodules are most com- 
mon on the face, limbs, breast, scrotum, and penis. 
There is also an involvement of the mucous membranes. 
When the disease is fully developed, the face assumes 
the characteristic leonine appearance, from thickening 
of the skin. Ulceration eventually sets in, and the 
patient dies of exhaustion or complications. Non- 
tuberculated leprosy is the most common tropical form. 
The prodromal symptoms are marked, and are asso- 
ciated at first with hyperesthesia of the skin. At the 
end of a year the special eruption breaks out, usually 
on the back, shoulders, posterior aspect of the arms, 
nails, thighs, and sometimes in the course of nerves. 
The spots are one or two inches in diameter, well- 
defined, not raised, and of a pale-yellow color. They 
spread peripherally, clearing in the center, which be- 
comes dry, scaly, and anesthetic. Paralysis is usually a 
late symptom, and ulceration is common. Death results 
from ulceration, gangrene, marasmus, or general debility. 
Mixed tuberculated leprosy is the least common form, 
and its symptoms are a combination of those of the other 
two varieties. Destruction of the cartilages of the nose 
and of the soft palate is common. Leprosy is 
due to the action of a special bacillus, and the 
disease is almost invariably fatal. L., Anesthetic. 
See Leprosy, Nerve. L., Articular. Synonym of 
Lepra mutilans, a. v. L., Black, a form in which 
the eruption or the crusts are pigmented. L., 
Cutaneous. See L.eprosy. L., Italian. Pellagra, 
a. v. L., Lombardian. See Pellagra. L., Macular, 
a form of anesthetic leprosy characterized by the 
presence of pigmented or white spots. L. of Mal- 
abar, elephantiasis arabum. L., Mixed Tubercu- 
lated. See Leprosy. L., Nerve, a form of leprosy 
characterized by the progressive formation of the 



leprous neoplasm in the peripheral sensory nerves, 
and to some extent in the motor branches also. 
The condition is marked by pain along the course 
of the involved nerves, followed by an eruption of 
maculae which as they enlarge become anesthetic. 
L., Nodular. See L., Tubercular, under Leprosy. 
L., Smooth, anesthetic leprosy. L., Tubercular, 
and L., Tuberculated. See Leprosy. L., White. 
See Vitiligo. 

Leprotic [lep-rof -ik). Leprous [lep'-rus) [/.eirpa, lep- 
rosy]. Affected with, or relating to, leprosy. 

Leprousness [lep'-rus- nes) \_leprosus, leprous]. The 
state of being leprous. 

Leptandra [lep-tan' -drah) [XenToq, thin ; avi/p, male]. 
Culver's Root. The rhizome and rootlets of L. vir- 
ginica, now called Veronica virginiea. Its properties 
are thought to be due to a glucosid, leptandrin. It is 
a tonic, laxative, and cholagogue, and is indicated in 
indigestion and chronic constipation. Dose of the 
ext. gr. j-iij ; of the fid. ext. TTLxx-Jj. 

Leptandrin [lep-tan' -drin) [/Ve-rtic, thin ; avi/p, male]. 
The precipitate from a tincture of the root of Leptan- 
dra [Veronica) virginiea; alterative, deobstruent, 
laxative, cholagogue, and tonic. Dose from 2 to 4 
grains. Unof. 

Lepthymenia [lep-thi-me' -ne-ali) [Af—dc, thin ; v/a?/v, 
membrane]. Delicacy or thinness of membrane. 

Lepthymenic [lep-thi-men' -ik) ['Aeirroc; , thin ; vpr/v, 
membrane]. Relating to lepthymenia. 

Lepto- [lep'-to-) [AeTrrdc, thin, small, slender]. A 
prefix signifying small or slender. 

Leptocardia [lep-to-kar' -de-ah) [AfTrrdc, thin ; Kapdia, 
heart]. A group of fishes of which the lancelets are 
the only representatives. 

Leptocephalia [lep-to-sef-a'-le-ah) [?,s7tt6^, thin, small ; 
K8<paXij, head]. Abnormal smallness or narrowness of 
the skull. 

Leptocephalic [lep-io-sef-al'-ik), Leptocephalous [lep- 
to-sef'-al-us) [Ae-rrrdg, slight ; Kepa'Ai/, head]. Having 
an abnormally small head. 

Leptocephalus [lep to-sef'-al-us) [/cTrrdc, thin ; KopaAi/, 
head]. A monster with an abnormally small head 
from premature union of the frontal and sphenoid 
bones. 

Leptocephaly [lep-to-sef -al-e). See Leptocephalia. 

Leptochasmus [lep-to-kaz'-mus) \Aekt6q, thin ; xaopa, 
chasm]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the 
angle formed by two lines drawn from the punctum 
alse vomeris to the posterior nasal spine and the 
anterior margin of the foramen magnum respectively 
is between 94 and 114°. 

Leptochroa [lep-tok' -ro-ah) [Ae;rrdc, thin; XP^ a > skin]. 
Delicacy of the skin. 

Leptochrous [lep' -tok-rus) [Ae7rrdc, thin ; xP^ a i skin]. 
Having a delicate skin. 

Leptochymia [lep-to-kim' -e-ali) [Ae7tt(5?, thin ; xvp.6c, 
juice]. Abnormal thinness or meagerness of the 
fluids of the body. 

Leptodactylous [lep-to-dak' -til-us) [AetttS^, delicate ; 
Sd/crvAog, digit]. Characterized by slenderness of the 
fingers or toes, or both. 

Leptodera [lep-tod' -er-ali) \1ettt6c;, thin ; Sepa^, skin]. 
A genus of vinegar eels. L. stercoralis. See 
Thread-worms, and Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Leptodermic, Leptodermous [lep-to-der'-mik, lep-to- 
der'-mus) [Af7rrdc, thin; Sippa, skin]. Having a 
delicate skin. 

Leptodontous [lep-to-don' -ttis) [Ae7rrdf, thin ; bihvc, 
tooth]. Having thin or slender teeth. 

Leptomeninges [lep-to-mcn-in'-jez\ \7ie-t6c, thin ; 
pf/viy^, a membrane]. The arachnoid and pia, or the 
pia alone. 



LEPTOMENINGITIS 



671 



LETZERICH, BACILLUS OF 



Leptomeningitis (lep-to-men-in-ji'-tis) [?.£itt6c, slight ; 
fjf/i>i}i, membrane; vnq, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the pia and arachnoid of the brain and the 
spinal cord, in contradistinction to Pachymeningitis, 
though meningitis alone usually signifies the same as 
leptomeningitis. See Meningitis. L. cerebralis, an 
inflammation confined usually to the pia of the convex 
surface of an anterior lobe of the cerebrum. L., 
Cerebro-spinal, an inflammation of the pia of the 
brain and cord. L. spinalis, an inflammation of 
the pia of the spinal cord. L., Tuberculous, an in- 
flammation of the pia due to the presence of the 
tubercle-bacillus. 

Leptomeninx (lep-to-men' -ingks) [Tictttoc, delicate ; 
fif/viyi;, membrane: //., Leptomeninges\. The pia or 
the arachnoid ; in the plural (leptomeninges), usually 
the arachnoid and pia taken together. 

Leptophonia (lep-to-fo'-ne-ah) [AfTrrdc, delicate ; Quvt/, 
voice]. Delicacy, gentleness, or weakness of the 
voice. 

Leptophonic (lep-to-fon' -ik) [Aenrdc, thin ; <j>uvf/, 
voice]. Having a weak voice. 

Leptoprosope (lep-top' '-ro-sop) [Aetttoq , thin ; irpoau- 
irov, face]. A person, or a head, with a long, narrow 
face. 

Leptoprosopia (lep-to-pro-so' -pe-ali) [AKrrdc, thin ; 
Ttpoawnov, face]. Narrowness of the face. 

Leptoprosopic, Leptoprosopous (lep-to-pro-sop'-ik, 
lep-to-pros' -o-pus) [Ae7rrdc, thin; it poaonzov , face]. 
Having a long, narrow face. 

Leptorhine (lep' -tor-in) [Xexrdf, thin; pic, nose]. 
Having a slender nose or proboscis. See Index. 

Leptorrhinia (lep-tor-in' - e-ah)\fk?KT6q , thin ; pig, nose]. 
Narrowness of the nasal bones, or smallness of the 
nasal index. 

Leptorrhizous (lep-tor-i' -zus) [Ae7rrdc, thin ; piC,a, root]. 
Having a slender root. 

Leptosporangiate (lep-to-spo-ran' -je-af) \_Aenr6g, slen- 
der ; c-opa, seed ; ayyeiov, vessel]. In biology, having 
sporangia formed from a single cell. 

Leptothrix (lep'-to-thriks) [Ae-rdc, thin ; dp!!;, hair]. 
A genus of bacteria, whose elements form straight fila- 
ments, often of great length ; possibly indistinguishable 
from the genus Bacillus. L. buccalis, occasionally 
found in the mouth, plays a part in the formation 
of dental tartar and in the production of caries of the 
teeth. L. gigantea, found in tartar of the teeth. See 
Bacteria, Synony?natic Table of. 

Leptotrichia (lep-to-trik'-e-ah) [/W-n-rdc, delicate ; dpi!;, 
hair]. Abnormal or excessive fineness and delicacy 
of the hail. 

Leptoxylem (lep-to-zi' '-lem) [Xenrbc, slender ; i-v\ov, 
wood]. In biology, undeveloped or rudimentary 
xylem. 

Leptus (lep'-tus) [A£7rrdc, thin]. A genus of beetles. 
L. autumnalis, harvest bug; mower's mite. A para- 
site that burrows under the skin, causing lesions 
similar to those of itch. See Parasites (Animal), 
Table of. 

Lerema (ler-e' -mah) [Ar/prjfia, idle talk : //. , Leremata~\. 
An idle or childish utterance, as in senility, idiocy, or 
dementia. 

Leresis (ler-e' -sis) \7Jjprjaig, a speaking foolishly]. 
Garrulousness ; insane or senile loquacity. 

Leros (le'-ros) [lijpoc, foolish speaking]. Slight delirium, 
with talkativeness. 

Lerp [Australian]. A kind of manna found upon the 
Eucalyptus dumosa, or mallee, an Australian shrub. 
L.-amylum, C B H l0 O 5 , a peculiar carbohydrate found 
in the thready portion of lerp. 

Lesage, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 



Lesbian Love [/U'ct/3(oc, Lesbian]. See Tribadism. 

Lesbianism (les' bc-an-izm) ['Aio(3t.o<;, Lesbian]. The 
doctrine of Lesbian love. 

Leschenema (ies-ken-e' -mah) \fAeax'l, talk; leaxivev- 
eiv, to chat]. Insane, senile, or hysteric loquacity. 

Lesion (le'-zhun) \_lasio ; lecdere, to hurt]. Any injury, 
hurt, or wound in any part of the body. In pathology, 
any morbid change. L., Central, one affecting the 
central nervous system. L. of Continuity, a division 
or break in any part that is normally continuous. L., 
Diffuse, one involving all the tissues of an organ. 
L., Focal, in the nervous system a circumscribed 
lesion giving rise to distinctive and localizing symp- 
toms. L., Initial, of Syphilis, the chancre. L., 
Irritative, in the nervous system a lesion exciting 
the functions of the part wherein it is situated. L. of 
Nutrition, any pathologic alteration in the capillary sys- 
tem, consisting of increase or decrease in the amount 
of blood required for assimilation and absorption. 
L., Organic, a morbid structural change in the tissues 
of an organ. L., Peripheral, a lesion of the nerve- 
trunks or of their terminations. L., Primary, of the 
Skin, the change in the skin occurring in the devel- 
oping stage of a skin-disease. This may be manifested 
by the macule, the papule, the tubercle, the pomphus, 
the phyma, the vesicle, the bulla, the pustule. L., 
Primary, of Syphilis. See L., Initial. L., Sec- 
ondary. I. In the skin, the change occurring in the 
primary lesion, due to irritation or other causes. It com- 
prises erosions, ulcers, rhagades, squamse, cicatrices or 
scars, crusts, and pigmentation. 2. One of the second- 
ary lesions of syphilis. See Syphilis. L., Systematic 
or Systemic, in the spinal cord a lesion affecting one 
or more distinct systems or tracts, as in posterior sclero- 
sis in which the posterior columns or tracts are dis- 
eased. L., Traumatic, one due to an injury. 

Lesser's Triangle. See Triangles, Table of. 

Lethal (le'-thal) \letalis ; letum, or lethum, death]. 
Deadly ; pertaining to or producing death. 

Lethal (le'-thal) [Ar/dr/, forgetfulness], C ]2 H 26 0. An 
alcohol found in spermaceti. 

Lethality (le-thal'-it-e) [lethalitas, from letum, death]. 
Deadliness. 

Lethargic (leth-ar'-jik) [Ar/BapyiKoc, from Ai]8rj, a for- 
getting]. Relating to, affected with, or of the nature 
of, lethargy. 

Lethargogenic (leth-ar-go-jen'-ik) [Af/Bapyoc, forget- 
ful ; yevvav, to produce]. Giving rise to lethargy. 

Lethargus (leth-ar'-gus). See African Lethargy. 

Lethargy (leth' -ar-je) [Aridapyia ; Aijdr), forgetfulness]. 
A condition of drowsiness or stupor that cannot be 
overcome by the will. See, also, Somnambulism. L., 
African, the African sleeping-sickness. L. of Silk- 
worms. See Flacherie. 

Lethe (le'-the) \Arjdri, forgetfulness]. Total loss of mem- 
ory ; amnesia. 

Letheomania (le-the-o-ma' -ne-ah) [_?ir/8/j, oblivion ; 
fxavia, madness]. Morbid longing for narcotic 
drugs. 

Letheon (le'-the-on) [2.^1- forgetfulness]. An old 
trade name for ethylic ether, used as an anesthetic. 

Lethiferous (leth-if'-er-us) [Xrfijj, forgetfulness ; ferre, 
to bear]. Producing sleep. 

Letificant (le-tif'-ik-ant) \lcptificare , to make glad]. A 
term applied to any remedy acting as a stimulant tonic 
in melancholy and languor. 

Lettered (let'-erd) \littera, a letter]. In biology, pos- 
sessing markings that resemble letters. 

Letterwort (let'-ter-wert). Same as Hellebore, a. v. 

Lettuce (let' -us). See Lactucarium . 

Letzerich, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatii 
Table of. 



LEUBE AND RIEGEL'S TEST-DINNER 672 



LEUKOCYTIC 



Leube and Riegel's Test-dinner. A dinner to ascer- 
tain the condition of the secretory function of the 
stomach. It consists of 400 c.c. of beef-soup, 200 
grams of beefsteak, 50 grams of white bread, and 200 
c.c. of water. 

Leube's Pancreatic Meat-emulsion. See Alimenta- 
tion, Rectal. 

Leuc-. For words thus spelled and not found below 
see Leuk-. 

Leuca (leu'-kah). Synonym of Leprosy, q. v. 

Leucaethiops Qu-se' -the-ops) [Xevkoc, white ; AWioip, 
Ethiopian]. An albino of the black race. 

Leuce {lu'-se) [Xevktj ; /Uiwdc, white]. White leprosy ; 
also morphcea alba. 

Leucemia (lu-se'-nie-ah). See Leukemia. 

Leuchemia Uu-ke' '-me-a/i) . See Leukemia. 

Leucin (lu'-shi) Sj.tvuoc, white], C 6 H I3 NO.,. A crys- 
talline substance identical with amido-caproic acid, 
occurring in the pancreas, spleen, thymus gland, and 
other parts of the body. It is a product of pancre- 
atic digestion. It may occur in the urine, especially 
in acute yellow atrophy of the liver and in yellow 
fever. In the impure form it crystallizes in rounded 
fatty-looking lumps often aggregated and at times ex- 
hibiting radiating striation. When pure, it forms very 
thin, white, glittering, flat crystals, very soluble in hot 
water, and oily to the touch. See Sc/ierer's Test in 
Tests, Table of. 

Leucinosis (lu-sin-o'-sis) [Xevk6c, white]. I. Abnor- 
mally excessive proportion or production of leucin, as 
in the liver. 2. Acute yellow atrophy of the liver. 

Leucism, Leucismus (lu'-sizm, lu-siz' '-nuts) \_aevkoc, 
white]. In biology, whiteness resulting from bleach- 
ing or etiolation ; albinism. 

Leucitis (lu-si'-tis). Same as Sclerotitis. 

Leuco- (lu'-ko-'). For words not found under this form 
see Leuko-. 

Leucomain (In' ' -ko-man). See Leukomain. 

Leukangeitis (lu-kan-je-i' -tis). Synonym of Lym- 
phangitis, q. v. 

Leukanilin (/w-^aH'-iV-ttt) \_\evn6c, white; anilin~\, C 20 - 
H 21 N 3 . A substance obtained by digesting the 
fuchsin salts with ammonium sulphid. It occurs as 
a white, flocculent precipitate which separates from 
water in small crystals. It yields rosanilin by oxidation. 

Leukasmus (lu-kaz'-mus). See Leukoderma. L., 
Acquired. See Leukoderma. L., Congenital. See 
Albi)iismus. 

Leukemia (lu-ke' ' -ine-ali) \1evk6c, white ; nlfia, blood]. 
A disease of the blood and the blood-making 
organs, characterized by a more or less permanent 
increase in the number of white, blood-corpuscles 
and the marrow of bone, and by enlargement of the 
spleen and the lymphatic glands, together or sepa- 
rately. The etiology is obscure ; a history of malaria 
or syphilis has been present in some of the cases. 
The most characteristic symptom is the increase of white 
corpuscles in the blood. Instead of the ordinary ratio 
of white to red — I to 500-1000 — it may be I to 20, 1 to 
10, or even I to I. Interesting changes are seen in the 
relation of the various forms of leukocytes established 
by Ehrlich (see Leukocyte). In the myelo-splenic form 
of the disease, the lymphocytes are only slightly, if at 
all, increased. The eosinophiles are present in much 
larger numbers than normally. The polynuclear neu- 
trophile forms are not increased. In addition to these, 
cells not seen in normal blood are found — the myelo- 
cytes, large mononuclear leukocytes, filled with neu- 
trophile granules. They are held to originate in the 
bone-marrow. There is a moderate oligocythemia and 
a corresponding reduction in the amount of hemo- 
globin. The liver and the kidney may be the seats of a 



diffuse lymphatic infiltration ; more rarely there are 
distinct lymphatic tumors. Charcot-Leyden crystals 
can be found in the blood after death. Fever, dizziness, 
and hemorrhage, and a peculiar form of retinitis, are 
often present. The disease is usually fatal. 

Leukemic (lu-ke' -mik) [Aeti/cdc, white ; aifia, blood]. 
Pertaining to leukemia. 

Leuko- (lu'-ko-) [/Ieu/coc, white]. A prefix signifying 
white. 

Leukoblast (lu'-ko-blast) [/leu/cdc, white ; /Wao-rdc, germ]. 

1. The germ of a leukocyte ; also, a leukocyte itself. 

2. A cell in bone-marrow, of a type that is believed to 
become developed into a red blood-corpuscle. 

Leukocarpous (lu-ko-kar'-pus) [AewoSc, white ; napTtoc, 
fruit]. In biology, bearing white fruit. 

Leukochroos, or Leukochrus (lu-kok'-ro-os, lu-kok'- 
rus) [Aevudc, white; ;fp<ic,skin]. Having a white skin. 

Leukocotin, or Leukocotoin (lu-ko-ko'-tin, lu-ko-ko- 
to'-in) \?i£Vkoc, white ; coio~\, C^H^Og. A body found 
in coto-bark. 

Leukocrystallin (lu-ko-kris* '-tal-in) [Aeitojc, white ; 
KpvoTaXhng, clear ice]. Peculiar crystals occasionally 
found in the blood of leukemic patients. 

Leukocyte (lu'-ko-sit) [?levk6c, white; kvtoc, cell]. 
The colorless or white corpuscle of the blood. Leuko- 
cytes have ameboid movement and are formed in the 
lymphadenoid tissue of the spleen, lymphatic glands, 
intestinal tract, bone-marrow, etc., and probably also in 
the lymph and blood. Their average diameter is .01 
mm. (ir-jjjfi- inch). In normal blood Ehrlich distin- 
guishes the following varieties: I. L-ymp/iocytes — 
small cells with a large nucleus that stains deeply, 
and a small amount of protoplasm. 2. Large uninu- 
clear leukocytes — large cells with a single large 






A. Lymphocyte. B. Large uninuclear leukocytes. C. Transi- 
tional forms. D.Dd. Multinuclear forms— neutrophile cells. 
E. Eosinophile cells. 

nucleus, staining less deeply, and a large amount of 
protoplasm. 3. Transitional forms — cells with a single 
indented nucleus. 4. Jl/ultinuclear cells, with neutro- 
phile granules — cells having a polymorphous nucleus or 
several nuclei. These constitute 70 per cent, of the en- 
tire number of white blood-corpuscles. 5. Eosinophile 
cells. In leukemia another cell, the myelocyte, makes its 
appearance. This is a large uninuclear cell, with neu- 
trophile granules. Lowit recognizes two classes, 
leukoblasts and erythroblasts, the latter the anteced- 
ents of the red corpuscles. Most authorities reject 
this division, however. L., Alpha, and L., Beta, 
two terms used by Hey], the former to express leuko- 
cytes that disintegrate during the coagulation of the 
blood ; the latter, those that do not. 

Leukocythemia (lu-ko-si-t/ie'-me-ali'] [Aemdc, white ; 
ki'toc, cell ; alfia, blood]. See Leukemia. 

Leukocythemic (lu-ko-si-l/ie'-mik) [A«>«5c, white; 
Kvrog, cell; ai^ia. blood]. Pertaining to leukemia. 

Leukocytic (lu-ko-sit'-ik) [Tievxdg, white ; kvtoc, cell]. 
Relating to or characterized by leukocytes. 






LEUKOCYTOGENESIS 



673 



LEUKOPHLEGMASIA 



Leukocytogenesis (lu-ko-si-to-jcn'-es-is) [/tnwdc , white ; 
kvtoc, cell; yevvav, to beget]. The formation of 
white blood-corpuscles, or leukocytes. 

Leukocytolysis (lu-ko-si-lod -is-is) \^/.evko<;, white ; kvtoc, 
cell ; 1'vaig, solution]. The destruction of leukocytes. 

Leukocytoma (lu-ko-si-to'-mah) [Aeu/cdc , white ; kvtoq, 
cell; dfia, tumor: //. , Leukocyiomata~\. Any tumor 
containing cellular growths similar in constitution to 
the white corpuscles of the blood, such as tubercle, 
lupus, etc. 

Leukocytosis {Jii-ko-si-to' -sis) [aevkoc, white ; Ktiroc, 
cell]. A moderate and transient increase in the num- 
ber of colorless blood-corpuscles, not accompanied, as 
in leukemia, by splenic and true glandular enlargement 
or disease of the bone-marrow. 

Leukocytotic (lu-ko-si-tof -ik) \_7ievk6c, white ; kvtoc, 
cell]. Pertaining to leukocytosis. 

Leukocyturia [lu-ko-si-tu' -re-ah) [TievKog, white ; kvtoc, 
cell.; ovpov, urine]. The presence of colorless blood- 
corpuscles in the urine. 

Leukoderma (Ju-ko-der'-mah) [Aeu/cdc, white ; 6kpp.a, 
skin]. Leukasmus ; achroma cutis ; leitkopathia ; a 
congenital pigment-anomaly of the skin, in which, at 
the time of birth or soon after, whitish patches or 
bands, irregularly outlined and usually isolated, appear 
upon the skin of the child. See Vitiligo. L., Ac- 
quired. See Vitiligo. L., Congenital. See Al- 
binisnms. L., Neuritic, L., Neurotic, a localized 
pigment-atrophy, of nervous origin. L., Syphilitic. 
See Syphilid, Pigmentary. 

Leukodermic (lu-ko-der'-mik) [Xevk6c, white; dep/ia, 
skin]. Exhibiting or pertaining to leukoderma. 

Leukodontous (Ju-ko-don 1 '-tus) \Xevk6c, white ; bdovc, 
tooth]. Having white teeth. 

Leukogallol {lu-ko-gad -ol) \\evk6c, white ; galla, gall], 
C 18 H ]0 Cl, 9 O u . A colorless substance, soluble in 
water, prepared by treating an acetic acid solution of 
pyrogallol with chlorin and hydrochloric acid. 

Leukogasterous (lu-ko-gas' -ter-us) [Aewcdc, white ; 
yaaTjjp, belly,]. White-bellied. 

Leukogene {lid -ko-jeii) [Aetwdc, white ; yswav, to be- 
get]. A bleaching-agent. 

Leukohemia {lu-ko-hem'-e-ah). See Leukemia. 

Leukohemic (lu-ko-ke?id-ik) . See Leukemic. 

Leukoinoitis (lu-ko-in-o-d-tis) \1evkoc, white ; Ic, fiber; 
ctic, inflammation]. Rheumatic inflammation of the 
white fibrous elements of the bronchi. 

Leukol (lu'-kol). See Cliinolina. 

Leukolin [lid -ko-lin). See Chinolina. 

Leukolomous [lu-kol'-o-mus) \Xevn6c, white ; ?.ufia, 
border of a garment]. Having a white border. 

Leukolysis [lu-kol 1 '-is-is) [XevKoc, white ; liiaic, solu- 
tion]. The process of destruction of the colorless 
corpuscles of the blood. 

Leukoma (lu-ko'-mali) [TiEVKUfia ; Xevkoc, white]. An 
opacity of the cornea the result of an ulcer, wound, or 
inflammation, and presenting an appearance of ground 
glass. The term has been used also for albumin. See 
Leukoplaques. L., Partial, a leukoma circumscribed 
to a part of the cornea. L., Total, a leukoma involv- 
ing the entire cornea. 

Leukomain, or Leucomain [lu-ko'-ma-in) [Xevaufia, 
white of egg] . The name applied by Gautier to the 
nitrogenous bases or alkaloids necessarily and nor- 
mally developed by the vital functions or metabolic 
activity of living organisms, as distinguished from 
the alkaloids developed in dead bodies, and called 
by Selmi ptomains. From their chemic affinities 
leukomains may be divided into two groups : the 
Urid acid group, comprising Adenin, Camin, Ger- 
ontin, Guanin, Heteroxanthin, Hypoxanthin, Para- 
xanthin, Pseudoxanthin, Spermin, Xanthin ; and 
43 



the Kreatinin group , in which arec\a.sse&Amphi-krea- 
tiniu, Cruso-kreatinin, Xantho-krcatinin, and some 
unnamed bases. The appended table, p. 674, is modi- 
fied from the work of Vaughan and Novy. 

Leukomainemia {lu-ko-ma-in-e' '-me-ah ) \\tvKwfia, 
white of egg ; aifia, blood]. The presence of leuko- 
mains in the blood ; the retention or imperfect elim- 
ination of the various excretory products of the liv- 
ing cells of the organism. 

Leukomainic (lu-ko-ma' -in-ik ) \\e vku/ho, white of 
egg]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a leukomain. 

Leukomatoid {Ju-ko'-mat-oid). See Leukomdtous . 

Leukomatorrhea {lu-ko-mat-or-e'-ah) [Aevnufia, white 
°f e gg ! poia, a flow]. An excessive whitish secre- 
tion. L. salivalis, salivation. L. urinalis, albu- 
minuria. L. vaginalis, leukorrhea. 

Leukomatosis (lu-ko-mat-o' -sis) [?.evku/mi, white of 
egg ; I'ocroc, disease]. Abnormal increase of albumin 
in a part, as in the cornea, the lens, the joints ; also 
amyloid degeneration. 

Leukomatous (lu-ko' '-mat-us) [A\EVKu/j.a, white of egg] . 
Having the nature of leukoma. Affected with 
leukoma. 

Leukomelanic (lu-ko-mel' -an-ik), Leukomelanous 
(lu-ko-meV -an-us) \\evk6q, white ; fik'kac, black] . Hav- 
ing a light, or fair skin, and black hair. 

Leukomoria (Ju-ko-mo'-re-ah ) \\evk6c, white, pale ; 
fiupia, folly]. Restless or wandering melancholy ; 
melancholia errabunda. 

Leukomycosis (lu-ko-mi-ko'-sis) [Xevkoc, white ; 
fii>K7/c, fungus]. A name applied to leukemia, based 
on its supposed infectious origin. 

Leukomyelitis (lu-ko-mi-el-d-tis) [XevKos, white ; 
fj.ve'A6c, marrow]. Inflammation of the white or fibrous 
substance of the spinal cord. L. posterioris chronica, 
posterior sclerosis ; locomotor ataxia. 

Leukomyelopathy (lu-ko-mi-el-op'-ath-e) [Tievndc, 
white; /uveAog, marrow ; nafioi;, disease]. Any disease 
of the white substance of the myelon or spinal cord. 

Leukon (lu'-ko)i) [Acvkoc, white]. In biology, a race 
with fair complexions and yellow or red hair. Cf. 
Xanthochroia. 

Leukonecrosis (lu-ko-ne-kro' '-sis) \^svk6c, white ; veKpo- 
aig, death]. A form of dry gangrene, distinguished 
by light or nearly natural color, instead of the usual 
dark color of gangrene. 

Leukonic Acid (l-u-kon'-ik). See Acid. 

Leukonostoc (lu-ko-nos' -tok) [aeu/coc, white, and nos- 
toc\. A genus of schizomycetes, having its elements 
disposed in chains and enveloped in a sheath of tough 
jelly. L. mesenteroides, is abundant in molasses, 
beet-root juice, and in sugar-refineries. See Bacteria, 
Synonymatic Table of. 

Leukonychia [lu-ko-nik' -c-ah) [7i£vk6c, white ; bvvi;, 
nail]. A rare and peculiar whitish discoloration of the 
nails, caused by the presence of air beneath them. 

Leukopathic (lu-ko-pat/d-ik) [/Uu/c<5c, white; Kadoc;, 
disease]. Relating to or affected with leukopathia. 

Leukopathy (lu-kop'-ath-e), Leukopathia [lu-ko- 
patld -e-ah) [fou/cdc, white ; itaBoc, suffering]. Any 
deficiency of coloring-matter ; albinism. See Leuko- 
derma. L., Congenital. See Albinism. L., Ac- 
quired. See Leukoderma. L., Partial. See Vitiligo. 
L., Universal. Albinism. 

Leukophagium {lu-ko-faj' -e-um), Leukophagum (/«- 
koff'-ag-um) [Xeivcdc, white; tpayeiv, to eat]. An 
old remedy for pulmonary tuberculosis, consisting of 
almonds, rose-water, and partridge-flesh. 

Leukophilous (lu-koff'-il-us) [?ieMcdc, white ; <pi\o<;, 
loving]. In biology, light-loving. 

Leukophlegmasia {lu-ko-fleg- ma' - ze - ah) \_7.cvk6; , 
white ; (pteyfia, phlegm]. 1. A condition marked by a 



LEUKOPHLEGMATIC 



674 



LEUKOPLEUROUS 



tendency to dropsy, accompanied by a pale, flabby 
skin, and general edema of the whole body ; edema 
without pitting on pressure. 2. Phlegmasia alba dolens. 
Also, subcutaneous emphysema. L. .ffithiopum, 
African cachexia. L. dolens puerperarum. Same 
as Phlegmasia alba dolens, q. v. L., Essential, a 
form in which there is a rapid and widespread swell- 
ing, with fever, chills, and scanty urine. L., Hys- 
teric, a peculiar form occurring in hysteric patients. 
L., Primary. See L. , Essential. L., Urinary, 
anasarca following suppression of urine. 



Leukopiper Uu-ko-pV -per) [/.i-iwde, white ; piper, pep- 
per]. White pepper. 

Leukoplakia (lu-ko-pla' -ke-ali) [2.evn6c, white ; TrAdf , 
surface]. Whitening of a surface. L. buccalis, a 
chronic superficial glossitis characterized by the pres- 
ence of pearly- white or bluish- white patches on the 
surface of the tongue. This condition is also called 
Leukoma and lingual psoriasis. It is a rare affection 
in individuals under twenty, and in women. It is due 
to some irritant cause, such as the smoking of a pipe 
and the wearing of tooth-plates. 



TABLE OF LEUKOMAINS. 



Name. 


Formula. 


Discoverer. 


Source. 


Physiologic Act 


ION. 


Amphi-creatinin. 


C 9 Hi 9 N 7 4 . 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 




Carnin. 


C 7 H 8 N 4 3 . 


Weidel. 


Meat-extract. 


Non-poisonous. 


Cruso-creatinin. 


C 5 H 8 N 4 0. 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 




Gerontin. 


C 6 H 14 N 2 . 


Grandis. 


Liver of dog. 


Poisonous; para 
nerve-centers. 


y zes 


Guanin. 


C 6 H 6 N 6 0. 


Unger. 


Animal and vegetable tissues ; 
guano. 


Non-poisonous. 


Heteroxanthin. 


C 6 H 6 N 4 2 . 


Salomon. 


Urine. 




Hypoxanthin. 


C 5 H 4 N 4 0. 


Scherer. 


Brain, muscle, kidney, liver, 
spleen, certain plants, etc. 


Non-poisonous; exci to- 
motor. 


Methyl-hydantoin. 


C 4 H 6 N 2 Oo. 


G uaretchi and 
Mosso. 


Fresh meat. 




Parareducin. 


C 6 H 9 N 3 0. 


Thudichum. 


Urine. 




Paraxanthin. 


C 7 H 8 N 4 2 . 


Thudichum, Sal- 
omon. 


Urine. 


Poisonous. 


Protarnin. 


4 


Miescher. 


Spawn of salmon. 




Pseudoxanthin (?) 


C 4 H 6 N 5 0. 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 




Reducin (?) 


Ci 2 H 24 N 6 9 . 


Thudichum. 


Urine. 




Salamandarin. 


C 34 Hc N 2 O 5 . 


Zalesky. 


Salamander. 


Poisonous. 


Sarcin or sarkin. 


See Hypoxanthin. 








Spermin. 


C 2 H 5 N (?) 


Schreiner. 


Semen, testicles ; Charcot- 
Leyden crystals ; tissues in 
leukemia. 


Non-poisonous. 


Unnamed. 


C3H5NO,. 


Pouchet. 


Urine. 




Unnamed. 


C 7 H 12 N 4 2 . 


Pouchet. 


Urine. 




Unnamed. 


CiiH 24 NioOs. 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 




Unnamed. 


CisHjsNuOb. 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 




Unnamed. 


CaHs^sOsCCBsHsaNgOgPS). 


Eliacheff. 


Normal urine. 


Slightly poisonous. 


Unnamed. 


Ci 4 H 25 N 3 3 . 


Eliacheff. 


Urine in tuberculosis. 


Poisonous. 


Urethrobromin. 


See Paraxanthin. 








Xanthin. 


C 6 H 4 N 4 2 . 


Marcet. 


Most animal tissues ; certain 
plants ; certain calculi. 


Slightly poisonous ; 
cle-stimulant. 


mus- 


Xantho-creatinin. 


C 5 H 10 N 4 O. 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 


Poisonous. 



Leukophlegmatic (lu-ko-fleg-mat'-ik) [Aeiwdc, white ; 
tyXkyjia, phlegm]. Affected with or pertaining to leu- 
kophlegmasia. 

Leukophlegmatodes (lu-ko-Jleg-viat-o' '-dez). See Leu- 
kophlegmatic. 

Leukophthalmous {lu-koff-thaV -mus) [Aeu/fdf , white ; 
b(f>8a\ju6c, eye]. Having unusually white eyes. 

Leukophyl (lu'-ko-fil) [Xevnoc, white; <piMov, leaf]. 
In biology, a chlorophyl -producing chromogen believed 
to exist in etiolated plants. 



Leukoplaques (lu'-ko-plaks) \_1evk6c, white ; 7r?.df , sur- 
face]. The white patches of Leukoplakia buccalis, q.v. 

Leukoplasia [lu-ko-pla' '-ze-ali). See Leukoplakia. 

Leukoplast, or Leukoplastid (lu-ko-plast' , or lu-ko- 
plast'-ia) p.ffKoc, white; Trldaastv, to form]. In 
biology, one of the starch-forming, colorless, proteid 
bodies found in cells not exposed to light ; amyloplast. 

Leukoplaxia (lu-ko-pla ks'-e-ali). See Leukoplakia. 

Leukopleurous (tu-ko-plu / -rus)[?.evKdg, white ; xfevpdv, 
rib]. Having white sides or flanks. 



LEUKOPODIOUS 



675 



LEY DEN 



Leukopodious, Leukopodous (lu-ko-po'-de-us, lu-hop'- 
o-dus) \1cvmc, white; nobc, foot]. Having white 
feet. 

Leukopogous {lu-kop'-o-gus) [7.evKoc, white ; Kuyuv, 
beard]. White-bearded. 

Leucopous (lu'-ko-pus). See Leukopodous. 

Leukops (lu'-kops) [Aeu/cdc, white ; uip, eye]. An 
individual having white eyes. 

Leukopterous (lu-hop'-ter-us) \Aevk6c , white ; irrepdv, 
wings]. In biology, possessing white wings. 

Leukorrhagia (lu-hor-a' '-je-ah)[?ievn6c, white ; peyvvvai, 
to burst forth]. An excessive leukorrheal flow. 

Leukorrhea {lu-kor-e'-ah) [/leiwdc, white ; poia,a flow]. 
A whitish muco-purulent discharge from the female 
genital canal , popularly called ' ' the whites. " L., Cer- 
vical, that due to disease of the cervix uteri. L., In- 
fantile, a form occurring in female infants, due to lack 
of cleanliness, to irritant urine, or to worms. L., Men- 
strual, a variety occurring in young anemic girls at the 
menstrual period, instead of the menses. L. nabothi, a 
sero-sanguineous discharge occurring for two or three 
days before labor. L. masculina syphilitica. Syno- 
nym of Gonorrhea, q. v. L. of Pregnancy, a vaginal 
discharge in the pregnant woman. It is more abundant 
than in the non-pregnant state, and is sometimes 
confounded with hydrorrhcea gravidarum. L., 
Periodic, a periodic form coinciding with the 
menstrual periods. L., Uterine, L., Vaginal, L., 
Vulval, forms due to uterine, vaginal, and vulval in- 
flammation respectively. 

Leukorrheal (lu-kor-e'-al) [tawcdc, white ; poia, flow]. 
Of the nature of, or pertaining to, leukorrhea. 

Leukosarcoma (lu-ko-sar-ko 1 '-mah) \_/\evn6c, white ; 
adpKUfia, a fleshy tumor: //., Leuhosarcomata~j. A 
non-pigmented sarcoma. 

Leukoscope (lu'-ko-skop) [levicdc, white ; a/coire'iv, to 
inspect]. An instrument used in testing for color- 
blindness. 

Leukosin (lu'-ko-sin) [Aeiwdc, white]. A principle 
said by some to be present in asthma-crystals, and in 
crystals found in the blood in certain cases of leuke- 
mia. 

Leukosis (lu-ko'-sis) [hevudc, white: pi., Leukoses}, i. 
Any disease of the lymphatic system. 2. Abnormal 
whiteness of the skin. Also, the development and 
progress of leukoma. 

Leukospermous (lu-ko-sper 1 '-nuts') \\evk6c, white ; 
oirspfia, seed]. In biology, bearing white seeds. 

Leukotic (lu-kot'-ik) [Aewcdc, white]. Relating to 
leukoma. 

Leukotin (lu-ko' -ihi) \\evk6c, white], C 21 H 20 O 6 . A 
crystalline substance found in Paracoto ; it is soluble 
in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. 

Leukotrichous (lu-kot'-rik-us) \_\evk6c, white ; dpi!; , 
hair]. White-haired. 

Leukoturic Acid (lu-kot-u'-rik). See Oxalantin. 

Leukous (lu'-kus) \\evk6c;, white]. White. 

Leukuresis (lu-ku-re'-sis) [/len/cdc, white ; ovpov, urine]. 
Albuminuria. 

Leusin (lu'-sin). See Leucin. 

Levant Plague. Synonym of the Plague, q. v. L. 
Wormseed. See Sanlonica. 

Levantine Plague. Synonym of the Plague, q. v. 

Levasseur Sign. See Death. 

Levator [le-va'-tor) [L., "a lifter:"//., Levatores"]. 
I. That which raises or elevates, as certain muscles. 
See Muscles, Table of. 2. An instrument used for 
raising a depressed portion of the skull. 

Leven {lev' -en). See Leaven. 

Lever (le'-ver) \levare, to elevate]. I. A vectis or 
one-armed tractor, used in obstetrics. 2. A dental 
instrument, used in lifting out decayed stumps. L., 



Davy's, an aorta-compressor. It is a wooden bar, 
which is introduced into the rectum. 

Levert's Law. See Law. 

Levicellular (lev-e-sel'-u-lar) \Jevis, smooth ; cellula, 
cell]. Smooth-celled, as a levicellular myoma, or a 
levicellular muscle-fiber. 

Levigable (lev'-ig-a-bl) [_lavigare, to make smooth]. 
Susceptible of being levigated, or reduced to fine 
powder by a mechanical process. 

Levigate (lev'-ig-dt) \_la:vigare, to make smooth] . To 
reduce to a fine powder by rubbing or grinding ; to trit- 
urate. 

Levigation (lev-ig-a'-shwi) \lavigatio ; lavigare, to 
make smooth]. The trituration of a substance made 
into a paste with water or other liquid. When per- 
formed with a muller on a slab of porphyry it is called 
. po7phyrization. 

Levis's Apparatus. An apparatus for treating fracture 
of the clavicle, composed of an axillary pad and a 
sling. L.'s Splints, supporting structures made of 
light metal, and perforated, for use in the treatment of 
fractures. 

Levitation (lev-it-a' -shun) \levitas, lightness]. I. The 
pretended elevation of the body into the air without sup- 
port, a feat professedly performed by various modern 
thaumaturgists. 2. The subjective sense of being 
aloft, and without support ; a symptom in certain cases 
of insanity. 

Levogyrous (le-vo-Ji'-rtes) \_lavus, left ; yvpoc, a turn]. 
See Levorotatory. 

Levorotatory (le-vo-ro' '-tat-o-re) \lavus, left ; rotare, to 
turn] . Causing to turn toward the left hand ; a levo- 
rotatory crystal is one that turns the rays of polarized 
light to the left. 

Levulan (lev' -u-lan) \Jcbvus, left] , C 6 H 10 O 5 . An an- 
hydrid of levulose obtained from beet-sugar molasses. 

Levulin (lev'-u-lin) \lcevus, left]. A carbohydrate 
identical with synanthrose, occurring in immature grain 
and the tubers of certain composite flowers. 

Levulinic Acid (lev-u-lin'-ik). See Acid. 

Levulosan (lev-u-lo'-san) \lavus, left], C 6 H 10 O 5 . A 
dehydration-product prepared by heating levulose. 

Levulose (lev'-u-los) [Icevus, left], C 6 H 12 6 . The 
natural sugar of fruits. It reduces an alkaline solution 
of copper sulphate. See Sugar, Glucose, and Fructose. 

Levulosuria (lev-u-los-u' -re-ah) \_lavus, left ; ovpov, 
urine]. The presence of levulose, or fruit-sugar, in the 
urine. 

Lewinin (lu'-in-in) [from Dr. Lewin, who described 
it]. The alpha resin of kava, q. v. ; it is said by 
Lewin to be as effective a local anesthetic as cocain. 

Lexipharmac (leks-if-ar' -mak) \_/\fj!;ic, cessation ; (j>ap- 
fianov, poison]. An alexipharmac. 

Lexipyretic (leks-ip-i-ret' -ik) [A^f;c, cessation ; irvperdg, 
fever]. I. Febrifugal; antipyretic. 2. A febrifugal 
medicine. 

Leyden (li'-den) [Dutch]. A town in Holland. L. 
Battery. A series of Leyden jars connected tandem. 
L.-blue. Same as Cobalt-blue. L. Jar, a glass 
jar coated within and without with tinfoil, reaching 
nearly to the neck, and surmounted by a knobbed 
conductor in connection with the inner coating. It 
is designed for the temporary "accumulation" of 
electricity, or rather for the preservation of the high 
potential to which the inner foil may be charged. It 
is discharged by connecting the outer foil with the 
knob. The jar was first made in the town of Leyden, 
its discovery being due to Cuneus, a pupil of Muschen- 
brceck. It is also called Kleistian jar or Kleist's jar. 
Kleist was a prebendary of Cammin, in Pomtrania, 
and is said to have invented the jar independently of 
Cuneus, and a year before him, viz., in 1745. L., 



LEYDEN'S CRYSTALS 



676 



LICHENIASIS 



Periodic Vomit of. Synonym of Angioneurotic 
Edema. 

Leyden's Crystals. See Charcot- Leyden C?ystals. 

Leydig's Cells. Peculiar goblet-cells found in the epi- 
dermis of aquatic vertebrata. L., Duct of. See Duct. 

Liatris (li-a'-tris) [origin unknown]. A genus of com- 
posite-flowered herbs. L. cylindrica, L. elegans, and 
L. spicata are diuretic ; L. scariosa and L. squar- 
rosa are popularly esteemed as remedies for rattlesnake- 
bite. L. odoratissima, southern vanilla, contains 
cumarin, the flavoring principle of the tonka bean. 
Unof. 

Libanotus (lib-an-o'-tus) [/U/Sarurfic, from XifSavoq, 
frankincense]. An old name for olibanum. 

Libanus (lib'-an-us) \\ifiavoQ, frankincense]. Frankin- 
cense, or olibanum. 

Libavius, Fuming Liquor of. An old name for anhy- 
drous stannic chlorid. 

Liber (le'-ber) [L.]. A book. L. pharmaceutics, 
a dispensatory. 

Liber (Ji'-ber) [liber, the inner bark of a tree]. The 
inner layer of the bark in Gymnosperms and Dico- 
tyledons. 

Liberation (lib-er-a'-tioii) [liberare, to make free]. 
The act of freeing. L. of the Arms, in breech- 
presentations, the bringing down of the arms of the 
fetus when they have become extended along the 
sides of the child's head. 

Liberomotor (lib-er-o-mo^-tor) [liberare, to disengage ; 
motor, mover]. Setting free or disengaging motor 
energy. 

Libidinous {lib-id' -in-us) [libidinosus, lustful]. Char- 
acterized by strong sexual desire. 

Libido {lib-id'-o) [L.]. Desire; lust. L. intestini, 
desire for defecation. L. sexualis, lust. L. urinae, 
desire to urinate. 

Liborius, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Syuonymatic 
Table of. 

Libra (le'-brali) [libra, a balance]. A weight of 
twelve troy ounces, or 5760 grains. Also, applied to the 
avoirdupois pound of sixteen ounces, or 7000 grains. 

Libriform (lib'-rif-orni) [liber, inner bark ; forma, 
form]. In biology, resembling liber or bast. L. 
Cells, those cells of the wood that are excessively 
thick-walled and resemble bast or liber-fibers, 

Lice(/»). See Louse. 

License (li' -sens') \_licentia, license]. An official per- 
mit or authority conferring on the recipient the right 
and privilege of exercising his profession. 

Licentiate [li-sen' '-she-dt) [licentiatus, one licensed]. 
A term sometimes applied to a person who practises a 
profession by the authority of a license. 

Lichen (li'-keii) [Auxr/v, a lichen]. A generic term 
for a well-defined group of inflammatory affections of 
the skin, in which the lesions consist of solid papules 
throughout the entire course of the disease. L. 
acuminatus, a variety of L. ruber in which the 
papules are acuminate. It is usually a very acute 
variety, accompanied by grave constitutional symptoms 
(rigors, pyrexia, sweats, prostration), and by itching. 
The papules are minute, firm, conic, capped with 
scales, very closely aggregated, but can generally be 
recognized as surrounding the hair-follicles. L. 
agrius. See Eczema papillosum. L. annulatus 
serpiginosus. See Seborrheica corporis. L. Carrageen, 
Irish moss. L. circinatus serpiginosus. See Se- 
borr/ia-a corporis. L. circumscripta. Same as L. 
circinatus serpiginosus. See also Eczema papillosum. 
L. confertus, a form characterized by the presence of 
superficial papules occurring in clusters. L. corneus, 
a form in which there are elevated horny patches. 
L. diabeticorum. See Xanthoma diabeticorum. 



L. disseminatus, a variety in which the lesions are 
irregularly scattered over the body. L. ferox or L. 
ferus. See L. agrius. L. gyratus. See Seborrhea cor- 
poris. L. haemorrhagicus, a petechial papular erup- 
tion. L. inveterata, a chronic intractable form, with 
marked thickening of the skin. L. lividus, a severe 
form of purpura in which hemorrhage occurs into the 
lesions around the follicles. L. menti. See Sycosis. 
L. obtusus, Lichen ruber obtusus ; a variety of L. 
planus in which the lesion consists of medium-sized 
papules, hemispherically formed, flattened on the top, 
and marked in the center by a fine indentation, 
hard, dry, smooth, wax-like, translucent to brownish- 
red, and scaleless. The disease is less acute than L. 
acuminatus , itches less, and is mostly circumscribed. 
The hair and nails never suffer. L. pilaris, Lichen, 
spinulosus ; Lichen spinosus ; an inflammatory disease 
of the hair-follicles, in which a spinous epidermic peg 
occupies the center of the papule. It is a rather rare 
disease and occurs mostly in children. The papules 
appear in crops, each one being the size of a pin's 
head, red, conic, and containing in its center a horny 
spine that projects about one-sixteenth of an inch. 
There is little or no itching. See also Keratosis 
pilaris. L. planus, Lichen ruber planus ; Lichen 
psoriasis ; an inflammatory skin-disease, with an erup- 
tion made up of papules that are broad and angular at 
the base, flat and apparently glazed on the summit, 
slightly umbilicated, and of a dull purplish-red color. 
These lesions are usually symmetrically disposed, and are 
generally situated on the flexor surfaces of the forearms, 
about the wrists, the flanks, around the waist, and the 
knees, and calves, and also on the mucous membranes. 
The papules may be discrete or may coalesce, and itch- 
ing may be slight or severe. L. planus verrucosus, a 
late stage of L. planus, characterized by wart-like en- 
largements of the papilla;, which are covered with dense 
horny crusts of a dirty-lilac hue. They are usually seen 
on the lower part of the leg. L. psoriasis. See L. 
planus. L. ruber, Lichen ruber acuminatus ; a 
very rare skin-disease, with lesions consisting, in the 
beginning, of discrete, miliary, conic papules, but, as 
the disease advances, becoming aggregated and form- 
ing continuous red, infiltrated, and scaling patches. 
The whole surface may eventually become involved. 
The nails of the fingers and toes become affected, be- 
ing of a dirty-brown color, rough, flaky, and. breaking 
off short. The etiology and pathology of this 
condition are obscure. L. ruber acuminatus. 
See Pityriasis rubra pilaris and Lichen ruber. L. 
ruber moniliformis, a rare variety in which, besides 
the ordinary papules and plaques, there are thick 
moniliform bands in the flexures of the limbs, on the 
abdomen, and on the neck. L. ruber obtusus. See L. 
obtusus. L. ruber planus. See L. planus. L. scrof- 
ulosorum. See L. scrofulosus . L. scrofulosus, 
L. scrofnlosorum ; a form occurring in strumous chil- 
dren. The eruption is situated on the trunk, especially 
upon the back, either diffusely or in patches. The 
papules are very small, pale, conic, and surmounted 
by fine scales ; they cause no itching, and on fading 
leave a rather persistent yellowish pigmentation. 
L. simplex, Gale bedouine ; the papular stage of 
eczema. See Eczema papillosum. L. spinosus. See 
L. pilaris. L. spinulosus. See Keratosis pilaris and 
Lichen pilaris. L. strophulosus. See Strophulus . 
L. syphiliticus, the minute papular syphilid. 
See Syphilid, Follicular. L. tropicus. See Prick y 
Heat. L. urticatus. See Urticaria papulosa. 
Licheniasis (li-ken-i' '-as-is) [mix>p\ lichen]. The 
condition of one affected by one of the forms of lichen. 
L. strophulus. See Lichen strophulus. 



LICHENICOLOUS 



677 



LIEUTAUD, UVULA OF 



Lichenicolous {li-ken-ik'-o-lus) [fei%f/v, a. lichen ; 
colere, to inhabit]. Growing as a parasite upon 
lichens. 

Licheniform {li-ken' '-if-ortri) [2,eixqv, lichen, tree-moss ; 
forma, form]. Shaped like a lichen. 

Lichenin {IV -ken-in) [faixfiv, lichen], C 6 H 10 O 5 or C 12 - 
H, O I0 . Moss-starch ; a starch-like body found in 
lichens, especially in Cetraria, Ramalina, Usnea, 
Parmelia, Cladonia, and in Corsican moss [Alsidium 
helminthockorton). Iodin imparts a dirty-blue color 
to it. It is insoluble in cold water, but forms a jelly 
with hot water. See Cetraria ; also, Carbohydrates, 
Table of 

Lichenism {li' '-ken-ism) [leix'jv, lichen]. In biology, 
the special form of consortism or symbiosis exhibited 
by algae and fungi in lichens. Cf. Schwendener 's 
Theory. 

Lichenoid {li'-ken-oid) [aelx'/v, lichen ; dchg, like]. 
I. Same as Dextrolichenin. 2. See Wandering 
Rash . 

Lichnoerythrin {lik no-er' -ith-rin) [?.eixi/v, lichen ; 
epvdpos, red.] A group of red coloring-matters found 
especially in lichens. 

Lichnoxanthin {lik-no-zan' -thin) [leixi/v, lichen ; 
gavtioc, yellow]. A group of yellow coloring-matters 
occurring in both the highest and lowest classes of 
plants, but especially developed in lichens. 

Lichtheim's Schema. A diagrammatic representation 
of the centers and pathways concerned in written 
and spoken language. In the schema, A represents 
the center for visual memories, and O that for auditory 
memories. M is the center for muscular memories con- 
cerned in speech, and W that for muscular memories 
connected with writing. I is the center for intellectual 
concepts. Taking the word ' ' bell " as an example, at A 
will be stored the memory of the appearance of the bell , 
at O that of the sound of the word, at M the memory 
of the muscular movements necessary to pronounce the 
word, and at W those concerned in writing it. I re- 
presents the center of the intellectual concept of the 
object " bell " — the knowledge of its uses and prop- 
erties. The lines indicate afferent, efferent, and 
connecting pathways. 




Hand Mouf/r 



Lichtheim's Schema. 



Ear Eye 



Licinium {li-sin'-e-um) \Jicium, a thread of a web : 
gen., Licinii\. Lint; surgeon's lint or charpie. 

Lick {lik) [ME., lie ken, to lick]. To rub with the 
tongue ; to lap. 

Licoperdon {li-ko-per'-don). See Lycoperdon. 

Licorice {lik'-or-is) [ME., licorice, licorice]. See 
Glycyrrkiza. L., Indian. See Abrus. 

Lid [ME., lid, lid]. See Eyelid. L. -cells, in biology, 
the " stigmatic cells " which for a time close the neck 
of the archegonium in cryptogamic plants. L.-clamp. 
See Blepharostat. 



Lie (//) [ME., lien, to lie]. I. To rest in a recumbent 
position. 2. A popular name for a "gift-spot" or 
white spot upon a finger nail. 

Lieberkiihn's Reflector {le'-ber-ken) [after Lieber- 
kiihn, a German physician], A device attached to 
a microscope for the purpose of throwing light upon 
opaque objects. L.'s Ampulla. See Ampulla. L., 
Crypts of. See Crypt. L., Glands of. See Gland. 
L.'s Jelly, an insoluble variety of alkali-albumin 
formed by adding strong potash to undiluted white 
of egg. 

Liebermann's Reaction. See Tests, Table of. 

Liebig {le'-big). A celebrated German chemist and 
physiologist. L.'s Beef-tea, the soluble extractive 
matter of lean meat. It is prepared by macerating a 
pound of lean meat, free from fat and cut into small 
pieces, in a pint of cold water, in which ITLxxx 
of hydrochloric acid and gr. xl of sodium chlorid 
have been dissolved. The liquid is expressed and 
strained. L.'s Bouillon. See Bouillon. L.'s 
Extractum carnis, a proprietary preparation con- 
sisting of the soluble fibrin of meat with the natural 
mineral salts and a flavoring principle, osmazome. 
L.'s Foods, those infant-foods in which the starch is 
to a great extent converted into sugar by malting. 
L.'s Infants' Food, a highly nutritious food made 
in the following manner : Mix well )4 ounce of 
ground malt with )4 ounce of wheat-flour and 7^ 
grains of potassium bicarbonate ; add I ounce of 
water and 5 ounces of fresh cow's milk. Warm over 
a slow fire, and keep stirring until it begins to thicken. 
Remove from the fire, stir for five minutes, replace it 
on the fire, and remove it as soon as thick. As the 
starch is converted into dextrin and sugar by the 
diastase of the malt, it will become a thin and sweet 
liquid. Then, finally, boil it well. Strain through 
muslin. L.'s Method, a method of estimating the 
chlorids in the urine, by precipitation by mercuric 
nitrate. See also Urea. 

Liebreich's Bandage. See Bandage. L.'s Solution, 
a solution of cantharidinate of potassium for hypo- 
dermatic injection in the treatment of tuberculosis. 
Cantharidin 2, hydrate of potassium 4 (or hydrate of 
sodium 3), distilled water 200. Heat to solution 
and add distilled water q. s. to 10,000. Dose by 
hypodermatic injection, y z to I c.c. (8 to 16 minims). 
It causes transudation of blood-serum at the seat of 
the tuberculosis. 

Lien {li'-en) [L.]. The spleen. L. mobile. See 
Wandering Spleen. 

Lienal {li'-en-al) \_lien, the spleen]. Relating to the 
spleen. 

Lienculus {li-en' -ku-lns) [dim. of lien, spleen: //. , 
Lienczdi~\. A detached part or exclave of the spleen. 

Lienic {li-en' -ik) [lien, a spleen]. Pertaining to the 
spleen. 

Lienitis {li-en-i' -tis) [lien, spleen ; uric, inflammation]. 
Splenitis. 

Lienocele {li-en' -o-sel) [lien, a spleen ; Krfkq, hernia]. 
Hernia of some part or of all of the spleen. 

Lienomalacia {h ' en-o-mal-a' -se-ah) [lien, spleen; 
Halania, softening]. Morbid softening of the tissue 
of the spleen. 

Lienteric {li-en-ter' '-ik) [Ae/oc, smooth ; evrepov, intes- 
tine]. Pertaining to or affected with lientery. 

Lientery {li' -en-ter-e) [Ae2oc, smooth ; evrepov, intes- 
tine]. A kind of diarrhea in which the food passes 
rapidly through the bowels without undergoing diges- 
tion. 

Liernur System. See Se7vage, Disposal of. 

Lieutaud, Uvula of. A longitudinal mesial ridge in 
the trigone of the bladder. 



LIFE 



678 



LIFE 



Life ( hf) [ME., lif, life]. The force or principle un- 
derlying or causing the phenomena of organized 
beings. The power by which an organism exists and 
exercises self-movement in response to emotions or 
sensations and adapts itself to its environment. L., 
Animal, the functions depending directly on the 
cerebro-spinal nervous system and the voluntary mus- 
cles, as distinguished from L. , Vegetative ; that is, the 
functions of digestion, respiration, reproduction, etc. ; 
L., Change of, that period in the life of a female at 
which menstruation ceases ; the climacteric period. 
L., Duration of. See Probable. L. Everlasting; 
Cud-weed, the herbs Gnaphalium margaritaceum 
and G. polycephalum, tonic, astringent, and anodyne. 
They constitute a domestic remedy of some repute 
in affections of the chest and bowels. Dose of a 
decoction ad lib.; of the fid. ext. n\,xv-^j. Unof. 
L., Expectation of, the average number of years 
a person is expected to live, as calculated from 
life-tables. The following table, taken from those 
constructed by Dr. W. Ogle, of the English Registrar- 
General's department, shows the average expecta- 
tion of life at given ages, and also the number of 
persons of each sex, among every million born at a 
given time, who may be expected to be alive at the 
end of each year after that. The figures are based 
on the death-rates of the years 1871-80: — 





Of 1,000,000 born, the num- 








ber surviving at the end of 


Mean after-lifetime 





each year of life. 


(expectation of life). 


< 


Males. 


Females. 


Males. 


Females. 





1,000,000 


1,000,000 


41 -35 


44-62 


I 


841,417 


871,266 


48.05 


50.14 


2 


790,201 


820,480 


50.14 


52.22 


3 


763.737 


793,359 


50.86 


52-99 


4 


746,587 


775.427 


51.01 


53-20 


5 


734,068 


762,622 


50.87 


53-08 


6 


726,815 


755,713 


5038 


52-56 


7 


721,103 


750,276 


49-77 


51-94 


8 


716,309 


745,631 


49.10 


51-26 


9 


712,337 


741,727 


48.37 


50-53 


10 


708,990 


738,382 


47.60 


49.76 


11 


706, 146 


735,405 


46.79 


48.96 


12 


703,595 


732,697 


45-96 


48.13 


13 


701,200 


730,122 


45 11 


47-30 


14 


698,840 


727,571 


44.26 


4647 


15 


696,419 


724,956 


4341 


45-63 


16 


693.695 


722,084 


4258 


4481 


17 


690,746 


718,993 


41.76 


44.00 


18 


687,507 


715.622 


40.96 


43-41 


19 


683,941 


711,946 


40.17 


42-43 


20 


680,033 


707.949 


39-40 


41.66 


21 


675.769 


703,616 


38.64 


40.92 


22 


671.344 


699,141 


37-89 


40.18 


23 


666,754 


694.521 


37-15 


39-44 


24 


661,997 


689,759 


36.41 


38.71 


25 


657,077 


684,858 


35-68 


3798 


26 


651,998 


679,822 


34-96 


37-26 


27 


646,757 


674,661 


34-24 


3654 


28 


641,353 


669,372 


33-52 


35-83 


29 


635,778 


663,959 


3281 


35-11 


30 


630,038 


658,418 


32.10 


34-41 


31 


624,124 


652,747 


31.40 


33 7° 


32 


618,056 


646,957 


30.71 


33-oo 


33 


611,827 


641,045 


30.01 


32.30 


34 


605,430 


635,003 


29-33 


31.60 


35 


598,860 


628,842 


28.64 


3090 


36 


592,107 


622,554 


27.96 


30.21 


37 


585,167 


616,144 


27.29 


29.52 


38 


578,019 


609,599 


26.62 


28.83 


39 


570,656 


602,924 


25-96 


28.15 


40 


563,077 


596,113 


25-30 


27.46 


41 


555,254 


589.167 


24.65 


26.78 


42 


547,288 


582,104 


24.00 


26.10 


43 


539.i6i 


574,919 


23-35 


25.42 


44 


530,858 


567,612 


22.71 


24.74 


45 


522,374 


560,174 


22.07 


24.06 


46 


513.702 


552,602 


21.44 


23-38 


47 


504,836 


544,892 


20.80 


22 71 


48 


495.76i 


537.043 


20.18 


22 03 





Of 1,000,000 born, the num- 








ber surviving 


at the end of 


Mean after-lifetime 




each year of life. 


(expectation of life). 


< 


Males. 


Females 


Males. 


Females. 


49 


486,479 


529,048 


19-55 


21.36 


50 


476,980 


520,901 


18.93 


20.68 


51 


467,254 


512,607 


18 31 


20.01 


52 


457,022 


504,188 


17.71 


19-34 


53 


446,510 


495,645 


17.12 


1866 


54 


435,729 


486,973 


16-53 


17.98 


55 


424,677 


477,440 


15-95 


17-33 


56 


413,351 


467,443 


15-37 


16.69 


57 


401,740 


456,992 


14.80 


16 06 


58 


389,827 


446,079 


14.24 


'5 45 


59 


377,591 


434,695 


13-68 


1484 


60 


365,011 


422,835 


13- 14 


14.24 


61 


352,071 


410,477 


12 60 


1365 


62 


338,820 


397,644 


12.07 


1308 


63 


325,256 


384,319 


11.56 


12.51 


64 


3H,368 


370.495 


11.05 


11.96 


65 


297,156 


356,165 


10-55 


11.42 


66 


282,638 


341,326 


10.07 


10 90 


67 


267,829 


325,988 


9 60 


1039 


68 


252,763 


310,170 


9.14 


9.89 


69 


237,487 


293,899 


8.70 


941 


7o 


222,056 


277,225 


8.27 


8-95 


71 


206,539 


260,207 


7-85 


8.50 


72 


190,971 


242,934 


7-45 


8.07 


73 


175,449 


225,497 


7.07 


7-65 


74 


160,074 


208,003 


6.70 


7 25 


75 


144.960 


190,566 


6.34 


6.87 


76 


130,227 


I73,3i6 


6.00 


6-51 


77 


115,986 


156,392 


5-68 


6 16 


78 


102,359 


139.927 


5-37 


5-82 


79 


89,449 


124,065 


5-07 


5-5° 


80 


77,354 


108,935 


4-79 


5 20 


81 


66,153 


94,662 


4-51 


4.90 


82 


55.842 


81,305 


4.26 


4-63 


83 


46,489 


68,966 


4.01 


4-37 


I* 


38.132 


57.723 


3-58 


4.12 


85 


30,785 


47.631 


3.56 


388 


86 


24,436 


38,710 


3-36 


3.66 


87 


19.054 


30,958 


3-17 


3-46 


88 


14.576 


24.338 


2.99 


326 


89 


10,926 


18,788 


2.82 


308 


90 


8,015 


14.225 


2.66 


2 90 


91 


5,748 


IO.S53 


2-51 


2.74 


92 


4.025 


7,658 


2-37 


2.58 


93 


2,749 


5,429 


2.24 


2.44 


94 


1,828 


3,756 


2.12 


2.30 


95 


1,183 


2,533 


2.01 


2.17 


96 


742 


1,661 


1.90 


2. II 


97 


452 


1,057 


1.81 


2.03 


98 


266 


653 


1.72 


I.83 


99 


151 


389 


1.65 


1-73 


100 


82 


225 


1.61 


1.62 



L., Extra-uterine, post-natal existence. L., Fetal, 
life of the fetus. L., Intra-uterine, life within the 
uterus. L., Mean Duration of, the expectation of 
life at birth. L., Reproductive, L., Sexual, that 
period of life during which the individual is capable of 
begetting or bearing offspring. L.-root, ragwort. The 
herb Senecio aureus gathered in flower^ an expecto- 
rant, diuretic, alterative, and tonic. It was formerly 
used by the Indians as a vulnerary, and is a favorite 
remedy with eclectic practitioners. Dose of a decoction 
ad lib. ; of the fid. ext. TTLxxx-gj ; of astrong tincture, 
TTLviij-xx ; of senecin, its resinoid, gr. j-iij. L. -table, 
a table constructed to show the number and ages of the 
living, and the number and ages of the dying in a com- 
munity or society. Halley's Life-table, the earliest 
English table, was constructed in the second half of the 
18th century, and suggested De Mowre's Hypothesis. 
Price's Northampton Life-table was used by the 
Equitable Life Assurance Co., of New York, upon its 
establishment in 1762. These tables were not con- 
structed by a comparison of the deaths and the living at 
each age, but from the deaths only ; and as births and 
deaths are not equal, and as migration also disturbs 
the stability of population, these tables are not 
correct, as they overstate the mortality of young adults 



LIFT-CURE 



679 



LIGAMENT 



and do not dissociate males and females. Dr. Fair 
constructed three English Life-tables, designated 
respectively, Nos. 1,2, and 3, and various other tables 
have been made, called the Healthy Districts, the 
Upper Class Experience, the Healthy Males, the 
Clerical Experience-tables, etc. The last note- 
worthy table is the New English Life-table, by Dr. 
Ogle, which starts with a million males and a million 
females and shows the number surviving at each age, 
and the mean expectation of life at each age. See 
Life, Expectation of. L.-time, Mean After. Syn- 
onym of Expectation of life. See Life, Expectation 
of. L. Vegetative. See L. , Animal. 

Lift-cure (lift-kur). The therapeutic use of the 
" health lift" (g. z/.),and of other similar devices. 

Ligament (lig'-ani-ent), Ligamentum (lig-am-en'- 
tuni) \_ligamentum ; ligare, to bind]. A band of 
flexible, compact connective tissue connecting the 
articular ends of the bones, and sometimes enveloping 
them in a capsule. L., Accessory. See L., Coraco- 
humeral. L., Acromio-clavicular, a broad liga- 
ment covering the acromio-clavicular articulation and 
extending from the clavicle to the acromial process of 
the scapula. L., Acromio-clavicular, Inferior, one 
extending from the clavicle to the acromial process of 
the scapula, across the lower portion of the acromio- 
clavicular articulation. L., Alar (of knee), one of the 
two folds of synovial membrane on either side of the 
mucous ligament. L., Annular (of radius), that 
surrounding the head of the radius. L., Annular 
(of stapes), that extending from the base of the stapes 
to the oval window. L., Annular, Anterior (of ankle), 
the broad ligament covering the anterior surface of the 
ankle-joint. L., Annular, Anterior (of wrist), a 
strong ligament extending from the trapezium to the 
unciform bone, confining the flexor tendons. L., An- 
nular, External (of ankle), that joining the posterior 
border of the external malleolus and the external sur- 
face of the calcaneum. L., Annular, Internal (of 
ankle), one joining the internal malleolus and the inner 
surface of the os calcis. L., Annular, Posterior (of 
carpus), a strong ligament reaching from the styloid 
process and lower end of the radius, across the back 
of the wrist to the styloid process of the ulna. L., 
Anterior (of ankle), a -small ligament in front of the 
ankle-joint. L., Anterior (of elboiv), that extend- 
ing from the coronoid process of the ulna to the 
coronoid fossa of the humerus. L., Anterior (of 
knee), the ligamentum patellae. L., Anterior (of 
malleus), that extending from the spine of the 
sphenoid to the anterior portion of the head and neck 
of the malleus. L., Anterior (of uterus), one of the 
fibrous and peritoneal folds extending from the bladder 
to the uterus. L., Anterior (of wrist), a strong, 
broad ligament extending from the anterior surface of 
the upper row of carpal bones to the lower ends of 
the ulna and radius. L., Arcuate, one of the arched 
ligaments extending from the body of the diaphragm 
to the last rib, and to the transverse process of the first 
lumbar vertebra. L., Arnold's. See L., Suspeitsory 
(of incus). L., Arterial, the fibrous remains of the 
ductus arteriosus. L., Aryteno-epiglottic, one of the 
ligamentous folds joining the epiglottis and the aryte- 
noid cartilage. L., Arytenoid, Inferior, one of the false 
vocal bands. L., Astragalo-calcaneal, External, 
that joining the external surface of the astragalus and 
the outer margin of the calcaneum. L., Astragalo- 
calcaneal, Internal, one extending from the os calcis 
to the posterior margin of the sustentaculum tali. L., 
Astragalo-calcaneal, Posterior. See L., Calcaneo- 
astragaioid, Posterior. L., Astragalo-navicular, 
Superior. See L.,Astragalo-scaphoid, Superior. L., 



Astragalo-scaphoid, Internal, one joining the inner 
surfaces of the astragalus and the scaphoid. L., Astrag- 
alo-scaphoid, Superior, one joining the anterior ex- 
tremity of the astragalus and the upper surface of the 
scaphoid. L., Atlanto-axial. See L., Atlo-axoid. 
L., Atlanto-axial, Deep. See L. , Atlo-axoid, Ante- 
rior. L., Atlanto-axial, Posterior, one joining the 
neural arches of the atlas and the axis. L., Atlanto- 
axial, Superficial. See L., Atlanto-axial, Anterior. 
L., Atlanto-occipital. See L., Atlo-occipital. L., 
Atlanto-occipital, Posterior. See L. , Occipito-at- 
lantal, Posterior. L., Atlo-axoid, that joining the 
atlas and the axis. L., Atlo-axoid, Anterior, 
that joining the ventral margins of the atlas and 
the axis. L., Atlo-occipital, that joining the atlas 
and the occiput. L., Auricular, Anterior, a broad 
ligament extending from the zygoma to the cauda heli- 
cis. L., Auricular, Posterior, one reaching from the 
mastoid process to the posterior surface of the ear. L., 
Auricular, Superior, a portion of the temporal fascia, 
inserted into the upper portion of the cartilage of the 
ear. L. of Barkow, ligamentous fibers in the fatty 
tissue in the upper portion of the olecranon fossa. L., 
Bellini's. SeeZ., Tendino-trochanteria?i. L., Ber- 
tin's, the iliofemoral ligament. L. of Bigelow. See 
L. , Ilio-femoral. L., Broad (of liver), a broad fold of 
peritoneum extending from the diaphragm to the upper 
surface of the liver. L., Broad (of lungs), one of the 
folds of the pleura, connecting the lower surfaces of the 
lungs with the diaphragm. L., Broad (of uterus), a 
fold of peritoneum extending laterally from the uterus 
to the pelvic wall. L., Burns' (Allen). See L. , Hey's. 
L., Calcaneo-astragaloid, Internal. See L., As- 
tragalo-calcaneal, Internal. L., Calcaneo-astrag- 
aloid, Interosseous, that uniting the calcaneum 
and the astragalus. L., Calcaneo-astragaloid, 
Posterior, one joining the calcaneum and the 
posterior border of the astragalus. L., Calcaneo- 
cuboid, Dorsal. See L., Calcaneo-cuboid, Superior. 
L., Calcaneo-cuboid, Internal, one joining the in- 
ner surfaces of the calcaneum and the cuboid. L., 
Calcaneo-cuboid, Interosseous. SeeZ., Calcaneo- 
cuboid, Internal. L., Calcaneo-cuboid, Long, one 
running from the under surface of the calcaneum to 
the under surface of the cuboid. L., Calcaneo-cu- 
boid, Short, a thick ligament extending between the 
os calcis and the under surface of the cuboid. L., 
Calcaneo-cuboid, Superior, one attached to the dor- 
sal surface of the calcaneum, and inserted into the 
dorsal surface of the cuboid. L., Calcaneo-fibular, 
that joining the apex of the external malleolus to 
the outer surface of the calcaneum. L., Calcaneo- 
navicular, Inferior. See L., Calcaneo-scaphoid , In- 
ferior. L., Calcaneo-scaphoid, Dorsal. See L., 
Calcaneo-scaphoid, External. L., Calcaneo-scaphoid, 
External, that extending from the calcaneum at its 
articulation with the astragalus to the external surface 
of the scaphoid. L., Calcaneo-scaphoid, Inferior, 
one joining the anterior and inner end of the calca- 
neum to the under surface of the scaphoid. L., Cal- 
caneo-scaphoid, Interosseous. SeeZ., Calcaneo- 
scaphoid, External. L., Calcaneo-scaphoid, Plan- 
tar. SeeZ., Calcaneo-scaphoid, Inferior. L., Cal- 
caneo-scaphoid, Superior. SeeZ., Calcaneo-scaph- 
oid. External. L., Camper's, the deep layer of the 
perineal fascia covering the bulb of the urethra and 
the crura of the penis. L., Capsular, a heavy fibrous 
structure surrounding an articulation, and lined by 
synovial membrane. L., Carcassonne's. See L., 
Pubo-vesical, Middle. L., Carpal, Anterior, that 
covering the palmar surface of the carpus. L., 
Carpal, Common, the annular ligament of the wrist- 



LIGAMENT 



680 



LIGAMENT 



joint. L., Carpal, Dorsal, short ligaments binding 
together the dorsal surfaces of the carpal bones. L., 
Carpal, Posterior. See P., Annular, Posterior (of 
carpus). L., Carpo-metacarpal, Dorsal, those join- 
ing the dorsal surfaces of the carpal and metacarpal 
bones. L., Carpo-metacarpal, Interosseous, one 
joining the os magnum and the unciform to the third 
and fourth metacarpal bones. L., Carpo-metacarpal, 
Palmar, those joining the palmar surfaces of the 
metacarpal to the carpal bones. L., Caudal, fibrous 
tissue uniting posteriorly the two lower vertebrae of 
the coccyx. L., Check, one controlling the move- 
ments of a joint. L., Ciliary. See P. pectination. 
L., Cleido-costal. See Z., Rhomboid. L., Col- 
les'. See Z., Triangular. L., Conoid, the inner 
portion of the coraco-clavicular ligament. It is at- 
tached to the coracoid process of the scapula and the 
coronoid tubercle of the clavicle. L., Cooper's 
Suspensory. See Z., Suspensory (of Mamma). L., 
Coraco-acromial, a triangular-shaped ligament ex- 
tending from the tip of the acromial process to the 
outer surface of the coracoid process of the scapula. 
L., Coraco-clavicular, that joining the coracoid pro- 
cess of the scapula and the clavicle. L., Coraco- 
humeral, that joining the coracoid process of the 
scapula and the upper and posterior portion of the 
capsule of the shoulder-joint and the upper part of the 
humerus. L., Coracoid, a fibrous structure forming 
the scapular foramen, extending from the coracoid 
process to the supra-scapular notch. L., Corniculo- 
pharyngeal, ligamentous fibers extending from the 
cornicula of the larynx to the walls of the pharynx. L., 
Coronary (of knee), short fibers binding the semilunar 
cartilages to the head of the tibia. L., Coronary (of 
liver), a peritoneal fold extending from the posterior 
edge of the liver to the diaphragm. L., Coronary (of 
radius). See Z., Annular (of radius). L., Costo- 
central, ligamentous tissue binding the head of a rib 
to the vertebral body. L., Costo-central, Anterior, 
a fan-shaped ligament extending from the verte- 
brae and the inter-vertebral cartilages to the head of 
the rib. L., Costo-clavicular. See Z., Rhomboid. 
L., Costo-colic. See L., P/irenico-colic. L., Costo- 
coracoid, that joining the first rib and the coracoid 
process of the scapula. L., Costo-pericardiac, that 
joining the upper costo-sternal articulations with the 
pericardium. L., Costo-sternal, Anterior, a fibrous 
structure joining the sternum and the anterior edges of 
the cartilages of the true ribs. L., Costo-sternal, 
Posterior, one joining the sternum and the posterior 
surface of the cartilages of the true ribs. L., Costo- 
transverse, one of the ligaments binding the ribs to 
the adjacent transverse processes oi the dorsal verte- 
brae. L., Costo-transverse, Anterior. See Z., 
Costo-transverse, Superior. L., Costo-transverse 
Interosseous. See Z., Costo-transverse, Middle. L., 
Costo-transverse, Long. See Z., Costo-transverse, 
Superior. L., Costo-transverse, Middle, one run- 
ning between the anterior surface of the transverse 
process of a dorsal vertebra and the neck of the adja- 
cent rib. L., Costo-transverse, Posterior, one 
joining the transverse process of a dorsal vertebra and 
the tubercle of the adjacent rib. L., Costo-trans- 
verse, Superior, one extending between the lower 
margin of the transverse process of a dorsal vertebra, 
and the crest on the upper margin of the neck of the 
subjacent rib. L., Costo-vertebral, one of those 
binding the ribs to the adjacent vertebrae. L., Costo- 
vertebral, Interarticular, one of the strong ligaments 
joining the dorsal intervertebral fibro-cartilages and the 
crests on the heads of the ribs. L., Costo-xiphoid, 
fibrous tissue binding the cartilages of the sixth and 



seventh ribs to the xiphoid cartilage. L., Cotyloid, 
a ring of fibro-cartilaginous tissue at the margin of the 
acetabulum. L., Cowper's. Same as Z., Pubic. L., 
Cranio-vertebral, one of those extending between 
the cranium and the vertebrae. L., Crico-arytenoid, 
Posterior, one of those joining the cricoid and aryte- 
noid cartilages posteriorly. L., Crico-pharyngeal, 
that extending between the upper and posterior margin 
of the cricoid cartilage and the anterior pharyngeal 
wall. L., Crico-Santorinian, one of those binding 
together Santorini's cartilages and the cricoid cartilage. 
L., Crico-thyroid, one of those joining the cricoid and 
thyroid cartilages. L., Crico-thyroid, Anterior, 
one on the anterior surfaces of the cricoid and thy- 
roid cartilages. L., Crico-thyroid, Middle, the crico- 
thyroid membrane. L., Crico-tracheal, that joining 
the cricoid cartilage and the uppermost tracheal ring. 
L., Crucial (of atlas). See Z. , Cruciform. L., Cru- 
cial (of the fingers), one of the small ligaments running 
obliquely on the palmar surface of the phalangeal 
joints. L., Crucial, Anterior, the smaller crucial 
ligament of the knee, extending from the upper sur- 
face of the tibia to the inner surface of the external 
condyle of the femur. L., Crucial, External. 
See Z., Crucial, Anterior. L., Crucial, Internal. 
See Z., Crucial, Posterior. L., Crucial, Posterior, 
one extending from the popliteal notch of the tibia, 
and the external semilunar cartilage, to the anterior 
portion of the internal condyle of the femur. L., 
Cruciate, a Y-shaped process of the deep fascia of the 
leg, situated at the bend of the ankle. It extends 
from the internal malleolus to the external surface of 
the anterior portion of the calcaneum. L., Cruci- 
form, a cross-shaped ligament, formed by the trans- 
verse ligament of the atlas and a vertical band of fibers 
extending from the middle of this ligament to the 
body of the axis. L., Cuneiform, Interosseous. 
See P., Intercuneiform. L., Deltoid. See P., Lat- 
eral Piternal (of ankle-joint). L., Dentate. See 
P., Denticulate. L., Denticulate, a band of fibrous 
connective tissue passing from the arachnoid to the pia 
in the interval between the anterior and posterior 
nerve-roots. L., Douglas's, the folds of peritoneum 
extending between the dorsal surface of the uterus and 
the ventral surface of the rectum. L., Duodeno- 
renal, a peritoneal fold joining the transverse meso- 
colon and the parietal peritoneum in the region of the 
right kidney. It forms the posterior boundary of Wins- 
low's foramen. L. of Ellis. See Z. of the Rectum. 
L., External (of malleus), that running from the outer 
wall of the tympanum to the crista capitis mallei. L., 
Falciform, a sickle-shaped expansion of the great 
sacro-ischiatic ligament, extending along the inner 
margin of the tuberosity and inferior ramus of the 
ischium. L., Falciform (of liver). See Z., Broad 
(of liver). L. of Fallopius. See L., Pouparf s. L., 
False (of bladder), one of the peritoneal folds radiat- 
ing from the urinary bladder. L., False, Superior 
(of the bladder), one of the peritoneal folds, running 
in the median line, from the fundus of the blad- 
der to the umbilicus. L., Femoral. See Z., 
Plefs. L., Flood's, the gleno-humeral ligament. 
L., Gastro-colic, the fold of the great omentum 
attached to the colon and the stomach. L., 
Gastro-hepatic, the fold of the great omentum 
attached to the stomach and the liver. L., Gastro- 
lienal. See Z. , Gastro-splenic. L., Gastro-pan- 
creatic, a sickle-shaped peritoneal fold joining the 
posterior surface of the stomach and the anterior 
surface of the pancreas. L., Gastro-phrenic. 
See Z., Phrenico-gastric. L., Gastro-splenic, a 
peritoneal fold joining the gastric cul-de-sac and the 



LIGAMENT 



681 



LIGAMENT 






Right Knee-joint, Internal 

Ligaments, Anterior View. Ligaments of Right Knee- 
joint, Posterior View. 



Ligaments of Elbow- 
joint. 
. Humerus. 2. Ulna. 3. 
Radius. 4. External lat- 
eral ligament. 5. Orbicu- 
lar ligament. 6. Posterior 
ligament. 7, 8. Condyles 
of humerus. 9. Interos- 
seous membrane. 



. Lower extremity of femur. 

2. Anterior crucial ligament. 

3. Posterior crucial ligament. 

4. Transverse ligament. 5. 
Intercondylar fossa. 6. Semi- 
lunar fibro-cartilages (inter- 
nal). 7 Semi-lunar fibro-car- 
tilages (external). 8. Liga- 
mentum patellae. 9. Tubercle 
of tibia. 10. Capsular liga- 
ment. 11. Interosseous mem- 
brane. 





. Posterior ligaments, or liga- 
mentum Winslowii (oblique 
fasciculus). 2. Tendon of 
semi-membranous muscle. 3. 
Tibia. 4. Bursa. 5. Internal 
lateral ligament. 6. Long ex- 
ternal lateral ligament. 7. 
Short external lateral liga- 
ment. 8 Popliteus muscle. 
9. Posterior, or internal cru- 
cial ligament. 



:. Anterior common ligament. 
b. Anterior occipito-atloid lig- 
ament, c. Anterior common 
ligament (continuation), d. 
Anterior atlo-axial ligament, 
.f. Capsular ligament, f. Syn- 
ovial membrane, g. Lateral 
occipito-atloid ligament. 



Ligaments of the Shoulder- 
joint. 

[. Superior acromioclavicular liga- 
ment. 2. Coraco-clavicular. 3- 
Coraco-acromial 4 Transverse. 
5. Capsular. 6. Coraco-humeral. 
7. Tendon of long head of biceps. 



Anterior com- 
mon ligament. 2. 
Anterior costo- 
vertebral, or stel- 
late ligament. 3. 
Anterior costo- 
transverse liga- 
ment. 



Ligaments of the Costo-vertebral Articulations. 




Ligaments of the Occipito-atloid Joint. 




Ligaments of the Pelvis, Posterior View. 
. Articular surface of sacrum for last lumbar vertebra. 
2. Coccyx. 3. Crest of ilium. 4. Tuberosity of ischium. 
5. Great sacro-sciatic foramen. 6. Lesser sacro-sciatic fora- 
men. 7. Great trochanter. 8. Posterior sacro-iliac ligament 
9. Posterior inferior spine of ilium. 10. Supra-spinous liga- 
ment. 11. Obturator membrane. 12. Lesser sacro-sciatic 
foramen. 13, 14. Great sacro-sciatic ligament. 15. Lesser 
sacro-sciatic ligament. 16 Spine of ischium. 




tk-huoii 
M. st, th. 



Lig. 

■<>■■ i'T Larynx, Front View, 

Showing the Liga- 
ments and Inser- 
tion of Muscles. 
O. h. Os hyoides. C. th. 
Thyroid cart. Corp. 
trit. Corpus triticeum 
or lesser cornu of the 
hyoid bone. C. c. Cri- 
coid cart C. tr. Tracheal cartilage. Lig. thyr.-hyoid med. 
Middle thvro-hyoid ligament. Lisr. th.-h. Int. Lateral thyro- 
hyoid ligament. Lig. cric.-thyr. med. Middle cnco-thyroicl 
ligament. Lig. eric. -track. Crico-tracheal ligament. M.st.-h. 
Sterno-hyoid muscle. M. th.-hyoid. Thyro-hyoid muscle. 
M. st.-th. Sterno-thyroid muscle. M. cr.-th. Crico-thyroid 
muscle. 



LIGAMENT 



682 



LIGAMENT 



hilum of the spleen. L. of Gerdy, the suspensory 
ligament of the axilla, extending from the coracoid 
process to the skin surrounding the hollow of the 
axilla. L., Gimbernat's, a triangular expansion of 
the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, con- 
nected anteriorly to Poupart's ligament and attached 
to the ilio-pectineal line. L., Gleno-humeral, a 
portion of the coraco-humeral ligament, attached to 
the inner and upper portion of the bicipital groove. 
L., Glenoid, one of those joining the phalanges (pal- 
mar surfaces) and the corresponding metacarpal bones. 
L., Glenoid (of scapula), a ring of fibro-cartilaginous 
tissue attached to the rim of the glenoid fossa. 
L., Glosso-epiglottic, an elastic ligamentous band 
connecting the epiglottis to the hyoid bone. L., 
Glosso-epiglottidean. See L. , Glosso-epiglottic. L., 
Helmholtz's, that portion of the anterior ligament 
of the malleus that is attached to the spina tympanica 
major. L., Hepatico-colic, a peritoneal fold join- 
ing the under surface of the right lobe of the liver 
and the ascending meso-colon. L., Hepatico- 
duodenal, a peritoneal fold running from the 
transverse fissure of the liver to the duodenum. It 
forms the anterior boundary of Winslow's foramen. 
L., Hepatico-renal. See Z., Hepatico-colic. L., 
Hey's, also called the femoral ligament ; a sickle- 
shaped expansion of the fascia lata. L., Hunter's, 
a term for the round ligament of the uterus. See Z., 
Round [of uterus). L., Hyo-epiglottic, one joining 
the under surface of the epiglottis and the upper sur- 
face of the hyoid bone. L., Ilio-femoral, a strong 
ligament extending from the anterior inferior iliac 
spine to the lesser trochanter and the intertrochanteric 
line. L., Ilio-femoral, Anterior, the anterior 
portion of the iliofemoral ligament. L., Ilio- 
femoral, Inferior. See Z. , Ilio-femoral, Anterior. 
L., Ilio-femoral, Lateral. See L., Ilio-femoral, 
Superior. L., Ilio-femoral, Superior, one extend- 
ing from the anterior inferior spine of the ilium to the 
proximal end of the anterior intertrochanteric line. 
L., Ilio-lumbar, a ligament extending from the 
transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra to the 
iliac crest and the anterior surface of the sacro-iliac 
synchondrosis. L., Ilio-lumbar, Inferior. See 
L., Ilio-lumbar. L., Ilio-lumbo-vertebral. See 
L., Ilio-lumbar. L., Ilio-pectineal, that portion of 
the pelvic fascia extending from the ilio-pectineal line 
to the capsular ligament of the hip. L., Ilio-pubic. 
See L., Poupart's. L., Ilio-sacral, Anterior. 
See L., Sacro-iliac, Anterior. L., Ilio-sacral, In- 
terosseous. See L., Sacro-iliac, Interosseous. L., 
Ilio-sacral, Long Posterior. See L., Sacro-iliac, 
Oblique. L., Ilio-sacral, Short Posterior. See 
L-, Sacro-iliac, Short. L., Ilio-trochanteric. See 
L., Ilio-femoral, Superior. L., Inferior (of glottis), 
one of the inferior or true vocal bands. L., Inferior 
(of malleus), one extending from the handle of the 
malleus to the outer wall of the tympanum. L., Infun- 
dibulo-ovarian, that portion of the free edge of the 
broad ligament of the uterus extending between the 
infundibulum and the pelvic end of the ovary. L., 
Infundibulo-pelvic, that portion of the free edge of 
the broad ligament of the uterus joining the infundib- 
ulum and the pelvic wall. L., Inguinal. See I., 
Poupart's. L., Inguinal, External, the part of 
Poupart's ligament running from the anterior superior 
iliac spine to the fascia lata. L., Interarticular (of 
kip). See L. teres. L., Interarticular (of ribs). 
See Z., Costo-vertebral, Literarticular. L., Inter- 
chondral, one of those joining adjacent costal carti- 
lages. L., Interclavicular, one joining the sternal 
extremities of the clavicles and the sternum. L., 



Intercostal, one of those joining adjacent ribs. 
L., Intercostal, External, one of those filling 
the intercostal spaces externally between the sternum 
and the intercostal muscles. L., Intercostal, In- 
ternal, one of the fibrous bands uniting adjacent 
ribs. L., Intercrural, one of those connecting the 
laminae of the vertebra;. L., Intercuneiform, one of 
those joining the cuneiform bones of the tarsus. L., 
Interhyal, one in the embryo joining the malleus and 
the stylohyal cartilage. L., Interlobular, a pro- 
longation of the pleura, between the lobes of the 
lungs. L., Intermetacarpal, one of those joining 
the metacarpal bones. L., Intermetacarpal, Dorsal, 
one of four ligaments running transversely across the 
dorsal surfaces of the upper ends of the metacarpal 
bones. L., Intermetacarpal, Palmar, one of those 
joining the palmar surfaces of the upper ends of the 
metacarpal bones. L., Intermetatarsal, one of 
those joining the metatarsal bones. L., Intermeta- 
tarsal, Dorsal, a ligamentous structure joining the 
dorsal surfaces of the bases of the metatarsal bones. 
L., Intermetatarsal, Plantar, one of those joining 
the plantar surfaces of the upper ends of the 
metatarsal bones. L., Intermuscular, a fascial 
prolongation between muscles. L., Interosseous, 
Inferior Tibio-fibular. See Z. , Tibiofibular 
Interosseous, Inferior. L., Interspinal. See Z., 
Interspinous. L., Interspinous, one extending 
between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebra;. 
L., Intertransverse, one extending between the 
transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae. L., 
Ischio-capsular, one extending from the isch- 
ium, near the acetabulum, to the zona orbicularis. 
L., Ischio-femoral, one running from the ischium 
to the great trochanter. L., Jugal (of larynx). See 
Z., Crico-Santorinian. L., Lateral (of liver), one of 
the peritoneal folds between the sides of the liver and 
the under surface of the diaphragm. L., Lateral, Ex- 
ternal (of ankle), that running between the external 
malleolus and the calcaneum. L., Lateral, External 
(of carpus), that extending from the scaphoid bone 
to the styloid process of the radius. L., Lateral, 
External (of elbow), that extending from the annular 
ligament of the radius to the external condyle of the 
humerus. L., Lateral, External (of jaw), that 
extending from the lower border of the zygoma to the 
outer surface of the neck of the inferior maxilla. L., 
Lateral, External (of knee), that joining the head of 
the fibula and the internal condyle of the tibia. L., 
Lateral, External (of "wrist). See Z., Lateral, Ex- 
ternal (of carpus). L., Lateral, Internal (of ankle - 
joint), one joining the internal malleolus, and the 
astragalus, calcaneum, and scaphoid. L., Lateral, 
Internal (of carpus), a ligamentous cord joining the 
styloid process of the ulna, the pisiform bone, and the 
anterior annular ligament. L., Lateral, Internal (of 
elbow), one extending from the coronoid process of the 
ulna and the inner edge of the sigmoid fossa, to the 
internal condyle of the humerus. L., Lateral, In- 
ternal [of jaw). See Z. , Lateral, Internal (of Tem- 
poro-maxillary articulation). L., Lateral, Internal 
(of knee) , one extending from the internal condyle of 
the femur to the internal condyle and shaft of the 
tibia. L., Lateral, Internal (of temporo- maxillary 
articulation), one extending from the inferior maxilla, 
near the inferior dental foramen, to the spinous pro- 
cess of the sphenoid bone. L., Lateral, Long Ex- 
ternal (of knee), one running from the external 
condyle of the femur to the head of the fibula. 
L., Lateral, Short External (of knee-joint), one ex- 
tending from the head of the fibula to the external 
condyle of the femur and posterior portion of the 



LIGAMENT 



683 



LIGAMENT 



capsular ligament. L., Lateral, Short Internal 
{of knee-joint), one joining the upper portion of the 
tibia and the internal nbro-cartilage. L., Lauth's, 
the transverse ligament of the atlas. L., Longi- 
tudinal (of liver). See Z., Broad (of liver). L., 
Lumbo-costal, the anterior edge of the lumbo-dor- 
sal fascia. L., Lumbo-iliac. See Z., Llio-lumbar. 
L., Lumbo-sacral, a part of the ilio-lumbar, 
extending from the sacrum to the ilium, across the 
sacroiliac synchondrosis. L., Mauchart's. Same 
as Z. , Odontoid, Alar. L., Metacarpal, Trans- 
verse, one joining the distal extremities of the four 
inner metacarpal bones. L., Metacarpophalan- 
geal, Anterior. See Z., Glenoid. L., Metacarpo- 
phalangeal, Lateral, one joining the lateral surfaces 
of the phalanges and metacarpal bones. L., Meta- 
tarsal, Interosseous, one of those joining adjacent 
metatarsal bones. L., Metatarsal, Transverse, one 
uniting the distal extremities of the metatarsal bones. 
L., Metatarso-phalangeal, Lateral, one joining the 
lateral surfaces of the phalanges and metatarsal bones. 
L., Metatarso-phalangeal, Plantar, one of those 
joining the plantar surfaces of the phalanges and 
metatarsal bones. L., Mucous (of knee-joint), a fold 
of synovial membrane extending from the intercon- 
dyloid fossa to the lower margin of the patella. L., 
Naviculo-cuboid, one of those between the scaphoid 
and cuboid bones. L., Naviculo-cuneiform, one 
of those joining the scaphoid and cuneiform bones. 
L., Oblique (of forearm). See L., Round (of fore- 
arm). L., Obturator, the obturator membrane. L., 
Obturator, External. See Z. , Occipito-atlantal, 
Posterior. L., Occipito-atlantal, Lateral, one of 
those joining the transverse processes of the atlas 
to the jugular processes of the occipital bone. L., Oc- 
cipito-atlantal, Posterior, one joining the dorsal 
arch of the atlas and the posterior margin of the great 
foramen. L., Occipito-atloid, Anterior, a liga- 
ment joining the anterior arch of the atlas to the 
anierior margin of the great foramen. L., Occipito- 
axial. See Z., Occipito-axoid. L., Occipito-axoid, 
a strong ligament attached to the clivus of Blumen- 
bach above and to the body of the axis and adjoining 
vertebra below. L., Odontoid, any one of the broad, 
strong ligaments arising on either side of the apex 
of the odontoid process and connecting the atlas with 
the skull. L., Odontoid, Alar. SeeZ., Odontoid, 
Lateral. L., Odontoid, Lateral, one of the ligaments 
joining the condyles of the occiput and the odontoid 
process of the axis. L., Odontoid, Middle, one 
joining the anterior margin of the great foramen and 
the tip of the odontoid process. L., Omoclavicular. 
See Z., Coraco-clavicular. L., Orbicular (of radius). 
See Z., Annular (of radius). L., Ovarian, a band 
of muscular fibers, extending from the posterior surface 
of the uterus on either side to the ovary. L., Palmar. 
See Z., Glenoid. L., Palpebral. See Z., Tarsal. 
L., Palpebral, External, that joining the outer 
margin of the orbit and the tissues of the eye-lid. L., 
Palpebral, Internal, one extending from the nasal pro- 
cess of the superior maxilla to the lacrymal spine of the 
lacrymal bone and the inner end of the tarsal cartilage. 
L. patellae, a strong fibrous structure, extending from 
the tubercle of the tibia upward to become the tendon 
of the quadriceps extensor muscle ; it embraces the 
patella. L., Patellar, Lateral, one of those joining 
the sides of the condyles of the femur and the patella. 
L. pectinatum, the spongy tissue at the junction of the 
cornea and sclera in the sinus of the anterior chamber 
of the eye. It forms the root of the iris. L., Phalan- 
geal, Anterior, one of the ligaments on the palmar 
and plantar surfaces of the phalanges. L., Phalan- 



geal, Lateral, one of those joining the sides of contigu- 
ous phalanges. L., Phrenico-colic, a peritoneal fold 
joining the diaphragm and the splenic flexure of the 
colon. L., Phrenico-gastric, a peritoneal fold be- 
tween the diaphragm and the cardiac end of the stom- 
ach. L., Phreno-colic. See Z., Phrenico-colic. L., 
Phreno-splenic. See Z., Suspensory (of spleen). L., 
Plantar, Deep. See Z., Calcaneo-cuboid, Short. 
L., Plantar, Long. See Z., Calcaneo-cuboid Long. 
L., Plantar, Short. See Z., Calcaneo-cuboid, Short. 
L., Pleuro-colic. See Z. , Phrenico-colic. L., Pos- 
terior (of ankle-joint), a transverse ligament cover- 
ing the ankle-joint posteriorly. L., Posterior (of 
elbcrw), a ligament covering the elbow posteriorly. 
L., Posterior (of incus), one joining the horizontal 
process of the incus and the posterior tympanic 
wall. L., Posterior (of knee-joint), one bounding the 
knee posteriorly. L., Posterior (of malleus), the 
posterior portion of the external ligament of the 
malleus. L., Posterior (of sacro- coccygeal articula- 
tion). SeeZ., Sacro-coccygeal, Posterior. L., Pos- 
terior (of wrist), one covering the dorsal surface of 
the carpus. L., Poupart's, the ligament extending 
from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the 
spine of the pubis and the pectineal line. It is the 
lower portion of the aponeurosis of the external oblique 
muscle. L., Pterygo-maxillary, one joining the 
apex of the internal pterygoid plate of the sphenoid 
and the posterior extremity of the internal oblique line 
of the lower jaw. L., Pubic, a portion of the fascia 
lata attached to the crest of the pubes. L., Pubic, 
Anterior, a band of fibrous tissue covering the anterior 
surface of the pubis. L., Pubic, Inferior, a triangular 
ligament, extending from the symphysis of the pubis 
to the rami of the pubic bones. L., Pubic, Posterior, 
one covering the symphysis pubis posteriorly. L., 
Pubic, Superior, one extending across the upper sur- 
face of the symphysis pubis. L., Pubo-femoral, one 
joining the margin of the obturator foramen, the 
pectineal eminence and the superior ramus of the 
pubis with the lesser trochanter of the femur. L., 
Pubo-prostatic, the anterior true ligament of the 
bladder. L., Pubo-vesical, Middle, in the female, 
a ligament between the anterior surface of the bladder, 
the inferior pubic ligament and the crura' of the 
clitoris. L., Pulmonary. See Z., Broad (of lung). 
L., Pylori-colic, one running from the pyloric end 
of the stomach to the transverse colon. L., Radio- 
carpal. See Z., Lateral, External (of carpus). L., 
Radio-ulnar, Anterior, a ligament uniting, ante- 
riorly, the lower end of the ulna and the anterior edge 
of the sigmoid cavity of the radius. L., Radio-ulnar, 
Posterior, one joining the posterior surface of the 
lower end of the ulna, and the posterior margin of the 
sigmoid cavity of the radius. L., Radio-ulnar, 
Round. See Z., Round (of forearm). L. of the 
Rectum, that part of the rectovesical fascia extend- 
ing to the side of the rectum. L. of Retzius, the 
outer portion of the anterior annular ligament of the 
leg. L., Rhomboid, one joining the cartilage of the 
first rib and the tuberosity of the clavicle. It is a part 
of the costo-clavicular ligament. L., Round (of fore- 
arm), one joining the coronoid process of the ulna and 
the tuberosity of the radius. L., Round (of hip). 
See Z. teres. L., Round (of liver), a fibrous cord 
running from the umbilicus to the notch in the ante- 
rior border of the liver. It represents the remains of the 
obliterated umbilical vein. L., Round, Posterior, a 
muscular band extending from the posterior surface of 
the uterus through the broad ligament to the sub-peri- 
toneal pelvic fascia. L., Round (of superior radio- 
ulnar articulation). See Z., Round (of forearm). 



LIGAMENT 



684 



LIGAMENT 



L., Round {of uterus), a ligament running from the 
anterior surface of the cornu of the uterus, through the 
inguinal canal to the mons veneris. L., Sacro- 
coccygeal, Anterior, a two-headed ligament extend- 
ing from the first vertebra of the coccyx to the last 
sacral vertebra anteriorly. L., Sacro-coccygeal, 
Lateral, one of those joining the sides of the sacrum 
and the transverse processes of the coccygeal vertebras. 
L., Sacro-coccygeal, Posterior, one extending from 
the lower portion of the sacrum over the posterior sur- 
face of the coccyx. L., Sacro-iliac, Anterior, a thin 
fibrous structure covering the pelvic surfaces of the sac- 
rum and ilium. L., Sacro-iliac, Interosseous, one 
joining the sacrum and ilium. L., Sacro-iliac, Long. 
See L., Sacro-iliac, Oblique. L., Sacro-iliac, Ob- 
lique, a portion of the posterior sacro-iliac ligament, 
arising from the posterior spine of the ilium. L., 
Sacro-iliac, Posterior, one extending from the side 
of the sacrum to the posterior spines of the ilium. L., 
Sacro-iliac, Short, that extending from the posterior 
inferior iliac spine to the side of the sacrum. L., 
Sacro-ischiatic, Great. See L. ,'Sacro-sciatic , Great. 
L., Sacro-ischiatic, Lesser, one extending from the 
spine of the ischium to the point of junction of the sac- 
rum and coccyx. L., Sacro-sciatic, Anterior. See 
L., Sacro-ischiatic, Lesser. L., Sacro-sciatic, Great, 
a triangular-shaped ligament extending from the 
sacrum, coccyx, and inferior iliac spine, to the tuber- 
osity of the ischium. L., Sacro-sciatic, Large. See 
L., Sacro-ischiatic, Great. L., Sacro-sciatic, Lesser. 
See L., Sacro-ischiatic, Lesser. L., Sacro-sciatic, 
Posterior. See L., Sacro-ischiatic, Great. L., Sa- 
cro-sciatic, Small. See L., Sacro-ischiatic, Lesser. 
L., Sacro-spinal. See L., Sacro-ischiatic. L., 
Sacro-spinous. See L., Sacro-ischiatic. L., Sacro- 
vertebral. See L., Lumbosacral. L. of Schlemm, 
a ligament of the shoulder-joint. L., Spheno-max- 
illary. See L., Internal Lateral [of temporo-max- 
illary articulation). L., Spiral, one attached to the 
wall of the cochlea. L., Stellate. See L., Costo- 
central, Anterior. L., Sternal, Anterior, one con- 
necting the manubrium and the gladiolus, anteriorly. L., 
Sternal, Posterior, one joining the posterior surfaces 
of the two upper bones of the sternum. L., Sterno- 
clavicular, Anterior, a fibrous structure extending 
anteriorly from the sternum to the inner end of the 
clavicle. L., Sterno-clavicular, Posterior, one 
joining the clavicle and the sternum posteriorly. L., 
Sterno-costal, Anterior. See L. , Costo-sternal, 
Anterior. L., Sterno-costal, Posterior. See L., 
Costo-sternal, Posterior. L., Sterno-xiphoid. See 
L., Sternal, Anterior. L., Stylo-hyoid, a fibrous 
cord extending from the apex of the styloid process of 
the temporal bone, to the lesser cornu of the hyoid 
bone. L., Stylo-maxillary, a ligament joining the 
styloid process of the temporal bone and the under 
surface of the posterior margin of the ramus of the in- 
ferior maxilla. L., Stylo-myloid. See L. , Stylo- 
maxillary. L., Sub-pubic. See L., Pubic, Inferior. 
L., Superior [of clitoris), one extending from the 
clitoris over the bulb of the vagina, and blending with 
the perineum. L., Superior [of incus). See L., 
Suspensory [of incus). L., Superior [of malleus) , a 
round ligament extending from the head of the malleus 
to the upper and outer wall of the tympanic cavity. 
L., Supra-scapular. See L., Coracoid. L., Supra- 
spinal, one uniting the apices of the spinous processes 
of the vertebrae. L., Supra-spinous. See L., Supra- 
spinal. L., Suspensory [of bladder). See Z., False, 
Superior [of bladder) . L., Suspensory [of clitoris), 
one attaching the clitoris to the lower portion of the 
symphysis pubis. L., Suspensory [of crystalline 



lens), the zonule of Zinn. L., Suspensory [of dia- 
phragm), that portion of the prevertebral fascia, 
attaching the center of the diaphragm to the bodies of 
the last cervical and first dorsal vertebrae. L., Sus- 
pensory [of humerus). See L., Coraco-humeral. L., 
Suspensory [of incus), Arnold's ligament , con- 
necting the body of the incus with the roof of the 
tympanum. L., Suspensory [of liver). See L., 
Broad [of liver). L., Suspensory [of malleus). See 
L., Superior [of malleus). L., Suspensory [of 
mamma), a fibrous band extending from the fascia 
above over the anterior surface of the mamma. L., 
Suspensory [of mesentery) , the root of the mesentery. 
L., Suspensory [of penis), that attaching the upper 
portion of the dorsum of the penis to the anterior sur- 
face of the symphysis pubis. L., Suspensory [of 
spleen), a peritoneal fold attaching the spleen to the 
lower surface of the diaphragm. L., Suspensory [of 
uterus). See L., Broad [of uterus) and L., Round 
[of uterus). L., Tarsal, the tarso-orbital fascia. L., 
Tarso-metatarsal, Dorsal, one of those joining the 
metatarsal and tarsal bones. L., Tarso-metatarsal 
Interosseous, External, that joining the external 
surface of the external cuneiform bone and the third and 
fourth metatarsal bones. L., Tarso-metatarsal Inter- 
osseous, Internal, one joining the internal cuneiform 
and second metatarsal bones. L., Tarso-metatarsal 
Interosseous, Middle, one joining the external 
cuneiform and second metatarsal bones. L., Tarso- 
metatarsal, Plantar, one of those joining the plantar 
surfaces of the tarsal and metatarsal bones. L., 
Tendino-trochanterian, Bellini's ligament, a strong 
ligament extending from the capsule of the hip-joint 
to the greater trochanter of the femur. L. teres, a 
rounded fibrous cord attached to the center of the articu- 
lar surface of the head of the femur, and extending to 
the margin of the cotyloid notch of the acetabu- 
lum. L., Thyro-arytenoid. See Vocal Bands. L., 
Thyro-arytenoid, Inferior, one of the inferior or true 
vocal bands. L., Thyro-arytenoid, Superior, one 
extending between the inner surface of the upper por- 
tion of the thyroid cartilage and the anterior surfaces 
of the apices of the arytenoid cartilages. L., Thyro- 
epiglottic, one extending from the notch between the 
wings of the thyroid cartilage to the apex of the epi- 
glottis. L., Thyro-hyoid, the thyro-hyoid membrane. 
L., Thyro-hyoid, Lateral, one of those joining the 
tips of the greater cornua of the hyoid bone and the 
superior cornua of the thyroid cartilage. L., Thyro- 
hyoid, Middle, the center line of the thyrohyoid 
membrane. L., Tibio-fibular, Inferior Posterior, 
one at the lower tibio-fibular articulation, running 
obliquely downward from the tibia to the fibula. L., 
Tibio-fibular, Inferior Transverse. See L., Tibio- 
fibular, Transverse. L., Tibio-fibular Interosse- 
ous, one extending between the tibia and the fibula. 
L., Tibio-fibular Interosseous, Inferior, one joining 
the tibia and the fibula at their lower extremities. L., 
Tibio-fibular, Posterior Inferior. See L., Poste- 
rior [of leaver tibiofibular articulation). L., Tibio- 
fibular, Posterior Superior, one joining the poste- 
rior surface of the external tuberosity of the tibia and 
the head of the fibula, posteriorly. L., Tibio-fibular, 
Superior Posterior. See L. , Tibiofibular, Posterior 
Superior. L., Tibio-fibular, Transverse, one ex- 
tending between the lower posterior border of the 
tibia and the external malleolus. L., Tibio-tarsal, 
one extending from the lower anterior margin of the 
tibia to the upper surface of the astragalus. L., 
Transverse [of acetabulum). See L., Trans7'erse 
[of hip-Joint). L., Transverse [of atlas), one at- 
tached to two small tubercles on the inner surface of 



LIGAMENTAL 



685 



LIGHT 



the atlas, and surrounding the odontoid process of the 
axis. L., Transverse (of hip-joint), one extending 
across the cotyloid notch of the acetabulum. L., 
Transverse (of knee-joint), one extending from the 
anterior margin of the external semilunar fibro-carti- 
lage to the extremity of the internal semilunar fibro- 
cartilage. L., Transverse, Medial (of tarsus), one 
extending from the first cuneiform to the bases of the 
third and fourth metatarsal bones. L., Transverse 
(of shoulder-joint). See Z., Coraco-ncromial. L., 
Transverso-costal. See L., Costo-transverse. L., 
Trapezoid, the anterior or external portion of the 
coraco-clavicular ligament, extending from the upper 
surface of the coracoid process of the scapula, to the 
under surface of the clavicle. L., Triangular : I. The 
coraco-acromial ligament, q. v. 2. That portion of the 
aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle extending 
from the outer portion of Poupart's ligament to the 
linea alba. L., Triangular (of liver'). See L., Lat- 
eral (of liver). L., Triangular, Anterior (of pelvis). 
See Z., Pubic, Inferior. L., Utero-rectal. See Z., 
Utero-sacral. L., Utero-sacral, one of the recto- 
uterine folds of peritoneum. L., Utero-vesical, one 
of the folds of peritoneum connecting the bladder to 
the uterus. L., Vertebral, Posterior, one extend- 
ing from the axis to the sacrum, along the posterior 
surface of the bodies of the vertebra;. L., Vesico- 
uterine. See Z., Utero-vesical. L., Weitbrecht's. 
A bundle of fibers upon the anterior aspect of the 
interosseous ligament of the radio-cubital articulation. 
L., Winslow's, the posterior ligament of the 
knee-joint. See Z., Posterior (of knee-joint). L., 
Y-shaped (of Bigelow), the Iliofemoral ligament. 
L. of Zinn, the tendinous origin of the external, in- 
ferior, and internal recti muscles of the eye. 

Ligamental [lig-am-en' -tal), Ligamentary (lig-am- 
en'-ta-re) \_ligare, to bind]. Of the nature of a liga- 
ment. 

Ligamentous (lig-am-en' -tus) \_ligamentum, from 
ligare, to bind]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, a 
ligament. 

Ligamentum (lig-am-en' -turn) [ L. : pi. , Ligamenta~\. 
See Ligament. L. dentis, a name given to that 
portion of the gum which is attached to the neck of 
a tooth. 

Ligation (li-ga' -shun) \ligatio : ligare, to tie]. The 
operation of tying, especially of tying arteries. L. 
of Cord, applying a ligature about the umbilical cord 
of the new-born child. L., Multiple, the application 
of several ligatures in the course of a vessel. L. in 
Continuity, ligation of a vessel in its course for the 
cure of an aneurysm or to arrest hemorrhage at some 
distant point. 

Ligator (li-ga' -tor) \ligare, to bind]. An instrument 
used in placing and fastening ligatures. 

Ligature (lig'-af-iir) \_ligatura ; ligare, to tie] . A cord 
or thread of any material for tying arteries, etc. L., 
Animal, one made from sheepgut or catgut, or the ten- 
dons or sinews of various animals. L., Articulated, 
the Ecraseur, q. v. L., Aseptic, one rendered free 
from infective material by soaking in and cleansing with 
germicidal solutions, or by boiling or heating. L., 
Buckskin, the first absorbable ligature used by 
Physick, who employed untanned buckskin. L., 
Carbolized, a ligature rendered aseptic by carbolic 
acid. L., Catgut, a ligature made from the middle 
coat of the sheep's intestine, and rendered aseptic and 
tough by carbolic acid or perchlorid of mercury. L., 
Chromicised, a ligature hardened by treatment 
with a solution of chromic acid. L., Deer-skin, 
a ligature formed of a thin strip cut from prepared 
deer-skin and rendered aseptic. L., Double, the 



application of two ligatures to a vessel, between 
which it is divided. In the case of a pedunculated 
growth it refers to two ligatures passed through the 
same opening and tied at opposite sides. L., Elastic, 
a narrow band or thread of india-rubber applied tightly 
to a part so as to destroy the tissues and by compres- 
sion to lead to separation. It is used in the treatment 
of hemorrhoids, anal fistula, and in the removal of 
pedunculated growths. L., Erichsen's, one consisting 
of a double thread, one-half of which is white, the other 
half black ; it is used in the ligation of nevi. L., 
Hemp, a thread made from hemp- fibers rendered 
aseptic. L., Horsehair, an excellent ligature formed 
by plaiting together a number of strands of horsehair. 
After immersion in oil for some time it becomes ex- 
tremely supple, and is capable of slow absorption. L., 
Immediate, a ligature including the vessel alone. L., 
Intermittent, a tourniquet applied above a poisoned 
wound to interrupt the blood-current ; it is occasion- 
ally relaxed to allow of renewal of the circulation. L., 
Kangaroo, a ligature made from the smaller tendons 
of the kangaroo's tail, dried and carbolized. It is 
stouter than the catgut ligature, and is not absorbed 
so readily. L., Lateral, partial occlusion of the 
lumen of a vessel by a loose ligature. L., " Loose," 
a ligature employed by the younger Cline and South. 
It consists in the application of a thread around an 
artery so loosely as not to interfere with the passage of 
the blood. It was erroneously believed to cause an 
inflammation that would completely block up the ves- 
sel. L., Mediate, one enclosing some of the 
soft parts as well as the artery. L., Metallic, one 
made of silver or other metal. L., Momentary, the 
momentary application of a tight ligature so as to rup- 
ture the intima of an artery. L., Ox-aorta, a form 
of broad ligature introduced by Barwell for the pur- 
pose of tying an artery without lacerating its inner and 
middle coats ; it consists of the middle coat of the aorta 
of the ox, cut spirally, allowed to dry, and, ten minutes 
before using, soaked in a five per cent, solution of car- 
bolic acid in water. L., Permanent, one made of 
non-absorbable material. L., Phlebotomy, the appli- 
cation of a band to a limb to produce distention of the 
veins to facilitate venesection. L., Provisional, a 
ligature applied during an operation, with the intention 
of removing it before the completion of the operation. 
L., Quadruple, two double ligatures passed at right 
angles through a growth and tied in four sections ; it 
is used in the strangulation of nevi. L., Scarpa's, 
one employed in the ligation of arteries ; it consists of 
a small fold of linen which is placed against the vessel 
and over which the ligature is tied. L., Silk, a 
thread of silk for ligating vessels. L., Silkworm- 
gut, a material recommended for purposes of ligation 
by MacSweeny in 1818. It is the fiber drawn out 
from the silkworm killed when it is just ready to spin 
its cocoon. L., Soluble, an animal ligature capable 
of being absorbed. L., Tendon, the tendon, or 
strips of tendons, of various animals, as those of the 
kangaroo, deer, and whale, dried and carbolized. L., 
Wire, a metallic wire for the ligation of arteries and 
other parts. After its application it is cut short and 
allowed to become encapsulated. 
Light (lit) [ME., light, light]. That form of energy 
which, when impinging upon the retina, gives rise to 
the sensation of vision. The old theory was the so- 
called Emission, or Corpuscular Theory, which re- 
garded light as consisting of minute material particles 
emitted by the luminous body and giving rise to the 
sensation of vision by impinging upon the 
retina. The accepted, or Undulatory, Theory re- 
gards light as a form of ethereal vibration or undu- 



LIGHTERMAN'S BOTTOM 



686 



LILAC 



lation produced by the luminous body and propagated 
in all directions with a velocity in a vacuum of about 
186,500 miles per second. Maxwell s Electromagnetic 
Theory supposes light to be an " electromagnetic dis- 
turbance propagated by vibrations at right angles to 
the direction of the ray, and taking place in the 
ether, the strains or vibrations of which serve to pro- 
pagate electromagnetic induction." L., Axial, light- 
rays that are parallel to each other and to the optic 
axis ; in microscopy the axial ray of the cone of light 
must be parallel to the optic axis of the microscope. 
L.-blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. L. -brain, a 
weak-minded person. L., Central. See L., Axial. L., 
Diffused, that reflected simultaneously from an infinite 
number of surfaces, or that which has been scattered by 
means of a concave mirror or lens. L., Dispersion of. 
See L. , Spectrum of. L., Drummond, that produced 
by heating lime to incandescence, as in the oxy-hydro- 
gen flame. L., Electric, that produced by the passage 
of electricity through a medium having high resistance, 
such as the carbon-film of the incandescent light, or the 
interval of air between the carbons of the arc light, 
the medium of high resistance being heated to white- 
ness. L. -green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. L.- 
headed, giddy ; flighty ; delirious. L., Incandes- 
cent, the incandescence produced as a result of the 
resistance offered to the passage of an electric current 
through a delicate film of carbon. L., Incident, or 
Direct, that falling upon a surface or object. L., 
Monochromatic, that which, on being analyzed by a 
prism, consists approximately of waves of one length 
only. L., Oblique, when parallel rays or the axial ray 
of a cone of light forms an angle with the optic axis of 
the microscope. See also Illumination, Oblique. L.- 
red. Same as Ocher. L., Reflected, light thrown upon 
the object and then thrown back from the object. L., 
Reflection of, that property by which a ray of light 
striking an object rebounds, or is sent out again. Rays 
falling on a plane surface are reflected at an angle equal 
to that of the incident ray. Objects are perceived 
by the light reflected by such rays. L., Refraction of, 
that property by which a ray or pencil of light, when 
passing through media of different densities, is deflected 
out of its course. See Law of Refraction. L.-sense, 
the faculty by which different degrees of light or 
brightness may be distinguished. L., Spectrum of. 
See Spectrum, and Wave-lengths. L.-spot, Triangu- 
lar, the pyramidal spot of light seen on the normal tym- 
panic membrane, having its apex at the umbo, and its 
base toward the periphery. L., To Feel ; quickening ; 
the sensation conveyed to the mother by the move- 
ments of the fetus in utero. L., Transmitted, 
the light passing through an object. 

Lighterman's Bottom. Inflammation of the bursa 
over the tuberosity of the ischium, from much 
sitting. 

Lighting (lit'-ing) [ME., lihtinge, lighting]. The pro- 
per arrangement of the optic, parts of a microscope, 
with the mirror so that the field is equally illuminated. 

Lightning (Jil'-ning) [ME., light, light]. An at- 
mospheric discharge of electricity. In the form 
commonly known as "chain" or "bolt" light- 
ning, the electricity has an extremely high potential, 
and a stroke under such circumstances is invariably 
fatal when the discharge passes through a living body. 
The form known as " sheet" lightning is a "brush" 
discharge of low potential, and is harmless. L. Ca- 
tarrh. Synonym of Influenza. L. Pains, the lancinat- 
ing pains of locomotor ataxia, usually occurring in the 
thighs, but also at times in the arms, head, and trunk. 
They are severe and come on in paroxysms, and may 
or may not follow the course of a nerve or nerves. 



Lights (lits) [ME., light, light]. The lungs, so-called 
because of their light weight. 

Lignaloes (lig-nal'-oz) [lignum aloes~\. Same as Agal- 
lochum and Eagle-wood, q. v. 

Lignatile [Jig' -nat-il) [lignum, wood]. Same as Lig- 
nicole. 

Ligneous {lig'-ne-us) [lignum, wood]. Woody, or 
having a woody texture. 

Lignerolle's Amputation. See Operations, Table of. 

Lignicole (lig'-nik-ol) Lignicoline [lig-nik' '-o-lin) [lig- 
num, wood; colere, to dwell]. In biology, growing 
upon wood. 

Lignification (Jig-nif-ik-a' '-shun) [lignum, wood; 
facere, to make]. The process of turning into wood ; 
sometimes also applied to amyloid degeneration, q. v. 

Ligniform (lig'-nif-orm) [lignum, wood ; forma, form]. 
Resembling wood. 

Lignin (lig'-nin) [lignum, wood], C 19 H 24 O ]0 (?). A 
modification of cellulose, constituting the greater por- 
tion of the weight of most dry wood. It has not been 
isolated. L., Tests for ; phloroglucin gives a violet 
color to lignified cell-walls. Anilin sulphate, in 
slightly acidulated solution, gives a bright-yellow color. 

Lignite {Jig' -nit) [lignum, wood] . Brown coal ; im- 
perfectly formed coal, or that in which the original 
form of the wood is so distinctly preserved that it can 
be readily distinguished by the eye. It is a source of 
certain members of the paraffin group of hydro- 
carbons. See Coal. 

Lignivorous (lig-niv'-or-us) [lignum, wood ; vorare, 
to eat, to devour]. Applied to such insect larva, 
ants, beetles, etc., as devour wood. 

Lignoin (Jig'-no-in) [lignum, wood], C 20 H 23 NO 8 . An 
alkaloid found in certain Cinchonas. 

Lignose (lig'-nds). See Cellulose. 

Lignum (lig'-num) [L.]. Wood. L. agallochum, 
aloes wood. L. benedictum, guaiac wood. L. 
cedrium, cedar wood. L. vitae. See Guaiacum. 

Ligroin (lig'-ro-in) [origin obscure]. A product ob- 
tained from petroleum, boiling at from 8o°to 120 C. , 
and having a specific gravity of from .710 to .730. It 
is used in pharmacy for solvent purposes, and for 
burning in sponge-lamps. 

Ligula (Jig'-u-lah) [dim. of lingua, a tongue]. A little 
tongue or tongue-shaped organ ; the epiglottis ; the 
clavicle ; the tenia of the fourth ventricle, called also 
ala pontis or ponticulus. Also, a name given to 
the tongue of an articulate. See Lingula. In biology, 
applied to various strap-shaped organs or parts, as the 
corolla- blade in a plant, or the long tongue-like organ 
of hymenopterous insects. Also called Ligule. 

Ligulate (lig'-u-ldt) [ligula, from lingua, tongue]. 
Shaped like a small tongue ; strap-shaped. 

Ligule {Jig' -ul) [ligula, a variety of lingula, a little 
tongue ; a strap]. Same as Ligula. 

Liguliform (Jig-u'-lif-orm). See Ligulate. 

Ligulin (Jig'-u-lin) [ligula, a little tongue]. The col- 
oring-matter of Levisticum officinale, Koch, and of the 
berries of the common privet [Ligustrum vulgare). 
With limestone water it strikes a bright-red color 
changing to blue, whence it has been used as a test 
for the presence of limestone in water. 

Ligusticum (li-gus'-tih-uw) [?iiyvarii<6c, Ligurian]. A 
genus of umbelliferous plants : lovage. L. actaei- 
folium is carminative and stimulant, as is also L. 
apiifolium of N. America. Unof. 

Ligustrum (li-gus'-trum) [L.]. A genus of oleaceous 
shrubs; privets. L. vulgare, the common privet, has 
astringent leaves and bark, and cathartic berries. Unof. 

Lilac (li'-lok) [Ar. , hlak, lilac]. The leaves and fruit 
of Syringa vulgaris, a bitter tonic, with reputed anti- 
periodic properties. Unof. 






LILY OF THE VALLEY 



687 



LINCTUS 



Lily of the Valley. See Convallaria majalis. 

Limb {lint) [ME., lim, a limb]. I. A member of an 
animal body, other than the head or trunk ; a leg or 
arm. 2. In biology, the lateral area, border, or margin 
of an organ or part. An organ of prehension or lo- 
comotion. L., Anterior (of the internal capsule), the 
part of the internal capsule in front of the knee, in- 
cluded between the caudate and the lenticular nucleus. 
L., Artificial, a mechanical substitute for an arm or a 
leg. L. -girdle, the bony or cartilaginous junction of 
a limb and the trunk. L., Pectoral, the upper or 
fore-limb. L., Pelvic, the lower or hind-limb. L. 
Plexus, the supposed rearrangement of nerve-strands 
so as to connect nerves derived from different parts of 
the spinal cord with -particular groups of muscles. 
L., Posterior (of the internal capsule) , the portion be- 
hind the knee, situated between the caudate nucleus 
and the optic thalamus. L.-root, the part of a 
skeleton that bears a limb. 

Limbate (lim' -bat) \_li??ibtts, a border]. Bordered. 

Limbation (lim-ba' -shim) [limbtts, a border]. In bi- 
ology, the formation of an extended border ; a lateral 
thickening. 

Limbed (limd) [ME.,//«, a limb]. Having limbs. 

Limbic (lint'-bik) \lhnbus, a border]. Marginal; per- 
taining to a border. L. Fissure. See Fissure. L. 
Lobe, that surrounding the corpus callosum. 

Limburger Cheese. See Cheese. 

Limbus (Urn' -bus) [L.]. A border. The circumfer- 
ential edge of any flat organ or part. L. corneae, 
the edge of the cornea at its junction with the 
sclerotic coat. L. laminae spiralis, the spiral mem- 
branous cushion, at the border of the osseous lamina 
spiralis of the cochlea. L. luteus. See Macula 
lutea. L. vieussenii, that portion of the edge of the 
septtwt secundutn in the fetal heart of the rabbit that 
forms part of the boundary of the foramen ovale. 

Lime {hiri) [Ar., litniin, a lemon]. The fruit of several 
species of Citrus, as C. limetta. L.-juice, the juice 
of the lime. It should contain, when bottled, a small 
percentage of sulphurous acid, to prevent fermentation. 

Lime (tint) [ME. , lim, lime]. The popular name for cal- 
cium oxid, CaO (quicklime), and calcium hydrate, 
Ca(HO). Calcium oxid (quicklime) has a great affinity 
for water and for C0 2 . On contact with the former, 
slaked lime is formed, with the evolution of heat. On 
living tissues it acts as a caustic. L., Burnt, L., 
Caustic, calcium oxid, quicklime. L., Chlorid of, L., 
Chlorinated, the chlorid of lime of commerce, is not 
a distinct chemic compound ; its chief constituent, 
and the one on which its disinfectant properties depend, 
is calcium hypochlorite, which liberates chlorin. L.- 
secreting Glands. See Mori-ens' Glands. L., 
Milk of, a milky fluid consisting of calcium hydrate 
suspended in water. L., Quick, L., Slaked, com- 
mon terms for lime. L. -ointment, an ointment con- 
sisting of slaked lime 4, lard I, and olive oil 3. L.- 
water, a solution of calcium hydrate in water. It is 
astringent and alkaline, and prevents the formation 
of dense coagula if added to milk. It is used in 
cases of diarrhea and vomiting. 

Limen (li'-men) \Xtfxriv, a harbor]. Threshold. 

Limic (lim'-ik) [/U/zdc, hunger]. Pertaining to hunger. 

Liminal (lim'-in-al) \\ijitjv, threshold]. Least; lowest; 
minimal. L. Intensity. See Law, Fechner's. 

Limitans, Limiting (lim'-it-anz, lim' -it-ing) [Xi/xi/v, 
threshold]. Bounding. L. Membrane, the thin 
membrane on which the epithelial tissue of the various 
glands rests. L. Membrane, External, the thin 
layer between the outer nuclear layer of the retina 
and that of the rods and cones. L. Membrane, In- 
ternal, in the eye, the inner layer of the retina. 



Limitrophic (lim-it-rof -ik) \limilropus, a name given 
to Roman lands furnishing subsistence to soldiers]. 
Regulating the processes of nutrition ; a qualification 
sometimes applied to the great ganglionic cord of the 
sympathetic nerve-system, or to that system at large; 
pertaining to the sympathetic nerves. 

Limnemic (lim-ne'-mik) [aI/ivij, marsh]. Pertaining 
to, or caused by the influence of, a marsh. 

Limnomephitis (litn-no-me-fi' -tis) [M/xvy, marsh ; me- 
phitis, noxious odor]. Any miasm or noxious odor 
arising from marshy ground or swamps. 

Limoctonia (lim-ok-to' -ne-ah) [/U/i<5c, hunger ; ureiveiv, 
to destroy]. Death from hunger ; suicide by hunger. 

Limonene (li' -mo-neti) \_limo, a lemon]. The same as 
Citrene, q. v. 

Limonum (li-mo'-nuni) [L. : gen., Lintonis ; from the 
Arabic li?nu>t\. Lemon. The fruit of Citrus limo- 
num, of the same genus as the orange and the 
lime. The rind contains a volatile oil, isomeric 
with oil of turpentine. The pulp yields about 7 
per cent, of citric acid, C 6 H 8 7 , which has about the 
same properties as acetic acid, but has much value as 
a refrigerant and antiscorbutic. The expressed juice 
is largely employed as a refrigerant drink in fevers. 
L., Ol., the volatile oil. Dose rnj-v. L., Spt., 
" essence of lemon," 6 parts of oil and 4 of peel in 
90 parts of alcohol. L., Succus (B. P.), used in pre- 
paring syrupus limonis. L., Syr., lemon-juice 40, 
lemon-peel 2, sugar 60, water q. s. ad 100. Dose gj. 
L., Tinct. (B. P.) Dose jss-ij. Acidi citrici, Syr., 
citric acid, water, aa 8, spt. of lemon 4, water 980. 

Limophoitos (lim-o-fo'-it-os), Limophoitosis (lim-o- 
fo-it-o' -sis) \\ifibq, hunger ; ipolror, madness] . Insanity 
due to hunger or lack of nutrition. 

Limophoitosic (lim-o-fo-it-o'-sik) [A;/z<5c, hunger ; (j>ot~ 
raetv, to wander]. Insane from hunger or under- 
feeding. 

Limophthisis (litti-off' -this-is) [A(/z<5c, hunger ; <pdioi<;, 
wasting]. The wasting of the body due to privation 
and lack of food. 

Limopsora (lim-op-so'-rak) [7u/j.6g , hunger ; ip&pa, 
itch]. A kind of scabies (or pruritus?) asserted to 
attack man and other animals after long deprivation of 
food. 

Limopsorus (lim-op-so' -rus) \\ifi6g, hunger ; tpapa, 
itch]. A disease, like scurvy, pellagra, or famine- 
fever, due to poor or insufficient food. 

Limoseric (lim-o-ser' '-ik) \\ijioq, hunger]. Pertaining 
to or caused by hunger. 

Limosis (lim-o'-sis) [Xi/ibc, hunger: pi. , Limoses~\. 
Unnatural appetite ; a class of diseases distinguished 
by depraved appetite. 

Limotherapy (lim-o-ther'-ap-e) [Av//<5c, hunger; depa- 
■Kua, treatment]. The treatment of disease by partial 
or total deprivation of food. This method is useful in 
certain stages of syphilis, in the treatment of aneurysm, 
and is recommended in some cases of malignant 
disease. 

Limp [AS., lemp, awkward]. A halting gait. See 
Claudicatio. 

Limprecht's Method. See Nitrogen. 

Linagogue (lin' '-ag*og) , Linagogus (lin-ag-o' -gus) 
\linum, thread; ayuyoc, leading]. An instrument 
used in guiding the course of a suture. 

Linament (lin'-am-ent) [linum, flax]. Charpie ; lint; 
a tent for a wound. 

Linaria (lin-a'-re-ah) \linum, flax]. A genus of 
herbs. L. vulgaris. See Antirrhintun linaria. 

Lincture (link'-tur) \linctus ; lingere, to lick] . A 
medicine to be taken by licking ; an electuary ; looch, 
lohoch, or eclegma. [Old.] 

Linctus (link' -tus) [L.]. Same as Lincture. 



LINE 



688 



LINES 



Line (fin) \linea, a line]. In geometry, that ex- 
tension of dimension which has length, but neither 
breadth nor thickness. Also, the T J y part of an inch. 
In anatomy, a boundary or guide-mark. A Table of 
Lines is appended. L., Atmospheric, those lines of 
Fraunhofer's spectrum due to absorption of light-rays 



by the atmosphere. L., Atrope, a name given by 
Helmholtz to the perpendicular to the plane of the axes 
of rotation of the eye. L., Colored (of the enamel), 
one of the concentric stria; of enamel prisms. They 
may indicate the laminar formation of the enamel. 
L. -writing. See Ataxiagram. 



TABLE OF LINES OR LINE/E. 



Name. 


Department, Significance, etc. 


Description. 


Abdominal. 


See L. alba. 


' 


Of accommodation. 


In optics. 


Czermak's term for that portion of the visual line in which lie 
objects that are seen with distinctness, and with a given state 
or degree of accommodation. 


Alba. 


In anatomy. 


i. A tendinous raphe extending in the median line of the 
abdomen from the pubes to the ensiform cartilage. It is formed 
by the blending of the aponeuroses of the oblique and trans- 
versalis muscles. 

2. Hunter's line, the anterior peduncles of the pineal gland. 


Albicantes. 


Distention of the abdomen from preg- 
nancy, ascites, or tumors. 


Glistening white lines in either iliac region of the abdomen. 


Alveolo-basilar. 


Craniometry. 


A line joining the basion and the alveolar point. 


Alveolo-nasal. 


Craniometry. 


A line joining the nasal and the alveolar point. 


Aspera. 


Anatomy. 


i. A rough longitudinal ridge on the posterior surface of the 
middle third of the femur, dividing below into two and above 
into three ridges. 

2. A ripa ; especially the line of rupture of the pia and endyma 
on the dorsal surface of the thalamus, corresponding with the 
margin of the fornix and the choroid sulcus of Schwalbe. 


Atmospheric. 


In spectroscopy. 


That portion of Fraunhofer's lines produced by the absorption 
of light-rays by atmospheric air. 


Atrope. 


Optics. 


The line normal to the plane of the axes of rotation of the eye. 


Atrophic. 


Distention of the abdomen. 


See L. albicantes. 


Auriculo-bregmatic. 


Craniometry. 


A line passing from the auricular point to the bregma, and 
dividing the pre-auricular from the post-auricular part of the 
cranium. 


Axillary, anterior and 
posterior. 


In physical diagnosis. 


Vertical lines extending downward from the axilla on the 
side of the trunk. 


Baillarger's. 


See L., Inner and Outer. 




Base line. 


Brain-surgery. 


A line running backward from the infra-orbital ridge through 
the middle of the external auditory meatus, and prolonged to 
the middle line of the head posteriorly. 


Basio-alveolar. 


Craniometry. 


See L., Alveolo-basilar. 


Basio-bregmatic. 


Craniometry. 


The line joining the basion and the bregma. 


Baudelocque's. 


Obstetrics. 


The external conjugate diameter of the pelvis. 


Biauricular. 


Craniometry. 


The line separating the anterior from the posterior portion of 
the skull. It extends from one auditory foramen over the 
vertex to the other. 


Blue. 


In chronic lead-poisoning. 


A blue-black line at the dental margin of the gums. 


Bryant's. 


In surgery. 


See L., Test. 


Burton's. 


SeeZ.., Gingival. 


In various diseases. 


Camper's (profile). 


Craniometry. 


A line running from the external auditory meatus to a point 
just below the nasal spine. 


Cardiac. 


In palmistry. 


The line that runs across the palm of the hand from the radial 
side to the base of the index finger. 


Cephalic. 


Craniometry. 


Any line joining certain points on the surface of the skull. 


Of Chaussier. 


Anatomy. 


See L. media mesolobii. 


Clapton's. 


Chronic copper-poisoning. 


A green line at the margin of the gums, with a similar green 
stain extending for some distance on the teeth. 


Colored (of the en- 
amel). 


Nature and significance not well 
understood. 


Concentric brown lines or striae crossing the enamel-prisms of 
the teeth. 



LINES 689 LINES 

TABLE OF LINES OR LINE^E.— Continued. 



Name. 


Department, Significance, etc. 


Description. 


Contour. 


Microscopic anatomy. 


Lines in dentine more or less parallel with the pulp-cavity, 
probably due to the presence of interglobular spaces. 


Corrigan's. 


Chronic copper-poisoning. 


A purple line at the junction of the teeth and gums. 


Costo-articular. 


In physical diagnosis. 


A line drawn between the sterno-clavicular articulation and the 
point of the eleventh rib. 


Costo-clavicular. 


In physical diagnosis. 


See L., Parasternal. 


Cruciate (4 in number). 


In anatomy. 


Ridges upon the ental surface of the occipital bone that 
radiate from the internal occipital protuberance. 


Crull's. 


Craniometry. 


See L., Supraorbital. 


Curved, inferior (of 
the Muni). 


In anatomy. 


A line extending from the upper part of the anterior-inferior 
spinous process of the ilium, and terminating at the middle of 
the great sciatic notch. 


Curved, inferior (of 
the occipital bone). 


In anatomy. 


A ridge extending transversely across the outer surface of the 
occipital bone at about one-third of the distance between its. 
anterior border and the anterior border of the foramen 
magnum. 


Curved, inferior (of 
the parietal bone). 


In anatomy. 


See L., Temporal. 


Curved, middle (of 
the ilium). 


In anatomy. 


A line commencing about an inch or an inch and a half behind 
the anterior superior spine of the ilium and arching backward 
and downward to the upper margin of the great sciatic notch. 


Curved, superior (of 
the ilium). 


In anatomy. 


A line commencing about two inches in front of the posterior 
extremity of the crest of the ilium and curving downward and. 
forward toward the posterior part of the great sciatic notch. 


Curved, superior (of 
the occipital bone). 


In anatomy. 


A semicircular line, passing outward and forward from the 
external occipital protuberance. 


Curved, superior (of 
the parietal bone). 


In anatomy. 


A ridge upon the outer surface of the parietal bone, parallel to 
and slightly above the temporal line. 


Of Daubenton. 


Craniometry. 


A line joining the opisthion and the projection of the lower 
border of the orbit. 


Of demarcation. 


In surgery. 


A line of division between healthy and gangrenous tissues. 


Of De Salle. 


In abdominal and other wasting 
diseases. 


See L., Nasal. 


Dobie's. 


Microscopic anatomy. 


The thin, dark disc or membrane passing transversely through 
and bisecting the clear zone or stria in a striated muscle-fiber. 


Doornick's horizontal 
line. 


Craniometry. 


A line drawn from the median incisors to the maximum occipital 
point. 


Douglas's. 


Topographic anatomy. 


See £.., Semicircular. 


Eberth's. 


Microscopic anatomy. 


The lines of junction of the cardiac muscle-cells. 


Ectental. 


Microscopic anatomy. 


The line of junction of the ectoderm and endoderm. 


Ellis's curved line. 


In pleurisy. 


The curved line followed by the upper border of a pleuritic 
effusion, or of a hydrothorax. It is somewhat like the letter 
S, the highest pomt being in the axilla, from which it descends 
toward the sternum. 


Embryonic. 


Embryology. 


The primitive trace in the center of the germinal area of the 
ovum. 


Eminens ( of the cri- 
coid cartilage). 


Anatomy. 


A mesal ridge of the dorsal half of the cricoid cartilage. 


Eminens (of the patel- 
la). 


Anatomy. 


A ridge on the posterior surface of the patella, dividing that 
surface into two unequal parts, the outer of which is the 
larger. 


Eminens (of the pos- 
terior pyramid, also 
of Reil). 


In anatomy. 


A ridge descending posteriorly from the summit of the pyramis 
cerebelli. 


Eminens transversa (of 
the hyoid bone). 


Anatomy. 


The horizontal ridge crossing the ventral surface of the body 
of the hyoid bone. 


Eminentes. 


Anatomy. 


The ridges upon the costal surface of the scapula, in the sub- 
scapular fossa. 


Facial. 


Craniometry. 


1. A straight line tangential to the glabella and some point at 
the lower portion of the face. 2. See L., Camper's. 



44 



LINES 690 LINES 

TABLE OF LINES OR LINE^.— Continued. 



Name. 


Department, Significance, etc. 


Description. 


Of fate. 


In palmistry. 


A line beginning near the wrist and running up the middle of 
the palm toward the base of the index-finger. 


Festooned \of the car- 
diac extremity of the 
esophagus). 


Anatomy. 


The whitish, dentated border of the mucosa of the esophagus 
at its junction with the mucosa of the stomach. 


Of fixation. 


In optics. 


An imaginary line drawn from the object viewed through the 
center of rotation of the eye. 


Focal. 


In optics. 


The lines, anterior and posterior, that bound the focal interval. 


Of fortune. 


In palmistry. 


A line running upward to the base of the ring-finger. 


Fraunhofer's. 


In spectroscopy. 


The black lines that cross a very pure solar spectrum. They 
are produced by the light from lower portions of the solar 
surface passing through certain incandescent metallic vapors 
in the luminiferous envelop of the sun, and in the aqueous 
vapor and permanent gases of the earth's atmosphere. 


Fraunhofer's, artifi- 
cial. 


In spectroscopy. 


A black line occupying the position of a luminous line in the 
spectrum when a metallic vapor is interposed in the ray of 
light; the position of the line varies with different metals. 


Frohmann's. 


Microscopic anatomy. 


Transverse lines or striae appearing on the axis-cylinder of 
medullated nerve-fibers, near the nodes of Ranvier, after the 
fibers have been stained with silver nitrate. Their significance 
is unknown. 


Frontal, minimum. 


Craniometry. 


The shortest transverse measurement of the forehead. 


Fusca. 


In pregnancy. 


The pigmentation of the linea alba. 


Gant's (of section). 


In surgery. 


A section of the femur, through an imaginary line below the 
trochanter major. 


Genal (fadelot's). 


Supposed to indicate disease of some 
abdominal organ. 


A line in a child's face, running downward from the region of 
the malar bone to join the nasal line. 


Of Gennari. 




Same as L. of Baillarger. 


Gingival (Burton s). 


Characteristic of various diseases. 


A reddish streak or margin at the reflected edge of the gums. 


Gluteal, anterior, in- 
ferior, posterior. 


See L., Curved (of the ilium), Inferior 
Middle, Superior. 




Gottingen. 


Anatomy. 


A line following the general direction of the upper margin of 
the zygoma. 


Of Haller. 


Anatomy. 


See L. splendens. 


Of the head. 


In palmistry. 


A line beginning between the thumb and index-finger, and ex- 
tending across the center of the palm of the hand parallel to 
the line of the heart. 


Of health. 


In palmistry. 


See L., Hepatic. 


Of the heart. 


In palmistry. 


See L., Cardiac. 


Of Helmholtz. 


In optics. 


See L., Atrope. 


Hepatic. 


In palmistry. 


A line beginning at the wrist near the line of life and running 
upward to the base of the little finger. 


Hilton's. 


In anatomy. 


A white line marking the point of junction of the skin of the 
perineum with the mucosa of the anus, and also the point of 
separation of the external from the internal sphincter. It is 
not always readily detected. 


Holden's. 


Topographic anatomy. Of value in 
amputation of the hip-joint. 


A sulcus below the fold of the groin, starting from the femoro- 
scrotal furrow, and fading away between the great trochanter 
and the anterior superior iliac spine. It crosses the middle of 
the capsule of the hip. 


Horizontal. 


Microscopic anatomy. 


See /.., Eberth's. 


Hunter's. 


Topographic anatomy. 


See L. alba. 


Ihering's. 


Craniometry. 


A line tangential to the lower margin of the orbit, and pass- 
ing through the auricular point. 


Iliac. 


Anatomy. 


The iliac portion of the ilio-pectineal line. 


Ilio-pectineal. 


Obstetrics. 


The bony ridge marking the brim of the true pelvis, situated 
partly on the ilium and partly on the pubis. 


Ilio-pubic. 


Obstetrics. 


See /.., Ilio-pectineal. 






LINES 691 LINES 

TABLE OF LINES OR LINEAR.— Continued. 



Name. 



Department, Significance, etc. 



Description. 



Incremental {Salter's). 



Microscopic anatomy. 



A curved line in dentine, supposed to indicate the laminar 
structure, and to correspond to the successive laminae or 
strata of dentine. 



Inner (of Baillarger). 



Anatomy. 



A thin, whitish line parallel to the surface, seen with the naked 
eye, in a section of the gray matter of the cerebrum. It is the 
fifth line from without inward. 



Innominate. 



Obstetrics. 



See L., Ilio-pectineal. 



Interauricular. 



Craniometry. 



A line joining the two auricular points. 



Intercellular. 



Microscopic anatomy. 



The narrow intervals between contiguous cells of epithelium or 
endothelium. They are filled by the cell-cement. 



Intercondylar. 



Anatomy. 



A transverse ridge joining the condyles of the femur above the 
intercondyloid fossa. 



Intercondylean. 



Anatomy. 



See L., Intercondylar. 



Interjugal. 



Craniometry. 



A line joining the jugal points. 



Intermalar. 



Craniometry. 



A line joining the malar points. 



Intermediate. 



Microscopic anatomy. 



See L.,Dobie's. 



Intermediate (of the 
ilium). 



Anatomy. 



The ridge upon the crest of the ilium between its inner and out- 
er lip. 



Intertrochanteric, an- 
terior (of the femur). 



Anatomy. 



A line upon the anterior surface of the femur, separating the 
neck and shaft, extending between the tubercle and a point 
close to and in front of the lesser trochanter. 



Intertrochanteric, pos- 
terior (of the femur). 



Anatomy. 



A ridge on the posterior surface of the femur, extending between 
the greater and lesser trochanters. 



Intertuberal. 



Anatomy. 



A line joining the inner borders of the ischial tuberosities, im- 
mediately below the small sciatic notch. 



Jadelot's. 



Various diseased conditions. 



See L., Genal, Labial, Nasal, and Oculozygomatic. 



OfKilian. 



Anatomy. 



See L. prominens. 



Kirchoff's. 



In spectroscopy. 



See L., Fraunhofer' s . 



Labial (of Jadelot). 



Supposed to indicate pulmonary dis- 
ease. 



A line on an infant's face running downward and backward from 
the angle of the mouth. 



Lateral. 



Comparative anatomy. 



In fishes, the line of openings of ducts on either side of the body. 



Of life. 



In palmistry. 



A line starting near the wrist, skirting the base of the thumb, 
and terminating between the thumb and the line of the head. 



Ligar's. 



In anatomy ; the upper point of tri- 
section of the first indicates the 
emergence of the gluteal artery ; the 
middle of the second, the spot where 
the sciatic artery leaves the pelvis. 



Two lines, one joining the posterior iliac spine at a point mid- 
way between the tuber ischii and the great trochanter ; the 
other from the posterior iliac spine to the inner point of trisec- 
tion of a line between the tuber ischii and the trochanter. 



Mammillary. 



Physical diagnosis. 



A vertical line passing through the center of the nipple. 



Media mesolobii. 



Anatomy. 



The raphe of the callosum. 



Media scroti. 



Anatomy. 



The raphe of the scrotum. 



Median. 



Anatomy. 



A line joining any two points at the periphery of the meson or 
median plane of the body. 



Mylo-hyoidean. 



Anatomy. 



See L., Oblique, Internal (of the inferior maxilla). 



Nasal (of fadelot). Also 
called De Salle's line. 



Supposed to indicate abdominal dis- 
ease and other wasting diseases. 



A line on a child's face, starting at the upper margin of the ala 
nasi, and. encircling the angle of the mouth, extending down- 
ward to the outer edge of the orbicularis muscle. 



Naso-alveolar. 



Craniometry. 



See L., Alveolo-nasal. 



Naso-basilar. 



Craniometry. 



The line drawn through thebasion and the nasal point. 



Naso-1 ambdoid (of Craniometry. 
Poirier). 



A line drawn from the naso-frontal groove to a point one centi- 
meter above the lambda. It is of value in determining the 
position of the fissure of Rolando. 



Naso-subnasal. 



Craniometry. 



The line running from the subnasal spine to the naso-frontal su. 
ture. 



Nelaton's. 



In surgery ; in dislocation of the fe- 
mur backward the trochanter is al- 
ways found above this line. 



A line drawn from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the 
most prominent part of the tuberosity of the ischium. 



LINES 692 LINES 

TABLE OF LINES OR lAN¥.M.—Contimied. 



Name. 


Department, Significance, etc. 


Description. 


Neutral. 


In physics. 


The optic axis of a crystal. 


Nigra. 


Obstetrics. 


The discoloration of the linea alba in pregnancy. 


Nuchal, inferior. 


Anatomy. 


The inferior curved line of the occiput. 


Nuchal, median. 


Anatomy. 


The external occipital protuberance. 


Nuchal, superior. 


Anatomy. 


The superior curved line of the occiput. 


Oblique (of the fibula). 


Anatomy. 


A prominent ridge on the internal surface of the shaft of the 
fibula, commencing above at the inner side of the head, and 
terminating in the interosseous ridge at the lower fourth of 
the bone. 


Oblique (of the radius). 


Anatomy. 


A prominent ridge running from the lower part of the bicipital 
tuberosity, downward and outward, to form the anterior bor- 
der of the bone. 


Oblique (of the thyroid 
cartilage). 


Anatomy. 


A line extending downward and outward from the tubercle of 
the thyroid cartilage. 


Oblique (of the tibia). 


Anatomy. 


A rough ridge that crosses the posterior surface of the tibia ob- 
liquely downward from the back part of the articular facet for 
the fibula to the internal border. 


Oblique, external (of 
the inferior maxilla). 


Anatomy. 


A prominent ridge on the external surface of the inferior maxilla 
just below the mental foramen, from which it runs outward, 
upward, and backward to the anterior margin of the ramus. 


Oblique, internal (of 
the inferior maxilla). 


Anatomy. 


A ridge on the internal surface of the lower jaw, commencing at 
the posterior portion of the sublingual fossa, continuing up- 
ward and outward so as to pass just below the last two molar 
teeth. 


Oculozygo matic (of 
Jade lot). 


Supposed to indicate cerebro-spinal 
disease. 


A line on a child's face running from the inner angle of the eye, 
downward and outward, to the malar bone. 


Ogston's. 


Surgery ; in section of the internal 
condyle from the shaft of the femur. 


The line for the tendon of the adductor magnus, running from 
the tubercle of the femur to the intercondyloid notch. 


Outer (of Baillarger). 


Anatomy. 


A thin, whitish line parallel to the surface, seen with the naked 
eye in a section of the gray matter of the cerebrum. It is the 
third line from without inward. 


Owen's. 


Microscopic anatomy. 


See Z., Contour. 


Pacini's. 


Comparative anatomy. 


A dark line in the electric plate of Cymnotus, separating the 
plate into two parts. 


Pallial. 


Comparative anatomy. 


In molluscs, the lines left in the dead shell by the muscular mar- 
gin of the mantle. 


Parasternal. 


Physical diagnosis. 


A line midway between the two nipples. 


Parturient. 


Obstetrics. 


The axis of the parturient canal. 


Pectineal. 


Obstetrics and anatomy. 


That portion of the ilio-pectineal line which is formed by the pu- 
bic bone. 


Of Poirier. 


See Z., Naso-lambdoid. 




Popliteal. 


Anatomy 


See L., Oblique (of the tibia). 


Primitive. 


Embryology. 


The primitive streak of the embryo. 


Profile (of Camper). 


See Z.., Camper's. 




Profile (of Topinard). 


See Z.., Topinard' s. 




Prominens (of Kilian). 


Anatomy. 


The promontory of the sacrum. 


Quadrate. 


Anatomy. 


A well-marked eminence on the femur commencing about the 
middle of the posterior intertrochanteric line, and descending 
vertically for about two inches along the posterior surface of 
the shaft. 


OfReil. 


Anatomy. 


See L. eminens (of the posterior pyramid). 


Respiratory. 


In sphygmography. 


The line connecting the bases of the upward strokes in a trac- 
ing of the pulse. In quiet breathing it is nearly straight, but 
in labored respiration and in some diseased conditions it be- 
comes a more or less regular curve, due to the influence of the 
respiration on the circulation. 


Roser's. 


In surgery. 


Same as Z., JVelaton's. 


Salter's. 


Microscopic anatomy. 


See Z., Incremental. 



LINES 693 LINES 

TABLE OF LINES OR LINE/E.— Continued. 



Name. 



Department, Significance, etc. 



Description. 



Scapular. 



Schreger's. 



Physical diagnosis. 



Microscopic anatomy. 



A vertical line downward from the lower angle of the scap- 
ula. 



Lines in dentine, having a general parallelism to the pulp-cavity. 
They are caused by a row of the primary or great curvatures 
of the dentinal tubules. 



Semicircular {Doug- 
las's). 



Topographic anatomy. 



The curved lower edge of the internal layer of the aponeurosis 
of the internal oblique muscle of the abdomen, where it ceases 
to cover the posterior surface of the rectus abdominis. 



Semilunar (of Spige- 
lius). 



Topographic anatomy. 



A curved tendinous condensation of the aponeurosis of the ex- 
ternal oblique muscle of the abdomen, running along the outer 
border of the rectus abdominis. 



Of sight. 



In optics. 



An imaginary line drawn from the object viewed to the center 
of the pupil. 



Sinuous, inferior (of 
the anus). 



Anatomy. 



The convoluted line at the junction of the mucosa of the rectum 
with the integument at the anus. 



Solea. 



Anatomy. 



Oblique line of the tibia at the attachment of the soleus muscle. 



Spigel's. 



Topographic anatomy. 



See L., Semilunar. 



Of Spigelius. 



Topographic anatomy. 



See L., Semilunar. 



Splendens (of //alter). 



Anatomy. 



A longitudinal fibrous band extending along the middle line of 
the anterior surface of the spinal pia. 



Sternal. 



Physical diagnosis. 



The median line of the sternum. 



Sterno-mastoid. 



In surgery. 



A line drawn from a point between the two heads of the 
sterno-mastoid muscle to the mastoid process. 



Supracondylar, exter- 
nal (of the femur). 



Anatomy. 



The external, inferior continuation of the lineaaspera of the fe- 
mur. 



Supracondylar, inter- 
nal (of the femur). 



Anatomy. 



The inner of the two ridges into which the lineaaspera of the 
femur divides. 



Supra-orbital. 



In craniometry. 



A line extending horizontally across the forehead immediately 
above the root of the external angular process of the frontal bone 



Temporal. 



Anatomy. 



A curved line on the outer surface of the parietal bone, just be- 
low the parietal eminence, forming in part the upper boundary 
of the temporal fossa. 



Test (Bryant's). 



Surgery. 



A line for detecting fracture or shortening of the neck of the fe- 
mur. If two lines are drawn to meet at right angles, one of 
them backward from the anterior superior spinous process of 
the ilium, and the other upward from the top of the trochanter 
major; the latter is the test-line. Its length is to be compared 
with the same line on the uninjured side. 



Thompson's. 



Frequently noticeable in pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 



A red line of vascular tissue along the margin of the gums. 



Topinard's profile. 



Craniometry. 



A line joining the intersuperciliary point and the most prominent 
point of the chin. 



Transverse (of the ab- 
domen). 



Anatomy. 



The tendinous intersections in the course of the rectus abdomi- 
nis muscle. 



Transverse (of the 
fourth ventricle). 



Anatomy. 



The strise acusticae of the fourth ventricle. 



Transverse(o/\sacy2<w) 



Anatomy. 



Ridges formed by the lines of union of the four sacral vertebrae. 



Trapezoid. 



Anatomy. 



The line of attachment of the trapezoid ligament on the inferior 
surface of the outer portion of the clavicle. 



Of Vicq d' Azyr. 



Anatomy. 



See L., Outer (of Baillarger). 



Virchow's. 



Craniometry. 



The line extending from the root of the nose to the lambda. 



Visual. 



Optics. 



Vogt's alveolar line. 



Craniometry. 



An imaginary line, drawn from a point looked at, through the 
nodal point of the eye, to the macula lutea. 

A line extending from the maximum occipital point to the 
superior alveolar point. 



L., ZSllner's. 



In optics (for test-purposes). 



Draw three parallel horizontal lines one centimeter apart, and 
through the upper and lower ones draw short, oblique, parallel 
lines in the direction from above and the left to below and the 
right ; through the middle line draw similar oblique lines, but 
in the opposite direction ; then the three horizontal lines no 
longer appear to be parallel ; they are actually so, but some ap- 
pear to converge and others to diverge. 



LINEA 



694 



LIOMYOMA 



Linea (lin'-e-ah) [L.]. A line. See Line. 

Lineage (lin'-e-aj) [linea, a line]. The line of de- 
scent from an ancestor ; ancestry. 

Lineal (lin'-e-al) [linea, line]. Pertaining to lineage. 
See also, Linear. 

Lineament {Jin' -e-am-enf) \lineamentum ; linea, .a 
line]. The outline of the face, or of any of its fea- 
tures. Also, the outline of the embryo. 

Linear {lin'-e-ar) \Jinea, a line]. Resembling or per- 
taining to a line. Applied in biology to an organ that 
is narrow, many times longer than broad, and that has 
parallel margins. L. Craniectomy. See Craniec- 
tomy. L. Extraction. See Cataract. L. Frac- 
ture, one forming a line, and attended with little or no 
displacement of the fragments. 

Lineolate (lin'-e-o-ldt) \Jineola, a little line]. In bi- 
ology, minutely lined or scored. 

Lineolet (Jin' -e-o-let) [lineola, a small line]. In bi- 
ology, a minute line. 

Ling's System. A method of treatment of disease by 
gymnastic and other rhythmic movements of the body, 
employed by Ling, a Swedish physician ; kinesither- 
apy. See Swedish System. 

Lingam (I in' '-gain). See Phallus. 

Lingism (ling'-izm). See Ling's System. 

Lingua (Jin'-gwah) [L.: gen. and//., Linguie']. The 
tongue. L. fraenata, tongue-tie. L. geographica, 
leukoplakia of the tongue. L., Posterior, the epi- 
glottis. L. propendula, an obsolete synonym of 
Macroglossia. 

Lingual (Jin'-gwal) [lingua, tongue]. Shaped like the 
tongue. Pertaining to the tongue. L. Artery. See 
Arteries, Table of. L. Bone. See Hyoid Bone. L. 
Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. L. Nerve. See 
Nerves, Table of. L. Nerve of Fifth Pair. See 
Lingual (3), Table of Nerves. L. Nerve of Vagus. 
See Pneumogastric, Table of Nerves. L. Ribbon. 
See Odontophore. 

Lingualis (ling-gwa'-lis). See Muscles, Table of. 

Linguatula (lin-gwaf -u-lah) [lingula, a small tongue]. 
See Parasites, Table of. 

Linguetta (ling-gzvet'-ah) [L., dim. of lingua, a 
tongue]. A small tongue. L.laminosa. See Lingula. 

Linguiform (ling' -gwiform) \Jingua, tongue ; forma, 
form] . Shaped like a tongue. 

Lingula (lin'-gii-lah) [dim. of lingua, a tongue]. A 
transversely lamellose lobule between the valve of 
Vieussens and the central lobule of the cerebellum. 
It is called, also, the linguetta laminosa, the ligula, 
and the processus petrosus anticus. Also, the line 
of demarcation between the general, pial surface of 
the myel and oblongata, and the endymal, metacelian 
surface. L. mandibularis, the prominent, thin scale 
of bone partly surrounding the large foramen of the 
lower jaw ; it serves for the attachment of the spheno- 
mandibular ligament. L. sphenoidalis, a small, 
tongue-like process of bone projecting backward in the 
angle between the body and great wing of the sphenoid 
bone. L. of Wrisberg, connecting fibers of the 
motor and sensory roots of the trifacial nerve. 

Lingulate (ling' -gu-lat) [lingula, dim. of lingua, 
tongue]. Tongue-shaped. 

Linhart's Mixture. See Anesthetic. 

Liniment (lin'-im-enf). See Linimcntum. 

Linimentum (lin-im-en'-tum) \Jinere, to smear: pi., 
Linimenta']. A liniment. A thin, liquid ointment 
for external application, usually a solution of a medi- 
cinal substance in an excipient of oil or oily mixtures. 
There are nine official linimenta, and 23 others are 
given in the U. S. Dispensatory. L. exsiccans. 
See Pick's Liniment. L., St. John Long's, a power- 
ful counter-irritant containing oil of turpentine, acetic 



acid, and yolk of egg. L., Stokes', a stimulating lini- 
ment containing oil of turpentine 100, acetic acid 15, 
rose-water 80, linseed oil 4, and the yolk of one egg. 
L., Swediaur's, a salve for application to carcinoma- 
tous ulcers, containing arsenious acid and olive oil. 

Linin (JV-nin) \Jinum, flax]. I. A strongly purgative 
principle obtainable from Li nit m catharlicum, or purg- 
ing flax. Unof. 2. In biology, minute threads extend- 
ing between the individual microsomata (ids) in a 
cell-nucleus. (0. von Rath.) The achromatin of the 
nuclear network ; parachromatin, less correctly called 
nucleo-hyaloplasm . 

Linitis (li-ni'-tis) [Xivov, web ; trie, inflammation]. An 
inflammation of the network of filamentous areolar 
tissue surrounding the vessels of the stomach. L., 
Plastic, a term for fibrinous infiltration of the pylorus. 
L., Suppurative, suppurative or phlegmonous gas- 
tritis. 

Link (lingk) [ME., lenke, a link]. A loop of a chain. 

Linoleic Acid (lin-o-le'-ik). See Acid. 

Linolein (lin-o'-le-in) \Jinum, flax ; oleum, oil]. The 
neutral fat contained in linseed oil, to which the 
drying property of the oil is due. It is, chemically, a 
linoleate of glycerin. 

Linseed (lin'-sed). See Linum. L. Oil, Oleum iini, is 
expressed from the seeds of the Linum usitatissimum, 
or flax-plant. By cold pressure is obtained a pale, 
tasteless oil, which is used in Russia and Poland 
in cooking, as a substitute for lard or butter. By warm 
pressure an amber-colored or dark-yellow oil is ob- 
tained. Linseed oil is, when fresh, somewhat viscid, 
but as a drying-oil it gradually absorbs oxygen, and 
becomes thick and eventually dry and hard. It is used 
in the preparation of paints, varnishes, printers' ink, 
and oil-cloth. L. Poultice, a poultice made of linseed 
meal. 

Lint [linum, flax]. A loosely woven or partly felted 
mass of broken linen-fibers, made by scraping and 
"picking" old linen cloth. It is used as a dressing 
for wounds andraw surfaces. See Charpie. L., Com- 
mon, lint that is twilled on one side and " woolly" 
on the other. In the spreading of an ointment the 
twilled side is used. 

Linteum (lin'-te-um) [L.]. Lint. L., Patent, 
English charpie ; lint that is scraped on both sides, 
a soft finish being thus given to the two surfaces. 
L., Picked, charpie. 

Linum (li'-num) [L. : gen., Lini\ Flaxseed. Lin- 
seed. The seeds of L. usitatissimum, the common 
flax-plant, containing 30-40 per cent, of fixed (linseed) 
oil in the embryo of the seed, and 15 per cent, of 
mucilage in the epithelium. It is a demulcent, emol- 
lient, and expectorant, useful in all inflammations of 
mucous membranes. L., Cataplasma (B. P.), made 
from linseed meal. L. catharticum is an active purga- 
tive and vermifuge. L., Farina (B. P.), flaxseed meal 
used as a poultice. L., Ol., the fixed oil of flaxseed 
expressed cold ; a glycerid of linoleic acid.. Dose 
§ ss-ij. L., Infus., unof., "flaxseed tea," flaxseed 
Jjiij, licorice root 3J, water t ^x, infused four hours. 
Dose indefinite. L., Semen, linseed or flaxseed. 
Carron Oil, linseed oil emulsified in lime-water. The 
genus Linum contains several other species. 

Liodermia (Ji-o-der'-me-aK) [/eioc, smooth; 6ep/ia, 
skin]. A condition of smoothness and glossiness of 
the skin. L. essentialis cum melanosi et telangi- 
ectasia. Synonym of Xeroderma pigmentosum. 

Liomyoma (li-o-mi-o'-mah) [/.eioc, smooth; [riia/ia, 
a muscle-tumor]. A tumor composed of unstriped 
muscular tissue ; its most common seat is the uterus, 
where, on account of the admixture of fibrous tissue, it 
is known as uterine fibroid. 



LIOTRICHOUS 



695 



LIPURIA 



Liotrichous (li-o/'-rik-us). See Leio/richous. 

Lip [ME., ///, lip]. Either of the fleshy folds sur- 
rounding the orifice of the mouth ; or one of the labia 
majora. See Labium. L. -protector, a shield for 
protecting the lip during a dental operation. L.- 
reading, German System of, a method of teaching 
deaf-mutes to speak by imitating the movements of the 
lips and tongue, while modulation is secured by feel- 
ing the vibrations of the teacher's larynx, the pupil 
in this way attempting to control the natural harshness 
of the laryngeal sounds. L. -salve, a cosmetic oint- 
ment for the lips. 

Lipa [li'-pah) [L.]. Fat. 

Lipacidemia (lip-as -id-e'-me-ah) [?airoc, fat ; acidus, 
sour; alua, blood]. The presence of fatty acids in the 
blood, with diminution of its alkalinity. 

Lipaciduria (lip-as-id-u' -re-ah) [Aiiroc, fat ; acidus, 
acid ; ovpov, urine]. The presence of fatty acids in 
the, urine. 

Lipaemia (lip-e'-me-ah). See Lipemia. 

Lipanin (lip'-an-in) [ai-oc, fat]. A substitute for cod- 
liver-oil, consisting of pure olive-oil and six per cent, 
of oleic acid. It speedily emulsifies in weak solutions 
of soda, has an agreeable taste, and is readily taken. 
The dose is from 2 to 6 tablespoonfuls daily. 

Lipara (lip'-ar-ah) [/nrapog, fatty]. An emollient plaster. 

Liparia (lip-a' -re-ah) purrapia, fatness]. Fatness; 
obesity. 

Liparocele (lip'-ar-o-sel) [?inrapoc , fat ; ni/Ar), a tumor]. 
A fatty tumor or cyst; a hernia containing fatty tissue. 

Liparoid (lip'-ar-oid) [finrapoc, fatty; eldoc, like]. 
Resembling fat. 

Liparomphalos (lip-ar-om'-fial-os) [Aiirap6c, fat ; bfupa- 
'/,6c, the navel]. A fatty tumor situated at the navel, 
or involving the umbilical cord. 

Liparoscirrhus (lip-ar-o-skir' -us) [Xiirapoc, fat; CKtppoc, 
a carcinomatous growth]. A fatty, scirrhous tumor. 

Liparotrichia (lip-ar-o-trik' -e-ah) [?inrapog, fat ; dpig, 
hair]. Abnormal greasiness of the hair. 

Liparous (lip'-ar-us) ['/airapnc, fat]. Fat; obese. 

Lipemania (li-pe-ma' -ne-ah). See Lypemania. 

Lipemia (lip-e' -me-ali) [/Uttoc, fat; alpta, blood]. The 
presence of an emulsion of fine oil-globules in the 
blood, a condition sometimes noted in diabetes. L., 
Intra-ocular, a condition characterized by marked 
distention of the retinal vessels, and a salmon-colored 
fundus. L. retinalis. Same as L., Intra-ocular. 

Lipocele (lip'-o-sel). Synonym of Liparocele, q. v. 

Lipochrin (lip'-o-krin) [a'lttoc, fat; i>xp(>c, sallow]. A 
yellow pigment obtained from the fat-globules in the 
retinal epithelium. It is soluble in chloroform, ether, 
and benzol. It is probably closely allied to the yel- 
low coloring-matter of many other animal fats. It is 
slowly bleached by sunlight. 

Lipochrome (lip'-o-krom) [kiirog, fat; ^po/^ez, color]. 
Any one of trie very numerous fatty pigments of the 
animal economy, such as the chromophanes and 
lutein. They are fatty pigments characterized by 
exhibiting absorption-bands, which, though varying 
somewhat in position according to the solvent em- 
ployed, are usually situated toward the violet end of 
the spectrum. Under this class of pigments are in- 
cluded the luteins. These fatty pigments are found 
in the blood and viscera of many invertebrates. 

Lipodermatous (lip-o-der' -mat-us) [Aeiirciv, to leave ; 
fieppa, skin]. Affected with lipodermia. 

Lipodermia (li-po-der' -me-ali) . See Leipodertnia. 

Lipofibroma (lip-o-fi-bro' -mah) [Xiirog, fat ; fibroma, a. 
fibrous tumor]. A lipoma with fibrous elements. 

Lipogastrosis (lip-o-gas-tro' -sis) [aeitteiv, to leave ; to 
be lacking; yaoT/jp, stomach]. In biology, absence 
of a proper enteric cavity, or stomach. 



Lipogenesis (lip-o-jcn'-cs-is) [A/ttoc, fat ; ykvEGic, birth]. 
The formation or deposit of fat. 

Lipogenous (lip-oj'-en-us) \Xi-k6c, fat ; yevvav, to 
beget]. Fat-producing. 

Lipoid (lip' -old) [Xittoc, fat; eWoc, like] . Resembling 
fat or oil. 

Lipoma (lip-o'-mah) [aikoc, fat; bpa, a tumor: //. , 
Lipo/nata]. A fatty tumor. L. arborescens tuber- 
culosum, tuberculous disease of a joint, in which 
the whole inner surface of the synovial membrane is 
covered with sessile or pedunculated papillomatous 
growths, small and rather uniform in size. If these 
become detached they constitute the so-called rice- 
bodies. L. colloides, myxo-lipoma. L., Cystic, 
one containing cysts. L., Fibrous. See Lipofibroma. 
L., Myxo-, a lipoma containing myxomatous tissue. 
L., Pendulous, Lipoma pendulum. L. pendulum, 
a lipoma having a pedicle. L., Telangiectatic, one 
containing many dilated blood-vessels. 

Lipomatoid (lip-o'-mat-oid). See Lipomatous. 

Lipomatosis (lip-o-mat-o'-sis) \fiinup.a, a fatty tumor]. 
A general deposition of fat ; obesity. 

Lipomatous (lip-o' -mat-us) [A'mufia, a fatty tumor]. 
Of the nature of a lipoma ; fatty. 

Lipomena (lip-o-me' -re-ah) [Xe'nreiv, to leave ; ftepoc, 
a part]. A monstrosity having one limb absent. 

Lipomyxoma (lip-o-miks-o' -mah) [fi'moc, fat ; fiv^upa, 
a myxomatous tumor : //. , Lipomyxomata~\. A myx- 
oma with fatty elements. 

Liposarcous (lip-o-sar'-kus) [Aeineiv, to leave ; aap^, 
flesh]. Lean ; emaciated. 

Liposis (lip-o' -sis). See Lipomatosis. 

Lipospongosis (lip-o-spzin-go' -sis) \_Xmoc, fatty ; an6y- 
yoc, sponge]. The formation of a fatty or sponge- 
like outgrowth. 

Lipostomatous (lip-o-sto' -mat-tts) \_aelttelv, to leave ; 
<TT6pa, mouth]. Having no mouth. 

Lipostomosis (lip-o-sto-mo' -sis) [TieItteiv, to leave ; to 
be lacking ; cro/za, mouth]. In biology, absence of the 
oral aperture. 

Lipostomy (lip-os'-to-me) \_ae'i-eiv, to leave ; ordfta, 
mouth]. Atrophy of the mouth. 

Lipothymia (lip-o-thi'-me-ah). See Leipothymia. 

Lipotype (lip'-o-tlp) [?iei/xeiv, to leave, to be lacking; 
t'v-koc, impression, type]. In biology, a type of or- 
ganism, the absence of which is characteristic of a 
particular district or region ; thus the Bovida and Viver- 
ridce are lipotypes of the neotropic region. 

Lipoxenous (lip-oks' -en-us) \Xe'nreiv, to leave ; gcvoc, 
host] . In biology, applied to a parasite that leaves 
its host and completes its existence independently. 

Lippa (lip'-ah). Lippitudo, q. v. 

Lippia (lip'-e-ali) [after Augustus Lippi, a French phy- 
sician]. A genus of verbenaceous plants. The 
leaves of L. mexicana, growing in Mexico and the 
U. S. , are demulcent and expectorant, and do not 
nauseate. Dose of the tincture ^ss-j. L. dulcis 
and L. graveolens have similar uses. Unof. 

Lippich's Polarimeter. A polarimeter for the quanti- 
tative determination of sugar in the urine. 

Lippiol (lip'-e-ol) \lippia ; oleum, oil]. A medicinal 
camphor derivable from Lippia mexicana. Unof. 

Lippitude (lip'-e-tud), Lippitudo (lip-e-tu'-do) [lip- 
pus, blear-eyed ; a watery condition of the eyes] . A 
condition marked by a moist and raw margin of the 
eyelids, with a discharge of purulent matter. L. angu- 
laris, a chronic inflammation of the lids at the external 
canthus. L. neonatorum, ophthalmia neonatorum. 

Lipsis (lip' -sis) \_Aelfic a leaving]. Cessation ; ending. 
L. animi, fainting. 

Lipuria (lip-u' -re-ah) [Alrroc, fat; ovpov, urine]. The 
presence of fat in the urine. 



LIPYL 



LISTERIAN METHODS 



Lipyl {lip'-il) [\inoq, fat; vh/, matter], C 3 H 2 . The 
supposed radicle of glycerin ; also, an old name for 
glyceryl, C 3 H 5 . 

Liquable (lik'-wah-bl) [liquare, to render liquid]. 
Capable of being liquefied. 

Liquamen (Jik'-wam-en) \liquare, to render liquid]. 
The liquid obtained by melting solids. 

Liquation (lik-wa' -shun) [liquare, to render liquid]. 
The process of melting. 

Liquefacient (lik-we-fa' '-se-eni) \_liquefaciens , liquefy- 
ing]. I. Having the power to liquefy or soften. 2. 
An agent that has the power to liquefy a hard deposit 
or growth. 

Liquefaction (lik-we-fak' -shun) \_liquefactio ; lique- 
facere, to change to liquid form]. The condition of 
having been changed to a liquid ; the process of 
change into a liquid. L. -necrosis. See Necrosis. 

Liquefactive [lik-we-fak' -tiv) \liquefacere, to render 
liquid]. Pertaining to, causing, or characterized by 
liquefaction. 

Liquescent (lik-wes' '-ent)\Jiquescere , to become liquid]. 
Becoming, or tending to become, liquid. 

Liqueur (lik-ur') [Fr. for " liquor"]. Any cordial or 
alcoholic drink ; especially a compound of alcohol 
with some flavoring-agent, usually a mixture of aro- 
matic oils ; it is often combined with a bitter substance 
derived from herbs. Formerly the liquors were used as 
remedies, but now they are mostly served with the 
meals. Some are employed as vehicles for various 
remedies. 

Liquid (///6 / -7wV) \liquidus ; liquere, to melt]. That 
form of a substance in which the molecules are in a 
state intermediate between attraction and repulsion ; 
a substance that flows and takes the shape of the con- 
taining-vessel. Water between o° and ioo°C. is the 
best example. L. Acid-green. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. L.-blue. Same as Indigo-blue. L. 
Gelatin. See Gelatin. L. Glue. See Ghee. L., 
Hager's, a substitute for ammonium sulphid or 
hydrogen sulphid, made by dissolving 0.2 gram of 
sulphur lotum in 5 cgm. of carbon bisulphid, and add- 
ing 5 cgm. of benzene and 10 cgm. of ether. L. 
Indigo-blue. Same as Soluble Blue. L., May- 
nard's Adhesive, collodion. L. of Regnauld. 
See Anesthetic. 

Liquidambar (lik'-wid-am'-bar) \liquidus, liquid; 
ambar, amber] . A genus of hamamelidaceous trees. 
L. altingia, of Malaysia, affords a portion of 
commercial styrax. L. orientale, of Asia, affords 
Styrax, q. v. L. styraciflua, of North America 
.(sweet-gum, bilsted, copalm) affords a stimulant 
gum, and is useful in diarrheas and in coughs and 
colds. The name of liquidambar has been applied 
to the sweet-gale or sweet-fern (Comptonia aspleni- 
folia). Unof. 

Liquidity [lik-wid' -it-e) \_liquidus, \\(\\\\A~\. Fluidity; 
the state of being liquid. 

Liquiform (lik'-wiform) \Jiquor, liquid; forma, form]. 
Of the nature of a liquid. 

Liquor (lik'-or or li'-kwor) [L.] . A liquid. In pharmacy, 
any solution in water of non-volatile substances, except 
infusions, decoctions, syrups, but includingthe solution 
of gutta-percha (in chloroform). There are 20 official 
liquores ; and a large number besides are given in the 
" U. S. Dispensatory" from the " National Formu- 
lary" and the British Pharmacopeia. In anatomy, 
any fluid of the body. L. acidus halleri, consists 
of I part of sulphuric acid and 3 parts of alcohol, 
colored by red-poppy petals. L. amnii, the liquid 
contained in the amniotic sac in which the fetus lies. 
Its normal quantity is from one to two pints. 
At the middle of pregnancy it equals in weight 



that of the fetus. It serves a number of useful 
functions, and in labor protects the fetus and cord 
from pressure, dilates the os and lubricates the 
genital canal. L. Cotunnii, the perilymph secreted 
by the fibro-serous membrane of the internal ear. 
L. entericus, the intestinal juice. L. folliculi, the 
fluid filling the follicle or space about the developing 
ovum in the ovary. L. gastricus, the gastric juice. 
L., Labarraque's, liquor sodas chloratse. L. 
lymphae, the fluid portion of lymph, analogous to 
liquor sanguinis. L., Malt, a name given to beer, ale, 
stout, etc. Malt liquors are made by fermenting an in- 
fusion of malt (barley) in the presence of hops and 
other substances. L. Morgagni, the small quantity of 
fluid found between the crystalline lens and its capsule. 
L. pancreaticus, pancreatic juice. L. sanguinis, the 
blood-plasma; the fluid portion of the blood. L. 
scarpae. See Endolymph. L. sedans. See Vibur- 
num. L. seminis, a colorless, transparent, and albu- 
minous liquid, which, along with the spermatozoa and 
seminal granules, constitutes the semen. L., Spirit- 
uous, a distilled alcoholic liquor. L. stypticus, 
liquor ferri chloridi. 

Liquorice [lik'-or-is). See Glycyrrhiza. L., Wild. 
See Abrus. 

Lirate (li'-rdt) \_lira, a ridge]. Ridged or furrowed. 

Lirella (li-rel'-ah) [lira, a furrow]. In biology, the 
peculiarly furrowed apothecium of certain lichens. 

Liriodendrin (lir-i-o-den' -drin) [?.eip(ov, lily ; divfipov, 
tree]. An alkaloidal precipitate from the bark of 
Liriodendron tulipifera. It is stimulant, tonic, and 
diuretic, and is said to have toxic qualities. Unof. 

Liriodendron (lir-e-o-den' -dron) [Xeipwv, lily ; Ssvdpov, 
tree]. A genus of magnoliaceous trees. L. tulipi- 
fera, of N. America and Asia, is the tulip-tree, mis- 
called poplar. Its bark is stimulant, tonic, and 
antipyretic. Dose of the saturated tincture one 
fluidram. Unof. 

Lisfranc's Operations. See Operations, Table of. L.'s 
Tubercle, a rough spot on the anterior surface of the 
first rib near the superior border. It serves for the 
attachment of the scalenus anticus muscle. 

Lisle's Fever-powder. A powder similar to James's 
Powder, q. v. 

Lisp [ME., lispen, to lisp]. To imperfectly pronounce 
the sibilant letters. 

Lisping {lisp'-ing) \WE., lispen, to lisp]. A defect 
of speech, natural or acquired, in which sibilant 
letters are sounded like Unguals, especially .r as th. 
It sometimes arises from too great length of the 
tongue. 

Lissauer's Angles. See Angles. L., Columns of. 
See Column. L.'s Tract, a group of fine nerve-fibers 
in the spinal cord lying ventrad and dorsad of the 
entrance of the dorsal roots. These fibers, which 
proceed from dorsal roots at a lower level, are 
supposed to be in relation with the posterior vesicular 
column. 

Lissotrichous (lis-ot'-rik-us) [7,iao6(;, smooth; dpi?, 
hair]. In biology, having straight, smooth hair; less 
correctly written leiotrichous and liotrichous. 

Listen (lis'-n) [ME., listnen, to listen]. To give 
heed to ; to give ear. 

Lister's Method. See Listerian Methods, and also, 
Fractional Cultivation. 

Listerian Methods of Dressing Wounds. Carbolic 
acid was the first antiseptic, but from its volatility and 
slowness of action as a germicide, it was replaced by 
corrosive sublimate. But this proved irritating and 
was precipitated by the albumin of the blood-serum. 
What might be called the Third Method was the 
antiseptic dressing called Sero-sublimate Gauze, 



LISTERINE 



697 



LITHODIALYSIS 



consisting of a gauze charged with a solution of cor- 
rosive sublimate in the serum of horses' blood. This 
was found difficult to manufacture and was harsh and 
non-absorbent. The Fourth Method consisted in a 
combination of chlorid of ammonium and bichlorid of 
mercury, called Sal-alembroth. This was likewise 
objectionable because of its ready solubility in the 
blood-serum. Fifth Method, a gauze containing 
three or four per cent, by weight of the biniodid of 
mercury. This proved irritating to the skin. A Sixth 
Method consists in the employment of gauze im- 
pregnated with a solution of a double cyanid of 
zinc and mercury colored with rosanilin. This is said 
to be non-volatile, unirritating, insoluble in water, 
and only soluble in 3000 parts of blood-serum. It 
possesses but little germicidal power, while but I : 1200 
keeps animal fluids free from putrefaction. Seventh 
Method ; lately Lister has returned to the use of 
carbolic acid, preferring it to corrosive sublimate: (1) 
because it is a more powerful antiseptic ; (2) because 
it has greater penetrating power. He combines it 
with the use of the double cyanid gauze, preparing 
the latter with a I to 20 solution of carbolic acid. 

Listerine (lis f -ter-in) [after Lister, an English physi- 
cian]. A proprietary preparation said to contain 
thyme, eucalyptus, baptisia, gaultheria, and mentha 
arvensis, with two grains of benzo-boric acid in each 
dram. 

Listerism (lis' -ter-izm) [after Lister, an English phy- 
sician]. A general name for the antiseptic and 
aseptic treatment of wounds according to the principles 
first enunciated by Lister. See L.isterian Methods. 

Listing's Law. See Laiv. L.'s Reduced Eye, in 
optics, a schematic simplified eye in which there is 
a mean nodal or principal point lying between the 
two nodal or principal points, the distance between 
these two points being so small (only 0.4 mm.) that 
they may practically be assumed to be one. By this 
arrangement there is gained but one refractive surface 
for all the media of the eye. See Eye. 

Liter (le'-ter) \litra, a pound]. The unit of capacity 
in the metric system, equal to 0.88036 of an imperial 
quart, or 1. 056 United States quarts ; it is the volume 
of one kilogram of water at its maximum density. 

Lithagogectasia (lith-ag-o-jek-ta' -ze-ali) [fiflor, stone ; 
ayoyor, leading ; inTaai.c, a stretching out] . Lithec- 
tasy. 

Lithagogue (lith' -ag-og) [A/flof , stone ; ayaydc, lead- 
ing]. Any agent or remedy, not mechanical, which 
tends to expel calculi from the bladder. 

Litharge (lith'-arj). See Lead and Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Lithate [lith' -at) [XiOoc, stone]. Any salt of lithic 
(uric) acid ; a urate. 

Lithectasy (lith-ek' -tas-e) [lidoc , stone ; enraaic, a 
stretching out~|. Dilatation of the urethra and neck 
of the bladder for the removal of calculi. 

Lithectomy (lith-ek' -to-me) [XiOoc , stone ; kurofirj, a 
cutting out]. Same as Lithotomy . 

Lithemia (lith-e'-me-ah) \_X180c, stone ; aijua, blood]. 
Modified gout. A condition in which, owing to de- 
fective metabolism of the nitrogenous elements, the 
blood becomes charged with deleterious substances, 
principally, perhaps, of the uric acid group, although 
their exact chemic nature is not determined. 

Lithemic (lilh-e'-mik) [Xitinr, stone ; ai/ua, blood]. 
Pertaining to or suffering from lithemia. 

Lithenate (lith'-en-dt). See Lithate. 

Lithia (lilh'-e-ah) [A/flof, a stone] , Li. 2 0. Oxid of 
lithium, an alkaline caustic. L. Water, mineral 
water containing lithium salts in solution. In the 
United States, are the Buffalo Lithia Water, water 



from Buffalo Lithia Springs, Mecklenburg County, 
Va. ; Farmville Lithia Water, from Earmville, Va. ; 
Londonderry Lithia Water, from Londonderry N. H. 
The proportion of bicarbonate of lithia contained in 
the three waters mentioned is as follows : London- 
derry, 8.620, Buffalo, 1.484-2.25, Farmville, 1.99. 

Lithiasic Acid (tith-e-as'-ik). Uric acid, q.v. 

Lithiasis (lith-i'-as-is) \_\i6oc, stone]. The formation 
of calculus, especially of urinary calculus, and of 
gouty concretions in general ; also the general state 
of the body that favors such calculous formation. L. 
conjunctivae, an affection of the eyes characterized 
by calcareous degeneration of the secretion at the 
mouths of the Meibomian ducts, commonly seen in 
elderly people, especially such as are rheumatic. On 
everting the lids the small, yellowish- white concre- 
tions, gritty to the touch, may be found. 

Lithiate (lith'-e-af). See Urate. 

Lithic (lith'-ik) [fidiKor, stony]. I. Pertaining to stone, 
or calculus. 2. Pertaining to lithium. L. Acid. See 
Acid, Uric. 

Lithium (lith'-e-um) [lidot;, stone : gen., Lithii], Li = 
7 ; quantivalence I. One of the rarer alkaline metals, 
a few of the salts only being used in medicine. See 
Elements, Table of. Because of its low atomic weight, 
its high saturating-power makes its salts more highly 
alkaline than those of sodium and potassium. The 
carbonate and citrate are used largely in rheumatism 
and gout. L. benzoas, LiC 7 H 5 2 . Dose gr. ij-x. See 
Benzoic Acid. L. bromidum, LiBr. See Bromin. L. 
carbonas, Li 2 C0 3 , not deliquescent. Dose gr. ij-xv. 
L.-carmin Solution. See Stains, Table of. L. 
citras, Li 3 C 6 H 3 7 , deliquescent. Dose gr. v-xxx. 
L. guaiacus, contains 3 parts of guaiacum and I 
of lithium. Dose gr. v. L. hippuras, used in 
gout. Dosegr. v-x. L. oxidum. See Lithia. L. 
salicylas, 2LiC 7 H 5 3 .H 2 0. See Salix. Liquor 
lithiae effervescens (B. P.), useful in gout. Dose 
f^v-x. 

Lithiuria (lith-e-u' -re-ah) [XiOoc, stone ; ovpov, urine]. 
Lithuria, q. v. 

Lithobexis (lith-o-beks' -is) \fJdoc, stone; /3//f, cough] - 
Cough with expectoration of calcareous particles. 

Lithocenosis (lith -o-sen-o' -sis) [/adot; , stone ; nkvooic, 
evacuation] . The extraction of the fragments of cal- 
culi that have been crushed or mechanically divided. 

Lithoclast (lith'-o-klast). See Lithotrite'. 

Lithoclastic (lith-o-klas'-tik) [?.l8o( f stone ; ulaeLv, to 
break]. Relating to the surgical crushing of a calculus 
in the bladder. 

Lithoclasty (lith'-o-klas-te). Lifhotrity, q. v. 

Lithoclysmia (lith-o-kliz' '-me-ah) [lidos, stone ; KXiiajia, 
clyster]. An injection of solvent liquids into the blad- 
der for the removal of calculi. 

Lithocyst (lith'-o-sist) [?J8or, stone ; KvcTiq, bladder]. 
In biology: (a) One of the marginal bodies, in the form 
of little bags of crystals, found in the covered-eyed 
Medusa ; rudimentary or incipient organs of vision ; 
they are the exclusive seat of spontaneity, so far as the 
so-called "primary movements " are concerned, (b) 
One of the " crystal-cells " of plants. 

Lithocystotomy (lith-o-sis-tot'-o-me) [2idor, stone ; kvo- 
tic, bladder; TOfirj, a cut]. Lithotomy, q. v. 

Lithocysturia (lith-o-sis-tu' -re-ah) [Xidoq , stone ; Kvang, 
bladder ; nvpov, urine]. Disease of the bladder 
caused by lithuria. 

Lithodectasy (lith -o-deh' -tas-e). Lithectasy, q. v. 

Lithodialysis (lith-o-di-al' -is-is) [XtOoc, stone ; 6ia\vuv, 
to dissolve]. I. The solution of calculi in the 
bladder. 2. The surgical operation of breaking or 
crushing a vesical calculus, previous to its removal by 
mechanical or other means. 



LITHODIALYTIC 



698 



LITHOTOMY 



Lithodialytic (lith-o-di-al-if -ik) [7udog , stone ; SiaAveiv, 
to dissolve] . Relating to or causing lithodialysis. 

Lithodomous [lith-od' -o-mus) \7adoq, stone ; 66/ioc, 
house]. In biology, dwelling in stones. 

Lithodrassic (lith-o-dras' -iK) [Xitloc; , a stone ; Spaocseiv, 
to grasp]. Capable of seizing a stone. L. Forceps, 
a variety of forceps used in operations for stone in the 
bladder. 

Lithodyalisis (Jit h-o-di-al' -is-is). See Lithodialysis. 

Lithofellic or Lithofellinic Acid (lith-o-fel' -ik, lith-o- 
fel-in'-ik) \7.i8or, stone; fel, gall], C 20 H 36 O 4 . An 
acid found in intestinal concretions. 

Lithogenesis (lith-o-jen' -es-is) [7.i.8oc, stone ; ytveoic, 
genesis]. The formation of calculi or stones. 

Lithogenous (lith-oj' -en-us) \7ii6og, stone ; yevvav, to 
beget]. Pertaining to or causing the formation of 
calculi or stones. 

Lithogeny (lith-oj' -en-e). See Lithogenesis. 

Lithoid, Lithoidal {lith'-oid, lith-oid 1 '-at) [XWog, stone ; 
cMor, like]. Resembling a stone. 

Lithokelyphopedion (lith-o-kel-ifo-pe' '-de-on) [fidog, 
stone; Kt/.vipoc;, shell; Ttaidiov, child]. Calcification 
of the fetus and the fetal membranes. 

Lithokelyphos (lilh-o-/eel'-ifos)[_Ai6oc, a stone ; neAvpoc;, 
an egg shell]. See Lithopedion. 

Lithokonion (litli-o-ko' -ne-on) [7adoc, stone ; kovlclv, to 
pulverize]. An instrument formerly used in pulver- 
izing vesical calculi. 

Litholabe (lith'-o-ldb) \_Xidog, stone ; Aaflelv, to seize]. 
An instrument for grasping and holding a vesical cal- 
culus during an operation for its removal. 

Litholaby (Jith-ol'-a-be). See Lithotrity. 

Litholapaxy (lith-ol-ap-ak'-se) [AiOoc;, stone; Xanai-ic, 
removal]. An operation for crushing stone in the blad- 
der and removing the fragments at the same sitting by 
irrigation. 

Litholei'n (lith-o'-le-in) \Xi8oc, stone ; oleion,6\\~\. A 
substance similar to vaselin, and, because of its anti- 
septic and antiparasitic qualities, proposed as a substi- 
tute for it. It is oily, of neutral reaction, without 
smell or taste, and contains no fat. 

Lithology (lith-ol' -o-je) [fidoc, stone; Aoyog, trea- 
tise]. The science of the nature and treatment of 
calculi. 

Litholysis [lith-ol' '-is-is) [Xidoc, a stone ; Ivoic, solution] . 
See Lithodialysis. L., Voltaic, electrolytic litho- 
dialysis. 

Litholyte (lith'-o-ht) \Xi8oc, stone; avelv, to loose]. 
A catheter used in the litholytic treatment of calculi. 

Litholytic (lith-olit'-ik) [a'i8oc, stone ; 'aveiv, to loosen]. 
Pertaining to litholysis, or the dissolving of calculi in 
the bladder. 

Lithomalacia (Jith-o-mal-a' -se-ah) \_Atdoc, stone ; fiaAa- 
Kia, softness]. The softening of a stone in the blad- 
der ; the softening of any calculus. 

Lithometer (lith-om' -et-er) \\l8ac,, stone; fiErpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for estimating the size of a 
vesical calculus. 

Lithometra (lith-o-me' -trah) \7u8nc, stone; firjTpa, 
womb]. Ossification or concretion of, or within, the 
womb. 

Lithomyl (lith'-o-mil) \_Ai8oc, stone ; jivArj, mill]. An 
instrument for pulverizing a calculus. 

Lithomyly (lith-om' -il-e). Same as Lithotrity. 

Lithonephria (lith-o-nef> '-rc-ah) \_H8oc, stone ; VE<j>p6c, 
kidney]. Disease due to renal calculus. 

Lithonephritis (lith-o-nef-ri'-tis) [aI8oc, stone; VE<pp6c, 
kidney; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
kidney due to the presence of renal calculi. 

Lithonephrotomy (li/h-o-nef-rot' -o-me) [?..i0o(, stone ; 
ve6poc, kidney ; tojitj, a cut]. Surgical incision of the 
kidney for the removal of a renal calculus. 



Lithonlytic, Lithonthryptic (lith-on-lil'-ik, lilh-on- 
thrip'-tik). See Lithotriptic. 

Lithontripsy (lith-on-trip' -se) [Aidoc, stone ; rpifteiv, to 
rub]. Synonym of Lithotripsy, q. v. 

Lithontriptic (lith-on-trip' -HA) [Ai.8oc, stone ; Tpipeiv, 
to rub]. See Lithotriptic and Antilithic. 

Lithontriptor (lith-on-trip' -tor) [Aitioc, stone ; Tpi t 3etv, 
to rub]. A lithotrite. 

Lithopedion (lith-o-pe' -de-oti) \_Ai6o<;, stone ; iraidiov, 
child]. The calcified or mummified remains of a 
dead fetus carried in the uterus, its appendages, or the 
abdominal cavity, sometimes long beyond the normal 
period of gestation. 

Lithophagy (lith-off'-aj-e). See Lithotrity. 

Lithophan (lith'-o-fan). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Lithophone (lith'-o-fon) [AiOog, stone; cpuvi/, sound]. 
An instrument for detecting by sound the presence of 
calculi in the bladder. 

Lithophthisis (lith-off ' -this-is) [/u8oc, stone ; cj>8iaig, 
phthisis]. Tuberculosis of the lungs with calcareous 
concretions. 

Lithoplatomy (lith-o-plaf -om-e) \jki8oq, stone ; Tr/lardc, 
wide]. Removal of a vesical calculus by dilating the 
urethra. 

Lithopriny (lith-op' -rin-e). See Lithotrity. 

Lithoprion (lith-op-re'-on) \fido<;, a stone ; trpiuv, a 
saw]. An instrument for sawing instead of crushing a 
vesical calculus. 

Lithoprisy (lith-op' -riz-e) \Xi8oq, stone ; irploic, saw- 
ing]. The operation of sawing through a stone in 
the bladder. 

Lithoscope (lith' -o-skop) [XtSof , stone ; okotteIv, to ex- 
amine] . An instrument for the detection and exami- 
nation of calculi in the bladder. 

Lithotecnon (lith-o-tek' -non) [_\i8oc, stone ; teuvqv, 
child]. Same as Lithopedion, q. v. 

Lithoterethrum, Lithoteretron (lith-o-ter' -eth-rum , 
lith-o-ter' -et-ron) [a'Soc, stone ; reperpov, gimlet]. 
A lithotrite. 

Lithothlibia (lith-o-thlib'-e-ah) [Aidoc, stone ; OMfieiv, 
to press]. The operation of crushing a vesical cal- 
culus between a sound introduced into the bladder 
and a finger in the rectum or vagina. 

Lithothryptic (lith-o-thrip'-tik) \^ki8oc, stone ; 6pvTrriii6c, 
breaking; 8pvTrreiv, to break]. Same as Lithotrilic. 

Lithothryptist (lith-o-thrip'-tist) \_Ai8oc, stone; dpviv- 
rsiv, to break]. One who practises lithotrity. 

Lithothryptor (lith-o-thrip'-tor) [/J8os, stone ; dpvTrreiv, 
to break]. An instrument used in lithotrity. 

Lithothrypty (lith'-o-thrip-te) \_Ai8oc, stone ; Spvnrsiv, 
to break]. Lithotrity ; the operation of crushing a 
calculus. 

Lithotome (lith'-o-tom) \7i8oc, stone; rofii], a cutting]. 
A cutting-instrument for use in lithotomy ; a cystotome. 
L. cache, a lithotome in which the blade is con- 
cealed, but is readily made to protrude after the 
introduction of the instrument. 

Lithotomic (lith-o-tom'-ik) [aWoc, stone ; to/lit/, a 
cutting]. Relating to lithotomy. L. Posture. See 
Postures, Table of. 

Lithotomist (lith-ol' -o-misi) \_7adoc, stone ; roiii/, a cut- 
ting]. A surgeon who practises or performs lithotomy. 

Lithotomy (lith-ot'-o-me) \7.i8oc, stone; rifivecv, to 
cut]. Incision into the bladder to remove a calculus. 
L., Bilateral, entrance into the bladder by means of 
a curved incision into the perineum just in front of the 
rectum, the lithotome entering by an incision into the 
urethra at this point. L., Central. See L., Median. 
L., High, L., Hypogastric, a suprapubic cystotomy 
for the removal of a stone. L., Lateral, the peri- 
neal incision is about I ]4 inches in front of the 
rectum and to the left of the raphe, the cut being 



LITHOTONY 



699 



LIVE 



downward and outward, with the patient on his back 
and the thighs elevated. L., Median or Marian, the 
perineal incision is made in the median line one-half 
inch in front of the anus, by a straight, double-edged 
bistoury. L., Medio-bilateral, a modification of 
the bilateral, consisting in a median incision through 
the perineum, with division of each lateral lobe of 
the prostate. L., Medio-lateral, a modification of 
the lateral operation, the perineal incision being made 
in the median line, and the prostatic incision laterally. 
L., Perineal, a lithotomy through a perineal incision. 
L. Position. See Postures, Table of. L., Pre-rec- 
tal, a modification of the bilateral, in which after a 
median incision through the perineum, the anterior 
wall of the rectum is dissected from the bulb of the 
urethra, and the membranous urethra is punctured just 
anterior to the prostate, the latter being divided by 
the lithotome. L., Recto-vesical, extraction of 
a vesical stone by an incision through the rectum. L., 
Renal, Nephrolithotomy. L., Supra-pubic, by an 
incision above the pubis at a point where the bladder 
is not covered by peritoneum. L., Urethral, an inci- 
sion through the membraneous portion of the urethra 
for removal of a calculus imbedded in the urethra. 
L., Vaginal, by incision through the vaginal wall. 

Lithotony {lith-of -o-ne) ['Aitiog, stone ; reiveiv, to 
stretch]. Removal of a vesical calculus through an 
artificial fistula, which is gradually dilated. 

Lithotresis {lith-o-tre' '-sis) [fidoc, stone ; Tpijaic, a 
boring]. The drilling of holes through a calculus, as 
a step in its destruction and removal. 

Lithotripsy {lith-o-trip' -se) \fuBoc, stone; Tpifleiv, to 
rub]. The operation of crushing calculi of the 
bladder. See annexed illustration. 




The Lithotrite in Position During the Operation 

OF LlTHOTRITY. 

Lithotriptic {lith-o-trip' -tik) [lidos, stone ; rpifiziv, to 

rub]. Relating to lithotripsy. 
Lithotriptor {lith-o-trip' -tor) [XiSoc, stone ; rpifieiv, to 

rub]. An instrument designed for crushing calculi 

in the bladder. L., Urethral, an instrument for 

crushing urethral calculi. 
Lithotrite {lith' - o-trit) \fMoc, stone ; terere, to rub]. 

An instrument for crushing or pulverizing a vesical 

calculus. 
Lithotritic {lilh-o-trit'-ik) \_7iiflor, stone; terere, to rub]. 

Pertaining to lithotrity. 
Lithotrity {lith-of -rit-e), Lithotriture {lith-of -rit-ur) 



[TiWor, stone ; terere, to rub]. The process of crush- 
ing a stone in the bladder, by the lithotrite, into frag- 
ments small enough to pass through the urethral canal. 
L., Electric, lithotrity by means of electrolysis. 

Lithotrypsis {lith-o-trip' -sis'). Same as Lithotrity, q. v. 

Lithotrypterion { lith-o-trip-ter' -e-on) [Aifioc, a stone ; 
-pifitLv, to rub]. A small lithotrite. 

Lithotryptor {lith-o-trip' -tor), Lythotrypter {lith-o- 
trip' -ter). Same as Lithotrite, q. v. 

Lithous {lith' -us) [fidor, stone]. Having the nature 
or composition of stone. 

Lithoxyduria {lith-oks-id-u' -re-ah) [fidoc, stone ; 6£t>c, 
acid; oipov, urine]. The morbid presence of xanthic 
oxid in the urine. 



Lithuresis {lith-u- 



[Xidor, stone; obpqatr, making 



water]. The voiding of small calculi with the urine. 

Lithuria {lith-if -re-ah) [XiBoq, stone; ovpov, urine]. 
A condition marked by excess of lithic acid, or its 
salts, in the urine. 

Lithurorrhea {lith-u-ror-e' -all). Same as Lithuresis . 

Litigation Symptoms. Various vague manifestations 
of nervous shock following injury, concerning which 
the question of malingering arises, and which may be- 
come the subject of medico-legal inquiry. 

Litmate {lit' -mat) [Dan., lac, lac; moes, pulp]. A 
salt of litmic acid. 

Litmic Acid {lif-mik) [Dan., lac, lac; moes, pulp]. 
A constituent of litmus. 

Litmus (lif-mus) [Dan., lac, lac; moes, pulp]. Archil. 
A blue pigment obtained from Rocella tinctoria, a 
lichen. It is employed in chemic determinations to 
detect the presence of acids and alkalies. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. L. Paper, Blue, unsized paper 
steeped in a solution of litmus ; it turns red on contact 
with acid solutions. L. Paper, Red, unsized paper 
steeped in litmus tincture colored red with acid ; it 
turns blue on contact with alkaline solutions. L. 
Solution, L. Tincture, a solution of litmus used 
for the determination of reaction as to acidity or 
alkalinity. 

Litrameter {lit-ram'-et-er) [?urpa, pound ; /xirpov, 
measure]. An instrument for ascertaining the spe- 
cific gravity of fluids. 

Litre {le'-ter). See Liter and Metric System. 

Litter {lif-er) [ME. , liter, a litter; lectica,a. couch]. 
An extemporized stretcher or couch, with handles, 
for carrying the sick or wounded. L., Halsted's, a 
litter made of two poles, united by two transverse iron 
bars, and a piece of canvas stretched between the 
poles. It has four legs, each 14 inches in length. L., 
Hand, a litter that is carried by hand. L., Schell's, 
a litter similar to Halsted's, but instead of having 
stationary legs the handles are hinged, serving as legs. 

Little, Disease of. Infantile spasmodic tabes. See 
Diseases, Table of. 

Littoral {lit'-or-al) \_litus, litoralis, sea-shore]. Be- 
longing to or inhabiting the shore. 

Littre's Glands. See Gland. L.'s Hernia, divertic- 
ular hernia. See Diseases, Table of, and Hernia. 
L.'s Operation. See Operations , Table of. L.'s 
Suture. See Suture. 

Litura {lit-u' -rah) \_litura, an erasure, blot, blur : //. , 
Litum~\. In biology, a blurred marking. 

Liturate (lif-u-rat) \liturare, to erase]. Marked with 
abrasions of the surface. To abrade. 

Live {liv) [ME., liven, to live]. To continue in being. 
To have life. 

Live {liv) [by apheresis from alive']. Living; ani- 
mate ; manifesting life. L. -birth, birth character- 
ized by " the manifestation of some certain sign or 
signs of life by the child after it is completely born." 
L. -blood, the name given to the sensation of fluttering 



LIVEDO 



700 



LOBAR 



in the eyelid, due to spasmodic action of the orbicu- 
laris palpebrarum muscle. 

Livedo (jiv-e'-do) {livere, to grow black]. Same as 
Livor. 

Liver (liv'-er) [ME., liver, liver]. The largest gland 
in the body, a part of the digestive tract, and situated 
on the right side of the abdominal cavity, just below 
the diaphragm. Its functions are: (i) the secretion 
of bile; (2) the formation of glycogen; (3) the pro- 
duction, at least at a certain period of development, of 




, 1. Left lobe, 
date lobe. 5 



Inferior Surface of Liver. 
2, 2. Right lobe. 3. Quadrate lobe. 



4. Cau- 
7. Vena 



Lobulus spigelii. 6. Hepatic artery, 
portae. 8. Fibrous cord from obliteration of the ductus 
venosus. 9. Gall-bladder. 10. Cystic duct. II. Hepatic 
duct. 12. Fissure for inferior vena cava. 13. Inferior 
vena cava. 14. Mouth of capsular vein. 15. Left hepatic 
vein. 16. Mouth of right diaphragmatic vein. 17. Mouth 
of left diaphragmatic vein. 

blood-corpuscles; (4) the destruction of blood-cor- 
puscles ; (5) the formation of a large quantity of urea ; 
(6) the retention and destruction of certain poisonous 
substances absorbed from the intestinal tract. Ana- 
tomically, it consists of five lobes — the right, the left, 
the lobus spigelii, the lobus quadratus, and the lobus 
caudatus. These lobes are made up of lobules or 
acini, and these again of hepatic cells, capillaries, 
arteries and veins, lymphatics and biliary channels, 
each lobule being surrounded by connective tissue. 
The weight of the liver is between 50 and 60 ounces. 
L., Albuminoid, or Amyloid, a liver the seat of 
amyloid degeneration. L., Bacony. Same as L., 
Amyloid. L., Bastard, the spleen. L., Beaver- 
tail, a liver the left lobe of which in form resembles a 
beaver's tail. L., Biliary Cirrhotic, a liver the seat 
of chronic inflammation the result of obstruction 
and distention of the bile-ducts. L. -blotches, liver- 
patches; a vulgar term for the chloasmata of preg- 
nancy, seen upon the brow and cheeks of the pregnant 
woman. They may also be present at the menstrual 
epochs and at the menopause. L., Bronze, a liver 
discolored by excess of biliary pigment. L., Cir- 
rhotic, a liver the seat of chronic inflammation, with 
overgrowth of the connective tissue and atrophy of the 
parenchyma. L. -clapping, in massage, strong per- 
cussion of the liver with the full palm of the hand. 
L. -cough, a reflex cough due to disease of the liver. 
L., Degraded, the division of the human liver into an 
unusual number of lobes, such as is normal in the go- 
rilla. L., Drunkard's, usually, a cirrhotic liver. L., 
Fatty, a liver with marked fatty infiltration and degen- 
eration. L., Floating, a movable condition of the 
liver, with displacement. L. -fluke. See Trematodes, 
Distoma, and Parasites {Animal), Table of . L., Hob- 



nail. See Hobnail Liver. L., Gin-drinkers', or Gin, 
atrophic cirrhosis of the liver. L., Granulated, or 
Granular, a cirrhotic liver, with a granular surface, 
owing to the contraction of the interlobular connec- 
tive tissue. L., Laennec's Cirrhosis of, atrophic 
cirrhosis of the liver. See Diseases, Table of. L.- 
leaf. See Hepatica. L., Leukemic, a liver very 
much increased in size on account of a diffuse infil- 
tration with leukemic, or lymphoid, tissue. L., 
Mammillated. See Hobnail Liver. L., Movable. 
See L., Floating. L., Nutmeg, a condition of the 
liver met with in heart-disease, fatty infiltration, and 
amyloid disease. The surface of a section has a pecu- 
liar, mottled appearance. The center of the lobules is 
dark, the periphery lighter in color. L.-pad, a bag 
or cushion stuffed with medicated materials and worn 
upon the hypogastric region, for its supposed efficacy 
in hepatic disease. L. -patches. See L. -blotches. 
L., Pulsation of. See L. -pulse. L. -pulse, a sys- 
tolic pulsation over the region of the liver in cases of 
tricuspid regurgitation. L.-rot, disease in sheep due 
to the presence in the bile-ducts of the liver of the 
Distoma Iiepaticum or Liver-fluke. L.-spot, chlo- 
asma ; pityriasis versicolor. L. -sugar. Synonym 
of Glycogen. L. of Sulphur. See Hepar sulphnris. 
L., Syphilitic, this may be a liver the seat of gum- 
mata, which on healing leave scars, or of a diffuse in- 
flammation that may lead to cirrhosis, with atrophy or, 
especially in hereditary syphilis, to enlargement of 
the liver. L., Tight-lace, a liver in which the right 
lobe is thickened vertically from compression, marked 
by the ribs, and atrophic from constant pressure by 
tight stays. L., Wandering, a condition occasionally 
seen in women who have given birth to many children, 
and in those whose abdominal tissues exhibit unusual 
laxity. The liver is displaced from its ordinary situa- 
tion, and falls into the lower portion of the abdomen, 
where it swings upon its elongated attachments. 
L., Waxy. See L., Amyloid. L.-wort. See 
Hepatica. 

Livid (liv'-id) {lividus ; liver e, to be dark]. Discol- 
ored from the effects of congestion or contusion ; black 
and blue ; pale lead-color. 

Lividity [liv-id' -it-e) {lividus, from livere, to be dark]. 
The state of being livid. L., Cadaveric, or Post- 
mortem, the bluish discoloration in the dependent 
parts of a corpse, due to the gravitation of the blood. 

Livor (li'-vor) [livor; livere, to be dark]. Lividity. 
The discoloration consequent upon severe contusion 
and congestion of a part; post-mortem sugillation 
or discoloration of the skin. L. emortualis, change 
in the color of the skin of a corpse due to putrefaction. 
L. febris, the lividity occurring during a chill. 

Lix (liks) [L. : gen., Lids']. Wood-ashes, or the lye 
therefrom. 

Lixivia [liks-iv' -e-ah) [L.]. Same as Lixivium. 

Lixivial [liks-iv' -e-al) {lixivia, lye]. Relating to 
lixiviation. 

Lixiviation [liks-iv-e-a' -shun) [lixivia, lye] . The pro- 
cess of leaching ashes. Also, the process of separat- 
ing by solution any alkaline salt from the insoluble im- 
purities with which it is mixed. 

Lixivious {liks-iv' -e-us) {lixivia, lye]. Lixivial, q. v. 

Lixivium [liks-iv' -e-um) {lixivia, lye]. The filtrate ob- 
tained by leaching ashes ; practically a solution of an 
impure potassium hydrate. 

Lizard-tail [liz'-ard-tal). See Sanrurus cemuus. 

Loathing [loth'-ing) [ME., loth, hateful], 
disgust, which may excite nausea. 

Lobar [lo'-bar) [lobus, a. lobe]. Pertaining to a lobe, 
rather than to a lobule. 
monia, Croupous. 



Intense 



L. Pneumonia. See Pneu- 



LOBATE 



roi 



LOCALIZATION 



Lobate, or Lobed (lo'-bdt, lobd) \_lobits, lobe]. In bi- 
ology, possessing lobes, or of the form of a lobe. 

Lobe (fob) [/tu^cif, lobus, a lobe]. Any one of the 
parts or divisions into which an organ may be separ- 
ated by fissures and constrictions ; as the lobes of the 
brain, liver, ear, etc. A more or less rounded part or 
projection of an organ. Lobes of Brain; each half 
of the convex cerebral surface is divided by fissures into 
five lobes, the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporo-sphe- 
noidal, and central, or island of Reil, to which some 
writers add a fronto-parietal lobe. See Brain and 
Fissure. Lobes of Liver. See Liver. L., Margi- 
nal, the first frontal convolution running along the 
margin of the longitudinal fissure. Lobes, Optic, 
the tubercula quadrigemina. L., Slender {of the cere- 
bellum). The fourth of the five lobes on the under 
surface of either hemisphere of the cerebellum. 

Lobelacrin (lo-bel-a' '-krin) [from M. de Lobel, a French 
botanist]. An acrid principle derivable from Lobelia 
inflata . Unof. 

Lobelet (lob' -let). Same as Lobulet. 

Lobelia (lo-be' -le-ah) [from M. de Lobel, a French 
botanist]. The leaves and tops of L. inflata, an ex- 
pectorant, antispasmodic, and emetic ; in larger doses 
a motor depressant and narcotic. It is valuable in 
asthma and dry cough, and is the main ingredient of 
empiric cures for pulmonary tuberculosis. It makes an 
excellent enema in strangulated hernia. L., Acetum, 
10 per cent, of the drug. Dose "\v-3J- L., Fid. 
Ext. Dose TnJ-x. L., Infus., unof., §j to Oj. 
Dose 3J-,^j. L., Tinct., 20 per cent, of the drug. 
Dose n\v-xxx. L., Tinct., iEtherealis (B. P.1 
Dose rr^x-xxx. The genus Lobelia contains many 
species, most of them having little-understood medi- 
cinal qualities. 

Lobelin (lo-be' -Im) [from M. de Lobel, a French bota- 
nist]. 1. A precipitate from the tincture of Lobelia 
inflata ; an emetic, nervine, anti-spasmodic, resolvent 
and relaxant. Dose, as an emetic I to 3 grains in warm 
water, repeated, if necessary, in ten minutes, until an 
effect is produced. As a diaphoretic and expectorant 
from % to y z grain. Unof. 2. An oily liquid alka- 
loid, from the plant Lobelia inflata ; actively poisonous. 
Unof. 

Lobopneumonia (lo-bo-nu-mo' -ne-ah). See Pneumo- 
nia, Croupous. 

Lobstein's Cancer. Retroperitoneal sarcoma. It often 
attains a considerable size. See Diseases, Table of. L. 
Disease, idiopathic fragility of the bones without ana- 
tomic change. 

Lobular (lob'-u-lar) [lobulus, a little lobe]. Like a 
lobule. Pertaining to any lobule. L. Pneumonia. 
See Pneumonia , Catarrhal. 

Lobulate, Lobulated (lob'-u-lat,lob'-u-la-ted) [lobu- 
latus, from lobulus, a little lobe]. Consisting of small 
lobes or lobules. 

Lobulation (lob-te-la'-shun) [lobulus, small lobe]. Divi- 
sion into lobules. L., Congenital, preservation in 
adult life of the fetal lobulation of an organ. 

Lobule (lob' -ill ) [lobus, a lobe]. See Lobulus. L., 
Oval, the paracentral lobule. L., Paracentral, the 
superior connecting convolution of the ascending 
frontal and ascending parietal gyri. L., Pneumo- 
gastric, the flocculus of the cerebellum. 

Lobulet (lob'-u-let) [dim. of lobulus, a lobule]. A 
minor lobule, especially of the lung ; a group, or series 
of groups, of five or six air-sacs connected with the 
dilated end of a bronchiole. 

Lobulization (lob-u-liz-a'-shun). See Lobulation. 

Lobulus (lob'-u-lus) [dim. of lobus, a lobe : pi., Lobulf]. 
A small lobe or division of an organ. L. caudatus, 
the tailed lobe, or elevation of the liver that separates 



the right extremity of the transverse fissure from the 
commencement of the fissure for the inferior vena cava. 
L. centralis, the superior vermiform process ; the 
island of Reil. L. corporis striati, the island of 
Reil ; the lenticular nucleus. L. of Ear, the soft 
mass at the lower part of the pinna of the ear. L. 
fissurae sylvii, the island of Reil. L. hepatis an- 
onymus. See Liver, Quadrate Lobe of. L. para- 
centralis. See Paracentral Gyrus in Table of Convolu- 
tions. L. quadratus, the square lobe upon the inferior 
surface of the right lobe of the liver. L. spigelii, the 
lobule projecting from the posterior portion of the 
inferior surface of the liver. L. tuberis, the nodule 
of the cerebellum ; the supra-marginal gyrus. L. 
vagi, the flocculus of the cerebellum. 

Lobus (lo'-bus) [L., a lobe]. A lobe. Any well-de- 
fined, rounded part of an organ. L. caudatus. See 
Lobulus. L. opertus, the insula of the brain. L. 
quadratus. See Lobulus. 

Local (lo'-kl) \_localis ; locus, place]. Not general. 
Affecting a part or place. 

Localization (lo-kal-iz-a' -shun) [locus, a place]. The 
designation of the seat of any pain, irritation, injury, or 




Diagram of the Motor Areas on the Outer Surface of 
a Monkey's Brain. {Horsley and Schafer.) 




Diagram of the Motor Areas on the Marginal Convo- 
lution of A Monkey's Erain. (Horsley and Schafer.) 

disease, or the process by which a general condition 
manifests itself in a particular place. The faculty 
of locating sensory impressions. L., Cerebral, 
the determination of the anatomic position of the cen- 
ters in the brain that preside over certain physiologic 
acts ; or of the seat of pathologic conditions interfer- 
ing with the proper function of these centers. See 
illustrations annexed. L., Spinal-cord ; Gowers' 
table, showing the approximate relations to the spinal 
nerves of the various functions of the cord, is given 
herewith. 



a 







v.-hs 



% 



10 i/ 



a 



12 [A 



Li 



c 

c 
c 



■IL 



702 
MOTOR. 



Sterno-mastoid. 
Trapezius. 

> Diaphragm. 

1 Serratus 
j Shoulder 

Arm 

Hand J 
(ulnar, lowest). 



Intercostal 
muscles. 



Abdominal 
muscles. 



. Flexors, hip. 

1 Extensors, knee. 
I Adductors 



Abductors 



hip. 



J Extensors (?) 

(Flexors, knee (?) 
Muscles of leg mov- 
ing foot. 

Perineal and anal 
muscles. 



LOCHIOCEL11TIS 

.ENSORY. REFLEX. 



Neck and scalp. 



Neck and shoulder. 



Shoulder. 
- Arm. 
Hand 



Front of thorax. 
> Ensiform area. 



Abdomen 
(Umbilicus, loth). 



1 Buttocks, 
/ upper part. 

Groin and scrotum 
(front). 

outer side, 
front. 



Thigh . 



inner side. 



Leg, inner side. 
Buttocks, lower 
part. 

Back of thigh. 

and I exce P l in " 
™*\ nerpart. 



Perineum and anus. 



Skin from coccyx to 
anus. 



Scapular. 



■ Epigastric. 



- Abdominal. 



Cremasteric. 
Knee-joint. 



Gluteal. 



Foot-clonus. 
Plantar. 



Diagram and Table Showing the Approximate Relation to the Spinal Nerves of the Various Motor, Sensory, 
and Reflex Functions of the Spinal Cord. (Arranged by IV. R. Gowers, from anatomic and pathologic data.) 



Localized (lo'-kal-lzd) [locus, a place]. Confined to 
a particular place. 

Locellus (lo-sel'-us) [dim. of locuhis, a little place: pi., 
Locetti\. In biology, a subdivision of a loculus. 

Loch (lok) [Arab.]. A lincture, or electuary. (Old.) 

Lochaditis (lok-ad-i'-tis). Same as Logaditis. 

Lochia (lo' -ke-ah) [Mxta, M%or, lying-in]. The dis- 
charge from the genital organs during from two to four 
weeks succeeding labor. L. alba, the whitish flow 
that takes place from about the seventh day. L. 
rubra, the sanguineous flow of the first few days. L. 



serosa, the serous discharge taking place about the 
fifth day. 

Lochia (lo'-ke-a/i) {loxeia, childbirth]. Childbirth; 
confinement. (Rare.) 

Lochial (lo'-ke-al) \7.6x<-a, Mx°Ci lying-in]. Pertain- 
ing to the lochia. 

Lochiation {lo-ke-a'-shioi) \16xta, Mxor, lying-in]. 
Aveling's term for the excretion of the lochia. 

Lochioceliitis (lo-ke-o-se-le-i' -tis) [Xuxtoc, puerperal ; 
Km/in, abdomen ; iric, inflammation]. Puerperal ab- 
dominal inflammation. 



LOCHIOCOLICA 



703 



LODICULA 



Lochiocolica [lo-ke-o-koV-ik-aK) [Tioxt-og , puerperal ; 
KuAtnoc,. pertaining to the colon]. Pain in the ab- 
dominal region dependent upon, or associated with, 
some lochial irregularity. 

Lochiodochium (lo-ke-o-do 1 '-ke-um). See Lochodochium. 

Lochiometra (lo-ke-o-me' -trah) [Aoxia, lochia ; fir/rpa, 
uterus]. A collection of lochia in the uterus. 

Lochiopyra (lo-ke-op'-ir-ah) [/lo^oc, relating to child- 
bed ; TTvp, tire, fever]. Puerperal fever. Same as Zu- 
ckopyra. 

Lochiorrhagia (lo-ke-or-a' -je-ah) [\6xia, lochia ; 
p//yvuvai, to burst forth]. An excessive flow of the 
lochia. 

Lochiorrhea (lo-ke-or-e'-ah) [A\6x>a, lochia ; poia, a 
flow]. An abnormal flow of the lochia. 

Lochiorrhoic (lo-ke-or-o' '-ik)[X6 x<a, lochia; poia, flow]. 
Pertaining to lochiorrhea. 

Lochioschesis (lo-ke-os' '-kes-is) [Tidxia, lochia ; ox£o~ic t 
retention]. Suppression or retention of the lochia. 

Lochioschetic (lo-ke-os-ket'-ik) [Xdxia, lochia; u^emf, 
retention]. Pertaining to lochioschesis. 

Lochocacocolpia (lo- ko- kak-o-kol'-pe-ah) [/lo^oc, 
childbed ; nemos, evil ; koXttoc, vagina]. Vaginal or 
vulval gangrene after childbirth. 

Lochoceliitis (lo-ko-se-le-i' -tis). See Lochioceliitis. 

Lochodochium (lo-ko-do' -ke-um) [X6xog, childbirth ; 
SixeoOai, to receive]. A lying-in hospital; a mater- 
nity. 

Lochomeleagra (lo-ko-mel-e-a'-grah) \7d>xo£, child- 
birth ; piXoc, limb; ay pa, seizure]. An attack of pain 
in the limbs of parturient women. 

Lochometritis (lo-ko-me-tri' -tis) [Xoxoc, childbirth ; 
/ar/rpa, womb ; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the womb consequent upon delivery ; puerperal metri- 
tis. 

Lochometrophlebitis (lo-ko-me-tro-Jle-bi' -tis) [Ad^oc, 
childbirth; fir/Tpa, womb; (pAexp, vein ; trie, inflamma- 
tion]. Phlebitis of the uterine veins in puerperal 
women. 

Locho-oophoritis (lo-ko-o-off-or-i' -tis) [Xdxor, child- 
bed ; io6v, egg; fyopog, bearing; ctiq, inflammation]. 
Puerperal inflammation. of an ovary. 

Lochoperitonitis (lo-ko-per-it-on-i' '-tis) [/W^of, child- 
bed; Tvepirdvaiov, peritoneum; trie, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the peritoneum following childbirth. 

Lochopyra (lo-kop'-ir-ah) [A-oxoq, childbed ; iriip, fire, 
fever]. Puerperal fever. 

Lochos (lo'-kos) \X6xoq, childbirth]. A pregnant 
woman; childbed. (Obs.) 

Lochotyphus (lo-ko-ti'-fus) [Mxor, childbed ; rv(j>og, 
stupor]. Puerperal fever of a typhoid type. 

Lock (lok) [ME., lok, lock]. I. Anything that fas- 
tens something else. 2. To fasten by means of a 
lock ; to fasten so as to impede motion. L.-finger, 
a peculiar and very uncommon affection of the fingers 
in which they suddenly become fixed in a flexed 
position. The locking is due to the presence of a 
small fibrous growth in the sheath of the extensor ten- 
don. L. -hospital, an English hospital for the treat- 
ment of venereal diseases ; it was originally kept with 
locked doors, whence the name. L.-jaw, tetanus ; 
trismus. L. -spasm, Weir Mitchell's term for a severe 
form of writer's cramp, the hand becoming spasmodic- 
ally firmly contracted, the spasm being followed by 
complete relaxation. 

Locked (lokt) [ME., lok, a lock]. Fastened by means 
of a lock ; immovable. L. Heads. See Head-lock- 
ing. L.Jaw. See Trismus. L. Joint, Pajet's term 
for a condition similar to that described as lock-finger, 
but usually involving a knee-joint. 

Loco or L. Plant or L. Weed (lo'-ko) [Sp. for 
" crazy"]. A name given in parts of the U. S. to 



various species of Astragalus, Hosackia, Oxytropis, and 
Sophora, poisonous plants that are believed to cause 
loco- disease in cattle and horses. L. -disease, a 
local epizootic disease of cattle and horses, believed 
to be liable to follow the eating of any one of the 
plants called loco. 

Locoed (lo'-kod) [Sp., loco, crazy]. Suffering from 
Loco-disease, q. v. 

Locomobile (lo-ko-mo'-bil) [locus, place; mobilis, 
movable]. Having the power to change place, or to 
move from a place. 

Locomobility {lo-ko-mo-bil* '-it-e) [locus, place ; mobilis, 
movable]. The quality of being locomobile. 

Locomotility (lo-ko-mo-til' -it-e) [locus, place ; motilitas, 
motility]. The quality or power of moving from 
place to place. 

Locomotion (lo-ko-mo' -sliun) [locus, place; movere, to 
move]. Animal movement. L. of an Artery, the 
straightening out of a curved artery under the impulse 
of the pulse-wave. 

Locomotive (lo-ko-mo' -tiv) [locus, a place ; ?novere t to 
move]. Moving from place to place ; able to change 
its place ; pertaining to locomotion. L. Pulse. See 
Corrigaii 1 s Pulse. 

Locomotivity [lo-ko-mo-tiv 1 '-it-e) [locus, place ; mo- 
vere, to move]. The power to move from one place 
to another. 

Locomotor (lo-ko-mo' '-tor) [locus, a place ; motor, a 
mover]. I. Pertaining to locomotion. 2. That which 
moves from place to place. L. Ataxia, or L. Ataxy. 
See Ataxy and Tabes. 

Locomotorium (lo-ko-mo-to' -re-um) [locus, a place ; 
motor, mover: pi., Locomotoria~\. In biology, the 
motive apparatus of an organism ; the boaes, muscles, 
and tendons. 

Locomotory (lo-ko-mo' -lor-e) [locus, place ; movere, to 
move]. Pertaining to locomotion. 

Loculament (lok' ' -u-lam-ent) [loculamentiwi, a case, 
box, cell]. Same as Loculus. 

Loculamentum (lok-u-lam-en' -turn) . .Same as Locu- 
lus. 

Locular, Loculate (lok'-u-lar, lok'-u-ldt) [loculus, a 
cell]. In biology, possessing one or more cell-like 
subdivisions ; divided into or having loculi. 

Locule (lok'-ul). See Loculus. 

Loculicidal (lok-u-lis-i'-dal) [loculus, a cell ; c&dere, 
to cut]. In biology, applied to seed-capsules that 
split open along the dorsal suture. 

Loculus (lok'-u-lus) [dim. of locus, a place : //. , 
Loculi~\. In biology, a small space or cavity ; a 
small compartment or cell, as the seed-chamber of 
a fruit. 

Locus (lo'-kus) [L. : pi., Loci~\. An indefinite term 
in anatomy, meaning a place or position. L. cine- 
reus, L. cceruleus, L. ferrugineus, a bluish-tinted 
eminence on the fasciculi teretes of the fourth ventricle 
of the brain. L. luteus, the regio oifactoria of the 
nose ; so called from the yellowish color of the epithe- 
lium. L. minoris resistentiae, a spot of diminished 
resistance — a term given to a locality, varying in dif- 
ferent individuals, and often accidentally developed, 
whose resistance to the invasion of disease is less than 
that of other parts. L. niger, a dark area in the center 
of a section of the crus cerebri. See Lntercalatum. 
L. perforatus, a name given to the anterior and the 
posterior perforated space at the base of the brain 
through which many vessels pass. L. praedilectiorus, 
the point of election. L. ruber, the red nucleus of 
the tegmentum. 

Locust-tree. See Hymencea courbaril. 

Lodicle (lod'-ik-l). Same as Lodicule. 

Lodicula (lod-ik'-u-lah). Same as Lodicule. 



LODICULE 



704 



LONG 



Lodicule (lod> ' -ik-ul) \lodicula, dim. of lodix, a cover- 
let]. In biology, a small scale found between the 
stamens and palet of many grasses. 

Lodoicea (lod-o-is' -e-ah) [after Laodice, daughter of 
Priam, King of Troy]. A genus of palms. L. sech- 
ellarum, the double-cocoanut tree, a palm of 
the Seychelle Islands. This tree and its double nut 
are highly esteemed in the East, where magic virtues 
are ascribed to the fruit. Latterly a fluid extract of 
the plants has been recommended as a tonic, febrifuge, 
and alexipharmac. Dose, gtt. ij-v. Unof. 

Loeb, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Loebisch's Formula. See Christisorfs Formula. 

Loffler's Alkaline Solution. A staining-agent used 
in the histologic laboratory. See Stains, Table of. 
L.'s Bacillus, the bacillus of diphtheria. See Bacil- 
lus, Klebs- Loffler 's, under Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. L.'s Blood-serum Mixture, a mixture con- 
sisting of one part of neutral meat-infusion bouillon 
containing io per cent, of grape-sugar and 3 parts of 
blood-serum ; it is a culture-medium. L.'s Method, 
a method of staining the flagella of microorganisms. 
See Stains, Table of. 

Lohlein's Diameter. In pelvimetry, the internal as- 
cending oblique diameter, measured by the finger in 
the vagina from the center of the sub-pubic ligament 
to the upper anterior angle of the great sacro-sciatic 
foramen. It is 2 cm. less than the transverse diam- 
eter of the superior strait of the pelvis. 

Loemia (lem'-e-ah). See Loimia. 

Lcemic (lem'-ik). See Loiinic. 

Losmography (lem-og'-ra-fe) \foifi6c; plague ; ypdfeiv, 
to write]. See Loimology. 

Lcemoid (lem'-oid). See Loimic. 

Lcemology (lem-ol'-o-je). See Loimology. 

Losmophthalmia {lem- off- thai' '-me-aJi) \Xoljioc, plague ; 
bcfida'A/xla, ophthalmia]. A contagious ophthalmia. 

Lowe's Oak-red. See Oak-bark. L.'s Reagent or 
Test, a solution for the detection of sugar in the 
urine. It consists of subnitrate of bismuth, glycerin, 
and soda lye. See Tests, Table of. L.'s Ring, a 
demonstration of the yellow spot of the retina which, in 
a strong light, appears surrounded by a bright area, two 
or three times as large as the spot. Clerk-Maxwell's 
experiment consists in looking through a solution of 
chrome-alum, when there is seen an oval, purplish spot 
due to the pigment of the yellow spot. 

Lcewenberg, Canal of. See Canal. 

Lowit's Method. See Stains, Table of. 

Logadectomy (log-ad-ek' -to-me) \_?.oyddec, whites of the 
eyes ; enro/ir/, excision] . Excision of a piece of the 
conjunctiva. (Obs.) 

Logades (log'-ad-ez) [AoyarSec]. The whites of the 
eyes; the sclerotic coats of the eyes. (Obs.) 

Logaditis (log-ad-i'-tis) [Aoyadec, whites of the eyes ; 
trig, inflammation]. Same as Sclerotitis. (Obs.) 

Logadoblennorrhea (log-ad-o-blen-or-e' -ah) \foya6ec, 
whites of the eyes; fiAivva, mucus; pnia, flow]. 
Conjunctival blennorrhea. (Obs.) 

Logan Crown. In dentistry, an artificial crown the 
base of which is deeply recessed, leaving a thin bor- 
der to be fitted to the natural root. One end of the 
dowel is baked into the crown during its manufacture. 
The concavity of the base facilitates the adjustment 
of the crown to the end of the root, and gives a 
more permanent form to the cement holding the dowel 
or post. 

Loganin (log'-an-in), C 25 H 34 O u . Aglucosid extracted 
from strychnos seeds. 

Logodiarrhea {log-o-di-ar-e'-a/i) \foyog, word ; Sia'p- 
pota, a flowing through]. Excessive or maniacal 
loquacity. 



Logographic (log-o-graf '-ik) \foyog, word ; (j>pa.<j>eiv, to 
write]. Pertaining to written words. L . Alalia, 
that in which the thoughts cannot be expressed in 
writing. 

Logomania (log-o-ma' -ne-ali) \}6yo<;, word ; finvla, 
madness]. I. Insanity characterized by talkativeness. 
2. Aphasia. 

Logomonomania (log-o-mo-no-ma'-ne-ah) [7i6yog, 
word; povoq, single; /uavia, mania]. Monomania 
marked by loquacity. 

Logoneurosis (log-o-nu-ro'-sis) [foyoc, word ; vevpov, 
nerve; vbaoq, disease: pi. , Logoneuroses~\. I. Any 
neurosis marked by a speech-defect. 2. Any neurosis 
attended with impairment of the mental powers. 

Logopathy (log-op' '-ath-e)\A6yo<;, word ; Tradoc, disease]. 
Any disease affecting the speech ; dyslogia. 

Logoplegia (log-o-ple' -je-ah) fyoyoc, word; ■KAriy-q, 
stroke]. An aphasic symptom, consisting in the im- 
possibility of uttering a word, though the memory of 
its sound is clear. 

Logoplegic (log-o-ple' -jik) [X6yoc, word ; Tr?^yr/, 
stroke]. Relating to, or characterized by, logoplegia. 

Logorrhea (log-or-e' -ah) [fdyoc;, word ; poia, a flow]. 
I . Abnormal rapidity of speech ; a symptom of cerebral 
irritation. 2. Same as Logodiarrhea. 

Logwood (log'-wood). See Hematoxylon. L. -black. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Lohoch (lo'-hok). Same as Loch. 

Loimia (loi'-me-ah) [foifios, plague]. A pestilence or 
plague. 

Loimic (loi'-mik) [/m/iihoc ; \01\1bc, plague]. Pertain- 
ing to the plague or to any pestilence. 

Loimology (loi-mol' -o-je) [Xcw^oc, plague; 16yog, a 
treatise]. The science of contagious epidemic dis- 
eases. 

Loimopyra (lot-mop' ' -ir-ah) \_A0cfi6g, plague ; Ttvp, fire]. 
Pestilential fever. 

Loin (loin) [ME., loine, loin]. Either of the lumbi, 
or lower part of the back in the region of the hips. 

Loliin (lo'-le-in) \loliu m, darnel]. A volatile, poison- 
ous alkaloid contained in the seeds of Lolium temu- 
lentum. 

Lolium (lo'-le-um) [L., darnel]. A genus of grasses, 
one of which, L. temulentum, poisonous darnel, is 
remarkable as one of the few grasses that appear to 
have poisonous qualities. Its seeds in particular 
are said to have narcotic qualities. By some writers 
this poisonous effect has been denied, and by others 
it has been referred to the presence of ergot ; late 
researches seem to confirm the popular belief. Unof. 

Loma (lo'-mah) [Au/ia, hem, fringe: //., Lomata~\. In 
biology, a flap or fringe along the toe of a bird. 

Lomastome (lo'-mas-toni) [fa/na, hem, fringe; ard//a, 
mouth]. In biology, applied to such shells as have a 
reflected peristome. 

Lomatine (lo' -mat-in) [/lejua, hem, fringe]. In bio- 
logy, margined or fringed. 

Lombardian Leprosy. See Pellagra. 

Loment (lo'-ment) \_lomentum, a mixture of bean-meal 
and rice]. In biology, a legume that when ripe 
breaks transversely into joints. 

Lomentum (lo-men'-tum). Same as Loment. 

Lomilomi (lo'-me-lo'-me) [Hawaiian]. A kind of 
shampoo or massage, practised by the Polynesians. 

London Paste. A caustic paste containing equal parts 
of caustic soda and unslaked lime. It must be mixed 
with water before using. L. White. Same as< 
White Lead. 

Long [ME., long, long]. Having great length. L.- 
sight. Synonym of Presbyopia and Hyperopia . ~L.. 
sightedness. See Hyperopia. L. Thread-worms. 
See Thread-ioorms. 



LONGEVITY 



705 



LOSOPHAN 



Longevity (lon-jev' -it-e) [longa, long ; vita, life]. Long 
life. 

Longi- (lon'-je-) [longus, long]. A prefix signifying 
length or extent. 

Longicaudate (lon-je-kazv' -ddt) [longus, long ; cauda, 
a tail]. In biology, having a long tail. 

Longiductor (lon-je-duh'-tor) [longus, long ; ductor, 
leader]. The adductor longus muscle. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Longimanus [lon-je-ma' '-ntts) [longus, long ; manus, 
hand]. Long-handed. 

Longing (lawng f -ing) [ME., longen, to desire 
earnestly]. The earnest desire for anything ; it is a 
condition often present in the female during pregnancy. 

Longipedate (lon-je-pe' -ddt) [longus, long ; pes, foot]. 
Long-footed. 

Longiperoneus (lon-je-per-o-ne' '-us) [longus, long ; 
Trepovr/, fibula]. The peroneus longus muscle. See 
Miiscles, Table of. 

Longipes (lon'-je- pes). See Longipedate. 

Longisect (lon-je-sekt') [longus, long ; secare, to cut]. 
To make a longisection, q.v. 

Longisection (lon-je-sek' '-shun) [longus, long ; sectio, 
cutting]. Longitudinal section ; especially used of 
the body from extremity to extremity. The division 
of a body into sections parallel with its long axis. 
See Position and Direction , Table of. 

Longissimus (lon-jis'-im-us) [super, of longus, long]. 
Longest. L. capitis, L. cervicis, the trachelomas- 
toid muscles. See Muscles, Table of. L. dorsi. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Longitude (Ion' -jit-ud) [longitudo, length]. Angular 
distance from any standard meridian perpendicular to 
the plane of the axis. 

Longitudinal (lon-jit-u'-din-al) [longitudinalis, per- 
taining to length]. In anatomy, lengthwise, or in a 
direction the opposite of transverse. L. Fissure, of 
the cerebrum. See Fissures, Table of. L. Sinus, 
the triangular subcranial venous channel extending 
from the crista galli to the tentorium. 

Longus (laumg'-gus) [L., long]. Long. L. colli. See 
Muscles, Table of. L. capitis, the rectus capitis 
anticus major muscle. See Muscles, Table of. L. 
dorsi. The longissimus dorsi muscle. See Muscles, 
Table of. L. lumborum, an inconstant muscle 
attached to the bodies of the two upper lumbar ver- 
tebrae and the three lower dorsal vertebras. 

Lonsdale's Apparatus. An apparatus for treating frac- 
ture of the patella, consisting of movable arms sus- 
pended from two upright rods that are attached to a 
long posterior splint. To these arms are fastened 
padded plates that hold the fragments together. 

Looch (lo-ok') [Fr.]. Same as Lock. 

Loodianah Disease. See Anthrax. 

Loofah [loo' -fa. A). See Luff a. 

Look-at-his-face Disease. Carate ; a form of syph- 
ilitic skin-disease in Spain, characterized by blotches 
upon the face. 

Loong. See Lung. 

Loop [ME., lope, a loop]. A folding of a cord, fiber, 
tube, or cord-like structure, upon itself. L. of Henle. 
See Tubuli uriniferi. L., Obstetric, the fillet. 

Looped (loopt) [ME., lope, loop]. Doubled upon 
itself ; containing loops. L. Tubes of Henle. See 
Tubuli uriniferi. 

Loose (liis) [ME., loos, loose]. Lax; wanting power 
of restraint ; as loose bowels. L. Ligature. See 
Ligature. 

Looseness (loos'-nes) [ME., loos, loose]. Popular 
name for diarrhea. L. of the Teeth, Odontoseisis ; 
Odontosismus ; this results from disease of the gums 
and the gradual destruction of the alveolar processes. 
45 



Loosestrife (loos' -strlf). See Lysimachia. 

Lophadia (lo-fad'-e-ah). See Lophia. 

Lophanthus (lo-fan' -thus) [Xdcpoc, crest ; avBuc, flower^). 
A genus of labiate plants, popularly called hyssops, or 
hedge-hyssops. L. anisatus, L. nepetoides, and 
L. urticaefolius of North America have the general 
properties of the mint-family. Unof. 

Lophia (lo'-fe-ah) [\6<poc, the back of the neck] . The 
upper part of the back near the first dorsal vertebra. 

Lophin (lo'-fin) [\6$oc, a tuft], C 21 H 18 N 2 . Triphenyl 
glyoxalin ; a substance produced by distilling amarin. 
It is not readily soluble in alcohol, crystallizes in long 
needles, and melts at 275 C. 

Lophiodontous (lo-fe-o-don' -tits) [?i6<po^\ crest ; bSovc, 
tooth]. Having crested molar teeth. 

Lophodont (lo'-fo-dout) ['Aoipor, a crest; bthbc, tooth]. 
In biology, applied to that dentition in which the 
crowns of the molar teeth possess ridges or crests, as 
distinguished from bunoaont. See Lophiodontous. 

Lophophore (lo'-fo-for) [Aofog, a crest ; <popoc, bear- 
ing]. In biology, the frame or stage surrounding the 
mouth of a polyzoan and giving support to the ten- 
tacles. 

Lophosteon (lo-fos' -te-on) [?.6<j>or, a crest; buriov, 
bone: //. , Lophosted]. In biology, the median one 
of the five bones that make up the sternum of a carin- 
ate bird. 

Loquacity (lo-kwas'-il-e) [loquacitas ; loquax, talka- 
tive]. Volubility of speech ; talkativeness; a con- 
dition that is frequently excessive in various forms of 
mental disorder. 

Lorate (lo'-rdt) [lorian, a thong, or lash]. In biology, 
shaped like a long strap. 

Lordoma (lor-do' -?na!i) [?iopdovv, to bend inward]. The 
anterior or forward incurvation of the spine. 

Lordoscoliosis (lor-do-sko-le-o' '-sis) [/opdaoic:, AopS6eiv, 
to bend ; CKaliuaic-, crookedness]. Lordosis with sco- 
liosis. 

Lordosis (lor-do' -sis) [lopduaic, lopdbeiv, to bend]. A 
curvature of the spine with a forward convexity. L., 
Paralytic, lordosis due to paralysis of either the spinal 
or the abdominal muscles. L. valgorum, genu 
valgum, q. v. 

Lordotic (lor-dot'-ik), Lordosic (lor-dos'-ik), Lor- 
dous (lor'-dus) ['/.opdacir, lopdoeiv, to bend]. Bent 
with the convexity turned ventrad ; applied to the 
spinal column. 

Lore (lor) [lorum, a thong, lash, strap]. In biology, 
the space between the eye and the bill or nostrils in 
birds and reptiles. 

Loreta's Operation. 1. The forcible dilatation of the 
pylorus for the relief of stricture after celiogastrotomy. 
2. The treatment of aneurysm by the introduction of 
metal wire into the sac, through which a current of 
electricity is then passed. See Operations, Table of. 

Lorica (lor-ri' -kah)[\^. , a corselet, cuirass : //., Loric<z~\. 
In biology, a protective sheath or carapace. 

Loricate (lor' -ik-dt) [lorica, a coat of mail]. In bi- 
ology, covered with a protective coat. 

Lorication (lor-ik-a'-shun) [lorica, a leather cuirass]. 
The protection of a glass vessel against heat by a coat- 
ing of sand and clay. 

Loriculate (lor-ik'-u-ldt) [loricula, a small breastplate]. 
Consisting of long divisions. 

Lorum (lo'-rum) [L., thong, whip, strap: pi., Lora~\. 
Same as Lore. 

Lourd, Lourderie (loord, loor'-der-e). See Gid. 

Losi-piercing (lo'-se-per'-sing). See Thoka-losi. 

Losophan (lo'-so-fan). Tri-iodo-cresol, an agent said 
to be strongly parasiticidal, and useful in parasitic 
dermatoses, whether due to fungous or animal para- 
sites. 



LOSTORFER'S CORPUSCLES 



706 



LUBRICATING 



Lostorfer's Corpuscles. The granular masses al- 
leged by Lostorfer to have been found in the blood of 
syphilitic patients. 

Lote (/of). See Celt's. 

Lotio (lo'-ske-o) [L.]. See Lotion. L. adstringens, 
Warren's styptic, consisting of five parts of sulphuric 
acid, and four parts each of turpentine and alcohol. 
L. nigra. See Hydrargyrum. 

Lotion (lo'-shun) \Jotio, a wash] . Any medicinal solu- 
tion intended for external use. L., Black. See Hy- 
drargyrum. L., Cold Evaporating, plumbi acet. 
3J, pulv. opii 3J, aquas Oj. Or, liq. plumbi sub- 
acetat. f ^ iv, tinct. opii fgij, aquae Oj ; for exter- 
nal use. L., Goulard's, liquor plumbi subacetatis. 
See Plumbum. L. for Mouth, acid pyrolig. gj, 
aquae, f^viij ; use externally. Or, tinct. myrrh ^ ss, 
potass, chlor. giij, aquae f^iv. L., Red, zinci sulph. 
gr. x, spts. rosmarin., tinct. lavand. comp. , aa fgjss, 
aq. f^x; use locally. 

Lotophagous (lo-toff'-ag-us) \_1ut6q, lotus ; (payelv, to 
devour]. Lotus-eating. 

Lotura (lo-tu'-rah). [L.]. Lotion. L. carnis, L. 
carnium, a sanguinolent and serous liquid some- 
times discharged in cases of dysentery or diarrhea. 

Louis's Angina. See Ludwig's Angina. L.'s Angle. 
See Angle. L.'s Law. See Law. 

Louping-ill (loop' -ing-il) [E. dial., loup, to spring]. 
Leaping-evil : a disease of sheep causing them to 
spring up in going forward (Scotch). It is due to the 
presence of a cystic parasite in the spinal canal. See 
Cosnurus cerebrates, under Parasites (Animal), Table 
of. 

Louse (lows). See Pediculosis. 

Lousiness (low'-ze-nes). See Pediculosis. 

Lousy (lozu'-ze) [ME., Ions, a louse]. Affected with 
pediculosis. 

Louvred Panes. See Ventilation. 

Lovage (luv'-azh ) [ME., loveache~\. The root of Ligus- 
ticum levisticum and Levisticum officinale, stimulant, 
aromatic, carminative, and emmenagogue drugs. Dose 
of a fld. ext. f^j-ij- Unof. 

Love (luv) [ME., loven, to love]. I. To regard with 
strong affection. 2. Sexual passion. L. -potion. 
See Philter. 

Low Crown. An artificial crown inserted into the 
natural root of a tooth ; it consists of a gold-backed 
porcelain facing, to which is attached a combined 
post and cap, which, from its peculiar form, is called 
a " step-plug," and which fits into an enlarged root- 
canal of a similar form. 

Lower, Tubercle of. See Tubercle. 

Loxa Bark (loks'-ak bark). Pale cinchona ; the bark 
of Cinchona officinalis. 

Loxarthron (loks-ar' -thron) [Aofdf, slanting ; apdpov, 
a joint]. Any oblique or abnormal direction of a 
joint, not caused by spasm or luxation. 

Loxarthrosis (loks-ar-thro' -sis) [Aofdr, awry ; apdpumg, 
joint]. Distortion of a joint. 

Loxauchenus (loks-aw-ken' -us) \\oS,6c, oblique ; avx^v, 
neck]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the 
angle formed by the intersection of the radius fixus 
and a line drawn between the basion and the inion is 
from 1 4° to 20°. 

'L.oxia (loks'-e-ah). See Torticollis. 

Loxic (loks'-ik) \XoS,6c, oblique]. Distorted; awry; 
twisted. 

Loxochordus (loks-o-kor' -dus) [/lofdc, oblique ; chorda, 
a cord]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the 
angle formed between the intersection of the radius 
fixus and the line drawn from the bregma to the 
lambda is between 1 7° and 29 . 

Loxocoryphus (loks-o-kor' '-if-us) [Aofdf , oblique ; 



K.opvtj>Tj, the head]. Lissauer's term for a skull in 
which the angle formed by the intersection of the 
radius fixus and a line connecting the bregma and 
the lambda is between 17 and 28. 5 . 

Loxocyesis (loks-o-si-e'-sis) [Xof 6g, awry ; K'vqaiq, preg- 
nancy]. Oblique displacement of the gravid uterus. 

Loxodont (loks'-o-dont), Loxodontous (loks-o-don 1 '- 
tus) [Aofdf, aslant; bSovg, tooth]. Having teeth 
placed at abnormal angles with the jaw. 

Loxolophodont (loks-o-lof'-o-dont) [/lofdc, slanting; 
?i6<poc, a crest; bdobc, tooth]. In biology, a form of 
dentition in which oblique crests connect the anterior 
internal tubercle of the upper molars with two ex- 
ternal tubercles ; this is characteristic of a gigantic 
Ungulate. 

Loxometopus (loks-o-met-o' -pus) \7<x>^6q, oblique ; jikru- 
ttov, the space between the eyes]. Lissauer's term 
for a skull in which the angle formed by the intersection 
of the radius fixus and a line drawn from the bregma 
to the nasal point is between 43 and 47 

Loxophthalmos (loks-off-thal'-mos). Synonym of 
Strabismus, q. v. 

Loxopisthius (loks-o-pis' -the-us) [A<5foc, oblique ; bnia- 
dwc, hinder]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle formed by the intersection of the radius 
fixus and a line drawn through the lambda and the 
inion is between 95 and 104 . 

Loxopisthocranius (loks-o-pis-tho-kra' -ne-us) [/lofdc, 
oblique; bniodev, behind; upaviov, skull]. Lissauer's 
term for a skull in which the angle formed between 
the radius fixus and a line drawn through the lambda 
and the opisthion is between 119° and 130 . 

Loxoprosopus (loks-o-pros' -o-pus) [XoS-dq, oblique ; irpb- 
cuTtuv, face]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle formed by the intersection of the radius 
fixus and a line drawn from the nasion to the alveolar 
point is between 78. 5 and 89. 5 . 

Loxopterygin (loks-o-ter' '-ij-in) [/(ofdf, oblique ; Trrepvt;, 
awing], C 26 H 34 N 2 2 . A white amorphous alkaloid ob- 
tained from the bark of Loxopterygiicm lorenlzii. 

Loxopterygium (loks-o-ter-if -e-um) [Aafdc, oblique ; 
nrepvi;, wing]. A genus of anacardiaceous trees. L. 
lorentzii, L. sagotii, red quebracho, the bark of 
which is used as a substitute for cinchona. Unof. 

Loxorrhinus (loks-or-i' -nus) [Aofdf, oblique ; pic, nose]. 
Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed 
between the radius fixus and a line drawn from the na- 
sion to the subnasal point is between 77. 5 and 87. 5 . 

Loxotic (loks-ot'-ik). See Loxic. 

Loxotmesis (loks-ot-me'-sis). See Loxotomy. 

Loxotomy (loks-ot'-o-me) [/lofdc, oblique ; roprj, a cut- 
ting]. That form of amputation commonly known as 
the " oblique section." 

Loy's Disease. Horse-pox. See Diseases, Table of. 

Lozenge (loz'-enj) [ME., losange, lozenge]. A medi- 
cated tablet with sugar as a basis. See Trochiscus. 

Lubido (lu-bid' -0). See Libido. 

Lubricant (lu'-brik-ant) \_lubricare, to make smooth]. 
Making smooth, oily, or slippery. 

Lubricating (lu' -brik-a-ting) \lubricare, to make 
smooth]. Making smooth or slippery. L. Oils, oily 
products obtained chiefly from petroleum and used for 
lubricating purposes. Some crude petroleums are nat- 
ural lubricating oils, requiring little or no treatment to 
fit them for use. The other petroleum lubricating oils 
are obtained in one of two ways — either by driving off 
the light hydrocarbons from the crude oil, yielding 
what is called a "reduced oil," or they are the oils 
obtained by distilling the petroleum residuum in tar- 
stills. The lightest of the lubricating oils, varying in 
gravity from 32 B. to 38 B., are frequently called 
" neutral oils." They are largely used for the purpose of 



LUBRICATION 



707 



LUMBRICOID 



mixing with animal or vegetable oils, and it is therefore 
necessary that they should be thoroughly deodorized, 
decolorized, and deprived of the blue fluorescence, or 
"bloom," characteristic of petroleum distillates that 
contain paraffin. Heavier lubricating oils are called 
"spindle " oils and " cylinder" oils. The most im- 
portant characters to be possessed by these oils are high 
fire-test, low cold-test, and a high degree of viscosity. 

Lubrication (fu-brik-a f -shun) [lubricare, to make 
smooth]. The process of making smooth or slippery 
by the application of a lubricant. 

Lubricity (lu-bris' -it-e) [lubricare, to make slippery]. 
A synonym of lasciviousness ; slipperiness. 

Lubricous (lu'-brik-us) [lubricus, lubricare, to make 
smooth]. Smooth, slippery. 

Luca, Horizontal Plane of. See Plane. 

Lucent (Jut-sent) [lucere, to shine]. Bright, shining. 

Lucernal (lu-ser' -nal) [lucerna, a lamp]. Pertaining 
to lamp-light. 

Lucet, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table 

"/■ 
Lucid (lu'-sid) \Jucidus, clear]. Clear, shining, unob- 

scured. In biology, having a smooth, shining surface. 
L. Interval, the transitory return of normal mental 
action and sanity in certain forms and cases of in- 
sanity. 

Lucidity {lu-sid' -it-e) [lucidus, clear]. Clearness; 
lucid interval. 

Lucidum (lu'-sid-um) [lucidus, clear]. Clear. L., 
Septum. See Septum. 

Luciferase (lu-sif ' -er-az) [lucifer, light-bringing]. The 
name applied by Dubois to one of the two diastatic 
substances which become phosphorescent when mixed 
in the presence of water, and which are found in the 
mollusc, Pholas dactylifera, the mouth of which is 
luminous. 

Luciferin (lu-sif r -er-in) [lux, lucis, light ; ferre, to 
bear]. A crystalline body obtained from the light-pro- 
ducing organs of certain animals. 

Lucifer-match Disease or L. -match Maker's Dis- 
ease. Necrosis of the jaw due to phosphorus-poi- 
soning. 

Luciform (lu'-siform) [lux, light; forma, form]. 
Resembling light. 

Lucifugal (lu-sif '-u-gal) [lux, light; fugere, to flee]. 
Fleeing from or avoiding light. 

Lucifugous (lu-sif ' -u-gus) [lux, light ; fugere, to 
flee]. In biology, applied to organisms that avoid 
light. 

Lucilia (lu-sW -e-ah) [L.]. A genus of dipterous in- 
sects, the larvae of which act as facultative parasites, 
producing various forms of myiasis, q. v. See Para- 
sites (Animal'), Table of. 

Lucilin (lit' -sil-in) [lux, lucis, light]. A commercial 
mixture of lamp-petroleum and brown coal-oil. 

Lucina (lu-si'-nah) [lux, light]. The goddess of 
childbirth. L. sine coitu. Parthenogenesis, q. v. 

Lucomania (lu-ko-ma' -ne-aK) [Xvxog, wolf; fjavia, 
mania]. Same as Lycanthropy , q.v. 

L.\icuma. (hi-hu'-mah) [nat. Peruvian]. A genus of trop- 
ical American sapotaceous trees. L. caimito, of S. 
America (called abi and abiaba) is strongly tonic and 
antiperiodic, and is useful in diarrhea ; other species 
have similar qualities. Unof. 

Lucumin (lu-ku' '-min) [lucutna\. A bitter principle 
obtained from Lucuma caimito. It is recommended 
for use in diarrheas and in intermittent fevers. Dose 
gr. j-viij. Unof. 

Ludwig's Angina. A cellulitis of the neck, usually a 
secondary inflammation in the specific fevers, particu- 
larly diphtheria and scarlet fever. It may, however, 
occur idiopathically or result from trauma. The 



swelling is marked in the submaxillary region. It is also 
called Louis's Angina. See Angina, and Diseases, 
Table of. L.'s Angle (Angidus ludovici), the angle 
that exists in some cases of emphysema between the 
manubrium and the body of the sternum. See Angle. 
L.'s Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. 

Liicke's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Lues (lu'-es) [L.]. Formerly a pestilential disease ; at 
present used as an euphemism for syphilis. L. deifica, 
L. divina, epilepsy. 

Luetic (lu-et'-ik) [lues, a plague]. Affected with or re- 
lating to lues ; syphilitic. 

Luffa (luf'-ah) [Arab.]. A genus of cucurbitaceous 
plants. L. acutangula, the strainer vine, of India, 
having an edible fruit, a purgative and emetic root, and 
oil-bearing seeds. L. amara has similar uses. L. 
cylindrica, the " wash-rag," " towel gourd," or 
"vegetable sponge," bears a fruit which when dry 
contains a sponge-like network of fibers. This is some- 
times used as a substitute for a sponge or towel. L. 
purgans, of S. America, affords a strongly purgative 
resin. Unof. 

Lugol's Caustic. A solution of iodin and potassium 
iodid, of each one part, in water two parts. L.'s So- 
lution. See Iodin. 

Lumbaginous (lum-baj' -in-us) [lumbus, loin]. Affected 
with, or pertaining to, lumbago. 

Lumbago (him-ba'-go) [lumbus, the loin]. Pain in the 
structures about the loins, whether neuralgic or rheu- 
matic. 

Lumbar (lum' -bar) [lumbus, the loin]. Pertaining to 
the loins, especially to the region about the loins. L. 
Abscess, an abscess in the lumbar region. L. 
Arteries. See Arteries, Table of. L. Colotomy. 
See Lumbo-colotomy . L. Myalgia, lumbago. L. 
Nephrectomy, nephrectomy through an incision in 
the lumbar region. L. Nephrotomy, nephrotomy 
through an incision in the lumbar region. L. Nerves. 
See Nerves, Table of. L. Reflex. See Reflexes, 
Table of. L. Region. See Abdomen. 

Lumben (lum' -ben) [lumbus, loins]. Belonging to the 
loin in itself. 

Lumberman's Itch. Same as Army Itch. 

Lumbifragium (lum-bif-ra' -je-um) [lumbus, loin ; 
frangere, to break]. Lumbar hernia. 

Lumbiplex (lum' -be-pleks). The lumbar plexus. 

Lumbiplexal (lum-be-pleks'-a!) [lumbus, loin ; plexus, 
net]. Pertaining to the lumbiplex. 

Lumbo-abdominal (lum'-bo-ab-dom'-in-al) [lumbus, 
loin ; abdomen, abdomen]. Pertaining to the loin and 
the abdomen. 

Lumbocolotomy (lum' -bo-ko-lot' -o-me) [lumbus, loin ; 
nbXov, colon; To/iij, a cutting], Colotomy performed 
in the lumbar region. 

Lumbo-costal (lum-bo-kos'-tal) [lumbus, loin ; costa, 
rib]. Pertaining to the loins and the ribs. 

Lumbodorsal (lum-bo-dor' '-sal) [lumbus,\om ; dorsum, 
back]. Pertaining to the lumbar and dorsal regions. 

Lumbodynia (lum-bo-din' -e-ah) [lumbus, loin ; b&vvq, 
pain]. Same as Lumbago. 

Lumbo-inguinal (lum-bo-in' '-gwin-al) [lumbus, loin; 
inguen, groin]. Pertaining to the lumbar and in- 
guinal regions. 

Lumbosacral (lum-bo-sa' ' -kral) [lumbus, loin ; sacrum, 
sacrum]. Pertaining to the lumbar and sacral regions. 

Lumbricales (lum-brik-a'-lez). See Muscles, Table of. 

Lumbricide (lum' -bris-ld) [lumbricus, earth-worm ; 
cadere, to kill] . A drug fatal to lumbricoid worms. 

Lumbriciform (lum-bris' -if-orm). See Lumbricoid. 

Lumbricoid (lum'-brih-oid) [lumbricus, earth-worm; 
eMof, likeness]. Pertaining to, or resembling, a 
lumbricus. 



LUMBRICUS 



708 



LUPINE 



Lumbricus (lum'-brik-us) [L. : pi., Lumbrici}. A 
genus of worms, including the common earth worm 
and certain intestinal worms. See Parasites (Animal), 
Table of. 

Lumen (lu'-men) [lumen, light]. The caliber 
or canal of any tubular vessel ; the cavity of 
a vessel when examined in transverse section. 

Luminiferous (lu-min-if -er-us) [lumen, light ; 
ferre, to bear]. Emitting light. 

Luminosity (lu-min-os' -it-e) [luminosus, full of 
light]. The property of emitting light. 

Lumnitzer, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Syno- 
nymatic Table of. 

Lump [ME., lompe, a stump]. I. A small 
mass ; a protuberant part. 2. A dull person. 
3. In the plural, a popular term for strumous 
enlargement of the cervical glands. 

Lumpy (lum'-pe) [ME., lompe, a stump]. 
Abounding in, or consisting of, lumps. L. 
Jaw. See Actinomycosis. 

Lunacy (lu'-nas-e) [luna, the moon]. A popu- 
lar name for insanity, so called from the tradi- 
tional belief that it was influenced by the moon. 

Lunar (lu'-nar) [luna, moon]. Pertaining to 
the moon or to silver {luna of the alchemists). 
L. Caustic. See Argentum and Caustic. 

Lunare, or Os lunare (lu-na' -re)[luna , moon]. 
The semilunar bone of the carpus. 

Lunaria [lu-na' -re-ah) [lunaris, pertaining to the 
moon]. Menstruation. 

Lunate (lu'-nat) [lunare, bent like a crescent]. 
In biology, crescent-shaped, or having cres- 
centiform markings. 

Lunatic (lu'-nat-ik) [lunalicus ; luna, moon]. 
Affected with lunacy or insanity. 

Lunatism (lu'-nat-izm) [lunatismus ; luna, 
moon]. An old name for various diseases sup- 
posed to be under the controlling influence of 
the moon. 

Lund's Apparatus. A triangular frame of iron used to 
correct prolapse of the uterus. L.'s Oil, an oil used 
for anointing catheters. It consists of olive oil and 
castor oil each one ounce, carbolic acid one dram. 

Lune (lun) [luna, moon]. A fit of lunacy or madness. 

Lunella (lu-nel'-ah) [dim. of luna, moon]. Same as 
Hypopyon. 

Lunet or Lunette [lu-net') [Fr.]. A spectacle-lens. 
Also, a general term including telescopes, marine- 
glasses, spectacles, and all similar devices to aid vision. 

Lung [ME., lunge, lung]. The organ of respiration, 
in which the impure venous blood is oxidized by the 
air drawn through the trachea, bronchi, and air- 
vesicles. There are two lungs, a right and a left, 
the former usually consisting of three, the latter of two 
lobes. The lungs are situated in the thoracic cavity, and 
are enveloped by the pleurre. At the root or hilum the 
bronchus and its arteries, and the pulmonary artery and 
nerves enter, and the pulmonary and bronchial veins 
and lymphatics leave. The lung proper consists of mi- 
nute air-vesicles held in place by connective-tissue tra- 
becule. Capillaries traverse the walls of the air-vesi- 
cles and bring the circulating blood in close proximity 
to the air. The average weight of the adult right 
lung is 22 ounces ; that of the left 20 ounces. L., 
Black, anthracosis of the lung. L., Coal-miner's, 
L., Collier's, anthracosis of the lung. L. -fever, 
croupous pneumonia. L. -grown, having the pleura 
adherent to the lungs. L., Miner's, anthracosis of 
the lung. L.-sick, a form of pneumonia prevalent 
among the oxen of South Africa. L. -struck, suffer- 
ing from disease of the lungs. L. -tester, a spirometer. 
L.-worm, a parasitic worm in the lung. L.-wort, 



the leaves of Pulmonaria officinalis, a demulcent and 
mucilaginous drug. It is a favorite medicine in lung- 
complaints. Dose of the fid. ext. 3ss-j. Unof. 




Relation of Lungs to other Thoracic Organs. 
Left side of heart. 2. Right side of heart. 3. Coronary artery. 
4. Left auricle. 5. Right auricle. 6. Superior vena cava. 7. Pul- 
monary artery. 8. Origin of aorta. 9. Arch of aorta. 10. Innominate 
artery. 11. Right common carotid artery. 12, 12. Subclavian arteries. 
13. Scalenus amicus muscle. 14. First rib. 15. Larynx. 16. Trachea. 
17, 17. Pneumogastric nerves. 18, 18. Phrenic nerves. 19. Right lung. 
20. Left lung. 21, 21. Diaphragm. 22, 22. Seventh pair of ribs. 



Lungen (lung' -en) [Ind.]. The name given in India 
to a form of diarrhea, the most frequent disease of 
elephants, caused by the trematode parasite Amphis- 
toma hawksii, Cobbold. See Parasites (Animal), 
Table of. 

Lunula (lun'-u-lah) [dim. of luna, moon]. The white 
convex or semilunar area of a nail near the root ; 
onyx. L. of the Cardiac Valves, the delicate edges 
of the leaflets of the semilunar valves. L. of Gia- 
nuzzi. See Crescetits of Gianuzzi. L. lacrymalis, 
a small crest of bone separating the antrum of High- 
more from the lacrymal groove. 

Lunular (liin'-u-lar), Lunulate (liin'-u-lat). See 
Lunate. 

Lunule (lu'-nfd) [dim. of luna, the moon]. In bi- 
ology, applied to crescentiform impressions or marks 
upon various animals. 

Luny (lu'-ne) [luna, moon]. A popular term for crazy. 

Lupia (lu'-pe-ah) [lupus, wolf]. A name given to 
several kinds of malignant tumor, phagedenic ulcer, 
and fungoid growth, and also to a wen. See also 
Molluscum. L. cancrosa, carcinoma developing in 
atheroma of the skin. L. scrofulosa, scrofuloderma 
tuberculosum. 

Lupiform (lu'-pif-orm) [lupus, a wolf; forma, form]. 
Same as Lupoid. 

Lupigenin (lu-pij'-en-in) [lupus, a wolf], C,-H 12 O fi . 
A substance resulting from the decomposition of 
lupiin by acids. 

Lupiin (lu'-pe-in) [lupus, a wolf], C, 9 H 32 ]fi -\- 7H,0. 
A bitter principle found in germinating lupine seeds. 

Lupine (lu'-pin) [lupus, a wolf]. A popular name for 
various leguminous plants of the genus Lupinus, 



LUPINIDIN 



709 



LUPUS 



many of which are poisonous. A large number of the 
species are American. 

Lupinidin {lu-pin' '-id-iri) [lupus, a wolf], C 8 H 15 N. 
A liquid alkaloid obtained from Lupinus luteus. 

Lupinin [lu'-pin-in) [lupus, a wolf], C 21 H 40 N 2 O 2 . An 
alkaloid, or tertiary amin, from the seeds of Lupinus 
luteus ; also, an alkaloid from the seeds of Lupinus 
alius ; also, a glucosid from the leaves of both species. * 
All three are paralyzants, depressing the motor and 
sensory centers. The one first named has been pro- 
posed as a substitute for quinin. 

Lupinosis (lu-piii-o'-sis) [lupus, a wolf]. A disease of 
cattle said by some to be produced by eating the herb- 
age of certain poisonous species of lupine. See Lalhy- 
rism. 

Lupinotoxin (lu-pin-o-toks'-in) [lupinus, lupine; roi-i- 
kov, poison]. A resinoid derived from certain poi- 
sonous species of lupine, and said to be capable of 
producing the symptoms of lupinosis. 

Lupiology (lu-pe-ol'-o-je) [lupia, wen; Uyoc, science]. 
The science of malignant tumors. 

Lupoid (lu'-poid) [lupus, wolf; eldor, like]. Having 
the nature of lupus. 

Lupomania (lu-po-ma'-ne-ah) [lupus, wolf; /lavia, 
madness]. Rabies. 

Lupotome (ltd -po-tom) [lupus, wolf; to/jt/, a cutting]. 
A cutting or scarifying instrument sometimes used in 
the treatment of lupus. 

Lupous [lu' -pits') [lupus, wolf]. Affected with or per- 
taining to lupus. 

Lupulin (lu'-pu-lin) [lupus, hipulus, hop]. I. C 32 H 50 - 
7 . A crystalline principle obtainable from powdery 
glands of the hop-plant. See Humulus. It is said 
to be strongly narcotic. 2. The yellow, resinous 
powder of hops, composed mainly of dried glands from 
the strobiles of the plant ; it is the lupulinum of the U. 
S. P. Its fluid extract and oleoresin are official. Dose 
of the fid. ext. , gtt. 10-15 ; of the oleoresin, gr. ij-v. 
3. The precipitate from a tincture of the cones of hops, 
Humulus lupulus, a nervine, hypnotic, febrifuge, an- 
tiperiodic, and tonic. Dose from I to 2 grains. Unof. 

Lupulina (lu-pu-li'-naJi) [L. : gen,, Lupulina~\. Same 
as Lupulin. 

Lupulinum (lu-pu-li' -nuni) [L. : gen., Lupulini~\. 
Same as Lupulin. 

Lupulus (lu'-pu-lus). See Humzilus. 

Lupus (lu' -pus) [L., a wolf]. Lupus vulgaris; a 
chronic disease of the skin and some mucous mem- 
branes, characterized by the formation in the connective 
tissue of nodules of granulation-tissue. It passes 
through a number of clinical phases, and terminates by 
ulceration or atrophy, with scar-formation. The cause 
of the disease is the tubercle-bacillus. L., Acne, an 
obstinate papular eruption of doubtful character occur- 
ing in the localities usually selected by Acne vulgaris 
and sometimes associated with it. L., Acneiform. See 
L. erythematosus sebaceus. L. anatomicus, the ana- 
tomic tubercle. L., Cazenave's, lupus erythemato- 
sus, q. v. See also Diseases, Table of. L., Common, 
lupus vulgaris. L., Disseminated Follicular, aden- 
oid acne ; a variety of acne confined to the face, espe- 
cially in the situations usually occupied by acne. The 
papules are from a large pin's head to a pea in size, 
conic and deep-red. They may coalesce to form a lupus- 
like tissue. L. disseminatus, a term applied to any 
case of lupus with multiple patches. L. eczema, a 
form of L. erythematosus resembling eczema. L. 
endemicus. See Aleppo Boil. L. erythematodes. 
Synonym of L. erythematosus. L. erythematosus, 
L. erythematodes ; Cazenave's lupus; a form not due 
to the tubercle-bacillus. It occurs, as a rule, in mul- 
tiple patches, with a tendency to symmetric arrange- 



ment, chiefly about the face and head, occasionally on 
the extremities, and rarely on the trunk. The patches 
are sharply defined at the border, flat, very slightly 
raised, and with a tendency to the formation of crusts. 
The color is bright-red, and there are no nodules. 
The disease tends to spread slowly at the periphery, and 
new patches may form in the neighborhood of the 
old. Feeble circulation favors the development of 
the disease. It is most common in females of adult 
or middle age. L. erythematosus aggregatus. 
See L. erythematosus disseminatus. L. erythemato- 
sus circumscriptus, the most common form, attack- 
ing chiefly the head and face, especially the nose, 
cheeks, and ears, often symmetrically. It appears in 
the early stage as isolated or grouped, small, red spots, 
about an eighth of an inch in diameter, with a yellow- 
ish spot at the center, and a small, closely adherent scale. 
These slowly extend peripherally and ultimately co- 
alesce into patches of a dirty yellowish-white appear- 
ance. Cicatrization occurs in the center. The disease 
is one of long duration. L. erythematosus corneus, 
L. erythematosus in which the scales are not greasy. L. 
erythematosus discoides, the asymmetric form of 
L. erythematosus. L. erythematosus discretus, a 
form of L. erythematosus in which irregular patches 
are scattered over various parts of the body. It is 
associated with constitutional symptoms — fever and 
pains in the head, bones, joints, etc. L. erythema- 
tosus disseminatus, L. erythematosus aggregatus; 
Lupus-psoriasis ; a rare form of Lupus erythematosus, 
characterized by a wider diffusion of the eruption, an 
extension by repeated outbreaks, and by the fact that 
the patches never coalesce. It is a chronic disease 
usually, but maybe acute. L. erythematosus seba- 
ceus, a form with special involvement of the seba- 
ceous glands. L. erythematosus telangiectodes, a 
variety characterized by marked dilatation of the cu- 
taneous blood-vessels. L., Erythematous, lupus 
erythematosus. L. exedens. Synonym of L. vul- 
garis. L. exfoliativus. See Lupus maculosus. L. 
exuberans, a form of lupus, usually L. exulcerans , 
associated with papillary excrescences. L. exulcer- 
ans, a term used to distinguish that form in which 
the destruction of tissue is rapid or intense, or in 
which the epidermis is lost and a secreting ulcerating 
surface is disclosed. L. frambcesiformis, L. fram- 
bcesioides. See L. exztberans. L., Fungous. 
Synonym of Lupus exuberans. L. haemorrhagicus, 
L. erythematosus dissejninatus associated with hem- 
orrhagic vesicles and blebs that dry and form crusts. 
L. hypertrophicus, that variety in which new con- 
nective-tissue formation predominates over the destruc- 
tive process, and markedly raised, thick patches result. 
L. idiopatbicus. Synonym of L. vulgaris. L. im- 
petiginosus, a form of L. erythematosus in its earlier 
stages resembling impetiginous eczema. L. lymphat- 
icus. See Lymphangioma circumscriptum. L. macu- 
losus, a variety characterized by the eruption of very 
soft, smooth, brownish-red, semi-translucent miliary 
nodules, which develop in the connective tissue of 
otherwise healthy skin without subjective sensa- 
tions. This eruption constitutes the earliest sign 
of lupus. When the surface desquamates, the 
name Lupus exfoliativus is given to it. L. mili- 
aris. See L. , Acne. L. mutilans, lupus exe- 
dens, causing destruction of tissue and disfigurement. 
L., Necrogenic, the anatomic tubercle. L. non-exe- 
dens, lupus without ulceration. L. papillaris, L. 
papillomatosus, a form characterized by papillary 
growths that may reach the size of the palm. These 
are most frequently seen on the extremities and but- 
tocks, and occur only on ulcerated surfaces. L. per- 



LURIDITY 



710 



LYCOIDES 



forans, lupus ulcerating through the skin into a mu- 
cous cavity, or through the septum between two mu- 
cous cavities. L. phagedaenicus, ulcerating lupus 
associated with phagedena. L. prominens. See 
Lupus tuber osus. L. -psoriasis. See L. erythematosus 
disseminatus. L. rodens. See L. exulcerans. L. 
scrofulosus. See Scrofuloderma tubercidosuni. L. 
sebaceus. Synonym of L. erythematosus. L. se- 
borrhagicus. Synonym of L. erythematosus. L. 
serpiginosus, a term applied to lupus that spreads or 
creeps on peripherally while cicatrizing centrally. L. 
solitarius, lupus vulgaris confined to a single patch. 
L. superficialis. Synonym of L. erythematosus. L., 
Syphilitic, a form of tubercular syphilid which is likely 
to ulcerate serpiginously, and closely simulates lupus 
vulgaris. It is due to the breaking down of superficial 
gummata. The ulcer is covered with a thick, green- 
ish-brown crust, has a sharply punched-out margin 
and a circinate or reniform outline. The scar is usu- 
ally flexible, white, and shining. L. terebrans. 
Synonym of Lupus perforans. L. tuberculosus. 
Synonym of L. vulgaris. L. tuberosus, a form of 
lupus with small nodular prominences. L. tumidus, 
a variety in which edematous infiltration and connec- 
tive-tissue overgrowth are present, leading to the for- 
mation of nodular masses. L. ulcerosus. Synonym 
of L. exulcerans. L. vegetans, L. verrucosus, the 
formation in the lupus process of a warty-looking 
patch which is liable to become inflamed from time to 
time. This form occurs chiefly on the hands and 
feet, and usually in early life. L. vorax. See L. exul- 
cerans. L. vulgaris. See Lupus. L. vulgaris 
erythematodes, a variety with lesions resembling 
those of L. vulgaris and L. erythematosus. It may 
invade the scalp and the mucous membrane of the 
mouth, spreading from the face. L. of the Vulva. 
See Esthiomine. 

Luridity {lu-rid'-it-e) \luridus ; luror, yeWow color], 
A pale-yellow color met with in certain cachectic con- 
ditions ; also in atrophied paralyzed limbs. 

Luschka's Bursa. See L.'s Tonsil. L.'s Cartilage, 
a nodule of elastic cartilage in the anterior part of the 
vocal band. L.'s Gland, the coccygeal gland, 
q. v. A small conglobate body lying near the tip of 
the coccyx just above the coccygeal attachment of the 
sphincter ani. Its function is not known. See Gland. 
L.'s Tonsil, the adenoid tissue that normally exists 
between the orifices of the Eustachian tubes, analo- 
gous in structure to the lymphoid constituents of the 
tonsil. It is also called " Third tonsil'" and." Pharyn- 
geal tonsil.'' 1 L.'s Villi, minute spheroid, partially 
vesicular outgrowths from the upper layer of the pia, 
which eventually become the Pacchionian bodies. 

Luscitas (lus'-it-as) \luscus, one-eyed]. I. The state 
of being blind in one eye. 2. Strabismus, especially 
when caused by paralysis or rheumatism. 

Lusis (lid -sis) [Xovoic, a washing]. A washing. 

Lussac, Gay, Law of. See Law. 

Lust [ME.,/«rf, lust]. Carnal desire; sexual appe- 
tite ; concupiscence. 

Lustful (lust'-ful) [ME., lust, lust]. Libidinous; hav- 
ing prurient lust. 

Lustgarten, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. L.'s Method, a method of staining the 
bacillus of syphilis. See Stains, Table of. 

Lustramentum (lus-tram-en' -turn) \lustrare, to purify]. 
A purge. 

Lusus (lu'-sus) \ludere,\o play]. A play; a game. 
L. naturae, a freak of nature ; any abnormal de- 
parture from that which is natural. 

Lutation (lu-ta'-shun) \Jutum, mud]. The hermetic 
sealing of a vessel. 





LUTEIN-CELLS. 



Lutein (lid-te-in) [luteus, yellow]. I. A pigment 
obtained from corpora lutea by extraction with chloro- 
form. It occurs in minute rhombic prisms or plates 
that are pleochromatic and insoluble' in water, but 
readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. 
Lutein is more or less rapidly bleached by the action 
of light. 2. A red 
lipochrome pigment 
found by MacMunn 
in the blood of Ho- 
lothusia nigra. L.- 
cells, large cells, 
containing granules 
of lutein, character- 
istic of the metamor- 
phosed clot of rup- 
tured Graafian fol- 
licles, to the margins of which they impart a bright 
yellow color, whence the name corpora lutea. These 
cells appear to arise from the theca interna. See il- 
lustration. 

Luteolin (lu' -te-o-lin) \luteus, yellow]. A yellow color- 
ing-substance obtained from diphenylamin and diazoxy- 
lenesulphonic acid ; also, a crystalline body, C 20 H u O 8 , 
found in Reseda lutea. See Pigments , Conspectus of. 

Luteolous (lu-te' -o-lus) \luteolus, dim. of luteus, 
golden-yellow]. In biology, buff, or yellowish. 

Luteous (lu'-te-us) \_lufum,vn.wd.~\. Clay-colored, mud 
colored ; saffron, or reddish-yellow. 

Lutescent (lu-tes' -enf) \_lutum, mud]. In biology, 
yellowish, or becoming yellow. 

Luton's Sugar-test. See Tests, Table of. 

Lutose (lu'-tos) \_lutum, mud]. In biology, applied to 
such organisms as are covered with a substance like mud. 

Luxation (luks-a r -shun). See Dislocation. 

Luxatura {luks-at-u'-rali). See Dislocation. 

Luxus (Inks' -us~)\L.. , " excess,"]. Excess. L. -breath- 
ing, the breathing of more air than is actually called 
for by the needs of the organism. L. -consump- 
tion, a term applied by Bidder and Schmidt to the 
metabolism of certain surplus proteid material, which, 
though inside the body, does not form a component 
part of any of its tissues, but constitutes a kind of res- 
ervoir of force upon which the organism can draw. 

Luys' Body. A lentiform ganglion of a milk-and-coffee 
color, which lies in the ideal continuation of the lateral 
part of the ganglion of Soemmering. It represents the 
boundary between the crusta and the tegmentum. 
L.'s Transference Method. See Hypnotism. 

Lycaconitin (tik-ak-on'-it-in) [?d'Kog, a wolf; aconifum, 
aconite], C 2 -H M N 2 6 -\- H 2 G\ An amorphous alka- 
loid, soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform, obtained 
from Aconitum lycoctonum. In its toxicologic action 
it resembles curare. 

Lycanthrope (li'-kan-throp) [?.vkoc, wolf; avdpurroc, 
man]. A person affected with lycanthropy. 

Lycanthropic (li-kan-throp'-ik) [M)Kog, wolf; ai'BpuTroc, 
man]. Pertaining to or affected with lycanthropy. 

Lycanthropy (li-kan'-thro-pe) [Xvkoc, a wolf; avOpu-o^, 
man]. A form of mania in which a person imagines 
himself a wild beast. Cf. Zoanthropy. 

Lychnidiate (lik-nidt '-e-at) \fvxvoc, a lamp]. In bi- 
ology, luminous, phosphorescent. 

Lycin (li'-sin). See Betain. 

Lycodes (li-ko'-de:) [/U'/roc, wolf]. A chronic form of 
tonsillitis. See Lycoides. 

Lycoid (Ji'-koid) [/U'koc, wolf; £«5oc, like]. Resem- 
bling a wolf. 

Lycoides (li-koid'-ez) [Ai'rac, wolf; fMoc, like]. A 
term applied to a form of quinsy popularly attributed 
to excess of spermatic fluid in the seminal reservoirs 
and its entrance into the blood. 






LYCOMANIA 



711 



LYMPHADENOMA 



Lycomania (li-ko-ma'-ne-ah) \1vkoc, wolf; uavia, mad- 
ness]. Synonym of Lycanthropy, q. v. 

Lycoperdon (li-ko-per'-don) [AiiKOf, wolf; irkpthaSai, to 
break wind]. A genus of gasteromycetous fungi. L. 
bovista, list-ball, puff-ball, devil's snuff-box. This 
has been used as a styptic, and is now to some extent 
employed in nervous diseases. The fumes have been 
used as an anesthetic. L. giganteum, the giant 
puff-ball ; similar to L. bovista. L. proteus. See 
L. giganteum. 

Lycopersicon, Lycopersicum (li-ko-per' -sik-on, li-ko- 
per'-sik-um) [Alkoc, wolf ; rrepatKur, peach]. A section 
of the Solanacea, of which several species are well 
known. See Solatium. 

Lycopin (li'-ko-pin) \_a'vkoq, wolf; ffoif, foot]. A pre- 
cipitate from a tincture of Lycopits virginicus, an 
astringent, styptic, sedative, and tonic. Dose from I to 
4 grains. Unof. 

Lycopodin (li-ko-po'-diii) \Xvkoc, wolf; Troiig, foot], C 32 
H 52 N 2 3 . A bitter alkaloid found in Lycopodium cla- 
vatum and L. complanatum. It is readily soluble in 
water, ether, and in alcohol. Unof. 

Lycopodium (li-ko-po' -de-um) [avkoc, wolf ; ttovc, foot]. 
Club-moss, witch-meal, wolf's-claw. In medicine, the 
sporules of L. clavalum and other varieties, in the 
form of a light, fine, yellowish powder, are used as a 
desiccant and absorbent on moist and excoriated sur- 
faces ; in pharmacy, as an inert powder in which to 
imbed pills to prevent their adhering to each other. 
Lycopodium is inflammable and slightly explosive, 
whence the name " vegetable sulphur." A large num- 
ber of species are known. L. clavatum, lycopodium. 
L. complanatum, common club-moss, ground-pine, 
found in Europe and North America. L. inundatum, 
marsh club-moss. L. officinale. See L. clavatum. 
L. phlegmasia, an Asiatic species said to possess 
aphrodisiac properties. L. recurvum. See L. 
selago. L. rubrum, a species which is actively 
purgative. It has been employed in South America in 
elephantiasis. L. saussurus, Brazilian piligon. Its 
alkaloid, piligonin, is a powerful emetic, purgative, and 
convulsant. L. selago, fir-moss, fir-club-moss, tree- 
moss ; a species found in Europe and North America. 
It is cathartic and emetic in its action. Unof. 

Lycopus (li' -ko-pus) . See Bugleiveed. 

Lycorexia, Lycorrhexy (li-kor-eks'-e-ah, li' -kor-eks-e) 
[yU'/coc, wolf; 6pef(c, appetite]. A wolfish or canine 
appetite; bulimia. 

Lycostoma (li-kos' -to-malt) [Xvkoq, wolf; <jT6fia, 
mouth]. Cleft palate. 

Lye (li) [ME., ley, lye]. The solution of alkaline 
hydrates obtained by leaching ashes ; any alkaline 
solution. 

Lyencephalous (li-en-sef '-al-us) [Xveiv, to loosen ; 
iyn£<l>a?iOs, brain]. Having cerebral hemispheres that 
are loosely united. 

Lygismus (li-Jiz' -mus) [Avyic/idr, from Xvyigetv, to 
bend]. A melodious, flexible voice; also, disloca- 
tion. 

Lygmus (lig'-mus) [Avy/iog']. Synonym of Hiccough. 

Lygodesmia [li-go dez' '-me-a/i) [\vyoc, twig ; (feayzdf , 
bond]. A genus of composite- flowered herbs. L. 
spinosa, of Nevada and California, has about its 
stem, at the ground, a tuft of woolly or silky fiber, 
useful as a hemostatic. Unof. 

Lygophilous (li-gojf' -il-us) \_Avyr], twilight ; <j>i\eiv, to 
love]. Seeking dark places. 

Lying-down, Lying-in. See Puerperal State. 

Lyma (li'-mah) \_Av/j.a, washings: pi. , Lymata~\. I. 
Filth, or sordes. 2. Lochia. 

Lymph (limf) \lympha, water]. The fluid in the lym- 
phatic vessels, the product of the filtration of the 



liquid portion of the blood through the walls of the 
capillaries. Applied, also, to certain products of 
lymph-exudation in wounds, etc. L., Animal, vac- 
cine-lymph obtained from an animal. L., Aplastic, 
a lymph-product of inflammation that will not form 
embryonic tissue. It is called, also, Corpuscular or 
Croupous lymph. L., Bovine, vaccine-material ob- 
tained from a cow or a calf. L., Calf, vaccine from the 
calf. L.-cell, L. -corpuscle, a leukocyte occurring 
in the lymph. L. -corpuscles, the colorless corpuscles 
of the lymph. L., Euplastic. See L., Plastic. 
L., Fibrinous. Same as L., Plastic. L. -follicles, 
branched lacunar labyrinthine parts composed of 
adenoid tissue intercalated in the course of the lym- 
phatic vessels. They are not true glands. L.- 
glands. See Lymphatic Glands. L. -hearts, exist 
in certain cold-blooded animals, the frog, e . g. , having 
two axillary and two sacral hearts for pumping the 
lymph. L., Humanized, vaccine from a human 
being. L., Inflammatory, that thrown out as a pro- 
duct of inflammation in wounds, etc. L., Koch's, a 
term for the fluid called, by Koch, paratoloid, now 
known as tuberculin. See Tuberculin. It is recom- 
mended by Koch for hypodermatic injection in cases 
of tuberculous disease. L., Plastic, fibrinous lymph ; 
that forming embryonic tissue. L. -scrotum, an ana- 
sarcous condition of the scrotum due to the presence 
of Filaria sanguinis hominis in the blood-stream. 
See Filaria. L. -spaces, the lacunae that occur in 
connective tissue, and contain lymph. L., Vituline. 
See L., Calf. 

Lymphaden {Jim-fa' -den) \lympha, water ; adr/v, gland]. 
Any lymphatic gland. 

Lymphadenectasis (lim-fad-en-ek' -tas-is) \_lympha, 
lymph ; adr/v, gland ; £/crao7f , distention] . A tumor 
of a lymph-gland, due to dilatation of its sinuses. 

Lymphadenhypertrophy (Hm-fad-en-hi-per'-tro-fe) 
\lympha, lymph ; adr/v, gland ; msp, over ; rpotpr/, 
nourishment]. Hypertrophy of the lymphatic glands. 

Lymphadenia (lim-fad-e' -ne-ah) \jympha, lymph ; 
adr/v, gland]. A general hyperplasia of the lym- 
phatic tissue with or without leukocytosis. 

Lymphadenism (lim-fad' -en-izm) \lympha, lymph ; 
adr/v, gland]. The general condition of disease that 
accompanies lymphadenoma. 

Lymphadenitis (lim-fad-en-i' -tis) \lympha, lymph ; 
adr/v, gland; uric, inflammation]. Inflammation of a 
lymphatic gland. L., Cutaneous, mycosis fungoides. 
L., Septic, a form due to the presence of microor- 
ganisms. L., Simple, lymphadenitis due to irrita- 
tion. 

Lymphadenoid (lim-fad' -en-oid) \_lympha, lymph; 
adr/v, gland; Adoq, like]. Resembling, or of the 
nature of, a lymphatic gland. 

Lymphadenoma (lim-fad-en-o'-mah) \_lympha, lymph; 
adr/vafia, a glandular tumor: pi. , Lyitiphadenomata\ 
Hodgkin's disease; Malignant lymphoma; Pseudo- 
leukemia; Ansemica lymphatica ; Adenie [Fr.]. A 
disease of the lymphatic structures of the body char- 
acterized by a hyperplasia, and often a new forma- 
tion of lymphatic tissue in glands, spleen, and bone- 
marrow. The cervical glands are usually first involved. 
The blood, as a rule, presents the characters of anemia 
without increase in the number of white corpuscles. 
Pyrexia, often of a remittent type, is common. The 
disease occurs most frequently in males. The duration 
is from two to five years, and the disease results fatally. 
Occasionally lymphadenoma is converted into a true 
leukemia. L., Hard, a form characterized by indu- 
rated, firm, glandular swellings. L., Leukemic, 
when associated with leukemia. L., Soft, a form in 
which the enlarged lymphatic glands are soft. 



LYMPHADENOSIS 



712 



LYMPHATICS 



Lymphadenosis (Jim-fad- en- o' 'sis) [lympka, lymph ; 
aSr/v, gland ; voaoc, disease]. General lymphadenoma. 

Lymphadermia, Cutaneous (lim- fad- er'- me - ah). 
Synonym of Granuloma fungoides. 

Lymphaeduct (lim' -fe-dukt). See Lympheduct. 

Lymphaemia (lim-fe' -me-ak). See Lymphemia. 

Lymphagogue (lim' -fag-og) [lympka, lymph ; ayuydc, 
leading]. An agent that increases the production of 
lymph. 

Lymphaneurysma (lim -fan - u - riz' - ma/i) \ly?npha, 
lymph; ave'vpvajia, aneurysm: //. , Lymphaneurys- 
mata~\. Lymphangiectasis ; a tumor caused by dila- 
tation of lymphatic vessels. L., Ganglionar, an 
endemic form, with multiple localized dilatations of the 
lymphatic vessels. L., Sporadic, a localized form, 
usually of traumatic or infectious origin. 

Lymphangei- (lim' -fan-je-). See Lymphaiigi-. 

Lymphangeiitis (lim-fan-je-i' -tis). See Lymphangitis. 

Lymphangiectasis (lim-fan-je-ek 1 -las-is) [lympka, 
lymph; ayyelov, vessel; eKraaic, widening]. Abnor- 
mal dilatation of the lymphatic vessels. See Angio- 
keratoma. L., Endemic, a form common in the 
tropics, and generally due to filariasis. 

Lymphangiectodes (lim-fan-je-eh-to'-dez). See Lym- 
phangioma circumscriptum. 

Lymphangienchysis (lim-fan-je-en' -kis-is) [lympka, 
lymph ; ayyelov, vessel ; eyxvaic, a pouring in] . Injec- 
tion of the lymphatic vessels. 

Lymphangiography (limfan-je-og' '-ra-fe) \_lympha, 
water; ayyelov. vessel; ypatyeiv, to write]. A de- 
scription of the lymphatics. 

Lymphangiology (lim-fan-je-ol' -o-je) [lympka, lymph; 
ayyelov, vessel ; Ai5/oc, treatise]. The anatomy, physi- 
ology, and pathology of the lymphatics. 

Lymphangioma (lim-fanje-o' -mah) \_lympha, lymph ; 
ayyelov, vessel; bfia, tumor: pi. , Lympkangiomata~\. 
A dilated or varicose condition or tumor of the lym- 
phatic vessels. L. capillare varicosum. Synonym of 
L. circumscriptum. L. cavernosum. Synonym of 
L. circumscriptum. L. circumscriptum, Lymphan- 
giectodes : Lupus lymphaticus, a very rare disease of the 
skin occurring in early life. It is marked by the form- 
ation of straw-yellow vesicles, deeply situated in the 
skin, with thick and tense walls, and connected with the 
lymphatics. Their usual seats are the shoulders, trunk, 
face, neck, thighs, and arms. The disease gradually 
spreads and tends to recur. Its cause is unknown. L. 
tuberosum multiplex, a very rare disease of the 
skin, probably congenital, characterized by the forma- 
tion of large, brownish-red papules or tubercles, the 
size of lentils, not arranged in groups or clusters, but 
scattered indiscriminately over the trunk. They dip 
down into the subcutaneous tissue, and both feel and 
look solid, but on section they prove to be made up of 
greatly dilated lymphatics. 

Lymphangio-myoma (lim-fan' -je-o-mi-o'-mak) . See 
Myoma. 

Lymphangion (lim- fan'- je- on) [lympka, lymph; 
ayyelov, vessel]. A lymphatic vessel. 

Lymphangiopyra (lim -fan -je - op' - ir - ah) [lympka, 
lymph ; ayyelov, vessel; ttv/), fire]. Fever due to or 
accompanying a disease of the lymphatics. 

Lymphangioscopy (lim -fan-je - os'- ko - pe) [lympka, 
lymph; ayyelov, vessel; anowelv, to inspect]. In- 
spection or observation of the lymphatics. 

Lymphangiotomy (lim -fan-je - ot f - o-me) [lympka, 
lymph; ayyelov, vessel ; rouy, a cutting]. Dissection 
or anatomy of the lymphatics. 

Lymphangitis (lim-fan-ji'-tis) [lympka, lymph; ayye- 
lov, vessel ; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
a lymphatic vessel. L., Tubular, a form involving 
the chief lymphatics and attended with the pro- 



duction of red lines on the skin. L., Wandering, a 
form occurring usually on the back of the hand, and 
due to frequent contact with putrefying tissues. It 
occurs in reticular patches connected by wavy lines. 

Lymphangoncus (lim-fan-;on'-kus) [lympka, lymph ; 
ayyelov, vessel ; by nog, a tumor]. A firm swelling of 
the lymphatic vessels. 

Lymphapostema(///« : /a/-<w-/<? / -7«a/$) [lympka, lymph ; 
anoaTiijia, abscess: //. , Lympkapostemata]. A lym- 
phatic abscess. 

Lympharia (lim-fa' -re-ah) [lympka, lymph]. A name 
proposed for lymphatic tissue. 

Lymphate (lim' fat) [lympka, water]. Raving; 
frightened into madness. 

Lymphatic (lim-fat'-ik) [lymphaticus ; lympka, lymph]. 
Pertaining to lymph ; containing or characterized by 
lymph. L. Edema. See Lymphedema. L. Glands, 
the glands intercalated in the pathway of the lymph- 
atic vessels, through which the lymph is filtered. L. 
Temperament. See Tonperament. L. Vessels. 
See Lymphatics. 

Lymphatico-sanguine (lim -fat' '-ik-o-san' '-g-tvin) [lym- 
pka, lymph; sanguis, blood]. Both lymphatic and 
sanguine. See Temperament. 




Efferent Lymphatics of Cervical antj Axillary 

Glands. 

i. Superior extremity of thoracic duct. 2. Its entrance at 

the junction of the internal jugular and left subclavian veins. 

Lymphatics (lim-fat'-iks) [lympka, lymph]. The 
lymphatic vessels, including capillaries, afferent and 
efferent vessels, and ducts or trunks ; the lymph-ves- 
sels ; capillary tubes extending to nearly every part 
of the body, from which they take up the lymph, 
forming the principal part of the absorbent system. 
Afferent or inferent lymphatics, those that convey 
lymph to the lymphatic glands ; efferent lymphatics, 
those that conduct lymph from the glands. 



LYMPHATISM 



713 



LYMPHOMATOUS 




Lymphatic Glands and Vessels of the Cavity of the 
Axilla. 




Lymphatic Glands and Vessels of the Inguinal 
Region. 

Lymphatism (lim' -fat-izm) \lymphatismus\ . The lym- 
phatic temperament ; scrofula. 

Lymphatitis (litn-fat-i'-tis). See Lymphangitis. 

Lymphatocele (lim-fat' -o-sel) [lympha, lymph; ni/lr), 
tumor] . A tumor composed of dilated lymph-vessels. 

Lymphatology (lim-fat-ol' -o-je). See Lymphology. 



Lymph-canalicular (limf -kan-al-ik' -u-lar) \lympha, 

lymph; canaliculus, small channel]. Pertaining to 

3§p»! the ultimate channels of the lymphatic vessels. 

pla L.ymphedema(lim-/e-de'-meih) \ly7npha, lymph ; oWir/ua, 

edema]. Edema due to accumulation of lymph; 

serous edema. 

Lympheduct (lim' -fe-dukf) \lympha, lymph ; ducere, 
to lead]. A lymphatic vessel or duct. 

Lymphemia (lim-fe* ' -me-ah) \lympha, lymph ; a't/ia, 
blood]. Leukemia characterized by pathologic pro- 
cesses in the lymphatic glands, which become hy- 
pertrophied ; the kidney or liver sometimes presents 
what appears to be an element composed of lymphatic 
tissues. 

Lymphenteritis (lim-fen-ter-i' '-tis) \_lympha, lymph ; 
ivrepov, bowels; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the bowels attended with serous infiltration. 2. 
Inflammation of the serous coat of the intestine ; 
peritonitis. 

Lymphepatitis (limf-hep-at-i' -tis) \lympha, lymph ; 
r/wap, liver; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
peritoneal coat of the liver. 

Lympheurysma (lim-fu-riz'-mah). See Lymphan- 
eurysma. 

Lymphexosmosis (lim -feks - os- mo' - sis) \lympha, 
lymph ; ef, out ; uajxdc, thrust]. Exosmosis of lymph ; 
passage of lymph outward, through the coats of the 
lymph-vessels. 

Lymphitis (lim-fi'-tis). See Lymphangitis. 

Lymphoblast (lim' -fo-blast) \_lympha, lymph ; /3/\aoT6r t 
germ]. Any cell with a nutritive function. 

Lymphocele (lim' '-f o-sel) [lympha, lymph; Kr/lrj, 
tumor]. A tumor containing an abnormal collection 
or quantity of lymph. 

Lymphocyte (lim' -fo-sit) \lympha, lymph ; ki>toc, a 
cell]. 1. A lymph-cell. 2. One of Ehrlich's classes of 
leukocytes, comprising those small cells having large 
nuclei and a very small amount of protoplasm. See 
Leukocyte. 

Lymphocythemia (lim -fo - si- the'- me - ah) \ly171pha, 
lymph ; kvtoc, cell ; ai/ia, blood]. A condition of the 
blood in which the lymphocytes are increased. 

Lymphodermia (lim-fo-der' -me-ah) \lympha, lymph ; 
dipfia, skin]. An affection of the lymphatics of the 
skin. L. perniciosa, a certain form of Mycosis, or 
fungoid granuloma. 

Lymphoduct (lim'-fo-dukt). See Lympheduct. 

Lympho-gastritis (lim-fo-gas-tri' -lis) \lympha, lymph ; 
yaari/p, stomach; trig, inflammation]. Lymphatic 
gastritis. 

Lymphogenous (lim-foj'-en-us) \lympha, lymph ; 
yevvav, to beget]. Producing lymph. 

Lymphoid (lim'-foid) [lymph a, lymph; elfior, like]. 
Having the appearance or character of lymph. 

Lymphology (lim-fol' -o-je) \lympha, lymph; "koyoc, 
science]. The study of the anatomy and physiology 
of the lymphatic system. 

Lymphoma (li?n-fo'-?nah) \lympha, lymph; bfia, 
tumor: //. , Lymphomata~\. A lymph-tumor; also, 
lymphadenoma. The term includes formations not 
strictly tumors but hyperplasias of the tissues proper 
to lymphatic glands. L., Heteroplastic. Synonym 
of Ly?nphadetioma. L., Leukemic. See Lymph- 
adenoma, Leuke?}iic. L., Malignant. Synonym of 
Lymphadenoma. L., Scrofulous, tuberculous en- 
largement of lymphatic glands. L., Typhoid, the 
formation of small lymphatic masses in the intestinal 
peritoneum and in the liver and kidneys in typhoid 
fever. 

Lymphomatous (lim-fo' -mat-us) \lympha, lymph ; bfia, 
tumor]. Of the nature of, affected with, or relating 
to, lymphoma. 



LYMPHONCUS 



714 



LYTTA 



Lymphoncus (lim-fong'-kus) \lympha, lymph ; oy/cof , 
tumor]. A hard lymphatic swelling. L. iridis. 
See Iridauxesis. 

Lympho-nephritis (lim-fo-nef-ri' -tis) \_lympha, lymph ; 
vetypog, kidney; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the serous, or outer, surface of the kidney. 

Lymphopathy (lim-fop' -ath-e) \_lympha, lymph ; nadog, 
disease] . Any disorder of the lymphatic organs. 

Lympho-peritonitis (lim-fo-per-it-on-i' -tis) \lympha, 
lymph ; irepirovawv, peritoneum; trig, inflammation]. 
Lymphatic peritonitis. 

Lymphopyra (lim-fop' -ir-ah). See Lymphangiopyra. 

Lymphorrhagia (lim-for-a' -je-ah) \_lympha, lymph ; 
pijyvvvai, to burst forth]. An effusion or flow of 
lymph from a ruptured lymphatic vessel. 

Lymphorrhea (lim-for-e' -ah) \_lympha, lymph ; poia, a 
flow]. A discharge of lymph from a wound, inter- 
nally or externally. 

'L.ym , pho-s&TComa.(lim-fo-sar-ko'-mah)\_lympha, lymph; 
aapKup.a, a fleshy mass : pi. , Lympho-sarcomata\ Pro- 
perly, a form of sarcoma having some of the structural 
elements of a lymphatic gland ; also, a sarcoma seated 
upon, or involving, a lymphatic gland. L. thymicum, 
a lympho-sarcoma originating in a persistent thymus 
gland and attended with metastasis to various parts of 
the body. 

Lympho-sarcomatosis (lim'-fo - sar - ko - mat - o'- sis) 
\lympha, lymph ; adpKio/aa, fleshy mass]. A condi- 
tion or diathesis marked by the development of 
lympho-sarcoma; also, the process of such develop- 
ment. 

Lymphosis (lim-fo'-sis) \lympha, lymph]. The elab- 
oration of lymph. 

Lymphostasis (lim-fos'-tas-is) \lympha, lymph; c-aaiq, 
a. placing]. Stasis or stoppage of the flow of 
lymph. 

Lymphotomy (lim-fot'-o-me). See Lymphangiotomv. 

Lymphotorrhea (litn-fot-or-e'-ah ) \_lympha, lymph ; 
ovq, ear; poia, a flow]. A serous or watery discharge 
from the ear. 

Lymphuria (lim-fu' -re-ah) \lympha, lymph; ovpov, 
urine]. A condition in which the urine spontaneously 
coagulates, but contains no fat, as it does in chyluria. 

Lynx (links) \Xbyi-, a sobbing]. Hiccough; violent 
sobbing. 

Lyon's Apparatus. See Urea and Dismfection. 

Lyons Blue. Same as Spirit-blue. 

Lypemania (li-pe-ma' '-ne-ah) \\vvq, sadness; navia, 
madness]. A form of dementia accompanied by 
profound mental depression and refusal to take food. 

Lyperophrenia (li-per-o-fre 1 '-ne-ah ) \\vKripbq, distress- 
ing ; (ppijv, mind]. Melancholia. 

Lypothymia (li-po-thi' -me-ah ) \Xvtttj, sadness ; 8vji6^, 
mind]. Melancholia; severe mental prostration from 
grief. This condition is not to be confounded with 
Leipothymia, q. v. 

Lyra (li'-rah) [Xvpa, a lyre]. A lyre. L. of Fornix, 
certain longitudinal, transverse, and oblique lines on 
the under surface of the fornix, the arrangement of 
which bears a fanciful resemblance to a harp. L. of 



Uterus, the uterine arbor vitse. L. of Vagina, the 
vaginal rugse. 

Lyrate (li'-rat) [lyra, a lyre]. In biology, lyre-shaped. 

Lysemia (li-se' -me-ah) [Tilaig, solution ; alua, blood]. 
A dissolution of the blood, or a losing of the integral 
parts of it. 

Lysigenetic (lis-ij-en-et'-ik). Same as Lysigenous. 

Lysigenic (lis-ij-en'-ik). Same as Lysigenous. 

Lysigenous (lis-ij' -en-us) [2/iatg, a setting free ; yevrjg, 
born, produced]. In biology, a term applied to inter- 
cellular spaces formed by the breaking down of con- 
tiguous cells. Cf. Schizogenic . 

Lysimachia (lis-im-a'-ke-ah) [Ivoic, a loosing ; p.axi, 
battle]. A genus of primulaceous plants of many 
species. L. nemorum, L. nummularia, L. vul- 
garis, of Europe, and L. quadrifolia, and other N. 
American species are used in domestic medicine. Unof. 

Lysinosis (lis-in-o'-sis) \Xvai$, Xveiv, to loose (a ravel- 
ling or shred) ]. Hertz's term for a disease of the 
lungs due to the inhalation of cotton-fibers. 

Lysiplasta (lis-ip-las'-tah) \%vqig, a loosing; nAaaaeiv, 
to mould]. Diseased states marked by excessive secre- 
tion. 

Lysis (li'-sis) [Aiwf, "kvuv, to loose]. A term some- 
what loosely used, but now applied to the gradual 
decline of a disease, especially a fever. 

Lysol (li'-sol). A saponified phenol derived from 
cresols by the action of nascent soap. It is an excel- 
lent disinfectant in from one to three per cent, solutions, 
and has been used in dermatology and gynecology. 
Unof. 

Lyssa (lis'-ah) \hvaaa, madness]. I. A synonym of 
Hydrophobia or Rabies, i. Mania or madness. 

Lyssic (lis'-ik) [Tivaaa, madness]. Pertaining to rabies; 
due to rabies. 

Lyssin (lis' -in) \_Vvaaa, madness]. The specific virus 
or germ of hydrophobia. 

Lyssodegma (lis-o-deg'-mah). Synonym of Lyssodexis. 

Lyssodexis (lis-o-deks'-is) \_Xvcaa, madness ; danveiv, 
to bite]. The bite of a rabid dog. 

Lyssoid (lis' -old) [71 oca, rabies ; eMof, like]. Resem- 
bling rabies ; resembling madness. 

Lyssophobia (lis-o-fo'-be-ah) [?.vaaa, madness ; (f>6(ioc, 
fear] . Morbid dread of rabies ; pseudo-hydrophobia. 

Lyterian (li-te' -re-an) \7ivrf]piv£, loosing]. Indicative 
of a lysis, or of a favorable crisis, terminating an 
attack of disease. 

Lythrum (lith'-rum) \_Avdpov, bloody defilement]. A 
genus of lythraceous plants. L. salicaria, or willow- 
herb, is used as an astringent in leukorrhea, diarrhea, 
and hemorrhage from the lungs. Unof. 

Lytic (lit'-ik) \lyticus, 1vtlk6(\. Relating to a lysis, 
or to a solution. 

Lytta (lit'-ah). I. Synonym of Hydrophobia. 2. A 
long, median, pointed, fibrous or cartilaginous process 
(glossohyal) in the tongue of carnivora. It is the 
"worm" of the dog's tongue, commonly held to be 
a parasite and often extracted by fanciers. L. vesi- 
catoria. See Cantharis. L. vittata, the potato-fly, 
containing one per cent, or more of cantharidin. 



M 



715 



MACROCEPHALIA 



M 



M. The abbreviation of Musculus, of Meter, of Myo- 
pia, of Minim, of Molar, and of Misce, mix ; it is also 
used to represent the number iooo. 

mm. An abbreviation for millimeter. 

mmm. An abbreviation for Micro-millimeter. 

fi (/««). The abbreviation universally adopted for 

micron or micro-millimeter. 
Ma. An abbreviation of Milliampe're. 

Maas's Mixture. A mixture employed in the treatment 
of eczematous diseases of the ear. It is constituted as 
follows: corrosive sublimate 5 parts, sodium chlorid 
500 parts, glycerin 200 parts. 

Maba [ma' -bah) [native Tonga-Tabu]. A genus of 
ebenaceous trees and shrubs of many species. M. 
ebenus, of the Moluccas, is regarded as a good anti- 
syphilitic and antirheumatic. Unof. 

Mac. An abbreviation of Macera, macerate. 

Mac, Mc, M'., beginning proper names will be found 
as if spelled Mac, and in strict alphabetic order. 

Macaco Worm [mak-a'-ko wurm) [from a Malagasy 
name]. The larva of a S. American fly, Dermatobia 
noxialis, which infests the skin of men and animals. 
See Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Macallo [mak-al'-o). See Andira. 

Macaroni [mak-ar-o'-ue) [Ital.]. I. Slender tubes 
made of flour-paste ; a favorite dish in Italy and also in 
the U. S. 2. An active purgative used in lead-colic. 
Antimony sulphid is one of the ingredients. 

McBurney's Point. A localized point of tenderness 
on deep pressure, supposed to be diagnostic of appen- 
dicitis. It is about two inches above the anterior 
superior spine of the ilium on a line drawn from this 
point to the umbilicus. 

Macdowel's Frenum. See Frenum. 

McDowell's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Mace [mas). See Myristica. 

Macene [mas-en') [mans, mace], C 10 H ]6 . An essential 
oil resulting from the distillation of the flowers of 
nutmeg. The hydrochlorate on distillation yields a 
camphor. 

Maceration [mas-er-a' -shun) [maceratio ; ?nacerare, to 
make soft]. Extraction of the medicinal qualities of a 
substance by steeping or infusing. Applied, also, to 
a softening and non-putrefactive decomposition of the 
dead fetus long carried in the uterus. 

Macewen's Method. A method of preparing animal 
ligatures. To I oz. each of water and glycerin add 
12 grs. of chromic acid crystals ; in this steep the 
ligatures ten days, then remove and thoroughly dry ; 
for preservation keep in a 5 P er cent, carbolic-acid 
solution. M.'s Operation. See Operations , Table of ". 

Machopolyp [mak' -o-pol-ip) \jiaxq, fight; vroXvnovc, 
a polyp]. In biology, a modified polyp abundant in 
the Plumularidce, having a defensive function ; some 
animals possess urticating capsules, others, instead, 
adhesive granules. The name was introduced by 
Hamann ; it is also called Guard-polyp. 

Macies [ma'-se-iz) [macies, a wasting]. Atrophy, 
leanness, wasting. M. infantum. Synonym of 
Tabes ?nesenterica. 

Macilent [mas' -il-ent) \_macilentus, lean]. Meager; 
thin ; lean. 

Macintosh's Cream. A dressing for urticaria. It con- 
sists of subnitrate of bismuth 2 drams, oxid of zinc 
y z dram, glycerin \y z drams, liquid carbolic acid 
from 20 to 30 minims, vaselin 6 ounces. 

M'Kinnell's Ventilator. See Ventilation. 

Mackintosh [mak' -in-tosh) [after Charles Mackintosh, 



the inventor]. A fabric of silk or cotton, rendered 
waterproof and airproof by a coating of india rubber; 
it is used in antiseptic surgery and in obstetrics. 
McLeod's Capsular Rheumatism. A form of 
rheumatoid arthritis attended with effusion into the 
synovial capsules and into the synovial sheaths and 
bursse about the affected joints. See Diseases, Table of. 
Maclurin [mak-lu'-rin) [after W. Maclure], C 15 H, 2 8 . 
A principle found in yellow- wood [Morus tinctoria), 
from which it may be extracted by hot water. It 
occurs in the form of a yellow, crystalline powder, sol- 
uble in water and alcohol ; it is found also in Madura 
aurantia, or Osage-orange. 

McMunn's Elixir. See Opium. 

Macquer's Arsenical Salt. The arseniate of potassium. 

Macradenous [mak-rad' -en-us) [panpog, large ; adijv, 
gland]. Having large glands. 

Macraesthete [mak' -res-thet) [pai<pdg, large ; <w6fyrdc, 
perceived by the senses]. In biology, Moseley's term 
for one of the more or less fusiform sense-bodies that 
occupy the cavities of the megalopores of the Chiton- 
idce. They terminate in conspicuous obconical plugs of 
transparent, highly refractive tissue, and are com- 
posed of a number of cylindric strands of tissue held 
closely together. Cf. ^Esthete. 

Macrandrous [mak-ran'-drus) [panp6c, long ; avi/p, 
male]. In biology, applied to such plants [alga) as 
have the male plants large or elongated. 

Macrantrus [mak-ran' -trus) \jianpoc, large ; avrpov, 
a cave]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the 
vertical line extending from the most prominent point 
of the frontal torus to the radius fixus is from four 
to nine mm. in front of that from the nasion to the 
radius fixus. 

Macrauchen [mak-raw' -ken) [fiaupdc, large ; avxw, 
neck]. A long-necked person. 

Macrencephalic [mak-ren-sef-al'-ik), Macrencephal- 
ous [mak-ren-sef -al-us) [paupdc, long ; kyuityaXoc , 
brain]. Having a large or long skull. 

Macrencephalus [mak-ren-sef ' -al-us) \_panp6c, large ; 
eynetya'Aoc, brain]. Lissauer's term for a skull in 
which the angle formed by the junction of the lines 
drawn from the hormion to the nasion and to the 
inion is between 156.5 and 170 . 

Macrencranus [mak-ren-kra' -nus) [paKpdr, large ; ev, 
in; upaviov, skull]. Lissauer's term for a skull hav- 
ing a large cerebellar sector (from 20° to 27. 5 ). 

Macritas [mak' -rit- as) \_macer, lean]. Emaciation; 
leanness. 

Macro- [mak'-ro-) [panpoc, long, great]. A prefix 
signifying great, long, or extensive. 

Macrobiosis [mak-ro-bi-o'-sis)[panp6c, long; fiioc, life]. 
A condition characterized by long life ; longevity. 

Macrobiote [mak-ro'-be-ot) [_p.aK.po (3 ioroc, having a long 
life]. One who lives long. 

Macrobiotic [mak-ro-bi-ot'-ik) [pa/cpoc, long ; [Hor, 
life]. Pertaining to long life ; long-lived. 

Macrobiotics [mak-ro-bi-ot' -iks) [/j.anp6c, long ; fl'ioc, 
life]. A proposed system of living in a manner con- 
ducive to length of life ; the art or study of longevity. 

Macrobius [mak-ro' -be-us). See Macrobiotic. 

Macrocarpin (mak-ro-kar'-pin) [//a/cpdc, large ; napTrog, 
fruit]. A crystalline neutral principle extracted from 
the root of Thalictrum macrocarpum. 

Macrocarpous [mak-ro-kar' -pus) [fia/cpoc, long ; 
Kapvrog, fruit]. In biology, bearing large fruit. 

Macrocephalia [mak-ro-sefa'-le-ah) [paKpdc, large; 
KerpaXrj, head]. Excessive development of the head 



MACROCEPHALOUS 



716 



MACROPHYSOCEPHALUS 



in size. A systematic deviation in a genus or a species 
distinguished by abnormally large heads. 

Macrocephalous (mak-ro-sef '-al-us) [paapoc, large ; 
Keya'Ar), head]. Characterized by an abnormally large 
head. In biology, applied to plant-embryos that 
have very large and consolidated cotyledons, such as 
the horse-chestnut. 

Macrocephaly (mak-ro-sef ' -al-e). See Macrocephalia. 

Macrocercus (mak-ro-ser'-kus) \jxaKpoc, long; nepnog, 
tail]. Long-tailed. In zoology, a genus in which 
the spermatozoa were at one time classed. 

Macrochasmus (mak-ro-kaz' '-mus) [pauper, large ; 
X&ofia, chasm]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle formed by the junction of lines drawn from 
the wing of the vomer to the posterior nasal spine 
and to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum is 
between 94 and II4 . 

Macrocheilia (mak-ro-ki' '-le-ah) [paKp6r, large ; ^-ei/loc, 
lip]. Excessive size or development of the lips; a 
characteristic of certain negro and negroid tribes. It 
occurs also in cretinoid states and when the lips and 
cheeks are the seat of lymphangioma. 

Macrocheiria (mak-ro-ki' -re-ah) [//a/cpdc, large ; X ei P> 
hand]. Great enlargement of the hands. 

Macrochemistry (mak-ro-kem' -is-tre) [[taupdg, large ; 
Xtf/iela, chemistry]. Chemistry in which the reactions 
are observable with the naked eye. Cf. Microchemis- 
try. 

Macrococcus (mak-ro-kok' -us) [//a/cpdc, long or large ; 
kokkoc, a berry : pl.,Macrococci~\. A term applied to 
cocci that are somewhat larger than the average. 

Macrocolia (ma k-ro-ko' -le-ah) [//n/cpdc, long ; k.u?mv, 
limb]. The possession of long limbs. 

Macrocolous (mak-j-ok'-o-lus) \_panpoc, long; kqXov, 
limb]. Having long limbs. 

Macrocosm (mak' -ro-kozm) \_panp6c, large; ndopoc, 
world]. The world or cosmos, in contradistinction to 
man, the microcosm, or little universe. 

Macrocosmic (mak-ro-koz' '-mik) \_panp6c, large ; k6o- 
por, world]. Pertaining to the macrocosm. 

Macrocosmology (/nak-ro-koz-mol' '-o-je) [//a/cpdc, large ; 
K6opoc, world ; Xoyor, science]. The science of the 
macrocosm or outer world ; mineralogy. 

Macrocyte (mak' -ro-sit) \_pa.np6c, large; kvtoc, cell]. 
A giant blood-corpuscle found in the blood in perni- 
cious anemia, and leukemia. 

Macrocythemia (mak-ro-si-the' -me-ak) \_panp6c, long, 
great ; kvtoc, cell ; aipa, blood]. A condition in 
which the size of the red blood-corpuscles is in- 
creased ; it may be due to malaria, anemia, or lead- 
poisoning. 

Macrocytosis (mak-ro-si-to'-sis) \_panp6c , large ; kvtoc, 
cell]. The formation of macrocytes. 

Macrodactylia (mak-ro-dak-til' -e-ah) \_paKp6c, long; 
daKTvXoc, finger]. An abnormally great length, or 
size, of fingers or toes. 

Macrodactylism (mak-ro-dak' -til-izni). See Macro- 
dactylia. 

Macrodactyly (mak-ro-dak' -til-e). See Macrodactylia. 

Macrodont (mak' -ro-donf) \_paKpoc, large; ddorc, 
tooth]. Large-toothed, as applied to the comparative 
size of the teeth of different races. When the dental 
length multiplied by 100 divided by the basinasal 
length exceeds 44, the skull is considered a macro- 
dont, if under 42 a microdont, if intermediate a 
mesodont. 

Macrogastria (mak-ro-gas' -tre-ah) \_pa,Kp6c, large ; 
yaorijp, belly]. Dilatation of the stomach. 

Macrogastrous (mak-ro-gas' -trus) [paupor, large; 
■yacm'/p, stomach]. Having a large stomach or belly. 

Macrogenious (ma k-ro-je' '-ne-us) \_panp6c, large ; 
yivEiov, chin]. Long-chinned. 



Macroglossia (mak - ro - glos' '- e - ah) \_panp6q, great; 
yAuaaa, tongue]. Hypertrophic development of the 
tongue, a condition seen in cretins, in whom it is 
probably due to lymphangioma. 

Macrognathic (mak-rog-nath'-ik) [paKpdr, long; 
yvoBoc, jaw]. In biology, having long jaws; prog- 
nathous. 

Macrogonidium (mak-ro-go-nid ' -e-um) \_paKp6c, long, 
large; yovrj, generation, seed: //., Macrogonidia\. 
In biology, a gonidium larger than the average. 

Macromania (mak-ro-ma' -ne-ah) [paKpoc, large ; pavia, 
madness]. The insane delusion that objects are larger 
than they really are ; or the impression that one's own 
body or members are much larger than they are. 

Macromaniacal (mak-rn-ma-ni'-ak-al) \_pa.Kpoc, large ; 
pav'ia, madness]. Characterized by the insane im- 
pression that objects are larger than they really are. 

Macromelia, (mak-ro-me'-le-ah), Macromelus (mak- 
rom'-el-ns) [paapoc, long; /ztAoc, organ or member]. 
The excessive development of any organ or member. 

Macromelia (mak-ro-me'-le-ah) \_piiKpoc, long; pi/Xa, 
cheek]. Hypertrophy of the cheeks. 

Macromere (mak'-ro-mer) \_paKp6q, long; pepoc, part]. 
In biology, the larger of the two masses into which 
the vitellus divides in the development of a lamelli- 
branch, termed by Rabe the " vegetative cell." One 
of the larger blastomeres in a holoblastic telolecithal 
germ. M. -plate, a plate of 16 macromeres arranged 
on the vegetative side of the germ in the Cteiiophora. 

Macromyelon (mak-ro-mi' -el-on) . See Metencephalon. 

Macronemous (mak-ro-ne'-mus) [paKpdg, long ; vfifia, 
thread]. Having long tentacles. 

Macronosia (mak-ro-no'-ze-ah) [paxpoc , long ; v6oo(, 
illness]. A protracted or chronic disease. 

Macronucleus (mak-ro-nn' -kle-us). See Nucleus. 

Macronychous (mak-ro-nik' -us) [panpoc, large ; bvvl; , 
talon]. Having long nails or claws. 

Macropanencephalus (mak-i-o-pan-en-sef -al-us) [pan- 
poc, large; nav, all; eyKefafor, brain]. Lissauer's 
term for a skull in which the angle formed by the 
junction of the lines joining the hormion to the nasion 
and to the basion is between 185. 5 and 206 . 

Macropetalous (mak-ro-pef -al-us) \jianp6c, long ; irera- 
'Aov, a leaf]. In biology, having large petals. 

Macrophage (mak'-ro-fdj) \_panp6c, large ; (payecv, to 
devour]. A large phagocyte. " Metschnikoff's term 
for certain large leukocytes occurring in structures 
affected with erysipelas. He believes that they con- 
sume and destroy the debris of the dead and dying 
microphages ." 

Macrophagocyte (mak-ro-fag' -o-s'it) [paupdc, large ; 
(payelv, to devour; kvtoc, a cell]. A large-sized phag- 
ocyte, possessed of a single nucleus, and derived from 
some fixed connective-tissue element. 

Macrophagus (mak-roff ' -ag-us). See Macrophage. 

Macrophallus (mak-ro-fal' -us) [pahcpoc, large; (paXk6c, 
penis]. A penis abnormally large or long. 

Macropharynx (mak-ro-far 1 '-ingks) \_paKpog, large; 
(jidpvy^, pharynx]. A large pharynx. 

Macrophonous (mak-roff ' -o-nus) \_paKp6c, large ; <j>uvi], 
sound]. Loud-voiced. 

Macrophthalmos (mak-roff-thal'-mos) \_pa,Kp6$, long, 
large ; bqtia'Apoc , eye]. In biology, having large eyes. 

Macrophylline (mak-ro-fil'-in) \_paKpoq, long, large; 
tpi'A.'kov, a leaf]. In biology, consisting of large leaf- 
like parts or organs. 

Macrophyllous (mak-ro-fil'-us) \_panpos, long ; (pv'/.Xov, 
a leaf]. In biology, having large leaves. 

Macrophysocephalus (mak-ro-fi-so-sef -al-us) [paxpoc, 
large; ibvaav, to puff up ; netpa'A/'/, head]. I. Enlarge- 
ment of the head from emphysema. 2. Caput succe- 
daneum. 



MACROPIA 



717 



MACULATE 



Macropia (mak-ro'-pe-ah). See Megalopsia. 

Macroplasia (mak-ro-pla'-ze-ah) [fianpoc, large ; nAa- 
aig, a moulding]. Excessive development of portions 
of the body. 

Macropneuma, Macropnea (inak-ro-nu' '-mak, mah- 
rop'-ne-ali) \jiaKpoq, long; irvevfia, irvor), air, wind]. 
Deep breathing. 

Macropodal (mak-rop'-o-dal) \_p.aKp6c; , large ; ttol'C, 
foot]. Large-footed. 

Macropodia (mak-ro-po' -de-ali) \jxaKpoq, large ; nuvq, 
foot]. Excessive size of the feet. 

Macropodous (mak-rop' -o-dus) [/za/cpo'c, long; iroiiq, 
foot]. I . Large-footed. 2. In biology, applied to leaves 
with long foot-stalks, or to embryos with peculiarly 
large radicles. 

Macropous (jnak'-ro-pus). See Macropodal. 

Macroprosopia (inak-ro-pro-so' -pe-ali) [ftaupdc-, large ; 
Tzpoauxov, face]. A monstrosity with a huge face. 

Micropsia (mak-rop' -se-ah). See Megalopsia. 

Macropterous (mak-rop' -ter-us) [//a/cpdr, long ; ■KTe.pbv, 
wing]. In biology, having long wings ; longipennate. 

Macrorhinia (mak-ro-rin' -e-ah) \jiaKpoc, large ; ptf, 
nose]. Congenital hypertrophy of the nose. 

Macrorhis (mak' -ro-ris) [fiaxpog, large; pig, nose]. 
Having a large nose. 

Macrorhynchus (mak-ro-rin' -kus) \jiatip6c, large ; 
pvyxoc, beak]. Large-beaked. 

Macroscelia (mak-ro-ske'-le-ah) \_/taicp6c, large ; ankXot;, 
leg]. Excessive development of the legs. 

Macroscopic (mak-ro-skop'-ik) \_p.a.Kp6q, large; gkotzeIv, 
to see] . Large enough to be seen by the naked eye ; 
gross ; not microscopic. M. Morbid Anatomy, 
naked-eye or gross morbid anatomy. 

Macroseme (mak'-ro-seni) [//a/cpoY, large ; cf/fia, sign, 
index]. Having an orbital index in excess of 89. 

Macrosiphon (mak-ro-si'-fon) [pa/cpoc, long; oiduv, 
siphon]. In biology, applied to the long, horny fun- 
nel of certain cephalopods. 

Macrosiphonula (mak-ro-si-fm' '-u-lali) [fia.Kp6c, long; 
citpuw, siphon : pi., Macrosiphonulcz\. In embryology, 
a larval stage of certain cephalopods characterized by 
the appearance of the macrosiphon. 

Macrosis (mak-ro' -sis) \_fianpoc, large]. A state of 
increase in volume. 

Wla.CTOsmaXic(i?iak-roz-mat'-ik) \_fiaKp6c, large; ba/xaeaBai, 
to smell]. Having well-developed olfactory organs. 

Macrosomatia (inak-ro-so-ma'-she-ah), Macrosomia 
(mak-ro-so' -me-ah) \_p\aKp6c, large; aapa, body]. 
Great or teratic size of body ; largeness of body suffi- 
cient to constitute a monstrosity. 

Macrosomatous (mak-ro-so' -mat-zis) [p.a.Kp6c, large ; 
aufia, body]. Having a large body. Characterized 
by an abnormally or teratically large body. 

Macrosomite (mak-ro-so'-mlt ) [fuwpdg, long ; aufia, 
body]. In embryology, one of the larger primitive 
segments or metameres in the embryos of certain 
insects. 

Macrosporangiophore (mak-ro-spo-ran 1 '-je-o-for) [//a/c- 
poc, long, large ; airopa, seed ; ayyelov, vessel ; <p6pot;, 
bear] . In biology, the envelop of a macrosporangium. 

Macrosporangium (mak-ro-spo-ran' '-je-ztm) [fianpoc, 
long; airopa, seed; ayyelov, vessel:^/., Macrosporan- 
gia\. In biology, a sporangium containing macro- 
spores; a megasporangium, oosporangium, or gonio- 
theca. 

Macrospore (mak' -ro-spor) \jiaKpoq, long ; airopa, 
seed]. In biology: id) a spore of relatively large size ; 
(b) one of the larger anisospores arising in the repro- 
duction of colony-forming Radiolarians. 

Macrosporophyl, (mak-ro-spo'-ro-fil) \jiaKp6q, long, 
large; airopa, seed; ipvAAov, leaf]. The leaf bearing 
the macrosporangium in the higher Pteridophyta. 



Macrostoma (mak-ros' -to-mah) [fianpoc, large ; ard/ua, 
mouth]. Congenital fissure of the angle of the mouth, 
producing a large opening. 

Macrostomatous (mak-ro-sto' -mat-zis) [fiaupdc, large ; 
arofia, mouth]. Large-mouthed. 

Macrostomia (mak-ro-sto'-nie-ah) [/ia/cpoc, large ; 
arofia, mouth]. Excessive size, or width, of the 
mouth, or of the oral fissure. 

Macrostyle (ma/e'-ro-sfi/)[fiaKp6c, long ; otv'Aoc, pillar]. 
In botany, having a relatively long style. 

Macrostylospore (jnak-ro-sti' -lo-spor) \jia.K.p6c, long, 
large; orvAog, pillar ; onopa, seed]. In biology, a 
relatively large stylospore. 

Macrotes (mak-ro' -tiz) \jiaKpdc, large ; off, ear]. One 
having large ears. 

Macrotin {inak' -ro-thi) \jxaKpog, large; off, ear]. A 
resin extracted from cimicifuga by alcohol, and pre- 
cipitated by water. See Cimicifuga. 

Macrotome [inak' -ro-toni) \_fiaKp6c, long ; Totiij, a cut- 
ting]. A saw-box ; a box used for the division of the 
cranium in post-mortem examination of the brain. 

Macrozoogonidium [mak-ro-zo-o-go-nid' -e-um) [fiaicpdc, 
long, large; C,Cmv, an animal; yovr), seed: pi, Macro- 
zoogonidia~\ . In biology, a relatively large zoogonidium. 

Macrozoospore [inak-ro-zo' -o-spor) [_paap6c, long ; fuov, 
an animal ; awopa, seed]. In biology, a relatively 
large form of zoospore. 

Macula (mak'-u-lak) [L. : pl.,Macula:~\. A spot or dis- 
coloration of the skin, not elevated above the sur- 
rounding level. It may be of various sizes, shapes, 
and tints, and is due to hyperemia, to extravasation 
of blood and blood coloring-matter, to dilatation of 
the cutaneous vessels, or to changes in the pigmentation 
of the skin. M. acusticae, the terminations of the 
auditory nerve in the saccule and utricle. M. 
albida, leukoderma. M. artificialis, a spot pro- 
duced artificially in order to deceive. M. aurea, the 
central fovea of the retina. M., Cerebral. See 
Tache c&rebrale. M . cerulea, a dark spot occurring on 
a skin infested with parasites. M. corneae arcuata, 
the arcus senilis. M. cribrosa, a name given to the 
perforations of the fovea liemispherica for the passage 
of the filaments of the auditory nerve. M. flava. 
See M. lutea. M. folliculi, the stigma of the Graafian 
vesicle. M. fusca, a spot due to diseases characterized 
by pigmentation, as lentigo and chloasma. M., 
Germinal, the small spot constituting the germinal 
vesicle or nucleus of the ovum. M. hepatica, a 
liver-spot, including pigmentary spots due to various 
diseases. M. lata plateri, an obscure disease of the 
skin, sometimes epidemic, characterized by burning, 
red spots and pustulation. M. lenticularis, a lentic- 
ular spot ; the roseola of typhoid fever. M. livida, 
a hemorrhagic or purpuric spot. M. lutea, the yel- 
low spot of the retina, called, sometimes, the spot of 
Soemmering, but usually called simply the macula. 
The depression in its center is called the fovea cen- 
tralis. It is the point of clearest vision and is pierced 
by the visual axis. M. materna, birth-mark, or 
nevus. M. nigra, a disease of the skin associated 
with very dark spots of pigmentation. M. ocularis, 
the eye-spot of the Protozoa, Cnidaria, Platodes, and 
Crustacea. M., Roberts', a heaping up of pigment 
in a part of a red corpuscle when a dilute solution of 
tannic acid is added to the blood. M. Solaris, a 
freckle. M. syphilitica, the coppery stain of the 
skin left by a syphiloderm. 

Macular (mak'-u-lar) \_macula, spot]. Exhibiting or 
characterized by maculae. Pertaining to the Macula 
lutea. 

Maculate (inak'-u-laf) [maculatus,Y>-'p- of maculare 
to spot]. In biology, blotched or spotted. 



MACULATION 



718 



MAGNESIUM 



Maculation (tnak-u-la' -shun) \_maculatio, a spotting]. 
The state or quality of being spotted ; the formation 
of maculae ; a spot or macula. 

Macule (inak'-fil) \niacula, a spot]. See Macula. 
M., Gonorrheal, Sanger's term for the purplish-red 
areola resembling a flea-bite, surrounding the orifice 
of the duct of Bartholin's gland in gonorrheal 
vaginitis. 

Maculiform (mak-u' -lif-orm) [macula, spot; forma, 
form]. Resembling a macula. 

Maculose, Maculous (rnak'-u-los, mak'-u-lus). See 
Macular. 

Mad [ME., made, mad]. I. Disordered in intellect; 
insane. 2. Furious from disease ; rabid. M.- 
doctor, an alienist. M. -house, an asylum for the 
insane. M.-man, an insane person. M. Staggers, 
the enzootic cerebritis of horses. See Staggers. M.- 
stone, according to popular superstition, a small stone 
believed to possess the property of absorbing the poison 
(especially snake-poison) or disease from wounds, 
made, e. g. , by poisoned arrows, or morbid parts. 
It is called also Snakestone. Galen believed that cer- 
tain medicines attract poisons as the magnet does iron. 
Most madstones are an aluminous shale, or other 
absorptive substance. 

Madar (mad-ar'), Mudar (mu-dar') [Hind., madar]. 
The shrubs Calotropis gigantea, and C. procera, of 
India ; also their bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, and juice, 
which are tonic, alterative, and emetic ; it is used in 
Asia in a wide range of diseases. Unof. , except in the 
Indian Pharmacopeia. C. gigantea yields Madar- 
alban, a colorless crystalline substance soluble in the 
alkalies, but not in water; and Madar-fluavil, a yellow- 
ish, viscid body, soluble in cold alcohol, in ether, and 
in benzene, insoluble in water, in acids, and in alka- 
lies. 

Madarosis (mad-ar-o'-sis) [paSapuoic; ; pa6ap6g, bald] . 
Loss of the eyelashes or hairs of the eyebrows. 

Madarotic (mad-ar-ot'-ih), Madarous (mad'-ar-tis) 
\_l-iafiapuGic ; padapdc, bald]. Affected with or relat- 
ing to madarosis. 

Madder (mad'-er) [ME., moder, madder]. The plant 
Rubia tinctorum ; also its root, well-known as a dye- 
stuff. It was formerly considered emmenagogue and 
diuretic. Unof. See also Pigments, Conspectus of. 
M. -brown, M.-carmin, M. -orange, M. -purple. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. M.-red. Same as 
Madder. M. -yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Maddox Test, or Maddox Glass-rod Test. A test 
of heterophoria by means of a short cylinder of trans- 
parent glass about one-eighth of an inch long, fitted 
into a slot in an opaque disc to be set in the trial-frame 
before one eye, with a colored piano lens before the 
other eye. The rod converts the image of a distant 
flame into a thin line of light. The relative position 
of the two images thus formed permits the measure of 
imbalance of the muscles. 

Madefaction {mad-e-fak' -shun) [madefacere, to moist- 
en]. The act of moistening. 

Madeira (mad-a'-rah) [Pg. , madeira, wood]. A fine 
sherry wine from the island of Madeira. 

Maderna (mad-er'-nah). Synonym of Madarosis. 

Madescent (mad-es'-ent) \jnadescere, to become wet]. 
Becoming moist. 

Madesis (mad-e'-sis). Synonym of Madarosis. 

Madidans [mad f -id-anz) [L.]. Weeping, oozing. See 
Eczema madidans. 

Madisis (mad'-is-is). Synonym of Madarosis. 

Madisterion, Madisterium (mad-is-ter' '-e-on , mad-is- 
ter'-e-um) [pachorr/piov, from padi&iv, to pluck 
bare]. Epilating- forceps. 

Madness [mad' -ties). See Insanity and Mania. 



Madrid Colic. See Colic. 

Madura Foot. See Foot, Fungus. 

Maeeia (mc-i'-ah) \_paieia, from paieveadai, to act as a 
midwife] . An old synonym of Obstetrics. 

Maeeleutherosis (me-el-u-ther-o'-sis) [paid, midwife ; 
i'Aevf)kpu(7t<;, a freeing]. Delivery by the aid of a mid- 
wife. (Obs.) 

Maeeuma (me-e-u'-mah) [paievpa, from paieveadai, to 
act as midwife]. The newly-born babe. (Obs.) 

Maeeusiomania (me-u-se-o-ma' '-ne-ah). See Maiusio- 
mania. 

Maeeusiophobia (me-u-se-o-fo'-be-ah). See Maiusio- 
phobia. 

Maeeusis (me-u'-sis) [paievai^, from paieveadai, to act 
as midwife]. Delivery. 

Maeeuter, Maeeutes (ine-u'-ter, me-u'-tez) [paievriip, 
paiebrijc, from paieveadai, to act as midwife]. An 
obstetrician; accoucheur. (Obs.) 

Maeeutics {me-u'-tiks). See Maiutics. 

Maeeutria (me-u'-tre-ali) [paievrpia, from paieveadai, to 
act as midwife]. Midwife. (Obs.) 

Maeeutric (me-u'-trik) [paievrpia, midwife]. Pertain- 
ing to a midwife. (Obs.) 

Maena (me'-nah) [paivr/, a small sea-fish]. A species 
of herring. The brine from the salted fish has been 
employed as a dressing for gangrenous ulcers. 

Magdala Red (mag-da'-la/i). See Naphthalene-red. 

Magdaleon (mag-da' -le-on), Magdalia (mag-da'- 
le-ah) \_pay6a?ud, from pdaaeiv, to knead]. A bread- 
pill or bolus ; a roll of plaster. 

Magendie, Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. 
M.'s Solution. See Morphin. 

Magenta (ma-jen'-tah) [from a town in Italy]. A 
coal-tar dye ; one of the forms of anilin-red ; properly, 
a hydrochlorid of rosanilin. From it fuchsin and a 
large number of other dyes are prepared. One of the 
peculiar and somewhat glaring red tints which it pro- 
duces is also called magenta. See Fuchsin, and 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Maggot (mag'-ot) [ME., magot, maggot]. I. The 
larva of any insect, as a fly, that burrows in wounds 
or ulcers. Maggots are especially annoying in mili- 
tary practice and in hot countries. 2. A whim or 
fixed idea dominant in the mind, as of an insane or 
paranoiac person. 

Magistery (inaj-is'-ter-e) [magisterium, masterpiece]. 
Formerly, a preparation considered to have especial 
virtue as a remedy. M. of bismuth, the subnitrate 
of bismuth. M. of tin (M. Jovis), precipitated, 
stannous oxid. 

Magistral (maj'-is-tra!) [Magister, a master]. A term 
employed to denote those medicines that are prepared 
on prescription, in distinction from those prepared 
or sold without the physician's order. 

Magma (mag' -mail) \jidypa, mass: pi., Magmata~\. 
Sediment, dregs; any pulpy mass. 

Magmatic (mag-mat'-ik), Magmoid (mag'-moid) 
[pay pa, mass]. Of the nature of or resembling a 
magma. 

Magnesia (mag-ne'-ze-ah) [pdyvr/c, magnet : gen. Mag- 
nesia^. Magnesium oxid, MgO. M. White, mag- 
nesium carbonate. See Magnesium. 

Magnesian (mag-nc'-ze-aii). See Magnesic. 

Magnesic (mag-ne'-zih) [ fiayvqaia, from pdyvric, 
magnet]. Pertaining to or containing magnesium. 

Magnesium (mag-ne'-ze-uni) \_payvqaia, magnet: gen., 
Magnesii~\. Mg; atomic weight 24.3; quantivalence 
II; spec, gravity 1.75. Oneof the metals of the alkaline 
earths, widely distributed in inorganic nature and 
forming also a constituent of animal and vegetable tis- 
sues. See Elements, Table of. The physiologic effects 
of its salts are antacid and laxative. Various salts are 



MAGNET 



719 



MAISSIAT'S BAND 



extensively used in medicine. M. boratis, Liquor 
(B. P.), contains one part of boric acid in six. It is 
recommended as a paint in diphtheria. M. carbonas, 
(M g .CO :i ) 4 Mg.(HO)., 5 rLp. Dose gr. x- 3J . M. 
carb., Liquor (B.P.) Dose 3J-ij. M. citras 
effervescens granulatus, a preparation dissolving 
in water with effervescence. M. citras granulatus, 
" granulated citrate of magnesia," combined with citric 
acid, sugar, sodium bicarbonate, alcohol, and water. 
Dose 3i.j-0.J- M. citratis, Liq., contains M. 
carbonate gr. 200, citric acid gr. 400, syr. of citric acid 
gr. 1200, potassium bicarbonate gr. 30, water q. s. 
ad. ^xij. Dose j§iv-vj. M. oxid., Mg.O, magnesia, 
the oxid of the metal, a constituent of several laxative 
mixtures. Dose gr. x-£j. Magnesia ponderosa, 
heavy or calcined magnesia. Dose gr. x-^j. M. 
sulphas, Mg.S0 4 .7H 2 0, "Epsom salt," "salts," 
much used as a popular purgative. Dose ^j-^j. M. 
sulphat., Enema (B.P.), composed of sulphate of 
magnesium one part, olive oil one part, starch mucilage 
15 parts. M. sulphis, MgS0 3 .6H 2 0. Dose gr. 
x-xxx. M., Trochisci, each contains magnesia gr. 
iij, nutmeg, gr. •£$$, sugar, tragacanth, water, q. s. 

Magnet (mag' -net) [from ftayvrjoia, Magnesia, a district 
in Asia Minor, where loadstone was first found]. 
Loadstone, a magnetic oxid of iron. A body having 
the power to attract the unlike pole of another magnet, 
or to repel the like pole, and also to attract easily- 
magnetizable bodies. A body having a magnetic 
field. M., Electro-, a piece of soft iron temporarily 
magnetized by induction or by insertion into a helix. 
M., Gruening's, an instrument consisting of several 
magnetized steel rods, used for the removal of iron and 
steel particles from the eye. M., Horse-shoe, an 
iron magnet having the shape of a horse-shoe. M.- 
operation, the operation of removing foreign bodies 
of steel from the eye by the aid of a magnet. M., 
Permanent, one the magnetic properties of which 
are permanent, in contradistinction to M., Temporary, 
which derives its magnetism from another magnet or 
from a galvanic current. 

Magnetic (mag-net' -ik) [payvrjoioq, magnetic']. Per- 
taining, or belonging, to a magnet. Possessed of 
magnetism. M. Axis, the line joining the poles of a 
magnet. M. Field, a space traversed by lines of 
magnetic force. 

Magnetism (mag' -net-izm) \jiayvrjq, magnet]. The 
peculiar power possessed by the loadstone or natural 
magnet, and, under certain conditions, by other 
mineral substances, to attract or repel other masses. 
The science that treats of the nature and properties of 
magnets and the magnetic field. M., Animal, an 
empiric term for hypnotism. See Somnambulism and 
Hypnotism. 

Magnetization (mag-net-iz-a 1 '-shun) \jiayvriq, magnet]. 
The process of rendering a substance magnetic. 

Magneto-electric (mag-net' ' -o-e-lek' '-trik) \jxayvriq, mag- 
net; TjleKTpov, amber]. Relating to magneto-elec- 
tricity. 

Magneto-electricity (mag-net' ' -o-e-lek-tris' '-it-e) \jiay- 
vr/q, magnet ; rfkeKTpov, amber.] Electricity produced 
by means of a magnet. 

Magnetograph (mag-net'-o-graf) [payvr/q, magnet ; 
ypdfeiv, to write]. An instrument for determining the 
intensity of magnetic action. 

Magneto-induction (mag-net' -o-in-duk' -shun) [payvr/q, 
magnet; inductio, induction]. The production of an 
induced current by the insertion of a magnet within a 
coil of wire. 

Magnetology (mag-?iet-ol' -o-je) \uayvriq, magnet ; 2.6yoq, 
science]. The science of magnets and magnetism. 

Magnetometer (mag-net-om' -et-er) \_payvijq, magnet ; 



phpov, a measure.] A series of magnets suspended 
so as to record graphically variations in direction and 
intensity of magnetic force. 

Magneto-therapy (mag-net 1 '-o-ther' '-ap-e) [payvr/q, 
magnet ; depaKua, treatment] . The use of the magnet 
in hypnotic therapeutics. 

Magniductor (mag-ne-duk' -tor) \_magnus, great ; ductor, 
a leader]. The adductor magnus of the thigh. 

Magnification (mag-nif-ik-a' -shun) \_magn7ficare, to 
magnify]. In microscopy, the result obtained by 
dividing a linear dimension of the image by the cor- 
responding linear dimension of the object magnified. 

Magnify (mag'-nif-i) \_magnificare, to magnify]. To 
make greater. 

Magnifying (mag' -nif-i-ing) \_magnificare, to magnify]. 
Making greater. M. Power. See Magnification. 

Magnium (mag'-ne-um). Synonym of Magn esium. 

Magnolia (mag-no' -le-ah) [after Pierre Magnol, a 
French botanist]. A genus of trees. The bark of 
M. glaicca, the common swamp sassafras, and several 
other species of the same genus are used in medicine. 
Magnolia is an aromatic, bitter tonic, popular as a 
remedy in rheumatism and malarial fevers. Dose 
gss-j. Unof. 

Magnolin (mag-no' '-/in) [after Pierre Magnol, a French 
botanist]. A crystalline substance found in the fruit 
of magnolia. 

Magnum, or Os magnum [L. for "great bone"]. 
The largest bone in the distal row of the carpus 
situated between the unciform and the trapezoid 
bones. 

Magnus's Law. See Lain. M.'s Method, in obstet- 
rics, a method of bringing down the arms of the fetus 
after version. When the arms are about the neck, the 
hand should be introduced in the ordinary method, 
two or three fingers being placed on the superior 
edge of the scapula, which is gently pressed down- 
ward. This will cause the arms to move suddenly 
and to come down without further help. M.'s Sign. 
See Death. 

Mahamari (mah-hah-mah'-re) [E. Ind.]. Synonym of 
the Plague, q.v. See Pali. 

Mahua (mah'-u-ah). See Bassia. 

Maid, Maiden (mad, ma' -den) [ME.,™*, maiden, 
a maid]. A young unmarried woman ; a virgin. 
Maidenhead, popular expression for maidenhood ; 
virginity ; also the hymen. 

Maidismus (ma-id-iz'-mzis) \_mays, maidis, maize]. 
Maize-poisoning, or pellagra. 

Maieleutherosis (ma-el-u-ther-o' -sis) [paia, midwife ; 
iTiEvBkpuaiq, delivery]. Delivery by the aid, or with 
the attendance, of a midwife. 

Maieusiomania (ma-u-se-o-ma' -ne-ah) [paievotq, deliv- 
ery ; fiavia, madness]. Puerperal insanity. 

Maieusiophobia (ma-tc-se-o-fo' -be-ah) [paievaiq, child- 
birth ; <j>6/3oq, fear]. Morbid dread of childbirth. 

Maieutics (ma-u'-tiks) [pau:vT?jq, an obstetrician; 
fiaievTiKTi, obstetrics]. Midwifery; obstetrics. 

Maignen's Compound. Powdered charcoal and lime 
supported on asbestos-cloth and used for filtration. 
It is employed in disinfecting sewage. 

Mailed (maid) [ME., maile, a link]. In biology, pro- 
vided with some kind of protective or defensive coat, 
as of scales or plates ; loricate ; lepidote. 

Maim (mani) [ME., maimen, to mutilate]. I. To 
disable by mutilation. 2. A crippling. 3. See May- 
hem. 

Main de la griffe, Main en griffe. See Atrophy, Pro- 
gressive Muscular, and Claw-hand. 

Maisonneuve's Bandage. See Bandage. 

Maissiat's Band. A firm; dense portion of the fascia 
lata of the thigh passing down to become attached 



MAIZE 



720 



MALARIAL 



to the outer tuberosity of the tibia ; the ilio-tibial 
band. It helps to limit adduction of the thigh. 

Maize (mdz) [W. Ind., mahiz, maize]. I. Indian corn. 
See Zea mays. 2. A coal-tar color, used in dyeing 
silk and wool reddish-yellow in an acid bath. It is 
the sodium salt of the disulphonic acid of azoxy- 
stilbene, and is called Sun-yellow. M. -poisoning. 
See Pellagra. 

Maizena (ma-ze'-nah) [W. Ind., mahiz, maize]. A 
flour made from maize. 

Maizenic Acid (ma-zen' -ik). See Acid. 

Make (mdk) [ME., maken, to make]. "The make," 
a colloquialism for designating the making of the 
electric current by applying the electrode to the con- 
ducting surfaces of the body. Interruption of the 
current is called " the break.' 1 '' 

Makrantrus. See Macrantrus. 

Makrencephalus. See Macrencephalus. 

Makrencranus. See Macrencranus. 

Makro- (mah'-ro-). See Macro-. 

Makrodaktylia (mak-ro-dak-tiP '-e-ah). See Macrodac- 
tylia. 

Makropsia [tnak-rop' -se-ah). See Megalopsia. 

Makrosomia [inak-ro-so'-me-ah). See Macrosomia. 

Mai \_malum, evil, disease]. Disease. See Epilepsy. 
M. de mer. See Sea-sickness. M. de dent, odon- 
talgia. 

Mala (ma'-lah) [L. : //., Mala]. I. The cheek- 
bone or prominence of the cheek. 2. Plural of Ma- 
lum, the cheek. In biology, one of the inner lobes of 
the maxilla of certain coleopterous larvae (Schrodte). 

Malabar, Leprosy of. Synonym of Elephantiasis 
arabum. M. Nut. See Adhatoda vasica. M. 
Ulcer. See Phagedena tropica. 

Malacarne, Antrum of. See Antrum. M.'s Pyra- 
mid, the posterior extremity of the pyramid of the 
cerebellum. 

Malachite-green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Malacia (inal-a' -se-ah) \jiaKaKia, a softening]. Any 
morbid softening of tissue. Also, a depraved appe- 
tite. M., Amphiblestroid, softening of the retina. 
M. cordis. See Myomalacia. M., Halisteretic, 
malacia characterized by the absorption of the lime- 
salts of the bones. 

Malacismus (mal-as-iz' '-mus). See Malacia. 

Malacocataracta (mal-ak-o-kat-ar-ak'-tah) [_fiaXaadg, 
soft; Karap&KTr/c;, cataract]. A soft cataract. 

Malacogaster (inal-ak-o-gas' -ter) [jUuAa/ci'a, a softening ; 
yaari/p, stomach]. Softening of the gastric walls. A 
synonym of Gastromalacia. 

Malacoid (mal'-ak-oid) \_fiakaK6c, soft; eldor, form]. 
In biology, applied to organisms, organs, or tissues 
of soft texture. 

Malacology (inal-ak-ol' -o-je) \_fiaXatua, soft-bodied 
animals; Xkyeiv, to speak] . In biology, that depart- 
ment of science that deals with the Mollusca ; con- 
chology. 

Malacoma (mal-ak-o' -malt) \_uaXaK.6c, soft: //. , Mala- 
comata]. The softening of any organ or part of the 
body. Also, a synonym of Molluscum sebaceum. 

Malacophonous {mal-ak-off' -o-nus) \_na\a.n6c, soft ; 
<puvr/, voice]. Soft-voiced. 

Malacosarcosis (mal-ak-o-sar-ko'-sis) \jiakaKoq, soft; 
crapf, flesh]. Softness of tissues, as of muscle. 

Malacosis (mal-ak-o'-sis) [fiakaK&q, soft]. The condi- 
tion distinguished by the abnormal softening of the 
tissues of any part of the body. Also, the process 
of malacoma. M. cordis. See Myomalacia. 

Malacosomous (mal-ak-o-so' -mus) [fiaXanoc, soft ; 
cu/ia, body]. Soft-bodied. 

Malacosteon (ma/-ak-os'-fe-on). See Osteo-malacia. 

Malacostome (mal-ak-os'-tom) \jia'Ka.K.ia, a kind of 



mollusc ; ardfxa, mouth]. In biology, the mouth of 
a mollusc (L. Agassiz). Cf. Actinos/ome. 

Malacostomous (mal-ak os'-to-mus) \jjLakan6q, soft; 
orofia, mouth]. In biology, applied to animals hav- 
ing a soft or unarmed mouth. 

Malacotomy (mal-ak-ot'-o-me) [//.a/.aiioc, soft ; To/it), 
a cutting]. In biology, the anatomy of the mollusca; 
incision of the abdomen ; celiotomy. 

Malacozoon [inal-ak-o-zo' -on) [fia'Aaaoc, soft ; fuov, 
animal]. A soft animal; a mollusc. 

Malactic (inal-ak' -tik) \_/ia?.aKnn6g]. Emollient; 
softening. 

Malady (mal'-ad-e) \mdlum, evil]. Any illness or 
disease. M., Cheyne's English, hypochondriasis. 
M., Post-boys', aneurysm of the aorta, compara- 
tively common among mounted mail-carriers. 

Malagma (mal-ag'-mah) [fiaTuryjia, a poultice: pi., 
Malagmata]. See Poultice. 

Malaguti's Law. See Law. 

Malaise (mal-dz') [Fr. , malaise]. A general feeling 
of illness, accompanied by restlessness and discomfort ; 
dysphoria. 

Malakin {mal'-ak-in). The salicyl-derivative of para- 
phenetidin. A synthetic product allied to phenacetin, 
and recommended as an antirheumatic, antipyretic, 
and antineuralgic. It appears in the form of small, 
light yellow, fine needles that melt at 197.6° F. , 
insoluble in water, but fairly soluble in hot alcohol. 
Dose, from 60 to 90 grains daily. Unof. 

Malamid (mal'-am-id) \_fia/x>v, an apple; amid], 
C 4 H 8 3 N 2 ; a substance formed by the action of 
ammonia upon dry ethyl malate. It occurs in large 
crystals, and when heated with water it breaks up 
into malic acid and ammonia. 

Malandria (mal-an'-dre-ah). See Mallenders. 

Malar (ina'-lar) \_mala, cheek]. Pertaining to the 
cheek-bone. M. Bones, the two cheek-bones. M. 
Foramen. See Eoramina, Table of. M. Points. 
See Craniometric Points. 

Malaria (mal-a'-re-ali) [It., mala aria, bad air]. See 
Malarial Fever. M., Bacillus of. See Bacillus of 
Malaria, in Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. M., 
Hematozoon of, M., Plasmodium of. See Mala- 
rial Fever and Polimitus malaria, under Parasites 
(Animal), Table of. M., Larval, a masked form 
of intermittent fever. 

Malarial (mal-a' -re-al) [It., mala aria, bad air]. Per- 
taining to malaria. M. Cachexia, a chronic form of 
malaria characterized by anemia, general failure of 
health, a sallow complexion, and enlargement of the 
spleen. M. Fever, a generic name for a group of dis- 
eases associated with the presence in the blood of the 
Polimitus malaria, and characterized by paroxysmal 
periodicity, enlargement of the spleen and liver, 
melanemia, and the presence in the blood, free or 
within the red corpuscles, of parasites (plasmodia) 
that exert a deleterious influence upon the red cells. 
The paroxysms may be intermittent, remittent or 
irregular. If repeated daily the fever is designated 
quotidian ; if on alternate days, tertian ; if with an 
interval of two days, quartan. If two paroxysms 
occur daily the fever is designated a double quotidian. 
There may be a double tertian form, a paroxysm oc- 
curring daily, but only those of alternate days being 
alike ; a double quartan form, and others. When the 
paroxysms succeed one another so closely that the cold- 
stage of one begins before the sweating-stage of its 
predecessor ends, the fever is designated subintrant. 
A typical malarial paroxysm consists of a cold stage, a 
hot stage, and a sweating stage, occurring in the 
sequence given. Intermittent fever is characterized 
by the occurrence of a complete intermission of the 



MALARIOUS 



721 



MALLEIFORM 



symptoms in the interval between two paroxysms, the 
temperature becoming normal or subnormal. In 
remittent fever there is only an amelioration of the 
symptoms in the intervals. Hemorrhagic malarial 
fever is a grave form of malarial intoxication in which 
the height of the paroxysm is characterized by head- 
ache, severe pain in the back, nausea, vomiting, 
decided jaundice, and hemorrhages from various 
mucous surfaces, particularly from the kidneys. In 
certain localities in which the malarial organisms are 
exceedingly numerous or intensely virulent the attack 
displays a pernicious tendency. Of this type there may 
be a cerebral form, characterized either by delirium 
and excitement, or by coma and depression ; a thoracic 
form, in which the respiration is accelerated and there 
is an urgent sense of the need of air ; a gastro-iiitestinal 
form, attended with nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and 
diarrhea ; or an asthenic or algid form, in which there 
is a condition of marked debility and a striking cold- 
ness of the surface and of the breath. To the irregular 
manifestations of malarial poisoning, sometimes acute, 
but more frequently subacute or chronic, which do not 
at any time present the classical association of chill, 
fever and sweat, the designation of " dumb ague" is 
given. The enlargement of the spleen in a case of 
chronic malaria or of malarial cachexia is sometimes 
designated "ague cake." M. Hematuria, the pre- 
sence of blood in the urine as a result of malarial 
poisoning. See Malarial Fever. M. Neuralgia, 
neuralgia due to malarial intoxication. M. Pur- 
pura, a purpuric eruption produced by the presence 
of the malarial poison in the blood. M. Yellow 
Fever. See Hematuria, Malarial. 

Malarious (mal-a'-re-us). See Malarial. 

Malaris (ma-lar' '-is) [mala, cheek]. A part of the or- 
bicularis palpebrarum muscle, taking its origin from 
the lower inner margin of the orbit and the adjacent 
portion of the nose, and inserted near the origin of the 
zygomaticus major. 

Malassez's Disease. Cyst of the testicle. See Dis- 
eases, Table of. 

Malassimilation (mal-as-im-il-a* '-shun) [mains, bad ; 
assimilatio, likeness]. A defective condition of the 
digestive system in which nutriment is not properly 
digested and absorbed. 

Malate (mal' -at) [ua?iov, an apple]. A salt of malic 
acid. 

Malaxation (mal-aks-a' -shun) [malaxatio ; malaxare, 
fiaXaaauv, to soften]. I. The kneading of medicine 
in pharmacy. 2. Massage, as of the eyeball, or of a 
tumor. See Petrissage. 

Malaxis {mal-aks'-is). Synonym of Malacia. 

Malayan Idiocy. See Idiocy, Ethnic. 

Male (nidi) [ME. ,male, male]. The masculine sex, or 
that which pertains to that sex. In botany, applied 
to flowers with stamens, but without ovaries. M. 
Blade, the sliding blade of a lithotrite ; the blade 
of an obstetric forceps that bears the key. M. Fern, 
the Aspidium filix mas. M. Organ, the penis. M. 
Uterus, a term that has been applied to the prostate 
gland. See Reproductive Organs. 

Maleate (mal'-e-df) \jia\ov, apple]. A salt of maleic 
acid. 

Maleic Acid (mal'-e-ik) [jiakov, apple] , C 4 H 4 4 . A di- 
basic acid, obtained from malic acid by distillation. 

Malella (mal-el'-ah) [dim. of mala, jaw : pl.,Malellaf\. 
In biology, one of two movable toothed appendages of 
the mouth-parts of a myriapod. 

Malen (ma'-len) [mala, cheek]. Belonging to the 
malar bone in itself. 

Malformation (mal for-ma' -shun) [mat, ill ; formatio, 
a forming]. In embryology and teratology, an abnor- 
46 



mal development or formation of the whole or parts of 
the fetus. Malformations, according to Hirst and 
Piersol, may be grouped into the following classes : I. 
Those produced by variations in growth, either exces- 
sive or arrested. 2. Those produced by the defec- 
tive union of component embryonic parts. 3. Those 
produced by cleavage (either partial or complete) of 
the primary embryonal cell-masses. M., Congenital, 
faulty development present at birth. 
Malgaigne's Apparatus. An apparatus for correcting 
forward displacement of the upper fragment in fracture 
of the thigh. M.'s Hernia. See Hernia, Congenital. 
M.'s Hooks, an instrument for holding the parts. 




Malgaigne's Hooks. 

of a fractured patella in apposition, for the purpose of 
aiding union. 

Malgenic (mal-jen 1 '-ik) [malum, evil ; yevvav, to beget]. 
Producing disease. 

Malia (mal'-e-ah). Synonym of Equinia. 

Maliasmus (mal-e-az'-mus). Synonym of Glanders. 

Malic Acid (mal'-ik). See Acid. 

Malice Prepense [Fr., malice, evil; prepenser, to pre- 
meditate]. In law, a premeditated determination to 
commit a crime. 

Malign (mal-in'). See Malignant. 

Malignancy (mal-ig' -nan-se) [malignitas , from mains,. 
evil]. The quality of being malignant. 

Malignant (mal-ig'-nant) [mains, evil], A term ap- 
plied to diseases that increase in intensity with rapidity, 
or that proceed to a fatal end. M. Edema. See 
Edema. M. Fever. Synonym of Typhus Eever. M. 
Papillary Dermatitis, or Paget's Disease of the 
Nipple. See Dermatitis, Carcinoma, and Paget ' s 
Disease, in Diseases, Table of. M. Pustule. Syno- 
nym of Anthrax. M. Tumor; in general, carcino- 
matous and sarcomatous growths are classed as malig- 
nant. M. Vesicle. Synonym of Anthrax. 

Malignity (mal-ig' -nit-e). Synonym of Malignancy. 

Malingerer (mal-in' -jer-er) [Fr. , malinger']. A term 
applied to one who feigns illness or defect. 

Malingering, Malingery (mal-in' '-jer-ing, mal-in'- 
jer-e) [Fr. , malinger]. The feigning of disease. 

Malipedes (ma I- ip' -id-is) [mala, jaw; pes, foot]. In 
biology, the fourth and fifth pair of cephalic appen- 
dages of the Chilopoda, among Myriapods. 

Malis (ma'-lis) [\iakiq\. A name vaguely applied to 
various diseases, generally of the skin, and especially to 
such as are due to vermin, or to parasitic worms that 
burrow in the skin. 

Malleability (mal-e-ab-il'-it-e) [malleus, hammer]. 
The quality of being malleable. 

Malleable (mal' -e-a-bl) [malleus, hammer]. Capable 
of being beaten or rolled into thin sheets ; applied 
especially to metals. 

Malleal, Mallear (mal'-e-al, mal'-e-ar) [malleus, 
hammer]. Relating to the malleus. 

Malleation (mal-e-a' -shun) [malleatio ; malleus, ham- 
mer]. A spasmodic action of the hands, consisting 
in continuously striking any near object. It is a symp- 
tom of chorea, and other nervous disorders. 

Malledius (mal-e'-de-us) [malleus, hammer ; stapes, 
stirrup]. The tensor tympani muscle. 

Malleiform (mal-e'-iform) [malleus, hammer; forma, 
form]. Hammer-shaped. 



MALLEIN 



722 



MALPRESENTATION 



Mallein {trial' -e-iri) [malleus, farcy]. A fluid obtained 
from potato-cultures of the Bacillus mallei, the mi- 
croorganism of glanders. When injected into the cir- 
culation of a glandered animal, it causes an elevation 
of temperature, and on account of this property it has 
been recommended for use in the early diagnosis of 
farcy or glanders. 

Mallenders [maV -en-derz) \jnalandria , blisters on the 
neck]. A kind of eczema or scab above the fore-foot, 
and about the knee of the horse. 

Malleo-incudal (inal' -e-o-ing' -ku-dal) [malleus, ham- 
mer ; incus, anvil]. Relating to the malleus and the 
incus. 

Malleolar [nial-e' '-o-lar) [malleolus, little hammer]. 
Relating to a malleolus. 

Malleolus (mal-e' -o-lus) [dim. of malleus, hammer : //. , 
Malleoli]. A part of a process or bone having a ham- 
mer-head shape. In biology, a layer or bent-down 
shoot which emits roots at the notched bend. M., 
External, a name by which the lower extremity of 
the fibula is known. M., Internal, the pyramidal 
process of the internal surface of the lower extremity 
of the tibia. 

Mallet [mal'-et) [OF., mallet, a hammer]. A small 
wooden hammer. M., Automatic, an instrument 
operated by the action of a steel spiral spring, and used 
for condensing gold in filling teeth. M., Electro- 
magnetic, a dental mallet operated by electricity. 
M. -finger. See Finger. M., Hyde's Pneumatic, 
a dental mallet with an air-pump attached, which is 
operated by the foot, revolving 
a fly-wheel and a drive-wheel. 
M.-toe, a deformity of a toe 
characterized by deficient exten- 
sion or undue flexion of the ter- 
minal phalanx. 

Malleus (mal' '-e-us)[malleus, ham- 
mer : //. , Mallei]. I. A bone 
or ossicle of the internal ear 
having the shape of a hammer. 
It is articulated with the incus, Auditory Ossicles. 
and the tensor tympani muscle i. Head of malleus. 2. 
arises from it. 2. Synonym of ^°^| brevis, > 



Italian anatomist]. The commencement of the urinif- 
erous tubules, consisting of the glomerulus of vessels 
(the Malpighian tuft) and the membranous envelop 




gracilis. 
4. Manubrium. 5. 
Long process of in- 
cus and stapes. 7. 
Stapes. 



Equinia. 3. In biology: (a) One 
of the Weberian ossicles that form 
a chain between the air-bladder 
and the auditory apparatus in 
certain fishes ; (b) One of the paired calcareous pha- 
ryngeal structures of a rotifer. M. humidus. 
Synonym of Glanders. 

Mallory's Phospho-molybdic Acid Hematoxylin. 
See Stains, Table of. 

Mallow (mal'-o). See Malva. 

Malnutrition (mal-nu-trish' '-«») [mains, bad ; nutrire, 
to nourish]. Imperfect nutrition or sustenance, due 
to imperfect assimilation of the food. 

Malo-maxillary (ina' -lo-maks' -il-a-re) [mala, cheek ; 
maxilla, maxilla]. Relating to the cheek or malar 
bone and the maxilla. 

Malonic Acid {inal-on'-ik). See. Acid. 

Malpighi, Acini of. The Malpighian bodies. M., 
Bodies of. See Malpighian Bodies. M., Canals 
of, renal organs or tubes in certain arthropods. M., 
Capsule of, the membranous envelop of a renal 
glomerulus. M., Corpuscles of. See Malpighian Cor- 
puscles. M., Follicles of. See Malpighian Bodies. 
M., Glomerules of, the Malpighian Bodies, q. v. 
M., Pyramids of. See Pyramid. M., Tubes or 
Tubules of. See M. , Canals of . M., Tuft of. See 
Malpighian. M., White Canals of. See Canal. 
M., Yellow Canals of. See Canal. 

Malpighian Bodies {malpig f -e-an) [from Malpighi, an 




7y Cortex. 



Boundary, or 
marginal zone. 



h\ Papillary zone. 



Longitudinal Section of a Malpighian Pyramid. 
PF. Pyramids of Ferrein. RA. Branch of renal artery. RV. 
Lumen of renal vein receiving interlobular vein. VR. Vasa 
recta. PA. Apex of a renal papilla, b, b. The bases of 
the renal lobules. 

(the Malpighian capsule). M. Corpuscles, a name 
given to certain whitish, minute granules in the red 
substance of the spleen along 
the course of the blood-ves- 
sels. They are composed of 
lymphadenoid tissue. M. 
Follicles, the M. bodies. M. 
Layer, the rele mucosum of 
the skin. M. Tuft. See 
Alalpigkian Bodies. M .Ves- 
sels, tubular, cecal diverticula 
of the hind-gut of Arthropods, 
especially characteristic of the 
Antennata ; they arise as in- 
vaginations from the ecto- 
dermal proctodeum, and vary 
in number and in function as 
excretory organs. 

Malposition (mal-po-zish' ' -un) 
[mahts, bad ; positio, from 
ponere, to place]. The im- 
proper or abnormal position 
of any part or organ, espe- 
cially of the fetus. 

Malpractice (mal-prak'-tis) [mains, bad ; irpa!-ic, ac- 
tion]. A term applied to the treatment of a disease 
that is contrary to that taught by experience, as the 
improper setting of a fracture or reduction of a dislo- 
cation ; also, the unlawful production of an abortion. 

Malpresentation [inal-pre-sen-ta' -shun) [mains, bad ; 
pr,esentare, to place before]. A position of the child 
at birth in such form that its delivery is difficult or im 
possible. 




Malpighian Tuft. 
a. Renal artery, v. Renal 
vein. d. Tube of Fer- 
rein. c. Capsule of Mul- 
ler investing the Mal- 
pighian tuft. 






MALT 



723 



MAMMEA 



Malt, Maltum {maiult, mawl'-tum) [L.: gen., Malti\. 
The seed of common barley, Hordeum distichum, ger- 
minated until the maximum amount of diastase, the 
ferment that converts starch into grape-sugar, is de- 
veloped. It is nutritive, and valuable, also, for the 
diastase, which aids in the digestion of farinaceous 
foods. It is employed in wasting diseases, preferably 
mixed with milk. Mellins Infant Food, J/o>-lic&'s 
Food, popular preparations, consist mainly of granu- 
lated extract of malt. Hoff's Malt Extract contains 
a small percentage of alcohol. M. Ext., the solu- 
ble principles of malt, mainly diastase and glucose, 
in a concentrated form, unfermented. Dose 3J-iv. 
M.,Infus. Dose 3 ij— iv. M. Liquors, fermented 
and clarified solutions of malt that have been sub- 
jected to vinous fermentation, hops being added to 
prevent acetous fermentation subsequently. Beer is 
made by a comparatively slow fermentation, and con- 
tains about 2.5 per cent, of alcohol. Ale and Porter 
are fermented more rapidly, and contain about 4.7 per 
cent, of alcohol. The malt used in making porter is 
browned, giving the liquor a darker color. Malt 
liquors contain about 5 per cent, of albuminous matter, 
2 of phosphates, and I of carbon dioxid. M. Vine- 
gar. See Vmegar. 

Malta Fever. See Mediterrattean Fever. 

Maltese Cross. A form of surgical dressing made by 
taking a square piece of muslin or linen and folding it 
upon itself twice, the first fold making it oblong, and 
the second square. Thus prepared, one angle will be 
found to consist of four layers separable from one 
another. Let this angle be slit down within two or 
three inches of the center, and then the piece opened 
out, when it will be seen to have the form of a Maltese 
cross. It is used to dress stumps. 

Maltha (inal'-tkali) \jia)Sa, pitch]. Mineral tar, or 
pitch; a semi-fluid form of bitumen. In biology, a 
pudding-tissue containing cells (Ha;ckel). 

Malthaxis (mal-thahs'-is). Synonym of Malaxation. 

Malthobiose {tnal-tho'-be-os). Same as Maltose. 

Malthoblast {mal' -tho-blast) [/ia.A0ai<6g, soft ; jiXaar6c, 
germ]. Any cell of the kind that gives rise to elastic, 
adipose, connective, or other soft tissue. 

Malthusianism {mal-thid -se-an-izm) [Malthus, an 
English economist]. The doctrine that the increase 
of population is proportionately greater than the in- 
crease of subsistence. 

Maltine {mawl'-tin) [maltum, malt]. A name given to 
various proprietary preparations of malted wheat, or 
barley, useful as food for invalids. 

Malting (mawl'-ting) [maltum, malt]. The process 
in the manufacture of beer during which the grain — 
usually barley — is germinated, by means of steeping 
in water, until it swells and becomes soft. In order 
to remove the carbon dioxid, which interferes with 
germination, and to prevent an excessive rise of tem- 
perature, so-called p?ie2imaticma.\\\'c\g has been devised. 
Moist, heated air is passed through the germinated 
grain for this purpose. 

Maltodextrin {mawl-to-deks 1 '-trin) [maltum, malt; 
dexter, right] , C 6 H 10 O 5 . A carbohydrate, q. v. , inter- 
mediate between starch and maltose. 

Maltose {mawl'-tos) [maltum, malt], C 12 H 22 O u -f- H 2 0. 
A variety of sugar, formed, together with dextrin, by 
the action of malt diastase upon starch (in the mash of 
whiskey and beer). It is capable of direct fermenta- 
tion. It is obtained in the form of crystalline crusts 
composed of hard white needles, which lose their water 
of crystallization at 100 C. Its properties closely 
resemble those of grape-sugar. See Carbohydrates, 
Table of. 

Maltum {mawl'-tum) [L. : gen., Malti\ See Malt. 



Malulella (mal-u-lel'-ah) [double dim. of mala, jaw : 
//. , Malulella~\. In biology, an appendix to the 
second pair of jaws of a Myriapod. 

Malum (niaV-um) [malum, evil]. Disease. M. aegyp- 
tiacum, diphtheria. M. articulorum. Synonym of 
Rheumatism and of Gout. M. articulorum senilis. 
Synonym of Arthritis deformans. M. caducum, the 
falling sickness, or epilepsy. M. Cotunnii, sciatica. 
M. coxae. Synonym of Hip-disease. M. perforans 
pedis, perforating ulcer of the foot. M. pilare, 
trichiosis. M. primarium, a primary or idiopathic 
disease. M. rustii, a form of cervical Pott's dis- 
ease described by Rust. M. arteriarum senilis, 
senile endarteritis deformans. M. venereum. Syno- 
nym of Syphilis. 

Malusic Acid {mal-u' -sik). Synonym of Malic Acid. 

Malva {mal'-vah) [L., mallow]. A genus of malva- 
ceous plants, the true mallows ; many of the species 
are demulcent. M. alcea, M. rotundifolia, and M. 
silvestris, are valued in domestic practice, and are 
safe and useful remedies in coughs, ulcerations, and 
diarrhea. Unof. 

Malvaceous {mal-va 1 -she-us) [malva, mallow]. Be- 
longing to the mallows. 

Malwa Sweating-sickness. A disease of Central India 
resembling cholera, but characterized by profuse sweat- 
ing and periodic remissions. Death is likely to follow. 

Mamelon {mam'-el-on). See Nipple. 

Mamelouc {mam'-el-fik). See Midatto. 

Mamma {mam'-ah) [fiajip.a, the child's word for 
mother ; /yd////?;, breast : gen. &r\& pi., Mamma:~\. The 
milk-secreting gland of the mother. The breast. 

Mammal {mam'-al) [mammalis, from mamma, breast]. 
Having breasts ; a member of the Mammalia. 

Mammalgia {mam- 
al'-je-ah) [jiajjifxT), 
breast; d/lyoc,pain]. 
Pain in the breast 
or mammary organ; 
mastodynia. 

Mammalia(wa;«-a / - 
le -ah) [ mamma, 
breast] . A divi- 
sion of the class of 
vertebrates includ- 
ing all animals that 
suckle their young. 

Mammalogy {mam- 
al'-o-je) [mamma, 
breast ; Aoyog, sci- 
ence]. The sci- 
ence of the Mam- 
malia. 

Mammary ( mam f - 
a -re) [ ma nana, 
breast]. Pertaining 
to the mammae. 
M. Artery. See 
Arteries, Table of 
M. Gland. See 
Gland. M. Tri- 
angle. See Triangle. 

Mammate {mam' -at) 
mammae or breasts. 

Mammatomy {mam-at'-o-me) [ua/i/ir/, breast ; rofir/, 
a cutting]. Any surgical cutting operation performed 
upon the mamma. 

Mammea {mam-e'-ali) [Haytian, mamey\. A genus 
of guttiferous tropical trees. M. americana, the 
mammee-apple, has large, edible fruits, anthelmintic 
seeds, antipyretic bark, a diuretic sap, and an anti- 
parasitic gum-resin. Unof. 




Mammary Gland. 
Lactiferous ducts. 2. Lobuli of 
the mammary gland. 

[mamma, breast] . Having 



MAMMIFER 



724 



MANEC'S PASTE 



Mammifer [mam'-if-er), Mammiferous (niam-if'- 
er-us) [mamma, breast ; ferre, to bear]. Having 
mammas or milk-bearing glands. 

Mammiform \ma»i'-i/~-orm) [mamma, breast; forma, 
shape]. Teat-like in form ; shaped like a cone whose 
apex is rounded. 

Mammilla [mam-il'-ah) [dim. of mamma : pi. , Mam- 
mill(c\. A small prominence or papilla. In biology, 
a nipple-like structure. M. of Breast, the nipple or 
teat. M. of Kidney, the conic-shaped apex of 
the kidney at the point where the urine escapes. 

Mammillaplasty (mam-il-ap-las'-te) [mammilla, nip- 
ple ; ■Kkaaativ, to mold]. A plastic operation for the 
purpose of elevating a depressed nipple. 

Mammillaria {mam-il-a'-re-ah) [mammilla, breast] . I. 
A genus of cactuses of some 360 species ; the nipple- 
cactuses. M. lewinii affords the highly poisonous 
anhaloin, q. v. ; other species are used as poultices 
when crushed. 2. See Tuber cinereum. 

Mammillaris maligna {mam-il-a'-ris mal-ig'-nah). 
Same as Paget' 's Disease of the Nipple. 

Mammillary {mam' -il-a-re) [mammilla, dim. of mam- 
ma, breast]. Nipple-shaped. M. Bodies, the cor- 
pora albicantia. M. Process, the mastoid process 
of the temporal bone. M. Tubercle, the metapophy- 
sis of a lumbar vertebra. 

Mammillate (mam'-il-at), Mammillated (mam'-il- 
a-ted) [mamillatus, from mammilla, dim. of mamma, 
breast]. Covered upon the surface with mammillae or 
teat-like protuberances. 

Mammillation [inam-il-a' 'shun) [mammilla, dim. of 
mamma, breast]. A granulation, especially on some 
mucous surface. 

Mammilloid (mam'-il-oid) [mammilla , nipple ; ehhr, 
like]. Nipple-shaped. 

Mammitis (mam-i'-tis). Synonym of Mastitis. 

Mammose (mam-os') [mamma, breast]. Having full 
or abnormally large breasts. 

Mammula {mam'-u-lah) [dim. of mamma, the breast : 
pi. , Mammulce~\. In biology, a term applied to such 
nipple-like processes as the spinnerets of spiders. 

Man [ME., man, man]. The only genus of the order 
Biniana, class Mammalia. A term used generally to 
include the human race. It also denotes the adult 
male of the genus. M., Descent of, the theory that 
man has developed, by successive gradations, from 
lower forms of animal life. See Darwinism. M.- 
hole, an opening into a drain or sewer, boiler or 
furnace, to permit of inspection or cleaning. M.- 
orchid. See Aceras. 

Manaca [manf -ak-aK) [Braz., manacan~\. The root of 
Franciscea ttniflora, known in Brazil as " vegetable 
mercury." It excites the lymphatic system and is in 
high repute as an antisyphilitic. In small doses it is 
a resolvent ; in larger doses a purgative. Dose of the 
fid. ext. tr^x. Unof. 

Manakin [man' -ak-in). See Manikin. 

Manal (ma'-nal) [/nanus, the hand]. In biology, per- 
taining to the palmar or metacarpal region of the 
hand. M. Formula, Harrison Allen's term for the 
widths of the spaces in bats between the metacarpal 
bones at the distal ends when the wing is extended, 
as compared with the length of the forearm. 

Manchester-brown. Same as Phenylene-brown. M.- 
yellow. Same as Martius's Yellow. 

Manchineel {man-chin-el'). See Hippomane manci- 
nella. 

Mancinism ( man' - sin- ism) [mancus, imperfect, 
maimed] . I ,eft-handedness. 

Mancona Bark (man-ko'-nah). See Casca Parle. 

Mandarin (man'-dar-in) [Pg. , mandarim, a mandarin]. 
A coal-tar color used in dyeing. It is produced from 



beta-naphthol, and dyes a bright reddish-orange shade. 
It is also called tropieolin. See Pigments, Conspectus 
of. M., Oil of, C ]0 H 16 , a fine quality of the oil of 
orange, derived from Citrus nobilis. 

Mandelic Acid (man-del' -ik). bee Add. 

Mandible (man' -dib-l), Mandibula (man-dib' -u-lah), 
Mandibulum(/«rt«-^ / -«-/w;«)[wrt«(AvY,tochew]. A 
name sometimes applied to the inferior maxillary bone. 

Mandibular (man-dib' -11-lar) [mandere, to chew]. 
Pertaining to the mandible, or lower jaw. M. 
Tubercle, a small nodule behind the angle of the 
mouth dependent upon an imperfection in the closure 
of the mandibular fissure of the face. It is often 
associated with other congenital anomalies, especially 
of the ears. 

Mandibularis externus [man-dib-u-la'-ris eks-ter'- 
n?ts) [L.]. Synonym of the Masseter Muscle. See 
Muscles, Table of. ' 

Mandibulate (man-dib'-u-ldt) [mandere, to chew]. 
Having a mandible. 

M andibulo-condy Hal {man - dib'- u-lo- kon - dil'-e -al) 
[mandere, to chew ; novdv'/.or, a knob]. Pertaining to 
both mandible and condyles. M.-c. Triangle. 
See Triangles, Table of. 

Mandibulo-coronal {man-dib' '-u-lo-kor-o' '-nal) [man- 
dere, to chew ; corona, a crown]. Pertaining to both 
the mandible and the coronal suture. M.-c. Triangle. 
See Triangles, Table of. 

Mandibulo-facial {man-dib' '-u-lo-fa'-shal) [man- 
dere, to chew ; fades, a face]. Pertaining to both 
mandible and face. M.-f. Index, in craniometry, 
the vertical projection-measurement of the lower jaw 
compared with that of the face, the latter being taken 
as 100. 

Mandibulo-gonial {man-dib'-u-lo-go'-ne-al) [man- 
dere, to chew ; yav'ta, an angle]. Pertaining to both 
mandible and gonion. M.-g. Triangle. See Tri- 
angles, Table of. 

Mand\bu\o-m{iafacia\(man-dib'-u-lo-in'-frah-fa-shal) 
[mandere, to chew; infra, beneath; fades, a face]. 
Pertaining to both the mandible and the lower portion 
of the face. M.-i. Index, the vertical projection- 
measurement of the lower jaw compared with that of 
the lower face, the latter being taken as 100. 

Mandibulo-maxillary {man - dib' - u - lo-maks' -il-a-re) 
[mandibula, mandible ; maxilla, maxilla]. In biol- 
ogy, related to both the mandibles and the maxillae. 

Mandibulo-suprafacial {man-dib-u-lo-su'-pra-fa-slial) 
[mandibula, mandible; supra, above ; fades, face]. 
Pertaining to both the mandible and upper portion 
of the face. M.-s. Index, the vertical projection- 
measurement of the lower jaw compared with that of 
the upper face, the latter being taken as 100. 

Mandragora {man-drag' -o-rah) [/xavSpaybpar, man- 
drake]. The mandrake. A genus of solanaceous old- 
world plants. M. officinalis, the true mandrake, has 
long been used as a narcotic and hypnotic. Unof. 

Mandragorin {man-drag' -o-rin) [pardpaybpag, man- 
drake], C n H. 23 N0 3 . A poisonous alkaloid from the 
root of Mandragora officinalis and M. autumnalis. It 
has nearly the same effects as atropin. Unof. 

Mandrake (man'-drak). See Mandragora and Podo- 
phyllum. 

Mandrin (man'-drin) [Ger. ]. The firm guide or sty- 
let (usually of metal) which gives rigidity to a flexible 
catheter whilst it is being inserted. 

Manducation (man -au-ka' -shun) [manducatio, a 
chewing]. The chewing or mastication of food. 

Manducatory [man-du'-kal-or-e) [manducare, to 
chew]. Pertaining to manducation. 

Manec's Paste. A paste used in dermatology. It is 
composed of arsenious acid gr. 15. black sulphid of 



MANFREDI, MICROCOCCUS OF 



725 



MANIACAL 



mercury gr. 75, spongia usta gr. 35. This is made 
into a thick paste with a few drops of water. 

Manfredi, Micrococcus of. See Bacteria, Synonym- 
otic Table of. 

Manganese {man f -gan-ez), Manganum [man-gan'- 
u m) [an altered form of Magnesium : gen., Mangani.~\ 
Mn =54, quantivalence II, IV. A silver-white metal 
having the general properties of iron. See Ele- 
ments, Table of. It is used in medicine and phar- 
macy in the form of oxids, sulphates, and iodid. In 
small doses, it is a general tonic ; in large doses, a 
gastro-intestinal irritant. M. -brown. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. M. et ferri carbonas saccharatus. 
Dose gr. v-xx. M. et ferri iodidi, Syr. Unof. 
Dose lT^x-xxx. M. -green. See Pigments, Conspec- 
tus of. M. iodidi, Syr., unof., contains gj of the 
salt to each ^j of syrup. Dose Ttlx-xxx. M. oxid. 
nig., Mn0 2 , " black oxid of manganese," used in the 
manufacture of chlorin-gas. Dose gr. ij-x. M. 
sulphas, MnS0 4 .4.H 2 0, emetic and cholagogue, useful 
in jaundice and catarrh of the biliary passages. Dose 
gr. ij-v. Potassii permanganas, K 2 Mn 2 8 , an ex- 
cellent antiseptic and germicide, efficient as a local 
wash, 3j to Oj, in diphtheria, scarlatina, etc., in car- 
cinoma and foul ulcers, tainted breath, and the fetid 
odor of the feet. P. permang., Liq. (B. P.) Dose 
3 ij— iv ; externally 3J to jf v-x of water. 

Manganesium (man-gan-e' '-ze-um). See Manganese. 

Mangania [man-gan-i' '-ak) \_fiayyaveia\. Quackery. 

Manganic [man-gan' -ik) [see Manganese]. A term 
applied to compounds containing manganese. 

Manganium [man-gan' -e-um). See Manganese. 

Manganization [man-gan-iz-a' -shun) [/id} yavov, phil- 
ter]. Adulteration of drugs. 

Manganon [inan' -gan-on) \jiay-yavov , philter]. A 
charm, spell, or philter. 

Manganous [man' -gan-us) [see Manganese"]. Per- 
taining to those compounds that contain manganese 
as a bivalent element. 

Mange (manj) [Fr. , manger, to eat]. The common 
name applied indifferently to the various forms of 
acariasis (Sarcoptinitic, or Demodetic Scabies) pro- 
duced in mammals by several acaridian parasites. It 
is known as scahbia, rogna, raspa, in Italy ; sarna, 
rofia, in Spain ; itch, scald, juck, mange, in England; 
gale, in France ; Kratze, KratzauscJilag, in Germany. 
It prevails at times epizootically, and in most varieties 
is transmissible to man. See Sarcoptes scabiei, De 
Geer, Psoroptes longirostris, Megnin, Chorioptes 
spathiferus, Megnin, Demodex folliculorum, Owen — 
all under Parasites {Animal), Table of. 

Mangifera (man-gif '-er-ali) . See Mango. 

Mangili's Ganglion. The pedal ganglion of Mollusca. 

Mangini's Reagent. A reagent for testing for alka- 
loids. It consists of potassium iodid 3 parts, bismuth 
iodid 16 parts, and HC1 3 parts. 

Mangle (mang'-gl) [ME., 7nangelen, to mutilate]. To 
lacerate; to wound in a jagged or irregular manner. 

Mango {man' -go) [Pg. , manga, mango]. The fruit of 
Mangifera indica ; the bark yields an unofficial reme- 
dy having reputed properties as an astringent and tonic 
to the mucous membranes. It has been recommended 
for catarrh of the nasal passages and for purulent 
discharges from the vagina, and as a wash in skin- 
diseases. Dose of the fluid extract, Wkx-Xj. 
Unof. 

Mangostin {jnan' -go-stin) [Pg. , manga, mango]. C M - 
H v2 3 . A crystalline, bitter principle found in the 
shells of the fruit of Carcinia ma.ngosta.na. 

Manhood [man' -hood) [ME.,»M«,man], That period 
in which a man possesses all of his physical and 
generative faculties ; virility. 



Mania {ma' -ne-ah) [uavia, jiaivtaQai, to rage]. A form 
of insanity marked by great exaggeration of nervous 
action. It may occur suddenly, or follow an attack 
of melancholia. The patient presents an infinite variety 
of moods, is the subject of hallucinations and illu- 
sions, often shows a tendency to destroy what he 
comes in contact with, and is untidy ; there is a marked 
change in character, and decided insomnia. There 
is rapid and progressive emaciation. The brain is 
found to be in a hyperemic condition, and the disease 
is probably due to a loss of the inhibitory action of 
the highest controlling centers of the brain. Mania is 
most common in young adult life. Heredity is a 
strong predisposing cause, while mental strain, be- 
reavements, shocks, and alcoholism may act as excit- 
ing causes. The great majority of the cases recover. 
M., Acute. See Mania. M., Acute Delirious, 
acute mania in which delirium is a prominent feature. 
M., Alcoholic, acute mania of alcoholic origin. It 
is to be distinguished from delirium tremens, although 
sometimes used synonymously with it. M. a potu. 
See Delirium. M., Bell's, an acute delirium running 
a rapidly fatal course, with slight fever, and in which 
post-mortem no lesions are found sufficient to account 
for the symptoms. There are the wildest hallucina- 
tions, insomnia, and intense excitement, followed 
by a condition called typlio-mania , with elevation of 
temperature, dry tongue, and rapid, feeble pulse. The 
disease is almost always fatal, ending in from one to 
three weeks. Its nature is unknown. See Diseases, 
Table of. M. brevis, transitory mania, a. v. M. of 
Character, reasoning monomania. M. conciona- 
bunda, a form characterized by a constant desire to 
speak publicly. M. crapulosa, dipsomania. M., 
Dancing, an epidemic of choreic or convulsional 
movements, especially prevalent in the middle ages. 
M., Epileptic, a maniacal outburst in an epileptic ; 
it may come on slowly. In many cases it is associated 
with a destructive tendency. M. errabunda, wander- 
ing mania, in which the patient wanders about 
or rushes forward regardless of obstacles. M., Fu- 
rious, a violent form of mania ; delirium furibun- 
dum. M. hallucinatoria. See Insanity, Confu- 
sional. M., Homicidal, one in which the individ- 
ual displays a tendency to kill. M., Hypochon- 
driacal, mania associated with hypochondriacal de- 
lusions. M., Hysteric, an outburst resembling mania 
occurring in an hysteric subject ; it is usually asso- 
ciated with erotic manifestations. M., Incendiary. 
See Pyromania. M., Morphin, morphinomania, q. v. 
M. potatorum. Synonym of M., Alcoliolic. M., 
Preaching, an epidemic, somewhat analogous to danc- 
ing mania, that occurred in Sweden in 1841 and 1842. 
Those affected, chiefly young girls, passed through a 
period of trance, then through a stage of violent chorei- 
form movements, and, lastly, into a period of quiet, 
during which they would preach or speak. M., 
Puerperal, a form of mania or abnormal mental action 
sometimes following childbirth. M., Reasoning, 
simple mania, or mania with delirium — a simple exal- 
tation of the mental faculties. M., Religious, mania 
in which the central idea is religious in character, or in 
which a powerful religious emotion has been the 
exciting cause. M., Senile, a maniacal outburst in 
old persons. M. sine delirio, mania without delirium. 
M., Transitory. See Frenzy, Transitory. M., 
Typho-, acute delirious mania associated with fever, 
dry, coated tongue, and other symptoms of the typhoid 
state. M., Wolf. See Lycanthropy. 

Maniac {ma'-ne-ak) \_fjavia, madness]. An insane 
person ; one affected with mania. 

Maniacal (ina-ni'-ak-al) \jiavia, madness]. Having 



MANIACOCOMIUM 



726 



MANTLE 



the nature of madness or insanity. M. Chorea. See 
Chorea insaniens. M. Outburst, a sudden develop- 
ment of mania, not uncommon in epilepsy and in 
general paralysis of the insane. 

Maniacocomium [ma-ne-ak-o-ko' -me-um), Maniaco- 
mium [ma-ne-ak-o' -me-um) . See Manicocomium. 

Manica {man 1 '-ik-a.fi) [/nanus, hand]. A protection- 
covering, as a sleeve or a glove. M. Hippocratis, 
Hippocrates' sleeve, a name formerly used to desig- 
nate the cloth strainer of the apothecary. 

Manicate [nian' -ik-at) \_manicatus, sleeved] . In biol- 
ogy, having a felted, hairy coating that may be re- 
moved entire. 

Manicocomium [ma-nlk-o-ko' -me-um), Manicomum 
[ma-nik' -o-mum) [fiavmog, insane; Ko/xietv, to care 
for] . An asylum for the insane. 

Manicula [ma-nik' -u-lafi) [dim. of fiavia, mania]. A 
mild form of mania. 

Maniculum [man-ik' -u-luin) [dim. of mantis, hand]. 
The fore-foot of a mammal. 

Manicure [man' -ik-iir) \_manus, the hand ; citra, care]. 
The processes employed in caring for and beautifying 
the hand. Also, one who professionally attends to 
the care of the hands and nails; a chiropodist. 

Maniform [man'-iform) [manus, hand; forma, form]. 
Hand-shaped. 

Manigraph [man' -ig-raf) [fiavia, mania; ypa&eiv, to 
write]. An alienist ; one who is an expert in insanity. 

Manigraphy [inan-ig' -ra-fe) [jiavia, madness ; ypdi/)i/, 
writing]. A treatise on, or the science of, insanity. 

Manihot [man'-e-hot) [L.]. A genus of euphorbiace- 
ous plants. M. aipi and M. utilissima afford cas- 
sava and tapioca, a. v. Unof. 

Manihotoxin [tnan-e-ho-toks' -in) [manihot, manihot ; 
to^ikov, poison]. A poisonous, crystalline principle 
from the root of Manihot utilissima. 

Manikin [man' -ik-in) [OF., manequiii, a puppet]. A 
model of plaster, papier mache, etc., designed to show 
the anatomy or functions of an animal or organ, espe- 
cially of a human being. 

Manila Hemp. See Hemp. 

Maniluvium [nian-il-u' -ve-utti) [mantis, hand ; /at/are, 
to wash]. A hand-bath; a wash or lotion for the 
hands. 

Manioc [man'-e-ok) [Braz.]. The plant Manihot utilis- 
sima. M., Sweet [Manihot aipi), used as an esculent 
vegetable, like potatoes. See Manihot. 

Manimetrum [itiati-im-et'-riim) [matins, hand ; ytirpov, 
measure]. A hand-measure or cheirometer. 

Maniple [tnaii'-ip-l) [manipitliis, from manus, hand]. 
A handful, or pugil. 

Maniplies [man-ip-hz'). See Manyplies. 

Manipulation [man-ip-u-la' -shun) [manipitliis, a hand- 
ful]. The act of doing with the hands ; an operation 
or experiment in which the hands are particularly em- 
ployed; dexterity in such acts. A method of reducing 
dislocations, hernioe, and of treating aneurysms ; mas- 
sage. 

Manipulator [ntan-ip' -u-la-tor) [manipiilare, to lead by 
the hand]. One who manipulates ; a masseur or mas- 
seuse. M., Amalgam, a dental instrument for 
introducing amalgam fillings. 

Manipulus [man-ip'-u-lus). See Maniple. 

Manistupration [man-is-tu-pra'-shun). Synonym of 
Masturbation. 

Mann's Reagent. See Tests, Table of. 

Manna [man' -ah) [ji&vva, manna]. The exudation of 
the flowering ash, Fraxinus ornits, and other trees. 
Its properties are due to manniteor manna, C 6 H u O B , 
sugar, dextrin, and a resinous principle. It is a mild 
laxative, and may be advantageously combined with 
rhubarb or magnesium citrate. Dose jfj-ij. Unof. 



Manneberg, Streptococcus of. See Bacteria, Syno- 
nymatic, Table of. 

Mannid [man' -id) [jidvva, manna], C 6 H 10 O 4 . A 
syrupy substance derived from mannite by dehydration. 

Manniferous [maii-if'-er-ns) [fidvva, manna ; ferre, to 
bear]. Producing manna. 

Mannikin [man' -ik-in). See Manikin. 

Manning's Splint. A splint used in the treatment of 
fracture of the patella. 

Manniparous {itian-ip' -ar-us). See Manniferous. 

Mannitan (itiati'-it-au) [fidvva, manna] , C 6 H ]2 5 . A 
sweet, syrupy substance produced by the action of 
sulphuric acid on mannite. 

Mannite [man' -it). See Manna and Matinitol. 

Mannitic Acid [man-il'-ik). See Acid. 

Mannitol [man'-it-ol), Mannite [man'-it) [jiavva, 
manna] , C 6 H U 6 . A hexahydric alcohol produced 
in the vinous fermentation of the different varieties 
of sugar. It is also obtained by extracting manna 
with alcohol and allowing the solution to crystallize. 
It forms delicate, colorless needles or rhombic prisms. 
It is slightly soluble in water, readily so in boiling 
alcohol. It possesses a very sweet taste and melts at 
166° C. See Manila. 

Mannitone [maii'-it-dn) [udvva, manna]. A crystal- 
line isomer of mannitan produced when mannite is 
heated with water in a sealed tube. 

Mannitose [man' -it-os) [ixavva, manna], C 6 H 12 6 . An 
amorphous substance, isomeric with levulose, but 
optically inactive, obtained from mannite by oxida- 
tion. 

Manno-heptose [man'-o-hep'-toz). See Carbohydrates, 
Table of. 

Manno-monose [inan'-o-mo'-ndz). See Carbohydrates, 
Table of 

Mannonic Acid [man-on' -ik). See Acid. 

Manno-octose [man'-o-ok'-toz). See Carbohydrates, 
Table of. 



Mannose (;, 



s) [jiavva, manna], C s H,j0 6 . The 



aldehyd of mannitol. It exists in three forms, dextro- 
mannose, levo-mannose, and inactive mannose. See 
Carbohydrates, Table of. 
Manometer [maii-om' -et-er) [fiavoq, rare ; /icrpov, 
measure]. An instrument, in principle similar to a 




Gaule's Maximum and Minimum Manometer, A, B. 

(The extremity A is connected with the heart, and B with the 

mercurial manometer.) 

barometer, by which the tension of a vapor is mea- 
sured. It consists essentially of a V-tube partly filled 
with mercury. It is also used to determine blood- 
. pressure. 

Manometric [iiian-o-me/'-rik) [uavdc-, thin ; fiirpnv, 
measure]. Pertaining to the measurement of atmos- 
pheric pressure. 

Manoscope [mati'-o-skop) [iiavdc, thin ; aKoirelr, to 
view]. An instrument for determining the density 
of air. 

Manoscopy (maii-os'-ho-pe) [pavSg, thin ; oKotrelv, to 
view]. The estimation of the density of the air. 

Mansorius [man-so' -re-us) [L.]. The buccinator 
muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Manstupration [tiian-stu-pra' -shun). Synonym of 
Masturbation . 

Mantle [man'-tl). See Brain- mantle. 



MANTLE-CELL 



727 



MARIOTTE'S EXPERIMENT 



Mantle-cell {man'-tt-sel). Same as Tapctal Cell. 

Manual {man'-u-al) \_manits, hand]. Pertaining to 
the hand. M. -exercise Bone, a small triangular 
osseous growth occasionally found in soldiers at the 
tendinous insertion of the left deltoid muscle. It is 
also called drill-bone. M. Method. See French 
Method. 

Manubrial {man-u'-bre-al) [mantis, hand]. Pertain- 
ing to a manubrium. 

Manubrium (man-u'-bre-um) [L. ,a handle]. In bi- 
ology, variously applied to handle-like or haft-like 
structures. M. of Malleus, a vertical process of bone 
forming the handle-shaped attachment of the malleus 
of the ear. M. manus, the radius. M. of Sternum, 
the upper piece of the sternum. 

Manuduction {man-u-duk f -shun) [/nanus, hand; due- 
tto, a leading]. The operations performed by the 
hands in surgical and obstetric practice. 

Manuluvium {man-u-lu'-ve-um). Synonym of Mani- 
luvium. 

Manure {man-ilr') [MTL.,me>iuren, to manage]. Dung 
or other substance used to fertilize soil. 

Manus {ma'-nus) [L.]. The hand. 

Manustupration {man-u-stu-pra' -shun). See Mastur- 
bation . 

Manyplies {man' -ip-hz) [many; ply]. In biology, the 
third compartment in the complicated stomach of a 
ruminant. It is also called the omasum or psalterium. 

Manz's Glands. Small flask-shaped depressions occa- 
sionally seen on the border of the eyelids in man, and 
commonly in lower animals. 

Manzanita {man-zan-e' -tali) [Sp. , small apple]. The 
leaves of Arctostaphylos glauca, common to California; 
they are astringent and tonic with reference to the 
urinary organs. The drug resembles Uva ursi in pro- 
perties. Dose of the fid. ext TTlxx-xxx. Unof. 

Maple {ma'-pl) [ME., mapel, maple]. See Acer. M.- 
sugar. See Saccharum. 

Maquer's Salt. A compound known as "super-ar- 
seniate of potassium." 

Maranda {?nar-an'-dah) [Ceylonese]. A Ceylonese 
tree belonging to the Myrtaceae, the leaves of which 
have been used in syphilis. Unof. 

Maransis (mar-an'-sis). Synonym of Marasmus. 

Maranta {mar-an'-tali). See Arrowroot. 

Marantic {mar-an' -tik) [/mpavrtKoc ; /uapalveiv, to 
make lean]. Pertaining to marasmus, or to general 
malnutrition and prostration. M. Clot, a blood-clot 
produced by slowing of the circulation. M. Throm- 
bosis, primary thrombosis of the cerebral sinuses in 
connection with general malnutrition. 

Maraschino {mar-as-ke'-no) [Sp.]. A liquor made 
from morello cherries. 

Marasmatic {mar-az-mat f -ik). Synonym of Marasmic. 

Marasmic {tnar-az' -mik) [fiapaapiog, decay]. Af- 
fected with marasmus. 

Marasmoid {mar-as 1 -moid') [papaopoc;, decay; elSor, 
like]. Resembling or simulating marasmus. 

Marasmopyra {mar-az-mop' -ir-ali) [/mpaa/ior, wast- 
ing; irvp, fire]. Hectic fever. 

Marasmous {mar-az' -nms). Synonym of Marasmic. 

Marasmus {mar-az 1 '-mus) [fiapaafioq ; fjapaiveiv, to 
grow lean]. A gradual general deterioration of the 
mental and physical forces, with marked emaciation. 
As used popularly it is meant to refer to the wasting 
of infants. It is generally encountered in hand-raised 
babes, and is associated with indigestion from improper 
feeding, congenital syphilis, rickets, or tuberculosis. 
The children thus affected have a peculiar weazened 
or senile appearance. In the majority of cases, with 
proper care the child may be restored to health. 

Marble-cutter's Phthisis. See Chalicosis. 



Marc [mark) [Fr. , dregs]. A side-product in the 
manufacture of wines, consisting of the stems, skins, 
and stones of the grapes. It is used for the purpose 
of making brandy by fermentation ; with sheet-copper 
in the manufacture of verdigris; to start the fermen- 
tation in vinegar-making; as cattle-food; when dried, 
as fuel ; or for fertilizing purposes. The refuse of 
olives, or of oil-seeds, after the removal of the oil, is 
also called marc. 

Marcescent [mar-ses'-ent) [marcescere , to wither, fade, 
decay]. In biology, withered or shriveled. 

March's Disease. Synonym of Exophthalmic Goiter, 
q. v. Also see Diseases, Table of. 

Marchi's Solution. A solution for staining nerve-tis- 
sues. See Stains, Table of. 

Marcid {mar'-sid) [marcidus, marcere, to wither]. I. 
Shrunken ; wasted. 2. Accompanied or character- 
ized by wasting. 

Marcor {mar'-kor). See Marasmus. 

Mare [ME., mare, a horse ; an incubus]. I. The 
female of the horse. 2. The substance remaining 
after the first distillation of spirits. 3. Oppressed 
sleep; nightmare. 

Maremmatic (mar-em-at'-ik) [Mare/nme, a malarious 
region of Italy]. Pertaining to very malarious re- 
gions, especially of Italy. 

Marennin {mar-en' -in) [mare, the sea]. In biology, 
Lankester's name for the green coloring-principle ab- 
sorbed by oysters from diatoms {K r avicula ostrearia) in 
the process of greening. 

Mareo {mar'-e-o) [Span.]. Mountain . sickness. A 
malady characterized by nausea and violent headache, 
occasionally overcoming persons who ascend to high 
altitudes. 

Margaric Acid {mar-gar 1 '-ik) . See Acids, Table of Fatty. 

Margarin {mar'-gar-in) [fiapyapoi;, the pearl-oyster]. 
I. A mixture of olein and palmatin. 2. An artificial 
substitute for butter. 

Margarinic Acid {mar-gar-in' '-ik). See Acid, Mar- 
garic. _ 

Margaritoma {mar-gar-it-o' -mail) [/idpyapoc , the pearl- 
oyster; d/ia, a tumor]. Virchow's term for a true 
primary cholesteatoma-formation in the auditory canal. 

Margarone {mar' -gar- on). See Palmitone . 

Margarous Acid {mar'-gar-us). A synonym of Acid, 
Stearic. 

Marginal {mar 1 '-jin-al) [marginalis, from margo, mar- 
gin]. Pertaining to the margin or border. M. Con- 
volution. See Convolutions, Table of. M. Lobe. 
See Lobe. 

Marginate {mar' -jin-af) [marginare , to furnish with a 
border]. In biology, applied to structures in which 
the margin is peculiarly distinct. 

Marginoplasty {mar-jin' -o-plas-te) [margo, margin ; 
■kX&gcelv, to shape]. Plastic surgery of the marginal 
portion of the eyelid. 

Margosin {mar' -go-sin) [pdpyapoc, the pearl-oyster]. 
A bitter alkaloid obtained from Azadirachta indica. 

Maricolous {mar-ik'-o-lus) [mare, the sea ; colere, to 
dwell]. In biology, applied to animals or plants in- 
habiting the sea ; pelagic. 

Marie's Disease. Akromegaly. See Akrotnegaly, 
and Diseases, Table of. 

Marigold {mar'-ig-old). See Calendula. 

Marine-blue. See Pigments, Co?tspectus of. 

Mariotte's Experiment, A device for demonstrating 
the existence of the blind-spot of the eye, consisting 
in placing a spot upon a paper at such an angle with 
the visual axis that the image falls upon the papilla. 
M.'s Blind-spot, M.'s Spot, the point of entrance 
of the optic nerve into the fundus of the eye. M.'s 
Law. See Law. 



MARISCOUS 



728 



MAS, MASC 



Mariscous [mar-is' -kits) [marisca, hemorrhoid]. Per- 
taining to hemorrhoids. 

Marito-nucleus {mar-it-o-nu' '-kle-us) [marilus, married ; 
nucleus, a little nut]. The nucleus of the ovum after 
its union with the male pronucleus. 

Marjolin's Warty Ulcer. An ulcer resulting from the 
breaking down of warty cicatricial tissue. It is of slow 
progress, and finally gives rise to glandular enlarge- 
ment. See Diseases, Table of. 

Marjoram {mar' -jo-ram). See Origanum. 

Mark [ME., mark, a mark]. Birth-mark, or mother's 
mark ; nevus. M., Portwine. See Nevus. 

Marl [ME., marl, marl]. A clay rich in calcium car- 
bonate. 

Marmalade, Marmelade [mar 1 '-mal-dd) [Port., mar- 
mello, a quince]. A conserve prepared from the 
quince, orange, plum, peach, or other fruit, which is 
sliced and preserved in a saturated syrup. 

Marine's Reagent. See Tests, Table of. 

Marmorate [mar' -mo-rai) [marmor, marble]. In bi- 
ology, traversed with vein-like markings like those of 
certain kinds of marble. 

Maroon {mar-oon'). See Pigments, Conspectus of M.- 
oxid. Same as Purple-brown. 

Marriageable {mdr'-aj-a-bl) [ME., mariage, mar- 
riage; maritus, a husband]. Of an age when mar- 
riage may be legally performed. 

Marriot, Dry Vomit of. An emetic preparation con- 
sisting of equal parts of sulphate of copper and tartar 
emetic. 

Marrow {mar'-d) [ME., marow, marrow]. A sub- 
stance composed of water, fat, and albuminous matter, 
existing in the cavities of many of the long bones. 
M.-cell, a cell resembling a white blood-corpuscle, 
but larger and with a clearer protoplasm and a larger 
nucleus, and showing ameboid movement. It is found 
in the marrow of bones. M., Fetal, the juicy, red 
marrow filling the cavities of the fetal endochondral 
bones. M., Red, the reddish marrow, quite free 
from fat, contained near the articular extremities of 
long bones. M., Spinal, the spinal cord. M., Yel- 
low, the fatty marrow of the shafts of long bones. 

Marrubiin {mar-u' -be-in) \_marrubium, horehound]. 
The crystalline, neutral, bitter substance found in 
Horehound. 

Marrubium {mar-u' -be-um) [L.]. Horehound. The 
leaves and tops of M. vulgare. They contain a bitter 
principle and a volatile oil. In small doses horehound 
is a mild stomachic tonic ; in larger doses a laxative. 
It exerts a soothing effect in catarrh of the nasal pas- 
sages, and is therefore an ingredient of various cough- 
mixtures. Dose 3ss-j. Unof. 

Mars (marz) [L. , the war-god]. An old synonym for 
iron. SeePerrum. M. -brown. See Pigments , Con- 
spectus of. M.-red. Same as Ocher. M. -violet. 
Same as Mineral-purple . 

Marsala {mahr-sa'-lali) [Ital.]. An Italian wine con- 
taining 20 per cent, of alcohol. 

Marsden's Mucilage or Paste. A caustic paste con- 
sisting of one part of white arsenic to two of gum- 
arabic. 

Marsdenia {marz-de 1 '-ne-a/i) [after William Marsden, 
a British orientalist]. A genus of asclepiadaceous 
plants of which several species yield indigo. M. con- 
durango. See Condurango. M. erecta, a poisonous 
species from Europe and Asia Minor. Taken inter- 
nally it produces violent convulsions and death, and 
applied externally it blisters the skin. 

Marsdenin {marz-den' -in) [after William Marsden, a 
British orientalist]. A bitter crystalline extractive from 
Marsdenia erecta. 

Marsh [ME., mersh, a marsh]. A swamp or bog. M.- 



fever. See Malaria. M. -gas, Methyl Hydrid, Fire- 
damp, Methane ; a hydrocarbon having the composition 
CH 4 . It occurs in swamps as a product of the decom- 
position of vegetable tissue. It constitutes a large pro- 
portion of common illuminating-gas. M. -miasm. 
See Malaria. M. Rosemary, the root of Statice 
caroliniana, a bitter astringent, resembling kino in 
therapeutic properties. It is a popular New England 
remedy for cancrum oris and for aphthous affections of 
the mouth. Dose of the fid. ext. gss-j. M. Trefoil. 
See Mcnyanthcs trifoliata. M. -mallow. See Althaa. 
M. -marigold. See Caltha. Unof. 

Marsh's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Marshall's Cerate. A cerate composed of calomel 
3J, lead acetate 3 ss, palm oil 3 vj, ointment of 
nitrate of mercury §ij. M., Vein of. See Vein. 
M.'s Vestigial Fold, a crescentic fold of serous 
membrane of the pericardium containing the remains 
of the left superior vena cava. 

Marson's Theory. A theory that claims that the 
degree and duration of vaccinal protection are propor- 
tionate to the perfection of the vaccine lesions and to 
the number of insertions made. 

Marsupial {mar-sit' -pe-al) \_fiapavnoc, a pouch]. 
Pouched. In zoology, a mammal of the order Marsu- 
pialia. See Marsupium and Mastotheca. M. Incisura 
{Incisura marsupialis), the deep posterior notch be- 
tween the two halves of the cerebellum, occupied by 
the falx cerebri. 

Marsupiate {mar-su'-pe-at). See Marsupial 

Marsupium {rnar-su' -pe-um) \_/japov-oc, a pouch, bag]. 
In biology, the fold of abdominal integument, or 
"pouch," that serves to support and protect the young 
of those mammals belonging to the sub-class Metathe- 
ria or Didelphia ; a Mastotheca, a. v. 

Marteno {mar'-te-nd). Incorrect form of Marty nia, q. v. 

Martial {mar'-shal) \martialis, cf. mars, iron]. Ferru- 
ginous or chalybeate ; containing iron. 

Martin's Bandages. Long India-rubber bandages, from 
5 to 21 feet in length, used in the treatment of chronic 
ulcers, varicose veins, and joint-disease. M.'s Depil- 
atory, a preparation made by passing H. 2 S through a 
mixture of slaked lime two parts and water three 
parts. M.'s Hemostatic, surgeon's agaric saturated 
with ferric chlorid. M.'s Operation. See Oper- 
ations, Table of. 

Martindale's Mixture. See Anesthetic. 

Martineau's Formula. A formula used in the treat- 
ment of syphilis, constituted as follows : Bichlorid of 
mercury 2>^ drams, peptone ^2 ounce, chlorid of 
ammonium V z ounce. P'ifteen grains of this prepara- 
tion contain nearly four grains of sublimate. It was 
diluted with water alone or with a mixture of water 
and glycerin, and was injected in doses of from 1- of 
a grain upward. It is not much used now. M.'s 
Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Martius's Yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Martynia {mar-tin' -e-ah) [after John Martyn, an 
American botanist]. A genus of dicotyledonous gamo- 
petalous plants. M. proboscidea, unicorn plant, 
employed as a mucilaginous drink in bladder-troubles. 

Maruta {ma-ru'-tah) [L.]. A genus of composite- 
flowered herbs. M. cotula, mayweed, or dog-fennel, 
is an ill-scented weed common in Europe and North 
America. It is antipyretic and insecticide, is a vesicant 
of some power, and is said to be a good application 
to bruises and swellings. Unof. 

Mas, Masc {mas, mash) [L. abbrev. of masculus, the 
male, or masculinus, masculine] . 1. In biology, em- 
ployed to designate a male plant or animal. Its 
symbol is usually rj 1 . In old usage it was frequently 
employed in a fanciful way as the specific name of 



MASCARHO 



729 



MASTALGIA 



plants. See Aspidium Jilix mas. i. The center-pin 
of a trephine. 

Mascarpio {mas-kahr'-pe-o) \jnas, male ; carpere, to 
pluck]. A masturbator. 

Maschaladenitis [mas-kal-ad-en-i' '-iis) [jiaaxa^ij, ax- 
illa; a6ijv, gland ; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the glands of the axilla. 

Maschaleous {mas-kaV-e-us) \_p.aaxaktj, axilla]. Per- 
taining to the axilla. 

Maschaliatria (mas-kal-e-a' '-tre-aK\ [/uaoxa/>/, axilla ; 
tarpela, treatment]. Treatment by inunctions in the 
axilla. 

Maschalister {pias-kal'-is-ter) [iiaoxa%i<JTi/p, girth, 
girdle]. The second cervical vertebra, the axis. 

Maschaloncus (mas-kal-ong f -ktts) [/moxd'Ar/, axilla; 
by nog, tumor]. An axillary tumor. 

Maschalopanus {mas-kal-op' -an-us). Synonym of 
Maschaloncus. 

Maschalyperidrosis {mas-kal-ip-er-id-ro'-sis) [pao- 
X<i?.>/, axilla; v-rcep, over; iHpuaic, sweating]. Ex- 
cessive sweating in the armpits. 

Masculine {mas' '-ku-lin), Masculous {mas' -ku-lus) 
[dim. of mas, a male]. Of the male sex. 

Masesis {mas-c'-sis). Synonym of Mastication. 

Maseter {mas'-e-ter). Synonym of Masseter. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Mash [ME., masche, mash]. A mixture of malt and 
water prepared in breweries and distilleries for making 
beers and spirits. Also, the mixture of grains used in 
feeding animals. 

Mask {mask) [Fr. , masque, a mask]. I. In biology, a 
mask like formation or coloration of the head ; a hood 
or capistrum. 2. In surgery, a bandage applied to 
the face in case of erysipelas and extensive burns or 
scalds. 3. Synonym of Chloasma. M., Death, a 
cast of the face of a dead person made by covering 
it with plaster-of-Paris or similar material, which is 
removed when hard. M. of Pregnant Women, the 
chloasma of pregnancy. 

Masked {maskt) [Fr. , »;(H^(f,amask]. Covered with 
a mask ; concealed. In biology, applied to insects in 
the larval state, especially such as indicate by lines on 
the surface the future wings, legs, and other parts 
of the imago. In botany, the same as Personate. M. 
Disease, one that is concealed by concomitant symp- 
toms. M. Epilepsy. See Epilepsy. M. Malaria. 
See Dumb Ague and Malarial Fever. M. Reaction, 
in chemistry, one that is concealed by a concurrent 
reaction. 

Masochism {mas' -o-kizni) [from Sacher- Masoch, an 
Austrian novelist]. Sexual perversion in which the 
pervert takes delight in being subjected to degrading, 
humiliating, or cruel acts on the part of his or her 
associate. It is the opposite of Sadism. The victims 
of this perversion experience peculiar pleasure at the 
sight of a rival who has obtained the favor of their 
mistress, and will even receive blows and lashes from 
the rival with a voluptuous mixture of pain and 
pleasure. Masochism corresponds to the Passivism 
of Stefanowski. 

Masochist (mas'-o-kist) [Masoch, from Sacher- Masoch, 
an Austrian novelist]. One addicted to masochism. 

Masochistic {mas- o-kis'- tik) [ Sacher- Masoch, an 
Austrian novelist]. Relating to masochism. 

Mason's Lung. A synonym of Pneumonokoniosis. 
M.'s Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Masque {?nask) [Fr.]. Reaumur's name for a grayish- 
brown, rounded part of the sexual apparatus of the 
drone-bee. It is thickly set with short spines having 
curved points. Also see Mask. 

Masrite {maz'-rit). See Masrium. 

Masrium {maz'-re-um) [Arab., masr, Egypt.]. A 



metal described as a new element, found in Egypt 
in a mineral first called " Johnsonite," but later mas- 
rite. The mineral, masrite, has the formula (Al,- 
Fe) 2 3 .(MsMnCoFe)0.4SO.,.2oH 2 0. See Elements. 
Table of. Masrium has an atomic weight of 228. 
The sulphate, is a white salt, crystallizing poorly 
from water, but readily from a fifty per cent, alco- 
holic solution. The reactions of a soluble salt of 
masrium resemble those of zinc. The free metal has 
not been obtained ; neither has its vapor-density been 
determined, or spectroscopic examination made. 

Mass {mas) [massa, a mass]. Any aggregation of 
matter. M., Blue. See Hydrargyrum. M., Inter- 
mediate Cell, that part of the embryo from which 
the mesonephros is developed. M., Investing, the 
tissue that in early embryonic development surrounds 
the cranial portion of the notochord, and later is trans- 
formed into the parachordal cartilages. M., Vallet's, 
massa ferri carbonatis. See Fen-um. 

Massa {mas' -ah) [L.]. A mass. In pharmacy, a 
medicinal substance together with an excipient that 
gives it the adhesive, plastic quality necessary to form 
a pill. There are three official massa. 

Massage {mas-ahzh') [Fr. , from paaativ, to knead]. 
A method of effecting changes in the local and gen- 
eral nutrition, action, and other functions of the body, 
by rubbing, kneading, and other manipulation of the 
superficial parts of the body by the hand or an instru- 
ment. A male operator is called a masseur, a female 
operator, amasseuse. M., Friction, superficial rubbing. 
M. Method of Treating Lacrymal Stenosis. 
See Gould's Method, under Treatment, Methods of. 

Massering {mas-er' -ring) [Fr. , from pdaaeiv, to knead]. 
The performance of massage. 

Massesis {mas-e'-sis). Synonym of Mastication. 

Masset's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Masseter {mas-e'-ter) \_paatjrijp, chewer]. See Muscle. 

Masseteric {mas-et-er'-ik) [paoz/ri/p, chewer]. Masse- 
terine; pertaining to the masseter muscle. 

Masseterine {jnas-et' -er-en) \_paarjryp, chewer]. Per- 
taining to the masseter muscle. 

Masseur(»/aj-«;' / )[Fr.]. A man who practises massage. 

Masseuse {mas-u(r)z') [Fr. ]. A woman who practises 
massage. 

Massicot {mas'-ik-oi) [Fr.]. PbO. Yellow protoxid 
of lead ; litharge. 

Massotherapeutics, Massotherapy {mas-o-ther-ap-u' - 
tiks, mas-o-ther' -ap-e) \_paoativ, to knead ; depcnvveiv, 
to treat]. The treatment of disease by means of 
massage. 

Massoy Bark {mas-oi' bark). I. The bark of Cin- 
namomum kiamis, of the E. Indies ; aromatic and 
antidysenteric ; it affords the volatile oil of massoy. 2. 
The bark of Massoia aromatica, a tree of New Guinea. 

Massula {mas' -su-lah) [L. , dim. of massa, a lump or 
mass: //. , Massulm\. In biology: {a) an adherent 
group of pollen-grains produced by a single mother- 
cell. (/;) One of the two or more spheric masses con- 
taining microspores, and derived from the mucilage of 
the microsporangia of Azolla. These masses are 
sometimes covered with barbed hair-like appendages, 
called glochids. 

Mast-cells. Cells filled with basophile granules, found 
in the connective tissue and in foci of chronic inflam- 
mation. 

Mastaden {mas' -ta-den) [paaroc, breast ; aSi/v, gland]. 
The mammary gland. 

Mastadenitis {mas-tad-en-i' -tis) \_ima-6c, breast; adrjv, 
gland; nig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
mammary gland. 

Mastalgia {mas-tal' -je-ah) \_paa~6c, breast ; aTiyoc, pain]. 
Any pain in the breast. 



MASTATROPHIA 



730 



MASTOTHECA 



Mastatrophia (tnast-at-ro'-fe-ak) [fiaaroc, breast ; arpo- 
$ia, atrophy]. Atrophy of the breast. 

Mastauxe (mas-tazvks' -e) [//acrrdc, breast; av^r;, 
growth]. Increase in size, or excessive size, of the 
mammary apparatus. 

Mastax [mas' -tabs) [/moral;, the mouth]. In biology, 
the muscular pharynx, containing the masticatory ap- 
paratus of a rotifer or wheel-animalcule. 

Mastecchymosis (mast-ek-im-o' -sis) \_jxaaroc, breast; 
kyxi'fiuot-S, ecchymosis]. Ecchymosis of the breast. 

Mastelcosis (mast-el-ko'-sis) [/znordc, breast ; ePiKuatc, 
ulceration]. Synonym of Masthe/cosis. 

Master Tissues. A term applied to the muscular and 
nervous tissues of the body. 

Masterwort (mas' '-ter-wer£). Cow Parsnip. The root 
of Heracleum lanatum, a stimulant, carminative, and 
antispasmodic. Dose of the fid. ext. 3 j — i j . Unof. 
See also Imperatoria. 

Masthelcosis (mas-thel-ko 1 '-sis) [/laoror, breast ; eAuucsir, 
ulceration]. Ulceration of the breast. 

Mastic (mas' -iik) \inastiche; naarixVi mastic]. The resin 
flowing from the incised bark of the Pis/ana lentiscus. 
It occurs in pale, yellowish, transparent tears, that are 
brittle, with conchoidal fracture and balsamic odor, and 
soften between the teeth. It is soluble in alcohol, oil 
of turpentine, and acetone. It is used in varnish-mak- 
ing, and in dentistry as a temporary filling for teeth 
that have been prepared for their permanent filling. 
Internally its action is similar to that of the resin of tur- 
pentine. Dose gr. xx-xl. 

Mastication (mas-tik-a'-shun) \_masticare, to chew]. 
The process of chewing and of insalivation. 

Masticatory (mas' ' -tik-at-o-re) \_masticare, to chew]. 
A term applied to remedies or agents designed to be 
masticated or chewed ; also to agents increasing the 
flow of saliva. M. Spasm, spasm from irritation of 
the peripheral or of the central tract of the motor por- 
tion of the fifth nerve. 

Mastiche (mas'-ii-ke). See Mastic. 

Masticot (mas'-tik-ot). Synonym of Massicot. 

Mastigium (mas-tij' '-e-um) \_/idari^, a whip : //., Mas- 
tigia~\. In biology, one of the organs provided with 
defensive lashes, placed on the posterior extremity of 
certain lepidopterous larvse. 

Mastigobranchia (mas-tig-o-brang' '-ke-ah) \jiaciTii;, 
whip ; ftpayxia , gills]. In biology, the branchial lash 
of a crustacean. It is synonymous with the epipo- 
dite and epignathite of Milne-Edwards, and some- 
times with part of the podobranchite of Huxley and 
with the apodemata of MacCoy, and the flabellum of 
old authors. (Bate.) 

Mastigophoric (mas-tig-o-for'-ik) \_fiaar^, whip; (j>6poc, 
bear]. Same as Mastigophorous. 

Mastigophorous (mas-tig- off' '-o-rus) [_fjt.aoTiyo<p6poc, 
bearing a whip]. In biology, flagellate, as certain 
infusoria or zoospores. 

Mastigopod (mas-tig' -o-pod) [/laortl;, a whip ; ttovc 
(-06), foot]. In biology, applied to the ciliated or 
flagellate stage in the development of certain organ- 
isms, as the myxomycetes. 

Mastigosis (mas-/ig-o'-sis) [_fta<7Tiyuatr, from fiaanyovv, 
to whip]. Flagellation as a therapeutic measure. 

Mastilin (mas' -til-in) \_(iao-ix>l, mastic]. The resin 
found in mastic. 

Mastitis (/nas-ti'-t/s)[_//aar6r, breast ; trie, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the breast. M. neonatorum, mastitis 
of infants. M., Parenchymatous, inflammation of the 
proper glandular substance of the breast. M., Retro- 
mammary, M., Submammary, or Paramastitis, in- 
flammation of the connective tissue between the gland 
and the thorax. M., Supra-mammary, inflamma- 
tion of the superficial connective tissue of the breast. 



Mastix (mas'-tiks). Synonym of Mastic. 

Masto-carcinoma (mas - to -/car - sin - 0' - mah) \_uaar6c, 
breast; KapKivu/ia, carcinoma]. Mammary carcinoma. 

Ma.sto-chondrosis(mas-t0-Aoii-dro / -sis)[ua<jT6c < breast ; 
XovSpor, cartilage]. A chondromatous tumor of the 
mamma. 

Mastodealgia (mas - to - de - al' - je - ah) [//aoT<jrS//c, mas- 
toid; a/. yog, pain]. Pain in the mastoid process. 

Mastodeocentesis (mas-to-de-o-sen-te'-sis) [fiaoTuSrjc, 
mastoid ; KEvrr/aic, a thrust] . Surgical perforation of 
the mastoid process. 

Mastodeo-paracentesis (mas-to-de-o-par-as-en-te'-sis). 
Synonym of Mastodeocentesis. 

Mastodynia I mas-to-din' -e-ah) [//atrrdc, breast ; bdbvtj, 
pain]. Pain in the breast. 

Mastoid (mas'-toia) [iMffrdc, breast; u6oc, like]. Hav- 
ing the shape of the breast ; a descriptive term applied 
to a process and to a foramen of the temporal bone, 
and to other parts. M. Abscess, an abscess of the 
mastoid cells. M. Angle, the postero-inferior angle 
of the parietal bone. M. Antrum, a cavity in the 
mastoid portion of the temporal bone. M. Cells, the 
cells or hollow spaces exhibited in the structure of 
the mastoid process. M. Disease, inflammation and 
suppuration of the mastoid cells. M. Foramen. See 
Foramina, Table of. M. Fossa. See Fossa. M. 
Process, the protruding part of the temporal bone 
felt behind the ear. 

Mastoidal (mas-toi'-dal), Mastoideal (mas-toi-de'-al), 
Mastoidean (mas-toi-de' -an) \jiaaroq, breast ; eidog, 
like]. Pertaining to the mastoid process. 

Mastoidealgia (mas-toi-de-al' -je-ah) [/iaordc, breast ; 
aXyoc, pain]. Synonym of Mastodealgia. 

Mastoideocentesis (mas-loi-de-o-sen-te'-sis). See Mas- 
todeocentesis. 

Mastoideus (mas - toi - de' - us) [//acroc, breast; eISoc, 
like]. A muscle attached to the mastoid process. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Mastoiditis (mas-toid-i'-tis) \_iw.g-6<;, breast; eldog, like; 
ltic, inflammation]. I. Inflammation of the mastoid 
cells, and of their lining mucous membrane. 2. In- 
flammation of the periosteum of the mastoid process. 

Mastology (mas- to/'- -/e) [//aordc, breast; Aoyoc, 
treatise]. A treatise on the mammary apparatus, its 
anatomy and diseases. 

Mastomenia (mas-to-me'-ne-ah) \_paaroc, breast; /if/v, 
month]. Vicarious menstruation from the breast. 

Mastoncus (mas-tong'-kus) \jiaor6c, breast ; dy/coc, 
tumor]. Any tumor of the mammary gland or 
nipple. 

Masto-occipital (mas' -to-ok-sip' -it-al) [uaaror, breast; 
occiput, occiput]. Pertaining to the mastoid process 
and the occipital bone. 

Masto-parietal (mas'-to-par-i'-et-al) \uao-6c, breast; 
paries, wall]. Pertaining to the mastoid process and 
the parietal bone. 

Mastopathy (mas-top' -ath-e) \jmm6c, breast ; jrdfloc, 
disease]. Any disease or pain of the mammary 
apparatus. 

Mastorrhagia (mas-tor-a' -je-ah) [ftarj-6c, breast ; ptp/vv- 
vat, to break forth]. Hemorrhage from the breast. 

Masto-scirrhus (mas-to-skir f -us) [//aordc, breast; anip- 
p6c, hard]. Scirrhous carcinoma of the mamma. 

Mastospargosis (mas-to-spar-go' -sis) [paar6c, breast ; 
G~apyuat(;, swelling]. Enlargement or swelling of a 
mamma, especially that due to excess of milk. 

Mastosyrinx (mas-to-si'-rinks) [fjaoroc, breast ; avpiy^, 
pipe]. A mammary fistula. 

Mastotheca (mas-to-the'-kah) [//racr-dc, the breast ; fii/KT], 
a receptacle : //. , Mastothec<f\. In biology, a pouch 
in which the nipples of the mammary glands are situ- 
ated, as in the Marsitpialia, whose young are born 



MASTOUS 



731 



MAW- 



in an exceedingly rudimentary condition, and are never 
nourished by means of an allantoic placenta, but are 
transferred to the nipple of the mother, to which they 
remain firmly attached for a considerable time and are 
nourished, the milk being injected into the mouth by 
compression of the muscle covering the mammary 
gland. Cf. Marsupium. 

Mastous (mas'-tus) [/xaarog, breast]. Having large 
mammae. 

Mastozoon (mas-to-zo'-on) [uaarog, breast; ijuiov, ani- 
mal]. A mammal. 

Mastupration (mas-tu-pra'-shuri). Synonym of Mas- 
turbation. 

Masturbation [tnas-ter-ba 1 'shun) [masturbari, to pol- 
lute one's self ; /nanus, the hand ; stuprare, to ravish]. 
Production of the venereal orgasm by the hand ; secret 
vice. 

Masturbational, Masturbatory (mas-ter-ba/ -shun-al, 
mas-ter-ba' -tor-e) [masturbari, to pollute one's self]. 
Pertaining to masturbation. 

Masuri [mas-u'-re) [Ind.]. The name commonly given 
in India to a parasite of the horse, Amphistoma col- 
linsii. See Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Matchmaker's Disease. See Phosphorus-necrosis . 

Mate (mah'-ta) [Sp., mate, a vessel]. Paraguay Tea. 
The leaves of Ilex paraguayensis, an infusion of which 
is used in South America as a substitute for tea and 
coffee. Its properties are due to caffein. 

Mater (mah'-ier). See Dura Mater and Pia Mater. 

Materia (mat-e' -re-ah) [L.]. Matter. M. chirurgica, 
the instruments, appliances, and general outfit of a 
surgeon. M. medica, the science that treats of drugs ; 
the things used in medicine. 

Material (mat-e' -j-e-al) [materia, matter]. Pertaining 
to matter ; also, the substance of which anything con- 
sists. 

Materialism (mat-e' -re-al-izm). See Spiritualism. 

Materies morbi (mat-e' '-re-ez mor'-bi) [L. , " matter of 
disease]. I. That material which is essential to the 
existence of a disease considered as an entity. 2. 
A material that is the immediate cause of a disease 
or of an illness. 

Maternal (mat-ur'-nal) [mater, mother]. Pertaining to 
the mother. M. Impressions. See Impressions. 

Maternity (mat-ur'-nit-e) [mater, mother]. I. Mother- 
hood. 2. [Fr., maternite .] A lying-in hospital. 

Matica (mat-e' -kali). See Matico. 

Maticin (mat'-is-in) [Sp., matico~\. A bitter principle 
that exists in matico. 

Matico (mat-e' -ko) [Sp.]. The leaves of Artanthe 
elongata, an aromatic tonic, stimulant, and aphro- 
disiac. It is valuable in catarrhal diseases of the 
mucous membranes ; the leaves are efficacious as a 
hemostatic agent. Dose of the fid. ext. Z ss-ij ; of a io 
per cent, tinct. § ss-ij. M., Infus. (B. 



[Fr. , matras, a chemic vessel]. 



P.) Dose 

Matrass (mat'-ras) 
A urinal. 

Matricaria (mat-rik-a' -re-ali) [matrix, womb]. Ger- 
man Chamomile ; the flower-tops of M. chamomila. 
Matricaria contains a volatile oil and a bitter extractive 
principle, and is a mild tonic, and in large doses emetic 
and antispasmodic. It is a popular domestic remedy- 
among the Germans, and is the chamomilla of the 
homeopathic pharmacopeia. Dose, of the infusion, 
indefinite. 

Matriculate (mat-rik' -u-laf) [matricula, a register]. 
To receive admission and to enroll one's self as a 
member of a college. 

Matricyte (ma'-tris-lt) [udrr/p, mother; kvtoc, cell]. 
A mother- cell. 

Matrix (ma'-triks) [L. , a mold in which anything is 



cast]. I. A mold; the cavity in which anything is 
formed. 2. That part or tissue into which any organ 
or process is set, as the matrix of a tooth or of a nail ; 
the intercellular substance. 3. In dentistry, a piece 
of steel or other metal of suitable form, used in filling 
proximal cavities. 4. The uterus. 

Matrixitis (ma-triks-i'-tis). Same as Onychia. 

Matron [ma'-tron) [matrona, a matron]. The princi- 
pal female nurse or housekeeper of a hospital. 

Matted (mat'-ed) [ME., matte, a mat]. Closely ad- 
herent ; applied to tissues or structures that have been 
bound together by inflammatory exudate. 

Matter (mat'-er) [materies ; materia, matter]. The sub- 
stance, or stuff, of which anything is made; the term 
is used as the name of certain tissues (as white matter, 
gray matter) ; also of certain morbid products (e. g. , 
cheesy matter). Pus is colloquially designated as 
matter. M., Cheesy, the peculiar yellow cheese-like 
material, found in scrofulous and tuberculous glands, 
tissues, and other structures. M., Gray (of Sommer- 
ing). The locus niger of the crus cerebri. 

Matteuci's Muscular Pile. See Pile. 

Mattoid (mat'-oid) [mattits, drunk ; cldoc, like]. A 
person half-crazed ; a crank, or paranoiac. 

Maturant (mat'-u-rant) [maturare, to ripen]. I. 
Ripening; hastening the process of maturation. 2. 
Any agent that promotes suppuration or maturation. 

Maturation (mat-u-ra' -shun) [maturatio ; maturare, to 
ripen]. I. The period of ripening. The culminating 
stage of inflammation marked by the collection and 
excretion of pus in some part of the inflamed tissue. 
2. The ripening of the ovum ; the stage succeeding 
the extrusion of the polar bodies. M. of Cataract. 
See Cataract. 

Maturative (mat'-u-ra-tiv). Synonym of Maturant. 

Mature (ma-tur') [maturare, to ripen]. Ripe ; also, 
to ripen. 

Maturity (ma-tu'-rit-e) [maturitas : maturare, to ri- 
pen]. Full development; the quality or period of 
complete growth. 

Matutinal (ma-tu'-tin-al) [Matuta, goddess of the 
morning]. Occurring in the morning, as matutinal 
nausea. 

Matzoon- (mat'-zun). A variety of koumiss, prepared 
largely in Asiatic Turkey. ■ It is the Turkish equiva- 
lent of the Arabian leben, q. v. 

Mauchart's Ligaments. See Ligament. 

Maumene's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Mauriceau's Method. See Treatment , Me/hods of. 

Mauriceau-Lachapelle Method. Same as Mauriceau's 
Method. 

Mauthner, Sheath of. A thin zone of protoplasm 
situated immediately adjacent to the axis-cylinder 
of a nerve, and separating it from the medullary 
sheath. 

Mauvanilin (mawv-an' -il-in) [Fr. , mauve, yellow ; 
anilin\, C T9 H ] , ) N 3 0. A derivative of anilin, occur- 
ring as a by-product in the manufacture of rosanilin. 
It is soluble in alcohol, in benzene, and in acetic ether. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Mauve (ma?vv) [Fr.]. A purple dye derived from 
anilin. It is a salt of mauvein, q. v. See also Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. 

Mauvein (maw'-ve-in) [Fr. mattve, yellow], C 25 H 24 N 4 . 
A base derived from anilin ; its salts, especially the 
sulphate, form the anilin-dye mauve. It is a dark, 
crystalline powder, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in 
benzene and ether. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Maw-bound. Constipated. M.-worm. Any intes- 
tinal worm that finds its way into the stomach, as 
Oxyuris vermicularis, or especially Ascaris lunibricis. 
See Parasites (Animal), Table of. 



MAXILLA 



732 



MAZOCACOTHESIS 



Maxilla (maks-il'-ah) [L. , the jaw-bone : //. , Maxilla]. 
The bone of the upper jaw, the supra-maxillary bone 
proper, but applied also to the bone of the lower jaw ; 

i. Anterior aspect of 
pyramidal process, 
or canine fossa. 2. 
Incisive or myrti- 
form fossa 3. Infra- 
orbital foramen. 4. 
Summit of pyramid- 
al process, or malar 
process. 5. Posterior 
aspect of pyramidal 
process. 6. Inferior 
border of pyramidal 
process. 7. Posterior 
border, or maxillary 
tuberosity. 8. Nasal 
process. 9. Posterior 
border, grooved for 
lacrymal duct. 10. 
Anterior nasal spine. 
11. I nfr a- orbital 
groove. 12. Summit 
of nasal process. 13. 
Posterior and supe- », _ _ 

rior ano-Ie 14 Su- Superior Maxillary Bone, Exter- 




Saw"* 



perior border. 15 

Anterior border of nasal process. 

opening of nasal fossae. 



nal Aspect. 

16. Notch for anterior 




Inferior Maxillary Bone, External 
Aspect. 



1. Body of bone 
and external 
oblique line. 2. 
Ramus. 3. Sym- 
physis. 4. In- 
cisive fossa. 5. 
Mental fora- 
men. 6. De- 
pression in in- 
ferior border 
for attachment 
of digastric 
muscle. 7. 
Depression for 
passage of 
facial artery. 

8. Angle of ja,w. 

9. Posterior ex- 
tremity of in- 
ternal oblique 
line. 10. Coro- 
noid process. 11. Condyle. 12. Sigmoid notch. 13. Origin of 
inferior dental canal. 14. Mylo-hyoid groove. 15. Alveolar 
border, a. Incisors, b. Bicuspids, c. Canines, m. Molars. 



among insects and crustaceans , a member of one of the 
pairs of gnathites behind and below the mandibles. 

Maxillar (maks'-il-ar), Maxillary ( maks'-il-a-re) 
[maxilla, jaw-bone]. Pertaining to the maxilla; or 
jaws. M. Bones, the bones of the jaws, consisting 
of an inferior or lower, and a superior or upper jaw. 
M. Nerve, Inferior. See Nerves, Table of. M. 
Nerve, Superior. See Nerves, Table of. M. Sinus, 
the antrum of Highmore. 

Maxillen (maks'-il-en) [maxilla, jaw-bone]. Belong- 
ing to the maxillary bone in itself. 

Maxilliform (maks-iV -if-orm) [maxilla, jaw ; forma, 
form]. Shaped like a jaw-bone. 

Maxilliped, Maxillipede {maks-il'-ip-ed, maks-il'-ip-ed) 
[maxilla, jaw; pes, foot]. In biology, one of the 
foot-jaws or gnathopodites of a crustacean. 

Maxillitis (maks-il-i'-tis) \jnaxilla, jaw; irig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a maxillary gland. 

Maxillo-dentary (maks-il-o-den 1 '-tar-e) [maxilla, jaw ; 
dens, tooth]. Pertaining to the jaw and the teeth. 

Maxillo-jugal (maks-il-o-ju' -gal) [maxilla, jaw; jn- 
gum, yoke]. Pertaining to the jaw and the malar 
bone. 

Maxillo-mandibular (maks-il-o-man-dib'-u-lar) [max- 
illa, jaw; mandibula, lower jaw]. Pertaining to the 
upper jaw and the lower jaw. 

Maxillo-palatine (maks-il-o-pal' -at-i>i) [maxilla, jaw ; 



palatum, palate]. Pertaining to the maxilla and the 
palatine bone. 

Maxillo-palpebralis (maks-il-o-pal-pe-bra' -lis). Syno- 
nym of Orbicularis palpebrarum. See Muscles, Table of. 

Maxillo-pharyngeal (maks-il-o-far-in' -je-al ) [maxilla, 
jaw; (papvyi;, pharynx]. Pertaining to the jaw and 
the pharynx. 

Maxillo-turbinal (maks-il-o-tur'-bin-al) [maxilla, 
jaw; turbo, whirlwind]. Pertaining to the maxillo- 
turbinal bone. M.-t. Bone, the inferior turbinate 
bone. 

Maximal (maks'-im-al) [maximus , the greatest]. Per- 
taining to the maximum; highest or largest. M. 
Contraction, the extreme height of the lift or mus- 
cular contraction reached by gradually increased stim- 
ulus. M. Thermometer, a clinical thermometer with 
a device (a pin on top of the mercurial column) for 
preserving a record of the highest temperature to which 
it may have been subjected since the last observation. 

Maximum {inaks' -im-um) [L., the greatest]. The 
greatest or highest degree. M. Dose, the largest 
dose of a medicament that may be safely given. M. 
Occipital Point. See Craniometric Points. 

Maxwell's Spot. A peculiar figure seen when blue light 
corresponding to blue glass F, of Rathenow's scale, 
is made to pass with rapid intermissions before the eye. 
M.'s Theory. See Light. 

May (ma) [Maia, the goddess of growth]. The name 
of the fifth month. Also, a descriptive term applied 
to many flowers that mature in that month. M. -ap- 
ple. See Podophyllum. M. -epidemic, a synonym 
in Europe for Croupous Pneumonia. M. -flower. 
See Trailing Arbutus. M.-weed. See Alaruta. 

Mayer's Alcoholic Carmin. See Stains, Table of. 
M.'s Cochineal. See Stains, Table of. M.'s Hem- 
alum Staining Fluid. See Stains, Table of. M.'s 
Reagent. See Tests, Table of. M.'s Solution, a 
culture-medium for bacteria. It contains di-hydropo- 
tassic phosphate, calcic phosphate, and magnesium 
sulphate, each .1 gram, pepsin .23 gram, and 15 per 
cent, solution of sugar-candy 20 c.c. 

Mayet's Formula. See Alimentation, Rectal. M.'s 
Paste, a caustic paste composed of zinc chlorid 8 
parts, zinc oxid I part, wheat flour 7 parts, water I 
part. 

Mayhem (ma' -hem) [OF., mehaigner, to hurt]. A 
legal term signifying the violent and unauthorized 
privation by another, of any useful part or organ of the 
body ; mutilation ; maiming. 

Maynard's Adhesive Liquid. Same as Collodion. 

Mayor's Scarf. A simple dressing for fracture of the 
clavicle. It is made of a square of muslin, the diag- 
onal being long enough to reach easily around the 
body. It is folded diagonally, and the forearm placed 
between the folds and laid horizontally across the 
chest ; the ends of the diagonal are tied together at the 
back, and the other two ends are drawn snugly up in 
front so as to support the weight of the arm, and tied 
together around the neck. See Handkerchief-dressing. 

Mays (maz) [L. ]. The genus Zea, </. v. 

Maza (ma'-zah) [ua(a, cake]. The placenta. 

Mazalgia (ma-zal'-ge-ali)[uaC,6c, breast; &/ yoc, pain]. 
Mastalgia, or mastodynia. 

Mazalysis (ma-za/'-is-is) [fid^a, cake; <i priv. ; Ivaic, a 
loosing] . Retention of the placenta. Sometimes used 
as synonym of A/azolysis, q. v. 

Mazic (ma'-zik) [/ui^a, placenta]. Pertaining to tha 
placenta. 

Mazischesis (ma-zis'-kes-is). Synonym of Mazalysis. 

Mazocacothesis (ma-zo-kak-otli'-es-is) [ua^.a, cake ; 
KaKoc, ill ; Oiaig, placing]. Faulty implantation of the 
placenta. 



MAZODYNIA 



733 



MECONARCEIN 



Mazodynia (ma-zo-din' '-e-ah) [fxa^og, breast ; bS'vvri, 
pain]. Same as Mastodynia. 

Mazology (tna-zol f -o-je). Same as Mastology. 

Mazolysis (ma-zoV-is-is) [fia^a, cake; TSaig, loosing]. 
Separation of the placenta. 

Mazolytic (rria-zo-lil'-ik) [/xa^a, cake; 2,vfftc, loosing]. 
Pertaining to mazolysis. 

Mazopathy (ma-zop' '-ath-e) [ua£a t cake, placenta; 
-aSoQ, illness]. I. Any disease of the placenta. 2. 
[itaZog, breast; iradog, illness]. Same as Mastopathy. 

Meable yme'-a-bl) [meabilis, easily penetrating]. Capa- 
ble of being readily traversed or passed through. 

Mead (med) [ME., mede, mead]. Dilute, fer- 
mented honey or syrup flavored. See Hydromel and 
Metheglin. 

Meadow Anemone. See Pulsatilla. M. Saffron. 
See Colckicum. 

Meal (mel) [ME.j/wi', meal]. A coarse flour made 
from leguminous seeds or cereals. 

Measle (/«:'■</) [singular of ME. meseles, measles]. 
An individual Cysticercus celluloses. M. of Pork. 
See Cysticercus. M.-worm, cysticercus. 

Measles (mez'-els) [ME., meseles, measles]. I. Rubeola, 
Morbilli. An acute, infectious disease, characterized by 
a peculiar eruption and by catarrhal inflammation of 
the mucous membranes of the conjunctiva and the 
air-passages. The period of incubation is nearly 
two weeks. The eruption is of a peculiar reddish 
color and assumes the form of concentric patches. 
The disease affects principally the young, is exceed- 
ingly contagious, and one attack of it confers almost 
perpetual immunity. 2. Fr. , ladrerie ; Ger. , Finnen. 
A disease of the pig, the ox, the sheep, the rein- 
deer, the dog, the cat, and man, due to the presence 
in the muscles, connective tissue, the brain, and other 
organs, of the finns or larva; of various tapeworms ; 
a form of cysticercosis. See Cysticercus, under Para- 
sites {Animal), Table of. M., Anomalous, a form 
in which the symptoms are irregular, either the fever, 
catarrh, or eruption being absent. M., Bastard. 
Synonym of Rotheln. M., Benign, measles running 
through its ordinary course. M., Black, a very malig- 
nant, usually hemorrhagic form of measles. M., Camp, 
an epidemic form occurring among soldiers. M., 
Choleriform, a form in which choleraic symptoms 
supervene. M., Dyspneic, a grave form associated 
with congestion of the lungs and speedy death. It is 
most frequent in infants and young soldiers. M., 
False. Synonym of Rotheln. M., Fire. See Roth- 
eln. M., French. Synonym of Rotheln M., 
German. Synonym of Rotheln. M., Hemorrhagic, 
a form in which the eruption is hemorrhagic in type. 
M., Malignant, a fatal form with petechia, diarrhea 
and extreme prostration. M., Putrid, the same as 
M. , Malignant. M., Typhoid, a severe form attended 
by hyperpyrexia and marked prostration. 

Measly (mez'-le) [ME., meseles, measles]. Containing 
measles (cyslicerci) ; covered with a measles-like 
eruption. 

Measures (inezh' -iirz) . See Weights and Measures and 
Ale trie System. 

Meat (met) [ME., mete, meat]. The muscular tissues 
of an animal, used as food. M. -biscuit, a palatable 
biscuit, weighing about I J^lbs. , and containing from 10 
to 1 2 per cent, of water. It is made by mixing together, 
cooking, and baking, I Tb. flour, I lb. meat, ^ lb. 
suet, y 2 ft. potatoes, with a little sugar, onion, salt, 
pepper, and spices. It will keep unchanged for four 
months. M. -inspection, the examination of meat, 
by experts, usually at the slaughter-houses, for the 
purpose of determining the presence or absence of 
disease, especially of tuberculosis and other infectious 



diseases, and of trichiniasis. M. -washings. See 
Dysentery. 

Meatometer (me-at-om / -et-er) [meatus, meatus; /ikr- 
pov, measure]. An instrument used in measuring the 
caliber of the meatus urinarius. 

Meatoscope (me-at'-o-skop) [meatus, meatus ; cuoireiv, 
to inspect]. A speculum used in the examination of 
the distal portion of the male urethra. 

Meatotome Une-at' '-o-tom) [meatus, meatus ; tojjti, a 
cutting]. A cutting instrument used in performing 
meatotomy. 

Meatotomy (me-at-ot'-o-me) [meatus, meatus ; rofiij, 
section]. Surgical incision of the meatus urinarius. 

Meatus \me-a' -tus) [meare, to flow or pass]. A pas- 
sage. M. auditorius externus, the canal extending 
from the concha to the membrana tympani. M. audi- 
torius internus, the internal auditory canal. M. ure- 
thrse, M. urinarius, the orifice of the urethra. M. of 
Nose, one of the three meati into which the turbinal 
bones divide the nasal cavity. M. venosus, a short 
vein, the vitelline, into which the omphalo-mesenteric 
veins empty. 

Mecca Balsam-tree. See Carpobalsamuvi. 

Mechanencephalitis (mek-an-cn-sef-al-i'-lis) [/ir/x<ivr? f 
instrument; h/Ke<pa2.oi; , brain; trig, inflammation]. 
Encephalitis due to injury. 

Mechanic, Mechanical (me-kan'-ik, me-kan' -ik-al) 
[jirjxa.viK6Q, pertaining to a machine]. Machine-like ; 
lacking spontaneity ; physical ; non-vital ; pertaining to 
mechanics. M. Dentistry, the art of constructing 
and applying artificial teeth, artificial palates, obtura- 
tors and appliances for the correction of irregularity 
in the arrangement of the natural teeth. M. Parts, 
the stand of a microscope, excluding the ocular and ob- 
jective. M. Theory, Virchow's theory of tumor-for- 
mation, viz., that tumors are due primarily to local 
irritation. 

Mechanics (me-kan' -iks) [firjxavtKr/, instrument]. The 
science that treats of forces and powers and their appli- 
cation, either directly or by the intervention of ma- 
chinery. It may treat of bodies at rest (statics), or in 
motion (dynamics). 

Mechanism (mek'-an-izm) [mechanismus, from tirixavf], 
instrument]. Any structure having the nature of a 
machine. The method by which any process is car- 
ried on. M. of Accommodation. See Accommo- 
dation. M. of Labor. See Labor. 

Mechano-therapy (mek' -an-o-ther' -ap-e) [fir/xnvr/, in- 
strument; depaneia, treatment]. The use of mechani- 
cal agencies, such as massage, exercise, and the like, 
in the treatment of disease. 

Meckel's Cartilage. The cartilage of the mandibular 
arch in the embryo. M.'s Cave or Space, the recess 
of dura mater lodging the Gasserian ganglion. M.'s 
Diverticulum, a diverticulum of the ileum, arising 
from one to two feet above the ilio-cecal valve, 
and representing a portion of the unobliterated 
omphalomesenteric canal of the fetus. See Di- 
verticulum. M.'s Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table 
of. M.'s Ligament. See Ligament. M.'s Plane. 
See Plane. 

Meckelian Bar. Same as Meckel's Cartilage. M. 
Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. 

Mecometer (me-kom'-et-er) [/it/koc, length; /lETpov, 
measure]. An instrument used in measuring new- 
born infants. 

Meconalgia (me-kon-al' -je-ah) [/htjkuv, poppy ; aXyoc, 
pain]. Pain or neuralgia following the disuse of 
opium. 

Meconarcein (mek-o-nar' '-se-in) [firjKuv, opium; vapmvv 
to benumb]. A preparation of opium alkaloids, having 
sedative properties, but which is free from morphin. 



MECONATE 



734 



MEDICINE 



Meconate (mek'-on-at) [u>jkuv, opium]. A salt of me- 
conic acid. 

Meconeuropathia (mek-on-u-ro-pa' -the-ah) [jii/Kuv, opi- 
um ; vcvpov, nerve; nadoc, illness]. Nervous disorder 
due to the abuse of opium, or its narcotic derivatives. 

Meconial Colic (?nek-o'-ne-al). See Colic. 

Meconic (mek-on'-ik) [ui/nuv, poppy]. Pertaining to 
opium. M. Acid. See Acid. 

Meconidin (mek-on'-id-in) [m//k<ji>, poppy], C 21 H 23 N0 4 . 
An amorphous alkaloid of opium. 

Meconidium (mek-on-id' '-e-um) [fiijKuv, part of the intes- 
tine of a testaceous animal ; the ink-bag of a cuttle- 
fish: pi. ,Meconidid\. In biology, one of the genera- 
tive medusoid buds or zooids developed on the gono- 
theca of certain hydroids (Gonothyred), and that gives 
rise to ciliated embryos. 

Meconin (mek'-on-in) [ui/nuv, poppy], C 10 H 10 O 4 . A 
substance that results from the action of sodium amal- 
gam upon opianic acid. It occurs already formed in 
opium, and is obtained on boiling narcotin with water. 
It yields shining crystals, melting at I02 C, and dis- 
solving with difficulty in water. It is said to be an 
hypnotic. Unof. 

Meconioid (mek-o' -ne-oid) [pijKuv, poppy; tidoi;, like]. 
Resembling meconium. 

Meconiorrhea (mek-on-e-or-e' -ah) [firjK&viov, meco- 
nium; poia, flow]. A morbidly free discharge of me- 
conium. 

Meconiosin (mek-on-i' '-o-sin) [u/'/kuv, poppy]. A neu- 
tral principle found in opium. 

Meconious (mek-o' -ne-us) [jxtjkqv, poppy]. Pertaining 
to meconium. 

Meconism (inek f -on-izm) \jneconismus ; fir/nav, poppy]. 
The opium-habit ; opium-poisoning, especially of the 
chronic kind. 

Meconium (mek-o' -ne-um) [ft?/K<l>viov , lit., "poppy- 
juice"]. The first fecal discharges of the newborn. 
It is a dark-green, viscid liquid, composed of the secre- 
tion of the liver with exfoliated epithelium from the 
bowel. 

Meconoid (mek'-on-oid). Synonym of Meconioid. 

Meconoiosin (mek-on-oi f -o-sin) [pi/Kuv, poppy], C g H I0 - 
0. 2 . A derivative of opium, crystalline in character 
and giving a dark-red color with sulphuric acid. 

Meconology (mek-on-ol'-o-je) [pijKuv, opium; Xoyor, 
science]. The botany and pharmacology of opium, 
its allies and derivatives. 

Meconophagism (mek-on-off'-aj-izm) [/ui/kuv, opium ; 
tyayeiv, to eat]. The habit of opium-eating. 

Meconophagist (mek-on-off' -aj-ist) [ui/nov, opium; 
Qayeiv, to eat]. An opium-eater. 

Medeitis (me-de-i'-tis) [/ii/Sea, genitals ; iric, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the genital organs. 

Media (me'-de-ah) [fern, of medius, middle: pi. of 
medium]. The middle coat of an artery, vein, or 
lymph- vessel. 

Mediad (me' -de-ad) [medius, middle]. Toward the 
median plane or line. 

Medial (me'-de-al). See Median. 

Median (me'-de-an) [medius, the middle]. Middle, 
mesal, or mesial. M. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. 
M. Line. See Line. M. Nerve. See Nerves, Table 
of. M. Operation. See Operations, Table of. M. 
Plane. See Plane. 

Mediastinal (me-de-as-ti'-nal) [mediastinum, mediasti- 
num]. Pertaining to the mediastinum. 

Mediastinitis (me-de-as-tin-i'-tis) [mediastinum, me- 
diastinum; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
cellular tissue of the mediastinum. It is characterized 
by constant severe pain beneath the sternum, together 
with dyspnea. Pus may form and give rise to consti- 
tutional symptoms, and, if in large quantity, to a 



fluctuating tumor in an intercostal space or above the 
episternal notch. 

Mediastino-pericarditis (me-de-as'-tin-o-per-ik-ar-di'- 
tis) [mediastinum, mediastinum ; irepi, around ; 
KapiSia, heart; trig, inflammation]. Combined inflam- 
mation of the mediastinum and the pericardium. 

Mediastinum (me-de-as-ti' -mim) [in medio stare, to 
stand in the middle]. A middle portion or septum 
separating adjacent parts. The pleural folds or septa 
extending from the spine to the sternum, and dividing 
the thoracic cavity into right and left chambers. It is 
divided into the anterior, the middle, and the posterior 
mediastinum, and otherwise into an upper (or superior) 
and a lower mediastinum. M. testis, a cavity in the 
posterior portion of the testicle formed by a projection 
inward of the tunica albuginea. It occupies about 
one-third of the transverse, and one-fourth of the longi- 
tudinal diameter of the testicle. 

Mediate (me'-de-dt) [medius, the middle]. Indirect. 
Also applied to the medium interposed between the 
surface of the body, and the instruments used in percus- 
sion and auscultation. M. Ligature. See Ligature. 
M. Percussion, percussion on a pleximeter. 

Medibasilic Vein (me-de-bas-il'-ik). The median 
basilic vein. See Vein. 

Medicable (med'-ik-a-bl) [medicari, to heal]. Amen- 
able to cure. 

Medical (med'-ik-al) [medicalis ; medicari, to heal]. 
Pertaining to medicine, or the healing art. M. Eth- 
ics, those principles of justice, honor, and courtesy 
that regulate the intercourse and conduct of physicians. 
M. Jurisprudence. See Jurispncdence. 

Medicament (med-ik' -am-ent) [medicamentnm, from 
medicari, to heal]. A medicinal substance. 

Medicamental, Medicamentary (med-ik-am-en'-tal, 
med-ik-am-en' -ta-re) [medicamentnm, from medicari, 
to heal]. Pertaining to medicine. 

Medicamentation ( med-ik-am-en-la'-s/iuu) [medica- 
mentnm, a medicine]. Treatment by medicines. 

Medicamentous (med-ik-am-en' -tus). See Medicinal. 

Medicamentum (med-ik-am-en' -turn). See Medica- 
ment. M. arcanum, a proprietary or secret remedy. 

Medicaster (med'-ik-as-ter) [medicus, a physician]. An 
ignorant or unskilful physician or pretender ; a 
quack. 

Medicated (med'- ik - a - ted) [medicatus, medicated]. 
Treated or impregnated with medicine. Also, purified 
and made fit for medical use. 

Medication (med-ik-a' -sliun) [medicatio, medication]. 
Treatment by, or impregnation with, a medicine. M., 
Hypodermatic, or Hypodermic, treatment by the in- 
troduction of medicines beneath the skin, usually by 
means of a hypodermatic syringe. 

Medicephalic (me - de - sef- at' - ik) [ medius, middle ; 
KBfaakri, head]. Median cephalic. See Vein. 

Medicerebellar (me-d<-ser-e-bel'-ar) [medius, middle ; 
cerebellum, little brain]. Pertaining to the intermediate 
region of the cerebellum. 

Medicerebral (me - de - ser' - e - bral) [ medius, middle ; 
cerebrum, brain]. Pertaining to the central portion of 
the cerebrum. 

Medicinal (med-is'-in-al) [medicina , medicine]. Per- 
taining to, or having the nature of, a medicine. M. 
Rashes, eruptions on the skin following the internal 
administration of certain drugs, e. g. , bromin and 
the bromids, iodin and the iodids, belladonna, 
copaiba, chloral, mercury, quinin, the salicylates, 
antipyrin and arsenic. 

Medicine (med'-is-in) [medicina, medicine]. The 
science and art of preserving health, and preventingand 
curing disease ; the " healing art," including also the 
science of obstetrics. In a more restricted sense of the 



MEDICINER 



735 



MEDIUS 



word surgery is excluded. On the European con- 
tinent it is customary to divide medicine into internal 
and external, the former implying the restricted sense 
of the term, or the study of diseases of internal 
organs, the latter referring to surgery or external dis- 
eases. The term is applied also to a particular drug or 
therapeutic application. M., Atomistic, dosimetric 
medicine. M. -chest, a case or compartment for 
storing or carrying medicines. M., Clinical, pertain- 
ing to the study of disease by the bedside of the 
patient; internal medicine. M., Conservative, a 
method of treatment with the object of preserving the 
vital forces, and not by active measures, that endanger 
the life of the patient ; also used in the ordinary sense 
of the word as relying upon well understood, or ac- 
cepted or established methods of treatment, rather than 
upon new and comparatively untried plans. M., 
Domestic, the use of domestic remedies. M., Dosi- 
metric. See Dosimetry. M., Kclectic. See. Eclectic. 
M., Empiric. Set Empiric. M., Equine, veterinary 
medicine as applied to the horse. M., Forensic, or 
M., Legal, the relations of medicine to jurisprudence, 
involving the diagnosis of insanity, questions in toxicol- 
ogy, surgery, and the like. M., Neurodynamic, the 
application of heat and cold to the spine in the treat- 
ment of certain diseases. M., -pannier, a pannier 
used in the United States army for transporting medi- 
cines. M. Patent, a mixture or compound of sundry 
drugs for the sale of which the deviser gets a patent 
from the government. The ordinary so-called patent 
medicines, however, are not patented, but have only 
the name copyrighted. M., Pneumatic, the treat- 
ment of disease by means of compressed and rare- 
fied air. See Waldenburg' s Apparatus. M., Pre- 
ventive, that which aims at the prevention of disease, 
in the community as well as in the individual. M., 
Proprietary. See Medicine, Patent. M., State, 
medical jurisprudence. M., Veterinary, the science 
and treatment of the diseases of domestic animals. 

Mediciner (med-is'-in-er) [medicus, a physician]. A 
physician. 

Medicinerea (me de-sin-e' -re-ah) \_medins, middle, and 
cinereus, ashen]. The gray matter of the claustrum 
and lenticula of the brain, lying between the cortex or 
ectocinerea and the entocinerea. 

M edico -chirurgical (ined-ik-o-ki- rur' '-jik-aT) \jnedicus, 
a physician ; x el P°'-'py o C, a surgeon] . Pertaining con- 
jointly to medicine and surgery. 

Medico-legal [med-ik-o-le'-gai) [medicus, physician; 
lex, law]. Relating both to medicine and law. 

Medico-mania (med-ik-o-ma' '-ne-aJi) \_medicus, physi- 
cian ; fixivia, madness]. Morbid interest or zeal in 
medical matters exhibited by non-professional persons. 

Medicommissure (me-de-kom' -is-ftr) \jnedius, middle ; 
commissura, commissure]. The middle commissure 
of the third ventricle. The junction of the mesal 
surfaces of the thalami. It is in a direct line between 
the porta and the aqueduct, and just dorsad of the 
aulix. It consists mainly of cells, and is so soft as 
commonly to be torn during the removal of the brain. 

Medico-pneumatic (med-ik-o-mi-mat'-ik) [medictis, 
physician ; nvevfta, air]. Relating to pneumatic medi- 
cine. 

Medico-psychologic (med-ik-o-si-ko-loj'-ik) \jnedicus, 
physician; ipvxv, ramA; \6yo£, science]. Pertaining 
to medico-psychology. 

Medico-psychology (med-ik-o-si-kol 1 '-o-je) [medicus, 
physician; ipvxoXoyta, the science of the mind]. Psy- 
chologic medicine ; the study of mental diseases. 

Medicornu (me-de-kor'-nu) [medius, middle ; cornu, 
horn]. The middle horn of the lateral ventricle. 

Medicus (med' -ik-us) [L.]. A physician. 



Medifurca (me-de-fur'-kah) [tneditis, middle ; furca, 
fork: //. , Medifurc(B~\. In biology, the middle, 
forked apodeme that projects into the thoracic cavity 
of an insect from the sternal wall of the somite. 

Medina-worm (me-di' ' -nah-werm). See Eilaria medin- 
ensis under Parasites (Animal) , Table of. 

Medio-bilateral (me-de-o-bi-lat'-er-al) [medius, mid- 
dle ; bis, twice ; latus, side] . Pertaining to the mid- 
dle and to both sides. 

Medio-carpal (me- de- o- kar' -pal) [medius, middle ; 
carpus, carpus]. Pertaining to the articulation be- 
tween the two rows of carpal bones. 

Medio-colic (me-de-o-kol' -ik) \_medius, middle ; kuaov, 
colon] . Pertaining to the middle portion of the colon. 

Medio-dorsal (me - de - o - dor' - sal ) [medius, middle ; 
dorsum, back]. Both median and dorsal; on the 
mesial line of the back. 

Medio-frontal (me-de-o-frun' -tal) [medius, middle ; 
frons, forehead]. Pertaining to the middle of the 
forehead. 

Medio-lateral (me-de-o-laf -er-al) [meditts, middle ; 
latus, side]. Pertaining to the middle and to one 
side. 

Medio-occipital (me-de-o-ok-sip' -it-al) \_medius, mid- 
dle; occiput, occiput]. Pertaining to the middle portion 
of the occipital region. 

Medio-pontine (me-de-o-pon'-tin) \_medius, middle; 
pons, bridge]. Pertaining to the central portion of 
the pons. 

Medio-tarsal (me-de-o-tar' ' -sal) [medius, middle ; tar- 
sus, tarsus]. Pertaining to the middle articulation of 
the tarsal bones. 

Medipectus (me-de-pek'-tus). Same as Mesosternum. 

Medipeduncle (me-de-pe-dung'-kl) [medius, middle; 
pedunculus, peduncle]. The middle peduncle of 
the cerebellum ; the lateral intermediate continua- 
tion of the cerebellum to the pons. It is the largest 
of the three peduncles of the cerebellum, and is mainly 
continued from the lateral lobe of the latter. 

Mediscalenus {me-de-ska-le'-nics) \_medius, middle; 
CKahfviiq, scalene, oblique]. Synonym of Scalenus 
medius ; see Muscles, Table of. 

Medisect (me-de-sekt') [medius, middle ; secare, to cut]. 
To make a medisection, q. v. 

Medisection (me-de-sek' -shun) [medius, middle ; sectio, 
from secare, to cut] . Section of the body, or of any 
symmetric part, at the median longitudinal antero-pos- 
terior plane. See Position and Direction, Table of. 

Medisternum (me-de-ster'-mim). Synonym of Meso- 
sternum. 

Mediterranean Fever. See Fever. 

Meditriceps (me-de-tri' -seps) [medius, middle ; rpeZc, 
three ; KecpaM/, head]. The middle or long head of 
the triceps muscle. 

Medium (me'-de-uni) [medius, the middle ://. , Media]. 
That in which anything moves or through which it 
acts. In medicine, the sum of conditions by which 
a patient is surrounded, especially those of light, tem- 
perature, and ventilation. Also, a person subject 
to hypnotizing influence. M., Culture. See Media, 
Nutrient. M. of the Eye, the refracting structures 
from the anterior surface of the cornea to the retina. 
M., Fluid, any liquid nutrient substance, such as 
bouillon, milk, and the like. M., Mounting. See 
Mounting-media. M., Nutrient, the substances used 
in bacteriologic studies for the cultivation of micro- 
organisms. See M., Fluid, and M., Solid. M., Solid, 
any solid nutrient substance for the cultivation of bac- 
teria, as gelatin, agar-agar, potato, and the like. 

Mediumism (me'-de-um-izm) [medius, the middle]. 
Hypnotism. 

Medius (me' -de-us) [medius, middle]. The middle. 



MEDOBLENNORRHEA 



736 



MEGACEPHALIC 



Medoblennorrhea \me-do-blen-or-e' -ah). Synonym of 
Gonorrhea and Gleet. 

Medorrhea (jne-dor-e' -ah) [/ii/(ha, genitals; poia, a 
flow]. A discharge from the reproductive organs. 
M. urethralis, gonorrhea. M. virilis, gonorrhea of 
the male urethra. 

Medorrhoic [tne-dor-o' -ik) [ui/dea, genitals ; poia, flow]. 
Pertaining to medorrhea. 

Medulla (ine-dul'-ah) [L., marrow]. A fatty sub- 
stance or marrow occupying certain cavities. Also 
the central parts of certain organs, as distinguished 
from the cortex. See Alba. M. of Bone, bone-mar- 
row. M. dorsalis. See M. spinalis. M. of Hair, 
the central portion or core of the hair. M. of Nerve- 
fiber, the myelin or white substance of Schwann. M. 
oblongata, the upper enlarged part of the spinal cord, 
extending from the cord opposite the foramen mag- 
num to the pons Varolii. M., Renal, the substance 
of the renal pyramids. M. spinalis, M. vertebralis, 
the spinal cord or marrow ; the myelon. 




Dorsal Aspect of Medulla Oblongata. 
I. Gray matter surrounding central canal. 2. Orifice of this 
canal. 3. Median fissure. 4. Its upper extremity. 5. Gray- 
ish-white matter giving origin to hypoglossal nerve. 6. Emi- 
nentia teres. 7 Prominence corresponding to nucleus ot 
6th nerve. 7'. Nucleus of 3d nerve. 8. Gray column giving 
origin to mixed nerves. 10. Third ventricle and posterior 
commissure. 

Medullar (jne-dul'-ar). Synonym of Medullary. 

Medullary [riled' '-zil-a-re , or med-ul' -a-rc) [medulla, 
marrow]. Pertaining to the medulla or to marrow; 
resembling marrow. Also, pertaining to the white sub- 
stance of the brain contained within the cortical 
envelop of gray matter. M. Canal, the hollow in- 
terior of long bones, in which the marrow lies. M. 
Carcinoma, a soft carcinoma very rich in cells; en- 
cephaloid carcinoma. M. Groove, a longitudinal 
groove at the anterior part of the embryonal shield of 
the blastoderm. M. Membrane, the areolar envelop 
of the marrow of the long bones. M. Plates. 
See Plate. M. Rays. I. Also called Pyramids of 



Ferrein ; series or bundles of parallel tubules ex- 
tending from the medulla of the kidney into the 
cortex. 2. Rays of fundamental tissue that con- 
nect the pith with the cortex, and separate the fibro- 
vascular bundles, in the stems of dicotyledons and 
gymnosperms. M. Sarcoma, a soft, round-celled 
sarcoma. M. Sheath, I. the semi-fluid, fatty, white 
matter between the enveloping sheath and the central 
axis-cylinder, or essential part of a nerve. 2. A 
sheath composed of spiral ducts and wood-cells sur- 
rounding the pith, in dicotyledons and gymnosperms. 
M. Tube, the closing of the medullary groove, form- 
ing a closed medullary or neural tube. M. Velum. 
See Velum. 

Medullated [med' -ul-a-ted) [medulla, marrow]. Con- 
taining or covered by medulla or marrow. M. 
Nerve-fibers, nerve-fibers provided with a medullary 
sheath, the myelin or white substance of Schwann. 
Non-M. Nerve-fibers, nerve-fibers not possessing a 
medullary sheath. 

Medullic Acid (med-td'-ik) [medulla, marrow], C 21 - 
H 42 2 . A monobasic acid derived from beef-fat. 

Medullification {med-ul-if-ik-a' 'shun) [medulla, mar- 
row ; facere, to make]. The formation of medulla. 

Medullin [>ned-ul'-in)[medulla, marrowj. 1. A variety 
of cellulose obtained from the pith or medulla of cer- 
tain plants. 2. An extract derived from the spinal cord. 

Medulli-spinal [med-id-e-spi' -nal) [medulla, marrow ; 
spinalis, spinal]. Relating to the myelon or spinal 
marrow ; myelonic. 

Medullitis (med-ul-i' -tis) [medulla, marrow; inc, in- 
flammation]. I. Inflammation of marrow. 2. Myelitis. 

Medullization (med-ul-iz-a'-shicn) [medulla, marrow]. 
Softening of bone-tissue in the course of osteitis. 

Medullo-arthritis {med-ul-o-a?--thri'-tis) [medulla, 
marrow; apdpov, joint ; itic, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the marrow-elements of the cancellated 
articular portion of a bone. 

Medullo-cell {med-ul' -o-sel) [medulla, marrow ; cellula, 
cell]. A marrow-cell. 

Medullo-encephalic {med-uV -o-ensef-al' -ik) [medulla, 
marrow; eynEipa'Aoc;, brain]. Pertaining to the med- 
ulla and the encephalon ; myelo-encephalic. 

Medusa {me-du'-sali) [Me<hvoa, one of the Gorgons]. 
Jelly-fish. M.'s Head. See Medusa; Capitt. Med- 
usae Caput, an extensive dilatation of the superficial 
veins of the abdomen about the umbilicus, seen in 
certain cases of portal obstruction. The condition 
largely depends upon the establishment of the venous 
collateral circulation through an anastomosis of the 
mesenteric veins and those of the abdominal walls, 
and, occasionally, also upon a patulousness of the um- 
bilical vein. 

Meerschaum {mer' 'shawm) [Ger. , "sea-foam"], 
Mg. 2 H 4 Si 3 O q . A native hydrated magnesium silicate ; 
locally used in the same way as bole, or cimolian 
earth ; it is a good absorbent application. 

Mega-, Megalo- [meg'-ah-, meg'-al-o-) [iiiyac : gen., 
fieya}.ov~\. A prefix signifying large ; also, indicating 
a unit one million times as great as the unit to which 
it is prefixed. 

Megabacteria {meg 1 '-ah-bak-te' '-re-ah) [/ltyac, large ; 
fanrf/piov, bacterium]. Large bacteria; a group of 
the coccobacteria. 

Megacephalia {meg-ah-sef-a'- le - ah) [uiynr, large ; 
Keoa'/i/, head]. The megacephalic condition. 

Megacephalic {meg- ah - sef- al'- ik), Megacephalous - 
{meg-as-ef'-al-us) [f/iyac, large; K£<f>a~/i/, head]. A 
term applied to a skull whose capacity (measured 
by filling with shot through the foramen magnum) 
exceeds 1450 c.c. If less than 1350 it is called micro- 
cephalic : if between these numbers, mesocephalic. 



MEGACERUS 



737 



MEIBOMIAN 



Megacerus [nieg-as' -er-tts) [fiiyag, large; Ktpac;, horn]. 
Large-horned ; having large antennae. 

Megacheilus (meg-ah-kV -Itis) \_piyac, large ; x e '? M C> 
lip]. Large-lipped. 

Megacoccus (meg-ah-hoh'-us) \_piyac, large ; kokkoc, a 
berry]. A large-sized coccus. 

Megadont {meg* -ak-donf) [//f'joc, great ; odoi'c, tooth]. 
In biology, having large teeth. Cf. Macrodont. 

Megadyne (>neg / -aA-din)[^/ieyag, great ; (Vvvapiq, power]. 
A unit equal to a million dynes. 

Megaelectrometer (meg-ah-e-lek-trom f -et-er) \jikyac, 
large; ij2.eK.Tpov, amber; perpov, measure]. An 
electrometer for measuring strong currents. 

Megafarad [nieg-ah-far 1 '-ad ) [peyac, large ; Faraday']. 
An electric unit equal to a million farads. 

Megagastria (meg-ah-gas'-tre-ah) \_piya<;, great; 
yaari/p, belly]. Auxesis, or abnormal enlargement of 
the abdomen. 

Megagnathus (meg-ah-gna'-thus)\_piyac, large; yviiQoq, 
jaw]. Large-jawed. 

Megalerg (meg'-al-erg). See Electric Units. 

Megalesthete (meg'-al- es-thet) [peyaq, great, large; 
aiadrj-ijg, one who perceives]. In biology, Moseley's 
term for peculiar organs of touch characteristic of the 
Chitonid/z ; the " papilliform bodies" of Van Bem- 
melen. It is also written Megalasthete. 

Megaloblast [meg' ' -al-o-blasi) \_peyaq, large ; fiXaaroc, 
germ]. A giant-cell or giant-corpuscle of the blood, 
bee Corpuscle. 

Megalocardia (meg- al-o- fcar'-de-ah) [peyac, large; 
KapSta, heart]. Auxesis, or enlargement of the heart. 

Megalocarpous (meg-al- o-kar'-pus) \_pkyaq, great, 
large; /cap/roc, fruit]. In biology, producing large 
fruit. 

Megalocelia (meg-al-o-se' -le-ah) \_peyag, large ; KoiXia, 
belly]. Colon ; also megagastria, a. v. 

Megalocephalia (meg-al-o-sef-a' -le-ah) [peya<;, large ; 
K£(paAi), head]. The condition of having a large or 
megacephalic head. 

Megalocephalic (meg-al-o-sef-al'-ik). Same as Mega- 
cephalic. 

Megalocephaly(OT^-tf/-<?-.K/ / -ff/- 1 ?). See Megalocephalia. 

Megalocerus (meg-al-os'-er-zis) \_peyag, large ; aepag, 
horn]. A monstrosity with horn-like projections on 
the forehead. 

Megalocheirous (tneg-al-o-ki' -rus) \_pkyac, large ; %eip, 
hand]. Large-handed; having large antennee. 

Megalocornea (meg-al- o-hor'-ne-ah) [peyac, large; 
cornea, cornea]. An enlarged condition of the cor- 
nea ; it may depend upon congenital hypertrophy. 

Megalocyte (meg' -al-o-sit) \_p.kyac, large ; kvtoc;, cell]. 
A red blood-corpuscle larger than the average ; es- 
pecially the form that characterizes pernicious anemia. 
See Corpuscle. 

Megalodactylous (meg-al-o-dak' -til-us) \_pkyac, great ; 
Saury'/ oc, digit]. Having an abnormal or excessive 
development and size of the fingers or toes. 

Megalofrenum (meg-al-o-fre' '-mini) \_peyac, large ; fra- 
num, frenum]. An enlarged fourchet (Hadra). 

Megaloglossia (meg-al-o-glos' -e-ah). Synonym of Mac- 
roglossia. 

Megalomania (meg-al-o-ma'-ne-ah) [ph/ac, great; 
pavla, madness]. Insanity with delusional ideas of 
one's own greatness or exaltation ; applied especially 
to cases that do not present general paralysis, but a 
fixed and systematized delusion, or monomania of ex- 
altation. 

Megalomelia, Megalomelus (meg-al-o-me' -le-ah, meg- 
al-om' -el-us) [pey ac, great ; peAoc, limb]. Fetal tera- 
tism characterized by great size of the limbs. 

Megalophonic, Megalophonous (meg-al-o-fo'-nik, 
meg-al-off'-o-nus). Synonym of Macrophonous. 
47 



Megalopia (meg-al-o'-pe-ah) . Synonym of Megalopsia. 

Megalopodia [tneg-al-o-po'-de-ah) \_ph, ac, large ; 7roi/c, 
foot]. The condition of having large feet. 

Megalopore (meg' -al-o-por) \_pzyac (peyaA-), large ; 
■Kupoc, a pore or passage]. In biology, any large pore ; 
specifically applied by Moseley to the larger of the 
pores arranged in more or less definite patterns in the 
tegmenta of the shells of nearly all chitonidas. Cf. 
Micropore. 

Megalopous (meg-al-op' '-us) . Synonym of Mac ropous. 

Megalops (meg'-al-ops) [ptyac, (peyaA-), large; wii>, 
eye]. In biology, a stage in the development of cer- 
tain crustaceans, characterized by relatively large eyes. 

Megalopsia (meg-al-op' -se-ah) \_ueyac, large ; biptg, 
sight]. An apparent increase in the size of objects, 
ascribed to changes in the retinal end-organs, and to 
spasm of accommodation. 

Megaloscope (meg'-al-o-skof) \_piyac, great ; gko-k&v, 
to inspect]. A magnifying endoscope or speculum. 

Megaloscopy (meg-al-os' -ko-pe) \_peyac, large; ckottsIv, 
to inspect]. Inspection by means of the megaloscope. 

Megalosplanchnos (meg-al-o-splangk'-nos) [peyac, 
large ; a-rrMyxvov, viscus]. Possessing large viscera, 
especially a large liver. 

Megalosplenia (meg-al-o-sple'-ne-ali) \_pkyaq, great ; 
cn'A.i/v, spleen]. Enlargement of the spleen. 

Meganucleus (meg-ah-nu' -kle-us) \jiiya$, large ; nu- 
cleus, a kernel]. In biology, Maupas' term for the 
macronucleus, nucleus, or endoblast, of authors. 

Megaphone (meg' -ah-fbii) \_pkyac, great ; (j>o)vi/, sound]. 
An instrument used for assisting the hearing of the 
deaf, by means of large reflectors of the sound-waves. 

Megasclere (meg' -ah-skler)\_peyac, great, large ; cxKAr/p6c, 
hard]. In biology, one of the large, skeletal spicules 
of a sponge, as distinguished from a microsclere. 

Megascope (meg'-ah-skop) \_pkyae, large ; aiw-rrelv, to in- 
spect]. A microscope for examining objects of com- 
paratively large size. 

Megascopic (meg-ah-skop'-ili). See Macroscopic. 

Megaseme (meg'-ah-sem) [_piyac, great ; of/pa, sign, in- 
dex]. See Index. 

Megaspore (meg'-ah-spor) \_piyas, great, large ; aivdpoc, 
seed]. Same as Macrospore. 

Megasthenic (meg-ah-sthen'-ik) \_peyag, large ; adevoc, 
strength]. Powerful; having great bodily strength. 

Megastoma (meg-ah-sto' -mali) \_peyac, large ; ar6pa, 
mouth]. A genus of infusorians. M. entericum, M. 
intestinale, a species found in the intestinal canal 
of the cat and of certain mice, and in human feces. 
It is probably identical with Cercomonas intestinalis. 

Megastomatous (meg-ah-sto' -mat-us). Synonym of 
Macrostomatous . 

Megavolt (meg'-ah-voll). See Electric Units. 

Megazoospore (meg-az-o' -o-spoi : ) \_pb/ac, great ; fwov, 
animal ; anSpog, seed]. Same as Macrozoospore. 

Meglin's Pills. Pills used in the treatment of neural- 
gia. They contain extract of hyoscyamus, oxid of 
zinc, and extract of valerian, each ^ of a grain. 

Megohm (meg'-om) [peyag, great; ohm]. An electric 
unit equal to one million ohms. 

Megrim (me'-grim or meg'-rim) [Fr., migraine; L., 
hemicrania]. Neuralgia or headache of one half of 
the head or upon one side, sometimes attended by 
aphasic and visual symptoms and sensory disturbance. 
See Hemicrania and Migraine. 

Menu's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Meibomian (mi-bo'-me-an) \_Meibomius, a German 
physician]. Pertaining to Heinrich Meibom, or Mei- 
bomius, a German physician, 1638-1700. M. Cyst, 
a cyst of the Meibomian gland. M. Glands, the se- 
baceous glands of the eyelids, each having an excre- 
tory duct opening at the free border. Their secretion 



MEIBOMIUS 



738 



MELANCHROUS 



prevents the tears from coming in contact with the 
skin. There are from 30 to 40 in the upper and from 
20 to 30 in the lower lid. 




The Lacrymal and Meibomian Glands, and Adjacent 
Organs of the Eye. 

i, 1. Inner wall of orbit. 2, 2. Inner portion of orbicularis 
palpebrarum. 3, 3. Attachment to circumference of base of 
orbit. 4. Orifice for transmission of nasal artery. 5. Muscle 
of Horner (tensor tarsi). 6, 6. Meibomian glands, y, 7. 
Orbital portion of lacrymal gland. 8, 9, 10. Palpebral por- 
tion, n, 11. Mouths of excretory ducts. 12, 13. Lacrymal 
puncta. 

Meibomius, Cyst of, a cyst of a Meibomian gland. 
M., Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. M., 
Glands of. See Gland. 

Meigs's Capillaries. Capillaries penetrating the 
muscle-fibers of the heart. See Capillary. M.'s 
Formula or Mixture, an artificial food closely ap- 
proaching in composition that of human milk. It con- 
sists of 10 c.c. of cream, 5 c.c. of milk, 10 c.c. of 
lime-water, 15 c.c. of water, and 2.2 grams of milk- 
sugar. It is alkaline in reaction, and is composed of 
88.42 parts water, 11.58 parts total solids, 4 parts fat, 
I. II parts albuminoids, 6.26 parts sugar and 0.21 part 
ash. 

Meio- (>?ii'-o-). For words thus beginning, see Mio-. 

Meissner (inis'-ner). A German anatomist. M., 
Corpuscles of. See Corpuscles, Tactile, of Wagner. 
M.'s Ganglia. See Ganglia, Table of. M.'s Method, 
a method of inducing premature labor by puncturing 
the membranes close up to the fundus of the womb to 
permit of gradual escape of the liquor amnii. M., 
Plexus of, a plexus of nerves found in the sub- 
mucous layer of the small intestine. See Plexus. 

Mel [L.]. Honey. The substance deposited in the 
honeycomb by the common honey-bee, Apis tnellifca, 
and a few other hymenopterous insects. It consists 
of a solution of cane-sugar and grape-sugar, with color- 
ing and odorous matters. It is emollient, nutritive, 
and often laxative, its properties depending mainly on 
the character of the flowers from which it is taken. 
It is an excellent vehicle for expectorant gargles, etc. 
M. boracis, honey of borax; 64 grains of borax to 
the ounce of honey. M. despumatum, clarified 
honey, prepared by heating, skimming, and straining 
the natural product. M. rosse, honey of rose; red 
rose 8, clarified honey 92 parts, dilute alcohol, q. s. 
It is used locally as a gargle. 

Melada [incl-a'-dali) [Sp., fern, of mclar, candy]. A 
moist brown sugar, produced like the muscovado, but 
not drained free of molasses. 



Melagra {mel-a 1 -grali) [fiiTioc, limb ; aypa, seizure]. 

Pain or gout in the limbs. 
Melain (inel' -a-iii) [//e/lac, black]. 1. The coloring- 
principle of sepia. 2. A synonym of Melanin. 
Melaleuca {mel-al-u'-kali). See Cajuput. 
Melalgia [mel-al' -je-aK) \_/j£fa>c, limb ; aAyoc, pain]. 

Pain or neuralgia in the extremities. 
Melam(wf/ / -rtw) [/yf/.ac, black ; a;«///o«/a],C 6 H g N u . 
A complex cyanid, formed on rapidly heating 
CNSNH 4 to 200 C. with ammonium chlorid ; it 
is a granular powder, of a yellow color, insoluble 
in water. 
t 5 3 Melamin(»z,?/ / -<Z7;z-7'/z)[//f/lac,black ; rtwz'«],C 3 H 6 N 6 . 
A substance obtained from crude melam by extrac- 
tion with water. It is nearly insoluble in alcohol 
and ether, and crystallizes from hot water in 
shining monoclinic prisms. 
Melamphonous {mel-and -fo-nus) \jitkac, dark ; 

<pm>?'/, voice]. Hoarse- voiced. 
Melampodium (tuel-am-po' -de-utn). See Hellebore, 

Black. 
Melampous (mel-am' '-pus) \_fikAac, black ; Trove, 

foot]. Black-footed. 
Melanaemia {mel-an-e f -me-ah). See Melanemia. 
Melanagogue {mel-an'-ag-og) [fieAac, black ; ayuyoq, 
leading]. I. Causing an expulsion of dark feces, or 
of bile. 2. A remedy that causes the expulsion of 
dark stools or of bile ; formerly, a medicine of service 
in the treatment of choler, or melancholy. 
Melancholia {jnel-an-ko' -le-ah)\_fik\ac , black ; xoXi/,bi\e, 
from a former supposition that it was due to excessive 
biliary secretion]. Melancholy; a form of insanity 
characterized by depression of spirits and gloominess, 
without any adequate cause, the central idea being one 
of personal unworthiness. As the case develops, de- 
lusions, associated with illusions and hallucinations, 
appear, and the patient may at times show sui- 
cidal tendencies. The general nutrition suffers, and 
in females menstruation is usually suppressed. The 
usual age at which melancholia appears is during middle 
life. It follows any depressing cause acting in conjunc- 
tion with a strong hereditary tendency. It usually ter- 
minates in recovery, but some cases develop into demen- 
tia or mania, while others die from exhaustion, or com- 
mit suicide. M. agitans, M. agitata, M., Excited, 
or M., Motor, melancholia associated with excessive 
restlessness and mental agony. M. attonita, or M., 
Stuporous, a form in which the patient is plunged 
into absolute mental stupor. M., Cataleptic, a form 
associated with the cataleptic state. M. catatonica. 
A synonym of Catatonia. M., Delusional, a form in 
which delusions constitute a prominent feature of 
the disease. M. erotica, a form caused by disap- 
pointment in love. M. errabunda, a form accom- 
panied by great restlessness. M., Homicidal, 
melancholia with homicidal tendencies. M., Hypo- 
chondriac, in which the delusions refer mainly to the 
state of the patient's viscera. M., Hysteric, that 
due to hysteria. M., Motor. See 31. agitans. 
M., Puerperal, melancholia appearing during the 
puerperium. M., Resistive, a form in which the 
extremities are rigid, and this rigidity increases when 
attempts are made to move them. The patient is ob- 
stinate in his nature also. • M., Simple, the ordinary 
form. M., Stuporous. See M. attonita. 
Melancholiac {mel-an-ko'-le-ak) \_fik\ac_, black ; x°^V, 

bile]. A person who is affected with melancholia. 
Melancholic {mcl-an-kol'-ik) [u£?mc, black ; \o> >'/, bile]. 

Sad ; depressed ; affected with melancholy. 
Melancholy (?nel / -an-kol-c). See Melancholia. 
Melanchrous [mel-an'-krus) \_ui?ac, black ; xpuc, color 
of skin] . Affected with melanism. 



MELANEDEMA 



739 



MELASMA 



Melanedema (tnel-an-e-de'-maA) [fiiAaq, black ; nUh/iia, 
swelling] . Melanosis of the lungs. 

Melanemia (mel-an-e / -me-ali) [ut/nf , black ; aifia, 
blood]. The presence in the blood-plasma or in the 
corpuscles, or in both, of dark pigment-granules due 
to the disintegration of the hemoglobin. Its most 
common cause is malaria. If very intense, as in per- 
nicious forms of malaria, it may give rise to embolism 
of the capillaries of the brain or other organs. 

Melanencephaloma {mel-an-en-sef-al-o'-mah) \_pklac, 
black; i ; Ktya'Aog, brain; 6[ia, tumor]. A black 
outgrowth from the brain. 

Melanephidrosis [niel-an-ef-id-ro' -sis) \jikXae, black; 
i<pidpuai<;, morbid perspiration]. Black perspiration, 
or a disease characterized by black perspiration. See, 
also, Chromidrosis. 

Melangeur (mel-an-jur') [Fr.]. The graduated pipet 
of the hemocytometer. 

Melanic (inel-an' -ik) \_fieXavia, blackness]. Charac- 
terized by, or pertaining to, a dark color, or to mel- 
anosis. M. Acid, C ]0 H 8 O 5 , a black powder re- 
sulting from the oxidation of potassium salicylate. 
It is insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether, 
and alkalies. 

Melanicterus (mel-an-ik'-ter-us) \_u.tXac , black ; licrepoc, 
jaundice]. Black jaundice. 

Melanidia [mel-an-id'-e-ah). See Miner's Phthisis. 

Melanilin (jnel-an' -il-in) \_p.eXac, black; anilin~\, 
Cj 3 H 13 Ng. A basic substance obtained from cyano- 
gen chlorid and dry anilin. 

Melanin [mel' '-an-in) [fitXac;, black]. I. A black pig- 
mentary matter occurring naturally in the choroid coat 
of the eye, the skin, the hair, the muscles, and, patho- 
logically, in the skin in Addison's disease and in 
melanotic tumors. Melanin usually contains sulphur, 
more rarely iron. From its origin, being a product of 
cell-activity, it is classed as a metabolic pigment. It is 
generally soluble in hot alkalies and in hot acids, and 
its solutions are bleached by chlorin. 2. Specifically 
applied by Danilewsky to the pigment seen in the 
hematozoa of men and animals, and formed by these 
intracellular parasites from the hemoglobin of the red 
blood-corpuscles which they inhabit. . 

Melanism [met '-an-izni) \_p.eXac, black]. In biology, 
the abnormal development of dark pigments in an 
organism. 

Melano-cancroid (inel-an-o-kang r -kroid). Synonym of 
Melano-carcinoma. 

Melano-carcinoma (mel-an-o-kar-sin-o' '-mah) \jieXac;, 
black; Kapnivoifia, carcinoma]. Melanotic carcinoma. 

Melano- chlorosis {mel-an-o-klo-ro' -sis) \_peXag, black ; 
xXopoc, green]. Chlorosis in which the skin has a 
blackish-green hue. Also the same as Melanicterus. 

Melanochroic, Melanochroous {mel-an-o-kro f -ik, mel- 
an-ok' -ro-tis) \_fieXac, black ; x?^ a i color]. Having a 
dark color or complexion. 

Melanocomous (inel-an-ok 1 -o-mus) \jxkXaq, black ; 
icdfiq, hair]. Black-haired. 

Melanocyte {mel'-an-o-sit) [fiiXac, black; kvtoc, cell]. 
Any wandering lymph-cell that has become dis- 
colored by the absorption of dark pigment-granules. 

Melanoderma (inel-an-o-der' -mah) , Melanodermia 
[?nel-an-o-der f -me-ah) \jitXaq, black; dtpfia, skin]. 
Black pigmentation or discoloration of the skin. M., 
Parasitic. See Vagabond' s Disease. 

Melanogen [i?iel-an' -o-jen) [tnelanin, from peXng, 
black ; yevvav, to produce]. A material that becomes 
converted into melanin on the reception of the appro- 
priate stimulus. 

Melanoid [inel' -an-oid) \jikXac;, black; eldoc, like]. 
Dark-colored ; resembling melanosis. 

'Me\ano-leu'k.emia.(inel-an-o-lu-ke / -me-ah)[ft£Xa.c i ,h\ack.; 



Xtvnoc, white ; ai/ia, blood]. Melanemia in associa- 
tion with leukemia. 

Melanoma [mel-an-o'-mah) \_iitXavujia, from jieXaq, 
black; b/xa, tumor: pi., Melanomata~\. I. A disease 
marked by the development and growth of black or 
dark-colored tubercles within the tissues of the vis- 
cera. 2. Any tumor containing or characterized by dark 
pigment. 

Melanomyces (mel-ati-o-mi'-sez) [//e^ac, black ; fxvKiqq, 
fungus]. A black fungous growth. 

Melanopathy {mel-an-op'-atk-e), Melanopathia (mel- 
an-o-path' -e-ah) \_pkXac, black; Tvafloc, illness], A 
disease attended with increase or deepening of the 
normal pigmentation of a part. 

Melanophthalmous (me/-an-off-thal / -?>ms) [fxiXac, 
black ; b^daXp.6c, eye]. Black-eyed ; having a melan- 
oma of the eye. 

Melanophyl {mel'-an -o-fil) [fieXac, black; <pv?~/iov, 
leaf], A black substance extracted from green leaves 
by means of hydrochloric acid and ether. 

Melanorrhagia (mel-an-or-a'-je-ah) \jikXac, black; 
pr/yvvvai, to burst forth]. The copious discharge of 
blackened feces. 

Melanorrhea (tnel-an-or-e' -ah) \jxkXac, black ; pola, a 
flow]. Synonym of Melena. Also, a genus of the 
Anacardiaceae. M. usitata, M. usitatissima, the 
black-varnish tree. 

Melano-sa.rcoma.(mel-an-o-sar-ko'-mah)[fj.eXac, black; 
caps,, flesh; bfia, tumor]. Melanotic sarcoma. 

Melano-scirrhus [inel-an-o-skir'-us) \jikXac, black; 
oiuppoc, hard]. A form of scirrhous carcinoma char- 
acterized by pigmentation. 

Melanose [inel' -an-os) \_yn\XavuGic , a becoming black]. 
A disease of grape-vines caused by the fungus Sep- 
toria pelina. 

Melanosis {mel-an-o'-sis)\^LikXac, black ; vbaoc, disease]. 
A general tendency to the formation in the blood, and 
the deposition in the skin, or in organs, of a dark pig- 
ment. M. lenticularis progressiva. See Xeroderma 
pigmentosum. 

Melanosity (inel-an-os' -it-e) \jikXac, black ; vdaoc, dis- 
ease]. The condition of being melanous ; darkness, 
as of hair, eyes, or skin. 

Melanospongus (niel - an -o - spon' '- gus). Synonym of 
Melanomyces. 

Melanothanatos {meZ-an-o-than' -at-os). See Plague. 

Melanotic {inel-an-of -ik) [iiiXag, black; voaoc, disease]. 
Pertaining to melanosis. 

Melanotrichous [tnel-an- ot'-rik-us) \jikXa$, black ; 
6pit;, hair]. Black -haired. 

Melanous {mel'-an-us) [/ueXac (jxeXav), black]. In 
ethnology, applied to races with black hair and dark- 
brown or blackish skins. One of the two divisions of 
the Melanochroi according to Huxley's classification. 
Cf. Xanthomelanous. 

Melanuresis {mel-an-u-re'-sis), Melanuria (inel-an-u' - 
re-ah) \_p.kXaq, black ; ovpov, urine]. The presence of 
black pigmentary substance in the urine, or the dis- 
order associated with it. Melanotic tumors are in some 
way related to this condition. 

Melanuric (?nel-an-u'-rik) \_pi?iac, black ; ovpov, urine]. 
Pertaining to, or characterized by, melanuria. 

Melanurin (mel-an-td-rin) [//f/.ac, black; ovpov, urine] . 
A dark pigment found in the urine in melanuria ; it 
is sometimes associated with the presence in the body 
of melanotic tumors. 

Melas (jnel'-as) \jikXac, black]. Black. 

Melasicterus (mel-as-ik' '-ter-us) [ptXae, black ; "iKrepoc, 
jaundice]. Same as Melanicterus. 

Melasma (mel-az' -mah) \_fxk7.ac, black]. Any morbid, 
dark discoloration of the skin. M., Suprarenal. 
Same as Addison's Disease. M. Addisonii, Addi- 



MELASMIC 



740 



MELLIN'S FOOD 



son's disease. M. palpebrarum, the pigmentation 
about the eyelids observed in pregnancy and in cer- 
tain nervous disorders. M. uterinum, melasma due 
to uterine disease. 

Melasmic (mel-az'-mik) [pklac, black]. Pertaining to 
or characterized by melasma. 

Melastearrhea [mel-as-te-ar-e'-ah). Synonym of Chro- 
midrosis. 

Melatrophy [mel-af '-ro-fe) \jik\oq, limb; arpotpia, lack 
of nutrition]. Wasting of the limbs. 

Melaxanthous (jnel-aks-an' -thus) [/ztvlac, black ; t;av66c, 
yellow]. Black and yellow. 

Meldometer (mel-dom* -et-er) \jieXSuv, to melt ; fikrpov, 
measure]. An instrument for ascertaining the melting- 
points of metals, minerals, and other substances. 

Meleagra (mel-e-a? -graK). Synonym of Melagra. 

Melebiose {mel-eb'-e-os) [p.k?u, honey], C ]2 H 22 O n . One 
of the sugars produced in the hydrolysis of melitriose. 
See Carbohydrates, Tabic of. 

Meleguetta Pepper. See Grains of Paradise. 

Melem Unel'-eni) [pkXag, black], C fi H 6 N 10 . A complex 
cyanid. 

Melena (jnel-e' -nah) \jiekac, black]. The evacuation 
of tar-like stools due to the presence therein of altered 
blood. It is met with in a number of diseases, and often 
follows a profuse attack of hemoptysis. Also, a name 
given to the so-called black vomit. M. cholaea, same 
as Melanicterus. M. neonatorum, an extravasation 
of blood into the stomach and intestines of the new- 
born infant, occurring most often in the first few hours 
of life. It is due to duodenal ulcer, hemophilia, or 
some congenital defect increasing the intra-abdominal 
blood-pressure. 

Melenagogue (inel-en'-ag-og) \melatna; fie/iag, black ; 
ayuyog, leading]. A remedy for, or medicine useful 
in, melena. 

Melene [mel'-en) [mel, honey], C :)0 H fi0 . An alkylen or 
olefin obtained from ordinary wax ; it melts at 62 C. 

Melenemesis (mel-eti-em' '-es-is) [p.k?uig, black ; e/iemg, 
vomiting]. Black vomit. 

Melenic [inel-en' -ik) [fikXac, black]. Pertaining to 
melena. 

Meleno-diarrhea (mel-en-o-di-ar-e' -ah). Synonym of 
Melena. 

Melenorrhagia (mel-en-or-a'-je-ah). Synonym of 
Melena. 

Melezibiose (mel-ez-ib'-e-os), Melezitose {inel-ez' -it-os) 
[Fr. , meleze, larch], C 18 H 32 16 -\- 2H 2 0. A carbo- 
hydrate that occurs in the juice of Pinus larix, and 
closely resembling cane-sugar. It is distinguished from 
the latter by its greater rotatory power, and in not be- 
ing so sweet to the taste. It melts at 148 F. See 
Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Melia (me'-le-ah). See Azedirach. 

Meliasmus [ine-le-az'-mus). Synonym of Glanders. 

Melibiose [inel-ib'-e-os). Synonym of Melebiose. 

Melicera, Meliceris (mel-is-e'-rah, mel - is - e' '- ris) 
[prfkiKr^pic ; fit \i, honey ; Kr/p6c, wax]. Honey-cyst. 
A term loosely applied to any cystic tumor whose con- 
tents have a honey-like appearance ; a cyst that 
has undergone colloid degeneration, the contents be- 
ing changed into a more or less hyaline, thick, honey- 
like liquid. See Molluscum contagiosum. 

Meliceria [inel-is-e' -re-ali) [pkAi, honey ; lajpoc, wax]. 
The thick gelatinous substance found in certain tumors. 

Meliceric (inel-is-er'-ik) [pk?u, honey ; Kqpos, wax]. 
Pertaining to meliceris. 

Meliceroma {mel-is-er-o' -mali). Synonym of Meliceris. 

Melicerous (inel-is'-er-us). Synonym of Meliceric. 

Melicerum [mel-is-e'-rum). See Meliceris. 

Melichrous [mel'-ik-rus) \jik\i, honey; XP"S> color]. 
Honey-colored. 



Melilot {mel'-il-ot) [pk'/i, honey ; ?.u~6c, lotus]. Any 
plant of the genus Melilotus. 

Melilotic Acid (mel-il-ot'-ik). See Acid. 

Melilotus (mel-il-o'-tus) [pk'Ai, honey ; Xurdc, lotus]. 
A genus of leguminous herbs. M. officinalis, yel- 
low melilot and other species (A/, carulea, and other 
varieties) are official in various European countries. 
Melilotus is diuretic, anodyne, and expectorant. It 
contains Coumarin, q.v. ; the powdered leaves are 
used in Switzerland for flavoring Chapziger cheese. 

Melinephidrosis (mel-in-efid-ro' -sis) [pijXivo^, quince- 
colored ; k(j>idpuoL<;, perspiration]. The excretion of 
a yellow sweat. It occurs in several infectious fevers 
in which the blood is profoundly altered, in jaundice, 
and after the excessive ingestion of rhubarb. 

Meliphagous [>nel-if -ag-us) \jik\t, honey; tpaytiv, to 
eat]. In biology, feeding upon honey; mellivorous. 

Melissa (mel-is'-ah) [peTitaaa, a bee]. A genus of 
labiate plants. The leaves and tops of M. officinalis, 
lemon-balm, containing tannin, a bitter extractive, and 
an essential oil . It is a mild diaphoretic, but is employed 
chiefly as a flavor. 

Melissyl (inel-is'-il) [p.kXiaaa, a bee; vkr), matter], 
C 30 H 6 . A hypothetic radicle occurring in many waxy 
compounds. It is also called myricyl. 

Melitagra {mel-it-a' -grali) [pkAoc, limb ; aypa, seizure]. 
Any arthritic or rheumatic pain in the limbs. 

Melitagra (mel-it-a' '-grah) [p.ij'Kov, cheek; aypa, seiz- 
ure]. Eczema of the face. 

Melitagra (jnel-it-a'-grah) \_fikli, honey; aypa, seizure]. 
The name given to the honey-like crusts sometimes 
seen in Impetigo fgurata. 

Melitemia \jnel-it-e' -me-ah) \jik\i, honey ; a\pa, blood]. 
The presence of an excess of sugar in the blood. 

Melithemia [tnel-ith-e' -me-ah). See Melitemia. 

Melithyperuria (tnel-ith-ip-er-u' -re-ali) [pkli, honey ; 
vnkp, over ; ovpov, urine]. Diabetes mellitus. 

Melitis (i)iel-i' -tis) \11ifhov, cheek ; nvc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of a cheek. 

Melitismus (inel-it-iz'-mus) \jitkiTicii6e, from fik/u, 
honey]. The use of honey in medicine ; an electuary 
of honey for cough in children. 

Melitoptyalismus (jnel-it-o-ti-al-iz' -mus) \jik\i, honey ; 
■n-'vakov, saliva]. The production of melitoptyalon. 

Melitoptyalon [inel-it-o-ti' -al-on)\_uk\i, honey ; ■KTva'knv, 
saliva]. A saliva containing glucose said to be 
secreted by persons suffering from hectic fever. 

Melitose {mel' -it-os) \_fxk\i, honey], C ]8 H 32 1G + 5H 2 - 
O. Raffinose, melitriose. A carbohydrate occurring 
in large quantity in Australian manna, flour of cotton- 
seeds, in small amounts in sugar-beets, and in the 
molasses in sugar-manufacture. It crystallizes in 
needles, which are more soluble in water and less in 
alcohol than cane-sugar. It is more strongly dextro- 
rotatory than cane-sugar, and does not reduce Fehling's 
solution, but is easily fermented by yeast. See Carbo- 
hydrates, Table of. 

Melitriose {mel-it'-re-os). See Melitose. 

Melituria (mel-it-u'-re-ah) \_p.k"ki, honey ; ovpov, urine]. 
Diabetes mellitus. M. inosita, the presence of inosite 
in the urine. 

Melleous (inel'-e-us) \_melleus, from mel, honey]. 
Honey-like. 

Mellifavium (mel-if-a'-ve-um). Synonym of Meliceris. 

Melliferous {mel-if'-er-us) [mel, honey ; ferre, to bear]. 
Producing or carrying honey. 

Mellific (mel-if'-ik) [mel, honey; facere, to make]. 
Producing honey. 

Melligerous (mel-ij' -er-us). See Mellific. 

Mellimid [mel'-im-id). See Pa/amid. 

Mellin's Food. A variety of Liebig's food for infants. 
Its composition is: Water 5.0, fat 0.15, grape-sugar 



MELLITA 



741 



MEMBRANA 



44.69, cane-sugar 3.51, starch none, soluble carbo- 
hydrates 85.44, albuminoids 5.95, ash 1.89. 
Mellita (mel-i'-tali) [ue/i, honey]. Pharmaceutic pre- 
parations known as honeys. They consist of honey, 
either natural, clarified, or flavored. There are three 
officinal mellita. 

Mellitaemia {mel-it-e'-me-ah). See Melitemia. 

Mellite [mel'-it). See Mellitic Acid. 

Mellithemia (mel-ith-e' -me-qK). -See Melitemia. 

Mellitic Acid (mel-if'-i/i). See Acid. 

Mellituria (inel-it-u'-re-ah). See Melituria. 

Mellivorous (tuel-iv' -o-rus) \mel, honey ; vorare, to 
devour]. In biology, feeding upon honey; melipha- 
gous. 

Mellogen (mel'-o-Jen) [_/ut/\i, honey; yewav, to produce], 
C^HjOj. An amorphous, shiny substance obtained in 
the electrolysis of distilled water. It is infusible, solu- 
ble in hot water and in alkalies, insoluble in most min- 
eral acids and other solvents ; it possesses coloring 
properties. 

Mellon (mel'-on), C 3 H 3 N 9 . A complex cyanid pro- 
duced on igniting ammonium sulphocyanid, melam, 
and other substances. It is a yellow insoluble powder. 

Mellonic Acid (mel-on'-ik). Synonym of Mellon, and 
also of Hydromellonic Acid. 

Mellophanic Acid {mel-o-fan' -ik). See Acid. 

Melocactus [ttiel-o-kak'-tus) [fiffAov, melon ; /cd/croc, 
prickly plant]. A genus of the cactus family (Cac- 
tacece). M. communis, melon thistle. Turk's cap, 
Englishman's or Pope's head. A West Indian species 
possessing edible fruits. It is expectorant and anti- 
syphilitic. 

Melocampyle (??iel-o-kam'-pil) \jikXoc, limb ; Kajiiri<\ri, 
crooked staff]. Deformity of the limbs from bending. 

Melqdidymus (inel-o-did' '-im-us) \_(ik/\oc, limb ; didvjioc, 
double]. A monstrosity with double limbs. Melo- 
didymi are twins united by the limbs. 

Melomania (mel-o-ma' '-ne-ah) \_fik'Xoc, song; fiavia, 
madness]. Inordinate devotion to music. 

Melomaniac {mel-o-ma' -ne-ak) [fielor, song; fiavia, 
madness]. One who is affected with melomania. 

Melomelia lmel-o-me' -le-ah). See Melomehts. 

Melomelus \7nel-0m' -el-us) \_jie/\oc, limb]. Melomelia; 
a form of double monster in which rudimentary limbs 
are attached at the point of junction of the normal 
limbs. 

Meloncus (jnel-ong' -kus) \jiij7uov , cheek ; oynoc, tumor]. 
A tumor of the cheek. 

Melon-seed Bodies. Gelatinous bodies, somewhat 
resembling melon-seeds, found in joints and tendon- 
sheaths. The method of their origin is in dispute. 
They are also known as rice-like bodies. 

Meloplastic [mel-o-plas' -tik) \jiff/.ov, cheek ; TVAaoasw, 
to form]. Pertaining to meloplasty. 

Meloplasty (mel'-o-plas-te) \j17jX7v, cheek ; Tr?Mcaeiv, 
to form]. The operation of engrafting or forming a 
new growth of tissue upon the cheek, in repair of an 
injury. 

Melos (me'-los) [fieloc, a limb]. Limb. 

Melosalgia [mel-os-al'-je-ak). See Melalgia. 

Meloschisis [inel-os' -kis-is) [ftijAov, cheek; oxiolc, 
cleft]. A congenital cleft of the cheek. 

Melosis (me-lo'-sis) \_p.i]7iT], probe]. The process of 
probing. 

Melotridymus (inel-o-trid' -im-us) [_/ue/\oc, limb ; rp/rSu- 
fioc, threefold]. A fetal monstrosity with three pairs 
of limbs. 

Melotris (mel-o'-tris) [jtfj/Xtj, probe; ovr, ear]. An aural 
probe. 

Melt [ME., melten, to melt]. I. To liquefy by 
means of heat. 2. The spleen of animals. More 
properly milt, q. v. 



Melting {meW-ing) [ME., melten, to melt]. Liquefy- 
ing by means of heat. M. -point, the degree of 
temperature at which solids pass into the liquid 
state. 

Melustum (inel-us'-tum) \_mel, honey ; usttim, from 
ztrere, to burn] . Molasses. 

Memba Yaw (mem' -bah yaw) [for remembe?--ys.\\"\. 
A yaw or frambesial excrescence occurring long 
after the primary attack of the yaws is over. See 
Yaws. 

Member {mem' -ber) [membrum, a limb]. A part of 
the body, especially a projecting part, having a distinct 
function, as the legs, the arms, the tail, the penis. M., 
Abdominal, one of the hind or lower limbs. M., 
Pelvic, M., Posterior, one of the hind or lower 
limbs. M., Thoracic, one of the fore or upper limbs. 
M., Virile, the penis. 

Membra (mem'-brah) [L.]. Plural of Membrum. 

Membral (inetn'-bral) [membrum, limb]. Pertaining 
to a limb or member. 

Membrana {inem-bra' -nah) [L.-.pl., Membrana~\. A 
membrane. M. adiposa, the subcutaneous fatty layer. 
M. adventitia, the adventitia ; also, the decidua re- 
flexa. M. agnina, the amnion. M. anterioris 
elastica. See Lamina, Elastic. M. basilaris. See 
Lamina basilaris. M. caduca, the decidua. M. 
capsularis, a capsular ligament. M. carnosa : I. 
The platysma myoides. 2. The dartos. M.cellulosa; 
I. The decidua. 2. Adipose tissue. M. ceratodes, 
the cornea. M. coronae ciliaris, zonule of Zinn. 
M. coronoides, the iris. M. corticalis, the vitelline 
membrane. M. crassa, the decidua reflexa. M. crib- 
riformis, the decidua. M. cribrosa: I. The decidua 
vera. 2. The septum crurale. M. decidua. See 
Decidua. M.dentata, the ligamentum denticulatum. 
See Ligament. M. dermatodes, the dura. M. ex- 
terna, the vitelline membrane. M. filamentosa, the 
decidua reflexa. M. flaccida. See S/trapnell's 
Membrane. M. foraminalis, the iris. M. ger- 
minativa, the blastoderm. M. granulosa, the layer 
of small polyhedral cells within the theca folliculi of 
the Graafian follicle. M. intermedia, the mesoblast ; 
also, the layer of gelatinous tissue between the amnion 
and chorion. M. intestinalis, the allantois, q. v. M. 
Jacobi. See Membrane, Jacob's. M. laminosa, the 
membrane covering the fetal surface of the placenta 
after removal of the amnion. It is the atrophied allan- 
tois. M. limitans, the limiting layer of the retina. 
There are two of these, the interna and externa, 
which are derived from either extremity of the fibers of 
Miiller. M. limitans interna, applied by His to the 
layer formed in the developing spinal cord by the 
ental or central ends of the spongioblasts which later 
become the endyma. M. localis, the pia. M. 
media, the endochorion, q. v. M. media cerebri, 
the arachnoid. M. medullaris, the endyma. M. 
mollis, the pia. M. neurium, the epineurium, 
q. v. M. nictans, M. nictitans. See Membrane, 
Nictitating. M. pellucida, the amnion, q. v. M. 
pigmenta, the uvea iridis. M. prolifera, the blas- 
todermic membrane. M. proligera. See Discus pro- 
ligerus. M. propria, the delicate membrane upon 
which the epithelium of membranes, especially mucous 
membranes, rests; the basement membrane. M. 
propria cerebri, the pia. M. pupillaris. See 
Membrane, Pupillary. M. putaminis, the second- 
ary envelop of a bird's egg; a fibrous mem- 
brane secreted in successive laminae, covering the 
entire egg and albumen. M. pyogena. See Mem- 
brane, Pyogenic. M. quadrangularis, a fibrous 
membrane extending from the epiglottis to the aryte- 
noid cartilages, as far as the free edge of the ary-epi- 



MEMBRANACEOUS 



742 



MEMBRANE 



glottic folds. M. ruyschiana, the middle or capillary 
layer of the choroid. M. semilunaris conjunctivae. 
See Membrane, Nictitating. M. serotina, that part 
of the decidua which enters into the formation of the 
placenta. M. sinuosa, M. spongiosa, the decidua. 
M. tectoria, a delicate membrane of the internal 
ear, extending from the upper lip of the limbus above 
the sulcus spiralis and the organ of Corti as far as 
the last row of the outer hair cells. It is also known 
as Corti's membrane. M. tensa, the tympanic mem- 
brane proper, exclusive of Shrapnell's membrane. 
M. tenuis, the arachnoid. M.tympani. See Mem- 
brane, Tympanic. M. tympani, Artificial. See 
Membrane, Tympanic. M. tympani secundaria. 
See Membrane, Secondary Tympanic. M. urinaria, 
the allantois. M. vasculosa cerebri, the pia. M. 
vibrans. Synonym of M. tensa. M. virginalis, 
the hymen. M. vocalis, the portion of the laryngeal 
mucosa investing the vocal bands. 

Membranaceous (mem-bran-a' -ce-us) \_membranaceiis, 
from membrum, member]. Pertaining to, consisting 
of, or of the nature of, a membrane. 

Membrane (mem' '-bran) [membrana, from membrum, 
member]. In anatomy, a term applied to almost any 
thin, enveloping or lining substance. In the plural 
it usually signifies the fetal membranes. M., Adven- 
titious. See Adventitia. M., Albugineous. See 
Albuginea. M., Amphiblestroid, the retina. M., 
Animal, a membrane made from animal tissues, used 
in dialyzing ; also, in the plural, the fetal membranes. 
M., Arachnoid. See Arachnoid. M. of Arnold, the 
pigmented layer of the iris. M. of Ascherson. See 
M., Haptogenous. M., Bacillar. See M., Jacob's. 
M., Basement or Basal, in histology, a delicate 
membrane, made up of flattened cells, and underlying 
the epithelium of the mucous surfaces. M.-bone, 
any bone that originates, not in cartilage, but in mem- 
brane, such as some of the cranial and facial bones. 
M., Bowman's. See Bowman. M. of Bruch, 
a thin, transparent, homogeneous membrane, the 
external or vitreous lamina of the choroid of the eye. 
M., Caducous, the decidua. M., Cell, the mem- 
brane surrounding a cell ; the cell-wall. M. of 
Corti. See Membrana tectoria. M., Costo-cora- 
coid, a dense layer of fascia extending between the 
subclavius muscle and the pectoralis minor, and form- 
ing the anterior portion of the sheath of the axillary 
vessels. M., Crico-thyroid, the triangular mem- 
brane connecting the thyroid and cricoid cartilages of 
the larynx. M., Croupous. See M., Diphtheric. 
M., Debove's, a deep, germinal layer of flattened 
cells in the mucosa of the trachea and extra- 
pulmonary bronchi. M. of Descemet. See 
Descemet's Membrane. M., Diphtheric, a fibrinous 
layer formed on the surface of mucous membranes and 
extending downward for a variable depth. It is due 
to a process of coagulation-necrosis. The most com- 
mon cause of its formation is the bacillus of diph- 
theria; irritant poisons also may produce it. M., Drum. 
Synonym of the tympanic membrane. M., Elastic, 
a membrane largely composed of elastic fibrous tissue. 
M., Elytroid, the fibers of the cremaster muscle 
covering the testicle. M., False. See M., Diph- 
theric. M., Fenestrated. See Fenestrated Mem- 
brane of Henle. M., Fetal, a name given to 
the chorion, amnion, and allantois. M., Germinal, 
the blastoderm. M., Glassy, the hyaloid mem- 
brane. M., Granular. See Membrana granulosa. 
M., Haptogenous, a delicate albuminous pellicle 
supposed to envelop the fat-globules of milk and of 
other fluids containing fat and albumin. M., Homo- 
geneous, a delicate layer of connective tissue cover- 



ing the placental villi. M., Huxley's, a sheath 
peculiar to hair and surrounding the proximal part of 
the shaft. M., Hyaloid, a delicate areolar membrane 
investing the vitreous humor of the eye. M., Inor- 
ganic, a membrane used in dialyzing fluids ; it is 
composed of silicic acid. M., Internal, the endyma, 
q. v. M., Interosseous, a thin aponeurosis of parallel 
fibers extending between contiguous borders of the 
tibia and fibula, and the ulna and radius. M., 
Jacob's, the layer of rods and cones of the retina. 
M., Krause's, a thin, transverse, dark disc bisecting 
the light substance of the striped muscle-fibers ; it 
divides the fibers into muscular compartments. M., 
Meconic, a layer within the rectum of the fetus, 
supposed to invest the meconium. M., Mucous, the 
continuation of the skin lining those internal cavities 
and organs exposed to or communicating with the air. 
It is kept moist by the mucus secreted by the goblet- 
cells and mucous glands. M. of Nasmyth, a delicate 
but firm membrane covering the ectal surface of the 
enamel for a short time after birth. M., Nictitating, 
the plica or third eyelid, a mucous fold at the nasla 
canthus of the eyes of birds and certain quadrupeds. 
M., Nuclear, the membrane surrounding the nucleus 
of a cell. M., Obturator, the fibrous membrane clos- 
ing the obturator foramen. M., Olfactory. See M., 
Schneiderian. M., Ovular. See M., Vitelline. M., 
Perforated (of Henle), the ental elastic layer of an 
artery. M., Perifibril, a special membrane surround- 
ing the skeletal threads of some sponges (Chalinula) ; 
it is composed of epithelial cells, either transparent or 
deeply-colored with granules (Hyatt). M., Perio- 
dontal, a fibrous layer covering the cement of teeth. 
M., Pharyngeal, the oral plate separating the primi- 
tive oral and pharyngeal cavities in the embryo. It is 
formed of an anterior ectodermic and posterior entoder- 
mic layer. M., Pituitary. Same as M, Schneiderian. 
M., Primary, the basement membrane. M., Pre- 
formation, a doubtful membrane supposed to cover 
the dentine papilla. M., Proligerous. See Discus 
proligerus. M., Pseudo. See M., Diphtheric. M., 
Pupillary, a delicate, transparent membrane closing 
the pupil in the fetus. It disappears between the 
seventh and eighth months. M., Pyogenic, the fibrous 
membrane forming the lining of abscess-cavities ; 
instead of being a pus-producing membrane, it is 
really a protective layer, limiting the spread of the 
abscess, although it may form pus under certain 
circumstances. M., Pyophylactic, a term sug- 
gested by Roswell Park for the so-called " pyogenic 
membrane." M., Reichert's. See M., Bowman' s. 
M. of Reissner, a delicate membrane stretching 
across the outer wall of the cochlea. M., Reticular, 
the membrane covering the space of the outer hair- 
cells of the cochlea. M. of Ruysch. See Membrana 
ruyschiana. M., Schneiderian, the mucosa lin- 
ing the nasal fossse. M. of Schwann. See 
Neurilemma. M., Serous, a delicate membrane 
covered with flat endothelial cells lining closed 
cavities of the body, e.g., the peritoneum, the 
pleura. M., Shell. See Membrana putaminis. M., 
Shrapnell's, a small portion of the drum-membrane 
filling the notch of Rivini. It differs from the re- 
mainder of the drum-membrane in that it contains 
none of the fibrous tissue proper to the drum. It is 
also called Membrana Jlaccida. M., Synovial, a 
membrane covering the articular extremities of bones 
and the inner surface of ligaments entering into the for- 
mation of a joint. M., Tectorial. See Membrana 
tectoria. M., Tenon's. See Tenon's Capsule. M., 
Thyro-hyoid, the broad membrane joining the 
thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone. M., Tubular, 



MEMBRANEOUS 



743 



MENINGO-CEPHALITIS 



the neurilemma, q. v. M., Tympanic, the mem- 
brane separating the external from the middle ear. 
It consists of three layers : an ectal or skin layer, a 
fibrous layer, and an ental layer like that lining 
the middle ear. M., Undulator, a delicate mem- 
brane uniting the spinal filament to the body and 
tail of the spermatozoon. M., Utero-epichorial, 
the decidua vera. M., Vascular (of the eye), the 
choroid, q. v. M., Vestibular. Same as M. of 
Reissner. M., Virginal, the hymen, q. v. M., Vi- 
tellary, M., Vitelline, the true cell-membrane of 
the ovum, lying within the zona pellucida. M., 
Vitreous, the membrane of Descemet ; also the 
basement membrane of a hair-follicle. M., Wachen- 
dorf's, the papillary membrane. M., Yolk. Same 
as M., Vitelline. M., Zinn's. See Zonule of Zinn. 

Membraneous (mem-bra' -jie-us). See Membranous. 

Membraniform (mem-brati' -if-orm) . See Membranous. 

Membranine (mem' '-bran-in). See Membranous. 

Membrano-carneous [mem-bran' -o-kar' -ne-us) \meni- 
brana, membrane; earo, flesh]. Of a membranous 
and fleshy structure. 

Membranocranium (mem-bran-o-kra' -ne-uni) \_mem- 
brana, membrane; Kpaviov, skull]. The membran- 
ous skull of the fetus, prior to ossification. 

Membranogenic ( mem-bran- o-jen'-ik) \_nepftpava, 
parchment membrane; yevr/g, producing]. In biology, 
having a tendency to form a membrane or a mem- 
branous growth. 

Membranoid (mem-bran-oid') \_membrana, membrane ; 
cldoc, like]. Resembling membrane. 

Membranology (mem-bran-ol' -o-je) \_membrana, mem- 
brane ; loyoQ, science]. The anatomy, physiology, 
and pathology of the membranes of the body. 

Membranosus (mem-bran-o' -sus) \_membrana, mem- 
brane]. Membranous. M., Semi-, one of the 
hamstring muscles. See Muscles, Table of. 

Membranous [mem' -bran-us) \_membranosus, mem- 
branous]. Having the nature of, or characterized by, 
a membrane. In biology, applied to an organ or part 
that is flattened, thin and flexible. M. Labyrinth. 
See Labyrinth. M. Urethra, the part of the urethra 
between the two layers of the triangular ligament. 

Membranula, Membranule (mem-bran' -u-lah , mem- 
bran' -til) [dim. of membrana, membrane]. A 
small membrane. In biology, specifically applied to a 
portion of the wing of certain insects. 

Membranulet (mem-bran' -u-let). Same as Membratz- 
ula. 

Membrosus (mem-bro' -sus) \inembrum, limb]. Hav- 
ing a large penis. 

Membrum (mem 1 '-brum) [L. : pi., Membra']. Same as 
Member. M. muliebre, the clitoris. M. seminale, 
M. virile, the penis. 

Memory (mem'-o-re) [memoria, a recalling]. That 
faculty of the mind that enables one to recall ideas, 
events, and the images of objects that have produced 
sensation. M., Loss of. See Amnesia. 

Menagogue (men'-ag-og). Synonym of E?nmena- 
gogue. 

Menatechenzie (men-at-ek-en' '-ze). See Pal/mis. 

Mendel's Convolution. See Convolutions, Table of. 

Mendelejeff 's Classification. See Element. 

Mendosus (men-do' -sus) \_mendax, false]. False; ap- 
plied to certain incomplete parts, as the floating ribs. 

Menelcosis {men-el-ko' -sis) [pr/veg, menses; 'i7.K.unic, 
ulceration] . Ulceration of the leg, with vicarious 
menstruation from the sore. 

Menellipsis i men-el-ip' -sis) [//^wc, menses; ekleiipic;, 
a falling off]. Menopause. 

Menes (men'-ez) (yifivtq, menses]. Menses. 

Menhaden Oil (men-ha'-dn) [a corruption of the In- 



dian munnawhatleaug~\. An oil obtained from the 
Alosa menhaden, a kind of herring. It is used in 
soap-making and in tanning, and, when pure, as a sub- 
stitute for cod-liver oil. 

Menhidrosis, Menidrosis (men-hid-ro'-sis, men-id- 
ro'-sis) [/irjveg, menses; tdpuoic, sweat]. A form 
of vicarious menstruation said to consist in monthly 
excess of sweat, sometimes sanguineous, instead of 
the menstrual flow. 

Meniere's Disease. A disease or injury probably of 
the semicircular canals, characterized by nausea, vom- 
iting, vertigo, deafness, tinnitus aurium, and other 
phenomena. It is called also aural or auditory ver- 
tigo. See Diseases, Table of. 

Meningarthrocace (tnen-iti-gar-throk'-as-e) [pijviyt;, 
membrane; apBpov, joint; nandc, evil]. Inflamma- 
tion of joint-membranes. 

Meningeal (men-in' -je-a I) \_p\rjvuyZ, membrane]. Per- 
taining to any membrane of the brain or myel, especi- 
ally the dura. 

Meninges (men-in' -jez) [pi. of fiijviy^, membrane]. 
A name applied to the membranes of the brain and 
myel, the dura, pia, and arachnoid. M., Lepto-, the 
pia and arachnoid. 

Meningina (men-in-ji' -nah) \_p.fjviy^, membrane]. The 
pia and arachnoid considered as the proper meninges, 
and apart from the dura ; the pia-arachnoid. 

Meninginitis (men-in-Jin-i'-tis) [pijviyi;, membrane ; 
itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the meningina ; 
leptomeningitis. 

Meningitic (?nen-in-jit'-ik) \_fifiviyS,, membrane]. Per- 
taining to, or affected with, meningitis. 

Meningitis (men-in-ji' -tis) [p.r/viyi;, membrane ; itic, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the membranes of 
the brain or cord ; that of the dura is termed pachy- 
meningitis, that of the pia-arachnoid, leptomeningi- 
tis. M., Acute. See Leptomeningitis. M., Ascend- 
ing, a form that begins in the membranes of the 
lower cord and ascends. M., Basilar. See M., 
Tuberculous. M., Cerebral, M., Cerebro-spinal, a 
form affecting the membranes of the brain, and those of 
the cord and brain respectively. It is usually epi- 
demic. M. of the Convexity, simple leptomeningitis. 
M., Epidemic. Synonym of Fever, Cerebro-spinal. 
M., Granular, the same as M. , Tuberculous. M., 
Malignant. Synonym of Fever, Cerebro-spinal. 
M., Rhachidian. Synonym of M., Spinal. M., 
Scrofulous. See M., Tuberculous. M., Septic, that 
due to an infectious process. M. siderans, a ful- 
minant, rapidly fatal form of cerebro-spinal fever. 
M., Simple, that not due to tuberculosis or sepsis. 
M., Spinal, meningitis of the membranes of the spinal 
cord. M., Syphilitic, meningitis due to syphilis. 
M., Traumatic, that following injury to the skull or 
spinal column. M., Tuberculous, inflammation of 
the pia of the brain, with effusion of lymph and pus, 
caused by the deposit of miliary tubercles upon its 
surface or into its substance. M., Typhoid. Syn- 
onym of Fever, Cerebro-spinal. 

Meningitophobia (men-in-git-o-fo'-be-ah) [pijviyt;, 
membrane; itic, inflammation; (j>63og, fear]. An 
exaggerated fear of meningitis when the disease is epi- 
demic, sometimes leading to the development of the 
symptoms of the disease. 

Meningocele (men-in' -go-sel) [_/ui]viy^, membrane ; kt)?~,tj, 
tumor]. A tumor composed of cerebral or spinal 
membranes containing fluid, and perhaps nerve-tissue, 
protruding from an anomalous opening in the cranium 
or spinal column, usually covered by skin, but some- 
times exposed by cutaneous defect. 

Meningo-cephalitis (men-iti'-go-sef-al-i'-tis). See 
Meningo-encephalitis . 



MENINGO-CEREBRITIS 



744 



MENORRHEA 



Meningo-cerebritis (men-in'-go-ser-e-bri'-tis). See 
Meningoencephalitis. 

Meningococcus (men-in' -go-kok' -us) [pjjviy!;, mem- 
brane ; kukkoc, coccus]. A name for the supposed 
coccus, or microbe, of cerebro-spinal fever. .See Mi- 
crococcus intercellularis meningitidis under Bacteria, 
Synonym a tic Table of. 

Meningoencephalitis (men-in' -go - en - sef- al- i'-tis) 
\jiijviytj, membrane; hvneyaAov, brain; ins, inflamma- 
tion]. An inflammation of the brain and its mem- 
branes. 

Meningo-ependymitis (men-in' -go-ep-en-dim-i' -tis ) 
[urjvuyt-, membrane; kirevSv/ia, ependyma ; ltlq, in- 
flammation]. Meningitis with inflammation of the 
ependyma, a condition seen in adult hydrocephalus. 

Meningo-gastralgia (men-in' -go-gas-tral' -je-ah) [pi/v- 
iyf, membrane ; yaarf/p, stomach; aXyog, pain]. A 
painful condition of the mucous membrane of the 
stomach. 

Meningo-gastric (men-in' '-go-gas' '-trik) \_prjviy^, mem- 
brane, yaari/p, stomach]. Pertaining to the mem- 
branes of the stomach. 

Meningo-gastritic (men-in' -go-gas-trit' -ik) [flljviyl;, 
membrane; yaari/p, stomach; trig, inflammation]. 
Pertaining to meningo-gastritis. 

Meningo-gastritis (men-in'-go-gas-tri'-tis) \_pijviy!;, 
membrane ; yaori/p, stomach ; iris, inflammation]. I. 
Inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach. 2. 
Meningitis associated with gastritis. 

Meningo-malacia (men-in / -go-mal-a / -se-ali) [pijviy!;, 
membrane ; /laAania, softness]. A softening of the 
cerebral or spinal meninges, or other membranes. 

Meningomyces (men-in-go-mi'-sez) \_prjviy^, mem- 
brane; pl'KrjQ, fungus). Fungosity of the meninges. 

Meningo-myelitis (men-in'-go-mi-el-i'-tis) [pf/viy!;, 
membrane ; pveUg, marrow ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the myel and its meninges. 

Meningo-myelocele (men-in' -go-mi' -el-o-sel) [_p?/viy^, 
membrane ; pveAog, marrow ; Kifki], tumor]. A tumor 
containing a portion of the myel, with its enveloping 
meninges. 

Meningophylax (men-in-gof '-il-aks) \_prjvty!;, mem- 
brane; fvAat;, guard]. An old form of instrument 
for protecting the brain from injury during operations 
after trephining. 

Meningorrhachidian {men-in' -go-rak-id' -e-an) [_fiijvty£, 
membrane; p&xig, spine]. Relating to the spinal 
meninges. 

Meningorrhagia (men-in-gor-a' -je-ah) [pf/viyt;, mem- 
brane ; f»/ypvvai, to burst forth]. Meningeal hemor- 
rhage. 

Meningorrhea (men-in-gor-e' -ah) \_pr)viy!-, membrane ; 
poia, a flow]. Meningeal hemorrhage, or extravasa- 
tion of blood. 

Meningosis (men-in' -go-sis) [/urjviyf;, membrane]. The 
union of bones by a membranous attachment. 

Meningo-spinal (men-in' -go-spi'-nal) \_pr/viy^, mem- 
brane; spinalis, spinal]. Meningeal and spinal ; per- 
taining to the meninges of the spinal cord. 

Meningo-symphysis (men-in' -go-sim'-fis-is) \jiffwyZ, 
membrane; o'vv, together; oveiv, to grow]. The mor- 
bid adhesion of the meninges to each other. 

Meningo-symphytic (men-in' -go-si m-fit'-ik) \p.f[viy<i, 
membrane ; abv, with ; tyvetv, to grow]. Pertaining 
to or characterized by meningo-symphysis. 

Meningo-syzygia (men-in' -go-si-zij'-e-ah) [pijiny^, 
membrane; av^vyia, a coupling]. Same as Meningo- 
symphysis. 

Meningozeuxis (men-in' -go-zfiks' -is) \jvqvvy^, mem- 
brane; s (,, 5'f. a yoking]. Same as Meningo-sym- 
physis. 

Meningozeuxitis (men-in' -go-ziiks-i' -tis) [/ijjvtyi; , mem- 



brane ; ZevxtC, yoke ; ins, inflammation]. Meningo- 
symphysis with inflammation. 

Meninguria (men-in-gu' -re-ah) [prjviy!;, membrane ; 
obpov, urine]. The passage or presence of mem- 
branous shreds in the urine. 

Meninguric (men-in-gu' -rik) \_priviy^, membrane ; ov- 
pov, urine]. Pertaining to or characterized by men- 
inguria. 

Meninx (men'-ingks) [pijviytj, membrane]. Anyone of 
the meninges, especially the dura. 

Meniscitis (//ieu-is-i'-tis) [p/qviaKog, crescent; iris, in- 
flammation]. An inflammation of the semilunar car- 
tilages of the knee-joint. 

Meniscoid (men-is' -koid) \_p?]viaKog, crescent ; d<5oc, 
like] . Resembling a meniscus ; crescent-shaped. 

Meniscus (men-is' -kits) \_iiijvianos , a crescent : //. , 
Menisci]. A concavo-convex lens. A concavo-con- 
vex articular cartilage, or the semilunar cartilage of the 
knee-joint. Also, the concavity or convexity produced 
on the surface of liquids in tubes and vessels by capillary 
attraction. M., Tactile, a form of nerve-ending with a 
concave surface turned ectad, each concavity containing 
a tactile cell. 

Menispermin (men-is-per' -min) [pr/vr/, moon; o-eppa, 
seed]. A precipitate from a tincture of the root of 
Menispermum canadense ; alterative, tonic, laxative, 
diuretic, stimulant, and resolvent. Dose from I to 4 
grains. Unof. 2. C 18 H 24 N 2 2 . A non-poisonous and 
inert alkaloid from Anamirta cocculus and Meni- 
spermum canadense. 

Menispermum (men-is-per' '-mum)[_ui/vt/, moon; oireppa, 
seed]. The roots of M. canadense, or Canadian 
moon-seed. It is reputed to have tonic properties, and is 
used for sarsaparilla. Dose gr. v-xx in infusion ; of a 
concentrated tinct., gtt. v-xv. M., Ext., Fid. Dose X j. 

Menispin (men'-is-pin) [pijvrj, moon ; unkppa, seed]. 
A bitter alkaloid contained in the root of Menisper- 
mum canadense. It is readily soluble in alcohol, less 
so in water, in chloroform, and in ether. 

Menocelis (men-o-se' -lis) \_pr/v, mouth; Kcfkiq, spot]. 
A dark spot upon the skin sometimes seen at or near 
the menstrual period. 

Menocryphia (men-o-krif'-e-ah) \_pr/ve<;, menses ; upv- 
§ioq, hidden]. Same as Ischomenia. 

Menolipsis (men-o-lip'-sis) [prjvec, menses; Ae(i/>;c, an 
omission]. The retention or absence of the menses. 

Menometastasis (men-o-met-as' -tas-is) \jjjjves, menses ; 
peraaraatc, metastasis]. Vicarious menstruation. 

Menopad (men'-o-pad) \_pi)ve<;, menses; ME. , padde, a 
pad]. A pad for catching the menstrual blood. 

Menopause (men'-o-pawz) \_pijve^, menses; navaic, 
cessation]. The end of menstrual life, usually occur- 
ring at the age of from 45 to 50. It is also called 
the climacteric, or the change of life. 

Menophania (meit-o-fa' -ne-ah) [pijvtc;, menses ; <j>aivuv, 
to appear]. The first appearance of the menses. 

'tAzr\o'p\a.T\\a.(men-o-pla'-7ie-ah) [_pijvec, menses ; -xAavr], 
deviation]. A discharge of blood occurring at the 
menstrual period, but derived from some other part of 
the body than the uterus. Also, any deviation or 
aberration of the menstrual flow. 

MenoiThag\a.(men-or-a'-Je-ah)\_p^ve(, menses; 'ptjyvvvai, 
to burst forth]. An excessive menstrual flow. 

Menorrhagic (men-or-aj' -ik) \_pf/ve<;, menses ; ptjyv'vvai, 
to burst forth]. Relating to, or characterized by, 
menorrhagia. 

Menorrhalgia (men-or-al' -je-ah) [pijves, the menses ; 
phiv, to flow; dP.yoc, pain]. Painful menstruation. 
See Dysmenorrhea and Menorrhspasm. 

Menorrhea (men-or-e'-ah) [tiijves, menses; poia, a 
flow]. The normal flow of the menses. Also, 
excessive menstruation. 



MENORRHSPASM 



745 



MENTIFEROUS 



Menorrhspasm {men-or-spaz'-m) [fiqvec, menses; 
fjteiv, to flow; o~a.of.wc, spasm]. A painful, neuro- 
muscular spasm of the uterus, caused by imperfect 
development and innervation, or by inflammatory 
processes. 

Menoschesis {mcn-os'-kes-is) [//7/i'fc, menses ; o^iotc, 
retention]. Retention of the menses. 

Menoschetic {men-os-kef -ik) [ixijvec, menses ; ox?oic, 
retention]. Pertaining to, or characterized by, men- 
oschesis. 

Menosepsis {nwn-o-sep'-sis) [fiijvec, menses ; of/tjjic, 
putridity]. A putrid quality of the menses. 

Menoseptic {men-o-sep'-tic) [fif/vec, menses ; ofj\\nq, 
putridity]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, meno- 
sepsis. 

Menostasia, Menostasis {men-os-ta' -ze-ah, men-os'-tas- 
is) [fxijveg, menses ; ordoic, standing]. A suppression 
of the menstrual flow. 

Menostatic {men-os-tat'-ih) [jiijvtc, menses; otcloic, 
a standing] . Pertaining to, or characterized by, meno- 
stasis. 

Menotyphlosis {men-o-tif-lo' -sis) [iitjvtj, moon ; ri>0- 
Auoic, a blinding]. Moon-blindness; a periodic 
blindness or dimness of vision, formerly ascribed 
to the influence of the moon, and popularly believed 
to affect certain horses. 

Menoxenia {?nen-oks-e'-ne-ah) [fiijvec, menses ; ^evoc, 
strange, foreign]. Irregularity of menstruation. 

Menoxenosis (jnen-oks-en-o' -sis) [f-r/v, month ; gevooic, 
strangeness]. Same as Menoxenna. 

Mens {menz) [L. : gen., mends'}. Mind. Compos mends, 
of sound mind. Non compos mends, of unsound 
mind. 

Menses {men'-sez) \_mensis, a month]. The recurrent 
monthly discharge of blood from the genital canal of 
the female during sexual life. See Menstruation. 
M., Excessive, or Immoderate Flow of. See 
Menorrhagia. M., Obstructive, or Diminution of. 
See Amenorrhea. M., Suppression of. See Amenor- 
rhea and Menostasis. 

Menstrua {men'-stru-ali) [L. : pi., of Menstruus, 
monthly]. I. Themenses. 2. Plural of Menstruum , 
q. v. M. alba. Synonym of Leukorrhea. 

Menstrual {men'-stru-al) \_menstrualis : menstruus, 
monthly]. Pertaining to menstruation. M. Blood, 
the blood discharged at the menstrual period. M. 
Colic. See Colic. M. Insanity. See Insanity. 

Menstruant {men'-stru-ant) \_menstruus, monthly]. 
I. Subject to, or capable of, menstruating. 2. One 
who menstruates, or is capable of menstruating. 

Menstruate {men' -stru-dt) [menstruare ; from men- 
struus, monthly]. To discharge the menstrual flow. 

Menstruation {men-stru-a'-shun) [menstruatio ; from 
menstruus, monthly]. A periodic discharge of a 
sanguineous fluid from the uterus and Fallopian tubes, 
occurring during the period of a woman's sexual activ- 
ity, from puberty to the menopause. The flow is 
alkaline and composed of blood, shreds of mucous 
membrane, and vaginal and uterine secretion ; it is 
darker than ordinary blood, and should not clot ; its 
odor is characteristic and disagreeable ; the usual 
quantity is from four to six ounces. M., Vicarious, 
the discharge of blood in connection with, or at the 
time of, menstruation, but taking place from some other 
organ or part than the vagina. Atopomenorrhea. 

Menstruous {men'-stru-us) \_menstruus, monthly]. 
Having, or pertaining to, the monthly flow. 

Menstruum {men' 'stru-uvi) [menstruus, monthly]. A 
liquid used for effecting solution. A solvent. 

Mensuration {men-su-ra' -shun) [mensurare, to mea- 
sure]. The estimation of quantity or dimension. In 
anatomy, the estimation of the dimensions of any 



organ or part of the body. In physical diagnosis, the 
measurement of parts of the body. 

Mentagra {men-ta'-grah). See Sycosis. M. parasit- 
ica. See Tinea sycosis. 

Mentagrophyte {men-tag'-ro-fit), Mentagrophyton 
{men-tag-roff'-it-on) [mentagra, sycosis; fvruv, 
plant]. A cryptogamous plant thought to cause 
sycosis. 

Mental {men'-tal) [mens, the mind]. Pertaining to 
the mind. Also, pertaining to the mentum or chin. 
M. Point. See Craniometric Points. 

Mentality (men-tal'-it-e) \_mens, mind]. Mental ac- 
tivity and power ; intellect. 

Mentation {men-ta'-shun). See Mentality and Idea- 
tion. 

Mentha {men'-thah) [L., mint]. A genus of labiate 
plants, including the true or typical mints. M. ar- 
vensis, var. piperascens. The source of Menthol, q. v. 
M. -camphor. See Menthol. M. piperita, pepper- 
mint. The leaves and tops of M. piperita, or common 
peppermint, having properties due to a volatile oil, in 
which form it is commonly used. It is an aromatic, 
stimulant, carminative, and antispasmodic, and is valu- 
able internally to relieve flatulent colic, and externally 
to relieve superficial neuralgia. It is of reputed value in 
typhoid fever, and as an antiseptic in parasitic skin- 
diseases. M. pip., Aqua, contains 2 parts of the oil 
in 1000 of distilled water. Dose indefinite. M.pip., 
Essentia (B. P.) Dose rr^x-xx. M. pip., Ol., the 
volatile oil, consists of a liquid terpene and a camphor, 
menthol, q. v. Dose vnj-v. M.pip., Spt., essence 
of peppermint, contains 10 per cent, of the oil and I 
per cent, of the herb in alcohol. Dose TTLx-xxx. M. 
pip., Trochisci, each contains y 1 ^ of the oil, with 
sugar and tragacanth. Dose indefinite. M. pule- 
gium, the true or European pennyroyal. Its odor and 
properties are much the same as those of American 
pennyroyal. M: viridis, spearmint. The leaves 
and tops of common "kitchen" mint, M. viridis, 
having properties due to a volatile oil, differing slightly 
in taste and odor from oil of peppermint. Its medi- 
cinal properties are like those of M. piperita. M. 
virid., Aq., 2 parts of the oil in 1000 of water. M. 
virid., Ol., the volatile oil. Dose Tt\,ij-v. M. virid., 
Spt., alcoholic, contains 10 per cent, of the oil and I 
per cent, of the herb. Dose Tr^x-xl. 

Menthene {men' -then) [mentha, mint], C 10 H ]g . A 
liquid hydrocarbon produced when menthol is dis- 
tilled with P 2 5 . It boils at 167 C. 

Menthol {men'-thol) \jnentha, mint], C ]0 H 20 O. Japan- 
ese peppermint ; peppermint camphor ; mentha cam- 
phor ; the chief component of peppermint oil, from 
which it separates in crystalline form on cooling. 
It possesses, like borneol, the character of an alicyclic 
alcohol ; melts at 42 C, and boils at 213 C. It is 
obtained from Mentha arvensis, var. piperascens , a 
Chinese and Japanese herb ; also from the seeds of 
Carum copticum, of India. It is used as a local appli- 
cation in neuralgia, sciatica, ringworm, and other pain- 
ful conditions. Unof. M., Emplast., containing men- 
thol, wax, and resin ; has a place in the 1890 addition 
to the B. P. M. Pencil, a small, pointed cylinder of 
menthol used as an application to the skin in neuralgia. 

Menthone {men'-lhon) [mentha, mint], C I0 H 18 O. The 
ketone of menthol, a colorless liquid with a high 
boiling-point (2o6°C). It is soluble in alcohol, in 
benzene, in carbon disulphid, and in chloroform, but 
insoluble in water. 

Mentiferous {men-tif -er-us) [mens, mind ; ferre, to 
carry]. Conveying, or supposed to convey, mental 
impressions; telepathic. M. Ether, a supposed ethe- 
real medium of telepathy, or thought-transfer. 



MENTIGO 



746 



MERETRIX 



Mentigo (men-ti* -go) . See Mentagra. 

Mento-bregmatic (men'-to-breg-mat'-ik) [mentum, 
chin ; [ipr/yfia, bregma]. Extending from the chin to 
the bregma. 

Mento-condylean (men'-to-kon-dil' -e-an) \_mentum, 
chin ; k6v&v7x%, condyle]. Pertaining to the chin and 
the occipital condyles. M.-c. Triangle. See Tri- 
angles, Table of. 

Mento-coronial (men'-to-kor-o'-ne-al) [mentum, chin; 
corona, crown]. Relating to the chin and the coronal 
suture. M.-c. Triangle. See Triangles, Table of. 

Mento-gonial {men'-to-go'-ne-al) [mentum, chin; 
ywvia, angle]. Extending from the gonion to the 
gnathion. M.-g. Triangle. See Triangles, Table 

Mento-hyoid (men'-to-ln'-oid) [mentum, chin ; voeiAf/s, 
hyoid]. Relating to the chin and -the hyoid bone. 

Mento-labial (men' -to-la' -be-al) [mentum, chin ; la- 
bium, lip]. Relating both to the chin and the lip. 

Mento-mastoid (men' '-to-mas' '-toid) [mentum, chin ; 
fiaardc;, nipple; elfior, like]. Relating to both chin 
and mastoid process. M.-m. Triangle. See Trian- 
gles, Table of. 

Mento-meckelian (men'-to-mek-el'-e-an) [mention, 
chin ; Meckel, a German anatomist]. Pertaining to 
the distal or mental division of Meckel's cartilage. 

Mentula (men' -tu-lah) [L.]. The penis. 

Mentulagra (men-tu-la' '-grah) [mentulagra ; mentula, 
penis; ay pa, seizure]. Painful priapism ; chordee. 

Mentulomania (men-tu-lo-ma'-ne-ah). Synonym of 
Masturbation. 

Mentum (men' -turn) [L. , the chin : pi. , Mentd]. The 
chin. In biology, variously applied to structures 
below the lip, or labium, as in insects, that part of the 
labium between the submentum and the ligula; in 
orchids, an extension of the foot of the column. 

Mentzelia (ment-ze' ' -le-ah) [after C. Mentzel, a German 
botanist]. A genus of the Loasese. M. aspera, M. 
hispida, is a Mexican species, the root of which has 
drastic properties, and is also used in gonorrhea and 
syphilis. Unof. 

Menyanthes (men-e-an' -thez) [firjvalog, monthly ; avffnc, 
flower]. A genus of plants of the gentian order. M. 
trifoliata. See Buckbean. 

Menyanthin (men-e-an' -thin) \_firjvaloc, monthly ; avdo$, 
flower], C 30 H 46 O u . The bitter principle of Buck- 
bean. It is a white, amorphous, bitter glucosid. 

Meosis (me-o'-sis). See Miosis. 

Mephitic (me-fit'-ik) [Mephitis, a mythologic divin- 
ity]. Foul or noxious; stifling; noisome, as a vapor, 
or stench. M. Gangrene, moist necrosis of bone, 
associated with the evolution of offensive odors. 

Mephitis (me-fi'-tis) [L. ]. I. A pestilent or noxious 
exhalation. 2. A genus of American carnivorous 
mammals, the skunks. They are noted for the fetid 
secretion of their perineal glands, which has been used 
as an antasthmatic remedy and in hysteria. Unof. 

Mephitism (mef ' -it-izm) . Synonym of Mephitis (first 
definition). 

Meramaurosis (mer-am-aiv-ro'-sis) [fispog, part; hfi- 
avpdeiv, to darken] . Partial amaurosis. 

Meranesthesia (mer-an-es-the' -ze-ah) [fiepoc, part ; and 
aveadtjata, anesthesia]. Partial or local anesthesia. 

Meratrophy (mer-at' -ro-fe) [pepnc, part ; a.Tpo<pia, want 
of nourishment]. Partial atrophy. 

Mercaptal (mer-kap'-tal) [mercurius, mercury; cap- 
tans, seizing]. A thio-acetal ; a product of the union of 
a mercaptan and an aldehyd. 

Mercaptan (mer-kap' -tan) [mercurius, mercury; cap- 
tans, seizing]. A thio-alcohol ; anyone of a certain 
class of alcohols in which the oxygen is replaced by 
sulphur. The mercaptans are the sulphur analogues 



of the alcohols, and are colorless liquids, mostly insolu- 
ble in water, and possessed of a disagreeable odor 
resembling that of garlic. 

Mercaptid (mer-kap' -tid) [mercurius, mercury; cap- 
tans, seizing]. A metallic derivation of a mercaptan. 

Mercaptol (mer-kap' -tot) [merctirius, mercury ; cap- 
tans, seizing]. A product of the union of a mercap- 
tan and a ketone. 

Mercier's Bar. The crescentic ridge of submucous 
tissue forming the posterior boundary of the trigone of 
the bladder. 

Mercurial (mer-ku'-re-al) [Mercury, a Grecian god]. 
Pertaining to mercury. M. Palsy, a paralysis or an 
involuntary spasmodic twitching of the voluntary mus- 
cles, as a result of mercurial intoxication, and intensi- 
fied on voluntary motion ; it sometimes affects persons 
habitually exposed to the vapor of mercury. M. 
Ptyalism. Synonym of Stomatitis, Mercurial. M. 
Rash, an eczematous eruption arising from the con- 
tinued use of mercury. M. Tremors. Same as M. 
Palsy. See also Tremor. 

Mercurialin (mer-ku' -re-al-in) [Mercury, a Grecian 
god], CH 5 N. An oily basic principle obtainable 
from Mercurialis annua and M. perennis. It is pois- 
onous, diuretic, and cathartic. Unof. 

Mercurialis (mer-ku-re-a' -lis) [Mercury, a Grecian 
god]. A genus of euphorbiaceous plants, with ac- 
tively poisonous qualities. M. annua and M. per- 
ennis were formerly used in medicine, being strongly 
purgative, emmenagogue, and diuretic. Unof. 

Mercurialism (mer-ku'-re-al-izm) [Mercury, a Grecian 
god]. A name for the morbid condition arising 
from the too free or the long continued use of 
mercury. 

Mercurialist (mer-ku' -re-al-ist) [Mercury, a Grecian 
god]. One who prescribes mercury largely, or one 
who believes in the treatment of syphilis by mercury. 

Mercurialization (mer-ku-re-al-iz-a' -shitn) [Mercury, 
a Grecian god]. Bringing under the influence of 
mercury. 

Mercuric (mer-ku' -rik) [Mercury, a Grecian god]. 
Pertaining to or containing mercury as a bivalent 
radicle. 

Mercuricum (mer-ku' -rik-um) [Mercury, a Grecian 
god]. A term applied to compounds containing mer- 
cury as a bivalent radicle. 

Mercurius (mer-ku' -re-us). See Mercury. 

Mercurosum (mer-ku-ro'-sum) [Mercury, a Grecian 
god]. A term given to compounds containing mer- 
cury as a univalent radicle. 

Mercurous (mer'-ku-rus) [Mercury, a Grecian god]. 
A term applied to compounds containing mercury as a 
univalent radicle. 

Mercury (mer'-ku-re) [Mercury, a Grecian god]. See 
Hydrargyrum. M. Weed, the herb Mercurialis 
annua. See Mercurialis. 

Merd [merda, merdus, feces] . Feces. M. diaboli, asa- 
fetida. 

Merdivomous (mer-div' -o-mus) [merda, feces ; vomere, 
to vomit]. Having stercoraceous vomiting. 

Merdivorous (mer-div' -or-us) [merda, feces ; vorare, to 
devour]. Devouring excrement. 

Merechema (mer-ek-e'-mah) [p.rip6q, thigh; iixypa, 
sound: pi., Merechemata~\. An auscultatory sound 
ascribed to the friction of the thighs of the fetus. 

Meremphraxis (mer-em-fraks'-is) [fitpoc, part; I//0- 
pa^ig, stoppage]. Partial obstruction. 

Merenchyma (mer-eng'-kim-ah) [itipoc, a part ; (^ap) 
h/xvixa, in modern sense "parenchyma"]. In 
biology, an imperfect parenchyma. 

Meretrix (nier 1 '-et-riks) [merere, to earn money]. 
A prostitute. 



MERI^EUM 



747 



MERYCOLOGY 



Meriseum [mer-e-e' '-um) \_fiep6c, the thigh : pi., Meria>a~\. 
In biology, the anterior surface of the socket of the 
hind-leg of a beetle. 

Meric [mer'-ik) \_p.epoc, part]. Relating to a part. 

Mericarp (mer'-ik-arp) [//ipoc, a part; Kapiruc, fruit]. 
In biology, one of the ripened carpels of a schizocarp; 
a portion of a fruit separating from the rest. 

Mericism (mer'-is-izm). Same as Merycism. 

Meride (mer'-id) \_fiipoc, part; fietpofiai, to share]. In 
biology, a colony of cells that either remains isolated 
or multiplies by gemmation to form a larger aggre- 
gate. 

Meridian (mer-id'-e-an) \meridies, midday]. An im- 
aginary great circle surrounding any globe and inter- 
secting the poles. M. of the Eye, an imaginary cir- 
cle surrounding the globe of the eye, vertical if 
supposed to be perpendicular, or horizontal if level. A 
lens is also described in the same way. 

Meridional (mer-id'-e-on-al) \jneridies, midday]. Re- 
lating to a meridian. 

Meridrosis (mer-id-ro'-sis) \_p.epoc, part ; idpug, sweat]. 
Local perspiration. 

Meris (mer'-is) [fiepic;, a part: //., Merides~\. In biol- 
ogy, a cell-colony either permanently isolated, or by 
budding giving rise to a higher aggregate, the deme. 

Merismatic (mer-is-mat 1 '-ik\ \_pkpiapa, a part ; /xspia/uoc, 
a division ; p.epi r eiv, to divide]. In biology, charac- 
terized by the formation of internal septa. 

Merismopedia (tner-is-iiio-pe' -de-ah) [fiepiapog , divi- 
sion ; Traic, child]. A bacterium multiplying by two 
rectangular divisions, thus forming a tablet-like group 
of four cells in one plane. See Bacteria, Table of. 

Merispore (mer> '-is-por) \_p.ipog, part ; orrdpoc, seed]. 
The spores resulting from division of the endospore 
or exospore of fungi ; one of the secondary spores of 
a compound spore. 

Meristem (mer'-is-tem) \_^cpiar6c, verbal adj. of 
fiepiCeiv, to divide]. In biology, the actively growing, 
undifferentiated cell-tissue of the growing tips of 
plants ; the formative tissue of the cambium layer. 

Meristematic (titer-is-tein-at'-ik). Synonym of Mer- 
ismatic. 

Meristogenetic (mer-is-to-jen-ef -ik) [/(ep^rrdc, divided; 
yevvav, to beget]. Developed from meristem. 

Merit {mer'-ii) [//ep/c, a part (fiepiTr/c;, a partaker)]. In 
biology, one of the small bodies or granules contain- 
ing one or two chromatin-specks, or microsomata, 
formed by the breaking up of the male and female 
pronuclei in the process of impregnation. The Sper- 
viatomeriten and Ovomeriten of Boehm. Cf. Idant. 

Merithal (titer' -ith-al) \_pepic, part ; 6aX)i6c, a branch]. 
Same as Internode. 

Merizotropia (mer-iz-o-tro'-pe-ah). See Merotropia. 

Merkel's Cells. The tactile corpuscles. M.'s Gang- 
lia, small groups of subepidermic ganglion-cells ; the 
tactile corpuscles. M.'s Muscle. See Muscles, 
Table of. M.'s Plane. See Plane. M.'s Solu- 
tion, a fixing-agent used in histologic research. It 
is composed of equal parts of a one-fourth per cent. 
solution of platinum chlorid, and a one-fourth per 
cent, solution of chromic acid. The specimen is 
placed in this fluid for from two to three hours, and 
then preserved in alcohol. M., Tactile Cells of. 
See Grandry's Corpuscles. M.'s Touch-corpuscles. 
See Grandry' s Corpuscles. 

Meroblast (mer' ' -o-blasf) \_fzkpnc, a part ; piaaToc, a 
germ]. In embryology, an ovum that contains beside 
the formative protoplasm or yolk, more or less food- 
yolk or nutritive protoplasm. 

Meroblastic (mer-o-blas'-tik) \jitpoc, a part ; [I'/motoc, 
a germ]. In embryology, a term applied to such 
ova as present some impediment to the segmentation 



of the protoplasm of the vegetative pole, owing to 
which this process is more or less confined to one por- 
tion of the ovum, the protoplasm of the animal pole. 
The distinction between meroblastic and holoblastic is 
one of degree, not of kind. " The best known ex- 
ample of a vertebrate meroblastic ovum is undoubtedly 
the hen's egg." (Minot.) 

Merocele (mer'-o-sel) \jiripoe, thigh; nt/lr), hernia]. 
Femoral hernia. 

Merocerite (mer-os'-er-ii) \_prjpog, thigh ; nipac, horn]. 
In biology, that joint of the antenna of a crustacean 
which is borne upon the ischiocerite. 

Merocoxalgia (mer-o-koks-al'-je-ah) [fir/pdc;, thigh; 
coxa, hip ; aXyoe, pain]. Pain affecting the thigh and 
hip. 

Merocyte (titer' -o-sti) \_pi:pog, a part; hvtoc, a cell]. In 
biology, one of the eight nucleated masses of proto- 
plasm of the meroblastic, mesolecithal, or telolecithal 
germ. (Lang.) 

Merodialysis (mer-o-di-al' -is-is) \_pepoc, part; 6iaAvcic, 
separation]. Partial decomposition. 

Merogastrula (iner-o-gas' -tru-lalt) \_fiepoc, a part ; 
yaarrjp, belly: pi. , Merogastrula^. In biology, the 
gastrula of a meroblastic ovum. 

Merogenesis (tner-o-jen' -es-is) \_pepoc, part ; yiveair, 
genesis]. Segmentation; the origination of segments. 

Merognathite (mer-og' -nath-if) \jxipoc, a part ; yvaSoc, 
jaw]. In biology, the fourth joint of one of the gna- 
thites or jaw-feet of a crustacean. (Milne-Edwards.) 

Meroistic (mer-o-is'-tik) [fiEpor, apart; cJ6v, egg]. In 
biology, applied to the ovaries of certain insects (e. g. , 
aphis) that give rise not only to ova and ovicapsular 
epithelium, but also to large vitelligenous cells. The 
latter are connected with the ova and supply nutritive 
material. Cf. Panoistic. 

Merology (tner-ol' -o-je) [fiepoc, share ; Xdyoc, science]. 
General anatomy ; the science of elementary tissues. 

Meropia (mer-o'-pe-ah) \jikpoc, part ; &np, sight]. Partial 
blindness; obscuration of vision. 

Meroplanktonic (mer-o-plank-to7i'-ik). See Plankton. 

Meropodite (mer-op'-o-dit) \_ptjp6c, thigh; Trove, foot]. 
In biology, the fourth joint of a developed endopodite ; 
the inner of the two main divisions of the typical 
limb. (Milne-Edwards.) 

Merorrheuma (mer-o-ru' -malt) \_pipoc, part ; pev/ia, 
rheum]. Partial rheumatism. 

Merorrhexis (iner-or-eks'-is). Synonym of Merocele. 

Meros (me'-ros), Merus (me'-rus) \_prjp6c, thigh]. In 
biology, the thigh ; the proximal segment of the lower 
or posterior limb. The fourth joint of any crustacean 
appendage, as the merognathite or meropodite. 

Merosome (iner' -o-sdvi) \jjtipoq, part ; co/za, body]. In 
biology, one of the serial parts of a segmented organ- 
ism ; a somite or metamere. 

Merotopia (mer-o-to'-pe-ah) [/ifpoc, part; ronoc, place]. 
Replacement of a part. 

Merotrope (mer'-o-trop), Merotropia [iner-o-tro' -pe-ali) 
[fiepoc, part; rp6~oc, a turning]. Synthesis of sim- 
pler bodies that have resulted from more complex 
compounds which did not combine directly. 

Merotropia (mer-o-tro' -pe-ah) \_pi]pog, thigh ; Tpdrvoc, a 
turning]. Reduction of a dislocation of the femur. 

Merry-thought (titer' -e-thawt) . See Furctila and 
Wish-bone. 

Mery's Glands. See Gland. 

Merycism (mer'-is-iziu) [/n/pvKio/tSc, rumination]. Re- 
gurgitation and rechewing of food. Rumination ; a 
phenomenon characteristic of an extremely homo- 
geneous group of Mammalia, i. e., the Pecora, or true 
ruminants, and sometimes observed in man. 

Merycology (mer-ih-ol'-o-Je) [uepvuiCetii, to ruminate; 
A<fyoc, science]. The study of rumination. 



MERYPERTROPHY 



748 



MESITOL 



Merypertrophy {pier-ip-er' '-tro-fe) [^epof, part ; vn'ep, 
over; rpotyi], nourishment]. Partial hypertrophy. 

Merz System. A system in use for the disposal of 
garbage and refuse, by which the waste material is 
subjected to a process akin to desiccation. See Sew- 
age, Disposal of. 

Mesad (jne'-zad) \_fieaoc, middle; ad, to]. Toward 
the mesial or mesal line or plane ; toward the meson. 

Mesal {me'-zal) [fiecov, the middle]. At or in the 
direction of the meson or median plane of the body. 
Compare the opposite, lateral. Also, see Position and 
Direction, Table of. 

Mesallantoid {mez-al-an' -toid) [fteooc, middle ; aXXav- 
roic, allantois]. An animal having a small allantoic 
sac. 

Mesameboid (inez-am-e' -boid) \_/j.kaoc, middle ; dfioil3i/, 
a change ; elfioc, shape] . In embryology, any one 
of the leukocytes or wandering-cells, or perhaps the 
embryonic red blood-cells or the marrow-cells. 

Mesaraic [niez-ar-a'-ik) [/iftroc, middle ; apaid, belly]. 
Same as Mesenteric. 

Mesaraion (inez-ar-a' -e-on), Mesareum [mez-ar-e'- 
um) [fieoapaiov, the mesentery]. The mesentery. 

Mesarteritic {mez-ar-ter-if '-ik) \_fieaoc, middle ; aprj/pia, 
artery ; ltlc, inflammation]. Pertaining to or result- 
ing from mesarteritis. 

Mesarteritis (mez-ar-ter-i' '-tis) \jitaoc, middle ; aprr/pla, 
artery; iric, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
middle coat of an artery (usually chronic). 

Mesaticephalic (jnez-at-is-efal' '-ik) \_p.ea6rijc, median; 
K.e<t>aAr/, head]. Pertaining to Mesaticephalus . Also, 
see Index. 

Mesaticephalus {inez-at-is-ef -at 'us) [fieaorr/c, median ; 
K.eipa?.r/, head]. In craniometry, a term applied to a 
skull having a cephalic index of between 75 and 79. 

Mesatipelvic [inez-at-ip-el'-vik) [fieaorrjc, median; 
ireXXic, pelvis]. A term applied to a pelvis whose in- 
dex ranges between 90 and 95 . 

Mesauchenous (inez-aw'-ken-us) \jikaoc, middle; 
avxv v , neck]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle formed between the radius fixus and a 
line joining the inion and the basion is between 26 
and 38 . 

Mesectoderm (mez-ek' -to-derm) [/leaoc, middle; ekt6c, 
outside; depjia, skin]. The ectal or ectodermal divi- 
sion of the mesoderm ; also, indifferent tissue from 
which both ectoderm and mesoderm are developed. 

Mesembryo [mez-em'-bre-o) \_peooc, middle ; epftpvov, 
embryo]. The blastula stage of the ova of meta- 
zoans. 

Mesembryonic [}nez-em-bre-on' -ik) \_p.eaoc, middle; 
ifijipvov, embryo]. Pertaining to the mesembryo. 

Mesencephal (rnez-en-sef'-al) . Same as Mesencephalon. 

Mesencephalic (mez-en-sef-al'-ik) [jieaoc, middle; 
kyueipaXov, the brain]. Relating to the mesenceph- 
alon. 

Mesencephalon [mez-en-sef -al-on) \_p.eaoc, middle ; 
iynetyaXov, the brain]. One of the divisions of the 
brain, consisting of the corpora quadrigemina, and the 
crura cerebri. 

Mesenchyma (mcz-eng' '-kim-ali) \_peooc, middle ; eyxvp-a, 
an infusion]. The portion of the mesoderm that 
produces all the connective tissues of the body, the 
blood-vessels, and the blood, the entire lymphatic sys- 
tem proper, and the heart. The non-epithelial portions 
of the mesoderm. 

Mesenchyme (mez' ' -en-kim) \ji'eaoc, middle ; eyxv/ia, 
an infusion]. In biology: (a) applied to the meso- 
derm of certain animals (e. g. , sponges); (b) embryonic 
connective tissue composed of cells thrown off by the 
mesothelium. 

Mesencranus (mez-en-kra' '-nus) [ueaoc, middle ; ev, 



in; icpavlov, skull]. Lissauer's term for a skull hav- 
ing a median cerebellar sector of from 15 to 20 . 

Mesenteric [i/iez-en-ter'-ik) [ueaevTepiKog, from fteaoc, 
middle; evrepov, intestine]. Pertaining to the mes- 
entery. 

Mesenterica [inez-en-ter' -ik-ali) \jikooe, middle ; ev- 
Tepov, intestine]. I. The mycelium of certain molds. 
2. A vessel of the mesentery. M., Tabes. SeeTabes. 

Mesenterntislmez-en-ter-e-i'-tis). Same as Mesenteritis. 

'M.esenteTiolum(mez-en-ler-i / -o-lum) [dim. of /zeaevTcpov, 
mesentery]. A little mesentery; especially the fold 
of peritoneum that sometimes connects the appendix 
vermiformis with the mesentery. 

Mesenteriophthisis {mez-en-ter-c-off' -this-is) [ueoiv- 
repov, mesentery; <pt)iaic, wasting]. Tabes mesen- 
terica, q. v. 

Mesenteritic [inez-en-ter-if '-ik) \_fizooc, middle ; evrepov, 
intestine ; ;r/c, inflammation]. Pertaining to or 
affected with mesenteritis. 

Mesenteritis (jnez-en-ter-i' -tis) [/ztcroc, middle ; evrepov, 
an intestine ; iric, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
mesentery. M. chronica. Synonym of Tabes mes- 
enterica. 

Mesenterium (mez-e?t-ter , -e-um) [L.: pi., Mesenterial- 
A mesentery. 

Mesenteroid {jnez-en' -ter-oid) \jieoevr'epiov, mesentery ; 
eldoc, like]. Resembling the mesentery. 

Mesenteron (inez-en' -ter-on) [p.eooc, middle ; evrepov, 
intestine]. The middle portion of the alimentary 
tract in the embryo. 

Mesentery (inez' -en-ter-e) \jieo~oc, middle ; evrepov, 
bowel]. 1. A fold of the peritoneum that con- 
nects certain portions of the intestine with the posterior 
abdominal wall. 2. A membranous septum dividing 
the perivisceral cavity into more or less completely 
separate chambers. 

Mesentoderm, Mesendoderm (mez-en' -to-derm, mez- 
en' -do-derm) \jieaoc, middle ; evroc, within ; dep/ia, 
skin]. The ental or entodermal division of the 
mesoderm ; also, the indifferent tissue from which 
both entoderm and mesoderm are developed. 

Mesepimeron (mez-ep-im' -er-on) \jieaoq, middle ; hrri, 
upon; pijpoc, thigh: //. , Mesepimera~\. In biology, 
the middle lateral piece (epimeron) of the thorax or 
mesothorax of an arthropod. 

Mesepisternum (inez-ep-is-ter' -num) \jxegoc, middle ; 
Itt'i, upon; arepvov, breast: //. , Mesepisterna~\. In 
biology, one of the anterior lateral pieces of the meso- 
thorax of an arthropod. 

Meseraic (inez-er-a'-ik). See Mesaraic. 

Mesethmoid (mez-eth' '-moid) [fieooc, middle ; tfd/ior, 
ethmoid]. The mesal element of the ethmoid bone, 
forming a separate bone in some of the lower 
animals. 

Mesh [ME., maske, a mesh, or net]. A network, as 
of vessels or nerves. 

Mesiad (mez'-e-ad) [_/ieaoc, middle]. Same as Mesad. 

Mesial (mez'-e-al) [fieaoc, middle]. Same as Median. 

Mesicerin {nies-is-e'-rin) \_peoiri]c, a mediator; cera, 
wax], C 8 H :! (CH.,.OH). v Mesitylene glycerol, pro- 
duced by the action of tribrom-mesitylene upon boiling 
water and lead carbonate. It is a thick liquid. 

Mesidic Acid (mes-id'-ik). See Uvitic Acid. 

Mesien {mez'-e-en) [peaog, middle]. Belonging to the 
mesion in itself. 

Mesion (mez' '-e-on) [iieooc, middle]. See Meson. 

Mesiris (mez-? v -ris) \_ueaoc, middle; Iptc, iris]. The 
middle layer of the iris, lying between the ectiris and 
the entiris. 

Mesitilol [mez-it'-il-ol). Same as Mesitylene. 

Mesitol (mcz'-it-ol) [ueo-irrjc, a mediator], C 9 H 12 0. A 
crystalline body, chemically a hydrated mesitylene. 



MESITYLENE 



749 



MESOCORD 



Mesitylene (mes-it'-il-en) [iieairifc , a mediator], C 9 H 12 . 
Trimethyl benzin. It occurs in coal-tar, and is pro- 
duced by distilling acetone or allylene with H 2 S0 4 . 
It is an oily, colorless, agreeable-smelling liquid, boil- 
ing at 163 C. 

Mesitylenic Acid {mes-it-il-en'-ik). See Acid. 

Mesmeric {mez-mer f -ik\ [from Mesmer, an investigator 
of mesmerism]. Pertaining to or induced by mes- 
merism, as mesmeric sleep. M. Coma, hypnotism, 
q. v. M. Lucidity, clairvoyance. M. Promise, 
the same as Hypnotic Suggestion. M. Sleep, hyp- 
notism, q. v. M. State, the condition of mesmerism. 

Mesmerism (mez' ' -mer-izm) [Mesmer, an investigator 
of the phenomena]. The phenomena formerly known 
as somnambulism, and subsequently as animal mag- 
netism, now better known as hypnotism. 

Mesmerist [mea r -mer-isf)[Mesmer, an investigator of the 
phenomena] . One who induces mesmeric phenomena. 

Mesmerization (tnez-mer-iz-a* '-shun). Synonym of 
Hypnotization. 

Mesmeromania {mez-mer-o-ma' -ne-ah) [Mesmer, the 
investigator of mesmerism ; fiavia, madness] . Insane 
or delusional pursuit of mesmeric observations. 

Meso- {mez'-o-) [fieaoc, middle]. A prefix signifying 
middle. 

Mesoarium [inez-o-a' -re-um) [fieaoc, middle; toapiov, 
dim. of (iov, egg: //. , Mesoaria]. In biology, that 
fold of the peritoneum in certain animals (e. g. , fishes) 
which forms the mesentery of the ovary. See Meso- 
varium. 

Mesoarteritis {inez-o-ar-ter-i' -tis) . Synonym of Mes- 
arteritis. 

Mesobacteria (inez-o-bak-te' -re-ah) [fieaoc, middle; 
jianrifpiov, little rod]. Medium-sized vegetable micro- 
organisms. 

Mesoblast [mez'-o-blast) [fieaoc, middle ; (iXaaroc, a 
germ]. In embryology: (a) a large, granular, single 
cell, the most posterior in each of the two bands from 
which the mesoderm arises in a metazoan, and which 
throws off cells to add to the mesodermal band. It 
appears to be a derivative of the entoderm ; (6) The 
middle layer of the blastoderm, probably derived from 
both the ectoderm and entoderm, and from which are 
developed the vascular, muscular, and skeletal systems, 
the generative glands, and the kidneys. It is also 
called mesoderm. Kleinenberg protests against the 
use of the term mesoblast, at least in a sense imply- 
ing any possibility of comparison with the primary 
layers, epiblast and hypoblast, of ccelenterata. M., 
Parietal, M., Somatic, the outer mesoblastic plates 
entering into the formation of the body-wall. It is 
also known as Somatopleure. M., Splanchnic, M., 
Visceral, the inner mesoblastic plates forming the 
wall of the digestive tract and its derivatives. It 
is also known as Splanchnopleure. 

Mesoblastema (inez-o-blas-te' -mah) [fieaoc, middle ; 
flla.aTrifLa.,3. shoot; pi., Mesoblastemata\ In embry- 
ology, the germinal cells that go to form the meso- 
derm ; the mesoblastic cells. 

Mesoblastic {mez-o-blas' -tik) [fieaoc, middle; /Maorof, 
sprout]. Pertaining to the mesoblast. 

Mesobranchious [mez-o-brang' -ke-us) [fieaoc, middle ; 
jipayxM, gill]. Having the gills or branchiae in the 
middle of the body. 

Mesobregmus {mez-o-breg' -mus) [fieaoc, middle ; 
ppeyfia, the sinciput]. Lissauer's term for a skull in 
which the angle formed between the radius fixus and 
the line joining the hormium and the bregma is be- 
tween 68° and 82 . 

Mesobronchitis (niez-o-bron-ki' -tis) [fieaoc, middle ; 
Pp6yxia, bronchus ; trie, inflammation]. An inflam- 
. mation of the middle coat of the bronchial tubes. 



Mesobronchium [mcz-o-bron' -ke-um) [fieaoc, middle ; 
Ppdyxia, bronchus]. One of the divisions of the 
trachea in birds. 

Mesocaecum (jncz-o-se'-kum). See Mesocecum. 

Mesocardia [mez-o-kar' '-de-ak) [fieaoc, middle ; napoia, 
heart]. The position of the heart in the central and 
anterior part of the chest, a situation that is normal at 
an early stage of development. 

Mesocardium 'mez-o-kar' -de-uin) [fieaoc, middle ; 
napiVia, heart]. A mesoblastic fold attached to the 
heart. 

Mesocarp (mez'-o-karp) [fieaoc, middle; aapndc, fruit]. 
In biology, the middle layer of a three-layered peri- 
carp ; the sarcocarp. 

Mesocecum (jnez-o-se'-kum) [fieaoc, middle ; ccecus, 
blind]. The mesentery that sometimes connects the 
dorsal part of the cecum with the right iliac fossa. 

Mesocele (?nez'-o-sel) [fieaoc, middle; Koikia, cavity]. 
The cavity or ventricle of the mesencephal ; consider- 
able in lower vertebrates but in adult mammals re- 
duced to a slender passage, the aqueduct of Sylvius or 
iter a tertio ad quartum ventriculum. 

Mesocoelia (inez-o-se' -le-ah) [fieaoc, middle; Koikia, 
cavity]. See Mesocele. 

Mesocephalic [mez-o-sef -al'-ik) [fieaoc, middle; 
Keipalr], head]. See Megacephalic. M. Pillars, in 
entomology, a pair of strong rods running from the 
front to the back of the inside of the head of certain 
insects (e. g., bees), and attached by their extremities 
just outside and below the antenna;, and at the rear of 
the head beneath and on each side of the occipital 
opening. (Cheshire.) 

Mesocephalism [mez-o-sef'-al-iz?n), Mesocephaly 
[mez-o-sef -al-e) [fieaoc, middle ; KeQal.r/, head]. The 
condition of having a mesocephalic skull. 

Mesocephalitis {mez-o-sef -al-i' -tis) [ueooc, middle; 
KeipaMi, head ; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the mesocephalon or pons Varolii. 

Mesocephalon {mez-o-sef -al-on). See Pons Varolii. 

Mesocerebrum [mez-o-ser' '-e-brum). See Pons Var- 
olii. 

Mesochil [mcz-o-kil') , Mesochilium [mez-o-kil'-e-um) 
[fieaoc, middle ; ^eZAof, lip]. In biology, the middle 
part of the tripartite labellum of certain orchids. 

Mesochondriac [mez-o-kon' -dre-ak) [fieaoc, middle; 
xMpoc, cartilage]. Situated between any two con- 
tiguous tracheal cartilages. 

Mesochoroidea [mez-o-ko-roid-e' -ah) [fieaoc, middle ; 
xdpiov, the chorion; eldoc, like]. The middle coat 
of the choroid. 

Mesocolic [mez-o-kol' -ik) [fieaoq, middle ; kuXov, colon]. 
Pertaining to the mesocolon. 

Mesocolon [mez-o-ko'-lon) [fieaoc, middle ; kuXov, 
colon]. The mesentery connecting the colon with the 
posterior abdominal wall. It is divided into ascending, 
transverse, and descending parts. M., Sigmoid, the 
fold of the peritoneum connecting the sigmoid flexure 
with the left iliac fossa. 

Mesoconch [mez'-o-kongk) [fieaoc, middle; nSyxi, 
a shell]. Possessing an orbital index of from 8o° to 
85 . 

Mesocoracoid [mez-o-kor' -ak-oid) [fieaoc, middle ; 
K6pat;, a raven; elfioc, form]. In comparative an- 
atomy, situated between the hypercoracoid and the 
hypocoracoid ; specifically an element in the shoulder- 
girdle of certain bony fishes. 

Mesocord {mez' -o-kord) [fieaoc, middle ; chorda, cord]. 
An abnormality of the umbilical cord in which, in- 
stead of being directly inserted into the placenta, it is 
received into a fold of the amnion arranged analogous 
to the meso-rectum. This condition does not inter- 
fere with the health of the child. 



MESOCORNEA 



750 



MESOPATAGIUM 



Mesocornea {mez-o-kor' '-ne-ah) \_akaog, middle ; corneus, 
horny]. The proper substance of the cornea lying 
between the ectocornea and the entocornea. 

Mesocranium (mez-o-kra' '-ne-um). Synonym of Vertex. 

Mesocuneiform (mez-o-ku' ' -ne-if-orni) \_fikaog, middle ; 
cuneiis, wedge ; forma, form]. The middle cunei- 
form bone of the tarsus. 

Mesocyst (mez'-o-sist) [/ikoos, middle ; Kvartq, bladder]. 
A double fold of peritoneum attaching the gall-blad- 
der to the liver. 

Mesoderm (mez'-o-derm) [/xeeog, middle; dkpfia, skin]. 
In embryology, the middle of the three blastoder- 
mic layers of the germ in the metazoa. " The 
morphology of the mesoderm is one of the most vexed 
questions of the day. Scarcely an embryologist can 
be found who has not published opinions on this ques- 
tion considerably at variance with the opinions of 
others. It has been maintained that the mesoderm 
arises from the ectoderm ; that it arises from the ento- 
derm, or from both ; from neither, but from two spe- 
cial segmentation-spheres ; that it has a double origin, 
part coming from the blastoderm, part from the yolk ; 
and even that there is no mesoderm." (Minot.) 

Mesodiastolic (mez-o-di-as-tol'-ik) [/zscroc, middle; 
6iaaTo7ilj, diastole]. Occurring in the middle of the 
diastolic period. 

Mesodme (mez-od'-me) [fieo6<5/ir/~\ . See Mediastinum. 

Mesodmitis {mez-od-mi'-tis). See Mediastinitis. 

Mesodont (mez'-o-dont). See Macrodont. 

Mesoduodenum (mez-o-du-o-de'-tium) [/ffffoc, middle ; 
duodeni, twelve each]. That part of the mesentery 
that sometimes connects the duodenum with the poste- 
rior wall of the abdominal cavity. Normally, the 
true duodenum has no mesentery, at least in its fully 
developed state. 

Mesoepididymis (mez-o-ep-id-id' -im-is) \j±iaoc, mid- 
dle ; iiriSiS vuig, epididymis]. The fold of the tunica 
vaginalis attaching the epididymis to the upper poste- 
rior part of the testis. 

Mesogaster (mez-o-gas'-ter) \jikaoq, middle ; yaarf/p, 
stomach]. The part of the primitive gut giving rise 
to the duodenum, the liver, the pancreas, the jejunum, 
and the ileum. 

Mesogastric [mez-o-gas' -trik) \jikaoq, middle ; yaarr/p, 
stomach]. Pertaining to the umbilical region. 

Mesogastrium (mez-o-gas' -tre-um) [/zeeroc, middle ; 
yaari/p, stomach]. I. The umbilical region of the 
abdomen. 2. A fold of mesentery, which, in early 
fetal life, connects the stomach with the posterior wall 
of the abdominal cavity. 

Mesogenous (mez-oj'-en-us) [jieoor, middle ; ykvijc, 
born]. In biology, increasing by growth at or from 
the middle, as the spores of certain fungi. 

Mesoglcea (mez-o-gle' -ah) [/ifffoc, middle ; yXola, glue]. 
In biology, applied to the intercellular matrix or 
ground-substance of certain organisms. 

Mesoglossal (m-'z-o-glos'-al) [/zeiroc, middle ; y'Auaaa, 
tongue]. Pertaining to the middle of the tongue. 

Mesogluteus (mez-o-glu'-te-us) [fiiaog, middle ; y'Auvrdc, 
the buttock]. The middle gluteal muscle. 

Mesognathic (mez-og-na' -thik) \_fikaoq, middle ; yvdOoq, 
jaw]. Relating to the mesognathion. See, also, 
Index. 

Mesognathion (mez-og-na' -the-oii) \_fikaog, middle ; 
yvadoc, jaw]. The intermaxillary bone. 

Mesognathism (mez-og-ndth' -isni) [/zecroc, middle ; 
yvaBoq, jaw]. The presence of a mesognathion. 

Mesognathous (mez-og'-na-/iuts)\_iikaoi;, middle ; yvddog, 
jaw]. Having a gnathic index between 98 and 103. 

Mesognathy (mez-og' -na-the) \_fikaog, middle ; yvaBoc, 
jaw]. The character of having a gnathic index be- 
tween 98 and 103. 



Mesogonious (mez-og-o' -ne-us) [/itcroc, middle ; } civ, 
knee]. Pertaining to the knee-joint. 

Mesogonium (mez-og-o' -ne-uni) [//fcrof, middle ; ydvog, 
producing: //. , Mesogonia~\. In biology, one of the 
mesenteria of a cnidarian, in which thegonades or re- 
productive glands are situated. 

Mesohepar (mez-o-he'-par) \jikooq, middle ; i/nap, 
liver]. The peritoneal fold attached to the right 
hepatic lobe in many animals. 

Mesolobe (mez'-o-lob), Mesolobus (mez-ol'-o-bus) 
[/ztcror, middle ; ?io/36g, lobe]. The callosum. 

Mesolobic (mez-o-lo'-bik) [fikaog, middle; ao/3oc, lobe]. 
Pertaining to the mesolobe. 

Mesology (mez-ol' -o-je] [_/ncaog, middle ; Adjoc, science]. 
The science of environment in its relation to life. 

Mesomenla.\(mez-o-men'-ta/)[fieoo<;, middle; omentum, 
omentum]. Relating to the middle of the omentum. 

Mesomeria (mez-o-me' -fe-aK), Mesomerion (mez-o- 
me'-re-on) [_/iiaog, middle ; //?7poc, thigh]. The peri- 
neum. 

Mesometrion (mez-o-me' -tre-oti). Synonym of Meso- 
metrium. 

Mesometritis (mez-o-me-tri'-tis) \_fikaoc, middle ; jJ-ijrpa, 
womb; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
parenchyma of the womb. 

Mesometrium (mez-o-me' -tre-um), Mesometry (mez-o- 
met'-re) \jxkaoq, middle; fir/rpa, womb]. The vascu- 
lar membranous tissue connecting the body of the 
womb with the adjoining parts ; the broad ligaments 
considered as one organ. 

Mesomphalion (mez-om-fa'-le-on), Mesomphalium 
(mez-om-fa' -le-um), Mesomphalum (mez-om' -fal-uni) 
\j±kooq, middle; bfKpaAoQ, navel]. The middle of the 
umbilicus, or the umbilicus itself. 

Meson (mez'-on) [/wfuoc, the middle]. The imaginary 
plane in the body extending from the dorsal to the 
ventral aspect, and from the caudal to the cephalic 
extremity, and serving to divide the body into sym- 
metric right and left halves. The middle or median 
plane. 

Mesonasal (mez-o-na'-sal) [ fi'eaoi; , middle; nasus, 
nose]. Pertaining to the median region of the nose. 

Mesonephric (mez-o-nef'-rik), Mesonephritic (mez-o- 
nef-rit'-ik) [(ikaos, middle; ve<j>p6<;, kidney]. Pertain- 
ing to the mesonephron. 

Mesonephron (mez-o-nef'-ron), Mesonephros (mez-o- 
nef'-ros) [^fcroc, middle; ve<pp6c, kidney]. I. The 
Wolffian body, primitive kidney, archinephron, corps 
de Wolff, orUrniere; a body arising from the posterior 
portion of the Wolffian or nephridial ridge of the ver- 
tebrate embryo. It is the chief renal organ through- 
out life in the anamnia, whereas in the amniuta it dis- 
appears during embryonic life, to be replaced by the 
true kidney, a small portion being retained in connec- 
tion with the sexual organs. 2. The mesentery for 
the kidney. 

Mesonotal (mez-o-no' -tal) \_fikaoQ, middle ; vurog, back]. 
Pertaining to the Afesonotum, q. v. 

Mesonotum (mez-o-no' -turn) [ fik cog, middle ; viorog, 
the back]. In biology, the medio-dorsal portion of 
the thorax of an insect. 

Mesopanencephalus (mez-o-pan-en-scf'-al-its) \jikaoi;, 
middle ; -av, all ; kyK.ktya'koq, brain]. Lissauer's term 
for a skull in which the angle between the lines drawn 
from the nasion and the basion to the punctum alse 
vomeris is between 163° and 165. 5 . 

Mesoparapteron (mez-o-par-ap' -ter-on) \_utaog, middle; 
napii , beyond ; -repdu, wing]. In biology, the third 
sclerite of the mesopleuron ; the parapteron of the 
mesothoracic segment. 

Mesopatagium (mez-o-pat-a'-je-um) [fikaor, middle; 
iraraytiuv, the border of a gown]. In biology, that 



MESOPHLEBION 



751 



MESOSTATE 



part of the wing-membrane of bats which is limited 
by the vertical terminal branch of the intercosto- 
humeral line, by the forearm, and the fifth metacarpal 
bone and phalanges. Cf. Dactylo-patagium, Ectopata- 
gium. (Allen.) 

Mesophlebion [mez-o-Jleb' '-e-on), Mesophlebium (mez- 
o-fleb' -e-uni) [utcor, middle ; <t>Ae[3iov, vein]. I. The 
middle coat of a vein. 2. The space between two veins. 

Mesophlebitis (mez-o-fle-bi' -tis) \_fikaog, middle ; <j>Aeip, 
vein; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the middle 
coat of a vein, or mesophlebion. 

Mesophloeum (mez-o-Jle'-um) [//fffoc, middle ; (pAoidg, 
bark]. In biology, the green or middle layer of the 
bark. 

Mesophragm (mez' -o-f rani), Mesophragma (mez-o- 
frag' -mah) \_fiiaog, middle ; typayfia, partition : //. , 
Mesophragmata~\. In biology, a stiff plate between 
the meso-thorax and the meta-thorax in certain insects 
(e.g., bees), giving attachment to part of the muscles 
of the organs of flight. (Cheshire.) 

Mesophryon (mez-off' -re-on) \_fikaoq, middle ; oppuc, 
eyebrow]. The glabella. 

Mesophyl (mez'-o-fil) \_fikaoc, middle; tpvXkov, a leaf] . 
In biology, all the parenchyma or soft inner tissue of 
a leaf, between the layers of epidermis. 

Mesophyllum (mez-o-Jil'-utn). Same as Mesophyl. 

Mesophyte (mez'-o-flt), Mesophytum (mez-off '-it-um) 
\jLkcoc, middle ; (pvrov, a plant : pi. , Mesophyta~\ . In 
biology, the line of demarcation between the inter- 
node and the petiole ; the collar. 

Mesopic (niez-op'-ik) [_fj.koor, middle ; <ji/i, face]. 
Having small and retreating malar bones, with a 
naso-malar index of from 107.5 t0 II0 - 

Mesoplast (niez'-o -plasty \_jikaoc, middle; nlacrdc, 
verbal adj. of n/Aaaeiv, to form, to mold]. In biol- 
ogy, the nuclear protoplasm of a cell-nucleus ; the en- 
doplast. 

Mesoplastron (mez-o-plas'-tron) rj/eaoc, middle; Fr., 
plastron, a breast-plate]. In biology, the median and 
anterior plate of the plastron. 

Mesopleura (mez-o-plu'-rah) \_p.eoo<;, middle ; irlevpa, 
rib]. An intercostal space. 

Mesopleurius, Mesopleurus (mez-o-plu' -re-us, mez-o- 
plu' -rus) \_peaor, middle; n'Aevpa, rib]. Pertaining to 
the spaces between the ribs. In the plural, the inter- 
costal spaces. 

Mesopleuron (mez-o-plu' '-ron) \_/ieco^, middle ; irXevpdv, 
a rib]. In biology, one of the lateral pieces or pleura 
of the mesothorax of an insect. 

Mesopodialia (mez-o-po-de-a'-le- ah) [//fcroc, middle ; 
trove (nod-), foot]. In osteology, a collective term 
applied to the bones of the carpus and tarsus con- 
sidered as forming a segment of the fore-limb or hind- 
limb. Cf. Metapodialia. 

Mesopodium (?nez-o-po' -de-um) \jikcoq, middle ; wove , 
foot : //., Mesopodia\ In biology, the middle region 
of the foot of a gasteropod or pteropod, as distin- 
guished from the p7-opodium and metapodiiim. 

Mesoprosopic (mez-o-pros-o'-pik) \_fikaog, middle ; 
irpoawKov, face]. Having a face of moderate breadth ; 
not chameprosopic or leptoprosopic. 

Mesopsyche (mez -op- si' -ke) [fikooi;, middle; ijn>XV, 
soul]. Haeckel's term for the mesencephalon. 

Mesopterygium (mez-op-tcr-ij' -e-um) \jikaoq, middle ; 
TTTepvyiov, a little wing: //. , Mesopfe?ygia~\. In biol- 
ogy, the middle, basal cartilage in the pterygium of a 
fish, between the propterygiiim and the metapteiygium. 

Mesoraic (mez-or-a' '-ik) . Synonym of Mesenteric. 

Mesorchion (mez-or' -ke-on), Mesorchis (mez-or' -kis), 
Mesorchium (mez-or' '-ke-uni) \_fikaog, middle; opxic;, 
testicle] . A fold of the peritoneum containing the fetal 
testes at about the fifth month, before their descent. ■ 



Mesorcin (mez -or' -sin), Mesorcinol (mez-or'- sin -ol) 
\jieoiT7jc, a mediator], C 9 H 12 2 . A substance obtained 
from dinitro-mesitylene. It sublimes in shining leaflets, 
melts at 150 C, and distils at 275° C. 

Mesorectum (mez-o-reh'-tum) [//saoc , middle ; rectus, 
straight]. The narrow fold of the peritoneum con- 
necting the upper part of the rectum with the sacrum. 

Mesoretina (mez-o-ret' -in-ah) [//ttroc, middle ; retina, 
retina]. The middle layer of the retina, composed 
of the nuclear and the rod-and-cone layer. The 
mesoretina is also called the mosaic layer. 

Mesorhine (mez'-or-in) \_/j.eoos, middle; pic, nose]. 
Having a nasal index between 48 and 52 . See In- 
dex. 

Mesorhinium (mez-o-rin'-e-um) [fikaoc, middle ; pic, 
the nose: //. , Mesorhinia\ In biology, the part 
between the nostrils, as the beak of a bird. 

Mesoropter (mez-o-rop'-ter) [^ftroc, middle; bpor, 
boundary; bnreadai, to sleep]. The normal position 
of the eyes when their muscles are at rest. M., 
Muscular, the angle formed by the visual axes of the 
eyes when the external ocular muscles are at rest. 

Mesorrhine (inez'-or-iii). See Mesorhine. 

Mesosalpinx^wz-o-W ' -pingks)\_p.iaor , middle ; cakirvyl , 
a trumpet]. A falciform, double fold of peritoneum 
bounded above by the Fallopian tube, internally by 
the lateral wall of the uterus, externally by the tubo- 
ovarian fimbria and the ligamentum infundibulo-ovari- 
cum of Henle, and inferiorly by the ovary and the 
utero-ovarian ligament. 

Mesoscapula (mez-o-skap' -u-lah) [piaoc, middle ; scap- 
ula, shoulder-blade]. The scapular spine. 

Mesoscelocele (mez-o-skel'-o-sel) \_fiiaoc, middle; 
ckeAoc, leg; ktj Xj/, tumor]. Perineal hernia. 

Mesoscelophyma (mez-o-skel-o-fi' '-mah) [fiecor, middle ; 
cukXoQ, leg; <f>v[ia, tumor]. A perineal tumor. 

Mesoscelus (mez-os'-kel-us) \_jii<soq, middle; ff/ctAoc, 
leg]. The perineum. 

Mesoscutellum (mez-o-sku-teV -uni) [fiecor, middle-; 
scutellum, a little shield]. In biology, the scutellar 
sclerite of the mesothorax. 

Mesoscutum (mez-o-sku' '-turn) [^ftroc, middle ; scutum, 
a shield]. In biology, the scutum of the mesonotum. 

Mesoseme (mez'-o-sem) \_p.£aog, middle; o^/ua, sign, 
index]. Having a moderate orbital index. See In- 
dex. 

Mesosigmoid (mez-o-sig' -moid) [fieaoc, middle ; aiyjia, 
sigma ; eldoc , form] . The mesentery of the sigmoid 
flexure of the colon. 

Mesoskeleton (mez-o-skel' -et-on) \_pteoog, middle ; okcX- 
erbv, skeleton]. The internal skeleton of an animal 
of mesodermic origin. 

Mesosoma (mez-o-so' '-mah) \_11kcoc, middle ; awfia, the 
body: pi. , Mesosomata~\. In biology, the middle re- 
gion of the body. Especially is the term applied to 
lamellibranchiate molluscs to distinguish it from the 
prosoma and the metasoma. 

Mesosperm (mez' -o-sperm) \jikao$, middle ; oirepfia, 
seed] . In biology, the inner coat or integument of 
the ovule. Cf. Secundine. 

Mesospore (mez' -o-spor) [piaoc, middle ; oirdpoq, seed]. 
In biology: I. The middle coat of a spore having 
three coats. 2. A spore of moderate size. 

Mesostaphyline (mez-o-staf'-il-in) [//fcoc, middle; 
ara(f>v7irj, the uvula]. In craniometry, a term applied 
to a skull having a palatal index of from 8o° to 85°. 

Mesostate (mez'-o-stdt) [/jeaot;, middle ; orardf , placed]. 
A generic term for the intermediate substances formed 
in the metabolic processes of secretion, nutrition, 
or cell-metamorphosis, between the less complex forms 
of the ingesta up to and through those of the highest 
complexity and instability (anabolism) , and back again 



MESOSTERNAL 



752 



METACARPEN 



to the simpler end-products of the katabolic processes. 
Those metastates formed in the " ascending staircase " 
— synthetic or anabolic — are called Anastates. Those 
of the descending staircase— analytic katabolic — are 
caWedCatastates. See Anabolin, Katabolin, Metabolin. 

Mesosternal (mez-o-ster 1 '-nal) [//ftxoc, middle; orepvor, 
breast-bone]. Pertaining to the mesosternum. 

Mesosternebra (mez-o-ster' -neb-rak) [ueooc, middle ; 
sternebra, sternum]. Any sternebra that helps to 
make up the mesosternum or its homologue in any lower 
animal. 

Mesosternum (mez-o-ster' -man) [ufcror, middle; arkp- 
vov, the sternum]. I. In biology, the large ventral 
sclerite of an insect between the legs of the second 
thoracic segment. 2. The gladiolus, or second piece 
of the sternum. 

Mesostethium (mez-o-ste'-the-um) \_pkaoc, middle; 
OTrjOiov, dim. of arf/Ooc, the breast: //. , Mesostethia~\. 
In biology, the large ventral sclerite of an insect be- 
tween the bases of the middle and posterior legs ; the 
metasternum. 

Mesosthenic (mez-o-sthen'-ik) [//ecroc, middle ; oOevoq, 
strength]. Having a moderate degree of muscular 
force. 

Mesostomatous (mez-o-sto'-mat-us), Mesostomous 
(mez-os'-to-mus) \_uiaos, middle; aropa, mouth]. 
Having the mouth situated in the middle of the body. 

Mesostylous (mez-o-sti' -lus) \_pkaoc, middle ; otvXoc, a 
pillar]. In biology, having styles of intermediate 
length in heterostyled plants. 

Mesotarsal (mez-o-tar'-sal). Synonym of Mediotarsal. 

Mesotarsus (mez-o-tar'-sus) [piooc, middle ; rapaoc, 
any broad, flat surface : //. , Mesotarsf\. In biology, 
the tarsus of the middle or second leg of a hexapod 
insect. 

Mesothelioma (niez-o- the-le-o'-mah) [i/ftroc, middle; 
HrfArj, nipple; bpa, si tumor]. A variety of epithe- 
lioma supposed to be developed from the mesoblast. 

Mesothelium (mez-o-the' -le-um) \_pkaog, middle ; 0>/lr}, 
the nipple]. In biology, an epithelial arrangement 
assumed by the mesodermic cells which bound the 
cavities formed in the mesoderm of a metazoan em- 
bryo ; the peritoneal epithelium. 

Mesothenar (mez-o-the'-nar) \_pkaoc, middle; Qkvap, 
palm] . The muscle drawing the thumb toward the 
palm of the hand ; the adductor pollicis. 

Mesothermal (mez-o-ther'-mal) \jieooc, middle ; Oipp?/, 
heat]. Of medium warmth. 

Mesothoracotheca (mez-o-tho-rak-o-the' -kali) \_picso<;, 
middle ; Hupai;, chest ; Or/nr/, a case : pi. , Mesotho- 
racothec<z~\. In entomology, that portion of a pupa- 
case covering the mesothorax. 

Mesothorax (mez-o-tho' -raks) \_peooc, middle ; 8upa^, 
chest]. In entomology, the second or intermediate 
segment of the thorax of an insect ; to it are joined 
the second pair of legs and the first pair of wings. 

Mesotic (mez-ot'-ik) \_pEa6rrjc, the middle]. Pertain- 
ing to, or affecting, the median or parenchymatous 
tissues. 

Mesotocatarrhus (mez-ot-o-kat-ar' -us) \_pEooc, middle ; 
ovc, ear; narappoc, catarrh]. Catarrh of the middle 
ear. 

Mesotoechitis (mez-o-te-ki'-lis) \_peo6toixoc, dividing 
wall ; (r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the meso- 
tcechium. 

Mesotcechium (mez-o-te' -ke-um) \_pEc6roi xog , dividing 
wall]. The mediastinum. 

Mesotomic (mez-o-tom'-ik) \_idanr, middle; ropi], a 
cutting]. Pertaining to mesotomism. 

Mesotomism (mez-of -o-mizm) \_ueaoc, middle ; Top?/, a 
cutting]. The process of separating optically opposite 
isomers. 



Mesotrocha (mez-ot'-ro-kali) \jiiaog, middle; flupa!;, 
chest]. In embryology, that form of vermian and 
molluscan larva in which one or two rows of cilia are 
present in the middle of the body, and the character- 
istic telotrochal rings are absent. Cf. Atrocka, Mono- 
troc/ia, Telotrocha, Polytrocha, Nototrocha Gastero- 
trocha, Amphitrocha, Actinotrocha, Trochophora. 

Mesoturbinal (mez-o-ter'-bin-al) \_pkaoc, middle ; turbo, 
a wheel]. The lower part of the ectethmoid, over- 
hanging the middle nasal meatus. 

Mesotympanic (mez-o -tim-pan' -ik) [ptooc, middle ; 
rvpizavov, a drum]. See Sympleciic. 

Mesovarium (mez-o-va' -re-urn) \_pkaoc, middle ; ova- 
rium, ovary]. A peritoneal fold connecting the ovary 
to the broad ligament. 

Mesoventral (mez-o-ven'-tral) [//icroc, middle ; venter, 
belly]. Both median and ventral. 

Mesoxalic Acid (mez-oks-al'-ik) [peoog, middle ; b!ja?J<;, 
sorrel], C 3 H 2 5 -f- H 2 0. A crystalline acid obtained, 
in several ways from alloxan and from amidomalonic 
acid. 

Mesoxalylurea (inez-oks-al-il-u' -re-ah). Same as Al- 
loxan. 

Mesozoa (mez-o-zo'-ah) \jitaoq, middle; ((mv, animal]. 
A class of animals intermediate between the protozoa 
and the metazoa. 

Mesquite (tnes'-kit). See Mezquite. 

Mestica (mes'-tik-ah). Same as Cochineal. 

Mestome (mes'-tom) \_piarupa, fulness]. In biology, 
that portion of a fibrovascular bundle which is essen- 
tially conductive, as distinguished from the supporting 
tissue, stereome. 

Meta- (rnet'-ak-) [pera, among or between]. A prefix 
signifying over, beyond, among, between, change, or 
transformation. For many meta- organic compounds 
see the corresponding words without the prefix. 

Meta-acetphenetidin (inet-ah-as-et-fen-ef -id-in). See 
Phenacetin . 

Metabasis (met-ab' -as-is) \_pera, over; fiaiveLv, to go]. 
Any radical change in a disease. Also, a change in 
the treatment of a disease. 

Metabole (met-ab'-o-le). Synonym of Metabolism ; 
also of Metabasis. 

Metabolia (mel-ab-o'-le-ak). Synonym of Metabo- 
lism. 

Metabolic (met-ab-ol'-ii) [,u£ra/5o^?/, change]. Pertain- 
ing to metabolism. M. Equilibrium, the equality 
between the absorption and assimilation of food, and 
the excretion of effete or end-products. 

Metabolin (met-ab 1 ' -o-lin) \_ptraQo/\ii, change]. A pro- 
duct of metabolism ; a metabolite or mesostate. 

Metabolism (mel-ab'-o-lizm) [pt-afiolrj, change]. A 
change taking place in the intimate condition of cells 
whereby their molecule becomes more complex or 
contains more force — anabolism — or less complex — 
katabolism. The former process is also called con- 
structive or synthetic metabolism, the latter, destructive 
metabolism. The power that organized bodies possess 
of continually using up and renewing the matter com- 
posing the body. 

Metabolite (met-ab'-o-lii) \_iitTa(iolr) , change]. Any 
product of metabolic change ; any mesostate. 

Metabolize (met-ab'-o-liz) \_peTa[iolij, change]. To 
transform by means of metabolism. 

Metabolous (met-ab'-o-lus). Synonym of Metabolic. 

Metaboly (met-ab'-o-le) [ixETafto/ i/, later also pera,-i»/\ia, 
change, exchange]. Same as Metabolism. 

Metacarpal (met-ak-ar'-pal) \_pETaKapniov, wrist]. Per- 
taining to the metacarpus, or to any bone of the 
metacarpus. 

Metacarpen (met-ak-ar'-pen) \jiETnKap-iov, wrist]. 
Belonging to the metacarpus in itself. 



METACARPOPHALANGEAL 



753 



METALLIC 



Metacarpophalangeal {met-ak-ar' ' -po-pha-lan 1 ' -je-a!) 
[ueranup-iov, wrist ; <pd'A.ay$, phalanx]. Belonging 

to the metacarpus and the phalanges. 
Metacarpus (met-ak-ar'-pus) \_perd, beyond ; nap-nog, 

wrist]. The bones, five in number, of the palm of 

the hand ; that part 

between the carpus 

and the phalanges. 
Metacasein Reaction. 

The coagulation of 

milk on boiling, after 

treatment with pancre- 
atic extracts. 
Metacele, Metacelia 

(met'-as-el, met-as-e'- 

le-ah) [fieri, beyond ; 

noikia, cavity]. The 

caudal or metencepha- 

lic portion of the fourth 

ventricle. 
Metacellulose (met-as- 

el'-u-los) [//era, along 

with; eellula, a cell]. 

An isomer of cellulose, 

with which it agrees 

in being soluble in 

concentrated sulphuric 

acid, and from which 

it differs in being in- 
soluble in cupric am- 
monia even after the 

addition of acids. Cf. 

Paracellulose. 
Metacheirisis (met-ak- 

i'-ris-is), Metacheir- 

ismus (met-ak-i-riz'- 

7>z«.r) [//era, with; x E 'P> 




Bones of the Hand, Showing 
the Metacarpus. 

I. Scaphoid. 2. Semilunar. 3. 
Cuneiform. 4. Pisiform. 5. 
Trapezium. 6. Groove for ten- 
don of flexor carpi radialis. 7. 
Trapezoid. 8. Os magnum. 9. 
Unciform. 10, 10. Metacarpal 
bones. 11, n. First phalanges 
of fingers. 12, 12. Second pha- 
langes. 13, 13. Third pha- 
langes. 14. First phalanx of 
thumb. 15. Second phalanx. 



hand]. Manipulation 
in the treatment of disease. 

Metachloral (met-ak-lo'-ral) [//era, beyond ; j/lupoc, 
green]. A tasteless, polymeric form of chloral, said 
to have properties not unlike those of chloral hydrate. 
Unof. 

Metachoresis (met-ak-o' -res-is) [//era, beyond; ^w^t/ovc, 
agoing]. Metastasis; dislocation. 

Metachromasia (met-ak-ro-ma' -ze-ah) .[//era, beyond ; 
Xpoi/ia, color]. The chemico-chromatic changes in- 
duced in cells by the staining substances employed in 
histologic technic. 

Metachromatism {met-ak-ro' ' -mat-izm) [//era, after ; 
Xpupa, color]. Change of color, as of the hair. 

Metachrosis [met-ak-ro' -sis) \_perd, beyond ; xp^ Ea \ 
to tinge, to stain]. In biology, applied to the change 
or play of colors seen in the squid, chameleon, and 
other animals. 

Metachysis (met-ak' -is-is) [perd, beyond; ^w^c, effu- 
sion]. The transfusion of blood. Also, the intro- 
duction of any substance into the blood by mechan- 
ical means. 

Metacinesis (met-as-in-e'-sis). Synonym of Metakinesis. 

Metacism (met' -as-izm) [pv-aucpor, from pii, letter m]. 
Repetition of the letter m. 

Metacondyle (met-ak-on'-dil) [//era, after; K6vSv7nr, 
knuckle]. Any distal phalanx of a finger, or the bone 
thereof. 

Metacone (jtiet'-ak-bii) ["era, beyond; Kuvog, cone]. 
The outer posterior cusp of an upper molar tooth. 

Metaconid (met-ak-o'-nid) [//era, beyond ; /cuvoc, 
cone] . The inner anterior cusp of a lower molar tooth. 

Metaconule (met-ak-o'-nul) [//era, beyond; kcjvoc, 
cone]. The posterior intermediate cusp of an upper 
molar tooth. 
48 



Metacrolei'n (met - ak - ro' - le - in) [//era, beyond; acer, 
sharp ; oleum, oil], (C s H 4 0) s . A product of the 
burning of the HC1 compound of acrolein with alka- 
lies or potassium carbonate. It crystallizes from 
alcohol in tablets, fusing at from 45 to 46°C, and 
dissociating at 160 C. 

Metacyesis (met-as-i-e'-sis) [//era, beyond; Kvrjai^, 
gestation]. Extra-uterine gestation, especially that 
which is begun in the oviduct and continued in the 
abdominal cavity. 

Metadermatosis (met-ad-er-mat-o' -sis) [//era, beyond ; 
fiippa, skin ; vbaoq, disease]. A pathologic produc- 
tion of epidermis. 

Metadrasis (met-ad-ra' -sis) [//era, over; dpaotc, exer- 
tion] . Overwork of body or mind. 

Metafacial (met-af-a'-shal) [//era, beyond; fades, 
face]. Posterior to the face. 

Metagaster (met-ag-as'-ter) [//era, beyond; yaorrip, 
stomach]. The primitive digestive tube from which 
the respiratory organs are developed. 

Metagastrula (met-ag-as'-tru-lah) [//era, beyond; 
yaaTTjp, belly]. A modification of segmentation, pro- 
ducing a form of gastrula differing from the simple 
gastrula of the amphioxus. 

Metagenesis (met-aj-en'-es-is) [//era, beyond, after; 
ytveoLS, production]. In biology, indirect develop- 
ment, or the alternation of differently-formed genera- 
tions which multiply in different ways, i. e., sexually 
or gemmiparously. 

Metagenetic, Metagenic (metaj-en-et'-ik, met-aj-en'- 
ik) [//era, beyond; yeveaig, origin]. Relating to 
metagenesis. 

Metaglycerin (met-ag-lis'-er-in) [//era, beyond ; yXv- 
Kepdc, sweet], C 6 H 12 4 . An oily substance derived 
from glycerin by heating a solution of it in water to 
100 C. or by treating glycerin with hydrochloric acid. 

Metagnathism (met-ag'-na-tkizm) [//era, beyond ; 
yvdBog, the jaw]. In biology, applied to the crossing 
of the mandibles, as seen in certain birds, e.g., Loxia 
curvirostra. 

Metakinesis (met-ak-in-e'-sis) [//era, toward ; Kivrjatc, 
movement, change]. I. In biology, Waldeyer's term 
for the pithode, or barrel-stage of cell-division, in 
which the secondary threads or loops tend to pass 
toward the two poles of the nuclear spindle. 2. Any 
psychologic exhibition coordinate or correlate of 
kinesis. See Kinesis. 

Metakresol (met-ak-re' -sol) [//era, along with; /cpeac, 
flesh; oleum, oil], C 7 H g 2 . A phenol isomeric with 
kresol. It boils at 201 C. (398.8 F.) and has an 
odor like that of carbolic acid. 

Metal (met' -at) [pkraTCkov, a metal]. Any elementary 
substance distinguished by malleability, ductility, 
fusibility, and the basic character of its oxid. 

Metalbumin (met-al' -bu-min). See Paralbumin. 

Metalepsy (mel'-al-ep-se) [perdXTjipig , participation]. 
In' chemistry, change or variation produced by the 
displacement of an element or radicle in a compound 
by its chemic equivalent. It is the same as Substi- 
tution, q. v. 

Metaleptic (met-al-ep'-tik) [perdlijibig, participation]. 
Relating to metalepsy ; also applied to a muscle, asso- 
ciated in its movement with another. 

Metallage, Metallaxis (met'-al-aj, met-al-aks'-is). 
Synonym of Aletabasis, q. v. 

Metallenterophthisis (met-al-en-ter-off' -this-is) [peraX- 
7:ov, metal ; evrepov, intestine ; <j)Blaic, wasting]. In- 
testinal wasting or phthisis caused by metallic poison- 
ing. 

Metallic (met-al'-ik) \_phaUnv, metal]. Resembling a 
metal. M. Base for Artificial Teeth, a metallic 
plate adapted to such portion of the alveolar arch as 



METALLIFORM 



754 



MET ANIL-YELLOW 



is deprived of natural teeth, and is supplied with 
an artificial substitute. Gold and platinum are the 
most suitable metals for this purpose, and those usually 
employed by American dentists ; but silver is also very 
frequently used. M. Taste, a peculiar taste observed 
in certain diseases, and also after the ingestion of 
some of the metallic poisons. M. Tinkling, the 
peculiar quality given to a sound produced in 
a cavity in a tuberculous lung, or in a pleural sac 
containing a liquid exudate and a layer of air above 
it. M. Tractors, the instruments used by Perkins in 
his system of metallo-therapy. See Perkinism. 

Metalliform (met-aV -if-orm). See Metallic. 

Metalline (met' -al-en) \jikrah\ov , metal]. Consisting 
of metal. 

Metallochymia (met-al-o-kim' '-e-aK) \jiiraXAov, metal ; 
XVfcsla, chemistry]. The chemistry of metals. 

Metallodynia (met-a/-o-din> ' -e-ah) [//era/Uoi/ , metal ; 
bSvvrj, pain]. Pain caused by metallic poisoning. 

Metalloid (met'-al-oid) \_jiEra'AXnv, metal; elSoc, form]. 
I. Resembling a metal in luster and color. 2. Any 
non-metallic element. 

Metallophagia (met-a/-o-fa'-je-ah), Metallophagy 
(met-al-off ' -a-je) \jiiraXkov, metal ; cpaydv, to eat]. 
The insane impulse to swallow metallic objects. 

Metalloscopy (met-a/-os' -ko-pe) [//era/l/W, a metal ; 
okokclv, to examine]. The art of determining by ex- 
ternal application what metals or metallic substances 
act most easily and favorably upon a given person. 
See also Metallotherapy . 

Metallotherapy (met-al-o-ther' '-ap-e) [//eraXlov, metal; 
depaneia, therapy]. A method of treating certain 
hysteric or paralytic affections by the application of 
different metals to the affected part. There is usually a 
transfer of the anesthesia or paralysis to the limb of the 
other side. This method is called also Burcquism and 
Metalloscopy. An old method of similar character 
was called Perkinism. 

Metallotoxemia (met-a/-o-toks-e'-me-ah) \jiiraXkov, 
metal; toS,ik6v, poison; ai/ia, blood]. Toxemia, or 
blood-poisoning, due to the ingestion of a metal. 

Metamere (met' -atn-er) [//era, after; //epoc, part]. 
Any one of the theoretic segments of a vertebrate 
animal. 

Metameric (?net-am-er'-ik) [//era, after ; pepoc, part]. 
A qualification applied to isomeric bodies containing 
several different carbon groups held in combination 
by an atom of higher valence. 

Metamerid (met-am'-er-id) [fieri, after ; fitpoc, part]. 
A group of metameric bodies ; usually applied to the 
more complex metameric substances. 

Metamerism {met - am' '- er - izm) [//era, after ; fiepoc, a 
part]. A change in the arrangement of the parts or 
atoms of a chemic compound ; a form of isomerism. 

Metamethylphenol (inet-am-eth-il-fe 1 '-no/). Same as 
Metakrcso/. 

Metamorphia (met-am-or' -fe-ah). Synonym of Meta- 
morphin. 

Metamorphic (met-am-or' '-fik) [//era, across ; [iop<pi/, 
form]. Pertaining to metamorphosis ; also synonymous 
with metamorphous. 

Metamorphin (met-am-or' -fiii) [//era, beyond; Mor- 
pheus, the god of sleep]. An alkaloidal decomposi- 
tion-product obtained from the mother-liquor of mor- 
phin-manufacture. It is said to be narcotic and su- 
dorific, but is little known and seldom used. Unof. 

Metamorphism (met-am-or' '-fizm\. Set Metamorphosis. 

Metamorphology (met-am-or- fo/'-o-je) [//era//<5p0<jcr/c, 
a transformation; Myoc, science]. In biology, the 
science of the changes of form passed through by 
individual organisms in the course of their life-his- 
tories. 



Metamorphopsia (met-am-or-fop'-se-ah), Metamor- 
phopsy (met-am-or' ' -fop-se) [//era//op0dejv, to change 
shape ; diptc, sight]. An apparent distortion or change 
of form of objects, supposed to be produced by 
changes in the relative position of the retinal end- 
organs. 

Metamorphosing (mel-atn-or-fo' -zing) \_fierajx6p(peiv, to 
change shape]. Altering; changing. M. Breath- 
sound, a variety of breathing related to the existence 
of a cavity. It occurs only in inspiration, and consists 
of a very harsh sound, which lasts for about one-third 
of the period of inspiration, when it is continued as 
blowing respiration, attended with metallic echo or 
ordinary rales. It is produced by the air entering the 
cavity through a narrow opening. 

Metamorphosis [met-am-or' -fo- sis) [//era, across; 
fiopfyOEiv, to change]. A term denoting the structural 
changes in form which all organisms undergo during 
their development from the embryonic to the adult 
stage. It is applied particularly to that form of sexual 
reproduction in which the embryo undergoes a series 
of marked changes of external form (e.g., the chrys- 
alis, the pupa-stage, etc.), and in none of which 
reproduction is possible until the sexually developed 
form (the imago-stage of butterflies) is produced. In 
pathology, a degeneration. M., Complete, in insects, 
the three stages of metamorphosis, larva, pupa, imago. 
M., Hemimetabolic, a metamorphosis in which the 
succeeding stages do not differ much, although the first 
and last stages may present great variations. M., 
Holometabolic. See M., Complete. M., Regres- 
sive, M., Retrograde, a disintegrating change ; a 
degeneration ; also the change of an organ from a 
higher to a lower type. M., Viscous, the agglu- 
tination of blood-plaques and their conversion into a 
thrombus. 

Metamorphous (met-am-or' -fus) [//era, across ; fiopf- 
buv, to change]. Amorphous, but with a tendency to 
crystallize. 

Metamorphy (met-am-or' -fe). Synonym of Metamor- 
phosis. 

Metamylene (met-am' -i/-in) [//era, across; afivXov, 
starch], C 20 H W . A derivative of the polymers of 
amylene, produced by heating amylic alcohol with sul- 
phuric or phosphoric acid, or with zinc chlorid. 

Metanaphthatene (met-an-af'-lha/-en) [//era, beyond; 
va<p6a, naphtha]. A decomposition-product obtained 
by the destructive distillation of resin. It is isomeric 
with naphthalene, and boils at 235 C. 

Metanaphthalin (met-an-af'-tha/-in) [//era, beyond ; 
vdipfta, naphtha]. A solid hydrocarbon, insoluble in 
water, soluble in hot alcohol, in ether, and in naphtha, 
obtained in one stage of the dry distillation of a 
resin. 

Metanauplius (met-an-aw'-p/e-us) [//era, after ; nau- 
plins ; vavc, a ship; n\uv, a sail: pi. , Afetanaup/ii"]. 
In biology, a larval crustacean at a certain stage of 
development. 

Metanephric (mel-an-ef'-rih) [//era, after; vt<pp6c, kid- 
ney]. Pertaining to the metanephros. 

Metanephros, Metanephron (met-an-ef'-ros, met-an- 
ef'-ron) [//era, after; ve<j>pdc, kidney]. In biology, 
the kidney proper of vertebrates. The posterior of the 
three segmental bodies of the fetus ; it forms the 
rudiment of the permanent kidney and ureter. It is a 
special portion of the Wolffian body, that develops 
late, and only occurs in the amniota as a gland dis- 
tinct from the mesonephros. Cf. Pronephros, Meso- 
nephros. 

Metanil-yellow (met'-an -il-yel'-o). Sodium-phenyl- 
amido-benzol-meta-sulphonate ; a substance used in 
counter-staining tissues. See Pigments, Conspectus of . 



METANOTUM 



755 



METASPONDYLUM 



Metanotum {met-an-o' '-turn) [//erd, behind ; vutov, the 
back : //., Metanota~\. In biology, the third and last 
segment of the notum, or dorsal part of the meta- 
thorax of an insect. 

Metaparapteron (jnet-ap-ar-ap' -ter-on) [//era, with ; 
napd, beside ; nrspdv, wing://., Metaparaptera\ In 
biology, the third sclerite in the metapleuron of an 
insect. 

Metapedium [met '- ap - e' '- de - tint) . Synonym of Meta- 
tarsus. 

Metapeptone [met-ap-ep' -ton) \_p.erd, beyond ; nkipig, 
digestion]. A substance obtained by Meissner from 
the fluid resulting from the acid peptic digestion of any 
proteid after the parapeptone had been removed. The 
latter having been removed by filtration, to the filtrate 
was added some acid, and a precipitate was secured, to 
which was given the foregoing name. Meissner further 
describes a residue insoluble in dilute acids, but solu- 
ble in dilute alkalies, that made its appearance during 
the digestion of casein, and to this he gave the name 
of dyspeptone. Metapeptone is said to be intermedi- 
ate between parapeptone and dyspeptone. 

Metaphases {met-af-a' -zls) [//erd, after, following; 
ipdcic, a phase]. In biology, the final phase or set of 
phenomena of karyokinesis, from the division of the 
nuclear fibrils to the separation of the daughter-nuclei. 
(Strasburger.) Cf. Anaphases, Prophases. 

M.etapheny\endiamin(met-af-en-il-e?z-di / -am-in)[fieTa, 
beyond; phenylendiamin~\. A base similar in action 
to the toxic ptomains, quickly producing death in ani- 
mals, preceded by ptyalism, vomiting, diarrhea, and ex- 
cessive urinary secretion. See Paraphenylendiamin. 

Metaphery (met-af '-er-e) \jieto., over; (pepetv, to carry]. 
In biology, the transposition or displacement of 
floral organs. 

Metaphlogosis (met-af-lo-go'-sis) [perd, beyond; 
(p/\6-yoxng, a burning]. Severe inflammation with 
much engorgement, but of short duration. 

Metaphosphoric Acid (inet-af-os-for'-ik)\jx£rd, beyond; 
phosphorzis~\. See Acid, Phosphoric. M. Test for 
Albumin. See Tests, Table of . 

Metaphrenon {niet-af'-ren-on) \_fierd, beyond; typfyv, 
diaphragm]. The space between the shoulders. 

Metaphysical (jnet-af-iz' -ik-al) [//erd, after; <pvoina, 
physics]. Of or pertaining to metaphysics. M. 
Mania, doubting insanity. M. School, a name as- 
sumed for an alleged system of medicine; the so- 
called mind-cure. 

Metaphysician (??iet-af-is-ish' -an) [//era, after ; (pvcind, 
physics]. A term that has been applied to one who 
practises the mind-cure. 

Metaphysicist [niet-af-iz' -is-ist). Same as Metaphysi- 
cian. 

Metaphysics [met-af-iz' -iks) [//erd, beyond; <j>vaic, 
nature]. That science which includes the investiga- 
tion and discussion of the nature of mind and all 
supersensible phenomena. M., Medical, the con- 
sideration of the essential nature and cause of disease. 
The philosophy of disease. 

Metaphysis \met-af -is-is). Synonym of Metamor- 
phosis. 

Metaplasia (met-ap-la' '-ze-ah) [fiera, beyond ; Tr?.aooeiv, 
to form] . A transformation of a tissue into another 
without the intervention of an embryonal tissue. It 
occurs only among tissues closely related, and is most 
common in the connective tissues. Fibrous tissue 
may be transformed directly into bone, myxomatous 
into adipose tissue. Metaplasia occurs also in epithe- 
lium. 

Metaplasis [met-ap' -las-is) \_ixet&, over ; tt7mciq, forma- 
tion]. Fulfilled growth and development seen in the 
stage between anaplasis and cataplasis. 



Metaplasm (met' -ap-lazin) \_fisrd, beyond; trXdaua, 
molded material]. In biology, the name given by 
Hanstein to the granular substances mingled with pro- 
toplasm. Properly, protoplasm that has passed be- 
yond its highest stage of perfection ; a catastate. The 
term is used also as a synonym of anastate, and as a 
general term for both anastates and catastates. 

Metaplastic (inet-ap-las' -tik) [/jerd, beyond ; nlaaiKdc;, 
plastic]. Pertaining to metaplasia. 

Metapleuron (met-ap-lu' -ron) \_/.ierd, with ; irlevpov, a 
rib: pi. , Metapleura~\. In biology, one of the lateral 
divisions of the metathorax of an insect. 

Metaplex (met' -ap-leks) , Metaplexus (met-ap-leks' -us) 
[fierd, behind; plexus, a twining]. The choroid 
plexus of the fourth ventricle. 

Metapneustic [met-ap-nus'-tik) \_fierd, behind ; -kvev- 
ctlk6q, of or for breathing]. In biology, applied to 
that state of the tracheal system in insect larvae in 
which all the stigmata remain closed, except the last 
pair, through adaptation to parasitism or an aquatic 
life. 

Metapodialia {met-ap-o-de-a'-le-ah) [//era, behind; 
■kovc, foot]. In osteology, a collective term applied 
to the bones of the metacarpus and metatarsus con- 
sidered as a segment of the fore-limb or hind-limb, 
respectively. Cf. Mesopodialia. 

Metapodium (met-ap-o' -de-um) [//era, behind ; wove, 
foot: pi. , Metapodid]. In biology, the posterior of 
the three sections into which the foot of some mol- 
luscs may be divided. A synonym of Metatarsus. 
Cf. Mesopodium, Propodium. 

Metapophysis (inet-ap-off' -is-is) [//era, after; (m6<f>vai<; , 
offshoot]. A mammillary process, such as is seen upon 
the lumbar vertebras. 

Metapore (t/iet'-ap-or) [//era, behind ; Trdpoc, passage]. 
The foramen of Magendie ; a mesal orifice in the 
metatela. 

Metapsyche (inet-ap'-sik-e) [//erd, behind ; ^>vxv, soul]. 
In anatomy, Haeckel's term for the hind-brain or met- 
encephalon. 

Metapsychosis (mei-ap-si- ko'-sis) [//erd, beyond; 
i/)i)^wt7(c, psychosis]. Same as Telepathy. 

Metapterygium [rnet-ap-ter-if -e-uni) [perd, behind; 
Trrepvyiov, a little wing : //. , Metapterygia~\, In biol- 
ogy, the most posterior of the basal cartilages in the 
pterygium of a fish. 

Metapterygoid (tnet-ap-ter'-ig-oid) \jitrd, beyond; 
■Kjkpv!; , wing]. Placed behind the pterygoid bone. 

Metaptosis [met-ap-to' -sis) [//erd, beyond ; TiTwaig, a 
falling]. Metastasis ; sudden metabolic change. 

Metarrhea (inet-ar-e'-ah). Synonym of Metastasis. 

Metarrhysis {met-ar' '-is-is). Synonym of Metastasis. 

Metasaccharic Acid (inet-as-ak-ar' '-ik). See Acid. 

Metasaccharin (inet-as-ak* -ar-in) [//erd, beyond ; crd/c- 
Xapov, sugar], C 6 H ]0 O 5 . An isomerid of saccharin. 
It crystallizes in plates and melts at 142 C. 

Metaschematism (met-as-ke 1 ' -mat-izm) [//erac;[7?/za-nf- 
eiv, to change the form]. A transformation of a dis- 
ease into another form ; the change of one substance 
of the body into another. 

Metasoma {met-as-o'-mah) [//erd, after; owjia, body]. 
The part of the body of lamellibranchs posterior to 
the foot ; also the posterior part of cephalopods. 

Metasomatome [niet-as-o' -mat-om) \_jierd, between ; 
aajxa the body; refivslv, to cut]. In biology, Good- 
sir's term for the interspaces between the primitive 
vertebrae [Urwirbel). Cf. Somatome. 

Metasome [met' '-as-om) [//erd, after; aufia, body]. 
In biology, the posterior part of the body of a mollusc. 

Metaspondylum, Metaspondyllum (tnet-as-pon'- 
dil-uni) [//erd, beyond; ufdvdvl.oc , vertebra]. An 
intervertebral disc. 



METASTASIS 



756 



METENTERON 



Metastasis (met-as' -tas-is) \jizQiaravai, to transpose]. 
I. The change in position, manifestation, or character 
of a disease ; thus, in mumps, the inflammation of 
the parotid sometimes disappears in a (metastatic) 
orchitis. Such cases are possibly explained by the 
transfer of the pathogenic virus from one place to 
another by the blood-current. 2. In pathology, the 
reproduction of disease at a distance from the primary 
seat by the conveyance of the causal agents through 
the blood or lymph- channels. 

Metastate (met'-as-tdt) (fiera, beyond ; craruc, placed]. 
Any substance produced by a metabolic process ; an 
anastate or a catastate. Same as Mesostate. 

Metastatic (met-as-taf -ik) [//eraorarYKoc, from fiedic- 
ravai, to transpose]. Characterized by or pertaining 
to metastasis. M. Abscess, the secondary abscesses 
in pyemia. M. Calcification, calcareous infiltration 
due to an excess of lime-salts in the blood in diseases 
associated with rapid disintegration of bone. 

Metasternum (met-as-ter' -nam) [/xera, behind ; arepvov, 
breast: //. , Metasterna~\. In biology, the xiphister- 
num, or in insects the sternite of the metathorax. 

Metasthenic (met-as-then* '-ik) [fiera, behind ; cOevoq, 
strength, might]. In biology, having a strong, well- 
developed hind-region to the body. 

Metastoma (met-as' -to-mah) [//era, behind ; a-6/ia, 
mouth]. In biology, the membranous appendage 
that lies behind and over the mandibles in Crustacea ; 
the posterior lip of some authors. 

Metasyncrisis (met-as-in' -kris-is) \jitTarsvyKpivtw , to 
discharge morbid fluids through pores]. I. An in- 
duced crisis. 2. The restoration of diseased tissues. 

Metasyncritic (met-as-in-krit' -ik) [ftETaovyKpivecv, to 
discharge morbid fluids through pores]. Pertaining 
to metasyncrisis ; alterative. 

Metatarsal (met- at- ar'- sal) [fiera, beyond; rapaoq, 
tarsus]. Pertaining to the metatarsus. 

Metatarsalgia (met-at-ar-sal'-je-ah) [//era, beyond; 
rapaog, tarsus ; aXyoc, pain]. Morton 's toe ; a painful 
affection of the plantar digital nerves directly caused 
by pressure upon or pinching of them by certain por- 
tions of the metatarsophalangeal articulations — es- 
pecially the fourth. See Diseases, Table of. 

Metatarsen (met-at-ar'-sen) [//era, beyond; rap/yog, 
tarsus]. Belonging to the metatarsus in itself. 

Metatarsophalangeal (met-at -ar -so -fa - lan'-je- al) 
[fierd, beyond; rapaoq, tarsus; <f>a?.ayt;, phalanx]. 
Pertaining to the metatarsus and the phalanges. 

Metatarsus (met-at-ar' -sus) [/ierd, beyond ; raperdc, 
tarsus://., Metatarsi']. The bones of the arch of 
the foot, five in number, situated between the tarsus 
and the phalanges ; the instep. In entomology : (a) the 
terminal joint or appendage of the tarsus of an in- 
sect's leg, called planta empodium, scopula ; (b) the 
entire foot of the hind-leg. 

Metatela (met-at-e'-lah) [//erd, behind; tela, tissue]. 
The tela of the metencephal ; the velum medullare 
posterius, or inferior choroid tela. It constitutes the 
roof of the metacele. 

Metathesis (met-ath' -es-is) [ ( «frrr, beyond ; riftevai, to 
place]. An operation designed to effect a transforma- 
tion or change in the seat of disease from one part to 
another. In chemistry, the interchange of two ele- 
ments in decomposition. 

Metathetic (met-a/h-et'-ik) [//erd, beyond ; nffevai, to 
place]. Of the nature of a metathesis. 

Metathoracotheca (met-ath-o-rak-o-the'-kah) [//erd, 
beyond; dupai;, the chest ; 6//K)/, a case: //. , Meta- 
thoracothec<T~\. In entomology, that part of the integu- 
ment covering the metathorax in a pupa. 

Metathorax (met-ath-o'-raks) [fiera, beyond; flupaf, 
the chest]. In biology, the third and last segment of 



the thorax in insects ; it bears the third pair of legs 
and the second pair of wings, and is composed of the 
metasternum, metapleura, and post-dorsum. 

Metatocia (met-at-o' -ke-ah) [//erd, beyond ; tuko(, 
birth]. Birth by any other than the normal process, 
as by Cesarean section. 

Metatrophia (met-at-ro'-fe-ah) [//era, beyond ; rpo^rj, 
nourishment]. Any morbid condition or process of 
nutrition. 

Metaxin (met-ais'-in) \jieja^v, between]. A proteid 
found by Schwartz in the plasmatic substratum of 
chlorophyl-grains. It is easily digested by both pep- 
sin and trypsin. 

Metaxylene (met-aks' -il-en) [//era, beyond ; f vXov, 
wood]. One of the constituents of xylol. 

Metazoa (met-az-o'-ak) [//era, beyond ; C,C>ov, animal]. 
Animals whose development is characterized by 
segmentation of the ovum. They comprise all 
animals except the Protozoa. 

Metazoan (met-az-o'-an) [//era, beyond; ftJov, animal] . 
1. A member of the Metazoa. A multicellular ani- 
mal having a transitional stage (Gastrula) in its 
development, corresponding to a hypothetic ancestor, 
the Gastnea, which is held to have arisen from a 
Protozoan colony in the shape of a hollow sphere, by 
the formation and gradual deepening of a depression 
or invagination. 2. Pertaining to the metazoa. 

Metecious (met-e'-she-us) [//erd, beyond; oi/coc, a 
house]. See Heterecious. 

Metembryo (met-em'-bre-o) [//era, after; ijifipvov, 
embryo]. In biology, the gastrula stage of the meta- 
zoan embryo. 

Metencephal (met-en-sef'-al). Same as Metencephalon. 



The Metatarsus and Ad- 
jacent Bones. 

1. Inferior surface of calcaneum. 
2. Inner tuberosity. 3. Outer 
tuberosity. 4. Angular de- 
pression between these tuber- 
osities. 5. Inferior portion 
of head of astragalus. 6. 
Plantar surface of cuboid, for 
attachment of inferior cal- 
caneocuboid ligament. 7. 
Tuberosity of cuboid. 8. Sca- 
phoid. 9. Tuberosity of sca- 
phoid. 10. Inferior portion of 
internal cuneiform. 11. Apex 
of middle cuneiform. 12. 
Apex of internal cuneiform. 
13. '4. J 5> 16. 17- First, second, 
third, fourth and fifth meta- 
tarsal bones. 18. Tuberosity 
of fifth metatarsal bone. 19. 
Two sesamoid bones. 20. 
First phalanx of great toe. 

21. Last phalanx of great toe. 

22, 22. First phalanges of re- 
maining toes. 23,23. Second 
and third phalanges of these 
toes. 



Metencephalic (met-en-sefal'-ik) [//era, after ; 1 ; Kt<pa- 
>of, brain]. Pertaining to the metencephalon. 

Metencephalon (tnet-en-sef'-al-oii) \_p.tra, after; 
e)7>epaAoc, brain]. I. The afterbrain ; the post-oblong- 
ata, or most caudal portion of the brain. 2. Rarely, 
the cerebellum and the pons. 

Metensomatosis (met-en-so-mat-o'-sis) [//erd, beyond ; 
ivaG)j.ta-uaiq, embodiment]. Transformation into or 
union with another body. 

Metenteron (iiu-t-en'-ier-on) [//era, after; errepnv, in- 
testine]. The enteron in any secondary or specialized 
state due to modification of the archenteron. 




METEORIC 



757 



METHYL 



Meteoric (me-te-or' -ik) [pereupl^eiv, to elevate]. Per- 
taining to meteorism ; also, pertaining to the atmo- 
sphere. 

Meteorism, Meteorismus (me' ' -te-or-izm, me-te-or- 
iz'-mus) [pEreupiCeiv , to elevate]. Distention of the 
abdomen with gases ; tympanites. 

Meteoristic (me-te-or-is'-tik) \jiete upi^eiv, to elevate]. 
Synonym of Tympanitic. 

Meteorization (me -te -or -iz-a'-shun) \_pE-EupiC,Eiv, to 
elevate] . The formation of gas in the abdomen ; the 
production of meteorism. 

Meteorology (me-le -or- ol'- o -je) [pETEupov, meteor; 
l-oyoq, a treatise]. The science of the phenomena of 
the atmosphere and the laws of its motions. 

Metepencephalon (met-ep-en-sef'-al-on) [perd, after; 
km, upon; h/KeipaTiog, brain]. The metencephalon 
and epencephalon considered together. It includes 
the cerebrum, the oblongata, and the pons. 

Mefepicele (met-ep'-is-el) [//era, beyond; km, upon; 
Koi'/Ja, belly]. The fourth ventricle of the brain ; the 
ventricle of the metepencephalon ; the metacele and 
epicele taken together. 

Metepimeron (met - ep - im' - er - on) [perd, after ; km, 
upon ; pvpdc, a thigh: pi. , Metepimera]. In biology, 
the epimeron or lateral piece of the metathorax of an 
insect. 

Metepisternum (met-ep-is-ter' -nuni) [//era, after ; km, 
upon ; crtpvov, breast, breast-bone : //., A/etepisterna']. 
In biology, one of the episterna of the metathorax of 
an insect. 

Meter (me'-ter) [perpov, measure]. See Metric System. 
M. -angle. See Angle. 

Methacetin (meth-as'-et-in) [perd, beyond ; acetum, 
vinegar], C 9 H n N0 2 . An analogue of phenacetin, 
having the same antipyretic qualities as the latter, and 
more soluble. Dose from 2 to 4 grains exhibited 
with great caution. Unof. 

Methal (meth'-al) [perd, with; vto), matter], C u H 30 O. 
An alcohol, not yet isolated, occurring in spermaceti. 

Methane (meth'-an) [perd, with; vlr], matter], CH 4 . 
Marsh-gas. The first member of the homologous series 
of paraffins, C n H 2I1+2 . It occurs in nature wherever 
decomposition of organic matter is going on, especially 
in marshes. It is inflammable, and unites readily with 
the halogens. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Metheglin (me-theg' -lin) [Welsh, medd, mead ; Uyn, 
liquor]. A variety of mead, or hydromel. See 
Hydromel. 

Methemochymia (meth-em-o-kV-me-ah) \_ptrd, amid; 
a 1 pa, blood; %elv, to pour]. Synonym of Transfu- 
sion. 

Methemoglobin (met-hejyi-o-glo' -bin) [perd, with ; aipa, 
blood; globus, a ball]. A modified form of hemo- 
globin produced by exposing blood, or solutions of 
hemoglobin, to the air for some time. It may be ob- 
tained in crystalline form as reddish-brown needles 
that are doubly refracting and readily soluble in water, 
though less so than oxyhemoglobin. It is the pro- 
duct either of the incomplete decomposition of hemo- 
globin or of its excessive oxidation ; the oxygen is 
more firmly combined in it than in oxyhemoglobin. In 
poisoning with potassium chlorate, the nitrites, ace- 
tanilid, and some other bodies, the blood contains 
methemoglobin. 

Methemoglobinemia (met- hem - o -glo - bin - e'- me-ah) 
[perd, with ; aipa, blood ; globus, a ball ; aipa, blood]. 
The presence of free methemoglobin in the blood. 
See Methemoglobin. 

Methemoglobinuria (met-hem-o-glo-bin-u'-re-ah) \_perd, 
with; aipa, blood; globus, a ball; ovpov, urine]. 
The presence of free methemoglobin in the urine. 

Methexiphrenesis (meth-eks-ifren-e' -sis) \_pi8v, wine ; 



Sftff, habit; ypevr/m<;, inflammation of the brain]. 
Delirium tremens. 

Methexomania (meth-eks-o-ma' '-ne-ah) \_peOr], drink ; 
ef(f, habit ; pania, madness]. See Methomania. 

Methilepsia (mcth-il-ep' ' -se-ali) [/uedq, drink ; Xyfcc, 
seizure]. Irresistible desire for strong drink. 

Methobiostatics [jneth-o-bi-o-stat'-iks) [pedri, strong 
drink; [iinq, life; ararcKug, causing to stand]. The 
study of the influence of alcoholic excess. 

Method (meth'-od) [pedodog, method]. A system or 
plan of procedure. M. of Definite Mixtures. See 
Anesthetic. M., Intensive. See Pasteur. M. of 
Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Methodism (met/d- od - izm) \_ped060c, way, system]. 
The system of the treatment of disease according to a 
strict method, as taught by an ancient school or sect 
of physicians. 

Methodist (metld-od-ist) [pedodoc, system]. A follower 
of methodism. 

Methogastrosis (meth-o-gas-tro'- sis) [pcBv, wine; 
yaaTT/p, stomach; voaoq, disease]. Digestive disturb- 
ances consequent upon alcoholic excess. 

Methol (meth'-ol) [perd, with ; vat), matter]. One of 
the names of methylic alcohol. 

Methomania (meth-o-ma' ' -ne-ah) [_pk8r/, drunkenness ; 
pavia, madness]. I. Same as Mania a potu. 2. 
(More often) the irresistible desire for strong drink ; 
dipsomania. 

Methyl (meth'-il) [//era, with ; vlri, matter]. In chem- 
istry, a radicle molecule, having the composition CH 3 . 
It is the base of a large number of compounds, in- 
cluding an alcohol, methyl-spirit, and several ptomains. 
M. -alcohol (zvood-spirit) , obtained in the destruc- 
tive distillation of wood. It has a purely spirituous 
odor, a specific gravity of .7995 at 15 C, and boils 
at 55-1° C. It is miscible in all proportions with 
water, ordinary alcohol, and ether. M. -alizarin, 
C 15 H 10 O 3 ; a substance obtained by fusing methyl- 
anthraquinone sulphonic acid with alkalies. It is very 
similar to alizarin, melting at 250°-25 2° C. , and readily 
subliming in red needles. M.-anilin, C 6 H 5 .NH(CH 3 ) ; 
an anilin derivative. Boiling at I90°-I9l° C. , it has 
an odor resembling that of anilin, and a specific gravity 
at 15° C. of 0.976. The methylated anilins are techni- 
cally applied in the production of anilin dye-stuffs. 
They are formed on heating anilin together with HC1- 
anilin and methyl-alcohol to 200° C. or better still, by 
conducting CH 3 C1 into boiling anilin. M. -anthra- 
cene, C ]5 H I2 ; a substance obtained on heating emodin 
with zinc-dust. It occurs in crude anthracene, and is 
obtained from oil of turpentine on exposure to a red 
heat. It resembles anthracene, crystallizes from alco- 
hol in yellow leaflets, and melts at 190 C. M.- 
arabinose. See Khamnose. M. -benzene. See Tolu- 
ene. M.-blue, a basic anilin dye used for staining bac- 
teria. See figments, Conspectus of. M.-chlorid, 
CH 3 C1, a liquefied gas used in the form of a spray as a 
local anesthetic for the relief of sciatica and similar 
neuralgic affections. See Anesthetic. M. -ether, C 2 - 
H s O ; dimethyl oxid, an inflammable gas; also, a salt 
of methyl. M.-glycocoll. See Sarcosin. M. -green, 
an anilin dye. See Pigments, Conspectus of. M.- 
guanamin, C 4 H 7 N 5 ; a crystalline body, readily solu- 
ble in hot water and in alcohol. M.-guanidin, 
C 2 H 7 N 3 ; methyluramin ; a colorless, highly hygro- 
scopic, and strongly alkaline base, insoluble in alcohol. 
It is the product of the oxidation of kreatin and 
kreatinin, and has been obtained from horseflesh after 
four months' decomposition at low temperature, and 
from cultures of the comma-bacillus. It is a colorless, 
easily deliquescing mass, possessing a strong alkaline 
reaction, and is highly poisonous. The symptoms 



METHYLAL 



758 



METRATOME 



to which toxic doses give rise are dyspnea, muscle- 
tremor, and general clonic convulsions. See Ptomains, 
Table of . M.-heptose. See Carbohydrates, Table of . 
M.-hexose. See Carbohydrates, Table of. M.-hy- 
dantoin, M.-hydrantoin, a crystalline substance, 
obtained by fusing together sarcosin and urea, or by 
decomposing kreatinin. It melts at 145° C. M.- 
hydrid, marsh-gas. M.-indol. See Skatol. M.- 
orange. See Pigments, Conspectus of. M. -phenyl 
Ether. See Anisol. M. -phenyl-ketone. Same as 
Hypnone. M. Salicylate, C e H 8 3 ; an oily liquid 
of a peculiar odor, constituting 90 per cent, of the oil 
of wintergreen ; it has been used in rheumatism in- 
stead of the alkaline salicylates. M. -spirit. See 
M. -alcohol. M.-uramin. See M.-guanidin. M.- 
violet, an anilin dye used for staining bacteria. 
Under the name of Pyoktanin Stilling recommends it 
very highly as an effective bactericide. Dose gr. j-v. 
Unof. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Methylal (meth'-il-al) [/zerd, with; vAi], matter; alco- 
hol], C 3 H 8 2 . A substance prepared by distilling 
methyl-alcohol with sulphuric acid. It is hypnotic 
and antispasmodic. Dose 3J. Unof. 

Methylamin (meth-il'-am-in) [perd, with ; vatj, matter ; 
at/tin]. A colorless gas having the composition 
N(CH 3 )H 2 , easily condensing to a colorless liquid. It 
is used mainly as a reagent in certain organic tests. 
It occurs also as a ptomain in certain putrefactions, 
notably that of fish. It is also found in herring-brine, 
to which it gives odor. 

Methylate (meth' -il-at) \_perd, with ; vkq, matter]. 
Methyl-alcohol in which a metal substitutes the 
hydrogen of the hydroxyl. 

Methylated (jneth' -il-a-ted) [fieri, with; vlrj, matter]. 
Containing methyl-alcohol. M. Spirits, methyl-alco- 
hol, wood-alcohol. The strongest methylated spirit 
free from mineral naphtha, can be used in place of 
90 per cent, alcohol for hardening and preserving 
purposes. 

Methylation (meth-il-a'-shun) [//era, with ; v\rj, mat- 
ter] . The process of mixing a substance with methyl- 
alcohol. 

Methylene (melh'-il-en) \_perd, with; v'ati, matter], 
CH 2 . A bivalent hydrocarbon radicle that does not 
exist free, but occurs in many compounds. See Anes- 
thetic. M.-blue, C 16 H 18 N 3 SC1 ; a coal-tar dye pre- 
pared from dimethylanilin ; it is much used in the 
arts and as a stain in bacteriology. Its 10 per cent, 
solution is recommended as a local application in 
diphtheria, tonsillitis, scarlatinal sore-throat, and 
other inflammatory conditions, and internally admin- 
istered it has proved serviceable as an antiperiodic 
and antalgic. Dose gr. jss in capsule. Unof. 
M. Dichlorid, CH, 2 C1 2 ; a general anesthetic, 
frequently used instead of chloroform. It is as- 
serted by Genther and Eichholz to be more suscep- 
tible of management than the latter in protracted oper- 
ations. Much of the methylene dichlorid contains 50- 
75 per cent, of chloroform. Unof. See Anesthetic. 

Methylic (ineth-il'-ik) \_perd, with; vat/, matter]. Con- 
taining methyl. Pertaining to methyl. 

Methylized (ineth'-il-izd). Synonym of Methylated. 

Methysis (meth'-is-is) [peflvoic, from ptQ'vitv, to be 
intoxicated]. Intoxication. 

Methyskomania (jneth-is-ko-ma' ' -ne-ah) [pedvoKeiv, to 
make drunk ; fiavia, madness]. Same as Metho- 
mania ; dipsomania. 

Methystic [tneth-is' -tic) [pedvarwdc, from ped'veiv, to be 
intoxicated]. I. Intoxicant. 2. An intoxicating 
agent. 

Methysticin (meth-is' -tis-in) [pcRveriKdc, intoxicating]. 
A crystalline principle obtained from Kava-kava, 



closely allied to piperin. It is a neutral, tasteless sub- 
stance, sparingly soluble in cold, but more freely in 
hot water, easily soluble in alcohol and ether. It is 
also called Kavahin. 

Metis (ma'-tes) [Fr.]. A half-breed of French and 
Indian parentage. See Mulatto. 

Metoarion (inet-o-a' -re-on) \jitra, after; udpcov, the 
ovule]. The corpus luteum. 

Metodontiasis (met-o-don-ti' -as-is) [perd, after; bdov- 
ridv, to cut teeth]. The second dentition ; also, abnor- 
mality of teething. 

Metcecesis (met-es-e' -sis) \_perd, beyond ; olkiioic, the 
act of dwelling]. Transposition; displacement. 

Metopagus (inet-op' -ag-us) [perunov, front; ~dyioc, 
joined]. An ensomphalic twin monstrosity with united 
foreheads. 

Metopantralgia (met-o-pan-tral' -je-ah) [percj-rrov, fore- 
head ; dvrpov, cave; d\yoc, pain]. Pain or neural- 
gia of the frontal sinus. 

Metopantritis (met-o-pan-tri'-tis) \_piru-ov, forehead ; 
dvrpov, cave; iric, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the metopantron. 

Metopantron, Metopantrum (met-o-pan' '-iron, met-o-> 
pan'-trum) \_peruwov, forehead ; dvrpov, cave]. The 
frontal sinus. 

Metope {met'-o-pe) [pe tuttov, face]. In biology, that 
portion of the frontal surface of a crustacean in which 
the antenna; are situated. Same as Fades. 

Metopic (met-op' -ik) \_perunov, forehead]. 1. Relating 
to the forehead ; frontal. 2. A name applied to a 
cranium having a medio-frontal suture. M. Points. 
See Craniometric Points. 

Metopion (met-o'-pe-on) [piruKov , forehead]. See 
Craniometric Points. 

Metopism (met' -o-pizm) \_pkruirov, forehead]. Persist- 
ence of the frontal suture in adult life. See 
Mctopon . 

Metopium (inet-o'-pe-um). Synonym of Metopon. 

Metopodynia (t)iet-o-po-din' -e-ali) [jietuttov, forehead ; 
bd'vvrj, pain]. Frontal headache. 

Metopon (met' -o-pon) \_perunov, forehead ; from utrd, 
between ; wi//, eye]. Forehead; also an old name for 
galbanum. 

Metopopagia (met-o-po-pa' '-je-ah). Synonym of Meto- 
pagus. 

Metoposcopy [inet-op-os' -ko-pe) [perunov, forehead ; 
okotteIv, to examine]. A variety of phrenology in 
which the character or the future of an individual is 
supposed to be determined by an inspection of the 
forehead. 

Metosteon [tnet-os' -te-on) \_fierd, after ; boriav, a bone : 
pi., Metostea\ In biology, the posterior lateral piece 
of the sternum of a bird. 

Metovum (met-o'-vum) \_fierd, after; i)6v, egg: //., 
Metova~\. In embryology, an ovum that has been 
modified from its primitive condition as an egg-cell or 
protovum ; an after-egg or deutovum. Cf. Ovicell, 
Ovum. 

Metra (rne'-trah) [fir/Tpa, uterus]. The uterus. 

Metralgia (met-ral' -je-ah) [fii/rpa, womb ; aAyoc, pain]. 
Pain or neuralgia of the uterus. 

Metranastrophe (met-ran-as'-tro-fe) [fir/rpa, womb ; 
avaorpotpi/, a turning upside down]. Inversion of the 
uterus. 

Metranemia (met-ran-e'-me-ah) \_fifjrpa, womb; d, 
priv. ; a'tfia, blood]. Uterine anemia. 

Metraneurysm (met-ran'-2i-rizm) [ftt/rpa, womb; 
dvcvpvofia, dilatation]. Dilatation of the uterus or 
vulva. 

Metrasia (niet-ra'-ze-ah). Synonym of Metratresia. 

Metratome (tnel'-rat-om) \_p.i]Tpa, womb; rofir), a cut- 
ting]. An instrument for incising the womb. 



METRATONIA 



759 



METROLEUKORRHEA 



Metratonia [rnet-rat-o' -ne-ali) [pi/rpa, womb ; arovia, 
atony]. Atony of the uterus. 

Metratresia [met-rat-re' -ze-ah) \jiiirpa, womb ; arprjaia, 
atresia]. Atresia or imperforation of the womb. 

Metratrophia (met-rat-ro' -fe-ah) [pr/rpa, womb; arpo- 
<pia, atrophy] . Atrophy of the uterus. 

Metrauxe (met-rawks' -e) \_pijrpa, womb ; av^tj, in- 
crease]. Hypertrophy or enlargement of the uterus. 

Metre (me'-ter). See Metric System. 

Metrechoscope (met-rek'-o-skop) [ perpov, measure ; 
flXVi round; anoneiv, to inspect]. An instrument for 
applying metrechoscopy. 

Metrechoscopy (met-rek-os'-ko-pe) [pkrpov, measure ; 
t/x'I, round; onoireiv, to inspect]. Combined ausculta- 
tion and mensuration. 

Metrectasia (met-rek-ta' -ze-ah) [pi/rpa, womb ; mraacg, 
a stretching]. Dilatation of the womb. 

Metrectatic (met-rek-tat' -ik) [pi/rpa, womb; iKraatg, 
a stretching]. Affected with, or pertaining to, metrec- 
tasia. 

Metrectomy (jnet-rek' -lo-me) [pi/rpa, womb ; enropri, 
excision]. Excision or surgical removal of the 
womb. 

Metrectopia, Metrectopy (inet-rek-to' -pe-ah , met-rek'- 
to-pe) [pi/rpa, womb; ektottoc, displaced]. Displace- 
ment of the womb. 

Metrelcosis (mel-rel-ko'-sis) [pr/rpa, womb; eluog, 
ulcer]. Uterine ulceration. 

Metremia (met-re 1 '-me-ah) [pi/rpa, womb; alpa, blood]. 
Congestion of the uterus. 

Metremorrhagia (tnet-rem-or-a'-je-ak). Synonym of 
Metrorrh agio. . 

Metremorrhoid (tnet-rem' -or-oid) [pr/rpa, womb ; ai/xa, 
blood ; pola, flow]. A hemorrhoid of the uterus. 

Metremphraxis (met-rem-fraks'-is) [pr/rpa, uterus; 
eptppacceiv, to obstruct]. Congestion, or infarction, 
of the uterine tissues. 

Metremphysema (inet-rem-fis-e> '-mah) . Synonym of 
Physometra. 

Metreurysma (met-ru-riz' '-mah) [pi/rpa, womb ; evpvc, 
wide]. Morbid dilatation, or width of the womb. 

Metria (me' -tre-ah) [pi/rpa, womb]. Any uterine affec- 
tion. The term is used also as a synonym of Puerperal 
Pever. 

Metric (met'-rik) [perpov, a measure]. Pertaining to 
the system of weights and measures, of which the 
meter is the basis. M. System, a decimal system of 
weights and measures employed in France, Germany, 
and other countries, and used generally in the sciences. 
The standard is the ?neter, the ■To'iTTxW'inr P art °f a 
quadrant of a meridian circle of the earth. The standard 
of capacity is the liter, a cubical volume ^ meter in 
each dimension. The standard of weight is the gram, 
the weight of y^Vo ^ ter ( one cu t>ic centimeter) of dis- 
tilled water at its maximum density. The unit of 
superficial measure is the are, a square whose side is 
10 meters or a decameter. As the unit of microscopic 
measurement the thousandth part of a millimeter has 
been adopted. It is called micron or microm, micro- 
millimeter; abbreviated, p.. The multiples are ex- 
pressed by the prefixes deca, hecto, and kilo ; the sub- 
divisions by the prefixes deci, centi, and milli. 



IOOO 


grams 


= 


l kilogram. 


100 


grams 


= 


i hectogram 


10 


grams 


= 


I decagram. 


.1 


gram 


= 


I decigram. 


.01 


gram 


= 


I centigram. 


.001 


gram 


= 


i milligram. 



IOOO 


meters 


= 


i kilometer. 


100 


meters 


= 


i hectometer 


IO 


meters 


= 


I decameter. 


.i 


meter 


= 


i decimeter. 


.01 


meter 


= 


i centimeter. 


.001 


meter 


= 


I millimeter. 


IOOO 


liters 


= 


i kiloliter. 


100 


liters 


= 


i hectoliter. 


10 


liters 


— 


i decaliter. 


.1 


liter 


= 


i deciliter. 


.01 


liter 


= 


i centiliter. 


.001 


liter 


=> 


i milliliter. 



In common practice, however, the following divis- 
ions only are used, the others being expressed in 
figures : — 

io millimeters = i centimeter, 
loo centimeters = i meter, 
looo meters = i kilometer. 



iooo cubic centimeters 

iooo milligrams = 
iooo grams = 



= i liter. 

i gram, 
i kilogram. 



The following are the equivalent values: — 

i meter = 39 .37 inches. 

1 liter = 1 quart '/i gill, U. S. measure. 

1 gram = 15.43 grains. 

1 minim = 0.061 cubic centimeter. 

See, also, Weights and Measures. 

Metrine (met'-ren) [pr/rpa, womb]. A term given to 
the germ of puerperal fever. See Bacillus puerpera- 
lis, under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Metritic [met-rif '-ik) [pr/rpa , womb ; trie, inflammation]. 
Pertaining to, or affected with, metritis. 

Metritis (met-ri' -tis) [pr/rpa, womb; iric, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the uterus. M. ( Exanthematous, 
a form occurring in the course of one of the eruptive 
fevers. M. gravidarum, metritis occurring in a 
pregnant woman. M., Puerperal, metritis occurring 
during the puerperium. M. rheumatica, metritis 
due to rheumatism or occurring in a rheumatic subject. 
M., Suppurative, metritis proceeding to suppuration. 

Metroblennorrhea (met-ro-blen-or-e'-ah) [pr)rpa, 
womb; (ITikvva, mucus ; poia, a flow]. Uterine blen- 
norrhea. 

Metrocace [niet-rok' -as-e) \_pijTpa, womb; /ca/cdc, evil]. 
Same as Metrelcosis. 

Metrocampsis (tnet-ro-kamp' -sis) [pi/Tpa, womb ; nap- 
tpig, bending]. Obliquity or curvation of the uterus. 

Metrocarcinoma (met - ro - kar - sin- 0' '- mah) [pijTpa, 
womb; Kaptdvupa, carcinoma]. Carcinoma of the 
uterus. 

Metrocele (met' '-■'■o-sel) \_pijrpa, womb; ni/hy, hernia]. 
Hernia of the uterus. 

Metrocholosis (inct-ro-kol-o' -sis) [fii/rpa, womb ; ^<5Aoc, 
bile] . Puerperal fever with hepatic symptoms ; bilious 
puerperal fever. 

Metroclyst (inet' -ro-klist) \_pi/Tpa, womb; Kli) r eiv, to 
wash out]. An instrument forgiving uterine douches. 

Metrocolpocele (inet-ro-koV -po-sel) \_pijrpa, womb ; k6X- 
iroc, vagina; afar/, tumor]. A tumor of the vagina 
and womb ; prolapse of the uterus into the vagina. 

Metrocyte (?net'-ro-sit) \jirjTpa , womb ; kvtoc, cell]. A 
large mononuclear, spheroid cell, of which the proto- 
plasm contains hemoglobin. It is by Engel considered 
the source of all of the corpuscular elements of the 
blood. See also Mother-cell. 

Metrodynamometer (met-ro-di-nam-om' -et-er) [pfjTpa, 
womb ; Svvapic, power ; perpov, measure]. An instru- 
ment for measuring uterine contractions. 

Metrodynia (met-ro-din' '-e-ah) [pf/rpa, womb ; bfivvi], 
pain]. Any pain of the womb. 

Metrodystocia (/net-ro-dis-to'-ke-ah) \_prjrpa, uterus; 
6voTOK.ia, painful delivery]. Dystocia whose cause 
resides in the uterus. 

Metroectasia (inet-ro-ek-ta'-ze-ah). Synonym of Met- 
rectasia. 

Metrofibroma {met-ro-fi-bro' -mail) \_pijTpa, womb ; 
fibroma, fibrous tumor]. Uterine fibroid tumor. 

Metroleukorrhea (met-ro-lu-kor-e'-ah) \_pr}rpa, womb; 
XevKog, white; poia, flow]. Uterine leukorrhea. 



METROLOGY 



760 



METRYPERESTHESIA 



Metrology (met-rol' -o-je) \_jihpov, measure; Xdyog, 
science]. The science of measures and of measure- 
ments. 

Metroloxia (met-ro-loks'-e-ah) [/lijTpa., womb; Aofoc, 
oblique]. Obliquity of the uterus ; hysteroloxia. 

Metro-lymphangitis (me? ' -ro-lim-fan-ji' '-tis) \jiijrpa, 
womb; Xvp.<pa, lymph ; dyyeiov, vessel; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels of 
the womb. Uterine lymphangitis. 

Metromalacoma (met-ro-mal-ak-o'-mah). See Hyste- 
romalacoma. 

Metromalacosis (met-ro-mal-ak-o' -sis) \_/j,i/rpa, womb ; 
fiakaicdg, soft]. The condition and progress of soften- 
ing of the tissues of the uterus. 

Metromania (met-ro-ma'-ne-a)i). See Hysteromania 
and Nymphomania. 

Metromania (met -ro- via' -tie -ah) [fierpov, measure; 
fxavia, mania]. A mania for writing poetry. 

Metromaniac (met-ro-ma' -ne-ak) \_p.erpov, measure; 
fiavia, mania]. One insanely fond of writing verses. 

Metromelanorrhea (met-ro-mel-an-or-e'-ah) \_fxijTpa, 
womb; peXag, black ; poia, flow]. A black discharge 
from the uterus. 

Metrometer (met-rom' -et-er). See Hysterometer. 

Metrometry (met-rom' -et-re). See Hysterometry. 

Metronania (met-ro-na' -ne-afi) \_fii]rpa, womb ; vdvog, 
dwarf]. Abnormal smallness of the womb. 

Metroncus (?net-rong' -kits'). See Hysteroncus. 

Metroneurosis (jnel-ro-nu-ro' -sis)\jj.i]rpa, womb; vevpu- 
aig, neurosis]. Any neurosis caused by uterine disease. 

Metronome (met' -ro-nbm) \jikrpov, measure ; vdfiog, 
law]. An instrument for measuring time in music ; 
also one for testing the hearing. 

Metroparalysis (met-ro-par-al' -is-is) \_fifjrpa, womb ; 
TrapaAvoig, paralysis]. Uterine paralysis. 

Metropathia (met-ro-path'-ik) [iir/rpa, womb ; jrdSoc, 
disease]. Pertaining to affections of the womb. 

Metropathy (met-rop' -ath-e) \_/j,ij-pa, womb ; ndHog, suf- 
fering]. Any uterine disease. 

Metroperissia (met-ro-per- is'-e-ah) [fii/rpa, womb; 
Trepiaadg, full]. Hypertrophy of the uterus. 

Metroperitonitis (met-ro-per-it-on-i' -tis) [//?/rprz,womb ; 
izepirdvaiov , peritoneum; trig, inflammation]. Peri- 
tonitis secondary to inflammation of the womb. 

Metropexia, Metropexy (met-ro-peks'-e-ah, met'-ro- 
peks-e). See Hysteropexia. 

Metrophlebitis (met-ro-fle-bi'-tis) [pr/rpa, womb ; ifiTJtp, 
vein; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the veins 
of the uterus. 

Metrophlegmymen (met-ro-fleg-mi'-men) \jirjjpa, 
womb; <t>?.i-yp.a, mucus; vpyv, membrane]. The 
mucosa of the uterus. 

Metrophlegmymenitis (met-ro-fieg-mi-men-i' '-tis) \_py- 
rpa, womb; ykkypa, mucus ; vfif/v, membrane ; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the mucous mem- 
brane lining the uterus. 

Metrophlogosis (met-ro-Jlo-go' -sis). Synonym of Me- 
tritis. 

Metrophore (met'-ro-for). See Hysterophore. 

Metrophyma (met-ro-fi'-mah) [nijrpa, womb ; <f>v/ua, a 
growth]. A tumor of the womb. 

Metroplethora (met -ro- pleth'-or- ah). Synonym of 
Metremia. 

Metropolypus (met - ro - pol' - ip - us) \_fii]Tpa, womb; 
■xokvnovg, polyp]. Uterine polyp. 

Metroproptosis (met-ro-prop-to' -sis), Metroptosis (met- 
rop-to'-sis) \_firjTpa, womb; Trruaig, fall]. Prolapse 
of the uterus. 

Metroproptotic (met-ro-prop-to? ' -ik) , Metroptotic (met- 
rop-tot'-ik) \_fii/Tpa, womb ; TrrHiaig, a fall]. Pertain- 
ing to metroptosis. 

Metropyophthisis (met-ro-pi-off'-this-is)\_fii]Tpa, womb ; 



ttvov, pus; tpdioig, wasting]. A purulent wasting, or 

tabes, of the uterus. 
Metrorrhagia (met-ror-a' -je-ah) [fii/rpa, womb ; pr/y- 

vbvai, to burst forth]. Uterine hemorrhage indepen- 
dently of the menstrual discharge. 
Metrorrhagic (met-ror-a' -jik) [fxi/rpa, womb ; p7/yvvvai, 

to burst forth] . Pertaining to metrorrhagia. 
Metrorrhea (met-ror-e' -ah) [fii/rpa, womb; poia, a 

flow]. Any morbid uterine discharge. 
Metrorrhectic (met-ror-ek'-tik) \jirj-pa, womb ; pr/gig, 

rupture]. Pertaining to metrorrhexis. 
Metrorrheuma (met - ror - ru' '- mah) \_pijrpa, womb; 

peiifta, rheum]. Rheumatism of the uterus. 
Metrorrhexis (met-ror-eks'-is) \jii]-pa, womb ; p^tg, 

rupture]. Rupture of the womb. 
Metrosalpingitis (met-ro-sal-ping-ji' -tis) \jxi]Tpa, womb ; 

ad?.myi, tube ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 

the womb and oviducts. 
Metrosalpingorrhagia (met- ro ■ sal - ping - or-a'- je-ah) 

\jiijrpa, womb ; odTnuy!;, tube ; pr/yvhvai, to burst 

forth]. Hemorrhage from the oviducts. 
Metrosalpingorrhexis (met - ro - sal -ping - or - eks'- is) 

\_pijTpa, womb; ca's.Tuyi;, tube; pi^tg, rupture]. 

Rupture of an oviduct. 
Metrosalpinx (met-ro-sal'-pinx) [pi/-pa, uterus; oaX- 

Tuyt;, tube]. An oviduct, or Fallopian tube. 
Metroscirrhus (met-ro-skir'-us) [fii/rpa, womb ; cicippog, 

hard]. A scirrhous tumor of the uterus. 
Metroscolioma, Metroscoliosis (met-ro-sko-le-o'-mah, 

met-ro-sko-le-o' -sis) \_p.i/rpa, womb ; GKo'/aufxa, cuolauoig, 

bend]. A flexion of the uterus. 
Metroscope (met'-ro-skop) [iirjTpa, womb; CKoireiv, to 

observe] . An instrument for examining the uterus. 
Metroscopy (met-ros'-ko-pe) \_pij-pa, womb ; gkoituv, 

to observe]. The use of the metroscope ; inspection 

of the uterus. 
Metrospongioma (met-ro- spon-je- o'-mah) \jj.i)Tpa, 

womb; aiioyyia, sponge; op.a, tumor]. A spongy 

tumor of the uterus. 
Metrostaxis (met-ro-slaks'-is) \_p.r)7pa, womb; ard^ig, a 

dropping] . Slight but persistent uterine hemorrhage. 
Metrostenosis (met-ro-sten-o' -sis) [/xr/rpa, womb ; ark- 

vuaig, contraction]. Contraction of the cavity of the 

womb. 
Metrosteresis (met-ro-ster-e' -sis) \_p\rjTpa, womb ; ari- 

pr/aig, deprival]. Removal or absence of the uterus. 
Metrotome (met'- ro -torn) [ur/rpa, womb; To/it), a 

cutting]. Same as Hysterotome. 
Metrotomy (met-ro? -o-me) [fiijTpa, womb ; rofir/, a 

cutting]. Same as Hysterotomy. 
Metrotuberculum (met - ro - tie - ber' - kit - luni) [fiijrpa , 

womb; tuberculum, a small nodule]. A fungous 

excrescence of the uterus. 
Metrotyloma (met-ro-ti-lo' -mah). Synonym of Metro- 
tuberculum. 
Metrourethrotome (met- ro-u- re'- thro -torn) \_p.krpov, 

measure; ohpr/Opa. urethra; ro^, a cutting]. A form 

of urethrotome that will cut a stricture to the desired 

caliber ; a graduated urethrotome. 
Metrozootia (met-ro-zo-o' -te-ali) \_fiijrpa, womb; £<jov, 

animal]. An epidemic disease of the womb in cattle. 
Metrydrorrhea (met-rid-ror-e'-ali). See Hydrorrhea. 
Metrymenitis (met-ri-men-i'-tis). Synonym of Metro- 

ph legmymen it is . 
Metrypercinesis (met-ri-per-sin-e'-sis) \_firjTpa, womb ; 

VTvep, over; nivi/otg, movement]. Excessive uterine 

contraction. 
Metryperemia (met-ri-per-e'-me-ah) . Synonym of Met- 
remia. 
Metryperesthesia (mei-ri-per-es-the'-ze-ah) \_uijrpa, 

womb; v~ep, over ; aiadi/nig, perception]. Hyperes- 
thesia of the uterus. 



METRVPERTROPHIA 



761 



MICRANG1UM 



Metrypertrophia (met-ri-fer-tr</-fe-aA). Synonym of 
Metrauxe. 

Metternich-green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Meyer, Method of. A method of determining the 
vapor density of a substance. A weighed quantity of 
the substance is vaporized in an enclosed space, when 
it displaces an equal volume of air, which is measured. 
M.'s Tissue-paper Test, a test for color-blindness. 
If a border of gray paper is placed upon red paper, it 
appears to have the complementary color of its back- 
ground (that is, green). This is particularly apparent 
when the whole is covered with a sheet of tissue- 
paper. A color-blind man cannot see the comple- 
mentary color correctly. 

Meynert's Bundle. See M.'s Fasciculus. M.'s 
Commissure, a bundle of large-sized nerve-fibers 
extending from the tuber cinereum and the anterior per- 
forated substance into the optic tract, and terminating 
in the subthalamic body. M.'s Fasciculus, a fas- 
ciculus of white nerve-fibers extending between the ha- 
benular and interpeduncular ganglia. M.'s Fountain- 
like Decussation, a group of nerve-fibers that arise 
in the roof of the aqueduct and decussate in the dorsal 
segment of the raphe. M., Ganglion of. See Gan- 
glia, Table of. M.'s Granular Formation, the 
fourth stratum of the cerebral cortex. M.'s Projec- 
tion System, a plan of the construction of the ner- 
vous system, whereby it is divided into three sections : 
The first is composed of the fibers from the cortex of 
the brain through the corona radiata in a radiate direc- 
tion ; the second, of longitudinal bundles of fibers pro- 
ceeding downward to the ganglionic gray matter 
reaching from the third ventricle through the aqueduct 
of Sylvius to the lowest part of the gray matter of the 
spinal cord ; the third, the peripheral nerves, motor 
and sensory, proceeding from the central tubular gray 
matter. 

Mezcal, Mescal (mez-kahl') [Mex.]. An intoxicant 
spirit distilled from pulque, the fermented juice of 
various Mexican species of Agave. 

Mezereon, Mezereum (mez-e'-re-on, mez-e' -re-zini) 
[Ar., mazariyun, the camellia]. The bark of Daphne 
mezereum, a powerful sialogogue and irritant poison, 
producing purging and gastro-enteric inflammation. It 
is used as an antisyphilitic, combined with sarsaparilla, 
but chiefly as a local irritant to stimulate indolent 
ulcers. M., Ext., used in the preparation of liniment of 
mustard. M., Ext., ./Ether. (B. P.), used externally 
as a counter-irritant. M., Ext., Fid., used in the 
preparation of M., Ung., consisting of fid. ext. meze- 
reon 25, lard 80, and yellow wax 12 parts. 

Mezizah [mez-i' -zah) [Heb.]. The fourth act in the 
Jewish rite of circumcision. It consists in sucking 
the bleeding surface in order to secure the salutary in- 
fluence of the saliva. 

Mezquit (mes-kef) [Sp.]. The tree or shrub Prosopis 
juliflora of the S. W. United States and Mexico. Its 
gum resembles gum arabic. 

Mho (m' '0) [anagram of ohm\ The unit of electric con- 
ductivity ; conductivity at the resistance of one ohm. 

Miaria (mi-a'-re-ah) \_\xiapia, defilement]. Synonym 
of Miasm. 

Miasm, Miasma {mi'-azm, mi-az'-mah) \jiialvuv, 
to pollute : //. , Miasmata'] . A term loosely applied 
to the floating germs of any form of microbic life, 
especially those generating in marshy localities. 

Miasmal (mi-az' '-mat ') [ftaofia, miasm]. Containing, 
relating to, or depending upon, miasm. 

Miasmatic (mi-az-mat' -ik) [/iiaiveiv, to pollute]. Per- 
taining to or having the nature of miasma. See Con- 
tagious. M., Contagio-, a term applied to those dis- 
eases the specific germs of which, after leaving the 



animal body, undergo a further development before 
again becoming infectious. Typhoid fever, cholera, 
yellow fever, and some other diseases, are contagio- 
miasmatic. M. -contagious. See Contagious. M. 
Diseases, those diseases produced by infectious causes 
arising from without the animal body, e.g., malaria. 

Miasmatology (mi-az-mat-ol' -o-je) [/ilaaua, miasm ; 
\6yoc, science]. The science or study of miasmata. 

Miasmifuge (}>ii-az'-mifuj) [fiiacfia, miasm ; fugere, to 
put to flight]. Preventing or banishing miasmatic 
diseases. 

Miasmo-contagious {mi-az' '-mo-kon-ta' '-je-us). See 
Miasmatic. 

Miasmology (mi-az-mol'-o-je). Synonym of Miasma- 
tology. 

Mica (mi' -hah) [L., a crumb]. Thin, glossy, trans- 
parent scales, composed of aluminum silicate. M. 
panis, crumb of bread ; used in pharmacy. 

Micaceous (mi-ka'-she-us) \_mica, crumb]. Resembling 
mica ; composed of crumbs ; friable. 

Mication (mi- ka' -shim) [_micare, to glitter]. Quick 
motion ; a winking ; systolic contraction. 

Micella {mi-sel' -ah) [dim. of mica, a crumb, grain ; //., 
Micella]. In biology, according to Nageli's theory, 
one of the fundamental structural units of organized 
bodies. He defines it as "a minute crystal, micro- 
scopically invisible, consisting of a larger or smaller 
number of molecules, and, when turgid, surrounded 
by a layer of water." "VVeismann does not accept this 
as corresponding to his "biophore." 

Micellar (mi-sel' '-ar) [micella, dim. of mica, crumb]. 
Relating to a micella. M. Aggregate, a number of 
micellre united together. 

Michel's Diplococcus. The micrococcus found in con- 
tagious conjunctivitis. See Bacillus of Conjunctival 
Catarrh, under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of . M.'s 
Paste, a caustic paste composed of asbestos one 
part, and concentrated sulphuric acid three parts. 

Micheli's Placenta. The sporangium of certain fungi, 
as, for instance, those that give rise to otomycosis. 

Michelia (mi-ke' -le-ah) [after P. A. Micheli, an Italian 
botanist]. A genus of magnoliaceous plants. M. 
champaca. See Champak. 

Michigan Itch. Same as Army Itch. M. Method, a 
method of Artificial Respiration. The individual is 
placed on his face, the operator astride of the body. 
The shoulders are then raised as high as they can go, 
without the head leaving the floor, and this position is 
maintained while the operator counts three. The body is 
then allowed to return to the ground. Pressure is then 
made downward and inward on the lower ribs while 
two is counted. The operator then repeats the first 
series of movements. 

Micology (mi-kol'-o-je). See Mycology. 

Micracoustic (mi-krah-kow' -stik) \_funp6c, small ; iiKova- 
tckoc, pertaining to hearing]. Hearing, or assisting in 
hearing, very small sounds. 

Micrsesthetes (mi-kres'-thets) \_1uKp6c, small ; alodjjaic, 
sensation]. In biology, small knob-like sense-organs 
found by Moseley in the micropores of certain Chi- 
tonidce. 

Micraine (mik'-ran). Synonym of Migraine. 

Micranatomy (mi - kran - at'- - me) \_/iiKp6c, small ; 
avarofirj, a cutting up]. Minute anatomy; histology. 

Micrander (mi-kran'-der) \_1xiKp6c, small; avijp, male]. 
In biology, a small male plant. 

Micrane (mik'-ran). Synonym of Migraine. 

Micrangiopathy (mi-kran-je-op' -ath-e) {junpbc, small ; 
ayynov, vessel ; TraOor, disease]. Disease of the cap- 
illaries. 

Micrangium (mi-kran'-je-um) \_fiiKpoc, small ; ayytlov, 
vessel]. Capillary. 



MICRANTRUS 



762 



MICROCRYSTALLINE 



Micrantrus (mi-kran' -trus) \_piKpoq, small ; avrpov, 
cave]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which a perpen- 
dicular from the most prominent point of the frontal 
torus upon the radius fixus is not more than 4 mm. in 
front of that from the nasion. 

Micrencephalon, Micrencephalium (mi-kren-sef / -al- 
on, mi-kren-sef-a' -le-uni) \_pmp6g, small ; kyue^aAog , 
brain]. I. A small brain, as in cretinism. 2. Syno- 
nym of Cerebellum. 

Micrencephalous (ini-kren-sef '-al-us) [piupdc;, small ; 
kyK6(j>a/ing, brain]. Having a small brain. 

Micrencephalies (mi-kren-sef -al-us) [piupdc, small ; 
eyneipa?^, encephalon]. Lissauer's term for a skull 
in which the angle formed between lines drawn from 
the hormion to the nasion and to the inion respectively 
is between 129° and 142. 5 . 

Micrencranus (mi-kren-kra' -nus) \_pinp6c, small ; kv, 
in ; upaviov, skull], Lissauer's term for a skull with a 
cerebellar sector of from 8.5 to 15 . 

Micristology (mi-kris-tol' -o-je). See Histology. 

Micro- (mi'-kro-. Mik'-ro-, from an etymologic point 
of view, would seem preferable to mi'-kro-, but the 
balance of authorities is certainly in favor of the latter 
pronunciation.) \_piKpttq, small]. I. A prefix signifying 
minute. 2. Also, a prefix occasionally used to signify 
a unit one-thousandth or one-millionth part of the unit 
to which it is prefixed. 

Microanatomy (mi-kro-an-af '-o-me) . See Micranatomy. 

Microaudiphone (mi-kro-aw 1 '-dif-on) \_pinp6c, small ; 
audire, to hear ; (povi], voice]. An instrument used for 
rendering audible sounds that are very slight. 

Microbacteria (mi-kro-bqk-te' -re-ah). See Bacteria. 

Microbe (mi'-krob) \_pinp6q, small; jiioq, life]. The 
generic name for microorganisms, whether animal 
or vegetable. In ordinary use the term microbe is 
equivalent to schizomyces, and designates a vegetable 
microorganism. See Microorganism. 

Microbial, Microbian, Microbic (mi-kro' -be-al, mi- 
kro' -be-an, mi-kro' -bik) \_piKp6g, small ; [iioc, life]. 
Pertaining to microbes. 

Microbicide (mi-kro' '-bis-ld) [//(/cpdc, small; ftioc, life; 
ccedere, to kill]. I. Destructive to microbes. 2. An 
agent that destroys microbes. 

Microbiohemia (mi-kro-bi-o-hem' -e-ah) \_pinp6c, small ; 
piog, life; aipa, blood]. A diseased condition re- 
sulting from the presence of microorganisms in the 
blood. 

Microbiology (mi-kro-bi-ol f -o-je) \_pinp6<;, small, little ; 
/3/of, life ; Xoyoc, science]. Bacteriology, or the science 
of microorganisms. 

Microbion, Microbium (mi-kro' -be-on, mi-kro' -be-uni). 
Same as Microbe. 

Microblast (mi' -km-blast) \_pmp6c, small; ftXaardc, 
germ]. An immature blood-corpuscle. 

Microblepharia, Microblepharon (mi-kro-blefa'-re- 
ah, mi-kro-blef'-ar-on) \juKpoc, small; fiAe<papov, lid]. 
Abnormal smallness of the eyelids. 

Microbrachius (mi - kro - bra' '- ke - us) \_piKp6c, small; 
(Ipax'uv, arm]. Congenital smallness of the arms. 

Microbrachycephalia (mi - kro -bra -ke - sef-a'- le-ah) 
[pitcpog, small ; fipaxvc, short ; KefaAr/, head]. Brachy- 
cephalia combined with microcephalia. 

Microcardia (mi-kro-kar'-de-ah) [pitcpoc, small ; mpdia, 
heart]. Congenital smallness of the heart. 

Microcaulia (mi-kro-kaw' -le-ah) [/«Kpdf, small ; kuvaoc, 
penis]. Abnormal or congenital smallness of the 
penis. 

Microcephal (mi-kro-sef '-al) \_piKp6c, small ; /c£0aA^, 
head]. A person affected with microcephaly. 

Microcephalia (mi- kro-sef-a' -le-ah) . See Microcephaly. 

Microcephalic (mi-kro-sef-al'-ik) \jxiKp6<;, small; ke- 
tya'Ai], head]. Having a small head. 



Microcephalism (mi-kro-sef'-al-izm). Synonym of 
Microcephaly. 

Microcephalon (mi-kro-sef ' -al-on) \_pinp6c, small; ne- 
qa'/.i], head]. An abnormally small head. 

Microcephalous (mi-kro-sef '-al-us) \_pmp6c, small ; 
Keipa/.ij, headl. Having a small head; in botany, 
having flowers arranged in small heads. 

Microcephaly (mi-kro-sef ' -al-e) \_pmp6q, small ; neQa}.?/, 
head]. Abnormal smallness of the head. 

Microcheilia (mi- kro- ki' -le-ah) [liinpoq, small ; ^eiAoc, 
lip]. Abnormal congenital smallness of the lips. 

Micro-chemistry (mi-kro-kem' -is-tre) [/jiKpoc, small ; 
X'/pha, chemistry]. The chemic investigation of the 
more minute substances of nature. Also, the study 
of chemic reactions, in which a drop each of the re- 
agent and the substance to be tested are made to 
coalesce on a porcelain or glass plate, the reaction being 
observed under a microscopic objective of low power. 

Microcidin (mi-kro-si' -din) \jiiKp6$, small ; ccedere, to 
kill]. A fine white powder resulting from heating 
naphthol-/3 to liquefaction, and adding half its weight 
of caustic soda. It is said to be a good antiseptic, ten 
times more powerful than phenol and twenty times 
more powerful than boric acid, and has but feeble toxic 
qualities. Internally it may be given in doses of from 
10 to 30 grains per diem. Unof. 

Microclysm (mi'-kro-klism) \jiiKpuc, small ; id.vaua, 
clyster]. A small clyster ; a clyster effective in small 
amounts. 

Micrococcus (mi-kro-kok'-us) \_piKpoc, small ; k6kkoc;, 
kernel]. A genus of schizomycetous microorganisms, 
having spheric elements, isolated, united in two's 
or in larger numbers, or disposed in chaplets, or 
masses of zooglea. Sometimes they are united in such 
a way as to resemble a bunch of grapes and are then 
called Staphylococci. When united in couples they 
are called Diplococci. If arranged in strings or chap- 
lets they are called Streptococci. Certain species 
are pathogenic, others are chromogenic, others have a 
fermentative action, and some no discoverable func- 
tion. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Microconidium (mi-kro-kon-id'-e-um) [funpoc, small ; 
Kovtg, dust: pi. , Microconidia\ In biology, a rela- 
tively small-sized conidium. 

Microcoria (mi-kro- ko'- re -ah) \jiiKpbq, small; ndpi/, 
pupil]. Same as Miosis. 

Microcornea (mi-kro-kor' -ne-ah) \_pmp6c, small; Cor- 
nells, horny]. Abnormal smallness of the cornea. 

Microcosm (mi' - kro - kozni) \_piKpoc, small; Koopos, 
world]. Man in contradistinction to the universe, or 
the macrocosm ; man considered as the epitome of 
the cosmos. 

Microcosmic (mi-kro-koz'-mik) \_piKp6g, small ; Koapoc, 
world]. Pertaining to the microcosm. M. Salt, 
sodium-ammonium-hydrogen phosphate ; so called as 
being derivable from human urine. 

Microcosmography (mi-kro-koz-mog' -ra-fe) \_piKpoc, 
small; Koapog, universe; ypatyetv, to write]. The 
study of the microcosm, especially of man. 

Microcoulomb (mi-kro-koo'-lom) \jiiKp6q, small ; Cou- 
lomb, a French physician]. One millionth of a cou- 
lomb. See Coulomb and Electric Units. 

Microcoustic (mi-kro-kows'-tik). Synonym of Micra- 
coustic. 

Microcranious (mi-kro-kra' -ne-us). Synonym of Mi- 
crocephalous. 

Microcrith (mi'-kro-krith) [jiiicpSe, small ; KpSij, bar- 
ley]. A unit of molecular weight, equivalent to the 
weight of an atom of hydrogen. 

Microcrystalline (mi-kro-kris'-tal-in) \_uiKpo<;, small ; 
KpvaTallivac, pertaining to a crystal]. Composed of 
crystals of microscopic size. 



MICROCYST 



763 



MICROMETRY 



Microcyst [mi' -kro-sist) \jiixp6g, small; nva-oc_, cyst], 
I. A cyst of diminutive size, or one derived from 
another. 2. The resting swarm-spore of certain fungi. 

Microcyte (mi'-kro-slt) \_fimpbg, small ; Kvrog, cell]. A 
small red blood-corpuscle. 

Microcythemia (mi-kro-si-the'-me-ah) [fiiupbc, small ; 
kvtoc, cell ; a'tpa, blood]. Abnormal smallness of the 
red corpuscles of the blood, caused by certain poisons 
and diseases. 

Microcytosis (mi-kro-si-to'-sis). Same as Microcythemia. 

Microdactylia (mi-kro-dak-til f -e-afi) [fiiupbg, small; 
Sciktv'Aoc, finger]. Abnormal smallness of the fingers. 

Microdentism (mi-kro-den' -tizm). See Microdontism. 

Microdont (mi'-kro-dont) [/Ltmpog, small; 6<$ouc, tooth] . 
Having small teeth. See Macrodont. 

Microdontism (mi-kro-don' -tizm) \_piKpbg, small ; bdovg, 
tooth]. Abnormal smallness of the teeth. 

Microetiologic (mi'-kro-e-te-o-loj'-ik ) \jwipbc,, small; 
curia, cause; Abyog, science]. Connected with the 
study of the causation of microorganismal diseases. 

Microfarad (mi-kro-far' '-ad). See Farad and Electric 
Units. 

Microform (mi' -kro-form) \_fiiKpbg, small ; forma, form]. 
A microscopic object. 

Microgenesis (mi-kro-jen' -es-is) [fitupbg, small ; yiveoig, 
origin]. Abnormally small development of a part. 

Microgenia (mi-kro-je' -ne-ah) [fiiKpbg , small ; yeveiov, 
chin]. Abnormal or congenital smallness of the chin. 

Microgerm {mi'- kro -jerm) \jiiK.po<;, small ; germen, 
seed, sprig]. A microbe ; more properly, the spore 
of a microorganism. 

Microglossia (mi-kro-glos 1 ' -e-ah)\jiinpbg , small ; yAuaoa, 
tongue]. Abnormal smallness of the tongue. 

Micrognathia (mi-krog-na'-the-ah) \_p.iKpbc, small ; 
yvaOog, jaw] . Abnormal smallness of the jaws, espe- 
cially of the lower jaw. 

Microgonidium (mi-kro-go-nid' -e-itm) \_ynKpbq, small ; 
yovij, generation, seed: pi. , Microgonidia~\. In biol- 
ogy, a relatively small-sized gonidium. 

Microgram (mi' -kro -gram) [^//cpoc, small ; ypa/Li/ua, a 
Greek weight ; gram]. A millionth part of a gram. 

Micrograph (mi'-kro-graf) \jiiKpbc-, small ; ypa<j>ecv, to 
delineate]. A device for enabling one to draw 
sketches on a very small scale. 

Micrography (mi-krog' -ra-fe) \jiiKpbq, small ; ypd<j>etv, 
to write]. A description of bodies that are studied 
under the microscope. See Photo-micrography. 

Microgyria (mi-kro-ji 1 '-re-ah) [fiiupbg, small ; yvpoq, 
gyrus]. Smallness of the convolutions of the brain. 

Microhistology (ini-kro-his-tol' -o-je). Synonym of 
Micristology. 

Microhm (mi' ' -kroni) \_pinp6g, small; ohm\ The mil- 
lionth part of an ohm. 

Microkinesis (mi-kro-kin-e' 'sis) \jiinpbi;, small ; Kivrjotc;, 
motion]. A minor movement without definite pur- 
pose, especially in early infantile life; in children, 
any spontaneous act ; in adults, fidgety movement, 
restlessness, as in sleep ; post-epileptic action. 

Microlentia (mi-kro-len' -te-ah) [//«p<5r, small ; lens, 
lens]. The state of having an abnormally small crys- 
talline lens. 

Microliter (mi' -kro - le - ter) \_p.LK.pb(;, small; Airpa, a 
liter]. The millionth part of a liter. 

Microlith (mi'-kro-lith) [piKpbc, small; /U'floc, stone]. 
A microscopic calculus. 

Micrology (mi - krol '' '- - je) \_fWipbc, small; Abyog, a 
treatise]. A treatise on minute objects, especially 
microscopic objects. 

Micromania (mi-kro-ma' -ne-ah) \_pLKpbq, small ; p,avia, 
madness]. Delusion of belittlement ; the impression 
that one's body, or some part of it, is or has become 
small, or that all objects around one are small. 



Micromazia (mi-kro-ma' -ze-ah) [fiiKpbs, small ; pal^bc., 
breast]. Abnormal smallness of the mamma;. 

Micromelia (mi-kro-me 1 ' -le-ah) \jit\ipbq, small ; fieAoc., 
limb]. Abnormal smallness of the limbs. 

Micromelus (mi-krom 1 ' -cl-tis) \_p.LKpbq, small ; fxiAoc,, 
limb]. A single autositic monster of the species 
ectromelus, characterized by the presence of limbs 
that are normal in form but abnormally small. 

Micromere (mi'- kro - mer) \_piKpbg, small ; fiepor-, a 
part]. In biology, one of the smaller blastomeres 
formed in the segmentation of certain ova; specifically, 
the " animal cell " of Rabl. 

Micromeria (mi-kro-tne' '-re-ah) \jiiKpb$, small; pkpoq, 
a part]. A genus of labiate herbs. M. douglassii, 
the Verba buena of the Pacific U. S. , is a fragrant 
aromatic stimulant and anthelmintic. Unof. 

Micromerology (mi-kro-me-rol' -o-je) \_fiiKp6q, small ; 
pkpoq, part ; 2.6yog, science]. The science of anatomic 
segments. 

Micrometer (mi- krom'-et-er) \_fiinp6c, small ; fierpov, 
measure]. An instrument designed for measuring 
exceedingly small dimensions. M., Eye-piece, a 
micrometer to be used with the eye-piece or ocular. 
M., Object or Objective. See M., Stage. M., 
Ocular, a micrometer to be used with the ocular. 
See Ocular. M., Stage, a finely divided scale or rule 
on glass or metal for determining the magnification of 
a compound microscope. 

Micrometric (mi-krom-et' -rik) \jUKpbq, small ; fierpov, 
measure]. Pertaining to the micrometer ; measuring 
very minute distances, surfaces, or objects, as a micro- 
metric screw, or hematoscope. 

Micrometry (mi-krom' -et-re) \jiiKpbc-, small ; fierpov, 
measure]. The determination of the size of objects 
by the aid of a micrometer. M., Methods of Ocu- 
lar, are as follows : I . By finding the value of a 
division of the ocular micrometer for each optic com- 
bination and tube-length used, and employing this 
valuation as a multiplier. Thus, if with a given optic 
combination and tube-length it required five divisions 
on the ocular micrometer to include the image of T 2 ^ 
mm. of the stage micrometer, then one space on the 
ocular would include ^ of T 2 ^ mm. , or 5*5 mm. ; and 
the size of any unknown object would be obtained by 
multiplying the number of divisions on the ocular 
micrometer required to include its image by the value 
of one space. 2. By finding the number of divisions on 
the ocular micrometer required to include the image of 
an entire millimeter of the stage micrometer, and using 
this number as a divisor. If five divisions of the ocular 
micrometer are required to include the image of T 2 ^ mm. 
on the stage micrometer, then it would require 5 -=~xV 
= 25 divisions on the ocular micrometer to include a 
whole mm. on the stage micrometer ; then the number 
of divisions of the ocular micrometer required to measure 
an object divided by 25 would give the actual size of the 
object in millimeters or in a fraction of a millimeter. 
3. By having the ocular micrometer ruled in milli- 
meters and divisions of a millimeter, and then getting 
the size of the real image in millimeters. In employ- 
ing this method a stage micrometer is used as an object, 
and the size of the image of one or more divisions is 
measured by the ocular micrometer. If the stage 
micrometer is ruled in yL and yl^ mm. , and the ocular 
micrometer is ruled in millimeters and y 1 ^ mm., take T 2 „ 
mm. on the stage micrometer as the object, and suppose 
it to require 10 of the fa spaces, or I mm., to measure 
the real image ; then the real image must be magnified 
T $ -^ fa = 5 diameters. M., Methods of Stage: 
I. By mounting the object upon a stage micrometer, 
and directly reading off the number of spaces covered 
by the object. 2. Divide the size of the image by the 



MICROMILLIMETER 



764 



MICROSCLERE 



magnification of the microscope. The elliptic nucle- 
ated red blood-corpuscle of the Necturus makes a good 
object. If its long axis is 18 mm., and the magnifica- 
tion of the microscope is 400 diameters, the actual 
length of the axis would be 18 mm. -=- 400 = .045 
mm. 3. By the use of a stage micrometer and camera 
lucida. Indicate by means of the camera lucida the 
outlines of the object to be measured. Replace the 
object with a stage micrometer. Note how many 
spaces are required to include the object. As the 
value of each space is known, the size of the object 
may be very readily computed. 

Micromillimeter (mi-kro-mil' '-im-c-ter) \_pinp6c, small; 
mille, thousand; fierpov, measure]. I. The one- 
thousandth part of a millimeter or the one-millionth part 
of a meter. It is the unit of certain microscopic measure- 
ments. It is called also micron. 2. The millionth 
part of a millimeter. 

Micrommatous (mi-krom' -at-us) \_funpo c, small ; o/i/ia, 
eye]. Small-eyed. 

Micromyelia (mi-kro-mi-e' -le-ah) \juKpoc,, small ; /iveXdc, 
marrow]. Abnormal smallness of the myel, or 
. spinal cord. 

Micron (mi'-kron) \juKp6q, small : //. , Microns or 
Micrd\. The millionth part of a meter or a thou- 
sandth of a millimeter, the generally accepted English 
form of Listing's mikron. It is the equivalent of 
3TT7To °f an English inch, and its symbol is fi. 

Micronucleus (mi-kro-nu' -kle-us) \uuip6e, small ; nu- 
cleus, a kernel]. A small or minute nucleus. In biology, 
Maupas' term for the paranucleus, or the nucleolus 
of other authorities. 

Microorchid (mi-kro-or'-kid) \_piKpoc, small ; opxic, tes- 
ticle]. Having very small testicles. 

Microorganic (mi-kro-or-gan'-ik) [pi/cpoc, small ; bpya- 
vov, instrument]. Having the character of a micro- 
organism. 

Microorganism (mi-kro-or' -gan-izm) \jiiKp6c, small ; 
bpyavov, instrument]. A term applied to a microscopic 
being of the animal or vegetable kingdom ; in a special 
sense it is restricted to that vegetable group known as 
bacteria. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Micropanencephalus (mi-kropan-en-sef'-al-us) \_fic- 
/cpdc, small; nav, all; iynetyaAoc, encephalon]. 
Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle included 
between lines drawn from the hormion to the nasion and 
to the basion, respectively, is between 138 and 163 . 

Microparasite (mi-kro-par' -as-it) \jiinp6c, small ; wap- 
aairoq, a parasite]. A parasitic bacterium or other 
microorganism. 

Micropathologic (mi-kro-path-o-loj' -ik) \juKp6q, small ; 
nddoc, disease; loyoc, science]. Pertaining to micro- 
pathology. 

Micropathologist (mi-kro-path-ol' '-o-jist) [fiinpoc, small ; 
Traftog, disease ; \6yo$, science]. One versed in micro- 
pathology. 

Micropathology (mi-kro-path-ol' -o-je) \_(ii.K.p6c, small ; 
naOog, disease; Xoyoc, science]. The study of minute 
pathologic changes; also, the scientific study of micro- 
organisms in their relation to disease. Morbid his- 
tology. 

Microphage (mi' -kro -fa /) [piupbc, small; <payeiv, to de- 
vour]. A small phagocyte. Metschnikoff's term for 
certain small free leukocytes at the margin of an ery- 
sipelatous patch of skin, and which he believes to have 
the power of destroying the infecting micrococci of 
the disease. {Power and Sedg?vick.) 

Microphagist (mi-krof'-aj-ist) \_p.iK.p6c, small; tpaytlv, 
to eat]. In biology, a feeder on microscopic organ- 
isms. 

Microphagocyte [mi - kro -fag* -o - sit). See Micro- 
phage. 



Microphagus (mi-krof -ag-us) \_pinp6c, small ; <payelv, to 
eat]. A microphage. 

Microphone [mi' '-kro-fon) \_fiiKpoc, small ; (f>uv//, sound]. 
An instrument that amplifies delicate or feeble sounds. 

Microphonia (mi-kro-fo' ' -ne-ali) [fiinpoc, small ; ipuvi/, 
voice]. A weak voice; feebleness of the voice. 

Microphotograph (mi-kro-fo' -to-graf) [[iinpoc, small; 
<p£>c, light ; ypacpew, to write]. A very small or micro- 
scopic photograph of an object ; in most cases the 
object is greatly reduced in the photograph, and must 
be looked at with a microscope. Cf. Photo-micrograph. 

Micro-photography (mi-kro-fo-tog'-ra-fe)\jiiKpoc, small ; 
tyiitq, light; ypaptiv, to write]. The production of 
photographs of microscopic size, usually of large 
objects. These photographs must then be examined 
with a magnifier or microscope. In French and German 
this term is also employed for Photo-micrography, a. v. 

Microphthalmos (mi-krojf-thal' '-mos) [fiiKpoc, small ; 
b<pOa'A/idg, eye]. An abnormally small but otherwise 
healthy eye. 

Microphylline (mi-krofil'-in) [p.iK.p6c, small ; (pvAAov, 
leaf]. In biology, possessing minute leaflets or scales. 

Microphyllous (mi-kroff'-il-us) [uiKpog, small ; <j>vA%ov, 
leaf]. In biology, having small leaves. 

Microphyte (mi' '-kro-fit) \_p.Lnp6c, small ; <pv-6v, plant]. 
Any microscopic plant, especially one that is parasitic in 
habits. 

Microphytic (?ni - kro - fit' '- ik) \_fiiKp6q, small; (bvrov, 
plant]. Pertaining to microscopic vegetable life. 

Micropia (mi-kro'-pe-ah). See Micropsia. 

Microplasia (ini-kro-pla' -ze-ah) \jwip6q, small; TtXacnc, 
a molding]. Arrested development. 

Micropodous (mi-frrop'-o-dus) [fiiKpoc, small ; ttovc, 
foot]. Small-footed. 

Micropolariscope (mi-kro-po-lar' -is-kop) \jiiKp6c, small ; 
polaris, polar; okottciv, to view]. A polariscope 
used in connection with a microscope. 

Micropore, Microporus (ini'-kro-por, mi-kro-por' -us) 
\_ptK.p6q, small; rvopoc, a pore or passage]. In biology, 
any small pore, as in the heads of certain spermatozoa ; 
specifically applied by Moseley to the smaller pores in 
the tegmenta of the shells of nearly all Chitonidiz. Cf. 
Megalopore. 

Microprosopa (mi '- kro - pro - so' '- pah) \_fiinp6c, small; 
TrpdauTTov, face]. Congenital smallness of the face. 

Micropsia (mi-krop'-se-ah) \_piKpoc, small ; 61/xc, sight]. 
An apparent diminution in the size of objects, sup- 
posed to result from changes in the retinal end-organs. 

Micropsychia (mi-kro-si'-ke-ali) \jiuipo<;, small ; ijivx^, 
mind]. Weak-mindedness. 

Micropsychosis (?ni-kro-si-ko , -sis) \_pmp6c, small ; ipvx'h 
mind] . The inchoate thinking of infantile life ; the 
spontaneous, disconnected, and half-suppressed think- 
ing of later life ; wandering, dreamy, or uncontrolled 
mental action. 

Micropus (mi-kro'-pits) [ptKpdc, small ; noic, foot]. 
Abnormal smallness of a leg ; a congenital defect. 

Micropyle (mi' -kro-pil) [umpoc, small; -v?.r/, gate, ori- 
fice] . In biology, the small opening in an ovum or ovule 
through which the fertilizing particle may penetrate. 

Microrhabd (mi' -kro-rabd) \_fiiK.p6<;, small; /od/3<5oc, a 
rod, stick, wand]. In biology, a rhabdus-shaped 
microsclere or flesh-spicule of a sponge. 

Mrcrorrheometer (mi-kro-re-om' -et-er) [iimpo/;, small ; 
pelv, to flow; uerpor, measure]. An instrument 
for measuring liquids flowing through small tubes. 

Microrrhinia (iui-kro-rin' -e-ah) \junpbc, small; £/c, 
nose]. Congenital atrophy or smallness of the nose. 

Microscelous (mi-kros'-el-us) \jiinp6c, small; okcIoc, 
leg]. Short-legged. 

Microsclere (mi' ' -kro-sklir) [i/iKp6c, small ; otf.tpoc, 
hard]. In biology, a flesh-spicule of a sponge. 



MICROSCLERUM 



765 



MICROSPORON 



Microsclerum (mi-kro-skl^-rum) \_pwp6c, small ; okTie- 
pdg, hard: //., Microsclera]. Same as Microsclere. 

Microscope (mi'-kro-skop) \_uiKpuc, small ; ano-uv, to 
view]. An optic apparatus for giving an enlarged 
and distinct image of a minute and near object. M., 
Achromatic, one in which, by proper lenses, the 
chromatic aberration is corrected. M., Achromatic 
Triplet, a simple achromatic microscope consisting of 
. one crown-glass and two flint-glass lenses cemented 
together. M., Binocular, a microscope having 
divergent oculars, one for each eye, so that the object is 
seen with both eyes. M., Compound, one that con- 
sists of two or more lenses or lens-systems, of which 



Eye-piece. 



Draw-tube. 



Fine Adjustment. 
Body-tube. 




Arm.— 



Aperture in 
diaphragm. 



Principal Parts of the Microscope. 
(Half natural size.) 

one, the objective, placed near the object, gives an 
enlarged and inverted real image. The other, the 
ocular, acting like a simple microscope, gives an 
enlarged virtual image of the real image. M., Erect- 
ing, one in which the image is made erect by means of 
a prism placed above the objective. M., Oil-immer- 
sion, a compound microscope of which the free sur- 
face of the objective is immersed in a drop of oil placed 
on the cover-glass. M., Polarizing, one with apolariz- 



ing-prism attached. M., Simple, one consisting of 
one or more lenses or lens-systems acting as a single 
lens. The rays of light that enter the eye of the ob- 
server, after refraction through these lenses, proceed 
directly from the object itself. M., Tripod Magnifier, 
a simple microscope mounted in a frame supported by 
three legs. M., Water-immersion, one similar to 
the oil-immersion microscope, except that a drop of 
water is used instead of oil. 

Microscopic (mi-kro-skop'-ik) \jxiKp6q, small ; OKoneiv, 
to view]. Pertaining to the microscope ; so small as to 
be invisible except with the aid of a microscope. M. 
Slide, M. Slip. See Cover-glass. 

Microscopist (mi-kros'-ko-pist) [piKpdc, small; anonelv, 
to view]. One who is skilled or expert in the use of 
the microscope. 

Microscopy (tni-kros' -ko-pe) \_ptnp6c, small ; GKoirtiv, 
to view]. The use of the microscope; microscopic 
study or observation. 

Microseme (mi'-kro-sem) \_pmp6q, small ; afjpa, sign, 
index]. Having a low index. See Index. 

Microsiphonula (mi-kro-si-fon' -u-lah) \_piKp6q, small ; 
aitpuv, a tube, pipe: //. , Microsipkonulce\. In biol- 
ogy, a larval stage of certain cephalopods. 

Microskopirlack (tni-kro-sko-per' '-lak) [Ger.~\. See 
Mounting- media. 

Microsoma (mi- kro- so'- mall) \_piKpoc, small; au/xa, 
body : pi. , Microso7?iata~\. In biology, small chroma- 
tin-granules in the cell-nuclei ; aggregated they form 
the '■'■merits'''' of Bcehm, and the "ancestral germ- 
plasms " or " ids " of Weismann. 

Microsomatia (mi-kro-so-ma' -she-ah). Synonym of 
Microsoma. 

Microsomia [pii-kro-so' -me-ah) \_piKp6q, small ; aupa, 
body]. An arrest of growth resulting in a dwarfing 
of the whole body. 

Microspectroscope (mi - kro - spek'- tro - skop) \jiiKpoc, 
small; spectrum, spectrum; atiOTreiv, to view]. A 
direct-vision spectroscope-prism in connection with the 
ocular of a microscope , by the use of which it is possible 
to examine the absorption-bands of a substance in 
minute quantities. The usual arrangement is a series 
of glass prisms in a small tube which is attached above 
the ocular. 

'M.ic.ros-phyclo\is(mi-kro-sjik / -tus) [pwpoc, small; otyvl-ii;, 
pulse]. Having a small pulse. 

Microsphyxia (mi-kro-sfiks'-e-ali)\jxiKp6<;, small; <s$v£,iq, 
pulse]. Weakness or smallness of the pulse. 

Microsplanchnus (mi-kro-sp/angk' -nus) [piicpog, small ; 
cTr?.a-yx v0V i viscus]. Having small viscera. 

Microsporangium (mi-kro-spo-ran'-je-um) \jiiKp6c, y 
small; airbpoq, seed; ayyelov, vessel: //. , Microspor- 
angia~\ . In biology, a sporangium that produces micro- 
spores. 

Microspore (mi' -kro-spor) \jxiK.pbc, small; andpoq, a 
seed]. In biology: (a) an asexually-produced spore 
of relatively small size, as in the Rhizocarpce, Selagin- 
ella?, Isoetce ; (6) One form of anisospore among the 
colonial Radiolarians. 

Microsporidia (mi-kro-spo-rid' -e-ah) \jiiKp6e, small ; 
aixopoq, seed]. A genus of sporidia, a class of the 
sporozoa. They occur as parasites in the muscles of 
the frog, the marsh-tortoise, in worms and insects. In 
silkworms they are held by some to be the cause of 
Pebrine, q.v. 

Microsporon (mi-k?-o-spo / -ron) \_piKp6g, small ; airopoq, 
seed]. A fungus to which several diseases of the 
skin and hair are believed to be due. M. audouini, 
the cause of Pelade, a disease of the hair-covered skin. 
M. furfur. See Tinea versicolor. M. malassezii, 
the specific fungus of pityriasis versicolor. M. men- 
tagrophytes, the cause of mentagra, q. v. M. mi- 



MICROSTAT 



766 



MIGRATION 



nutissimum, a species found in the groin and axilla, 
causing an eruption. See Erythrasma. 

Microstat (mi'-kro-stat) \jiiKp6q, small; arardg, fixed]. 
A stage and finder, for attachment to a microscope. 

Microsthenic (mi-kro-sthen'-ik) \_/iiKpog, small ; aOevog, 
power]. Having feeble muscular power. 

Microstoma (mi-kro-sto' -mah) \_fuKp6g, small ; ar6/na, 
mouth]. Abnormal smallness of the mouth. 

Microstomatous (mi-kro-sto' '-mat-its) \jiiKp6e, small ; 
ardfia, mouth]. Small -mouthed. 

Microstome (mi' ' -kro-stom) \jiiKp6q, small ; ardfia, a 
mouth]. In biology, a small mouth or orifice. 

Microstomous (mi-kros' -to-mus). Synonym of Micro- 
stomatous. 

Microstructure (mi-kro-struk' '-chur) \jiuip6c, small ; 
structura, a structure]. Microscopic structure. 

Microstylospore (mi-kro-sti' -lo-spor) \jiinp6c, small ; 
csrvkoq, a pillar; airdpoc, a seed]. In biology, a rela- 
tively small stylospore. 

Microstylous (mi-kro-sii' -las) \_fimp6g, small ; ori/loc, 
a pillar]. In biology, applied to short-styled flowers ; 
having long stamens. 

Microsyphilionthus (mi-kro-sif-il-e-oti'-thus) \_ftiKp6g, 
small ; syphilis, syphilis]. A small syphilid. 

Microtasimeter (mi-kro-tas-im' ' -et-er) \jiiKp6c, small ; 
raaig, stretching; jikrpov, measure]. An instrument 
used in ascertaining small pressures. 

Microtesia (mi-kro-te'-ze-a/i) \jiiKp6-Jig, smallness]. 
Congenital smallness of part of the body. 

Microtia (mi-kro'-she-ah) \jxiKp6t;, small; ovg, ear]. 
Abnormal smallness of the external ear. 

Microtome (mi'-kro-tom) \jiiKp6q, small ; To/if/, a cut- 
ting]. An instrument for making thin sections for 
microscopic examination. The microtomes of Schanze, 
Rutherford, Hamilton, Williams, Lewis, Jung, Leiter, 
Ryder, Minot, Ranvier, and Cathcart are the most 




Ranvier's Hand Microtome. 

used. M., Freezing, one in which the tissue is 
frozen, in order to secure the hardness required for 
properly cutting sections. M., Hand, one consisting 
of a hollow cylinder in which the specimen is imbed- 
ded, and the operation of which is carried out by 
hand. M., Immersion, one that permits of cutting 
the sections beneath the surface of alcohol. M., 
Rocking, for cutting sections in series. M., Sliding, 
one in which the cutting knife operates by a sliding- 
movement. 

Microtomist (mi-hrot'-o-mist) [/xiKp6g, small ; Top.ii, a 
cutting]. One who cuts sections with the microtome. 

MicTotomy(mi-krot' -o-me)[piKpo<; , small ; rofiia; re/iveiv, 
to cut]. In biology, the art of section-cutting, or 
preparing tissues for histologic investigation. 



Microtxophous (mi-krof -ro-fiis) [/iinpoc, small ; rpo^rj, 
nourishment]. Under-fed; containing little nourish- 
ment. 

Micro-volt (?ni'-kro-volt). See Electric Units. 

Microzooid (mi-kro-zo'-oid) [pmpoc;, small ; C,uov, an 
animal ; eldog, form]. In biology, applied to certain 
small, free, swimming zooids among the lorticellidce. 

Microzoon (mi-kro-zo' -on) [/uupdc, small ; C<Jov, an 
animal: //. , Microzoa\ In biology, any microscopic 
animal ; an animalcule. 

Microzoospore (mi-kro-zo' -o-spor) [piKpoc, small ; (tiov, 
an animal ; anopa, seed]. In biology, a relatively 
small zoospore. 

Microzymatous (mi- kro- zi'- mat- us) \_fimp6c, small; 
r 'vnV, leaven]. Of the nature of, or caused by, a 
microzyme ; zymotic. 

Microzyme (tni'-kro-zlm) \jUKp6q, small; Ci 1 /"?, leaven]. 
Any one of those microorganisms, or particles of living 
matter, which according to the theory of Bechamp, 
are the real agents of the functions of the organism, 
and the perversion of whose function constitutes 
disease. They secrete a ferment, Zymase, which in 
disease is transformed into pathogenic substances. 

Miction (mik' -shun) \mictio, urination]. The act of 
voiding the urine. 

Mictopyous (mik-top' -e-us) \jiikt6c, mixed ; ttvov, pus]. 
Mixed with pus. 

Micturition (mik-tu-risk'-un) \_micturitio ; micturire, 
to pass water]. The act of passing urine. 

Mid [ME. , mid, middle]. Middle. M. -brain. Syno- 
nym of Meseticephalon. M. -facial, pertaining to the 
middle of the face. M. -frontal, pertaining to the 
middle of the forehead. M.-f. Process, in the em- 
bryo, the central one of the three plates forming the 
fronto-nasal process. M.-gut. See Mesogaster. M.- 
head. See Centriciput. 

Middle {mid' -I) [ME., middel, middle]. Mean; 
equally distant from the extremities. M. Commis- 
sure, the medicommissure, q. v. M. Oil, the 
second main fraction in the coal-tar distillation 
process. It is collected between 170 C. and 
230 C, yielding upon further treatment two very 
important and valuable products, namely, liquid and 
solid carbolic acid and naphthalene. 

Midriff. See Diaphragm. 

Midwife. A female obstetrician ; a female nurse who 
attends women in childbirth. 

Midwifery. See Obstetrics. 

Miescher's or Miescherian Sacs, Tubes or Utri- 
cules. Sausage-shaped Psorosperm -tubes or saccules, 
found occasionally in immense numbers in the muscles 
of pigs, cattle, sheep, mice and fowls, but never in man. 
See under Parasites (Animal), Table of. See Utricule. 
M.'s Tubes. See Af.'s Sacs. 

Migraine (me' -gran) [Fr.]. A paroxysmal, usually 
unilateral headache associated with gastric, vaso-motor, 
and visual symptoms. There is sharp pain most 
frequently in the temporo-frontal region of one side, 
with general hyperesthesia of the affected surface. 
There is photophobia ; nausea and vomiting are com- 
mon. The face may be pale or flushed. The disease 
may be hereditary, is often associated with anemia, 
overwork, dyspepsia, eye-strain, menstrual disorders, 
and other conditions. By some it is regarded as the 
sensory analogue of epilepsy. See Hcmicrania and 
Megrim. 

Migrainous (me-gra' -nus) [Fr. , migraine]- Of the 
nature of, or associated with, migraine. 

Migration (mi-gra'-sliun) \_migratio ; migrare, to 
wander]. In zoology, the periodic departure of cer- 
tain animals, especially birds, from one to another cli- 
mate. M., External (of the Ovum), the passage 0/ 



MIGRATORY 



767 



MILK 



the ovum from an ovary to the tube of the opposite 
side. M., Internal (of the Ovum), the passage of the 
ovum through the tube related to the ovary from which 
the ovule was discharged, into the uterus and across 
into the opposite tube. M. of Ovum, its passage 
from the ovary to the Fallopian tube. M. of 
White Corpuscles, one of the phenomena of inflam- 
mation, consisting in the passage of the white cor- 
puscles of the blood through the vessel-wall. 

Migratory (mi' '- grot '■- o - re) [migrare, to wander]. 
Characterized by wandering, or changing locality. 
M. Pneumonia. See Pneumonia migrans. 

Mika Operation (mV-kaK) [African]. A method in 
vogue among certain African tribes for the purpose of 
preventing impregnation. It consists in the formation 
of a permanent urethro-perineal fistula in the male. 

Mikrantrus(/«z'-/£ra« / -/r«.s). See Micrantrus. 

Mikrencephalus (mi-kren-sef -al-us). See Micren- 
ceplialus. 

Mikrencranus (mi-kren-kra' -nus) . See Micrencranus. 

Mikro- (mi'-kro-). See Micro-. 

Mikron (mi'-kron). Same as Micron. 

Mikulicz Drain. A method of draining the abdominal 
cavity after operation. A piece of iodoform-gauze, 
with a string tied to its center, is placed in the cavity, 
and into this improvised sac considerably more gauze 
is packed. Pressure is thus induced while the capil- 
lary action of the sac secures drainage. 

Mil \_mille, a thousand]. The one-thousandth part of 
an inch. M., Circular, the area of a circle the 
one-thousandth of an inch in diameter. 

Mildew (mil'-du) [ME., mildewe, mildew]. The 
common name for any one of a number of minute 
fungi destructive to living plants and dead vegetable 
substances, as cloth and paper. The name is most 
properly applied to: (i) The Erysiphce, or powdery 
mildews, which are parasitic upon living plants of 
many natural orders. Among the best known and 
most destructive is the vine mildew, or powdery 
mildew of the grape, Oldium tuckeri, Berk, a native 
of America, where alone it produces its perithecial 
form, described as Erysiphce spiralis, or Uncinula am- 
pelopsidis, the conidial form only being known in 
Europe. The mildew infesting Composite, Plantago, 
Verbascum, Labiatse, is Erysiphcz lamprocarpa ; that 
of grasses, E. graminis ; that of Umbelliferse, clover, 
lucern, lupines, etc., E. marlii ; that of Polygonum, 
Rumex, Convolvulus, Dipsacus, Lathyrus, Delphi- 
nium, Aquilegia, Ranunculus, E. communis; that of 
the various species of Prunus, Podospluera kunzei ; 
and that of hops and other plants, P. castagnei ; 
(2) The Peronosporetz, or downy mildews, among 
which are a large number of well-known parasites, 
such as the American downy mildew of the grape, 
Peronospora viticola ; that of the Umbellifera, P. 
nivea ; that of Cruciferas, cabbages, etc., P. para- 
sitica ; that of onions, P. schleideniana ; that of vio- 
lets, P. viola; that of "potato rot," Phytophthora 
infestans, which, according to Bennett and Murray, 
first appears, as a rule, on the green leaves of the 
potato-plant in July or August, the sporangiophores 
emerging through the stomates. Sporanges are 
formed, under favorable conditions, in a few hours, 
and are carried by the wind to other potato-leaves, 
where they produce zoospoores or germ-tubes, in 
drops of water formed by dew or rain ; the germ- 
tubes penetrate the epiderm, setting up fresh growths 
of mycelium in new plants, and thus the disease is 
propagated ; countless numbers of such propagating 
cells, each potentially the mother of a number of 
zoospores, may thus be set free from a few diseased 
plants, and the spread of infection and destruction of 



tissue in warm, moist weather is almost inconceivably 
rapid. The disease extends to all parts of the plant, 
including the tubers, in which the mycelium often 
remains in a resting condition throughout the winter, 
a fresh start being made in the spring. For treat- 
ment, spraying with Bordeaux mixture, alone or in 
combination with solutions of ammoniacal carbonate 
of copper, sulphate of copper, sulphate of iron, etc., 
have been employed. 

Milfoil (mil'-foil). See Achillea. 

Miliaria (mil - e -a'- re - ah) [milium, millet]. Prickly 
heat ; an acute inflammatory disease of the sweat- 
glands, the lesions consisting of pin-point or larger- 
sized vesicles and papules, accompanied by a pricking 
or tingling sensation. It runs an acute or subacute 
course, and is followed by slight desquamation. Relap- 
ses are common. M. alba. See M. 'crystallina. M. 
crystallina, a variety of miliaria in which the sweat 
accumulates under the superficial horny layers of the 
epidermis to form small, clear, transparent vesicles. 
It is also called Sitdamina crystallina. These lesions 
are principally found on the neck, chest, back, and 
abdomen ; they form rapidly, but do not increase in 
size, nor do they coalesce. They are followed by 
slight desquamation. Sometimes their contents be- 
come cloudy, milky, or semi-puriform in character 
(Miliaria alba). M. lactea, a form occurring in 
puerperal women. M. papulosa, a variety of M. 
rubra. It is the well-known " prickly heat." M. 
puerperalis, M. puerperarum, a form occurring in 
lying-in women, especially in conditions of septic in- 
fection. M., Red Gum. See M. strophulus. M. 
rubra, a form of miliaria in which there is an inflam- 
mation of the tissues surrounding the sweat-glands, 
secondary to the retention of sweat. There is red- 
ness and itching ; the eruption is very copious and 
thickly set, so that the skin assumes a vividly red color. 
M. strophulus, a form occurring in nursing infants, 
due to excessive swathing. M. vesiculosa. Same 
as M. rubra. 

Miliariform (mil-e-ar' -if-orm). Synonym of Miliary. 

Miliary (mil' '-e-a-re) [milium, millet]. Of the size of 
a millet-seed. M. Fever. See Fever. M. Tuber- 
cles, tubercular nodules of very small size, usually 
present in large numbers, as in miliary tuberculosis. 
See, also, Grutum. M. Tuberculosis. See Tuber- 
cidosis. 

Military Fever. See Typhus Fever. M. Medicine, 
or Surgery, the treatment of the diseases and wounds 
to which soldiers and sailors are liable. 

Milium (mil'-e-um) [milium, millet-seed]. Grutum; 
Strophulus albidus. A skin-disease characterized by 
the formation of small, roundish, whitish, sebace- 
ous, non-inflammatory elevations, situated just beneath 
the epidermis. They are found mainly on the face, 
eyelids, and foreheads of elderly persons, and may 
exist in immense numbers. They may undergo cal- 
cification, giving rise to cutaneous calculi. M., 
Amyloid. Synonym of Molluscum contagiosum, q. v. 
M., Colloid, a rare skin-disease characterized by the 
presence, especially on the bridge of the nose, forehead, 
and cheeks, of minute, shining, flat, or slightly raised 
lesions of a pale-lemon or bright-lemon color. It is a 
form of colloid degeneration of the skin, affecting 
persons of middle or advanced age. 

Milk [ME., milk, milk]. The secretion of the mam- 
mary glands of Mammalia, consisting of water, casein, 
albumin, fat, milk-sugar, and salts. Cream con- 
sists mainly of the fats that rise to the surface of the 
milk. Skim-milk is the residue left after the removal 
of the cream. Buttermilk is cream from which the 
fatty matter has been removed. The sp. gr. of good 



MILK 



768 



MILLIWEBER 



milk varies from 1. 027 to 1. 034. It should con- 
tain not less than 10 per cent, of cream. The reac- 
tion of milk, when first secreted, is alkaline, but it 
becomes acid on standing, as a result of fermentative 
processes. The relative proportion of the constituents 
in milk of different animals may be seen from the appen- 
ded table of analyses from Wynter Blyth, 1882 : — 





< 


z 

3 

< 
u 


Z 

s 

D 

CO 

-J 

< 


< 

3 
</> 


X 
<f> 

< 


t/i 
Q 

3 
O 

<n 

< 


H 


a 

h 
< 


Human milk, 


2.90 


2.40 


0-57 


5-87 


0.16 


12.00 


88.OO 


Cow's milk, 


3-5° 


3-98 


0.77 


4.00 


0.17 


i3-'3 


86.87 


Camel's milk, 


2.90 


3- 


H 


5.66 


0.66 


13.06 


86.94 


Goat's milk. 


4.20 


3.00 


0.62 


4.00 


0.56 


12.46 


87-54 


Ass's milk, 


1.02 


1.09 


0.70 


5-50 


0.42 


8.83 


91.17 


Mare's milk, 


2.50 


2.19 


0.42 


5-5° 


0.50 


11.20 


88.80 


Sheep's milk, 


5-30 


6.10 


1. 00 


4.2b 


1. 00 


17-73 


82.27 



Fleischmann gives the computation of the several parts 
of cow's milk as follows : — 





a. 

B 
h 
< 


< 
fcL, 


Z 

3 
in 
< 
u 


z" 

i 



pa 
-1 
< 


< 
O 
3 
[/] 

u 

.J 

S 


X 
in 

< 


Whole milk,. 


87.60 


3-98 


3.02 


4.40 


4-30 


0.70 


Cream, . . . 


77-30 


15-45 


3.20 


0.20 


3.15 


0.70 


Skim-milk, . 


90.34 


1. 00 


2.87 


0-45 


4-63 


0.71 


Butter, . . . 


14.89 


82.02 


1-97 


0.28 


0.28 


0.56 


Buttermilk, 


91.00 


0.80 


3-50 


0.20 


3-8o 


0.70 


Curd 


59-30 


6-43 


24.22 


3-53 


5.01 


i-5i 


Whey, . . . 


94.00 


0-35 


0.40 


0.40 


4-55 


0.60 



M. -abscess, a mammary abscess. M., Artificial 
Mother's, cow's milk so prepared as to resemble in 
composition human milk. M.-bath. See Bath. 
M. -blotch. See Crusta lactea. M., Blue, a change 
in color of milk due to the development of the Bacillus 
cyanogenus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 
M., Butter. See Milk. M., Condensed, the milk 
of cows from which a large part of the water has been 
evaporated and sugar added. M. -crust, a term for 
vesicular eczema in children. The same as milk- 
blotch. M. -curdling Ferments. See Ferments. 
M.-cure, the method of treating certain diseases 
by an exclusive diet of skim-milk. It is of service in 
dropsies of all kinds, obstinate intestinal neuralgias, 
incorrigible dyspepsias with grave disturbances of 
nutrition, hepatic disorders, asthma due to pulmon- 
ary catarrh and emphysema, hysteric and hypochon- 
driac states associated with serious disturbances of 
nutrition, and in disorders of nutrition dependent on 
chronic catarrh of the stomach and intestine. M.- 
cyst, .1 peculiar and rare cystic tumor of the mam- 
mary gland. It is probably the result of extravasation 
of milk. The contained milk may become inspissated. 
M., Deficiency of. See Agalactia. M.-duct, a 



galactophorous duct. M., Excessive Secretion of. 
See Galactorrhea. M. -fever, certain phenomena, 
possibly with a slight rise of temperature, attending 
the establishment of the secretion of milk. It is due 
to a slight degree of septic intoxication. The term was 
formerly applied to all febrile exacerbations following 
parturition, and was often used synonymously with 
child-bed or puerperal fever. See, also, Galacto- 
pyretus. M. -globule, a globule of oil of the 
kind seen in freshly drawn milk. M., Green, colos- 
trum. M., Human. See Human. M.-leg. See 
Phlegmasia alba dolens. M. -maid's Cramp. See 
Cramp. M., Male, the seminal fluid. M. -molar, 
any deciduous molar tooth. M. -nurse, a wet-nurse. 
M. -plasma, the whey, or plasma of milk, seen when 
the casein and butter have been removed. M.-pump. 
See Breast-pump. M. -punch, a nutritious preparation 
made by adding brandy, whiskey, or rum, to milk in 
the proportion of about one to four or six parts, 
and flavoring with sugar and nutmeg. M.-rice 
Culture-medium : to 100 parts by weight of finely 
powdered rice add 210 parts by measure of a 3 to I 
mixture of milk and bouillon. Beat together and 
sterilize. M.-scab. Same as M. -blotch. M.-scall. 
See Porrigo larvalis. M. -sickness, an epizo- 
otic disease of cattle, communicable to persons 
who drink their milk or eat their flesh. It is 
marked by " trembles," or chills, vomiting, and a 
disordered state of the functions of the alimentary 
canal. M., Skim. See Milk. M. -spots, small, 
opaque, white spots of thickened pericardium re- 
sulting from a localized inflammation. These spots 
may sometimes be the result of slow sclerotic 
changes occurring in old age. M. -sugar. See Lac- 
tose. M. Teeth, the teeth of the first dentition ; de- 
ciduous or temporary teeth. M. -tester, a lactometer. 
M. -thrush. Synonym of Aphtha. M. -vessel, in 
biology, one of the tubes in which a milky fluid is 
secreted. M.-weed, silk-weed. The root of 
Asclepias cornuti, with properties similar to those of 
A. tuberosa. It is a popular cure-all. Dose of the fid. 
ext. TTLx-gj. Unof. M., Witches', colostrum; 
also milk secreted by the male breast. 

Milker's Cramp, or Spasm. See Cramp. 

Millecoulomb {mil-koo'-lom) [mille, one thousand ; 
Coulomb]. One one-thousandth part of a coulomb. 

Miller, Bacillus of, M., Spirillum of. See Bacteria, 
Synonymatic Table of. M. -Lewis Bacillus. A 
comma-bacillus found in the human mouth. Cf. 
Bacillus dentalis viridans, under Bacteria, Synonym- 
atic Table of. 

Miller's Asthma. See Laryngismus stridulus and 
Diseases, Table of. 

Millers' Eczema. A form of eczema of the hands, 
occurring in millers, from the irritation of the flour. 
M.s' Lung, a form of Pneumonokouiosis. 

Millet-seed Rash. Synonym of Miliaria. 

Mill-grinders' Phthisis. See Pneumokoniosis. 

Milliamperage (mil-e-om'-par-ahzh)\_mille, a thousand ; 
Ampere, a French scientist]. The expression of 
electric current-strength in milliamperes. 

Milliampere (mil-c-om' '-par) \_mille, thousand ; Ampere, 
a French scientist]. One-thousandth of an ampere, = 
I volt divided by 1000. See also Ampere. 

Milliamperemeter {mil-c-om' -par-me-ter) [mille, thou- 
sand ; Ampere, a French scientist ; /ik-pov, measure]. 
An instrument for measuring the strength of an elec- ! 
trie current. 

Milligram (tnil'-ig-rani). See Metric System. 

Milliliter (mil'-if-e-ter). See Metric System. 

Millimeter (mil'-im-c-ler). See Metric System. 

Milliweber (mil / -e-?veb-er). Same as Afilliampere. 



MILLON'S REAGENT 



769 



MINIUM 



Millon's Reagent. A reagent made by dissolving 10 
grams of mercury in 20 grams of nitric acid, diluting 
the solution with an equal volume of water, and 
decanting in twenty-four hours. Proteids warmed in 
contact with the reagent at a temperature of 70 C. 
yield a purple-red color. See Tests, Table of. 

Millstone-makers' Phthisis. A form of pneumono- 
koniosis due to the inhalation of fine particles in the 
manufacture of millstones. 

Mill-tooth. A grinder ; a molar tooth. 

Milman's Drink. A diuretic for use in dropsy. It 
consists of a solution of Yz ounce of potassium bitar- 
trate in two pounds of barley-water, with one or two 
fluid ounces of brandy added. 

Milori Blue. Same as Berlin Blue. 

Milphae (mil'-fe) [fii'/Qai, falling of the hair of the eye- 
lids]. Same as Milphosis. 

Milphosis (mil-fo'-sis) [n'thpoaic, baldness]. Baldness 
of the eyebrows. 

Milt [a corruption of milk~\. The spermatic organ or 
spermatic fluid of fishes, oysters, and other of the 
lower animals. See also Spleen. M. -waste. See 
Asple?iiian . 

Miltosis (mil-to'-sis). Same as Milphosis. 

Milzbrand (milts' '-brant) [Ger.]. Synonym of An- 
thrax, q. v. 

Mimesis (mim-e'-sis) [fi'ifiijaic, imitation] . In biology, 
mimicry ; the simulation by an organism of some other 
organism or its environment. 

Mimetic (inim-ef ik) [fii/u?/aig, imitation] . Imitative; 
mimic. 

Mimetism (mim'-et-izm). Same as Mimesis and Mim- 
icry. 

Mimic (inim'-ik) [/m/lukoc, from fu/J-oc, an actor]. Imi- 
tative simulating. M. Aneurysm. See Phantom 
Aneurysm. M. Labor, false labor. M. Spasm, habit- 
spasm, or convulsive tic. 

Mimicism (mim'-is-izm) [fiifirjoic; , imitation]. Neuro- 
pathic imitation of words, gestures, etc. 

Mimicry (inim' -ik-re) [_/u/j.oc, an imitator: pi., Alimic- 
riesj. Imitation. In biology, an imitative resemblance 
of one organism to another. The utilization by an or- 
ganism of false warning or signaling colors for the repel- 
ling of enemies by the deceptive suggestion of some 
unpleasant or dangerous quality, or for attracting prey 
by the deceptive appearance of something attractive to 
them. Even foreign objects commonly associated with 
some well-defended and aggressive species may be 
mimicked by a comparatively defenseless form. 
(Poulton). 

Mimmation (mim-a' '-shun)[Ar., mini, the name of the 
letter ;»]. The unduly frequent use of the sound of 
the letter m in speech. 

Mimochasmesis (initn-o-kaz-me'-sis) [fii/neiadai, to imi- 
tate; ^dcra^ffic, yawning]. Imitative yawning. 

Mimography (inim-og' -ra-fe) [/u/ida6ai, to imitate ; 
ypa<pew, to write]. Sign-language used by deaf-mutes. 

Mimosa-bark (mi-mo' '-salt) [/j.l/aoc, a mimic]. Wattle; 
the bark of numerous species of Acacia (A. decurrens 
and A. dealbatd) from Australia and Tasmania, con- 
taining from 24 to 30 per cent, of mimotannic acid. 
It is used in leather-manufactures, and makes a red 
leather. It is generally used in admixture. 

Mimosis (mim-o'-sis). Same as Mimesis. 

Mimotannic Acid (mim-o-tan' -ik). See Cutch. 

Mimotype (mini' -o-tip) [h'ljioc, a mimic ; -vnoc, form]. 
In biology, a form distantly resembling another and 
fulfilling similar functions ; the representative in one 
country of a type or form found in another. 

Mind (mind) [ME., mind, mind]. The understand- 
ing. The reasoning and intellectual faculties consid- 
ered as a whole. M. -blindness, a form of aphasia 
49 



in which, although the patient is perfectly able to see, 
no intellectual impression is conveyed to his mind by 
the object seen. This condition is also called Visual 
Amnesia. M.-cure, the alleged cure of disease through 
mental operations. M-curer, one who professes to 
cure disease by acting directly upon the mind of the 
patient. M. -deafness, a form of aphasia in which 
sounds, though heard and perceived as such, awaken 
no intelligent conceptions. This condition is also 
called Auditory Amnesia. M. -healer. Same as 
M.-curer. M. -reading, the perception of another's 
thoughts and feelings by a direct and occult process. 
M.-sick, insane. 

Mindererus, Spirit of. See Ammonii acetatis, Liq. 

Miner's Anemia. A disease of coal-miners due in 
part to the choke-damp, or ethylene which they breathe. 
M.'s Asthma. See Anthracosis. M.'s Cachexia. See 
Ankylostomiasis. M.'s Disease. Same as M.'s 
Elbow. M.'s Elbow, enlargement of the bursa over 
the olecranon, due to irritation while working and 
lying on the side. M.'s Lung. Same as Anthracosis. 
M.'s Nystagmus. See Nystagmus. M.'s Phthisis, 
anthracosis; a chronic affection of the lungs due to 
the constant inhalation of coal-dust; it is attended 
with cough and dyspnea, and with a black discolora- 
tion of the pulmonary tissues. It is designated by 
various other names. The process often ends in 
tuberculosis. 

Mineral (min'-er-al) \jninera, a mine]. Any inor- 
ganic chemic compound found in nature. The word 
is usually limited to the solid inorganic compounds. 
M.-blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. M. Colza 
Oil. See Burning Oil. M.-gray. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. M. -green. Same as Paris-green. 
M.-lake. See Pigments, Conspectus of. M. Oil, 
petroleum. M. -orange. See Pigments, Conspectus 
of. M. Pitch, bitumen. M. -purple. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. M. Sperm. See Burning Oil. M. 
Water, water naturally or artificially impregnated with 
mineral salts or oxids. A classified list of the springs 
of the United States will be found in the appendix of 
the author's " Student's Medical Dictionary." The 
general classes into which the springs are grouped in- 
dicate the therapeutic actions of the waters. Analyses 
of typical examples of each class are there given in full ; 
of the rest, the active ingredients are indicated by the 
chemic formulae. Alkaline and carbonated springs 
are usually hot. Saline and sulphur springs may be 
either hot or cold. Silicious springs are always hot. 
M. Wax. See Ozocerite. M. -white. Same as 
Permanent-white. M. -yellow. Same as Cassel Yel- 
low. 

Mineralogy (min-er-al' -o-je) \_minera, a mine ; \6yoc, 
science]. The science, or a scientific account, of 
minerals. 

Mineromephitis (min-er-o-mefi'-tis) [minera, mine ; 
mephitis, a noxious exhalation]. Mephitic gas, or 
miasm from mines ; choke-damp. 

Miniate (min'-e-at) [minium, red lead]. Vermilion- 
colored. 

Minim (min'-im) [minimus, dim. of minus, little]. 
The one-sixtieth of a fluid dram. Symbol, Tr^. 

Minimeter (min'-im -e-ter) [minim, minim ; /xerpov, 
measure]. An apparatus for measuring liquids in 
minims. 

Minimetric (min-im-ef -rik) [minim, minim ; fisrpov, 
measure]. Pertaining to measurement in mining. M. 
Method, a method of estimating C0 2 in the air. 
See Ventilation. 

Minium (min'-e-um) [L., mitt; or minium, red lead]. 
Red oxid of lead, Pb 3 4 ; used formerly in plasters. 
See also Pigments, Conspectus of. 



MINOR 



770 



M1SONEISM 



Minor (mi'-nor) [L., "less"]. I. Less; lesser; 
smaller. 2. An individual under legal age ; one under 
the authority of parents or guardians. M. Surgery. 
See Surgery, Minor. 

Minoration (mi - tior - a' '- shun) \_niinorare, to make 
smaller]. Gentle purgation, or emesis. 

Minorative (mi'-nor-a-tiv) \_minorare , to make smaller]. 
1. Effecting minoration. 2. A gently purgative 
remedy. 

Minot's Theory. See Heredity. 

Mint. See. Mentha. M. -worts. Site Labiate Plants. 

Minutio (min-u'-ske-o) [L. ]. Synonym of Alinoration. 
M. morrachi. An old method of reducing the 
strength of young men by venesection or other deriva- 
tive means, in order to exert an anaphrodisiac in- 
fluence. 

Minythesis (inin-ith-e'-sis)\jxivvdriaic, decrease]. Lysis; 
the stage of decrease in an attack of disease. 

Mioangioneurosis (mi-o-an-je-o-nu-ro' -sis) \_p.eiun>, 
lesser; ayyeiov, vessel; vevpov, nerve; voaoc, disease]. 
A nervous disorder of the smaller blood-vessels ; a 
vaso-motor or vaso-inhibitory disturbance. 

Miocardia (mi-o-kar r -de-ah) [_fieiuv, less ; ttapdia, heart]. 
The systolic diminution of the volume of the heart. 
See Auxocardia. 

Miocatantis (mi-o-kat-an'-tis) [fieiui>, lesser; naTavrrjc, 
sleep]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the 
angle formed between the radius fixus and the line 
joining the hormion and the staphylion is between 23 
and 45 . 

Miokatantis (mi-o-kat-an' -tis). See Miocatantis. 

Miophylly (mi-off'-il-e) \_fieiuv, less; (pv/i2,op, a leaf]. 
In biology, the diminution by suppression of the 
number of leaves in a whorl. 

Miopragia (mi-o-pra' -je-ah) \_fieiav, less; irpdaceiv, to 
do]. Diminished functional activity. 

Miopragic (mi-o-pra/ -ik) [peiuv, less ; irpaaceiv, to do]. 
Resulting from too little activity. 

Miosis (mi-o'-sis) [fieiuaic ; fieiorv, less]. I. Contrac- 
tion or decrease in the size of an organ, especially of 
the pupil. 2. A lessening of the intensity of existing 
symptoms. 

Miostemonous (mi-o-stem' -o-nus) \jiuuv, less ; OTij/iuv, 
stamen]. Having the stamens fewer in number than 
the petals. 

Miot's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Miotaxy (mi' -o-taks-e) [p.eiuv, less ; raijic, arrange- 
ment]. In biology, the complete suppression of an 
entire set of organs, as of the stamens, the petals, or 
the sepals of a llower. 

Miotic (mi-ot'-ili) \_/j.eiwtik6c, from tieiuv, less]. I. 
Pertaining to, or characterized by, miosis ; causing 
contraction of the pupil. 2. Any agent or medicine 
that contracts the pupil. 

Miquel's Bulb. An apparatus for air-analysis. 

Mirage (mer-ahzh') [Fr. , mirer, to look at carefully]. 
An illusion caused by the reflection of objects against 
the surface upon which two layers of air of unequal 
density rest, the lighter on the heavier. 

Mirbane, Oil of. A name for nitrobenzene. 

Mirbel, Glands of. See Gland. 

Mire (mer) [Fr., the sight of a gun; a target]. 
Figures used upon the perimeter-bar of the ophthal- 
mometer of Javal and Schiotz ; by observing the varia- 
tions of their images, as reflected from different merid- 
ians of the cornea, the measurement of corneal astig- 
matism is effected . 

Mirocele (mir'-o-sel). Same as Merocele. 

Mirror (mir'-or) [Fr., mirer]. I. A term applied to 
any polished surface that reflects a large proportion of 
the light falling upon it, especially a glass silvered on 
the anterior, or coated with a tin-amalgam on the 



posterior surface. Mirrors, plane or focusing, are 
used in the ophthalmoscope, laryngoscope, otoscope, 
etc., to reflect light into the cavity studied, and thus 
illuminate it for observation. 2. The movable silvered 
glass with a plane and a concave face for illuminating 
the object in microscopic observation. M. -bar, the bar 
supporting the mirror of a microscope. M., Den- 
tists', a small speculum designed for the examination 
of the teeth ; a mouth-glass. M., Frontal, M., Head, 
a circular mirror with a central perforation, strapped 
to the head by a band, and used to throw light on parts 
to be examined. M. -writing, a peculiarity of pen- 
manship observed in left-handed persons, and charac- 
terized by a reversal of the form and arrangement of 
the letters, which appear as if seen in a mirror. 

Miryachit (mer-e' '-asch-it) [Rus. , " to play the fool "]. 
A peculiar disease observed in some Oriental tribes, 
the chief characteristic of which consists in mimicry 
by the patient of everything said or done by another. 
The same disease is called Lata by the Javanese. It 
is also allied to the "Jumpers" of Canada. See 
Palmus. 

Misanthrope (mis' ' -an-throp) [fuaelv, to hate; avdpuiroc, 
man]. A melancholy person ; one who has an aver- 
sion to society. 

Misanthropy (mis-an'-thro-pe) [hmjeiv, to hate ; avdpunoc, 
man]. Aversion to human society; a symptom not 
rare in melancholia. 

Misbirth (mis-berth'). Synonym of Abortion. 

Miscarriage (mis-kdr'-aj) [ME., mis-, wrong, bad; 
carriage, burden] . The expulsion of the fetus between 
the fourth and the sixth month of pregnancy. 

Miscarry (mis-kdr'-e) [ME., miscarien, to miscarry]. 
To give birth to a non-viable fetus. 

Miscegenation (mis-ej-en-a' -shun) \iniscere, to mix ; 
genus, race]. Mixture of different races by inter- 
marriage. 

Miscible (mis'-ib-l) [miscere, to mix]. Capable of 
being mixed. 

Misemission (mis-e-mish' -un) [ME., mis-, wrong; 
emittere, to send forth]. A form of sterility in the 
male in which fertile semen may be secreted and 
ejaculated, but for some reason fails to be so de- 
posited in the female organs as to come in contact 
with the ovum and impregnate it. Usually it is due 
to some malformation of the urethra. 

Miserere mei (miz-er-a' '-ra ma'-e) [L., " have mercy 
on me"]. An old name for volvulus, or intestinal 
colic ; also for stercoraceous vomiting. 

Mislactation (mis-lak-ta'-shun). See Galactia. 

Mislocalization (mis -lo-kal-iz-a f -shun) [ME., mis-, 
wrong; locus, a place]. Failure properly to localize 
sensory impressions. 

Mismenstruation (mis-men-stru-a'-shun) [ME.,m;i-, 
wrong; menstruare, to menstruate]. Any disturbance 
of menstruation. 

Mismicturition (mis-mik-tu-rish'-un) [ME., mis-, 
wrong; micturire, to pass water]. Any disorder of 
micturition. 

Misogamy (mis-og'-am-e) \_p.iasiv, to hate ; y&fjoc, mar- 
riage]. Morbid and unreasonable aversion to mar- 
riage. 

Misogyny (mis-og'-in-e) \_fuaelv, to hate; yvvr/, woman]. 
Morbid and unreasonable hatred of women ; a symp- 
tom often seen in insanity and in sexual perversion. 

Misologia (mis - o - lo' - je - ah) \jiiau.v, to hate; Aoyoc, 
reason]. Unreasoning aversion to intellectual or 
literary matters. 

Misomania (mis-o-ma'-ne-ali) \_p.icsuv, to hate ; uaria, 
madness] . The delirium of persecution. 

Misoneism (mis-on-'e'-izm)\_/xiaeiv, to hate ; vcoc, new]. 
Fear or horror of novelty. 



MISOPEDIA 



771 



MOAN 



Misopedia (mis-o-pe'-de-ah)[_fiiGuv , to hate ; rzaig, child]. 
Morbid hatred of children, especially of one's own 
children. 

Misopsychia (mis-op-si' -kc-ah) \juoelv, to hate ; ipvx>j, 
life]. Morbid disgust with life. 

Misoptochos, Misoptochus [mis-op' -to-kos, mis-op'-to- 
kus) \_ficaelv, to hate ; rrrw^-oc, beggar]. Gout; face- 
tiously so termed because the poor are not so liable to it. 

Misozoia (mis-o-zo'-e-ah) \jiiauv, to hate; Qui), life]. 
Disgust with life, together with suicidal impulses. 

Misplaced (mis-pldsf) [ME., mis-, wrong; place, 
place]. Out of proper position. M. Menstruation, 
vicarious menstruation. 

Missed [mist) [ME., tnissen, to miss]. Passed; failure 
of attaining. M. Abortion, the retention of the 
product of conception in the uterine cavity after its 
death and with the appearance of some of the symptoms 
of abortion. M. Labor, a rare accident of pregnancy, in 
which there is the occurrence of a few labor-pains at 
term, their subsidence, and the retention of the product 
of conception in ulero for a varying period thereafter. 
M. Miscarriage. Same as M. Abortion. 

Misshapen [mis-ska' -pen) [ME., mis-, wrong ; shape, 
shape]. Deformed ; ill-shaped. 

Missio (mis'-e-o) [L.]. A letting go. M. sanguinis, 
blood-letting. 

Missoy (mis'-oi). See Massoy Bark. 

Mistletoe (mis'-l-to). See Viscum. 

Mistura (mis-tu' -rah) [Z. .■ gen. and//., Misturai). A 
mixture. In pharmacy an aqueous preparation of an 
insoluble substance held in suspension, usually by the 
addition of soluble gum, egg-emulsion, etc. There are 
four official mistura, besides six in the British Pharma- 
copeia and 18 in the National Formulary. 

Mistus, Mixtus (mis'-tus, miks'-tus) \_miscere, p.p. mis- 
tus, mixtus, to mix]. In biology, a cross-breed. 

Mitchell's (S. Weir) Treatment. See Treatment, 
Methods of. 

Mitchella (mich-el'-ak) [after John Mitchell, a Virgin- 
ian botanist]. A genus of rubiaceous plants. M. 
repens, partridge-berry or checker-berry, is diuretic 
and astringent, and among the Indians has reputed 
emmenagogue properties. Unof. 

Mite (mit) [ME., mite, a mite]. The common name 
applied indifferently to any of the eight-legged insects 
of the order Acarina. The fact that the immature 
forms have but six legs has led to some confusion in 
the onomy of the group and the formation of spurious 
species {e.g., Leptus). The mites are cosmopolitan, 
and the majority are parasitic upon plants and animals, 
while others infest organic substances, such as cheese, 
sugar, flour, old rags, rubbish, etc. For the true ticks 
see the genus Ixodes; for the garden and harvest 
"ticks," "mites," or "bugs," and certain ecto-para- 
sites of birds, see the genera Tetranychus {Leptus), 
Tro?nbidium, Cheyletus, Harpirhynchus, Picobia ; and 
for those forms associated with the various acariases, the 
itch, mange, etc., of man and domestic animals, con- 
sult the genera Chorioptes , Cytodites, Demodex, Der- 
manyssus, Dermoglyphus, Epidermoptes, Freyana, 
Hypodectes, Listrophorus, Megninia, Pterolichus, Pso- 
roptes, Sar copies, Symbiotes, Symploplectes , under 
Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Mithradate, Mithridate (mith'-rad-at, mith' -rid-dt) 
[Midpada-rjc , Mtdpid&T7?£, a Grecian king]. An old 
name for an electuary of many ingredients, used as an 
antidote and alexipharmac. 

Mithradatism, Mithridatism (mith 1 '-rad-dt-izm, mith'- 
rid-dt-izm) [Midpadarijc;, Midpidarqc:']. That immu- 
nity from the effects of a poison induced by the admin- 
istration of gradually increased doses. The selection 
of the word has reference to the fable concerning 



Mithradates, king of Pontus, that he became so 
charged with the poisons with which he experimented 
that he acquired an immunity to them all. 

Mitigate (mi/'-ig-dt) \_mitigare, to soften]. To allay; 
to make milder ; to moderate. 

Mitigated Stick, or Caustic (mit'-ig-a-ted) \_mitigare, 
to soften]. See Argentum. 

Mitigating (mit '-ig- a- ting) \_mitigare, to soften]. 
Assuaging, allaying. Also, a descriptive term applied 
to anodynes. 

Mitigation (mit-ig-a' -shun) \_mitigare, to soften]. At- 
tenuation ; lessening. 

Mitis-green. Same as Schweinfurth-green. 

Mitochysis (mi-tok'-is-is) \_finoq, thread ; #ii<kc, lique- 
faction]. Cell-multiplication, direct or by mitosis. 

Mitom (mi' -torn). Same as Mitoma. 

Mitoma, Mitome (mi-to'-mah, mi'-tom) \jinoq, a 
thread]. In biology, Flemming's term for the " filar 
mass," i. e. , the threads of the protoplasmic reticulum 
of a cell, also called Cytomitoma. Cf. Paramitoma, 
Karyomitoma. 

Mitoplastic (mi - to - plas' - tik) \ji'itoq, thread, web; 
nlaaasiv, to form]. Serving to build up the tissues. 

Mitosic (mi-to'-sik). Synonym of Mitotic or Karyo- 
kinetic. 

Mitosis (mi-to'-sis) \ji'ito<;, a thread]. In biology, the 
splitting of the nuclear chromatin of plant or animal 
cells while undergoing indirect division ; karyomitosis, 
karyokinesis. 

Mitotic (mi-tot'-ik) \jdroq, thread]. Pertaining to 
Mitosis. 

Mitra hippocratis (mi f -trah hip -pok'-ra- tis). See 
Bandage, Capeline. 

Mitral (mi'-tral) \_mitra, miter]. Resembling a miter; 
mitriform ; pertaining to the auriculo-ventricular valve 
of the left side of the heart. M. Disease, a generic 
term for organic disease of the mitral valve of the 
heart. M. Incompetence. See M. Regurgitation 
and Endocarditis. M. Insufficiency. See M. Regur- 
gitation and Endocarditis. M. Murmur. See Mur- 
mur. M. Obstruction, disease of the mitral valve 
causing obstruction to the flow of blood through the 
left auriculo-ventricular opening. M. Regurgita- 
tion, disease of the mitral valve preventing its proper 
closure during the cardiac systole, and permitting blood 
to be forced back into the left auricle. M. Stenosis. 
See M. Obstruction. M. Valve. See Valves. 

Mitrate (mi'-trdl) \_mitra, miter]. In biology, bonnet- 
shaped, miter-shaped, mitriform. 

Mitriform (mi' -triform) \_mitra, miter ; forma, form]. 
See Mitral. 

Mitscherlich's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Mittler's Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Mixed Blood. See Mulatto, and Griffe. 

Mixogamy (miks-og' -am-e) [fiigig, a mixing ; ydfioq, 
marriage]. In biology, the congregation of males and 
females, the number of the former being in excess, as 
exhibited by certain fishes at spawning-time. 

Mixopyus (miks- o' -pe-us) \jxiyvvvai, to mix ; ttvov, pus]. 
Being mixed with pus. 

Mixoscopia (miks -o-sko'-pe - ah) \_\u^iq cohabitation; 
gkettteIv, to look]. A form of sexual perversion in 
■which the orgasm is excited by the sight of coitus. 
See Voyeur. 

Mixture (miks' -tier). See Mistura. 

Mixtus (miks'-tus). See Mistus. 

Mnemonics (ne-mon'-iks) [/uvi/fir/, the memory]. The 
science of cultivation of the memory by systematic 
methods. 

Moan (mon) [ME., monen, to moan], I. To utter a 
low, dull sound expressive of suffering. 2. The 
sound so uttered. 



MOBBY 



772 



MOLECULAR 



Mobby (mob'-e). See Mabby. 

Mobile (mob'-il) [mobilis, movable]. M. Pain. 
One that shifts from place to place. M. Spasm, 
athetosis ; slow, irregular movement, as of the para- 
lyzed parts in hemiplegia. 

Mobility (mob-il' ' -it-e) [mobilis, movable]. That prop- 
erty by which the position of a body may be changed. 
The condition of being movable. 

Mochlus (mok'-lus) [/iox^oc, lever]. The obstetric 
lever, or vectis. 

Mock Turkey-red. Same as Barwood-red. 

Mocmain (rnoW-mari) [Chinese for "tree-cotton"]. 
The cottony hairs of Bombax heptaphyllum, a species 
of cotton-tree, used in stuffing the pads of trusses. 

Modal (mo'-dal) [modus, mode], A term applied to 
the order of response of muscles and nerves to the 
galvanic current. 

Model (mod'-el) [modellus, dim. of modus, measure]. 
A standard for imitation. M., Antagonizing (for 
artificial teeth), a contrivance for obtaining an exact 
representation of the manner in which the jaws meet, 
by which a dentist selects, arranges, and antagonizes 
artificial teeth. 

Moderator (mod' -er-a-tor) \_moderare, to regulate]. 
Reil's band. See Band. M. Band. See Band. 
M. Centers, M. Nerves. See Inhibitory. 

Modification (mod-ifik-a' -shun). See Tuberculin. 

Modiolus (mo-di' '-o-lus) [L. , nave]. I. The central 
pillar or axis of the cochlea, around which the spiral 
canal makes two and one-half turns. 2. The 
crown of a trephine. 

Modulus (mod'-u-lus) [dim. of modus, measure, mode]. 
A unit of certain physical forces. 

Modus (mo'-dus) [L.]. A mode or method. M. 
operandi, the method of the performance of an 
action. 

Mcenia (me'-ne-ah) [L., pl.\ Walls. M. dentis, the 
portions of the jaws that bear the alveoli. 

Mogigraphia (mog-ig-raf -e-ali) [fidyig, with difficulty ; 
ypdyeiv, to write]. Difficulty or inability to execute 
writing movements ; writers' cramp. 

Mogigraphic (mog-ig-raf '-ih) \_jxoyic, with difficulty ; 
(j>pd(j>Eiv, to write]. Characterized by mogigraphia. 

Mogilalia (mog-il-a'-le-ah) [fidyiq, with difficulty ; TuiTilo., 
talk] . Stammering, stuttering. 

Mogilalism (mog-il-a' ' -lizni). Same as Mogilalia. 

Mogiphonia (mog-if-o' '-ne-ah) [fioyic, with difficulty ; 
(j>uvij, sound]. A difficulty in producing loud vocal 
sounds with the larynx, ordinary speech remaining 
unaffected. 

Mogographia (mog-o-graf -e-ah). See Mogigraphia. 

Mogostocia (mog-os-to' '-se-ak) [fidyoc, labor ; rd/coc, 
birth]. Painful or difficult parturition. 

Mohr's Method. A volumetric method of estimating 
the chlorids in the urine. It is carried out by means 
of precipitation by a standard solution of silver nitrate. 

Mohrenheim's Fossa. See Fossa. M.'s Space, the 
groove on the deltoid muscle between the cephalic vein 
and the humero-thoracic artery. 

Moist [ME., moist, damp]. Damp; slightly wet. 
M. Chamber, a large circular glass with a lid, used 
in bacteriologic work, especially for growing 
potato-cultures. The chamber is kept moist by the 
evaporation of water from a moistened filter-paper 
which is laid on the bottom of the dish. M. Colors. 
See Pigments, Colors, and Dyestuffs. M. Filter, a 
filter-paper which is moistened with water. M. Gan- 
grene, the form of gangrene that occurs in a part 
filled with blood. See Gangrene. M. Melting, the 
form of procedure in the extraction of fats, in which 
the material is melted over direct fire, with the addi- 
tion of dilute sulphuric acid. This is the process now 



generally followed. M. Tetter. See Eczema. M. 
Wart. See Verruca acuminata. 

Mola (mo'-lah). See Mole. 

Molar (mo'-lar) [moles, mass]. Pertaining to masses, 
in contradistinction to molecular. 

Molar [mo'-lar) [mola, a millstone]. In biology, a 
tooth that has no deciduous predecessor, but is behind 
other teeth, the prernolars, which (except the first) 
have deciduous predecessors. M. Glands, the salivary 
glands of the horse and other mammals ; the superior is 
outside and along the upper border of the buccinator 
muscle, the inferior is at the inferior border of the 
buccinator. These glands pour their secretion into 
the mouth by a series of orifices arranged in line on 
the buccal membrane, parallel to each molar arch. 
M. Teeth. See Teeth. 

Molariform (mo-lar' -if-orm) [mola, millstone; forma, 
form]. Having the form of a molar tooth. 

Molary (mo' ' -lar-e) [molaria, belonging to a mill]. In 
zoology, fitted for grinding. 

Molasses (mo-las' -sez) [mellaceus, honey-like]. Theri- 
aca; treacle ; the uncrystallized residue of the refining 
of sugar. It is used in pharmacy. 

Mold, Mould (mold )[ME. , mould, mold]. I. A minute 
fungus or other vegetable growth of a low type ap- 
pearing on moist and decaying bodies. 2. The ma- 
trix or prepared and shaped cavity in which anything 
is cast and receives its form. Anything that serves to 
regulate the size and form of bodies. Cast ; form ; 
shape. A fontanel or space occupied by a cartilag- 
inous membrane in the skull of the fetus and of a new- 
born child, situated at the angles of the bones that 
form the skull. 

Mole (mol) [mola, amass]. I. A proliferative degener- 
ation of the chorionic villi, producing a mass of berry- 
like vesicles attached to the placenta. It is called Vesi- 
cular Mole and Hydatidiform or Myxomatous Degener- 
ation of the Placenta. 2. Also applied to a small, pig- 
mented spot of the skin. M., Blood, a mass of coagula- 
ted blood and retained fetal membranes and placenta, 
sometimes found in the uterus after an abortion. M., 
Carneous. See M. , Fleshy. M., Cutaneous, a pig- 
mented spot on the skin. M., Cystic. Same as M. , 
Hydatidiform. M., False, a mass of coagulated blood 
and exfoliated vaginal mucous membrane discharged oc- 
casionally in the course of membranous dysmenorrhea, 
and not due to a retained product of conception. M., 
Fleshy, the body formed in the uterine cavity when 
an ovum that has died is retained within the uterus for 
some time. It may undergo fatty or calcareous degen- 
eration. M., Hairy. SeeAlczvuspilosus. M., Hydatid, 
M., Hydatidiform, M., Hydatoid. See first defi- 
nition under Mole. M., Pigmentary. See Navus 
pigmentosus. M., Sanguineous. Same as M., 
Fleshy- M., Stone, a fleshy mole that has undergone 
calcareous degeneration. M., True, one the result of 
conception. M., Tubal. See Tubal. M., Uterine, 
a mass of morbid material sometimes contained in the 
uterus after the death of the product of conception. It is 
the result of some pathologic process. M., Vesicu- 
lar. Same as M., Hydatidiform. M., White, a pig- 
mentary nevus that has not yet attained its character- 
istic color. 

Molecular (mo-lek'-u-lar) [dim. of moles, mass]. Per- 
taining to, or composed of, molecules. M. Death, 
the changes of cellular or intimate structure that 
result in the disorganization of the vital cell or soma- 
cule, and that render impossible a resumption of its 
original function. See Somatic Death. M. Debris, 
heterogeneous microscopic particles of degenerated 
tissue. M. Heat, the heat-capacity of a molecul- 
or compound. M. Motion, the movements of the 



MOLECULE 



773 



MOLYBDOCACHEXIA 



molecules of a substance within that substance. M. 
Weight, the weight of a molecule of any substance as 
compared with the weight of an atom of hydrogen. It is 
equal to the sum of the weights of its constituent atoms. 

Molecule (mol'-e-htil) [molecula; dim. of moles, 
mass]. The smallest quantity into which the mass of 
any substance can be physically divided and retain its 
characteristic properties ; or the smallest quantity that 
can exist in a free state. A molecule may be 
chemically separated into two or more atoms. The 
integrity and properties of a substance reside in its 
molecules. Ms., Crystal, bodies conceived as ex- 
isting in solutions of crystalline substances. The 
presence of such molecules is supposed to be the 
source of the rotatory power of the solutions. Ms., 
Organic. See Organic Molecules, Doctrine of. Ms., 
Physical, the molecules to groups of which rotatory 
activity has been ascribed. 

Moleschott's Potash-solution. A solution for his- 
tologic work, consisting of from 35 per cent, to 50 per 
cent, of potassic hydrate. M.'s Standard Diet, a 
diet for the healthy adult man per diem : Nitrogen 
317 grains, carbon 4750 grains, hydrogen 202 grains, 
sulphur 24 grains, salts 461 grains. 

Moli (mo'-li) [African]. The tree, Draccena schizan- 
tha, of E. Africa. It produces one variety of dragon's 
blood, q. v. See, also, Pterocarpus . 

Molilalia {mol-il-a' -le-ah) [fioXir, with toil ; XaXia, 
speech] . Difficulty of utterance ; stuttering ; mogilalia. 

Molimen (mo-li'-men) [L. , molimen, endeavor: //., 
Molimind\. Any effort or attempt. M., Menstrual, 
the menstrual act or function. 

Molisch's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Molitor (mol-i'-ter). Synonym of Masseter. 

Moll's Glands. See Gland. 

Mollescence (;nol-es> '-ens) [mollescere, to soften]. Soft- 
ening. 

Mollification (inol-if-ik-a'-shun). Synonym of Mol- 
lescence. 

Mollin {mol'-in) [mollis, soft]. A soft soap of potash 
and cocoanut-oil, proposed as a basis for ointments ; 
it contains an excess of fat. Also a mixture of lard 
and glycerin, saponified with potassium hydrate and 
sodium hydrate. Mollin is a kind of soft soap, used 
in skin-diseases and as a vehicle for various active 
medicaments. Unof. 

Mollinum {ino-W -num) [mollis, soft: gen., Mollini\ 
See Mollin. M. hydrargyri, mollin mixed with 
mercury ; it is about twice the mercurial strength of 
ordinary tinguentum hydrargyri. 

Mollipilose \mol-ip-i f -Ids) [mollis, soft; pilus, a hair]. 
In biology, furnished with a soft downy coat. 

Mollisin {mol r -is-in) [mollis, soft]. An ointment com- 
posed of yellow wax and spindle-oil. 

Mollities \mo-lish' -e-ez) [mollis, soft]. Softness. M. 
ossium. See Osteomalacia. M. uteri, softening of 
the uterus. It is most common in the cervix during 
pregnancy, but sometimes affects the body of the 
womb, both in the pregnant and non-pregnant state. 

Mollugo (?nol-u'-go) [L.]. A genus of herbs. M. 
spergula, M. verticillata, carpet-weed, Indian 
chickweed ; a stomachic, antiseptic and laxative. Unof. 

Mollusc or Mollusk(;«o/ / -z«/J) [molluscum, a shell-fish]. 
Any member of the Mollusca, a class of soft-bodied in- 
vertebrates possessing an external and an internal shell. 
M. -bodies, glistening bodies, about the size of 
epithelial cells, found in the central and older parts of 
the growths in Molluscutn contagiosum ; they are con- 
sidered by Neisser, Pfeiffer, and others as parasitic 
(coccidia), a view opposed by Torok, Tommasoli, 
Israel, and Virchow. 

Molluscous (inol - us' - kus) [molhiscum, a shell-fish]. 



Pertaining to the Mollusca or second division of the 
animal kingdom. Also, pertaining to the disease 
Molluscum. 

Molluscum {mol-us'-kum) [L.]. A term applied to 
several diseases of the skin. M. Acne, M. adeno- 
sum. Synonym of M. contagiosum. M. athero- 
matosum, Molluscum contagiosum with cystic tumors. 
M. cholestericum. Same as Xanthoma , q. v. M. 
contagiosum, Molluscum epitheliale, a skin-disease 
characterized by the formation ofpinhead-sized to bean- 
sized and marble-sized, sessile or pedunculated, yel- 
lowish-white or pinkish tumors, rounded or acuminate, 
imbedded within or projecting from the skin, and 
having usually a dark-colored point at the apex, from 
which, on pressure, can be expressed a milky, curd- 
like, or inspissated cheesy mass. The lesions may be 
single or multiple, and occur usually in children or 
young adults upon the face, neck, and genitals. They 
may attain a very considerable size. The disease is 
probably due to a parasitic protozoon of the coccidium 
type. M. epitheliale. See M. contagiosum. M. 
fibrosum, a disease of the skin characterized by the 
formation therein of lax fibrous tissue, or of gelatin- 
ous tissue in process of becoming fibrous. It begins 
early in life, and the tumors tend to increase in num- 
ber and size indefinitely. They are often associated 
with deficient mental development. The tumors vary 
in size from a pin's head to an orange, and may be 
sessile or pedunculated. Their number may reach 
into the hundreds or thousands. M. giganteum, a 
variety of M. contagiosum in which the tumors attain 
considerable size. M. pendulum. Synonym of 
M. fibrosum. M. porcellanum. Synonym of M. 
contagiosum. M. sebaceum. Synonym of M. con- 
tagiosum. M., Sessile. Synonym of M. contagiosum. 
M. simplex. Synonym of M. fibrosum. M. ver- 
rucosum. Synonym of M. contagiosum. 

Mollusk [mol'-usk). See Afollusc. 

Molops (mo' -lops) [uuAcotp, weal: pi., Molopes\ A 
red spot on the skin, such as is seen in certain fevers. 
The mark of a stroke or stripe upon the skin. 

Molt, Moult [molt) [ME., mouten, to molt]. To shed 
or cast, as the skin , feathers, or hair. 

Molybdamaurosis {inol-ib-dam-aw-ro 1 '-sis) [fi6Av/3dor, 
lead; a/uavpoeiv, to darken]. Retro-bulbar neuritis 
due to lead-poisoning. 

Molybdamblyopia (mol-ib-dam-ble-o' '-pe-ah) [fi67ivp6oc , 
lead; hji^'kvq, dulled; ("orp, eye]. Impairment of 
vision due to lead-poisoning. 

Molybdencephalia (mol-ib-den-sef-a'-le-ah) [fiblvfiSoc , 
lead; hyueipakoc, brain]. Brain-disease due to lead- 
poisoning. 

Molybdencephalopathia {niol-ib-den-sefal-o-path'-e- 
ah), Molybdencephalopathy (i?iol-ib-den-sefal-op'- 
ath-e) [fioXvfiioc , lead ; eyKetpaAoc, brain ; nadog, dis- 
ease]. Brain-disease due to lead -poisoning. 

Molybdenterophthisis (mol- ib- den - ter- off r - this - is) 
[/n6/.v{3<foc, lead ; evrepov, intestine ; <p6ioic, wasting]. 
A wasting enteric disorder due to lead-poisoning. 

Molybdenum {mol-ib-de'-num) [/ioAvi36aiva, graphite ; 
u6av(15oc, lead]. A metal somewhat resembling 
chromium ; symbol, Mo ; atomic weight, 96. See 
Elements, Table of. 

Molybdepilepsia (mol-ib-dep-il-ep' -se-ah) [/j6av[Moc, 
lead; sTrih/tpta, epilepsy]. Epilepsy induced by lead- 
poisoning. 

Molybdo- (?nol-ib' -do-) [/j6?iv/36oc , lead]. A prefix de- 
noting reference to or connection with lead. In 
chemistry, signifying composition with the element 
molybdenum. 

Molybdocachexia (mol-ib-do-kak-ek' '-se-ah) [/to%v(3doc, 
lead; Kan.bc, bad ; e^ic, habit]. A depraved state of 



MOLYBDOCARDIALGIA 



774 



MONAXIAL 



the body due to lead-poisoning ; chronic lead-poison- 
ing ; plumbism. 

Molybdocardialgia (mol - ib - do - kar -de - al' -je - ah) 
[puXi^ldoc, lead; napdia, heart; a'Ayoc, pain]. Car- 
dialgia due to lead-poisoning. 

Molybdocolic (mol-ib-do-kol'-ik) [/zdAu/Woc dead ; kwXov, 
colon]. Lead-colic ; painters' colic. 

Molybdodyspepsia (mol-ib-do-dis-pep' -se-ah) \_p67.v(i- 
doc, lead; dvc-, ill ; Trinretv, to digest]. Dyspepsia 
caused, by lead-poisoning. 

Molybdonosus (mol- ib-don'-o-sus) \_p.6/\v[idoc, lead; 
voaoc, disease]. Synonym of Plumbism. 

Molybdoparesis (mol-ib-do-par' -es-is) [pdlvfidoc, lead ; 
irapeoir, paresis]. Partial paralysis, due to lead- 
poisoning. 

Molybdosis (mol-ib-do 1 '-sis) [uo'kvjMoc, lead]. Lead- 
poisoning ; plumbism. 

Molybdospasmos (mol- ib - do - spaz'- mos) \jiokvfi8oc, 
lead ; airao/ioc, spasm] . Spasm or cramp produced by 
lead-poisoning. 

Molybdosynolce (mol-ib-do-sin-ol-'se) \jib\vfi6oc, lead; 
avvoTiKr/, a drawing together]. Contraction due to 
lead-poisoning. 

Molybdotromos [mol-ib-do/' '-ro-mos) \_p6\vfi6oc, lead ; 
rpdiioc, tremor]. Tremor due to lead-poisoning. 

Molyne (mol-i' -ne) [fwXiiveiv, to defile]. The anus. 

Molynsis (mol-in'-sis) \_poX'vveLV, to defile]. A taint or 
defilement ; miasm. 

Momentum {mo-men' '-turn) \_momen, momentum, a 
motion]. Amount of force. Also, the quantity of 
potential energy possessed by a body in motion. It is 
estimated as the product of its weight, expressed in 
units of gravity, by its velocity, expressed in units of 
time. It is usually expressed by the formula m = wv, 
and may be estimated in foot-pounds or kilogram- 
meters. 

Momiscus (mo-mis' -kits) [fiu/xidKor'J. A molar tooth; 
the part of a molar tooth that is near the gum. 

Momordica (mo-mor' -dik-ah) [mordere, momordi, to 
bite]. A genus of cucurbitaceous plants, mostly 
African and Asiatic. M. bucha, a species of cu- 
cumber native to Brazil. It is a powerful drastic pur- 
gative, useful in dropsy. M. balsamina. See Balsam- 
apple. Unof. 

Momordicin (mo-mor' -dis-in). Same as Elaterin. 

Mon- (mon-) \_povoc, one]. A prefix denoting one or 
single. 

Monad (mon' '-ad) \_povac, a unit]. I. Any single-celled 
microorganism, whether of animal or vegetable char- 
acter ; especially any flagellate infusorium (a micro- 
scopic animal). 2. See Quantivalence. 

Monadelphia (mon-ad-el' '-fe-ah) \jiovw;, alone ; afieXipdc, 
brother]. One brotherhood ; a name applied to 
certain hermaphrodite flowers. 

Monadelphous (mon-ad-el' -fits) \_fidvoc;, alone ; ade!<p6c, 
brother]. In biology, in one brotherhood. Applied 
to stamens that are united by their filaments into one 
set. 

Monadenoma (mon-ad-en-o 1 '-mah) \u6vo<;, one ; adrjv, 
gland; b/ia, tumor]. A uniglandular adenoma. 

Monadiform (mon-ad' -if-orm) fpovdc, a unit, amo?zad; 
forma, shape]. In biology, resembling a monad. 

Monadigerous (mon-ad-ij' -er-us) [povdc, a unit, a 
monad; gerere, to carry]. In biology, bearing or 
composed of monads or monadiform cells. 

Monadina (mon-ad-i' -nah) [fiovac, a unit]. The flagel- 
late infusorians, or monadidce ; a family of animal 
microorganisms. 

Monadine (mon' -ad-in) \_povdc, a unit]. Pertaining to 
or of the nature of a monad. 

Monadinic (mon-ad-in' -ik) \jiovac, a unit]. Belonging 
to the Monadina. 



Monadology (mon-ad-ol'-o-je) [uovac, a unit; ^.dyoc, 
science]. The doctrine of Leibnitz, Lotze, Zimmer- 
mann, and Herbart, according to which the elemen- 
tary particles of matter are vital forces acting from an 
internal principle. 

Monae (mon'-c) [L.]. Buttocks. 

Monamin (mon'-am-in) \jiovac, a unit ; amin\. One 
of a class of chemic compounds derived from ammonia 
by the replacement of the hydrogen by a monovalent 
aikyl. See Amiu. 

Monammonic (mon-am-o'-nik) \_povoc, single ; am- 
monium]. Containing one molecule of ammonium. 

Monandrous (mon-an' -drzzs) \_povoc, single ; avr/p 
(av6p), male]. In biology, having but one male; 
monarsenous. 

Monanthemous (mon-an' - them-zts) \uovoc, single ; 
avdepov, a flower]. In biology, bearing but a single 
flower ; monanthous. 

Monantherous (mon-an' '-ther-us) \_puvoc, single ; avdoc, 
flower]. In biology, a term applied to a stamen bear- 
ing but one anther. 

Monanthous (mon-an' -thus) [povoc, single ; avOoc, 
flower]. In biology, producing but one flower. 

Monarda (mo-nay' -dah) [after N. Afonardes, a Spanish 
physician of the sixteenth century]. A genus of N. 
American labiate plants. M. fistulosa L., wildberga- 
mot, M. didyma, bee-balm, and M. punctata, horse- 
mint; are diaphoretic, carminative, and stimulant. 
Unof. 

Monardella (mon-ar-del' -ah) [after A T . Afonardes, a 
Spanish physician of the sixteenth century] . A genus 
of some eleven species of fragrant labiate herbs, all 
Californian, and having the general properties of the 
mints, pennyroyal, and basil. Unof. 

Monardin (mo-nar'-din) [N. Afonardes, a Spanish phy- 
sician of the sixteenth century], C IO H u O. A sub- 
stance much resembling thymol, but derived from the 
oil of horsemint, Afonarda punctata. 

Monarsenous (mon-ar' -sen-us) \_p6voc, single ; apm/v, 
male]. In biology, having but one male; monan- 
drous. 

Monarthral (mon-ar' -thral) \_povoc, single; apBpov, a 
joint]. A term applied to a muscle that passes over 
but one joint, e. g., the brachialis anticus. Its cor- 
relative is disarthral, applied to a muscle passing over 
two joints, e. g., the biceps. 

Monarthritis (mon-ar-thri'-tis) \_p6voc, single ; apflpov, 
a joint ; itlc, inflammation]. Arthritis affecting only 
a single joint. 

Monas (mon' -as) \_povac, unit]. A genus of minute, 
globose, plastic and free swimming animalcules in- 
habiting salt and fresh water, especially infusions. In 
this genus are included the simplest known forms of 
the typical flagellate infusoria. Early writers con- 
signed to the genus many doubtful or immature micro- 
organisms, some of which have since been found to 
belong to the Bacteria, or to be zoospore stages of 
Algse, Palmellacere, or other protophytic plants. 

Monaster (mon-as'-ter) \_povoc, single ; dari/p, star]. In 
embryology, the mother-star ; the fourth, or equatorial 
stage of karyokinesis. That stage of indirect cell- 
division or mitosis at which a single star is formed by 
the arrangement of the chromatin-loops about the 
equator of the achromatin-spindle. 

Monatomic (mon-at-om'-ik) \_p6voc, single; aroaoc, 
atom]. Having the valence of hydrogen ; saturating 
or saturated by a single monad atom. See Quanti- 
valence. M. Alcohols, those formed by the substitu- 
tion in a hydrocarbon of one hydrogen group for one 
atom of hydrogen. 

Monaxial, Monaxonic (mon-aks'-c-al, znon-aks-on'-ik) 
\_puvoc, single; aijuv, axis]. Having a single axis. 



MONECIOUS 



775 



MONOCEPHALUS 



Monecious (mon-e* -shits) \jn6vog, single; olnog, house]. 
Having male and female organs united in one animal ; 
of plants, having the male and female organs in 
separate flowers, but on the same plant, as in the 
cucurbitaceous plants. 

Monecism (mon-e' '-stem) [povoc, single ; oZ/coc, house]. 
Hermaphrodism. 

Monembryary (mon-em 1 -bre-a-re) \_povoc, single ; ep(3pv- 
ov, an embryo]. In biology, having a single embryo. 

Moner, Moneron (m</-ner, mon'-er-on) \_p6vo$, 
single]. In biology, a non-nucleated unicellular or- 
ganism of the simplest possible character. 

Monera (mon-e' -rail) [povi/pi/c, single]. An order or 
class of minute, marine rhizopods, including some of 
the lowest forms of animal life. 

Moneron (mon'-er-on). See Moner. 

Monerula (mon-er' -u-lah) \_povijpijc, single]. A non- 
nucleated stage of the impregnated ovum in which it 
has the form of a simple moner. 

Monesia (mo-ne'-ze-ah) [origin uncertain]. A vege- 
table extract from tnonesia-bark, produced by Chryso- 
phyllum buranhem, a tree of Brazil. It occurs in 
irregularly-shaped dark-brown pieces, soluble in water, 
and with a sweetish, astringent taste. It has been 
used as a stomachic, alterative, and astringent. Dose 
gr. v-x. Unof. 

Monesin (mo-ne' -sin) \nionesia\. A principle (said to 
be identical with saponin) obtained from monesia; it 
is astringent, and is said to be oxytocic. 

Money-counters' Disease. A disease of the hands, 
head, and conjunctiva? of persons handling bank- 
notes ; it is supposed to be due to arsenic-poisoning. 

Mongolian Idiocy. See Idiocy, Ethnic. 

Mongrel (mung'-grel) [ME., mungrel, mongrel], 
"An individual or a breed of animals resulting from 
repeated crossing or mixture of several varieties ; the 
progeny of varieties, or especially of artificial varie- 
ties, as distinguished from the hybrid or cross between 
two different species." 

Monilated (mon' '-il-a-ted) \_monile, a necklace]. In bi- 
ology, having a necklace-like arrangement ; moniliform. 

Monilethrix (mo-nil! ' -eth-riks)\monile, a necklace ; Opil-, 
hair]. An affection of the hair in which nodes can 
be seen strung regularly or irregularly along the hair- 
shaft, the internodular portions being relatively color- 
less, atrophied, and thinned. As distinguished from 
the nodes of trichorrhexis, a fracture occurs through the 
thinned and apparently non-pigmented portion of the 
shaft, the pigmented node representing what is thought 
to be nearly normal hair-tissue. 

Moniliform (mon-il' -if-orm) \_monile, necklace ; forma, 
form]. Shaped like a necklace; beaded. Resem- 
bling a string of beads. Applied to the shapes of 
certain hairs, roots, tubers, and other structures. M. 
Bronchiectasis, bead-like dilatations of a bronchial 
tube, resembling a rosary, the tube between the dila- 
tations retaining its normal size. 

Monilithrix (mo-nil' -ith-riks). See Monilethrix. 

Moniodhydrin (mon-e-od-hi' -drin)\jwvot; , single; vfiup, 
water], C 3 H 5 I(OH) 2 . A substitution-product of gly- 
cerin, occurring in the form of a yellow, syrupy liquid. 

Moniodomethane (mon-e-o-do-me'-than)[povoc, single; 
methane'], CH 3 I. Methylic iodid, a colorless, heavy, 
ethereal fluid, of the specific gravity of 2.199 at o° C, 
and boiling at 43. 8° C. (lll° F.). Its vapor has been 
used as an anesthetic, but its decomposition is easy, 
the irritating effects of iodin being produced. 

Moniodophenol (mon-e-od-o-fe' -nol) \_p6voc, single ; 
loxh/r, like a violet; phenol], C fi H 4 IOH. An iodin- 
compound or substitution-product of phenol, existing 
in three isomeric forms. 

Monism (mon'-iz7n) \_p6voc, single]. Any scheme of 



philosophy, or system of thinking, that aims at de- 
ducing all the phenomena of force, matter, life, and 
action from one principle. In biology, the same as 
Monogenesis, q. v. 

Monistic (mon-is'-tik) \_povoc, single]. Of, or pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, monism. 

Monkey-hand (munk> '-e-hand). The deformed hand 
of the early stage of progressive muscular atrophy. 
The hand presents an appearance of great length ; the 
thumb approaches the index-finger, and is on a line 
with the other fingers. 

Monkshood (munkz'-hood) [ME., monk, monk; 
ME., hood, hood]. See Aconite. M. Prepuce, a 
redundant hooded prepuce upon the dorsal aspect of 
the penis. It is often associated with hypospadias. 

Mono- (mon'-o-) [povoq, single]. A prefix signifying 
one or single. 

Monoathetosis (?non-o-ath-et-o' -sis) [pdvoc, single; 
aOtrog, without place]. Athetosis confined to one 
limb or one-half of the body. 

Monobasic (mon-o-ba'-sik) \_povoc, single; basis, base]. 
Having one base ; applied in chemistry to an acid that 
enters into combination with a univalent basic radicle 
to form a neutral salt, or a salt containing one equiva- 
lent of a base. 

Monoblastic (mon-o-blas' -tik) \jibvoq, single ; /iMaordc, 
germ]. In biology, applied to the single germ-layer 
stage of a metazoic embryo. Cf. Monoplacular. M. 
Theory of Disease, Nageli's theory of the origin of 
miasmatic-contagious diseases, viz. : that they are due 
to microphytes, which before they can reproduce the 
disease must undergo a special stage of development 
in an abnormal earth substratum. 

Monoblepharis (mon-o-blef -ar-is) \j16vnq, single ; /3Ae- 
tpapic, eyelash]. A fungus having only a single pos- 
terior flagellum. 

Monoblepsia, Monoblepsis (mon-o-blep'-se-ah, mon-o- 
blep'-sis) \_p6vog, single; (SXeipic, sight]. That condi- 
tion in which either eye has a better visual power than 
both together. 

Monobrachius (mon-o-bra'-ke-us) \_p6vog, single ; /3/ia- 
Xio)v, arm]. A fetus or person with but one arm. 

Monobromacetanilid (mon - o-brom-as -et-an'- il-id). 
Same as Antisepsin. 

Monobromated (mon - - bro f - ma - ted ) \_u6voq, one ; 
fipu/Ltog, stench]. Containing one bromin atom ; having 
one component atom of hydrogen replaced by bromin. 
M. Camphor. See Camphor. 

Monocardian (mon-o-kar' '-de-an) [/^droc, single; napdin, 
heart]. Having a simple heart, single-chambered or 
not completely divided, as in vertebrates. 

Monocarp (mon'-o-karp) \_p6voq, single ; Kopnoc, fruit]. 
In biology, a plant that bears fruit but once. 

Monocarpellary (mon-o-kar' -pel-a-re) \jibvoc, single ; 
/capTrdc, fruit]. In biology, composed of but one carpel. 

Monocarpous (mon-o-kar' -pus) [povoc, single ; napnoc, 
fruit]. In biology : (a) applied to plants that bear 
fruit once a year, as annuals ; (b) a flower in which 
but a single ovary, simple or compound, is produced. 

Monocelia (mon-o-se' -le-ah) \_povoc, single ; noAia, 
cavity]. Vertebrates whose encephalic cavity is 
single ; the lancelets. 

Monocelic (mon-o-se' -lik) \_p6vot;, single ; noiAta, cav- 
ity] . Having a single hollow cavity. 

Monocentric (mon-o-sen' -trik) \_povoQ, single ; nkvrpnv, 
center]. Having but one center ; unipolar. 

Monocephalous (mon-o-sef ' -al-us) \_rurac, single ; 
KEtpalr/, head]. In biology, arranged in a single head 
or head-like cluster. 

Monocephalus (mon-o-sef ' -al-ns)\_povac , single ; K.e<ba7iij, 
head]. A double monstrosity consisting of a single 
head with two bodies more or less completely fused. 



MONOCERCOUS 



776 



MONOGRAPH 



Monocercous (mon-o-ser' -kits) [pdvoc, single; Kepicog, 
the tail of a beast]. In biology, uniflagellate. 

Monocerous (mon-os' -er-us) [povonepur, one-horned]. 
In biology, having but one horn or horn-like process. 

Monochasium (mon - o - ka'- se - um) [pdvoc;, single ; 
jdffic, separation, chasm: //. , Monochasid\. In biol- 
ogy, a cyme with one main axis. 

Monochlamydeus {mon-o-klam-idf -e-us) \_povog, single; 
x'Aapbg, a cloak]. In biology, applied to flowers 
having but one floral envelop or perianth whorl. 

Mono-chloral-antipyrin [mon'- o - klo'- ral- an - tip- V- 
rin). See Hypnal. 

Monochlormethane (mon-o-klor-meth' -an). Synonym 
of Methyl-chlorid. 

Monochlorphenol (mon-o-klor-fe 1 '-nol) \_p6voc, single ; 
XAupdg, green; phenyl"], C 6 H 4 C10H. A deriva- 
tive of carbolic acid. It is a very volatile liquid, 
giving off vapors that are heavier than air. A mix- 
ture of monochlorphenol, alcohol, eugenol, and men- 
thol has been called chlorplienol, and has been used 
in pulmonary troubles as a bactericide. 

Monochorea (mon-o-ko-re'-ah) \jibvoq, single ; x°P ELa i 
dance]. Chorea confined to a single member or to a 
part of the body. 

Monochroic, Monochroitic (mon-o-kro'-ik, mon-o- 
kro-it'-ik) [povog, single; ^puc, color]. Having only 
one color. Arterial blood is monochroic. 

Monochromatic (inon-o-kro-maf -ik) \_p6vog, single ; 
Xpupa, color]. Having but one color. 

Monochromous (mon-ok' '-ro-mus). Synonym of Mono- 
chromatic. 

Monochrous (mon-ok' -ro-us). Synonym of Monochroic. 

Monocle (mon'-o-kl) \_povog, single ; oculus, eye]. A 
single lens or eye-glass. 

Monoclinic (mon-o-klin'-ik) \_p6vog, single ; aVivrj, bed]. 
Pertaining to flowers that have the male and female 
organs in a single perianth. Also, applied to crystals 
in which the vertical axis is inclined to one, but is at 
right angles to the other lateral axis. 

Monoclinous (mon-o-kli' -nus) \jiovoq, single ; kA'ivt/, 
bed]. In biology, having both male and female 
organs in the same flower. 

Monococcus (mon-o-kok' -us) \_p6voc, single ; k6k.koc, 
grain]. A single coccus ; one not united in chains or 
pairs. 

Monocotyledonous (mon-o- kot-il-e'-don-us) [povor, 
single; K0TvArj6ui>, a cup-shaped hollow or cavity]. 
In biology, possessing but one cotyledon or seed- 
leaf. 

Monocranus (mon-ok' '-ran-us) \_p6voQ, single ; Kpaviov, 
cranium]. A fetal monster with a single cranium, the 
face in part double, three or four eyes, the brain in part 
double. 

Monocrotic (mon - o- krot'-ik) \_p6voc, single; Kporoc;, 
pulse]. Having but a single beat (as the normal pulse) 
for each cardiac systole ; not dicrotic. 

Monocrotous (mon-ok' -ro-tus). See Monocrotics. 

Monocular (mon-ok 1 '-u-lar). Synonym of Uniocular. 

Monoculus (mon-ok' '-u-lus) [pdvog, single ; oculus, eye]. 
In surgery, a bandage for covering one eye. 

Monocyclic (mon-o-sik'-lik) \_iwv6kvk1oc , having but one 
circle]. In biology, arranged in a single whorl. 

Monocyst (mon'-o-sist) \_p.6voQ, single ; kvotis, cyst]. A 
tumor made up of a single cyst. 

Monocystic (mon - o - sis'- til:) \_p6voQ, single; Kvnrig, 
cyst]. Composed of or containing but one cyst. 

Monodactylous {mon- o- dak'- til - us) \_uoi>os, single; 
ficiKTvtioc; , finger]. Having only one finger or toe. 

Monodelph, Monodelphon (mon'-o-delf, mon-o-del' - 
/on) [//<5i'oc, alone; d(SeA<^dc, brother]. In biology, 
a plant the stamens of which are united into a single 
group by their filaments. 



Monodelphia (mon-o-del' -fe-ah) \_p6voc, single ; de?jpbc t 
womb]. A class of mammals possessing a single 
uterus and a single vagina separated from the rectum. 

Monoderic (mon-o-der' -ik) \_puvoq, single; depoc, skin]. 
Composed of a single layer. 

Monodermic (tnon-o-der' -mik) \_p6vog, single ; dippa, 
skin]. Having an envelop composed of a single 
layer. 

Monodidymus (mon-o-did' -im-us) \_povoc, single ; (5«5v- 
/ioc, twin]. One of twins. 

Monodiplopia (mon-o-dip-lo'-pe-ah) [/idvof, single; 
SlttAooc, double; oipic, sight]. Double vision with a 
single eye. 

Monodisc strobila. See Strobila. 

Monodont (mon'-o-dont) \_p6voc, single ; b&ovc;, tooth]. 
Having but one tooth. 

Monoembryony (mon-o-e?n' -bre-on-e) \_p6voq, single ; 
ipj3pvov, embryo]. In biology, having but a single 
embryo, as certain seeds. 

Monoflagellate (mon-o-flaj' -el-dt) [_puvog, single ; flag- 
ellum, a whip]. Monomastigate ; having only one 
whip-like appendage, as an infusorian. 

Monoformin (mon-o-form'-in) \_povoc, single, formica, 
an ant]. A substitution-compound of glycerin con- 
taining the radicle of formic acid. It is a colorless 
liquid, obtained by the action of oxalic acid and ether 
upon glycerin. 

Monogamous (mon-og'-am-tis) \ji6voc, single; yapoc, 
marriage]. Having but one wife or mate; living in 
pairs. In botany, applied to flowers that have the two 
kinds of sexual elements isolated from one another or 
not collected under a single capitulum. 

Monogamy (mon-og'-am-e) \_povoc;, single ; yapoc, mar- 
riage]. The marriage of two individuals of opposite 
sexes. 

Monogastric (mon-o-gas'-trik) [pdvoc, single ; yaari/p, 
stomach]. Having only one stomach or belly. 

Monogeneous (mon-o-je'-ne-us) \_povoq, single ; ykvoQ, 
race]. Of one race or family. In botany, having but 
one surface of increase. 

Monogenesis (mon-o-jen' -es-is) \jiovoq, single ; yeveatc, 
origin]. In biology : (a) development of offspring re- 
sembling the parent, as distinguished from metagene- 
sis; (b) development from a single hermaphroditic 
parent ; (c) origin of all organisms from a single cell. 

Monogenetic (mon-o-jen-et' -ik) \jl6vo<;, single ; yeverij, 
source, beginning, birth]. In biology, exhibiting 
direct development without alternation of generations, 
or heterogeny, as distinguished from digenetic. 

Monogenic (mon-o-jen'-ik) [povog, single; yevvav, to 
produce]. In biology, producing but one sort of 
embryo, as distinguished from diphygenic. 

Monogenism (mon-oj' -en-izm) \_povnq, single ; yevoc, 
race]. The doctrine that the members of the human 
race are descended from one pair only. 

Monogenous (mon-oj'-en-us) \_povoq, single; }/r;/f, 
produce]. In biology, applied to organisms that re- 
semble their parents. 

Monoglenous (mon-o-gle'-nus) \_povoc, single ; yAi/vr], 
pupil]. Having, or seeing with, but one pupil. 

Monogoneutic (mon-o-gon-u'-tik) \_p.6vnr, single ; yovh'- 
eiv, to produce]. In biology, producing but a single 
brood during the year. 

Monogonoporous (mon-o-gon-op'-or-us) \_p6vuc, single; 
}'<5i'oc, offspring; 7rdpoc, passage]. Having only one 
genital outlet. 

Monogony (mon-og' -o-ne) [u<5i»oc, single ; yovia, pro- 
duce]. In biology, generation among animals in 
which sex is not differentiated. 

Monograph (mon'-o-graf) [u6voc, single; ypateiv, to 
write]. A treatise or memoir concerning a single 
subject. 



MONOGYNECIAL 



777 



MONOPLEGIA 



Monogynecial (mon-o-jin-e'-se-al)\_novoc, single; yvvf/, 
female ; otKog, house]. In biology, applied to fruits 
that are formed from the pistil of one flower. 

Monogyny Unon-oj' '-in-e) \_uuvoc, single ; yovij, female]. 
In biology, mating with but one female. 

Monohemerous [mon-6-hem f -er-us) [fiovog, single ; 
i'/uipa, a day]. Lasting but a day ; ephemeral. 

Monohydric fmon-o-ki'-drik) \_jx6voc, single ; bdup, wa- 
ter]. Containing one atom of hydrogen. Specifically 
applied to such acids as have a single hydrogen atom 
replaceable by a basic atom or radicle ; and also to 
alcohols that by oxidation exchange two atoms of hy- 
drogen for one of oxygen, and form acids containing 
the same number of carbon atoms as the alcohols 
from which they were derived. 

Monoicous (mon-o'-ih-us). Synonym of Monecions. 

Monoideism (inon-o-i-de 1 '-izm) \_p6voc, single ; Idea, 
idea]. The domination of a single idea, as in certain 
cases of hypnotism and insanity. 

Monolein (mon-o'-le-in) \jibvoq, single; oleum, oil], 
G,jH 38 2 . A compound of glycerin and oleic acid 
occurring in crystals. 

WioriQ\ozxi\&? (mon-o-lok' -u-lar) \_/xovoc, single ; locuhis a 
cell or cavity]. Having one cell. Unicellular. Syno- 
nym of Unilocular and Monocystic. 

Monomania (jnon-o-ma' -ne-ah) \jjl6vqc-, single ; /uavla, 
madness]. A form of mania or madness in which a 
single delusion or form of delusion is especially dwelt 
upon. See Paranoia. 

Monomaniac (mon-o-ma' -ne-ak) [^<5vof, single ; jiavia, 
madness]. A person who dwells especially upon one 
delusion or form of delusion. 

Monomastigate (inon-o-mas' -tig-at). Same as Mono- 
Jlagellate. 

Monomeniscous (mon-o-men-is' -kus) [fj.6voq, single ; 
fiT/viaaoc, a crescent, or concavo-convex]. In biology, 
applied to such invertebrate eyes as are provided with 
a single lens, e.g. , the central eyes of scorpions and 
Limulus, as distinguished from polymeniscous. 

Monomerous (mon-om 1 '-er-us) [/xovoq, single ; fJ-ipuc, 
part]. In biology, applied to flowers that are con- 
structed on the numerical plan of one ; or to single- 
jointed parts of certain animals. 

Monommatous (mon-om' '-at-us) \jl6voc , single ; 6/i/m, 
eye]. One-eyed. 

Monomoria (mon-o-mo' -re-ah) \ji6vog , single ; /loipia, 
folly] . Melancholy. 

Monomorphic (mon-o-mor' fik) \ji6voq, single ; floppy, 
form]. In biology: (a) applied to a collection of in- 
dividuals, exhibiting similarity or identity of form ; (b) 
applied to species in which the same forms recur one 
after another with comparatively insignificant individ- 
ual characters ; the opposite of pleomorphic . 

Monomorpho-cellular (mon - o - mor'-fo - sel'- u - lar) 
\_ji6voq, single; /xop(p//, form; cellula, a little cell]. 
Having but one form of cell ; as a monomorpho- 
cellular myxoma. 

Monomorphous (mon-o-mor' -fits) \jibvoc, single ; fiop<pij, 
form]. Having but a single form ; not polymorphous. 

Monomphalia, Monomphalus (mon- om-fa'-le- ah, 
mon-om' -fal-us) \ji(tvoc, single ; bfipaXbc, navel]. A 
double monstrosity united by a common umbilicus. 

Monomyous (mon-o-mi'-us) \_povoc, single ; five- , mus- 
cle]. Having only one muscle; applied to certain 
bivalves, the shells of which are closed by a single 
muscle. 

Mononeurus (mon-o-ntt' '-rus) \_povog, single ; vevpov, 
nerve]. Having only one nervous system. 

Mononoia, Mononcea (mon-o-noi'-ah, mon-o-ne' -ah) 
[/lovog, single ; vboq, mind]. Same as Monoideism. 

Mononuclear (mon-o-nu' -kle-ar). Synonym of Uni- 
nuclear. 



Mononychous (mon-o-nih'-us) \_fi6voc, single ; bvv%, 
hoof]. Having an uncleft hoof. 

Mononym (mon'-o-nim) \jibvoc, single; bvvfia, name]. 
A name consisting of but a single word. Thus callo- 
sum is a mononym for corpus callosum ; pia, for pia 
mater ; myel, for spinal cord. 

Mononymic (mon-o-nim' -ik) \_fiovoc; , single ; bvo/ia, 
name]. Having but one name. 

Monopagia (mon-o-pa' -je-ah) [/i6va£, single ; izayiog, 
fixed] . Fixed local pain in the head ; clavus hystericus. 

Monoparesis (mon-o-par' -es-is) \ji6voq, single ; Trapeoig, 
paresis] . Paralysis of a single part of the body, as 
one limb. 

Monopathophobia (mon-o-path-o-fo'-be-ah) [/nbvoc;, 
single; nadoc, disease ; C><5/3of, fear]. Monomaniacal 
pathophobia. 

Monopathy (mon-op'-ath-e) [fiovoc;, single ; nadoc, dis- 
ease]. Uncomplicated disease of a single organ. 

Monopegia (mon-o-pe' -je-ah). See Monopagia. 

Monopetalous (mon-o-pet' -al-us) \_fiovog, single ; irkra- 
7-ov, leaf]. See Gamopetalous and Sympetalous. 

Monophagia (mon-o-fa' '-Je-ah) \_/jovoq, single ; payslv, 
to eat]. I. Desire for a single article of food. 2. 
The eating of a single daily meal. 

Monophasia (mon-o-fa' -ze-ah) [[ibvot;, single ; (jtdvai, to 
speak]. A centric disturbance of speech, a form of 
aphasia, in which speech is limited to a single syllable, 
word, or sentence. 

Monophobia (mon-o-fo' '-be-ah) \jl6voq, single ; <p6(5oc, 
fear]. I. Morbid dread of being alone. 2. Fear in 
itself, or of everything, as a symptom in neuras- 
thenia ; abnormal timidity. 

Monophosphatid (mon- o-fos' -fat-id) \ji6voq, single ; 
phosphorus}. Any phosphatid which contains only 
one phosphorus radicle. Several such compounds 
have been discovered in the brain-substance. 

Monophthalmia (mon-off-thal'-me-ah)\jiovoe, single; 
bfdaX/ioc, eye]. Synonym of Cyclopia. 

Monophthalmous (mon-off-thal' -mos) [/uovoc, single ; 
b<pdaA/i6<;, eye]. Single-eyed; also, pertaining to a 
bandage for one eye. 

Monophyletic (mon-o-fi-let' -ik) [fi6voq, single; <pvkrj, 
tribe]. In biology, derived from a single prototype. 
M. Hypothesis, the doctrine of H<eckel, that the 
various organic lines of animals have descended from a 
common type. 

Monophyllous (mon-o-fil' -us) \jiovoq, single ; QvXkov, 
leaf]. In biology, having but one leaf; formed of a 
single leaf. 

Monophyodont (mon-of -o-dont) \_p.bvoc, single ; pbeiv, 
to grow ; bdovc, tooth]. Having only one set of 
teeth, as is the case with the Cetacea. 

Monoplacid (mon-o-plas'-id) \_fi6voc, single; Tr?iaKovr, a 
flat cake]. In biology, applied to an echinoderm hav- 
ing but a single madreporic plate, as distinguished 
from polyplacid. 

Monoplacula (mon-o-plak' -u-lah) \ji6voq, single ; nXa!- , 
plate, tablet: //. , MonoplaculaT\. In embryology, a 
single-layered germ ; a monoblastic discoid embryo. 

Monoplasmatic (mon-o-plaz-mat'-ik). Synonym of 
Monoplastic . 

Monoplast (mon' '- o - plast) [_/i6vo<;, single; n laaroq, 
formed, molded]. In biology, any unicellular organ- 
ism, as a moner or a simple histologic cell. 

Monoplastic (mon-o-pltis' -tik) \jiovoq, single ; irXaaaEiv, 
to mould]. A term applied to cells constituted of 
only one substance. 

Monoplastid (mon-o-plas' -tid) \_jiovoq, single; nTuusrbg, 
molded]. An organism or structural element com- 
posed of only a single cell. 

Monoplegia (mon-o-ple' -je-ah) \_fi6voc, single; 7r/b?yr), 
stroke]. Paralysis of a single limb or of a single 



MONOPODACEPHALUS 



778 



MONS 



muscle or group of muscles. M., Central, that due 
to a lesion of the brain. M., Peripheral, that due to 
a lesion of the nerves or of the ganglion-cells of the 
anterior horns of the spinal cord. 

Monopodacephalus [mon-o-po-das-ef'-al-us) \ji6voq, 
single ; irovc, foot ; d priv. ; nefya/J], head]. An 
acephalic monstrosity with but a single foot. 

Monopodia [mon-o-po 1 '-de-ah). See Monopus. 

Monopodial [mon-o-po' '-de-al) \_jiovoc, single; ■Ko'vc[Tro6), 
foot]. In biology, applied to that form of ramification 
in which all of the branches originate as lateral appen- 
dages. 

Monopodium [mon - o -po'- de - tint) \_/j.ov6novc, one- 
footed : //. , Monopodia]. In biology, an axis of 
growth that elongates at the apex at the same time 
that lateral branches are sent out beneath in acropetal 
succession. 

Monoprionidian [mon-o-pri-o-nid' '-e-an) \_ji6vog, single ; 
irpiuv, a saw]. In biology, exhibiting a uniserial 
arrangement of serrations. 

Monops (mon 1 '-ops). Synonym of Cyclops. 

Monopsia [man-ops' -e-ah). See Monophthalmia. 

Monopsychosis [mon-o-si-ko'-sis) \ji6voc, single ; i'vxo, 
mind: pi, Monopsyehoses]. Any kind of monomania 
or delusional insanity of a fixed type. 

Monopus [mon'-o-pus) \jiovoq, single ; Trove, foot]. I. A 
developmental defect consisting in absence of one foot 
or leg. 2. A one-footed monstrosity. 

Monopyrenous [mon - o - pi - re' '- mis) \_fj.6voc, single; 
irvpfjv, the stone of a fruit]. In biology, having but 
one kernel or stone. 

Monorchid, Monorchis [mon - or'- kid, mon - or'- kis) 
\_fiovoc, single; 6px l C> testis]. A person who has 
but one testicle, or in whom one testicle only has de- 
scended into the scrotum. 

Monorganic [mon-or-gan' -ik) \_fiovoq, single ; opyavov, 
instrument]. Pertaining to a single organ. 

Monorrhinous [mon-or-i'-nus) [fiovng, single ; pic, 
nose]. Having a single median nasal cavity. 

Monosaccharid [mon - o - sak' - ar - id). See Polysac- 
charid . 

Monoscelous [mon-os-el' '-its)\ji6voe, single : ckOioc, leg]. 
One-legged. 

Monose [mon'-os). See Carbohydrates, Table of . 

Monosis [mon-o' -sis) \jLbvwaie, separation, isolation]. 
In biology, the isolation of one organ from the rest. 

Monositia [mon-o-sif -e-ah). Synonym of Monophagia. 

Monosoma, Monosomia [mon-o-so'-mah, mon-o-so'- 
me-ah) \_fiovuq, single ; aij/ia , body : pi. , Monosomata~\. 
A double monstrosity with a single body and two 
heads. 

Monosomus [mon-os'-o-mus). See Monosoma. 

Monospasm [mon'-o-spazm) \jxbvoq, single ; cnaojidc, 
spasm]. I. Spasm affecting limited areas, as one side 
of the face, a single limb, or a single muscle or muscle- 
group. 2. An epileptiform seizure confined to one 
lateral half of the body. 

Monosperm {man' -o- sperm) \ji6voq, single; arrep/ia, 
seed]. In biology, a one-seeded plant. 

Monospheric [mon-o-sfer'-ik) \ji6voc, single ; CKpalpa, 
sphere]. Consisting of a single sphere. 

Monospondylic [mon-o-spon-dil' -ik) [fidvoc, single ; 
OKoi'fivAor, a joint of the backbone]. Having a single 
centrum, as a vertebra. 

Monospore [mon' -o-spor) \ji6voc, single; OTrdpoc, seed]. 
An unfertilized spore or ovum. 

Monosporogony [mon-o-spor-og'-o-ne) \ji6vog, single ; 
(j-opoc, seed ; yiyveadat, to be born]. Development 
from a single unfertilized spore ; parthenogenesis. 

Monosporous [mon-o-spor'-us) [//rfroc, single ; an6poc, 
a seed]. In biology, producing but a single spore, 
as the hyphce or asci of certain Fungi. 



Monostachous [mon-os'-tak-tis) [fiovoq, single ; araxvc, 
an ear of corn, a spike]. In biology, producing a 
single spike. 

Monostichous [mon-os'-tik-us) \jiovoq, single ; arl^og, 
a line]. In biology, arranged in a single row, rank, 
series, or layer; the autonym of diplostichous. 

Monostigmatous [mon-o-slig' -mat-as) \_fiovac , single ; 
ariy/ua, stigma]. In biology, having but a single 
stigma. 

Monostomatous [mon-os-to 1 '-mat-us) \_/j.6voc, single ; 
OTOfia, mouth]. Having only one mouth ; applied to 
a class of Metazoa the gastrula of which possesses 
only one ingestive opening. 

Monostylous [mon-o-sti' -lus) \ji6voe, single ; otv'aoq, 
pillar]. In biology, having but a single style. 

Monosy [mon' -o-se) [jidvuaic;, singleness ; fiovow, to 
make single]. In biology, the abnormal disunion or 
isolation of organs ordinarily united partially or com- 
pletely ; if congenital it is called ademsy, if occurring 
in parts previously joined dialysis. 

Monothalamous [mon-o-lhal'- am-its) [/ibvoc, single ; 
OaXafioc, chamber]. Consisting of only one chamber. 

Monothelious [mon-o-the' -le-ns) \_jiovoc, single ; QffKvq, 
female] . In biology, polyandrous ; applied to species 
in which several males serve a single female. 

Monotic [mon-ot'-ik) [//woe, single; ovg, ear]. Per- 
taining to but one of the ears. 

Monotocous [mon - ot' - o - kus) \ji6vo<;, single; t6koc, 
birth]. In biology, bearing fruit or producing young 
but once or but one at a time ; uniparous. 

Monotonia [mon- o- to'-ne- ah) \jlovo<;, single; r6voq, 
tone]. Uniformity of voice ; in vocalization, that kind 
of uniformity that results from paralysis of the laryn- 
geal tensors. 

Monotonic [mnn-o-ton' -ik) \jxoo6~ovo(;, of a single form, 
simple]. In biology, applied to such groups or masses 
of materials or organisms as are homogenous ; being 
characterized by a single species or a single genus, or 
even a single family or order ; the opposite of Poly- 
mixic, q. v. 

Monotrema [mon-o-tre' -mail) \ji6voq, single ; rpfijia, 
hole: //. , Monotremata~\. A single aperture. The 
Afonotremata form a class of animals including the 
duckbill, in which the intestinal and the genito-urinary 
tracts open into a common cloaca. 

Monotridymus [mon-o-trid' -im-us) \ji6voe, single ; 
TpiSvfioq, triple]. A monstrosity consisting of three 
bodies or having triplicate parts. 

Monotrochal [mon-ot'-ro-kal) [_fi6voc, single ; rpn^ig, 
wheel]. In embryology, applied to embryos having 
but a single ciliated band. 

Monotypal [mon-o-W -pal) \_fi6voc, single ; riiToc, type]. 
Having but a single type or form, as a monotypal 
disease or genus. 

Monotype [mon'-o-t'ip) \_p.6vog, single; tvtvoc, type]. 
In biology the soie typical representative of its kind. 

Monovalent [mon-ov'-al-ent). Same as Univalent. 

Monoxid [mon-oks' -id) \_u6voq, single; oS,vc, acid]. 
An oxid containing a single oxygen atom combined 
either with two univalent atoms or with one bivalent 
atom. 

Monozoic [mon-o-zo' -ik) [odi'oc, single ; COov, an ani- 
mal]. In biology, applied to certain unsegmented 
animals, as Amphilina, Caryophyllaits, and Archigetes 
among the Platodes. 

Monro, Foramen of. See Foramina , Table of, and 
Porta. M., Sulcus of, a slight furrow dividing the 
mesal surface of the thalamus of the brain into a dor- 
sal and a ventral area. Also called Anlix. 

Mons (woh:) [L. : //. , Mantes']. I. A mountain. In 
anatomy, the Mons pubis or the Mons veneris. M. 
cerebelli. See Monticulus. M. pubis, the emi- 



MONSEL'S SOLUTION 



779 



MONSTROSITIES 



nence in front of the body and horizontal ramus of the 
os pubis ; it is called also, in the female, M. veneris. 
M. veneris, the mons pubis of the female. 

Monsel's Solution, M.'s Salt. See Ferrum. 

Monster (mon'-ster). See Monstrosity. 

Monstricide (mon'-slris-id) \_monstrum, monster; ctz- 
dere, to kill]. The killing of a monster. 

Monstriferous (inon-strif '-er-us) \jnonstrum, monster; 
ferre, to bear]. Producing monsters. 

Monstrosity (mon-stros f -it-e) \monstrum, a monster]. 
I. A teratism ; a fetus or being with an abnormal de- 
velopment or superfluity or deficiency of parts or some 
vice of conformation. These may be compound or 
double, single or simple, according as the monster is 
composed of the malformations of one or more elemen- 
tary organisms. 2. Teratism ; the abstract quality of 
being monstrous ; congenital deformity. A table of 
monstrosities is appended. M., Emmenic, Racibor- 
ski's term for a female child that menstruates during 
infancy. M., Parasitic, a compound monstrosity in 
which a subsidiary part is nourished by the autosite, or 
principal organism. 

TABLE OF MONSTROSITIES.* 

According to Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Altered 
by Hirst and Piersol. 

HEMITERATA. 

I. ANOMALIES OF VOLUME. 

A. Of Stature. 

i. General Diminution, as in a dwarf— delayed 
growth . 

2. General Increase, as in a giant — precocious devel- 
opment. 

B. Of Volume, strictly speaking. 

1. Local Diminution. Affecting — 

a. Regions, as a limb. 

b. Systems, as undeveloped muscles. 

c. Organs as small breasts, stenosis of canals, 
etc. 

2. Local increase, affecting — 

a. Regions, as the head. 

b. Systems, as the adipose tissue. 

c. Organs, as large breasts in women, lactiferous 
breasts in men. 

II. ANOMALIES OF FORM. Single Order, including— 
deformed heads ; anomalies of shape in the stomach ; 
deformed pelves, etc. 

III. ANOMALIES OF COLOR. 

A. Deficiency, complete, partial or imperfect albinism. 

B. Excess, complete, partial or imperfect melanism. 

C. Alteration, as in unusual color of the iris. 

IV. ANOMALIES OF STRUCTURE. 

A. Deficiency hi Consistency, as cartilaginous condi- 
tions of bones. 

B. Excess in Consistency, as anomalous ossification. 

V. ANOMALIES OF DISPOSITION. 

A. By Displacemf.nt. 

i. Of the splanchnic organs, as anomalous direc- 
tion of heart or stomach, hernias, exstrophy of 
the bladder, etc. 

2. Of the non-splanchnic organs, as club-foot, 
curvature of the spine, misplaced teeth, mis- 
placed blood-vessels, etc. 

B. By Change of Connection. 

i. Anomalous articulations. 

2. Anomalous implantations, as teeth out of line. 

3. Anomalous attachments, as of muscles and liga- 

ments. 

4. Anomalous branches, as of arteries and nerves. 

5. Anomalous openings, as of veins into the left 

auricle, of the ductus choledochus in an un- 
usual situation, of the vagina into the rectum, 
of the rectum into the male urethra, of the 
rectum at the umbilicus, cloaca. 

* Reproduced with the kind consent of the Publishers, from 
" Human Monstrosities," By Barton Cooke Hirst, M. D., and 
George A. Piersol, m. d. Philadelphia: Lea, Brothers & Co., 
1892. 



C. In Continuity. 

1. Anomalous imperf orations, as of rectum, vulva, 

vagina, mouth, esophagus. 

2. Anomalous union of organs, as of kidneys, tes- 

cles, digits, teeth, ribs; adhesion of the tongue 
to the palate. 

D. By Closure, as in complete transverse septum in 

the vagina. 

E. By Disjunction. 

1. Anomalous perforations, as persistence of fora- 

men ovale, ductus arteriosus, urachus. 

2. Anomalous divisions, as splits, fissures in various 

organs, hare-lip, hypospadias, fissured tongue, 
cleft palate, fissured cheek. 

VI. ANOMALIES OF NUMBER AND EXISTENCE. 

1. By numerical defect, as absence of muscles, 

vertebrae, ribs, digits, teeth, a lung, a kidney, 
the womb, the bladder, etc. 

2. By numerical excess, as supernumerary digits, 

ribs, teeth, breasts, a double uterus. 



HETEROTAXIS. 

I. Splanchnic Inversion. 

II. General Inversion. 

HERMAPHRODITES.* 

I. True Hermaphrodites. 

a. Bilateral hermaphrodites. 

b. Unilateral hermaphrodites. 

c. Lateral hermaphrodites. 

II. Pseudo-hermaphrodites, with double sexual for- 

mation of the external genitals, but with unisexual 
development of the reproductive glands (ovaries 
and testicles). 

a. Male Pseudo-hermaphrodites (with testicles). 

1. Internal pseudo-hermaphrodites. Development 

of uterus masculinus. 

2. Externalpseudo-hermaphrodites. External geni- 

tals approach the female type ; the monstrosity 
presents a feminine appearance and build. 

3. Complete pseudo-hermaphrodites (internal and 

external). Uterus masculinus with tubes ; sep- 
arate efferent canals for bladder and uterus. 

b. Female pseudo-hermaphrodites (with ovaries). Per- 

sistence of male sexual parts. 

1. Internal hermaphrodites. Formation of vas def- 

erens and tubes. 

2. External hermaphrodites. Approach of the ex- 

ternal genitals to the male type. 

3. Complete hermaphrodites (internal and external.) 

Masculine formation of the external genitals 
and of a part of the sexual tract. 



MONSTERS. 

CLASS I.— SINGLE MONSTERS. 
Order I.— Autositic Monsters. 



Species 1. Ectrome- 
lus 



Genus I, 



Genus II, 



Species 2, 



Single species, 
osoma, ... 



Cel- 



Genus III, 



Species 1. 
cephalus, 



Exen- 



Species 2. Pseuden- 
cephalus, .... 



Phocomelus 
Hemimelus 
Micromelus 
Ectromelus 

Symelus 

Uromelus 

Sirenomelus 

Aspalasoma 

Agenosoma 

Cyllosoma 

Schistosoma 

Pleurosoma 

Celosoma 

Notencephalus 

Proencephalus 

Podencephalus 

Hyi jerencephalus 

Iniencephalus 

Exencephalus 

Nosencephalus 

Thlipsencephalus 

Pseudencephalus 



Species 3. Anence- , „ , , 

phalus, / Derencephalus 

( Anencephalus 



*Klebs' classification of hermaphrodites ns o-iven by Ahlfeld, 
is substituted for that of Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. 



MOXSTRUM 



780 



MORBIGENOUS 



Genus IV, 



Species I. Cycloceph- 
alus 



Species 2. Octoceph- 
atus, 



Ethmocephalus 

Cebocephalus 

Rhinocephalus 

Cyclocephalus 

Stomocephalus 

Sphenocephalus 

Octocephalus 

Edocephalus 

Opococephalus 

Triocephalus 



Order II. 



Genus I, 



-Omphalositic Monsters. 
Species i. Paraceph- ( 
alus, < 



Species 
alus, . 



2. Aceph- 



Species 3. Asomata. 
Genus II, Single species, Anideus. 



Paracephalus 
Omacephalus 
Hemiacephalus 

Acephalus 

Peracephalus 

Mylacephalus 



CLASS II.— COMPOSITE MONSTERS. 
Order I. — Double Autositic Monsters.* 

A. Terata katadidyma. 

Genus I, Diprosopus 
Genus II, Dicephalus 
Genus III, Ischiopagus 
Genus IV, Pygopagus 

B. Terata anadidyma. 

Genus I, Dipygus 
Genus II, Syncephalus 
Genus III, Craniopagus 

C. Terata anakatadidyma. 

Genus I, Prosopothoracopagus 
Genus II, Omphalopagus 
Genus III, Rhaciphagus 
Order II.— Double Parasitic Monsters. 



Genus I, 



Species 1. 
typus, . 



Hetero- 



Species 2. Heteralius, 



Genus II, 



Species 
thus, . 



Polygna- 



Species 2. Polymelus, 



Heteropagus 

Heterodelphus 

Heterodymus 

Heterotypus 

Heteromorphus 

Epicomus 

Epignathus 
Hypognathus 
Paragnathus 
Augnathus 

Pygomelus 
Gastromelus 

Notomelus 

Cephalomelus 

Melomelus 



Genus III, { Endocyma, { gX°yn 

Order III.— Triple Monsters. 



ma 
ma 



Monstrum (mon'-slrum). See Monstrosity. 

Monteggia's Dislocation (mon-tef-e-ah). A form of 
dislocation of the hip-joint in which the head of the 
femur is near the anterior superior iliac spine, and the 
limb is rotated outward. 

Monteverde's Sign or Test. See Death, Signs of. 

Montgolfier's Formula. A formula for estimating the 
velocity of air. It is as follows: "The velocity in 
feet per second is equal to eight times the square root 
of the height through which the body has fallen." 
This is expressed by the formula. 



2F 



\ I 



P>) 



: + .002 (t- 
v = The velocity in feet per second. 
g = The acceleration due to gravity, 32.18 feet per second. 
ar™" Height of shaft. 
t = Internal temperature. 
V = External temperature. 
.002 = Co-efficient of expansion for i° F. 

*The third order of GeofFroy Saint-Hilaire, single parasitic 
monsters, under which name he describes dermoid cysts, is 
omitted. Forster's classification is stihstituted, with slight 
modification, for that of Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire. 



Montgomery's Cups. The dilated canals of the uter- 
ine tubular glands. They appear as minute projec- 
tions on the external surface of aborted ova. M.'s 
Glands. Accessory rudimentary milk-glands. (Rein.) 
See also Gland. M.'s Tubercles. Same as M.'s 
Glands. 

Monthier's Blue. Same as Prussian Blue. 

Monthlies (munth'-lez). See Menses. 

Monthling (munth' '-ling) [ME., month, month]. An 
infant one month old. 

Monthly (munth'-le) [ME., monethly, monthly]. Oc- 
curring once a month; lasting for a month. M. 
Courses. See Menses. M. Nurse, a nurse who 
attends after childbirth. 

Monti's Copper Method. A method of staining nerve- 
cells. See Stains, Table of. 

Monticulus (mon-tik'-u-lus) [L.]. I. A little eleva- 
tion. 2. Same as M. cerebelli. M. cerebelli, the 
small convex projection on the upper part of the 
median line of the cerebellum ; the central portion of 
the superior vermiform process. 

Montpellier Yellow. Same as Cassel Yellow. 

Mooltan Sore. Same as Furunettlus orientalis. 

Moon [ME., moone, moon]. The satellite of the 
earth. M. -blindness, amblyopia caused by exposure 
of the eyes to the moon's light during sleep. See 
also Menotyphlosis. M. -blink, a temporary evening 
blindness of the tropics, supposed to be due to sleep- 
ing in the moonlight. M.-eye; I. An eye supposed 
to be affected by the moon. 2. A disease of the eye 
in horses. M.-eyed, dim-eyed; affected with moon- 
eye. M.-face, a full, round face. M.-flaw, an 
attack of lunacy. M. -madness, lunacy. M.-seed. 
See Menispermum. M.-sick, crazy. M. -stricken, 
M. -struck. See Lunatic. M. -stroke, a neurosis 
supposed to result from exposure to the rays of the 
moon. 

Moonling {moon' -ling) [ME., moone, moon]. A 
lunatic. 

Moore's Figure of Eight. A figure-of-eight bandage 
made of a folded shawl or strip of muslin, and used 
as a dressing for fracture of the clavicle. M.'s 
Method. See Treatment, Methods of. M.'s Reagent 
and Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Moos-pappe [moz-pop-a') [Ger.] An absorbent mate- 
rial consisting of a variety of moss, and prepared for 
use as a surgical dressing. 

Moosewood. See Dirca palustris. 

Moral Insanity. See Insanity. 

Morand's Disease. Paresis of the extremities. See 
Diseases, Table of. M.'s Foot, a foot with eight 
toes. See Diseases, Table of. 

Morbi (mor'-bi) [L., plural and genitive of Morbus']. 
Of a disease. Agens morbi, the cause or agent of 
disease. Ens morbi, the being or essential quality 
of disease. Materies morbi, the substance produc- 
ing a disease. 

Morbid (mor' '-bid) [morbidus, morbus, disease]. Per- 
taining to disease. M. Anatomy, the anatomy of 
organs or tissues in a state of disease. 

Morbidity {mor - bid'- it - e) [morbus, disease]. The 
quality of disease or of being diseased. Also the 
conditions inducing disease. Also the statistics of the 
diseases in a community at a given period ; the sick- 
rate. M. and Mortality, a term expressive of the 
statistical relations of disease and the death-rate. 

Morbiferous (mor-bif'-er-us) [morbus, disease; ferre, 
to bear]. Conveying or spreading disease. 

Morbific (mor-bif'-ik) [morbus, disease ; facere, to 
make]. Causing or inducing disease. 

Morbigenous [mor-bij' '-en-us) [morbus, disease ; yewav, 
to produce]. Producing disease. 



MORBILITY 



781 



MORNING 



Morbility (mor-bil'-it-e). Same as Morbidity. 

Morbilli (mor-bil'-i) [dim. of Morbus, disease]. See 
Rubeola, Measles. 

Morbilliform (mor-bil'-if-orm) [morbilli, measles; 
forma, form]. Resembling measles. 

Morbillous (mor-bil'-us) [morbilli, measles]. Pertain- 
ing to measles. 

Morbose (ntor'-boz) [morbosus, morbus, disease]. 
Diseased. 

Morbosity (mor - bos' - it - e) [morbosus, diseased]. A 
condition of disease. 

Morbus (mor'-bus) [L.]. A disease or illness. M. ad- 
disonii. See Addison's Disease. M. aetatis, disease 
peculiar to a certain age. M. anglicus. Synonym 
of Rachitis. M. ampullaceus. Synonym of Pem- 
phigus. M. animatus, a parasitic disease. M. 
aphrodisiacus, M. aphrodisia. Synonym of 
Syphilis. M. apoplectiformis. .Synonym of 
Meniere' 1 s Disease. M. arietis. Synonym of Influ- 
enza. M. articularis. Synonym of Gout. M. atto- 
nitus. Synonym of Catalepsy and also of Apoplexy. 
M. basedowii. See Exophthalmic Goiter. M. 
brightii. See Bright's Disease. M. bullosus. 
Synonym of Pemphigus. M. caducus. See Epilepsy. 
M. carinus. Synonym of Insolation. M. Celsi. 
Synonym of Catalepsy. M. cerebralis whytii. Sy- 
nonym of acute internal hydrocephalus. M. ceruleus. 
See Cyanosis, Congenital. M. comitialis. Synonym 
of Epilepsy. M. costalis. Synonym of Pleurisy. 
M. coxarius. See Coxalgia. M. cucullus. Syno- 
nym of Whooping-cough. M. deificus. Synonym 
of Epilepsy. M. divinus, M. divus. Synonym of 
Epilepsy. M. dominorum.. Synonym of Gout. M. 
elephas. See Elephantiasis arabum. M. erronum, 
a deep bronze coloration of the skin resulting from 
prolonged exposure to the sun's rays or to vicissitudes 
of climate. M. fellifluus. Synonym of Cholera. 
M. fcedus. Synonym of Epilepsy. M. gallicus. 
Synonym of Syphilis. M. gesticulatorius. Syno- 
nym of Chorea. M. glandulosus. Synonym of 
Glanders. M. heracleus, M. heraculeus. Synonym 
of Elephantiasis and of Epilepsy. M. hispanicus. 
Synonym of Syphilis. M. incurvus. Synonym of 
Kyphosis. M. indicus. Synonym of Syphilis. M. 
infantilis. Synonym of Epilepsy. M. insputatus. 
Synonym of Epilepsy. M. interlunis. Synonym of 
Epilepsy. M. ischiadicus. Synonym of Sciatica. 
M. itaiicus. Synonym of Syphilis. M. luteolus. 
Synonym of Jaundice. M. maculosus dieckerhoffii. 
A hemorrhagic purpura of horses. M. maculosus 
werlhofii. See Werlhof s Disease and Purpura hem- 
orrhagica. M. magnus. Synonym of Epilepsy. 
M. medicorum, the mania of those who seek the ad- 
vice of physicians for imaginary diseases. Over-much 
doctoring. M. mucosus, mucous disease ; intestinal 
catarrh. M. nauticus. Synonym of Sea-sickness. 
M. neapolitanus. Synonym of Syphilis. M. ory- 
zeus. Synonym of Asiatic Cholera. M. pallidus, 
M. parthenius. Synonym of Chlorosis. M. pau- 
perum. Synonym of Relapsing fever. M. Paxtonii, 
a parasitic disease of the hair of the axilla. M. 
pilaris. Synonym of Trichiasis. M. pleuriticus. 
Synonym of Pleurisy. M. plumbeus. Synonym 
of Plumbism. M. psoadicus. Synonym of Psoas 
Abscess. M. regius. Synonym of Jaundice. M. 
ruralis. Synonym of Ergotism. M. sacer. Syno- 
nym of Epilepsy. M. saltatorius. Synonym of Chorea. 
M. Sancti Lazari. Synonym of Leprosy. M. Sancti 
Valentini. Synonym of Epilepsy. M. scrophulo- 
sus. Synonym of Scrofula. M. senilis, the phys- 
iologic retrogression frequently seen in old age. M. 
sideratus. Synonym of Epilepsy. M. sonticus. 



Synonym of Epilepsy. M. suffocans. Synonym of 
Diphtheria. M. suffocatorius. Synonym of Diph- 
theria. M. tyrius. Synonym of Elephantiasis and 
Leprosy. M. virginens, M. virginum. Synonym 
of Chlorosis. M. werlhofii. See Werlhof's Disease. 

Mordacious (mor-da'-se-us) [mordax, biting]. Biting, 
pungent. 

Mordant (mor'-dant) \_mordere, to bite]. A substance 
that fixes the dyes used in coloring textures, or in 
staining tissues and bacteria. See Pigments, Colors, 
and Dyesluffs. 

Mordicancy (mor'-dik-an-se) [mordicare, to bite]. 
Pungency ; biting quality, as of a drug. 

Mordicant (mor'-dik-ant). Synonym of Mordacious. 

Mordication (mor-dik-a' -shun) \_mordicare, to bite]. 
A burning and stinging inflammatory condition of the 
skin. 

Morel's Ear. See Ear, Deformities of, and Diseases, 
Table of. M.'s Tourniquet, the first tourniquet 
-known, introduced by Morel in 1674. 

Morgagni (mor-gan'-e). A noted Italian anatomist of 
the eighteenth century. M.'s Caruncle. The middle 
lobe of the prostate gland. M., Cataract of. See Cata- 
ract. M., Columns of. See Column. M., Foramen 
of. See Eoramina, Table of. M.'s Fossa. See Eossa 
navicularis . M.'s Frenum, the projection formed by 
the union of the ileo-colic and ileo-cecal valves. M., 
Glands of. See Gland. M.'s Humor, same as 
M.'s Liquor. M., Hydatid of. See Hydatid. 
M.'s Lacuna, one of the depressions of the urethral 
mucosa into which the urethral glands open. Also, 
the Eossa navicularis. M.'s Liquor, the fluid found 
within the capsule of the crystalline lens after death. 
M., Sinus of. See Sinus. M., Ventricle of. See 
Ventricle. 

Morgan's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Morgue (morg) [Fr.]. A dead-house, a mortuary. A 
place where unknown dead are exposed for identifica- 
tion. 

Mori, Succus ; Mori, Syrupus. See Morus. 

Moria (mo'-re-ah) [fiupla, folly]. A form of dementia 
characterized by talkativeness and childish silliness. 

Moribund (mor'-ib-und) \jnoribundus, moriri, to die]. 
Dying. Ripe for dissolution. 

Moric Acid (mo'-rik) \_morus, a mulberry tree]. I. A 
crystalline acid obtained from Morus alba. 2. Morin, 
q. v. 

Moriform (mo'-riform) [morus, a mulberry ; forma, 
form]. Shaped like a mulberry. M. Glands. See 
Gland. 

Morin (mo'-rin) [morus, a mulberry tree], C, 3 H 8 6 -|- 
2H 2 0. A coloring-matter found in yellow-wood 
(Morus linctoria). It decomposes into phloroglucin 
and resorcin. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Morin's Base. See Glacosin. 

Morindin (mo-rin' -din) [morus, the mulberry ; Indicus, 
Indian], C 28 H 30 O ]5 . A crystalline substance found in 
Morinda citrifolia. On decomposition it is said to 
yield alizarin. 

Morindon (mor-in' -don) [morus, a mulberry ; Indicus, 
Indian], C 28 H 10 O 10 . A beautiful red substance ob- 
tained from Morindin. 

Moringa (mo-ring' -gah) [native Malabar]. A genus 
of dicotyledonous polypetalous trees. M. pterygo- 
sperma, M. zeylanica, horse-radish tree, found in 
the West Indies and the East. The oil of the seeds, 
the root, and the gum, all have been used in a great 
variety of diseases, both local and general. Unof. 

Morioplasty (mor'-e-o-plas-te) [fidpiov, part; irXacoeiv, 
to mold]. Autoplasty ; plastic surgery. 

Morning (morn'-ing) [ME., morninge, morning]. 
The first part of the day. M. Sickness. The nausea 



MOROCCO LEATHER 



782 



MORPHONOSUS 



of pregnant women, occurring chiefly in the early 
months of gestation ; also, the imitative or sympa- 
thetic nausea sometimes experienced by the husband 
during the wife's early pregnancy ; eonosus. M.- 
tire. A peculiar condition seen in melancholia and 
neurasthenia, in which the patient awakes in the morn- 
ing from a sound sleep unrefreshed and, in fact, more 
fatigued than on retiring. 

Morocco Leather. See Leather. 

Morocomium (mo-ro-ko' -me-um) \juop6q, mad; nouelv, 
to care for]. An insane asylum. 

Morodochium (mo-ro-do'-ke-um) \_pupdg, . silly ; Skx^a- 
tiai, to receive]. An asylum for the insane. 

Morose (inor-oz') \_morosus, fretful]. Of a sour temper ; 
sullen. 

Morosis (mo-ro'-sis) [pupuoic, foolishness]. Insanity. 

Morotrophium (mo-ro-tro' -fe-um) . Synonym of Moro- 
conium. 

Moroxilic Acid (mor-oks-il'-ik) [morus, mulberry ; 
b^vc, acid]. Same as Moric Acid. 

Morph (morf) [popipi/, a blotch]. One of the dark 
spots that occur on the foreheads of blond women 
suffering from uterine trouble, or who are pregnant. 

Morphea, Morphcea (mor-fe' -ah) [pop<pr/, a blotch]. 
Circumscribed Scleroderma, Addison's Keloid; the 
commonest form of scleroderma, occurring usually in 
young female adults. Its commonest seats are about 
the breasts and the face and neck, and often it follows 
the course of the nerve-distribution. It occurs in the 
form of patches, rounded, ovoid, or irregular in outline ; 
small or large, soft or firm, smooth or shining, pale- 
yellowish or brownish in color. The lesions are, as 
a rule, asymmetric. The course of the disease is 
chronic. The disease may also manifest itself in the 
form of atrophic, pit-like depressions in the skin, and 
as lines, streaks, and telangiectases. M. lardacea, 
a form of Morphea. M. maculosa, a form of morphea 
characterized by the presence of macules. M. nigra, a 
pigmented form of Morphea. M. tuberosa, a variety 
of morphea in which nodules are formed. 

Morpheomania (mor-fe-o-ma' -ne-ali). Same as Mor- 
phiomania. 

Morphetin (mor 1 '-fet-iii) \_Morpheus , god of sleep]. An 
amorphous, bitter substance resulting when morphin 
sulphate is boiled with lead peroxid and dilute sul- 
phuric acid. 

Morphew (mor'-fu). See Morphea. 

Morphia (mor'-fe-ah). See Morphina. 

Morphic (mor'-fik) \_pop<pi], form]. In biology, per- 
taining to form. 



Morphina, Morphin (mor-f -nah, 



'-Jin) I Mor- 



pheus, god of sleep; gen., Morphina'], C 17 H 19 N0 3 . 
The name of the principal alkaloid of opium, to 
which the properties of that drug are chiefly due. It 
is an anodyne, hypnotic, and narcotic. ^ gr. corres- 
ponds in activity with one grain of opium of average 
strength. M. acetas, soluble in water. Dose gr. 
^j-j. M. acetat., Liq. (B. P.) Dose TTlxx-xI. M. 
bromid., M. hydrobromat., C I7 H ]g N0 3 HBr. A 
good sedative narcotic. Dose gr. ■^j 5 -)4. M. et 
chloroformi, Tinct. (B. P.) Dose rr\v-x. M. 
hydrochloras, occurs in silky crystals, soluble in 
water. Dose gr. ^jj—j. M. hydrochlorat., Liq. 
(B. P.) Dose tr^x-xl. Injectio morphinse hypo- 
dermica (B. P.), contains one grain of the acetate of 
morphin in each ten minims of water. M. et ipeca- 
cuanhas, Troch., each contains gr. ■£§ of morphin. 
M. Oleatum, contains morphin 10, oleic acid, 90 
parts ; for local use. Unof. M., Pulv., Comp., Tully's 
powder, contains morphin sulphate I, camphor, 
licorice, and calcium carbonate, aa, 20 parts. Dose 
gr. v-xv. M. sulph., Liq., Magendie's solution; 



contains morphin sulph. gr. xvj to each fl. ^ . Dose 

TTLx-xv. Unof. M. sulphas, acicular crystals, soluble 

in hot water. Dose gr. y$-}4- M., Suppos. (B. 

P.), each contains gr. ss morphin. M., Suppos., cum 

sapone (B. P.), each contains gr. ss of morphin. 

M. tartras, C t H 6 6 (C„H 19 NO.,). 2 , used hypoder- 

matically. Dose, gr. tV/^- m -> Trochis. (B. P.) 

and M. et ipecac, Trochis. (B. P.), each containing 

gr. ^jj of morphin. Dose I to 4. 
Morphinia (mor-fin'-e-ah) \_Morpheus, god of sleep]. 

Any disease due to the excessive use of morphin. 
Morphinism (mor 1 ' -fin-izm) \_Morpheus, god of sleep]. 

The diseased condition caused by the excessive and 

habitual use of morphin. 
Morphinization (mor-f n-iz-a' -shun) \_Morpheus, god 

of sleep]. The production of the physiologic effects 

of morphin. 
Morphinomania (mor-f n-o-ma' -ne-ah) \_Morpheus, god 

of sleep ; pavia, madness]. A morbid craving for 

morphin as a stimulant. 
Morphinophagia, Morphiophagy (mor-f n-o-fa' '-je- 

ah, mor-fi-off' ' -aj -e) \_Morpheus, god of sleep; 

(payeiv, to eat]. Opium-eating. 
Morphiomania (mor-fe-o-ma' -ne-ah). Synonym of 

Morphinomania. 
Morphiopathy (mor-fe-op'-alh-e). Synonym of Mor- 

phinomania. 
Morpho-biologic (mor-fo-bi-o-loj 1 '-ik) \_pop(pij, form ; 

(3ioc, life; /Wyoc, science]. Pertaining to the form 

and biology of an organism. 
Morphcea {mor-fe' -ah). See Morphea. 
Morphogenesis (mor-fo-jen'-es-is) \_poptpi], form ; ytv- 

eaiS, origin]. See Morphogeny. 
Morphogeny (inor - foj' '- en - e) \_poptpr], form; yevsca, 

generation]. In biology, the genesis of form ; the 

history of the evolution of form. 
Morphography (mor-f og'-ra-fe) \_pop(j>i], form ; ypatyuv, 

to write] . In biology, systematic investigation of the 

structure of organisms in the most comprehensive 

way. 
Morpholecithal (mor fo-les' -ith-al) \_popipri, form; leni- 

80c, yolk of an egg]. I. Germinal; formative. 2. 

Pertaining to the morpholecithus. 
Morpholecithus (mor -fo - les'- ith - us) \_poptpii, form ; 

lenidoc, yolk of an egg]. The formative yolk of an 

egg ; the portion of an egg that undergoes segmenta- 
tion and germination. 
Morpholin (mor'-fo-lin) \_Morpheus, god of sleep], C 4 

H 9 NO. A compound formed by heating dioxyethyl- 

amin to 160 C. with HC1. 
Morphologic (mor - fo - /of '- ik) [poptyij, form; A<5yoc, 

science]. Pertaining to the form of organisms or 

twin parts. 
Morphology (mor-fol'-o-je) [popyij, form ; teyeiv, to 

speak]. The department of biology that deals with 

form and structure. 
Morpholysis (mor - fol' - is - is) [poptpij, form; ?J:aic, a 

loosing]. "Destruction of form. 
Morphomania (mor-fo-ma' -ne-ah). See Morphinoma- 
nia. 
Morphometry (mor-fom' -et-re) [popibr/, form; pirpov, 

measure]. The measuring or determining of the 

forms of organisms. 
Morphon (mor'-fon) [poptyi], form]. In biology, a 

definite morphologic individual element or organism ; 

one of the following categories : plastid, idorgan 

(= organ, antimerc, metamere), persona, corm,q. v. 
Morphonomy (mor-fon'-o-me) \_pop<pi/, form ; vopia ; 

vepew, to distribute]. That department of biologic 

science devoted to the investigation of the principles 

of organic morphology. 
Morphonosus (mor -fon'- - sits) \_popt]>ij, form; vdaoc, 



MORPHOPHYLY 



783 



MOSCHATIN 



disease]. An anomalous change in the form of organs 
or parts. 

Morphophyly {mor-fof -il-e) [poptpi/, form ; (S>vXf), a 
tribe]. The department of phylogeny that deals with 
form alone. 

Morphoplasm {morf '-o-plazm) \_fiopit>>/, form; Trlaa/za, 
anything formed or molded] . In biology, Weismann's 
substitute for the word "protoplasm," to distinguish 
the vital substance of the cell from that of the nucleus ; 
" formative plasm''' ; " trophoplasm" (Nageli) as 
distinguished from the " hereditary plasm" or "idio- 
plasm. ' ' 

Morphosis {mor -fo'- sis) [f-inpipdeiv, to form]. Any 
morbid formation or organic change. In biology, 
morphogenesis ; the assumption of characteristic or- 
ganic form. 

Morphostcechiometry {mor-fo-stek-e-om 1 '-el-re) [fiop(p?/, 
form; gtoixeIov, element; p.erpov, measure]. A class- 
ification of substances, as plants, crystals, etc., based 
on their external form. 

Morphotic {mor-fot' -ik) \_pop§r), form]. Pertaining to, 
or due to, morphosis ; characterized by morphosis ; 
pertaining to anatomic or organic elements. M. 
Proteids, those that become parts of the living cell or 
that actually enter into the structure of the tissues. 

Morphotomy (mor-fot' -o-me). Synonym of Anatomy. 

Morpion (mor' '-pe-on) [Fr.]. The crab-louse. 

Morren's Glands, Morrenian Glands. Three pairs 
of glandular lateral sacs that enter the posterior 
portion of the esophagus of the Lumbricida and related 
terrestrial Oligoclueta: ; they are also called the lime- 
secreting glands. See Gland, Morrenian. 

Morrhua (mor 1 '-u-ali) [morua, a cod; gen. Morrhua"]. 
The principal genus of gadoid fishes, including the cod. 
M., Oleum, cod-liver oil. The fixed oil from the livers 
of the cod-fish, Gadus morrhua, and other species of 
Gadus. The best and only official oil is pale-yellow 
in color, and is usually obtained from drippings. It is an 
easily assimilated, nutritive food, indicated in tubercu- 
losis, rickets, nervous debility, and strumous skin-dis- 
eases. Black coffee and oil of eucalyptus are the best 
vehicles for its administration. Dose 3J-ij on a full 
stomach, or ^ j— ij by inunction. Glyconin Emulsion, 
contains ol. morrhua; ^iv, glyceritum vitelli (glyconin) 
3ix, spt. ammoni* arom. gj, sherry wine l|ij, acid, 
phosphoric dil. giv, essent. amygdal. amar. gj to 
Oss of alcohol. Dose gij. 

Morrhuic Acid (mor'-te-ik) \_morua, a cod], C 9 H ]3 N0 3 . 
One of the alkaloids of cod-liver oil. See Morrhuo- 
lins. 

Morrhuin (mor'-u-in) \morua, cod], C 19 H 27 N 3 . One 
of the alkaloids of cod-liver oil. See Morrhuolins . 

Morrhuol (mor'-u-ol) \_morua, cod; oleum, oil]. An 
alcoholic extractive derivable from cod-liver oil, of 
complex, and probably of indefinite chemic structure. 
It has been proposed as a remedial agent in the place 
of the oil itself. Dose gr. iij-v, in capsules. 

Morrhuolins (mor' -u-o-linz) \_morzia, cod; oleum, oil]. 
A general name for the alkaloids of cod-liver oil. 
These are amylamin, C 6 H I3 N ; dihydrolutidin, 
C 7 H n N ; oxycollidin, CjHjjNO ; morhuin, C 9 H 27 N 3 ; 
nicomorrhuin, C 20 H 28 N 4 ; asellin, C 25 H 32 N 4 ; and 
morrhuic acid, C 9 H ]3 N0 3 . The most active of these 
are amylamin, oxycollidin, morrhuin, and nicomorrhu- 
in. 

Morrison's Pill. A cathartic pill containing aloes, jalap, 
extract of colocynth, gamboge, rhubarb, and myrrh. 

Mors (morz) [L.]. Death. M. nigris. See Plague. 

Morsal (mor'-sel) \_morsus ; mordere, to bite]. Relating 
to the cutting or grinding portion of a tooth. 

Morsulus [mor' '- su - lus) [dim. of morsus, bite]. A 
lozenge or tablet. 



Morsus {mor'-sus) [L.]. A bite. M. diaboli, the 
fimbriated distal extremity of an oviduct, also called the 
pavilion of the tube. M. stomachi, M. ventriculi. 
Synonyms of Cardialgia. 

Mortal (mor'-tal) \_mortalis, from mors, death]. Liable 
to death or dissolution ; terminating in death ; deadly ; 
fatal. 

Mortality {mor - tal' '- it - e) \_morlalitas, mortalis, from 
mors, death]. The quality of being mortal. Also, 
the Death- rale. M. -table. See Life-table. 

Mortar {mor' -tar) \jnortarium, an urn]. An urn- 
shaped vessel for containing substances for pulveriza- 
tion, this being accomplished by means of a pestle. It 
is usually of iron, porcelain, agate, or glass. 

Mortariolum (/nor-la-ri'-o-lum) [dim. of mortariwn, 
an urn]. A small mortar ; also an alveolus. 

Mortarium (mor-ta' '-re-um) [L.]. Same as Mortar; 
also the trunk of the body from the neck to the hips. 

Mortification (mor-lifik-a' -shun). See Gangrene. 

Mortified [mor' '-tif-id) [mortiftcare, to kill]. Gan- 
grenous ; dead. 

Mortisection (mor-tis-ek'-shun). Synonym of Autopsy. 

Morton's Affection. Same as M.'s Foot. M.'s Fluid. 
See M.'s Solution. M.'s Foot, a peculiar and 
painful disorder pertaining to the metatarso-phalangeal 
joint of the fourth toe. It consists in a local neuritis, 
from bruising of one or more branches of the ex- 
ternal phalangeal nerve ; probably due to high- 
heeled and tight shoes. See Metatarsalgia and 
Diseases, Table of. M.'s Method. See Treatmetit, 
Methods of. M., Plane of. See Plane. M.'s So- 
lution, a solution consisting of potassium iodid gr. 
xxx, iodin gr. x, glycerin ^j, used for injection in 
spina bifida. M.'s Toe. Same as M.'s Foot. 

Mortuary [tnor' -tu-a-re) \_mortuarium, a tomb]. I. A 
house or tomb for temporary burial. 2. Relating to 
death or burial. 

Morula {mor' -u-lah ) [dim. of morum, a mulberry : pi. , 
Morula]. In embryology, the solid " mulberry germ " 
or mass of "segmentation cells, " " blastomeres " or 
"cleavage cells", which results from the complete 
segmentation of the vitellus of an ovum. 

Morulation {mor-u-la'-shun) \_morula, a little mul- 
berry]. In embryology, the formation of the morula 
during the process of the segmentation of the egg. 

Moruloid {mor' -u-loid) \_morula, a little mulberry; 
eldog, like] . Resembling a morula. 

Morus (mo' -rus) [L. : gen. Mori~\. Mulberry. Mori, 
Succus, the juice of the ripe fruit of M. nigra. It 
is refrigerant, and may be given in fevers. M., Syr. 
(B. P.) Dose 3J-ij. 

Morvan's Disease. A trophic affection of the skin with 
pain followed by analgesia, first of one side, then of 
the other, and then the formation of a succession of 
whitlows, which are usually painless, and are attended 
with, or are the result of, necrosis of the phalanges. 
Muscular atrophy, paresis, contraction of the fingers, 
and loss of the sensations of heat or cold are other 
symptoms. Most cases occur between twenty and 
fifty years of age. See Diseases, Table of. 

Morve {morv). See Equinia. 

Mosaic {mo-za' -ik) \_fiovcdin6c, mosaic]. Inlaid work 
made of small pieces inlaid to form a pattern. M. 
Gold. See Pigments, Conspechis of. M. Layer. 
See Mesoretina. M. of Muscle-compartments, 
the mosaic appearance observed in a striped muscle- 
fiber when treated with acetic acid. 

Moschate {mos'-kdt) \jj.6ox°S, musk]. Having the odor 
of moschus, or musk. 

Moschatin (mos'-kat-in) [/idaxoc;, musk], C 21 H 27 N0 7 . 
A bitter, brownish substance extracted from Achillea 
moschata. 



MOSCHATOUS 



784 



MOTOR 



Moschatous (mos'-kat-us). Synonym of Moschate. 

Moschiferous (mos-kif'-er-us) \jiooxoc, musk ; ferre, 
to bear]. Yielding musk. 

Moschocaryon (mos - ko - kar' - e - on) [/zdtr^of, musk; 
tcapvoVj kernel]. Nutmeg. 

Moschus (mos'-kus) [fiooxoc, musk: gen., Moschi\. 
Musk. The dried secretion obtained from the folli- 
cles of the prepuce of the musk-deer, M. moschife- 
rtts. It is always liable to adulteration, but the 
Chinese musk is considered the best. It is a diffusible 
stimulant acting on the nervous centers, and is used 
with advantage in the collapse of typhoid fever and 
in pneumonia. It is used chiefly as a perfume, the 
odor being somewhat aphrodisiac. Dose gr. ij-x. 
M., Tinct., 10 per cent, in strength. Dose gj-jss. 

Mosler's Diabetes. See Diabetes. 

Mosquito (mus-ke' '-/<?) [Sp . , a little gnat]. 
See Culex. Cf. Parasites (Animal), 
Table of. M. -culture, a culture of 
blood that has been drawn by a mos- 
quito from a sick person. 

Moss (maws) [ME., mos, moss]. A small 
herbaceous plant of the natural order 
Musci. M., Ceylon. See Agar-agar. 
M., Club. See Lycopodhim. M., 
Corsican. See Corsican Moss. M., 
Iceland. See Chondrus. M., Irish. 
See Carragheen. M. -starch. See Lich- 
enin. 

Motatorious (mo - tat - o' - re - us) \_motare, 
p. p. motatus, to move]. In biology, vib- 
ratory ; applied especially to certain long- 
legged spiders and crane-flies which have 
a habit of keeping the body in a state 
of constant vibration. 

Moth (mawth) [ME., mothe, moth]. See 
Chloasma. M. -patch. Synonym of 
Chloasma. 

Mother («K///-tr)[ME. , moder, mother]. 
A female parent. Also, any residue con- 
tained in a solution. M.-cell, a cell 
before segmentation, afterward splitting 
up into smaller cells called Daughter- 
cells. See Cell. M. -liquor, the liquid 
that remains after the contained dis- 
solved substances have been partly or wholly crys- 
tallized or precipitated in an amorphous condition. 
M.'s Mark. See Angioma and Navus mat emus. 
M. -nucleus. See Karyokinesis and Nucleus. M.- 
of-pearl Osteomyelitis. See Osteomyelitis, Con- 
chiolin. M.'s Plaster. See Brown Plaster. M.'s 
Salve. See Brown Ointment. M. -skein. See Spi- 
rem. M.'s-spot, a nevus. M. -star, a stage in karyo- 
kinesis. See Karyokinesis, and Star. M. of Vinegar, 
the gelatinous deposit found in vinegar, and formed 
by the filaments of Mycoderma aceti, so-called because, 
when introduced into a saccharine solution, it con- 
verts the solution into vinegar. M.- water, the re- 
maining solution of salts and other substances that 
fail to crystallize after the spontaneously crystalliz- 
able salts have been removed. See M. -liquor. M.- 
wort, the herb Leonurus cardiaca, an emmenagogue, 
nervine, and antispasmodic. It is a popular remedy 
in amenorrhea and hysteria. Dose of the fid. 
ext. gss-ij. Unof. M. -wreath. See Aster, and 
Wreath. 

Motile (mo' -til) \jnovere, to move]. Capable of spon- 
taneous motion, as a motile flagellum. 

Motion (mo' -shun) \_movere, to move]. Continuous 
change of position. Also, an evacuation of the 
bowels. M., Ameboid, the motion of certain low 
forms of living cells. M., Brownian. See 



Brownian. M., Ciliary, the waving or lashing move- 
ment of cells possessed of cilia. M., Involuntary, 
a movement of an organ or part that is not an act 
of volition. M., Pendulum, a to-and-fro movement 
like that of the pendulum, sometimes observed in the 
arms in obscure nervous diseases. M., Voluntary, 
any change of position of an organ or part due to an 
act of the will. See also Movement. 

Motive (mo'-tiv) \_movere, to move]. Causing motion ; 
a determining impulse. M. Force, M. Power, the 
moving or impelling force. 

Motor (mo' -tor) \_movere, to move]. A mover. A term 
applied to various muscles and to a class of nerves. 
M. Aphasia. See Aphasia. M. Area, the por- 



Frontalis. 
Facial (upper). 
Corrugator super- 
cilii. 

Orbicularis, palp. 

Nasal muscles. ■! 

Zygomatici. 

Orbicularis oris. \ 

Facial (middle). 
Masseter. 
Levator menti. 
Quadratus " 
Triangularis " 

Hypoglossus. 
Facial (lower). 

Hyoid muscles. ■! 
Omohyoideus. 

Ext. anterior"| 
thoracic (pec- > 
toralis major). J 




[As 
\ I 



scending fron- 
tal and parie- 
tal convolutions 
[ (motor area), 
f 3d frontal convo- 
lution and in- 
1 sula (center of 
L speech). 
Temporalis, 
j Facial (upper 
1 branch). 
Facial (trunk). 
Post, auricular. 
Facial (middle 
branch ; lower 
branch). 
Splenius 

Stern o-mastoideus. 
Spinal accessory, 
f Levator anguli 
I scapulae. 
Trapezius. 
J Dorsalis scapulae 
( (rhomboids). 
Circumflex. 
Long thoracic, 
(serratus mag- 



( Lon 
< (s< 
(. tin 



Phrenic 



n Brachial Plexus 



5th and 6th 
cervical (del- 
toid, biceps, 
brachialis, su- 
pin. longus). 
Motor Points of Face and Neck. 



Adductor magnus 
Adductor longus. 




Tensor vag. 
moris. 



Sartorius. 

f Quadriceps. 
( (common point) 

Rectus femoris. 



Vastus extern. 



Vastus intern 



Motor Points of Anterior Aspect of Left Thigh 



MOTOR 



785 



MOTOR 



Triceps (cap. 1 
long.). f 



Flexor carpi 
ulnaris. 
Flex. dig. com. 
prof. 



Flex. dig. (II et) 
III) subl. / 

Flex, di: 
et min.) subl 

Ulnar 

Palmaris brevis 

Abduc. dig. min 

Flexor dig. min 

Oppo. dig. min, 



Lumbricales. 



Delt. 

(ant. 

I por.). 




Flex. Iongus poll. 
Median. 

Abduct, poll. 
Opponens pollicis. 
Flex, brevis poll. 
Adduc. brev. poll. 



Deltoid- 
eus (pos- 
terior 
portion). 



Musculo-spiral. 
Bracbialis ant. 

Supinator long. 

Ext.radialis long. 

Ext. rad. brevis 

Ext. digit, com- f 

munis. \ 

Extensor indicis. 

Ext. oss. metac. 
poll. 

Ext. prim. in-> 
tern. poll. / 



Interossei dor- 
sal (land II). 




/Triceps (cap. 
I long.). 



(Triceps (cap. 
1 extern.). 



Ext. carpi ul- 
naris. 
Supinator 
brevis. 
Ex. min. digit. 
Ex. indicis. 

Ext. sec. in- 
tern, poll. 

(Abduct, min. 

t digit. 

) Inteross. dor- 

Y sal. (Ill and 
J IV). 



Motor Points of Dorsal Aspect of Left Aru 



Motor Points of Palmar Aspect of Left Arm. 



Tibialisanticus. 
Ext. digit, long. 



Peroneus brevis 



Extensor hal 
lucislon 



Peroneal. 

Gastrocnemius. 
Peroneus long. 




Sciatic 

Biceps (< ca P- lon g-> 
femo, 

'. (cap. brev.) 



Gastrocnemius 



Flexor long.hallucis. 



Gluteus maxi- 
mus. 



Adductor magnus. 

Semitendinosus. 

Semimembranosus. 




Motor Points of Outer Aspect of Left Leg. 
50 



Motor Points of Posterior Aspect of Left Thigh 
and Leg. 



MOTORIAL 



786 



MOUNTING 



tion of the cerebral gyri in each hemisphere surround- 
ing the central fissure, viz.: the precentral and post- 
central gyri bordering the fissure, the posterior part of 
the three frontal gyri, and the paracentral lobule on the 
mesal surface of the hemisphere. Stimulation of this 
region by a weak faradic current induces movement 
in definite parts of the opposite half of the body. M. 
Ataxia. See Ataxia. M. Cell, a nerve-cell generat- 
ing motor impulses. M. Centers. See Center. M. 
Fibers, centrifugal nerve-fibers exciting contraction 
of muscles. M. Impulse, the nerve-influence that 
results in action. M. Nerves, those efferent nerves 
that carry impulses to the muscles. M. oculi. See 
Nerves, Table of. M. Path, the path traversed by 
a motor impulse, from the brain to the muscles. M. 
Points, the points on the surface of the body where 
the various branches of the motor nerves supplying 
the muscles may be affected by electricity. See Cuts of 
Motor-points, pp. 784-785. M.Vaso-. SeeVaso-motor. 

Motorial (mo-to'-re-a!) \_motoriiis, motory]. Of or 
pertaining to motion. M. End-plate, an eminence 
of protoplasm within the sarcolemma where a nerve- 
fiber pierces the latter. It is produced by a spreading 
out of the axis-cylinder. 

Motorium (mo-to' -re-um) \_movere, to move]. The 
motor apparatus of the body, both nervous and mus- 
cular, considered as a unit. 

Motory (mo' -tor-e) \_movere, to move]. Same as Motor. 

Motosis (mo-to' -sis) [^ordc, lini]. A lint-dressing. 

Motricity (mo-tris'-it-e) \_movere, to move]. Motor 
neuricity ; the efferent motor impulse sent along a 
nerve. 

Motschutkowski's Method. See Treatment. 

Mottle (mot' -I) [ME., motteleye, a mixture of colors]. 
To mark with spots or blemishes. 

Mottled [mot' -hi) [ME., motteleye, a mixture of colors]. 
Spotted ; marked with patches of dark color ; varie- 
gated. M. Kidney. Same as Large White Kidney. 

Mottling (mot' -ling) [ME., mottleye, a mixture of 
colors]. A spotted condition. 

Mouches volantes (moos/i vo-lont ') [Fr.]. See Musca 
volitantes. 

Mouilla (moo-il'-ah). An excellent liquid potash soap 
containing a large percentage of glycerin. It is employed 
in dermatology, and is useful in the treatment of come- 
dones and for cleansing purposes. It does not contain 
enough fat for use on the face. 

Mould, Mold (mold). See Mold and Fungus. 

Moulding-flask. A flask invented for obtaining cast- 
ings from plaster models, which, on account of irregu- 
larity of the teeth or projection of the alveolar border, 
cannot be drawn from a simple impression in sand. 

Mounding (mown'-ding) [ME., mound, a protection]. 
The rising in a lump of muscle-fibers when struck by 
a slight, firm blow. It is observed in the thin and 
feeble, and in certain diseases, as pulmonary tuber- 
culosis and advanced locomotor ataxia. See Myoidema. 

Mount (moumt) [ME., mount, a mountain]. In palmistry, 
a fleshy cushion in the palm of the hand. M. of Jupi- 
ter, the name given to the eminence at the root of the 
index finger. M. of Mars, the name given to the 
upper part of the hypothenar eminence. M. of Mer- 
cury, the name given to the eminence at the root of 
the little finger. M. of the Moon, the name given to 
the lower part of the hypothenar eminence. M. of 
Saturn, the name given to the eminence at the root 
of the middle finger. M. of the Sun, the name 
given to the eminence at the root of the ring-finger. 
M. of Venus, a name given in palmistry to the thenar 
eminence. 

Mountain (mown 1 '-ten) [ME., mountaine, mountain]. 
A high elevation of land. M. Anemia. See Anky- 



lostomiasis. M.Balm. See Eriodiclyon. M.-blue. 
Same as Azurite. M. -climbing. See Terrain-cure. 
M. Fever, a synonym of Typhoid Fever, q. v. M.- 
green. Same as Brunswick Green and Malachite 
Green. M. Laurel. See Kalmia M. Sage. See 
Sierra Salvia. M. Sickness, symptoms consequent 
upon the ascent to high altitudes, consisting of debil- 
ity, vomiting, tremulousness, headache, loss of mus- 
cular power, etc. See Anoxysmia. Hypsonosus, 
Mareo. M. Tea, a popular name for Gaultheria pro- 
cumbens, q. v. 

Mountaineering Malady. See Mountain Sickness. 

Mountebank (niown' -te-bank) [It., montambanco, 
mountebank]. A quack who prescribes and sells 
medicines and nostrums in public places. Also 
called Quacksalver. 

Mounting (mown' -ting) [ME., mounten, to mount]. In 
microscopy, the arrangement of a microscopic object 
upon some suitable support (slide) and in some suit- 
able medium. M.-cell, in microscopy, a ring of 
card-board, metal, or rubber, for the support of the 
cover-glass, or to prevent the mounting-medium from 
spreading when the object is thick. M. -media, va- 
rious fluids, or resins in the fluid state, afterward be- 
coming solid, that are employed in the examina- 
tion and temporary or permanent preservation of mi- 
croscopic objects. See also Stains, Table of. The 
most important are as follows : Acetate of Copper, 
for preserving and mounting green algee. Acetate of 
copper I grm, glacial acetic acid I c.c , camphor- 
water 250 c.c, glycerin 250 c.c, corrosive subli- 
mate 4 grms. The glycerin is sometimes omitted 
with advantage, as in the case of volvox. Acetate OF 
Potassium, used in a strongly concentrated solution ; 
it behaves much as glycerin, but does not dry at the 
edges and is less refractive. Benzol, employed 
as a solvent for Canada balsam and in preparing 
objects for balsam-mounts, but unfit for use as a me- 
dium for preliminary examination, on account of 
its great volatility. Bergamot, Oil of. Schieffer- 
decker first recommended this oil as a clearing-agent 
and mounting-medium ; it clears 95 per cent, alcohol 
preparations and celloidin preparations, and does not 
attack anilin colors. Canada Balsam. This should 
be deprived of certain volatile products before using. 
Solutions free from chloroform are to be preferred, es- 
pecially for bacteria. Baumgarten recommends equal 
parts of Canada balsam and oil of cloves. Pure xylol 
answers equally well. Owing to the high refractive 
index of Canada balsam (1.53), bacteria are poorly de- 
fined in it. Carbolic Acid. One of the best agents 
for clearing and temporary examination of tissues. It 
is best used in concentrated solution in alcohol, when 
it clears instantaneously even very watery prepara- 
tions. For clearing sections imbedded in celloidin, use 
a mixture of xylol and carbolic acid in equal parts. 
Caustic Potash. A very useful clearing-agent in mod- 
erately strong (5 per cent.) solutions, for the examina- 
tion of plant-sections. If sections are to be permanently 
mounted, they should be washed in water, passed 
through dilute alcohol, and mounted in glycerin. Ce- 
DAR-OIL. On account of its refractive index, which 
resembles that of crown-glass ; this is the most 
widely-used fluid for homogeneous immersion ob- 
jectives. It is miscible with chloroform-balsam and 
with castor oil. It clears tissues in 95 per cent, alco- 
hol without shrinkage, and does not extract anilin 
stains. It is, therefore, one of the most valuable of 
all media for preliminary examinations. Chloro- 
form, employed in preparing objects for mounting, 
and sometimes as a solvent for balsam ; but it is not 
to be recommended, as it tends to destroy the staining, 



MOUNTING 



787 



MOUTH 



especially in bacterial preparations. Cloves, Oil of. 
This has a tendency to form very convex drops, and to 
render tissues brittle ; sometimes this is considered ad- 
vantageous in minute dissections. It clears objects better 
than balsam, and may be used in connection with bal- 
sam-mounts ; but, as it dissolves celloidin, it should not 
be used for sections imbedded in that medium. It dark- 
ens with age, and is commonly adulterated with phenol, 
which may be detected by Fluckiger's test : i. e., shake 
the suspected oil with fifty parts of hot water, slowly 
evaporate the aqueous portion to a small bulk, and 
test it with a drop of ammonia and a pinch of chlo- 
rid of lime. If phenol be present, a green color is 
developed, which changes to a permanent blue color. 
Copal Varnish. Pale copal varnish, of the consis- 
tency of oil, is recommended as a substitute for Can- 
ada balsam. For very large sections it is very useful, 
makes no bubbles, and it dries so hard, if slightly 
warmed, as to stand wiping and dusting with a soft 
brush. By its use large and expensive cover-glasses 
may be dispensed with. Creasote (Stieda's Method). 
A very useful clearing-agent and temporary mount for 
watery sections. Rinse the sections in water; bring 
them upon the slide ; remove the water by means of 
blotting-paper ; add a drop of creasote at the side ; 
when clear, draw off the creasote in the same way 
and replace with dammar. Csokor's Cement for 
Glycerin-mounts. Pure Venice turpentine is poured 
into some melted wax upon a water-bath until a 
portion taken out on a glass rod becomes stiff at 
once and does not stick to the hand. Dammar, 
used as a substitute for Canada balsam. Gum dam- 
mar dissolved in benzol, or xylol, about loo grms. of 
dammar to 100 c.c. of benzol. Dammar and Mas- 
tic, much used as a substitute for Canada balsam. 
First solution : Gum dammar 100 grms., oil of tur- 
pentine 200 c.c. Dissolve and filter. Second solu- 
tion: Gum mastic 50 grms., chloroform 200 grms. 
Mix the two solutions. Farrant's Medium, re- 
commended because tissues mounted in it preserve 
their normal appearance, and in that it is more con- 
venient than glycerin, as it dries at the edges and fixes 
the cover-glass. Tissues may be mounted in it directly 
from water, but it is better that they be soaked for a 
time in dilute glycerin. Formula : Dissolve I grm . 
of arsenious acid in 200 c.c. of distilled water. In 
this fluid dissolve, at the ordinary temperature, 130 
grms. of gum acacia, with frequent stirring; add 100 
c.c. of glycerin; mix. Filter the solution through 
fine Swedish paper upon which has been deposited a 
thin layer of talc. Glycerin. When this is used as a 
mounting-medium, the best quality should be em- 
ployed. A mixture of equal parts of water and gly- 
cerin is often preferred. As a mounting-medium for 
plant-tissues, the best preparation is glycerin and 
acetic acid in equal parts, boiled and filtered. For 
specimens stained in carmin, the glycerin should be 
acidulated with one per cent, of formic or acetic 
acid. Glycerin-jelly. This is a mixture of gly- 
cerin and pure gelatin ; it is liquid at the temperature 
of boiling water, and solidifies on cooling. Speci- 
mens should generally be saturated with glycerin be- 
fore mounting. Goodale gives the following formula : 
One part of gelatin is soaked in six parts of water for 
two hours, seven parts of glycerin are added, and one 
part of carbolic acid is added to the whole. The 
mass is heated for fifteen minutes with constant stirring, 
and then filtered through glass-wool in a hot funnel. All 
of the ingredients must be absolutely pure. Wrap the 
cork of the bottle containing the jelly in a thin piece 
of linen which has been dipped in pure carbolic acid. 
Another formula is the following : Soften 25 grms. 



(6.4 3 ) of gelatin in cold water. Warm the gelatin 
over a water-bath ; add 5 c. c. (1.3 f 3 ) of white of 
egg, to clarify. Do not heat above 75 or 80° C. (167 
or 176 F.). Pass through a hot filter, mix with an 
equal volume of glycerin, and add 5 grms. (i-3 5 ) of 
chloral hydrate. Glycerin-solution. Glycerin 
10 parts, glucose 40 parts, spt. of camphor 10 parts, 
distilled water 140 parts. Mix and filter. The ad- 
vantage of this medium is that it possesses the refrac- 
tive index 1.37 in the yellow ray. Gold Size, 
employed as a sealing for glycerin and potash mounts. 
Hoyer's Medium, (a) F or anilin preparations : A 
filtered solution of selected white gum-arabic in a 50 
per cent, aqueous solution of acetate of potassium or 
acetate of ammonium, (b) For carmin preparations and 
hematoxylin preparations : The same as the first, but 
a concentrated solution of chloral hydrate, to which has 
been added from 5 to 10 per cent, of glycerin, is sub- 
stituted for the solution of potassium or ammonium. 
It is recommended by Strasburger for plant-tissues. 
Lavdowsky's Medium, for mounting sections. It 
also clears somewhat. It consists of gum-sandarac 30 
grms. , dissolved in absolute alcohol 50 c.c. A thin 
solution may also be made by diluting with an equal 
quantity of absolute alcohol. Maskenlack. An ad- 
hesive varnish prepared in Germany for securing the 
edges of cover-glasses when mounting-media lacking 
tenacity are used. Mikroskopirlack. A German 
varnish employed for securing the edges of cover- 
glasses when mounting-fluids lacking tenacity are used. 
Shellac. This is frequently employed in building 
up cells or securing the edges of cover-glasses. It may 
be best used in alcoholic solution, to which a few 
drops of castor oil are added to prevent brittleness. It 
may be tinged with the anilin dyes. Smith's (Ham- 
ilton) High-index Mounting-fluid for Dia- 
toms. In two (2) fluid drams of glycerin-jelly, 
made in the usual way, dissolve in the cold ten (10) 
drams of chemically-pure stannous chlorid. When 
the solution is complete, bring to the boil for a few 
minutes and filter while hot. The fluid must be used 
hot. This is done by simply heating the slide at the 
time of mounting. It has a refractive index (approxi- 
mately) of 2.40. The color is equal to that of old yel- 
low balsams. Diatoms mounted in it show with 
wonderful clearness. Turpentine, used as a clearing- 
agent, as a solvent for balsam, and as a medium for the 
temporary examination of sections. Its refractive index 
is such as to render it a valuable medium. Thickened 
Turpentine (the verharztes Terpentinol of German 
writers), which is prepared by exposing rectified tur- 
pentine in thin layers to the air for several days, does 
not shrink alcohol preparations, as does the ordi- 
nary spirit. White Lead (with oil), used in build- 
ing up cells and sealing mounting-media that lack te- 
nacity. Xylol, used in preparing objects, and as a sol- 
vent for Canada balsam. It is suitable as a medium for 
preliminary examination, on account of its great solu- 
bility. Xylol-balsam. Canada balsam dissolved 
in xylol is used as a medium in mounting microscopic 
objects. 

Moussena (nioo'-se-nah or moo-se'-nah) [African]. 
The bark of Albizzia anthelminthica, a good-sized 
shrub of Abyssinia. It is said to be an efficient tenia- 
cide, acting without purging, nauseating, or producing 
colic. See Acacia. 

Moussenin [moo'-sen-in) \_moussena~\. The alkaloid 
found in Moussena bark. It was discovered by Theil 
in Albizzia anthelminthica, and resembles saponin. It 
is also spelled mussenin. 

Moustache (mus'-tash ). See Mustache and Mystax. 

Mouth [mowth ) [ME., mouth, mouth]. The proximal 



MOUVEMENT DE MANEGE 



788 



MUCOID 



terminus of the alimentary canal extending from the 
lips to the pharynx. The cavity in which mastication 
takes place. Also, the termination of any canal. 
M. -breather, a person who habitually breathes 
through the mouth. M. -breathing, respiration 
through the oro-pharynx instead of, as normally, 
through the naso-pharynx. M. -protector, an appli- 
ance used to protect the lips and cheeks in using the 
discs with the dental engine. M., Sore. See Aph- 
tha and Stomatitis. M.-wash, a gargle ; any liquid 
preparation for the mouth and fauces. 

Mouvement de manege [Fr.]. A form of forced 
movement in which the animal runs about in a circle ; 
it is seen in certain cases of vivisection in which 
the semicircular canals of the internal ear have been 
divided. 

Movement (inoov' -menf) [movere, to move]. A motion 
or action. See Motion. M., Acquired, one ac- 
quired after much practice and the exercise of volun- 
tary control. M., Ameboid, that resembling the 
movement of the ameba. It consists of a change in 
form by the throwing out of processes called pseu- 
dopods, the rest of the protoplasm flowing into the 
processes. It is observed in certain unicellular organ- 
isms and in leukocytes. See Motion, Ameboid. M., 
Associated, an involuntary movement in one part 
when another is moved voluntarily. M., Brownian, 
a physical phenomenon observed in aggregations of 
minute particles, and consisting of a rapid, oscillating 
movement without change of the relative position of 
the moving particles. See Brownian. M., Ciliary, 
the movement of the processes of ciliated cells or of the 
cilia of organisms. It is a rapid movement, generally 
in one direction. M., Circus, a type of manege move- 
ment [a. v.~\, in which the animal executes rapid 
circular movements or somersaults. It is produced 
experimentally by injury of the striatum, of the thala- 
mus, or of the crus of one side. M.-cure. See 
Kinesitherapy. M., Febrile, febrile changes of tem- 
perature. M., Fetal, the muscular movements of 
the fetus in utero. M., Forced, unsymmetric move- 
ment of the body from unilateral injury of the motor 
centers or the conducting paths, as in the following: 
Index M., when the cephalic part of the body is 
moved about the stationary caudal part ; Rolling 
M., when the animal rolls on its long axis. M., 
Molecular. Synonym of Brownian Movement. M., 
Sarcodic. Synonym of AL, Ameboid. 

Mower's Mite. See Leptus autitmnalis. 
de Mowre's Hypothesis. See Life. 

Moxa (moks' -all) [Chin, and Jap.]. A term used to 
designate combustible organic matter which, by burn- 
ing in contact with the skin, produces a deep-seated 
eschar. The Chinese moxa consists of bundles of 
Artemisia. In modern surgery, rolls of cotton half 
an inch in diameter, impregnated with niter 3J to 
^ viij of water are used. Cobwebs are also employed. 
Unof. M. -bearer, or Porte-moxa, an instrument 
for applying the moxa. 

Moxiburium (moks-ib-u'-re-um). See Atoxibastion. 

Moxibustion {moks-ib-us'-chun) [moxa, moxa; were, 
to burn]. The application of the actual cautery- by 
means of the moxa. See Bvssocausis. 

Moxosphyra (moks-os-fi'-rah) \jnoxa, moxa; oij>vpa, 
hammer]. A hammer heated in boiling water and 
applied to the skin for purposes of counter-irritation. 

'illw.ca.go(mu-ka / -go)[mucus, mucus]. Mucus ; mucilage. 

Mucamid (mu'-kam-id) [mucus, mucus ; amid'], C|.H|.,- 
N 2 O fi . A crystalline substance isomeric with sacchar- 
amid. 

Mucate (mu'-kat) [mucus, mucus]. A salt of mucic 
acid. 



Mucedin [mu'-se-din) [mucus, mucus]. A nitrogenous 
substance obtained by alcohol from gluten-fibrin ; when 
freshly precipitated it is a yellowish-white slimy mass, 
with a silky luster. It is readily soluble in 60-70 per 
cent, alcohol, also in dilute acids and alkalies. See 
Gluten and Mucin. 

Mucedo (mu-se'-do). Synonym of Mucus. 

Mucic Acid (mu'-sih). See Acid. 

Muciferous (inu-sif'-cr-us) \_mucus, mucus ; ferre, to 
bear] . Producing or secreting mucus. 

Mucific {mu-sif -ik). Synonym of Muciferous. 

Mucifluxus [niu-sif-luks' -us) [mucus, mucus ; fluere, to 
flow]. A mucous discharge. 

Muciform [mu'-siform) [mucus, mucus ; forma, form]. 
Resembling mucus. 

Mucigen [piu' -sij-en) [mucus, mucus ; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. A hypothetic mucigenous substance of goblet- 
cells. 

Mucigenous [mu-sij' -en-zts) [mucus, mucus ; yevvav to 
produce]. Producing or secreting mucus. 

Mucilage {mu' '-sil-ij) [mucilago, mucilage]. See AIu- 
cilago. M.-cell, one of those plant-cells that secrete 
mucilage, owing to a change in the contents of the cell, 
to a disorganization of the cell- wall, or to both causes. 

Mucilaginous [mu - si/- a;' - in - us) [mucilago, from 
mucus, mucus]. Pertaining to mucilage or gum. M. 
Glands. See Gland. 

Mucilago (mu-sil-a' -go) [L. : gen., Alucilaginis : pi., 
Afucilagines~\. A mucilage. In pharmacy, a thick, 
viscid liquid obtained by extracting the soluble mucil- 
aginous principles of certain plants in water. There 
are four official mucilagines, besides three in the 
" National Formulary." 

Mucin (tnu'-sin) [mucus, mucus]. A glucosid, a com- 
pound of a proteid with a carbohydrate called animal 
gum, the characteristic substance in mucus, occurring 
also in saliva, bile, mucous tissue, synovia, etc. Decom- 
posed it yields leucin and tyrosin. It is insoluble 
in water, and is precipitated by alcohol and acetic 
acid. 

Mucinaginous 'mu-sin-aj'-in-zts). Same as AFucig- 
enous. 

Mucinogen (mu-sin' '-o-j'en) [mucus, mucus ; yevvav, to 
produce]. The antecedent principle from which 
mucin is derived. 

Mucinoid (mu'-sin-oid) [mucus, mucus; eMoc, like]. 
Resembling mucin. 

Mucinuria \mu-sin-u'-re-ah) [mucus, mucus ; orpov, 
urine]. The presence of mucin in the urine. 

Muciparous (mu-sip'-ar-us) [mucus, mucus ; parere, to 
bring forth]. Secreting or producing mucus. 

Mucitis (mu-si'-tis) [mucus, mucus ; itic, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of any mucous membrane ; also, blenor- 
rhea. 

Mucocele (mzi'-ko-sel) [mucus, mucus ; Kiftt], tumor]. 
A mucous tumor or distention of the lacrymal sac. 

Muco-colitis [mu-ko-ko-li'-lis) [mucus, mucus; sw/oi', 
colon ; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
mucous membrane of the colon. 

Mucocolpos (niu-ko-kol' -pos) [mucus, mucus ; no/-oc, 
vagina]. A collection of mucus in the vagina. 

Mucoderm [mu' -ko-derm) [mucus, mucus; Stpua, 
skin]. The corium of a mucous membrane. 

Mucoenteritis {mu-ko-en-ter-V -lis) [mucus, mucus; 
h/Tepov intestine ; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the mucous membrane of the intestine. 

Mucoglobulin (mu-l-o-glob'-u-lin) [mucus, mucus; 
globulus, a ball]. Any one of a certain group of 
protoplastic substances, of which plastin is an ex- 
ample. 

Mucoid [mu'-koid] [mucus, mucus; eldoc, like]. Re- 
sembling mucus. 



MUCONIC ACID 



789 



MULDER'S ANGLE 



Muconic Acid {mu-kon'-ik) [mucus, mucus], C 6 H 6 0.j. 
A crystalline acid obtained from mucic acid. 

Mucopeptone [mu-ko-pep' '-ton) [mucus, mucus; Treipic, 
digestion]. A form of peptone produced in gastric 
digestion when mucus is present together with certain 
albuminoids. 

Muco-purulent {mu-ko-pu' -ru-leni) [mucus, mucus ; 
purulentus, purulent]. Containing mucus mingled 
with pus. 

Muco-pus (mn'-ko-pus) [mucus, mucus; pus, pus]. 
Mucus mingled with pus; mucus containing many 
leukocytes. 

Mucor \mu f -kor) [L. , mold]. I. Moldiness ; musti- 
ness. 2. Mucus. 3. A genus of fungi. M. asper- 
gillus, a species yielding dark-brown spores. M. 
corymbifer, found in the cerumen of the external 
auditory meatus. M. mucedo, the species that in- 
duces alcoholic fermentation. It is said to be found 
in the blood and sputa of patients suffering from mea- 
sles. M, vulgaris. Same as M. mucedo. 

Mucosa {mu-ko'-sah) [mucus, mucus]. The mucous 
membrane or its corium. 

Mucose (mu f -koz). Synonym of Mucous. 

Mucoserous (mu-ko-se / -rus) [mucus, mucus; serum, 
serum] . Both mucous and serous ; containing mucus 
and serum. 

Mucosin (mu'-ko-sin) [mucus, mucus]. An albuminoid 
substance derived from mucus — isomerous with kera- 
tin ; it is said by some to be simply mucin. 

Mucoso-saccharin (mu-ko'-so-sak'-ar-in) [mucosu^, 
mucous ; saccharum, sugar]. An uncrystallizable 
sugar. 

Mucous [mu' -kits') [mucosus, from mucus, mucus]. 
Containing or having the nature of mucus. A term 
applied to those tissues that secrete mucus. M. Casts, 
a term given to the casts found in the feces in cases of 
Membranous Enteritis. See also Cylindroids. M. 
Catarrh, catarrhal inflammation of a mucous mem- 
brane. M. Disease, a synonym of entero-colitis, es- 
pecially in children. M. Fever. See Fever. M. 
Ligament. See Ligament. M. Membrane. See 
Membrane. M. Patch, a flattened, indurated, moist- 
ened surface, covered with a grayish-white exudation, 
occurring in syphilis, secondary or congenital, at points 
where folds of skin come in contact. M. Rale, 
a soft, moist crackling heard over the lungs in certain 
diseased states. See Rales, Table of. M. Tissue, 
myxomatous tissue. 

Mucro (inu'-kro) [L. , a sharp point, especially of a 
sword: //. , Mucrones~\. In biology, an angular 
prominence, a tip, spine, point, or process, as the 
apex of a Chiton shell. 

Mucronate {mid -kro-nat) [mucronatus, pointed]. Nar- 
rowed to a point. In biology, applied to a leaf that 
is abruptly tipped with a small, soft point. M. Car- 
tilage, the ensiform cartilage. 

Mucroniform [mu-kro'-niform] [mucro, sharp point ; 
forma, form]. Shaped like a mucro. 

Mucronule (mit'-kro-ntil) [dim. of mucro, a sharp 
point]. In biology, a small mucro. 

Muculent (mu'-ku-lent) [mucus, mucus]. Rich in 
mucus. 

Mucuna (mu-ku'-nah) [Braz.]. A genus of legumin- 
ous herbs. M. pruriens, cowhage ; the hairs of the 
pods of the plant w r ere formerly much used as a vermi- 
fuge for ascarides. It is very irritant to the intestinal 
mucous membrane, and applied to the skin excites 
intense itching, inflammation, and pustulation. It 
was administered in the form of an electuary, of which 
a teaspoonful or more was given, followed by a brisk 
purge. Unof. 

Mucus {mit'-kiis) [L.]. The viscid liquid secretion of 



mucous membranes, composed essentially of mucin 
holding in suspension desquamated epithelial cells, 
leukocytes, etc. 

Mud [ME., mud, mud]. Moist, soft earth. M.-bath. 
See Bath. M. -fever, in veterinary medicine, the 
scratches, q. v. 

Mudar (//nd-dar) [E. Ind.]. The root-bark of various 
Asiatic species of Calotropis (C. gigantea, C. procera, 
C. hamiltoni) ; it is alterative, tonic, diuretic, sudo- 
rific, and emetic. Unof. 

Mudarin (inu' -dar-in) [E. Ind., mudar]. A bitter 
principle from mudar ; it is said to be tonic, emetic, 
and alterative. Uncf. 

Muga Silk. See Silk. 

Mugrela, Tincture of. A tincture of the seeds of 
Nigella saliva, formerly used as a carminative. 

Muguet {mu-giva') [Fr.]. Thrush; aphtha; parasitic 
stomatitis. 

Mugwort [mug'-wert) [ME., mugworte, mugwort]. 
The leaves and tops of Artemisia vulgaris, having 
therapeutic properties similar to those of wormwood. 
See Absinthium. Dose of the fid. ext. 1Tlxx-zj. 
Unof. 

Muhlhauser's Method. See Sputum, Methods of Ex- 
amination. 

Mulatto {inu-lat'-o) [Sp., muleto ; dim. of mule, a 
mule]. The offspring of a negro mother and a white 
father, or a white mother and a negro father. The term 
is also loosely applied to other and all degrees of inter- 
mixture. According to the classification adopted and 
recognized in the French slave-colonies, the people of 
color were supposed to represent a whole of 128 parts 
white and 128 parts black. Nine different varieties 
of mixed race were recognized ; but between each of 
these there exist a vast number of intermediate shades 
and interblendings for which no classification was at- 
tempted, or could be made, even in theory : — 





Parts. 




White. 


Black. 


1. The sacratra, nearest of all to the pure 

negro type, may be the result of 5 com- 
binations, and may have 

2. The griff e, result of 5 combinations, . . 

3. The capre, or maraioic, result of 5 com- 


8- 16 
21- 32 

40- 48 

56- 70 

71- 76 
1 04-1 1 2 
1 16-120 

122-124 

125-127 


1 1 2-1 20 
96-104 

80- 88 


4. The mul&tre (mulatto), result of 12 com- 


58- 72 


5. The qnarteron (quadroon), result of 20 


32- 57 

16- 24 
8- 12 

4- 6 

1- 3 


6. The metis, result of 6 combinations, . . 

7. The mamelonc, result of 5 combinations, 

8. The quarteronne, result of 4 combina- 


9. The sang-mele (lit. " mixed blood "), the 



Mulberry (mul'-ber-c) [ME., mulbery, mulberry]. See 
Morus. M. Calculus, a large, rough urinary calculus 
of oxalate of lime. It often attains a considerable 
size, has a rough, irregular surface, and is of a dark 
color. It is very hard, and on section presents an 
angular structure, with dark-colored laminre, which are 
very compact, and are often marked with fine parallel 
lines. The nucleus most commonly consists of a 
mixture of urates, uric acid, and oxalate of lime. M. 
Mass. See Morula. M. Rash, the eruption of 
typhus fever. M. Rob. See Rob. M. Tongue. 
See Strawberry Tongue. 

Mulder's Angle. See Angle. M.'s Hypothesis or 
Theory, a theory concerning the origin of albumin- 



MULEY 



790 



MULTISEPTATE 



oids ; the theory published in 1838 by Mulder, that 
albuminous bodies are practically derivatives from one 
substance, termed by him protein ; but it was soon 
shown that this theory was erroneous, and it has been 
generally abandoned. Cf. Protein. M.'s Reagent, 
a reagent for the detection of sugar in the urine. It 
consists of carmin, indigo, and an alkaline solution. 
See Tests, Table of. 

Muley (mu'-le) [origin uncertain]. Hornless ; applied 
to cattle. 

Muliebrity (mu-h-eW-rit-e) [muliebritas ; mitlier, 
woman]. Womanliness; puberty in the female. 

Mullein (mul'-eii). See Verbascum. 

Muller, Canal of. See Duct. M., Duct of. See Duct. 
M.'s Fibers, the supporting fibers of the retina 
running transversely to its layers. See also Fiber. 
M.'s Fluid, a fluid used for hardening tissues. Its 
composition is as follows : Potassium bichromate, 2 to 
2.5 parts; sodium sulphate, I part; water, 100 parts. 
It should be used in large quantities, renewed at 
the end of twelve hours, then every third day until 
the hardening is completed. Then wash well in 
water and preserve in alcohol. The color which the 
fluid imparts to tissues that have been preserved 
in it can be discharged by hydrate of chloral. M.'s 
Ganglia. See Ganglia, Table of. M.'s Larva, 
one of the free-swimming embryos of certain poly- 
clad flat-worms (Thysanozoon and Yungia). M.'s 
(Johannes) Law, the tissue of which a tumor is com- 
posed has its type in the tissues of the animal body, 
either in the adult or in the embryonic condition. 
M., Lid-muscle of, bundles of non-striped muscle 
forming the tarsal portion of the fibrous extensions of 
the tendon of the levator palpebral. M.'s Muscles. 
See Muscles, Table of M.'s Net. See Net. M.'s 
Ring, the spurious internal os uteri. It marks the 
termination of the cervical mucous membrane. M.'s 
Ring-muscle, certain fibers of the ciliary muscle 
lying near the ciliary border, and abnormally developed 
in hyperopia. See Muscles, Table of. 

Mullerian Cyst. See Cyst. 

Mulley (miil'-e) (origin uncertain). A term applied 
to cattle which are deprived of horns. Cf. Muley. 

Mulomedicina {mu-lo-med-is-V -nah) [mulus, mule; 
medicina, medicine]. Veterinary medicine. 

Multi- (mul'-te-) [_/>/. of multus, much]. A Latin pre- 
fix signifying many. 

Multiaxial (mul-te-aks'-e-al) \_multus, many; axis, 
an axis]. In biology, having several lines of growth. 

Multicapsular (mul-tik-ap'-su-lar)[multus, many; cap- 
sula, a little box]. In biology, composed of many 
capsules. 

Multicellular (mul-lis-el'-u-lar) [multus, many; cellula, 
cell]. Many-celled. 

Multicornate (mul-tik-or'-nat) \jnultus, many ; corttua, 
horn]. Having many horns. 

Multicostate (mul-tik-os'-tdt) [multus, many ; costa, a 
rib]. In biology, having many ribs. 

Multicuspid, Muiticuspidate (mul-tik-us'-pid, mul- 
tik-us'-pid-af) \_multus, many ; cuspis, a point]. Hav- 
ing several cusps. M. Teeth, the molar teeth. 

Multidentate (inul-te-den' -tat) [multus, many; dens, a. 
tooth]. A term applied in biology to parts armed 
with many teeth or tooth-like processes. 

Multidigitate [mul-te-dif -it-at) [multus, many; digitus, 
a finger]. Having many digits or digitate processes. 

Multiembryonate (mul-te-em'-bre-on-af) [multus, 
many; £[i/3pvov, embryo]. In biology, having several 
embryos. 

Multifetation (mul-tif-e-ta'-shun) [multus, many ; 
fetatio, fetation]. Pregnancy with more than one or 
two fetuses. 



Multifid (mul' ' -tif-id). See Multifidus spines,'m Muscles, 
Table of 

Multiflagellate (mul-tif-laj'-el-dt) [multus, many; 
fiagellum, a whip]. In biology, having many flagella. 

Multiflorous (mu/-tiflo'-rus) [multus, many; ftos, a 
flower]. In biology, bearing many flowers. 

Multifoliate (mul-tif-o'-le-at) [multus, many ; folium, 
a leaf]. In biology, bearing many leaves. 

Multiform (?nul'-tif-orm). Same as Polymorphous. 

Multiganglionate (mul-te-gang'-le-on-dt) [multus, 
many; ganglion, ganglion]. Having many ganglia. 

Multigravida (mul-tig-rav' -id-ak) [multus, many; 
gravidus, pregnant]. A pregnant woman who has 
passed through one or more pregnancies. 

Multigyrate (mul-te-ji' -rat) [multus, many; gyrus, a 
gyre]. Having many gyres, as the brain. 

Multilaminate (mul-til-am' -in-at) [multus, many ; 
lamina, a thin layer]. Having many lamina;. 

Multilobate (mul-te-lo' -bat) [multus, many ; Ao/3(5c, a 
lobe]. Composed of many lobes. 

Multilobular (mul-te-lob'-ic-lar) [multus, many ; lobus, 
a lobe]. Many-lobed. 

Multilocular (mul-te-lok' -u-lar) [multus, many ; loculus, 
a locule or cell]. Many-celled ; polycystic. 

Multimammes \mul-tim-am' -ez). Same as Polymas- 
tia. 

Multinervate (niul-tin-ur r -vat) [multus, many; nerva, 
nerve]. I. Having many nerves. 2. Same as Mul- 
ticostate. 

Multinuclear (mul-tin-u 1 '-kle-ar) [multus, many ; nu- 
cleus, kernel]. Having several or many nuclei. 

Multiovulate \mid-te-o' -vu-lat) [multus, many ; ovulum, 
an ovule]. In biology, bearing many ovules. 

Multipara (mul-tip'-ar-ah) [multus, many; parere, to 
bring forth] . One bearing several offspring at a birth ; 
more commonly, a gravid woman who has already 
borne one or more children. 

Multiparient (mul-tip-a / -re-ent) [multus,ma.ny ; parere, 
to bring forth]. Giving birth to several young. 

Multiparity (mul-tip-ar' -it-e) [multus, many ; parere, 
to bring forth]. The condition, state, or fact of being 
multiparous. 

Multiparous (mul-tip'-ar-us) [multus, many ; parere, 
to bring forth]. Relating to a multipara. 

Multipartite (mul-tip-ar' -tit) [multus, many ; partire, 
to divide]. In biology, composed of many parts, as 
leaves. 

Multipede (mzd' -tip-ed)[multus, many ; pes, a foot] . In 
biology, having many feet. 

Multipetalous (mul-tip-et'-al-us). Same as Polypeta- 
lous. 

Multiple (mul' '-tip-1) [multiplus, manifold]. Having 
many parts or relations. M. Fetation, the presence 
of two or more fetuses in the uterus. M. Gestation. 
Same as M. Fetation. M. Neuritis. See Neuritis. 
M. Pregnancy. Same as M. Fetation. M. Sclero- 
sis. See Sclerosis. M. Staining, the staining of 
tissues with more than one staining-agent. 

Multiplicator, Multiplier (mid'-tip-lik-a-tor, ?nul'-tip- 
li-er) [multiplicare, to multiply]. An instrument for 
detecting an electric current and for measuring its 
strength. 

Multipolar (mul-tip-o'-lar) [multus, many ; polus, a 
pole]. Having more than one pole ; applied also to 
nerve-cells having more than one process. 

Multiradiate (mul-te-ra'-dc-dt) [multus, many; radius, 
a ray]. In biology, having many rays. 

Multisect (mul' -tis-ekt) [multus, many; secarc, to cut]. 
In biology, divided into many sections. 

Multiseptate (mul-tis-ep'-tdt) [multus, many ; scepire, 
to fence in]. In biology, having many partitions ; 
multilocular. 



MULTISTAMINATE 



r91 



MURMUR 



Multistaminate (mul-tis-tam f -in-at) \jnultus, many ; 
stamen, stamen]. In biology, bearing many stamens. 

Multisulcate [niul-tis-uV -kdt) \multus, many; sulcus, 
a furrow]. Having many sulci, as the brain. 

Multituberculate [mul-ie-tu-ber' -ku-lat) [mullus, 
many; tuberculum, a tubercle]. Having many tuber- 
cles. 

Multivalent (mul-liv* '-al-ent) \_iiuiltus, many ; valere, 
to be worth]. In chemistry, combining with more 
than two atoms of a univalent element. 

Multivorous (mul-tiv 1 -o-rus) [mullus, many; vorare, 
to devour]. Voracious. 

Mumble (mum'-bl) [M.TS,.,momelen, to mumble]. To 
speak in a low, inarticulate manner. 

Mumbo-jumbo (mum'-bo-jum'-bo). See Jumbai Bean . 

Mummification (mum-if-ik-a f -sAun). See Gangrene, 
Dry. 

Mummified [mum' -if-id) [/aob/ua, mummy; facere, to 
make]. Dried, like a mummy. M. Pulp, the condi- 
tion of the dental pulp when it is affected by dry 
gangrene. 

Mummy (mum'-e) [jwv/xca, mummy]. An embalmed 
body, especially a body embalmed after the Egyptian 
process. 

Mumps [D., mompen, to mumble]. Idiopathic 
parotiditis ; an acute infectious disease of chil- 
dren, between the ages of five and fifteen, character- 
ized by swelling of the parotid and other salivary 
glands, running a definite course, and generally termin- 
ating in recovery. The period of invasion is less than 
twenty-four hours, and the left parotid is usually first 
involved. When the disease occurs at or near puberty 
there is often a metastasis to the testes, or to the 
ovaries or mammae in the female ; rarely atrophy of 
the testis follows. The disease is most common in 
males and in the spring of the year. See Parotiditis. 

Mundificant (tnun-dif -ik-anf) , Mundificative (tnun- 
dif ' -ik-at-iv) \_mundus, clean; facere, to make]. I. 
Having the power to cleanse, purge, or heal. 2. A 
cleansing or healing agent. 

Mungeet (mun-gef). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Mungo (mung'-go). See Shoddy. 

Munich (mu'-nik) [Ger.]. The capital of Bavaria. 
M. -Frankfort Angle, in craniometry, the facial angle 
having for its base a line joining the lower border of 
the orbit and the upper border of the external auditory 
meatus, and for its facial line one tangent to the most 
prominent portion of the alveolar border of the inferior 
maxilla. M. Plane. See Plane. 

Munjeet (mien-Jet'). Same as Mungeet. 

Munjistin (mun-jis 1 '-tin) [Hind., manjit, a drug used 
for dyeing red], C 8 H 6 3 . A coloring-substance ob- 
tained from Rubia munjista. It is nearly related in 
composition to purpurin and alizarin. 

Munk's Visual Center. In the dog, the lateral 
convex portion of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. 

Mural (mu'-ral) [murus,wa\\~\. Pertaining to a wall. 
M. Gestation, M. Pregnancy, pregnancy in the 
uterine extremity of a Fallopian tube. 

Mures articulorum (mu'-rez ar-tifc-u-lo'-rztm). See 
Corpora libera articulorum . 

Murexan (mu-reks' '-an) \_murex, the purple-fish], 
C 4 H 5 N.,0 3 . A substance identical with dialuramid, 
derived from murexid. 

Murexid (mu-reks' -id) \murex, the purple-fish], C 8 H rt - 
N G 6 -f- H 2 0. The ammonium salt of purpuric acid, 
used as a dye-stuff. It occurs in four-sided plates or 
prisms of a gold-green color. It dissolves in water with 
a purple-red color, but is insoluble in alcohol and ether. 
Upon the production of this substance depends the 
murexid test. See Tests, Table of, and Pigments, 
Conspectus of 



Murexoin (mu-reks' -o-in \jnurex, the purple-fish]. 
C,. 2 H 16 N 6 6 . A derivative of amalic acid, obtained 
by treating the acid with water and ammonia. 

Muriate (mu'-re-at )[_muria, brine]. An old name for 
a chlorid. 

Muriated (mu'-re-a-ted) [muria, brine]. Contain- 
ing chlorin or a chlorid. M. Tincture of Iron, tinc- 
tura ferri chloridi. See Ferrum. 

Muriatic (mu-re-at'-ik) \_muria, brine]. Pertaining to 
sea-salt. M. Acid. See Acid, Hydrochloric. 

Muricate (mu'-rik-at) [muricatus, pointed]. In biol- 
ogy, roughened with short rigid excrescences, spines, 
or prickles. 

Muricatohisped (mu-rik-at-o-his'-pid) [muricatus, 
pointed; hispidus, hispid]. In biology, covered 
with rigid hairs or bristles. 

Muriform (mu'-rif-orm) [murus, wall; forma, shape]. 
In biology, wall-like ; resembling courses of bricks 
in a wall. M. Body. Same as Morula. 

Murmur (mer'-mer) [L., a murmur]. A mimetic 
name for the sounds heard on auscultation, 
and caused by the friction of moving currents or 
gliding surfaces in the organs of circulation and respira- 
tion. See Bruit. M., Accidental. See M., He?nic. 
M., Anemic. See M., Hemic. M., Aneurysmal, the 
aneurysmal bruit. See Bruit. M., Aortic, one 
generated at the aortic orifice of the heart. M., 
Arterial, the sound made by the arterial current. M. 
aurium. Synonym of Tinnitus aurium. M., Bel- 
lows, the bruit de soufflet, heard in cardiac hypertro- 
phy and in mitral insufficiency. M., Blood. See M., 
Hemic. M., Brain, a systolic sound heard over the 
anterior fontanel, especially in young rickety children. 
M., Cardiac, any one of those adventitious sounds 
produced by the abnormal passage of blood through the 
cavities and orifices of the heart or by perverted cardiac 
action. The names given to these murmurs correspond 
with the period of the cardiac cycle in which they oc- 
cur. A murmur that occurs in the period of auricular 
systole, is termed presystolic or auricular systolic ; one 
that occurs in the period of ventricular systole, systolic ; 
one that occurs during the diastole of the ventricles, 
diastolic; and should the murmur immediately follow 
the first or second sound, post-systolic or post-diastolic 
respectively. In relation to their seat of generation, 
cardiac murmurs are designated mitral, aortic, tri- 
cuspid, and pulmonary. All murmurs should be timed 
by the carotid pulse, not by their relation to the apex- 
beat. Murmurs are most frequently caused by some 
change in one of the cardiac valves or orifices, allowing 
of a reflux of the blood, or obstructing its onward pro- 
gress. A table of organic endocardial murmurs is ap- 
pended. M., Cardio-pulmonary, an abnormal sound 
produced outside of the heart, but closely resembling 
one due to organic valve-disease. Such murmurs are 
of frequent occurrence, and may be due to displace- 
ment of, or pressure upon, the heart, effusion into the 
pleural cavity, changes in the pleura of the precordial 
area, changes in the lung overlying the heart, or changes 
in the pericardium. M., Cephalic, a murmur heard 
at different parts of the scalp in anemia ; it is prob- 
ably venous in origin. M., Diastolic, a murmur oc- 
curring during the diastole of the heart. M., Direct, 
a murmur produced by obstruction to the blood-cur- 
rent as it is passing in its normal direction. M., 
Duroziez's, the double murmur, sometimes heard in 
the femoral artery in aortic regurgitation. See also 
Signs and Symptoms, Table of M., Dynamic, one 
resulting from tumultuous and irregular action of the 
heart. M., Endocardial, a murmur produced within 
the cavities of the heart. M., Exocardiac, a murmur 
connected with the heart, but occurring outside of its 



MURMUR 792 MURMUR 

TABLE OF ORGANIC ENDOCARDIAL MURMURS. 



Name, in Order 
of Frequency. 


Time. 


Site of Maximum 
Intensity. 


Line of Conduc- 
tion. 


Direct 
or Indi- 
rect. 


Basic or 
Apical. 


Lesion. 


Quality. 


Mitral regurgitant. 


Systolic. 


Center of mitral 
area, above and 
to left of apex. 


At sixth rib oppo- 
site apex, a line 
drawn from the 
anterior fold of 
axilla to lower an- 
gle of left scapula. 


Indirect 
mitral. 


Apical. 


Mitral insuffi- 
ciency or in- 
competence. 


Variable ; usually 
soft, blowing, bel- 
lows ; may be dis- 
tinctly musical. 


Aortic obstructive. 


Systolic. 


Mid-sternum or to 
right of it, oppo- 
site third rib or 
second inter- 
space. 


Toward top of ster- 
num, and along 
aorta and its 
large branches. 


Direct 
aortic. 


Basic. 


Aortic obstruc- 
tion or con- 
striction. 


Usually loud and 
harsh. Harsh- 
ness is one of 
its distinguishing 
characteristics. 


Aortic regurgitant. 


Diastolic. 


Mid-sternum oppo- 
site upper border 
of cartilage of 
third rib. 


Down sternum to 
ensiform cartil- 
age. 


Indirect 
aortic. 


Basic. 


Aortic insuffi- 
ciency or in- 
competence. 


Soft, blowing, 
sometimes rough, 
frequently musi- 
cal. It has the 
greatest area of 
diffusion of ail 
the cardiac mur- 
murs. 


Mitral obstructive. 


Presystolic. 


Over mitral area 
around the apex. 


Usually not trans- 
mitted. 


Direct 

mitral. 


Apical. 


Mitral obstruc- 
tion or' con- 
striction. 


Generally low- 
pitched, rough, 
churning, grind- 
ing, or blubber- 
ing. Subject to 
great variation of 
pitch and quality. 


Tricuspid regurgi- 
tant. 


Systolic. 


Mid-sternum just 
above the ensi- 
form cartilage. 


Toward the epi- 
gastrium. 


Indirect 
tricuspid. 


Apical. 


Tricuspid i n- 
sufficiency or 

i ncompe- 
tence. 


Low-pitched, su- 
perficial, blowing, 
soft, faint. 


Tricuspid obstruc- 
tive. 


Presystolic. 


Mid-sternum oppo- 
site the cartilage 
of fourth rib. 


Not transmitted. 


Direct 
tricuspid. 


Apical. 


Tricuspid ob- 
struction or 
constriction. 


Undetermined. 


Pulmonary ob- 
structive. 


Systolic. 


Second interspace 
to the left of ster- 
num or at the 
level of third rib. 


Upward a short 
distance and to 
left of sternum, 
stopping ab- 
ruptly. 


Direct 
pulmon- 
ary. 


Basic. 


Pulmonary ob- 
struction or 
constriction. 


Often harsh and 
audible over the 
whole precordia ; 
may be very 
faint ; at times 
bellows. 


Pulmonary regur- 
gitant. 


Diastolic. 


Second left inter- 
space. 


Down left edge of 
sternum to ensi- 
form cartilage. 


Indirect 
pulmon- 
ary. 


Basic. 


Pulmonary in- 
sufficiency or 
incompe- 
tence. 


Soft and blowing. 



cavities, as the pericardial friction-sounds. M., False. 
See M., Cardio-pulmonary . M., Flint's, a murmur 
occasionally heard at the apex in aortic regurgitation. 
It is sometimes presystolic in time and is probably due 
to the fact that on account of the extreme ventricular 
dilatation the valves cannot be forced back against the 
walls and produce a relative narrowing of the auriculo- 
ventricular orifice. See also Signs and Symptoms , Table 
of. M., Friction, a murmur or sound produced by 
the rubbing of two inflamed serous surfaces upon each 
other. M., Functional, a cardiac murmur occurring 
from excited action of the heart, without any structural 
change in the valves or orifices. M., Funic. See 
Souffle, Funic. M., Heart, an abnormal sound pro- 
duced within the heart or on its surface. M., Hemic, 
a sound believed to be due to changes in the quality or 
amount of the blood, and not to lesions of the vessels 
or valves. M., Indirect, one produced by the blood 
flowing in a direction contrary to the normal current. 
M., Inorganic, amurmur not due to valvular lesions ; 
a hemic or a functional murmur. M., Metadias- 
tolic. See M. , Post-diastolic. M., Metallic, amurmur 
sometimes heard in pneumo-pericardium, and having 
a metallic quality. M., Mitral, a murmur produced 
at the mitral orifice. M., Musical, a heart-murmur 



having a musical quality. M., New Leather. See 
Bruit de cuir neuf. M ., Organic, a murmur due to 
structural changes in the heart. M., Pericardial, a 
friction-sound produced by the rubbing of the pericar- 
dial surfaces upon each other. M., Placental. See 
Souffle, Uterine. M., Post-diastolic, amurmur heard 
immediately after the second sound of the heart. M., 
Pressure, usually a vascular murmur and due to com- 
pression of the vessel, as with the stethoscope. M., 
Presystolic, a murmur heard at the end of the dias- 
tolic pause, just before the first sound. It is the com- 
mon murmur of mitral stenosis. M., Pulmonary, a 
murmur produced at the pulmonary valve. M., Rasp- 
ing, a rough murmur. M., Reduplicated, a redupli- 
cation of the first or second heart-sound, due usually to 
an asynchronous action of the two sides of the heart. 
It occurs in conditions of increased resistance in the 
systemic or pulmonary circulation — as in chronic neph- 
ritis and in emphysema. It is quite frequent in mitral 
stenosis and in pericarditis. M., Respiratory, the 
sounds resulting from the passage of the air through 
the bronchial apparatus during inspiration and ex- 
piration. M., Sawing, a long, harsh heart-mur- 
mur. M., Scapular, the systolic murmur of mitral 
regurgitation transmitted to the angle of the left 



MURPHY'S BUTTON 



793 



MUSCLE 



scapula. M., Subclavian, a murmur heard over 
the subclavian arteries ; it is not uncommon in pul- 
monary tuberculosis. M., Systolic, a murmur heard 
during the systole of the heart. M ., Tracheal, a coarse 
respiratory murmur heard over the trachea. M., Tri- 
cuspid, a murmur produced at the tricuspid valve. M., 
Uterine, M., Utero-placental. See Souffle-, Uterine. 
M., Valvular, a heart-murmur due to some change 
in a valve. M., Vascular, a hemic murmur heard in 
the blood-vessels. M., Venous, the hum heard in 
the veins of the neck, especially in anemia. See Bruit 
de (liable. M., Vesicular. See Vesicular. 

Murphy's Button. A mechanical device for coap- 
tating the visceral surfaces in the performance of cir- 
cular enterorrhaphy, as well as the various intestinal an- 
astomoses. It consists of two brass buttons or plates, 
each with a peripheral collar and a central hollow 
stem, the hollow stem of one being slightly smaller 
than the other, so that it will readly slip within. These 
buttons may be of various sizes, from three-quarters to 
one and a quarter inches in diameter, and with central 
openings of from one-quarter to one-half an inch. In 
making an anastomosis or enterorrhaphy, a puckering 
or retaining suture is passed through all the coats 
around each opening, and after the shoulder of half 
the button is pushed through each of the openings the 
suture is drawn taut, so as to prevent the viscus 
receding from the button. Then the operation is com- 
pleted by pressing the two halves together, a device on 
the smaller stem retaining the buttons in apposition. 
In a few days the buttons will be liberated by pressure- 
necrosis and carried down the intestinal canal by the 
natural peristalsis. M.'s Method. See Operations, 
Table of. 

Murr, Murrain (mur, inur' -an) [ME., murrin, mur- 
rain]. Any fatal epizootic disease of cattle and sheep ; 
also a synonym of foot-and-mouth disease. 

Murray's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Murraya (mur 1 -a-ah) [after J. A. Murray, a Swedish 
botanist]. A genus of dicotyledonous trees. M. 
exotica, Chinese box, yields a perfume and a bitter 
extract, 7iiurrayin. 

Murrayetin (mur-a-et 1 '-in) [after J. A. Murray, a 
Swedish botanist], C ]2 H 12 C> 5 -f ^H 2 0. A gluco- 
sid obtained from murrayin by the action of dilute 
acids. 

Murrayin (mur 1 '-a-iti) [after J. A. Murray, a Swedish 
botanist], C, 8 H 22 O 10 . A glucosid obtained from 
Murraya exotica. 

Murure (mu-ru-ra') [Braz.]. The name given by the 
natives to a Brazilian tree, the botanic source of which 
is unknown. The bark presents a brick-red color, with 
darker patches on the outer surface ; internally it is 
fibrous, grayish and rather hard. Upon incision a red- 
dish, syrupy liquid exudes, which is of acid reaction, 
I-loo density, and is called Vegetable mercury. Physi- 
ologic investigations show the liquid to be poisonous, 
injections of the neutralized juice having caused death 
in various animals. 

Musa (mu'-zah) [Ar. , milze, banana]. A genus of 
monocotyledonous plants. M. paradisiaca, the 
plantain, q. v. M. sapientum, the banana, q. v. 

Musca (inns' -kali) \_jivla, a fly]. A genus of flies. M. 
hispaniola. See Cantharis. 

Muscae (inns' -ke) [L.]. Plural of Musca. M., Ento- 
hyaloid. See M. volitantes. M. volitantes [Fr. , 
Mouches volantes~\, floating spots, or imperfections in 
the field of vision due to shadows of vitreous cells. 

Muscardine (nuts' -kahr-din) [Fr., a peculiar fungus]. 
See Muskardine. 

Muscariform (mus-kar' -if-orni) \_muscarium, fly-brush ; 
musca , a fly ; forma, form]. In biology, brush-shaped. 



Muscarin (inns' -kar-in) \muscarium, a fly-brush], 
C 5 H 13 NO, 2 . An oxycholin found in fly agaric. It is 
formed by oxidizing cholin with HNO a . It is a pow- 
erful respiratory and cardiac depressant, producing 
myosis, intestinal spasm, dyspnea, and death. Its 
action may be antagonized by subsequent injection 
of atropin. See also figments, Conspectus of. M. 
nitras. Dose gr. T -l^ hypodermatically. Unof. 

Muscle (mus' -I) \musculus, a muscle]. An aggrega- 
tion of tissues, of which muscular tissue is the most 
important, having the property of contracting and 
of returning to its original shape. Muscles provide 
the means of movement in animals, and are of 
two kinds, the striped and smooth, striated and 
unstriated, the first being voluntary, the second 
involuntary, i. e., not as a rule subject to the will. 
See Table of Muscles, p. 795. M. of Accommo- 
dation, the ciliary muscle. Ms. of Animal Life, 
Striped, Striated or Voluntary Ms., those under 
the control of the will ; they are composed of fas- 
ciculi of fibers enclosed in a delicate tissue called 
the internal perimysium. M. -beater, in massage, 
an instrument used for flagellation. See Percus- 
sion. M. -bundle, a group of muscle-fibers enclosed 
in an investing membrane. M., Cardiac, the mus- 
cular substance of the heart. M.-case, a mem- 
branous sac enclosing one of the muscle-compart- 
ments of a fiber of muscular tissue. M. -casket, a 
muscle-compartment. M.-cell. See Myocyte. M., 
Circular, a muscle surrounding circular openings ; 
a sphincter. M.-clot, the clot formed in the 
coagulation of muscle-plasm. M. -column, a bundle 
of muscular fibrils in a muscle-fiber. M. -com- 
ma. See Myocomma. M. -compartment, one of 
the divisions of a muscle-fiber produced by the ex- 
tension of Krause's membrane from the sarcolemma. 
M. -corpuscle, a muscle-nucleus. M. -curve, the 
tracing of a myograph. M., Demipenniform, a 
muscle with a tendinous portion extending throughout 
the whole length of its free margin. M.-disc, one 
of the superimposed discs of a muscie-prism. The 
same parts were designated by Rollet " chief sub- 
stance discs." M. -enzyme, a ferment existing in 
the muscles, retaining its activity until heated to 100 
F. It is not identical with fibrin-ferment. Ms., 
Extrinsic (of the eye), the recti, oblique, levator 
palpebrse, and orbicularis palpebrarum muscles. Ms., 
Extrinsic (of the larynx), the omo-hyoid and 
sterno-hyoid, the sterno-thyroid, superior, inferior 
and middle constrictors of the pharynx, the supra- 
hyoid. M., Extrinsic (of the tongue), the hyo- 
glossus, chondro-glossus, genio-hyo-glossus, palato 
glossus, and stylo-glossus, and part of the superior 
pharyngeal constrictor. M. -ferment. See M.- 
enzyme. M., Fusiform, a spindle-shaped muscle with 
a large belly and a narrow origin and insertion. Ms., 
Hamstring, a name given to the biceps, semi-mem- 
branosus, and semi-tendinosus muscles. M., Heart, 
occupies an intermediate position between the spindle- 
shaped, non-striated involuntary cell and the striped 
voluntary fiber. It has no sarcolemma, its striae are 
fainter, the muscle-nuclei are situated within the sar- 
cous substance, and the contractile fibrillre are peculiarly 
disposed. The peripheral fibrillse are arranged in a ra- 
diating manner, the central portion being occupied by 
prismatic bundles of fibrillae, nuclei, and sarcoplasm. 
Cardiac muscle-fibers differ in yet another point from 
ordinary striped muscular tissue — they branch and an- 
astomose with each other. M., Hollow, that surround- 
ing a cavity. M., Inflected, one that passes over a 
pulley. M., Intrinsic, a muscle confined to a part or 
organ. M., Involuntary, one not under the control 



MUSCLE 



794 



MUSCOID 



of the will, as the non-striated muscles. They vary 
from 75-225 fx in length, and from 4-8 /u in width. 
The cells are surrounded by a delicate hyaline sheath, 
and possess a rod-shaped nucleus. See M. , Un- 
striped. M. -juice. Same as M. -plasma. Ms. of Mas- 
tication, the masseters, temporals, and external and 
internal pterygoid muscles. M., Non-striated, one 
composed of spindle-shaped involuntary muscle-fibers. 
M. -nucleus, the nucleus of a muscle-fiber. M., 
Organic. See Involuntary, Ms. of Organic Life, 
Unstriped or Involuntary Ms., those composed of 
spindle-shaped, contractile fibers and nucleated cells 
collected in bundles. A table arranged alphabet- 
ically is appended, showing the principal muscles of 
the human body, with their origin, insertion, innerva- 
tion, and function. M., Papillary, the muscular emi- 
nences in the ventricles of the heart, from which the 
chordae tendinese arise. M., Pennate, M., Penni- 
form, a muscle with a central axis, from which the 
fibers radiate on each side. M., Perforated (of Cas- 
serins). See M., Coraco-brachialis , in Table. M., 
Peripenial, a layer of involuntary muscle beneath the 
skin of the penis. M. -plasma, a liquid obtained from 




D E 

A. Striped muscle of frog, sarcolemma raised in the form of a 
bleb. B. Ruptured fiber with sarcolemma. C. Fiber rup- 
tured by a hair. D. Effect of acetic acid on a muscle fiber. 
E. Muscle-discs. (Stirling.) 

fresh muscle by expression, preferably after freezing. 
Its coagulation is the essential condition of rigor mortis, 
and is comparable to the coagulation of blood. The 
solid proteid thus separated is called myosin. Two of 
its proteids, paramyosinogen and myosinogen, go to 
form the clot, while the other three, myoglobulin, al- 
bumin, and myoalbuminose, remain in the muscle- 
serum. M. -plate. See Myoeomma, and Myotome. 
M. -prism, a muscle-rod. M. -reading, the detection 
of a person's thoughts and emotions by the in- 
voluntary action of his muscles. Ms. of Respiration, 
those involved in the ordinary processes of breathing. 
Those concerned in inspiration are the diaphragm, 
the intercostals and the long and short elevators. 
Other muscles, including the trapezius, scaleni and 
pectoralis minor, are brought into play during forced 
inspiration. Ordinary expiration is non-muscular, the 
act being a purely passive one ; forced expiration, 
however, brings into play most of the abdominal 



muscles. M.-rod, one of the ultimate divisions of 
the dim band of a muscle-compartment. M. -serum, 
the liquid residue left after the separation of the clot 
by coagulation of muscle-plasma. M., Skeletal, any 
one of those muscles attached to and acting on the 
skeleton. M. -sound, the sound produced by the 




Isolated Smooth Muscular Fibers. 
Nitric acid. X 300. (Stirling.) 

contraction of a muscle. M. -spindle, structures 
described by Kuhne and considered by Kirschner as 
special sensory nerve-endings, and by Kolliker to 
be transient developmental structures connected with 
the cleavage of the muscle-fibers (Piersol). M., Stalk, 
a differentiation of the ectoplasm of the Vorticella, 
which, in contracting, rolls the stalk up spirally. M., 
Striated, a muscle constituted of striped muscle-fibers. 
M., Striped. Same as M., Striated. M. -sugar. See 
Inosite. M., Tailor's. Synonym of the sartorius mus- 
cle. See Table. M. -telegraph, an apparatus arranged 
by DuBois-Reymond especially for replacing the myo- 
graph in experiments during lectures. The muscle is 




Muscular Fibers of the Human Heart. {Stirling.) 

fixed in a vise ; its other end is connected by a hook 
with a thread running over a reel. The reel supports 
a long indicating hand to which a colored disc is at- 
tached. The muscle, in shortening, turns the wheel 
and lifts the disc, which is easily seen from a consid- 
erable distance. A second thread, slung over the 
reel, supports a brass vessel, which may be filled with 
shot, so as to apply any desired weight to the muscle. 
M. -tumor, a myoma, a. v. M., Unstriated, M., 
Unstriped. See M. , Non-striated. M., Visceral, any 
one of the muscles connected with the viscera ; 
they are not under the command of the will. M. 
Voluntary. See J/., Striped. 
Muscoid (inns' -koid) [muscus, moss; tidoi;, like]. 
Moss-like. 



MUSCLES 



795 



MUSCLES 



TABLE OF MUSCLES (Arranged Alphabetically). 



Name. 


Origin. Insertion. Innervation. 


Function. 


Abductor hallucis. 


Outer head of oscalcis, plan- 
tar fascia, intermuscular 
septum ; inner head, in- 
ternal annular ligament, 
and tendon of tibialis 
posticus. 


Inner portion of lower 
surface of base of great 
toe and inner side of 
internal sesamoid 
bone. 


Internal plantar divi- 
sion of posterior 
tibial nerve. 


Flexes and abducts first 
phalanx of great toe. 


Abductor longus polli- 
cis. 


See Extensor ossis meta- 


carpi pollicis. 






Abductor minimi digiti 
manus. 


Pisiform bone. 


First phalanx of the 
little finger. 


Ulnar. 


Abducts little finger. 


Abductor minimi digiti 
pedis. 


Outer tuberosity of the os 
calcis and plantar fascia. 


First phalanx of the little 
toe. 


External plantar. 


Abducts little toe. 


Abductor ossis metatar- 
si quinti. 


Outer tubercle of calca- 
neum. 


Tuberosity of base of 
5th metatarsal bone. 


External plantar. 


Abducts little toe. 


Abductor pollicis 
manus. 


Trapezium, scaphoid, an- 
nular ligament, palmar 
fascia. 


First phalanx of thumb. 


Median. 


Abducts and flexes first 
phalanx of thumb. 


Abductor pollicis pedis. 


Inner tuberosity of the os 
calcis. 


First phalanx of great 
toe. 


Internal plantar. 


Abducts great toe. 


Accelerator urinae. 


Central tendon of peri- 
neum and median raphe. 


Bulb, spongy and cav- 
ernous parts of penis. 


Perineal. 


Ejects urine. 


Accessorius ad accesso- 
rium. 


See Flexor accessorius 


longus digitorum pedis. 






Accessorius ad flexorum 
profundum. 


Internal condyle and coro- 
noid process of humerus 


Into the perforating ten- 
dons of the flexor pro- 
funda. 


Ulnar and anterior in- 
terosseous. 


Assists in flexing fingers. 


Accessorius orbicularis 
inferioris. 


Inferior maxilla, external 
to levator labii inferioris. 


At angle of mouth, join- 
ing buccinator and 
other muscles. 






Accessorius orbicularis 
superioris. 


Alveolar border of supe- 
rior maxilla opposite 
incisor teeth. 


Angle of mouth ; con- 
tinuous with other 
muscles inserted at this 
point. 






Accessorius tricipites. 


See Dorso-epitrochlearis. 








Accessory a b d o m i n al 
oblique. 


Between the two oblique 
muscles from the 9th, 10th, 
or nth rib. 


Crest of ilium. 


Intercostal, ilio-hypo- 
gastric, ilio-inguinal. 


Assists in flexing thorax. 


Accessory gluteus mini- 
mus. 


Outer surface of the ilium. 


Anterior border of the 
great trochanter. 


Superior gluteal. 


Assists gluteus minimus- 


Accessory to the ilio- 
costal. 


Angles of 7th to nth ribs 
and back of last rib. 


Transverse process of 
7th cervical vertebra, 
tubercle of 1st rib. An- 
gles of 2d to 5th ribs. 


External branches of 
posterior divisions of 
lumbar nerves. 


Extension of lumbar 
spines on pelvis. 


Accessory palmar ab- 
ductor indicis (anoma- 
lous). 


Third metacarpal bone. 


Base of first phalanx of 
index finger. 






Accessory popliteus (an- 
omalous). 


Usually from a sesamoid 
bone on the posterior 
surface of lower end of 
femur. 


With the popliteus. 


Internal popliteal. 


Assists in flexing leg. 


Adductor brevis. 


Ramus of pubes. 


Upper part of the linea 
aspera of femur. 


Obturator. 


Adducts, rotates exter- 
nally, and flexes thigh. 


Adductor hallucis. 


Tarsal ends of the three 
middle metatarsal bones. 


Base of the first phalanx 
of great toe. 


External plantar. 


Adducts great toe. 


Adductor longus. 


Front of pubes. 


Middle of linea aspera 
of femur. 


Obturator. 


Adducts, rotates out- 
ward, and flexes thigh. 


Adductor magnus. 


Rami of pubes and ischi- 
um. 


All of the linea aspera of 
femur. 


Obturator and great 
sciatic. 


Adducts thigh and ro- 
tates it outward. 


Adductor minimus. 


A name given to the upper 
portion of the adductor 
magnus. 








Adductor pollicis. 


Third metacarpal. 


First phalanx of thumb. 


Ulnar. 


Draws thumb to median 
line. 



MUSCLES 



796 

MUSCLES. 



MUSCLES 




Muscles of the Face and Neck. 
. Frontal muscle. 2. Occipital muscle. 3, 3. Epicranial apo- 
neurosis. 4. Temporal muscle. 5. Retrahens aurem. 6. 
Orbicularis palpebrarum. 7. Levator labii superioris et 
alasque nasi. 8. Dilator naris. 9. Compressor naris. 9'. 
Pyramidalis nasi. 10. Zygomatic minor. 11. Zygomatic 
major. 12. Masseter. 13. Levator anguli oris. 14. Levator 
labii superioris. 15. Orbicularis oris. 16. Buccinator. 16'. 
Depressor anguli oris. 17. Depressor labii inferioris. 18. 
Levator labii inferioris. 19. Sterno-mastoid. 20. Trapezius. 
21. Digastric and stylo-hyoid. 22. Anterior belly of digas- 
tric. 23. Pulley for tendon of digastric. 24,24. Omo-hyoid. 
25. Sterno-hyoid. 26. Thyro-hyoid. 27. Mylo-hyoid. 28. 
Splenius capitis. 29. Splenius colli. 30. Levator anguli 
scapulae. 31. Scalenus posticus. 32. Scalenus anticus. 



Muscles of Supra-hyoid and Infra-hvoid Regions. 
I. Posterior belly of digastric. 2. Stylo-hyoid. 3. Anterior 
belly of digastric. 4. Tendon and pulley of digastric. 
5. Anterior belly of right digastric. 6. Mylo-hyoid. 7. Hyo- 
glossus. 8. Sternal fibers of right sterno-mastoid. 9. Sternal 
fibers of left sterno-mastoid. 10. Sterno-hyoid. 11. Tendon 
of omo-hyoid. 12. Thyro-hyoid. 13. Sterno-thyroid. 14. In- 
ferior constrictor of pharynx. 15. Trachea.- 16. Esophagus. 
17. Rectus capitis anticus major. 18. Longus colli. 19. 
Scalenus anticus. 20, 20. Scalenus posticus. 21, 21. Leva- 
tor anguli scapulae. 22. Splenius capitis. 23, 23. Splenitis 
colli. 24. Trapezius. 25. Attachment of sterno-mastoid. 
26. Retrahens aurem. 27. Occipital portion of occipito- 
frontal. 28. Deltoid. 29. Attachment of pectorales majores 
to sternum. 30. External intercostal. 31. Internal inter- 
costal. 




?"?■/, 




Muscles of the Eye. 
. Tendon of Zinn. 2. External rectus divided 
rectus. 4. Inferior rectus. 5. Superior rectus, 
oblique. 7. Pulley for superior oblique. 8. Inferior oblique 
9. Levator palpebral superioris. 10, 10. Its anterior expan- 
sion. 11. Optic nerve. 



3. Internal 
6. Superior 



Muscles of the Tongue. Superficial Layer. 
Stylo-glossus. 2. Inferior fibers of styloglossus. 3. Ante- 
rior fibers of hyo-glossus or basio-glossus. 4. Posterior fibers. 
5. Accessory fibers. 6. Genio-hyoid. 7. Genio-glossus. 8. 
Inferior lingual. 9. Palato-glossus. 10. Upper portion of 
Pharyngo-glossus (from superior constrictor of pharynx). 
11, n. inferior portion. 12, 12. Middle constrictor of pha- 
rynx. 13. Stylo-pharyngeus. 14. Stylo-hyoid ligament and 
stylo-hyoid muscle. 






MUSCLES 797 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



MUSCLES 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Adductor quadratus. 


See Adductor minimus. 








Adjutor splenii. 


See Rhombo-atloid. 








Agitator caudae. 


A name given to the lower 
edge of the gluteus maxi- 
mus. 


The femur or femoral 
aponeurosis. 






Amygdalo-glossus. 


Pharyngeal aponeurosis 
covering the outer sur- 
face of the tonsil. 


Continuous with the 
palato-glossus. 




Aids the stylo-glossus in 
raising the margin of 
the tongue, rendering 
the dorsum concave. 


Anconeus. 


Back of external condyle 
of humerus. 


Olecranon process and 
shaft of ulna. 


Musculo-spiral. 


Extends forearm. 


Antitra'gicus. 


Outer surface of antitra- 
gus. 


Caudate process. 


Temporal and poste- 
rior auricular. 




Arrectores pili. 


Pars papillaris of the skin. 


Hair-follicles. 


Sympathetic. 


Elevate the hairs of the 
skin. 


A r y t e n o-epiglottideus 
iuferioris. 


Arytenoid (anteriorly). 


Epiglottis. 


Recurrent laryngeal. 


Compresses saccule of 
larynx. 


A r y t e n o-epiglottideus 
superioris. 


Apex of arytenoid car- 
tilage. 


Arvteno - epiglottidean 
folds. 


Recurrent laryngeal. 


Constricts aperture of 
larynx. 


Arytenoideus. 


Posterior and outer border 
of one arytenoid. 


Back of other arytenoid. 


Superior and recur- 
rent laryngeal. 


Closes back part of glot- 
tis. 


Attollens aurem. 


Occipito-frontalis aponeu- 
rosis. 


Pinna. 


Temporal branch of 
facial. 


Elevates pinna. 


Attrahens aurem. 


Lateral cranial aponeuro- 
sis. 


Helix. 


Facial. 


Advances pinna. 


Azygos pharyngis (occa- 
sional). 


Pharyngeal tubercle of 
body of occiput. 


Raphe of pharynx. 


G 1 s s - pharyngeal , 
pharyngeal plexus. 


Blends with superior 
constrictor. 


Azygos uvulae. 


Posterior nasal spine of 
palate bone. 


Uvula. 


Facial through spheno- 
palatine ganglion. 


Raises uvula. 


Basio-glossus. 


The fibers of thehyo-glos- 
sus arising from the 
hyoid bone. See Hyo- 
glossus. 








Biceps. 


i. Long — Glenoid cavity. 
2. Short — Coracoid pro- 
cess. 


Tuberosity of radius. 


Musculo-cutaneous. 


Flexes and supinates 
forearm. 


Biceps femoris. 


i. Ischial tuberosity. 2. 
Linea aspera. 


Head of fibula and outer 
tuberosity of head of 
fibula. 


Great sciatic and ex- 
ternal popliteal. 


Flexes and rotates leg 
outward. 


Biventer cervicis. 


Transverse processes, 
2-4 upper dorsal. 


Superior curved line of 
occipital bone. 


Portion of complexus. 


Retracts and rotates 
head. 


Bowman's. 


See Ciliary. 








Brachialis anticus. 


Lower half of the shaft 
of humerus. 


Coronoid process of 
ulna. 


Musculo-cutan eous, 
musculo-spiral. 


Flexes forearm. 


Brachio-capsularis. 


See Subscapularis. 








Brachio-radialis. 


See Supinator longus. 








Briicke's. 


See Ciliary. 








Buccinator. 


Alveolar process of max- 
illary bones and pterygo- 
maxillary ligament. 


Orbicularis oris. 


Facial, buccal branch. 


Compresses cheeks, re- 
tracts angle of mouth. 


Bulho-cavernous. 


See Accelerator urines. 








Cephalo-humeral. 


See Cleido-occipital. 








Cephalo-pharyngeus. 


See Constrictor of 


pharynx, superior. 






Cervicalis ascendens. 


Angles of 5 upper ribs. 


Transverse processes of 
4th, 5th, and 6th cer- 
vical vertebrae. 


Branches of cervical. 


Keeps head erect. 


Chondro-coracoid (an- 
omalous). 


First costal cartilage. 


Coracoid process, super- 
ficial to the coraco- 
brachialis. 







MUSCLES 



798 



MUSCLES 




The Sternocleidomastoid Muscle. Muscles of 
supra-hyoid and infra-hyoid regions. 

I. Anterior belly of digastric. 2. Posterior belly. 3. Tendon 
and pulley for tendon. 4. Stylo-hyoid. 5. Mylo-hyoid. 
6. Hyo-glossus. 7. Sterno-cleido-mastoid. 8. Anterior or 
sternal portion. 9. Posterior or clavicular portion. 10. Left 
sterno-hyoid. 11. Right sterno-hyoid. 12, 12. Omo-hyoid. 
13. Thyro-hyoid. 14, 14. Sterno-thyroid. 15. Anterior portion 
of inferior constrictor of pharynx. 16. Occipital muscle. 
17, 17. Retrahens aurem. 18. Trapezius. 19. Splenius 
capitis. 20. Splenius colli. 21. Levator anguli scapulae. 
22. Scalenus posticus. 23. Scalenus anticus. 24. Superior 
portion of deltoid. 25. Superior portion of pectoralis major. 

26. Inferior and anterior portion of right platysma myoides. 

27. Depressor anguli oris. 28. Depressor labii inferioris. 
29. Masseter. 30. Buccinator. 



V \ 



V 




'. . 'j.j- 1*, 

9 8 5 5 

Inferior Portion of the Abdominal Apon 



Muscles of the Velum Palati. 
A. Cartilaginous portion of Eustachian tube. B. Posterior 
orifice of nasal fossa. C. Velum palati. D. Uvula. E. Pos- 
terior pillar of velum palati. F. Tonsil. G, G. Posterior 
wall of pharynx, divided in the median line. H. Base of 
tongue. I. Epiglottis. K. Left lateral prolongation of epi- 
glottis. L. Entrance to larynx. M. Thyroid cartilage. N. 
Posterior wall of larynx. O. Group of racemose glands. 
P. Upper part of esophagus. 1. 
Azygos uvulae. 2. Levator palati. 
3, 3. Palato-pharyngeus. 4. External 
accessory fasciculus. 5. Internal ac- 
cessory fasciculus. 6. Fibers arising 
from the median portion of the velum 
palati and terminating in the palato- 
pharyngeus. 7. Internal fibers of the 
palato-pharyngeus. S. Middle and ex- 
ternal fibers. 9. Anterior fibers of stylo- 
pharyngeus. 10. Superior constrictor of 
pharynx. 



. External abdominal ring. 2, Exter- 
nal pillar. 3,3. Internal pillar. 4,4. 
Gimhernat's ligament. 5, 5. Its at- 
tachment. 6. Intercolumnar fibers. 
7. Linea alba. S. Symphysis pubis. 
9. Spermatic cord. 10. Crural arch. 
11, 11. Cribriform fascia. 12. Internal 
saphenous vein. 



2 

EUROSIS. 



MUSCLES SCLES 

TABLE Or MUSCLES. — i, 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Chondr o-e p i trochle- 
aris [anomalous). 


Cartilages of one or two 
ribs (7th) or from aponeu- 
rosis of external oblique. 


Fascia on inner side of 
arm, or internal con- 
dyle of humerus. 






Chondro-glossus. 


See Hyo-glossus. 








Choroid. 


See Ciliary. 








Ciliary. 


Longitudinal portion 
(Briicke's m.),j unction of 
cornea and sclera ; cir- 
cular portion (Muller's 
m.~), fibers form a circle. 


Outer layers of choroid. 


Ciliary. 


The muscle of visual 
accommodation. 


Circumflex palati. 


See Tensor palati. 








Cleido-oervicalis (an- 
omalous). 


Transverse process of 6th 
cervical vertebra. 


Outer end of clavicle. 




A supernumerary scalene 
muscle. 


Cleido-epitrochlearis. 


Clavicular portion of del- 
toid. 


Internal condyle of 
humerus. 






Cleido-hyoid (anomal- 
ous). 


Clavicle near outer border 
of stern o-hyoid. 


Body of hyoid. 


Hypoglossal. 


Depresses hyoid. 


Cleido-occipitalis (an- 
omalous). 


Clavicle, posterior to 
sterno-mastoid. 


Superior nuchal line of 
occiput. • 






Coccygeus. 


Ischial spine. 


Coccyx, sacrum, and 
sacro-coccygeal liga- 
ment. 


Sacral. 


Supports coccyx, and 
closes pelvic outlet. 


Complexus. 


Transverse processes 7th 
cervical and 6 upper dor- 
sal, and articular proces- 
ses of 3d to 6th cervical. 


Occipital bone. 


Sub-occipital, great 
occipital, and bran- 
ches of cervical. 


Retracts and rotates 
head. 


Compressor hemi- 
sphericum bulbi. 


A name given to that part 
of the bulbo-cavernosus 
which covers the most 
prominent part of the 
bulb. 








Compressor narium. 


Nasal aponeurosis. 


Fellow muscle and 
canine fossa. 


Facial. 


Dilates nostril. 


Compressor narium 
minor. 


Alar cartilage. 


Skin at end of nose. 


Facial. 


Dilates nostril. 


Compressor sacculi 
laryngis. 


Fibers of the aryteno-epi- 
glottideus. 




Recurrent laryngeal. 


Compressor of saccule of 
larynx. 


Compressor urethrae. 


Ramus of pubes. 


Fellow muscle. 


Perineal. 


Compresses membran- 
ous urethra. 


Compressor vaginae. 


The analogue of the two 
bulbo-cavernosi of the 
male. 




Perineal. 


Compressor of vaginae. 


Compressor venae dor- 
salis penis. 


Fibers of the isehio-caver- 
nosus. 


Fascial sheath of penis, 
over dorsal vessels. 




Compressor of dorsal 
vein. 


Constrictor isthmi fau- 
cium. 


See Palato-glossus. 








Constrictor of pharynx 
(inferior). 


Cricoid and thyroid carti- 
lages. 


Pharyngeal raphe. 


G 1 s s - pharyngeal , 
pharyngeal plexus 
and external laryn- 
geal. 


Contracts caliber of 
pharynx. 


Constrictor of pharynx 
(middle). 


Cornuaof hyoid and stylo- 
hyoid ligament. 


Pharyngeal raphe. 


Glosso-p haryngeal 
and pharyngeal 
plexus. 


Contracts caliber of 
pharynx. 


Constrictor of pharynx 
(superior). 


Internal pterygoid plate, 
pterygo-max. lig., jaw 
and side of tongue. 


Pharyngeal raphe. 


Glosso-p h ary ngeal 
and pharyngeal plex- 
us. 


Contracts caliber of 
pharynx. 


Constrictor urethrae. 


See Compressor tirethrez. 








Constrictor vaginae. 


See Compressor vagincE. 








Coraco-brachialis. 


Coracoid process of scap- 
ula. 


Inner surface of shaft 
of humerus. 


Musculo-cutaneous. 


Adducts and flexes arm. 


Coraco-brachialis supe- 
rior vel brevis. 


See Rotator humeri. 









MUSCT F^ 



800 



MUSCLES 



Superficial and Middle Muscu- 
lar Layers of the Posterior 
Aspect of the Trunk. 

i,i. Trapezius. 2. Latissimus dorsi. 

3. 3. Lumbosacral aponeuiosis 4, 

4. Portion of this aponeurosis to 
which latissimus dorsi is attached 

5. Fasciculus by which latissimus 
dorsi is attached to crest of ilium. 

6. External border of latissimus 
dorsi. 7. Teres major. 8. Superior 
border of latissimus dorsi, curving 
around teres major. 9. Rhomboid- 
eus major. 10. Rhomboideus minor 
11. Superior border of serratus pos- 
ticus superioris. 12, 12, 12. Fascicul 
of serratus posticus inferioris. 13 
Sterno-mastoid. 14. Splenius. 15 
Levator anguli scapulae. 16. Infra 
spinatus. 17. Teres minor. 18 
Teres major. 19. Divided latissi 
mus dorsi. 20. Fasciculus of latis- 
simus dorsi, arising from angle of 
scapuli. 21. Inferior portion of 
serratus magnus. 22, 22. Lower 
portion of internal oblique. 23. 
Posterior aponeurosis of internal 
oblique. 24. Gluteus maximus. 25. 
Divided gluteus maximus. 26. Glu- 
teus medius. 27. Pyramidalis. 28. 
Tendon of obturator interims and 
gemelli. 29. Quadratus fenioris. 
30. Sacro-lumbalis and longissimus 
dorsi. 31. Deltoid. 32. Triceps. 




Diaphragm, Inferior Aspect. 
. Middle or anterior leaflet of central tendon. 2. Right leaflet. 3. Left 
leaflet. 4. Right crus. 5. Left crus. 6, 6. Intervals for phrenic nerves. 
7. Muscular fibers from which the ligamenta arcuata originate. 8, 8. 
Muscular fibers that arise from inner surface of six lower ribs. 9. Fibers 
that arise from ensiform cartilage. 10. Opening for inferior vena cava. 
11. Opening for esophagus. 12. Aortic opening. 13, 13. Upper portion 
of transversalis abdominis, turned upward and outward. 14. Anterior 
leaflet of transversalis aponeurosis. 15, 15. Quadratus lumborum. 16, 
16. Psoas magnus. 17. Third lumbar vertebra. 



Internal Oblique and Transversalis abdominis 
Muscles. 

i, 1. Rectus abdominis. 2, 2. Internal oblique. 3,3. 
Anterior leaflet of aponeurosis of internal oblique. 
4,4. Divided external oblique. 5, 5. Spermatic cords. 
6, 6. Inferior portion of aponeurosis of external ob- 
lique. 7. Lower portion of left rectus abdominis: 
upper portion removed. S, 8. Muscular portion of 
transversalis abdominis, q. Aponeurotic portion. 
10. Umbilicus. 11. Supra-umbilical portion of linea 
alba. 12. Infra-umbilical portion. 13. Serratus mag- 
nus. 14. Divided right latissimus dorsi. 15. Divided 
left latissimus dorsi. 16. Divided serratus magnus. 
17, 17. External intercostals 18, iS. Femoral apon- 
eurosis. 19. Divided internal oblique. 



MUSCLES 801 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



MUSCLES 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Coraco-capsularis. 
(A name applied to the 
upper portion of the 
coraco-brachialis). 


Coracoid process. 


Below lesser tuberosity 
of humerus, or into 
capsule of shoulder- 
joint. 






Corrugator cutis ani. 


Submucous tissue on inte- 
rior of anus. 


Subcutaneous tissue on 
opposite side of anus 


Sympathetic. 


Corrugates skin about 
anus. 


Corrugator supercilii. 


Superciliary ridge of fron- 
tal bone. 


Orbicularis palpe- 
brarum. 


Facial. 


Draws eyebrow down- 
ward and inward. 


Costo-fascialis (anomal- 
ous). 


Outer border of sterno- 
thyroid muscle. 


Sheath of carotid ves- 
sels. 






Cramp ton's. 


See Ciliary. 








Crem aster. 


Upper and deep surface 
of middle of Poupart's 
ligament. 


Spine and crest of pubic 
bone and fascia pro- 
pria. 


Genital branch of 
genito-crural. 


Elevates testicle. 


Cremaster, internal, of 
Henle. 


Fibers of the gubernac- 
ulum testis. 


Elements of spermatic 
cord. 






Crico-arytenoideus lat- 
eralis. 


Side of cricoid cartilage. 


Angle and external sur- 
face of arytenoid. 


Recurrent laryngeal. 


Closes glottis. 


Crico-a rytenoideus 
posticus. 


Back of cricoid cartilage. 


Base of arytenoid carti- 
lage. 


Recurrent laryngeal. 


Opens glottis. 


Crico-hyoid (anomal- 
ous). 


Lower border of side of 
cricoid cartilage. 


Lower border of hyoid 
bone. 






Crico-thyroid. 


Cricoid cartilage. 


Thyroid cartilage (lower 
inner border). 


Superior laryngeal. 


Makes vocal bands tense. 


Crureus. 


See Vastus internus. 








Curvator coccygis (an- 
omalous). 


Anterior surface fifth seg- 
ment of sacrum. 


Anterior surface of 
coccyx. 




Incurvates coccyx. 


Deltoid. 


Clavicle, acromion, and 
spine of scapula. 


Shaft of humerus. 


Circumflex. 


Abducts humerus. 


Depressor alae nasi 


Incisive fossa of superior 
maxillary bone. 


Septum and ala of nose. 


Facial, buccal branch. 


Contracts nostril. 


Depressor anguli oris. 


External oblique line of 
inferior maxillary bone. 


Angle of mouth. 


Facial, supra-maxil- 
lary branch. 


Depresses angle of 
mouth. 


Depressor epiglottidis. 


Those fibers ofthethyro- 
epiglottideus t h a t are 
continued forward to the 
margin of the epiglot- 
tis. 








Depressor labii inferi- 
oris. 


External oblique line of 
the inferior maxillary 
bone. 


Lower lip. 


Facial, supra-maxil- 
lary branch. 


Depresses lip. 


Depressor thyroidea Lower border first tracheal 
(anomalous). j ring, near middle line. 


Lower border of thyroid 
cartilage. 




Depresses trachea. 


Depressor urethrae. 


Ramus of ischium near 
deep transversus perinei. 


Fibers of constrictor va- 
ginas muscle. 






Detrusor urinae. 


Front of pubes. 


Prostate (in male), va- 
gina (in female). 


Sympathetic. 


Compresses bladder. 


Diaphragm. 


Ensiform cart., 6or7lower 
ribs, ligamenta arcuata, 
bodies of lumbar verteb. 


Central tendon. 


Phrenic and sympa- 
thetic. 


Respiration and expul- 
sion. 


Digastric (anterior 
belly). 


Inner surface of inferior 
maxillary bone, near 
symphysis. 


Hyoid bone. 


Inferior dental. 


Elevates hyoid and 
tongue. 


Digastric (posterior 
belly). 


Digastric groove of mas- 
toid process. 


Hyoid bone. 


Facial. 


Elevates hyoid and 
tongue. 


Dilator naris anterioris. 


Alar cartilage. 


Border of ala of nose. 


Facial, infraorbital 
branch. 


Dilates nostril. 


Dilator naris posterioris.j Nasal notch of superior 
maxillary bone. 


Skin at margin of nos- 
tril. 


Facial, infraorbital 
branch. 


Dilates nostril. 


Dorsal interossei, 4. Sides of metacarpal bones. 


Bases of corresponding 
phalanges. 


Ulnar. 


Abduct fingers from me- 
dian line. 



51 



MUSCLES 



802 



MUSCLES 



Muscles of the Anterior Aspect 
of the Body. 

i. Pectoralis major. 2. Its clavicular 
fasciculus. 3. Fasciculus attached 
to abdominal aponeurosis. 4, 4. 
External oblique. 5, 5. Serratus 
magnus. 6, 6. Anterior border of 
latissimus dorsi. 7. Decussation of 
tendinous fibers of pectorales ma- 
jores. 8. Ensiform cartilage. 9, 9. 
Abdominal aponeurosis. 10, 10. 
Linea alba. 11. Umbilicus. 12,12, 
12. Tendinous intersections of rec- 
tus abdominis. 13, 13. External ab- 
dominal ring. ij. Pyramidalis. 15, 
15. External border of rectus ab- 
dominis. 16. Sterno-hyoid. 17. Omo- 
hyoid. 18. Sterno-mastoid. 19. Cer- 
vical portion of trapezius. 20. Del- 
toid. 21. Biceps brachialis. 22. 
Pectineus. 23. Sartorius. 24. Rec- 
tus femoris. 25. Tensor vaginas 
femoris. 




10 11 



Muscles of Anterior Aspect of Thorax. 
r. Pectoralis major. 2. Its clavicular portion. 3. Its sterno-costal 
portion. 4. Its humeral attachment, divided and displaced upward. 
S, 5i 5- Its fasciculi of attachment to ribs. 6. Pectoralis minor. 7. 
Subclavius. 8. Deltoid. 9. Inferior border of pectoralis minor. 10. 
Digitations of serratus magnus. 11. Correspond in a: digitations of 
external oblique. 12, 12. Anterior border of latissimus dorsi. 13. Its 
tendon of attachment to humerus. 14. Teres major. 15. Subscapu- 
lans. 16. Long head of triceps. 17. Lower portion of deltoid. iS, 
18. Sterno-mastoid. 19. Lower portion of sterno-hvoid. 20. Trapezius. 



Psoas, Iliac, Quadratus Lumborum, and Transver- 
salis Muscles. 

1. Psoas parvus. 2. Its divided tendon. 3. Psoas magnus. 
4. Its attachment to 12th dorsal vertebra. 5, 5, 5, 5. Its 
attachment to bodies of first four lumbar vertebrae. 6. Its 
tendon of attachment to lesser trochanter. 7, 7. Iliac 

( muscle. 8, 8. Inferior and external fibers of iliac muscle. 
9, 9. Rectus femoris. 10, 10. Obturator externus. II. 
Quadratus lumborum. 12, 12, 12, 12. Posterior portion of 
quadratus lumborum. 13. External portion. 14. Trans- 
versalis abdominis. 15. Ilio-lumbar ligament. 16. Crura 
of diaphragm. 



MUSCLES 803 MUSCLES 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Dorsal interossei, 4. 


Sides of metatarsal bones. 


Base of first phalanx of 
corresponding toe. 


External plantar. 


Abduct toes. 


Dorso - epitrochlearis 
(anomalous). 


Tendon oflatissimus 
dorsi. 


Long head of triceps, or 
fascia of arm. 




Aids in climbing. 


Epitrochleo-anc n e u s 
(anomalous). 


Back of internal condyles 
of humerus. 


Inner side of olecranon. 






Erector clitoridis. 


Tuberosity of ischium. 


Each side of crus of cli- 
toris. 




Erects clitoris. 


Erector penis. 


Ischial tuberosity, crus 
penis, and pubic ramus 


Tunica albuginea of cor- 
pus cavernosum. 


Perineal. 


To maintain erection. 


Erector pili. 


See Arrectores pili. 








Erector spinas. 


Iliac crest, back of sacrum, 
lumbar, and three lower 
dorsal spines. 


Divides into sacro-lum- 
balis, longissimus dor- 
si, and spinalis dorsi. 


Lumbar nerves, 
posterior division. 


Extension of lumbar 
spines on pelvis. 


Extensor annularis 
(anomalous). 


Posterior surface of shaft 
of ulna. 


Tendon of ring-finger. 






Extensor brevis digito- 
rum manus {anoma- 
lous). 


Ligamentous t i s s u e s on 
back of carpus. 


Tendons of third.fourth, 
and fifth fingers. 






Extensor brevis digito- 
rum pedis. 


Os calcis, externally. 


First phalanx of great 
toe and tendons of ex- 
tensor longus. 


Anterior tibial. 


Extends toes. 


Extensor brevis hallu- 
cis. 


A name applied to that 
portion of the extensor 
brevis digitorum that 
goes to the great toe. 








Extensor brevis pollicis. 


See Extensor primi inter 


nodii pollicis. 






Extensor carpi radialis 
accessorius (anoma- 
lous). 


Shaft of humerus. 


Metacarpal bone of 
thumb. 






Extensor carpi radialis 
brevior.- 


External condyloid ridge 
of humerus. 


Base second and third 
metacarpal. 


Posterior interosseous. 


Extends wrist. 


Extensor carpi radialis 
longior. 


Lower % external condy- 
loid ridge of humerus. 


Base of second meta- 
carpal. 


Musculo-spiral. 


Extends wrist. 


Extensor carpi ulnaris. 


1st head, external condyle 
of humerus. 2d head, 
posterior border of ulna. 


Base of fifth metacarpal. 


Posterior interosseous. 


Extends wrist. 


Extensor coccygis. 


Last bone of sacrum or 
first of coccyx. 


Lower part of coccyx. 


Sacral branches. 


Extends coccyx. 


Extensor communis 
digitorum. 


External condyle of hu- 
merus. 


All of the second and 
third phalanges. 


Posterior interosseous. 


Extends fingers. 


Extensor hallucis lon- 
gus tricaudatus. 


The name sometimes ap- 
plied to the extensor pro- 
prius hallucis, when its 
tendon is divided into 
three portions. 








Extensor indicis. 


Back of ulna. 


Second and third pha- 
langes of index finger. 


Posterior interosseous . 


Extends index. 


Extensor longus digito- 
rum pedis. 


Outer tuberosity of tibia 
and shaft of fibula. 


Second and third pha- 
langes of toes. 


Anterior tibial. 


Extends toes. 


Extensor longus polli- 
cis. 


See Extensor secundi in 


ternodii pollicis. 






Extensor medii digiti 
(anomalous). 


Back of shaft of ulna. 


Tendon of common ex- 
tensor. 






Extensor minimi digiti. 


External condyle of hu- 
merus. 


Second and third pha- 
langes of little finger. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Extensor of little finger. 


Extensor ossis m eta- 
carpi pollicis. 


Back of radius and ulna and 
interosseous membrane. 


Base of metacarpal of 
thumb and fascia. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Extends thumb. 


Extensor ossis meta- 
tarsi hallucis (anoma- 
lous). 


Extensor proprius hallu- 
cis, or extensor com- 
munis digitorum, or tibi- 
alis amicus. 


Metatarsal bone of hal- 
lux. 







MUSCLES 



804 



MUSCLES 




Muscles of Anal and Perineal Region. 
i, I. Bulbo-cavernosus muscle (accelerator urinae). 2. Us fibrous raphe. 3. Its 
anterior termination. 4. Ischio-cavernosus (erector penis) muscle. 5. Tendon 
of attachment to tuber ischii. 6. Transversus perinei. 7. External sphincter 
ani. 8. Aponeurotic insertion into apex of coccyx. 9. Attachment to bulbo- 
cavernous raphe. 10. Fibers of insertion into perineum, divided. 11. Upper 
layer of external sphincter. 12. Internal sphincter. 13. Levator ani. 14. Ob- 
turator interims. 15. Internal border of gluteus maximus. 



ICEPS AND CORACO- 
BRACHIALIS. 

1. Biceps. 2. Short head. 
3. Long head. 4. Ten- 
don ofinsertion into 
radius. 5. Bicipital 
fascia. 6. Coraco-bra- 
chialis. 7, 8. Lamina? 
of tendon ofinsertion 
of pectoralis major. 
9. Attachment of lati>=- 
simus dorsi. 10. Teres major. 11. Sub- 
scapularis. 12. Brachialisanticus. 13. Long, 
middle, or scapular head of triceps. 14. 
Internal or short humeral head. 15. Supi- 
nator Iongus. 16. Extensor carpi radialis 
Iongior. 




1. Bulbo-caverno- 
sus (erector pe- 
nis) muscle. 2. 
Muscle of Guth- 
rie (transversus 
perinei profun- 
dus). 3. Super- 
ficial transverse 
muscle. 4. Ex- 
ternal sphincter 
ani. 5. Levator 
ani. 



Muscle of Guthrie. 




. Bulb of urethra. 
2, 2. Muscle of 
Guthrie (trans- 
versus perinei 
profundus). 3. 
Muscle of Wil- 
son. 4. Transver- 
sus perinei super- 
ficialis. 5. Exter- 
nal sphincter ani. 
6. Levator ani. 



Muscle of Guthrie and Wilson. 



MUSCLES 



805 



MUSCLES 



fABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Extensor primi inter- 
nodii hallucis longus 
(anomalous). 


Fibula and interosseous 
membrane. 


Inner part of base of first 
phalanx of hallux. 






Extensor primi inter- 
nodii pollicis. 


Back of radius. 


Base of first phalanx of 
thumb. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Extends thumb. 


Extensor primi inter- 
nodii pollicis et indicis 
(anomalous). 


Between extensor indicis 
and extensor secundi in- 
ternodii pollicis. 


First phalanges of thumb 
and index linger. 






Extensor proprius digiti 
minimi. 


Lower part of ulna, or 
posterior 1 iga m e 11 1 of 
wrist-joint. 


Base oi first phalanx of 
little linger. 






Extensor proprius hal- 
lucis. 


Middle of fibula. 


Base of last phalanx of 
great toe. 


Anterior tibial. 


Extends great toe. 


Extensor secundi inter- 
nodii pollicis. 


Back of ulna. 


Base of last phalanx of 
thumb. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Extends thumb. 


Flexor accessorius digi- 
torum pedis (2 heads). 


1. Inner; 2. Outer surface 
of os calcis. 


Tendon of flexor longus 
digitorum. 


External plantar. 


Accessory flexor of toes. 


Flexor accessorius lon- 
gus (anomalous). 


Fascia over flexor longus 
hallucis. 


Sesamoid bone in tendon 
of peroneus longus. 






Flexor accessorius lon- 
gus digitorum pedis. 


Shaft of tibia or fibula. 


Tubercle of os calcis, 
and joins tendon of 
long flexor. 


External plantar. 


Assists ill flexing toes. 


Flexor brevis digitorum 
pedis. 


Inner tuberosity of os 
calcis and plantar fascia. 


Second phalanges of the 
lesser toes. 


Internal plantar. 


Flexes lesser toes. 


Flexor brevis hallucis. 


Under surface of cuboid, 
plantar ligaments, and 
external cuneiform. 


Base of first phalanx of 
great toe. 


Internal plantar. 


Flexes and slightly ad- 
ducts first phalanx of 
great toe. 


Flexor brevis minimi 
digiti manus. 


Unciform bone and annu- 
lar ligament. 


First phalanx of little 
finger. 


Ulnar. 


Flexes little finger. 


Flexor brevis minimi 
digiti pedis. 


Base of fifth metatarsal. 


Base of first phalanx of 
little toe. 


External plantar. 


Flexes little toe. 


Flexor brevis pollicis 
manus. 


2 heads — outer: lower bor- 
der of anterior annular 
ligament ; ridge of trape- 
zium ; inner: os mag- 
num, and bases of first, 
second, and third meta- 
carpal bones. 


Base of first phalanx of 
thumb. 


Outer head— median, 
palmar branch. In- 
ner head — deep ul- 
nar. 


Flexes metacarpal bone 
of thumb. 


Flexor brevis pollicis 
pedis. 


See Flexor brevis hallucis. 








Flexor carpi radialis. 


Internal condyle of hu- 
merus. 


Metacarpal bone of in- 
dex finger. 


Median. 


Flexes wrist. 


Flexor carpi radialis vel 
profundus {.anoma- 
lous). 


Anterior surface of radius, 
above the pronator quad- 
ratus. 


Annular ligament or 
trapezium, magnum or 
base of second or third 
metacarpal bone. 






Flexor carpi ulnaris (2 
heads). 


1. Internal condyle. 2. 
Olecranon and ulna. 


5th metacarpal, annular 
lig. and pisiform bone. 


Ulnar. 


Flexes wrist. 


Flexor cruris. 


See Biceps femoris. 








Flexor indicis. 


The name given to the in- 
dicial portion of the 
flexor profundus digito- 
rum, when it is distinct. 








Flexor longus digito- 
rum pedis. 


Shaft of tibia. 


Last phalanges of toes. 


Posterior tibial. 


Flexes phalanges and ex- 
tends ankle. 


Flexor longus hallucis. 


Lower two-thirds of shaft 
of fibula. 


Last phalanx of great 
toe. 


Posterior tibial. 


Flexes great toe. 


Flexor longus pollicis. 


Shaft of radius and coro- 
noid process of ulna. 


Last phalanx of thumb. 


Anterior interosseous. 


Flexes the phalanx. 


Flexor ossis metacarpi 
pollicis. 


See Opponens pollicis. 








Flexor perforatus. 


See Flexor brevis digito 


rum pedis. 







MUSCLES 



806 



MUSCLES 





Superficial Muscles of Pal- 
mar Aspect of Forearm. 

I. Lower portion of biceps. 2. 
Bicipital fascia. 3. Tendon of 
insertion into radius. 4, 4. Bra- 
chials anticus. 5. Internal head 
of triceps. 6. Pronator radii 
teres. 7. Flexor carpi radialis. 
8. Palmaris Iongus. 9. Its termi- 
nation in palmar ligament. 10. 
Flexor carpi ulnaris. 11. Its 
attachment to pisiform bone. 12. 
Supinator Iongus. 13. Its attach- 
ment to styloid process of radius. 
14, 14. Extensor carpi radialis 
longior. 15. Extensor carpi ra- 
dialis brevior. 16. Extensor os- 
sis metacarpi pollicis. 17. Its 
tendon of insertion into base of 
first metacarpal bone. 18. Ten- 
don of extensor secundi inter- 
nodii pollicis. 19,19. Flexor suh- 
limis digitorum. 20, 20. Tendons 
of this muscle. 21, 21. Their 
attachment to second phalanges 



■ W : 

Triceps Brachialis, Posterior Aspect. 
:. Long, middle, or scapular head. 2. Its ten- 
don of origin from scapula. 3. External, or 
long humeral head. 4. Internal, or short 
humeral head. 5. Common tendon. 6. At- 
tachment to olecranon. 7. Anconeus. 8, 8. 
Upper portion of deltoid, posterior half re- 
moved. 9. Lower portion. 10. Supraspina- 
tus. 11, Infraspinatus. 12. Teres minor, 
middle portion removed. 13. Insertion of 
teres minor into humerus. 14. Teres major. 
15. Upper extremity of latissimus dorsi. 16 
Supinator Iongus. 17. Extensor carpi radi- 
alis longior. 18. Extensor carpi ulnaris. 19. 
Flexor carpi ulnaris. 




of fingers. 22, 22. Attachment of tendons of 
flexor profundus digitorum to last phalanges 
of fingers. 23, 23. Lumbricales. 24. Abductor 
pollicis. 25. Its insertion into first phalanx of 
thumb. 26, 26. Flexor Iongus pollicis. 27. 
Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 28. Abductor 
minimi digiti. 



Flexor Sublimis Digitorum. 
. Flexor sublimis digitorum. 2. Its 
origin from the epitrochlea. 3. Its 
origin from coronoid process of ulna. 
4, 4. Its aponeurosis of attachment to 
radius. 5, 5. Superficial tendons, for 
middle and ring fingers. 6, 6. Deep 
tendons, for little and index fingers. 
7. Flexor Iongus pollicis. 8. Its ten- 
don. 9, 9. Bifurcation of tendons of 
flexor sublimis. 10. Intervals be- 
tween divisions. 11, 11. Tendons of 
flexor profundus. 12. Tendon of 
brachialis anticus. 13. Common ten- 
don of origin of superficial epitroch- 
lear muscles. 14. Tendon of biceps. 
15. Supinator Iongus. 16. Its attach- 
ment to styloid process of radius. 

17. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 

18, 18. Tendon of attachment of pro- 
nator radii teres, divided. 19. Ten- 
don of extensor carpi radialis. 20. 
Triceps. 21. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 

22. Its attachment to pisiform bone. 

23. Adductor minimi digiti. 24. 
Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 25. Ad- 
ductor brevis pollicis. 



MUSCLES 807 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



MUSCLES 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Flexor profundus digi- Shaft of ulna. 
torum. 


Last phalanges by four 
tendons. 


Ulnar and anterior 
interosseous. 


Flexes the phalanges. 


Fiexnr proprius digtti Shaft of tibia, 
secundi (anomalous). ! 


Base of phalanges of 
second toe. 






Flexor sublimis digito- 
rum ( j heads). 


1. Inner condyle. 2. Coro- 
noid process. 3. Oblique 
line of radius. 


Second phalanges by- 
four tendons. 


Median. 


Flexes second phalan- 
ges. 


Frontalis. 


See Occipito- frontalis. 








Gastrocnemius (2 

heads). 


Condyles of femur. 


Os calcis by tendo Achil- 
lis. 


Internal popliteal. 


Extends foot. 


Gavard's. 


The oblique muscular 
fibers of the wall of the 
stomach. 








Gemellus inferior. 


Tuberosity of ischium and 
lesser sacro-sciatic notch. 


Great trochanter. 


Sacral. 


External rotator of 
thigh. 


Gemellus superior. 


Ischial spine and lesser sa- 
cro-sciatic notch. 


Great trochanter. 


Sacral. 


External rotator of 
thigh. 


Genio-hyo-glossus. 


Superior genial tubercle of 
inferior maxillary bone. 


Hyoid and inferior sur- 
face of tongue 


Hypoglossal. 


Retracts and protrudes 
tongue. 


Genio-hyoid. 


Inferior genial tubercle 
of inferior maxillary 
bone. 


Body of hyoid. 


Hypoglossal. 


Elevates and advances 
hyoid. 


Gluteus maximus. 


Sup. curved iliac line and 
crest, sacrum, and coccyx. 


Fascia and femur below 
great trochanter. 


Inferior gluteal and 
sacral plexus. 


Extends, abducts, and 
rotates thigh outward. 


Gluteus medius. 


Ilium between superior 
and middle curved lines. 


Oblique lfue of great tro- 
chanter. 


Superior gluteal. 


Rotates, abducts, and 
advances thigh. 


Gluteus minimus. 


Ilium between middle and 
inferior curved lines. 


Great trochanter. 


Superior gluteal. 


Rotates, abducts, and 
draws thigh forward. 


Gluteus quartus. 


See Accessory gluteus 


minimus. 






Gracilis. 


Rami of pubes and 
ischium. 


Tibia, upper and inner 
part. 


Obturator. 


Flexes and abducts leg 


Grinning. 


See Levator anguli oris. 








Gubernaculum testis. 


See Cremaster. 








Guthrie's. 


See Transversus perinei, 


deep. 






Helicis major et minor. 


Tubercle on helix. 


Rim of helix near sum- 
mit. 


Auriculo -temporal 
and posterior auricu- 
lar. 




Henle's. 


See Prerectalis. 








Hepatico-d iap hrag- 
matic (anomalous). 


Left side of central tendon 
of diaphragm. 


Under surface of liver 
and obliterated ductus 
venosus and periton- 
eum. 






Hilton's 


See Compressor sacculi 


laryngis. 






Horner's. 


See Ciliary and Tensor 


tarsi. 






Houston's. 


See Compressor vencE dor 


salt's penis. 






Hyo-epiglottideus {an- 
omalous). 


Middle of ridge on 
lingual aspect of epiglot- 
tis. 


Median tubercle on 
body of hyoid. 






Hyo-facialis. 


A name applied to the 
anterior portion of the 
omo-hyoid, when the 
posterior belly is absent. 








Hyo-glossus. 


Cornua of hyoid. 


Side of tongue. 


Hypoglossal. 


Depresses side of 
tongue and retracts 
tongue. 


Hyo-maxillaris (anom- 
aly of Stylo-hyoid). 


Lower jaw. 


Hyoid bone. 






Hyo-pharyngeus. 


See Constrictor of 


pharynx, middle. 







MUSCLES 



808 



MUSCLES 




Muscles of Dorsal Aspect of 
Forearm, Superficial Layer. 
I. Tendon of triceps. 2. Upper ex- 
tremity of supinator longus. 3. Ex- 
tensor carpi radialis longior. 4. Its 
attachment to second metacarpal 
bone. 5. Extensor carpi radialis 
brevior. 6. Its attachment to third 
metacarpal bone. 7. Extensor ossis 
metacarpi pollicis. 8, S. Extensor 
primi internodii pollicis. 9, 9. Ex- 
tensor secundi internodii pollicis. 10, 
10. Annular ligament, n. Extensor 
communis digitorum. 12, 12. Attach- 
ment of its four tendons to the second 
and third phalanges. 13. Tendon of 
the extensor indicis. 14. Tendon of 
extensor minimi digiti. 15. Extensor 
carpi ulnaris. 16. Its attachment to 
fifth metacarpal bone. 17. Anconeus. 
18. Flexorcarpi ulnaris. 19. Posterior 
border of ulna. 20. Olecranon. 21. 
internal condyle of humerus. 



P\i ,2 



iL.19 



13. ki 



i 



Muscles of Dorsal Aspect of 
Forearm, Deep Layer. 
I. Tendon of triceps 2. Internal head 
of triceps. 3. Anconeus. 4. Humeral 
attachment of supinator longus 5. 
Humeral attachment of extensor 
carpi radialis longior. 6,6. Tendon 
of insertion into second metacar- 
pal bone. 7. Upper extremity of 
extensor carpi radialis brevior. 8, 
8. Its tendon of insertion into 
third metacarpal bone. 9. Com- 
mon tendon of the superficial and 
deep muscles. 10. Supinator brevis 
11. Radial insertion of pronator radii 
teres. 12. Extensor ossis metacarpi 
pollicis. 13. Extensor primi interno- 
dii pollicis. 14. Extensor secundi in- 
ternodii pollicis. 15. Extensor indicis. 
16. Its tendon, uniting with corre- 
sponding tendon of common exten- 
sor. 17. Tendon of extensor minimi 
digiti. 18. Tendon of extensor carpi 
ulnaris. 19. Flexor carpi ulnaris, dis- 
placed to show flexor profundus digi- 
torum. 20. Fibrous arch extending 
from epitrochlea to olecranon and 
forming the upper portion of the deep 
flexor. 2i. Annular ligament. 22 
22. Dorsal interossei. 2-,. Abductor 
minimi digiti. 24, 24 Tendons of ex- 
tensor communis digitorum. 




Deep Muscles of Palmar Aspect 

of Forearm. 
1 . Lower portion of triceps. 2, 2. At- 
tachments of pronator radii teres. 3. 
Attachment of flexor carpi radialis, 
palmaris longus, and flexor sublimis 
digitorum. 3'. Tendon of biceps. 3". 
Tendon of brachialis anticus. 4, 4. 
Flexor carpi ulnaris. 5. Supinator 
longus. 6. Its distal attachment. 7. 
Supinator brevis. 7' Extensor carpi 
radialis longior. 8, 8. Extensor ossis 
metacarpi pollicis. 9 Flexor profun- 
dus digitorum. 10. Its four tendons. 
n. Tendon for index finger. 12, 12. 
Tendon for middle finger. 13. Ten- 
don of flexor sublimis. 14 Tendon 
of flexor profundus for little finger. 
15. 15- Lumbricales 16, 16. Attach- 
ments of abductor brevis. 17. Oppo- 
nens pollicis. 18. Flexor brevis pol- 
licis. 19. Adductor pollicis. 20. Flexor 
longus pollicis. 21. Its tendon. 22, 
22. Attachments of flexor brevis and 
adductor minimi digiti. 23. Oppo- 
nens minimi digiti. 



MUSCLES 809 MUSCLES 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Iliacus. 


Iliac fossa, crest, base of 
sacrum. 


Lesser trochanter, up- 
per part shaft femur. 


Anterior crural. 


Flexes and rotates 
femur outward. 


Iliacus minor (anomal- 
ous). 


Anterior inferior spine 
of ilium. 


Inferior part anterior 
intertrochanteric line. 






Iliacus, superficial (an- 
omalous). 


Crest of ilium, last lumbar 
vertebra or upper border 
of sacrum. 


Iliacus below Poupart's 
ligament. 






Ilio-capsularis (anomal- 
ous). 


See Iliacus minor. 








Iliocostal. 


See Sacro-lumbar. 








Incisurae Santorini. 


See Intertragicus. 








Infracostals, 10. 


Inner surface of ribs. 


Inner surface of two or 
three ribs above. 


Intercostal. 


Expiration, by depress- 
ing ribs. 


Infra-spinatus. 


Infra-spinous fossa. 


Great tuberosity of 
humerus. 


Supra-scapular. 


Rotates humerus out- 
ward. 


Inter-arytenoid. 


One arytenoid cartilage. 


The other arytenoid 
cartilage. 


Recurrent laryngeal. 


Approximates arytenoid 
cartilages. 


Interclavicular (anomal- 
ous). 


Clavicle, anterior to rhom- 
boid ligament. 


Corresponding point on 
opposite clavicle. 






Intercostals, external, 
II. 


Outer lip of inferior costal 
border. 


Superior border of ribs 
above. 


Intercostal. 


Raise ribs in inspiration. 


Intercostals, internal, 

11. 


Inner lip of inferior costal 
border. 


Superior border of ribs 
below. 


Intercostal. 


Depress ribs in expira- 
tion. 


Interossei of foot, dor- 
sal (4). 


Adjacent surfaces of meta- 
tarsal bones. 


Bases of first phalanges. 


External plantar. 


Flex first phalanges 
and extend 2d and 3d, 
also abduct 2d, 3d, and 
4th toes. 


Interossei of foot, plan- 
tar (3). 


Inner lower surface of 3 
outer metatarsal bones. 


Bases of first phalanges 
of three outer toes. 


External plantar. 


Abduct first phalanges of 
three outer toes. 


Interossei of hand, dor- 
sal (4). 


Five metacarpal bones. 


Sides of aponeurosis of 
extensor communis 
and adjacent parts of 
first phalanges. 


Ulnar. 


Abduct index, middle, 
and ring fingers, aid in 
flexing first phalanges 
and extending second 
and third. 


Interossei of hand, 
palmar (3). 


Sides of metacarpal bones. 


Aponeurosis of extensor 
tendons, adjacent part 
of first phalanges. 


Ulnar. 


Adduct index, ring, and 
little fingers, aid in flex- 
ing first phalanges and 
in extending second 
and third. 


Interosseus primus 
volaris (anomalous). 


Ulnar side of base of first 
metacarpal. 


Base of first phalanx of 
thumb. 






Inter-spinales. 


Upper surface of spines of 
vertebra, near tip. 


Posterior part of lower 
surface of spine above. 


Internal divisions of 
posterior branches of 
spinal nerves. 


Extend the vertebrae 
next above. 


Intertragicus. 


Anterior wall cartilagin- 
ous canal of ear. 


Opposite side of larger 
fissure of ear. 


Posterior auricular. 


Dilates concha. 


Inter-transversales. 


Between transverse proc. 
of contiguous vertebrae. 




Spinal nerves. 


Flex laterally the spinal 
column. 


Ischio-calcaneus (anom- 
alous). 


Long head of biceps 
flexor cruris. 


Gastrocnemius, external 
tuberosity of tibia, 
femoral aponeurosis 
or tendo Achillis. 






Ischio-cavernosus. 


See Erector penis. 








Ischio-condyloid. 


A name given to the por- 
tion of the adductor 
magnus inserted into the 
internal condyle of femur. 








Ischio-femoral (anomal- 
ous). 


Inner edge of great tuber- 
osity ofischium. 


Lower end of gluteal 
ridge of femur. 






Jarjavay's. 


See Depressor icrethrcz. 








Kerato-cricoid (anomal- 
ous). 


Cricoid cartilage near its 
lower border. 


Inferior cornu of 
thyroid cartilage. 







MUSCLES 



810 



MUSCLES 





Gluteus Maximus Muscle. 
I Gluteus maximus. 2. Its inferior portion. 3. Fibers of at- 
tachment to linea aspera. 4. Superior portion. 5, 5. Ten- 
dinous fibers of insertion into linea aspera. 6. Upper portion 
of femoral aponeurosis. 7. Duplicature of this aponeurosis 
at superior level of gluteus maximus. 8. Portion of its super- 
ficial layer attached to tendinous bands. 9. Lower extremity 
of tensor vaginas femoris. 10, 10. Portion of femoral apon- 
eurosis continuous with tendinous fibers of gluteus maximus 
n. Upper portion of biceps femoris. 12. Upper portion of 
semitendinosus. 13. Upper portion of semimembranosus. 
14. Gracilis. 



Gluteus Medius Muscle. 
:. Inner extremity of gluteus maximus. 2. Attachment of 
gluteus maximus to linea aspera. 3, 3. Triangular aponeu- 
rosis formed by convergence of tendinous fibers of upper 
half of gluteus maximus. 4. Gluteus medius. 5. Its tendon 
of insertion into great trochanter. 6. Upper portion of 
femoral aponeurosis. 7. Pyramidalis. 8. Obturator interims 
9. Superior gemellus. 10. Inferior gemellus. 11. Quadratus 
femoris. 12. Semi-tendinosus. 13. Upper portion of long 
head of biceps. 14. Adductor magnus. 15. Gracilis. 16. 
Vastus externus. 




Pectineus and Adductor 

Longus. 
. Femur. 2. Ilium. 3. Pubis. 
4. Pectineus. 5. Adductor 
longus. 6. Lower portion of 
adductor magnus. 7. Ten- 
don of rectus femoris. 8. 8. 
Orifices for vessels. 9. Ori- 
fices for femoral vessels. 




Adductor Brevis and 
Adductor Magnus. 
. Femur. 2. Ilium 3. Pubis. 
4. Obturator externus. 5 
Upper portion of adductor 
magnus. 6. Upper portion of 
adductor brevis. 7. Inferior 
portion of adductor brevis. 
8. Middle portion of adductor 
magnus. 9. Inferior portion. 

10. Tendon of insertion into 
internal condyle of femur. 

11. Orifice for femoral vessels. 

12. Orifice for internal cir- 
cumflex artery and veins. 



MUSCLES 811 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



MUSCLES 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Kerato-glossus. 


Those fibers of the hyo- 
glossus that arise from 
the greater cornu of the 
hyoid bone. See Hyo- 
glossus. 








Kerato-lhyroid (anomal- 
ous). 


Lower border of cricoid 
cartilage. 


Inferior cornu of thyroid 
cartilage. 






Kissing. 


See Orbicularis oris. 








Laryngo-pharyngeus. 


See Constrictor of 


pharynx, inferior. 






Lateralis abdominis. 


See Accessory abdominal 


oblique. 






Latissimus dorsi. 


Spines of 6 lower dorsal 
and lumbar and sacral 
vertebrae, crest of ilium, 
and 3 or 4 lower ribs. 


Bicipital groove of 
humerus. 


Long subscapular. 


Draws arm backward 
and downward and 
rotates it inward. 


Laxator tympani major. 


Spinous process sphenoid 
and Eustachian tube. 


Neck of malleus. 


Facial. 


Relaxes membrana tym- 
pani. 


Levator anguli oris. 


Canine fossa of superior 
maxillary bone. 


Angle of mouth. 


Facial, infraorbital 
branch. 


Elevates angle of mouth. 


Levator anguli scapulae. 


Transverse processes of 
four upper cervical vert. 


Posterior border of 
scapula. 


Fifth cervical and cer- 
vical plexus. 


Elevates upper angle of 
scapula. 


Levator ani. 


Posterior portion of body 
and ramus of pubes, pel- 
vic fascia, ischial spine. 


Rectum, coccyx, and 
fibrous raphe. 


Sacral and perineal. 


Supports rectum and 
vagina 


Levator claviculae (an- 
omalous). 


Transverse processes first 
and second cervical ver- 
tebras. 


Outer half of clavicle. 






Levator glandulae thy- 
roidea (anomalous). 


Isthmus or pyramidal pro- 
cess of thyroid body. 


Anterior surface of body 
of hyoid. 






Levator labii inferioris. 


Incisive fossa of inferior 
maxillary bone. 


Skin of lower lip. 


Facial, supra-maxil- 
lary branch. 


Elevates lower lip. 


Levator labii superioris. 


Lower margin of orbit. 


Upper lip. 


Facial, infraorbital 
branch. 


Elevates upper lip. 


Levator labii superioris 
alaeque nasi. 


Nasal process of superior 
maxillary bone. 


Alar cartilage and upper 
lip. 


Facial, infraorbital 
branch. 


Elevates upper lip, di- 
lates nostril. 


Levator menti. 


See Levator labii inferio 


ris. 






Levator palati. 


Petrous portion of tempo- 
ral bone. 


Soft palate. 


Spheno-palatine gan- 
glion (facial). 


Elevates soft palate. 


Levator palpebral sup. 


Lesser wing of sphenoid. 


Upper tarsal cartilage. 


Third. 


Lifts upper lid. 


Levator pharyngis. 


See Stylo-pharyngeus. 








Levator prostatas. 


A name given to the ante- 
rior portion of the leva- 
tor ant muscle. 








Levator thyroideae (an- 
omalous). 


Hyoid bone. 


Left lateral lobe of thy- 
roid body. 






Levatores costarum, 12. 


Transv. proc. of last cer- 
vical and dorsal vertebrae 


Each to the rib below. 


Intercostal. 


Raise ribs. 


Lingualis. 


Under surface of tongue. 




Chorda tympani and 
hypoglossal. 


Elevates middle of 
tongue. 


Longissimus dorsi. 


Erector spinas. 


Transverse processes of 
lumbar and dorsal ver- 
tebras and 7th-i 1 th ribs. 


Branches of lumbar 
and dorsal. 


Erects spine and bends 
trunk backward. 


Longus colli : — 

1. Superior oblique 
portion. 

2. Inferior oblique por- 
tion. 

3. Vertical portion. 


Transverse processes 3d- 

5th cervical. 
Bodies of ist-3d dorsal. 

Bodies of three dorsal and 
two cervical. 


Anterior tubercle of 
atlas. 

Transverse processes 
5th-6th cervical. 

Bodies of 2d-4th cervi- 
cal. 


Lower cervical. 


Flexes cervical verte- 
brae. 


Lumbricales, 4, of foot. 


Tendons of flexor longus 
digitorum. 


First phalanges of the 
lesser toes. 


Internal and external 
plantar. 


Accessory flexors. 



MUSCLES 



812 



MUSCLES 




Short Head of Biceps and Semi- 
membranosus. 

i. Attachment to ischium of long head 
of biceps and semitendinosus. 2. 
Semimembranosus. 3. Its superior 
tendon. 4. Its inferior tendon. 5. 
Middle portion of tendon. 6. Its 
anterior portion. 7. Its posterior por- 
tion. 8. Section of long head of 
biceps. 9. Its short head. 10. Its 
attachment to head of fibula, n, u, 
11. Adductor magnus. 12, 12. Ori- 
fices for passage of perforating arter- 
ies and veins. 13. Vastus externus. 

14. 14. Insertion of gluteus maximus. 

15. Divided expansion of tendon of 
this muscle, continuous with the 
aponeurosis of the vastus externus. 

16. Attachment of quadratus femoris. 
17- Tendon of obturator externus. 

18. Attachment of gluteus medius. 

19. Obturator internus. 20. Tendon 
of pyramidalis. 21. Gluteus mini- 
mus. 22. Divided inner head of gas- 
trocnemius. 23. Outer head. 24. 
Plantaris. 25. Popliteus. 26. Soleus. 
27. Fibrous ring for artery, vein and 
nerve. 




Muscles of Anterior Aspect of 
Thigh. 
1. Iliacus. 2. Psoas magnus. 3. Ten- 
sor vaginae femoris. 4. Fibrous band 
by which this muscle is attached to 
external tuberosity of tibia. 5. Sar- 
torius. 6. Rectus femoris. 7. Vastus 
externus. 8. Vastus internus. 9. 
Gracilis. 10. Adductor longus. 11. 
Pectineus. 




Long Head of Biceps and Semi- 
tendinosus. 
1. Long head of biceps. 2. Common 
tendon of long head of biceps and 
semitendinosus. 3. Inferior tendon 
of biceps. 4. Semitendinosus. 5, 
Its tendon. 6, 6. Its tendinous ex- 
pansions, continuous with aponeuro- 
sis of leg. 7. Semimembranosus. 
8. Its inferior tendon. 9. Gracilis. 
10. Its tendon. 11. Sartorius. 12. 
Vastus externus. 13. Femoral attach- 
ment of gluteus m,aximus. 14. Inser- 
tion of gluteus medius. 15. Gluteus 
minimus. 16. Tendon of pyrifor- 
mis. 17. Obturator internus. iS. 
Quadratus femoris. 19. Inner head 
of gastrocnemius. 20. Outer head 
of gastrocnemius. 21. Plantaris. 22. 
Popliteal aponeurosis 



MUSCLES 813 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



MUSCLES 



Name. 


Origin." 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Lumbricales,4, of hand. 


Tendons of flexor profun- 
dus digitorum. 


Tendons of common ex- 
tensor. 


Median and ulnar. 


Flex first phalanges. 


Masseter. 


Zygomatic arch. 


Angle and ramus of jaw. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Muscle of mastication. 


Mento-hyoideus (anom- 
alous). 


Body of hyoid bone. 


Symphysis of chin, 
superficial to mylo-hy- 
oid muscle. 


i 




Merkel's. 


See Kerato-cricoid. 








Midriff. 


See Diaphragm. 








Miiller's. 


See Ciliary. 








Miiller's (orbital). 


Connected with the orbi- 
tal periosteum ; it crosses 
the spheno-maxillary fis- 
sure. 




Sympathetic. 




Miiller's (superior pal- 
pebral). 


Connected with the leva- 
tor palpebral superioris. 


Along the upper border 
of the tarsus. 


Sympathetic. 


Helps raise upper lid. 


Multifidus spinse. 


Sacrum, iliac spine, artic- 
ular processes lumbar 
and cervical vertebras, 
and transverse proc. of 
dorsal and 7th cervical. 


Laminae and spines from 
last lumbar to second 
cervical vertebrae. 


Posterior spinal bran- 
ches. 


Erects and rotates spinal 
column. 


Musculus accessorius 
ad sacro-lumbalem. 


Angles of six lower ribs. 


Angles of six upper ribs. 


Branches of dorsal. 


Erects spine and bends 
trunk backward. 


Mylo-glossus (anoma- 
lous). 


Angle of lower jaw, or 
stylo-maxillary ligament. 


Side of tongue between 
'stylo-glossus and hyo- 
glossus. 






Mylo-hyoid. 


Mylo-hyoid ridge of infe- 
rior maxillary bone. 


Body of hyoid and 
raphe. 


Inferior dental. 


Elevates and advances 
hyoid. Forms the floor 
of the mouth. 


Naso-labialis. 


Nasal septum. 


Upper lip. 






Obliquus auris. 


Concha of ear. 


Fossa of anti-helix. 


Temporal and pos- 
terior annular. 




Obliquus capitis infe- 
rioris. 


Spinous process of axis. 


Transverse process of 
atlas. 


Sub-occipital and 
great occipital. 


Rotates atlas and crani- 
um. 


Obliquus capitis supe- 
rioris. 


Transverse process of 
atlas. 


Occipital bone. 


Sub-occipital and 
great occipital. 


Draws head backward. 


Obliquus externus. ■ 


Eight lower ribs. 


Middle line, iliac crest, 
Poupart's ligament. 


Intercostal, ilio-hypo- 
gastric, ilio-inguinal. 


Compresses viscera and 
flexes thorax. 


Obliquus inferioris. 


Orbital plate of superior 
maxillary bone. 


Sclerotic. 


Third. 


Rotates eyeball upward 
and outward. 


Obliquus internus. 


Lumbar fascia, iliac crest, 
Poupart's ligament. 


Three lower ribs, linea 
alba, pubic crest, pec- 
tineal line. 


Intercostal, ilio-hypo- 
gastric, ilio-inguinal. 


Compresses viscera, 
flexes thorax, and as- 
sists in expiration. 


Obliquus superior. 


Above optic foramen, 
through pulley. 


Sclerotic. 


Fourth. 


Rotates eyeball down- 
ward and inward. 


Obturator externus. 


Obturator foramen and 
membrane. 


Digital fossa, base of 
great trochanter. 


Obturator. 


External rotator of 
thigh. 


Obturator internus. 


Obturator foramen and 
membrane. 


Great trochanter. 


Sacral. 


External rotator of 
thigh. 


Occipitalis. 


See Occipito-frontalis. 








Occipitalis minor (an- 
omalous). 


Fascia over upper end of 
trapezius. 


Fascia over upper end 
of sterno-mastoid. 


Small occipital. 




Occipito-frontalis. 


Superior curved line of 
occiput and angular pro- 
cess of frontal. 


Aponeurosis. 


Posterior auricular, 
small occipital, facial. 


Moves scalp. Facial ex- 
pression. 


Occipito-lryoid (anomal- 
ous). 


Mastoid process and ad- 
jacent portion of superior 
oblique line of occiput. 


Hyoid bone near in- 
sertion of posterior 
belly of digastric. 






Occipito-p haryngeus 
(anomalous). 


Basilar process of occiput. 


Constrictor of pharynx. 







MUSCLES 



814 



MUSCLES 




Muscles of Inner As- 
pect of Thigh. • 

i. Iliacus. 2. Psoas 
magnus. 3. Obtura- 
tor interims. 4. Pyri- 
formis. 5. Gluteus 
maximus. 6. Sarto- 
rius. 7. Gracilis. 8. 
Semitendinosus. 9. 
Semimembranosus. 
10. Tendon of sarto- 
rius. n. Tendon of 
gracilis. 12. Tendon 
of semitendinosus. 13. 
Its expansions. 14. 
Tendon of semimem- 
branosus. 15. Rectus 
femoris. 16. Vastus 
internus. 




Short Portion of Bi- 
ceps and Semimem- 
branosus. 

1. Attachment to ischi- 
um of long portion of 
biceps and semitendi- 
nosus. 2. Semimem- 
branosus. 3. Its supe- 
rior tendon. 4. Its 
inferior tendon. 5. 
Middle portion of this 
tendon. 6. Its ante- 
rior portion. 7. Its 
posterior portion. 8. 
Section of" long por- 
tion of biceps. 9. Its 
short portion. 10 Its 
attachment to the 
head of fibula. 11, 
11,11. Adductormag- 
nus. 12, 12. Series of 
perforations for the 
passage of arteries 
and veins. 13. Vas- 
tus externus. 14, 14. 
Insertion of gluteus 
maximus. 15. Section 
of expansion by which 
the tendon of this 
muscle is continuous 
with the aponeurosis 
of the vastus exter- 
nus. 16. Attachment 
of quadratus femoris. 
17. Tendon of obtu- 
rator externus. 18. 
Attachment of glu- 
teus medius. 19. Ob- 
turator internus. 20 
Tendon of pyrifor- 
mis. 21. Gluteus 
minimus. 22. Inner 
head of gastrocne- 
mius. 23. Outer head. 

24. Divided plantaris. 

25. Pop Ii t eu s. 26. 
Soleus. 27. Tendi- 
nous ring in soleus. 




Muscles of 
the Sole of 
Foot, Mid- 
dle Layer. 

1. Flexor acces- 
sor! us . 2 
Tendon of 
flexor longus 
digitorum. 3 
Tendon of 
flexor longus 
p o 1 1 i c i s. 4. 
First lumbri- 
calis. 5. Ten- 
don of flexor 
brevis digito- 
rum. 6. Flex- 
or brevis min- 
imi digiti. 7. 
Inner fascicu- 
lus of flexor 
brevis polli- 
cis. 8. Outer 
fasciculus. 9. 
Tuberosity of 
fifth metatar- 
sal bone. 10. 
F i b r o u s 
sheath of per- 
oneus longus. 
ii. Os calcis. 




Muscles of 
the Sole of 
Foot, Deep 
Layer. 

1. Os calcis. 2. 
2. Fibrous 
sheath of flex- 
or longus pol- 
licis. 3. Fi- 
brous sheath 
of flexor lon- 
gus digitor- 
um. 4. Infe- 
rior calcaneo- 
cuboid liga- 
ment. 5. Flex- 
or brevis pol- 
licis. 6. Ad- 
ductor polli- 
cis. 7. Flexor 
brevis minimi 
digiti. S. 
Transversus 
pedis. 9. 
Plantar inter- 
osseous. 10 
Sheath of ten- 
don of pero- 
neus longus. 




E xtensor 
Tendons of 
Toes. 

1, 1. Tendon of 
tibialis anti- 
cus. 2,2. Ten- 
don of exten- 
sor proprius 
pollicis. 3. 
Delicate divi- 
sion of this 
tendon, i n - 
serted into 
first phalanx 
of great toe. 
4,4. Tendons 
o f extensor 
longus digito- 
rum. 5. Pe- 
roneus t e r- 
t ius. 6. Its 
attachment to 
fifth metatar- 
sal bone. 7. 
Annular liga- 
m en t. 8, 8. 
Extensor 
brevis digito- 
rum. 9. Ad- 
ductor polli- 
cis. 



MUSCLES 815 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



MUSCLES 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Occipito-scapular (an- 
omalous). 


Occipital bone near sple- 
nius capitis muscle. 


Dorsal border of scap- 
ula at base of spine. 






Omohyoid. 


Upper border of scapula. 


Body of hyoid. 


Descendens and com : 
m u n i c a n s noni 
(hypoglossi). 


Depresses and retracts 
hyoid. 


Opponens hallucis {an- 
omalous). 


Tendon of adductor hal- 
lucis muscle. 


Base of metatarsal bone 
of great toe. 






Opponens minimi digiti. 


Unciform bone. 


Fifth metacarpal. 


Ulnar. 


Flexes little finger. 


Opponens minimi digiti 
pedis. 


See Flexor brevis minimi 


digiti. 






Opponens pollicis. 


Trapezium, anterior annu- 
lar ligament. 


Metacarpal bone of 
thumb. 


Median, palmar divi- 
sion. 


Flexes thumb. 


Orbicularis oris. 


Nasal septum and canine 
fossa of inferior maxil- 
la, by accessory fibers. 


Forms lips and sphinc- 
ter of mouth. 


Facial, buccal and 
supramaxillary bran- 
ches. 


Closes mouth. 


Orbicularis palpe- ; Mesal margin of orbit, 
brarum. 


Lateral margin of orbit. 


Facial. 


Closes eyelids. 


Orbital. 


See Mailer's. 








Orbito-palpebral. 


See Palpebral, superior 


(Mailer's). 






Palato-glossus. 


Soft palate. 


Side and dorsum of 
tongue. 


Spheno-palatine gan- 
glion. 


Constricts the fauces. 


Palato-pharyngeus. 


Soft palate. 


Thyroid cartilage and 
pharynx. 


Spheno-palatine gan- 
glion. 


Closes posterior nares. 


Palmaris brevis. 


Annular ligament and 
palmar fascia. 


Skin of palm of hand. 


Ulnar. 


Corrugates skin of palm. 


Palmaris interossei. 


Palmar surfaces second, 
fourth, and fifth meta- 
carpals. 


Bases of first phalanges 
of corresponding fin- 
gers. 


Ulnar. 


Adductors of fingers. 


Palmaris longus. 


Internal condyle. 


Annular ligament and 
palmar fascia. 


Median. 


Tenses palmar fascia. 


Palpebral, superior. 


See MUller's. 








Pectineus. 


Ilio-pec t ineal line and 
pubes. 


Femur below lesser tro- 
chanter. 


Anterior crural , ob- 
turator. 


Flexes and rotates out- 
ward the thigh. 


Pectoralis major. 


Clavicle, sternum, and 
costal cartilages. 


External bicipital ridge 
of humerus. 


Anterior thoracic, ex- 
ternal and internal. 


Draws arm downward 
and forward. 


Pectoralis minimus. 


First piece of sternum, 
and cartilage of first rib. 


Coracqid process. 


Anterior thoracic. 


Depresses point of 
shoulder. 


Pectoralis minor. 


Third, fourth, and fifth 
ribs. 


Coracoid process. 


Anterior thoracic. 


Depresses point of 
shoulder. 


Peripenial. 


A thin layer of unstriped 
muscular tissue forming 
the frenum of the penis. 




Sympathetic. 




Peroneo-calcaneus in- 
ternus (anomalous). 


Lower part of posterior 
surface of fibula. 


Front part, inner sur- 
face of calcaneum. 






Peroneo-tibialis (anom- 
alous). 


Inner side of head of 
fibula. 


tipper end of oblique 
line of tibia. 






Peroneus accessorius. 


Fibula between peronei 
longus and brevis. 


With the peroneus lon- 
gus. 






Peroneus brevis. 


Middle third of shaft of 
fibula, externally. 


Base of fifth metatarsal. 


Musculo-cutaneous. 


Extends foot. 


Peroneus longus. 


Head and shaft of fibula. 


First metatarsal of great 
toe. 


Musculo-cutaneous. 


Extends and everts foot. 


Peroneus quartus (an- 
omalous). 


Flexor surface of fibula 
near peroneus brevis. 


Ridge of cuboid or 
peroneal tubercle of 
calcaneum. 






Peroneus quinti digiti 
(anomalous). 


Lower fourth of fibula. 


Aponeurosis on extensor 
surface of little toe. 






Peroneus tertius. 


Lower fourth of fibula. 


Fifth metatarsal bone. 


Anterior tibial. 


Flexes tarsus. 



MUSCLES 



816 



MUSCLES 




Muscles of the Leg, 

External Aspect, 
i. Tibialis amicus. 2, 2. 
Tendon of extensor 
proprius pollicis. 3, 3. 
Extensor longus digi- 
torum. 4. Its tendons 
for four last toes. 5. Per- 
oneus tertius. 6. Its 
attachment to last two 
metacarpal bones. 7. 
peroneus longus. 8. Its 
tendon. 9. Peroneus 
brevis. 10. Its tendon. 
11. Outer head of gas- 
trocnemius. 12,12. 
Soleus. 13. Tendo 
Achillis. 14. Extensor 
brevis digitorum. 15, 
15. Abductor minimi 
digiti. 16. Rectus fem- 
oris. 17. Vastus exter- 
nus. 18. Its inferior 
fibers. 19. Tendon of 
biceps femoris. 20. Ex- 
ternal lateral ligament 
ofknee. 2i.Tendonof 
popliteus. 



15 10 U I 





Muscles of External As- 
pect of Leg. 

1. Tibialis anticus. 2. Extensor 
longus digitorum. 3. Tendon 
of extensor proprius pollicis. 
4. Peroneus tertius. 5. Pero- 
neus brevis. 6. Peroneus 
longus. 7. Soleus. 8. Outer 
head of gastrocnemius. 9. 
Head of fibula. 10. Tendon 
of biceps femoris. n. Semi- 
membranosus. 12. Tendon of 
rectus femoris. 13. Tendo 
Achillis. 14. External mal- 
leolus. 15. Annular ligament. 
16. Insertion of peroneus ter- 
tius. 17. Insertion of pero- 
neus brevis. 18. Extensor 
brevis digitorum. 19. Ab- 
ductor minimi digiti. 20. 
Patella. 




Musclks of the 
Leg, Internal 
Aspect. 

1. Tibialis anticus. 2, 
3. Its tendon. 4. 
Tendons of exten- 
sor communis digi- 
torum. 3. Inner 
head of gastrocne- 
mius. 6. Its apon- 
eurosis of origin. 
7. Soleus. 8. Tendo 
Achillis. 9. Its at- 
tachment to os cal- 
cis. 10. Tendon of 
plantaris. 11. Ten- 
don of tibialis pos- 
ticus. 12. Its attach- 
ment to scaphoid 
bone. 13, 14. Ten- 
don of flexor lon- 
gus digitorum. 15. 
Tendon of flexor 
longus pollicis. 16, 
16. Adductor polli- 
cis. 17. Vastus in- 
terims. 18. Sarto- 
rius. 19. Its tendon. 

20. Its expansion, 
largely removed. 

21. Gracilis. 22. Its 
tendon. 23. Tendon 
of semimembrano- 
sus. 24. Tendon of 
semitendinosus. 25, 
25. Its fibrous ex- 
pansions. 26. Com- 
mon tendon of gra- 
cilis and semitendi- 
nosus. 



Muscles of Anterior 
Aspect of Leg. 

1. Tendon ofrectus fem- 
oris. 2. T i b i a. 3. 
Tibialis anticus. 4. 
Extensor longus digi- 
torum. 5. Extensor 
proprius pollicis. 6. 
Peroneus tertius. 7. 
Peroneus longus. 8. 
Peroneus brevis. o 
Outer head of gas- 
trocnemius. 10. Inner 
head. 11. Extensor 
brevis digitorum. 12. 
Annular ligament. 



MUSCLES 817 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



MUSCLES 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Petro-pharyngeus (an- 
omalous). 


Petrous portion of tem- 
poral bone. 


Constrictors of pharynx. 






Petro-salpingo-staphyli- 

I1US. 


See Levator palati. 








Phillips'. 


External superior tuber- 
osity of radius, and ex- 
ternal lateral ligament of 
ulnar articulation. 


Proximal portions of 
phalanges. 


Ulnar. 




Pisi-uncinatus (anomal- 
ous). 


Pisiform bone. 


Unciform process of un- 
ciform bone. 






Plantaris. 


Outer bifurcation of linea 
aspera and posterior liga- 
ment of knee-joint. 


Os calcis by means of 
the tendo Achillis. 


Internal popliteal. 


Extends foot. 


Plantaris interossei. 


Shafts of 3d, 4th, and 5th 
metatarsal bones. 


Bases of first phalanges 
of corresponding toes. 


External plantar. 


Adducts toes. 


Platysma myoides. 


Clavicle, acromion, and 
fascia. 


Inferior maxillary bone, 
angle of mouth. 


Facial and superficial 
cervical. 


Wrinkles skin and de- 
presses mouth. 


Popliteus. 


External condyle of fe- 
mur. 


Shaft of tibia above ob- 
lique line. 


Internal popliteal. 


Flexes leg. 


Popliteus minor (anom- 
alous). 


Femur at inner side of 
plantaris. 


Posterior 1 i g a m e n t of 
knee-joint. 






Prerectalis (of Henle) 
(anomalous). 


Recto-vesical prolonga- 
tion. 


Prolongation of recto- 
vesical fascia into 
perineum. 




Sympathetic. 


Presternal. 


See Sternalis. 








Pronator pedis. 


See Flexor accessorius 


longus digitorum pedis. 






Pronator quadratus. 


Lower fourth of ulna. 


Lower Y± shaft of radius. 


Anterior interosseous. 


Pronates hand. 


Pronator radii teres. 


Internal condyle and coro- 
noid process. 


Outer side of shaft of 
radius. 


Median. 


Pronates hand. 


Psoas magnus. 


Bodies and transverse 
processes of last dorsal 
and all lumbar vertebrae. 


Lesser trochanter. 


Lumbar. 


Flexes and rotates thigh 
outward, and flexes 
trunk on pelvis. 


Psoas parvus. 


Bodies of last dorsal and 
first lumbar vertebrae. 


Ilio-pectineal eminence 
and iliac fascia. 


Lumbar. 


Flexes pelvis upon 
abdomen. 


Pterygoid (external). 


Two heads: I, external 
pterygoid plate of sphen- 
oid bone ; 2, great wing. 


Neck of condyle. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Draws inferior maxil- 
lary bone forward. 


Pterygoid (internal). 


Pterygoid fossa of sphe- 
noid bone. 


Inner surface of angle 
of jaw. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Raises and draws infe- 
rior maxilla forward. 


Pterygoideus proprius 
(anomalous). 


Crest on great wing of 
sphenoid. 


Posterior border of ex- 
ternal pterygoid plate, 
occasionally the tuber- 
osity of superior maxil- 
la. 






Pterygo-p haryngeus 
(anomalous). 


Hamular process of 
sphenoid bone. 


Constrictors of pharynx. 






Pterygo-spinous (anom- 
alous). 


Alar spine of sphenoid 
bone. 


Posterior margin of the 
external pterygoid. 






Pyramidalis. 


Pubes. 


Linea alba. 


Ilio-hypogastric. 


Tenses linea alba. 


Pyramidalis nasi. 


Occipito-frontalis. 


Compressor naris. 


Facial nerve, infraor- 
bital branch. 


Depresses eyebrow. 


Pyriformis. 


Front of sacrum, through 
great sciatic foramen. 


Great trochanter. 


Sacral branch. 


External rotator of 
thigh. 


Quadratus femoris. 


Tuberosity of the ischium. 


Quadrate line of femur. 


First sacral and fifth 
lumbar. 


External rotator of 
thigh. 


Quadratus lumborum. 


Crest of ilium, transverse 
processes of lower three 
lumbar vertebrae. 


Last rib, transverse pro- 
cesses of upper three 
lumbar vertebrae. 


Upper lumbar and 
twelfth thoracic. 


Flexes thorax laterally. 


Quadratus menti. 


See Depressor lain infe 


riorus. 






Quadriceps extensor 
femoris. 


Includes the rectus, vastus 
rounds the patella. 


internus and externus, a 


nd crureus muscles. T 


heir common tendon sur- 



52 



MUSCLES 818 MUSCLES- 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Quadrigeminus capitis. 


See Sterno-cleido-mastoid 


eus. 






Radio-carpus. 


See Flexor carpi radialis 


brevis. 






Rectus abdominis. 


Pubic crest and fibrous 
tissues in front of sym- 
physis. 


Cartilages of the fifth to 
seventh ribs. 


Intercostal, ilio-hypo- 
gastric, ilio-inguinal. 


Compresses viscera and 
flexes thorax. 


Rectus capitis anticus 
major. 


Transverse processes 3d- 
6th cervical vertebrae. 


Basilar process. 


First and second cer- 
vical. 


Flexes head and slightly 
rotates it. 


Rectus capitis anticus 
medius (anomalous). 


Middle of anterior sur- 
face of body of axis. 


Basilar process of occi- 
pital bone. 


• 




Rectus capitis anticus 
minor. 


Transverse process and 
lateral mass of atlas. 


Basilar process of occi- 
pital bone. 


First cervical. 


Flexes head. 


Rectus capitis lateralis. 


Ventral cephalic surface 
of lateral mass of atlas. 


Jugular process of occi- 
pital bone. 


First cervical. 


Flexes head laterally. 


Rectus capitis posticus 
major. 


Spine of axis. 


Inferior curved line of 
occipital bone. 


Sub-occipital and 
great occipital. 


Rotates head. 


Rectus capitis posticus 
minor. 


Dorsal arch of atlas. 


Below inferior curved 
line of occipital bone. 


Sub-o c c i p i t a 1 and 
great occipital. 


Draws head backward. 


Rectus externus. 


Two heads, outer margin 
of optic foramen. 


Sclera. 


Sixth. 


Rotates eyeball out- 
ward. 


Rectus femoris. 


Anterior inferior iliac 
spine, brim acetabulum. 


Proximal border of 
patella. 


Anterior crural. 


Extends leg. 


Rectus inferioris. 


Lower margin of optic 
foramen. 


Sclera. 


Third. 


Rotates eyeball down- 
ward. 


Rectus interims. 


Inner margin of optic 
foramen. 


Sclera. 


Third. 


Rotates eyeball inward. 


Rectus sternal is (or 
stemalis) (anomalous). 


Sheath of rectus abdomi- 
nis. 


Fascia over origin of 
sterno-mastoid, or into 
aponeurosis of pec- 
toralis major. 






Rectus superioris. 


Upper margin of optic 
foramen. 


Sclera. 


Third. 


Rotates eyeball upward. 


Rectus thoracis. 


See Supra-costalis. 








Retractores uteri. 


A name sometimes given 
to the sacro-uterine liga- 
ments. 








Retrahens aurem. 


Mastoid process. 


Concha. 


Posterior auricular. 


Retracts pinna. 


Rhombo-atloid (anom- 
alous). 


Sixth and seventh cervi- 
cal and first thoracic 
spinous processes. 


Transverse process of 
atlas. 






Rhomboideus major. 


Spines of first five thor- 
acic vertebras. 


Root of spine of scapula. 


Fifth cervical. 


Elevates and retracts 
scapula. 


Rhomboideus minor. 


Spines of seventh cervical 
and first dorsal vertebras. 


Root of spine of scapula. 


Fifth cervical. 


Retracts and elevates 
scapula. 


Rhombo-occipital. 


See Occipito-scapular. 








Riolan's. 


The ciliary portion of the 
orbicularis palpebrarum. 








Risorius. 


Fascia over masseter. 


Angle of mouth. 


Facial, buccal branch. 


Draws angle laterad. 


Rotator humeri (anom- 
alous). 


Under surface and exter- 
nal border of coracoid 
process of scapula. 


Neck of humerus below 
lesser tuberosity. 






Rotatores spinae. 


Transverse processes of 
from second to twelfth 
thoracic vertebras. 


Lamina of next vertebra 
above. 


Dorsal branches. 


Rotate spinal column. 


Sacro-coccygeus a n t i - 
cus. 


See Curvator coccygis. 








Sacro-coccygeus posti- 
cus. 


See Extensor coccygis. 








Sacro-lumbalis. 


Erector spinas. 


Angle of six lower ribs. 


Branches of dorsal. 


Erects spine and bends 
trunk backward. 



MUSCLES 819 MUSCLES 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Salpingo-pharyngeus. 


A portion of the palato- 
pharyngeus, g. v. 








Santorini's. 


See Risorius. 








Sartorius. 


Anterior superior spine 
of ilium. 


Upper internal portion 
of shaft of tibia. 


Anterior crural. 


Flexes and crosses legs. 


Scalenus anticus. 


Scalene tubercle on first 
rib. 


Transverse processes 3d 
-6th cervical vertebrae. 


Lower cervical. 


Flexes neck laterally. 


Scalenus medius. 


First rib. 


Transverse processes of 
six lower cervical ver- 
tebrae. 


Lower cervical. 


Flexes neck laterally. 


Scalenus minimus (an- 
omalous). 


Transverse processes of 
lower cervical vertebrae. 


First rib, behind sub- 
clavian artery. 






Scalenus posticus. 


Second rib. 


Transverse processes of 
three lower cervical 
vertebrae. 


Lower cervical. 


Bends neck laterally. 


Scansorius. 


See Accessory gluteus 


minimus. 






Scapulo-costalis minor. 


See Sterno-chondro-scapu 


lar. 






Semi-membranosus. 


Tuberosity of ischium. 


Inner tuberosity of tibia. 


Great sciatic. 


Flexes leg and rotates it 
inward. 


Semispinalis capitis. 


See Complexus. 








Semispinalis colli. 


Transverse processes four 
upper dorsal and articu- 
lar processes four lower 
cervical vertebrae. 


Spines of second to fifth 
cervical vertebrae. 


Cervical branches. 


Erects spinal column. 


Semispinalis dorsi. 


Transverse processes 6th 
to ioth dorsal vertebrae. 


Spines last two cervical 
and first four thoracic. 


Branches of dorsal. 


Erects spinal column. 


Semi-tendinosus. 


Tuberosity of ischium. 


Upper and inner surface 
of tibia. 


Great sciatic. 


Flexes leg on thigh. 


Serratus magnus. 


Eight upper ribs. 


Inner margin of dorsal 
border of scapula. 


Posterior thoracic. 


Elevates ribs in inspira- 
tion. 


Serratus posticus infe- 
rioris. 


Spines of last two thoracic 
and first three lumbar. 


Four lower ribs. 


Tenth and eleventh 
intercostal. 


Depresses ribs in ex- 
piration. 


Serratus posticus supe- 
rioris. 


Spines of seventh cervical 
and first two thoracic 
vertebrae. 


Second, third, fourth, 
and fifth ribs. 


Second and third in- 
tercostal. 


Raises ribs in inspira- 
tion. 


Snarling. 


See Levator labii supe 


rioris. 






Sneering. 


See Levator labii supe 


rioris alaqucz nasi. 






Soleus. 


Shaft of fibula, oblique line 
of tibia. 


Os calcis by tendo 
Achillis. 


Internal popliteal and 
posterior tibial. 


Extends foot. 


Spheno-pharyngeus (an- 
omalous). 


Spine of sphenoid bone. 


Constrictors of pharynx. 






Spheno-s a 1 p i n g o-sta- 
phylinus. 


See Circumflcxus palati. 








Sphincter ani, external. 


Tip of coccyx. 


Tendinous center of 
perineum. 


Perineal, pudic, and 
fourth sacral. 


Closes anus. 


Sphincter ani, internal. 


A thickening of the circu- 
lar fibers of the intestine 
one inch above the anus. 




Hemorrhoidal nerves. 


Constricts rectum. 


Sphincter vaginae. 


Central tendon of peri- 
neum. 


Corpora cavernosa and 
clitoris. 


Homologue of accelerator urinae in male. 


Sphincter vesicae inter- 
nus. 


Near the urethral orifice of 
the bladder. 




Vesical nerves. 


Constricts internal ori- 
fice of urethra. 


Spinalis cervicis {nor- 
mal, but inconstant). 


Spines 5th, 6th, and 7th 
cervical and first two 
thoracic vertebrae. 


Spine of axis, some- 
times spines of 3d and 
4th cervical vertebras. 






Spinalis colli. 


Spines of fifth and sixth 
cervical vertebrae. 


Spine of axis, or third 
and fourth cervical 
spines. 


Cervical branches. 


Steadies neck. 


Spinalis dorsi. 


Last two thoracic and first 
two lumbar spines. 


Remaining thoracic 
spines. 


Dorsal branches. 


Erects spinal column. 



MUSCLES 820 MUSCLES 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Splenius accessorius. 


See Rhombo-atloid. 








Splenius capitis. 


Lower two-thirds ligamen- 
tum nuchae, spines of 
seventh cervical and first 
two thoracic vertebrae. 


Outer third of middle ob- 
lique line of occiput 
and outer surface of 
mastoid process. 


Middle cervical, pos- 
terior branches. 


Extends head and neck 
and rotates and flexes 
laterally. 


Splenius colli. 


Spines of third to sixth 
thoracic vertebrae. 


Dorsal t u b e r c 1 es of 
transverse processes of 
upper three or four 
cervical vertebrae. 


Posterior divisions of 
lower cervical. 


Extends, flexes laterally, 
and rotates neck. 


Stapedius. 


Interior of pyramid. 


Neck of stapes. 


Facial. 


Depresses base of stapes. 


Sternalis. 


See Rectus sternalis. 








Sterno -chondro - scap- 
ular {anomalous). 


Root of coracoid process, 
or cephalic border of 
scapula. 


Costal cartilage of first 
rib, first piece of ster- 
num, or both. 






Sterno-clavicularis, an- 
terior. 


See Sterno-chondro-scapu 


lar. 






Sterno-cleido-mastoid. 


Two heads, sternum and 
clavicle. 


Mastoid process and 
outer half of superior 
oblique line of occiput. 


Spinal accessory and 
cervical plexus. 


Depresses and rotates 
head. 


Sterno-facialis (anomal- 
ous). 


First piece of sternum, 
behind sterno-mastoid. 


Fascia of subclavian tri- 
angle. 






Sterno-hyoid. 


Sternum and clavicle. 


Hyoid bone. 


Descending and com- 
municating branches 
of the hypoglossal. 


Depresses hyoid. 


Sterno-scapular. 


See Sterno-chondro-scapu 


lar. 






Sterno-thyroid. 


Sternum and cartilage of 
first rib. 


Side of thyroid carti- 
lage. 


Descendens and com- 
municans hypoglossi. 


Depresses larynx. 


Stylo-auricularis. 


A name given to the stylo- 
glossus, when it arises 
from the external audi- 
tory meatus. 








Stylo-chondro-hyoideus 
(anomalous). 


Styloid process. 


Lesser cornu of hyoid. 






Stylo-glossus. 


Styloid process. 


Side of tongue. 


Hypoglossal. 


Elevates and retracts 
tongue. 


Stylo-hyoid. 


Styloid process. 


Body of hyoid. 


Facial. 


Draws hyoid upward 
and backward. 


Stylo-hyoideus alter. 


See Stylo-chondro-hyoid 


eus. 






Sty lo-hyo-t hyroideus 
(anomalous). 


Styloid process. 


Hyoid bone and tip of 
superior cornu of thy- 
roid cartilage. 






Stylo-maxillaris (anom- 
alous). 


The stylo-hyoideus, when 
it extends from the sty- 
loid process to the angle 
of the lower jaw. 








Stylo-pharyngeus. 


Styloid process. 


Thyroid cartilage. 


Glosso-pharyngeal, 
and pharyngeal plex- 
us. 


Elevates pharynx. 


Subanconeus. 


Humerus above olecranon 
fossa 


Posterior ligament of 
elbow. 


Musculo-spiral. 


Tensor of ligament. 


Subclavius. 


Cartilage of first rib. 


Inferior surface of cla- 
vicle. 


Fifth and sixth cervi- 
cal. 


Draws clavicle down- 
ward . 


Subclavius posticus. 


See St ertio-chondro-scapu 


lar. 






Subcostals. 


See Infracostals. 








Subcrureus. 


Anterior distal part of 

femur. 


Synovial sac behind 
patella. 


Anterior crural. 


Draws sac up. 


Subscapularis. 


Ental surface of scapula. 


Humerus, lesser tuber- 
osity, and shaft. 


Subscapular. 


Chief internal rotator of 
humerus. 


Subscapularis minor 
(anomalous). 


Axillary border of scapula. 


C a p s u 1 e of shoulder- 
joint or humerus. 






Subscapulo-capsularis. 


See Subscapularis minor. 









MUSCLES 



821 



MUSCLES 



TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Supinator longus. 


External condyloid ridge 
of humerus. 


Styloid process of radi- 
us. 


Musculo-spiral. 


Flexes forearm. 


Supinator radii brevis. 


External condyle of hu- 
merus, oblique line of 
ulna. 


Neck of radius and its 
bicipital tuberosity. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Supinates hand. 


Supra-clavicularis (an- 
omalous). 


Manubrium sterni. 


Clavicle. 






Siipra-costalis (anomal- 
ous). 


First rib. 


Fourth rib. 






Supra-spinales. 


Lie on spinous processes in cervical region. 


Supra-spinatus. 


Supra-spinous fossa. 


Great tuberosity of hu- 
merus 


Supra-scapular. 


Supports shoulder-joint, 
raises arm. 


Tailors'. 


See Sartorius. 








Temporal. 


Temporal fossa and fascia. 


Coronoid process of 
mandible. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Closes mandible. 


Temporalis minor (an- 
omalous). 


Interarticular fibro-carti- 
lages of mandible, front 
and back borders. 


Bottom of sigmoid notch 
of lower jaw. 






Tensor fasciae colli. 


See Sterno-facialis. 








Tensor fasciae plantaris 
(anomalous). 


Plantaris. 


Plantar fascia. 






Tensor palati. 


Scaphoid fossa and alar 
spine of sphenoid. 


About hamular process 
into soft palate. 


Otic ganglion. 


Renders palate tense. 


Tensor tarsi. 


Crest of lacrymal bone. 


Tarsal cartilages. 


Facial, infraorbital 
branch. 


Compresses puncta and 
lacrymal sac. 


Tensor trochlear (anom- 
alous). 


Levator palpebrse. 


Trochlea. 






Tensor tympani. 


Temporal bone, Eusta- 
chian tube and canal, 
sphenoid bone. 


Handle of malleus. 


Otic ganglion. 


Renders tense the mem- 
brana tympani. 


Tensor vaginae femoris. 


Iliac crest and anterior 
superior spinous process. 


Fascia lata. 


Superior gluteal. 


Tensor of fascia. 


Teres major. 


Inferior angle of scapula. 


Internal bicipital ridge 
of humerus. 


Subscapular. 


Draws arm downward 
and backward. 


Teres minor. 


Axillary border of scapu- 
la. 


Great tuberosity of hu- 
merus. 


Circumflex. 


Rotates humerus out- 
ward and adducts it. 


Thyro-arytenoideus. 


Thyroid cartilage and cri- 
co-thyroid membrane. 


Arytenoid, inferior and 
anterior surface. 


Recurrent laryngeal. 


Relaxes vocal bands. 


Thyro-epiglottideus. 


Inner surface of thyroid 
cartilage. 


Epiglottis and aryteno- 
epiglottidean fold. 


Recurrent laryngeal. 


Depresses epiglottis. 


Thyro-hyoid. 


Side of thyroid cartilage. 


Body and greater cornu 
of hyoid bone. 


Hypoglossal. 


Elevates larynx. 


Tibialis anticus. 


Outer tuberosity and up- 
per part of shaft of tibia. 


Internal cuneiform and 
first metatarsal bone. 


Anterior tibial. 


Flexes tarsus and ele- 
vates inner border of 
foot. 


Tibialis posticus. 


Shaft of fibula and tibia, 
interosseous membrane. 


Tuberosity of scaphoid, 
internal cuneiform, and 
bases of second to 
fourth metatarsal. 


Posterior tibial. 


Extends tarsus and in- 
verts foot. 


Tibialis secundus (an- 
omalous). 


Back of tibia below flexor 
digitorum longus. 


Posterior part of cap- 
sule of ankle-joint, or 
annular ligament. 






Tibio-accessorius. 


See Flexor accessorius 


longus digitorum pedis. 






Tibio-astragalus anticus 
(anomalous). 


Tibia and interosseous 
membrane behind tibia- 
lis anticus. 


Neck of astragalus. 






Tibio-fascialis anticus 
(anomalous). 


Lower third of anterior 
border of tibia. 


Annular ligament and 
deep fascia. 






Trachealis. 


A transverse layer of un- 
striped muscular fibers 
at the dorsal part of 
the trachea. 




Sympathetic. 





MUSCLES 822 MUSCLES 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Trachelo-mastoid. 


Transverse processes of 
3d- 6th thoracic, and ar- 
ticular processes of last 
3 or 4 cervical vertebrae. 


Mastoid process. 


Branches of cervical. 


Steadies head. 


Tragicus. 


Tragus. 


Tragus. 


Temporal and poste- 
rior auricular. 




Transversalis abdomi- 
nis. 


Poupart's ligament, iliac 
crest, six lower ribs, 
lumbar vertebrae. 


Linea alba, pubic crest, 
pectineal line. 


Intercostal, ilio-hypo- 
gastric, ilio-inguinal. 


Compresses viscera and 
flexes thorax. 


Transversalis cervicis 
anticus (anomalous). 


Anterior tubercles of 
transverse processes of 
the four lower cervical 
vertebrae. 


Base of transverse pro- 
cess of atlas and body 
of axis. 






Transversalis cervicis 
medius (anomalous). 


Transverse processes of 
second, third, and fourth 
cervical vertebrae. 


Sixth and seventh cer- 
vical transverse pro- 
cesses. 






Transversalis colli. 


Transverse processes of 
third to sixth thoracic 
vertebrae. 


Transverse processes of 
five lower cervical ver- 
tebrae. 


Cervical branches. 


Keeps neck erect. 


Transversus auris. 


Convexity of concha. 


Convexity over groove 
of helix. 


Retracts helix. 


Temporal and posterior 
auricular. 


Transversus menti (an- 
omalous). 


Inner border of depressor 
anguli oris. 


Corresponding part of 
opposite side of chin. 






Transversus nucha? (an- 
omalous). 


External occipital protu- 
berance. 


Aponeurosis of sterno- 
mastoid. 






Transversus orbitae (an- 
omalous). 


Orbital plate of ethmoid. 


Lateral wall of orbit. 






Transversus pedis. 


Head 5th metatarsal and 
plantar ligaments of meta- 
tarso-phalangeal joints. 


First phalanx of great 
toe. 


External plantar. 


Adducts great toe. 


Transversus pedis, 
superficial (anomalous). 


Bases of first phalanges 
of 2d, 3d, and 5th toes. 


Base of first phalanx of 
great toe. 






Transversus perinei. 


Ramus of ischium. 


Central tendon. 


Perineal. 


Tensor of central tendon. 


Transversus perinei, 
deep. 


See Compressor urethra. 








Trapezius. 


Superior curved line of 
occipital bone, spinous 
processes of last cervical 
and all the dorsal verte- 
brae. 


Clavicle and spine of 
scapula, and acro- 
mion. 


Spinal accessory and 
cervical plexus. 


Draws head backward. 


Triangularis menti. 


See Depressor anguli oris. 








Triangularis sterni. 


Ensiform cartilage, costal 
cartilages of 3 or 4 lower 
true ribs, and sternum. 


Border of inner surfaces 
2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th 
costal cartilages. 


Intercostal. 


Expiration. 


Triceps (j heads) exten- 
sor cubiti. 


External 'and internal 'near 
musculo-spiral groove, 
shaft of humerus ; middle 
or long, lower margin 
of glenoid cavity. 


Olecranon process of 
ulna. 


Musculo-spiral. 


Extends forearm. 


Triticeo-glossus (anom- 
alous). 


Cartilago-triticea in the 
thyro-hyoid ligament. 


Side of tongue. 






Ulnaris quinti (anomal- 
ous). 


Prolongation of tendon of 
extensor carpi ulnaris to 
1st phalanx of little finger. 








Ulno-carpus (anomal- 
ous). 


Lower surface of ulna. 


Annular ligament or one 
of the carpal bones. 






Vastus externus. 


Anterior border great tro- 
chanter and linea aspera. 


Tuberosity of tibia. 


Anterior crural. 


Extends leg. 


Vastus internus and 
crureus. 


Inner lip of linea aspera of 
femur. 


Tuberosity of tibia. 


Anterior crural. 


Extends leg. 


Vesico-pubic. 


Urachus. 


Back of pubic bones. 


Compresses vesical 

wall. 


Sympathetic. 


Wilson's. 


A portion of the constric- 
tor urethrae, q. v. 








Zygomaticus major et 
minor. 


Malar bone. 


Angle of mouth. 


Facial, infraorbital 
branch. 


Elevates lip outward. 



MUSCULAR 



823 



MUST 



Muscular (tints' -ku-ler) [muscularis, of a muscle]. 
Pertaining to, resembling, composed of, or having 
well-developed, muscles. M. Fiber, a fiber of mus- 
cular tissue. It exists in two varieties, striped and 
unstriped, the latter being associated with involuntary, 
the former with voluntary motion. M. Force, the 
energy produced in muscular motion. It is thought 
to be derived from the oxidation of the fats or carbo- 
hydrates of muscular tissue. M. Hypertrophy. See 
Paralysis, Pseudo-hypertrophic. M. Motion, the 
phenomena attending a self-produced change of position 
of the body or of any of its parts. It includes voluntary , 
involuntary, and mixed movements. See Motion. 
M.Plate. Same as Muscle-plate. M. Rheumatism, 
rheumatism affecting the muscles. Synonym of 
Myalgia. M. Sensations, the feelings that accom- 
pany the action of muscles. M. Sense, the sense of 
motion, weight, and position upon which the adjust- 
ment of the body to its surroundings depends. Sen- 
sory-nerve fibrils probably exist in muscles that con- 
vey these sensations. The capacity of experiencing 
muscular sensations. M. System, all the muscles of 
the body correlated. The totality of the muscular 
tissue of the body. M. Tissue, the substance of mus- 
cle ; this appears in two principal varieties — the striped, 
striated, or voluntary, and the unstriped, non-striated, 
or involuntary. The striped muscular tissue is com- 
posed of muscle-fibers, the unstriped of elongated, spin- 
dle-shaped cells. A muscle-fiber consists : (i) of sar- 
colemma ; (2) of muscle-nuclei; (3) of muscle-sub- 
stance. The sarcolemma is an elastic, homogeneous 
connective-tissue sheath which lightly invests the 
muscle-fiber. The nuclei are fusiform in shape, are 
situated immediately beneath the sarcolemma, and run 
parallel with the axis of the fiber. The muscle-fiber 
itself consists of two substances — a dark, doubly 
refracting, or anisotropic contractile substance, and a 
lighter, semi-fluid, isotropic substance termed sarco- 
plasm. The contractile substance consists of delicate 
spindles, the apposition of whose thicker portions 
produces the dark transverse disc. The spindles 
terminate in minute beads, the juxtaposition of which 
gives rise to the intermediate disc or membrane of 
Krause. The neutral sarcoplasm fills out the spaces 
left between the. spindles, and, as ordinarily the taper- 
ing ends of the spindles are too delicate to be seen, the 
space between the intermediate and transverse discs — 
the lateral disc — looks homogeneous. The contractile 
fibrillas into which the contractile substance is divided, 
formed by the end-to-end union of the spindles, is 
aggregated into bundles — the muscle-columns — sur- 
rounded by a layer of sarcolemma. On transverse sec- 
tion these muscle-columns give rise to the appearance 
known as Cohnheim's fields. The muscle-fibers are 
held together by delicate areolar tissue, the endo- 
mysium. Several grouped together form a primary 
bundle. Primary bundles are surrounded by a sheath 
termed the endomysium. Fasciculi are aggregations 
of primary bundles, and are the units of which the com- 
plete muscle is composed, the latter being surrounded 
by the perimysium. M. Tumor. See Myoma. 

Muscularis (mus-ku-la' -ris) [tnusculus, a muscle]. The 
muscular coat of an organ. M. mucosae, the layer 
of unstriped muscular tissue separating the mucosa (of 
mucous membranes) from the submucosa. 

Muscularity (mus-ku-lar' '-it-e) [tnusculus, a muscle]. 
The quality of being muscular. 

Musculation (tnus-ku-la' -shun) \_musculus, a muscle]. 
The muscular endowment of the body or a part ; also 
the action of the muscles of the body. 

Musculature (nius' -ku-la-tur) [tnusculus, muscle]. 
The muscular system of the body, an organ, or part. 



Musculi (mus'-hu-ii) [L.]. Plural of tnusculus, a 
muscle. M. codonoides, the middle bell-muscles of 
a medusa. M. papillaris. See Muscles, Papillary. 
M. pectinati \_pecten, a comb], small, muscular 
columns traversing the inner surface of the appendix 
auriculas and the adjoining portion of the wall of the 
auricle. M. proboscidalis, the proboscidal muscles 
of the Medusas. 

Musculin (mus' '-ku-lin) [tnusculus, a muscle]. Ex- 
tract of muscle-tissue. See Organotherapy. 

Musculinteger (mus-ku-lin' -te-jer) [tnusculus, muscle ; 
integer, whole]. A combination of several muscles 
functionally connected and acting as a single mus- 
cle. 

Musculo- (mus'-ku-lo) [tnusculus, a muscle]. A pre- 
fix to denote connection with or relation to muscular 
tissue. M. -aponeurotic, composed of muscle and of 
fibrous connective tissue in the form of a membrane. 
M. -cutaneous. See Nerves, Table of. M. -mem- 
branous, membranous and muscular in character. 
M. -phrenic, pertaining to the muscular portion of the 
diaphragm ; as the musculo-phrenic artery. See Arte- 
ries, Table of. M. -spiral. See Nerves, Table of. 

Musculous \mus'-ku-lus) [tnusculus, muscle]. Con- 
taining or composed of muscle-fibers. 

Musculus {tints' -ku-lits). Set Muscle. 

Muscus (inus'-kus) [L.]. Moss; lichen. 

Musenin (inus'-en-in). See Moussenin. 

Museum (inii-ze' -um) [Moiiaa, amuse]. Formerly, any 
library or place devoted to the arts and sciences, be- 
cause these were supposed to be presided over by the 
Muses. Any systematic collection of objects of 
nature or of art. 

Mush. A thick porridge, or boiled pudding, usually 
of maize meal, used as an article of diet, and also 
as a poultice. 

Mushroom (mush' -rum). See Agaric and Fungus. 

Musicians' Cramp. See Cramp. 

Musicomania (inu-zik-o-ma'-ne-ah) [fiovowt], music; 
jxavia, mania]. Monomania for, or insane devotion 
to, music. 

Musicotherapy (tnu-zik-o-ther' -ap-e) [fJOvaiKt/, music ; 
depatveia, treatment]. The use of music in the treat- 
ment of disease, chiefly mental and nervous diseases, 
and in convalescence. 

Musk [ME., mush, musk]. See Moschus. M. Root. 
See Sumbul. 

Muskardine (tnus'-kar-din) [F. muscardine , the name 
of a fungus]. A disease very destructive to silk- 
worms in Europe during the early part of the 19th 
century, practically disappearing among cultivated 
worms after 1855 ; it was caused by the fungus 
Botrytis bassiana, popularly called Muskardine . 

Muskeg Moss (tints' -keg) [Chippewa, maskey, swamp] . 
A plant of the Northwestern United States, recom- 
mended as a cheap and excellent absorbent material 
for surgical dressings. Under this name various 
species of Sphagnum and Hvdnum are confounded. 

Musomania (mu-zo-ma' -ne-ah). See Musicomania. 

Mussanin (nuts' -an-in). See Moussenin. 

Mussel-poisoning (mus'-l-poiz'-n-ing). The toxic 
effects in man sometimes resulting from eating mus- 
sels, especially the Mytilus edulis. See Mytilo/oxin, 
and Poisons, Table of. 

Mussitation (mus-it-a' -shun) [mussitatio ; tnussitare, 
to mutter]. The muttering frequently observed in 
severe illness, consisting of the movement of the lips 
without the production of articulate speech. 

Must [mustutn, new wine]. The juice freshly expressed 
from grapes by a mechanical process. This must is 
submitted to the process of spontaneous fermentation, 
following exposure to the air. 



MUSTACHE 



824 



MYCODESMOIDS 



Mustache, Moustache (mus-task') [Fr., from \ivaraS, , 
mustache] . The beard worn on the upper lip of men. 

Mustard (znus'-tera) [ME., mustarde, mustard]. See 
Sinapis. M.-bath. SeeBat/i. M. -plaster, a power- 
ful counter-irritant plaster, usually made of equal parts 
of ground mustard and linseed meal. See Sinapis. 
M. -poultice. Same as M. -plaster. 

Mutacism (tnu'-tas-izm) [/ivranLO/Lioc, mutacism]. 
Mytacism ; faulty speech ; utterance characterized by 
the too frequent use of the m sound, and its substitu- 
tion for other sounds. 

Mutant (mu'-tant) \_mutare, to change]. In biology, 
applied to any upright part the tip of which is bent 
over. 

Mutation (mu-ta' -shun) \_mtttare, to change]. Change; 
in obstetrics, a pronounced change in the presentation 
of the fetus. 

Mute (mut) \inutus, dumb]. Dumb. Unable to use 
articulate speech. 

Muticous (mu'-tik-us) [muticus, curtailed]. In biology, 
unarmed ; not provided with a spine, spur, or claw ; 
the autonym of mucronate, cuspidate, aristate, unguicu- 
late, calcarate, dentate. 

Mutilation (mu-til-a'-skun) \jnutilatio ; mutilare, to 
cut]. The act of being cut or disfigured. Also, the 
condition of the parts remaining after the excision or 
amputation of a member or part. 

Mutinus (mu-tin' -tcs) [L.]. An old name for penis. 

Mutisia (mu-tiz' -e-ah) [after Jose Celestino Mutis, a S. 
American botanist]. The seeds of M. vicicefolia, a 
composite-flowered plant native to Andean regions. 
Among the natives it has reputed qualities as a cardiac 
tonic, and is also used in various affections of the 
respiratory organs. Unof. 

Mutisin (mu'-tis-in) [after J. C. Mutis, a S. A. botan- 
ist]. The active principle of Mutisia vicicefolia. 

Mutism (mid -tizm) \_mutus, dumb]. Dumbness. See 
Mutitas. 

Mutitas (mu'-tit-as) [mutus, mute]. Dumbness. M. 
atonica, dumbness arising from disorder of the 
nerves of the tongue. M. organica, that from loss of 
the tongue. M. pathematica, dumbness caused by 
fright or passion. M. spasmodica, spasmodic dumb- 
ness. M. surdorum, dumbness consequent upon con- 
genital deafness. 

Mutton (mut'-n) \inontonus, a sheep]. The flesh of 
sheep. 

Mutualism (mid -chu-al-izm) \inutuus, reciprocal]. A 
form of commensalism ; the living together of two 
organisms of different species for the sake of the 
advantage that each one derives from the presence of 
the other. See Symbiosis. 

Mutualist (mid-chu-al-ist) \_mutuus, reciprocal]. An 
organism living with another in a state of mutualism. 

Muzzle (muz'-l) [ME., muzle, muzzle]. The pro- 
jecting jaws and nose of an animal ; a snout. 

Muzzling (muz' -ling). Same as Infibulation. 

Myalgia (mi-al'-je-ah) [/n>c, muscle ; akyoc, pain]. 
Any pain of the muscles ; muscular rheumatism. M. 
rheumatica. Synonym of Myalgia or Muscular 
Rheu?natism. 

Myalgic (mi-aF-jik) \_pvc, muscle; akyoc, pain]. Per- 
taining to or affected with myalgia. 

Myameba (mi-am-e 1 '-bah) \_p.fjc, muscle ; amoeba, a 
unicellular organism]. In biology, a muscle-cell 
regarded as an organism. Cf. Neurameba, Osteameba. 

Myasis (mi-a / -sis). See Myiasis. 

Myasthenia (mi-as-the' -ne-ali) \jm<;, muscle ; aaBeveia, 
weakness]. Muscular debility. 

Myasthenic (mi-as-then' -ik) [nvc, muscle ; aadeveta, 
weakness]. Characterized by myasthenia. 

Mycele (mi-sel r ). Same as Mycelium. 



Mycelial (mi-se'-le-al) \_pvKijc, fungus; ffloc, nail, 
wart]. Pertaining to mycelium. 

Mycelium (mi-se'-le-um) \ji/vktic, a fungus ; ifhoc, nail, 
wart, excrescence]. In biology, a collective term 
for the vegetative hyphs of fungi, usually forming 
interwoven masses. 

Mycetes (mi-se'-lez) [p-vur/c, fungus]. The fungi. 

Mycetogenesis (mi-set-o-jen' -es-is) [/u>kj?c, fungus ; 
yiveaic, genesis]. Development of fungi. 

Mycetogenetic (mi-set-o-jen-et'-ik) \_p.var)e: pi., uvketcc, 
a fungus ; yhrjaii;, genesis]. Produced or caused by 
the growth of fungi. 

Mycetogenous (mi-set-of-en-us) \_fivnT]c, a fungus: 
ysvi/c, producing]. Same as Mycetogenetic. 

Mycetography (mi-set-og'-ra-fe). Synonym of My ool- 
ogy- 

Mycetoid (mi'-set-oid) [//w«?c, fungus; uSoc, like]. 
Resembling a fungus. 

Mycetology (mi-set-ol' -o-je) [jivKr/e, a fungus ; 7i6yoc , 
science]. Same as Mycology. 

Mycetoma (mi-set-o'-mah). See Fungus Foot. 

Mycetophagous [mi-set-off' '-ag-us) [fivKTjz, a fungus ; 
(payelv, eat]. In biology, feeding upon fungi ; fungiv- 
orous. 

Mycetozoa (mi-set-o-zo'-ah) \jivKTje, fungus ; Cv 01 "> 
animal]. A group of fungus-like saprophytic organ- 
isms, the slime-fungi or slime-molds. Most naturalists 
class them as fungi or as plant-growths of low type ; 
but by E. R. Lankester and his followers they are 
grouped with the protozoa or lowest animal forms ; 
while according to a third view they are reckoned as 
protists or living organisms not decisively classifiable 
as either plants or animals. 

Mycetozoic (mi-set-o-zo' -ik) [fivKr/c, fungus ; fuov, 
animal]. Of the nature of a slime-fungus or myceto- 
zoon. 

Mycetozoon (mi-set-o-zo' '-on) [//{'/07c, fungus; ££>ov, 
animal]. Any organism belonging to the class my- 
cetozoa. 

Mychmus, Mychthismus (inik'-mus, mik-thiz' -mus) 
[jivxf^ic, /ivx8i<J/J.6t;, from /uv^eiv, to moan]. Sighing. 

Mycocellulose (jni-ko-sel' -u-loz) [_/tvnr/c, fungus; cellula, 
a little cell]. Fungin ; a variety of cellulose forming 
the basis of Fungi. See Fungin. 

Mycoderm (mi'-ko-derm) [//i'/coc, mucus; depfia, skin]. 
The mucous membrane. 

Mycoderma (ini-ko-der' '-mah) [/ii/c^c, fungus; Scp/ia, 
skin]. A genus of fungi forming like a membrane 
upon or in fermenting liquors. M. aceti, the micro- 
organism of acetous fermentation, constituting the 
mother of vinegar. M. albicans, Saccharomyces 
albicans, q.v. M. of Beer, acetic skin ; a pellicle 
composed of fungi found on the surface of beer and 
other liquids deficient in fruit acids. M. sacchari 
and M. vini, alcoholic ferments. See under Bac- 
teria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Mycodermis [tni-ko-der' -mis) [fivicqc, fungus ; dkp/ia, 
skin]. A genus of microbic or fungoid organisms, 
species of which have been reported as found in the 
squamse of certain skin-diseases, especially favus. 

Mycodermitis (mi-ko-der-mi' -tis) \_fii<KOQ, mucus ; Sipfia, 
skin; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of a mucous 
surface. 

Mycodermosphacelus (mi- ko-der- mo - sfas / -el- us) 
\_pviwc, mucus; Skp/xa, skin; c^d/ce/loc, gangrene]. 
A gangrenous affection of the mucous membrane of 
any part. 

Mycodesmoids (mi -ko-dez'- molds) \_j.wKt]Q, fungus; 
Seafirj, a bundle; eldoc, like]. A disease of horses 
characterized by circumscribed growths in the con j 
nective tissue. See Micrococcus botryogenus, Rabe, 
under Bacteria, Synonyi?iatic Table of. 



MYCODIARRHEA 



825 



MYDRIASIS 



Mycodiarrhea (mi-ko-di-ar-e'-ali) [uvkoc, fungus ; did, 
through; poia, a flow]. I. A mycotic diarrhea. 2. 
A mucous diarrhea. 

Mycodysenteria ymi-ko-dis-en-te' -re-ah) [//!>koc, mucus ; 
Svaevrepia, dysentery] . Catarrhal dysentery. 

Mycodyspnea (mi-ko-disp-ne' -ah) [ur«of, mucus; du?-, 
difficult; Kveeiv, to breathe]. Dyspnea due to accu- 
mulations of mucus in the air-passages. 

Mycogastritis (mi - ko -gas - tri'- lis) \jivkoc, mucus; 
yanri/p, stomach; me, inflammation]. Catarrhal gas- 
tritis. 

Mycography (mi-kog'-ra-fe). Synonym of Mycology. 

Mycohemia (mi-ko-hem' -e-ah) [_fii)K.>/c, fungus; aifia, 
blood]. A generic name for affections caused by tlie 
presence of microorganisms in the blood. 

Mycoid (mi'-koid) \jivk.t)c, fungus ; elSog, form]. Re- 
sembling, or appearing like, a fungus ; fungoid. 

Mycology (mi-kol'-o-je) [//i'/c/;c, a fungus; Aoyoc, sci- 
ence]. In biology, the science of fungi. 

Mycomycetes (mi-ko-mi-se' -tez) \jlvkjiq, fungus]. Fungi 
reproducing by oospores or zygospores. 

Myconostoc \mi-ko-nos' '-tok) [hvkijc, fungus ; nostoc\ . 
A genus of schizomycetes. M. gregarium, a species 
of microorganisms arranged in interlacing threads 
and surrounded by a gelatinous capsule ; it is probably 
identical with Cladothrix dichotoma. See Bacteria, 
Synonymatic Table of. 

Mycophagy (mi-koff f -aj-e) \jxvktjc, a fungus ; <payia, 
from (j>a-yclv, to eat]. In biology, the eating of fungi. 

Mycophlyzacium (mi-ko-flh-a' -se-um) \_fivnoc, mucus ; 
(pAv^dmov, a small blister]. A blister or pustule upon 
a mucous surface. 

Mycophthalmia (mi-koff-thal' -me-ah) [fivio/r, fungus ; 
bipdaAfiia, ophthalmia]. Ophthalmia due to a fungus. 

Mycophthisis (mi-kojf ' -this-is). Synonym of Bron- 
chorrhea . 

Mycophylaxin (mi-ko-fil-aks' -in) \_fibKqc, a fungus ; 
<pv?ia£, a protector]. Any microbicidal phylaxin. See 
Proteids, Defensive. 

Mycopneumonypostasis (tni-ko-nu-mon-ip-os 1 -las-is) 
[^/ti/toc, mucus; irvebfiav, lung; bnaaraaic, settling]. 
The settling of the mucus in the dependent portions 
of the lungs. 

Mycoprotein (mi-ko-pro' -te-in) [fivicrjc, a fungus ; pro- 
tein (from TTpurog, first); Mulder's term for the hypo- 
thetic substance common to all albuminous bodies], 
C, 52.32 per cent.; H, 7.55 per cent. ; N, 14.75 P er 
cent. In biology, the vegetable albuminoid or proto- 
plasmic substance of bacteria, first analyzed and de- 
scribed by Nencki ; fungus-protein. It contains no 
sulphur and no phosphorus, and is not precipitated by 
alcohol. 

Mycorthopnea (mik - or - thop - tie' '- ah) \_fivmr, mucus ; 
bpdoc, straight ; rvvoia, breathing]. Orthopnea caused 
by excessive secretion of mucus in the bronchial tubes. 

Mycose (mi'-koz) [fivurjc, fungus], C ]2 H, 2 O n -f- 2H 2 0. 
Trehalose, a substance that occurs in several species 
of fungi, in ergot of rye, and in the oriental Trehala. 
It is distinguished from cane-sugar by its ready solu- 
bility in alcohol, greater stability, and stronger rotatory 
power. It does not reduce copper-solutions. See 
Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Mycosis (mi-ko'-sis) [/xbiaic, fungus]. Granuloma 
fungoides ; Eczema hypertrophicum ; Inflammatory 
fungoid neoplasm ; Lymphoderma perniciosa ; Ul- 
cerative scrofuloderma; Fibroma fungoides. I. Any 
disease of the skin characterized by soft mammillated 
tumors, showing an abnormal growth of lymphatic 
glands, which frequently develop into fungous ulcers. 
2. A mucous tumor or polypoid growth. 3. The in- 
fluence of microphytes upon the health or disease of 
the body. 4. Any disease caused by the presence of 



pathogenic microbes in the organism. M., Acute, 
of the Blood, a name proposed by Neelsen for septic 
intoxication from the presence of microbes in the 
blood. M. fungoides. See Granuloma fungoides. M. 
furfuracea. Synonym of Pityriasis versicolor. M. 
intestinalis. Synonym of Anthrax. M. micro- 
sporina. Synonym of Tinea versicolor. M. oris, 
the disease caused by Oidium albicans or Leptothrix 
buccalis, consisting of grayish or black deposits on the 
tongue and buccal mucosa, usually with constitutional 
symptoms. M.pulmonum. See Pticumonomycosis. 
M. pustulosa, parasitic sycosis; also impetigo. M. 
tonsillaris benigna, the name applied by Frankel to 
a peculiar form of pharyngeal disease induced by 
the undue accumulation of leptothrix upon the pha- 
ryngeal structures. The condition is also called by 
Heryng " Pharyngomykosis leptothricia." M., Toxic, 
of the Blood, putrid intoxication or sapremia, death 
being due to poisoning by ptomains. 

Mycosozin (mi-ko-so'-zin) [//W07C, a fungus ; au^etv, to 
save]. Any sozin that acts by the destruction of 
microbes. See Proteids, Defensive. 

Mycothrix (mi-koth'-riks) [/ibur/c, fungus ; dpi!; , hair].. 
The thread-like element in the structure of a micro- 
coccus. 

Mycotic (mi-kot'-ik) [/u>/o?c, fungus]. Characterized 
by mycosis ; due to the presence of some pathogenic 
microorganism. M. Endocarditis, that due to mi- 
croorganismal infection. A synonym of ulcerative or 
malignant endocarditis. 

Mycterophonia (mik-ter-o-fo' -ne-ah) \jivKrijp, nose ; 
tyarvr], voice]. A nasal quality of the voice. 

Mydalein (mi-da'-le-in) \jxv&a'Kkoc, putrid]. A ptomain 
obtained from putrefying cadaveric organs. It is 
present in liver, spleen, etc., after some days of putre- 
faction, but it is not obtainable before the third or 
fourth week. It has a specific action as a poison, 
producing maximum dilatation of the pupil, injection 
of the ear-vessels, elevation of temperature, peristaltic 
action of the intestines. Post-mortem examination 
shows contraction of the bladder and intestines, and 
the stopping of the heart in diastole. Animals recover 
from small doses. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Mydatoxin (mi-dat-oks'-in) \_pv6aeiv, to be wet ; to!;ik6v, 
poison], C 6 H n N0 2 . A ptomain obtained from horse- 
flesh and human flesh after four months of decomposi- 
tion. It is toxic, producing lacrymation, diarrhea, and 
dyspnea in animals, but is not an active poison. A base, 
C 7 H 17 N0 2 , with which it is associated, is, however, a 
very violent poison, producing effects partly like those 
of curara and partly like those of mussel-poisoning — 
paralysis a few minutes after injection, with preserva- 
tion of certain reflexes while the animal cannot move 
from its place. The same effects are produced by 
mydatoxin , but more slowly. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Mydesis (mi-de'-sis) \jiv&av, to be damp]. Putrefac- 
tion ; also, a discharge of pus from the eyelids. 

Mydin (mi' -din) [/zixJoc, damp, decay], C 8 H n NO. A 
non-poisonous ptomain obtained by Brieger from the 
putrefaction of human internal organs. The free base 
is strongly alkaline, has an ammoniacal odor, and is 
characterized by its strong reducing-properties. See 
Ptomain;, Table of. 

Mydriasis (mid-ri'-as-is) \jxvbpia.Gic, mydriasis]. Ab- 
normal dilatation of the pupil of the eye. The word 
is also used to denote paralysis of the accommodation, 
an effect resulting from the use of most mydriatics. 
M., Paralytic, that due to paralysis of the oculo-motor 
nerve. M., Spasmodic, M., Spastic, that form 
caused by over-action of the sympathetic or dilator 
nerve of the iris. M., Spinal, that produced by 
irritation of the cilio-spinal center of the cord. 



MYDRIATIC 



826 



MYELOHYPH^E 



Mydriatic (mid-re-at'-ik) [fivfipiaoig, dilatation of the 
pupil]. I. Causing mydriasis, or paralysis of the 
ciliary muscle. 2. A medicine or agent that causes 
mydriasis, or dilatation of the pupil. 

Myectopy (mi-ek' -to-pe) \jJ.vg, muscle ; iaronog, dis- 
placed]. The abnormal placement of a muscle. 

Myedema (mi-e-de'-mah). Synonym of Myoidema. 

Myel (mi' -el) \jj.veA6g, marrow]. The spinal cord. 

Myelalgia [mi-el-aV -je-aJi) [/Lcve'Aog, marrow ; aAyog, 
pain]. Any pain in the spinal cord. 

Myelalgic (mi-el-aV -jik) \jxvzA6g, marrow ; akyog , 
pain]. Pertaining to or characterized by myelalgia. 

Myelanalosis (mi-el-an-al-o' -sis) [ftveAog, marrow ; 
avdAuaig, wasting]. Same as Myelatrophy; tabes 
dorsalis. 

Myelapoplexy (mi-el-ap' ' -o-pleks-e) \jxvtA6g, myelon ; 
a-oTvAr/^ia, a stupor]. Hemorrhage into the spinal 
cord. 

Myelasthenia (mi-el-as-the' -ne-ak) \_p.veA6g, myelon ; 
ucOeveta, weakness]. Spinal neurasthenia. 

Myelatelia (mi - el - at- e'- le - ah) [fiveAog, myelon; d 
priv. ; reAog, completion]. Imperfect development 
of spinal marrow or of bone-marrow. 

Myelatrophia, Myelatrophy (ini-el-at-ro' -fe-ah, mi-el- 
at'-ro-fe) [five'/.og, marrow ; arpocpia, wasting]. Any 
wasting or atrophy of the spinal cord due to spinal 
disease. 

Myelauxe (mi-el-awks' -e) [fiveAdg, marrow ; abi;/], in- 
crease]. Morbid enlargement of the myel. 

Myelaxis (mi-el-aks' -is) \jivzA6g, myelon ; axis, axis]. 
The neural, or cerebro-spinal, axis. 

Myelemia (mi-el-e'-me-ah). Synonym of Myelogenic 
Leukemia . 

Myelencephal (mi-el-en-sef'-al). Same as Myelen- 
cephalon. 

Myelencephalic (mi-el-en-sef-al' -ik) [fiveldg, myelon ; 
cyKefaAog, brain]. Relating to the myelencephalon. 

Myelencephalon (mi-el-en-sef'-al-on). I. The cerebro- 
spinal axis. 2. See Metencephalon. 

Myeleterosis (mi - el '- et - er - o' '- sis) [/uveAog, marrow; 
iripaaig, alteration]. Any morbid alteration of the 
spinal cord. 

Myelic (mi-el'-ik) [/jveldg, marrow]. Pertaining to the 
myel. 

Myelin (mi'-el-in) [five?i6g, marrow], C w H 75 NPO 10 . 
A name given by Thudichum to a substance obtained 
from the white matter of the brain. It occurs usually 
as a white, amorphous, ivory-like mass, but crystallizes 
from an ethereal or alcoholic solution. In a wider 
sense, any member of the myelin group may be called 
a myelin. Upomyelin, Paromyelin, Amido-myelin, and 
Sphingo-mvelin differ from myelin mainly in contain- 
ing one or more additional nitrogenous radicles. The 
"white substance of Schwann" and the ordinary 
brain-juice are also called myelin. See Organo- 
therapy. 

Myelinic (mi-el-in' ' -ik) \jiveA6g, marrow]. Relating to 
myelin. M. Nerve-fiber, the medullated nerve-fiber. 

Myelitic (mi-el-it' -ik) \_/uveA6g, marrow ; /rig, inflamma- 
tion]. Pertaining to or affected with myelitis. 

Myelitis (mi-el-i' -tis) \_fivzA6g, marrow ; mg, inflamma- 
tion]. I. Inflammation of the spinal cord. 2. In- 
flammation of bone-marrow ; osteomyelitis. See also 
Poliomyelitis, Leuko-myelitis, and Meningo-viyelitis. 
M., Acute, that due to exposure to cold, injuries, or to 
acute general diseases ; it is attended with sensory dis- 
turbances and motor paralysis, complete or incomplete, 
according to the part of the cord involved and the de- 
gree of the inflammation. M., Ascending, a form 
in which the inflammation travels up the cord. M., 
Bulbar, that affecting the medulla and manifesting 
itself in disturbances of the cardio-respiratory appa- 



ratus, dysphagia, vomiting, and other symptoms. M., 
Central, myelitis limited chiefly to the gray matter of 
the cord. M., Chronic, a slowly advancing myelitis, 
presenting generally the same features as acute mye- 
litis, but extended over a longer period. M., Com- 
pression, the term applied to inflammation of the 
spinal cord secondary to compressing lesions outside 
of the cord (caries, carcinoma, or exostosis of the verte- 
bras, aneurysm) or to tumors of the cord itself. M., 
Concussion, that due to concussion, direct or indirect. 
M. convulsiva. See Dubini ' s Disease. M., Cor- 
nual, inflammation affecting the anterior or posterior 
cornua. M., Descending, a form in which the in- 
flammation extends downward, following the pyram- 
idal pathways. M., Diffuse, widely distributed in- 
flammation of the cord involving large areas. M., 
Disseminated, when there are several foci. M., 
Focal, when a small area is affected. M., Hemor- 
rhagic, myelitis associated with or dependent upon 
hemorrhage. M., Meningo-, a combination of 
meningitis and myelitis. M., Pressure. See M., 
Compression. M. Sclerotic, a form characterized 
by overgrowth of the interstitial tissue, which under- 
goes contraction, producing an increase of hardness 
of the cord. M., Systemic, a variety in which 
the inflammation is confined to distinct systems or 
tracts of the cord. M., Transverse, a form in which 
the inflammatory area extends through a transverse 
section of the cord. M., Traumatic, myelitis follow- 
ing direct injury. M., Unilateral, a form in which 
the lesions are confined to one side of the cord. 

Myelo- (mi'-el-o-) \_/xveA6g, marrow]. A prefix denoting 
reference to or connection with the spinal cord, or, 
more rarely, with some other medullary substance. 

Myelocele (mi'-el- o -sel) \_p.veA6g, marrow; noiAia, 
cavity]. I. The central canal of the spinal cord. 2. 
[ktjAti, tumor]. See Spina bifida. 

Myelocerebellar (mi-el-o-ser-e-bel' ' -ar) \jivek6g, marrow ; 
cerebellum, cerebellum]. Relating to the spinal cord 
and the cerebellum. 

Myelochysis (mi-el-ok'-is-is) \jivtAog, marrow ; x' vaL S> 
a pouring] . Hydrorrhachis. Protrusion of the spinal 
marrow. 

Myeloccelia (mi-el-o-se' -le-ah). See Myelocele. 

Myelocystic (mi-el-o-sis'-tik) \jive\6g, marrow ; Kvarig, 
cyst]. Both myeloid and cystic. 

Myelocystocele (mi-el-o-sis'-to-sel) \_uveA6g, marrow; 
Kvarig, cyst; kt/Atj, tumor]. A cystic tumor of the 
myelon. 

Myelocystomeningocele (mi-el-o-sis-to-men-in' -go-sel) 
\jivtA6g, marrow ; Kvarig, cyst ; pf/viyi;, membrane ; 
K.rfAr], tumor]. Spina bifida in which the tumor con- 
tains myelic substance, membranes, and fluid. 

Myelocyte (mi'-el-o-sit) [/ivtAog, marrow; Kbrog, cell]. 
I. Properly, a marrow-cell. 2. Any free nucleus of 
a central or ganglionic nerve-cell. 

Myelodiastasis (mi-el-o-di-as'-tas-is) \_fivsA6g, marrow ; 
Siac-aaig, separation]. Severance or disintegration of 
the spinal cord. 

Myelodiastema (mi-el-o-di-as-te'-mah). Synonym of 
Myelodiastasis. 

Myelogenic (mi-el-o-jen' -ik) \jj.viA6g, marrow ; yewav, 
to produce]. Originating in marrow; producing a 
marrow-like substance. M. Leukemia, leukemia 
due to disease of the marrow of bones. 

Myelogenous (mi-el-o/'-eii-ns) [fiveAog marrow ; yewav, 
to produce]. Originating in marrow. M. Ossifica- 
tion, ossification taking place from the marrow of 
bone. 

Myelohyphae (mi-el-o-hi'-fe) [//w/idc, marrow ; vQy, 
web: prop. mvelyph<r~\. In biology, applied to the 
hyphte of lichens which differ from those of ordin- 



MYELOID 



827 



MYLOGLOSSUS 



ary fungi in being rigid, elastic, in containing lichenin, 
in not becoming putrid by maceration, and in lacking 
the faculty of penetrating. 

Myeloid (mi' -el-oid) [/iveUg, marrow; el6oc, like]. 
Resembling marrow in structure or appearance. Also 
applied to a form of sarcoma distinguished by the 
presence of multinucleated cells. 

Myeloidin (mi-el-oid'-in) \jiviA6q, marrow ; u&oc, like]. 
A nitrogenous substance containing phosphorus, found 
in brain -matter. 

Myeloma (mi-el-o'-mah) {jxvsaoc, marrow ; opia, tumor : 
//. , Myelomata']. I. A tumor or enlargement of the 
medullary substance of the brain or cord. 2. A giant- 
celled sarcoma. 

Myelomalacia (mi-el-o-mal-a' -se-ah) \_five~A6c, marrow ; 
fialaKia, softening]. A softening of the spinal cord. 

Myelomalacosis, Myelomalaxis (mi-el-o-mal-ak-o' - 
sis, mi-el-o-mal-aks' -is). Synonym of Myelomalacia. 

Myelomargarin (nii-el-o-mar' -gar-in) [fiveAoc, mar- 
row; /adpyapog, the pearl-oyster], C u H 63 5 . A body 
found in the so-called cerebrin of brain-substance. It 
is soluble in hot water, in ether, and in alcohol. 

Myelomeningitis (mi-el-o-men-in-ji'-tis) \_five'lJ>c, mar- 
row; /J-ijviyi; , a membrane; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the membranes investing the spinal cord ; 
spinal meningitis. 

Myelo-meningocele (mi' -el-o-men-in' -go-sel). Syno- 
nym of Spina bifida. 

Myelomyces (mi-el-om' -is-ez) \jiveA6c, marrow ; fivK7/r t 
fungus]. A fungoid growth of the spinal cord. 

Myelon (mi'-el-on) \_[iveA6c, marrow]. The spinal cord, 
or Medulla spinalis. 

Myelonal, Myelonic (mi - el' - on - al, mi - el - on' - ik) 
\jivtA6c, marrow]. Pertaining to the myelon. 

Myeloparalysis (mi-el-o-par-al' ' -is-is) \jiveAbc, marrow ; 
■wapaAvaic, paralysis]. Spinal paralysis. 

Myelopathic (mi-el-o-path' -ik) [five'Aog, marrow ; -rrador, 
disease] . Relating to a myelopathy. 

Myelopathy (mi-el-op' ' -ath-e) [fiveAoc, marrow ; nddoc, 
disease]. Any disease of the spinal cord. 

Myelophthisis (mi-el-off ' -this-is). Synonym of Tabes 
dorsalis. 

Myelophyma (mi-el-ofi' -mak) \_/j,vea6c, marrow; (pv/ia, 
a growth]. A tuberculous growth in the meninges of 
the spinal cord. 

Myeloplacque (mi'-el-o-plak) \_/j.veAoc, marrow; nA&S;, 
plate]. A giant-cell of the spinal marrow; an 
osteoclast ; a myeloplax. 

Myeloplast (mi'-el-o-plast) \_jivz A6c , marrow ; irAaardr, 
shaped]. Any giant-cell of the marrow. The myelo- 
plasts are regarded by some as the main seat of the 
formation of red blood-discs. 

Myeloplax (mi' -el-o-plaks) \jive\6c, marrow ; irAdf , a 
placque : pi., Myeloplaxes~\. In histology, one of the 
large multinucleated cells frequently found upon the 
inner surface of bone, and concerned in its destruc- 
tion ; they are the myeloplacques of Robin and other 
French histologists, and the osteoclasts (bone-de- 
stroyers) of Kolliker. Cf. Myeloplacque. 

Myeloplaxoma (mi-el-o-plaks-o'-mah)\jivzA6q, marrow; 
7T/ldj , plate ; 6/ia, tumor]. A tumor containing mye- 
loplaxes. 

Myeloplegia (mi-el-o-ple' ' -je-ah)\_fivz\6c, marrow; TrA^yij, 
a stroke]. Paralysis of spinal origin. 

Myelorrhagia (mi-el-or-a' -je-ah) \jjlvi'A6c, marrow ; 
pr/yvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage into the spinal 
cord. 

Myelosarcoma (mi-el-o-sar-ko' -mah). Same as Osteo- 
sarcoma. 

Myelosclerosis (mi-el-o-skle-ro' -sis) \_fiveA6c, marrow ; 
okAtip6q % hard]. Sclerosis of the spinal cord or of the 
marrow of bones. 



Myelosis (mi-el-o'-sis) [//ueAoc, marrow]. The growth 
or existence of a myeloma. 

Myelospongium (mi-el-o-spnn' -je-um) \_/iveA6c, mar- 
row; awoyyoQ, sponge]. A network in the wall of the 
neural canal of the embryo, composed of processes 
given off by the outer extremities of the columnar cells 
called spongioblasts. 

Myelospongus (mi-el-o-spun' -gus) \jiveA6c, marrow ; 
oirdyyor, a fungus]. An encephaloid growth. 

Myelosyringosis (mi'-el-o-si-rin-go'-sis). Synonym of 
Syringoma >elia . 

Myelovaricosis (mi-cl-o-rar-ik-o' -sis) \_p.vtA6c, mar- 
row ; varix, varix]. A varicosity of the myelin- 
sheath of a nerve-fiber, or the formation of one. 

Myelozoon (mi-el-o-zo'-on \_\1vzA6c, marrow; (,um\ life]. 
A vertebrate possessing a spinal cord, but no brain. 

Myelyperemia (i)ii-el-ip-er-e' -me-ali) \jlvzA6q, marrow ; 
virip above; al/ia, blood]. Hyperemia of the spinal 
cord. 

Myenergia (mi-eti-er' -je-ah) \_fxvQ, muscle; ivipyeia, 
energy]. Muscular energy. 

Myenergic \_mi-en-cr'-jik) \_fivc, muscle; ivipyeia, 
energy]. Relating to myenergia. 

Myentasis ( mi-en' -las-is) [//i>f, muscle; ivTaaic, 
stretch]. The extension or stretching of a muscle. 

Myenteric (mi-en-ter' -ik) \_pihc, muscle ; ivrepov, intes- 
tine]. Relating to the muscular coat of the intestine. 

Myiasis (mi-i'-as-is) [u.via, fly]. See Myiosis. 

Myiocephalon (mi-i-o-sef -al-on) \_fivla, fly ; KecpaAf/, 
head]. A minute prolapse of the iris through a cor- 
neal perforation, so called from its resemblance to the 
head of a fly. 

Myiodeopsia (mi - i-o-de - op' - se - ah) , Myiodesopsia 
(mi-i-o-des-op' -se-ah) \_/j,vio)6?)r, fly-like; 6i/>«c, vision] . 
The subjective appearance of muscas volitantes. 

Myiosis (mi'-i-o-sis) \_fivla, a fly]. Hugo Summe's 
term for the diseased condition produced by the pres- 
ence of parasitic dipterous larvae, and incorrectly called 
Myasis by Hope, and Myiasis by Joseph. The pre- 
sence of larvae of flies, or maggots, in or on the body, 
as in the nose or ear, in a wound, or upon mucous 
membranes. M. aurium, M. narium, M. vulnerum, 
the presence of maggots in the ears, nose and wounds 
respectively. The disease is known in the East as 
Peenash. 

Myistos, Myistus (mi-is' -tos, mi-is' -tus) \jwc, muscle; 
ioTor, tissue]. Muscular tissue. 

Myitis (mi-i'-tis) \_fivc, muscle ; itic, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of a muscle. 

Mykosis (mi-ko'-sis). See Mycosis. 

Mylabris (mil-ab'-ris) [/ivAappir, from /uvAjj, mill]. A 
genus of old-world blister-flies, some of which are used 
like cantharides. Unof. 

Mylacephalus (mi-las-ef -al-us) \_five7v6c, massive ; a 
priv. ; neqaAt), head]. The lowest variety of the aceph- 
alous species of omphalositic monsters. There is such 
imperfect development of the fetus that the condition is 
but a degree above that of fiztus amorphics or fcetus 
anideus. 

Mylacri (mil' -ak-ri) [jivlanpir , mill-stone]. The molar 
teeth. 

Mylacris (mil' -ak-ris) \_fj.vAa.Kpic'] . The patella. 

Myle (mi'-le) \jivAtj, mill]. I. Uterine mole. 2. Pa- 
tella. 3. Maxilla. 

Mylic (mil'-ik) \jxv\rj, mill]. Pertaining to the molar 
teeth ; relating to a uterine mole. 

Mylo- (mi^-lo-) \_fivX6c, mill]. A prefix denoting con- 
nection with the lower jaw or the molar teeth. 

Mylodus (mi-lo' -diis) \_fivAr), mill ; b&ovq, tooth: //. , 
Mvlodontes~\. A molar tooth. 

Myloglossus (mi-lo-glos' -us) \jx'vAri, mill; yXuaaa, 
tongue]. A portion of the superior constrictor of the 



MYLOHYOID 



828 



MYOGRAM 



pharynx — that which arises from the mylohyoid ridge 
of the lower jaw. Also, an anomalous slip joining 
the styloglossus. 

Mylohyoid, Mylohyoidean {mi-lo-hi'-oid, mi-lo-hi- 
oid-e'-an) [/xiiA?), mill ; voeidijc, hyoid]. Pertaining 
to the lower molar teeth and the hyoid bone. M. 
Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Mynsicht's Elixir. Aromatic sulphuric acid. 

Myo- (?ni'-o-) \_p.vc, a muscle]. A prefix signifying mus- 
cle. M.-albuminose, one of the proteids of muscle- 
plasma, closely associated with the myosin-ferment. 
See Muscle-plasma, M.-albumose, Myoproteose ; a 
proteid substance of muscle-plasma closely connected, 
or identical, with the myosin-ferment, and having the 
general properties of deutero-albumose. M. -globu- 
lin, a substance obtained from muscle, closely resem- 
bling serum-globulin in its properties. Its coagulation- 
temperature is 63 C, however, while that of serum- 
globulin is 75 C. 

Myoatrophy (mi-o-af -ro-fe) [five, muscle ; arpoipia, 
atrophy]. Atrophy of a muscle. 

Myoblast {mi' -o-blast) \_p-vc, muscle; (3?iaar6c, germ]. 
In biology, a muscle-forming cell ; a descendant of the 
cells which at an early stage of the metazoan embryo 
sink below the level of the epithelium to which they 
belonged. M. epitheliales, epithelial muscular cells, 
neuro-muscular cells, tela musculo ris epithelialis. M. 
mesodermales, mesodermal muscular cells, tela 
jnuscularis mesodermalis. 

Myoblastic {mi-o-blas' -tik) [five, muscle ; jlAacrdr, 
germ]. Relating to or of the nature of a myo- 
blast. 

Myocarditis (tni-o-kar-di'-tis) [/^i>f, muscle; napdia, 
heart; itlc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the mus- 
cular tissue of the heart ; it may be parenchymatous or 
interstitial. M., Segmenting, a form characterized 
by separation of the muscle-cells from softening of the 
cement-substance. 

Myocardium [mi-o-kar' '-de-um) [/li'C, muscle ; naptiia, 
heart]. The muscular structure of the heart. 

Myocele (ini'-o-siT) \jAq, muscle; ktjAt), tumor]. The 
protrusion of a muscle through its ruptured sheath. 

Myocelialgia (mi-o-se-le-al' '-je-ah) [five, muscle; aoiAia, 
cavity; aAyog, pain]. Pain in the muscles of the 
abdomen. 

Myocelitis (mi-o-se-li'-tis) [five, muscle ; noikia, cavity ; 
nig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the abdominal 
muscles. 

Myocelome [rni-o-se'-loni) \_\ivc, muscle ; Koikia, cavity]. 
The cavity of a protovertebra or myotome. 

Myocephalon (mi-o-sef'-al-on). Synonym of Myio- 
cephalon. 

Myochorditis [mi-o-kor-di'-tis) [/iuc, muscle ; X°P°''lt 
cord ; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
muscles of the larynx and the vocal bands. 

Myochrome {ini' -o-krom) \_jivc, muscle ; %p£)/ia, color]. 
Myohematin, q. v. 

Myochronoscope {i?ii-o-kro' -no-skop) \jwc, muscle ; 
Xpdvoq, time ; ckoiruv, to examine]. An instrument 
for measuring the rapidity of muscular contraction or 
the propagation of a nerve-stimulus through a muscle. 

Myoclonia (ini-o-klo 1 ' -ne-ah) \jxvc, muscle ; nAovog, 
spasm]. Clonic spasm of the muscles. 

Myoclonus {mi-ok* -lo-nus) [five, muscle ; k'A6voc, 
clonus]. Clonic spasm of a muscle, or of various 
muscles. M. multiplex. See Paramyoclonus mul- 
tiplex. 

Myoccele (tni'-o-scl) [five (fivbc), a muscle; noiAia, a 
cavity]. Hatschek's term for the thick epithelium of 
the ental wall of the dorsal segments of the am- 
phioxus larva, which produces the muscles of the 
entodermal side of the cavity of the segments. 



Myocolpitis (mi-o-&ol-pi'-tis) [five, muscle ; k6Attoc, 
vagina; iric, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
muscular coat of the vagina. 

Myocomma (mi-o-kom'-a/i) [pvc, muscle; nofifia, seg- 
ment: //. , Myocommata\. Any one of the trans- 
verse segments into which embryonic muscle-tissue 
is divided. In adult man, some of the muscles 
exhibit traces of these primitive myocommata. A 
myotome, or muscular metamere, a segment of the 
grand 7nuscle lateral of Cuvier. 

Myocrismus (mi-o-kriz'-mus) [five, muscle ; Kpi^eiv, 
to creak]. A creaking sound heard over muscles 
during contraction. 

Myoctonin (tiii-ok' -to-ni?i) [five, mouse; ktuvuv, to 
kill]. A bitter extractive of Aconitutn lycoctonum, 
a powerful poison resembling curare in action. Unof. 

Myocyst (mi'-o-sist) [five, muscle ; kvutic, cyst] . A 
cystic tumor of a muscle. 

Myocyte (mi'-o-sil) [five, muscle; kvtoc, cell]. A 
muscle-cell ; a structural element conspicuous in the 
histology of certain of the lower animals. 

Myodemia (mi-o-de' ' -me-ah) [five, muscle; irjfioe, fat]. 
The fatty degeneration of muscle. 

Myoderma (mi-o-der'-mali) [five (fivoe), a muscle ; 
depixa, the skin]. In biology, the muscular layer or 
"lamina muscularis" of the invertebrate ectoplasm. 
Cf. Myophan. 

Myodes (mi-o'-dez) [five, muscle; eldoc, like]. I. Re- 
sembling muscle; muscular. 2. The platysma, or 
fleshy expansion of the neck. See Muscles, Table of. 

Myodesopsia (mi-o-dez-ops'-e-a/i) See Myiodesopsia. 

Myodiastasis (ini-o-di-as> '-las-is) [fivg, muscle ; 6id, 
apart; oraaig, a standing]. I. The separation that 
takes place between the ends of a cut muscle. 2. 
The traumatic injury of a muscle by straining or 
stretching. 

Myodopsia (mi-o-dop'-se-ali). Synonym of Myiodesopsia. 

Myodynamia {mi-o-di-na' '-tne-ah) [/ivg, muscle; 6v- 
vafitg, force]. Muscular power or strength. 

Myodynamic [mi-o-di-nam' -ik) [five, muscle ; divauiq, 
power]. Pertaining to the force of muscular contrac- 
tion. 

Myodynamics (ini-o-di-nam' -iks) [fivg, muscle; dvva/iig, 
power]. The mechanics of muscular action. 

Myodynamometer (mi-o-di-nam-om' '-et-er) [fivg, mus- 
cle ; dvvafiic, power ; fierpov, measure] An instru- 
ment for measuring muscular strength. 

Myodynia {mi-o-din' -e-ali) [fivg, muscle ; bdvvjj, pain]. 
Pain in the muscles. 

Myoendocarditis [mi-o-en-do-kar-di'-tis) [fivg, muscle ; 
svdog, within; napfiia, heart; irig, inflammation]. 
Simultaneous inflammation of the endocardium and 
the myocardium. 

Myofibroma (mi-o-f-bro'-mah) [fivg, muscle; fibra, 
fiber; bfia, tumor : pi., Myofibromata~\. A muscular 
tumor containing fibrous elements. Such tumors are 
common in the walls of the uterus. 

Myogaster (mi'-o-gas-ter)[fivg, muscle ; ^aarifp, belly]. 
The belly of a muscle. 

Myogenesis (mi-o-jen' -cs-is) [fivg, muscle ; yevemc, 
genesis]. The development of muscular tissue. 

Myogenic {mi-o-jen'-ik) [fivg, muscle ; yewav, to pro- 
duce]. Of muscular origin. 

Myognathus (mi-og' '-na-thtis) [five, muscle ; yvaftog, 
jaw]. A form of double monstrosity in which the 
accessory head is joined to the autosite by means of 
muscle and integument only. 

Myogonic [mi-o-gon' -ik) [five, muscle; yiyveoBai, to 
be born]. Inherent in muscle, as contractile power. 

Myogram (mi'-o-gram) [five, muscle ; ypdu/ia, a 
marking]. The muscle-curve as inscribed by the 
myograph. 



MYOGRAPH 



829 



MYOPATHIC 



Myograph (mi'-o-graf) [//Of, muscle; ypddeiv, to 
write]. An instrument for determining the duration 
of each phase of a muscular contraction. M., 
Cardiac, the cardiograph, q. v. M., Palate, an in- 




SCHEME OF V. HELMHOLTZ'S MYOGRAPH. 

M. Muscle fixed in a clamp, K. F. Writing style. P. Weight 
or counterpoise for the lever. W. Scale-pan for weights. 
S, S. Supports for the lever. 

strument that records the movements of the uvula 
and soft palate during speaking and swallowing. It 
consists of a rod which is introduced through the nose 
and rests against the soft palate, while the other end 
records the movements on a drum. 

Myographer [mi-og' '-ra-fer) [five, muscle ; ypacbeiv, to 
write]. One versed in myography. 

Myographic (mi-o-graf -ik) [five, muscle ; ypdupeiv, to 
write] . Pertaining to a myograph. 

Myographion [mi-o-graf '-e-on) [five, muscle ; ypd<j>eiv, 
to write]. A myograph. 

Myographist (mi-og' -ra-fist) [five, muscle ; ypd<peiv, to 
write]. A myographer. 

Myography (mi-og' -ra-fe) [five, muscle ; ypdipuv, to 
write], i. A description of the muscles. 2. The 
employment of the myograph. 

Myohematin (mi-o-hem' -at-in) [five, muscle ; al/ia, 
blood] . A nitrogenous coloring-matter of muscles ; 
the true intrinsic coloring-matter of red muscle, in- 
cluding the kistohematin characteristic of invertebrate 
muscle. It yields a four-banded spectrum. Its solu- 
tions when weak are of a reddish-yellow color, but if 
strong they are pure red. 

Myoid (mi'-oid) [five, muscle; elSoc, form]. Having 
a resemblance to muscular tissue. 

Myoidema (mi-oid-e' -inali) [fivq, muscle; oiSi/fia, a 
swelling]. The wheal brought out by a sharp tap 
on a muscle in certain conditions of exhaustion. 

Myoides (mi-oi'-dez) [five, muscle ; elehe, like]. The 
platysma. See Muscles, Table of. 

Myolemma (mi-o-lem'-ah) Tuiio, muscle ; M/i/ia, cover- 
ing]. The thin membrane enveloping the fibrillae of 
muscle. Same as Sarcolemma. 

Myolemmatic (mi-o-lem-at'-ik) [/Ac, muscle ; Xe/xfia, 
covering]. Pertaining to the myolemma. 

Myolin (mi'-o-lin). See Myosin. 

Myolipoma (mi-o-lip-o' -mah) [five, muscle ; X'nroc, fat ; 
bfia, tumor : //., Myolipomata\. A myoma with lipom- 
atous elements. 

Myologic (mi-o-loj'-ik) [five, muscle ; Aoyoc, science]. 
Pertaining to myology. 

Myologist (mi-ol'-o-jist) [/Ac, muscle; loyoe, science]. 
One versed in myology. 



Myology (mi-ol'-o-je) [five, muscle; A<fyo?, science]. 
The science of the nature, structure, functions, and 
diseases, of muscles. 

Myoma (mi-o'-mah) [five, muscle; bfia, tumor://., 
Myomaia\. A muscular tumor. Also, an affection 
marked by the growth in the skin of small, sessile, 
freely movable, isolated, reddish tumors consisting of 
involuntary muscular fibers. If small and multiple, 
they are called lio-myomata ; if there is but a single 
large tumor, it is called a dartoic myoma ; if the tumors 
contain much fibrous tissue, they are called fibro- 
in vomata ; if vascular and erectile, angio-myomata ; if 
the lymphatics are involved, lymphangio-myomata. 
M., Fibro-. See Myofibroma. M., Lio-. See leio- 
myoma. M., Rhabdo-. See Rhabdomyoma. 

Myomalacia (mi-o-mal-a' -se-ati) [/Ac, muscle ; fiaAania, 
softening]. An abnormal softening of the muscles. 
M. cordis, fatty degeneration and softening of a por- 
tion of the heart-muscle, resulting from thrombosis or 
embolism. 

Myomatous (mi-o f -mat-us) [/Ac, muscle ; bfia, tumor]. 
Of the nature of a myoma. 

Myomectomy (mi-o-mek' -to-me) [/Ac, muscle ; bfia, 
tumor; eKTourj, excision]. Surgical removal of a 
uterine or other myoma. 

Myomelanosis (mi-o-mel-an-o'-sis) [five, muscle ; fieX- 
dvuoie, a. becoming black]. The presence of a black- 
ish coloration in muscular tissue. 

Myomere (mi'-o-mer) [five, a muscle; ficpoe, a part]. 
In biology, a muscular flake or metamere ; a myo- 
comma or myotome. 

Myometer (mi-om' -et-er) \jivq, muscle ; fierpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for measuring the shortening of 
a muscle in contracting. 

Myometritis {ini-o-met-ri' -tis) [five, muscle ; fiijTpa, 
uterus ; irir, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
uterine muscular tissue. 

Myomotomy {mi-o-mot'-o-me) \_fivg, muscle; bpa, 
tumor; ropi;, a cutting]. The operation of excising 
fibro-myomata of the uterus. 

Myon {mi' -on) \_fivuv, a cluster of muscles]. A unit of 
musculation ; a group of muscles viewed as an 
integer. 

Myonarcosis [ini-o-nar-ko' '-sis) \_fivq, muscle ; vapnuou;, 
numbness]. Numbness of the muscles. 

Myoneoplasma (ini-o-ne-o-plaz' -mak) [five, muscle ; 
vsoc, new; nTiaopa, formation: //. , Myoneoplasmata\ 
A myoma or muscular neoplasm. 

Myoneuralgia [mi - o -nu- ral' -je - an) [five, muscle ; 
vevpov, nerve ; akyoc, pain]. Neuralgic muscular 
pain. 

Myonicity [mi-o-nis' -it-e) [fiv<;, muscle]. The power 
of living muscle to contract and to relax. 

Myonitis [mi-on-i 1 ' -tis)[fivq, muscle; nic, inflammation]. 
Synonym of Myositis. 

Myonosus [mi-on' -o-sus) [five, muscle ; vdaoc, disease]. 
A disease of the muscles. 

Myopachynsis (mi - o -pak -in' - sis) [five, muscle; 
Tiaxvvaic, thickening]. Muscular hypertrophy. M. 
lipomatosa. See Paralysis, Pseudo-hypertrophic. 

Myopalmus (mi-o-pal' -mus) [five, muscle ; itaXfibe, 
a twitch]. A twitching of the muscles. 

Myoparalysis (mi -o -par - a I' -is- is) [p.ve, muscle; 
■Kapal.vaie, paralysis]. Paralysis resulting from mus- 
cular abnormality, without affection of the nervous 
centers or nerves. 

Myopathic (mi-o-path'-ik) [five, muscle ; iraOoe, disease] . 
Relating to or of the nature of a myopathy. M. 
Muscular Atrophy ; Erb includes under this head 
pseudo-hypertrophic muscular paralysis, juvenile mus- 
cular atrophy, and infantile paralysis. The three 
are classed together as Dystrophia muscularis pro- 



MYOPATHY 



830 



MYOSINOGEN 



gressiva. M. Facies, " facies myopathique ; " a 
peculiar form of expression seen in infantile forms of 
myopathic muscular atrophy. It is characterized by 
imperfect movement of the facial muscles, sinking in 
of the cheeks, and drooping of the lower lip. 

Myopathy (mi-op' -ath-e)[fivc , muscle ; —afloc, suffering]. 
Any disease of a muscle or of the muscular system. 

Myope (mi' -dp) [fivuip, short-sighted]. A person 
affected with myopia. 

Myopericarditis (mi-o-per-ik-ar-di' -tis) [five, muscle ; 
~epi, around; napdia, heart ; trig, inflammation]. A 
combination of pericarditis with myocarditis. 

Myophagocyte (mi-o-fag'-o-sit) [five, muscle ; oayelv, 
to eat ; kvtoc, cell]. Metschnikoff "s term for a phago- 
cyte produced from muscular tissue. 

Myophan (mi'-o-fan) [five, muscle ; tpaivtiv, to appear]. 
In biology, an ectoplasmic layer containing muscle- 
fibrillae, found in many invertebrates (Infusoria). Cf. 
Myoderma. 

Myophone (mi'-o-fon) [five, muscle; <puvr/, sound]. 
An instrument for hearing the sounds produced during 
the contraction of a muscle. 

Myophonia (mi - o-fo'- ne - ah) [five, muscle; (jxjvr/, 
sound]. Muscle-sound. 

Myophore (mi'-o-/or)[pve, muscle; tpkpeiv, to bear]. In 
biology, any specialized apparatus for the attachment 
of a muscle. 

Myophorous (mi-off'-or-us) [five, muscle ; tpipetv, 
to bear] . Relating to or connected with a muscle, as 
a myophore. 

Myophrisc (mi'-o-frisk) [five, a muscle ; tppiaaeiv, to 
ruffle or throw into ripples]. In biology, contrac- 
tile, filamentous processes supposed to perform hydro- 
static functions, found arranged on the sarcodyctium 
in a circle around each skeletal spine of the Acantho- 
metridce among the Protozoa. 

Myophysical (mi-o-fiz' -ik-al) [five, muscle ; tpvtnur/, 
physics]. Appertaining to the physics of muscular 
action. 

Myophysics (mi-o-fiz' -iks) [five, muscle; tpvoini), phys- 
ics]. The physics of muscular action. 

Myopia (mi-o'-pe-ah) [ftveiv, to close ; utji, eye ; myopes 
having the habit of partially closing the lids to avoid 
spheric aberration]. Near-sightedness ; an optic defect, 
usually due to too great length of the antero-posterior 
diameter of the globe, whereby the focal image is 
formed in front of the retina. M., High, a degree of 




The Formation of the Image in a Mvopic Eve, in 
front of the retina. 

myopia greater than 6.5 diopters. M., Low, one less 
than two diopters. M., Malignant, rapidly progress- 
ing myopia. M., Progressive, continuous increase 
of myopia, due to increasing elongation of the eyeball. 

Myopic (mi-oj/ -ik) [/liieiv, to close ; uib, eye]. Per- 
taining to or having the nature of myopia. Near- 
sighted. M. Crescent, a yellowish-white, crescentic 
area about the papilla, due to atrophy or breaking 
away of the choroid, and exposure of the sclerotic ; 
it is seen in myopia, but often, also, in other refractive 
derangements. 

Myopiesis (mi-o-pV -es-is) [«i>c, muscle ; Trieste,, press- 
ure]. The squeezing or kneading of a muscle as a 
therapeutic measure. 

Myopiosis (m/'-o-pi-ii'-sis). Synonym of Myopia. 



Myoplast (mi' - - plasi) [five, muscle ; ■x'/.aoaew, to 
mold]. A muscle-producing cell. 

Myoplastic (mi-o-plas'-tik) [five, muscle ; ■TrXaaaeiv, to 
mold]. Producing muscle ; pertaining to a myoplast. 
M. Bodies, the embryonic cells from which muscular 
fibers are developed. 

Myoplegia (mi-o-ple' -je-ah) [fivq, muscle ; irfa/yf/, 
a stroke]. A condition of diminished muscular power, 
or of muscular paresis. 

Myopodiorthosis (mi-o-po-di-or-tho'-sis). Synonym of 
Myoporth osis . 

Myopolar (mi-o-po' -lar) [five, muscle; iroloe, pole]. 
Pertaining to muscular polarity, electric or other. 

Myoporthosis (mi-o-por-tko'-sis) [fivuip, near-sighted; 
bpBoe, straight]. The correction of myopia. 

Myopresbytia (mi-o-pres-bish'-e-ah) [uvaifi, near- 
sighted ; Tzpeajivrrje, old-sighted] . Combined myopia 
and presbyopia. 

Myoproteose (mi-o-pro'-te-oz). See Myoalbumose. 

Myopsia (mi-ops' '-e-ah). Synonym of Myiodesopsia. 

Myopsin (mi-ops' -in) . A powerful proteolytic substance 
said by Defresne to occur in pancreatic juice. 

Myopy (mi'-o-pe). Synonym of Myopia. 

Myorrheuma (mi-or-u'-mah) [five, a muscle; ptvtxa, a 
flow]. A synonym of Muscular Rheumatism or 
Myalgia. 

Myorrhexia, Myorrhexis (mi-or- eks' - e- ah, mi-or- 
eks'-is) [five, muscle ; pij^ie, a tearing]. Laceration 
or rupture of a muscle. 

Myosalgia (mi-o-sal' -je-ah). See Myalgia. 

Myosarcoma (mi-o-sar-ko' -mah) [five, muscle ; cap!;, 
flesh ; bua, tumor, //., Myosarcomata]. A sarcoma 
with myomatous elements, or one that has originated 
in a myoma. 

Myosarcomatous (mi-o-sar-ko' -mat-zis) [//£>?, muscle ; 
cvipf, flesh ; bua, tumor]. Affected with, or of the 
nature of, myosarcoma. 

Myosclerosis (mi-o-skle-ro'-sis) [/'f'f. muscle; mc?rip6r, 
hard]. A temporary hardening of a muscle, often 
of the sterno-cleido-mastoid, sometimes seen in young 
infants. 

Myosclerotic (mi-o-skle-rot'-ik) [in r c, muscle; OK?,?)p6c, 
hard]. Pertaining to the hardening of muscles, espe- 
cially from connective-tissue overgrowth. M. Paral- 
ysis. See Paralysis, Pseudo-hypertrophic. 

Myoscope (mi'-o-skop) [ui'Z, muscle ; ononuv to in- 
spect]. An apparatus used in observing the contrac- 
tion-phenomena of muscles. 

Myoseism (mi-o-se'-izm), Myoseismia (mi-o-se-iz' -me- 
ah) [ijvc, muscle; aeiauoc, a shake]. A symptom that 
consists in repeated stops in the course of muscular 
contractions by which the whole movement is rendered 
jerky. When this jerky movement affects the ocular 
muscles, it causes an irregularity that may be mistaken 
for nystagmus. A similar irregularity renders speech 
and writing jerky and the gait staggering. The pa- 
tient is unable to maintain his equilibrium with his 
eyes shut. 

Myoseptum (mi - - sep' -turn) [uvc, muscle ; septum, 
septum]. The intermuscular septum between the 
metameres of muscles of certain animals, as of fishes. 

Myosin (mi'-o-sin) [uhuv, muscle]. A proteid of the 
globulin class, the chief proteid of muscle. Its coag- 
ulation in muscle after death causes rigor mortis. Hy- 
drochloric acid converts it into syntonin. It is soluble 
in dilute saline and dilute alkaline solutions, and in 
acids ; it is insoluble in water and is precipitated by 
alcohol. M., Peptone. Synonym of Myosinose. M., 
Vegetable, a substance resembling myosin, found in 
almonds, maize, peas, and other vegetables. 

Myosinogen (mi-o-sin'-o-jen) [fivt.iv, muscle; yewav, 
to beget]. One of the proteids of muscle-plasma. 



MYOSINOSE 



831 



myringoplasty 



coagulated at 56 C. It is the antecedent of myosin, 
into which it is converted by a suitable stimulus. See 
Umscle-plasma. 

Myosinose mi-o-sin-oz') \jomm, muscle]. The sub- 
stance produced by the peptonization of myosin. Two 
varieties have been found, protomyosinose and deutero- 
myosinose. 

Myosis tmi-t/sis) [jtvetv, to close, or uir, muscle]. I. 
Abnormal smallness of the pupil of the eye ; the same as 
2. Myopathy. M., Paralytic, that form 
due to paralysis of the sympathetic or dilator nerve. 
M., Spastic, that produced by stimulation of the oculo- 
motor or constrictor nerve. M., Spinal, that depend- 
ent on disease of the spinal cord. 

Myositic {mi-o-sit'-ik, [uien-, to close; uir, muscle ; 
trie, inflammation]. Pertaining to, or affected with, 
myosis, or with myositis. 

Myositis ymi-o-si'-tis\ [[At;, muscle; trie, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of muscular tissue, more especially 
of the connective tissue of muscles. M., Fibrous, 
M., Interstitial, an inflammation of the connective 
tissue of muscle. M. interstitialis lipomatosa pro- 
gressiva paralytica. Synonym of As 
trophic Muscular Paralysis. M. ossificans, is char- 
acterized by the formation of osseous deposits in the 
muscles. M., Specific, M., Syphilitic, that due to 
syphilis. There may be a deposit of gummata in the 
muscles. M. trichinosa, that due to the presence 
of trichina spiralis in the muscles. 

Myosome 1 mi'-o-som) [uic, muscle ; atjua, body]. The 
contractile substance of muscle. 

Myospasis 1 mi-os' '-pas-is) [uir, muscle ; crraaic, a 
drawing: pi., Myospases~\. A muscular contraction. 

Myospasm [mi' '-o-spazm) [uic, muscle : o—acuoc, 
spasm]. A spasmodic contraction of a muscle. A 
cramp. 

Myospectroscope imi-o-spek'-tro-skof) [uir, muscle ; 
spectrum, spectrum; mtuKea, to see]. An instrument 
for examining the spectroscopic image of a muscle. 

Myostypsis mi-o-stipZ-sis) [uir, muscle ; rrriibic, a con- 
tracting]. Muscular contraction ; also any interfer- 
ence with functional movement. 

Myosuture mi-o-suf -tiir\ [uir, muscle; rtiiura, a 
suture]. Suture of a muscle. 

Myosystema mi-o-sis-W '-mati) [uic. muscle ; Tic-rjua, 
system]. A system of muscles. M. circulare. the 
circular muscle of the sub-umbrella of medusae. M. 
radiale, the radial muscles of the sub-umbrella of 
medusas. 

Myotalgia , mi- :-tal'-je-ah). Synonym o: 

Myotasis [mi-of-as-is) [uic, muscle ; took, a stretch- 
ing]. Passive tension of a muscle. 

Myotatic mi-o-tal'-ik ~~ic. muscle; rdctc, a stretching]. 
Pertaining to the deep reflexes or contractions of the 
muscles dependent upon passive tension for their elici- 
tation. M. Irritability, a term suggested by Gowers 
to replace the inaccurate one. tendon-reflexes, the 
tendons not being etiologically connected with the 
phenomenon. •• The irritability on which they de- 
pend is due to and demonstrative of a muscle reflex 
action which depends on the spinal cord. 

Myotenotomy -o-t ■ -.- ' -sxc, muscle : rzvurv, 
tendon ; _ : .. , a cutting]. The division of a tendon, 
when the muscle is able to retract. 

Myothelium -\-. ~_-'-C. muscle 

nipple]. The cellular elements composing a myotome 
or protovertebra. 

Myothermic mi-o-ther'-mik\ [uir, muscle; t?ipur/, 
heat] . Pertaining to heat-development in a muscle. 

Myotic mi-of- :o close]. I. Pertaining to, or 

causing, myosis. 2. An agent causing myosis. or con- 
traction of the pupil. The one most used by ophthal- 



mologists is eserin. Morphin, pilocarpin, muscarin 
and other drugs also cause contraction of the pupil. 

Myotility mast Muscular con- 

tractility, or tonicity. 

Myotome . - 1 cutting]. 

1. A cutting instrument used in myotomy. 2. The 
same as Alyocomma. 

Myotomy " . muscle; rour,, a cutting]. 

I. Surgical division of a muscle. 2. The incision or 
dissection of muscle; See Ti n 

Myotonia : - .- - /. muscle: niiwc, ten- 

sion]. 1. Muscular s^asm. 2. The stretching of a 
muscle. M. congenita, M. hereditaria. Thom- 
sen's disease ; an hereditary neurosis characterized bv 
tonic spasms in the voluntarily moved muscles. See 
Dis. 

Myotonic < r;i-o-:on'-ii- [air, muse - - , tension]. 
Pertaining to myotonia, or to myotonus. M. Reac- 
tion. See Thsrruen's Disease. 

Myotonus ."■_-, muscle; ravoc, stretch- 

ing]. 1. Muscular tone, quality, or tension. 2. 
Tonic muscular spasm. 

Myotyrbe ' ' nosde ; - ■ . disorder]. 

Chorea ; incoordinate muscular movements. 

Myrabolan •':i--as'-;-l:n . See Myroc:- 

Myriachit 3 -. s - : - 

MyriagTam [uvoioc, ten thousand; 

9 ..ua, gram]. Ten thousand gra - 

Myriakit mir' -e-^k-:i . See Palmus. 

Myrialiter :en thousand ; fl-pa, 

liter]. Ten thousand liters. 

Myriameter ~ wot, ten thousand ; 

- . 1 measure]. Ten thousand meters. 

Myrica mi-rik'-ah [ . the tamarisk]. A genus 

of aromatic shrubs of some 35 known species. M. 
cerifera, of IV. America. M. califomica, of the 
Pacific States. M. cordifolia. M. laciniata, and M. 
aethiopica. of Africa. M. carcasana. and M. micro- 
carpa, of tropical America, are among the wax-bear- 
ing species. The species last named has useful 
medicinal - - See ~~ rim, Gale, and." 

M.. Oleum, Oil of Myrica; Oil of Bay is 
the volatile oil of the Bayberry. or West Indian bay- 
leaf. It is an aromatic, pungent liquid, used chiefly 
as a perfume and in cosmetics. It is somewhat re- 
freshing in faintness and headaches. M., Spiritus. 
" bay rum.' " contains : oil of bay 16. oil of orange-peel 
I, oil of pimento 1. alcohol 1000, water 7S2 parts, mixed 
and filtered through carbonate of magnesia. 

Myricin ~ . the tamarisk]. A pre- 

cipitate from a tincture of the root-bark of -\ 
cerifera : it is astringent, stimulant, anti-spasmodic. 
and anti-syphilitic. Dose from I to 3 grains. Unof. 

Myricyl " . the t am ar is k ; " - . mat- 

ter]. See ' ' '. M. alcohol. C % H o ,,0. A 

monatomic alcohol derived from beeswax. 

Myringa. Myrinx " v ~L.]. The 

membrana tympani. 

Myringitis (mi-rir.- [ : r, mem- 

brana tympani: - ;• inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the membrana tympani. 

Myringodectomy ::-dek'-to-m: '_ 

myringa: ; - e:::ision]. Excision of a part or of 

the whole of the membrana tympani. 

Myringomycosis mi-rin'-: 

membrana tympani ; u\sr,c. fungus]. A fungous growth 
within the meatus, or on the myringa -. also the dis- 
eased condition in which such a growth is seen. M. 
aspergillina. Wreden's term for Otomycosis, p. : . 

Myringoplastic i mi-riiz' '-go-pfasf-tik '_ • <tgB, mem- 
brana tvmpani : _ '- formed]. Pertaining to myr- 
ingoplasty. M. Method, a method for the cure of 



MYRINGOPLASTY 



832 



MYSTAX 



dry perforation of the ear-membrane, recommended 
by Berthold, and attended with some success. A 
piece of sticking-plaster is first laid over the perfora- 
tion and then pulled off in order to cause irritation of 
the margins. After this a piece of skin from the arm 
or elsewhere, or the skin of a hen's egg, is applied to 
the orifice and the ear carefully plugged. 

Myringoplasty [rni-rin/ -go-plas-te) \myringa, tympanic 
membrane; TrAaooeiv, to shape]. Plastic surgery of the 
membrana tympani. 

Myringotome (mi-rin' -go-torn) \myringa, myringa ; 
To/ur/, a cutting]. A knife-like instrument used in 
incision or removal of the membrana tympani. 

Myringotomy [mi-rin-got' -o-me) [tnyringa, tympanic 
membrane; ro/u/j, a cutting]. Incision of the tym- 
panic membrane. 

Myriosporous [mir-e-os' -po-rus) \_fivpiog, numberless ; 
CT7rd/3oc, seed]. In biology, producing many spores. 

Myrisma (mi-riz'-mah) [fi'vpiopa^. An anointing. 

Myristate [mi'-ris-tdt) [pvpiarmog, fit for anointing]. 
A salt of myristic acid. 

Myristic Acid [mi-ris' '-tik) [pvptariKoq, fit for anoint- 
ing], C H H 28 2 . A monobasic acid found in Myris- 
tica fragrans, in cocoanut oil, in spermaceti, etc. 

Myristica {mi-ris* '-tik-ali) \jivpiariK.bc,, fit for anoint- 
ing]. Nutmeg. The kernel of the seed of M. fra- 
grans, indigenous to the East Indies. Also, the 
fleshy covering of the fruit called mace. Its proper- 
ties are due mainly to the volatile oil. It is an aro- 
matic stomachic and tonic, and in large doses a 
powerful narcotic. The oil is sometimes employed 
as a rubefacient in paralysis and rheumatism, and is 
much used as a condiment. Dose gr. v-xx. M., 
Oleum, the volatile oil. Dose rt\j-v. M., Spiritus, 
a three per cent, solution in alcohol. Dose 3J-ij. 

Myristicated Liver [mi-ris' -tik-a-ted). Nutmeg liver, 
q. v. 

Myristication [mi-ris-tik-a 1 '-shun) \_p.vpi r uv, to anoint]. 
The development of a nutmeg condition of the liver. 

Myristicin [mi-ris' -tis-in) \_p.vpi r civ, to anoint]. A 
peculiar fatty body contained in nutmeg. 

Myristicol [mi-ris' -tik-ol \ju>pi r tiv, to anoint ; oleum, 
oil], C I0 H 16 O. An oily substance extracted from 
oil of nutmeg. 

Myristin [mi-ris' -tin) [pvpi(eiv, to anoint]. A com- 
pound of glycerin and myristic acid. 

Myristone [mi-ris' -ton) \jivp'i r uv, to anoint]. The 
ketone of myristic acid. 

Myrmecia [mur - me' - se - ah) [pvp/i7/Kta, ants' nest; 
pvppr/^, ant] . A warty growth on the palm or sole. 

Myrmeciasis [jnur-me-si' -as-is) [pvpp.?/^ , ant]. Formi- 
cation. 

Myrmecismus, Myrmecium [mur-me-siz' -mus , mur- 
me'-se-um). Synonym of Myrmeciasis. 

Myrmecology [mur - me - kol' -o-je) [jxvppri^, an ant; 
/loyoc, science]. That department of biologic science 
which treats of ants. 

Myrmecophilous [mur-me-koff' -il-us) \jivpp.rfc, ant ; 
<f>ifa>g, loving]. In biology, ant-loving. Applied to 
such plants as are cross-fertilized by means of ants, or 
to such insects as live in ant-hills. 

tAyrmecosis[m ur-me-ko' -sis). Synonym of Myrmeciasis. 

Myrobalan [mi-rob' -al-an) \_pvpov, ointment ; fiahavoq, 
nut]. Also Myrabolan. The fruit of several species 
of Terminalia found in India, and other eastern 
countries, and used in leather-manufactures. The tan- 
nin occurs in the pulp that surrounds the kernel. It is 
generally used in combination with other tanning 
materials, to modify the objectionable color which 
some of the latter impart to the leather. By itself it 
produces a soft and porous tannage. See Myrobal- 
anus. Myrobalan was formerly, and is still locally, 



much used in medicine. Commercially it is divided 
into several sorts, citrine, emblic, belleric, etc. Unof. 

Myrobalanus [ini-ro-baV -an-us) [piipov, ointment ; 
fid'Aavog, nut]. The emblic myrobalan ; the fruit of 
Phyllanthus emblica, of Southern Asia. It has a 
slight laxative followed by an astringent effect, and 
is highly recommended in dysentery and chronic 
diarrhea. Botanically, this is not a true myrobalan. 
Dose 3 ij- 5; j. Unof. 

Myronate (m/'-ron-at) [fivpov, an ointment]. A salt 
of myronic acid. 

Myronic Acid [mi-ron'-ik). See Acid. 

Myrophorum [mi-rojf' -or-um')\ji'vpov, ointment ; <j>epetv, 
to carry]. An instrument for applying ointments to 
narrow openings or parts of the body difficult of 
access. 

Myrosin [mi-ro' -sin) \jivpov, ointment]. An albumin- 
ous ferment obtainable from mustard-seed, which 
liberates the oil of mustard from potassium myronate. 

Myroxylon [mi-roks' -il-on) \_pbpov, balsam ; fi/W, 
wood]. A genus of tropical leguminous trees. M. 
pereirae yields balsam of Peru, and M. toluiferum 
affords the balsam of tolu. 

Myrrh [mur) \_pbppa, myrrh]. The resinous substance 
obtained from Commiphora myrrha, indigenous to 
Arabia. In small doses it is a stimulant, in large 
doses an irritant, to the gastro-intestinal membrane. 
It is valuable in amenorrhea and bronchial catarrh, and 
makes an excellent mouth-wash and lotion for spongy 
gums. It is used chiefly in dentifrices. Dose gr. 
x-xxx. M., Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose Tt^x-xxx. 

Myrrhic Acid [mur'-ik) \jiiippa, myrrh], C 24 H 32 4 . A 
liquid substance obtained from myrrhin. 

Myrrhin [mur' -in) \_pvppa, myrrh], C 24 H 32 5 . A resin 
contained in myrrh. 

Myrrhol [mur'-bl) \jivppa, myrrh ; oleum, oil], C 22 H 32 - 
2 . A yellow volatile oil derived from myrrh. 

Myrtiform [mur'-tiform) \myrtum, a myrtle-berry ; 
forma, form]. Shaped like a myrtle-berry or myrtle- 
leaf. M. Caruncles. See Carunculce. M. Fossa, 
a shallow pit between the edge of the pyriform aperture 
of the superior maxilla above, and the sockets of the 
front teeth of the upper jaw below. 

Myrtillus [mur-til'-us) [myrtus, pvproc, the myrtle]. 
The juice of the common bilberry ( Vaccinium 
myrtillus), used for staining histologic sections. 

Myrtle [mur'-tl) [myrtus, pvprog, the myrtle]. A popu- 
lar name for several plants of the genera Myrtus, q.v. 
and Myrica, q. v. The wax-myrtles belong to the 
genus Myrica. M.-wax, a solid fat obtained by 
pressure from the berries of Myrica cerifera, having a 
specific gravity of 1. 005 at 15° C, and fusing at from 
45 to 46°C. It is used as a substitute for beeswax 
in pharmacy and particularly in candle-making. 
Several other species of this genus (see Myrica) 
afford myrtle-wax. 

Myrtol [mur'-tol) [myrtus, fi'vproQ, myrtle ; oleum, oil]. 
A constituent of the essential oil of Myrtus communis 
(see Myrtus) ; it is useful in bronchitis, vaginitis, and 
urethritis, and as a sedative and antiseptic. Dose gtt. 
iv-xvj, in capsules. Unof. 

Myrtus [mur' -tus) [myrtus, \ivproq, myrtle]. A genus 
of trees, shrubs, and vines, found in various parts of 
the world. M. communis, classic myrtle, which has 
leaves that afford myrtol, q. v. The plant was 
formerly much used as an astringent. Unof. 

Mysiology [mis-e-ol'-o-jc). Synonym of Myology. 

Mysophobia [mi-so-fo'-be-ah) [uvaoc;, filth; 0<5/3of, 
dread]. A form of insanity characterized by a dread 
of contact, or of dirt ; rupophobia. 

Mystax [mis'-tahs) [uvara^, the upper lip]. The upper 
lip. Also, the moustache. In biology, applied to 



MYTACISM 



833 



MVXOSPORIDIA 



the conspicuous tuft of hairs immediately over the 
mouth in certain diptera (Asilidte). 

Mytacism [mit'-as-izm). See Mutacism. 

Mytilotoxin (mit-il-o-toks'-in) \_portAoc, mussel ; to^ikov, 
poison], C 6 H 15 N0 2 . A poisonous ptomain that has 
been prepared from the common mussel ; it is similar 
to curara. See Ichthysmus, and Ptomains, Table of. 

Mytilus [mit'-il-us) \_pxjrlloc, a sea-mussel]. Mussel, 
a lamellibranchiate mollusc. M. edulis, the edible 
mussel. Under certain conditions, mussels are very 
poisonous, either because of some change in their 
juices, induced by modification of their environment, 
or because a poisonous species is mixed with a non- 
poisonous one. Edible mussels become poisonous 
in filthy water, while poisonous ones are deprived 
of their toxicity after a prolonged sojourn in good 
■water. 

Mytome {mi'-tom). See Chromatin and Mitome. 

Myurous [mi-it'-rus) \_pi%, mouse ; obpd, a tail]. Taper- 
ing like the tail of the mouse ; a qualification applied to 
the pulse when it is progressively growing feeble. 

Myxa (miks'-ah) \jivl-a., mucus]. Mucus. 

Myxadenitis [miks-ad-en-i' -tis) \_pi%a, mucus ; adi/v, 
gland ; irig, inflammation]. Inflammation of a mucous 
gland. 

Myxadenoma (jniks- ad-en- o'-mah). Synonym of 
Myxoadenoma . 

Myxangitis [miks-an-ji' -tis) \_pvS,a, mucus ; ayyeiov, 
vessel; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the duct 
of a mucous gland. 

Myxedema [iniks-e-de' -mall) \_p'v^a, mucus; o"n5//pa, 
edema]. Adult Sporadic Cretinism; Packydermic 
Cachexia ; Cachexia strumipriva ; a disease charac- 
terized by the collection of a mucus-like substance 
in and about the connective tissue of the body, and 
by atrophy of the thyroid gland. There is a char- 
acteristic cretinoid physiognomy; the body is bulky 
and unwieldy; the skin dry, scaly, and thickened. 
Speech is slow, monotonous, and guttural ; there is 
marked intellectual torpor, and insanity is likely to 
develop. The disease is a chronic one, and the ten- 
dency is from bad to worse ; it is more common in 
women than in men, and usually occurs between the 
ages of thirty and sixty-five. Nothing is known 
positively as to the etiology. It is sometimes induced 
by surgical interference with or by ablation of the 
thyroid gland. A similar state has been produced in 
animals by extirpation of the thyroid gland. Im- 
provement, and, in some cases, cure has been achieved 
by the therapeutic administration of sheep's thyroids 
or their extracts. 

Myxedematoid (miks-e-de 1 -mat-oid) \_pb^a, mucus; 
olAr/pa, edema; eZrJoc, like]. Resembling myxedema. 

Myxedematous [tniks-e-de' -mat-us) \_pvi-a, mucus ; 
oiSr/pa, edema]. Pertaining to, affected with, or of 
the nature of, myxedema. 

Myxemia (miks-e'-me-ah) \_pv^a, mucus ; aipa, blood]. 
An accumulation of mucin in the blood. 

Myxeurysma (miks-u-riz' '-mail) [jivtja, mucus ; evpvveiv, 
to widen). Cavernous lymphangioma. 

Myxiosis (miks- e-o' -sis) \_pv^a, mucus]. A mucous 
discharge. 

Myxoadenoma (rniks-o-ad-en-o' -mah) \jivi-a, mucus ; 
adi]v, gland ; bpa, tumor]. An adenoma that has in 
part undergone myxomatous degeneration ; an adenoma 
of a mucous gland. 

Myxochondroma (miks-o-kon-dro'-mah) [//''fa, mu- 
cus; x° v dp°S> cartilage; bpa, tumor: pi. , Myxochon- 
dromata~\. A tumor containing mucous and cartilagi- 
nous elements. 

Myxochondrosarcoma (miks-o-kon-dro-sar-ko' -mah) 
[iui'fa, mucus; ,£dv<5poc, cartilage; cdpf, flesh; bpa, 
53 



tumor]. A mixed tumor containing myxomatous 
and cartilaginous tissue and embryonal connective 
tissue. 

Myxocylindroma (miks - o-sil -in-dro' - mah) [/ivl-a, 
mucus; Kvltvfipot;, cylinder; bpa, tumor], A myxoma- 
tous sarcoma in which the myxomatous tissue is dis- 
posed in the meshes of the sarcoma. 

Myxocystitis (rniks-o-sis-ti'-tis) \_pvi-a, mucus ; Krcrr/c, 
bladder; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
mucous membrane of the bladder. 

Myxodes (miks-o'-dez) \jiv^a, mucus; e«5oc, like]. 
Resembling mucus. 

Myxoendothelioma {miks -o- en-do- the - le - o'- mah) 
\_pvi-a, mucus ; kvSov, within ; QrjMi, a nipple ; bpa, 
tumor: //. , Myxoendotheliotnata\. An endothelioma 
that contains myxomatous tissue. 

Myxofibroma (jniks-o-ji-bro' -mah) \_pv%a, mucus ; fibra, 
fiber; bpa, tumor: pi. , Myxofibromatd\. A fibroma 
that has in part undergone myxomatous degenera- 
tion. 

Myxoglioma (tniks-o-gli-o' -mah) \_pvS,a, mucus ; yAia, 
glue ; bpa, tumor: pl.,Myxogliomata~\. A glioma with 
myxomatous elements. 

Myxoid (iniks' -oid) \_pv^a, mucus ; tldoQ, like]. Like 
mucus. 

Myxoinoma (t?iiks-o-in-o'-mah) \_pv^a, mucus; le, a 
fiber; bpa, a tumor]. A benign form of inoma, with 
myxomatous elements. 

Myxolipoma (miks-o-lip-o' -mah) \_pi<S.a, mucus ; Aitzoq, 
fat; bpa, tumor : //. , Myxolipomata~\. A fatty tumor 
that has in part undergone myxomatous change. 

Myxoma (miks-o' -mah) \_pv^a, mucus ; bpa, tumor : pi. 
Myxomata\. A connective-tissue tumor the con- 
sistency of which is similar to the jelly of Wharton of 
the umbilical cord. It consists of a gelatinous, 
mucin-containing intercellular substance, in which are 
scattered peculiar branched or stellate cells. 

Myxomatoses {miks-o-mat-o' '-dez) \_p'v^a, mucus ; bpa, 
tumor]. Characterized by myxomatous degeneration. 

Myxomatous (miks-o' '-mat-us) \_pv^a, mucus ; bpa, 
tumor]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, myxoma. 
M. Degeneration, the same as mucoid degenera- 
tion. It attacks epithelium and connective tissue, 
giving rise to the production of a gelatinous substance 
containing mucin. In epithelial tissue the cells only 
are affected ; in connective tissue the intercellular sub- 
stance. M. Degeneration of the Placenta. See 
Mole. 

Myxomycetes (niiks-o-mi-se' -tez) \_pi>£;a, mucus ; pilaws, 
fungus]. A genus of slime-fungi found in decaying 
wood and moss. 

Myxoneuroma (?niks-o-nu-ro / -mah) \_pv^a, mucus ; 
vevpnv, nerve ; bpa, tumor : pi., Myxoneuromata]. I. 
A glioma. 2. A neuroma with mucous elements. 

Myxopodia (miks-o-po 1 '-de-ah) \_pvl-a, mucus ; tcovq, 
(rrnS-) a foot]. In biology, a form of pseudopod, 
protrusible, retractile, soft, fusing with neighboring 
pseudopodia into a network, and, in many Rhizopoda, 
often collecting by flowing together outside the body, 
into small masses at the points where they meet with 
food. They are characteristic of the Rhizopoda and 
most Radiolaria, and are to be distinguished from 
Axopodia . 

Myxorrhea (jniks-or-e' -ah) \_prSa, mucus ; po!a,a. flow]. 
A copious mucous discharge. 

Myxosarcoma (miks-o-sar-ko'-mah) [pi'^a, mucus; 
trdpf, flesh ; bpa, tumor]. A sarcoma that has in part 
undergone myxomatous degeneration. 

Myxospore [miks' -o-spor) [pv^a, mucus; OTropoc , seed] . 
In biology, a spore produced in the midst of a gelat- 
inous mass without a distinct ascus or basidium. 

Myxosporidia (miks-o-spor-id'-e-ah) \jxvt-a, mucus; 



MYXOTHECA 



834 



NAIL 



OTtopog, seed]. A group or order of Sporozoa, found 
as parasitic bodies in the muscles and epithelia of fishes ; 
they produce a psorospermosis which is frequently 
wide-spread and destructive. 
Myxotheca (miks-o-t/ie' '-kali) \jiv^a, mucus ; Bi/Kij, a 



sheath: pi. , Myxotheca]. In biology, the horny 
sheath of the tip of the lower mandible of a bird. 
Myzesis (mi-ze'-sis) \_pv&iv, to suck]. Synonym of 
sucking. 



N 



N. The symbol of nitrogen ; also, the sign of the index 
of refraction. 

N. A. Abbreviation for numerical aperture. 

N. F. National Formulary; a collection of formulas 
issued by the American Pharmaceutical Association as 
a kind of supplement to the U. S. Pharmacopeia. 

Na. Symbol of natrium or sodium. 

Ni. The symbol for nickel. 

Nabalus (nab'-al-us) [yafiXa, a harp]. A genus of 
composite-flowered plants ; by some considered a sec- 
tion of Prenanthes. There are many American 
species, called drop-floiver and rattlesnake-root. A 
poultice of the pounded fresh leaves of N. altissimus, 
or " white lettuce," of N. America, has been used as 
an application to ulcers, gangrenous sores, etc. Unof. 

Naboth, Cysts of, N., Glands of. See Gland. N.'s 
Menorrhagia, a serous discharge from the vagina in 
pregnant women. 

Nabothian Ovule [na-bo'-tke-an). See Ovule. 

Nacre (na'-ker) [Ar. , nakir, hollowed out]. Mother- 
of-pearl. 

Nacreus {na'-kre-ns) [Ar. , nakir, hollowed out]. Re- 
sembling nacre or mother-of-pearl. 

Naegele's Fluids. Fluid culture-media. i. Water 
loo c.c, ammonium tartrate I gm., potassium biphos- 
phate o.l gm., magnesium sulphate 0.02 gm., cal- 
cium chlorid 0.01 gm. 2. Water 100 c.c, albumin- 
peptone 1 gm. , potassium Diphosphate 0.2 gm. , mag- 
nesium sulphate 0.04 gm., calcium chlorid 0.02 gm. 
3. Water 100 c.c, cane-sugar 3 gm. , ammonium tar- 
trate I gm., potassium bitartrate 0.21 gm., magnesium 
sulphate 0.04 gm., calcium chlorid 0.02 gm. Filter 
and sterilize. N.'s Obliquity of the Head, lateral 
flexion of the fetal head toward the mother's sacral 
bone, the left ear approaching the left shoulder, and 
the right parietal bone presenting in a left occipito- 
anterior position. It is the third step in the mechan- 
ism of delivery. See Obliquity. N.'s Rule, for 
predicting the date of confinement : " Count back 
three months from the date of cessation of the last men- 
strual flow, and add seven days." Hirst modifies this 
by counting from the date of appearance, believing 
that the result will be more accurate. N.'s Pelvis. 
See Pelvis, Female, Deformities of. N.'s Theory. 
See Heredity. 

Nsevoid (ne'-void). See Nevoid. 

Naevose (ne'-vos). See Nevose. 

Naevus [ne'-vus). See Nevus. 

Nail (nal) [ME., naile, a nail]. The horny lamina cov- 
ering the dorsal aspect of the end of each finger and toe. 
N.-area, a thickening of the epitrichium over the end . 
of the digit, marked out quite definitely by a limiting 
groove that persists more or less distinctly through- 
out life. It first appears in the human embryo about 
the beginning of the third month. N.-bed, the de- 
pression in which the nail rests. N.-bone, the lacry- 



mal bone or os unguis. N. -brush, a hand brush for 
cleaning the finger-nails. N. -culture, a term applied 
in bacteriology to a stab-culture showing a growth 
along the needle-track, and on the surface a button-like 
projection, giving the appearance of a nail driven into 
the gelatin. N.-file, a small single-cut file for trim- 
ming the finger-nails. N.-fold, the portion of epi- 





Ungual Extremity of 
Finger, showing Nail. 

I. Fold of skin covering root 
of nail. 2. Incised and 
turned back. 3. Semilunar 
portion of subungual skin. 
4. Portion corresponding to 
body of nail. 



Concave Aspect of Nail. 

I. Its proximal border. 2. 
Portion corresponding to 
lunula. 3. Body. 4. Free 
distal border. 




Longitudinal Section of 
Ungual Extremity of 
Finger, showing Nail. 



. Corneous layer of epider- 
mis of dorsal aspect. 2. Re- 
flection of this layer upon 
nail. 3. Superficial layer of 
nail. 4. Corneous layer of 
epiderm of pulp of finger. 
5. Rete Malpighii of dorsal 
aspect. 6. Reflection of this 
layer. 7. Second reflection. 
8. Rete Malpighii of pulp of 
finger. 9. Derma of dorsal 
aspect. 10. Reflection of 
derma. 11. Second reflec- 
tion of derma. 12. Derma 
of palmar aspect of finger. 
13. Ungual phalanx. 

dermis that covers the root and edges of the nail. N.- 
groove, the depression for the insertion of the nail. 
N., Hang, a little shred of skin hanging from the 
finger at the side of the nail. Hang-nails are some- 
times quite painful, and the little wounds offer en- 
trance to septic matter. N., Infleshed, Ingrow- 
ing, or Ingrown, an overlapping of the nail by the 
flesh, from pressure, attended with ulceration. N.- 
matrix, the proximal end of the A r .-/>ed ; the struc- 
ture from which the nail grows. N.-pad. The same 
as N.-rampart. N. -plate, the volar side of a claw. 
N. -rampart, the epidermic border against which the 
margin of the nail rests. N., Reedy, N., Striated, 
a nail presenting longitudinal furrows. N.-root, the 
portion of the nail attached to the N. -matrix. N., 
Spring. Same as Hang-nail. N., Turtle-back, a 



NAILERS' CONSUMPTION 



835 



NAPIFORM 



name given by S. Weir Mitchell to a nail curved in 
all directions ; it is a condition seen in certain trophic 
disturbances. N.-wall. The same as N. -rampart. 

Nailers' Consumption. See Siderosis. 

Nail-smiths' Cramp. See Cramp. 

Naked (na'-ked) [ME., naked, naked]. Unclothed; 
nude. N. Broomrape. See Aphyllon. N. Eye, 
the eye unaided by a magnifying instrument. 

Nakra \na'-krah) [Beng.]. A Bengalese disease re- 
sembling influenza. 

Nalardofi [nal-ar-do' -fe) [native Iceland]. In Iceland, 
an endemic numbness of the hands, probably caused 
by the milking of ewes. 

Namangitis (nam-an-ji' -tis). Synonym of Lymphan- 
gitis. 

Nameless Crime. The name given to perversion of 
the genetic instinct, by which sexual gratification is 
secured in other than the normal way, as by buccal 
or anal coitus, etc. 

Nanander (nan- a n' -de r) [vavoc, a dwarf; avrjp, male]. 
Same as. Micrander. 

Nancy Method. See Hypnotism. 

Nanism (nan'-izm) [vavog, dwarf]. Abnormal small- 
ness of size from arrested development. Dwarfish- 
ness. 

Nanization (nan-iz-a* '-shim) [vavoc, a dwarf]. In bi- 
ology, artificial dwarfing, as practised by the Japanese 
on certain trees. 

Nanocephalia (nan-o-sefa' -le-ah) [vavog, dwarf; Ke<j>- 
aXrj, head]. The condition of being nanocephalous. 

Nanocephalism (nan-o-sef'-al-izm). See Nanocephalia. 

Nanocephalous (nan-o-sef r -al-us) [vavoc,, dwarf ; netpalJ/, 
head]. Possessing a dwarfed or diminutive head. 

Nanocephaly (nan-o-sef -al-e'). See Nanocephalia. 

Nanocormia, Nanocormus, (nan-o-kor'-me-ah, nafi-o- 
kor'-})ius) [vavoc, dwarf ; Kop//<5f, trunk]. I. A mon- 
strosity possessing a dwarfed trunk. 2. A dwarfed 
condition of the trunk. 

Nanoid (nan'-oid) [vavoc, dwarf; eldor, like]. Dwarf- 
like. 

Nanomelia, Nanomelus {nan-o-7ne'-le-ah, nan-om'- 
el-us) [vavoc, dwarf; fielog, limb]. A fetal mon- 
strosity characterized by undersized limbs. 

Nanophyes (nan-off'-e-ez) [vivos, dwarf; <pbeLV, to 
grow]. Dwarfish. 

Nanosomia (nan-o-'so 1 '-me-ah). See Microsomia. 

Nanosomus (iian-o-so' -tnus) [vavoc, dwarf; aufia, 
body]. One dwarfed in body. 

Nanus [nan' -its') [vavoc, a dwarf]. I. A dwarf. One 
of less than ordinary stature. 2. Dwarfish ; stunted ; 
very small. 

Nape (nap) [ME., nape, nape]. The back part of the 
neck; the nucha. 

Napellin (na-pel'-in) [napeilus, dim. of napits, a 
turnip], C 26 H 39 NO n . An alkaloid from Aconitnm 
napeilus. It is an anodyne and antineuralgic. Dose, 
gr. \-\. See Aconite. 

Napeilus (na-pel'-us) [L., dim. of napus, a turnip]. 
Aconitum napeilus, q. v. 

Naphtha (naf'-thah) [ydtpOa, asphaltum], Danforth's 
oil ; a product obtained from petroleum, boiling at 8o° 
to 110° C. ; specific gravity .690 to .700 or 76 to 70 
B. It is used for burning in vapor-stoves and street- 
lamps, as a solvent for resins in making varnishes, and 
in the manufacture of oilcloths. 

Naphthalene (naf -thal-en) [vd(j>Ha, asphaltum] , C 10 H 8 . 
One of the principal constituents of coal-tar, occurring 
in it in various proportions of from five to ten per cent. ; 
it is also formed when the vapors of organic substances 
are passed through tubes heated to redness. The 
specific gravity of naphthalene when solid is 1.158 ; at 
its melting-point (79.2° C.)the specific gravity is 0.978 ; 



it boils at 216. 6° C. The odor is pleasant, though char- 
acteristic. Naphthalene crystallizes in large, silvery, 
brilliant, thin, rhombic plates, that are feebly soluble in 
hot, but insoluble in cold water, though easily soluble 
in methyl and ethyl alcohols, chloroform, ether, and 
benzene. It is employed in the manufacture of a large 
series of coloring-matters; as an enricher of illuminat- 
ing gas ; and when specially refined, as a substitute for 
ordinary camphor in preventing the ravages of insects 
in woollen goods. It is an antiseptic, and, internally, 
an active expectorant ; it is useful as a dressing for indo- 
lent sores, and, internally, in pulmonary catarrh. Dose, 
gr. ij-x in emulsion, or in pill, gr. |, given every hour. 
In large doses it is toxic, causing emesis and purgation. 
Unof. N.-red, C 30 H 21 N 4 C1 ; magdala-red ; a saf- 
ranin of naphthalene. It is a dark-brown powder 
that dissolves very readily in alcohol with a bluish-red 
coloration. It imparts a beautiful rose- red color to 
silk. N. -yellow. See figments, Conspectus of. 

Naphthalidin (naf-thal'-id-in) [vd<j>6a asphaltum], 
C 10 H 9 N. An amin derivative of naphthalene, occur- 
ring in two isomeric forms. 

Naphthalin (naf -thal-in) [vdfda, asphaltum]. Same 
as Naphthalene. N. Dye-stuffs. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. N.-red, N. -scarlet, N. -violet. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Naphthalol (naf -thal-ol) [vd<pda, asphaltum ; oleum, 
oil], C 6 H 4 OH.COOC 10 H 7 . A salicylic-acid deriva- 
tive of /3-naphthol. 

Naphthamein (naftham-e' -in). See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Naphthene (naf '-then) [vd(j>Ba, asphaltum], C 20 O 6 . A 
hypothetic substance existing in many naphthalin 
compounds. The naphthenes are hydrocarbons present 
in German oils, and are also contained in Caucasian 
petroleum ; they are insoluble in sulphuric acid ; octo- 
naphthene, C g H 16 , and nono-naphthene, C 9 H I8 , are 
well known ; the naphthenes are considered identical 
with the benzene hexa-hydrids. 

Naphthylamin (nafthil'-am-in). Same as Naphthal- 
idin . 

Naphthylcarbamid (nafthil-kar 1 '-bam-id). See Naph- 
thylurea. 

Naphthylene (naf ' -thil-en) [vd<j>6a, asphaltum]. Syno- 
nym of Naphthene. N.-blue. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Naphthylurea (iiafthil-u* '-re-ah) (vd<j>6a, asphaltum ; 
ovpov, urine]. A substance that appears in the urine 
after free administration of naphthalin ; it colors the 
excretion brown. With acetic acid it gives a rose 
color ; with sulphuric acid it has a green reaction. 

Naphtol, or Alpha-naphtol (naf'-tol) [vacpOa, as- 
phaltum], C 10 H 7 .OH. A substance that results from 
<2-naphthylamin by means of the diazo-compound. It 
is soluble with difficulty in hot water, readily in al- 
cohol and ether, crystallizes in shining needles, and 
has the odor of phenol. It melts at 95 C, and boils 
at 278°-28o° C. It is used in the preparation of alpha- 
oxynaphtoic acid. N., /3-, or Beta-naphtol, 
C 10 H 7 .OH, is formed from ,3-naphthylamin. It is 
readily soluble in hot water: it crystallizes in leaflets, 
melting at 122 C. , and boiling at 286 C. N.-blue. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. N. -camphor, a mix- 
ture of /3-naphtol one part, with camphor two parts. 
It is antiseptic, and is used in diphtheria and pulmon- 
ary tuberculosis. Unof. N. -green, N. -violet, N.- 
yellow. See Pigments, Conspechis of. 

Napifolious (na-pifo'-le-us) [napus, a turnip ; folium. 
a leaf] . In biology, having leaves like those of the 
turnip. 

Napiform (na' -pif-orm) [napus, a turnip ; forma, form]. 
Turnip-shaped. 



NAPKIN 



836 



NASAL 



Napkin [nap' -kin) [ME. , napkyn, a napkin]. I. A 
handkerchief. 2. A diaper. 3. A cloth used by 
menstruating women. N. -holder, an instrument used 
by dentists for holding a napkin in position within the 
mouth while a filling is being inserted in a tooth. 

Naples (iia'-pls) [Ital.]. A city of southern Italy. N. 
Fever. A synonym of Fever, Typhoid. N. Green. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. N. Red. Same as 
Oc her. N. Yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Napoleon Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of 

Narceia {nar-se'-yah). Same as Narcein. 

Narcein (nar'-se-in) [yapicr/, numbness], C 23 H 29 N0 9 . 
An alkaloid contained in opium. It is sparingly sol- 
uble in water and alcohol, and forms fine, silky, in- 
odorous, bitter crystals. It is sometimes used in medi- 
cine as a substitute for morphin. Dose gr. }(. Unof. 

Narcei'nic Acid (nar-se-in'-ik) [yapurj, numbness], 
C 15 H 15 N0 8 -(- 3H 2 0. An oxidation-product of nar- 
cein ; it is a tribasic acid. 

Narcema [nar-se' -mah) . Synonym of Narcosis. 

Narcesis [nar-se' -sis) . Synonym of Narcosis. 

Narcissus {nar-sis' -us) [yapniaooc, narcissus, so called 
from its narcotic qualities] . A genus of monocotyled- 
onous plants. N. pseudo-narcissus Linn, common 
daffodil or chalice-flower, used as a diuretic. Unof. 

Narcitin [nar' '-sit-in). Synonym of Pseudo-narcissin. 

Narcohypnia (nar-ko-hip' -ne-ah) [yapur), stupor; 
a<pvnvobi>, to awake]. Waking numbness ; a peculiar 
state in which the patient has a sense of numbness on 
awaking. 

Narcolepsy (nar'-ko-lep-se) [yapKij, stupor; ?Mp[3aveiv, 
to seize]. A term applied to the sudden but short 
attacks of deep sleep occasionally accompanying epi- 
lepsy, gouty, diabetic, and other affections. See also 
Nilavan and Filariasis. 

Narcoleptic (iiar-ko-lep'-tik) [vapurj, stupor; Xap.pa.VELv, 
to seize]. Affected with narcolepsy. 

Narcoma [iiar-ko 1 '-mali) \_vapiv], stupor]. The stupor 
produced by the use of a narcotic. 

Narcomania (nar-ko-ma' -ne-ah) \yapKrj, stupor; pavia, 
mania]. Insanity characterized by stupor. 

Narcomatous (nar-ko'-mat-us) [yaprnj, stupor]. Per- 
taining to, affected with, or of the nature of, narcoma. 

Narcopepsia, Narcopepsis (tiar-ko-pep' -se-ah, nar-ko- 
pep'-sis) [yaptu], stupor; Tikipic, digestion]. Slow or 
torpid digestion. 

Narcorthopnea (iiar-kor-thop-ne f -ah) [yapKr), stupor; 
bp06c, straight; nvoia, breathing]. Orthopnea ac- 
companied by stupor. 

Narcose {nar'-koz) [yapar], stupor]. In a condition of 
stupor. 

Narcosis [nar-ko'-sis) [vapKootg, numbness]. The 
deadening of pain, or the production of incomplete or 
complete anesthesia by the use of narcotic agents, such 
as the anesthetics, opium, and other drugs. 

Narcospasmos (nar-ko-spaz'-mos) \_vapnr), stupor; airaa- 
p6c, spasm]. Spasm accompanied by stupor. 

Narcotic [nar-kot'-ik) [yapK.uTiK.6t;, from vapKovv, to be- 
numb]. 1. Producing stupor. 2. A drug that pro- 
duces narcosis. 

Narcotin (nar'-kot-in) \_vapKa~tK6c, narcotic] , C 22 H 23 N- 
7 . An alkaloid of opium, separated from morphin 
by potassium hydroxid. It crystallizes from alcohol in 
shining prisms, and melts at 176 C. It is said to be 
sudorific and antipyretic, but has no narcotic or hyp- 
notic effects. Dose, gr. j-ij. Unof. 

Narcotism (nar'-kot-izm) [yapKUTMAc, narcotic; from 
vapKT), stupor]. The condition resulting from the con- 
tinued use of a narcotic. 

Narcurethritis {nar-ku-re-thii' -tis). Synonym of 
Gleet. 

Nard [vapdot;, nard]. See Spikenard. 



Nardine, Nardy {nar'-din, nar'-de) [yapdoc, nard]. 
Pertaining to, or redolent of, nard. 

Naregamia (riar-ega'-me-ah) [E. Ind.]. Goanese 
Ipecacuanha ; the bark of N. alata, having properties 
due to an alkaloid, naregamin. It is useful in bilious 
disorders and rheumatism. The alkaloid has proved 
valuable in dysentery. Dose gr. xv. Dose of the 
tincture (1 to 4) as an alterative n\v-x ; as an emetic, 
TTLxv-xxx. Unof. 

Naregamin (ttar-eg'-am-in) \tiaregamia\ An alka- 
loid contained in Naregamia alata. 

Narial {na'-re-al). Synonym of Nasal. 

Naricorn (iia' -rik-orn) [naris, nostril ; cornu, horn]. 
In biology, the horny nasal case or rhinotheca of cer- 
tain birds. 

Nariform [na'-riform) [naris, nostril ; forma, form]. 
Shaped like a nostril. 

Narine (tia'-rin) [naris, a nostril]. Narial ; pertain- 
ing to the nostrils. 

Naris [na / -ris)['L. : pi., Nares\ The nostril. See Nasal 
Fossce. N., Anterior, the nostrils. N., Internal, N., 
Posterior, the posterior openings of the nasal cavi- 
ties, through which they connect with the pharyngeal 
cavity. 

Narthex (nar'-theks) [yapdrj^, narthex]. The genus 
Terula ; also a splint for the leg. 

Nasal (na'-zal) [nasus, the nose]. Pertaining to the 
nose. N. Angle. See Angle. N. Artery. See 
Arteries, Table of. N. Bones, the two small bones 
forming the arch of the nose. See Bones, Table of. 




Transverse Section of the Nasal Foss/E. 
1. Nasal septum. 2. Anterior extremity of middle turbinated 
bone. 3. Middle meatus. 4. Section of inferior turbinated 
bone 5. Inferior meatus. 6. Lacrvmal canal. 7. Canalic- 
uli. 8. Nasal canal. 9. Section of reflected mucous mem- 
brane. 10. Maxillary sinus or antrum of Highmore. 

N. Canal. See Canal. N. Cartilage. See Cartilage. 
N. Catarrh, catarrh of the nasal cavities ; cold in 
the head; coryza. N. Cavities, the nasal fossce, a. v. 
N. Cough, a reflex cough, due to irritation of the 
mucous membrane of the nasal fossa?. N. Crest. 



NASARIUM 



837 



NATURAL 




Nasal Bones, Exter- 
nal Aspect. 

i, i. The two nasal 
bones. 2, 2. Superior 
extremity. 3, 3. In- 
ferior border. 4, 4. 
Internal border. 5, 
5, 5, 5. External bor- 
der. 



See Crest. N. Diplopia. Same as Crossed Diplopia. 
N. Duct. See Lacrymal Duct. N. Eminence. See 
Eminence. N. Floor, the floor 
of the nasal fossce. N. Fossae, 
the nostrils ; the cavities in the 
middle of the face leading to the 
internal surfaces of the nose. 
N. Ganglion, the spheno-pala 
tine ganglion. See Ganglia, 
Table of. N. Groove. See 
Groove. N. Index. See Index. 
N. Labyrinth, the irregular 
cavity formed by the turbinal 
bones in the nasal passages. N. 
Line. See Lines, Table of. N. 
Meatus, one of the nostrils. 
N. Membrane, the Schneideri- 
an membrane. N. Nerve. See 
Nerves, Table of. N. Notch. 
See Notch. N. Passages, the 
meatuses of the nose. N. Point. 
See Craniotnetric Points. N. 
Process. See Process. N. Re- 
flex. See Reflexes, Table of. N. Septum. See 
Septum of the Nose. N. Spine. See Spine. N. 
Voice, a peculiar muffled twang of the voice, espe- 
cially marked in cases of perforation of the palate. 
See Dead Voice. 

Nasarium (na-za* ' -re-urn) [tiasus, nose]. Nasal mu- 
cus. 

Nascal (nas'-kl) [nascale~\. A pledget or dossil of 
lint, cotton, or wool, used in the treatment of uterine 
or vaginal disease. 

Nascent (nas'-ent) [nascor, nasci, to be born]. A 
term applied to gaseous substances at the moment of 
their liberation from chemic union. 

Nasen (na'-zen) [nasus, a nose]. Belonging to the 
nasal bone in itself. 

Nasethmoid (na-zeth' -moid) [nasus, nose; rfi\i6q, a 
sieve ; el(hr, like]. Pertaining to the nasal and eth- 
moid bones. 

Nasiform (71a' -ziform) \_nasus, nose ; forma, form] . 
Shaped like the nose. 

Nasilabial (na-zil-a'-be-al). See Nasolabial. 

Nasio-alveolar (na' -ze-o-al-ve' -o-lar) [nasus, nose ; 
alveolus, socket]. Relating to or connecting the 
nasion and the alveolar point. 

Nasio-bregmatic (na' ' -ze-o-breg-mat' '-ik) [tiasus, nose ; 
ftptyfia, bregma]. Pertaining to the nasion and the 
bregma. 

Nasio-inial (na' -ze-o-in' -e-al) [tiasus, nose; Iviov, 
occiput]. Pertaining to the nasion and the inion. 

Nasio-mental (na'-ze-o-men'-tal) [nasus, nose ; men- 
tion, chin]. Pertaining to or connecting the nasion 
and the mentum. 

Nasion (11a' -ze-on) \_nasus, nose]. The median point 
of the naso-frontal suture. See Craniometric Points. 

Nasitis (na-zi'-tis). See Rhinitis. 

Nasmyth's Membrane. The epithelial membrane 
enveloping the enamel of the teeth during their 
development and sometimes also for a short time after 
birth; cuticula dentis. 

Naso- (na'-zo-) [nasus, nose]. A prefix to denote con- 
nection with or relation to the nose. N. -alveolar. 
Same as Nasio-alveolar. N. -basal, pertaining to the 
nose and the base of the skull. N. -basilar, pertaining 
to the nasal point and the basion. N. -frontal, pertain- 
ing to the nasal and frontal bones. N. -labial, pertain- 
ing conjointly to the nose and the lips ; applied to cer- 
tain muscles. N. -lacrymal, pertaining to the nose and 
to the lacrymal apparatus, as the naso-lacrymal duct. 
N. -maxillary, pertaining to the nasal bone and the 



upper jaw-bone. N.-opisthiac, pertaining to the 
nasion and the opisthion. N. -palatal, N. -palatine, 
pertaining to both nose and palate. Also, the name of 
the nerve entering the nasal fossa and passing across 
the roof of the nose to the roof of the mouth, supply- 
ing that part of the mucosa behind the incisor teeth. 
See Nerves, Table of. N. -pharyngeal, pertaining 
conjointly to the nose and the pharynx. N. -pharyn- 
gitis, inflammation of the mucosa lining the naso- 
pharynx. N. -pharynx, the arching space between 
the posterior nares and a horizontal plane through 
the lower margin of the soft palate. N.-subnasal, 
in craniometry, applied to a line connecting the nasal 
and the subnasal points. 

Nasocular (na-zpk' -u-lar) [tiasus, nose ; oculus, eye]. 
Pertaining to the nose and the eye ; nasorbital. 

Nasology (na-zol'-o-je) [tiasus, nose ; A.6yoc, science]. 
The study of noses. 

Nasorbital (na-zor'-bit-al) [nasus, nose; orbitalis, 
orbital]. Nasal and orbital. 

Nasta (nas'-tali) [vaardc, solid]. A fleshy tumor of 
the neck about the shoulders. 

Nasus (na'-zus) [L.]. The nose. 

Nasute (na'-siit) [nasus, nose]. Large-nosed. 

Nasutiform (na-su'-tif-orm) [nasutus, long-nosed; 
forma, form]. In biology, applied to nose-like pro- 
cesses of the heads of insects. 

Natal (na' -tl) [natalis, from nasci, to be born]. Na- 
tive ; connected with one's birth. 

Natal (na'-tl) [natis, rump]. Gluteal ; pertaining to 
the nates. 

Natal Sore. See Furunculus orientalis. 

Natalitial (na-tal-ish' ' -al) [natalis, from nasci, to be 
born]. Pertaining to one's birth. 

Natality (na-tal'-it-e) [natalis, of birth]. In State 
medicine and statistics, the birth-rate. 

Nataloin (nat-al' -o-in) [Natal; al6t], the aloe], 
C 23 H 28 O n . The aloin derived from Natal aloes. 

Natant (tia'-tant) [natare, to swim]. Swimming or 
floating on the surface of a liquid. 

Nates (na'-tez) [natis, the buttock: pi., Nates']. The 
buttocks. N. of Brain, the anterior pair of the Cor- 
pora quadrigemina. 

Natiform (nat'-iform) [nates, buttocks; forma, form]. 
Buttock-shaped. 

Native (na'-tiv) [nativus, born]. Coming into ex- 
istence by birth ; of indigenous origin or growth. N. 
Albumins, a class of animal proteids occurring in a 
natural condition in animal solids and fluids. They are 
soluble in water, and are not precipitated by alkaline 
carbonates, sodium chlorid, or very dilute acids. Their 
solutions are coagulated by heat at 65° to 73° C. 
Dried at 40 C. they yield a clear, yellow or amber- 
colored, friable mass soluble in water, called soluble 
albumin. The two chief varieties of native albumins 
are serum-albumin and egg-albumin. 

Nativism (na' -tiv-izm) [nativus, born]. The psycho- 
logic theory that assumes that our ideas of form, 
space, and distance are, at least in part, due to the 
make-up of the organism or to some native power or 
endowment, and not entirely to experience. 

Nativistic (na-tiv-is' -tik) [nativus, native]. Pertaining 
to nativism. 

Natrium (na'-tre-um). See Sodium. 

Natron (na'-tron) [Ar. , natron, native carbonate of 
sodium]. Native sodium carbonate. Also, sodium 
or potassium nitrate. This was formerly the exclusive 
meaning of the word. 

Natta (nat'-ah). An old name for a wen, fleshy excres- 
cence, or tumor. [Obs.] 

Natural (naf -tt-ral) [natura, nature]. I. Pertaining 
to nature. 2. An idiot. N. Gas, the mixture of 



NATURALIA 



838 



NECROCEDIA 



inflammable gases that is found issuing from the earth 
in various localities. It consists essentially of methane, 
with small quantities of hydrogen, carbon monoxid 
and dioxid, and some nitrogen. N. History, a term 
including a description of all the products and phe- 
nomena of nature, but now usually restricted to the 
sciences of zoology and botany. N. Order, one of 
the divisions in the classification of both animals and 
plants, varying in its technical meaning according to 
the system of classification. N. Philosophy, the 
science treating of the physical properties of matter at 
rest and in motion. It is now usually called Physics. 
N. Selection. See Evolution. 

Naturalia (nat-u-ra' -le-ali) [natura, nature]. The 
genitalia. 

Naturalism (naf ' -u-ral-izvi) [natura, nature]. The 
expectant method of treating disease. 

Naturalization (nat-u-ral-iz-a' -shun) [natura, nature]. 
The process by which a plant or an animal trans- 
ferred from its natural habitat adapts itself to its new 
surroundings. 

Naturalized (nat'-u-ral-lzd) [natura, nature]. Relat- 
ing to naturalization. 

Nature (na'-tur) [natura, birth, origin]. The aggre- 
gate action and product of many natural laws (Dar- 
win). The energy by which the innumerable phe- 
nomena that fall daily under observation are produced. 
The word is loosely used as covering indiscriminately 
both biologic and non-living phenomena. 

Naturism (na' -tur-izm) . Synonym of Naturalism. 

Naupathia (naw-pa' '-the-ali) [yabc, ship ; iradoc, sick- 
ness]. Seasickness. 

Nauplius (flaw' -ple-us) [vavc, a ship ; ■kJ.elv, to sail]. 
In biology, the earliest recognizable form of the crus- 
tacean larva, having an unsegmented ovate body, a 
median frontal eye, and three pairs of natatory feet, of 
which the anterior are simple and the other two bira- 
mose. N. Eye, the unpaired eye of all larval Crus- 
taceans, and retained in the adult Entomostraca. 

Nausea (flaw' -ze-ah) [nausea, vavoia, seasickness]. 
Sickness at the stomach, with inclination to vomit. 
N. marina, N. navalis, seasickness. 

Nauseant (naw'-ze-ant) [yavaia, seasickness]. I. Nau- 
seating ; producing nausea. 2. Any agent that pro- 
duces nausea. 

Nauseating (naw'-ze-a-ting). Synonym of Nauseous. 

Nauseous (naw'-ze-us, or nawz' -yus) [yavaia, seasick- 
ness]. Producing nausea, or loathing. 

Nautomania (naw-to-ma' -ne-ah) [vabri/r, sailor; fiavia, 
madness]. A kind of homicidal madness said by 
some writers to exist among sailors. 

Navel (na'-vl) [ME., navel, navel]. See Umbilicus. 
N.-ill, a disease of calves, in which the navel be- 
comes inflamed and the adjacent parts red and 
swollen. N. -string, the umbilical cord. 

Navicula (na-vik' -u-lah) [dim. of navis, ship]. A 
genus of diatoms of many species, some of which 
have the frustules marked with very minute striae, the 
definition of which is sometimes taken as a test of the 
power of microscopes. 

Navicular (na-vik' -u-lar) [navicula, a little ship]. 
Boat-shaped. N. Bone. See Scaphoid. N. Fossa, 
applied to several cavities, especially to a depression 
between the vaginal aperture and the fourchet, and 
to a dilatation of the urethra near the glans penis. N. 
Sheath, the synovial membrane covering the navicular 
bone in ungulates, as in the horse. 

Naviculoid (nav-ik'-u-loid) [navicula, a small boat ; 
ehhr, like]. Scaphoid. 

Naviform (na'-vif-orm) [navis, ship ; forma, form]. 

Boat-shaped ; scaphoid. 
Navis (11a' -vis) [navis, ship]. The vulva. 



Navy-blue. Same as Prussian Blue and Soluble Blue. 

Neale's Lung. An apparatus devised for the purpose 
of removing the carbon dioxid and ammonia from 
the vitiated atmosphere of a room. It is also called 
Neale's Chemical Lung. 

Nealogy (ne-al'-o-je) [veali/c, young, fresh ; toyoc, 
science]. In biology, the doctrine of the morphologic 
correlations of a young organism. 

Neanderthaloid (na-ahn'-der-tahl-oid) [from Neander- 
thal in Rhenish Prussia]. Resembling the (prehis- 
toric) Neanderthal skull, a noted skull found near 
Bonn, in Germany. A term used in craniology and 
anthropology. 

Neapolitan Fever. See Mediterranean Fever. N. 
Ointment, blue ointment ; mercurial ointment. 

Near (tier) [ME., nere, near]. 1. Being close by, not 
distant. 2. Closely akin. 3. The left side of an 
animal as distinguished from the "off," or the right 
side. N. Point. See Punctum proxitnum. N. -sight, 
N.-sightedness. See Myopia. 

Nearthrosis (ne-ar-thro'-sis) [veoc, new ; apBpuaic. 
joint]. A new and abnormally-produced articulation, 
in the sequence of a fracture, dislocation, or disease 
of the bone. 

Neat (net) [ME., fleet, an ox or cow]. Cattle of the 
bovine genus. N.'s-foot Oil, Oleum bubulum, is 
prepared from ox-feet collected from the slaughter- 
houses. It is a clear, yellowish oil of specific gravity 
.916 at 15° C. It does not congeal until below 32 F., 
and is not liable to become rancid. It is of great 
value as a lubricant, and is used for softening leather 
and in the grinding of metals. It is recommended as a 
substitute for cod-liver oil. Unof. 

Nebula (neb' -u-lah) [L. ,a cloud]. A faint, grayish 
opacity of the cornea. When more pronounced, it is 
called Leukoma. 

Nebulization (neb-u-liz-a' -shun) . Synonym of Atomiza- 
tion . 

Nebulizer (neb'-u-li-zer) [nebula, a cloud]. An instru- 
ment intended to produce a spray, and then to break 
this up into a veritable nebula by impact against the 
wall of the containing vessel or other convenient 
obstacle. It is a valuable form of inhaler in tuber- 
culosis. See Atomizer. 

Nebulose (neb'-u-loz) [nebula, a mist, a cloud]. In biol- 
ogy, having cloudy markings. 

Necessity, Triangle of. See Triangle, Carotid, In- 
ferior, in Triangles, Table of. 

Neck (nek) [ME. , nccke, neck]. The constricted 
portion of the body connecting the head with the 
trunk ; also, the narrow portion of any structure 
serving to join its parts. See Cervix. N., Ana- 
tomic, the constricted portion of the humerus, just 
below the articular surface, serving for the attachment 
of the capsular ligament. N., Derbyshire. Synonym 
of Goiter. N., Nithsdale. Synonym of Goiter. N.- 
rest, in massage, having the hands joined behind the 
neck. N., Surgical, the constricted part of the 
humerus just below the condyles. N.,Wry-. Synonym 
of Torticollis. 

Necrectomy (nek-rek'-to-me)[vEKp6c, dead ; kurouij exci- 
sion]. The excision of the necrotic conductors of sound 
in chronic purulent otitis media; in amove general sense, 
any removal of necrosed material by a cutting operation. 

Necrencephalus (uck-rcii-scf'-al-us) [ve/cpdc, dead ; 
£}'Kf0aAoc, brain]. Softening of the brain. 

Necrobiosis (nek-ro-bi-o'-sis) [vsKp6(, dead ; jiioc, life]. 
Molecular death of a tissue. 

Necrobiotic (nek-ro-bi-ot'-ik) [I'f/cpdc, dead; jiioc, life]. 
Pertaining to or causing necrobiosis. 

Necrocedia (nek-ro-se'-de-ah) [veKpor, corpse ; kt/Soc, 
care]. The process of embalming. 



NECK 



839 



NECK 




Muscles of Supra-hyoid and Infra-hyoid Regions. 

I. Posterior belly of digastric. 2. Stylo-hyoid. 3. Anterior 
belly of digastric. 4. Tendon and pulley of digastric. 
5. Anterior belly of 
right digastric. 6. 
Mylo-hyoid. 7. Hyo- 

flossus. 8. Sternal 
bers of right sterno- 
mastoid. 9. Sternal 
fibers of left sterno- 
mastoid. 10. Cleido- 
hyoid. 11. Tendon 
of omo-hyoid. 12. 
Thyro-hyoid. 13. 
Sterno- thyroid. 14. 
Inferior constrictor 
of pharynx. 15. 
Trachea. 16. Esoph- 
agus. 17. Rectus cap- 
itis anticus m aj or 
18. Longus colli. 19 
Scalenus anticus. 20 
20. Scalenus posticus 
21,21. Levator angul 
scapulae. 22. Sple 
nius capitis. 23, 23 
Splenius colli. 24 
Trapezius. 25. At 
tachment of sterno- 
mastoid. 26. Retra- 
hens aurem. 27. Oc- 
cipital portion of oc- 
cipito-fr on t al. 28. 
Deltoid. 29. Attach- 
ment of pectorales 
majores to sternum. 
30. External intercos- 
tal. 31. Internal in- 
tercostal . 




The Sterno-cleido-mastoid Muscle. Muscles of the 
supra-hyoid and infra-hyoid regions. 

1. Anterior belly of digastric. 2. Posterior belly. 3. Tendon 

and pulley for ten- 
don. 4. Stylo-hyoid. 
fi-k • W%!&*. 5- Mylo-hyoid. 6. 

Hyo-glossus. 7. Ster- 
no-cleido-mastoid. 8. 
Anterior or sternal 
portion. 9. Posterior 
or clavicular portion. 

10. Left sterno-hyoid. 

11. Righ t sterno- 
hyoid. 12, 12. Omo- 
hyoid. 13. Thyro- 
hyoid. 14, 14. Sterno- 
thyroid. 15. Anterior 
portion of inferior 
constrictor of phar- 
ynx. 16. Occipital 
muscle. 17, 17. Re- 
trahens aurem. 18. 
Trapezius. 19. Sple- 
nius capitis. 20. 
Splenius colli. 21. 
Levator anguli scap- 
ulae. 22. Seal en us 
posticus. 23. Scalenus 
anticus. 24. Superior 
portion of deltoid. 25. 
Superior portion of 
pectoralis major. 26. 
Inferior and anterior 
portion of right pla- 
tysma myoides. 27. 
Depressor anguli 
oris. 28. Depressor 
labii inferioris. 29. 
Masseter. 30. Bucci- 
nator. 



Vessels and Nerves of the Neck. 
I. Subclavian artery. 2. Subclavian vein. 3, 3. Common carotid artery. 4. Internal jugular vein. 5. Anterior jugular 
vein. 6. Omo-hyoid muscle. 7. Sterno-hyoid muscle. 8. Trunk of pneumogastric nerve. 9. Hypoglossal nerve. 10. Its 
terminal portion. 11. Its descending branch. 12. Internal descending branch of cervical plexus. 13. Plexus formed by 
last two branches. 14. External carotid artery. 15. Superior thyroid artery and vein. 16. Lingual and facial arteries. 
17. Facial artery and vein. 18. Occipital artery. 19. Anterior branches of the first four cervical nerves. 20. Superior laryngeal 
nerve. 



NECROCOMIUM 



840 



NECTAR 



Necrocomium {nek-ro-ko'-me-um). See Morgue. 

Necrodermitis {nek-ro-der-mi' -tis)\yeKp6g, dead ; dipfia, 
skin ; trig, inflammation]. A gangrenous inflamma- 
tion of the skin. 

Necrodochium {nek-ro-do' -ke-um). See Morgue. 

Necrogenic {nek-ro-jen'-ik) \yiKpoq , dead ; yewav, to 
beget]. Originating from dead substances. 

Necrology {nek-rol'-o-je) [venpoq, dead ; Aoyng, science]. 
A register containing the statistics concerning the 
causes and rate of mortality. 

Necromania {nek-ro-ma'-ne-ah) \ytnp6c, corpse ; /xavia, 
madness]. See Necrophilism. 

Necrometer {nek-rom' -et-er) \yzKp6c, dead ; fierpov, 
measure]. An instrument for weighing organs at an 
autopsy. 

Necromimesis {nek-ro-mim-e 1 'sis) [yeiip6c, dead ; 
p.ifir/oir, mimicry]. I. The insane delusion of one 
who believes himself to be dead. 2. Simulation of 
death by a deluded person. 

Necronarcema (nek-ro-nar-se' -mah) [yzKp6c, corpse ; 
vapKri/ia, numbness]. Synonym of Rigor mortis. 

Necronectomy {nek-ron-ek' -to-me) [yenpdg, dead ; en, 
out ; refiveiv. to cut]. The excision of a necrotic part 
— applied especially to the excision of the necrotic ossi- 
cles of the ear. 

Necronium {nek-ro' -ne-um) [yenpdc, dead]. A sub- 
stance said to be found in the dead body in cases of 
saponification. 

Necropathy {nek-rop' -ath-e) \_mnp6c, dead ; Trafiog, ill- 
ness]. Any gangrenous or necrotic disease. 

Necrophagous {nek-ro f '-ag-us) [vc/cpdc, dead ; <j>ayelv, 
to eat], A term applied to those animals that feed on 
dead or putrid flesh. Carrion-eaters. 

Necrophile {nek' -ro-fil)[yeKp6q, dead; ^iks'iv, to love]. 
One who violates dead bodies. 

Necrophilia {nck-ro-fil'-e-ah). See Necrophilism. 

Necrophilism (nek-roff'-il-izm) [yeKpdc, a corpse ; 
ipiXeiv, to love]. A form of sexual perversion in 
which dead bodies are dug up and violated ; insane 
sexual desire for a corpse 

Necrophobia {nek-ro-fo' -be-ah) [yetcpoc, corpse ; <j>6(3o<;, 
fear]. I. Insane dread of dead bodies, or of phan- 
toms. 2. Thanatophobia; extreme dread of death. 

Necropneumonia {nek-ro-nu-mo' -ne-ah) [ve/cpdc, 
dead ; nvevuovia, pneumonia] . Gangrene of the 
lung. 

Necropsic {nek-rop' '-sik) [w/cpdf, dead; orf/ig, seeing]. 
Pertaining to a post-mortem examination. 

Necropsy [nek' -rop-se) \veKp6c;, corpse ; oi/«c, seeing]. 
The examination of a dead body. 

Necroscopic {nek-ro-skop' -ik) [ve/cpdc, dead ; gkokuv, 
to view]. Pertaining to necroscopy. 

Necroscopy {nek-ros' -ko-pe) [yenpog , corpse ; okottuv, 
to inspect]. Post-mortem examination of the body. 

Necrose {nek-roz') [yenpog, dead]. To become affected 
with necrosis ; to cause necrosis. 

Necrosemiotic {nek-ro-sem-e-of '-ik) \_vsKp6r, corpse ; 
arjfielov, sign]. Serving as a sign of death. 

Necrosis {nek-ro' -sis) [ycKpuaiq, from veicpdc, dead]. 
The death of cells surrounded by living tissue. Necro- 
sis proper refers to death in mass., necrobiosis to death 
of individual cells. Among the causes of necrosis are : 
(i) direct injury ; (2) obstruction of the circulation ; (3) 
loss of trophic influence. The varieties of necrosis 
are: (1) coagulative necrosis; (2) liquefactive necro- 
sis; (3) cheesy necrosis ; (4) dry and moist gangrene. 
See Gangrene. Necrosed tissues may be absorbed, re- 
tained, or thrown off. The dead tissue is called seques- 
trum in case of bone, and sphacelus in case of soft parts. 
In surgery the term necrosis is often applied specifically 
to the death of bone. N., Anemic. See Infarct, An- 
emic. N.. Caseous. See Cheesy. N., Balser's Fatty, 



the occurrence of areas of opaque whitish tissue often 
seen surrounding the lobules of the pancreas in acute 
pancreatitis, and also occurring in the omentum and 
mesentery and in the abdominal fatty tissue generally. 
They are usually about the size of a pin's head, but 
may reach the size of a hen's egg. On section they 
have a soft, tallowy consistence. They are constituted 
of a combination of lime with certain fatty acids, 
and may be encrusted with lime. They may occur 
independently of disease of the pancreas. See Diseases, 
Table of. N., Cheesy, necrosis characterized by 
the formation of a cheese-like material. Dry and moist 
cheesy necrosis are the two varieties described. It 
is usually due to the presence of the tubercle-bacillus, 
and is most often seen in the lungs. N., Coagulative, 
a variety characterized by the formation of fibrin. Its 
most common seat is the blood in thrombi. It also 
occurs on mucous membranes, where it produces false 
membrane, chiefly under the influence of the bacillus 
of diphtheria, but also of other irritant agents. Occa- 
sionally it occurs in the interior of organs as the result 
of embolism or thrombosis, leading to the formation 
of an anemic infarct q. v. N., Colliquative. See 
N. , Liquefactive. N., Embolic, coagulative necrosis 
in an anemic infarct following embolism. N., Hya- 
line, coagulative necrosis ; also a synonym of hyaline 
degeneration. N. infantilis. Synonym of Caucrum 
oris. N.laryngis. Synonym of Perichondritis of the 
Larynx. N., Liquefactive, a process analogous to 
coagulative necrosis, but instead of fibrin the peculiar 
reaction of fluids and cells gives rise to the formation 
of a liquid. Blisters and vesicles, softening of the 
brain subsequent to embolism, and suppuration are the 
results of liquefactive necrosis. It may also be the 
terminal stage of all other forms of necrosis. N,, 
Mercurial, a necrosis of bones due to chronic 
poisoning with mercury. N., Phosphorus, a necro- 
sis of bone, especially of the lower jaw, occurring in 
those exposed to the fumes of phosphorus. N. of 
the Teeth, odonto-necrosis. By the term necrosis, 
when applied to the teeth, is meant the entire death 
of the pulp and the loss of vitality of the peridental 
membrane. N. ustilaginea, dry gangrene from 
ergotism. 

Necrosozoic {nek-ro-so-zo' '-ik) [w/epde, dead ; au^eiv, 
to preserve]. Having power to preserve or to em- 
balm. 

Necrosteon {nek-ros' -te-on) \yzKpbq, dead ; bariov, 
bone]. Necrosis of bone. 

Necrotic {nek-rot' -ik) [i>«p<5r, dead]. Pertaining to 
or characterized by necrosis. N. Pneumonia. See 
Pneumonia. 

Necrotomic {nek-ro-tom' -ik) \_vtKp6c, dead; Tour/, a cut- 
ting]. Pertaining to necrotomy. 

Necrotomy {nek-rot' -o-me) \_vz\ipoq, a corpse ; to/j?/, a 
cutting]. The dissection of a dead body. 

Necrotype {nek' -ro-tlp) [ytKpdg, a corpse ; rvnoc, a 
type]. In biology, applied to types of organisms as 
regards any special region, in which, after having ex- 
isted, they became extinct. 

Nectandra {nek-tan' -drah) \yiKrap, nectar; avr/p, 
male]. A genus of lauraceous tropical American 
trees, of some 70 species, of which Bebeeru bark, the 
bark of N. roduci, the green heart, a large tree of S. 
America, is commercially the most important, its tim- 
ber being of great value. It contains an alkaloid, 
bebeerin, or buxin, G, H ra NO 4 , and is a bitter tonic 
and febrifuge. Dose of the sulphate of the alkaloid, 
gr. ij-v. Unof. 

Nectandrin {nek-tan' -drin). Same as Buxin. 

Nectar {nek'-tar) \yiKrap, the drink of the gods]. In 
biology, nectar, the sweet liquid in flowers from which 



NECTARIFEROUS 



841 



NELATON'S CATHETER 



the bees make honey. It is secreted by certain special- 
ized organs known as nectar-glands. N. -gland, 
a gland secreting nectar or honey. N. -spots, N.- 
guides, Sprengel's name for the contrasted colors 
often seen in a single flower and so disposed in spots 
or lines as to suggest that they bear a direct relation 
to the point where the nectar is secreted. 
Nectariferous (nek-tar-if -er-us) [ve/crap, nectar ; ferre, 
to bear]. In biology, honey-bearing, or having a 
nectary. 

Nectarilyma (nek-tar-il-i'-mafi) [nectarium, nectary ; 
luere, to wash]. In biology, a collection of long hairs 
found on the inner surface of some flowers. 

Nectary (>iek' -lar-e) \yknrap, nectar : pi. , Nectaries], In 
biology, that part of a flower which secretes nectar. 

Necteric. See Nekteric. 

Nectocalycine (nek-to-kal' '-is-in) [vtjktoc, swimming ; 
K.a7<.v%, a cup]. In biology, resembling or pertaining 
to a nectocalyx or swimming-bell. 

Nectocalyx (jiek-to-ka' -liks) [w?/crdc, swimming; k&Xv^, 
a cup : //., Nectocalyxes, Nectocalices\ In biology, 
the swimming-bell or locomotive organ of certain 
Hydrozoa, which, however modified, may be reduced 
to a simple type — that of a cup lined by a muscular 
membrane, by whose contractions the water is expelled, 
the animal being consequently urged by its reaction 
in the opposite direction ; a nectophore. 

Nectocyst (nek' '-to-sist) [yrjuTdc, swimming ; kvctic, a 
bag]. Same as Nectosac. 

Nectophore (nek'-to-for) \_vtjkt6c, swimming ; <j>epeiv, 
to bear]. In biology, a swimming-bell, or nectocalyx. 

Nectosac (nek'-to-sak) [v7]k.toc, swimming ; aa.KK.oc, a 
bag or sack]. In biology, the interior of the swim- 
ming-bell ; the nectocyst, or nectophore , of a hydrozoan. 

■Nectosome [nek' '-lo-som) \vt)kt6c, swimming ; aufia, 
body]. In biology, the upper locomotor portion of a 
siphonophorous stock, as distinguished from the sipho- 
some or nutrient portion. 

Nectozooid (nek-to-zo' -oid) \_vtjkt6c, swimming ; (tiov, 
animal; elduc, form]. In biology, the swimming-bell, 
or nectocalyx, considered as a specialized zooid. 

Necusia (nek-u r -se-ali) [ykuvc, corpse]. Poisoning by 
a dissection-wound. 

Necusin (tiek'-u-sin) \_vekvc, corpse]. The supposed 
septic principle in necusia. 

Needham's Bodies or Filaments. The -spermato- 
phores of the cephalopoda. N.'s Receptacle, a cyst- 
like annex of the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle 
of the cephalopoda. 

Needle (ne'-di) \W^.,nedle, needle]. An instrument 
used in surgery for suturing tissues, ligating vessels, 
and for other purposes. N., Aneurysm, one with a 
handle, and with the eye at the point, especially 
adapted for ligating vessels. N., Cataract, one for 
operating upon the cataractous lens or its capsule. N., 
Deschamp's, a needle with the eye at the point, and 
with a handle, for ligating arteries. N., Discission, 
one for insertion through the cornea, and breaking the 
capsule and substance of the crystalline lens. N., 
Exploring, an eyeless needle, grooved to bring away 
a few drops of the contents of a cavity, a tumor, or an 
abscess. N. -forceps, a forceps for seizing needles in 
surgery. N., Hagedorn's, a flat suture-needle curved 
on its edge, with the eye perforating the side. N., 
Hare-lip, one provided with a small canula to be left 
in situ after withdrawal of the needle. N. -holder, 
a handle for clasping a needle. Also, an insulated 
handle for holding the needles employed in certain 
forms of electro-cautery. N., Hutchinson's, a needle 
for the ligation of hemorrhoids ; it is fixed on a handle 
and has the eye at the point. N., Hypodermatic, 
the fine needle-pointed metallic tube attached to the 



barrel of the hypodermatic syringe. N., Knife, one that 
has a sharp cutting edge ; it is used in the discission 
of cataracts. N., Ligature. Synonym of N., Aneu- 
rysm. N., Open-eyed, one in which the eye is not 
completely closed but is in the form of a hook. N.- 
operation. See Extraction of Cataract. See also Acu- 
puncture and Acupressure. N., Spanish. See Spanish 
A r eedle. N., Startin's Wire, a hollow needle for 
carrying silver wire. N., Suture, a needle used for 
suturing. N., Whitehead's Spiral, a spiral needle 
with a terminal eye for use in staphylorrhaphy. 

Needling (ne'-dling) [ME., nedle, needle]. I. See 
Extraction of Cataract and Discission. 2. A proced- 
ure sometimes employed for the detection of calculi 
in the biliary passages, gall-bladder, and kidney. 

Neef's Hammer. An automatic arrangement for 
opening and breaking the current in an inductorium. 

Neelsen's Carbolic-acid Solution. See Stains, 
Table of. 

Neftgil (neft'-jil). A solid paraffin found free in Baku. 

Negative (neg'-at-iv) \_negare,lo deny]. A qualification 
the opposite of positive ; not affirmative. N. Chemo- 
taxis, the absence of the power of attracting leuko- 
cytes and wandering cells, or their repulsion. See 
Chemotaxis. N. Ocular. See Ocular. N. Pole, 
that pole of a galvanic cell connected with the carbon 
or least oxidizable plate. Also, that pole of an elec- 
tric generator toward which the assumed electric cur- 
rent flows. 

Negativism (neg' ' -at-iv-izvi) \_negare, to deny]. A 
symptom observed in some cases of so-called Cata- 
tonia atto}iita,m which the patient exhibits no sponta- 
neous movements, although his muscles spontaneously 
and powerfully antagonize any passive motion. 

Negro (ne'-gro) \_niger, black]. A race of people dis- 
tinguished mainly by woolly hair, black skin, thick, 
protruding lips, and flattened nose. The melanochroi 
of Huxley's classification. Also, an individual of the 
race. See Mulatto. N. -cachexy, N. -cachexia, 
N. -lethargy. See African Lethargy and Cachexia. 
N.-type of Idiocy. See Idiocy, Ethnic. 

Neisser's Method. A method of double-staining of 
spore-bearing bacilli. Cover-glass preparations are 
immersed for twenty minutes in fuchsin-anilin-water at 
8o° or 90 C. , then rinsed in water or alcohol, and 
counterstained with an aqueous solution of methylene- 
blue, rinsed in water, dried, and mounted in balsam ; 
the spores are stained red, other objects blue. N.'s 
Micrococcus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 
N.'s Oil, a modification of Lang's oil. It consists 
of mercury, 20 parts; ethereal tincture of benzoin, 
5 parts; liquid vaselin, 40 parts; it is used by injec- 
tion in the treatment of syphilis. 

Neisseria (ni' -se-re-ah) [after Neisser, a German physi- 
cian]. A generic term for a group of schizomycetes. 
The majority are micrococci. They will be found 
described under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Nekteric (nek-ter'-ik) \yrjK-i;<;, swimming]. In biology, 
applied by H?eckel to the voluntarily swimming or- 
ganisms of the ocean, as distinguished from the 
drifting or ploteric forms. 

Nekton (nek'-ton) [vr/Krr/c, swimming]. In biology, 
the nekteric or actively swimming portion of the or- 
ganic life of the ocean (plankton), taken as a whole. 

Nelaton's Catheter, the soft rubber catheter. N.'s 
Dislocation, a form of dislocation of the ankle-joint 
in which there is a displacement of the astragalus be- 
tween the lower extremities of the tibia and fibula. 
N.'s Fibers, the circular muscular fibers of the 
rectum. N.'s Line. See Lines, Table of. N.'s 
Method. See Treatment, Methods of . N.'s Operation. 
See Operations, Table of. N.'s Probe. See Probe. 



NELAVAN 



842 



NEOTOCOGALACTOZEMIA 



Nelavan (nel'-av-an). See African Lethargy. 

Nematachometer (nem-at-ak-oni'-et-er) [vijpa, thread ; 
Taxoc, rapidity ; fierpov, measure]. An instrument for 
measuring the rapidity of transmission of nervous im- 
pulses in peripheral nerves. 

Nemathece (iiem'-ath-es). Same as Nemathecium. 

Nemathecium (nem-ath-e' -se-um) [vrjaa, a thread; 
drjuiov, dim. of dijui], a case or receptacle : //. , Nemathe- 
cia\. In biology, a wart-like growth of tetraspores of 
the thallus of one of the higher algae (Floridea). 

Nemathelminth {nem-ath-el 1 -mintfi) [vijpa, thread; 
eXpivc, worm]. Any nematode worm. The Nemath- 
elminthes (the round-worms, or thread- worms), form a 
class of Vermes, many of which are endoparasitic. 

Nematilla (nem-at-il'-ah) [vijjia (vi//j,aT-), a thread: 
pi. , Nematilla]. In biology, one of the urticating- 
organs of a ccelenterate ; a nematophore, or Organa 
urticantia. 

Nematoblast (nem' -at-o-blast) [vrjpa, thread ; (iXaardc, 
germ]. A spermatoblast. See also Spermatogonia. 

Nematocalyx (nem-at-o-ka'-liks) [vijpa, thread ; naXv!;, 
calyx: pi. , Nematocalyxes, Nematocalices]. In biol- 
ogy, a hydrozoan calyx containing nematocysts. 

Nematocyst (nem'-at-o-sist) [vr/pa, a thread ; kvotic, 
bladder]. In biology, one of the stinging-cells char- 
acteristic of the Cnidaria; a thread-cell, lasso-cell, 
snidocell, cnida, nemocyst. 

Nematode (nend- at - oil) [i^juarwrfyc, thread-like]. 
In biology, filiform, thread-like ; resembling a thread ; 
it is applied to thread-worms, hair-worms, round- 
worms, pin-worms. 

Nematodes (nem-at-o'-dez). Synonym of Nematoidea. 

Nematogen (nem-af '-o-jen) [vr/pa, thread ; yevi/c, pro- 
ducing]. In biology, the vermiform embryo of a 
nematode worm. Cf. Rhombogen. 

Nematoid (nem'-at-oid) [yijfia, thread ; elSoc, form]. 
Same as Nematode. 

Nematoidea (nem-at-oi f -de-aK) [vijua, thread; eldoc, 
like]. Thread- worms ; nemathelminths. The most 
important nematoidea parasitic upon man and the 
lower animals belong to the following genera, ar- 
ranged alphabetically : Anguillula, Ankylostoma, 
Ascaris, Eustrongylus, Filaria, Nematodium, Oxyuris, 
Strongylus, Trichina, Trichocephalus. See Parasites 
{Animal}, Table of. 

Nematophore {nem'-at-o-for) [vrjaa, a thread; <pdpoc, 
bear]. In biology, a cecal process of the cenosarc of 
hydrozoans, invested by a continuation of the hard 
cuticular layer, so as to be quite firm and inflexible, 
and containing thread-cells. Lendenfeld considers 
that the expression nematophore should be reserved 
for the chitinous envelop of the guard-polyp (Macho- 
polyp) ; a nematilla, or urticating organ. 

Nematozooid (ttem-at-o-zo'-oid) [vf/pa, thread; (Giov, 
animal; eldoc, form]. In biology, one of the sting- 
ing tentacles of a siphonophore regarded as a zooid. 

Nemocyst (nem'-o-sist). Same as Nematocyst. 

Nemophilous (nem-off' / -il-us)[vipoc, a wooded pasture , 
ipiXoc, loving]. In biology, fond of or inhabiting the 
woods ; nemorose. 

Nemorose (item' -or-oz) [nemus, a grove]. In biology, 
growing in groves or woodland. 

Nemours-blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Neo- (ne'-o-) [vioc, new]. A prefix signifying new. 

Neoarthrosis (ne-o-artk-ro'-sis) [vioc, new ; apdpov, 
a joint]. A new or false joint. 

Neoblastic (ne-o-blas'-tik) [vioc, new ; /3Xo.ot6c, a germ]. 
Originating, or of the nature of, new tissue. 

Neochmosis (ne-ok-mo' -sis) [veo^poc, new]. A re- 
lapse or recurrent attack of a disease. 

Neo-Darwinism, Neo-Lamarckism (nc-o-dar'-win- 
izm, ne-o-lam-ark' '-izm) [vioc, new ; Darwin ; La- 



marck]. In biology, the doctrines of Darwin and 
Lamarck concerning evolution as modified by recent 
advocates. 

Neoembryo (tie-o-em' '-bre-o) [vioc, new ; ep/3pvov, 
embryo]. In biology, the earliest ciliated stage in 
the embryonic development of a metazoan. 

Neogala (ne-og'-al-ah) [vioc, new ; yaka, milk]. Same 
as Colostrum. 

Neohymen (ne-o-hi' -men) [vioc, new ; vpi/v, mem- 
brane]. A new or false membrane. 

Neo-Lamarckism (ne-o-lam-ark' -izni) [vioc, new; 
Lamarck]. See Neo-Darwinism. 

Neomembrane (ne-o-mem'-bran). See Neohymen. 

Neomorphism (ne-o-mor 1 '-fizrn) [vioc, new ; pop<pr), 
form]. In biology, the development of a new form. 

Neonatus (ne-on-a' -tus) [vioc, new; natus, born : gen. 
pi., Neonatorum]. One newly born. Neonatorum, 
Melana. See Melena. Neonatorum, Ophthalmia. 
See Ophthalmia. Neonatorum, Trismus. See Tris- 
mus. 

Neonomous (ne-on'-o-mus) [vioc, new; vdpoc, law]. 
In biology, recently specialized or adapted to modified 
environment. 

Neontology (ne-on-tol' -o-je) [vioc, new ; uv, being ; 
X6yoc, science]. In biology, Flourens' term for the 
study of existing organisms, as opposed to paleontology 
or the study of fossils. 

Neopathy (ne-op' -ath-e) [ykoc, new; nadoc, illness], 
I. A new or newly-discovered form of disease. 2. A 
recent complication or new condition of disease in a 
patient. 

Neophilism (ne-off'-il-izm) [vioc , new ; (f>i/\ieiv, to 
love]. Morbid or undue love of novelty. 

Neophobia (ne-o-fo' -be-ali) [vioc, new; (j>6/3oc, fear]. 
Insane dread of new scenes or of novelties. 

Neophrenia (ne-o-fren'-e-ah) [vioc, new; typrjv, mind]. 
Mental deterioration in early youth. 

Neoplasia (ne-o-pla'-ze-ah) [vioc, new ; irXaaamv, to 
mold]. The formation of new tissue or of a tumor. 

Neoplasm, Neoplasma (rrc'-o- plazm, ne-o-plaz'-mah) 
[vioc, new; n?Jiaua, growth]. A new growth of tis- 
sue marked by histologic difference from its matrix ; 
a tumor. See Tumors, Table of. N., Inflammatory 
Fungoid. Synonym of Granuloma fungoides. 

Neoplasmatic (ne-o-plaz-mat'-ik) [vioc, new ; TrXaooeiv, 
to mold]. Of the nature of neoplasm ; neoplastic. 

Neoplastic (uc-o-plas'-tik) [vioc, new ; ir'f.haotiv, to 
mold]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a neoplasm. 
Applied, also, to plastic operations for restoring lost 
tissue. See Autoplasty. 

Neoplasty (ne' '-o-plas-te) [vioc, new ; irlaaoetv, to 
mold]. Ah operation for the restoration of lost tissue. 

Neoscytechos, Neoscytechus (ne-os-kit'-ek-os, ne-os- 
kit'-ek-us) [vioc, new ; okvtoc, skin; i/xoc, echo]. See 
Murmur, Nezv Leather, and Bruit de cuir neuf. 

Neosote (rie'-o-sot) [vioc, new]. A derivative of coal- 
tar having antiseptic properties. 

Neossin (ne-os'-in) [veoaaia, a nest], C 22 H 17 N 2 O g . 
Mulder's term for an insoluble material, the chief com- 
ponent of the edible birdsnest. 

Neossology (ne-os-ol'-o-je) [veooooc, a young bird ; 
Xoyoc, science]. In biology, the study of the incuba- 
tion and rearing of young birds. 

Neotenia (ne-o-te'-ne-ah) [veurepoc, an innovation or 
revolutionary movement]. In biology, Kollmann's 
term for the lengthening (for an indefinite time) of the 
period during which amphibians are gill-breathers. 

Neotocicterus ( ne-ot-o-sik' -ter-us) [vcotokoc, new-born ; 
Ikteooc, jaundice]. Icterus neonatorum. 

Neotocogalactozemia (nc-ot-ok-o-gal-ak-to-ze'-me-ah) 
[rfor,new; t6koc, birth; yaka. milk; ^r/uia, loss]. A 
flow of milk from the breast of a new-born child. 



NEOTOCOPHTHALMIA 



843 



NEPHRITIS 



Neotocophthalmia {ne-ot-ok-off-thal' '-me-aX) [yeoTomc, 
new-born ; 6<p0aA/iia, ophthalmia]. Ophthalmia neona- 
torum, q. v. 

Nep \nepeta, catmint]. The catnip, Nepeta cataria. 

Nepal or Nepaul Tumor. A pendulous tumor of the 
ear, at times reaching the size of a child's head. 
It is endemic in Nepal, India. 

Nepalin (nep 1 '-al-iri) . Synonym of Pseudaconitin. 

Nepenthe [tie -pan' -the) \yTjKevQfc, banishing pain]. 
An old name for an Egyptian anodyne, probably 
opium. 

Nepenthes [tie-pen* -this) [vr/TrevOf/c, banishing pain]. 
A genus of some 37 recognized species of tropical climb- 
ing pitcher-plants. The pitchers contain droserin, 
q. v. and azerin, q. v., and have the power of digesting 
insects that are drowned in their watery secretion. 

Nepeta [iiep' -et-ah). See Catnip. 

Nephablepsia (nef-ab-lep' -se-ah) . See Niphablepsia. 

Nephalism (iief'-al-iz»{) [vr/yafacpoc, soberness]. 
Total abstinence from spirituous liquors. 

Nephela [nef'-el-aK) \yityk\r), cloud]. Leukoma; also 
cloudiness of the urine. 

Nephelium (nef-el' -e-um) . See Nebula. 

Nepheloid (nef'-el-oid) [vEQklri, cloud ; eldoc, like]. 
Cloudy or turbid, as the urine under certain conditions. 

Nephelopia (iief-el-o' -pe-alt) \yeipt'Ari, cloud; unj/, eye]. 
Cloudy or dim vision, due to some diminution of the 
transparency of the ocular media. 

Nephradenoma (>ief-rad-en-o' ' -mall) [ystypoc, kidney ; 
a&rjv, gland; bpa, tumor: pi. , Nephradenomatd\. 
Adenoma of the kidney. 

Nephralgia, Nephralgy (nef-ral' -je-ah, nef-ral'-je) 
[vecppdc, kidney; aXyoc, a pain]. Pain referred to the 
kidney ; renal colic. 

Nephranuria (iief-ran-id -re-ah) [veifipSc, kidney; av, 
priv. ; ovpov, urine]. Suppression of the renal secre- 
tion. 

Nephrapostasis (nef-rap-os'-tas-is) [_ve<j>p6c, kidney; 
a-ndaraaiQ, suppurative inflammation]. Abscess, or 
suppurative inflammation, of the kidneys. 

Nephrapragmonia (nef-rap-rag-mo'-ne-ah) \ve<j)p6c, 
kidney; a, priv. ; Trpa.yp.uv, work]. Inactivity or 
torpidity of the kidneys. 

Nephrarctia (iief-rark' -te-ali) [v£tpp6g, kidney ; arctus, 
from arcere, to find]. Contraction of the kidney. 

Nephrastoma (nef-ras' -to-mah) [ve<bpoc, kidney; ar6pa 
(crrd/iara), the mouth : pl.,Nephrastomata~\ . In biology, 
one of the ciliated funnels of the primitive kidney. 

Nephratonia (nef-rat-o' -ne-ali), Nephratony (iief-rat' ' - 
on-e) \_i<£tpp6r, kidney; a, priv. ; tSvoc, tone]. Atony 
or paralysis of the kidneys. 

Nephrauxe (nef-rawks'-e) \ye<j>p6c, kidney ; aii^/j, in- 
crease]. Enlargement of the kidney. 

Nephrectasia (nef-rek-ta'-ze-ah) [yeypoc, kidney.; 
huTaoic, dilatation]. Dilatation of a kidney. 

Nephrectomy [nef-rek' -to-me) \ye<ppoc, kidney ; kuTopf], 
excision]. Excision of the kidney. N., Abdominal, 
nephrectomy through an abdominal incision. N., 
Lumbar, removal of the kidney through an incision 
in the loin. 

Nephredema {nef-re-de' -malt) [ve<pp6c, kidney ; olfirjfia, 
edema]. Edema of the kidneys. 

Nephrelcosis (nef-rel-ko'-sis) [yetypoc, kidney ; ivl/cucvc, 
ulceration]. Ulceration of the kidney. 

Nephrelcus (nef-rel' -kus) [ve(j>p6c, kidney ; eXkoc, an 
ulcer]. An ulcer of the kidney. 

Nephremorrhagia (nef-rem-or-a' -je-ah) \yeipp6c, kid- 
ney; alitn, blood; pr/yvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemor- 
rhage from the kidney. 

Nephremphraxis (nef-rem-fraks'-is) [yrtypoc, kidney; 
epfpa^ir, obstruction] . Obstruction of the vessels of 
the kidneys. 



Nephresia (tief-re'-ze-ali) [vrtypdc, kidney]. Disease 
of the kidney. 

Nephretic [nef-ret'-ik) \_ve<pp6c, kidney]. Affected with 
nephresia. 

Nephria \nef'-re-ah). See Bright' s Disease. 

Nephric (nef'-rik) [i>e<^p<Sc, kidney]. Pertaining to the 
kidney. 

Nephridia [nef-rid'-e-ah). Plural of Nephridium. 

Nephridial (iief-rid' -e-al) \_vztjip6c, a kidney]. Of or 
pertaining to a nephridium. N. Ridge, the larger of 
the two ridges on the dorsal aspect of the body-cavity 
of a vertebrate embryo. It contains the transverse 
excretory tubules (segmental tubules, nephridia) which 
are developed from the nephrotomes. It is also called 
the Wolffian ridge. N. Row, one of the single or 
double cell-rows which lie near the neural rows, 
developed from the polar cells (or nephroblasts) in the 
embryos of certain worms. 

Nephridium, Nephridion (nef-rid'-e-um, nef-rid'-e- 
on) [dim. of ve<pp6c, kidney: pi., A T ephridid\. In 
biology: I. The fat about the kidneys. 2. The renal- 
sexual organ (organ of Bojanus) in certain inverte- 
brate animals. Much convoluted cellular tubes func- 
tioning as kidneys in the annelida and certain mollusca. 
They occasionally act as ducts for the transmission of 
the sexual products. Cf. Nephrogonaduct. I. Pro- 
visional or Embryonic Nephridia, those that tem- 
porarily appear in the ontogenetic development ; (a) 
those that appear in that region of the embryo or larva 
that corresponds with the subsequent head-segment 
and which lie at the anterior extremity of the cell-mass 
(mesoderm streaks) are called embryonic head nephri- 
dia or head kidneys ; (b) those that appear in the 
trunk-segments are called embryonic or provisional 
trunk nephridia or kidneys. II. Permanent Neph- 
ridia, on account of their frequently strict segmental 
arrangement, are often called segmental organs, or on 
account of their looped or winding course (in Oligo- 
chceta and Hirudined) looped canals. The anal tubes 
of the Echiuridce are sometimes called nephridia. 

Nephrism (nef'-rizm) \_vt(pp6(, kidney]. The grave 
condition of patients suffering from pronounced or 
advanced disease of the kidney. 

Nephritic (nef-rit'-ik) [vecpp/riKdc;, from ve<pp6c, kidney]. 
Pertaining to nephritis, or to the kidney. 

Nephritis (nef-ri' -tis) [_ve<pp6c, the kidney ; trie, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the kidneys. It occurs in 
various forms designated as acute, chronic, desquama- 
tive, glomerular, interstitial, parenchymatous, and 
tubal. See Bright' s Disease. N., Acute Albumin- 
ous. See N. , Acttte Desqicamative. N. aposto- 
matosa, suppurative inflammation of the kidney. N., 
Cachectic, a synonym of Bright's disease in gen- 
eral. N., Clostridial, a form of chronic nephritis 
believed by Hopkins (F. V.) to be due to a peculiar 
microorganism, the " Clostridium renale." The symp- 
toms are nervousness, sleeplessness, flatulent dyspep- 
sia, albuminuria, dropsy, dyspnea, heart-failure, and 
the presence of the Clostridia in the urine, free and 
attached to casts. N., Consecutive, an inflammatory 
affection of the kidney secondary to disease of the 
lower portions of the urinary tract. N., Glomerular. 
See Glomerulo-nephritis . N., Interstitial, renal in- 
flammation affecting the connective tissue mainly. N., 
Intertubular. Same as N., Interstitial. N., Larda- 
ceous, nephritis associated with amyloid degeneration 
of the kidney. N., Metastatic, that secondary to dis- 
ease of another organ. N., Mycotic, that accompany- 
ing any form of mycosis. N., Parasitic, that depend- 
ent upon the presence of renal parasites. N., Paren- 
chymatous, that involving the true renal parenchyma. 
See Bright' s Disease. N., Puerperal, the congested 



NEPHROABDOMINAL 



844 



NEPHRO-TYPHOID 



kidney of the puerperium, associated with albuminuria. 
N., Saturnine, that due to chronic lead-poisoning. 
N., Septic, that caused by germs. N., Toxic, that 
consequent upon the presence of irritant poisons in 
the blood. N., Traumatic, that following traumat- 
ism of the kidney. N., Tubal. Same as N., Paren- 
chymatous. N., Tuberculous, that due to the pres- 
ence of tubercle-bacilli. N., Tubular. Same as N., 
Par en ch\ >matous. 

Nephroabdominal (nefro-ab-dom'-in-al) [vetypdc, kid- 
ney ; abdomen, abdomen]. Pertaining to the kidneys 
and the abdomen. 

Nephroblast {nef'-ro-blasi) [vetypdc, a kidney ; /3/laordc, 
a germ]. In biology, one of the polar cells in em- 
bryos of certain worms, that give rise to the nephridial 
rows. 

Nephrocele {nef'-ro-sel) [vetypdc, kidney ; kjjXij, tumor] . 
Hernia of the kidney. 

Nephrochalazosis {nefro-kal-az-o'-sis)[vetypdg, kidney; 
Xahd^icv, nodule]. Granular kidney. 

Nephrococcosis {nef-ro-kok-o'-sis), Synonym of 
Neph roch alazosis. 

Nephrocolica {nef-ro-kol'-ik-ah) [vetypdc, kidney; 
Kw/U/cdc, colic]. Renal colic. 

Nephrocystitis {nef-ro-sis-ti'-tis) [vetypdc, kidney; 
kvotic, bladder ; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of both bladder and kidneys. 

Nephrocystosis { nef- ro- sis -to '-sis) [vetypdc, kidney ; 
kvotic, cyst]. The condition of cystic kidney, or its 
formation. 

Nephrodinic (nef-ro-din* '-ik) [vetypdc, kidney ; fiivoc, 
a rotation, a round area]. In biology, discharging 
the genital products by nephridia or nephrogonaducts. 

Nephrodysneuria {nefro-dis-nu 1 '-re-ah) [vefpdc, kid- 
ney; dvc, difficult; vevpov, nerve]. A morbid state of 
the renal nerves. 

Nephrogenous {nefroj'-en-us) [vetypdc, kidney ; yevvav, 
to beget]. Of renal origin. 

Nephrogonaduct {nefro-gon'-ad-ukf) [vetypdc, kidney ; 
gona luct, from yovij, seed ; ductus, a duct] . In biology, 
a r.ephridium specialized to act as a gonaduct, as in 
certain molluscs. 

Nephrography {nef-rog'-ra-fe) [vetypdc, kidney; 
ypdtyeiv, to write]. A description of the kidneys. 

Nephrohydrops {nef- ro- hi' -drops), Nephrydrosis 
(nef-rid-ro' '-sis). See Hydronephrosis. 

Nephro hypertrophy {nef-ro-hi-pur' -tro-fe)[vetypdc kid- 
ney; i>7Tfp,over; rpotyrj, nourishment]. Hypertrophy 
of the kidney. 

Nephroid {nef'-roid) [vetypdc, a kidney; eldor, form]. 
Kidney-shaped; reniform; resembling a kidney. 

Nephrolith {nef'-ro-lith) [vetypoc, kidney ; \idoc, stone]. 
Calculus of the kidney. 

Nephrolithiasis {nefro-lith-i'-as-is) [vetypdc, kidney ; 
XSiaaic, lithiasis]. The formation of renal calculi, 
or the diseased state that leads to their formation. 

Nephrolithic {nefro-lith'-ik) [vetypdq, kidney; Zifioc, 
stone]. Pertaining to, or affected with, a nephrolith. 

Nephrolithocolica {nefro-lith-o-kol'-ik-ah, [vetypdc, 
kidney; Xi8oc, stone; kgj?ukoc, colic]. Renal colic 
due to stone. 

Nephrolithotomy (nef-ro-lith-ot* '-o-me) [vetypdc, kid- 
ney; Xidoc, stone; Top?/, a cutting]. An operation for 
calculus of the kidney. 

Nephrology {nef-rol' -o-je) [vetypdc, kidney ; Xdyoc, 
science]. The science of the anatomy, physiology, 
and diseases of the kidney. 

Nephromalacia {nefro-mal-a' -se-ali) [vetypdc , kidney ; 
palania, softness]. Softening, or abnormal softness, 
of the kidney. 

Nephromegalia (nef-ro-meg-a' -le-ah) [vetypdc, kidney ; 
piyac, large]. Same as A T ephrauxe . 



Nephromere {nef'-ro-mer) [vetypdc, kidney ; pepoc, 
part]. The part of the mesoblast from which the 
kidney is developed. 

Nephromiosis, Nephromeiosis {nefro-mi-o' '-sis) 
[vetypdc, kidney; peiuv, less]. Contraction of the 
kidney. 

Nephroncus {tief-rong'-kus) [vetypdc, kindey ; bynoc 
tumor]. Tumor of the kidney. 

Nephroparalysis {nefro-par-al'-is-is) [vetypdc, kidney, 
■KapaWvatc, palsy]. Paralysis of the kidney. 

Nephroparesis {nef-ro-par'-es-is) [vetppdc, kidney; 
irapeoic, paresis]. Same as Nephroparalysis. 

Nephropathy {nefrop'-ath-e) [vetypoc;, kidney ; nadoc, 
disease]. Any disease of the kidney. 

Nephropexy {nef'-ro-peks-e) [vetypdc, kidney ; 7r?;ftc, 
fixation]. Surgical fixation of a floating kidney. 

Nephrophlegmasia {nefro-fleg-ma' -ze-ah) [vetypoc, 
kidney; ty'Aeypaoia, inflammation]. Any inflamma- 
tion of the kidney. 

Nephrophlegmatic {nef-ro-fleg-mat'-ik) [vetypoc, 
kidney; tyXeypaaia, inflammation]. Of the nature of 
or due to nephrophlegmasia. 

Nephrophthisis (nefroff'-this-is) [vetypdc, kidney ; 
tytiictc, a wasting]. A cheesy inflammation of the 
kidney, the process often beginning in the mucous 
membrane of the bladder, or in the prostate, and 
extending to the kidney. The urine is generally acid, 
and small cheesy masses, elastic fibers, and shreds of 
cast-off connective tissue may be found in it. The 
disease is most frequent in males, and is due to the 
presence of the tubercle-bacillus. 

Nephroplegia {nef-ro-ple' -je-ali) [vetypdc, kidney ; 
nXrjyrj, stroke]. Paralysis of the kidney. 

Nephroptosis {nefrop-to'-sis) [vetypdc, kidney ; tttocuc, 
fall]. Downward displacement of the kidney. See 
Floating Kidney. 

Nephropyelitis {nef-ro-pi-el-i' -lis) [vetypdc, kidney ; 
irbeAoc, pelvis ; me, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the pelvis of the kidney ; pyelonephritis. 

Nephropyic {nefro-pi'-ik) [vetypoc, kidney ; ■k'vov, 
pus]. Relating to suppuration of the kidney. 

Nephropyosis {nef-ro-pi-o'-sis). Same as Pyo- 
nephrosis. 

Nephrorrhagia {nef-ror-a' -je-ah) [vetypdc, kidney ; 
peyvvvai, to burst forth]. Renal hemorrhage. 

Nephrorrhaphy {nef-ror' -af-e) [vetypdc, kidney ; patyr), 
suture]. Suture of a floating kidney to the posterior 
wall of the abdomen or to the loins. The stitches may 
be introduced through the capsule or even through the 
substance of the kidney. 

Nephros {nef'-ros) [vetypoc, kidney]. The kidney. 

Nephrosclerosis {nef-ro-skle-ro 1 '-sis) [vetypdc, kidney; 
cutkripdc, hard]. Induration of the kidney. 

Nephrospastic (nef- ro - spas'- tik) [ vetypdc, kidney ; 
a-aeiv, to wrench]. Pertaining to spasm of the 
kidney. 

Nephrostegnosis (nef-ro-steg-no'-sis) [vetypdc, kidney ; 
areyvovv, to cover]. A cirrhotic condition of the 
kidney. 

Nephrotome (nef'-ro-tom) [vetypdc, kidney; rdpoc, cut]. 
In embryology, one of the two divisions of the 
primitive segments of the celum in vertebrate em- 
bryos ; it lies next to the lateral plates or mesothe- 
lium of the splanchnocele. It is also called the inter- 
mediate mass, Mittelplatte (Kolliker). 

Nephrotomy (nef-rot'-o me) [vetypdc, kidney ; tout), 
a cutting]. Incision of the kidney. N., Abdomi- 
nal, nephrotomy through an abdominal incision. N., 
Lumbar, nephrotomy through an incision in the loin. 

Nephro-typhoid, Nephro-typhus {nef- ro-ti'-foid, nef- 
ro-ti'-fus) [vetypdc, kidney ; rvtyoc, stupor]. Enteric 
fever with renal complications. 



NEPHROZYMOSE 



845 



NERVE 



Nephrozymose (nef-ro-zi'-moz) [_re<pp6^, kidney ; C'V'A 
leaven]. A gum resembling diastase sometimes found 
in urine. 

Neptune's Cingulum or Girdle. Cingulum neptuni, 
a folded sheet, the end of which has been soaked in 
hot water, wrung out and applied to the abdomen, the 
larger and dry portion being utilized as a bandage. 
See Girdle. 

Neptunium (tiep-tu' -ne-uni) \_A T ept units , a sea-god]. 
A doubtful new element obtained from columbite. 
Atomic weight, 118. 

Nerac, Pian of. An herpetic form of syphilis. 

Neritic (tte-ril' -ik) [N?/p(r^c, son of Nereus]. In 
biology, a term applied to the swimming faunas and 
floras [plank/on) of the coast regions of the continents 
as well as the archipelagoes and islands. Their com- 
position is essentially different from that of the oceanic 
plankton, and they are quantitatively as well as quali- 
tatively richer. 

Nerium (ne'-re-um) [vrjpiov, the oleander]. The 
leaves and root of N. odorum, the common oleander. 
The extractive principles exert a marked effect on the 
motor centers, in lethal doses producing paralysis and 
death from heart-failure. In small doses they act as a 
cardiac tonic resembling digitalis. Dose of the extract 
S r - }i~/4- The tincture may be given cautiously, in 
one-drop doses, gradually increased. Unof. 

Neroli, Oil of. See Aurantium. 

Neronian Phlebotomy. Venesection in which several 
veins are opened simultaneously. 

Nerval (jier'-val) \jiervits, a nerve]. Pertaining to a 
nerve or nerves. 

Nervate (ner'-vat) [nervus, a nerve]. In biology, 
having nerves, as a leaf. 

Nervation [ner-va'-s/iun) \nervus, a sinew or nerve]. 
In biology, the arrangement or disposition of the fibro- 
vascular bundles in the blades of leaves, or of the 
nerves or veins of an insect's wing; innervation. 

Nervature (iter' -vat-iir) . Same as Nervation. 

Nervaura {iier-vaw' -rah) [nervus, nerve ; aura, air]. 
A subtle hypothetic essence emanating from the ner- 
vous system, and enveloping the body in a kind of 
sphere. 

Nerve (nerv) \_nervus, nerve]. A nerve is an elongated 
cord or tract of protoplasm made up of aggregations 
of nerve-fibers and having the property of transmitting 
impulses. N., Accelerator. Synonym of N, Aug- 
mentor. N., Afferent, one that transmits impulses 
from the periphery to the central nervous system. 
N., Anabolic, one directly or indirectly bringing 
about constructive metabolism. N., Arresting. Same 
as N. , Inhibitory. N., Augmentor, the cardiac sym- 
pathetic nerves, stimulation of which causes accelera- 
tion of the heart's action. N.-aura. Same, as Ner- 
vaura. N.-axis, the axis-cylinder. See N. -fiber. 
N. -bristles, fine broaches barbed on one side, or 
with the end bent at right angles, employed for re- 
moving devitalized pulps from the canals of the teeth. 
N. -broach, a wire instrument for extracting the nerve 
of a tooth. N., Calorific, a nerve, stimulation of which 
increases the heat of the parts to which it is distributed. 
The term is applied to the dilator nerves and to those 
stimulating functional activity of organs. N. -canal, 
the pulp-cavity of a tooth. N. -canal Reamer, an 
instrument for enlarging the pulp-canal of a tooth, 
prior to the filling of the canal. N. -capping, a cap 
placed over a tooth to protect an exposed nerve. N., 
Catabolic. See N, Katabolic. N.-cell, a mass of 
protoplasm containing a large vesicular nucleus within 
which lies a well-marked nucleolus. Nerve-cells have 
one or more elongated processes, and in accordance 
with the number of these are designated unipolar, bi- 



polar, or multipolar. The processes are of two kinds: 
the axis-cylinder process and the protoplasmic process. 
The axis-cylinder (Deiter's) process either becomes 
continuous with the axis-cylinder of a nerve-fiber, or 
divides within the gray matter into minute branches 
forming a delicate network. N. -cement, neuroglia. 
N. -center, a group of ganglion-cells acting together in 
the performance of some function. N., Centrifugal. 
Synonym of N., Efferent. N., Centripetal. Syn- 
onym of N., Afferent. N., Cerebral, a cranial nerve, 
q.v. N. -chord. Same as N. -cord. N. -cord, a nerve ; 
a cord composed of nervous tissue. N. -corpuscles, 
nucleated corpuscles lying between the neurilemma 
and the medullary sheath of medullated nerve-fibers ; 
they are stained by methyl-anilin. N., Cranial, a 
nerve arising directly from the brain, the oblongata 
or the cervical part of the cord, and making its exit 
through one of the foramina in the skull. N. -current, 
a current, by some thought to pass through the nerves 
and muscles. N., Depressor, an afferent nerve, irri- 
tation of which depresses or inhibits the vaso-motor 
center. N. -drill, an instrument for enlarging the pulp- 
cavity of a tooth. N., Efferent, one carrying impulses 
from the central nervous system to the periphery. N.- 
eminence. Same as N.-hill. N. -endings, the ter- 
minations of nerves at the periphery or in the nerve- 
centers. N. of Expression, the facial nerve. N.- 
fat. Same as -Protagon. N. -fiber, a fiber having the 
property of conducting invisible or molecular waves 
of stimulation from one part of an organism to another, 
and so establishing physiologic continuity between 
such parts, without the necessary passage of waves of 
contraction (Romanes). There are two kinds of 
nerve-fibers : the medullated and the non-medullated. 
A typical medullated fiber consists of: (a) the axis- 
cylinder, which may be surrounded by a sheath, the 
axilemma ; (b) the medullary sheath, or white sub- 
stance of Schwann ; (c) the neurilemma , or sheath of 
Schwann. The axis-cylinder consists of fine fibrilla? 
cemented together by a granular interstitial substance, 
the neuroplasm. The medullary sheath consists of a 
reticulated framework composed of a material resem- 
bling neuro-keratin, and a semifluid substance filling 
the interstices, called myelin. At regular intervals 
the medullated sheath is marked by interruptions, the 
nodes of Ranvier. Each internode, as the portions of 
fiber included between two Ranvier' s nodes are termed, 
possesses a nerve-corpuscle . Under certain conditions 
the white substance of Schwann is seen to be com- 
posed of elongated pieces, the so-called Schmidt- 
Lantermann segments. These may be artifacts. The 
neurilemma, sheath of Schwann, or primitive sheath, 
is a delicate elastic membrane, closely investing the 
medullary substance. On its inner surface are placed 
the nerve-corpuscles. The non-medullated, pale, or 
Remak's fibers, do not possess a medullary sheath, 
but consist only of axis-cylinder and neurilemma. 
The nerve-corpuscles are more abundant than in me- 
dullated nerve-fibers. Medullated nerve-fibers are 
found in the cerebro-spinal nerves, while non-medul- 
lated fibers occur in the sympathetic nerves and tend 
to form plexuses. Nerve-fibers are aggregated into 
fasciculi; these in turn unite to form nerve-trunks. The 
nerve-fibers in a fasciculus are held together by the 
endoneurium ; while each fasciculus is surrounded by 
a sheath termed the perineurium. The epineurium 
holds together the several fasciculi composing a nerve- 
trunk. N. -fiber, Amyelinic. A synonym of non- 
medullated nerve-fiber. See N. -fiber. N. -fiber, 
Myelinic. A synonym of medullated nerve-fiber. See 
N. -fiber. N. -fiber, Organic. A synonym of non- 
medullated nerve-fiber. See N. -fiber. N. - fiber, 



NERVE 



846 



NERVE 



White. A synonym of medullated nerve-fiber. See 
N. -fiber. N-fibril, a very fine filament of nerve- 
tissue entering into the formation of the axis-cylinder. 
N. -force, the energy of the nervous system. See 
Isomeric Theory of. N., Forty-fourth, the sympa- 
thetic nerve. N., Frenator, an inhibitory nerve. N., 
Frigorific, a sympathetic nerve, so-called because its 
stimulation causes a fall of temperature; thevaso-con- 
strictor nerves are frigorific nerves. N., Ganglionic. 
A synonym of N., Sympathetic. N. -grafting, the 



transplanting of a portion of healthy nerve from an 
animal to man, after surgical operations necessitating 
the removal of a portion of a nerve. N.-head, the 
optic disc or papilla. N.-hill, N. -hillock, the motor 
end-plate of a nerve. N., Incident. A synonym of 
N. , Afferent. N., Katabolic, one giving rise to chemic 
and destructive changes in a muscle or other tissue. N., 
Krause's Ulnar Collateral, a branch of the mus- 
culo-spiral, which accompanies the ulnar nerve for 
some distance and ends in the lower part of the inner 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF TYPICAL NERVE-STRUCTURES. 



& 




Multipolar Nerve-cell from the Spinal Cord. 
Axis-cylinder process, y. Protoplasmic processes. 



Medullated Fiber, with 
Schwann's Sheath. 




Remak's Fibers. 

Nerve-fibers treated with silver nitrate and showing Froh- 

mann's lines. 



Medullated fiber, with 
Schwann's sheath, c. Neu- 
rilemma, t. t. Ranvier's 
nodes, b. White substance 
of Schwann d. Cells of 
the endoneurium. a. Axis- 
cylinder. 



,'»•// 




Transverse Section of a 
Nerve-fiber. 




Primitive Fibrilla and 
Axis-cylinder. 



Medullated Varicose 
Fiber. 



Peripheral Ganglionic 
Cell, with a Connec- 
tive-tissue Capsule. 




Ganglionic Cell, showing 
a Spiral and a Straight 
Process 



NERVED 



847 



NESTIATRIA 



head of the triceps. N.-less, without a nerve. N.- 
like, resembling a nerve. N.-loop, an arched con- 
nection between two or more nerves. N. -medulla, 
the axis-cylinder of a nerve. N., Medullated. See 
N.-fiber. N. -mimicry. Same as Neuromimesis. N., 
Mixed, one made up of both afferent and efferent 
fibers. N. -motion, the condition of excitement of 
nerves in the normal, intact body, due to physiologic 
or normal stimulus ; its nature is unknown. N., 
Motor, one containing only or chiefly motor fibers. 
N. -needle, in dentistry, an instrument used for broach- 
ing out a pulp-cavity. N., Non -medullated. See 
N.-fiber. N. -paste, a preparation for destroying the 
nerves of teeth, for the composition of which dif- 
ferent formula; are given. Some are composed of 
arsenious acid and creasote, others of arsenious acid, 
creasote, and sulphate of morphin. N.-path, the 
course pursued by a nervous impulse. N. -plate, 
a layer of nervous tissue, which may develop into 
a nerve-tube or nerve-cord. N. -plexus, a grouping 
of nerves. N. -power, the nervous energy of the body. 
N., Pressor, an afferent nerve, irritation of which 
stimulates the vaso-motor center. N.-ring, the ring 
of nerve-fibers surrounding a hair-follicle below 
the orifice of the sebaceous glands. N.-root : I. 
The root of a nerve ; the nerve or one of its con- 
stituent parts, as it emerges from a central organ. 2. 
The plant Cypripedium pubescens. N. -rudiment, 
the rudiment of a nerve. N., Secretory, an efferent 
nerve, stimulation of which causes increased activity 
of the gland to which it is distributed. N. -section, 
the division of a nerve for the relief of neuralgia. 
N. -shaken, havingthe nervous system shattered. N., 
Spinal, one of those arising from the spinal cord and 
making its exit through an intervertebral foramen. 
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. N. -storm, a 
sudden outburst or paroxysm of neurotic disturbance. 
N. -stretching, mechanical elongation or tension of a 
nerve, for neuralgia, spasmodic contraction, and other 
pathologic conditions. N. -substance, the substance 
of a nerve-cell. N., Sympathetic, one of a sys- 
tem of nerves distributed chiefly to the blood-vessels 
and to the viscera. They are so-called because they 
were thought to establish a communication or sym- 
pathy between distant organs of the body, especially 
in diseased states. See Sympathetic. N., Thermic. 
A synonym of N., Calorific. N.-tire, neurasthenia. 
N. -tissue, the intrinsic substance of a nerve or nerve- 
fiber. N. -track, same as N.-path. N., Trophic, a 
nerve, the function of which is to preside over the 
nutrition of the part to which it is distributed. N.- 
trunk, the main division or stem of a nerve. N.-tube, 
a nerve-fiber ; also a hollow cord of embryonic nervous 
tissue. N. -tuft, a minute plexus of nerve-fibers. N.- 
tumor. See Neuroma and Tumors, Table of. N.- 
tunic, an investiture by nervous tissue. N.-twig, a 
minute ramification of a nerve. N., Ulnar Collateral. 
See N, Krauses. N., Vaso-constrictor. See 
N, Vaso-motor. N., Vaso-dilator. See N, Vaso- 
motor. N., Vaso-hypertonic. A synonym of N. , 
Vaso-constrictor. N.,Vaso-inhibitory. A synonym 
of N, Vaso-dilator. N., Vaso-motor; vaso-motor 
nerves are of two kinds — those, stimulation of which 
causes contraction of the vessels, vaso-constrictor 
nerves, and those, stimulation of which causes active 
dilatation, vaso-dilator nerves. Ordinarily vaso-motor 
is synonymous with vaso-constrictor. N.-wave, a 
wave-motion in a nerve. 

Nerved (nervd) [tiervus, a fiber]. Having nerves ; 
nervose ; innervated. 

Nervelessness (nerv' '-les-nes) \_nervus, a nerve]. Lack 
of vigor ; a nerveless state. 



Nervi (iter'-vi) [L.]. Plural of Nervus, a nerve. 
Nerves. N. nervorum, a term applied to the small 
nerves distributed to the nerve-sheaths. 

Nerviduct (ner'-vid-ukl) [nervus, nerve ; ductus, duct]. 
The channel by which a nerve passes through a bone. 

Nerville (ner'-vil) [nervillus, dim. of nervus, nerve]. 
In biology, a very fine nerve in the blade of a leaf. 

Nervimotion (tier' ' -vim-o-shuti) [tiervus, a nerve ; 
motio, motion]. In biology, the reflex action of the 
nervous system, or the power of self-motion, as in 
leaves. 

Nervimotor (tier' ' -vim-o-tor) [tiervus, a nerve ; motor, 
a mover]. I. Pertaining to or causing nervimotion. 
2. That which causes nervimotion. 

Nervine (ner'-vin) [nervus, nerve]. I. Pertaining to 
the nerves. 2. Acting favorably, or decidedly, upon 
the nerves. 3. A remedy that calms nervous excite- 
ment or acts favorably on nervous diseases. 4. The 
plant Cypripedium pubescens. 

Nervose (ner'-voz) [nervosus, full of fibers]. Nerved; 
conspicuously nerved. 

Nervosism (tier' -vo-sizm) [Fr. nervosistne ; nervus, a 
nerve]. I. Neurasthenia or nervousness. 2. The 
doctrine that all morbid phenomena are caused by al- 
terations of nerve-force. 

Nervous (ner'-vus) [nervus, a nerve]. Pertaining to 
nerves. Applied to conditions of hyperesthesia and 
neurasthenia. N. Bladder. See Bladder. N. Break- 
down. See Neurasthenia. N. Cough, an hysteric 
disturbance of the motor functions of the larynx, mani- 
festing itself as an almost constant cough, unassociated 
with disease of the laryngeal mucosa. N. Fluid, 
a hypothetic fluid supposed to traverse the nerves from 
the nerve-centers to the periphery. N. Impulse, the 
impulse propagated along a stimulated nerve. N. In- 
fluence. Same as Nerve-p07ver . N. Irritability, a 
morbid condition of excitability of the nervous system. 
N. Quinsy. A synonym of Globus hystericus. N. 
Shock, a functional disturbance of the central nervous 
system, following fright or other violent emotion. N. 
System. See Cerebrospinal. N. Temperament. 
See Temperament. N. Vomiting, a condition not 
associated with anatomic changes in the stomach or 
with any morbid state of its contents, but due to ner- 
vous influences acting either directly or indirectly upon 
the centers presiding over the act of vomiting. It 
usually occurs in brunet women, and is, as a rule, not 
of much gravity, although death has occurred. 

Nervousness (tier' -vus-nes) [tiervus, nerve]. A con- 
dition of over-excitability of the nervous system, char- 
acterized by great unrest, mental and physical. 

Nervule, Nervulet (ner'-viil, ner'-vu-lef) [dim. of 
nervus, nerve]. A small nerve. 

Nervulose (ner'-vu-loz) [nervulus, dim. of tiervus, a 
nerve]. In biology, minutely nervose. 

Nervure (ner'-vur) [nervus, a sinew]. In biology, 
one of the veins or nerves of a leaf or an insect's 
wing. 

Nesis (tie' -sis) [vf/aig, suture]. Suture. 

Nessler's Reagent and Test. A solution of potas- 
sium iodid, mercuric chlorid, and sodium hydroxid, 
used in estimating the amount of ammonia in water. 
See Tests, Table of. 

Nesslerizing (ties' -ler-l-zing) [after Nessler, a chemist]. 
The process of using Nessler's reagent. 

Nest [ME., nest, a nest]. The home of a bird; the 
place where its eggs are laid. N.-cell, an aggrega- 
tion or cluster of cells, as in carcinoma. 

Nesteia (nes-ti'-a)i) [vt/o~da, fasting]. I. Fasting. 
2. The jejunum. 

Nestiatria (nes-te-a'-tre-ahi) [vqcTEia., a fast; tarpela, 
treatment]. Hunger-cure; treatment by fasting. 



NERVES 



648 



NERVES 



The Sympathetic 
System of Nerves. 



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SUPPLIES ALL THE PELVIC VISCERA AND THE PENIS. 



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NERVES 



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NERVES 



. Falx cerebri. 2, 2. Its convex bor- 
der, with the great longitudinal sinus. 
3. Its concave border. 4, 4. Inferior 
longitudinal sinus. 5. Base of falx 
cerebri. 6. Straight sinus. 7. Apex 
of falx cerebri. 8. Right half of the 
tentorium, seen from below. 9. Right 
lateral sinus. 10. Superior petrosal 
sinus. 11. Inferior petrosal sinus. 
12. Posterior occipital sinus. 13. Falx 
cerebelli. 14. Optic nerve. 15. Motor 
oculi. 16. Pathetic. 17. Trigeminus. 
18. Abducens. 19. Facial and audi- 
tory nerves. 20. Glosso-pharyngeal, 
pneumogastric and spinal accessory 
nerves. 21. Hypoglossal nerve. 22. 
First cervical nerve. 23. Second cer- 
vical nerve. 24, 24. Upper ex- 
tremity of ligamentum denticulatum. 



Medisection of Brain. Points of Exit of Nerves. 






1. Floor of fourth ventricle. 2. Supe- 
rior cerebellar peduncle. 3. Middle 
cerebellar peduncle. 4. Inferior cere- 
bellar peduncle. 5. Enlargement at 
upper extremity of postero-median 
column. 6. Glosso-pharyngeal nerve. 
7. Vagus. 8. Spinal accessory. 9, 

9, 9, 9. Ligamentum denticulatum. 

10, 10, 10, 10. Posterior roots 
of spinal nerves. 11, 11, 11, 11. 
Postero-lateral fissure. 12, 12, 12, 12. 
Ganglia of posterior roots. 13, 13. 
Anterior roots. 14. Division of united 
roots into anterior and posterior 
nerves. 15. Terminal extremity of 
cord. 16, 16. Filum terminate. 17, 
17. Cauda equina. I, VIII. Cervical 
nerves. I, XII. Dorsal nerves. I,V. 
Lumbar nerves. I, V. Sacral nerves. 



Superior or Cervical 
Segment of Spinal 
Cord. 



Middle or Dorsal 
Portion of Cord. 



Inferior Portion of 
Cord and Cauda 
Equina. 



NERVES 855 NERVES 

TABLE OF NERVES (alphabetic). 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Abdominal. 


Sensation and motion. 


Vagus. 


Surface of stomach. 


Filaments. 


Abducens (sixth cranial). 


Motion. 


Fourth ventricle. 


External rectus of eye. 


Filaments. 


Alveolar. 


Sensation. 


Inferior dental. 


Molar and bicuspid teeth, 
and adjacent gums. 


Gingivales. 


Arnold's. 


See Auricular. 








Articular. 


Trophic, sensory (?). 


Anterior crural. 


Knee-joint. 


Capsular, synovial. 


Articular, 2. 


Trophic, sensory (?). 


Ulnar. 


Elbow-joint. 


Filaments. 


Articular, recurrent. 


Motion. 


External popliteal. 


Knee-joint and anterior 
tibial muscle. 


Filaments. 


Auditory (eighth cranial, 
portio mollis of 7th). 


Hearing. 


Restiform body. 


Internal ear. 


Vestibular, cochlear. 


Auricular. 


Sensation. 


Lesser occipital. 


Integument of post, and 
upper portion of pinna. 


Filaments. 


Auricular (anterior). 


Sensation. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Integument of external 
ear. 


Filaments. 


Auricular (Arnold's). 


Sensation. 


Vagus. 


External ear. 


Filaments. 


Auricular (posterior). 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Retrahens aurem, attol- 
lens aurem, occipito- 
frontalis. 


Auricular, occipital. 


Auricularis magnus. 


Sensation. 


Cervical p 1 e x u s, 2d 
and 3d cervical. 


Parotid gland, face, ear. 


Facial, mastoid and auric- 
ular. 


Auriculotemporal. 


Sensation. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Pinna and temple. 


Articular, two branches 
to meatus, parotid, ante- 
rior auricular, superfi- 
cial temporal. 


Of Bock. 


See Pharyngeal. 








Buccal. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Buccinator and orbicularis 
oris muscles. 


Filaments. 


Buccal, long. 


Sensation, motion? 


Inferior maxillary. 


Cheek. 


Superior and inferior buc- 
cinator and external 
pterygoid. 


Calcanean, internal. 


Sensation. 


Posterior tibial. 


Fascia and integument of 
heel and sole. 


Several small filaments. 


Calcaneo-plantar, cuta- 
neous. 


See Calcanean, inter 


nal. 






Cardiac (cervical and 
thoracic). 


Inhibition. 


Vagus. 


Heart. 


Branches to cardiac plex- 
uses. 


Of Casser. 


See Perforating, and 


Musculo-cutaneous. 






Cavernous. 


Sensation. 


Prostatic plexus. 


Erectile structures of 
penis. 


Filaments. 


Cervical, eight. 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Trunk and upper ex- 
tremities. 


Ventral and dorsal divi- 
sions. See Plexus. 


Cervical, first (anterior 
division). 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Rectus lateralis and two 
anterior recti. 


Filaments and communi- 
cating to vagus, hypo- 
glossal, sympathetic. 


Cervical, first (posterior 
division). 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Recti, obliqui, complexus. 


Communicating and cuta- 
neous filaments. 


Cervical, fourth (ante- 
rior division). 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Shoulder and communi- 
cating. 


Communicating filaments, 
muscular, etc. 


Cervical, second (ante- 
rior division). 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Communicating. 


Ascending, descending, 
communicating and fila- 
ments. 


Cervical, second (poste- 
rior division). 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Obliquus inferioris, scalp, 
ear, complexus, splenius, 
trachelo-mastoid. 


Internal or occipitalis 
major, and external. 


Cervical, third (ante- 
rior division). 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Communicating. 


Ascending, descending, 
and communicating fila- 
ments. 



NERVES 



856 



NERVES 



812 





Brachial Portion of Musculo- 
cutaneous, Median and Ulnar 
Nerves. 



Terminal Portion of Median 
Nerve and of Ulnar Nerve. 



i. Musculocutaneous nerve. 2. Branch to coraco-brachialis 3. Branch to bi- 
ceps. 4. Branch to brachialis anticus. 5. Anastomotic branch from median. 
6. Division of musculocutaneous. 7. Radial nerve. 8. Its external cutaneous 
branch. 9. Internal cutaneous. 10. Its anterior, or ulnar branch. ] 1. Upper 
portion of median and ulnar nerves. 12. Their middle portion. 13. Branch to 
pronator radii teres. 14. Trunk giving rise to anterior muscular branches. 15. 
Branches to flexor profundus digitorum. 16. Branch to flexor longus proprius 
pollicis. 17. Interosseous branches. 18. Palmar cutaneous branch. 19. Branch 
for muscles of thenar eminence. 20. External collateral branch to thumb. 21. 
Internal collateral branch. 22. External collateral branch to index finger. 23. 
Common trunk of internal collateral branch to index finger and external col- 
lateral branch to middle finger. 24. Trunk of internal collateral to middle 
finger and external collateral branch to ring finger. 25. Branch of ulnar nerve 
to flexor carpi ulnaris. 26. Branches to two inner fasciculi of flexor profundus 
digitorum. 27. Cutaneous and anastomotic filament. 28. Dorsal branch. 29. 
Superficial palmar branch. 30. Common trunk of internal collateral branch to 
ring finger and external collateral branch to little finger. 31. Internal collateral 
branch to little finger. 32. Deep palmar branch. 33. Branch of the latter to 
hypothenar muscles. 34. Branches to muscles of fourth interosseous and to 
fourth lumbricalis. 35. Branches to muscles of third interosseous space and to 
third lumbricalis. 36. Branches to the adductor of the thumb and to the mus- 
cles of the first two interosseous spaces. 






Terminal Branches of the 
Radial Nerve. 

1. Trunk of radial nerve. 2. Branch 
to supinator longus. 3. Branch to 
extensor carpi radialis longior. 4. 
Branch to extensor carpi radialis 
brevior. 5. Bifurcation. 6. Poste- 
rior, or muscular division. 7. This 
division traversing the supinator 
brevis, to which it furnishes several 
branches. 8. Its terminal branches. 

9, 9. Anterior, or cutaneous division. 

10. Terminal branches of this divi- 
sion. 11 Musculo-cutaneous nerve. 
12, 12, 12. Its terminal branches. 13 
One of its branches descending to 
the wrist and anastomosing with the 
cutaneous branch of the radial. 



NERVES 



857 



NERVES 



TABLE OF NERVES. — Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Cervical, third (poste- 
rior division). 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Occiput, splenius, com- 
plexus. 


Internal, external, and fila- 
ments. 


Cervicals, 5th to 8th 
(anterior divisions). 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Brachial plexus. 


Communicating. 


Cervicals, 4th to 8th 
(posterior divisions). 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Muscles and skin of neck. 


Internal and external 
branches. 


Cervico- facial. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Lower part of face and 
part of neck. 


Buccal, supra-maxillary, 
infra-maxillary. 


Chorda tympani. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Tongue, tympanum, sub- 
maxillary gland. 


Filaments. 


Ciliary- 


Sensation, nutrition, 
motion. 


Ciliary ganglion. 


Eye-ball. 


Filaments. 


Circumflex. 


Motion and sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Teres minor, deltoid and 
skin. 


Anterior, posterior and ar- 
ticular. 


Coccygeal. 


Motion. 


Coccygeal plexus. 


Coccygeus and gluteus 
maximus. 


Filaments. 


Cochlear 


Hearing. 


Auditory. 


Cochlea. 


Filaments. 


Colli, superficialis. 


Sensation. 


Cervical plexus. 


Platysma myoides and ven- 
trolateral parts of neck. 


Ascending and descending 
branches, filaments. 


Communicans hypo- 
glossi. 


See Communicans noni. 








Communicans noni. 


Motion and sensation. 


Second cervical, third 
cervical. 


Descendens noni, depres- 
sor muscles of hyoid 
bone. 


Omo-hyoid and filaments, 
ansa hypoglossi. 


Communicating. 


Motion and sensation. 


Cervical plexus. 


Spinal accessory. 


Branches. 


Communicating. 


Sensation and motion. 


First and second cer- 
vical. 


Vagus, hypoglossal, sym- 
pathetic. 


Three branches and fila- 
ments. 


Of Cotunnius. 


See Na s o-p a la tine 


nerve. 






Crural. 


Sensation. 


Genito-crural. 


Skin, upper and central 
part ant. aspect of thigh. 


Filaments. 


Crural, anterior. 


Motion and sensation. 


Lumbar plexus, second, 
third and fourth lum- 
bar nerves. 


Thigh. 


Middle and internal cuta- 
neous, long saphenous, 
muscular, articular. 


Cutaneous. 


Sensation. 


Musculo-spiral. 


Skin of arm, radial side of 
forearm. 


One internal, two external. 


Cutaneous. 


Sensation. 


Ulnar. 


Wrist and palm. 


1st and palmar cutaneous. 


Cutaneous (dorsal). 


Sensation. 


Ulnar. 


Little and ring fingers. 


Filaments and communi- 
cating branches. 


Cutaneous (external). 


Sensation. 


2d and 3d lumbar. 


Skin of thigh. 


Anterior, posterior. 


Cutaneous (internal). 


Sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Forearm. 


Anterior and posterior 
branches and filaments. 


Cutaneous (lesser inter- 
nal) (oflVrisberg). 


Sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Inner side of arm. 


Filaments. 


Cutaneous (middle and 
internal). 


Sensation. Motion? 


Anterior crural. 


Thigh and communica- 
ting. 


Communicating and fila- 
ments. 


Cutaneous, perforating. 


Sensation. 


Fourth sacral. 


Integument covering glu- 
teus maximus. 


Filaments. 


Cyon's. 


See Depressor. 








Dental (inferior or man- 
dibular). 


Sensation. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Teeth, muscles. 


Mylo-hyoid, incisor, men- 
tal, dental. 


Dental, superior. 


See Dentals {posterior 


and anterior). 






Dentals (post, and ant.). 


Sensation. 


Superior maxillary. 


Teeth. 


Filaments. 


Depressor. 


Lowering of the 
blood-pressure. 


In the rabbit, from the 
vagus. 


Heart. 


Filaments. 


Descendens hypoglossi. 


Motor. 


Cervical plexus. 


Omo-hyoid, sterno-hyoid. 
sterno-thyroid, thyrohy- 
oid, genio-hyoid, hyo- 
glossus and muscles of 
tongue. 


Muscular, tongue. 



NERVES 




Muscular Nerves of the Antero- 
internal aspect of the thigh. 

I. Anterior crural nerve. 2. Branches 
to iliacus muscle. 3. Branch to inner 
part of psoas. 4. Large cutaneous 
branch. 5, 6. Muscular filaments of 
small musculocutaneous branch. 7. 
Cutaneous branches. 8. Deep, or 
anastomotic filament of internal cuta- 
neous branch. 9. Branches to rectus 
femoris. 10. Branches to vastus ex- 
ternus. n, n. Branches to vastus 
internus. 12, 12. Internal saphenous 
nerve. 13. Its patellar branch. 14. 
Vertical, or tibial branch. 15. Obtu- 
rator nerve. 16. Branch to adductor 
longus. 17. Branch to adductor 
brevis. 18. Branch to gracilis. 19. 
Branch to adductor magnus. 20. 
Lumbo-sacral trunk. 21. Union of 
this trunk and the first sacral nerve. 
22, 22. Lumbar and sacral portions 
of sympathetic. 23. External inguino- 
cutaneous branch. 



External Popliteal, or Peroneal 
Nerve. 

1. External popliteal nerve. 2. Fibular 
cutaneous branch. 3. Communicans 
peronei. 4. External saphenous nerve. 
5. Trunk formed by the union of the 
last two. 6. Calcanean branches. 7. Ex- 
ternal terminal branch. 8. Internal 
branch. 9, 9. Musculo-cutaneous nerve. 
10, 10. Its terminal branches, n. Anas- 
tomosis of its external terminal branch 
with internal saphenous. 12. Anastomosis 
of internal terminal branch with ex- 
ternal. 13. Anterior tibial nerve. 14. Its 
terminal portion, anastomosing with the 
musculo-cutaneous and dividing to form 
the deep dorsal internal collateral 
branch to the great toe, and the external 
collateral branch to the second toe. 



The Great Sciatic Xekve. 

I. Superior gluteal nerve. 2. Inferior 
gluteal, or small sciatic nerve. 3, 3, 
3. Branches to gluteus maximus. 4. 
Branch to pyriformis. 5. Genital 
branch of small sciatic. 6. Femoro- 
popliteal branch. 7, 7. Trunk of 
great sciatic. 8. Branch to long head 
of biceps. 9. Branch to short head. 

10, 10. Branches to semitendinosus 

11, 11. Branches to semimembrano- 
sus. 12, 12. Branches to adductor 
magnus. 13. External popliteal. 14. 
Internal popliteal. 15. Filament to 
plantaris. 16, 16. Branches to gas- 
trocnemius. 17. Origin of external 
saphenous. 



NERVES 



859 



NERVES 



TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Descendens noni. 


See Descendens hypo- 
glossi. 








Digastric. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Posterior belly of digastric. 


Filaments. 


Dorsal, 12 (anterior and 
posterior divisions). 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Muscles and skin of chest 
and trunk. 


External, internal, cuta- 
neous. 


Dorsal (of clitoris). 


Homologue of dorsal of penis. 




Filaments. 


Dorsal (of penis). 


Sensation. 


Pudic. 


Penis. 


Filaments. 


Esophageal. 


Motion. 


Vagus. 


Mucous and muscular 
coats of esophagus. 


Esophageal plexus. 


Facial. 


Sensation. 


Great auricular. 


Skin over parotid. 


Filaments. 


Facial (seventh cranial, 
portio dura). 


Motion. 


Floor of fourth ven- 
tricle. 


Face, ear, palate, tongue. 


Petrosals, tympanic, chor- 
da tympani, communicat- 
ing, post. auricular, digas- 
tric, stylo-hyoid, lingual, 
temporal, malar, infra- 
orbital, buccal, superior 
and inferior maxillary. 


Frontal. 


Sensation. 


Ophthalmic. 


Forehead and eyelids. 


Supra-orbital, supra-troch- 
lear. 


Gastric. 


Motion. 


Vagus. 


Stomach. 


Filaments. 


Genital. 


Motion and sensation. 


Genito-crural. 


Cremaster muscle. 


Filaments. 


Genito-crural. 


Motion and sensation. 


First and second lum- 
bar. 


Cremaster and thigh. 


Genital, crural, communi- 
cating. 


Glosso-pharyngeal 
(ninth cranial). 


Sensation and taste. 


Fourth ventricle. 


Tongue, middle ear, ton- 
sils, pharynx, meninges. 


Tympanic, carotid, 
pharyngeal, muscular, 
tonsillar, lingual. 


Gluteal (inferior). 


Motion. 


Sacral plexus (2d and 
3d sacral nerves). 


Gluteus maximus. 


Filaments. 


Gluteal (superior). 


Motion. 


Sacral plexus. 


Glutei, tensor vaginae fern. 


Filaments. 


Gustatory. 


See Lingual. 








Hemorrhoidal (inferior). 


Sensation and motion. 


Pudic. 


External sphincter ani, 
and adjacent integument. 


Filaments. 


Hepatic. 


(?) 


Vagus. 


Liver. 


Hepatic plexus. 


Hirschfeld's. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Styloglossus and palato- 
glossus. 


Filaments. 


Hypogastric. 


Sensation. 


Ilio-hypogastric. 


Skin about external ab- 
dominal ring. 


Filaments. 


Hypoglossal (twelfth 
cranial). 


Motion. 


Floor of fourth ven- 
tricle. 


Hyo-glossus and hyoid 
muscles. 


Descendens noni or hypo- 
glossi, muscular, thyro- 
hyoid, genio-hyoid and 
meningeal. 


Iliac. 


Sensation. 


Ilio-hypogastric. 


Integument covering fore 
part of gluteal region. 


Filaments. 


Iliac. 


Sensation. 


Last dorsal. 


Integument covering fore 
part of gluteal region. 


Filaments. 


Ilio-hypogastric. 


Motion and sensation. 


First lumbar. 


Abdominal and gluteal 
regions. 


Iliac, hypogastric, com- 
municating. 


Ilio-inguinal. 


Motion and sensation. 


First lumbar. 


Inguinal region and scro- 
tum. 


Muscular, cutaneous and 
communicating. 


Incisive. 


Sensation. 


Inferior dental. 


Canine and incisor teeth 
and corresponding gums. 


Filaments. 


Infra-mandibular. 


See Infra-maxillary. 








Infra-maxillary. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Platysma myoides. 


Filaments. 


Infra-orbital. 


Sensation and motion. 


Facial. 


Nose and lip. 


Palpebral, nasal, labial. 


Infra-trochlear. 


Sensation. 


Nasal. 


Skin and conjunctiva of 
inner part of eye, lacry- 
mal sac. 


Filaments. 


Intercostal. 


Motion and sensation. 


Spinal cord. 


Muscles and integument 
of thorax. 


Muscular, anterior and lat- 
eral cutaneous. 



NERVES 



860 



NERVES 



TABLE OF NERVES. — Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Intercosto-humeral. 


Sensation. 


Second intercostal. 


Integument of upper two- 
thirds of inner and poste- 
rior part of arm. 


Filaments. 


Interosseous (anterior). 


Motion. 


Median. 


Deep muscles of forearm. 


Filaments. 


Interosseous (posterior). 


Motion and sensation. 


Musculo-spiral. 


Carpus and radial and pos- 
terior brachial regions. 


Filaments. 


Jacobson's. 


See Tympanic, of the 


glosso-pharyngeal. 






Labial. 


Motion and sensation. 


Superior maxillary. 


Muscles and mucous mem- 
brane of lips. 


Filaments. 


Lacrymal. 


Sensation. 


Ophthalmic. 


Gland and conjunctiva. 


Filaments. 


Of Lancisi. 


Longitudinal stria- 
tions on upper sur- 
face of corpus cal- 
losum. 








Laryngeal (recurrent or 
inferior). 


Motion. 


Vagus. 


Larynx. 


Branches to all laryngeal 
mus. except crico-thyroid. 


Laryngeal (superior). 


Sensation and motion. 


Vagus. 


Larynx. 


External — c r i c o-lhyroid 
muscle and thyroid gland. 
Internal — mucous mem- 
brane of larynx. 


Lingual. 


Motion and sensation. 


Facial. 


Mucous membrane of 
tongue, palato-glossus 
and stylo-glossus mus- 
cles. 


Filaments. 


Lingual. 


Sensation. 


Glosso-pharyngeal. 


Circumvallate papillae and 
glands of tongue. 


Filaments. 


Lingual. 


Taste and sensation. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Tongue and mouth. 


Filaments. 


Lumbar (5). 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Lumbar and genital tis- 
sues. 


Anterior and posterior di- 
visions, lumbar plexus. 


Malar. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Lower part of orbicularis 
palpebrarum, and eye- 
lids. 


Filaments. 


Malar. 


Sensation. 


Orbital. 


Skin over malar bone. 


Filaments. 


Mandibular. 


See Maxillary, infe 


rior. 






Masseteric. 


Motor. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Masseter muscle (and tem- 
poral?) 


Filaments. 


Mastoid. 


Sensation. 


Great auricular. 


Skin over mastoid process. 


Filaments. 


Mastoid. 


Motion. 


Lesser occipital. 


Skin over mastoid process 


Filaments. 


Maxillary (inferior). 


Sensation, motion, 
and taste. 


Trigeminus. 


Muscles of mastication, 
ear, cheek, tongue, teeth. 


Masseteric, auriculo-tem- 
poral, buccal, gustatory, 
inferior dental. 


Maxillary (superior). 


Sensation. 


Trigeminus. 


Cheek, face, teeth. 


Orbital, spheno-palatine, 
dentals, infra-orbital. 


Median. 


Motion and sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Pronator radii teres, 
flexors, two lumbricales, 
fingers, palms. 


Muscular, anterior inter- 
osseous, palmar cuta- 
neous. 


Meningeal. 


Sensation. 


Glosso-pharyngeal . 


Pia and arachnoid. 


Filaments. 


Meningeal. 


Sensation. 


Hypoglossal. 


Dura mater. 


Filaments. 


Meningeal. 


Sensation. 


Vagus. 


Dura around lateral sinus. 


Filaments. 


Meningeal, recurrent. 


Sensation. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Dura and mastoid cells. 


Filaments. 


Mental. 


Motion and sensation. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Mucous membrane of 
lower lip and chin. 


Filaments. 


Motor oculi (third cra- 
nial). 


Motion. 


Floor of aqueduct of 
Sylvius. 


All musclesof the eye, ex- 
cept external rectus, su- 
perior oblique, and orbic- 
ularis palpebrarum. 


Filaments. 


Muscular. 


Motion and sensation. 


First and second cer- 
vical. 


Rec. cap. lat., rec. anterior 
major et minor. 


Filaments. 


Muscular. 


Motion and sensation. 


Cervical plexus. 


Sterno-mastoid, lev. ang. 
scap., seal, med., trapez. 


Filaments. 



NERVES 



861 



NERVES 



TABLE OF NERVES. — Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Muscular. 


Motion. 


Brachial plexus. 


Longus colli, scaleni, 
rhomboidei, subclavius. 


Filaments. 


Muscular. 


Motion. 


_Musculo-spiral. 


Triceps, anconeus, sup- 
inat. long., extens. carpi 
rad. long., brach. antic. 


Internal, post erior, ex- 
ternal. 


Muscular. 


Motion. 


Median. 


Superficial muscles of fore- 
arm. 


Filaments. 


Muscular. 


Motion. 


Ulnar. 


Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor 
profundus digitorum. 


Two branches. 


Muscular. 


Motion. 


Great sciatic. 


Biceps, semimembranosus, 
semitendinosus, adduc- 
tor magnus. 


Filaments. 


Muscular. 


Motion. 


Sacral plexus. 


Pyriformis, obturator int., 
gemelli, quad, femoris. 


Filaments. 


Muscular. 


Motion. 


Anterior crural. 


Pectineus and muscles of 
thigh. 


Filaments. 


Musculo-cutaneous. 


Motion and sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Coraco-brach., biceps, 
brach. anticus, forearm. 


Anterior and posterior. 


Musculo-cutaneous. 


Motion and sensation. 


External popliteal. 


Muscles of fibular side of 
leg, skin ofdorsum of foot. 


Internal, external. 


Musculo-spiral. 


Motion and sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Back of arm and forearm, 
skin of back of hand. 


Musculo-cutaneous, radial, 
posterior interosseous. 


Mylohyoid. 


Motion. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Mylo-hyoid and digastric 
muscles. 


Filaments. 


Nasal. 


Sensation. 


Dental, anterior. 


Mucous membrane of 
inferior meatus. 


Filaments. 


Nasal. 


Sensation. 


Maxillary, superior. 


Integument of lateral as- 
pect of nose. 


Filaments. 


Nasal. 


Sensation. 


Ophthalmic. 


Iris, ciliary ganglion, nose. 


Ganglionic, ciliary, infra- 
trochlear. 


Nasal, inferior. 


Sensation. 


Anterior palatine. 


Mucous membrane of nose. 


Filaments. 


Nasal, superior. 


Sensation. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Mucous membrane of nose 
and post, ethmoid cells. 


Filaments. 


Naso-palatine (of Cotun- 
nius). 


Sensation. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Nasal septum. 


Filaments. 


Obturator. 


Motion and sensation. 


Lumbar plexus, third 
and fourth nerves. 


Obturator externus, ad- 
ductors, joint and skin. 


Ant. and post, articulating 
and communicating. 


Obturator (accessory). 


Motion and sensation. 


Lumbar plexus. 


Pectineus and hip-joint. 


Filaments. 


Occipital, smallest or 3d. 


Sensation. 


Third cervical. 


Integument of occiput. 


Filaments. 


Occipitalis, lesser or 
minor. 


Sensation. 


Second cervical. 


Occipito-frontalis, ear, etc. 


Communicating, auricular, 
filaments. 


Occipitalis magnus. 


Motion and sensation. 


Second cervical. 


Complexus, trap, and scalp. 


Filaments. 


Oculo-motor. 


See Motor oculi. 








Olfactory (first cranial). 


Smell. 


Frontal lobe, optic 
thalamus and insula. 


Schneiderian membrane 
of nose. 


Twenty branches. 


Ophthalmic. 


Sensation. 


Trigeminus. 


Forehead, eyes, nose. 


Frontal, lacrymal, nasal. 


Optic (second cranial). 


Sight. 


Cortical center in oc- 
cipital lobe. 


Retina. 


None. 


Orbital. 


Sensation. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Mucosa of posterior 
ethmoid cells, and 
sphenoid sinus. 


Filaments. 


Orbital. 


Sensation. 


Superior maxillary. 


Temple and cheek. 


Temporal and malar. 


Orbito-temporal. 


See Orbital {of supe 


rior maxillary). 






Palatine, anterior or 
great. 


Sensation. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Hard palate, gums and 
nose. 


Two inferior nasal. 


Palatine, external. 


Sensation. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Tonsil and soft palate. 


Filaments. 


Palatine, posterior or 
small. 


Motor. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Levator palati and azygos 
uvulae. 


Filaments, 


Palmar cutaneous. 


Sensation. 


Median. 


Thumb and palm. 


Outer and inner. 



NERVES 



862 



NERVES 



TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Palmar (deep). 


Motion. 


Ulnar. 


Little finger, dorsal and 
palmar interosseous, two 
inner lumbricales, ab- 
ductor pollicis. 


Filaments. 


Palmar (superficial). 


Sensation and motion. 


Ulnar. 


Palmaris brevis, inner 
side of hand and little 
finger. 


Filaments and two digital 
branches. 


Palpebral. 


Motor. 


Superior maxillary. 


Integument of lower lid. 


Filaments. 


Parotid. 


Sensation. 


Auriculo-temporal. 


Parotid gland. 


Filaments. 


Patellar. 


Sensation. 


Long saphenous. 


Integument over patella 
and plexus patellae. 


Filaments. 


Patheticus (4th cranial). 


Motion. 


Valve of Vieussens. 


Superior oblique of eye. 


None. 


Pectineus. 


Motion. 


Anterior crural. 


Pectineus muscle. 


Filaments. 


Perforating (of Casser). 


See Musculo-cuta 


neous. 






Perineal. 


Motion and sensation. 


Pudic. 


Perineum, genitalia and 
skin of perineal region. 


Cutaneous and muscular. 


Perineal. 


Motion and sensation. 


Fourth sacral. 


External sphincter ani 
and integument of anus. 


Filaments. 


Petrosals. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Ganglia and plexus. 


Great, small, external to 
Meckel's ganglion, otic 
ganglion, and meningeal 
plexus, respectively. 


Pharyngeal. 


Motion and sensation. 


Glosso-pharyngeal. 


Pharynx. 


Enters into formation of 
pharyngeal plexus. 


Pharyngeal. 


Sensation. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Upper part of pharynx, 
posterior nares and 
sphenoid sinus. 


Filaments. 


Pharyngeal. 


Motion. 


Vagus. 


Pharynx. 


Pharyngeal plexus, mus- 
cles and mucosa. 


Pharyngeal. 


Sensation. 


Sympathetic. 


Pharynx. 


Helps to form the pharyn- 
geal plexus. 


Phrenic. 


Motion and sensation. 


Third, fourth, and fifth 
cervical. 


Diaphragm, pericardium, 
pleura. 


Filaments. 


Plantar (external). 


Motion and sensation. 


Posterior tibial. 


Little toe and deep mus- 
cles of foot. 


Superficial and deep. 


Plantar (internal). 


Sensation and motion. 


Posterior tibial. 


Sole of foot, adduct. pol- 
lic, flexor brev. dig. , toes. 


Cutaneous, muscular, 
articular, digital. 


Pneumogastric (tenth 
cranial, "par vagum"). 


Sensation and motion. 


Floor of fourth ven- 
tricle. 


Ear, pharynx, larynx, 
heart, lungs, esophagus, 
stomach. 


Auricular, pharyngeal, 
superior and inferior 
laryngeal, recurrent la- 
ryngeal, cardiac, pul- 
monary, esophageal, gas- 
tric, hepatic, communi- 
cating, meningeal. 


Popliteal (external). 


Sensation and motion. 


Great sciatic. 


Extensors of foot, skin, 
and fascia. 


Anterior tibial, musculo- 
cutaneous, articular, 
cutaneous. 


Popliteal (internal). 


Motion and sensation. 


Great sciatic. 


Knee, gastrocnemius, tibi- 
alis posticus, plantaris, 
soleus, popliteus, skin of 
foot. 


Articular, muscular, cuta- 
neous, external saphen- 
ous, plantar, external or 
short saphenous. 


Pterygoid, external. 


Motion. 


Inferior maxillary. 


External pterygoid muscle. 


Filaments. 


Pterygoid, internal. 


Motion. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Internal pterygoid muscle. 


Filaments. 


Pudendal, long (nerve of 
Soemmering). 


Sensation. 


Small sciatic. 


Integument of genitalia 
and inner and proximal 
part of thigh. 


Filaments. 


Pudic. 


Motion and sensation. 


Sacral plexus. 


Perineum, anus, genitalia. 


Inferior hemorrhoidal .peri- 
neal, cutaneous, dorsal of 
penis. 


Pulmonary (anterior 
and posterior). 


(?)■ 


Vagus. 


Lungs. 


Branches to pulmonary 
plexuses. 



NERVES 



863 



NERVES 



TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Radial. 


Sensation. 


Musculocutaneous. 


Thumb and three fingers. 


External and internal. 


Sacral (five). 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Multifidus spinae, skin, 
gluteal region. 


Filaments and sacral 
plexus. 


Saphenous (external or 
short). 


Sensation. 


Internal popliteal. 


Integument of foot and 
little toe. 


Filaments. 


Saphenous (long or in- 
ternal). 


Sensation. 


Anterior crural. 


Knee, ankle. 


Cutaneous, patellar, com- 
municating, filaments. 


Of Scarpa. 


See Naso-palatine. 








Sciatic (great). 


Motion and sensation. 


Sacral plexus. 


Skin of leg, muscles of 
back of thigh and those 
of leg and foot. 


Articular, muscular, pop- 
liteals. 


Sciatic (small). 


Sensation and motion. 


Sacral plexus. 


Perineum, back of thigh 
and leg, gluteus maximus. 


Muscular, cutaneous, long 
pudendal. 


Septal. 


Sensation. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Back part of nasal septum. 


Filaments. 


Of Soemmering. 


See Pudendal, Long. 








Spheno-palatine. 


Sensation. 


Superior maxillary. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


See Ganglion. 


Spinal. 


Motion and sensation. 


Spinal cord. 


Trunk. 


Filaments. 


Spinal accessory 
(eleventh cranial). 


Motion. 


Floor of fourth ventri- 
cle. 


Sterno-cleido -mastoid, 
trapezius. 


Filaments. 


Splanchnic (great). 


Sympathetic. 


Thoracic ganglia. 


Semilunar ganglion, renal 
and supra-renal plexuses. 


Communicating and fila- 
ments. 


Splanchnic (lesser). 


Sympathetic. 


Tenth and eleventh 
thoracic ganglia, 
great splanchnic. 


Celiac plexus and great 
splanchnic. 


Communicating and fila- 
ments. 


Splanchnic (renal or 
smallest). 


Sympathetic. 


Last thoracic ganglion. 


Renal and celiac plexus. 


Communicating and fila- 
ments. 


Stapedial. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Stapedius muscle. 


Filaments. 


Stylo-hyoid. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Stylo-hyoid muscle. 


Filaments. 


Subscapular (three). 


Motion. 


Brachial plexus. 


Subscapular, teres major, 
and latissimus dorsi. 


Filaments. 


Supra-acromial. 


Sensation. 


Cervical plexus. 


Skin over deltoid. 


Filaments. 


Supra- clavicular (de- 
scending). 


Sensation. 


Third and fourth cer- 
vical. 


Skin of neck, breast and 
shoulder. 


Sternal, clavicular, acro- 
mial. 


Supra-mandibular. 


See Maxillary , supe 


rior. 






Supra-maxillary. 


See Maxillary, supe 


rior. 






Supra-orbital. 


Sensation. 


Ophthalmic. 


Upper lid, forehead. 


Muscular, cutaneous and 
pericranial branches. 


Supra-scapular. 


Motion and sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Scapular muscles. 


Filaments. 


Supra-sternal. 


Sensation. 


Cervical plexus. 


Integument over upper 
part of sternum. 


Filaments. 


Supra-trochlear. 


Sensation. 


Ophthalmic. 


Forehead and upper eyelid. 


Muscular and cutaneous. 


Sympathetic. 


See Sympathetic, Gan 


glion, and Plexus. 






Temporal. 


Motion. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Temporal muscle. 


Filaments. 


Temporal. 


Sensation. 


Orbital. 


Integument over temporal 
muscle. 


Filaments. 


Temporal. 


Motion. 


Temporo-facial. 


Orbicularis palpebrarum, 
occipito-frontalis, attra- 
heus and attollens aurem, 
corrugator supercilii. 


Muscular. 


Temporal, superficial. 


Sensation. 


Auriculo-temporal. 


Integument over temporal 
fascia. 


Filaments. 


Temporo-facial. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Upper part of face. 


Temporal, malar, infra- 
orbital. 


Temporo-malar. 


See Orbital. 









NESTIS 



864 



NETTLE 



TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Thoracic (posterior or 
long). External respi- 
ratory nerve of Bell. 


Motion. 


Brachial plexus. 


Serratus magnus. 


Filaments. 


Thoracic, spinal. 


Motion and sensation. 


Cord. 


Muscles of skin of thorax. 


Filaments. 


Thoracics (ant. and ext.). 


Motion. 


Brachial plexus. 


Pectoralis major et minor. 


Filaments. 


Tibial (anterior). 


Motion and sensation. 


External popliteal. 


Tibialis antic, extensor 
long, digit., peroneus ter., 
joints of foot, skin of 
great toe. 


Muscular, external, inter- 
nal. 


Tibial (posterior). 


Motion and sensation. 


Internal popliteal. 


Tibialis post., flexor long, 
digit., flexor long, pollic, 
skin of heel and sole, 
knee-joint. 


Plantars, muscular, cal- 
caneo-plantar, cutaneous 
or internal calcanean, ar- 
ticular. 


Tonsillar. 


Sensation. 


Glosso-pharyngeal. 


Tonsil, soft palate, and 
fauces. 


Filaments. 


Trigeminus or trifacial 
(fifth cranial). 


Motion and sensation 
(taste). 


Medulla and floor of 
fourth ventricle. 


Skin and structures of 
face, tongue and teeth. 


Ophthalmic, superior and 
inferior max. divisions. 


Trochlear. 


See Patheticus. 








Tympanic. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Stapedius and laxator 
tympani muscles. 


Filaments. 


Tympanic. 


Sensation. 


Sympathetic. 


Tympanum. 


Filaments. 


Tympanic (Jacobson's 
nerve). 


Motion. 


Glosso-pharyngeal. 


Tympanum. 


Tympanic plexus, comma. 
nicating, and filaments. 


Ulnar. 


Motion and sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Muscles, shoulder-joint 
and wrist-joint, and skin 
of little finger. 


Two articular, muscular, 
palmar cutaneous, dor- 
sal, superior palmar.deep 
palmar. 


Vagus. 


See Pneuniogastric. 








Vestibular. 


Sensation. 


Auditory. 


Utricle and ampullae of 
the semicircular canals. 


Filaments. 


Vidian. 


Sensation. 


Union of large super- 
ficial and deep petro- 
sal. 


Spheno-maxillary fossa, 
and posterior part of 
upper nasal meatus. 


Filaments, nasal. 


Of Willis. 


See Spinal accessory. 








Wrisberg's. 


See Cutaneous, lesser 


internal. 







Nestis {nes'-tis) [vijartc, fasting]. Fasting. 

Nestitherapy {nes-tith-er' '-ap-e). See Nestiatria. 

Nestle's Food. A variety of milk-food for infants. 
Its composition is: Water, 4.72; fat, 1.91 ; grape- 
sugar and milk-sugar, 6.02 ; cane-sugar, 32.93 ; starch, 
40.10; soluble carbohydrates, 44.88; albuminoids, 
8.23 ; ash, I.59. 

Nestoposia {nes-top-o'-ze-ali) [yrjanc, fasting; Tt6aig, 
drinking]. Drinking on an empty stomach. 

Net [ME., net, net]. A reticulation or cancellation ; a 
web or mesh ; a rete ; anything formed with inter- 
stices or meshes, like a net. N., Bathygraphic, or 
N., Bathographic Zone, a deep-sea closable net em- 
ployed in the study of the many different faunal belts 
overlying one another in the great deep-sea zones, 
designed by Palumbo, Petersen, Chun, etc. N., 
Miiller's, the "fine pelagic net" of Johannes 
Muller, a round bag of Miiller gauze or silk mull, the 
mouth of which is kept open by a circular metallic ring. 
In ordinary pelagic fishing this ring is fastened to a 
handle from six to twelve feet long (like the ordinary 
butterfly net) . While the boat moves along the opening 
of this net is held at the surface in such a way that 
swimming animals are caught in the bag, in the bot- 
tom of which they remain hanging, while the water 



passes through the narrow meshes of the net. After a 
time the net is carefully inverted and the tow-stuff 
{Auftriei) is emptied into a glass vessel filled with 
sea-water. If one wishes to fish below the surface, the 
ring of the net is fastened by means of three strings 
equally distant from one another, which at a point 
(about three feet from the opening of the net) are 
joined to a longer line which is sunk by weights to a 
definite distance corresponding to the desired depth. 
(E. Hackel.) N., Palumbo's. See A r . , Bathygra- 
phic. N.-work, the arrangement of fibers in a retic- 
ulum. Network, Gerlach's, a network of processes 
of nerve-cells found in the gray matter of the spinal 
cord. Network, Haller's, the rete testis. 

Netraneurysm {net-ran 1 '-u-rizm) [vf/rpov, spindle ; 
avEvpiafia, aneurysm]. A fusiform aneurys' '. 

Nettle (nct'-l) [ME., nettle, nettle]. The root of 
Urtica dioica, the common stinging-nettle, : common 
domestic remedy for renal complaints and hemorrhages. 
It is astringent, diuretic, and antiscorbutic. Dose of 
the fid. ext. tT^xx-xl. Unof. N. -fever, urticaria, q. v. 
N. -fiber, one of the bast-fibers of the common nettle 
{Urtica dioica). When cleaned these fibers are soft, 
of good length and strength, and quite lustrous and 
white. N.-rash. See Urticaria. 



NETTLING-CELL 



865 



NEURATROPHIA 



Nettling-cell (net'-ling-sel). See Lasso-cell. 

Nettorrhynchus (net-or-in' -kus) [lijTTa, duck ; p'vyxoQ, 
bill , snout]. A pseudoparasite present in human feces. 
See Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Neubauer's Artery. See Arteries, Table of. N.'s 
Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Neubauer and Vogel's Reagent and Test. See Tests, 
Table of 

Neuber's Tubes. Decalcified bone drainage-tubes. 

Neufchatel Cheese. See Cheese. 

Neugebauer's Operation. See Le Fort's Operation, 
under Operations, Table of. 

Neumann, Corpuscles of. See Corpuscle. N.'s 
Dentinal Sheath, an elastic homogeneous mem- 
brane between Tomes' fibers and the ivory of the 
dentinal canals. N.'s Hematoblasts. Same as 
N.'s Corpuscles. N.'s Membrane. Same as N.'s 
Dentinal Sheath. N.'s Sheath. See. N.'s Dentinal 
Sheath. 

Neurad (nu'-rad) [vevpov, a nerve; ad, to]. Toward 
the neural aspect or axis. 

Neuradynamia (nu-rad-in-a* '-me-aK). See Neuras- 
thenia. 

Neuradynamic (nu-rad-in-am'-ik). See Neurasthenic . 

Neursemia (nu-re'-me-ah). See Ne uremia. 

Neuragmia (nu-rag' '-me-aK) [vevpov, nerve ; ay/uoc, a 
breaking]. The bruising or tearing of a nerve-trunk 
above or below its ganglion for the purpose of study- 
ing the trophic changes that will follow. Also 
called the Neicragmic Method. 

Neuragmic (nu-rag' '-mik) [yevpov, a nerve ; ay/ioc, a 
breaking]. Pertaining to neuragmia. N. Method. 
See Neuragmia. 

Neural (nu'-rel) [yevpov, nerve]. I. Pertaining to 
nerves. 2. Richard Owen's term for that surface or 
aspect of the body which in progressive motion is car- 
ried upright and directed backward in man, and hom- 
ologous surfaces indicated by the position of the ner- 
vous and vascular centers, which surfaces are horizontal 
and carried respectively upward and downward in ver- 
tebrates below mankind, but are carried downward and 
upward respectively in the invertebrates. See Dorsal. 
N. Arch, the arch formed by the two neurapophyses, 
and forming the dorsal cover of each section of the 
spinal canal. N. Axis, the spinal cord. N. Canal, 
the dorsal tube of the embryo, formed by the union 
of the dorsal folds of the lateral tract above the line 
of the embryonic axis. N. Crest. See Crest. N. 
Foramen, the vertebral foramen. See Foramina, 
Table of. N. Furrow, a furrow of the blastoderm 
giving rise to a part of the nervous system in insects. 
It is an invagination occurring later than the gas- 
trula mouth, and exactly in the location from which 
the latter disappeared, but having no connection 
with it whatever. N. Groove, the same as the Me- 
dullary Groove, q. v. N. Lamina, the lateral portion 
of the neural arch of a vertebra. N. Metamere, a seg- 
ment of the vertebral column and spinal cord. N. 
Plate, the structure formed by the paired cerebral 
rudiments in the embryos of certain worms, arising as 
products of the ectoderm, sinking below the surface 
and becoming mesodermal. It is the same as Medul- 
lary Plate. N. Rows, two rows of cells that develop 
anteriorly from the neuroblasts, in the embryo of 
worms, a.id form the rudiments of the ventral cord. 
N. Tube the closed medullary groove of the epiblast. 

Neuralgia \nu-ral' ' -je-ah) [veipov, nerve ; akyoc, pain]. 
A severe paroxysmal pain in the area of distribution of 
a nerve or along its course. Age, sex, heredity, and 
anemia are important predisposing causes. The true 
nature of neuralgia is obscure ; it is possible that in 
many cases the cause is an inflammatory or circulatory 
55 



disturbance in the nerve-trunk. Among exciting 
causes cold and traumatism play an important role. 
Certain disease-poisons, as those of typhoid fever, 
variola, malaria, and metallic poisons, such as lead, 
arsenic, copper, mercury, in addition to alcohol and 
nicotin, are sometimes causative agents of neuralgia. 
Gout and diabetes also occasionally give rise to neu- 
ralgia. Finally, there is a class of so-called reflex 
neuralgias met with in connection with uterine and 
ovarian disease and occurring in remote organs. 
Lesions of the central nervous system also give rise to 
attacks of neuralgic pain. According to their anatomic 
situation the following forms of neuralgia are de- 
scribed : trigeminal, tic douloureux or prosopalgia, the 
most frequent variety ; cervico-occipital ; cervico-bra- 
chial and brachial ; intercostal ; sciatica or ischias ; 
coccygodynia ; visceral neuralgias. N. cerebralis. A 
synonym of Hemicra7iia. N. dentalis. See Odon- 
talgia. N., False, nerve- pains due to mechanical 
compression of a nerve. N. mesenterica. A 
synonym of Enteralgia. N., Red. See Erythrome- 
lalgia. 

Neuralgic (nu-ral 1 -jik) [veipov, nerve; dAyoc, pain]. 
Pertaining to, or affected with, neuralgia. 

Neurameba (nu-ram-e' -bah) [yevpov, nerve ; hfioi^rj, 
change]. In biology, a nerve-cell regarded as an 
organism. Cf. Myameba, Osteameba. 

Neuramebimeter (nu-ram-eb-im' -et-er) [yevpov, nerve ; 
a/zoifir/, return; fierpov, measure]. The nerve-reply 
measurer ; an instrument devised by Exner and used 
in psycho-physics to obtain the reaction-time of ner- 
vous impressions. 

Neuranagenesis (nu - ran - aj '- en' - es - is) [vevpov, 
nerve; avayevvaeiv, to renew]. Regeneration or 
renewal of nerve-tissue. 

Neuranagennema (nu - ran - aj - en'- em - ah) [vevpov, 
nerve ; avayevvr/fta, that which is renewed]. The re- 
generated part of a nerve. 

Neuranaphysis ( nu - ran -af- is - is ) [vevpov, nerve ; 
avcKpveiv, to grow again]. The renewal, or renewed 
growth of the nerve-elements. 

Neurapophysis (nu - rap - off ' - is - is) [vevpov, nerve; 
arrdipvair, offshoot]. Either one of the two apophyses 
on each vertebra which blend and form the neural 
arch, or the dorsal wall of the spinal foramen. 

Neurasthenia (nu-ras-then-i' -ah) [vevpov, nerve ; 
aafteveia, weakness]. A group of symptoms resulting 
from debility or exhaustion of the nerve-centers. 
Among the more common symptoms are a lack of 
energy, undue readiness of fatigue, disinclination to 
activity, a sense of fulness or pressure at the top of 
the head ; pain in the back, impaired memory, and 
disturbed sleep; gastro-intestinal symptoms, such as 
anorexia, constipation, fulness after eating, are com- 
mon ; and amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea in females, 
and spermatorrhea and impotence in the male, are 
frequent accompaniments. N., Cerebral, is marked 
by depression, inability to concentrate the mind, 
insomnia, irritability, headache, visual disturbances, 
etc. N. gastrica, feeble digestion of a purely 
nervous origin. N., Spinal, commonly known as 
spinal irritation, is characterized by pain in the back, 
tender points along the spine, weakness of the ex- 
tremities, great prostration on slight exertion, neuralgic 
pains, and other nervous manifestations. 

Neurasthenic (nu-ras-then'-ik) [vevpov, nerve ; aafte- 
veia, weakness]. Relating to, or characterized by, 
neurasthenia. 

Neuration (nu-ra'-shun). Same as Nervation. 

Neuratrophia (nu-rat-ro' -fe-ah)[vevpov , nerve ; arpoipla, 
atrophy]. Atrophy, or impaired nutrition, of a nerve, 
or nerves. 



NEURAXIS 



866 



NEURITIS 



Neuraxis {nu-raks'-is) [vevpov, nerve ; axis, axis]. 
The neural axis ; neuron. 

Neure {nur) [vevpov, nerve]. A nerve-cell including 
all its processes. 

Neurectasis, Neurectasy {nu-rek'-tas-is, nu-rek'- 
tas-e) [vevpov, nerve; eKraoic-, stretching]. Nerve- 
stretching. 

Neurectomy {nu-rek 1 ' -to-me) [vevpov, nerve ; eicrouij, 
excision]. The operation of excising part of a 
nerve. 

Neurectopia {nu-rek-to' -pe-ah) [vevpov, nerve ; ekto—oc, 
out of place]. Displacement, or other abnormity of 
the distribution of a nerve. 

Neuremia {nu-re' -me-ah) [vevpov, nerve ; alfia, blood]. 
A purely functional nervous disorder. 

Neurempodism {nu-rem 1 -po-dizm') [vevpov, nerve; 
e/i7ro6tofi6c t hindrance]. Interference with nervous 
action. 

Neurenteric {nic-ren-ter' -ik) [vevpov, nerve ; evrepov, 
intestine]. Pertaining to the embryonic neural canal 
and the intestinal tube. N. Canal, the temporary 
communication existing between the neural canal and 
the intestinal tube in Tunicates and Vertebrates. It 
was discovered by Kowalevsky in Ascidians and Am- 
phioxus, and is called also Kowalevsky ' s Canal. See 
Canal. 

Neurepithelium {nu-rep-ith-e'-le-um). See Neuro- 
epithelium. 

Neuria {nu'-re-ali) [vevpov, nerve]. Nervous tissue; 
a delicate layer of nerve-substance. 

Neuriasis {nu-ri' '-as-is) [vevpov, nerve]. Hysteric 
hypochondriasis. 

Neuriatry {nu-ri' '-at-ri) [vevpov, nerve ; larpeia, ther- 
apy]. The study and treatment of nervous diseases. 

Neuric {nu'-rik) [vevpov nerve]. Pertaining to a 
nerve or to nerves. 

Neuricity {nu-ris' -it-e) [Fr. , neuricite, from vevpov, 
nerve]. Nerve-force ; nervous quality, or function. 

Neuridin {nu> '-rid-in) [vevpov, a nerve], C 5 H U N 2 . A 
ptomain, the first diamin isolated from animal tissues 
by Brieger in 1 884. It is one of the most common 
products of putrefaction ; it has been obtained from 
putrid human flesh, horseflesh, fish, gelatin and cheese. 
It can be obtained in the preparation of cholin by 
heating fresh eggs with baryta, and by heating fresh 
brain with a two per cent, solution of hydrochloric 
acid. It is almost invariably associated with cholin 
in the process of putrefaction ; according to the dura- 
tion of putrefaction, the amount of cholin decreases, 
with a corresponding increase in the amount of tri- 
methylamin, while the amount of neuridin increases in 
quantity according to the nature of the decomposing 
organ. The greatest yield is from gelatinous tissue, 
such as the intestines ; tissues like those of the liver and 
spleen yield little. Neuridin is isomeric with cadaverin. 
The free base has an excessively repulsive seminal 
odor. It is soluble in water, but not in ether and alco- 
hol. Pure neuridin is not poisonous, but when mixed 
with the products of putrefaction, it has a toxic effect 
like peptotoxin. This holds true of other non-poison- 
ous bases. See Pto -mains, Table of. 

Neurilemma {nu-ril-etn' -ah) [vevpov, nerve; 7Jupa, 
bark]. The sheath encasing a nerve-fiber; the 
sheath of Schwann. See Nerve-fiber. 

Neurilemmatic {nu-ril-em-at'-ik) [vevpov, nerve; 
7ieu.ua, bark]. Pertaining to the neurilemma. 

Neurilemmitis {nu-ril-em-i'-tis) [vevpov, nerve ; leppa, 
bark; ltu;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the neuri- 
lemma. 

Neurility {nu-ri I' '-it-e) £Fr. nevrilite, from vevpov, 
nerve]. The stimulus or power possessed by a nerve- 
fiber to cause contraction of a muscle ; neuricity. 



Neurilyma {nu-ril-i'-mah). Synonym of Neurilemma, 

Neurin (uu'-rin) [vevpov, nerve]. I. The albuminous 
basis forming the substance of nerve-tissue. 2. C 5 - 
H 13 NO ; a toxic body, one of the ptomains, the pro- 
duct of decomposition of protagon by caustic baryta. 
It is a syrupy fluid, with a strongly alkaline reaction, 
and is extremely soluble in water. See Ptomains, 
Table of. 3. An extract of nerve-tissue employed 
therapeutically. See Organotherapy. 

Neuriorhabdium ( nu-re-or-ab' -de-urn) [vevpiov, nerve ; 
pafldiov, rod ; pi. Neuriorhabdia~\. Any one of the 
rods of the rod-and-cone layer of the retina. 

Neurischias {nu-ris' -ke-as) [vevpov, nerve ; Jc^idc, 
pain in the loins]. Neuralgia in the loins. 

Neurism {nu'-rizm) [vevpov, nerve]. I. Nerve-force ; 
neurility ; neuricity. 2. Nervousness. 

Neuristos {nu-ris' -tos) [vevpov, nerve ; ior<5c tissue]. 
Nerve-tissue. 

Neuritic {nu-rit'-ik) [vevpov nerve; trig, inflammation]. 
Pertaining to neuritis. 

Neuritides {nu-rit-i'-dez). Same as Neuroses. 

Neuritis (nu-ri'-tis) [vevpov, nerve ; trie, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of a nerve, especially of a nerve-trunk. 
The nerve-structure itself is said to be little subject to 
inflammation, which is usually confined to the cover- 
ings, and therefore the condition is more properly 
termed perineuritis. N., Acute, an acute inflammation 
of a nerve. N., Adventitial, inflammation affecting 
especially the connective-tissue sheath of a nerve. N., 
Alcoholic. See N., Multiple, and Polyneuritis pota- 
torum. N., Ascending, inflammation extending from 
the periphery of a nerve centrad to the spinal cord or 
brain. N., Carcinomatous, infiltration of a nerve 
with carcinomatous tissue. N., Chronic, a form pur- 
suing a protracted course, and with symptoms not 
actively manifested. N., Degenerative, neuritis in 
which the nerve-substance proper degenerates. It is 
the same as N, Parenchymatous. N., Descend- 
ing, neuritis, the result of extension of disease from 
the spinal cord or the brain toward the periphery. N., 
Diabetic, a polyneuritis sometimes seen in diabetes, 
and probably the result of autointoxication with the 
products of faulty metabolism. N., Eichhorst's. See 
A r .fascians. N., Endemic. A synonym of Beri-beri. 
N. fascians, that form of neuritis in which the 
change in the nerve-sheath appears to extend directly 
to the interstitial tissue of the muscles. It is also 
called Eichhorst 's Neuritis. N., Interstitial, in- 
flammation of the interstitial connective tissue of a 
nerve-trunk. N., Leprous, a neuritis or perineuritis 
due to the Bacillus lepra: or a toxin produced by it. N., 
Lipomatous, that form in which the nerve-fibers are 
completely destroyed and replaced by a fibrous con- 
nective tissue in which much fat is sometimes depos- 
ited. It is also called Leyden's Neuritis. N., 
Malarial, neuritis, sometimes multiple due to the mala- 
rial poison. N., Migrant, Migratory or Wandering, 
one that changes its position from place to place. N., 
Multiple, the simultaneous inflammation of several 
nerve-trunks, usually symmetrically situated on both 
sides of the body. Its most common cause is alcoholic 
poisoning ; it may be due to arsenic, malaria, mercury, 
lead; to diphtheria, pneumonia, typhoid fever, and 
other infectious diseases. Beriberi is a form of mul- 
tiple neuritis. N., Optic, inflammation of the 
optic nerve. See Papillitis. N., Parenchymatous, 
a form in which the medullary substance and the axis- 
cylinders are chiefly involved, the interstitial tissue 
being but little altered or only affected secondarily. 
It is also called degenerative neuritis. N., Per- 
ipheral, a form confined to the terminal filaments of 
nerves. N., Pressure, inflammation of a nerve as a 



NEURO- 



867 



NEUROKERATIN 



result of compression. N., Pressure, Musculo- 
spiral, inflammation of the musculo-spiral nerve from 
pressure usually by the head on the arm rested upon a 
sharp edge during alcoholic intoxication. N., Rheu- 
matic, that due to rheumatism. N., Terminal. See 
Erythromelalgia. N. , Wandering. See -V. , Migrant. 

Neuro- (nu'-ro-) [vevpov, nerve]. A prefix signifying 
connection with or relation to a nerve. 

Neuro-anatomy ( nu-ro-an-at'-o-me) [yevpov, nerve; 
(iii/, apart; re/iveiv, to cut]. The anatomy of the 
nervous system. 

Neuroasthenia (nu-ro-as-the' -ne-ah). Same as Neu- 
rasthenia. 

Neuroasthenic (nu-ro-as-then' -ik). Same as Neu- 
rasthenic. 

Neuroblacia (nu-ro-bla-se'-ah) [vevpov, nerve; jUaneia, 
dulness ; plat;, dull]. Paresis; obtundity of ner- 
vous sensibility. 

Neuroblast (nu'-ro-blast) [vevpov, nerve ; fiXaoToc, 
germ]. Any segmentation-sphere whose division 
gives origin to cells that belong to the nervous system 
exclusively; a mesodermal nerve-cell or ganglion-cell. 

Neurocanal (nu-ro-kan-aV) [vevpov, nerve ; canalis, 
canal]. The central canal of the spinal axis. 

Neurocardiac (nit-ro-kar' -de-ak) [vevpov, nerve; Kapdia, 
heart]. Pertaining to the nervous system and the 
heart. N.-c. Disease. Synonym of Exophthalmic 
Goiter. 

Neurocele (nu'-ro-sel) [_vei>pov, nerve ; noiX.ia, hollow]. 
The system of cavities and ventricles in the cerebro- 
spinal axis. 

Neurocentral (nu-ro-sen'-tral) [yevpov, nerve ; Kevrpov, 
center]. Relating to the neural arch and the centrum 
of a vertebra. 

Neurochondrous (nu-ro-kon' '-drus) [yevpov, cord ; ^ov- 
rSpoc, cartilage]. Fibro-cartilaginous. 

Neurochord (nu' -ro-kord) [vevpov, nerve; xopdi/, 
chord or string]. The nerve-chord. N. Strands, 
or Giant Nerve-tubes, tubes with a wide lumen 
and wall formed of neurilemma, which run back in 
varying but always small numbers on the dorsal side 
of the ventral chord of the Annulata and Thoracostraca. 

Neurocrane (nu' ' -ro-kran) [ vevpov, nerve ; upaviov, 
skull]. The brain-case, or cranial portion of the 
head. 

Neurocranial (nu-ro-kra' -ne-al) [vevpov, nerve; Kpa- 
viov, skull]. Pertaining to the neurocrane. 

Neurocyte (nu'-ro-sit) [yevpov, nerve; kvtoc, cell]. A 
nerve-cell ; the essential element of nervous structures. 

Neurodealgia (nu-ro-de-al' -je-ah) [vevpufiijc, nerve-like; 
the retina; aXyoc, pain]. Retinal pain. 

Neurodeatrophia (nu-ro-de-at-ro' '-fe-ah) [vevpua°r/c, 
retina; arpofia, atrophy]. Atrophy of the retina. 

Neurodermatosis (nu-ro-der-mat-o' 'sis) [vevpov, nerve ; 
deppa, skin ; voaoc, disease]. A neurotic skin-affection. 

Neurodermatrophia (nu-ro-der-mat-ro' -fe-ah) [vevpov, 
nerve; 6e pfia, skin ; arpotpia, atrophy]. Atrophy of 
the skin from nervous disturbance. 

Neurodes (nu-ro'-dez) [vevpuSrjc, nerve-like]. The 
retina, as being made up of nerve-elements. 

Neurodiastasis (nu-ro-di-as' -tas-is) [yevpov, nerve ; 
Siaaraoic, separation]. Separation of nerves ; neurec- 
tasis. 

Neurodictyitis (nu-ro-dik-te-i' -lis). Synonym of JVe uro- 
retinitis. 

Neurodynamia (nu-ro-di-na)?i' -e-ah) [vevpov, nerve ; 
fibva/iic, strength]. Nervous strength or energy. 

Neurodynamic (nu-ro-di-nam' -ik) [yevpov, nerve ; 
fivva/xig, strength]. Pertaining to the power of a 
nerve-current or of the nervous forces of the system. 

Neurodynia (nu-ro-din' -e-ah) [vevpov, nerve ; bdvvr), 
pain]. See Neuralgia. 



Neurodysentery (nu-ro-dis' -en-ler-e) [vevpov, nerve; 
dvoevrepia, dysentery]. Dysentery with typhoid 
symptoms. 

Neuro-enteric (nu-ro-cn-ter'-ik). Same as Neur- 
enteric. 

Neuro-epiblastic (nu-ro-ep-ib-las'-tik) [yevpov, nerve ; 
eni, upon; /JXaordc, germ]. Pertaining to the neural 
epiblast, i. e. , that which enters into the formation of 
the nervous system. 

Neuro-epithelial (nu-ro-ep-ith-e' -le-al) [vevpov, nerve ; 
em, upon ; 6i/Xr/, nipple]. Pertaining to or of the 
nature of neuro-epithelium. 

Neuro-epithelium (nu-ro - ep -ilh- e'- le-um) [vevpov, 
nerve; eiri, upon; di/Xr/, nipple]. The retinal layer 
of rods and cones. In a wider sense, that part of 
any epithelial structure that contains nerve-endings 
is called by this name. See Epithelium. 

Neurofibroma (nu-ro-fi- bro'- ma A) [ vevpov, nerve; 
Jibra, fiber; bfia, tumor]. A tumor of the connective 
tissue of a nerve, composed of fibrous tissue. 

Neurofrontal (nu-ro-frun 1 -tal) [vevpov, nerve ; frons, 
fro/itis, the forehead]. Pertaining to the brain and the 
frontal bone. 

Neurogamia (?zzi-ro-ga / -me-ah) [vevpov, nerve ; yhjioq, 
marriage]. The alleged condition of rapport between 
the animal magnetizer and the mesmerized person, or 
between the hypnotizer and the hypnotized. 

Neurogangleitis (nu-ro-gang-le-i' -lis) [vevpov, nerve ; 
ydyy'Aiov, tumor ; ctic, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of a ganglion of the nervous system. 

Neurogenesis (nu-ro-jen' '-es-is) [vevpov, nerve; yeveou;, 
genesis]. The formation of nerves. 

Neuroglia (nu-rog' -le-ah) [yevpov, nerve; ylia, glue]. 
The reticulated 
framework or skele- 
ton-work of the sub- 
stance of the brain and 
spinal cord. The term 
is sometimes abbrevi- 
ated to Glia. 

Neurogliac, Neurog- 
liar (nu-rog' '-le-ah, nu- 
rog' - le - ar) [vevpov, 
nerve ; ylia, glue] . 
Pertaining to or resem- 
bling neuroglia. . 

Neuroglioma (nu-ro- 
gli-o '- mah ) [yevpov, 
nerve; yXia, glue ; bpa, tumor : pi., Neuroglioma fa~\. 
A tumor composed essentially of neurogliar elements ; 
glioma. N., Ganglionar, a tumor developing in the 
central nervous system and consisting of hyperplastic 
neuroglia, ganglion-cells, and nerve-fibers. 

Neurography (nu-rog' -ra-fe) [vevpov, nerve; ypatpei.v, 
to write]. Descriptive anatomy of the nerves. 

Neuro-humeral (nu-ro-hu' -mer-al) [vevpov, nerve ; 
humor, moisture]. Pertaining to the nervous system 
and to the fluids of the body. N.-h. Theory. See 
Duckworth'' s Theory. 

Neurohypnologist (nu-ro-hip-nol' -o-jisf) [vevpov, 
nerve ; vnvoc, sleep ; Adyoc, science]. One skilled in 
neurohypnology. 

Neurohypnology (nu-ro-hip-nol' -o-je) [vevpov, nerve ; 
VKvor, sleep ; loyoc;, science] . The science or study 
of hypnotism. 

Neurohypnotism (nu-ro-hip' -not-hni). Synonym of 
Hypnotism 




Isolated Neuroglia-cell of 
Spinal Cord of Ox. 
Nucleus, c. Granular proto- 
plasm, f. Fibers of neuroglia. 
(Stirling) 



Neuroid (; 



id) [vevpov, nerve ; eltiog, like]. Resem 



bling a nerve or nerve-substance. 
Neuro-keratin (nu-ro-ker' -at-in) [vevpov, nerve ; nepac, 
horn]. The form of keratin found in nerve-sheaths 
and the white substance of Schwann. See Keratin. 



NEUROKINESIS 



868 



NEUROPATHY 



Neurokinesis {nu-ro-kin-e' -sis). A synonym of Nerve- 
stretching. 

Neurolemma {nu-ro-lem'-ah). Synonym of Retina. 

Neurolemmatitis [nu-ro-lem-at-i' '-tis). A synonym of 
Retinitis. 

Neurologist {nu-rol'-o-jisf) [yevpov, nerve; Myoc, 
science]. One versed in neurology. 

Neurology (nu - rol' - o -Je) [vevpov, nerve; Aoyoc, 
science]. The anatomy, physiology and pathology 
of the nervous system. 

Neurolymph {nu' -ro-limf) [vevpov, nerve; /.vpaa, 
lymph]. The cerebro-spinal fluid. 

Neurolysis {nu-rol'-is-is) [yevpov, nerve ; avolc a loos- 
ing]. I. Relaxation of a nerve. 2. A change in the 
relation of nerves following the operation of nerve- 
stretching. 

Neurolytic (nu-ro-lW -ilt) [yevpov, nerve ; "k'vaic, a loos- 
ing]. Pertaining to neurolysis. 

Neuroma [nu-ro'-mah) [yevpov, nerve; bpa, tumor: 
pi., Neuromata]. A tumor of or on a nerve. Most 
neuromata are really fibromata. N., Amputation, the 
neuroma of a stump, forming at the end of a divided 
nerve. N., Amyelinic, a neuroma made up of non- 
medullated nerve-fibers. N., Cellular. See A", Gang- 
lionic. N. cutis, a tumor of the skin, resembling a 
myoma, and consisting mainly of firm connective tissue, 
originating from the neurilemma. It is pathologically 
considered as a fibro-neuro-myoma. N., Diffuse, a 
condition characterized by the existence of multiple 
neuromatous tumors. N., False, a fibromatous tumor 
forming on a nerve. N., Ganglionic, N., Gangli- 
onated, a neuroma made up of nerve-cells. N., 
Gliomatous. Synonym of Neuroglioma. N., Medul- 
lated, one made up of medullated nerve-fibers. N., 
Myelinic. Synonym of N., Medullated. N., Myxo- 
matous, a tumor composed of nervous and myxoma- 
tous tissues. N., Peripheral, N., Peripheric, one 
formed near the peripheral termination of a nerve. N., 
Plexiform, the development of multiple fibromatous 
tumors along the course of one or more nerves. There 
is in these cases, however, some hyperplasia of the 
nerve-fibers, constituting a true neuroma. 

Neuromalacia, Neuromalaxis (nn-ro-mal-a' -se-ah, 
nu-ro-mal-aks' '-is) [yevpov, nerve ; paAania, a soften- 
ing]. A softening of nerve-tissue. 

Neuromast {nu'-ro-viast) [vevpov, nerve ; paarbr, a 
hillock]. In biology, R. Ramsay Wright's term for 
the " nerve-hillock " and other sense-organs of the 
same character, whatever their shape ; any neuroepi- 
thelial sense-organ. This name is seldom given to 
the sense-organs of man, or of the higher vertebrate 
animals. 

Neuromation {nu-ro-ma' '-te-on) [vevpov, nerve ; bpa, 
tumor; dim. of neuroma]. A small neuromatous 
tumor. 

Neuromatoid {nii-ro'-mat-oid) [vevpov, nerve ; bpa, 
tumor; eMoc, like]. Resembling a neuroma. 

Neuromatosis (nu-ro-mat-o' '-sis) [vevpov, nerve ; bpa, 
tumor; vogoc, disease]. A morbid tendency to the 
formation of neuromata. 

Neuromatous {nu-ro' -mat-us) [vevpov, nerve; bjua, 
tumor]. Of the nature of a neuroma. 

Neuromeninx (nu-ro-meti' '-inks) [vevpov, nerve ; 
pi/vqi, a membrane]. A nervous expansion, such as 
the retina. 

Neuromere {nu'-ro-mer) [vevpov, nerve; pepoc, part]. 
A natural segment of the neuron. 

Neuromerism {nu-rom' -er-ism) [vevpov, nerve ; pepoc, 
a part]. In biology, neural segmentation. 

Neurometabolic {nu-ro-mcl-ab-ol'-ik) [vevpov, nerve ; 
fieraj3oXiK.6g. changeable, metabolic]. Relating to 
metabolic changes in the nervous system. 



Neurometadrasis {nu-ro-met-ad-ra'-sis) [vevpov, 

nerve ; pera, with ; dpaaic, efficacy] . The influence of 

one person, or will, over another, as seen in hypnotism. 
Neurometastasis [nu-ro-met-as' -tas-is) [vevpov, nerve; 

perdaraaic , metastasis]. Metastasis to the nervous 

system. 
Neuromimesis {nu-ro-mi-me' -sis) [vevpov, nerve; 

piut/air, imitation]. Paget's term for hysteric mimicry 

of organic disease. 
Neuromuscular (nu-ro-mus' '-ku-lar) [vevpov, nerve ; 

niuscnhis, a muscle]. Pertaining conjointly to nerves 

and muscles. 
Neuromyalgia (nu-ro-mi-al'-je-ah) [vevpov, nerve ; 

pic, muscle ; aAyoc, pain]. Neuralgia of a muscle; 

an association of myalgia and neuralgia. 
Neuromyelitis {nu-ro-mi-el-i' '-tis) [vevpov, nerve; 

pveAoq, marrow; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation 

of myelonic substance, or of the medulla spinalis. 
Neuromyeloid {nu-ro-mV -el-oid)[yevpov, nerve; pve?.6c, 

marrow; ehfoc, like]. Resembling nervous or mye- 
lonic substance. 
Neuromyelous {nu-ro-mi' -el-zis)[vevpov , nerve; pveldc, 

marrow] . Pertaining to or of the nature of nervous or 

myelonic substance. 
Neuromyopathic {nu-ro-mi-o-path r -ik) [vevpov, nerve ; 

pvc, muscle; ~adoc, disease]. Relating to disease of 

both muscles and nerves. 
Neuromyopathy {nu-ro-nii-op'-ath-e) [vevpov, nerve; 

pix, muscle ; -rradoc, disease]. A neuralgic disease 

of a muscle. 
Neuromyxoma {nu-ro-miks-o' -mah) . Synonym of 

Neuroma, Myxomatous. 



Neuron {nu' 



[vevpov, nerve: //. , Neura\ In 



biology ; (a) the cerebrospinal cord taken as a whole ; lb) 

a vein or costa of an insect's wing ; (e) same as Neure. 
Neuronasal {nti-ro-na' -zal) [vevpov, nerve ; nasis, 

nose]. Relating to the brain and the nasal bone. 
Neuroneoplasm {nu-ro-ne' -o-plazm) [vevpov, nerve ; 

veoc, new ; irAaaaetv, to mold]. A neoplasm made 

up of or containing nerve-elements ; a neuroma. 
Neuronosus {nu-ron'-o-sus) [vevpov, nerve; vbaoc, 

disease]. Synonym of Neurosis. N. of the Skin, 

neurotic skin-disease. 
Neuronyctic {nu-ro-nik'-tik) [vevpov, nerve; v'vypa, 

a prick, from vvaaeiv, to prick]. Pertaining to A T eu- 

ronyxis. 
Neuronygmus (iiu-ro-nig'-mus)[vevpov, nerve ; vvypoc, 

a puncture]. A punctured wound of a nerve. 
Neuronymic (nu-ro-nim' '-ik) [vevpov, nerve; bvvpa, 

name]. Pertaining to neurologic nomenclature. 
Neuronyxis (me-ro-niks' '-is) [vevpov, nerve ; vvaaeiv, 

to prick]. The puncturing of nerves. 
Neuroparalysis (iiu-ro-par-al'-is-is) [vevpov, nerve ; 

TrapdXvoir, paralysis]. Paralysis due to disease of a 

nerve. 
Neuroparietal (tiu-ro-par-i'-et-al) [yevpov, nerve; 

paries, wall]. Relating to the brain and the parietal 

bones. 
Neuropath {nu 1 ' -ro- path) [yevpov, nerve; Trafloc, dis- 
ease] . One who ascribes a nervous origin to disease. 
Neuropathic (nu-ro-path'-ik) [vevpov, nerve; -ndoc, 

disease]. Pertaining to nervous diseases. N. Eschar, 

a bedsore following disease of the spinal cord. 
Neuropathologist {nu-ro-path-ol' ' -o-jist)[yevpov , nerve ; 

Trnfioc, disease ; Adyoc, science]. One versed in neu- 
ropathology. 
Neuropathology {nu-ro-path-ol' -o-je) [vevpov, nerve ; 

naOor, disease; "kdyoc, science]. The pathology of 

diseases of the nervous system. 
Neuropathy, Neuropathia {uu-rop'-a/h-e, nu-ro-pa'- 

the-afi) [vevpov, nerve; rraOoc, disease]. Any nervous 

disease. 



NEUROPHLOGOSIS 



869 



NEUROTIC 



Neurophlogosis [nu-ro-Jlo-go'-sis). Synonym of 
Neuritis. 

Neurophonia (nu-ro-fo' '-ne-ah) [vevpov, nerve ; (puvrj, 
voice]. A rare choreic disease of the larynx and 
muscles of expiration characterized by the utterance of 
sharp spasmodic cries resembling the barking of a dog. 

Neurophthalmia [nu-roff-thal' -me-ali) [vevpov, nerve ; 
b(pdaXu.6c, the eye]. Nervous ophthalmia. 

Neurophthisic [nu-rof-thiz' '-ik) [vevpov, nerve ; Qdiaic;, 
wasting]. Pertaining to Neurophthisis. 

Neurophthisis (tiu-ro/jf -this-is) [vevpov, nerve ; (pdiaig, 
wasting]. Wasting of the nerves or nervous tissue. 

Neuro-physiology [nu-ro-fiz-e-ol' -o-je) [ye vpov, nerve ; 
<pvGic, nature; Xoyoc, science]. The physiology of 
the nervous system. 

Neuroplasia [nu-ro-pla' -ze-ah) [vevpov, nerve; TrMaoeiv, 
to mold]. The tendency to the formation of neuro- 
mata. 

Neuroplasm [nit' -ro-plazm) [vevpov, nerve ; TcXdaaeiv, 
to mold]. That form of bioplasm exhibited in living 
brain-tissue. 

Neuroplasma of Kupffer (nu-ro-plaz / -mah) [vevpov, 
nerve; -rrXdaiia, a figure formed or molded]. In 
biology, a fluid lying between the fibrils of the axis- 
cylinders of medullated nerve-fibers. 

Neuroplastin (nu-ro-plas'-tin) [vevpov, nerve; TiXaaaeiv, 
to mold] . A variety of plastin found in the brain and 
in nerve-tissue. 

Neuroplasty [nu'-ro-plas-te) [vevpov, nerve ; irXdooeiv, 
to mold]. Plastic surgery of the nerves. 

Neuroploca (nu-rop' -lo-kah) [vevpov, nerve ; ttXok?/, a 
twisting]. A ganglion of the nervous system. 

Neuroploconarcosis (tiu-ro-plo-ko-nar-ko' -sis) [vevpov, 
nerve; ttXoktj, a twining; vapnuoic;, a benumbing]. 
Insensibility of a ganglion of the nervous system. 

Neuropodium [iiu-ro-po' -de-um) [vevpov, a nerve ; 
n6vc, foot : pi. , Neuropodid]. In biology, one of the 
ventral foot-stumps of a worm. 

Neuropore (nid-ro-por) [vevpov, nerve ; iropoq, pore]. 
In biology, a pore between the neural canal and the 
exterior in certain embryos. 

Neuro-prosopalgia (iiu-ro-pros-o-paF -je-ah). Synonym 
of Prosopalgia . 

Neuro-psychology [nu-ro-si-koF-o-je) [vevpov, nerve ; 
ipv^i), mind ; Xoyog, science]. A system of psychology 
based upon neurology. 

Neuro-psychopathy [nu - ro - si - kop' '- ath - e) [vevpov, 
nerve; tpvx'/, mind; nadog, disease]. A mental dis- 
ease based upon, or manifesting itself in, nervous 
disorders or symptoms. 

Neuro-psychosis (uu-ro-si-ko / -sis) [yeiipov, nerve ; 
ipv^'h mind ; v6aoc, disease]. Any psychosis or mental 
disorder complicated with a nerve-disease; a nerve- 
disease manifesting itself in association with some 
mental disorder ; an association of a neurosis and a 
psychosis. 

Neuro-purpuric(/zz/-;'0-/«?"-/« / -;-//£) [vevpov, nerve ; pur- 
pura, purple]. Pertaining to purpura developed in 
association with disease of the nervous system. N. 
Fever. Synonym of Cerebrospinal Fever. 

Neuropyra {nu-ro-pi' '-rah) [vevpov, nerve; Trip, fire]. 
Nervous fever. 

Neuropyretic (mi-ro-pi-ret'-ik) [vevpov, nerve ; 7ri>p, 
fever]. Pertaining to Neuropyra. 

Neuro-retinitis (nu-ro-ret-in-i' -tis) [vevpov, nerve ; 
retina, retina ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
both the optic nerve and the retina. 

Neurorrhaphy [nu-ror' -af-e) [vevpov, nerve; patyr), 
suture]. The operation of uniting a divided nerve by 
sutures. 

Neurorrheuma [nu-ror - ru'- malt) [vevpov, nerve; 
pevp.a, flow]. Nervous force. 



Neurosal [nu-ro' -zal) [vevpov, nerve]. Pertaining to, 
or of the nature of, a neurosis. 

Neuro-scirrhus [nu-ro-skir'-us). Synonym of Neu- 
roma. 

Neuro-sclerosis [nu - ro - skle - ro'- sis) [vevpov, nerve ; 
onXiip6c, hard]. Sclerosis of nervous tissue. 

Neurose [nu'-rdz) [vevpov, nerve]. In biology, nerved. 

Neurosis [nu-ro'-sis) [vevpov, nerve; iduoc, disease]. 
An abnormal nervous action or an affection of the nerves 
or nerve-centers of a functional nature. In biology, 
one of two sets of successive changes incident to all 
intellectual operations ; a change in the physical basis 
of consciousness. (Huxley.) Cf. Psychosis. N., 
Aero-, a neurosis of an extremity. N., Cutaneous, 
a term used to express abnormal functional condi- 
tions of the cutaneous nerves. N., Occupation, 
See N. , Professional. N., Professional, one of a class 
of spasmodic and coordinative disturbances, mainly of 
functional origin, affecting groups of muscles used 
in the performance of special movements. N., 
Psycho-. See Psychoneurosis. N., Reflex, a func- 
tional nervous disease whose origin resides in some 
irritation or part distant from that in which the 
affection is manifested. Such a neurosis may be suc- 
ceeded by the development of organic lesions. N., 
Spasmodic. Maudsley's term for Epilepsy. N., 
Thyro-exophthalmic. A synonym of Graves' Disease. 
N., Vascular, a neurosis of the blood-vessels or 
of their nerves. N., Vasomotor, a neuropathy of 
the vasomotor nerves. 

Neurosism [nu'-ro-sizm). Same as Neurasthenia. 

Neurosity [nu-ros'-it-e). A synonym of Neuricity. 

Neuro-skeletal [nu-ro-skel' '-et-al)[vei>pov , nerve ; aneXe- 
t6v, skeleton]. Pertaining to the neuro-skeleton. 

Neuro-skeleton [nu - ro - skel' - et - on) [vevpov, nerve; 
aneXerov, skeleton]. Carus's term for the vertebrate 
endo-skeleton, or true skeleton ; so called from being 
made up of parts that correspond with and largely 
serve to protect portions of the central nervous sys- 
tem. 

Neurospasmos (me-ro-spaz' '-mos) [vevpov, nerve; 
arvaapog, spasm]. Nervous spasm or twitching. 

Neurospongium (nu-ro-spun' ' -je-um) [vevpov, nerve ; 
Onoyyhv, dim. of oiroyyog, sponge]. In biology, a 
granular matrix in the periopticon of insects' eyes. 

Neuro-stearic [nu-ro-stc-ar' -ik) [vevpov, nerve ; areap, 
fat]. Pertaining to nervous tissue and fat. N.-s. 
Acid, an acid isomeric with stearic acid, occurring in 
the brain. N.-s. Ether, a substance formed by 
treating phrenosin, an element of brain-tissue, with 
sulphuric acid and alcohol. 

Neurosthenia ( nu-ro-sthe' '-ne-ah ) [ vevpov, nerve ; 
adevoc, power]. Great nervous power, or abnormal 
excitation of the nervous centers. 

Neurostremma (iiu-ro-strem' -ah ) [vevpov, nerve ; 
GTpep.ua, a twist, or knot: //. , Neurostremmata']. A 
nerve-ganglion. 

Neurotabes (nu-ro-ta'-iez) [vevpov, nerve ; tabes, wast- 
ing]. A complex of symptoms, resembling those of 
posterior sclerosis, but due to multiple neuritis. N., 
Peripheric Multiple, peripheral neuritis simulating 
tabes dorsal is. 

Neurothele [nu-ro-the' '-le) [vevpov, nerve ; di]\T], nip- 
ple]. A nervous papilla. 

Neurothelic (im-ro-the' -lik) [vevpov, nerve ; dfari, nip- 
ple]. Pertaining to a neurothele; applied to the skin 
considered as the organ of tactile sense. 

Neurotherapy [nu-ro-ther' -ap-e) [vevpov, nerve; depa- 
ireia, treatment]. The treatment of nervous diseases. 

Neurothlipsis (nu-ro-thlip'-sis) [vevpov, nerve ; dXifteiv, 
to press]. Pressure on a nerve. 

Neurotic (nu-rof -ik) [vevpov, nerve]. Pertaining to 



NEUROTOME 



870 



NEWTON'S COLOR-RINGS 



the nerves ; nervous ; also, pertaining to neuroses. In 
therapeutics, neurotics are such drugs as have a special 
influence upon the nervous centers and functions. 
N. Albuminuria, albuminuria due to nervous dis- 
turbance. N. Atrophy, atrophy dependent upon 
changes in some part of the nervous system. N. Dys- 
pepsia. See Dyspepsia. N. Fever, fever following 
traumatism of the central nervous system. N. Hyper- 
trophy, hypertrophy resulting from excessive nutrition 
or other trophic abnormality. 

Neurotome (iiu' -ro-tom) [vevpov, nerve ; rofiri, a cut- 
ting]. A small knife for the division of a nerve, 
especially subcutaneously. 

Neurotomy {iiu-rot' -o-me) [vevpov, nerve ; rkfiveiv, to 
cut]. The division of a nerve. 

N euro-toxicology (uu-ro-tohs-ih-oF-o-Je)[vevpov, nerve ; 
Tuijtuov, poison ; \6yoq, science]. The toxicology of 
the nerves ; the science of the nervous disorders of 
toxic origin. 

Neurotripsy (iiu' -ro-trip-se) [vevpov, nerve ; rpifiew, 
to rub]. The crushing of a nerve. 

Neurotroma (tiu-ro-tro' -inali) [vevpov, nerve; rpCifta, 
wound]. The wound of a nerve. 

Neurotrophic (uu-ro-tro' '-fik) [vevpov, nerve; rpofi/, 
nourishment]. Depending on or attained through 
the trophic influence exercised by the nerves. 

Neurotrophy (jiu-rof -ro-fe) [vevpov, nerve; rpotyi], 
nourishment]. The nourishment of a nerve. 

Neurotrosis, Neurotrosmus (iiii-rot'-ro-sis, nu-ro- 
troz'-mus) [vevpov, nerve ; Tpuaic, a wounding]. The 
wounding of a nerve. 

Neuro-varicosis {nu-ro-var-ik-o'-sis) [vevpov, nerve; 
varix, varix]. A varicosity on a nerve-fiber, or the 
formation of one. 

Neurymen (nu-rV-meri). Synonym of Neurilemma. 

Neurymenitis (tiu-ri-men-i' '-tis). Synonym of Neu- 
rilemmatitis. 

Neurypnology [nu- rip -nol'- o -je). See Neurohyp- 
nology. 

Neuter (nu'-ter) [L.]. Sexually not properly developed ; 
an organism of neither sex. 

Neutral (md-tral) [neuter, neither]. Neither alkaline 
nor acid ; bland and soothing ; having no active 
effect upon a tissue. N. Blue. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. N. Mixture, liquor potassii citratis. See 
Potassium. N. Oils. See Lubricating Oils. N. 
Red. See Toluylenc-red, and Pigments, Conspectus 
of. N. Violet. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Neutraline (nu'-tral-in) [neuter, neither]. A com- 
mercial or proprietary name given to a brand of Petrol- 
atum, a. v. 

Neutralization (nu-tral-iz-a'-shun) [neuter, neither]. 
That process or operation that precisely counter- 
balances or cancels the action of an agent. In medi- 
cine, the process of checking the operation of any 
agent that produces a morbid effect. In chemistry, 
a change of reaction to that which is neither alkaline 
nor acid. 

Neutralize [iiu' -tral-iz) [neuter, neither]. To render 
neutral ; to render inert. 

Neutrophile [nu' -tro-fil)[neuter , neither; (jtiloc, loving] . 
Stained readily by neutral dyes ; applied to certain 
bacteria and tissue-elements, especially leukocytes. N. 
Leukocytes, small colorless cells in normal human 
blood, containing several much-contorted nuclei that 
are readily stained. The protoplasm of these cells 
usually contains granules colorable by neutral stains, 
hence their name. See Leukocyte. 

Neuwied-green. Same as Schweinfurth-green. 

Nevoid (ne'-void) [ncevus, birth-mark; ehhr, like]. 
Resembling a nevus. N. Elephantiasis. See Lymph- 
scrotum, 



Nevose (ne'-voz) [ticevus, a birth-mark]. Freckled; 
having nevi. 

Nevus, Naevus [ne , -vus] [L.: plural JVevt]. A mark 
or blemish due to the dilatation of the blood-vessels 
near the surface of the skin or within its texture. N. 
araneus. See Acne rosacea. N., Capillary, one that 
involves the capillaries of the skin. N. cerasus, a 
slightly elevated vascular nevus resembling somewhat 
the appearance of a cherry. N., Cutaneous, a nevus of 
the skin. N.flammeus. See N. maternus. N. frag- 
arius, the strawberry mark. N. lipomatodes, a large 
mole, soft and lax, containing a quantity of fat and loose 
connective tissue. N. lupus. See Angioma st rpig- 
inosum. N. maternus, Mother's mark; the patch 
of congenital discoloration of the skin due to a dilated 
condition of the capillaries. If this is diffuse, very 
slightly, if at all, raised, red, or purplish-red, and on 
some part of the face, often involving the whole of 
one side, it is called J\l. flam mens, or "port-wine 
mark.'' This is a relatively common condition. N. 
moms, the mulberry nevus ; a vascular nevus some- 
what elevated and with an irregular surface. N. nati- 
vus, birth-mark. N. neuroticus, a minor degree of 
Ichthyosis hystrix. N. papillaris, a minor degree of 
Ichthyosis hystrix. N. papillomatosus, a mole 
covered with soft, papillary growths. N. pigmento- 
sus, pigmentary mole; iiavus verrucosus; ncevus 
sigilum ; ncevus pilosus : ncevus spilus ; a circum- 
scribed, congenital pigmentary deposit in the skin, 
varying in color from a light-fawn to a blackish tint, 
and often associated with hypertrophy of the hairs as to 
number, size, and color-elements. It varies in size from 
a pinhead discoloration to bean-sized or larger flattened 
and warty elevations, or it may reach the size of a 
cocoanut or fetal head. N. pilaus, N. pilosus. See 
N. pigmentosus. N. planus, a non-elevated pig- 
mentary nevus. N. sanguineus. See .V. vascularis. 
N. sigilum. Synonym of N. pigmentosus. N., 
Spider. Synonym of N. araneus. N. spilus. See 
IV. pigmentosus. N. tuberculosus. Synonym of 
N. verrucosus. N., Varicose. See N., Venous. 
N. vascularis, N. vasculosus ; N. sanguineus ; 
a congenital overgrowth of cutaneous vascular tissue 
forming the so-called nevi. These may be capillary 
or cutaneous, and venous or subcutaneous. The 
former vary in size from a mere point up to large 
areas, standing on a level with the skin or raised 
more or less above it, of a bright-red color or of a 
more or less purplish hue. The venous nevus is gen- 
erally more raised than the capillary; it is convex, 
smooth, or lobulated, and of a dark-purple color, 
compressible, but rapidly filling after the compression 
has been removed. N. vasculosus. See jY. vas- 
cularis. N. verrucosus. See N. pigmentosus. N., 
Venous, a raised, convex, and sometimes lobulated 
form, consisting of thin- walled veins and sinuses bound 
together by connective tissue. 

New [nu) [ME., newe, new]. Not old ; freshly pro- 
duced ; recent. N. Blue. Same as French Blue. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. N.-born, a designation 
applied to the child for a short period after birth. N. 
Coccin. See Pigments, Conspectus of. N. Fast 
Violet. Same as Gallocyanin. N. -formation. See 
JVeoplasm. N. Jersey Tea. See Ceanothus. N. Red. 
Same as Fuchsin. N. Victoria Green. Same as 
Brilliant Green. N. White. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. N. Yellow. Same as Flavaurin. N. 
Zealand Flax. See Flax. 

Newman's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Newton's Color-rings. The colorings produced when 
a cover-glass is pressed upon the slide. They are the 
result of chromatic aberration. N.'s Disc, a circular 



NGAI CAMPHOR 



871 



NIGHT 



card colored in triangular areas with the colors of the 
spectrum. On being rapidly revolved it appears white. 
N.'s Law. See Law. N.'s Metal, a term for Bis- 
muth. N.'s Theory, the Emission theory of light. See 
Light. 

Ngai Camphor. A camphor, C 10 H I8 O, derived from 
Blumea balsamifera, a tree of S. E. Asia. 

Niata (ni-a'-tah) [deriv. obscure]. A breed of small 
"bull-dog" oxen, produced by a sudden variation, 
in South America, between the sixteenth and eigh- 
teenth centuries. 

Niatism (ni' '-at-izm) [niata, a breed of bull-dog 
"oxen"]. In biology, a form of sudden variation 
characterized by dwarfing, at times occurring among 
animals. 

Nibble (nib' -I) [LG., nibbeln, to nibble]. To gnaw; 
to eat in small bits. 

Nickel (nik'-el) [G., nickel, nickel]. Ni = 58; quan- 
tivalence II, IV. A metal of silver- white luster, resem- 
bling iron in physical properties. In 1889 it was 
asserted by Krauss, of Munich, to be a compound 
body. It is much used for plating metallic surgical 
appliances. See Elements, Table of. N. Bromid, 
recommended for epilepsy. Dose gr. v-x. N. Chlo- 
rid, a tonic in anemia. N. Sulphate, has been used 
as a nerve-tonic in tabes dorsalis. Dose gr. iij-v. 
All unof. 

Nicking (nik' -ing) [origin obscure]. The incising of a 
horse's tail near the root, to cause it to be carried 
higher. 

Nickles' Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Nicol (nik'-el) [after William Nicol, of Edinburgh]. 
An abbreviation for Nicol' s prism. 

Nicol's Prism (nik-el) [after William Nicol, of Edin- 
burgh]. A polished prism of Iceland spar, cut diag- 
onally across the principal axis, the sections being 
joined together by means of Canada balsam. It has 
the property of reflecting the ordinary ray of light out 
of the field, while the so-called polarized ray is trans- 
mitted. See Prism. 

Nicomorrhuin (nik-o-mor'-u-in), C, H 28 N 4 . One of the 
alkaloids of cod-liver oil. See Morrhuolins. 

Nicotia (nik-o' -she-ah). Synonym of Nicotin. 

Nicotian (nik-o'-s/ie-an) [after Jean Nicof\. I. To- 
bacco. 2. One who uses tobacco. 3. Pertaining to, 
or derived from, tobacco. 

Nicotiana (nik-o-she-a' -nah). See Tabacum. 

Nicotianic Acid (nik-o-she-an' -ik). Synonym of Nico- 
tinic Acid. 

Nicotianin (nik-o' -she-an-in) [after lean Nicot, a French 
ambassador to Portugal]. The solid volatile princi- 
ple to which tobacco owes its flavor. 

Nicotic Acid (nik-ol'-ik). Same as Ma Ionic Acid. 

Nicotin (nik'-o-tbi) [after Jean Nicot, a French Am- 
bassador to Portugal], C I0 H U N 2 . A poisonous alka- 
loid found in the leaves of the tobacco-plant ; it may be 
obtained by distilling the residue from the aqueous 
extract with lime. It is an oil, -readily soluble in 
water and alcohol. Its odor is very penetrating. It 
becomes brown on exposure to the air ; its specific 
gravity at 15 C. is I. oil ; it boils at 241 C. 

Nicotinic Acid (nik-o-tin'-ik) [after Jean Nicot], C 6 H 5 - 
NO a . An oxidation-product of nicotin. 

Nicotinism (nik' -o-tin-izm) [after Jean Nicot]. The 
constitutional effects of the continued or excessive use 
of tobacco. 

Nicotism (nik' -o-tizm) . Synonym of Nicotinism. 

Nictating (nik-ta' -ling) [nictare, to wink]. Winking. 

Nictation (nik-ta' -shun). Same as A r ictitation. 

Nictitating (nik' -tit-a-ting) [nictitare, to wink]. 
Winking. N. Membrane. See Membrane. N. 
Spasm, blepharospasm. 



Nictitation (nik-tit-a'-shun)\_nictitare, to wink]. Ab- 
normal frequency of winking. 

Nidamentum (nid-am-en'-tum) [nidus, nest]. The 
decidua ; also any covering of the developing ovum ; 
an egg-case. 

Nidation (ni-da'-shun) [nidus, nest]. The develop- 
ment of an endometrial epithelium in an inter-menstrual 
period. 

Nidulant (n/'d'-u-laut) [nidulari, to build a nest]. In 
biology, lying loose in a nest-like receptacle or pulp, 
like the seeds or sporangia of certain plants. 

Nidularium (nid-u-la' -re-um) [dim. of nidus, nest]. 
The mycelium of fungi. 

Nidus (ni'-dus) [L., nest]. I. A central point or focus 
of infection ; a place in which an organism finds con- 
ditions suitable for growth and development. 2. A 
collection of ganglion-cells at the deep origin of a 
cranial nerve ; a nucleus. N. hirundinis, a deep 
fossa in the cerebellum situated between the velum 
medullare posterius in front, and the nodulus and 
uvula behind. 

Niemeyer's Pill. A pill of quinin, grain I, digitalis, 
grain one-half, and opium, grain one-quarter. It is 
used in pulmonary tuberculosis, and is taken every six 
hours. 

Niepa (ne'-pah) [E. Ind.]. The bark of Samadera 
indica, a simarubaceous tree of S. Asia ; it is intensely 
bitter, and a good tonic. Unof. 

Nigella (ni-jel'-ah) [nigellus, dark]. A ranuncula- 
ceous genus of plants represented by several species 
having medicinal properties. N. sativa, fennel-flower, 
is diaphoretic and emmenagogue. Unof. 

Nigellin (ni-jel'-in) [nigellus, dark]. A bitter extrac- 
tive of Nigella sativa. 

Niggl's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Night (nit) [ME. , night, night]. The portion of the 
day during which the sun is below the horizon. N.- 
blindness. See Hemeralopia. N. -blooming Ce- 
reus, the flowers of Cerezts grandiflorus, a sedative 
and diuretic plant, useful in functional ailments of the 
heart, palpitation and angina pectoris. Dose of the 
fld. ext. (alcoholic 1 ) m_x-xxx. Unof. N. Blue. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. N. -cries, a symptom of 
nervous or physical disorders of children, and especi- 
ally of the early stage of hip-disease. The child cries 
out in its sleep from pain produced by reflex spas- 
modic twitching of the muscles already abnormally 
irritable. N. Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 
N.-mare, a feeling of distress or suffocation during 
sleep, attended with fright, hideous dreams and often 
with inability to stimulate muscular contraction except 
in a very slight degree. N.-pain, a symptom of hip- 
disease ; pain in the hip or knee occurring during 
muscular relaxation of the limb in sleep. N. -palsy, 
a nervous manifestation of no especial significance, 
consisting simply of a feeling of numbness in one or 
more extremities of the body when the sleeping 
patient awakes; the so-called " dead fingers.' 1 '' It 
principally attacks women at the menopause. N.- 
shade, a popular name for plants of the genus So- 
lamun, and also the genus Atropa. N. -shade, Bit- 
tersweet. See Solatium dulcamara. N. -shade, 
Deadly. See Atropa belladonna. N. -sight. Syno- 
nym of Nyctalopia. N.-soil, the contents of privy- 
vaults (often removed in the night). This material is 
largely employed as manure. N.-soil Fever, a syno- 
nym of Typhoid Fever. N.- starting, a jerking of the 
lower extremity occurring at night in children with 
hip-disease. N. -sweat, the profuse nocturnal sweat- 
ing often observed in pulmonary tuberculosis and other 
wasting disorders. N. -terrors, Pavor nocturnus ; 
consternatio ; a sudden terror that attacks young 



NIGHTINGALE 



872 



NITRO- 



children during sleep. N. -walker, a somnambulist. 
N. -walking, somnambulism. 

Nightingale (nit'-in-gal) [after Florence Nightingale], 
A sleeved scarf used in the hospital-treatment of the 
sick and wounded, to protect the shoulders and parts 
liable to become uncovered in bed. 

Nigredo (ni-gre'-do) \niger, black]. A black color; 
melasma. N. a sole, sunburn. N. nativa, a natural 
dark coloring of the skin. N. necrotica, the black- 
ness of parts that are becoming gangrenous. N. 
sordida, dark pigmentation from dirt. 

Nigrescent (ni-gres'-ent) [nigrescere, to become black]. 
Turning black ; blackish, dusky. 

Nigric Acid (ni'-grik) [niger, black], C 7 H 8 4 . A 
black powder obtained when ethyl oxalate is treated 
with potassium. 

Nigricant (nl'-grik-ant). Same as Nigrescent. 

Nigrismus (ni-griz / -mus) [L.]. Synonym of Nigredo. 
N. linguae, black tongue. 

Nigritia, Nigrities (ni-grisk'-e-ah, ni'-grit-ez). Same 
as Nigrismus, and Glossophytia. 

Nigritude* (nig-rit-u'-do). Synonym of Melanosis. 

Nigrosin [ni> '-gro-sin) \jiiger, black]. A blue-black 
anilin-dye, useful in staining sections of brain-tissue. 
For the nigrosins see Indulins. See also Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Nile-blue [nil'-blu). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Nine (nln) [ME., nine, nine]. Thrice three. N.- 
bark. I. The plant Neillia opulifolia, of N. America ; 
it is astringent, tonic, and vulnerary. Unof. 2. The 
same as Seven-bark. N.-day Fits. Synonym of 
Tetanus neonatorum. 

Niobium (ni-o' '-be-tan) [N/o/fy, the daughter of Tan- 
talus]. A rare metal, akin to bismuth and to anti- 
mony; symbol Nb ; atomic weight 94. It is also 
known as Columbium. Its medicinal properties are 
little known. See Elements, Table of. 

Niphablepsia (nif-ab-lep'-se-ah) [w'ya,snow; aj3Xtipia, 
blindness]. See Snow-blindness. 

Niphlotyphlotes (niflo-tif-lo'-tez) [vitya, snow; rvtp- 
/.urqr, blindness]. Snow-blindness. 

Niphotyphlosis (nif-o-tiflo' -sis) [vifa, snow, rvfyluoir. 
blindness]. Snow-blindness. 

Nippers (nip'-erz) [ME., nippen, to nip]. An instru 
ment for seizing small bodies. N., Bone, an instru- 
ment for grasping small bits of bone. 

Nipple {nip' -I) [ME., tuple, nipple]. The conic ele- 
vation in the center of the mammary areola. The 
mammilla, acromastium, or thele. N. -cactus. See 
Mammillaria. N., Cracked, a nipple the epidermis 
of which is broken in places. 
N.-line, in physical diagnosis, 
a vertical line drawn on the 
surface of the chest through the 
nipple. N. -protector, a de- 
vice worn by nursing women 
to protect the nipple. It is 

called also a Nipple-shield. N., (From Fuller-ton' s "Obst. 
Retracted, a nipple drawn 
below the surrounding level. 
protector. 

Nirls, Nirles (nerlz) [origin obscure] 
herpes. 

Nirlus (nir'-lus) [origin obscure]. An ephemeral 
papular eruption sometimes following measles or scarlet 
fever. 

Nisbet's Chancre. A lymphatic abscess on the dorsum 
of the penis proceeding to the formation of a chancre. 

Nisus (ni'-siis) [nisus, effort, from niti, to endeavor]. 
The periodic desire for procreation manifested in the 
spring season by certain species of animals. Also, the 
contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, 




Nl PPLE-PROTECTOR . 



N. 



Nursing".) 

shield. See N- 
A variety of 



for the expulsion of the feces or the urine. N. -for- 
mations, Blumenbach's, the force of an aggregate 
organism which constrains the newly-integrated atoms 
to take a definite form ; the "spiritus rector. ' ' According 
to Weismann, this is located in an "accessory idio- 
plasm," consisting of the determinants of the parts to 
be regenerated. 

Nit [ME., nitte, a nit]. A popular name for the larva 
of several species of pediculus ; during incubation it 
is attached to the hair. 

Niter (ni'-ter) [virpov, natron]. Potassium nitrate. N., 
Cubic, Sodium nitrate. N., Spirit of, Spiritus 
cetheris nitrosi, sweet spirit of niter. 

Nitid (nit' -id) [nitere, to shine]. Shining. 

Nitidous {nit' -id-its') [nilidus, shining]. Same as Nitid. 

Nitor (ni'-tor) \jiitere, to shine]. Synonym of Enamel. 

Nitrate (ni'-trat) [virpov, natron]. Any salt of nitric 
acid. All nitrates are soluble in water. N. Test 
Reagent. See Acid Phenyl Sulphate. 

Nitrated (ni'-tra-ted) [yirpov, natron]. Combined with 
nitric acid. 

Nitration (ni-tra' -shun) [yirpov, natron]. The pro- 
cess of combining or treating with nitric acid. 

Nitre (ni'-ter). See Niter. 

Nitric (tii'-trik) [virpov, natron]. Pertaining to or con- 
taining niter. N. Acid. See Acid, Nitric. N. Acid 

. Test. See Tests, Table of. N. Magnesian Reagent. 
See Roberts' Reagent. 

Nitrification (ni-trifik-a' -shun) [virpov, natron \ficare 
(facere), to make]. In biology, the oxidation of the 
nitrogen of organic matter by means of microorgan- 
isms. Cf. Bacterioid, and Nitrifying Bacillus of 
VVinogradsky, under Bacteria, Synonvmatic Table of. 

Nitrify (nit'-rifi) [virpov, natron ; facere, to make]. 
To convert into niter. 

Nitriles (ni'-lrils) [virpov, natron]. Those derivatives 
of the alcoholic radicles with the cyanogen group, 
CN, in which the fouith affinity of carbon is limited 
to the alcohol radicles. They are liquids usually in- 
soluble in water, possessing an ethereal odor, and 
readily decomposed on heating with acids or alkalies. 

Nitrite (ni'-trit) [virpov, natron]. A salt of nitrous acid, 
HN0 2 . Also applied to certain combinations with 
organic radicles, as nitroglycerin, C,H 5 (NO.,) 3 , nitro- 
benzol, amylic nitrite, and other compounds. N., 
Amyl, CjH^NO.,, possesses a fruity odor. Inhaled 
it causes tumultuous action of the heart and a slowing 
of the respiration. It is useful in angina pectoris, 
asthma, and occasionally in sea-sickness. Dose, in- 
ternally, y\_)i-), dissolved in alcohol; by inhalation, 
TTLij-v. N., Ethyl, G,H 6 N0 2 , used to make sweet 
spirit of niter. N., Sodium, NaNO.,, acts like amyl 
nitrite, but is less prompt. It is employed in desqua- 
mative nephritis when accompanied by weak action 
of the heart. Dose, gr. y z -v. 

Nitro- (ni'-tro-)[virpov, natron]. A prefix denoting com- 
bination with nitrogen. Also, denoting combination 
with the radicle N0. 2 - N.-amins, a group of chemic 
compounds containing the nitro-group in union with 
nitrogen. N. -bacteria, a term given by Winogradsky 
to those bacteria that convert ammonia into nitrous 
and nitric acids. N. -benzene (C 6 H 5 N0 2 ), Nilrobcn- 
zol ; a liquid prepared by adding benzol drop by drop 
to HNO3. It closely resembles oil of bitter almonds 
in flavor, and is important as a source of anilin in the 
manufacture of dyes. It is actively poisonous, with 
the general effects of hydrocyanic acid. N. -benzol. 
See N. -benzene. N. -benzol-red. Same as Rosani- 
lin. N.-cellulin, N. -cellulose, a substitution-com- 
pound of cellulose, NO., replacing Ff. Mononitro-cel- 
lulose, C fi H,,(NO,)0- ; Dinitrocellulose , C B H 8 (NO,)0 3 , 
ox pyroxylin ; Trinilrocellulose,C 6 H 1 (N0. 2 ). i 5 , or gun- 



NITROFORM 



873 



NOCUOUS 



cotton. N. -compound, a carbon compound that is 
formed from another by the substitution of the mona- 
tomic radicle N0 2 for hydrogen, and in which the 
nitrogen atom is regarded as directly joined to a 
carbon atom. 

Nitroform [ni f -tro-form) [yirpov, natron ; forma, form], 
CH(N0 2 ) 3 . An oily acid compound, chemically 
analogous to chloroform. It is usually obtained by 
treating biliary acids with nitric acid. 

Nitrogen [ni f -tro-jen) [virpov, natron; yevvav, to beget]. 
N=I4; quantivalence I, III, V. One of the non- 
metallic elements, gaseous at ordinary temperatures. 
It is a component element of albumins, proteids, urea, 
and other organic substances, of alkaloids, ammonia, 
and its derivatives, and many other inorganic sub- 
stances. It forms about 79 per cent, of the air, and is 
most active in combination with oxygen. The French 
call it azote. The salts of nitric acid are called nitrates, 
those of nitrous acid nitrites. See Elements, Table 
of. A description of various methods for detecting 
nitrogen is appended : Kjeldahl's Method; the sub- 
stance is dissolved by heating it with concentrated sul- 
phuric acid. Potassium permanganate (pulverized, or 
dissolved in sulphuric acid) is then added until a 
distinctly green color appears. The liquid is diluted 
with water and the ammonia is expelled by boiling 
with sodium hydroxid. Limprecht's Method, a 
method of determining the nitrogen of nitro-com- 
pounds and nitroso-compounds indirectly by means of 
a titrated solution of stannous chlorid. Will and 
Varrentrap's Method; two parts of calcium hydrate 
are added to one part of an aqueous solution of 
pure sodium hydroxid ; the mixture is evaporated and 
gently ignited. The weighed, finely-pulverized sub- 
stance is mixed with soda-lime (about ten parts) and 
the mixture is placed in a combustion-tube, about 30 
cm. long, which is filled in with soda-lime. In the 
open extremity of the tube is placed a rubber stopper 
bearing a bulb-apparatus containing dilute hydrochloric 
acid. The anterior portion of the bulb is first heated 
in the furnace ; then, that containing the mixture. 
That all of the ammonia may be carried into the bulb, 
air is conducted through the tube, after breaking off the 
point. The ammonium chlorid in the hydrochloric 
acid is precipitated as ammonio-platinum chlorid by 
means of platinic chlorid, and the residual platinum is 
weighed. One atom of platinum corresponds to two 
molecules of NH 3 or two atoms of nitrogen. N., 
Gaseous Oxid of. See Nitrous Oxid. 

Nitrogenized [ni-trof '-en-lzd) [virpov, natron ; yevvav, 
to produce]. Containing nitrogen. 

Nitrogenous (ni-troj' -en-us) [virpov, natron ; yevvav, 
to produce]. Containing nitrogen. 

Nitroglycerin (ni-tro-glis'-er-in)[virpov, natron; yXvKvc, 
sweet], C 3 H-N 3 9 . Glonoin, Trinifrin, Trinitrite of 
Glyceryl; Glycerol Nitric Ester ; a substance produced 
by the action of a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids 
upon glycerol. It is a colorless oil, with a sweet taste, 
and is poisonous when taken internally. It is insol- 
uble in water. Heated quickly, or upon percussion, 
it explodes very violently. Mixed with Kieselguhr it 
forms dynamite. Therapeutically, it acts like amyl 
nitrite. Dose gr. 2io~'5'o- Dose of the tincture, 
one per cent, in alcohol, Tr^ J^-x. N., Liquor (B.P.), 
contains pure nitroglycerin one part by weight, recti- 
fied spirit q. s. to produce ioo fluid parts. Dose TTL 
y 2 -\). N., Tabellae (B. P.), tablets of chocolate each 
containing gr. T ^ of pure nitroglycerin. Dose j-ij. 
Spiritus glonoini (spirit of nitroglycerin) ; an alcoholic 
solution containing one per cent, by weight of glonoin. 

Nitroleum (iii-tro'-le-uni). Synonym of Nitroglycerin. 

Nitrolin [ni f -tro-lin) [yirpov, natron ; oleum, oil] . An 



explosive compound consisting of a mixture of cellu- 
lose, niter, and nitrosaccharose. 

Nitrometer (ni-trom'-et-er) [yirpov, natron; /uerpov, 
measure]. An apparatus for collecting and measur- 
ing nitrogen gas, or for decomposing nitrogen oxids 
and estimating the resulting gases. 

Nitromuriatic Acid (ni-tro-mu-re-at'-ik). See Acid, 
Nitrohydrochloric. 

Nitrosaccharose [iii-tro-sak' -ar-dz)[virpov, natron; can- 
Xapov, sugar]. An unstable, resinous, explosive com- 
pound produced by treating saccharose with nitric acid. 

Nitrosate (jii'-tro-sat^virpov, natron]. One of a class 
of carbon compounds resulting from the action of 
nitrogen tetroxid upon the alkylenes. 

Nitroso- (ni-tro' -so-) [virpov, natron]. In chemistry, a 
prefix signifying combination with nitrosyl, the univa- 
lent compound radicle, NO. N.-amins, a class of 
nitroso-compounds in which the nitroso-group is linked 
to nitrogen. They are mostly oily, yellow liquids, 
insoluble in water, and may be distilled without suffer- 
ing decomposition. N. -compounds, a class of 
chemic compounds containing the group NO attached 
to carbon. N. -phenol. See Quinoxim. 

Nitrous (ni'-trus) [virpov, natron]. In chemistry, per- 
taining to or derived from niter. Nitrous compounds 
contain less oxygen than do nitric compounds. N. 
Acid. See Acid, Nitrous. N. Ether, C. 2 H 5 N0 2 ; a 
very volatile liquid, with properties very similar to 
those of amyl nitrite. N. Oxid, Laughing gas; 
a gaseous compound, having the structure N 2 0„. In- 
haled, it produces cerebral excitement, followed by 
anesthesia. It is much used in dentistry. See Anes- 
thetic. 

Nival (ni'-val) [nivalis, snowy]. Living in or near 
snow. 

Njinio-wood [African]. A remedy used in West 
Africa in the treatment of gastric pains and loss 
of appetite. Its effects are similar to those of coca. 
Unof. 

Noasthenia {rio-as-the' -ne-ah) [vooe, mind; aoOeveia, 
weakness]. Mental feebleness. 

Nocard, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Nocarodes (no-kar-o'-dez) [vunap,, lethargy ; eldog, 
like]. Lethargic. 

Nocent (iio'-sent) [nocens, from nocere, to harm]. 
Harmful ; injurious. 

Nocta.mbu\a.tion(noh-ta7n-bu-la / -shun)[nocta/nbulatio ; 
izox, night ; ambulare, to walk]. Same as Somnam- 
bulism. 

Noctambulatory (nok-tam' '-bu-la-tor-e) [nox, night ; 
ambulare, to walk]. In biology, wandering at night, 
as many predatory mammals. 

Noctambulism ( nok - tarn'- bu - lizm ). See Somnam- 
bulism . 

Noctidial (nok - tid / - e-al) [nox, night; dies, day]. 
Lasting for a day and a night, or for twenty-four 
hours. 

Noctisurgium (nok-tis-ur' ' -je-uni). Synonym of Som- 
nambulism. 

Nocturnal (iiok-tur' -nal) [nocturnus, of the night]. 
Pertaining to the night-time. N. Blindness. See 
Hemeralopia. N. Crisis, the nightly exacerbation of 
symptoms. N. Emission and N. Pollution. See 
Spermatorrhea. N. Enuresis, incontinence of urine 
at night during sleep. N. Epilepsy, epilepsy in 
which the convulsions occur at night. N. Sight. 
Same as Hemeralopia. 

Nocuity (tiok-ti' -it-e) [nocuus, injurious]. Injurious- 
ness ; harmfulness ; the quality of being noxious. 

Nocuous (nok'-u-us) [nocuus, injurious]. Noxious; 
hurtful ; venomous. N. Meat, meat from animals 



NOD 



874 



NON-IDENTIST 



affected with diseases that may be transmitted to 
man. 

Nod [ME., nodden, to shake]. I. To drop the head 
forward with a quick, involuntary motion. 2. The 
motion so made. 

Nodal [no' -del) [nodus, a node]. Nodated ; pertain- 
ing to a node. N. Point, the point of intersection 
of convergent rays of light with the visual axis of the 
eye. The First N. P. is 6.9685 mm. behind the 
summit of the cornea. The Second N. P. is 7.3254 
mm. behind the summit of the cornea, or 0.1254 
mm. behind the lens. 

Nodated {no-da 1 ' -ted) [nodus, a node]. Knotted ; hav- 
ing nodes. 

Nodding {nod'-ing) [ME., nodden, to shake]. I. The 
act of inclining the head forward. 2. Having a droop- 
ing position, as a flower-head. N. Spasm, spasmus 
nutans ; salaam convulsions. See Eclampsia nutans. 

Node [nod) [nodus, a swelling, or node]. A knot or 
protuberance ; an oblong, indurated swelling or tumor 
that forms upon bones in some forms of periostitis and 
osteitis. Ns., Heberden's, overgrowths of the nat- 
ural tubercles of the digital phalangeal bones in rheu- 
matoid arthritis. Ns., Parrot's, bosses of bone on the 
outer table of the skull, the result of syphilitic perios- 
titis. Ns., Ranvier's, certain constrictions occurring 
in the course of medullated nerve-fibers, so that the 
sheath of Schwann lies upon the axis-cylinder. The 
part of the nerve between the nodes is called an 
interannular or internodal segment. See Nerve-fiber. 
Ns., Schmidt's, a term for the medullated interan- 
nular segments of a nerve- fiber. N., Syphilitic, the 
localized swellings on bones due to syphilitic peri- 
ostitis. 

Nodicorn {nod'-ik-orn) [nodus, a knot; cornu, a horn]. 
In biology, having nodose antenna?. 

Nodiferous [no-dif'-er-us) [nodus, a node; ferre, to 
bear]. In biology, bearing nodes. 

Nodose (tio'-doz) [nodus, node]. Characterized by 
nodes or nodosities ; jointed or swollen at intervals. 

Nodosis [no-do' -sis) [nodus, node]. The condition of 
having or forming nodes. 

Nodosity {no-dos' -it-e). See Node. N., Bouchard's, 
a nodose condition of the second joints of the fingers, 
supposed to be indicative of gastrectasis. See Signs 
and Symptoms, Table of. 

Nodous {no'-dus) [vudoc, from vij, negative ; bSu'vc, 
tooth]. Toothless. 

Nodular {nod'-u-lar). Synonym of iVodose. 

Nodule {nod'-fd) [_nodulus,<Mm. of nodus, a node]. 
A little knot or excrescence ; a tubercle ; in derma- 
tology, an elevation of the skin varying in size from a 
split pea to a hazelnut, and due to a cellular infiltration 
{granuloma of Yirchow). N. of Aurantius. See 
Corpus. N. of Cerebellum, the termination of 
the inferior vermiform process of the cerebellum 
situated in front of the uvula. N. of Morgagni. 
Same as N. of Aurantius. 

Noduliferous {nod-u-lif -er-us) [nodulus, a little knot; 
ferre, to bear]. Having nodules. 

Noduliform (nod-u'-lif-orm) [nodulus, a little knot ; 
forma, form]. In the form of a nodule. 

Nodulo-dermitis {nod' -u-lo-der-mi' -tis) [nodulus, small 
node ; (ttpita, skin ; irt<;, inflammation]. An inflam- 
matory nodular skin-affection, such as Madura foot, 
leprosy, and other skin-diseases. 

Nodulose, Nodulous {nod'-u-loz, nod'-u-lus) [nodulus, 
a little node]. In biology, having little knobs. 

Nodulus {nod'-u-lus) [L. : pi., Noduli~\. I. See 
A T odule. 2. The nodule of the cerebellum. N. hys- 
tericus. Same as Globus hystericus. Noduli al- 
bini, a term given to certain small pathologic knots 



occasionally found on the free border of the auriculo- 
ventricular valves. 

Nodus {no'-dus) [L. : //., AW/]. See Node. 

Noeggerath's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Noematachograph {no-e-mat-ak'-o-graf) [voi/iia, 
thought ; raxrc, swift ; ypwpetv, to write]. An instru- 
ment for recording the time of mental operations. 

Noematachometer. Same as Noematachograph. 

Nceud vital {nu{r)d-ve-tahl') [Fr.]. See Center, Res- 
piratory. 

Noisome {noi' -sum) [ME. , noysome. hurtful]. Hurtful ; 
noxious. 

Noli-me-tangere {no' -li-me-tan' -jer-e) [L.]. I. See 
Rodent Ulcer. 2. Ecballium ojficinarum, the squirt- 
ing cucumber. 3. Impatiens noli-me-tangere, the 
touch-me-not, an animal of the Balsam family. 

Noma {no'-mah) [voui/; ve/jeiv, to eat]. Synonyms: 
Cancrum oris, Gangrrena oris, Gangrenous stomatitis. 
A grave form of stomatitis, gangrenous in type, and 
either secondary to ulcerative stomatitis or primary. 
The process is rapidly progressive, usually fatal, but 
recovery with great deformity of the face may occur. 
It is most common between the second and twelfth 
years. The disease is probably due to microorganisms ; 
many have been found, but their relations have not 
been determined. 

Nomarthral {nom-ar' -thral) [v6/ioc, law ; apflpov, a 
joint]. In biology, normally articulated or jointed; 
the opposite of xenarthral. 

Nome {no'-me). Same as Noma. 

Nomenclature ( no-men' -kla-tur ) [ nomen, a name ; 
calare, to call]. A systematic application and ar- 
rangement of the distinctive names employed in any 
science. Cf. Onym, Onymy. 

Nomogeny {no-moj' -en-e) [vd/noc, law ; yevi/c, pro- 
ducing]. In biology, Richard Owen's term for the 
origin of life through the operation of existing natural 
law. 

Nomology {no-mol' -o-je) [vo/ior, law; ?.6yor, science]. 
In biology, that department of botany devoted to a 
study of the laws of variation. 

Nomopelmous {nom-o-pel' -nius) [vd/ior, law ; irtAfia, 
sole]. In biology, applied to birds having the normal 
arrangement of the flexor tendons of the foot. Cf. 
antiopelmous, heteropelmous, schizopclmous, sympel- 
mous. 

Non- [non, not]. A prefix denoting negation. N. 
compos mentis [I..]. A legal term denoting an 
acquired unsoundness of mind, of such character that 
one is incapable of conducting his own affairs. 

Nona {?io'-nah) [L.]. A name given in Italy, Bavaria, 
and Russia to a supposed new disease, which, however, 
in all probability is not new, but is typhoid fever with 
coma, a severe influenza, or a grave form of smallpox. 

Non-access {non-ak'-ses) [non, not ; accessus, an 
approach]. In medical jurisprudence, the failure to 
cohabit. The reverse of access, q. v. A child born 
under such circumstances is a bastard. 

Non-achromatic {non-ak-ro-maf -ik). See Objective. 

Non-adjustable {non-ad-jus'-ta-bl). See Objective. 

Nonan (no'-nan) [nanus, ninth]. Applied to a fever 
that has an exacerbation every ninth day. 

Nondecatoic Acid (non-dek-at-o* '-ik) [nanus, ninth ; 
Sitca, ten], C 19 H S8 0,. A monobasic acid, the nine- 
teenth member of the fatty acid series. 

Non-electric {non-e-lek' '-trik) [non, not; ipenrpov, 
amber]. A term applied to those substances that 
permit electricity excited in them by friction to 
escape as fast as it is formed. 

Non-identist (non-i-den'-tist) [non, not ; identicus, the 
same]. A designation applied to a person who be- 
lieves in the non-identity of certain diseases, such as 



NON-MEDULLATED 



875 



NOSE 



typhus and typhoid, chancre and chancroid, mem- 
branous croup and laryngeal diphtheria. 
Non-medullated (tion-med'-ul-la-ted) \non, not; med- 
ulla, marrow]. Without marrow. N.-m. Nerve- 
fibers. See Nerve-fiber. 
Non-motile [non-mo' -til) \_non, not ; motilis, moving]. 

Not having the power of spontaneous motion. 
Non-naturals, The Six. In the old hygiene, this 
term designated air, food, exercise, sleep, secretion 
(and excretion), and mental activity. 
Nonose (tion'-oz) \nonus, nine]. One of a group of 
the glucoses, with the formula C 9 H 18 9 . See Carbo- 
hydrates, Table of. 

Non-parous [tion-par'-us). Same as Nulliparous. 

Non-restraint (non-re-strant' ) \_non, not; Fr. , re- 
straindre, to restrain]. The treatment of insanity 
without any possible means of compulsion. 

Non-sexual [non-seks'-u-al) \_non, not; sexies, sex]. 
Same as Asexual. 

Noology {no-ol'-o-je) [ydog, mind; Myoc, science]. 
The science of mind, including that of mental dis- 
orders. 

Noosphales [iio-os'-fal-ez) [vdoc, mind ; <paA~Aeiv, to 
overthrow]. Demented. 

Noosteresis (no-os-ter-e'-sis) [vooc, mind ; cripr/oic, 
privation] . Dementia ; loss of reason. 

Nooth's Apparatus. An apparatus for saturating water 
with carbon dioxid ; it consists of three glass vessels 
united by tubes. The gas is generated in the first, 
washed in the next, and stored in the third. 

Norm [norma, a rule]. Standard. 

Norma (nor'-mah) [L. ,a measure]. In anatomy, a 
view or aspect — essentially of the skull. N. basi- 
laris, a view or aspect of the skull looking toward the 
inferior aspect. N. facialis, the aspect looking toward 
the face. N. lateralis, the aspect looking toward 
either half; a profile view. N. occipitalis, the 
aspect looking toward the back of the skull. N. 
verticalis, the aspect viewed from above, or that 
directed toward the top of the skull. 

Normal (nor'-mal) [norma, rule]. Conforming to 
natural order or law. N. Position, the typical position 
to which all vertebrates, especially, are most easily 
referred for comparison. In it the body axis is straight, 
the limbs project directly to the right and left; the 
radius and ulna, tibia and fibula, are parallel with the 
thumb and great toe on the cephalic (upper) aspect or 
edge. N. Salt Solution or N. Saline Solution, 
an aqueous solution of sodium chlorid of a strength 
similar to that of the body-fluids — usually 0.6-0.75 P er 
cent. N.-sightedness. See£mmetropia. N. So- 
lution, in chemistry a solution of a salt or an acid con- 
taining in iooo grains of the solvent a quantity of the 
salt or acid equal in grams to the molecular weight. 
A decinormal solution is one of one-tenth the strength, 
and a centinormal solution one of one-hundredth the 
strength of the normal solution. N. Structure, in 
organic chemistry, the union of carbon atoms in a 
simple, open chain. 

Normality {nor-mal'-it-e) [norma, rule]. Normal 
quality ; the normal state. 

Normalization (>ior-mal-iz-a'-shuti) [norma, rule]. In 
biology, a term used to include all processes by which 
modified or morphologically abnormal forms and rela- 
tions may be reduced, either actually or ideally, to 
their known primitive and presumed normal conditions. 

Normandy Colic. See Colic. 

Normoblast [nor' -mo-blast). See Corpuscle. 

Noropianic Acid (nor-o-pe-an'-ik). See Acid. 

Norris's Invisible Corpuscles. See Corpuscle. 

Norton's Abyssinian Tube-well. A tube or tubes 
driven into the soil, tapping the subsoil water. 



Norway Itch. See Itch, Norway. N. Spruce. See 
Abies. 

Norwegian Itch. A variety of aggravated scabies seen 
mainly in lepers. See Itch, A r or7cay. 

Nosacerus (ndz-as'-e)--its) [vooaKepuc, from v6aog, ill- 
ness]. Diseased. 

Nosazontology (nos-az-on-tol' -o-je) [rocdCeodai, to fall 
ill; Ad}oc, science]. The science of the etiology of 
diseases. 

Nose (noz) [ME., nose, nose]. The special organ of 
the sense of smell. It is also associated in the per- 
formance of phonation and respiration. The anterior 
or external entrance is termed the anterior nares, and 
comprises the nostrils. It is lined throughout by a 
delicate mucosa termed the Schneiderian membrane, 
in the upper portion of which the terminations of the 
olfactory nerves are distributed. N. -bleed. See 
Epistaxis. N., Bottle, an hypertrophied condition 
of the nose with a varicose condition of its veins, 
usually associated with alcoholism. N. -brain, the 
olfactory lobes of the brain ; the rhinencephalon. 




Transverse Section of the Nasal Foss/e. 

1. Nasal septum. 2. Anterior extremity of middle turbinated 
bone. 3. Middle meatus. 4. Section of inferior turbinated 
bone. 5. Inferior meatus. 6. Lacrymal canal. 7. Canalic- 
uli. 8. Nasal canal. 9. Section of reflected mucous mem- 
brane. 10. Maxillary sinus or antrum of Highmore. 

N., Bridge of, the prominence formed by the junction 
of the nasal bones. N. -cavities, the nasal fossa?. N.- 
cough, a reflex trigeminal cough due to irritation of the 
nasal mucosa. N. -glasses, eye-glasses held on the 
nose by a spring ; a pince-nez. N.-hole, a nostril. 
N. -piece, a mechanical device to be attached to a 
microscope for holding two, three, or four objectives. 
It is screwed into the object-end of the tube of the 
microscope. N., Tench's, a name for the external os 
uteri. N. -truss, an instrument for keeping the nasal 
bones in place after dislocation. N., Wings of, the 
bulging borders of the nostril, formed by folds of skin 
enclosing adipose and fibro-connective tissue. 



NOSEGAY 



876 



NOTCH 



Nosegay, Riolan's. The entire group of muscles 
arising from the styloid process of the temporal bone. 

Noselia (nos-e'-li-ah) \yoarfktvEiv , to attend the sick]. 
Nursing of the sick. 

Nosema (nos - e'- mail) \\>6arif±a\. Illness, disease. 
Also a genus of Schizomycetes . 

Nosencephalon (nos-en-sef '-al-on). See Notenceph- 
alus. 

Nosencephalus (nos-en-sef ' -al-us). Same as Noten- 
cephalus. 

Nosephorous (nos-ef'-or-us) [wkroc, disease ; <pop6g, 
bearing]. Producing disease. 

Nosesesthesia (nos-es-es-the' '-ze-ak) [voa>ipog, diseased ; 
alaBr/aig, perception]. Perverted sensibility. 

Nosistoria (nos-is-to'-re-ah) [yoaoc, disease ; laropia, 
history]. The history of disease or of a disease. 

Nosocephalus (no-so-sef '-al-us). See Notencephalus. 

Nosocome (nos'-o-kom). Same as Nosocomium. 

Nosocomial {nos-o-ko'-me-al) [yooog, disease ; kojieIv, 
to take care of]. Pertaining to a hospital, or a nosoco- 
mium. N. Gangrene. Synonym of hospital gangrene. 

Nosocomium (nos-o-ko' '-me-um)\_i>6aoc , disease; kojie'lv, 
to take care of]. A place designed for the care of 
the sick. A hospital. 

Nosocratic (nos-o-kraf -ik) \_voaoc, illness ; Kpareiv, to 
be strong]. Specific (applied to disease). 

Nosode (nos'-od) [_voa<J(h/r, like a disease]. A homeo- 
pathic or isopathic remedy. 

Nosodochium (nos-o-do' -ke-itm). Synonym of Noso- 
comium. 

Nosogenesis (nos-o-jen'-es-is). Synonym of Nosogeny. 

Nosogenetic (nos-o-jen-et'-ik) [yoaoc, disease; ykveaig, 
genesis]. Pertaining to nosogenesis. 

Nosogeny (nos-oj' -en-c) \v6aog, disease; yevvav, to 
beget]. The development and progress of diseases. 

Nosographic (nos-o-graf'-ik) [yoaoq, disease ; ypatyuv, 
to write]. Pertaining to nosography. 

Nosography (nos-og' -ra-fe) [ydgog, disease ; ypatpeiv, 
to write]. A descriptive treatise on the character and 
nature of diseases. 

Nosologic (nos-o-log'-ik) \y6aoc, disease ; Xoyog, sci- 
ence]. Pertaining to nosology. 

Nosologist (nos-ol'-o-jisf) \_v6aog, disease; Xoyoc, sci- 
ence]. One versed in nosology. 

Nosology (nos-ol'-o-Je) [ydaog, disease ; Xdyog, science]. 
The scientific classification of diseases. 

Nosomania (nos-o-ma' -ne-ah) \y6aog, disease; navia, 
mania]. The insane or hypochondriac delusion of a 
patient that he is suffering from some disease, from 
which, in point of fact, he may not be entirely free. 

Nosomycosis (nos-o-mi-ko' -sis) \_v6aoq, disease ; p-vurig, 
fungus] . Any disease due to the presence of a para- 
sitic fungus, or schizomycete. 

Nosonomy (nos-on'-o-me) [iwoc.disease; bvoua, name]. 
The nomenclature of diseases. 

Nosonomy («(H-o?i'-»-roc) [yoang, disease ; v6/ing, law]. 
The study, or science, of the laws of disease. 

Nosophobia (nos-o-fo 1 '-be-ah) \_v6cog, disease ; (po[3og, 
fear]. The insane, or exaggerated, fear of disease; 
pathophobia. 

Nosophthoria ( nos-off-thor'-e-ah ) [i'<5<roc , disease ; 
<pd6pa, destruction]. The eradication of diseases by 
prophylactic measures. 

Nosophyte (nos'-o-fit) [vooog, disease; <j>vt6p, plant]. 
Any pathogenic vegetable microorganism. 

Nosopoietic (nos-o-poi-ef '-ik) \y6aoc, disease ; 7zon)TiK.6q, 
making]. Causing disease. 

Nosotaxy (nos f -o-taks-e) \y6aoc, disease ; ra^ig , arrange- 
ment]. The classification of diseases. 

Nosotrophe (nos-of ' -ro-fe) \_v6ooc, disease ; rpotpi/, sus- 
tenance]. I. The nourishment of disease. 2. The 
care of the sick. 



Nosotrophic, Nosotrophous (nos-o-tro'-fik, nos-ol'-ro- 
fits) [I'drrof, disease ; Tpotyij, sustenance]. Maintaining 
disease. 

Nostalgia (nos-tal' -je-ali) \_vootoc, return ; d?o)oc,pain]. 
Homesickness. 

Nostalgic (nos-tal' -jik) [_vuarog, return; a'Ayog, pain]. 
Affected with nostalgia. 

Nostoc {iios'-tok) [Ger. , nostocli, nostoc]. A genus of 
algous plants, often of a gelatinous nature, such as 
witches' -butter and star-spittle. Some of the species are 
edible, e.g., N. edule, being used in soups. Unof. 

Nostologic ( }ios-to-loj> '-ik ) [ voarog, return ; Xdyog , 
science]. Pertaining to nostology, or to second child- 
hood ; extremely senile. 

Nostology [nos-tol' -o-je) [yogroc, return ; ?„6yog, science]. 
In biology, the department devoted to the study of 
senility. 

Nostomania (tios-to-ma' -nc-ali) [i'octtoc, return ; /invia, 
madness]. Nostalgia amounting to monomania. 

Nostrasia (iios-tra' -ze-ali) \_nostras, of our country]. 
Nostalgia. 

Nostril {nos'-tril) [A. S. nosu, nose; thyrl, to drill]. 
One of the external orifices of the nose. N., False, a 
conic, curved diverticulum or blind pouch, from two to 
three inches in depth, leaving the nostril of the horse 
immediately within the opening, and lying in the notch 
formed between the nasal and premaxillary bones. 

Nostromania {iws-tro-ma'-ne-ali). Same as Nosto- 
mania. 

Nostrum (nos' -f rum) \_noster, ours] . Any quack medi- 
cine or cure-all ; any proprietary medicine. 

Notacanthous ( no-tak-an' -thus ) [ruroc, the back ; 
anavda, a spine]. In biology, having dorsal spines. 

Notal (no'-tal) [i'wtoc, back]. Dorsal, or tergal ; per- 
taining to the back. 

Notalgia [110-tal' -je-ali) \yuTog, back; akyoc, pain]. 
Any pain in the back. 

Notanencephalia (no-fan-en-sef-a'-le-a/i) \_vurng, back ; 
a priv. ; h/nityaTioc, , brain]. Congenital absence of 
the dorsal part of the cranium. 

Notaspis (110-tas' -pis) [I'wroc, the back ; octtt/c, shield]. 
In embryology, the germ-shield or dorsal area of the 
embryo, in which appears the primitive furrow. 

Notate {no' -tat) [notatus, p.p. of tiotare, to mark]. In 
biology, marked, spotted, variegated. 

Notch [an assibilated form of nock~\. An indenta- 
tion, especially on the circumferential edge of a 
bone. N., Acetabular. See Cotyloid. N. of the 
Cerebellum, the depression between the two hemi- 
spheres of the cerebellum, anteriorly and posteriorly. 
N., Coraco-scapular. See N, Supra-scapular. N., 
Cotyloid. See Cotyloid. N., Ethmoid, the notch 
separating the two orbital plates of the frontal bone. 
It is occupied by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid. 
N., Great Sciatic. See N., Ischiatic. N., Inter- 
clavicular. Synonym of A'., Suprasternal. N., 
Intercondyloid. See Intercondyloid Fossa. N., 
Intervertebral, any one of the depressions on the 
vertebral pedicles, either on the upper or lower surface. 
The apposition of two notches of contiguous vertebra;, 
forms the intervertebral foramen. N., Ischiatic, the 
notch in the ischium that is converted into a foramen 
by the ischiatic ligaments. N., Jugular, a notch 
forming the posterior boundary of the jugular foramen. 
N., Lantermann's, the appearance of the internodal 
segments of the nerve-sheath under the influence of 
certain reagents, dividing the same into strips obliquely 
cut at the ends. N., Lesser Sciatic, a notch below 
the spine of the ischium over which the tendon of the 
obturator interims muscle passes. N., Nasal, an 
uneven interval between the internal angular processes 
of the frontal bone, which articulates with the nasal 



NOTE 



877 



NUCLEIC ACID 



bone and the nasal process of the superior maxillary 
bone. N., Popliteal, the depression on the posterior 
surface of the head of the tibia, separating the two 
tuberosities. N., Pterygoid. Same as .Fossa, Ptery- 
goid. N. of Rivinus, the deficiency in the osseous 
tympanic ring filled by Shrapnell's membrane, q. v. 
N., Sacro-sciatic. See N. , Ischiatic. N., Sig- 
moid, a deep semilunar depression separating the 
coronoid and condyloid processes of the inferior max- 
illary bone. N., Spheno-palatine, the notch that 
separates the orbital and sphenoid processes of the 
palate bone. N., Supraorbital. See Supraorbital. 
N., Suprascapular, a notch on the superior border 
of the scapula at the base of the coracoid process, for 
the passage of the suprascapular nerve. N., Supra- 
sternal, the depression at the top of the manubrium, 
between the two sterno-clavicular articulations. 

Note (not) [/tola, a mark]. A sound. N., Percussion, 
the sound elicited on percussion. 

Notencephalia (not-en-sef-a'-le-aK). See Notencepk- 
alus. ■ 

Notencephalocele (no-ten-sef '-al-o-sel) [yarov, back ; 
kyuefaAoi;, brain; Kij\r], hernia]. Tumor of the brain 
in a notencephalus. 

Notencephalus (not - en ■ sef '- al '- us) [vuror. back; 
£}'«'0a/LOf, brain]. A variety of single autositic mon- 
sters of the species exencephalus, in which the cranial 
contents are in large part outside of the skull, resting 
upon the back of the neck like a huge " waterfall," 
but not adherent. Hydrocephalus, to some degree, 
is almost always present. The cranium is misshapen, 
the forehead sloping backward, and the eyes are di- 
rected upward and stand out prominently. 

Noteum (««-//-;«;;) [vutoq, the back : pi. , Notea\. In 
biology, the dorsal surface of the body of an animal. 

Nothros ()io'-thros) [vudpoc~\. Drowsy, torpid. 

Notochord (no' -to-kord) [vutov, back ; x°P&>U a cord]. 
A cellular cord inclosed in a structureless sheath, 
which in the embryo represents the vertebral column , 
the chorda dorsalis, or primitive backbone. Also, 
incorrectly the spinal cord. 

Notomelus (no-tom' -el-its) [vutov, back; /ieaoc, limb]. 
A form of double monster in which the rudimentary 
limbs are attached to the back. 

Notomyelitis (no-to-mi-el-i'-tis) [vurog, back ; //ue/loc, 
marrow ; true, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
myelon, or spinal cord. 

Notomyelus (no-to-mi' '-el-us) [yaroq, back ; /jveAog, 
marrow]. The spinal marrow ; the myelon. 

Notopodium (no-to-po' -de-itm) [vuroc, the back; tvovq, 
foot]. In biology, one of the dorsal oars or double 
foot-stumps of certain worms. See Parapodium. 

Notopsyche (no-top-si' -ke) \_vuroc, back; ipvxi/, soul]. 
Hceckel's term for the spinal cord, or myelon. 

Notorhizal (no-to-ri'-zal) [varoc, the back ; piC,a, root]. 
In biology, having the radicle applied to the dorsal 
part of the cotyledons : incumbent. 

Nototribe (no' -to-trib) [vurog, back ; rpi(3etv, to rub]. 
In biology, applied to flowers so arranged that the 
pollen comes in contact with the back of a visiting 
insect. Cf. Pleurotribe, Sternotribe . 

Nototrocha (iio-to-tro'-kah) [p&Jroc, the back ; rpo^oc, 
a wheel]. In embryology, a form of segmented 
chcetopod larva in which the segments of the body 
bear half-rings of cilia on the dorsal surface. 

Nottingham System. See Sewage, Disposal of. 

Notum (no'-tum) [vurov, putoc, the back: pi., Nota~\. 
In biology, the dorsal aspect of the thorax of an in- 
sect. Cf. Pronotum, Mesonotum, Metanotum. 

Notumbrella (not' -um-brel-ah) [vurcig, the back ; um- 
bra, shade]. In biology, the dorsal ectoderm or 
chrotal epithelium of medusae. 



Novacula (no-vak'-u-lah) \_novare, to make new], A 
razor ; a surgeon's knife. 

Noxa (nohs'-ah) [L.]. An injurious principle; especi- 
ally a pathogenic microorganism, or other maleries 
tnorbi. 

Noxious (nol-s'-vus) [noxius, harmful]. Harmful ; 
poisonous or deleterious. " N. Thing," in forensic 
medicine anything administered to a person that is 
harmful in its effects ; especially applied to the pro- 
duction of abortion. 

Noyes' Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Nubecula (nu-bek'-u-lah) [dim. of nubes, a cloud]. 
I. The cloudiness caused by the suspension of in- 
soluble matter in the urine. 2. A cloudiness of the 
cornea. 

Nubile (nu'-bil) [nubilis ; nnbere, to marry]. Marri- 
ageable. Of an age at which there exists the possi- 
bility of procreation or child-bearing. 

Nubility (nit-bil'-it-e) [nubili/as, from nnbere, to marry]. 
The state of development marked by ability to consum- 
mate marriage. 

Nucament (nit'- kam - enl) [nucamentum, anything 
shaped like a nut]. In biology, an anient or catkin. 

Nucellus (nu-sel'-us) \_nucella , a little nut: //., Nucel- 
//]. In biology, that part of the ovule in which the 
embryo-sac arises ; the equivalent of the macro- 
sporangium of cryptogams. 

Nuces (nu'-sez). Plural of Nux, q. v. 

Nucha (nu'-kah) [L.]. The nape of the neck. 

Nuchal (nn'-kal) [nucha, nape of neck]. Pertaining 
to the nucha, or nape. 

Nuchalalgia (nu-kal-al'-je-ah). Synonym of Nuchal- 

gia- 

Nuchalgia (nu-kaU -je-ah) [nucha, nape ; aAyog, pain]. 
Pain at the back of the neck. 

Nuciform (nu'-siform) [nux, a nut; forma, form]. 
In biology, nut-shaped. 

Nucite (nu'-sli), C 6 H I2 6 -(- 4H 2 0. A carbohydrate 
resembling inosite, found in the leaves of Juglans regia. 

Nuck, Canal of. See Canal. N.'s Diverticulum. 
Same as N. , Canal of. N.'s Glands. See Gland. 

Nucleal, Nuclear (nu'-kle-al, nu' -kle-ar) [nucleus, a 
cell]. Pertaining to or resembling a nucleus ; en- 
doplastic. N. Figures, the peculiar arrangement of 
the mitome during karyokinesis. N. Layer, a 
stratum of gray matter in the cortex of the brain. 
N. Paralysis, paralysis from lesions of nuclei or 
centers. N. Spindle, delicate stripe appearing in the 
nucleus undergoing mitosis and arranged in the shape 
of a double crux with the apices pointing toward the 
poles of the future nuclei. Its function probably is 
to guide the movements of the mitome threads. N. 
Stain, a pigment showing a relatively strong affinity 
for nuclei. A Direct Nuclear Stain is one that 
colors nuclei so quickly as to require no subsequent 
treatment to differentiate them from the plasma. An 
Indirect Nuclear Stain is one that colors the entire 
tissue, but in order that the nuclei may be differ- 
entiated, the color must be removed from the plasma. 
The more important nuclear stains are : — Bismarck 
Brown, Carmin, Cochineal, Fuchsin, Gentian-violet, 
Hematoxylin, Hoffman's Blue, Methylene-blue, 
Methyl-green. See Stain, Plasmatic Stain, Specific 
Stain, Stains, Table of, and Pigments, Conspectus of. 
N. Substance. See Heredity. 

Nucleate, Nucleated (me'-kle-af, nu'-kle-a-ted) [nu- 
cleus, nucleus]. Having a nucleus. 

Nuclei (tiu'-kle-i) [L.]. Plural of Nucleus, q. v. N. 
of the Thalamus, the three portions into which the 
cinerea of the thalamus is separated. They are called 
the anterior, internal, and external nuclei. 

Nucleic Acid. Altmann's name for an organic phos- 



NUCLEIFORM 



878 



NUCLEUS 



phorus-containing acid, the chief product obtained 
by analysis of nuclein. Kossel's formula is C 30 H 52 N 9 - 
P 3 I7 . Nucleic acid occurs free in the heads of the 
spermatozoa and contains no sulphur. 

Nucleiform (nu' '-kle-if-orm) [nucleus, nucleus ; forma, 
form]. Resembling a nucleus. 

Nuclein (nu f -kle-itt) [nucleus, nucleus]. A compound 
of proteid substances with nucleic acid, obtained 
by means of artificial digestion, by Horbaczewski, 
Miescher, Plosz, Geohegen, Hoppe-Seyler, Lubavin, 
von Jaksch,Vaughan, and others, from pus-corpuscles, 
the spermatozoa of various animals, testicles, and thy- 
roid gland, the yolk of hens' eggs, yeast, liver, brain, 
cows' milk, etc. The results of the analysis of 
nuclein from different sources are discordant. 

From the r. .. 

From Pus. Spermatozoa bromine 

(Hoppe-Seyler.) of Salmon. ^'"/afschT 

(Miescher.) (v.jaksch.) 

C 49.58 36.11 50.06 

H, 7.10 5.15 7.60 

N, 15.02 13-09 13.18 

P, 2.28 9.59 1.89 

Hoppe-Seyler's classification of nucleins, as modified 
by Halliburton, is : (1) Nucleins that contain no pro- 
teid. They are synonymous with Nucleic acid, q. v. 
(2) Nucleins rich in nucleic acid and in reaction very 
similar to that substance ; they occur in nature in 
the chromatic fibers of the nucleus. (3) Nucleins 
that are poorer in nucleic acid ; these form numerous 
links in a chain, which pass insensibly into those of 
the next group; they occur in nature in the nucleoli 
(pyrenin) and constitute the chief bulk of the sub- 
stance called plastin. (4) Nucleins that contain 
very little nucleic acid ; they are chiefly proteid in 
nature, and pass gradually toward proteids which con- 
tain no phosphorus whatever. They occur in the nu- 
clei of cells ; it is difficult to be positive whether the nu- 
clear matrix is composed chiefly of these or of phos- 
phorus-free proteids ; probably both are present. They 
occur in milk (caseinogen) , in egg-yolk (vi/ellin, icthu- 
lin, etc.), in aleurone-grains of plants {plant vitellin), 
and in cell protoplasm generally (cell nucleo- albumin). 
The great insolubility in alkalies that characterizes 
nucleins of the third group is not seen in those of the 
fourth. According to Horbaczewski, nuclein is the 
source of uric acid. Nuclein has also been proved to 
possess germicidal properties. 

Nucleo-albumin (nu'-kle-o-al'-bu-min) [nucleus, nu- 
cleus; albumen, albumin]. One of the series of nu- 
cleins obtainable from cell-protoplasm, poorer in nucleic 
acid than the plastins of the nucleus. It appears to be 
the most constant of the proteids obtainable from cell- 
protoplasm, but is not confined to cells, being the chief 
constituent of tissue-fibrinogen. The chief proteid of 
milk (caseinogen), the so-called mucin of bile, and the 
mucinoid substance in the mucus of urine, are nucleo- 
albumins. Nucleo-albumin is insoluble in acetic acid, 
precipitable by magnesium sulphate, not reducible by 
prolonged heat in the presence of an acid ; it is formed 
by the combination of nuclein and albumin in the pro- 
cess of digestion. It contains phosphorus. The pre- 
sence of nucleo-albumin in the urine has been observed 
in cases of leukemia, icterus, diphtheria, and in scarla- 
tinal and other varieties of nephritis. 

Nucleochylema (nu-kle-o-ki-le' -niali) [nucleus, nucleus ; 
Xv/'ic, juice]. The fluid filling the interstices of the 
nucleohyaloplasm. 

Nucleochyme (nu'-kle-o-kim). See Nucleochylema. 

Nucleohiston (nu-kle-o-his' -ton) [nucleus, nucleus; 
«rr<5c, tissue]. A substance found by Lilienfeld in the 
leukocytes of the blood. It is a combination of nu- 



clein and histon. Nuclein induces coagulation of the 
blood ; histon prevents it. The liquid state of the 
blood is dependent on the integrity of the compound 
formed by these two bodies. Liquidity, then, is due 
to the leukocytes by virtue of the histon contained in 
them ; as is also coagulation, by reason of the contained 
nuclein. 

Nucleohyaloplasm (nit-klc-o-hi'-al-o-plaznt) [nucleus, 
nucleus ; vaXog, transparent substance ; Tr'/.aoaeiv, to 
mold]. A scarcely tangible substance, which, with 
chromatin, makes up the threads or mitoma of the cell- 
nucleus. See Linin. 

Nucleoid (nu' -kle-oid) [nucleus, nucleus ; eldoc, like]. 
Shaped like a nucleus. 

Nucleoidioplasm (nu-kle-o-id' -e-o-plazni) [nucleus, nu- 
cleus; t<5wc, special ; -aXaoauv, to mold]. The idio- 
plasm of the nucleus. 

Nucleolar (nu-kle'-o-la?-) [nucleolus , dim. of ?iucleus, a 
nucleus]. Pertaining to the nucleolus. 

Nucleolid (nu-kle'-o-lid) [nucleolus, a little nucleus ; 
eldoQ, like]. A corpuscle resembling a nucleolus. 

Nucleolin (nu-kle f -o-lin\ [wucleolinu$\. The nucleus of 
a nucleolus. 

Nucleolinus (?iu-kle-oli'-nus) [nucleolus, dim. of nu- 
cleus, a little nut: //., Nucleolini~\. In biology, the 
germinal point within the germinal spot of the nuclei 
of certain egg-cells. 

Nucleolus (nu-kle 1 ' -o-lus) [dim. of nucleus, a nucleus]. 
The small spheric body within the cell-nucleus. It 
probably plays but a subordinate part in the life-activity 
of the cell, although its true function has not as yet 
been established. 

Nucleomicrosoma (nu-kle-o-mi-kro-so'-mah) [nucleus, 
nucleus; fUKpor, small; ou,ua, body: //. , Nueleomicro- 
somata^. Any one of the many minute tangible bodies 
that make up each fiber of the nucleoplasm. 

Nucleopetal (nu-kle-o-pet'-al)[micleus, nucleus ; petere, 
to seek]. Seeking the nucleus (said of the movement 
of the male pronucleus toward the female pronucleus). 

Nucleoplasm (nu' - Icle - -plazni) [nucleus, nucleus ; 
TrXaaoeiv, to mold]. The formative hyaloplasm of 
the nucleus; chromatin. E. van Beneden describes 
the nucleus of the ovum as composed of a membrane 
within which is a network of chromatin, containing in 
its meshes a fluid substance. The whole of this mass 
he calls the nucleoplasm, composed of : I. An achro- 
matic substance in fine moniliform filaments. 2. A 
chromatic substance permeating the whole. He sup- 
poses each fiber to consist of minute bodies, readily 
stained, called Nueleomicrosomata. Strasburger de- 
scribes a nucleus as consisting of Nucleoplasm (or 
Karyoplasma) in which there are two matters, the 
nueleomicrosomata, taking up pigment, and the nucleo- 
hyaloplasm, not stained. 

Nucleoplasmatic, Nucleoplasmic (nu - kle - o - plaz- 
mat'-il;, nu-kle-o-plaz'-mik) [nucleus, nucleus ; ■x'hdcs- 
auv, to mold]. Relating to nucleoplasm. 

Nucleoplastic (nu- kle-o-plas' -tik). Synonym of Nu- 
cleoplasmatic. 

Nucleus (nu'-kle-us) [nucleus, from mix, nut]. The 
essential part of a typical cell, usually round in 
outline, and situated near the center. The center 
around which the mass of a crystal aggregates ; also, 
the central element in a compound, as the carbon in 
hydrocarbons. In physiology, the controlling or motor 
center of a muscle or organ ; also, the deep origin 
(nidus or nidulus) of a nerve. N. ambiguus, N., 
Anterior, a center near that of the vagus. N. amyg- 
dalae, an irregular aggregation of cinerea situated at 
the apex of the temporal lobe of the brain, between 
it and the apex of the middle ventricular horn ; it 
lies ventrad of the lenticula. N., Amygdaloid. 



NUCLEUS 



879 



NUDI ROSTRATE 



See N. amygdala. N., Anterior {of the thalamus). 
See Nuclei. N., Arciform, an aggregation of nerve- 
cells in the oblongata between the pyramidal tracts 
and the arciform fibers. N., Arcuate, the largest 
of the collections of gray matter in the arciform fibers 
of the pyramidal tracts. N., Balbiani's, a nucleus 
supposed to be present in all ova, in addition to the 
germinal vesicle. Its function is to be the separation 
of the contents of the ovum into a germinal part and 
a nutritive portion. N. of Bechterew, an ill-defined 
group of ganglion-cells lying dorsad of Deiters' nu- 
cleus, and supposed to give origin to some of the 
fibers of the middle root of the auditory nerve. It is 
also called the nucleus vestibularis. N., Burdach's. 
See X. funiculi cuncati. N., Caudal. See N., 
Oculomotor. N., Caudate. See Caudatum. N., 
Caudo-ventral. See N. , Oculo-motor. N. cere- 
belli, the corpus dentatum, a. v. N., Cervical, an 
accumulation of nerve-cells in the upper part of the 
spinal cord, opposite the third and fourth cervical 
nerves, N. cinereus, a term sometimes used to des- 
ignate the gray substance of the restiform bodies. N., 
Cleavage. Synonym of N., Segmentation. N., 
Daughter. See Mitosis. N., Deiters'. See N. 
magno-cellularis. N., Dental, the dental papilla. 
N. dentatus, a nucleus located in the mesal part of 
the corresponding cerebellar hemisphere, in the 
direct prolongation of the prepeduncle which enters 
it, and very close to the roof of the fourth ventricle. 
It is composed of a folded lamina of cinerea, con- 
voluted like the similar nucleus of the olive, and is 
open cephalo-mesad. N. de reliquat, a granular 
body associated with the sickle-shaped rods in coccidia. 
N. emboliformis, a small mass of gray matter situa- 
ted in the interval between the N. dentatus and N. 
fastigii, and lying nearer the former. It is elonga- 
ted cephalo-caudad, and is probably an accessory de- 
tachment of the N. dentatus. N. fastigii, the Fas- 
tigatum ; a flat expanse of gray matter on each side 
of the inferior vermis cerebelli, directly over the roof 
of the fourth ventricle. N. fimbriatus. Synonym 
of Corpus dentatum. N. funiculi cuneati, a mass 
of gray matter in the posterior column of the oblongata, 
lying beneath the funiculus cuneatus. N. funiculi 
gracilis, an elongated club-shaped mass of gray matter 
in the mesal portion of the posterior column of the 
oblongata. N. funiculi teretes, a distinct accumula- 
tion of small nerve-elements, closely crowded, found 
on either side of the sulcus ventriculi of the oblongata. 
Its relations are unknown. N., Germinal, the nucleus 
resulting from the union of the male and female pro- 
nuclei. N., Gingival, a part of the cerebellum in 
the fetus (between the third and fourth months), which 
bears some resemblance to the gums. N., Globic, 
N. globosus, the globulus, a number of small round 
or oval masses of cinerea situated in the interval be- 
tween the N. dentatus and JV. fastigii, lying near to and 
probably an accessory detachment of the latter. N. 
gracilis, a column of cinerea in the clava or posterior 
pyramid of the medulla oblongata. N., Gray, the 
cinerea of the spinal cord. N., Intraventricular, the 
caudatum. N., Kolliker's, the cinerea surrounding 
the canal of the myel (spinal cord). N., Laryngeal, 
the nucleus of origin of the nerve-fibers of the larynx. 
N. of Laura, the external auditory nucleus of nerve- 
cells. N., Lenticular, N. lentiformis, a cluster of 
cinerea of the striatum. N. of Luys, an almond- 
shaped mass of cinerea with pigmented ganglion-cells 
in the regio subthalamica. N. magno-cellularis, 
Deiters' 1 Nucleus; a nucleus of cinerea in the ob- 
longata, situated mesad of the rostiform column at the 
level entry of the auditory nerve-roots. It is proba- 



bly a station for a spinal tract. N., Medullary, any 
circumscribed collection of white matter in the central 
nervous system. N., Mother. See Mother-star, 
under Karyokinesis. N., Motor, a collection of 
nerve-cells in the central nervous system giving origin 
to a motor nerve. N., Oculo-motor, the nucleus of 
the oculo-motor nerve, lying dorsad of the posterior 
longitudinal bundle, under the aqueduct of Sylvius. 
N., Olivary. See Dentoliva. N. of Origin, the 
collection of ganglion-cells in the central nervous 
system giving origin to a nerve. N. of Pander, the 
upper expanded end of the flask-shaped mass of white 
yolk in the hen's egg. N., Post-pyramidal. See 
N. funiculi gracilis. N. pulposus, the pulpy sub- 
stance in the center of the intervertebral discs, the 
remains of the notochord. N. pyramidalis, the 
inner accessory olivary nucleus. N. quintus, the 
nucleus of the fifth or trigeminal nerve. N., Red. 
See N. tegmenti. N., Restiform, the gray matter 
of the restiform body. N., Roof. Synonym of A r . 
tegmenti. N. ruber. See N. tegmenti. N., Seg- 
mentation, the nucleus that appears shortly after the 
fusion of the male and female pronuclei, the last step 
in the process of fertilization ; it is so called because 
within it cleavage is first established. N., Spermatic. 
Synonym of the male pronucleus. N., Stilling's. 
Synonym of A r . tegmenti. N., Subependymal, the 
internal nucleus of the eighth or auditory nerve, lying 
just beneath the ependyma of the metacele. N., 
Tectorial Cerebellar. Synonym of JV. tegmenti. 
N., Tegmental, N. tegmenti, Red Nucleus ; a nu- 
cleus with a reddish tinge and a round or oval outline, 
situated in the isthmus at those section-levels where 
the ganglion of Soemmering has its greatest extent. 
N., Vesicular, a rather large nucleus, the membrane 
of which stains deeply, while the central portion re- 
mains relatively pale. N. vestibularis. See N. of 
Bechterew. N., Vitelline, a nucleus resulting from 
the fusion of the male and female pronuclei within the 
vitellus. N., Westphal's, the nucleus of origin of 
a part of the trochlear fibers ; it is situated posteriorly 
to the trochlear nucleus proper. N., White, the 
white substance of the dentate body of the olive. 

Nuculanium (nu-ku-la'-ne-um) [nucula, a little nut : 
pi., Nuculania~\. In biology, a fruit like the medlar, 
containing several nut-like seeds or carpels. 

Nucule {nu'-kul) [iiucula,a. little nut]. In biology, the 
female organ of Characece. 

Nude (nud) \_nudus, naked]. Naked; bare. In biology, 
destitute of hairs, leaves, feathers, and similar dermal 
appendages. 

Nudibrachiate (nu-de-bra' '-ke-af) \iiudus, naked ; bra- 
chium, the forearm]. In biology, having naked arms, 
or non-ciliated tentacles. 

Nudibranchiate (nu-de-brang' -ke-af) \itudus, naked ; 
branchiae, gills]. See Gymnobranchiate. 

Nudicaudate (nu-dik-aw' '-dat) [nudus, naked ; cauda, 
a tail]. In biology, having a hairless tail. 

Nudicaul [nu' ' -dik-awl) [nudus, naked ; caulis, stem]. 
In biology, having leafless stems. 

Nudiflorous (nti-dif-lo'-rus) [nudus, bare ; flos, a 
flower]. In biology, having flowers destitute of hairs, 
glands, etc. 

Nudifolious (mi-difo'-le-us) [nudus, bare ; folium, a 
leaf]. Having smooth leaves. 

Nudil [nu'-dil) [origin obscure]. An old name for a 
medicated pledget, or dossil of wool, lint, or cotton. 

Nudiped (nu'-dip-ed) [nudus, naked ; pes, foot]. In 
biology, having naked feet. 

Nudirostrate (iiu-de-ros'-trat) [nudus, naked ; ros- 
trum, beak]. In biology, having a naked rostrum, as 
a hemipterous insect. 



NUDISCUTATE 



880 



NUX 



Nudiscutate (nu-dis-ku'-tat) [nudus, naked ; scutum 
a shield]. In biology, having a naked scutellum. 

Nuel's Space. In the ear, a triangular space lying 
between the outer hair-cells and the slanting outer 
rods of Corti. It is roofed over by the lamina reticu- 
lata. 

Nuhn's Glands. See Gland. 

Nuisance (nu'-sans) [ME. , nuisance, nuisance]. In 
medical jurisprudence, that which is noxious, offen- 
sive, or troublesome ; applied to persons or things. 

Nuke (niik) [Fr. , nuque, the neck]. The nape of the 
neck. N.-bone, the basi-occipital bone. 

Nullipara {nul-ip' -ar-ah) [nullus, none ; parere, to 
bring forth]. A woman who has never borne a 
child. 

Nulliparity (nul-ip-ar' -it-e) \jiullus, none; parere, to 
bring forth]. The condition of being nulliparous. 

Nulliparous [nul-ip' -ar-us) [nullus, none ; parere, to 
bring forth]. Applied to a woman who has not borne 
a child. 

Numb (num) [ME., nome, taken]. Having impaired 
sensibility. 

Number Six. See Hot Drops. 

Numbering of Teeth ; Fingers and Toes ; Series. 
See Teeth ; Finders a?id Toes ; Series, Numbering 
of. 

Numbness (num'-ncs) [ME., nome, taken]. Partial, 
or local anesthesia with torpor ; deficiency of sensa- 
tion ; obdormition. 

Nummiform (num'-iform) \_nummus, a coin; forma, 
form]. Having the form of a coin ; nummular. 

Nummular (num'-u-lar) \_nummus, coin]. Resem- 
bling a small coin in form ; also, resembling rouleaux, 
or rolls of coins ; applied to the red globules of the 
blood ; or the rounded clots of sputum sometimes 
observed in pulmonary tuberculosis. 

Nuptiality (nup-she-al' -it-e) [nuptial, nuptial]. The 
proportion of marriages to the population. 

Nurse (ners) [Fr. nourrice, nurse]. The caretaker of 
an infant. Also, a person caring for the sick. N., 
Dry, one who does not suckle the infant. N., Hos- 
pital, one who cares for the sick in a hospital. N., 
Monthly, one who attends a woman in confinement. 
N., Probationer, in hospitals a probationer is one 
who has entered upon her career as a nurse, and is 
under observation to determine her fitness for the 
profession. N., Professional, one who devotes him- 
self or herself to the care of the sick as a life-work or 
profession. N., Wet, one who suckles the infant. 
N.'s Contracture, Trousseau's term for tetany found 
in association with debility following lactation. 

Nursing (ners'-ing) [Fr. , nourrice, a nurse]. A term 
applied to the babe's taking the breast, and also to the 
mother's giving the breast. Also, caring for the sick. 
N. -bottle, a bottle fitted with a rubber tip or nipple for 
feeding infants not nursed from the breast. 

Nursling (ners' ding) [Fr. , nourrice, a. nurse]. An 
infant that is nursed. 

Nurture (ner-tur) [ME., norture, nurture], I. Nour- 
ishment ; food. 2. The act of supplying with nour- 
ishment. 3. To feed or nourish. 

Nussbaum's Method. See Anesthetic. N.'s Mix- 
ture. See Anesthetic. N.'s Narcosis, the condition 
of prolonged anesthesia induced when the adminis- 
tration of chloroform is preceded a few minutes by the 
hypodermatic injection of a full dose of morphin. 
N.'s Theory of Germinal Continuity, the hypoth- 
esis that some of the germ-substance is directly 
abstracted from the developing ovum and preserved 
without essential alteration, to become, by giving rise 
to the sexual elements, the germ-substance of another 
generation. See Heredity. 



Nut [ME., nutte, nut]. See Mux. N.-bone, a sesa- 
moid bone in the foot of a horse. N.-gall. See 
Galla. N.-meg. See Myristica. N.-meg Liver, 
a mottled appearance of the liver, the center of the 
acini being dark, while the periphery is lighter in 
color. The condition is seen especially in passive 
congestion and in fatty infiltration. 

Nutant (nu'-tant) [nutare, to nod with the head] . In 
biology, drooping, or sloping. 

Nutation (nu-ta' 'shun) [nutare, to nod]. Nodding or 
oscillation. In biology, the same as Circumnutation. 
N. of Sacrum, a partial rotation of the sacrum on its 
transverse axis, whereby the distance between the 
upper extremity or the lower extremity and the an- 
terior pelvic wall is increased. 

Nutator (nu-ta' '-lor) \_nutare, to nod]. A muscle 
causing anterior flexion of the head. 

Nutatory (nu'-tat-or-e) \_nutare, to nod]. In biology, 
nodding. 

Nutnant (nu' tre-ant) \_nulrire, to nourish]. A medi- 
cine or agent that modifies nutritive processes. 

Nutrient (nu'-tre-cnt) \_nutrire, to nourish]. I. Af- 
fording nutrition. 2. A substance that nourishes ; a 
food. 

Nutrility {nu-triV -it-e) [nutrire, to nourish]. The 
power of a cell or an organism to take part in the 
function of nutrition ; metabolism. 

Nutriment (nu'-trim-ent) [nutrimentum, from nutrire, 
to nourish]. Anything that nourishes or enters into 
the formation of living tissue. 

Nutrition (nu-trish'-un) [nutrire, to suckle]. The 
most important of the vital functions, the anabolic 
process, or the molecular renovation of living proto- 
plasm. N., Centers of, points held by Goodsir to exist 
in the basement-membrane of mucous membranes. 

Nutritious (nu-trish'-us). Synonym of Nutritive. 

Nutritive (nu' -trit-iv) [nutrire, to nourish]. Possessing 
the quality of affording nutrition. 

Nutritorium (nu-trit-o 1 '-re-um) [nutrire, to nourish]. 
The nutritive apparatus, or that part of the organ- 
ism that is directly concerned with anabolic changes. 

Nutritory (nu'-trit-o-re) [nutrire, to nourish]. Con- 
cerned in the processes of nutrition. 

Nutrix (nu'-triks) [L. ://. , Nutrices\. A female nurse, 
especially a wet-nurse. 

Nuttall's Method. See Sputum, Methods of Exami- 
nation. 

Nux (nuks) [L.]. A nut. N. moschata [L. , " musky 
nut"]. The nutmeg: myristica. N. vomica, dog- 
button ; the seed of Strychnos nux vomica. Its 
properties are due mainly to two alkaloids, strychnin 
and brucin, and with the properties of which its own 
properties are identical. In small doses it is a bitter 
tonic, exciting the secretions and stimulating the 
functions of the body. In larger doses it exalts the 
function of the spinal cord, causing tetanic spasms 
of the extensor muscles. In toxic doses it paralyzes 
the functions of the spinal cord, arrests respiration 
and causes death by suffocation. It is valuable as a 
general tonic in cardiac failure, in hemiplegia, 
dyspnea and in certain forms of amblyopia. The 
proportion of strychnin in nux vomica varies from \-\ 
percent. N. v., Abstractum. Dose gr. l />, gradually 
increased. Unof. N. v., Ext. Dose gr. ^-j. N. 
v., Ext., Fid. Dose rry-v. N. v., Tinct., 2 per 
cent, of the drug. Dose n^v xx. Brucina, C, :I H 26 N,- 
4 , J5 the strength of strychnin and in action one- 
third as rapid. Dose gr. T \-l. (Unof.) Liquor 
brucina, I per cent. Dose n\x. Strychnina, 
strychnin, C 21 H 22 N 2 2 , the alkaloid, exceedingly 
bitter ; chloroform is its best solvent. Dose gr. 
^-,V- s - Sulphate (C 21 H 22 N 2 2 ) 2 H 2 S0 4 7 HA 



NYCHTHEMERON 



881 



NYXIS 



soluble in water. Dose gr. J a - £ a . Liq. s. hydro- 
chlorat. (B. P.) Dose r^v-x. 

Nychthemeron (tiik-them' -er-on) [wf, night ; >/pipa, 
day]. A day and a night. 

Nychthemerous (jiik-them'-er-us) \yh^, night ; ?/pipa, 
day]. Pertaining to night and day ; ephemeral. 

Nyctalopia {nik-tal-o' -pe-ah) [yvt;, night ; a>ip, the eye]. 
Night-vision ; the condition in which the sight is 
beder by night or in semi-darkness than by daylight. 
It is a symptom of central scotoma, the more dilated 
pupil at night allowing a better illumination of the 
peripheral portions of the retina. Dr. Greenhill and 
Mr. Tweedy have shown that according to the quite 
universal usage of modern times, the definitions of the 
words, nyctalopia and hemeralopia, have been the 
reverse of that of the early Greek and Latin writers. 
The proper derivation therefore of nyctalopia would be 
from vi)f, night, dAadc, blind, <ji/>, eye, the word mean- 
ing night-blindness. Hemeralopia was likewise derived 
from i/uepa, day, alaog, blind, g>i/>, eye, and meant 
day-blindness. The attempt to reinstate the ancient 
usage can only result in utter confusion, and the words 
should therefore never be used. See Hemeralopia. 

Nyctamblyopia (iiik-tam-ble-o' pe-ah) [vvg, night ; ap- 
fi'/iiHJTiia, dim-sightedness]. Imperfect vision at night. 

Nyctegersia (iiik-tej-er'-se-ah) [yvl;, night ; b/tpaiq, a 
rousing]. Nocturnal excitement. 

Nyctipelagic {jzik-tip-el-af -ik) [yv^, night ; weXayoc;, 
the sea]. In biology, pertaining to marine animals 
that remain in the depths during the day and arise 
to the surface only at night. See under Plankton. 

Nyctipolus, Nyctiporus [>iik-tip'-o-lus,nik-tip'-or-us). 
Synonyms of Somnambulist. 

Nyctitropic [>iik-tit-rop'-ik)\yv^, night ; rpoiroq, a turn]. 
In biology, applied to movements connected with the 
phenomenon called the " sleep of plants." 

Nyctitropism {nik' ' -tit-ro-pizm) \yv^, night ; rpo7roc, a 
turn]. In biology, the "sleep of plants." 

Nyctobadia, Nyctobatesis {nik-to-ba' -de-ah, nik-to- 
bat-e'-sis). Synonyms of Somnambulism. 

Nyctophobia {nik- to -fo'- be -ah) [vuf, night; 0(S/3of, 
fear]. Insane dread of the night. 

Nyctophonia (nik - to -fo' - ne - ah) [yvi;, night; <p<jvr/, 
voice]. The hysteric loss of the voice during the 
day. 

Nyctotyphlosis {nik-to-tif-lo' -sis) [yv!;, night ; rvQluocg, 
blindness]. Night-blindness. 

Nygma (nig'-mah) \yvypxi\. A punctured wound. 

Nylander's Solution and Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Nymph (nimf) [vvpyrj, a nymph]. In biology, the 
chrysalis or pupa of an insect. 

Nympha (nim'-fah) \yvpfq, nymph : //., Nympha\. A 
labium minus the vulva. See Labium. 

56 



Nymphaea {nimfe'-ah) \_vv/i<j»/, a nymph]. A genus 
of plants including the water-lilies. N. odorata, 
sweet-scented water-lily; the root of the well-known 
plant. It contains gallic and tannic acids, to which 
its properties are due. It is bitter and astringent. A 
decoction of 3 j — Oj maybe used. Dose % ss-j, or a 
fluid extract in doses of 3 ss-j. The roots are em- 
ployed in domestic practice in making poultices. Unof. 

Nymphitis {nim-fi ' -tis) \yhp<j>a, nymph ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the nympha?. 

Nymphochrysalis {nimfo-kris' -al-is) [y'vp<pij, a nymph; 
Xpvaa'k'Lc-, the gold sheath of butterflies]. In biology, 
the egg-like stage from which the nymphse of certain 
mites are developed. 

Nympholepsy (>iim' '-fo-lep-se) \yvp<$ii], nymph ; 1t)kt6c, 
inspired, seized]. An exaltation, or ecstatic trance; 
a religious frenzy. [Old.] 

Nymphomania {nim - fo - ma' - ne - ah) \_vvp<prj, nymph; 
pavia, madness]. Excessive or furious sexual desire 
on the part of a woman. It is called, also, Hyslero- 
tnania, and Furor uterinus. 

Nymphomaniac (nimfo-ma'-ne-ak) \yvp<pt], nymph ; 
pavia, madness]. One affected with nymphomania. 

Nymphoncus {nimfong'-kus) [vvpp/, nymph ; oy/coc, 
tumor]. Tumor of the nympha. 

Nymphosis (iiim-fo'-sis) [vvp<pr/, a nymph ; specifically 
the pupa of an insect]. In biology, the process of 
changing into the nymph stage. 

Nymphotomy [nim-fot'-o-me) \yvp<j>?/, nymph; ropi], a 
cutting] . The surgical removal of one or both ny mphae. 

Nyssa {nis'-ah) (Nixra, the nurse of Bacchus]. A 
genus of cornaceous trees ; gum trees ; tupelo or pep- 
peridge. N. candicans, N. capitata, N. grandi- 
dentata, and N. uniflora, are species of the U. S. , 
whose roots are used in making tupelo-tents. See 
Tents and Tipelo. 

Nystagmus [nis-tag' -mzis) [yvaraypo^, nodding of the 
head]. An oscillatory movement of the eyeballs, 
generally horizontal, inherited, and associated with 
some other ocular abnormality, with albinism, or de- 
pending on intracranial disease, especially meningitis 
or multiple sclerosis. N., Lateral, oscillation of the 
eyes in the horizontal meridian. N., Miner's, a 
variety of nystagmus occurring in miners, due to the 
irregular action of the ocular muscles as the eyes fol- 
low the flickering light of candle or lamp, the miner 
lying in an unnatural position. N., Rotatory, a 
partial rolling of the eyeball around the visual axis. 
N., Vertical, oscillatory movement in the vertical 
meridian. 

Nystaxis (nis-taks'-is). Synonym of Nystagmus. 

Nyxis (niks'-is) [y'v!;ic, puncture]. Pertaining to sur- 
gical puncture. 



o 



882 



OBJECT 



o 



O. The chemic symbol of Oxygen. The symbol of 
Oculus, eye. It is also used in prescriptions as the 
abbreviation of Octarius, a pint. 

O. D. Abbreviation for oculus dexter, right eye. 

Oph. An abbreviation sometimes employed for ophthal- 
mia, ophthalmoscope, and ophthalmoscopy. 

Oaf (of) [AS., (elf, elf]. An idiot, or underwitted per- 
son. 

Oak (ok) [ME., oke, oak]. A tree or shrub of the 
genus Quercus, q. v. O.-bark, an important tannin- 
containing material used in leather-manufactures. It 
is taken from the common English oak ( Quercus 
robur) , and contains from twelve to fifteen per cent, 
of tannic acid. It produces an excellent quality of 
leather. Other varieties in use are Q. coccifera, of 
which the bark, known as coppice-oak, is yellowish- 
brown in hue and very rich in tannin ; Q. suber (or 
cork-oak), and Q. ilex (or evergreen-oak). The tannin 
of the several varieties of oak is known as quercitannic 
acid, C 17 H 16 9 . In addition to this acid the main 
constituents of oak-bark are : the first anhydrid of 
this acid, phlobaphetie, C 34 H 30 O 17 ; its second anhy- 
drid, C 34 H 28 ]6 ; its third anhydrid, Oser 's oak-red, 
C 34 H 2li 15 ; and its fourth anhydrid, Lowe's oak-red, 
C 34 H 2+ O h . Of these, the quercitannic acid and the 
phlobaphene are especially concerned in the tanning 
process. O.-bark (Quercus alba, U.S. P., Quercus 
cortex, B.P.) is an astringent tonic mostly employed 
in washes and decoctions for external use. The 
official species in the U. S. is Q. alba; in Gr. Britain, 
Q. robur. 

Oakum (o'-kum) [ME., ocumbe, tow]. The fiber ob- 
tained by picking old rope into pieces. Oakum, vari- 
ously medicated, is used to some extent in surgical 
dressings. 

Oamma (o-am'-ah) [ua/ipa, from oi>c, ear]. Hearing; 
ear. 

Oaralgia (o-a-raF -je-ah) [uapiov, ovule; d/lyoc, pain]. 
Ovarian neuralgia. 

Oaria (o-a'-re-ah). Plural of Oarium, q.v. 

Oaric (o-ar r ik) [uapiov, ovule]. Ovarian; relating to 
the oaria. 

Oariocele (o-a' -re-o-sel) [uapiov, ovule; nrjlrj, tumor]. 
Hernia involving an ovary. 

Oariocyesis (o-a'-re-o-si-e'-sis) [uapiov, ovule; /cwyovc, 
pregnancy]. Ovarian pregnancy. 

Oarioncus (o-a-re-ong'-kus) [uapiov, ovule; dy/coc, 
tumor]. An ovarian tumor. 

Oariopathy (o-a-re-op 1 '-ath-e) [uapiov, ovule ; TrdOog dis- 
ease]. Any ovarian disease. 

Oariophyma (o-a-re-o-fi' -mah) [uapiov, ovule; tyvpa, 
tumor]. Same as Oarioncus. 

Oariorrhexia (o-a-re-or-eks' -e-ah) [uapiov, ovule ; pegir, 
rupture]. Rupture of the ovary. 

Oarioscirrhus (o-a-re-o-skir' -us) [uapiov, ovule ; onip- 
pog, hard]. Scirrhus of the ovary. 

Oariosteresis (o - a - re- o- ster - e'- sis) [uapiov, ovule ; 
crkprjoic, privation]. Same as Oariotomy. 

Oariotomy (o-a-re-of ' -o-me) [uapiov, ovule ; Top.ii, a cut- 
ting]. Surgical removal of an ovary. 

Oaritis (o-a-ri'-tis) [uapiov, ovule; iris, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of an ovary. 

Oariule (p-a'-re-ul) [uapiov, ovary; oiiXi/, scar]. A 
corpus luteum. 

Oarium (o-a'-re-um) [uapiov, ovule : pi., Oaria]. See 
Ovarium. 

Oasis (o-a' -sis) [oau/c, a dry spot: //. , Oases']. In 



surgery, an isolated spot of healthy tissue surrounded 
by diseased tissue. 

Oat (or) [ME., ote, oat]. A cereal plant, Avena sativa, 
and A. orientalis, or its seed. Oats are used mainly 
as food for horses, although they are being largely 
used as food by man in the United States and other 
countries. See Avena. O.-malt, malt made from 
oats. O.-meal, the meal made from oats. The 
proximate analysis of oat-meal gives fat, 7.74; starch, 
59.88; sugar, 1.27; albumin insoluble in alcohol, 
15.66; albumin soluble in alcohol, 4.21 ; cellulose, 
2.05; mineral matter, 1.94; moisture, 7.25. O.-m. 
pyrosis, a condition of fermentative dyspepsia, at- 
tended with acidity, related to the eating of oat-meal. 

Ob- [ob, on, against, towards]. A prefix signifying 
on, against, or towards. 

Obalinski's Method. See Anesthetic. 

Obconic, Obconical (ob-kon'-ik, r ob-kon'-ik-al) [ob, 
reversed; nuvtuog, pertaining to a cone]. Conic, but 
with the point of attachment at the apex. 

Obcordate (ob-kor'-ddt) [ob, reversed; corda, a heart]. 
In biology, inversely heart-shaped. 

Obdeltoid (ob-del'-toid) [ob, reversed; deltoides, delta- 
shaped]. In biology, triangular, with the apex down- 
ward. 

Obdormition (ob-dor-mish' -un) [obdormitio ; obdormire , 
to fall asleep]. The phenomenon known as " sleep " 
of the limbs ; the benumbing of a part due to inter- 
ference with nervous function. 

Obduction (ob - duk'- shun) [ob, against ; ducere, to 
lead]. Post-mortem examination. Necropsy. 

O'Beirne's Tube. A long flexible tube used in making 
rectal injections in cases of obstinate constipation. 

Obeliac (o-be' -le-ak) [d^cAdc, a spit]. Pertaining to, 
or situated near, the obelion. 

Obelion (o-be' -le-on) [6/3f/ldc, a spit]. See Craniometric 
Points. 

Oberst Method of Inducing Local Anesthesia. In- 
jection of a 1 per cent, solution of cocain over the course 
of a nerve-trunk supplying the area to be attacked. 

Obese (o-bes') [obedere, to eat]. Extremely fat ; corpu- 
lent. 

Obesity (o-bes'-it-e) [obesitas, from obedere, to eat]. 
Corpulence ; polysarcia. An excessive development 
of fat throughout, the body. Usually it occurs after 
the prime o( life, but it may be congenital or may occur 
at any period of life. Ebstein's Treatment consists in 
reducing the quantity of food ingested, and in select- 
ing a diet that the patient may adhere to for the 
remainder of life. Carbohydrates, including sugar, 
sweets, and potatoes, are absolutely forbidden. Bread 
is limited to the smallest possible quantity. All kinds 
of meat and vegetables are allowed, especially the 
leguminous vegetables, with tea, coffee, and light 
wines. Banting s Cure excludes almost all fats, but 
permits a much larger allowance of albuminous food. 

Obex (o'-beks) [L., a barrier: //., Obices]. A band 
of white nervous matter at the point of the calamus 
scriptorius. 

Obfuscation (ob-fus-ka' -shun) [obfuscare, to make 
black]. The act of darkening or of producing be- 
wilderment of sight. 

Obituary (o-bif -u'-a-re) [obi/us, death]. Pertaining to 
death. A notice or account of one who has recently 
died. 

Object (ob'-jeht) [objectus, a casting before; from ob- 
jicere, to cast before]. I. Anything that is perceived, 



OBJECTIVE 



883 



OBTUNDITY 



known, thought of, or signified. 2. A purpose, aim, 
or end. O. -blindness. See Apraxia. 

Objective (ob-jek'-tiv) [objicere, to throw against]. In 
medicine, a qualification applied to the symptoms ob- 
served by the physician, in distinction from those 
felt only by the patient. In psychology, pertaining to 
all things lying external to one's self, in contradistinc- 
tion to subjective, pertaining to the essential ego, or 
observer. The lens of a compound microscope 
nearest the object viewed. O., Achromatic, the ob- 
jective of a microscope in which the lenses, formed 
of crown-glass and flint-glass, tend to eliminate the 
color, or chromatic aberration. O., Adjustable, in 
microscopy, one in which the distance between 
the systems of lenses may be changed at the will of 
the observer. O., Aplanatic [d priv. ; ttAclvt/toc, 
wandering], in the microscope, an objective in which 
both chromatic and spheric aberration are avoided. 
O., Apochromatic, one in which the lenses, made of 
a peculiar kind of glass, admit of the combination 
of the rays from three spectral colors at one focus, 
instead of two colors, as in the ordinary achromatic 
objective. O., Dry, in the microscope, one in which 
the medium between the objective and the cover- 
glass consists of air. O., Endomersion, a form of 
objective, devised by Zeuger, in which the chromatic 
aberration is removed by the employment of a liquid 
(as a mixture of ethereal and fatty oils) placed be- 
tween the separate lenses. O., Homogeneous Im- 
mersion, one between which and the cover-glass a 
fluid of the same refractive index as glass is placed. 
Cedar-oil is such a fluid. O., Immersion, one in 
which some fluid is placed between the front of the 
objective and the cover-glass. O., Microscopic, the 
systems of lenses at the lower end of the tube near 
the object, giving an enlarged and inverted real image. 
These objectives are of two classes, Dry and Immer- 
sion. O., Non-achromatic, an objective which pro- 
duces an image with a colored border. It also permits 
spheric aberration. O., Non-adjustable, an objec- 
tive in which the relative positions of the lenses or 
lens-systems are fixed. C, Oil-immersion, an ob- 
jective between which and the object a drop of oil 
is placed. Cedar-oil is most commonly employed. 
O., Unadjustable. See O., Non-adjustable. O., 
Water-immersion, an objective between which and 
the cover-glass water is placed as a medium. 

Oblanceolate (ob-lan' -se-o-lat) [ob, reversed ; lanceola, 
a little lance]. In biology, lanceolate, with the apex 
downward. 

Obligate {ob'-lig-af) [obligalus, obligare, to oblige]. 
In biology, necessary, essential, constrained, bound. 
O. Aerobic, See Aerobic. O. Anaerobic. See 
Aerobic. O. Parasite, an organism which is con- 
strained to a parasitic life for the attainment of its 
development. 

Obligatory (ob-lig' -at-or-e) [obligare, to bind]. Com- 
pelling ; binding. O. Aerobes. See Aerobic. 

Oblique (ob-lek' or ob-tik') [obliquus, oblique, slant- 
ing]. Not direct; aslant; slanting. In botany, un- 
equal-sided. In anatomy, an oblique muscle, as the 
external or internal oblique of the abdomen, or the 
superior or inferior oblique of the eye. 

Obliquity {ob-lik'-ivit-e) \_obliquitas, obliqueness]. The 
state of being oblique. O., Naegele's, in obstetrics 
the lateral inclination of the fetal head, in conse- 
sequence of which the sagittal suture is directed more 
posteriorly. O., Rcederer's, in obstetrics, the ex- 
tremely flexed position of the fetal head on the body. 
O., Solayres's, in obstetrics, the entrance of the 
fetal head into the pelvic inlet in an oblique diame- 
ter. 



Obliquus (ob-li'-kwus) [L., slanting]. Slanting; ob- 
lique. A term applied to various muscles. O. Mus- 
cle. See Muscles, Table of. O. Reflex. See Re- 
flexes, Table of. 

Obliterate (pb-lit' -er-af) [obliterarc, to erase]. To 
wipe out. In biology, indistinct ; applied to marks, 
spots, punctures, and striae, in animals. 

Obliteration (ob-lit-er-a' -shun) [oblitcratio ; obliterare, 
to efface]. Extinction of a part; closure, as of the 
lumen of a passage. 

Oblivion (ob-liv' -e-oii) [oblivio, lethargy]. Forgetful- 
ness ; lethargy. 

Oblongata {pb-long-gah' -tah) [L.]. The medulla ob- 
longata. 

Oblongatal [ob-long-ga'-tal) [oblongata , the medulla]. 
Pertaining to the oblongata. 

Obmutescence (ob-mu-tes'-ens) [obmutescere, to become 
dumb]. Aphonia ; loss of voice. 

Obnubilation {ob-nu-bil-a' -shun) [obnubilare , to be- 
cloud]. A beclouded state of the mind or spirit. 

Obovate {ob-o'-vat) [ob, reversed ; ovatus, egg-shaped]. 
In biology, inversely ovate. 

Obovatifolious ( ob-o-va-tifo' -le-us ) [ ob, reversed ; 
ovatus, egg-shaped; folium, a leaf]. In biology, 
having inversely ovate leaves. 

Obovoid {ob-o' -void) [ob, reversed ; ovum, an egg]. In 
biology, solidly obovate. 

Observation (ob-zer-va' -shun) [observatio']. The exam- 
ination of a thing ; a systematic study of phenomena. 

Obsession (ob-scsh' '-un) [obsessire, to beset]. Beset- 
ment. Possession as by evil spirits ; an imperative 
idea; a dominant delusion. 

Obsolescence (pb-so-les' -ens) [obsolescere , to grow old]. 
The state of becoming old or going out of use. Also, 
the cessation of growth. 

Obsolete [ob' -so-let) [obsoletus, p. p. of obsolescere, to 
wear out]. In biology, indistinct, imperfectly devel- 
oped or rudimentary. 

Obstetric {ob-stef -rik) [obstare, to stand before]. Per- 
taining to the practice of obstetrics. O. Position. 
See Postures, Table of. 

Obstetrician (pb-stet-rish' -an) [obstare, to stand before]. 
One who practises obstetrics. 

Obstetrics (ob-stef -riks) [obstare, to stand before]. 
The care of women in pregnancy, childbirth and the 
puerperal state. 

Obstetrix {ob-stef -riks) [obstare, to stand before]. A 
midwife. 

Obstipation [pb-stip-a' -shun) [obstipatio ; obstipare, to 
close tightly]. Constipation. 

Obstipitas (ob-stip'-it-as) [obstipus, awry, stiff-necked ; 
stipes, a stick]. Wry-neck ; torticollis. 

Obstruction {pb-struk' -shun) [obstructio ; obstruere, to 
stop up]. Stoppage or blocking up of a canal or 
opening of the body. See linperf oration, Occlusion. 

Obstruent (ob'-stru-ent) [obstruere, to close up]. I. 
Obstructive ; tending to obstruct. 2. In therapeutics or 
pathology, any remedy or agent closing the lumen or 
orifice of vessels or ducts. 

Obstupefacient {ob-stu-pe-fa'-she-ent) [obstupefacere, 
to stupefy]. Narcotic or stupefying. 

Obstupescentia [ob-stu-pes-en 1 '-she- ah) [L.]. A state 
of stupefaction, with a look as of astonishment. 

Obtected {ob-tek'-ted ) [ob, over; tegere, p. p., tectus, 
to cover]. In biology, concealed under a neighboring 
part. 

Obtund (ob-tund') [obtundere, to dull]. To blunt or 
dull ; to lessen, as pain. 

Obtundent [ob -tun' -dent) [obtundere, to make dull]. 
Soothing ; quieting. In therapeutics, any remedy 
that relieves or overcomes irritation or pain. 

Obtundity [ob-tun'-dit-e) [ob'undere, to make dull]. 



OBTURATOR 



884 



OCHLOPHOBIA 



The state of being obtunded, or dulled ; diminished 
sensibility. 

Obturator [ob'-tu-ra-tor) [obturator ; obturare, to stop 
up]. That which closes a cavity. In surgery, an 
instrument for closing an opening caused by a wound or 
by disease. O. Artery. 'See. Arteries, Table of. O., 
Dental, an instrument used in the treatment of pala- 
tine defect when operative surgical means are not 
applicable. O. Foramen, a foramen in the anterior part 
of the os innominatum. See Foramina, Table of. 
O. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. O. Nerve. See 
Nerves, Table of 

Obturbinate {pb-ter 1 -bin-af) [ob, reversed ; turbo, a 
top]. In biology, top-shaped, with the apex or peg- 
end up. 

Obtuse [ob-tus') \_obtitsus, p. p. of obtundere, to blunt, 
dull]. Blunt. 

Obtusifolious [ob-tu-sif-o' '-le-us) [obtusus, blunted ; 
folium, leaf]. In biology, having blunt leaves. 

Obtusilobous [ob-tu-sil-o' -bus) \_obtusus, blunted ; lobus, 
a lobe]. In biology, having leaves with obtuse lobes. 

Obtusion [ob-tu'-zhun) \_obtundere, to blunt]. The 
blunting or weakening of the normal sharpness or 
strength of sensation ; a symptom of certain diseases. 

Obumbrant (ob-um' '-brant) \_ob, over; umbrare, to 
shadow, shade]. In biology, overhanging. 

Obumbrate [ob-um' -brat) [ob, over; umbrare, to shad- 
ow]. In biology, situated under an overhanging part. 

Obuncous [ob-ung' '-kus) [ob, against ; uncus, bent in, 
hooked]. In biology, very crooked or hooked. 

Obvallate [ob-val' ' -at) [obvallare , to surround with a 
wall]. In biology, walled in. 

Obvolute (ob'-vo-liit) [obvohere, to wrap]. In biology, 
the term applied to that form of vernation in which 
half of one leaf covers half of another ; halfequitant. 

Obvolvent [ob-vol' -vent) [obvolvere, to wrap]. In bi- 
ology, curved downward or inward. 

Occipital [ok-sip' -it-al) [occipitalis, occipital]. Per- 
taining to the occiput. O. Artery. See Arteries, 
Table of. O. Bone, the bone of the skull situated at 
its posterior, middle, and inferior part. See Bones, 
Table of. O. Crest. See Crest. O. Fossa. See Fossa. 
O. Lobe. See Lobe. O. Nerve. See Nerves, Table 
of. O. Points. See Craniometric Points. O. Pro- 
tuberance, the prominence on the inner surface {in- 
ternal) or on the outer surface [external) of the occi- 
pital bone. O. Sinus.- See Sinus. O. Triangle. See 
Triangles, Table of. O. Vertebra, the occipital bone, 
in the vertebral theory of the skull. 

Occipiten [ok-sip' -it-en) [occiput, occiput]. Belong- 
ing to the occipital bone in itself. 

Occipito- [ok-sip' -it-o-) [occiput, occiput]. A prefix to 
denote connection with or relation to the occipital 
bone. O.-atloidean, pertaining conjointly to the 
occipital bone and the atlas. O.-axoid, or O. -axial, 
pertaining to both the occipital bone and the axis, or 
second vertebra. O.-bregmatic, pertaining conjointly 
to the occipital bone and the bregma. O. -cotyloid, 
in obstetrics, a term applied to a condition in which 
the fetus has the occiput directed toward the acetabu- 
lum of the mother. O. -frontal, both occipital and 
frontal. O. -frontal Triangle. See Triangle. O.- 
frontalis. See Muscles, Table of. O. -mastoid, 
relating to the occiput and the mastoid process. 
O. -mental, pertaining to chin and occiput. O.- 
odontoid, pertaining to the occipital bone and the 
odontoid process of the axis. O. -parietal, pertaining 
conjointly to the occipital and parietal bones of the 
head. O. -posterior, in obstetrics, a term applied to 
the condition in which the fetus has the head directed 
toward the mother's sacrum. O. -sacral. Synonym 
of 0. -posterior. O. -sternal Triangle. See Triangle. 



O. -temporal, pertaining to the occiput and the 
temples. 

Occiput [ok'-sip-ut) [ob, against ; caput, the head : gen. 
Occipilis : pi., Occipita\ The back part of the head. 

Occludent [ok-lu' -dent) [occludere, to shut up]. In bi- 
ology, applied to parts that shut up or close. 

Occlusio [ok-lu' -ze-o) [L.]. Closure. O. pupillae, 
obliteration of the pupil. O. pupillae lymphatica, 
obliteration of the pupil by a false membrane. 

Occlusion [ok-lu' -zkun) [occlusio; occludere, to shut 
up]. I. A closure, blocking or shutting up of a normally 
patent aperture, as of the anus or ear. A synonym of 
Imperforation and Obstruction, i. In chemistry, the 
absorption by a metal, of gas in large quantities, as of 
hydrogen by platinum. 3. The full meeting of the 
masticating surfaces of the upper and lower teeth, in 
the position of rest. 

Occlusive [ok-lu'-ziv) [occludere, to shut up]. Effect- 
ing an occlusion, as an occlusive dressing, in sur- 
gery. 

Occlusor [ok-lu' -zor) [occludere, p. p. occlusus, to close 
up: pl.,Occlusores\ In biology, an organ that closes 
an opening ; or draws parts together. 

Occult [ok-kult') [occullus, hidden]. Hidden ; con- 
cealed ; not evident. O. disease, any disease the 
nature of which is not readily determined. 

Occupation-diseases. Those caused by or connected 
with the occupation of the patient, divisible into: — 

a. Irritant, mechanic or chemic effects of materials : 

b. Toxic, from poisonous matter absorbed into the 
blood: and c. Fatigue, as in scrivener's palsy. O. 
neurosis, a neurosis occasioned by one's employment 
or trade, as writer's cramp. See, also, Anapeiratic. 

Ocellar [o-sel'-a?-) [ocellus, a little eye]. In biology, 
pertaining to ocelli. 

Ocellata; [os-el-at'-e) [ocellus, a little eye]. In biology, 
the marginal vesicles in the Leptomedusce. Cf. Ocelli- 
cyst. 

Ocellate [os'-el-at) [ocellatus, having little eyes]. In 
biology, same as ocellated ; having a colored patch like 
an eye, e. g. , certain feathers, flowers, butterflies' 
wings, or fishes' fins. 

Ocellated [os'-el-a-ted) [ocellus, a little eye]. Resem- 
bling or having eyes. 

Ocelli [o-sel'-i) [ocellus, dim. of oculus, an eye]. The 
simple eyes of insects. 

Ocelliferous [os-el-if -er-us) [ocellus, a little eye; ferre, 
to bear]. Same as Ocellate. 

Ocelligerous [os-el-ij' -er-us) [ocellus, little eyes ; gerere, 
to carry]. Same as Ocellate. 

Ocellus [o-sel'-us) [a little eye: //. , Ocelli\ In bi- 
ology : [a) one of the simple eyes or pigment-spots of 
invertebrate animals. Cf. Stemmalus ; (b) one of the 
elements of a compound eye ; (c) one of the colored 
spots on many feathers, flowers, etc. 

Ochema [ok-e'-mak) [bx'/pa, from bxelv, to catry]. A 
vehicle for medicines. 

Ocher, Ochre [o'-ker) [uxp6c, pale yellow]. A name 
given to clay variously colored by the oxids of iron. 
See Figments, Conspectus of. O. -colored Stools, 
a descriptive term applied to the dejecta of typhoid- 
fever patients. 

Ocherous, Ochreous [o'-ker-us, o'-kre-us) [uxpdc, 
pale, wan]. In biology, brownish-yellow. 

Ocheus [ok'-e-us) ['U'w, to carry]. The scrotum. 

Ochlesis [ok-le'-sis) [bx'Aoc, crowd]. Crowd-poison- 
ing ; disease due to over-crowding, and lack of ventila- 
tion. 

Ochletic [ok-let'-ik) [<>,yAoc, crowd]. Pertaining to, or 
of the nature of, ochlesis. 

Ochlophobia [ok-lo-fo'-be-ah) [ o^/loc, crowd ; <j>6tioc, 
fear]. Morbid dread of crowds. 



OCHLOTIC 



885 



OCULAR 



Ochlotic (ok-lot'-ik) [ox^og, crowd]. Same as Ochletic. 
O. Fever. Synonym of Typhus Fever. 

Ochopetalous (ok- o-pet' -al-us) [o^oc, anything that 
holds ; weralov, a petal] . In biology, having capacious 
petals. 

Ochraceous (o-kra'-se-us) [i>xpa, ocher]. Ocher-col- 
ored ; yellowish-brown. 

Ochre (o'-ker). See Ocher. 

Ochriasis (o-kri' -as-is) [hxpog, yellow]. Sallowness 
of complexion. 

Ochrocarpous (o-kro-kar' -pus) [i>xpog, pale-yellow; 
nap-oc, fruit]. In biology, having yellowish fruit. 

Ochroid (o'-kroid) [u^pa, ocher ; eldoc, form]. Like 
ocher in color. 

Ochroleukous (o-kro-lu'-kus) [uxpoc, pale-yellow ; 
tea/tog, white]. In biology, yellowish-white. 

Ochronosis (o-kron'-o-sis) [wxp6c, yellow ; v6aoc, dis- 
ease]. A brownish or blackish discoloration of carti- 
lage and allied structures ; it is probably an intensifi- 
cation of the pigmentation normally present in these 
structures, occurring in advanced life. 

Ochropyra (o-kro-pi'-rah) [uxpoc, yellow ; irvp, fire]. 
Yellow fever. 

Ochthe (ok' -the') [bx8>i, a bank]. The edges of an ulcer. 

Ochthiasis (ok-thi' '-as-is). Synonym of Molluscum. 

Ocrea (pk'-re-ah) [L., a greave : pi. , Ocre<z\. In bi- 
ology, a sheath formed about the stem by one or both 
stipules. 

Ocreate (ok'-re-at) [ocrea, a greave] . In biology, having 
a stipular sheath. 

Ocreous (o'-kre-us) [i>xpoc, pale]. Resembling ocher. 

Octagonal (pk-tag'-o-nal) [oktu, eight; yuvia, an 
angle]. Having eight sides and angles. 

Octamerous (ok-tam'-er-zes) [okxgj, eight; fiepog, part]. 
In biology, having the parts in eights. 

Octan (ok'-tan) [oktg>, eight]. Returning every eighth 
day, as an octan fever. 

Octandrous (ok-tan' -drus) [o/cru, eight ; avr/p, a male]. 
In biology, having eight stamens. 

Octane (ok' -tan) [okt6, eight], C 8 H ]8 . The eighth 
member of the paraffin or marsh-gas series. See Hy- 
drocarbons, Table of. 

Octarius (ok-ta'-re-us) [6/cra, eight]. An eighth part 
of a gallon. One pint. Symbol O. 

Octavus humeri (ok-ta'-vus-hu'-mer-i). Synonym 
of Teres minor. See Muscles, Table of. 

Octo- (ok'-to-) [oktu, eight]. A prefix denoting refer- 
ence to the number eight. 

Octoblast (ok'-to-blast) [oktw, eight; piaardr, germ]. 
In biology, the eight-celled stage of a segmenting 
ovum. 

Octobrachiate (ok-to-bra'-ke-dt) [oktu, eight ; fipax'u->v, 
the arm]. In biology, having eight tentacles, rays, 
arms or brachia. 

Octocerous (ok-tos' -er-zis) [oktu, eight; Ktpag, a horn]. 
In biology, having eight horns, tentacles, rays or arms. 

Octocotyloid (ok-to-kof -il-oid) [oktu, eight ; kotvAtj, a 
hollow; elSoc, form]. In biology, having eight fos- 
settes or bothria. 

Octogynous (ok-toj' -in-tcs) [oktu, eight ; yvvfj, a 
female]. In biology, having eight pistils. 

Octolocular (ok-to-lok' -u-lar) [oktu, eight ; loculus, 
dim. of locus, a place, cell]. In biology, having eight 
cells. 

Octonemal, Octonematous (ok-to-ne'-mal,ok-to-nem f - 
at-us) [oktu, eight ; vrjfia, thread]. In biology, hav- 
ing eight filamentous organs or appendages. 

Octonocular (ok-ton-ok' -u-lar) [oktu, eight ; oculus, 
eye]. In biology, eight-eyed. 

Octoped, Octopede (ok'-to-ped, ok'-to-ped) [oktu, 
eight; pes, foot]. In biology, an eight-footed 
creature. 



Octopetalous (ok-to-pef -al-us) [oktu, eight ; neraXov, 
a leaf]. In biology, having eight petals. 

Octophthalmous ( ok - toff- thai'- mus ) [oktu, eight ; 
b<j>0aAfi6g, eye]. In biology, having eight eyes. 

Octophyllous (ok-to-fl'-its) [oktu, eight; (pv'AAov, a 
leaf]. In biology, having eight leaflets. 

Octoradial (ok-to-ra' -de-al ) [oktu, eight ; radius, ray]. 
Same as Octoradiate. 

Octoradiate (ok-to-ra' -de-dt) [oktgj, eight ; radius, ray]. 
In biology, having eight rays. 

Octoroon (ok-tor-oon') [oktu, eight]. The offspring of 
a white person and a quadroon. 

Octosepalous (ok-to-sep' -al-us) [oktu, eight ; sepalum, a 
sepal]. In biology, having eight sepals. 

Octoses (ok'-to-sez) [oktu, eight]. A group of the 
glucoses with the formula C 8 H 16 8 . See Carbo- 
hydrates, Table of. 

Octospermous (ok-to-sper' -mus) [ok™, eight ; cirepfia, 
seed]. In biology, producing eight seeds. 

Octospore (ok'-to-spbr) [oktu, eight; c-6pog, seed]. 
In biology, a spore from many fungi and lichens, 
the asci of which produce eight spores each. 

Octostichous (ok-tos' -tik-us) [oktu, eight ; arixoc , line, 
row]. In biology, eight ranked. 

Octylene (ok' -til-en) [oktu, eight], C 8 H 16 . A colorless 
liquid derived from octane. 

Ocular (ok' -u-lar) [oculus, the eye]. I. Pertaining to 
the eye. 2. An optic combination that refracts the 
diverging rays forming the real object-image so that 
they may pass through the pupil of the observer's 
eye ; the eye-piece of a compound miscroscope. Like 
the simple microscope, it also forms a virtual or 
magnified image of the real image. O,, Cam- 
pani's. See O., Huygenian. O. Cleft. See Cleft. 
O., Compensating, an ocular specially constructed 
for use with the apochromatic objective. It serves to 
correct or compensate for aberrations in the ob- 
jective outside the axis. O. Cup. See Optic. O., 
Erecting, one that is provided with an erecting 
prism and gives an erect image of the object. O., 
Huygenian, one that consists of two plano-convex 
lenses, the convexities being directed toward the ob- 
jective. The lower and larger lens is the field-lens ; 
the upper and smaller is the eye-lens. O., Kellner's. 
See O., Orthoscopic. O., Micrometer, is an ocular 
with which is connected a micrometer for the pur- 
pose of measuring the real image of the object. 
O. Micrometer Ratio. See Ratio. O. Muscles, 
External, the six muscles moving the globe of the 
eye. See Muscles, Table of. O. Muscles, Inter- 
nal, the ciliary muscle and the iris. O., Negative, an 
ocular in which the real image formed by the objec- 
tive lies somewhere between the two lenses or lens- 
systems forming the ocular. O., Orthoscopic, one 
that consists of a bi-convex field-glass and an achro- 
matic double meniscus (bi-convex and bi-concave) 
eye-lens. Os., Parfocal, oculars of different powers 
which may be interchanged without putting the image 
wholly out of focus. O., Periscopic [~epi, around ; 
gkotteIv, to look] ; a positive ocular devised by 
Gundlach ; it has a double convex field-lens and a 
triplet eye-lens. O., Positive, one through which 
the real image is formed outside of the ocular, and 
is magnified by the entire system of ocular lenses 
like a simple microscope. O., Projection, an ocular 
especially designed for projecting the image formed 
by an objective on a screen for class-demonstration, 
or for photography. O., Ramsden's, an ocular con- 
sisting of two plano-convex lenses with their convex 
surfaces facing each other. It has been used in mi- 
crometry. O., Searching, an ocular of low power 
used for finding an object. It consists of a single 



OCULATE 



886 



ODONTOBLAST 



field-lens and a double eye-lens. O. Sheath, the 
loose sheath-like tissue extending from the apex of 
the orbit of the eye to the vertical diameter of the 
globe, the posterior part of which up to the pas- 
sage of the tendons of the external ocular muscles 
is called the Capsule of Bonnet, and the anterior 
portion, the Capsule of Tenon. O., Solid, an eye- 
piece devised by Tolles. It consists of a solid piece 
of glass, with a moderate curvature at one end for a 
field-lens, and more greatly curved at the other end for 
use as an eye-lens. For a diaphragm a groove is cut 
transversely at the proper level and filled with black 
pigment. 0., Spectral, an ocular with a direct-vision 
spectroscope connected with it. See Micro-spectro- 
scope. O., Spectroscopic. See O. , Spectral and 
Micro-spectroscope. O. Spot, a differentiated pig- 
mented organ having the function of sight, found 
among the Protozoa, chiefly in the Flagellata, e.g., 
Euglena (pretty eye) ; the Colenterates (Sarzia) ; Ac- 
tinozoa [Actinia), Asteridea, Echinidea, Rotifera, Tre- 
matoda, and Nematoda. O. Vesicle. See Vesicle. 
O., Working, an ocular used for ordinary microscopic 
observation, in contradistinction to one of very low 
power used for finding objects. There are both positive 
and negative forms. 

Oculate [ok'-u-lat) \oculus, an eye]. In biology, hav- 
ing eyes or eye-shaped markings. 

Oculauditory [ok-u-law' ' -dit-or-e) \oculus, eye ; audire, 
to hear]. In biology, combining the functions of eye 
and ear, as the marginal bodies or sense-organs of 
certain invertebrates. 

Oculiferous [ok-u-lif'-er-us) \_oculus, eye ; ferre, to 
bear]. In biology, eye-bearing; applied to the eye- 
stalks of a crustacean or snail. 

Oculiform (ok' -u-lif-orm) \_ocitlus, eye ; foj'tna, shape]. 
In biology, resembling an eye. 

Oculigerous (ok-u-lij' '-er-us) [oculus, eye ; gerere, to 
carry]. Same as Oculiferous. 

Oculist (ok'-u-list). Synonym of Ophthalmologist. 

Oculo- (ok'-u-lo-) \oculus, eye]. A prefix signifying 
relation with the eye. O. -motor, moving the eye. 
O.-muscularis, pertaining to the muscles of the eye. 
O. -pupillary, pertaining to the pupil of the eye. O.- 
zygomatic, pertaining to the eye and the zygoma. 
See Jadelof s Lines. 

Oculomotorius {ok' ' -u-lo-mo-to 1 '-re-us) \oculus, eye ; 
movere, to move]. The third, or ?notor oculi, nerve. 
See Nerves, Table of. 

Oculus (ok'-u-lus) [L. , an eye : //. , Oculi ] . In biology, 
an eye or leaf-bud, e.g., in the potato. O. bili. See 
Tabasheer. O. bovinus, O. bovis. Synonym of 
Hydrophthalmia. O. bubulus. Synonym of O. 
bovinus. O. caesius, glaucoma. O. elephantinus. 
Synonym of Hydrophthalmia. O. lacrimans, epi- 
phora. O. leporinus, lagophthalmos. O. mundi. 
See Tabasheer. 

Ocyodinic (o-se-o-din'-ik) [uifi>c, swift ; u(5/c, to avail]. 
Oxytocic ; hastening the delivery of the fetus. 

Ocyphonic, Ocyphonous (o-sifon'-ik, o-sif'-on-us) 
[<J/o''C, swift; <p6vns, slaughter]. Killing quickly. 

Ocytocic, Oxytoceous(o.9-;'/-w / -/^, oks-it-os'-e-us)\_L)n'u<;, 
swift; tokoq, birth; labor]. Hastening the process of 
childbirth ; oxytocic. 

Od (od or od) [an arbitrary name given by Baron von 
Reichenbach]. The supposititious force producing 
the phenomena of mesmerism. 

Odaxesmus (o-daks-ez'-mus)[^b6a^jja/i6(, a sharp biting] . 
The biting of the tongue, lip, or cheek, occurring 
during an epileptic fit. 

Odaxetic (o-daks-et'-ik) [bSn^i/riKOc;, biting]. Giving 
rise to an itching or stinging sensation. 

Odd-pinnate (pd-pin'-at) [ME., od, odd; pinna, a 



wing]. In biology, pinnate, with a terminal odd 
leaflet ; imparipinnate. 

-ode, -odes {-od, -o'-dez) [tide, like]. A suffix denoting 
likeness. 

Odinagogue {o-din'-ag-og). Synonym of Oxytocic. 

Odinolyontous (o-din-ol-e-on'-lus) [<JcS/c, pain ; /itiv, 
to lose]. Soothing. 

Odinopean {o-din-o' -pe-an) [u&'f, pain ; ttoiilv, to 
make]. Causing pain. 

Odont- (o'-dont-). See Odonto-. 

Odontagma {o-don-tag' -mah) [oSovc, tooth; ayvvvOL 
to break]. Same as Odontoclasis. 

Odontagra (o-don-ta'-grah) [orSo/'c, tooth ; a-,pa, seiz- 
ure]. Toothache; also, a kind of forceps for the 
surgical removal of teeth. 

Odontalgia (o-don-tal' -Je-ah) \o6obc, tooth ; aAyoc, 
pain]. Toothache. O. nervosa, neuralgic tooth- 
ache. 

Odontalgic {o-don-tal' -jik) [ocSojc, tooth ; aXyoq, pain]. 
I. Anti-odontalgic. 2. Relating to toothache. 3. 
A remedy for toothache. 

Odontalgy {o-don-tal' ' -je). Same as Odontalgia. 

Odontalite {o-don' '-tal-it) [060'vc, a tooth ; ?J6og, a 
stone]. A petrified tooth. 

Odontapotribe, Odontapotripsis (o-don-tap' -o-trlb, 
o-don -tap-o-trip' '-sis) [ofiovc;, tooth ; a~6, from ; TpijSew, 
to crush]. Wearing away of the surface of the teeth. 

Odontatrophy (o-don-taf -ro-fe) [otSoi'c, tooth ; arpoipia, 
atrophy]. Atrophy of the teeth. 

Odontelephas [p-don-tel'-ef-as). Synonym of Dentine. 

Odonteuros (o-don-tu'-ros) [odovg, tooth; evpuc,, decay]. 
Dental caries. 

Odontharpagra (o-don-thar-pa' -grah). Synonym of 
Dentagra. 

Odonthercos (o-don-ther' -kos) [ocSoi'r, tooth; ipnoq, 
fence]. A set of teeth. 

Odonthyalophthora (o-dont-hi-al-off'-thor-ah) [o<5oi;c, 
tooth; vakoQ, glass; (pdetpeiv, to destroy]. Destruc- 
tion of the enamel of the teeth. 

Odonthyalus (o-dont-hi' -al-us). Synonym of Enamel. 

Odontia {o-don' -she-ah) [bfio've, tooth]. Odontalgia. 
O. deformis, deformity of the teeth, arising either from 
error of shape, position, or malformation of the jaws 
or alveolar border. O. incrustans, tartar of the 
teeth. 

Odontiasis (o-don-ti'-as-is) [bSarvriav, to cut teeth]. 
Dentition. The cutting of teeth. 

Odontiater {o-don-te-a' -ter) \060vq, tooth; 'iarp6g, phy- 
sician]. A dentist. 

Odontiatria {o-don-te-a-tre' -ah) [otSoi'c, tooth ; \arpcia, 
a healing]. Dental surgery. 

Odontic [o-don' -tik) [ocSoi'f, tooth]. Appertaining to 
the teeth. 

Odontinoid {o-don' -tin-oid) \b&ovq, ofidvroc, tooth; 
eIcIos, resemblance] . Resembling or having the nature 
of teeth. 

Odontitis {o-dou-ti '-lis) [o<5o<'>c, tooth ; tnc, inflamma- 
tion]. Dentium inflammatio ; inflammation of the 
teeth. Formerly a synonym of dental caries, when 
this affection was supposed to be an inflammation of 
the dentine. 

Odonto- {o-don' -to-) [oifoi'c, gen. bdovroc, a tooth]. A 
prefix that signifies resemblance to, connection with, 
or relation to a tooth. 

Odontoblast (o-don' -to-Most) [bfioic, tooth; p.aardc, 
germ]. In biology, one of the formative cells of 
dentine ; one of the columnar cells forming the outer 
layer of the pulp of teeth ; they do not enter into the 
dentine which they have secreted (as do osteoblasts 
into bone), but they all remain at its base and send 
into it numerous finely-branched processes, which run 
parallel to each other in as many little channels of the 



ODONTOBLASTIC 



887 



ODONTOSMEGMA 



bony substances. The fibers are connected by fine 

anastomoses. (A. Lang.) 
Odontoblastic (o-don-to-blas' '-tik) [bdobg, tooth; pAaa- 

rdf, germ]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, an 

odontoblast. 
Odontobothritis (o-don-to-both-re-i'-tis) [bdobg, tooth; 

fotipiov, a little cavity; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the socket of a tooth. 
Odontobothrium [o- don-to-both' -re-uni) [odoi'c, tooth ; 

[iodpiov, a little cavity]. The alveolus of a tooth. 
Odontoceramic (o-don-to-ser-am' -ik) [bdobg, tooth ; 

nspauog, clay]. Pertaining to porcelain teeth. 
Odontochalix (o-don-tok'-al-iks) [ddoi>c, tooth; ^d/Uf, 

gravel]. Dental cement. 
Odontochirurgical (o - don -to - ki-rur' '-jik - al) [bdobg, 

tooth ;. x et P 0V P)' a J surgery]. Pertaining to dental 

surgery. 
Odontoclasis (o-don-tok' -las-is) [bdobg, tooth ; kXcleiv, 

to break]. The breaking of a tooth. 
Odontoclast [p-don'-to-klast) [ddolJc, tooth ; kX&uv, to 

break]. A multinuclear protoplasmic cell engaged 

in the process of absorbing the fang of a deciduous 

tooth. Numbers of these cells exist between the 

milk-tooth and the permanent tooth. 
Odontocnesis (o-don-tok-ne'-sis) [odour, tooth; nvf/oig, 

itching]. A painful itching sensation in the gums. 
Odontodesmium (o-don-to-dez' -me-um) [bdobg, tooth ; 

dzaiibg, bond]. A ligament described as holding the 

teeth in their sockets. 
Odontodiarrhea (p-don-to-di-ar-e' '-ah) [6<5o(>f, tooth ; 

did, through; pola, flow]. Diarrhea due to disturb- 
ances of dentition. 
Odontodynia (p-don-to-din' -e-ah) [bdobg, tooth ; bdvvr), 

pain]. Toothache. 
Odontogen [p-don' ' -to-je~n) [oSo'vq, tooth; yevvav, to 

produce]. A material producing dentine. 
Odontogenic (o-don-to-jen' ' -ik) [ddoi'c, tooth ; yevvav, 

to produce]. Pertaining to the origin and develop- 
ment of teeth. 
Odontogeny (o-don-toj'-en-e) [bdobg, tooth ; yevi/g, 

producing]. In biology, the origin and development 

of teeth. 
Odontoglyph (p-don' -to-glif) [ddouc, tooth ; y?di<j>eiv, 

to carve]. An instrument used for scraping the 

teeth. 
Odontoglyphous (o - don - tog'- lif- us) [bdobg , tooth ; 

y'.ixbeiv, to scrape]. In biology, having furrowed 

teeth. 
Odontography (p-don-tog' -ra-fe) [bdobg, tooth ; ypdtpeiv, 

to write]. The descriptive anatomy of the teeth. 
Odontoid (p-don' -toid) [ddoi-c, tooth ; eldog, like]. 

Resembling a tooth. Serrated. O. Ligament. See 

Ligament. O. Process, the dentate process of the 

second cervical vertebra. 
Odontolith (o-don' -to-litli) [bdobg, tooth ; XSog, a 

stone]. The calcareous stone-like accretion on the 

teeth popularly known as " tartar." 
Odontologic (o-don-to-loj'-ik) [ddoi'c, tooth ; Adyof , 

science]. Pertaining to odontology. 
Odontologist (o-don-tol' -o-jist) [bdobg, tooth ; "kbyoq, 

science]. One versed in odontology. 
Odontology (o-don-tol' -o-je) [ bdobg, tooth ; Xdyog, 

science]. The science of dentition, or of the teeth. 
Odontoloxia, Odontoloxy (o-don-to-lohs'-e-ah, o-don'- 

to-loks-e) [bdobg, a tooth ; '/o;dc, slanting]. Irregu- 
larity or obliquity of the teeth. 
Odontoma (o-don-to'-mah) [bdoi'g, tooth; bfia, tumor: 

pi. , Odontomata~\. A new formation arising in connec- 
tion with the teeth and presenting the structure and 

appearance of teeth. 
Odontome (o-don' -torn). See Odontoma. 
Odontomous (o-don' -to-mus) [bdobg, teeth ; bfta, a 



tumor]. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or affected 
with, an odontoma. 

Odontomys (o-don' -to-mis) [bdobg, tooth ; jj.bg, mouse]. 
The dental pulp. 

Odontonecrosis (o - don - to - ne - kro' - sis) [bdobg, tooth; 
vtKpuatg, death]. Dissolution or decay of the tissues 
of the teeth. See Necrosis of the Teeth. 

Odontonosology (o-don-to-nos-ol'-o-Je) [oSovg, tooth ; 
vdoog, disease ; A.dyog, science]. A treatise on diseases 
of the teeth ; also that branch of medicine that treats 
of diseases of the teeth. 

Odontoparallaxis (o-don-to-par-al-aks'-is) [ddoi'c, 
tooth ; KapdAAa^tg, deviation]. Irregularity of the 
teeth; deviation of one or more of the teeth from 
the natural position. 

Odontopathology (o-don-to-path-ol' -o-je) [bdobg , tooth ; 
■ndOoc, a disease; Abyog, science]. The science of 
diseases of the teeth. 

Odontopathy (o-don-top' -ath-e) [bSobc, tooth ; rrddoc, 
suffering]. An abnormal or pathologic condition of the 
teeth, or of the organs connected with them; dental 
disease. 

Odontoperiosteum (o-don' -to-per-e-os' -te-um). Syno- 
nym of Periodonteum. 

Odontophatne (o-don-to-fat'-?ie). Synonym of Alveolus. 

Odontophatnitis (o-don-to-fat-ni'-tis). Synonym of 
Odotitobothriitis . 

Odontophore (o-don' -to-for) [bSovc, tooth ; cpipeiv, to 
bear]. In biology, a comprehensive name for those 
mouth-parts of a mollusc known as rasp, radula, 
radular apparatus, buccal mass, lingual ribbon, or 
tong ue. 

Odontophorous (o-don-toff' -or-us) [bdovg , tooth ; tpipeiv, 
to bear]. Bearing or having teeth. 

Odontophyia (o-don-to-Ji' -e-ah) [b&obc, tooth ; <j>beiv, 
to grow]. Dentition. 

Odontopiester ( o - don - to -pi - es'- ter ) [bdoiig, tooth ; 
■mearr/p, squeezer]. An instrument for exerting press- 
ure on the teeth ; it is used to relieve odontalgia. 

Odontoplerosis (o- don -to -pie- ro'- sis) \b&obg, tooth; 
TrAr/puotg, filling]. The filling of teeth. 

Odontoprisis (o-don-to-pri' -sis) [ddoi'f, tooth ; npiaig, a 
sawing]. Stridor dentium, or grinding of the teeth. 

Odontorine, Odontorrhine (o-don-to-rin') [bthbg, tooth ; 
p'ivri, file]. A tooth-file. See File, Dental. 

Odontorrhagia (o - don - tor - a'- je - ah ) [odorc, tooth ; 
prjyvbvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the 
socket of a tooth. 

Odontorrheumalgia (o-don-to-ru-mal' -je-ah) [bfiovg, 
tooth; peii/ia, flow; ah/og, pain]. Rheumatic tooth- 
ache. 

Odontorrhizophthisis (o-don-tor-iz-off'-this-is) \b6obg, 
tooth; pll-a, root ; (fidlaig, wasting]. Caries of the root 
of a tooth. 

Odontorthosia (o-don- tor- tho'-ze- ah) [bSovg, tooth ; 
bpduaig, a straightening]. That part of dental surgery 
concerned in the straightening of irregularly growing 
teeth. 

Odontoschisis (o-don-tos'-kis-is) \bSobg, tooth ; ax'i^eiv, 
to split]. Splitting of a tooth. 

Odontoschism (o-don' -to-skizm) [bdoiig, tooth; axK Elv > 
to split]. A fissure in a tooth. 

Odontoseisis (o-don-to-si' -sis) [bdobg, tooth ; oeloig, a 
shaking; agitation]. Looseness of the teeth, arising 
from partial or total destruction of the alveolar pro- 
cesses, caused most frequently by disease of the 
gums. See Looseness of the Teeth. 

Odontosis (o-don-to'-sis) [bdobg, tooth]. The forma- 
tion and development of teeth ; dentition. 

Odontosisimus (o-don-to-siz' -im-us). See Looseness of 
the Teeth. 

Odontosmegma (o-don-to-smeg'-mah) [ddouc, tooth ; 



ODONTOSPASMOS 



888 



OIDIUM. 



ofikxa-"", to cleanse]. Anything employed for clean- 
ing teeth ; a tooth-powder or tooth-brush. 
Odontospasmos (o-don-to-spaz' -mos) [otiose, tooth ; 

anaapoq, spasm]. Convulsions from difficult den- 
tition. 
Odontosphacelis, Odontosphacelismus (o-don-to- 

sfas'-el-is, o-den-to-sfas-el-iz' -mus). Synonyms of 

Dental Caries. 
Odontosteophyte, Odontosteophyton (o-don-tos'-te- 

o-flt,o-don-tos-te-off'-it-on) [bdo'vg, tooth; bariov, 

bone; </>'veiv, to grow]. A bony outgrowth from a tooth. 
Odontosteresis (p-don-to-ster-e' -sis) [bdobs, tooth ; 

areprjaic, privation]. Loss of the teeth. 
Odontostomatous \o-don-to-sto' -mal-us) [bdoix;, tooth ; 

OTOfia, mouth]. In biology, applied to animals hav- 
ing jaws that bite like teeth. 
Odontostomous (p-don-tos' -to-mus). Same as Odon- 
tostomatous. 
Odontosynerismus (o-don-to-sin-er-iz'-mus) [bdovc, 

tooth; cvvepi&ip, to strike together]. Chattering of 

the teeth. 
Odontotechny (p-don' -to-tek-ne) [bdovc, tooth ; texvt], 

art]. Dental surgery. 
Odontotheca (p-don-to-the' -kali) [bdovc, tooth ; Ofjurj, 

case]. The follicle of a tooth. 
Odontotherapeia [o-don-to-ther-ap-i' -ah) [bdovg ; tooth, 

Sepaireveiv, to heal]. See Odontotherapy. 
Odontotherapy (p-don-to-ther' -ap-e). Dental thera- 
peutics ; the treatment or care of the teeth. 
Odontothrypsis (p-don-to-tlirip' -sis). See Odontotrip- 

sis. 
Odontotrimma ( o - don -to - tri?n'- ah ) [bdovc, tooth ; 

rpippa, a pulverized substance : //. , Odontotrimmata]. 

A tooth-powder. 
Odontotripsis (o-do7i-to-t7-ip'-sis)[b6ovc, tooth ; Tpij3eiv, 

to rub]. The natural abrasion or wearing away of 

the teeth. See Abrasion of the Teeth. 
Odontotryphy, Odontotrypy (o-don-tof '-rif-e , o-don- 

tot'-rip-e) [orSot'c, tooth ; Tpvwaeiv, to perforate]. The 

perforation of a tooth for the purpose of removing 

pus, or diseased pulp. 
Odophone (p'-do-fon) [odor, smell, scent, odor], A 

scale or gamut of odors arranged by the French 

chemist, Septimus Piesse. 
Odor (p'-dor) [L.]. A scent, smell or perfume. 

Fragrance. 
Odoramentum [o-dor-ain-en'-tnm) \odoramentum, a 

perfume; from odorare, to perfume]. A remedy used 

on account of its odor. 
Odoration (p-dor-a 1 -shun) [odoratio, a smelling]. I. 

The act of smelling. 2. The sense of smell. 
Odoriferous (o-dor-if -er-us) [odor, odor; ferre, to 

carry]. Bearing odor or scent. Fragrant. 
Odoroscope, Odorscope (p'-dor-o-skop, 0' '-dor-shop) 

[odor, odor; gkottzXv, to examine]. An instrument 

for testing odors. 
Odous (o'-dus) [bdovc, a tooth]. A tooth. 
O'Dwyer's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

O'D.'s Tubes, peculiar tubes used for intubation 

of the larynx, 
-odyne, -odynia {-o-din, -o-din'-e-ah) [bSvvtj, pain]. 

A suffix denoting pain. 
Odynephatous (o-din-ef'-at-us). Synonym of Anodyne. 
Odynephobia {o-din -ef-o' -be-ah) [bdvvt/, pain ; q>6j3oc, 

fear]. Morbid dread of pain ; algophobia. 
Odynephorous {o-din-ef'-or-us) [bdvvn], pain ; (popeiv, 

to bear]. Producing pain. 
Odynphagia (o-din-fa' -je-ah) [bdvvq, pain; (j>ayt~tv, 

to eat]. Painful deglutition. 
Odynuria {o-din-u' -re-ah) [bivvy, pain ; ovpov, urine]. 

The painful passage of urine. 
CEciomania (e-ke-o-ma' -ne-ah). See Oikiomania. 



CEcium (e'-se-um) [oiniov, a house: pi. , GLcia]. In 
biology, the special receptacle, attached to the zo- 
cecium, in which the ova complete their development 
into larvae, in many of the Cheilostomata among 
Polyzoa. The ovicell. 

OZcoid {e'-koid). See Ecoid. 

CEcology (e-kol-o'-je) [oIkoc, a house, family; tdyoc, 
science]. In biology, the science of vegetable and 
animal economy and activity as shown by their modes 
of life, e. g. , socialism, parasitism. " The terms 
biology and oecology are not interchangeable, because 
the latter only forms part of physiology." (Haeckel.) 

CEcophobia (e-ko-fo' ' -be-ah). See Oikophobia. 

CEdema, CEdematous {e-de'-mah, e-dem'-at-us). See 
Edema, Edematous. 

CEleoblast (e'-le-o-blast) ['e?iaiov, oil; (iAaard^, germ]. 
In biology, a mass of large, irregular, non-nucleated, 
polygonal bodies situated near the cloacal opening 
of Salpa and other compound Ascidians. The bodies 
are opaque, coarsely granular and consist of a sort of 
yolk-material. The function of the celeoblast is 
undetennined. Vogt called it the statoblast ; it is also 
spelled elosoblast. 

CEnanthylic (e-nan-thi!'-ik). See Enanthylic. 

CEnomania [e-no-ma' -ne-ah). See Enomania. 

Oertel's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Oese [Ger.]. In biology, a platinum-wire needle,looped, 
with a glass handle, employed in bacteriologic investi- 
gation. 

CEsophagism (e-sof'-aj-izm). See Esophagismus. 

Oesophagitis {e-sof-aj-i'-tis). See Esophagitis. 

(Esophagus (e-sof'-ag-zes). See Esophagus. 

CEstromania [es-tro-ma' '-ne-ah) . See Estromania. 

CEstruation (es-iru-a' -shun). See Estruation. 

CEstrum {es'-trum). See Estriini. 

Off [ME., off, of: same as preposition of"]. The name 
commonly applied to the animal on the right hand 
side of a yoke of oxen or a team of horses, or to the right 
side and the right fore-foot and hind-foot of a single 
animal ; the antonym of near. O.-set, a short, rooting 
branch. A short stolon. 

Offal (off'-awl) [ME., offal, fallen remnants]. Refuse 
of any kind. 

Official {off-ish'-al) [officium, an office]. In pharmacy 
and materia medica, a medicine or preparation emanat- 
ing from and sanctioned by the pharmacopeia. 

Officinal (of-is'-in-al) [officina, a workshop]. For 
sale in the shops ; kept on sale in apothecaries' 
shops; authorized in pharmacy. O. Preparations, 
those that are kept for sale in apothecary stores. 

Offspring {off ' -spring) [ME., ofspring, progeny]. 
Descent ; family ; progeny. 

Ogmomele (pg-mo-me* -le) [6yp.og, furrow ; fii)/\r), 
probe]. A grooved probe. 

Ogston's Line. See Lines, Table of. O.'s Operation. 
See Operations, Table of. 

Ohio Scratches. Same as Army Itch. 

Ohm (dm) [after Dr. G. S. Ohm, an electrician]. In 
electricity, the unit of resistance. Practically, it is 
the resistance of a pure silver wire, one meter in length 
and one millimeter in diameter. The theoretic or 
absolute unit is xToinnTTTo P art °^ ^ le un ' f practically 
used. See Electric Units. O.'s Law. See Law. 

Ohmad (o'-mad) [after Dr. G. S. Ohm, an electrician]. 
Same as Ohm. 

Ohmic (o'-mik) [after Dr. G. S. Ohm, an electrician]. 
Pertaining to an ohm. 

-oid (-oid) [fWoc, like]. A suffix signifying likeness or 
resemblance. 

Oi'dium (o-id'-e-unA [dim. of (p6v, egg]. A genus of 
parasitic fungi, O'idium, or Erystpke tuckeri ; the dis- 
ease of the vine it causes is called u<hite disease o« 



OIDTMANN'S PURGATIVE 



889 



OIL 



Meunier. O. albicans is found in thrush, upon the 
tongue. O. lactis, the white mold found on 
milk, bread, etc. O. tuckeri, the conidian stage of 
Erysyphe tuckeri. See Mildew. 

Oidtmann's Purgative. The rectal injection of gly- 
cerin, two grams. 

Oigopsid (oi-gop'-sid) \olyeiv for avolyeiv, to open ; oifnc, 
vision]. In biology, applied to such cephalopods as 
have an opening in the fibrous capsule of the eye, 
through which the lens projects (Loligop/ies, Omma- 
strephes); or, the lens being absent, the capsule of the 
eye becomes an open cup (Nautilus). The opposite 
of Myopsid. 

Oikiomania (oi-ke-o-ma' -ne-ah) [oi/cfZoc, domestic ; 
fiavia, mania]. Domestic perversity; shrewishness 
manifested specially in one's own home. 

Oikoid (pi'-koid) [okoc, house; eidog, like]. The 
stroma of red corpuscles, so called by Briicke. 

Oikophobia (oi- ko-fo' - be- ak) [okoc, house ; <p6/3og, 
dread]. Morbid dread, or dislike of home, or of a 
house. 

Oil [ME., oile, oil]. A greasy liquid not miscible with 
water, and usually of lighter specific gravity, composed 
of glyceryl and a fatty acid. In a wider sense the word 
is applied also to mineral hydrocarbons and to solid 
fats. The oils are liquid or solid substances charac- 
terized by unctuousness to the touch, and inflamma- 
bility. They may be volatile or they may be non-vola- 
tile or fixed. The term is also applied to any oily 
substance, as oil of vitriol, q.v. See also Oleum. O. 
of Allspice, an aromatic oil, and a constituent of 
bay-rum. Dose n\ij-vj. See Pimenta. O. of Almond, 
an essential volatile oil from almond kernels, used as a 
perfume in dermatology, and in making Unguentum 
aqua rosce. See Amygdala. Dose tr^^— j. O. of 
Amber, an essential oil. It is a stimulant, anti- 
spasmodic, and diuretic internally, and externally an 
irritant and rubefacient. Dose gtt. v-x. See Succinum. 
O. of American Wormwood. See O. of Ckenopo- 
dium. O. of Anda, an essential oil from Joannesia 
princeps. It is a purgative. Dose gtt. 1-lxx. O. of 
Anise, a volatile oil ; it is an ingredient of paregoric. 
Dose tnj-v. O. of Asafetida, a volatile oil ; a car- 
minative and antispasmodic. Dose gtt. j-ij. O.- 
bag, in biology, a bag or cyst containing oil. O., 
Banks, an unrefined cod-liver oil obtained from the 
livers which are allowed to putrefy in barrels on the 
ships. It is darker and more offensive than the better 
oils. O. of Basil, a flavoring agent. O. of Bay, 
a narcotic volatile oil from the berries of Laurus no- 
bilis. O. of Bayberry, an oil from the leaves of 
Myrica acris, used in the manufacture of bay-rum. 
O. of Ben, a fixed oil from the seeds of Moringa 
pterygosperma ; it is used internally as a purgative, 
and externally in gout and rheumatism. O. of Ben- 
zoin, an essential oil used in perfumery. O. of 
Bergamot, a volatile oil from the fruit of Citrus 
bergamia, used in the manufacture of perfumes. O. 
of Black Mustard, a fixed oil from the seeds of Sin- 
apis nigra. It is used in pharmacy and as a car- 
minative. Dose V\,]4,- l /i- See Sinapis. O. of 
Black Pepper, a volatile oil from the unripe fruit of 
Piper nigrum. Externally it is an irritant ; internally, 
a carminative. Dose n"L^-j- See Piper. O.-blue. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. O., Bone, a volatile 
product obtained by the dry distillation of bones. 
O., British, a rubefacient liniment. It is a variety 
of petroleum. O. of Cade, an oil derived from the 
wood of Jimiperus communis , and used in derma- 
tology. See Juniper. O. of Cajuput, a volatile oil 
distilled from the leaves of Leukadendron cajuputi. 
Its actions are similar to those of O. of Turpentine. 



Dose TT\j-v. O.-cake, a side-product obtained in 
the manufacture of oils. It is a compacted mass of 
crushed seeds or nuts, from which the oil has been 
expressed or extracted. It contains all of the woody 
fiber and mineral matter of the seed or nut, the resi- 
due of oil or fatty matter not extracted, and, that 
which gives it special value, the proteids or nitrogenous 
constituents. It is a most valuable cattle-food and is 
used as a basis for artificial fertilizers. The following 
table gives the composition of a number of the most 
important oil-cakes (Sadtler's Industrial Organic 
Chemistry'). O. of Calamus, a volatile oil from the 





a 
a 

h 

< 


< 


a 

O QJ 

z»» 

Li] -1 03 

2£ 
2« 

t s- Q 

z < 

s? ° 

z > 
> 


X 
in 

< 


h 
< 

Q < 

5 5 

h 

a. 
0. 


a 

a 

a z 

a 
u 

K 
H 

2 


Earth-nut cake, 


11.50 


8.S0 


31.10 


7-25 


41-35 


6.80 


Cotton-seed cake, 


13.00 


7-5° 


51.00 


8.50 


20.00 


2.90 


Rape-oil cake, 


10.12 


9-23 


4>-93 


6.48 


31-88 


5.00 


Colza-oil cake, 


n-35 


9.00 


42.82 


6.28 


30-55 


450 


Sesame-oil cake, 


10.35 


10.10 


38.80 


9.80 


31-93 


5.00 


Beech-nut cake, 


11.40 


8.50 


49.80 


5-30 


2400 


3.20 


Linseed cake, 


10.56 


9-83 


44-61 


6.50 


28.50 


4-25 


Camelina cake, 


9.60 


9.20 


50.90 


7.00 


23.30 


3.60 


Poppy-oil cake, 


9-5° 


8.90 


37-67 


"•43 


32-50 


5.00 


Sunflower-oil cake, 


10.20 


8.50 


48.90 


11.40 


21 00 


2.40 


Hempseed cake, 


10.00 


8.26 


48.00 


12.24 


21.50 


3-30 


Palm-nut cake, 


950 


8.43 


4°-95 


10.62 


30-40 


4.50 


Cocoa-nut cake, 


10.00 


9.20 


40.50 


10.50 


30.00 


4-50 



root of Acorus calamus. It is a stomachic. O. of 
Camomile, from the flowers of Anthemis nobilis. It 
is a stomachic. O., Camphorated, one impregnated 
with camphor ; a solution of camphor in olive-oil. 
See Campkor. O. of Camphorwood, an essential 
oil from Dryobalanops aromatica. Its properties are 
similar to those of camphor. O., Canadian, oil of 
winter-green. O. of Cananga, an essential oil from 
the flowers of Cananga odorata, used in the manufac- 
ture of perfumery. O. of Caraway, a volatile oil 
from the fruit of Carum carvi. It is a carminative 
and flavoring agent. Dose Tl\j-v. See Carutn. O. 
of Cardamom, a volatile oil from the seeds of Elet- 
taria cardamomum. It is a carminative. O. of Car- 
maru, a fixed oil from the fruit of Dipteryx eboensis. 
It is used in manufacturing perfumes. O., Carron, 
a useful application to burns, consisting of equal or 
nearly equal parts of linseed-oil and lime-water. It 
is named after the Carron iron- works in Scotland, 
where it was first employed. O. of Cassia, an essen- 
tial oil from the bark and buds of Cassia lignea, used 
in making perfumery. O. of Castonha, a fixed oil 
from Brazil-nuts, used in making perfumery. O., 
Castor, a fixed oil from the seeds of Ricinus com- 
munis, used as a purgative. Dose % ss. See Ricinus. 
O. of Celery, an essential oil from the fruit and leaves 
of Apium graveolens. It has emmenagogic properties. 
See Apium. O., Cedar, a fragrant oil obtained from 
the red Virginia cedar, used in microscopy as a clari- 
fying agent. O., Chabert, an oil consisting of 



OIL 



890 



OIL 



3 parts of oil of turpentine and I of animal oil. It 
is used as is O. of Turpentine. O. of Chaulmoogra, 
a fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Gynocardia 
odorata. It is used in dermatology and rheumatism. 
Dose gtt. v-x. O. of Chenopodium, a volatile oil 
derived from the fruit of Chenopodium anthelminticum. 
It is an efficient anthelmintic. Dose n"Lv-xv. O. 
of Cinnamon, a volatile oil from the bark of Cin- 
nainoinum zeylanicum. It is used in medicine and 
perfumery. Dose gtt. j-v. O. of Cloves, an essen- 
tial oil from cloves. It is used in histology, dentistry, 
and perfumery. O., Cod-liver. See Morrhua. O. 
Color. See Pigments, Colors and Dyestuffs. O. of 
Copaiba, a volatile oil from the Balsam um copaiba. 
It is used as a diuretic. Dose rt^ x-xv. O. of Cori- 
ander, a volatile oil from the fruit of Coriandrum 
sativum. It is a carminative. Dose tr^ij-v. O., 
Croton. a fixed oil from the seeds of Croton tiglii. 
It is a purgative. Dose Ti\ _^-ij. O. of Cubeb, a 
volatile oil from the fruit of Piper cubeba. It is a 
stimulant diuretic. Dose Tri, v-xx. O., Dead, a 
heavy oil. O., Drying, one that on drying loses its 
oily properties and becomes a transparent flexible 
solid. Such oils are used as bases of paints and var- 
nishes. O., Dugong, an oil from the blubber 
of dugongs, used sometimes as a substitute for cod- 
liver oil. O. -emulsion, an emulsion containing ex- 
pressed oil of almonds 15 parts; acacia 15 parts, 
syrup of acacia 20 parts ; orange-flower water 15 parts, 
and water 100 parts. O. of Ergot, a fixed oil from 
the ergot of rye. It is an ecbolic. See Ergot. O. 
of Erigeron, a volatile oil from the herb Erigeron 
canadense. Its action is the same as that of oil of 
turpentine. Dose TTL x- 5 ss. O., Essential, a vola- 
tile oil, so called because it contains the essence or 
active principle of the plant. O., Ethereal, heavy- 
oil of wine, q.v. ; also an essential oil. O. of Euca- 
lyptus, a volatile oil from E. globuhis, and other 
species of Eucalyptus. It is an antiseptic and stom- 
achic. Dose rTLv-xxx. O. of Eulachon, an oil 
from the blubber of candle-fish, used as a substitute 
for cod-liver oil. O. of Euphorbia, a cathartic oil 
from the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris. O., Fatty, a 
fixed oil. The fatty oils, as distinguished from the 
mineral oils and the volatile oils, belong to the class 
of compound ethers. They are salt-like bodies, com- 
posed of characteristic acids (oleic, palmitic, and 
stearic), known as fatty acids, in combination with 
an alcohol or base. In most cases the base is the tri- 
atomic alcohol, glycerin, so that the oils are said to be 
glycerids of the several fatty acids. Some few, known 
as waxes, do not contain glycerin, but, instead, a 
monatomic alcohol in combination with the fatty acid. 
Most of the animal and vegetable fats contain three 
proximate constituents, olein, palmitin and stearin, 
the combinations of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids 
respectively with glycerin. In the more liquid oils 
the olein predominates, in the more solid, palmitin 
or stearin. The so-called " drying oils " contain a 
different acid — linoleic acid — in combination with 
glycerin. The fish-oils contain a variety of the lower 
fatty acids and some solid unsaponifiable alcohols like 
cholesterin. The most satisfactory classification of the 
oils and fats, is that of A. H. Allen, which is here given 
in abstract. I. Olive-oil Group. — -Vegetable oleins. 
Vegetable non-drying oils. These are lighter than the 
oils of groups II, III, and IV, and yield solid elaidins 
with nitrous acid. The group includes olive, almond, 
earth-nut, ben, rape-seed, and mustard oils. II. Cotton- 
seed-oil Group. — Intermediate between drying and 
non-drying oils. These oils undergo more or less dry- 
ing on exposure and yield little or no elaidin. This 



group includes cotton-seed, sesame, sun-flower, hazel- 
nut, and beech-nut oils. III. Linseed-oil Group. — 
Vegetable drying oils that yield no elaidin. They 
are of less viscosity than the non-drying oils. This 
group includes linseed, hemp-seed, poppy-seed, niger- 
seed, and walnut oils. IV. Castor-oil Group. — Medi- 
cinal oils. These are very viscous and of high density. 
The group includes castor and croton oils. V. Palm-oil 
Group. — Solid vegetable fats, which do not contain 
notable quantities of glycerids of the lower fatty acids. 
The group includes palm-oil, cacao-butter, nutmeg- 
butter, and shea-butter. VI. Cocoanut-oil Group. — 
Solid vegetable fats, in part wax-like. Several of these 
oils contain notable proportions of the glycerids of the 
lower fatty acids. The group includes cocoanut-oil, 
palm-nut-oil, laurel-oil, Japan wax, and myrtle-wax. 
VII. Lard-oil Group. — Animal oleins, which do not 
dry notably on exposure, and which yield solid elaidins 
with nitrous acid. The group includes neat's-foot oil, 
bone-oil, lard-oil, and tallow-oil. VIII. Talloiv Group. 
— Solid animal fats. These are predominantly glycer- 
ids of palmitic and stearic acids, although butter con- 
tains lower glycerids. The group includes tallow, lard, 
bone-fat, wool-fat, butter-fat, oleomargarin, and man- 
ufactured stearin. IX. Whale-oil Group. — Marine 
animal oils, characterized by offensive odor and a 
reddish-brown color when treated with caustic soda. 
The group includes whale, porpoise, seal, menhaden, 
cod - liver, and shark-liver oils. X. Sperm-oil 
Group.- — Liquid waxes that are not glycerids but 
ethers of monatomic alcohols. They yield solid elai- 
dins. The group includes sperm-oil, bottle-nose-oil, 
and dolphin-oil. XI. Spermaceti Group. — Waxes 
proper. These are compound ethers of the higher 
monatomic alcohols, with the higher fatty acids in a 
free state. The group includes spermaceti, beeswax, 
Chinese wax, and carnauba wax. O. of Fennel, a 
volatile oil from the fruit of Faniculum officinale. It 
is a carminative, and is also used in perfumery. Dose 
TTLij-v. O., Fixed, a fatty acid ; one of certain bodies 
soluble in ether and chloroform, and obtained by ex- 
pression from various organic substances. See O., 
Fatty. O. of Galanga, a volatile oil from the root 
of Alpinia officinarum. O. of Garlic, an essential 
oil formerly used in medicine. It is derived from the 
bulbs of Allium sativum. O. of Geranium, an essen- 
tial oil from species of Pelargonium, used in the 
manufacture of perfumery. O. of Ginger, an essen- 
tial oil from the roots of Zingiber officinale. It is a 
carminative and flavoring agent. Dose TTL %.—]• O.- 
gland, the uropygial gland of birds, secreting the oil 
used in dressing their plumage. O. -globules, in 
microscopy, are prepared by beating a small drop of 
clove oil with mucilage. In focusing up with central 
light, the bright center of the globule is clearest last. 
With oblique light the bright spot will appear on the 
side toward the mirror. O., Grain, amyl alcohol. 
O., Gray, an oily substance or ointment made by 
triturating mercury with oil or liquid paraffin. The 
quantity of mercury varies from I to 33 per cent. O. 
of Hazel, a fixed oil from hazel-nuts used in the 
manufacture of perfumes. O., Heavy, the substances 
distilled from benzene at between 210 and 400 C. 
O., Heavy [of wine), the product obtained when alco- 
hol is treated with an excess of sulphuric acid. It con- 
sists of several ethers and other compounds. O. 
of Hedeoma, oil of pennyroyal, a volatile oil from 
the leaves and tops of Hedeoma pulegioides. It is a 
carminative, and is used externally to drive away 
mosquitoes. Dose TTL ij— x. O. -immersion, the use 
of oil as the medium between the objective and the 
cover-glass. O., Infused, a class of medicated oils, 



OIL 



891 



OLECRANARTHROCACE 



{olea infusa, N. F.), prepared by digesting a drug in 
ammoniated oil and alcohol, the ammonia and alco- 
hol being evaporated in the process. O. of Jas- 
mine, an essential oil from Jasminum odoratissimum, 
used in perfumery. O. of Jatropha, a purgative oil 
derived from the seeds of Jatropha purgans. O. of 
Jonquin, an essential oil from the flowers of Nar- 
cissus jonquilla, used in perfumery. O. of Juniper, a 
volatile oil from the berries of Juniperus communis . 
It is a diuretic and diaphoretic. Dose rr^v-xx. O. 
of Lavender, a volatile oil from species of Lavandula 
used as a carminative and flavoring agent. Dose 
TT\J-v. O. of Lemon, a volatile oil from the rind of 
lemons. It is used in perfumery, and as a flavoring 
agent. Dose TT\J-v. O., Light, the distillates of 
benzene at between no and 210 C. O. of Lilies, 
an essential oil from the flowers of Lilium candidum, 
used in perfumery. O., Linseed. See Oleum J/'i/i. 
O. of Mace, an essential oil from My ristica officinalis, 
used as a carminative and flavoring agent, and in per- 
fumery. O. of Marjoram, an essential oil from Ori- 
ganum majorana used in perfumery. O., Menhaden, 
an oil from the blubber of menhaden, used as a sub- 
stitute for cod-liver oil. O., Middle, the distillation- 
products of benzene between 170 and 230 C. O. 
of Mignonet, an essential oil from the flowers of 
Reseda odorata used in perfumery. O., Mineral, re- 
fined petroleum. O. of Mint, an essential oil from 
Mentha viridis, used as a carminative, and in per- 
fumery. Dose TT\,ij-v. O. of Mirbane. See Mir- 
bane. O. of Morrhua. See Morrhua. O. of 
Mustard. See Sinapis. O. of Myrrh, an essential 
oil from gum myrrh. O. of Myrtle, an essential 
oil from Myrtus communis, used in perfumery. O., 
Neatsfoot, a lubricant oil from the feet of neat cattle. 
O. of Neroli, an essential oil from the flowers of bitter 
orange, used as a perfume. O., Nobel's Explosive, 
nitroglycerin. O., Non-drying, a non-oxidizing oil, 
such as almond oil. O., Olive. See Olive. O. of 
Orange. See Orange. O. of Orris, an essential oil 
from the roots of Iris florentina, used as a perfume 
and flavoring agent. O., Ozonized, an oil containing 
ozone. Ozonized oil of turpentine is an antidote in 
phosphorus-poisoning. O., Palm. See Palm. O., 
Parsley. See Apiol. O. of Pennyroyal, an essen- 
tial oil from Hedeoma pitlegioides. It is a stimulant, 
emmenagogue, and carminative, and is also used to 
keep away mosquitoes. Dose gtt. ij-x. O. of Pep- 
per, the volatile oil from the seeds of Piper nigrum. 
O. of Peppermint, the volatile oil from Mentha pip- 
erita. It is a carminative, anodyne, and antiseptic. 
Dose gtt. j-iij. O., Phosphorated, an oil charged 
with phosphorus. O. of Pimenta, a volatile oil from 
the fruit of Pimenta officinalis. It is a carminative. 
Dose gtt. ij-vj. O., Provence, an olive-oil of supe- 
rior quality. O., Rock, petroleum. See Petrolatum. 
O. of Rose, an essential oil from the fresh flowers of 
Rosa damascena. It is used as a perfume. See Attar 
of Rose. O. of Rosemary, the essential oil from the 
flowering tops of Rosmarinus officinalis. It is a car- 
minative and anodyne. Dose gtt. j-ij. O. of Rue, 
the essential oil derived from Ruta graveolens. It is a 
vermifuge and emmenagogue. Dose gtt. j-v. O. 
of Sage, a volatile oil derived from Salvia officinalis. 
It is used as a mouth-wash in stomatitis. O. of San- 
dalwood, Oleum santali, distilled from the wood of 
Santalum album. It is used in gonorrhea. Dose 
gtt. x-xx. O. of Sassafras, a volatile oil from 
the wood of Sassafras officinale. It is a carminative. 
Dose gtt. ij-x. O.-seed, castor-bean ; the seed of 
the Ricinus communis. O., Shore, cod-liver oil pre- 
pared on shore ; it is the finest quality. O. of Spear- 



mint, an essential oil from Mentha viridis. It is 
a carminative. Dose gtt. ij-v. O., Sperm, a yellow- 
ish oil derived from the Physeter macrocephalus. It 
is used as a lubricant. O. of Spermaceti, derived 
from spermaceti. O., Straits, the first oil obtained by 
the exposure of the livers of cod-fish to the sun in casks, 
on board the ships. O., Sweet. See Oleum olivce. 
O. -sugar. See Oleosaccharum . O. of Tansy, an 
essential oil derived from Tanacetum vulgare. It is 
used as an emmenagogue and oxytocic. O. of Tar, 
Oleum picis liquids:, obtained from wood-tar. It has 
been largely used in dermatology. See Pix. O. of 
Thyme, a volatile oil from Thymus vulgaris. It yields 
Thymol on oxidation. O. of Tobacco, an empyreu- 
matic oil from tobacco, formerly used as an application 
to ulcers. O.-tube, in biology, a longitudinal canal 
filled with aromatic oil, found in certain fruits. O., 
Virgin, the finest variety of olive-oil, made from olives 
that are not quite ripe. O., Volatile, or essential oil, is 
one characterized by a pungent, aromatic odor. These 
oils usually vaporize at ordinary temperatures, and 
leave no permanent stain on paper. O., Whale. See 
under O., Fatty. O. of Wintergreen, an essential 
oil from the leaves of Gaultheria procumbens. It is 
used in chronic cystitis and rheumatism. Dose gtt. 
v-x. 

Oinomania {oi-710-ma' -ne-a!i). See Enomania and 
Methomania. 

Ointment (oint'-ment). See Unguentum. O., Ban- 
yer's, an ointment used in chronic eczema and favus. 
It is composed of calomel, 2 drams ; burnt alum and 
carbonate of lead, each 4 drams; Venice turpentine, 
6 drams; spermaceti ointment, 1^ ounces. O., 
Cyrillo's, used by inunction in syphilis. It con- 
sists of perchlorid of mercury, 4 parts; lard, 32 parts. 
O., Maury's, an ointment largely used as an applica- 
tion to chronic ulcers. It contains one dram of 
nitrate of mercury and half a dram each of powdered 
opium and rhubarb to an ounce of simple ointment. 

Okada, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Okenian Bodies [after Lorenz Oken, the naturalist, 
Jena, 1 7 79-185 1]. Okensche Korper, a name ap- 
plied by Rathke to the primitive kidneys or Wolffian 
bodies. 

Old {old) [ME., old, old]. Advanced in life; having 
many years. O. Age, senility ; senectus. 

Olea (o'-le-ah) [i'Aaia, the olive-tree]. I. A genus of 
trees. See Olive. 2. Plural of Oleum, q. v. O. in- 
fusa, infused oils. 

Oleaginous (p-le-aff -in-its) \oleum, oil]. Oily. 

Oleamen (o-le-a'-meii) [L. : pi. , Oleamina"]. An oily, 
soft ointment or liniment. 

Oleander {o-le-an'-der). See Nerium. 

Oleandrin {o-le-an' -drill) [a corruption from olea, olive- 
tree; laurus, laurel]. A poisonous alkaloid from 
Nerium oleander. 

Oleate (o'-le-at) [oleum, oil: //., Oleatd]. A salt 
formed from oleic acid. A mixture of oleic acid 
with certain medicinal principles. There are three 
official oleates in pharmacy, oleatum hydrargyri, olea- 
tum veratrimc, and oleatum zinci, neither of which is 
a definite chemic compound. The oleatum aconitina:, 
oleatum plumbi, and oleatum quinine? are recognized 
in the National Formulary. 

Olecranal, Olecranial (o-lek'-ran-al, o-lek-ra' '-ne-al) 
[uXenpavov, the head of the elbow]. Pertaining to 
the olecranon. 

Olecranarthritis (0 - lek - ran - ar - thri' - lis) \L1\tKpav0v, 
head of elbow; apftpov, joint; inc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the elbow-joint. 

01ecranarthrocace,01ecranocace(o-/i?^-ra:«-ar//2-ro^ / - 



OLECRANOID 



892 



OLFACTORY 



as-e, o-lek-ran-ok' -as-e) [uXinpavov , the head of the 
elbow; apftpov, joint ; Katcdc, evil]. Inflammation of 
the elbow-joint. 

Olecranoid (o - lek' - ran - oid) [co?i.eKpavov, head of the 
elbow; eMoc, like]. Resembling the olecranon. O. 
Fossa, the fossa at the dorsal side of the distal end 
of the humerus for the reception of the olecranon. 

Olecranon (o-lek' -ran-on) [uAixpavov ; isXkvri, elbow ; 
Kpaviov, head]. The large process forming the head 
of the ulna. 

Olefiant Gas (p-lef ' '-e-ant)\_oleutn , oil ; ficare, to make]. 
Heavy oil of carbon. See Ethylene. 

Olefin {o'-lefin) [oleum, oil; ficare, to make]. The 
name of a series of unsaturated hydrocarbons contain- 
ing two hydrogen atoms less than the paraffins or 
ethanes, C n H 2n . They are produced with paraffins 
in the dry distillation of many complicated carbon 
compounds ; hence their presence in illuminating gas 
and in tar-oils. The lower members of the series are 
gases ; the intermediate members, ethereal liquids ; 
the higher (from C 16 H 32 up), solids. They boil at 
points a few degrees higher than the corresponding 
paraffins. For Table of Olefins see under Hydrocarbon. 

Oleic Acid (o'-le-ik). See Acid. 

Oleiferous io-le-if'-er-tis) [oleum, oil; ferre, to bear]. 
Producing oil. 

Olein {o'-le-in) [oleum, oil], C 57 H 104 O 6 . One of the 
most widely distributed of the natural fats ; the trioleic 
ether of glyceryl. It is a colorless oil at ordinary 
temperatures, with little odor and a faint sweetish 
taste, insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol and 
ether. 

Oleo- (o'-le-o-) [oleum, oil]. A prefix to denote con- 
nection with or relation to an oil. 

Oleomargarin {o-le-o-mar' -gar-in) [oleum, oil ; flap- 
yapoq, the pearl oyster]. Butterin ; an artificial 
butter made by removing the excess of stearin from 
tallow or suet (or from lard in winter seasons), and 
flavoring the residue with the natural flavoring-prin- 
ciple of butter. The fat is melted at a temperature not 
exceeding no° F. — otherwise the product becomes 
granular and coarse — and in cooling, the excess of 
stearin is separated by crystallization ; the remainder 
is oleomargarin. When prepared from pure materials, 
the artificial product is less liable to become rancid than 
ordinary dairy butter, being free from the bacteria 
frequently found in the latter. The following analysis 
of oleomargarin is given by Dr. Bell : — 



ANALYSIS OF OLEOMARGARIN OR BUTTERIN. 










^ 


b 
O uj 


b • 


Z H 










u2 
















a u 


a 


w 

< 


h 

< 


Q 

a 

V 


< 


OS 

SB 



z a 

B HI 

K 
«," 


z ri 

™3 

b\2 


°"X 

,, z 

5 « 

hX 

j < 










w " 


0. 


a. w 


§ 


14.30 


3-8i 


0.48 


8I.4I 


903.84 


94-34 




82 


II. 21 


170 


1-73 


85.36 


902.34 


94-83 


0.66 


78 


12-33 


4.00 


1.09 


82.58 


90315 


95-04 


0.47 


79° 


5.32 


1.09 


0.67 


92.92 


90379 


96.29 


0.23. 


8i° 


13.21 


3-99 


1.07 


81-73 


901.36 


95.60 


0.16 


78 



Oleometer {o-le-om 1 '-et-er) [oleum, oil ; perpnv, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for ascertaining the weight and 
purity of oil. 

Oleoresin (o-le-o-rez r -in)[oleum, oil : resina, resin ; pi., 
Oleoresincf\. In pharmacy, a preparation consisting 



chiefly of a mixture of natural oils and resins extracted 
from vegetables by percolation with stronger ether. 
There are six official oleoresitice. 

Oleosaccharum (o-le-o-sak-ar 1 -um) [oleum, oil ; can- 
Xapov, sugar: pi., Oleosacchara]. An oil-sugar; a 
preparation made by saturating thirty grains of sugar 
with one drop of volatile oil. 

Oleose {o'-le-oz) [oleosus, oily]. Oily. 

Oleosity {o-le-os'-it-e) [oleosus, oily]. The property of 
being oily or fatty. 

Oleous {o'-le-us) [oleosus, oily]. Oily; having the 
character of oil. 

Olera (p-ler'-ah) [olus, a pot-herb]. In biology, the 
name given by early botanists to the kitchen-herbs. 

Oleraceous (o-ler-a' -se-us) [olus, a pot-herb ; oleraceus, 
resembling herbs]. Esculent, as a pot-herb. 

Oleum {o'-le-um) [L. : pi., Olea\. See Oil. O. 
aethereum, ethereal oil, a volatile liquid consisting of 
equal volumes of heavy oil of wine, and ether. O. 
catharticum, oil of juniper. Set Juniper. O. ceta- 
ceum, whale-oil. O. cinereum. See Gray Oil. 
O. fagi, the empyreumatic oil of beech, useful in 
various skin-diseases. Unof. O. phosphoratum. 
See Oil, Phosphorated, and Phosphorus . O. rusci, 
Russian oil ; the empyreumatic oil of birch, useful in 
various skin-diseases. Unof. O. terrae, rock-oil. 

Olfaction {ol-fak'-shun) [olfacere, to smell]. The 
function of smelling. 

Olfactive {ol-fak' -tiv) [olfacere, to smell]. Synonym 
of Olfactory. O. Angle, the angle formed by the line 
of the olfactory fossa and the os planum of the sphen- 
oid bone. 

Olfactometer {olfak-tom'-et-er)[olf actus, smell ; psrpov, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the power 
of smell in any given case. 

Olfactor {ol-fak' -tor) [olfacere, to smell]. A unit of 
olfactory sensibility. 

Olfactory [pl-fak'-lo-re) [olfacere, to smell]. Pertaining 
to the sense or organ of smell. O. Angle. See Olfactive 
Angle. O. Bulb. See Bulb. O. Cells. The cells of the 
nasal fossa forming the peripheral end-organs of the 
olfactory apparatus. O. Center, the cerebral center that 
appreciates smell, supposed by 
Munk to be in the hippocampal 
gyrus. O. Cleft, a slit between 
the tip of the middle turbinated 
bone and the nasal septum. O. 
Clubs, the clavillcE marginales, 
or condyli marginales of medusae. 
O. Foramina. See Foramina, 
Table of. O. Fossa. See 
Fossa. O. Ganglion, the olfac- 
tory bulb. O. Glomeruli. See 
Glomerulus. O. Groove. See 
0. Sulcus. O. Lobe, the olfac- 
tory tubercle, tract, bulb, and 
roots, considered as a whole. O. 
Membrane, the mucous mem- 
brane of the nose. O. Nerve 
[Stirling). See Nerves, Table of. 
0. Pit, the primitive ectodermal 
invagination to become the nasal 
cavity. O. Plate, one of the 
two areas of thickened ecto- 
derm immediately above the primi- 
tive oral cavity, and in contact 
with the wall of the fore-brain ; it 
is the earliest indication of the 
nasal mucous membrane. O. Region, the area of dis- 
tribution of the olfactory nerve. O. Roots, the regions 
connecting the olfactory tract with the cerebral hemi- 
spheres. O. Sulcus, the furrow for the olfactory tract 




Olfactory Cells. 

\\ From human be- 
ing, n. From frog. 
E. Supporting cell. 



OLIBANUM 



893 



OLIGOTRICHIA 



and bulb on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and 
on the orbital surface of the cerebral hemispheres. O. 
Tract, the cenlral portion of the olfactory lobe, ter- 
minating anteriorly in the olfactory bulb, and posteri- 
orly in the olfactory tubercle. O. Trigone, a triangu- 
lar gray area forming the base of the O. Tuber. O. 
Tuber, O. Tubercle. See Tuber. O. Ventricle, a 
prolongation of the cavity of the lateral ventricle into 
the olfactory lobe. It is rarely found in the adult brain, 
though present in the fetus and in most animals. 

Olibanum [o-lib'-an-um) [Ar., al-luban, frankincense]. 
A gum-resin produced by various Asiatic and E. Afri- 
can trees, mainly of the genus Boswellia ■ true frank- 
incense. It is now little used, except in certain 
plasters and as a fumigant. Unof. 

Olibene [ol'-ib-en) [Ar. , al-luban, frankincense], C 10 - 
H 16 . • A hydrocarbon found in oil of olibanum. 

Oligaemia [ol-ig-e' '-me-ah). See Oligemia. 

Oligandrous [ol-ig-an' '-dries) [bXiyoc, few ; avi/p, a 
male]. In biology, having few stamens. 

Oliganthous [ol-ig-an' -thus) [bXiyoc, few ; avOoc, a 
flower]. In biology, having few flowers. 

Oligarch [ol'-ig-ark) ['OXiyapKeia, contentment with 
little]. In biology, containing few fibro-vascular 
bundles ; applied also to fibro-vascular bundles that 
have few rays. 

Oligemia [ol-ig-e' '-me-ali) [bXiyoc, scant; alpa, blood]. 
A diminished quantity of the blood. O. hypal- 
buminosa, diminution in the proteids of the blood. 
O. sicca, diminution in the volume of blood by loss of 
water. O. vera, diminution in the quantity of the 
blood, as a whole. 

Oligemydria [ol-ig-em-ld' -re-ah). Synonym of Anhy- 
dremia. 

Olighydria [ol-ig-hi'-dre-ah) [bXiyoc, scanty; v6up, 
water]. Deficiency of the fluids of the body. 

Oligo- [ol ' '-ig-o-)[bXiyoc , few]. A prefix that signifies 
want or deficiency. 

Oligoblennia [ol-ig-o-blen' -e-ah) [bXiyoc, little ; pXevva, 
mucus]. A deficient secretion of mucus. 

Oligocardia [ol-ig-o-kar' -de-ah) [bXiyoc, few; napdia, 
heart]. Abnormal smallness of the heart. 

Oligocarpous [ol-ig-o-kar' -pus) [bXiyoc, few ; napwdc, 
fruit]. In biology, having few fruits. 

Oligocatantes [ol-ig-o-kat-an' -tez) [bXiyoc , scant ; 
naravrt/c, steep]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the 
line joining the hormion and the staphylion is between 
20° and 23 . 

Oligocholia [ol-ig-o-ko' -le-ah) [bXiyoc, few.; ^o/b?, bile]. 
A deficiency of bile. 

Oligochromemia [ol-ig-o-kro-me' -me-ah) [bXiyoc, few ; 
Xpajjia, color; a\pa, blood]. Deficiency of hemo- 
globin in the blood. 

Oligochromemic [ol-ig-o-kro-me' -mik) [bXiyoc, few; 
Xpufta, color; aipa, blood]. Pertaining to, affected 
with, or of the nature of, oligochromemia. 

Oligochrosis [ol-ig-o-kro' -sis) [bXiyoc, few ; xP^ cl iy a 
coloring] . Deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood- 
corpuscles. 

Oligochylia [ol-ig-o-ki' -le-ah) [bXiyoc, scant; ^ivWc, 
chyle]. A deficiency of chyle. 

Oligochymia [ol-ig-o-ki' -me-ah) [bXiyoc, scant ; x v H-^> 
juice]. A deficiency of chyme. 

Oligocopria [ol-ig-o-kop' -re-ah) [bXiyog, few; noTvpoc, 
excrement]. Deficiency of excrement. 

Oligocystic [ol-ig-o-sis'-tik) [bXiyoc, few; kvotlc, cyst]. 
Having few cysts or open spaces. 

Oligocythemia [ol- ig- - si - the' -me - ah) [bXiyoc, few ; 
kvtoc, cell; aifia, blood]. A deficiency of red cor- 
puscles in the blood; a symptom of nearly all forms of 
anemia, but especially of pernicious anemia. 



Oligodacrya [ol-ig-o-dak' -re-ah) [bXiyoc, few ; daupvov, 

tear]. Deficiency of the tears. 
Oligodactylia [ol- ig- o - dak - til'- e - ah] [bXiyoc, few ; 

danTvXoc, finger]. A condition characterized by a 

deficiency of fingers. 
Oligoerythrocythemia [ol-ig-o-er-ilh-ro-si-the' -me-ah) 

[bXiyoc, scanty ; spvOpoc, red ; kvtoc, cell ; alpa, 

blood]. Deficiency of the coloring-matter of the red 

corpuscles of the blood. 
Oligogalactia [ol-ig-o-gal-ak' -te-ah) [bXiyoc , scant ; 

ya'Xa, milk]. Deficiency in the secretion of milk. 
Oligohemia [ol-ig-o-he' -me-ah). See Oligemia. 
Oligohydramnios [ol - ig-o - hi - dram' - ne - os) [bXiyoc, 

scant; vdup, water; ap.vi.ov, the amnion]. A de- 
ficiency in the quantity of the amniotic fluid. It is 

a rare condition, occurring once in 3000 or 4000 

pregnancies. 
Oligohydria [ol-ig-o-hi' -dre-ah). Same as Olighydria. 
Oligokatantes [ol-ig-o-kat-an' -tez). See Oligocatantes. 
Oligomania [ol-ig-o-ma' -ne-ah) [bXiyoc, few ; pavia, 

madness]. Insanity with delusions relating to a few 

subjects. Cf. Oligopsychia. 
Oligomenorrhea [ol-ig-o-men-or-e' -ah) [bXiyoc, few ; 

pijv, month; poia, flow]. Insufficiency of the men- 
strual flow. 
Oligomerous [ol-ig-om' -er-its) [bXiyoc , few ; ptpoc, 

part]. In biology, having few segments, somites, 

members, or metameres. 
Oligopepsia [ol-ig-o-pep' -se-ah) [bXiyoc, scant; neiptr, 

digestion]. Feebleness of digestion. 
Oligopetalous [ol-ig-o-pel' -al-us) [bXiyoc, few ; mraXov, 

a petal]. In biology, having only a few petals. 
Oligophyllous [ol-ig-off ' -il-us) \bX'iyor, few ; tpvXXov, 

a leaf]. In biology, having few leaves. 
Oligopionia [ol-ig-o-pi-o' -ne-ah) \bX'tyoq, scant; muv, 

fat]. Wasting; emaciation. 
Oligopodous [ol-ig-op' -o-dus) [bXiyoc, few ; ttoiic, a 

foot]. In biology having only a few feet. 
Oligoposia [ol-ig-o-po' -ze-ali) [oXiyog, scanty ; ndaic , 

drink]. Defective desire for drinking. 
Oligopsychia [ol-ig-op-si' -ke-ah) \bXiyoc, scant ; ipvxv, 

mind]. Fatuity; imbecility. 
OligopyTenemia [ol-ig- o-pi-ren-e'-me -ah) [bXiyos, 

scanty; Ttvpijv, a fruit-stone; alpa, blood]. Deficiency 

of red corpuscles in the blood. 
Oligoria [ol-ig-o' -re-ah) \hXiyac, few, scant; upa, heed, 

notice]. Susceptibility to but few mental impres- 
sions ; oligopsychia. 
Oligosepalous [ol-ig-o-sep' -al-us) \0Xly0e, few ; sepa- 

lum, a sepal]. In biology, having only a few sepals. 
Oligosialia [ol-ig-o-si-a' -le-ah) [bXiyoc, scant; aiakov, 

saliva]. Deficiency of saliva. 
Oligospermatic [ol-ig-o-sper-mat'-ik) [bXiyoc, scant; 

ankppa, seed]. Pertaining to oligospermia. 
Oligospermia [ol-ig- o-sper' '-me-ah) [bXiyoc, scant ; 

a-eppa, seed]. A deficiency in the secretion of 

semen. 



Oligospermism [ol-ig-o-spe 



zm). See Oligospermia. 



Oligospermous [ol-ig-o-sper'-mus)[bXiyoc , few ; oireppa, 

seed]. In biology, having few seeds. 
Oligospondylous [ol-ig-o-spon' -dil-us) [bXiyoc, few ; 

GTzdvSvXoc, vertebra]. Having fewer vertebrae than 

normal. 
Oligosteatosis [ol-ig-o-ste-at-o'-sis) [bXiyoc, scant; 

criap, tallow]. Deficiency of the sebaceous secre- 
tion. 
Oligostemonous [ol-ig-o-ste' -mon-us) [bXiyoc, few ; 

<jT7]pwv, stamen]. Same as Oligandrous. 
Oligotokous [ol-ig-ol' -o-kus) [bXiyoc, few ; t'iktelv, 

teke'iv, to bear.] In biology, producing few at a birth. 
Oligotrichia [ol-ig-o-trik' -e-ah) [bXiyoc, few, scant** 

Opi^, hair]. Scantiness or thinness of the hair. 



OLIGOTROPHOUS 



894 



OMICHOLIN 



Oligotrophous [ol-ig-of -ro-fus) [bXiyaq, scant ; rpotpij, 
nourishment]. Only slightly nutritious. 

Oligotrophy (ol-ig-of '-ro-fe) [bliyoq, few ; rpo<pi/, nour- 
ishment]. Defective or imperfect nutrition. 

Oligozoospermia (ol-ig-o-zo-o-sper'-me-ah) [6/Uyoc, 
few; CCmi', animal ; tTrrip/ia, seed]. Abnormal few- 
ness of the spermatozoa. 

Oliguresis (ol-ig-it-re'-sis). See Oliguria. 

Oliguria [pl-ig-u' '-re-ah) [b'/iyog, scanty; ovpov, urine]. 
A diminution in the quantity of urine excreted. 

Oligydria (ol-ig-id'-re-ah) [bTiiyoc, scanty ; Ifipuq, 
sweat]. Ischidrosis ; a deficiency in the sweat. 

Olisthema (ol-is-the' -mail) [b'saadavuv, to slip]. Dislo- 
cation. 

Oliva (o-le'-vah) [L.]. The olivary body of the brain. 

Olivaceous [pl-iv-a' -se-us) [oliva, olive]. In biology, 
olive-green. 

Oliva, Oleum [o-le'-ve o'-le-tim). See Olive-oil. 

Olivary (ol' -iv-a-re) [oliva, olive]. Pertaining to an 
olive ; like an olive. In anatomy, pertaining to the 
oliva. O. Bodies, the olive-shaped bodies laterad of 
the anterior pyramids of the medulla oblongata. 
O. Eminence, the small, rounded, transverse prom- 
inence of the body of the sphenoid bone immediately 
cephalad of the pituitary fossa. O. Fasciculus. 
See Fasciculus. 0. Nucleus, the corpus dentatum 
of the olivary body. O. Peduncle, the mass of 
fibers entering the hilum of the olivary body. O. 
Process. See Process. 

Olive [ol'-iv) [oliva, an olive], I. The olive-tree. 2. 
The fruit of the olive-tree. 3. The Olivary Body, 
q. v. O.-oil, Oleum olivarce ; Sweet Oil, Salad Oil; 
the oil expressed from the fruit of Olea europcea. 
The purest oil is nearly inodorous, pale-yellow, with 
a pure oily taste, and a specific gravity of .918 at 
I5 P C. It does not decompose or become rancid 
easily, and congeals at 32 F. to a granular solid 
mass. It is used extensively as an article of food or 
condiment, in pharmacy, as an illuminant and lubri- 
cant, in soap-making, and as a cathartic in the place 
of castor oil. 

Oliver, Sign of. See Signs and Sympto?ns , Table of. 
O.'s Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Oliverin (ol-iv' -er-in) [oliva, olive]. A body obtained 
from Olea europcea ; it has been used instead of 
quinin. Unof. 

Oliviform [ol-iv' -if-orni) [oliva, an olive ; forma, 
form]. In biology, olive-shaped. 

Olivil (ol'-iv-il) [oliva, olive; v/u/, matter], C 14 H I8 5 . 
A crystalline body found in resin of wild olives. 

Ollier's Layer. See Layer, Osteoge?ietic. 

Olophlyctis (pl-o-flik' -tis) [o'a otyXvurit;, herpes]. Herpes; 
a dark vesicular skin-eruption. [Rare.] 

Olophonia [ol-o-fo' -ne-a)i) [o/oc, whole ; cf>uvf/, voice]. 
The condition of having a loud and harsh voice. 

-oma (-o'-mah) [bpa, tumor : pi., -omala~\. A termina- 
tion signifying a neoplasm or tumor. 

Omacephalus (p-mas-ef'-al-us) [o>p.oc, shoulder ; Kfd- 
oXri, head]. A variety of omphalositic monsters of the 
species paracephalus, in which there are present the 
characteristics of paracephalus except that there is 
more imperfect development, with absence of the 
upper extremities. 

Omagra, (o-ma' -grah) [000c, shoulder ; ay pa, seizure]. 
Gout in the shoulder. 

Omalgia (o-mal'-je-ali) [<j,«oc, shoulder ; a\yoc, pain]. 
Pain about the shoulder. 

Omarthralgia (o-mar-thral' -je-ali) [itpoc, shoulder ; 
apdpov, joint ; aXyaq, pain]. Pain in the shoulder-joint. 

Omarthritis {o-mar-thri'-tis) [u/inc, shoulder; apdpov, 
joint ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
shoulder-joint. 



Omarthrocace (o-?nar-throfc'-as-e) [w/iof, shoulder; 
apHpov, joint; /ca/cdc, evil]. Disease of the shoulder- 
joint. 

Omasal {o-ma'-sal) [omasum, a paunch]. Pertaining 
to the omasum. 

Omasum (o-ma'-sum) [omasum, a paunch://., Omasa']. 
The third stomach of a ruminant ; it is also called the 
psalterium, and manyplies. Cf. Abomasum; Reed. 

Omatocia (o-mat-o' '-se-a/i). See Omotocia. 

Omeire [o-mi'-ra) [African]. A vinous and acetous 
fermented milk used in parts of Africa. 

Omelysis [o-me'-tis-is) [iofii/lvaiq, bruised meal of raw 
corn]. Barley or wheat-meal used for poultices. 

Omental (o-men'-tal) [omentum , the caul]. Pertaining 
to the omentum. O. Foramen. See Forajnina, Table 
of. O. Hernia. See Epiplocele. O. Sac. See Sac. 

Omentitis (o-?>ien-ti'-tis) [omentum , omentum ; tri$, in 
flammation]. Inflammation of the omentum or caul. 

Omentocele (p-men' '-to-sel) [omentum, omentum ; Kt/Xr/, 
hernia]. Omental hernia. 

Omentulum (o-men'-tu-him) [dim. of omentum, omen 
turn]. The smaller omentum. 

Omentum [o-men'-tum) [L.]. A fold of the periton 
eum connecting the abdominal viscera. O. colicum 
the part of the great omentum of the fetus that in 
adult life becomes the hepato-colic ligament. O. 
Gastric. See O. , Greater. O., Gastro-colic, the large 
peritoneal fold attached to the greater curvature of the 




Omentum of Cat, Silvered. 
T = Trabeeula, with c, blood-vessel, f. Fat-cells. 5. Silver- 
lines, and a. nuclei of the endothelium, m. Meshes, b. 
Nuclei of the connective-tissue corpuscles. Silver nitrate 
and hematoxylin. X 100. {Stirling.) 

stomach above and after dipping down over the intes- 
tines returning to be attached to the transverse colon. 
O., Gastro-hepatic, a double fold of peritoneum 
passing from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the 
transverse fissure of the liver. On the left side it in- 
cludes the esophagus ; on the right its edges are free 
and inclose all the structures issuing from or entering 
the transverse fissure of the liver, the hepatic vessels 
and nerves, and the bile-duct. Behind it is the fora- 
men of Winslow. O., Gastro-splenic, the fold of 
peritoneum passing from the stomach to the spleen. 
O., Greater. See O., Gastro-colic. O., Hepato- 
gastric. See O., Gastro-hepatic. O., Lesser. Syn- 
onym of O., Gastro-hepatic. O. majus, the greater 
omentum. O. minus, the gastro-hepatic or lesser 
omentum. 

Omichesis (o-mik-e'-sis) [biu\fiv, to urinate]. Urina- 
tion. 

Omichma (o-milc'-mah) [oiux/ia, urine]. Urine. 

Omicholin (o-mik'-o-lin) [biuxpa, urine], C,jH., s N0 5 . 



OMISSION 



895 



OMPHALONEURORRHEXIS 



A resinous substance said to give the fetid odor to 
putrid urine. 

Omission, Death of Children by. In medical juris- 
prudence, a form of child-murder from neglect or 
improper attendance at or shortly after birth. 

Omitis (p-mi'-tis) [o/wif, shoulder; nig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the shoulder. 

Ommateal, Ommatidial (pm-at-e'-a/, om-at-id' -e-al) 
[&ft/ia (b/ufiar-), eye]. In biology, pertaining to the 
ommatidium or single eye of an arthropod. O. 
Layer, the inner layer of that part of the epidermis 
from which the optic ganglion originated in decapods, 
consisting of retinophoroe surrounded by their circles 
of retinula;. 

Ommatidium (om-at-id' -e-itm) [bfifiarkhov, dim. of 
dfi/ia, an eye: pi. , Ommatidia\. In biology, one of 
the closely-packed, radially-arranged single eyes com- 
posing the compound eye of an arthropod. Each 
ommatidium has three chief constituents, the retinula, 
the crystal cone, the hypodermal elements (cornea, 
etc.). 

Ommatophore (om-at'-o-for) [ofifia, an eye ; (pipeiv, to 
bear]. In biology, one of the eye-stalks, ophthal- 
mites, or eye-bearing tentacles of various inverte- 
brates. 

Omnivorous (om-niv' -o-rus) \omnis, all ; vorare, to 
devour]. Subsisting on all kinds of food. 

Omo- (o'-mo-) \lijJ-6c, raw]. A prefix signifying raw or 
crude. 

Omo- (o'-mo-) \_i>/J.oc, scapula]. A prefix that de- 
notes connection with or relation to the scapula or 
shoulder. 

Omo-atlanticus (o-mo-at-lan' -tik-us) \fijiog, shoulder ; 
arXag , atlas] . Synonym of the Levator anguli scapulce. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Omo-brachialis (p-mo-bra-ke-a' -lis) \ufxog, shoulder ; 
Ppaxiuv, arm]. Synonym of Coraco-brachialis. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Omocace (o-mok' -as-e) [ufiog, shoulder; KaK.6g, evil]. 
Disease of the shoulder. 

Omo-cervicalis (p-mo-ser-vik-a' -lis) \uyiog, shoulder ; 
cervix, neck]. Synonym of Levator anguli scapulce. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Omo-clavicular (p-mo-kla-vik' -u-lar) [a/ioc, shoulder ; 
clavicula, clavicle]. Pertaining to the shoulder and 
the clavicle. 

Omocotyle (o-mo-kot'-i/-e) [ufiog, shoulder ; kotvXt], 
cup]. The glenoid cavity; also, the shoulder-joint. 

Omodynia (o-mo-din'-e-a/i) [£>fiog, shoulder; bdvvr], 
pain]. Pain in the shoulder. See Dorsodynia. 

Omohyoid (p-mo-hi' '-oid) [<V°r> shoulder ; voafiijg, like 
the Greek letter upsilon]. Pertaining conjointly to 
the scapula and the hyoid bone. O. Muscle. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Omoideum (p-moi' -de-um) [w/rac, the shoulder ; eldog, 
form: pi. , Omoidea~\. In biology, the true pterygoid 
bone of the skull of a bird. 

Omophagia (p-mo-fa' -je-ak) \l>fj,6g, raw; <t>ayeiv, to 
eat]. The practice of eating raw food. 

Omophagous (p-mof'-ag-tts) \_L)fiog, raw ; tpayeiv, to 
eat] . Eating raw food. 

Omoplate (p'-mo-pldt) [Z>/iog, the shoulder; irKa-rj, a 
plate]. See Scapula. 

Omositia (p-mo-sif -e-ah) \liji6g, raw; acri eiv, to feed] . 
The eating of raw flesh. 

Omostegite (o-mos'-tej-it) [u/iog, the shoulder; crkyoq, 
roof]. In biology, the thoracic portion proper of the 
carapace of a crustacean. 

Omosternal (p-mo-ster' -nal) [<j/zoc shoulder ; aripvov, 
sternum] . Pertaining to the shoulder and the sternum. 

Omosternum (o-mo-ster'-num) [w/zor, the shoulder; 
cripvov, the sternum: pi. , Omosterna~\. In biology, 



a superior median ossification in the pectoral arch of 
a batrachian ; the homologue of the interclavicle. 

Omostrophosis (o - mos - trof- o'- sis) [yi/jog, shoulder ; 
orpktyuv, to turn about]. Dislocation of the shoulder. 

Omotocia (p - mo - to' -se - ah) [o/uoc, untimely ; row/c, 
birth]. Premature birth. 

Omotocous (o-mot'-o-kus) [pifidroKog ; u/xog, untimely ; 
t6k.oq, birth]. Bearing young prematurely. 

Omotrachelius (p-mo-tra-ke'-le-us) [&/tog, shoulder; 
rpaxifloq, the neck]. The muscle elevating the clav- 
icle in certain animals. 

Omozone (o'-mo-zon) [pifiog, the shoulder ; (mot?, a 
girdle]. A term proposed by Coues and Wilder, 187 1, 
for the shoulder-girdle, including the scapula, clavicle, 
and coracoid process. 

Omphacine (om'-fas-in) [b[i<j>ai;, unripe fruit]. Per- 
taining to unripe fruit. O. Oil, the viscous brown 
juice expressed from unripe olives. 

Omphacomel (om -fak'-o- me/) [b/xcpa^, unripe fruit; 
fie'/u, honey]. An ancient confection; a syrup pre- 
pared from unripe grapes and honey. 

Omphalectomy (om -fa/-ek'- to - me) [buqalog, navel ; 
EKTOfiij, excision]. Excision of the navel. 

Omphalelcosis {om -fa/- e/- ko'- sis) [b/utyaXog, navel; 
klKuaig, ulceration]. Ulceration of the navel. 

Omphalexoche (pm -fa/- eks'- o - ke) [o//^a/ldc, navel ; 
£^ n XV> prominence]. Synonym of Exompha/os. 

Omphalic (om-fa/' -ik) [bfupaXiKoq, from 6/i<?a;/idc, navel]. 
Pertaining to the navel or umbilicus. O. Duct, the 
vitel/ine duct ; the duct connecting the umbilical vesicle 
with the fetal intestines during the first three months 
of intrauterine life. 

Omphalitis (om-fal-i' -tis) [bfj,<j>a.?M<;, navel ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the navel. 

Omphalo- (pm-fal'-o-) [6//0Q?.dc, navel]. A prefix 
used to denote relation to the umbilicus or navel. 

Omphalocele (om-fa/' -o-se/) [bfiipaMg, navel; KTjlrj, 
tumor]. Umbilical hernia. 

Omphalocraniodidymus (om' -fa/-o-kra-ne-o-did' -im- 
tts) [b/KJialbg, navel; upaviov, skull; didvjuoc;, twin]. 
A form of double monstrosity in which the parasite is 
attached to the cranium of the autosite. 

Omphalode [om' '-fal-od ^ )[6//0aAdc, navel]. The same as 
Omplialodium. 

Omphalodes (om-fa/-o'-dez) [_b/i<pa?.6r, navel ; eldoc, 
like]. Resembling the navel. 

Omphalodium (om-fal-o' -de-um) [bfi<pa?.6g, a navel : 
//. , Ompha/odia~\. In biology, the axial part of the 
hilum of a seed, containing the vessels that enter 
the raphe or chalaza. 

Omphalo-enteric (om' - fa/ - o - en - ter' - ik) \bfi^aK6q, 
navel ; evrepov, intestine]. Pertaining to the navel 
and the intestine. 

Omphaloid (om'-fa/-oid) [o ( «0aAdf , a navel ; eldoc, 
form]. Resembling the navel. 

Omphalolysis (pm-fa/-o/' -is-is) \bjiya\6c, navel ; Ivaig, 
loosing]. The dividing of the umbilical cord. 

Omphalomesaraic (pm' -fa/-o-mez-ar-a' -ik). The same 
as Ompha/omesenleric . 

Omphalomesenteric (om' -fa/-o-mez' -en-ter-ik) [_bu<j>a- 
a6c, navel ; fieaevrepiov, mesentery] . Pertaining con- 
jointly to the navel and the mesentery. O. Duct. 
See Duct. 

Omphalomonodidymi (om -fal-o - mon - - did'- itn - i ) 
[bfxfpakog, navel; /idvoc;, one; didvfiog, twin]. A form 
of twin monstrosity in which the fetuses are joined at 
the umbilicus. 

Omphaloncus (om-fal-ong' -kus) [o^0uAdc, navel ; byKog, 
tumor]. A tumor or swelling at the navel. 

Omphaloneuron (om-fal-o-nu' -rori) [b/xipa?:6<;, navel ; 
veiipov, cord]. The umbilical cord. 

Omphaloneurorrhexis (om-fal-o-nu-ror-eks' -is) [b/i<pa- 



OMPHALONEUROSTREPSIS 



896 



ONOMATOPOIESIS 



X6c, navel; vevpov, cord; pffcic,, rupture]. Laceration 
of the umbilical cord. 

Omphaloneurostrepsis (om -fal- o-nu- ro- strep' - sis) 
[bpxpa'Aoc, navel; vevpov, cord; orpeipic, a turning 
about]. Torsion of the umbilical cord. 

Omphalopagus (om-fal-op 1 ' -ag-us) \_bp<j>aA6<;, navel ; 
nr/yvvvat, to make fast]. A better term for the fetal 
monstrosity known as Xiphopagus, q. v. 

Omphalophlebitis (om-/al-o-/le-di'-tis)[bp(j>a2,6(, navel; 
ifkkij), vein ; iric, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
umbilical vein. 

Omphalophyma (om-fal-o-fi'-mah). Synonym of Om- 
phaloncas. 

Omphaloproptosis (om -fal- o -prop -to'- sis) [bp<paA6c, 
navel ; Trpb-ruaa;, a falling forward]. Abnormal pro- 
trusion of the navel. 

Omphalopter (om-fal-op'-ter) [bp<pal6g, navel ; birrf/p, 
a viewer]. A double convex lens. 

Omphaloptic (om-fal-op' -tik) [bptya\6q, navel ; bnrindc, 
of seeing]. The same as Omphalopter. 

Omphalorrhagia (pm-fal-or-a' -je-ah) [bpipaMi;, navel ; 
pr/yvi'vai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the 
umbilicus. 

Omphalorrhea (om-fal-or-e'-ah)[bp<paAog, navel; pola, 
a flow]. An effusion of lymph at the navel. 

Omphalorrhexis (om-fal-or-eks' -is) [bp<j>a'A6c, navel; 
pi/H'S, rupture]. Rupture of the navel, or of the navel- 
string. 

Omphalos (om'-fal-os)[bp(j>a?i6g, navel]. The umbilicus. 

Omphalosite (om-fal ' -o-slt) [bp<f>a"A6g , navel ; clroc, 
nourishment]. An embryo or fetus dependent for its 
imperfect growth in the uterus upon another embryo 
or fetus, usually well-developed, that supplies the cir- 
culation of blood for both by means of extensive and 
intimate anastomoses of the umbilical and placental 
vessels. 

Omphalosoter (om-fal-o-so' -te7-)[bp(pa\6c, navel; aorf/p, 
preserver]. An instrument for replacing a prolapsed 
funis. 

Omphalotacterium (om-fal-o-tak-te' -re-um) [bp<j>a\6q, 
navel; raaaew, to arrange]. An instrument for re- 
placing a prolapsed umbilical cord. 

Omphalotaxis (om-fal-o-taks'-is) [bp<j>aA,6r, navel; 
raoaeiv, to arrange]. Reposition of the prolapsed 
funis. 

Omphalotome (om'-fal-o-iom) [bp(j)a?<.6c, navel ; rop.fi, 
a cutting]. An instrument for dividing the umbilical 
cord. 

Omphalotomist (om-fal-ot'-o-mist) \bp^aA6c, navel; 
ropfj, a cutting]. A midwife. 

Omphalotomy (om-fal-of -o-me) [bp<paA.6c, navel ; ropfj, 
a cutting]. The obstetric separation of the cord at 
the umbilicus. Also, an obsolete term for obstetrics. 

Omphalus (om' -fal-us) [bp<paA\6c, navel]. See Om- 
phalos. 

Onanism (o'-nan-izm) [from Onan, the son of Judah]. 
I. Incomplete coitus. 2. Masturbation, or other per- 
version of the sexual instinct. 

Onanist (o'-nan-ist) [from Onan, the son of Judah]. 
One who practises onanism. 

Onchosphaera, Onchosphere (ong' -kos-ef -rah, ong'- 
kos-ftr) [oytiOQ, bulk, mass; o<paipa, a sphere]. In 
biology, a stage in the development of certain platode 
worms. 

Oncograph (ong' -ko-graf) [bymc, swelling ; ypatyuv, to 
record]. The registering portion of an oncometer; a 
plethysmograph. 

Oncology (ong-kol' -o-je) [bynoq, tumor ; AtSyor, science]. 
The science or study of tumors. 

Oncome (on'-kum) [ME., on, on; ME., cumen, to 
come]. The oncoming, attack, or onset of a disease 
or illness. 



Oncometer (ong-iom'-el-er) [oy/coc, mass ; pirpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for measuring the size of a 
tumor or the volume of an organ, especially for 
measuring the size of any variable organ, as the 
kidney. 

Oncosis (ong-ko 1 ' -sis) [byKOQ, tumor]. The presence of 
a tumor ; the diseased state characterized by the 
growth of tumors. 

Oncothlipsis (ong-ko-thlip'-sis) [bynog, tumor ; 6?uipic, 
pressure]. Pressure caused by a tumor. 

Oncotomy (ong-kot'-o-me) [oymc, tumor; ropfj, a cut- 
ting]. The lancing or opening of a tumor or abscess. 

One (wnn) [ME., one, one]. A single unit or indi- 
vidual. O.-eyed, cyclopean, having but one eye. 
O. -hundred Day Disease, the Japanese term for 
whooping-cough. O. -sided, developed better upon 
one side than upon the other. O.-year Ulcer, the 
Arabic synonym of Aleppo Boil. 

Oneirodynia (o-ni-ro-di)i' -e-ah) [bveipog, a dream ; 
bd'uvri, pain]. Disquietude of the mind during 
sleep ; painful dreaming ; nightmare. O. activa, 
somnambulism. 

Oneirogmus (on-i-rog' -mas) [bveipuypog, an effusion 
during sleep]. Emission of semen during sleep. 

Oneirogonorrhea, Oneirogonos (on-i-rog-on-or-e'-ah, 
on-i-rog' -on-os). Synonyms of Oneirogmus. 

Oneirology (on - i- rol'- o - je) [bveipoQ, dream ; ?,6yoc, 
science]. The science or scientific view of dreams. 

Oneironosus (on-i-ron' -o-sus) [bveipoc, dream; vdaoc, 
disease]. Disorder manifesting itself in dreams ; 
morbid dreaming. 

Onion (an'-yun) [L. , unio, an onion]. A garden 
plant, Alliuni cepa ; also its esculent bulbous root. 
Onion-syrup and onion-poultices are much used in 
domestic medicine ; the juice is stimulant, expectorant, 
and diuretic. Unof. 

Onobaio (on-o-ba'-yo) [Nat. Obock]. An arrow-poison 
used by the natives of Obock. 

Onomatology (on-o-mat-ol' -o-je) [bvopa, name ; \6yoc , 
science]. The science of nomenclature ; the forma- 
tion of names. 

Onomatomania (on-o-mat-o-ma'-ne-ah) [bvopa, name; 
pavia, mania]. Functional derangement of speech, 
of which five varieties are described: I. A pow- 
erful effort to recall some word. 2. An irresistible 
impulse continually to repeat a word, by which the 
patient seems perplexed. 3. The patient attaches 
some peculiar and dreadful meaning to a commonplace 
word. 4. The patient attaches talismanic significance 
to certain words, which he repeats as a safeguard. 
5. The patient is impelled to spit out some word, like 
a disgusting morsel. A word is a complexus of images, 
localized in certain centers of the cerebral cortex, the 
images being partly auditive, partly visual, partly mo- 
tor. " Onomatomania is characterized by irregular 
action of one or several verbal images, resulting from 
some functional disturbance of the corresponding cen- 
ter. " In simple onomatomania, the patient is possessed 
with the idea of recovering a word that escapes him. 
The word is familiar ; its significance can be given; 
the place where read or the time when heard can be 
given, but the word cannot be recalled. Articulate 
speech may be at fault. The patient knows the word, 
sees it written before him ; but cannot articulate it. 
He may utter a synonym or a similar word. In associ- 
ated onomatomania, words acquire a peculiar or pre- 
ponderant meaning. 

Onomatopoiesis (on-o-mat-o-poi-e' -sis) [bvopa, name ; 
■Koteeiv, to make]. The extemporaneous formation of 
words by the insane. Words so formed are generally 
meaningless, or incorrect, but are sometimes quite the 
reverse. 






ONOSMODIUM 



897 



ONYM 



Onosmodium (on-oz-mo' -de-um) [owif, an ass ; bop:?/, 
smell ; eMof, form]. A genus of boraginaceous 
plants. O. hispidum, O. virginianum, a plant of 
the genus of Boraginaceae, growing in the Eastern 
and Middle States ; it has been used in gonorrhea and 
diseases of the bladder. Unof. 

Ontogenesis (on - to -Jen' - es - is) [oiv, bvrog, existing ; 
jn-fTif, birth]. The development of the individual 
cell into the mature being. 

Ontogenetic (on-to-jen-ef -ik) \Z>v, bvroc, existing ; yiv- 
coh;, birth]. Pertaining to ontogenesis. See also 
Evolution. 

Ontogeny (on-toj' -en-e) [oiv, being; yevi/g, producing]. 
In biology, the history of the development of the in- 
dividual ; it is a short recapitulation of the history of the 
race, or phylogeny, q. v.; that is, every animal passes 
on to its descendants by inheritance, not only its or- 
ganization at an adult stage, but also its own course of 
development. (Lang.) 

Ontographic (on-to-graf -ik) [&>, being ; ypd<peiv, to 
write]. Of, or pertaining to, Ontograpliy. 

Ontography (on - tog' - ra -fe) [Ziv, being ; ypd<peiv, to 
write]. A description of beings, their nature and 
essence. 

Ontoi'dic (on-to-id'-ik) [ur, bvroc, being; idus, the di- 
viding or division]. In biology, Weismann's term for 
the ontogenetic stages of the idioplasm from the hered- 
itary substance or germ-plasm forming the first onto- 
idic stage and preceding the division of the egg-cell 
to the natural death of the organism. 

Ontologic (on-to-loj' -ik)[i>v,bvroQ, being; Adyoc, science]. 
Pertaining to ontology. 

Ontology (on-tol' -o-je)[uv, bvroc, being ; Adjoc, science]. 
The metaphysical inquiry into the nature and essential 
quality of beings, or of being in the abstract. Accord- 
ing to Flourens, one of the divisions of physiology. 
A. Biology, the study of life proper. B. Ontology, the 
study of living beings, which he divides into Neon- 
tology and Paleontology. O., Medical, a view which 
regards diseases as distinct entities. 

Onuphin (on'-u-fin), C 22 H 4;j NO, 8 . A substance ob- 
tained from the rings of a species of worm, the Onu- 
phis tubicola. It forms a white mass resembling pipe- 
clay, dissolving easily in water. 

Onychatrophia (on-ik-at-ro'-fe-ah) [bvvi , nail ; arpo^ia, 
atrophy]. Atrophy of the nails. 

Onychauxe, Onychauxis (on-ik-awks'-e, on-ik-awks' -is) 
[bvvi;, the nail; abii], increase]. Increased growth or 
hypertrophy of the nail, usually with alteration in tex- 
ture, color, and shape. 

Onychia (o-nik'-e-ah)[bvvi , 
nail]. Inflammation of 
the matrix of the nail. 
See Paronychia. O. 
maligna. See Onyxitis. 
O. simplex, onychia with- 
out much ulceration, with 
loss of the nail and its 
replacement by a new 
one. 

Onychisterion (on-ik-is-te 1 '- 
re - on) [bvvxiori/piov, a 
nail-knife]. An instru- 
ment used for cutting the 
nails. 

Onychitis ( on - ik - i'- tis ) 
[bvvi, nail ; tree, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of 
a nail. 

Onychium ( o-nik'-e-um ) 
[bvv%tov, a little claw; 
dim. of bvvi, a nail, claw : //., Onychia'] . In biology, 
57 




Chronic Onychia. 



a little claw ; specifically the small terminal append- 
age of the tarsus of many insects, between the two 
claws proper. 

Onycho- (on'-ik-o-) [bvvi, nail]. A prefix denoting 
connection with, or relation to, the nails. 

Onychoclasis (on-ik-ok' -las-is) [6vuf, nail ; nXdcir, a 
breaking]. Breaking of the nail. 

Onychocline (on-ik-ok' -lin-e) [bvv;, nail; tdavr), a bed]. 
The bed of a nail. 

Onychocryptosis (on -ik- o - krip - to'- sis) [bvvi, , nail ; 
KpvnToc, hidden]. Ingrowing of a nail. 

Onychogryposis (pn-ik-o-gri-po' -sis) [bvvi > na 'J > 7P>>- 
Truaig, curvature]. A thickened, ridged, and curved 
condition of the nail. It sometimes takes the well- 
known form of ingrowing nail. 

Onychohelc'osis (on-ik-o-hel-ko 1 ' -sis) [bvvi, nail ; eIku- 
cic, ulceration]. Ulceration of the nail. 

Onychoid (on'-ik-oid) [owl;, nail; eldoc like]. Resem- 
bling a nail. Having a texture like that of the 
nails. 

Onycholepra (on - ik - o - Up' - rah) [bvvi, nail; Aeirpa, 
leprosy]. Leprosy affecting the nails. 

Onycholysis (on - ik - ol'- is - is) [bvvi;, nail ; "kvoic, a 
loosening]. Loosening of the nail. 

Onychomycosis (on-ik-o-mi-ko' -sis) [bvvi > na -il i f i ' i ' K! >C, 
fungus] . A parasitic disease of the nails of men and 
the hoofs of the horse, mule, etc. In man it is termed 
dry caries. It is caused by the fungus Achorion kera- 
tophagus, or other similar parasite. O. circinata. 
Same as O. tiichophytina. O. favosa, favus of 
the nails. O. tonsurans. Same as O. trichophytina. 
O. trichophytina, ringworm of the nails, due to the 
parasite Trichophyton tonsurans. 

Onychonosus (on-ik-on' -o-sus) [bvvi, na il > vuaoc, dis- 
ease]. Any disease of the finger-nails or toe-nails. 

Onychopathic (on-ik-o-path'-ik) [bvvi > na " ; ™"»C, 
disease]. Pertaining to disease of the nails. 

Onychophagy (on-ik-off' -aj-e) [bvvi , nail ; (payeiv, to 
eat]. The practice of biting the nails. 

Onychophthora (on - ik - off'- tho - rah). Synonym of 
Onychosis. 

Onychophyma (on-ik-o-fi' -inah) [bvvi, nail ; <t>v/ia, 
growth]. A morbid degeneration of the nails, some- 
times observed in leprosy and in tertiary syphilis. 

Onychophyton (on-ik-off' -it-on). Synonym of Onycho- 
mycosis. 

Onychoptosis (on-ik-op-to'-sis) [bvvi, nail ; tvtuoh;, a 
falling]. The falling off of the nails. 

Onychorrhiza (o?i-ik-or-i'-zah) [bvvi;, nail ; piC,a, root]. 
The root of the nail. 

Onychosarcoma (on-ik-o-sar-ko' -mah)[bvvi ,nail; aapi, 
flesh; b/ja, tumor]. A fleshy outgrowth from a nail. 

Onychosarcosis (on-ik-o-sar-ko' -sis) [bvvi, na 'l > oapn- 
cjotc, the growth of flesh]. The development of an 
onychosarcoma ; an onychosarcoma. 

Onychosis (on-ik-o'-sis) [bvvi, nai ' > voaog, disease]. 
Any disease of the nails. O. arctura, ingrowing nail. 
O. seline, white spots on the nails. O. tinea, ony- 
chomycosis. 

Onychostroma (on-ik-os-tro'-mah) [bvvi, nail ; arpapa, 
mattress]. The matrix or sensitive tissue of the 
finger, forming the bed of the nail. 

Onychostromelcosis (on-ik-os-trom-el-ko' -sis). Syno- 
nym of Onychohelcosis. 

Onychothlasis (on-ik-oth' -las-is) [bvvi, nail ; Pfkdaii;, a 
crushing]. Crushing of the nails. 

Onychyphosis (on-ik-if-o'-sis) [bvvi;, nail ; v<pi/, web]. 
A disease of the toe-nails, consisting of thickened, 
horny layers of the epidermis accumulated beneath 
the nail, raising it from its bed, and sometimes alter- 
ing its growth. 

Onym (pn'-im) [bvopa, a name]. In biology, th& 



ONYMAL 



898 



OOTYPE 



technical name of a species or other taxonomic divi- 
sion. 

Onymal [pn'-im-al) \_bvoua, a name]. In biology, 
of, or pertaining to, a technical name or technical 
nomenclature. 

Onymatic (on-im-at'-ik) [wo/jo,a name]. In biology, 
pertaining to technical nomenclature, or scientific 
taxonomy. Cf. Synonymatic . 

Onymize [on'-im-iz] \bvojia, a name]. In biology, 
to employ onyms, technical names, or nomenclature. 

Onymy (on'-im-e) [bvoixa, a name]. In biology, the 
use of onyms ; a system of nomenclature. 

Onyx [on' -its) [ovv^, nail]. I. A nail. 2. A collection 
of pus between the corneal lamellae, at the most 
dependent part. See Hypopyon. 

Onyxis (o)i-iks' -is) [ot'ff, nail]. An abnormal incurva- 
tion or ingrowing of the nails. 

Onyxitis (on-iks-i'-tis) [6wf, nail; trig, inflammation]. 
Onychia maligna ; an inflammation of the matrix of 
the nail, occurring most frequently in unhealthy chil- 
dren, after some traumatism. 

Ooblast (o'-o-blast) [pi6v, an egg; jiAaarbg, a germ]. 
In biology, Ludwig Will's term for the unripe or 
primitive ovum, the central chromatin-body of 
which gives rise to the nuclei of the cells forming the 
egg-follicle by ejecting a large number of chromatin- 
pellets. 

Ooblastema (o-o-blas-te'-mah) [<Jdv, egg; (3/MGT/]fia, 
increase]. The protoplasm of an ovule. 

Ooboo-waioo (o' -o-boo-wa' -oo) [Beng. ]. A Bengalese 
term for Beri-beti. 

Oocyesis (o-o-si-e'-sis) [w<5v, egg ; Kvr/aia, pregnancy]. 
Ovarian pregnancy ; oariocyesis. 

Oocyst (o'-o-sist) \ji>6v, an egg; kvctic, bladder.] See 
Ecium. 

Oodeocele (o-o-de-o-seP) [dov, egg ; elSoc., like ; k^t), 
tumor] . Obturator hernia. 

Oogamous (p-og' -am-us) \_ubv, an egg ; yauoe, mar- 
riage]. In biology, exhibiting or reproduced by the 
conjugation of dissimilar gametes. 

Oogamy (o-og'-am-e) [(Joe, an egg; yauoc, marriage]. 
In biology, the conjugation of two dissimilar gametes, 
as distinguished from isogamy. 

Oogenesis (p-o-jen' -es-is) [(oov, egg; yeveoic., birth]. 
The process of the development of the ovum. 

Oogenetic [o-o-jen-et' -ik) [oidv, egg; yevvav, to beget]. 
Relating to oogenesis. 

Ooglea (p-o'-gle-ah) [d>6v, egg; yAoia, glue]. Egg- 
glue ; a tough, viscid gelatinous substance enveloping 
the eggs of certain animals, as crustaceans. 

Oogonium {o-o-go'-ne-um) [pibv, an egg; yovfj, genera- 
tion: //. , Oogonid]. In biology, the female sexual 
organ in the Oospores before fertilization. 

Ooid (o'-oid) \_(f>6v, egg; eMoc, like]. Egg-shaped. 

Ookinesis (p-o-kin e'-sis) \_Mv, egg ; niveau;, move- 
ment]. The changes occurring in the egg during 
maturation, fertilization and segmentation. 

Oolecithymen [p-o-les-itk-V -nieri) [ubv, egg; Xemdoc, 
yolk of egg; vui/v, membrane]. In biology, the vitel- 
line membrane. 

Oolemma (o-o-lem'-ah) \Osbv, an egg; Xep.ua, peel, 
skin]. In biology, the vitelline membrane of an 

egg- 

Ooleukon (o-o-lu' '-ton). Synonym of Albumin. 

Oology (o-ol'-o-je) \_Mv, an egg; Xnyoc, science]. The 
study of eggs and nidilication. Cf. Caliology. 

Oolysis [o-oP -is-is) \pibv, egg; Xvuiq, a loosing]. In 
biology, a monstrous ovular development. 

Oometra (o-o-me' -trail) [wdr, egg; /ii/rpa, uterus]. 
In biology, the ovary of phanerogamous plants. 

Oometry (p-om 1 '-et-re) [<joi>, an egg; uerpov, a meas- 
ure]. In biology, the measurement of eggs. 



Oophoralgia [o-off-or-aP-je-ah) [_(.)6v, egg; (pepeiv, to 

bear; a/j-oc, pain]. Neuralgia of the ovary. 
Oophorauxe (o-off-or-awks' -e) \p>dv, egg ; (pepeiv, to 

bear; av^rj, growth]. Hypertrophy of the ovary. 
Oophore (o'-o-for) \&6v. an egg; <p6poc, bear]. In 

biology, the sexual stage in plants exhibiting alternate 

generation. 
Oophorectomy (o-off-or-ek' -to-mc) [_(juv, egg ; (pepeiv, to 

bear; enropi), excision]. Excision of the ovary. 

Battey's Operation, the removal of both ovaries 

to hasten the menopause. 
Oophoridium (o-o-for-id' -e-nm) \imv, an egg ; obpoc, 

bear: //., Oophoridia~\. See Macrosporangium. 
Oophoritis {o-off-or-i'-tis). See Ovaritis. 
Oophoro-epilepsy {o' -off-or-o-ep' -il-ep-se) \dbv, egg; 

(pepeiv, to bear; entXr/TJjia, epilepsy]. Epileptiform 

disease due to an ovarian lesion. 
Oophoroma {o-off-or-o' -mah) [cjov, egg ; (pepeiv, to bear ; 

bpa, a tumor : //. , 0'6phoromata~\. A dermoid cyst of 

the ovary, characterized by metastasis. 
Oophoromalacia (o-off-or-o-mal-a' -se-ah) [p>bv, egg ; 

(pepeiv, to bear; /xaXania, softness]. Softening of the 

ovary. 
Oophoromania (p-off-or-o-ma' -ne-ah) [pibv, egg ; (pepeiv, 

to bear ; /xavia, mania]. Insanity due to ovarian dis- 
order. 
Oophoromyeloma (p-off-or-o-mi-el-o'-mah) \p>bv, egg ; 

(pepeiv, to bear; /iveXog, marrow; 6/j.a, tumor]. An 

ovarian encephaloma. 
Oophoron, Oophorum, [o-off'-or-on, o-off'-or-um). 

See Oophore, Ovarium, Ovary. 
Oophoropathia ( o-off-or-o-pa' -the-ah ) [ (ibv, egg ; 

(pepeiv, to bear; irdtioc, disease]. Any disease of the 

ovary. 
Oophorosalpingectomy ( o' -off-or-o-sal-ping-gek' -to- 
me) \_(j6v, egg; (pepeiv, to bear; oaXniyl;, tube ; eKTo/ui/, 

excision]. Surgical removal of an ovary and oviduct. 
Oophorrhapy (o-off-or'-a-fe) [_(Abv, egg; (pepeiv, to bear; 

fxMpfj, suture]. The surgical fixation, by suture, of a 

displaced ovary. 
Oophyte (o'-o-fit) [(i6v, an egg; tpvrdv, a plant]. Same 

as Oophore. 
Ooplasma (o-o-plaz' -mah) [ (i6v, egg ; irXaaaeiv, to 

mold]. The vitellus. 
Ooplasty (o' '-o-plas-te) \px>v, egg ; TrXaaoeiv, to form]. 

The process of fecundation. 
Oopoda (o-op'-o-dah) \_£>bv, an egg; 7roi'c, foot]. In 

biology, the three pairs of blade-like elements of the 

sting or modified ovipositor of insects. 
Oosperm {o'-o-sperm) [<jdi>, egg ; a-ep-a, seed]. The 

ovum after union with the male element. 
Oospermospore (p-o-sper' -mo-spor) [<Jdi>, an egg; a~ep- 

/ia, seed ; airdpor, seed]. See Oospore. 
Oosphere (o'-o-sfer) \_u6v, an egg ; otpaipa, a sphere]. 

In biology, the unfertilized germ- cell in the oogonium ; 

the female reproductive cell. 
Oosporangium (o-o-spor-an' -je-nm) \_(iov, egg; <r-dpor, 

seed ; ayyelov, vessel]. The sac enclosing the oospores. 
Oospore (o'-o-spor) \_(ibv, an egg; a-bpoc, seed]. In 

biology, a fertilized and matured oosphere. 
Oostegite (o-os'-tej-lt) \uov, an egg ; artyeiv, to coverj 

The laminar expansion of some of the limbs of certain 

crustaceans, beneath which the eggs are retained. 
Ootheca (o-o-tht'-kah) [cjdi>, an egg; Ofjiaj, a case: //. , 

Oothec(B\. In biology, an egg-case or sporangium. 
Ootocia {p-o-to' -te-ali) [<Jdi>, an egg; tekeiv, to produce, 

to lay]. In biology, ovulation; the discharge of the 

egg from the ovary. Cf. Oviposiiion. 
Obtocous (p-otf -ot-us) [cJiir, an egg; tekeiv, to lay]. 

In biology, producing eggs; oviparous. 
Ootype (o'-o-tip) [_(mv, an egg; rv-aog, stamp, mold, 

pattern]. In biology, .he small part at the beginning 



OOZE 



899 



OPERATIONS 



of the egg-passage in platode worms, which receives 
the efferent ducts of the shell-glands. 

Ooze (uz) [ME., wose, mud]. The deposit of calca- 
reous or siliceous shells or frustules, found making up 
extensive areas of the floor of the ocean and derived 
from thehalobios [benthos and plankton), or organisms 
living in the sea, i. e., Diatom-ooze, Radiolaria-ooze 
(about iooo species are included, the richest regions 
being the tropical central Pacific), Globigerina-ooze, 
Pteropod-ooze. 

Oozoa (o-o-zo' -ah) \f>ov, an egg; Cwoi', an animal]. In 
biology, the onym proposed by Carus for unicellular 
animals, because of their resemblance to ova. Cf. 
Protista, Protozoa. 

Opacity (o-pas'-it-e) \_opacus, dull]. The condition of 
being impervious to light. Non-transparency. Also, 
an opaque spot, as opacity of the cornea. O.of Lens. 
See Cataract. 

Opal (o'-pal) [o-aWXiuc, an opal]. A mineral of a blue 
color, consisting of silicon. O.-blue. Same as 
Spirit-blue. 

Opaline (o' -pal-en) [oTiaXlioc, an opal]. Having the 
appearance of an opal. O. Patch, the mucous patch 
of syphilis, forming in the mouth a whitish pellicle. 

Opaque (o-pak') [opacus, shaded]. Dark, obscure, 
not transparent. O. Nerve-fibers, persistence of the 
medullary sheaths of the optic-nerve fibers beyond the 
lamina cribrosa, forming brilliant white patches upon 
the retina as seen by the ophthalmoscope. 



Open [o'-pen) [ME., o/cn, open]. Unclosed, unfolded. 
O. Method. See Anesthetic. 

Opening (o'-pen-ing) [ME., openyng, opening], A 
mouth, or hole; a perforation. O., Aortic. See 
Aortic. O., Caval, the opening in the diaphragm for 
the passage of the vena cava. O., Saphenous, an 
oval opening in the fascia lata at the upper and inner 
part of the thigh below Poupart's ligament. It trans- 
mits the internal saphenous vein and is covered by 
the cribriform fascia. 

Opeocele (o f -pe-o-sel)\birri, an opening; Kijkri, a tumor]. 
Synonym of Hernia. 

Operable [op'-er-ab-l ) [opemri, to labor] . Admitting 
of an operation. 

Operating (op' -er-a-ting) \operari, to work]. Per- 
forming; acting; doing some surgical process. O.- 
table, the table on which a patient lies during a 
surgical operation. 

Operation [op-er-a' -shun) \operari, to labor, to do]. 
An act ; especially a surgical act upon the body. A 
table of many of the most important operations is ap- 
pended. O., Curative effect of, per se ; the improve- 
ment or disappearance of symptoms after a simple 
exploratory incision, with closure of the wound, the 
supposed condition not being found to exist, or not 
being amenable to interference. O., Major, a serious 
and important surgical operation. O., Minor. See 
Surgery, Minor. O., Plastic. See Surgery. 



EP0NYM1C TABLE OF OPERATIONS AND METHODS IN 

SURGERY. 



Abbe's: I. Lateral anastomosis of the intestines with 
cat-gut rings. 2. For varicocele ; resection of the scro- 
tum, with ligation of the exposed veins. Abernethy's, 
for ligation of the external iliac artery. In the earlier 
operation an incision was made in the line of the artery 
for about three inches, commencing nearly four inches 
above Poupart's ligament. Later the incision was less 
nearly vertical and more curved, with the convexity 
downward and outward, extending from about one inch 
within and one inch above the anterior superior spine 
to one and one-half inches above, and external to, the 
center of Poupart's ligament. Adams': I. Osteotomy 
for ankylosis of the hip-joint, the neck of the femur being 
divided subcutaneously within the capsule. 2. Corec- 
topy ; the iris is drawn into a small, corneal incision, 
in order to change the position of the natural pupil. 3. 
For deviated nasal septum ; the bent cartilaginous sep- 
tum is forcibly straightened by means of special flat, 
parallel-bladed forceps. 4. F 'or Dupuytren' s contrac- 
tion, when the bands extend far down the sides of the 
finger. It consists in multiple subcutaneous section 
of the palmar fascia from without inward. 5. For 
ectropion ; a triangular wedge is removed from the 
whole thickness of the lower lid, and the edges are 
united by sutures. 6. Iliac colotomy ; a modification of 
Cripps' operation, in which a vertical incision is made 
external to the epigastric artery. 7. For prolapsus 
uteri. See O., Alexander's. Affleck's, a method 
of performing embryotomy ; also known as Macdon- 
ald's method ; it consists in rachiotomy followed by 
forcible podalic version. Agnew's (Cornelius R.) : I. 
For cataract ; it consists in the laceration or removal of 
the capsule in secondary cataract by means of a stop- 
needle and hook. 2. For chalazion ; incision along the 
ciliary margin of the lid, followed by curettement or by 
expression. 3. For destruction of the lacrymal sac ; 
it consists in slitting the canaliculi, vertical incision of 



the sac, and cauterization of its interior. Agnew's 
(D. Hayes) : 1. For amputations ; it is a modification 
of Vermale's operation by which elliptic tegumentary 
flaps are made and allowed to retract before the mus- 
cles are cut through. 2. For inguinal hernia ; a modi- 
fication of Wutzer ' s operation, a. v. 3. For salivary 
fistula ; after the introduction of a probe into the duct, 
a thread is passed from the inside of the mouth, 
around the duct, the probe is withdrawn, and the 
thread tied tightly. As it sloughs off, the natural 
orifice is reestablished. The external opening may 
be closed subsequently by operation or caustics. 4. 
For tvebbed fingers ; a dorsal flap, triangular in 
shape, is cut from the upper surface of the web. The 
apex corresponds to the free margin, the base to the 
interval between the proximal ends of the first phal- 
anges ; this is reflected back, and the web is divided as 
far as necessary ; the flap is then folded between the 
fingers, and the wound closed with sutures. Alan- 
son's, a method of performing amputations ; it con- 
sists in division of the skin and muscles in the form of 
a hollow cone. Albert's, for flail knee-joint ; exci- 
sion of the knee to secure ankylosis. Alexander's : 
I. For the relief of epilepsy ; ligation of the vertebral 
artery to diminish the blood-supply to the brain. 2. 
F 'or prolapse and retroflexion of the uterus; shorten- 
ing of the round ligaments for the purpose of holding 
the uterus in its normal position. Alexander- 
Adams'. See Alexander' 's. Allarton's, for lith- 
otomy ; it is the modern median operation for stone in 
the bladder. Allingham's (H.), for inguinal col- 
otomy ; an incision, from one and one-half to three 
inches long, is made parallel with the outer third 
of Poupart's ligament, and about one-half inch above. 
The edges of the peritoneum, in most cases, are 
stitched to the cut muscles and skin ; the intestine is 
stitched to the edges of the wound, and opening 



OPERATIONS 



900 



OPERATIONS 



of the bowel is deferred, if possible, until the third 
day. Allingham's (W.) : I. For excision of the 
rectum ; the patient in the lithotomy position, an 
oval incision is made into both ischio-rectal fossae, 
around the bowel, and prolonged backward to the 
coccyx ; the bowel is isolated, and separated with 
the ecraseur, scissors, or Paquelin cautery. 2. For 
hemorrhoids ; the pile is dissected off from the mus- 
cular tissue with scissors, the pedicle ligated, and the 
mass cut off. Alonette's, for amputation at the hip- 
joint ; a semicircular external flap is made, extending 
to the great trochanter, with disarticulation of the head 
of the femur, and the making of a large internal flap 
by cutting from within outward. Alquie-Alexan- 
der's. The same as Alexander's. V. Amnion's : I. 
Blepliaroplasty ; removal of all cicatricial tissue and 
freeing of the remains of the lid, followed by transplan- 
tation of a flap from the cheek. 2. For destruction of 
the lacrymal sac; incision into, and excision of, a 
portion of the anterior wall of the sac ; closure by adhe- 
sive inflammation. 3. For ectropion (from caries) ; an 
incision is made around the cicatrix, the tissues are dis- 
sected free, and after closing the lid the wound is closed 
over the cicatrix. 4. For symblepharon ; the lid is di- 
vided, by two converging incisions, into three portions 
— two lateral and a central wedge-shaped portion ; the 
former are united by sutures, and after union the central, 
wedge-shaped part is dissected out. Amussat's : 
1. A method of arresting he morrhage by torsion of 
the arteries by means of two forceps. 2. For atresia 
vagina ; dilatation by the use of the finger or a dull 
instrument, without cutting. 3. For castration ; by 
incision upon the posterior surface of the scrotum. 4. 
For enterorrliaphy ; in cases of completely divided 
intestine, each end is invaginated and passed over a 
cork, with a groove at either end, and the intestine is 
tied in the grooves. 5. i 'or imperforate rectum ; the 
formation of an artificial anus in the perineum, with 
or without excision of the coccyx. 6. For lumbar col- 
otomy ; a transverse incision is made, crossing the outer 
border of the quadratus lumborum muscle. Anagnos- 
takis' : 1. F 'or entropion ; an incision is made parallel 
and close to the free margin of the upper lid, a horizontal 
fold of skin, with the underlying tissue, is excised, 
and the wound closed by sutures. 2. For trichiasis ; 
the offending cilia are included between two perpen- 
dicular incisions and excised. Anderson's, for length- 
ening tendons ; the tendon is split longitudinally, the 
cut surfaces slid along, and sutured. Anel's : I. For 
aneurysm ; ligation on the cardiac side close to the 
aneurysm. 2. For stricture of the lacrymal duct ; 
dilatation by means of a gold probe, followed by the 
injection of an astringent fluid into the sac. Anger's : 
I. For hypospadias ; the formation of a urethra by 
superimposing a quadrilateral flap from one side and 
lower border of the penis, over another flap from the 
other side, which has been turned over a catheter. 2. 
For ingrowing toe-nail ; the lateral-flap operation, with 
removal of the diseased portion of the matrix. 3. For 
tinion of divided tendons; the use of ' ' distance-sutures, ' ' 
when the ends of the tendon are widely apart. Annan- 
dale's : 1. For dislocated cartilages ; incision into the 
knee-joint and stitching of the dislocated cartilages 
into their proper position. 2. For genu valgum ; 
partial excision of both condyles of the femur. 3. 
For naso-pharyngeal polypus ; division of the alveolar 
margin and palatal portions of the upper jaw along 
their center, from before backward, and perforation of 
the bony septum of the nose, thus permitting separa- 
tion of the two portions of the bone and exposure of 
the polypus. 4. For varicocele ; a modification of 
Zee's operation, the veins only being excised, the 



scrotum being left intact. 5. For webbed-fingers ; 
the longitudinal incisions are made along the sides of 
each finger. Antal's, for tumor of the bladder-wall ; 
after a supra-pubic incision the tumor is removed with 
the portion of the bladder from which it springs, and 
the vesical wound is closed ; the peritoneum is rolled 
up and not opened. Antyllus', for aneurysm ; it 
consists in ligation above and below the sac, followed 
by opening of the aneurysm and evacuation of its con- 
tents. Antyllus-Kuhnts', for paralytic ectropion ; 
excision of a wedge-shaped portion of the conjunctiva 
and tarsus from the lid, in order to shorten the latter. 
The base of the wedge is on the free border of the 
lid. Apostoli's, electrolysis of a uterine fibroid when 
an electrode cannot be introduced into the womb. 
One broad abdominal electrode is used, and a spear- 
pointed electrode is thrust through the vaginal wall 
into the tumor. Appolito's, for enterorrliaphy, by 
means of a form of right-angle continuous suture. 
Argyll Robertson's: I. For entropion; apiece of 
sheet-lead is fastened inside of the lid, so that the 
pressure will cause absorption of the hypertrophic 
tissue. 2. For glaucoma ; trephining the sclerotic for 
the relief of pain. 3. For pterygium ; the growth is 
separated and excised; the conjunctiva, previously 
dissected up, is brought over the wound and sutured. 
Arlt's : I. For blepliaroplasty ; a modification o{ Dief- 
fenbach' s operation, with a downward inclination of the 
cantho-temporal incision, and a slight deviation of the 
tempero-genal incision. 2. For cicatricial ectropion ; 
a V-shaped incision is made, removing the cicatrix; the 
wound is closed by interrupted sutures. 3. For entro- 
pion ; (a) a modification of Gaillard' s suture ; a thread, 
with a needle at either end, is passed subcutaneously 
from the margin of the lid down to the cheek, and the 
two ends are tied ; there results a puckering of the skir 
and thereby relief of the entropion ; (b) a flap-splitting 
operation upon the lid, with the removal of an oval por- 
tion of the skin, and suturing of the latter. 4. For enu- 
cleation of the eye ; Desmarre's retractors are introduced, 
and the conjunctiva is divided all around the corneal 
junction ; then the external rectus (if the left eye, the 
internal if the right eye) is caught by a blunt hook and 
divided behind it, leaving a stump ; then the remain- 
ing ocular muscles and the optic nerve are divided by 
scissors. The internal rectus (if the left eye, the exter- 
nal if the right eye) and the two oblique muscles are 
divided after luxation of the ball in front of the lids ; 
the conjunctiva is stitched in and out, so as to form : 
suture like the string of a tobacco-bag, and a pressure- 
bandage is applied. 5. For median tarsorrhaphy ; exci- 
sion with scissors and forceps of a narrow strip of skin 
from both the upper and lower lids, close to their inner 
angle, meeting on the inner side of the inner commis- 
sure ; they are then united by interrupted sutures. 6. 
For stricture of the lacrymal duct ; incision of the an- 
terior wall of the sac, evacuation of the pus and gradua 
dilatation of the duct. 7. For symblepharon ; dissection 
of the symblepharon, and suturing of the flap on itself. 
8. For trichiasis ; known also as \\\tJaesche-Arlt opera- 
tion ; it is a modification of Jaesche' s operation, in 
which the lid is separated into anterior and posterior 
flaps by Flarer' s incision. Arlt-Jaesche, for disti- 
chiasis ; the edge of the lid and the contained ciliar 
bulbs are dissected from the tarsus, a crescentic-shaped 
piece of skin is removed from the lid above the flap, 
and the edges of the wound are united, thus trans- 
planting the ciliary, bulbs further away from the edge of 
the lids. Armsby's, for the radical cure of inguinal 
hernia; the integument is invaginated, and a single 
thread is introduced as a seton through the sac of the 
hernia and the inguinal canal. Ashton's, for a cofi- 



OPERATIONS 



901 



OPERATIONS 



gested and bleeding rectum, without distinct hemor- 
rhoidal tumor; cauterize with fuming nitric acid. 
Assalini's, for iridodialysis ; the iris is detached with 
eye-forceps through a large opening in the cornea. 
Atlee's, for ovariotomy ; the ecraseur is applied 
to the pedicle. Aveling's : I . For suture of the 
soft palate ; a double loop of suture is passed on one 
side and the loop drawn out of the mouth ; a sin- 
gle suture is then passed through the opposite side 
and looped into the double one ; by pulling the 
latter back, the single suture is drawn across the 
cleft. 2. Transfusion by the direct method ; this 
permits measurement of the amount of blood trans- 
fused. Avery's, for uranoplasty. Same as Lang- 
enbeck's operation. Ayres', for ectopia vesica; clo- 
sure by means of a flap of skin turned down from 
the abdomen over the bladder. Bader's : I . For 
conical cornea ; an elliptic piece of the cornea is re- 
moved from the apex of the cone, and this is followed 
by the application of a tight bandage. 2. For the re- 
lief of pain in glaucoma ; stretching or laceration of 
the infratrochl ear nerve. 3. F 'or sclerotomy ; the inci- 
sion is confined to the scleral margin, without division 
of the overlying conjunctiva. Baer's (3.E.): 1. 
For perineorrhaphy ; the same denudation is made as 
in Emmet's operation. The needle is passed deeply 
on the outer side of the denuded sulcus, brought out 
at the bottom of the sulcus, again introduced on the 
rectal side and brought out at the top of the opposite 
side of the sulcus ; the crest of the rectocele is then 
picked up at the upper border of the denudation, the 
needle is passed down the inner side of the left sulcus 
and up on the outer side, the entire sweep being made 
with one suture. The same process is repeated once 
or twice. 2. For supravaginal hysterectomy ; median 
celiotomy, ligation of the ovarian arteries in the broad 
ligament ; the clamp is applied close to the uterus and 
the ligament divided between the ligature and the 
clamp ; ligation of the uterine arteries in the broad 
ligament ; formation of anterior and posterior perito- 
neal flaps ; division of the cervix ; if necessary, suture 
of the flaps over the cervical stump. Neither ligature 
nor suture must pierce or embrace cervical tissue, and 
nothing whatever is done to the cervical canal. 
Baker's {M.) : I. To secure union of bone ; the use of 
steel pins to keep the bones together after excision of 
the knee. 2. For carcinoma of the cervix uteri ; the 
cervix is removed by means of a uterotome that 
makes a funnel-shaped excavation , the base of which is 
on aline with the internal os, and the apex approaches 
or meets the fundus. 3. For excision of the tongue ; 
removal through the mouth with the use of the ecra- 
seur as a supplemental means. Ball's : 1. For iliac 
colotomy ; a modification of Cripps 1 operation, in 
which the incision is made in the left linea semilunaris, 
and the bowel secured above and below the future 
artificial opening by means of two special clamps, 
which are removed after suturing and opening of the 
bowel. 2. For inguinal hernia; the sac is separated up 
to the abdominal portion of the neck and then twisted 
around its own axis, after which the fundus is cut away 
and the stump is secured in the ring. Ballingall's, 
for excision of the upper jaw. The same as Velpeaii 's 
operation. Bandl's, for uretero-vaginal fistula ; a 
catheter is passed into the bladder, and through an 
artificial opening in the bladder into the ureter, and 
the original opening is closed over the catheter. Banks' 
{M.) : 1. For aneurysm of the third part of the sub- 
clavian artery : ligation of the first part of the artery. 
2. For the radical cure of inguinal hernia ; the sac is 
exposed and separated from the surrounding parts ; a 
ligature is then applied close to the ring, and the fundus 



of the sac is cut away, after which the inguinal ring is 
closed by sutures. 3. For internal urethrotomy ; a 
special urethrotome is used to divide the stricture from 
within outward. 4. For removal of the breast ; it con- 
sists in removal of the entire breast, the overlying skin, 
the fascia over the pectoral muscle, and (if suspicious- 
looking) the fibers of the muscle. The axilla is 
always to be cleaned out. 5- F° r removal of nasal 
polypi ; avulsion with forceps, when the nostrils are in 
a dependent position, so as to prevent choking by the 
blood. Bardeleben's, for double harelip; the mucous 
membrane and periosteum are stripped up behind the 
pre-maxillary bone ; the septum is then divided and 
the projection reduced, or grasped by forceps and 
twisted upon itself. Barden's, for angular anky- 
losis of the knee ; removal of a wedge-shaped piece 
of bone from the shaft of the femur, and fracture 
of the remaining part. Bardenheuer's : 1. For 
cholecystotomy ; performed in two stages: the first 
operation consists in fixing the gall-bladder to the 
abdominal incision. After adhesions have formed, the 
bladder is opened and the operation completed. 2. 
Exploratory incision ; an extraperitoneal explora- 
tory incision, to allow of the palpation of the contents 
of the abdomen through the parietal peritoneum. 
3. For resection of the sacrum ; the removal of the 
entire lower part of the bone at the third sacral fora- 
men. 4. Y ox suprapubic cystotomy; a skin-incision, 
about the length of a finger, in the middle line, close 
above, and parallel with, the upper border of the pubis. 
Barker's (A. E. ) : 1. For excision of the astragalus ; 
the incision runs from just above the tip of the exter- 
nal malleolus forward and a little inward, curving 
toward the dorsum of the foot. 2. For excision of the 
hip ; by an anterior incision, commencing on the front 
of the thigh, one-half inch below the anterior superior 
iliac spine, and running downward and inward for 
three inches. 3. For gastro-enterostotny ; the visceral 
incision is made only through the serous and muscular 
coats, and the most important part of the suturing is 
done before the stomach or bowel i^ opened. 4. For the 
radical czire of inguinal hernia; a modification of 
Banks' 1 operation, in which the neck of the sac is 
ligatured and the sac below the ligature divided, but 
not dissected out, being used to occlude the internal 
ring. 5. For spinal abscess; the abscess is opened 
and scraped, and the debris washed out by the use of 
the flushing-curet. 6, For ununited fracture of the 
clavicle ; the false joint is exposed by an incision ; 
the two ends of the bone are removed by oblique 
cuts in the same plane, and held together by silver 
wire. 7. For varicocele ; the application of subcu- 
taneous aseptic silk ligatures at one or two points. 
Bartisch's, for entropion ; removal of the entire ciliary 
margin of the lid. Barton's [J. Rhea) : 1. For bony 
ankylosis of the knee ; the removal of a wedge-shaped 
piece of bone from the lower end of the femur, to 
allow of the correction of the deformity. 2. For oste- 
otomy ; division of the femur between the two trochan- 
ters. Barwell's (A'.): I. For aneurysm; (a) the 
use of ox aorta in the ligation of aneurysm ; (b) pass- 
ing a needle, armed with a silver wire, subcutaneously 
around vascular tumors to avoid scars. 2. For aneu- 
rysm of the innominate or aorta ; ligation of the carotid 
and subclavian arteries. 3. For ligation of the first part 
of the subclavian artery ; the formation of a triangular 
flap turned upward and outward, with division of both 
heads of the sterno-mastoid muscle and the sterno- 
thyroid muscle. 4. Osteotomy for genu valgum ; 
division of the lower end of the femur and upper end 
of the tibia, above and below their respective epiph- 
yses. 5. For varicocele; the subcutaneous applica- 



OPERATIONS 



902 



OPERATIONS 



tion of a silver wire, and twisting of the free ends from 
day to day. Bassini's, for the radical cure of inguinal 
hernia ; the sac is exposed, twisted, and the neck li- 
gated and removed ; the spermatic cord is lifted, and 
the border of the rectus is stitched to the edge of the 
internal oblique, the transversalis muscle and the trans- 
versalis fascia to Poupart's ligament under the cord. 
The cord is placed upon this layer and the border of 
the external oblique is stitched to Poupart's ligament 
over the cord. Bates', for internal urethrotomy ; a 
special urethrotome is used to divide the stricture from 
within outward. Battey's (A'.), for oophorectomy ; 
also called "normal ovariotomy ;" removal of the 
ovaries in order to eliminate their physiologic influ- 
ence. Bauden's : I. For amputation through the 
foot ; it is made at the tarso-metatarsal joint, disartic- 
ulating the first metatarsal bone, and sawing through 
the remaining ones on a level with the internal cunei- 
form bone. 2. Y ox amputation at tlie knee-joint; by 
oval anterior and posterior flaps. 3. For excision of 
the shoulder ; by a single anterior vertical or oblique 
incision. Baum's, for stretching the facial nei~ve ; 
an incision is made downward and forward from be- 
hind the ear, about opposite the meatus, to a point 
immediately below the lobule, and then prolonged 
nearly to the angle of the jaw, a small, transverse 
incision being also made below the pinna. Bayn- 
ton's, a method of healing leg-ulcers ; it is the original 
method of applying adhesive straps and a bandage in 
cases of indolent ulcers. Beaufils', for uranoplasty ; 
a single flap is twisted on itself so as to fill up the 
aperture. Beclard's, for amputation at the hip-joint ; 
a modification of Liston's amputation , by cutting the 
posterior flap first. Beer's : I. For cataract ; ex- 
traction by the flap-method. 2. For iridectomy ; an 
incision is made near the margin of the cornea with a 
lance-knife entered perpendicularly, then made parallel 
with the plane of the iris, making a section concentric 
with the cornea, of the desired length. 3. For irido- 
dialysis. The same as Bimly's operation. Begin's, 
for excision of the knee. Similar to Textor 's operation, 
q.v. Bell's (C.) : 1. For gastrotomy ; a parietal 
incision is made in a line extending from the umbilicus 
toward the left false ribs. 2. For ligation of the first 
part of the lingual artery ; the same incision is used 
as in the operation of election, its center being oppo- 
site the body of the hyoid bone. Belmas' (A/.), for 
the radical cure of inguinal hernia ; it consists in in- 
troducing gold-beaters' skin in the neck of the sac, to 
excite sufficient inflammation. Benham's, for hem- 
orrhoids ; the same as Pollock's operation, q.v. Ben- 
nett's ( IV. //.), for varicocele; a modification of 
Ifo7i>se's operation, in which the elongated cord is 
shortened. Benson's, for entropion ; a modification 
of van A/illingen's operation, in which a flap of 
mucous membrane is taken from the lower lip. 
Bent's, for excision of the shoulder ; a flap is taken 
from the deltoid region, with the base inward, by means 
of one vertical and two transverse incisions. Berard's 
{A.), for naso-pkaryngeal tumor ; an incision is made 
either along the median line or the side of the nose, ex- 
tending down through the upper lip ; by means of the 
cutting-forceps the outer wall of the nasal cavity and of 
the antrum is removed. Berger's (P. ) ,for in/erscapulo- 
thoracic amputation ; it is made by two flaps — an an- 
teroinferior or pectoro-axillary flap, and a postero- 
superior or cervico-scapular flap. Von Bergmann's 
(£.) : 1. For hydrocele ; excision of the parietal part of 
the sac. 2. For mastoid and middle-ear disease ; it con- 
sists in making a long, crescentic incision from above 
and in front of the auricle, backward and downward, 
and then loosening the periosteum from the entire osse- 



ous auditory canal ; the bony portion between the audi- 
tory canal and the middle cranial fossa is penetrated 
with a chisel as far as the bony annulus tympanicus, and 
the incision is then carried backward toward the mas- 
toid process, avoiding injury of the facial canal ; there 
is then inserted a tamponade of iodoform-gauze. 3. 
For nephrectomy ; a lateral lumbar incision is made 
from the upper end of the twelfth rib obliquely toward 
the junction of the outer and middle thirds of Poupart's 
ligament. Berlin's: I. For entropion; incision 
through the entire thickness of the lid, parallel to the 
ciliary margin, and excision of a portion of the tarsus 
and conjunctiva. 2. For excision of the lacrymal sac ; 
the same as Plainer' 's operation, q. v. Berling- 
hieri's, for entropion and trichiasis ; a horizontal inci- 
sion is made along the margin of the lid, a vertical 
incision from each end of this, away from the margin, 
followed by dissection up of the flap, and extirpation 
of the hair-bulbs ; the flap is then replaced. Bernays' 
[A. C.) , for gastrotomy ; removal of the growths bulg- 
ing into the cavity of the stomach by the curet or other 
instrument, after making an incision through the wall 
of the stomach. Bernheim's, for circumcision ; the 
operation is performed with the galvano-cautery instead 
of the knife. Berthold's. See under Myringoplastic. 
Bigelow's (J7. J.), for vesical calculus ; the ordinary 
operation of litholapaxy, q. v. Billroth's ( T. ) : I. For 
blepharoplasty ; a modification of Dieffenbach' s opera- 
tion, q. v. 2. For ectopia vesica ; a modification of 
Thiersch' 1 s operation, in which two broad, lateral, 
doubly-pedunculated flaps are dissected up. 3. For 
excision of the tongue ; a curved, submental incision is 
carried backward along the lower border of the jaw 
on both sides ; the bone is then divided in two places, 
and after excision of the tongue, is replaced. 4. For 
genu valgum ; incomplete linear osteotomy of the 
tibia. 5. For naso-phaiyngeal tumor; an incision 
from the root of the nose to the tip is carried into the 
nostril. An incision from either end of this is carried 
horizontally across the cheek. The nose is separated 
in the line of the first incision, and the superior max- 
illa is sawn through in the line of the second and third 
incisions, and the bone pried out of place, hinging 
upon the pterygoid process. 6. For ovariotomy ; the 
pedicle is ligated between two forceps, and then 
divided with the thermocautery. 7. For pylorectomy ; 
a parietal incision is made in almost a transverse direc- 
tion ; the divided walls of the stomach and bowel are 
brought together and united by sutures on the side of 
the greater curvature of the stomach. 8. For resec- 
tion of the intestine ; when the segments of the intes- 
tine are of unequal size, one end is closed by sutures 
and the other end implanted into a slit made in the 
long axis of the bowel. Bird's (C) : I. F 'or excision 
of the knee ; the patella is sawn through transversely 
to reach the joint, and the two fragments are brought 
together afterward with sutures. 2. For jejunostomy ; 
an oblique incision is made in the same position as in 
pylorectomy ; the transverse colon is drawn upward, 
and the omentum is pushed to the left and the bowel at- 
tached to the margin of the parietal wound, and opened 
after adhesions have formed. 3. Osteotomy for extreme 
flat-foot ; resection of a wedge of bone (the scaphoid 
alone, or the scaphoid and the head of the astragalus) 
from the inner side of the foot. 4. For the removal of 
new-growths of the tonsil; a modification of Cheever's 
operation in which the second incision is made through 
the cheek, from the angle of the mouth to that of the 
lower jaw. Bischoff's, for laceration of the female 
perineum ; a denudation is made similar to that made 
in Freund's operation, except that the tongue of va- 
ginal tissue left in the median line is narrower, and 



OPERATIONS 



903 



OPERATIONS 



the denuded strips on either side are wider and nearer 
together. The tongue of the posterior vaginal wall 
is dissected up and brought forward over the median 
raphe, stitched between the labia and lateral walls, 
and the perineum is united by deep external sutures 
beginning behind. Bishop's [Stanmore) : I. For the 
radical cure of inguinal hernia ; a modification of 
Macewen s operation in which the thread is passed 
through the wall of the sac on each side, so that when 
drawn upon, the sac is thrown into folds like a purse ; 
Bishop also cuts open the anterior wall of the inguinal 
canal. 2. Vox suture of the intestine; an interrupted shoe- 
maker's stitch is introduced on the mucous aspect, each 
suture loop being tied on alternate sides of the line of 
junction. Blandin's : 1. For deviated nasal septum ; the 
removal of discs from the septum by means of a special 
punch. .2. For double harelip; repression of the pre-max- 
illary bone after excision of a wedge-shaped piece of the 
vomerine plate immediately behind it. 3. For exci- 
sion of the upper jaw ; it is done by a median incision. 
The cheek flap is raised by means of two incisions — 
the first carried down from the inner canthus along the 
side of the nose and into the mouth through the median 
line of the lip ; the other is carried along the lower 
margin of the orbit. 4. For symblepharon ; dissec- 
tion from above downward, and folding inward of the 
flap to form the palpebral conjunctiva. Blasius' : 
I. For blepharoplasty ; a flap is taken from the fore- 
head to form a lower eyelid. 2. For chiloplasty ; 
two curved incisions are made, each beginning at 
the center of the lower lip and extending outward and 
downward to the sides of the cheeks, for the purpose 
of forming a lower lip. 3. For uranoplasty ; a flap 
is dissected from the forehead, and the long pedicle is 
twisted so that the flap (the nose being absent) can be 
brought through the nares into the cleft. Bobbs' 
{J. S.), for cholecystotomy ; the gall-bladder is incised 
and, after removal of calculi, is closed by one suture. 
Boeckel's (£. ) : I. For the removal of tumors of the 
naso-pharynx ; an incision is made down to the bone 
across the bridge of the nose, from one lacrymal sac to 
the other, and is carried down one nasal furrow to the 
margin of the nostril, which it opens. The columna 
is also separated ; the bones in the line of the incision 
are divided, and the septum is separated and the tumor 
removed ; the parts are then to be restored. 2. For ex- 
cision of the wrist ; it is done by a single dorsal incision 
on the radial side, with division of the extensor tendons 
on the same side, and ending by the subperiosteal 
operation. Boen's, a method of performing embry- 
otomy ; it consists in the removal of all of the pro- 
lapsed portions of the fetus, followed by thoracic and 
abdominal evisceration, complete division of the fetus 
into two parts and separate extraction of the two. 
Bogue's, for varicocele; ligation with catgut of the 
veins at different points, after exposing them by means 
of an incision. Bohm's, for tenotomy ; it is the 
modern method of performing tenotomy. Bond's, 
for flat-foot ; it consists in making two transverse and 
two semicircular incisions across the side of the foot 
with a Paquelin cautery, beginning at the inner malle- 
olus and extending one-third of the distance across 
the sole of the foot, the semicircular incisions crossing 
the transverse. The contraction following healing is 
said to restore the arch. Bonnet's (M. A.): 1. For 
enucleation of the eye ; the conjunctiva is divided at the 
corneal border, and separated from the ball for some 
distance back ; the tendons are next cut, and pressure 
backward on the lids will usually dislocate the ball 
forward, when it may be grasped and the enucleation 
completed. 2. For the radical cure of hernia ; after 
reduction of the hernia, a fold of skin is tucked up, 



and three or four needles are passed through and 
allowed to remain ; these set up inflammation, which 
closes the canal. The spermatic cord must be avoided. 
Bonzel's, for iridodialysis ; the iris is detached with 
a small hook through a corneal incision. Borelli's, 
for staphyloma ; the staphyloma is transfixed with two 
pins introduced at right angles to each other, and en- 
circled behind the pins with a thread. Bose's, for 
tracheotomy ; a vertical incision is made in the middle 
line for about one-and-a-half or two inches from the 
center of the thyroid cartilage ; a transverse incision 
is then made along the upper border of the cricoid 
cartilage to divide the deep cervical fascia. Bos- 
worth's, for deviated nasal septum ; removal of the 
obstructing tissue by means of a delicate saw. Bot- 
rel's, for the removal of naso-pharyngeal tumors ; in 
order to preserve the free border of the soft palate, 
Maisonneuve' s incisionis made, followed by Nelaton' s 
operation. Bottini's (£.), for enlarged prostate 
gland ; a fresh urethra is bored through the substance 
of the gland by means of the galvano-cautery. 
Bouisson's (F. ), for rhinoplasty ; this is very similar 
to Thiersch's operation, but the flaps are formed 
somewhat differently. Boutonniere : I. For exter- 
nal urethrotomy ; the stricture is divided through an 
opening made in the urethra just beyond it. 2. For 
the removal of nasal polypi ; extraction through an 
incision in the middle line of the soft palate. Bow- 
man's : 1. For conical cornea; a circular portion 
of the apex is removed with a small trephine which 
is not allowed to penetrate the whole thickness of the 
cornea. 2. For discission ; two needles are passed 
through the cornea at the same time, one near the inner 
and the other near the outer margin. The points of the 
needles are plunged into the center of the membrane 
and drawn apart by sweeping movements. 3. For 
ectropion ; The same as v. Amnion's operation. 4. For 
excision of the pupil ; the puncture and counter-punc- 
ture are made with Graefe's linear knife ; the blades of 
fine scissors are introduced and a triangular piece of 
the iris, as well as the constrictor pupillis, removed. 5. 
For fistula of the lacrymal gland ; the establishment 
by means of a thread of a fistula on the conjunctival 
surface, to permit of the opening in the skin being 
permanently closed. 6. For iridodesis ; radial incision 
of the iris from the pupillary margin. 7. For lacry- 
mal obstruction ; slitting of the canaliculi. 8. For 
ptosis ; subcutaneous division of the tarsal portion of 
the orbicular muscle. Boyer's, for excision of the 
tongue ; it is done through the mouth by two converg- 
ing incisions and two lateral ones, meeting at the 
same point. Bozeman's (JV. ), for vesico-vaginal fis- 
tula ; the edges of the fistula are pared and wire sutures 
are introduced in the usual manner, after which a lead 
plate or " button " is threaded on the sutures so as to 
cover the fistula. It is held in place by perforated shot. 
Brainard's : I. Vox angular ankylosis of the knee; 
the shaft of the femur is drilled subcutaneously and 
then fractured. 2. For ectropion; a flap-transplant- 
ing operation. 3. For ununited fracture ; drilling of 
the fragments to excite reparative action. Brandt's, 
for uranoplasty ; in cases of a wide cleft and a deep 
palate, all the molars of the upper jaw are extracted 
some months before the operation to produce flattening 
of the palatal arch. Brasdor's, {ox aneurysm ; ligation 
immediately beyond the aneurysm. Braun's, for ne- 
phrectomy ; it is done by means of a transverse incision 
eight or ten cm. long, parallel with and one cm. below 
the arch of the ribs. Bribosia's, for cataract ; the 
knife is passed across the anterior chamber and the iris 
is caused to prolapse upon the knife as the incision is 
made, so that iridectomy is simultaneously performed, 



OPERATIONS 



904 



OPERATIONS 



the capsule having previously been lacerated by a stop- 
needle. Briggs' : I. For traumatic epilepsy ; excision 

of the painful cicatrix. 2. For varicocele ; ligation of 
the veins at two points with subcutaneous division. 
Brinton's, for amputation through the knee-joint ; the 
same as Stephen Smith's operatioii with the exception 
that the semilunar cartilages are left in situ. 
Brown's, for nymphomania ; amputation of the clit- 
oris. Browne's, for inversion of the uterus; incis- 
ion of the fundus, and dilatation of the inverted 
cervix through the incision. Briins' (/'.): I. For am- 
putation through the foot ; a modification of Pirogoff's 
amputation, in which the sawn surface of the os calcis 
is made concave and the tibia convex. 2. For arthrec- 
tomy ; the interior of the ankle-joint is exposed by two 
anterior and two posterior vertical incisions, and all 
diseased tissue, including the synovial membrane, lig- 
aments, cartilage and bone, is removed by erasion. 
3. Plastic ; a quadrilateral gap is closed by displacing 
a rectangular flap from each side and uniting them in 
the median line. 4. For removal of a naso-pliaryngeal 
polypus ; it is done through the upper jaw by an 
osteoplastic operation, the whole nose being turned 
over to one side. 5. For restoration of the lower lip ; 
two quadrilateral flaps are fashioned out of the whole 
thickness of the cheek and upper lip on each side of 
the mouth, and so turned downward that their upper 
borders can be sutured together in the median line. 
Bryant's (7V): I. For lumbar colotomy ; an oblique 
incision is made midway between the last rib and the 
iliac crest. The bowel is fixed in position and opened. 

2. For splenectomy ; the incision is made a little to the 
outer side of the linea semilunaris. 3. For varicocele ; 
subcutaneous ligation of the veins at two points by 
means of two needles. Buchanan's : 1. For lithot- 
omy : the medio-lateral operation, with the use of an 
angular staff. 2. P'or restoration of the lower lip ; 
elevation of an oblique flap from each side of the 
chin and union of the two flaps in the middle line. 

3. For tenotomy for talipes varus in children ; division 
of the tendo Achillis and abductor pollicis -muscle, to- 
gether with the adjoining half of the flexor brevis digi- 
torum muscle, and, insome cases, part of the deep plan- 
tar ligament. Buck's : 1. P 'or bone-suture ; the use of 
metallic sutures to keep the bones together after excis- 
ion of the knee. 2. For ckiloplasty ; to form a lower 
lip. Pins are inserted into the skin to mark the points 
of the incisions, and a triangular flap is made from the 
cheek on either side of the mouth. 3. ¥ or genu val- 
gum ; a cuneiform osteotomy in which the tibia, fibula, 
and patella are included. 4. For restoration of the 
upper lip ; [a) for one-sided deficiency, a. quadrilateral 
flap from the lower lip is twisted upward and connected 
by sutures with the freshened edge of the upper lip ; 
(b) for contracted angle, an incision is made along 
the red border of the lip skirting the deformed angle ; 
a transverse cut is then made outward, and sutures 
are introduced. Bumstead's : 1. ¥ ox circumcision; 
the method formerly employed of grasping the fore- 
skin with forceps and snipping off with a bistoury. 
2. For internal urethrotomy ; done with a modification 
of Maisonneuve' s or Peter's urethrotome. Burck- 
hardt's, for retropharyngeal abscess : an opening is 
made on the outside of the neck. Von Burow's : 
1. For chiloplasty; the large triangular gap is closed 
by raising flaps on each side after making lateral incis- 
ions. 2. For entropion : a deep groove is made par- 
allel to and 3 mm. inside the ciliary margin, with ex- 
cision of a narrow strip of skin, and closure by su- 
tures. Busch's : I. For Dupuytren's contraction; 
a trinngular flap of skin and subcutaneous tissue is 
dissected over the palmar cord, the base of the flap 



being where the finger and palm join, and the apex at 
the proximal extremity. 2. For entropion ; removal 
of a V-shaped piece of skin from the lower lid, fol- 
lowed by suturing. Butcher's: I. For dentigerous 
cysts ; cutting away of the expanded bone, followed by 
the use of the gouge. 2. For double harelip ; cutting 
through the projecting pieces, without dividing the soft 
parts, or interfering with the vascular supply from 
behind, previous to bending them back. Buzzi's, for 
the formation of an artificial pupil ; separation of 
the iris from its peripheral attachment by means of a 
needle inserted through the cornea. Byrd's : I. For 
closure of an artificial anus ; the same as Dupuytren's 
operation. 2. For imperforate rectum ; the formation 
of an artificial anus in the perineum, after colotomy. 
Calignani's, for neurectomy ; resection of the inferior 
dental nerve through an incision made between the 
lobe of the ear and the angle of the jaw. Callisen's 
for lumbar colotomy ; a vertical incision is made 
following the line of the colon. Carden's (A\ ): I. 
A method of performing amputations ; the formation 
of a single anterior tegumentary flap. 2. For ampu- 
tation above the knee-joint ; a single rounded flap is 
removed from the front of the joint, and the operation 
is completed by a circular incision. Carnochan's : I. 
For elephantiasis ; ligation of the main artery of the 
limb. 2. For neurectomy ; removal of the second 
division of the fifth nerve, together with the spheno- 
palatine ganglion as far back as the foramen rotun- 
dum. A horizontal incision is made just below 
the orbit, and this is joined in the middle by a 
vertical one running downward ; this is followed by 
exposure of the spheno-maxillary fossa by trephining 
through the antrum. Carpue's, rhinoplasty ; repair 
of the nose by taking a heart-shaped flap from the 
forehead. Carter's, for the formation of an artifi- 
cial pupil ; a small incision is made through the 
cornea, in front of the plane of the iris, followed by 
iridotomy. Cassel's, for exostoses of the ear; re- 
moval through the external orifice of the ear. Celsus': 
1 . A method of performing amputations ; division of 
the skin by the circular method, its retraction, and the 
cutting to the bone at the level of the retracted 
skin. 2. For ckiloplasty ; the removal of tumors of 
the lower lip by a V-shaped incision ; horizontal in- 
cisions are carried out from the base to enable the 
wound to be approximated more easily. 3. A method 
of performing embryotomy ; also called cervical embry- 
otomy ; it is the method of decapitation of the fetus. 
4. For lithotomy ; localization of the stone by finger 
in the rectum with perineal incision. 5. For rhino- 
plasty ; flaps are secured from the cheeks, the 
septum being formed, if necessary, from the upper 
lip. Cesarean, in case of otherwise impossible labor ; 
incision into the gravid uterus through the abdominal 
wall, and removal of the fetus. Chalot's, for the 
removal of naso-pkaiyngeal polypi ; the nasal fossa; are 
opened by dividing the attachments of the upper lip to 
the bone. The two upper canine teeth are then re- 
moved, and the alveolus and hard palate divided from 
before backward from the starting-point. The piece of 
bone thus isolated is turned down into the mouth, 
and the polypus is exposed. Chamberlaine's (/?.) : I. 
For ligation of the first part of the axillary artery ; 
the vessel is exposed by means of a curved incision, 
having its convexity downward, across the supra-clavic- 
ular fossa and extending ]A inch below the clavicle. 
2. For ligation of the brachial artery ; an incision is 
made along the lower margin of the clavicle, and this 
is joined near its middle by a second incision over the 
deltoid and pectoral muscles. Championniere's, a 
method of performing embryotomy ; it consists in 



OPERATIONS 



905 



OPERATIONS 



evisceration followed by rachiotomy in two or three 
places and extraction of the fetus in two portions. 
Charriere's, internal urethrotomy; it is done with a 
modification of Civiale s urethrotome. Chassaignac's: 
I. For amputation of a finger ; it is done with a single 
dorsal or palmar flap. 2. For excision of the elbozv ; 
a longitudinal posterior incision is made along the 
outer side of the olecranon process. 3. For excision 
of the rectum; it is done by means of scissors, knife, 
and ecraseur. 4. For excision of the tongue ; it is done 
with the ecraseur by the suprahyoid method. Chau- 
vel's, for restoration of the tipper lip; the same as 
Dieffenbacli 1 s operation. Cheever's : I. For the re- 
moval of a naso-pkaryngeal tumor ; [a) single opera- 
tion ; a single incision is made from the inner canthus 
of the eye to the angle of the mouth on the side 
on which the tumor is situated ; an incisor tooth is 
then extracted, and the superior maxilla is removed ; 
(b) double operation ; an osteoplastic operation is per- 
formed on both bones, the facial surfaces are divided 
by horizontal incisions from the middle meatus out- 
ward to a point below the zygoma. The septum and 
vomer are then divided, and the lower parts of the jaws 
are depressed. 2. For removal of tonsillar tumors ; il is 
done by an incision through the neck, passing from the 
lobule of the ear, downward and forward, to the hyoid 
bone. A second incision is then made along the hori- 
zontal ramus of the lower jaw to form a flap. Chesel- 
den's : 1. A method of performing amputations ; it is 
the same as Celsus' 1 method, except that the skin-flap is 
dissected loose from its subjacent attachments, and 
hence increased in length. 2. For iridotomy ; a horizon- 
tal incision is made through the iris by means of a sickle- 
shaped needle introduced through the sclerotica. 3. For 
lithotomy ; the lateral operation. See Lithotomy. 
Cheyne's [W.), for the radical cure of femoral hernia ; 
after reducing the hernia, a flap of the pectineus muscle 
is raised and made to cover the hernial orifice. Chi- 
bret's, for glaucoma; the establishing of corneal 
drainage. Chiene's, for genu valgum ; the removal 
of an oblique transverse wedge from the body of the 
condyle of the femur. Chopart's : I. A method of 
amputation through the foot ; the bony structure is di- 
vided at the articulation between the astragalus and 
the calcaneum behind, and the scaphoid and cuboid 
bones anteriorly. 2. F 'or restoration of 'the lower lip ; 
the elevation of a square flap from below. Chry- 
mar's, for ovariotomy ; the pedicle is tied in two por- 
tions and the ends are left outside. Circular, a method 
of amputation by a circular sweep of the knife, in con- 
tradistinction to the flap-operation. Civiale's (_/.): I. 
For internal urethrotomy ; a special urethrotome is 
used to divide the stricture from within outward. 2. 
For lithotomy ; the medio-bilateral operation. See 
Lithotomy. 3. For lithotrity. See Lithotrity. Clark's, 
for urethroplasty for urethral fistula ; the edges of 
the fistula are pared ; then a transverse incision is 
made through the integuments of the penis about an 
inch above and below it. The skin-flaps are dissected 
up and brought together by clamps or quill -suture. 
Clemot's, for harelip ; flaps are turned down on 
either side, the incision stopping at the red margin 
of the lip. The cleft is then united from side to side. 
Cleveland's, for lacerated perineum ; denudation of a 
triangular area, having for its base a line joining the 
bases of the labia majora and for its apex the crest of 
the rectocele. The sutures are introduced in loops, 
each suture having two points of entrance and two of 
emergence. Cloquet's (J.G.), a method of circumcis- 
ion; it is done by means of an incision by the side of 
the frenutn. Coates', for internal hemorrhoids ; a 
pile is seized with forceps, Coates' clamp is applied to 



its base, a few fine catgut sutures are passed beneath 
the clamp, the pile is excised, bleeding is checked, 
the clamps are removed, and the sutures are tied. 
Cock's, a method of external urethrotomy ; the urethra 
is opened behind the stricture without a guide, the 
knife being carried into the median line of the peri- 
neum and the incision extended vertically as far as is 
necessary. Cohnstein's, a method of performing 
Cesarean section ; it is a modification of the usual 
operation, consisting in turning the whole uterus out 
of the abdominal wound and making the opening 
on its posterior aspect. Colles', for single hare-lip ; 
the inner margin is incompletely pared and hinged 
backward on the mucous membrane, to which it is still 
attached ; the outer margin is then transfixed and two 
flaps are cut, an upper and a lower, which are turned 
upward and downward respectively, and attached on 
the opposite side. Colley's, for talipes. See Davies- 
Colley's operation. Collis', for excision of the tongue. 
The same as Jaeger' s operation. Cooper's [Sir A.) : 
I. For ligation of the abdominal aorta; the intra- 
peritoneal operation. The abdomen is opened by an 
incision three or four inches in length, made in the linea 
alba, with the center corresponding to the umbilicus. 2. 
For ligature of the external iliac artery ; an incision 
four or five inches long is made parallel with Poupart's 
ligament, and nearly an inch above it, commencing 
just outside the center of the ligament and extending 
outward and upward beyond the anterior superior iliac 
spine. 3. For tinnitus and deafness in otitis media 
chronica ; excision of a portion of the membrana tym- 
pani. 4. For varicocele; excision of a part of the redun- 
dant scrotum. Cornuan's, for amputation at the hip- 
joint ; disarticulation by a modified oval method, with 
the summit of the incision on the outer side. Cot- 
ting's (B. £.), for ingrowing toe-nail ; all the over- 
lying tissues, together with the sides of the toe, are 
sliced off freely. The contraction in healing pro- 
duces a cure. Courvoisier and von Hacker's, a 
method of performing gastro-enterostomy; the jejunum 
is connected to the stomach directly after tearing or 
cutting a passage through the bloodless area of the 
transverse meso-colon, under the meso-colic arch 
of Riolan. Cowell's, for glaucoma ; paracentesis 
of the vitreous chamber. Crampton's : I. Fox entro- 
pion ; incisions are made in the lid, and healing allowed 
to take place by granulation. 2. For ligation of the 
common iliac artery ; the incision is commenced at the 
anterior extremity of the last false rib, and, proceeding 
directly downward to the ilium, follows the line of the 
crest to the anterior superior spine. The vessel is 
reached from behind. Crede's, a method of performing 
hysterectomy ; it is a modification of Lreund's operation, 
and consists in making a resection of the pubes. Cres- 
cent operation, for lacerated perineum, involving the 
vaginal entrance only ; a crescent-shaped denudation is 
made from the vulvo-vaginal entrance, the angles of 
which extend into the vulvo-vaginal sulci. Cripps' 
[LP. ) : 1 . For excision of the recttim ; dissection of the 
rectum from the adjacent tissues and removal of the 
diseased portion, the wound being allowed to heal by 
granulation. 2. For iliac colotomy ; an imaginary line 
from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus 
is crossed at right angles, l l /i. inches from the superior 
spine, by an incision 2^ inches long. The bowel is 
fixed in position and opened. 3. A method of trans- 
fusion ; it is the same as Aveling's operation, the instru- 
ment, however, being supplied with clips instead of 
taps. Critchett's : 1. For cataract-extraction ; a slight 
modification of Graefe' s incision. 2. For evisceration 
of the eyeball ; a number of deep stitches are passed 
through the sclera before removing the staphyloma : 



OPERATIONS 



906 



OPERATIONS 



after the evisceration they are brought together and tied. 
3. For iridodesis ; drawing of the iris through a corneal 
incision and its ligation with silk. The ligatured loop 
sloughs off. 4. For keratoconns ; excision of an ellip- 
tic portion by a two-edged knife. 5. For staphy- 
loma ; a method of carrying several curved needles 
through the ciliary region before abscinding the sta- 
phyloma. 6. For stillicidium lacrimarum ; excision of 
a portion of the posterior wall of the canaliculus, thus 
forming a reservoir for the tears. 7. For subconjunc- 
tival strabotomy ; a small incision is made at the lower 
edge of the insertion of the internal rectus, close 
to which the tendon is divided. A small counter- 
puncture may be made at the upper edge of the 
tendon for the escape of the effused blood. Croft's : 
1. For exposing the antrum ; an incision is made from 
the ala nasi to the nasal process of the superior maxil- 
lary bone, then along the margin of the orbit ; the 
nasal process is cut through with forceps, the peri- 
osteum stripped off and a portion of bone removed. 2. 
Plastic ; a bridge of sound skin is raised and separ- 
ated from the subjacent tissues, except at the extremities, 
by means of oiled silk. After granulation has been es- 
tablished the adjoining contracted (cicatricial) struc- 
tures are divided and the bridge of skin severed at one 
end, and made to occupy the gap. Crosby's, for back- 
ward dislocation of the first phalanx of the thumb ; 
the phalangeal portion of the thumb is first raised to a 
right angle with the metacarpal bone ; the proximal 
phalanx is then pressed from behind forward. (An 
old method, having been practised by Sir C. Bell' 
and by Gerdy.) Curling's, for varicocele ; a straight 
pin is passed between the vas deferens and the veins 
about two inches above the testicle, and another three- 
quarters of an inch below this point. A figure-of-eight 
ligature is then applied and the veins are divided 
subcutaneously between the pins. Cusack's, for hemor- 
rhoids ; removal by the clamp and cautery. Cushing's 
(//. IV.), for suture of the intestine ; a right-angled con- 
tinuous suture is introduced, the needle passing through 
the serous and muscular coats of the bowel only. 
Czerny's (V.): I. For the radical cure of inguinal 
hernia ; the sac is exposed and isolated ; the neck is 
tied with a strong catgut ligature, and amputated below 
this point ; the stump is pushed into the abdominal 
cavity ; the borders of the opening are freshened and 
united by continuous catgut sutures. 2. For the re- 
moval of tonsillar tumors ; tracheotomy is performed 
and the larynx or fauces plugged. The growth is then 
exposed by cutting downward and outward from the 
angle of the mouth to the anterior border of the mas- 
seter, and sawing through the lower jaw, between the 
second and third molar teeth. 3. For suture of the 
intestine; a modification of Lembert's suture, in 
which there is inserted an inner row of interrupted 
sutures which unite the mucous membrane only. 4. 
P 'or vaginal hysterectomy ; the uterus is drawn down 
by Muzeux's forceps and the vaginal vault is completely 
opened around the cervix. The uterus is separated 
from the bladder with the finger. A free incision is 
next made in Douglas's cul-de-sac, when the uterus 
is turned backward, and brought through the vaginal 
incision. The peritoneum is now separated anteriorly 
and the broad ligaments are ligated in from three to six 
portions on each side. Czerny-Schroder's, hyster- 
ectomy. See Czerny's hysterectomy. Dallas', for 
the radical cure of inguinal and femoral hernia ; after 
a transverse incision through the integument a special 
instrument is introduced to produce abrasion of the 
hernial canal; the instrument is then withdrawn, and 
the external wound sealed with iodoform-collodion, and 
a compress applied. The canal is obliterated by the 



resulting inflammatory action. Davat's, for varico- 
cele ; after separating the vas deferens from the veins, 
an acupressure pin is passed through the scrotum. By 
means of a perineum needle a thread is carried sub- 
cutaneously over the veins through the same skin- 
punctures as the needle has made. The loop is then 
slipped over the head of the pin and tied tightly over 
the needle. A cork is now placed on the point of the 
pin. Daviel's, for cataract; extraction through a 
large corneal incision downward, without an iridec- 
tomy. Davies-Colley's : 1. Osteotomy for tali- 
pes ; resection of a wedge of bone from the outer side 
of the tarsus without regard to the articulation. It 
always includes portions of the os calcis, cuboid, 
astragalus and scaphoid bones. 2. For urano- 
plasty ; a triangular muco-periosteal flap is dis- 
sected from one side of the cleft, while on the other 
side a raw surface is prepared by reflecting a longitu- 
dinal flap in such a way that it can be turned, as on a 
hinge, into the cleft. The first flap is then implanted 
upon the second. Davy's, for osteotomy ; the same as 
the Davies-Colley\s operation. Dece's, for webbed 
fingers ; a fold of skin is pinched up near the base of 
the web, and dissected toward the commissure ; the 
fingers are then kept apart. Delagarde's, to improve 
a stump; stitching of the extensor tendons into the 
tissues of the sole-flap in Choparf s amputation, to 
prevent tilting upward of the heel and downward 
of the scar. Delore's. See Redressement force 
Delpech's: I. For ligation of the first part of the 
axillary artery ; an oblique incision is made down- 
ward along the gap that separates the pectoralis major 
from the deltoid, starting from the clavicle. 2. For 
urethroplasty ; a single flap is raised and carried across 
the fistula to a new surface prepared for it. Del 
Toro's, for conical cornea; destroying the apex by 
means of a white-hot knife. Demarquay's,for naso- 
pharyngeal tumor ; an incision is made from the in- 
ternal angle of the eye along the nasal furrow to the 
free margin of the nose ; it is then carried outward 
horizontally to the margin of the masseter muscies. 
Liston's forceps are used to remove sufficient bone 
to expose the tumor. Denans', for enterorrhaphy ; 
the joining of the serous surfaces of the cut intestines 
by means of three metallic tubes. Dennis', for liga- 
tion of the internal iliac artery ; it is done by a celiot- 
omy, the abdomen being opened in the middle line 
by an incision extending from the symphysis pubis to 
the umbilicus. Denonvillier's, for rhinoplasty; a 
triangular flap is raised from the side of the nose above 
the defective ala, with its pedicle internal, and is then 
displaced downward into position. Desault's (P.J.) : 
I. For double hare-lip ; gradual and continuous back- 
ward pressure of the pre-maxillary bone, by means of a 
bandage: 2. For a preternatural anus; a plug is 
placed in the two ends of the intestine so that its mid- 
dle rests on the spur of mesentery ; when the latter 
has been sufficiently obliterated, the plug is removed 
and an external obturator bandage is applied. 3. For 
restoration of Stensen's duct ; a seton is passed through 
the cheek into the mouth in the course of the duct. 
When the patency of the new duct has been established, 
the seton is removed and the external aperture is 
closed. 4. For stricture of the lacrymal duct ; the ap- 
plication of cauterants by means of threads passed 
through the duct. Desmarres' : I. Iridectomy; 
after incision of the cornea with eye-forceps, a fold of 
iris is drawn out and excised. 2. For pterygium ; 
detachment and transplantation of the pterygium. 
Desprez', for naso-pharyngeal polypus ; removal by 
an osteoplastic operation through the nose. The car- 
tilaginous part of the nose is turned over to one side 



OPERATIONS 



907 



OPERATIONS 



after division of its connections on the opposite side. 
Dezeanneau's, for naso-pharyngeal tumor ; the hard 
palate is divided in the middle line, from its junction 
with the soft palate, forward to or beyond the palato- 
maxillary suture ; the section is then carried across at 
right angles until it approaches the alveolar process, 
when it is turned and carried backward to the soft 
palate. Dianoux's, for entropion ; the formation of a 
ciliary and cutaneous flap ; separation of the underlying 
muscle from the tarsus, and suture of both flaps to the 
margin of the latter. Diday's, for webbed fingers ; 
two narrow longitudinal flaps are dissected up from 
the palmar and dorsal aspects of the fingers, and each 
flap is then folded round to cover the denuded surface 
of the tinger to which it is attached. Didot's, for 
webbed fingers ; the same 'as Diday's operation. Dief- 
fenbach's (J. F.) : I. Fox amputation at the hip-joint ; 
an elastic ligature is applied around the limb, a circular 
incision is made down to the bone, the vessels are se- 
cured and the ligature removed ; a knife is inserted 
two inches above the greater trochanter and the incis- 
ion is carried down the outer aspect of the bone to 
meet the circular incision ; the joint is then disarticu- 
lated. 2. For blepharoplasty ; a quadrangular flap is 
taken from the cheek. 3. For chiloplasty ; the diseased 
portion of the lower lip is removed by a wedge- 
shaped incision ; the gap is closed by making horizon- 
tal incisions on both sides, and then introducing sutures. 
4. For cicatricial entropion ; a triangular flap is re- 
moved and the gap is closed by displacing and trans- 
planting a large quadrilateral flap and leaving the raw 
surface to close by granulation. 5. To expose the 
whole of the zipper jaw ; an incision is made through the 
center of the lip, around the ala, and up along the side 
of the nose to the inner canthus, and then outward just 
below the margin of the orbit, as far as the malar prom- 
inence. 6. For the removal of naso-pharyngeal tumors ; 
an incision, beginning at the lower and outer angle of 
the nostril, is carried along the base of the nose in the 
naso-labial fold until the ala of that side can be easily 
turned upward and inward. If necessary the same 
can be done on the opposite side. 7. Osteoplasty, 
for cleft in the hard palate ; the edges are pared and 
both soft tissues and bone divided on each side, the 
detached portions being prised toward the middle line. 
8. F 'or restoration of the upper lip ; (a) the formation 
of a quadrangular flap, attached below, at the level of 
the mouth, which is turned horizontally inward to meet 
a similar one on the other side ; this is the reverse 
of Sedi/lof s operation ; (b) two curved incisions start 
from the apex of the partial central defect and are car- 
ried round the alee of the nose ; the flaps thus marked 
out are detached and brought together in the median 
line. 9. For rhinoplasty ; (a) repair of the nose by 
taking a pyriform flap from the forehead ; (b) three 
elongated flaps are raised from the sunken nose and 
then re-united with sutures, and made to project for- 
ward by drawing previously detached portions of the 
cheeks toward the median line. 10. For single hare- 
lip ; a modification of Stokes' operation in which ad- 
ditional incisions are made skirting the ala nasi, with 
the object of securing more tissue. 11. For symbleph- 
aron ; it consists in folding the lid inward and plac- 
ing the skin against the eyeball. 12. For tenotomy ; 
division of the belly of the muscle. Dittel's, for en- 
larged prostate ; enucleation of the lateral lobes of the 
prostate by an external incision. Dolbeau's, for 
lithotomy ; a median incision is made into the prostatic 
urethra, followed by dilatation of the wound by means 
of metallic dilators ; the stone is then crushed and the 
debris evacuated. Donegana's, for iridodialysis ; it is 
done by means of a special needle ; the iris is detached 



and then incised from its circumference toward the 
center. Dowell's (G.), for the radical cure of hernia ; 

plugging of the mouth of the sac with its invaginated 
fundus and securing the fundus to the surrounding tis- 
sues by sutures tied overa piece of cork. Drausart's : 

1. For ptosis ; the occipito-frontalis muscle is brought 
to act on the lid through the medium of cicatricial bands, 
by means of threads, which are allowed to ulcerate 
their way through the tracks along which they were 
passed. 2. For retinal detachment; iridectomy, the re- 
cumbent position, a pressure-bandage, and subcutane- 
ous injection of small doses of pilocarpin. Dub- 
rueil's : 1. For amputation of the hand; a single 
semilunar flap is formed from the dorsal surface of the 
metacarpal region of the thumb, and when raised, the 
two ends of its base are joined by a circular incision 
around the arm at the wrist, followed by disarticulation. 

2. For amputation of the toes ; disarticulation of the toes 
en masse at the metatarso-phalangeal joints by a more 
or less circular incision, a U-shaped flap being cut from 
the inner side of the great toe. Dudley's, for retro- 
version of the icterus ; the abdomen is opened, and a 
strip is denuded from the anterior surface of the uterus, 
and likewise a strip along the inner side of each round 
ligament, followed by suturing of the three together. 
Duncan's : 1. For lacerated perineum ; an incision is 
made in the median line on the posterior vaginal wall 
as far as the laceration extends. From the lower end 
of this an incision is made up along the vulval border 
of the laceration on either side. The flaps thus out- 
lined are dissected up, and stitched together, and the 
labia brought together by deep cutaneous sutures. 2. 
A method of transfusion ; re-infusion of the patient's 
own blood mixed with a solution of sodium phosphate. 
Duplay's : I. For epispadias ; the urethra is formed 
at the expense of the corpus spongiosum and corpora 
cavernosa instead of by flaps. 2. For hypospadias ; 
it is performed in three stages ; (1) straightening of 
the penis and the formation of a meatus ; (2) the for- 
mation of a canai from the meatus to the hypospadiac 
opening ; (3) junction of the old and new canals. 
Dupuytren's (G.) : I. Method of performing ampu- 
tations ; the double-flap method, the skin-incisions 
being made by cutting from without inward, and the 
flaps completed by transfixion. 2. For amputation at 
the shoulder-joint ; two rounded flaps are taken from 
the outer and inner aspects of the arm ; the outer flap 
is made first by transfixion from behind at a point two 
inches below the acromion ; the bone is then disarticu- 
lated and a short inner flap cut from within outward. 

3. For atresia vagina ; combined incision and dilata- 
tion. 4. For chiloplasty ; excision of the diseased 
tissue, the wound being allowed to heal by granula- 
tion. 5. ¥ ox closure of an artificial anus ; compression 
of the spur with the clamp, followed by a plastic 
operation on the skin. 6. For division of contracted 
palmar fascia ; the open method, both skin and fascia 
being divided by a simple transverse incision. 7. For 
excision of the elbow. The same as Moreau's operation. 

8. For lithotomy; the bilateral method. See Lithotomy. 

9. F 'or stricture of the lacrymal duct; incision of the 
anterior wall of the sac, and the passage of a fine gold 
or silver probe through the duct. 10. For suture of 
the intestine ; the edges of the wound are turned in- 
ward and the opposed folds of serous membrane 
brought together by means of an ordinary continuous 
suture, without involvement of the mucous membrane. 
11. For wry-neck; tenotomy of the sterno-mastoid 
muscle. Duval's [M.) : I. For amputation of the 
leg ; an oblique elliptic incision is made around the 
limb above the malleoli and the bone divided higher 
than in Guyon's operation. 2. For ligation of the 



OPERATIONS 



908 



OPERATIONS 



common iliac artery ; an incision about five inches in 
length is commenced one-and-one-quarter inches to 
the outer side of the spine of the pubes, just above 
Poupart's ligament ; after running parallel with this 
ligament for one-and-a-half inches, the incision curves 
sharply upward and is directed toward a point one- 
and-one-quarter inches to the outer side of the um- 
bilicus. Ely's, for otitis media suppurativa chronica ; 
the grafting of small pieces of skin on the granulat- 
ing surfaces. Emmet's (T. A.) : I. Colporrhaphv ; 
a modification of Sims' colporrhaphy ; the sutural ap- 
proximation of three equidistant, transverse, infracer- 
vical denuded spots on the anterior wall of the vagina, 
and the apposition of the opposing edges of the folds 
thus formed after abrasion. 2. For cystocele and ure- 
throcele ; the buttonhole operation ; the removal of a 
small circular portion of tissue, opening the bladder or 
urethra, to provide for drainage ; this is afterward 
closed by operation. 3. For lacerated perineum ; the 
crest of the rectocele and the two lower caruncles are 
drawn together by tenacula, and the tissue thus folded 
together is denuded as far into the sulci as the folds 
extend. The V-shaped stitches are passed from the 
center toward the circumference in the sulci, and the 
perineum is closed by two or three superficial sutures. 
4. For ovariotomy ; the pedicle is ligated with silver 
wire. 5. For procidentia uteri ; freshening of the an- 
terior vaginal wall in the middle line and on either 
side. The two lateral denudations together should 
correspond in size and shape to the one in the median 
line. The lateral fresh surfaces are then folded on the 
central one and stitched. See Emmet's colporrhaphv. 
6. For trachelorrhaphy ; the edges of the rent are 
pared and united by sutures. Erichsen's : 1. For 
nevus ; ligation of the base with a double ligature 
which is tied in segments. 2. For varicocele ; after 
separation of the vas deferens from the veins, an in- 
cision one-half inch long is made on the anterior and 
posterior aspects of the scrotum ; the veins are then 
included in a loop of wire without implicating the 
scrotum. Esmarch's : I. For amputation through 
the foot; a modification of Pirogoff' s amputation ; 
two incisions are made, one across the sole and the 
other across the dorsum of the foot. 2. For amputa- 
tion at the hip-joint ; the soft parts of the thigh are 
divided to the bone by a single sweep of the knife 
five inches below the tip of the trochanter ; the bone is 
then sawn across and a second incision is made to 
join the first from a point two inches above the 
trochanter, when the bone is shelled out. 3. For 
ankylosis of the lower jaw ; an incision about two 
inches long is made along the lower border of the jaw, 
and a wedge-shaped piece of bone is removed from 
the horizontal portion. Estlander's : 1. Thoraco- 
plasty for empyema ; resection of several ribs to allow 
the chest-wall to come in contact with the lung. 2. 
For restoration of the lo7oer lip; a triangular flap is so 
fashioned from the upper lip that its base contains the 
coronary artery, while its apex is situated on the cheek ; 
this flap is turned downward, with its apex occupying 
the lower angle of defect. D'Etiolles' (Leroy) : 
I. For the radical cure of inguinal hernia; a scro- 
tal fold is passed in the inguinal canal and held by 
means of special forceps. 2. For iridectomy ; removal 
of a portion of the iris by an instrument constructed 
like a tonsillotome. Everbusch's, for ptosis; it 
consists in shortening the tendinous attachment of 
the levator palpebnu to the tarsus. A horizontal in- 
cision is made in the center of the lid ; threads armed 
at each end are used, and, after transfixing the tendon 
in the wound, the needles are brought out at the free 
margin of the lid, and the silk tied. Farabeuf's 



(Z. H.) : I. For amputation at the elbow-joint ; (a) an 
elliptic amputation with the highest point of the ellipse 
over the prominence of the olecranon ; (b) a modi- 
fication of Guerin 's operation in which the single 
external flap is made longer. 2. For amputation of 
the foot. See subastragaloid amputation of the same 
surgeon, with which this is identical in all essential 
points. 3. For amputation of the forefinger ; dis- 
articulation at the metacarpophalangeal joint by an 
external palmar flap. 4. Y ox amputation of the great 
toe ; disarticulation at the metatarso-phalangeal joint 
by an internal plantar flap. 5. For amputation above 
the knee-joint ; a modification of Carden's amputation 
in which two flaps are formed, the anterior being the 
longer one. 6. For amputation of the leg ; it is done 
at the ' ' place of election " by a large external flap, being 
a modification of Sedillot's operation in which the an- 
terior tibial artery is preserved in the entire length of 
the flap. 7. For amputation of the thigh ; a modifica- 
tion of Spencer 's amputation in which slightly different 
flaps are used. 8. For amputation of the thumb; 
disarticulation at the metacarpo-phalangeal joint by an 
oblique palmar flap. 9. For subastragaloid amputa- 
tion ; by a large internal and plantar flap. 10. For 
otherwise impossible labor. See Galbiati's Operation. 
Fenger's (C): I. For gastrostomy; a parietal in- 
cision is made parallel with and near to the left 
costal margin. 2. For traumatic cerebral abscess; 
exploratory puncture and aspiration, in conjunction 
with trephining. Fenwick's, for excision of the 
knee ; both femur and tibia are sawn in a curved line 
so as to make them fit together more accurately. 
Fergusson's [Sir IV.): I. For amputation through 
the foot; the same as Pirogoff' s operation, except 
that the malleoli are not interfered with, unless dis- 
eased, the retained portion of os calcis being thrust 
up between them. 2. For amputation at the hip- 
joint ; a modification of Piston' s amputation in which 
the posterior flap is made longer than the anterior. 
3. For division of the levator palati muscle ; a triang- 
ular-bladed knife, set at right angles, is introduced be- 
hind the velum and the muscle divided close to its 
origin. 4. For double hare-lip ; removal of the pre- 
maxillary bone. 5. For excision of the upper jaw ; 
the same naso-labial incision is made as in Piston's 
operation, a second cut being made from the angle of 
the mouth to the malar bone, and, if needed, a third 
at right angles to the outer extremity of the buccal 
wound. 6. For lithotomy ; lateral lithotomy with the 
curved staff. 7. Osteoplasty for a cleft in the hard 
palate; the same as Die ffenbach' s operation. Fisch- 
er's, for stricture of the lacrymal duct; the same as 
Schmalz's operation, except that a loop of twilled 
silk is used on the end of a catgut string. Flajani's, 
for iridodialysis ; the same as Himly' s operation. 
Flap-operation: I. A method of amputation ; the' 
formation of definite flaps, embracing the skin only, or 
all the soft parts. 2. For cataract-extraction ; a 
curved section of the cornea of sufficient extent for the 
removal of large, hard cataracts. 3. For cicatricial 
entropion. See Fricke's and Dieffenbach' s operations. 
Flap-splitting. See Tail's Operation. Flarer's, 
for trichiasis and cicatricial entropion ; the lid is split 
into two portions as far back as the ends of the hair- 
bulbs of the cilia. The anterior flap, containing the 
bulbs, is then cut away by incision through the skin 
from above. Forbes' (S. P.), for amputation through 
the foot ; a modification of Chopart's operation, the 
three cuneiform bones being disarticulated from the 
scaphoid and the cuboid bone sawn through in the 
same line. Forbes' ( W. S.), the division of the ac- 
cessory tendons of the extensor communis digitorum 



OPERATIONS 



909 



OPERATIONS 



muscle, in order to give the ring-finger of musicians 
(especially pianists') greater freedom of action. Fors- 
ter's, for a ripening cataract ; iridectomy, followed 
by circular rubbing of the cornea with a blunt instru- 
ment. Forster's (C), {or gastrostomy ; a parietal in- 
cision is made in a vertical direction through the top 
of the linea semilunaris. Foullioy's, for amputation 
at the hip-joint ; the same as Ravato)is amputation, 
the common femoral artery being ligated at the fold of 
the groin as a preliminary step. Franco's: I. For 
cystotomy ; the original supra-pubic method. See Cystot- 
omy. 2. For double hare-lip ; complete removal of the 
pre-maxillary bone as a preliminary step. Frank's, a 
method of performing Cesarean section ; the uterus is 
turned out of the abdomen before incising; drainage 
is obtained by passing a tube through the wound and 
into the. vagina ; the round ligaments are brought to- 
gether and sutured. French's, for carbuncle ; subcu- 
taneous incision. Frere Come's, for lithotomy ; the 
high operation. See Lithotomy. Frere Jacques', for 
lithotomy ; a long knife is thrust in the ischio-rectal 
fossa, penetrating the bladder behind the prostate, then 
cutting forward ; a staff is used, which, however, is not 
grooved. Freund's : I. For hysterectomy ; by abdo- 
minal section. 2. For laceration of the female peri- 
neum ; the bilateral method, with extension of the 
vaginal triangles or tongues along the cicatrices on 
either side, and leaving sound vaginal wall about 
the median line. Fricke's : I. For blepharoplasty ; 
a tongue-shaped flap is taken from the temple or cheek. 
2. For cicatricial entropion ; a flap-operation similar 
to Dieffenbach' s operation. Fritsch's : I. For pos- 
terior colporrhaphy for extreme degrees of rectocele ; a 
modification of Simon'' s operation ; denudation of the 
posterior vaginal wall, with a larger perineal denuda- 
tion. The raw surfaces are closed by vaginal and 
perineal sutures. 2. For vaginal hysterectomy ; the 
broad ligaments are first operated upon ; lateral in- 
cisions are made in the vaginal vault, the tissues care- 
fully separated, hemorrhage controlled by sutures, and 
the incisions united by anterior and posterior incisions ; 
the uterus is turned forward and brought down. 
Fritz's, for the radical cure of inguinal hernia ; after 
reduction, pins, protected at each end by ivory or bone 
discs, are passed in front of and behind the cord in the 
canal and allowed to remain ten days; ulceration results, 
which is intended to close the canal and consequently 
cure the hernia. Fryer's, a method of transfusion ; 
the direct method, with the use of a modified Aveling 
instrument. Fuchs' (E. ), for tarsorrhaphy ; the lower 
lid is split into two lamina to the desired extent by an 
intermarginal incision ; this is converted into a flap 
by a short incision downward from the inner extremity 
of the first incision ; the same incision as the first 
is made in the upper lid and then the zone of hair- 
follicles is ablated ; the wound is then sutured. Fur- 
nari's : I. For iridectomy; the same as Physick's 
operation. 2. For pannus ; removal of a circular strip 
of conjunctiva at the circumference of the cornea. 
Gagnele's, for varicocele; subcutaneous ligation 
of the varicose veins by silver wire twisted on metal 
buttons. Gaillard-Arlt's, for entropion. See Arlt's 
Operation. Galabin's : I. Yor lacerated perineum ; 
the denudation follows the cicatrix, but extends a 
little beyond in all directions. 2. A method of trans- 
fusion ; the direct method ; a piece of elastic tubing, 
supplied at the extremities with cannula and spring- 
clips, is employed. Galbiati's, for otherwise impossible 
labor due to contracted pelvis ; I. Also called bi-pubeo- 
tomy and ischio-pubeotomy ; it consists in the division of 
the ischiatic and horizontal branches of the pubes with 
the chain-saw, followed by the application of the ob- 



stetric forceps to the head of the fetus. 2. Symphysio- 
tomy. Galezowski's : I. For cataract ; the incision is 
made as in Wright s operation, except that the point of 
the knife is made to divide the capsule. 2. Yor ptery- 
gium ; turning of the apex under the base. 3. Yorsynec- 
tomy ; it is done by means of a needle with a cutting- 
edge. Gant's : I. For excision of the tongue; a modifi- 
cation of Jaeger ' s operation. 2. For ankylosis of the hip- 
joint ; division of the shaft of the femur just below the 
lesser trochanter. Garretson's, for staphylorrhaphy ; 
the same as Fergusson 's operation, except that the 
operator stands behind the patient. Garrigues', a 
method of transfusion ; the indirect method, the 
blood being defibrinated and filtered before being 
injected. Gely's, for suture of the intestine; two 
straight needles at the ends of a single thread are 
introduced behind and at the sides of tne wound, and 
made to traverse the outer coats of the bowel in a 
direction parallel to the edge of the wound for a dis- 
tance of four or five mm. The needles are then crossed 
and the procedure repeated as often as necessary. 
Gensoul's : 1. For double hare-lip ; forcible repression 
of the pre-maxillary bone by seizing the projecting 
tubercle at its extremity and fracturing the bony pro- 
cesses that support it. 2. For excision of the upper 
jaw; one incision is carried vertically downward 
from the level of the inner canthus through the lip ; 
a second is started at right angles to the first at the 
level of the floor of the nose ; and a third is carried 
upward in front of the ear to the external angular 
process of the frontal bone. 3. For stricture of the 
lacrymal duct. See Laforesfs Operation. Gerardin's, 
for prolapse of the uterus ; denudation of the median 
portion of the ventral and dorsal vaginal walls, or 
of the ventral lip of the cervix and dorsal vaginal 
wall, and union by sutures. Gerdy's (/'. N.) : I. For 
entropion ; also called the scalping operation; removal 
of the entire margin of the lid. 2. For the radical 
cure of inguinal hernia ; by invagination of the 
scrotum in the inguinal canal, and its retention 
there by means of a suture passed by a long needle. 
3. For stricture of the lacrymal duct ; by two verti- 
cal parallel incisions into the duct, with excision 
of a quadrilateral piece of bone from the inner wall. 
Gibson's : 1. For the formation of an artificial pupil. 
See Beer's Operation. 2. For cataract ; removal of a 
soft lens through a small corneal incision. Gilles- 
pie's, for excision of the wrist ; it is done by a single 
longitudinal dorsal incision between the extensor 
communis and extensor secundi muscles, without 
division of the tendons. Gioppi's, for cataract; the lens 
in its capsule is extracted with a spoon-like instrument 
through an incision similar to Graefe's incision. 
Giraldes', for single hare-lip ; the mortise operation ; 
two flaps are made, the first with its base attached above 
to the root of the nose, the second attached below, on 
the opposite side of the cleft at the muco-cutaneous 
junction ; an incision is then made outward from the ala 
and the surfaces are approximated by turning the first 
flap up and the second down. Giraud's, for stricture 
of the lacrymal duct ; a modification of Desaulfs 
operation, in which a thread is passed through the 
duct. Godlee's, for hepatotomy ; it is performed in 
two stages, as in Volkmann's operation, except that 
stitches are passed deeply into the substance of the 
liver, and in a double row. Goodsall's, for horse- 
shoe fistula in a no ; a single division is made in the 
posterior median line, to avoid incontinence from re- 
peated division of the sphincter. Gould's (Pearce) : I. 
For amputation of the penis ; complete removal of the 
organ by dissecting off the crura. 2. For varicocele ; the 
vas deferens is separated from the veins at the upper 



OPERATIONS 



910 



OPERATIONS 



part of the scrotum, and the skin is divided between 
the two by transfixion ; the veins are then secured in a 
loop of platinum wire attached to a battery. Gouley's : 
(_/. W. S.) I. For external urethrotomy ; a small conduc- 
tor is passed through the stricture, and, guided by this, 
the stricture is divided and a catheter conducted into the 
bladder. 2. For extirpation of the penis ; a curvilinear 
incision is made on either side of the root of the 
penis ; the cavernous bodies and the urethra are 
transfixed with needles, and the organ is amputated 
Y% inch in front of these-; a grooved staff is passed 
into the bladder ; a sharp-pointed scalpel is carried 
through the perineum and lodged in the groove of the 
staff, and all the tissues are divided from behind for- 
ward ; the urethra is stitched to the skin ; ■ the crura are 
removed. 3. For hypospadias ; a flap is removed from 
either side of the normal site of the urethra, and the 
skin brought forward so that the denuded surfaces 
are doubled on themselves ; they are then secured 
by stitches. 4. For internal urethrotomy; it is 
done with a special tunneled urethrotome after 
Maisonneuve and Voillemier ; or, with a special 
dilating instrument. Goyrand's (AT.) : I. For divi- 
sion of the contracted palmar fascia ; a longitudinal 
incision is made in the skin in the long axis of the 
contracted band, which, when exposed, is divided 
transversely. 2. For ligation of the internal mammary 
artery; an oblique incision two inches long is made at 
the end of the intercostal space near the edge of the ster- 
num. Von Graefe's : 1. For cataract; extraction of 
the cataract through a scleral incision, with iridectomy 
and laceration of the capsule. 2. For conical cornea ; 
{a) A small portion of the cornea is removed in the 
immediate vicinity of the apex of the cone, without 
perforation, in order to induce cicatricial contraction. 
(b) The production of an ulcer at the apex of the cornea 
to give rise to cicatricial contraction. 3. For dacryops ; 
the introduction of a fine thread through the lacrymal 
duct and anterior wall of the cyst; the ends are tied 
and the ligature is allowed to slough through, or the 
tissue may be divided after a few days. 4. For 
ectropion ; the denudation of a wedge-shaped portion 
of the lid, and the edges brought together by ahare-lip 
suture, after an incision in the cheek, parallel with 
the margin of the orbit. 5. For entropion; (a) two 
vertical incisions are made through the skin of the 
upper lid, which lid is split into an anterior and a poster- 
ior leaf, and the cutaneous margins are entered higher 
up along the vertical incisions. (b) A horizontal 
incision is made through the skin of the upper lid, and 
a triangular piece of skin, with its base downward, 
is removed ; also a triangular portion of the tarsus, 
base upward, is removed ; the wound is then sutured, 
6. For evisceration; removal of the cornea and ad- 
jacent zone of the sclera ; the contents of the eye- 
ball are entirely scooped out with a spoon, and the 
opening is closed with sutures. 7. For fistula of the 
lacrymal gland ; extirpation of the gland. 8. For 
prolapse of the lower lids; excision of a triangular 
portion of skin, and closure of the wound vertically. 
9. For ptosis ; excision of the fibers of the orbicu- 
laris muscle. 10. For retinal detachment ; incision 
of the retina by a needle made to penetrate the 
vitreous chamber through the sclerotic, near the cornea. 
11. For rhinoplasty ; the same as the Tagliaco- 
tian method, a. v. 12. F 'or single hare-lip ; the edges 
are prepared by an arch-like incision and brought 
together with the muco-cutaneous margins even. 13. 
For staphyloma ; the production of suppurative choroid- 
itis, followed by natural atrophy of the globe of the 
eye. 14. For strabotomy ; a small incision is made mid- 
way between the center and the lower edge of the mus- 



cle's insertion (internal rectus) near the edge of the 
cornea ; a hook is introduced from below upward 
and the tendon is divided close to its insertion. 15. 
For trichiasis ; a modification of Arlf s operation ; the 
lid' is split into two flaps, and the flap containing the 
hair-bulbs is transplanted away from the margin of the 
lid after two vertical incisions have been made on 
either side. Graefe-Romberg, for blepharospasm; 
division of the supraorbital nerve. Green's : I. Yor en- 
tropion ; an operation combining the essential features 
of the Arlt-Jaesche and Anagnostakis' operations, but 
the chief feature is that the sutures are made to include 
the upper border of the tarsus and the tendon of the 
levator. 2. For readjustment of the levator palpe- 
brce muscle ; dissection through the upper border of 
the upper lid to reach the eyeball, without opening 
the conjunctival sac, followed by suture of the tendon 
of the levator. Gritti's ( R. ) , for amputation above the 
ktiee-joint ; the patella is preserved in a long anterior 
flap, and, having had a thin slice removed from its 
deep surface, is secured in apposition with the femur, 
the latter having been deprived of its articular surface 
by being sawn through the condyles. Gross' (S.D.) : 

1. For amputation of the foot ; a modification of Syme's 
operation ; the plantar incision is made further an- 
teriorly, thus affording greater chances of a good blood- 
supply. 2. For amputation of the great toe ; the 
operation is performed through the continuity of the 
metatarsal bone, not at the articulation ; there is a dor- 
sal incision. 3. For varicocele; subcutaneous ligation 
with a stout cord or silver wire and a cork compress. 
Gross' (S. IV.), for internal urethrotomy ; a special 
exploratory urethrotome is used to divide the stricture 
from within outward. Grossmann's, for retinal de- 
tachment ; aspiration of the effused sub-retinal fluid 
and slow injection of a warm saline solution into the vit- 
reous. Gruening's : 1. For pannus ; curetting of the 
cornea. 2. For removing steel or iron from the eye ; 
by means of a magnet the foreign body is drawn out 
through the original wound, or extracted through an 
incision made in the sclera, when the particle can be 
drawn to a favorable site. Guerin's : I. For ampu- 
tation at the elbmu joint ; by a single external flap. 

2. For carbuncle. See French's operation. 3. For 
excision of part of the upper jaw ; a curved incision, 
with its convexity outward, is made from the ala of 
the nose to the angle of the mouth ; the soft parts 
are dissected up, the nostril opened, and the bone re- 
moved by dividing the hard palate in the middle line 
and its facial aspect outward to the maxillary tuberos- 
ity. 4. For iridotomy ; a crucial incision of the iris 
through the cornea. 5. For the removal of a naso- 
pharyngeal polypus ; by removal of part of the upper 
jaw. See Guerin's excision of part of the upper jaw. 
6. For subconjunctival strabotomy ; a Z-shaped teno- 
tome, introduced between the muscle and the sclera, 
divides the former when the cutting-edge of the instru- 
ment is turned forward, and a slight sawing motion is 
applied. Guerin and Brodhurst's, lor congenital dis- 
location of the hip ; subcutaneous division of the stronger 
muscles connecting the femur and the pelvis, followed 
by continuous extension. Guerin and Desmarre's, 
for corectopy ; by means of a punch-like knife a small 
portion of the cornea is removed, into which opening the 
iris falls, and is retained by adhesions. Giinther's, for 
amputation at the hip-joint ; disarticulation by a modi- 
fied oval method, with the summit of the incision on the 
outer side. Gussenbauer's : I. For suture of the in- 
testine ; it combines the Czer/iy and Lembert su/uresm 
one, but does not traverse the mucosa. 2. For tapping 
the pericardium ; resection of part of the fifth rib, fol- 
lowed by incision of the pericardium. Guthrie's : I. 



OPERATIONS 



911 



OPERATIONS 



For amputation at the hip-joint ; anteroposterior flaps 
are made by cutting from without inward. 2. For 
amputation at the neck of the humerus ; it is done by the 
oval method, the incision being commenced beneath the 
acromion process and carried to the inner side of the 
arm, then beneath to the outside, where it is met by 
another incision begun at the same point as the first. 3. 
For ligation of the first part of the axillary artery ; an 
incision is made in the course of the artery through the 
ventral fold of the armpit, with complete division of 
the soft parts. Guyon's, for amputation of the leg ; 
supra-malleolar division of the bones and covering of the 
terminal part of the stump with the tissues of the back of 
the heel. Hagedorn's : I. For double hare-lip ; the 
soft parts covering the premaxillary bone are pared, also 
the margins of the cleft, and the parts are then brought 
together by sutures. 2. For single hare-lip ; the mar- 
gins of the gap are isolated by incisions and removed, 
and the raw surfaces are brought together. Hahn's : 
I . For gastrostomy ; the parietal incision is made 
parallel with the lowest rib, and the stomach is opened 
through the eighth intercostal space. 2. For intuba- 
tion of the pylorus ; gastrotomy is performed and the 
tube is carried through the stenosed pylorus into the 
duodenum and left there. 3. For knock-knee ; osteot- 
omy on the outer as well as on the inner side of the 
femur. 4. For nephrorrhaphy ; the capsule of the 
kidney is exposed by an incision in the loin between 
the ilium and the last rib. In the first operation sutures 
were carried through the perinephric fat alone ; later, 
they were placed in the capsule proper. Halpin's, 
for extirpation of the laerymal gland ■ a curved inci- 
sion is made through the middle of the eyebrow, with 
removal of the gland, and drainage. Halsted's ( W. 
S.) : 1. For the radical cure of inguinal hernia ; the 
same as Bassini's operation. 2. For suture of the intes- 
tine ; a modification of Lembert' s suture in which each 
stitch includes not only the whole muscular coat, but 
also a little of the submucous coat. Hancock's : 

1. For amputation through the foot ; a modification of 
Pirogoff's operation in which the sawn surface of the 
os calcis is brought in contact with the transverse sec- 
tion of the astragalus. 2. For glaucoma ; intraocular 
ciliary myotomy. Handyside's, a method of per- 
forming ovariotomy ; the ligatures of the pedicle are 
carried through Douglas's pouch into the vagina. 
Hardie's, for division of a contracted palmar fascia ; a 
modification of Goyrand's open method, in which an 
incision is made across the hand above the principal 
transverse fold of the palm and over the tense fascia. 
Harrison's (/?.): I. For internal tirethrotomy ; a 
special urethrotome is used to divide the stricture from 
without inward. 2. For puncture of the bladder 
through the prostate gland ; a special straight trocar 
is introduced in the middle line j( of an inch in front 
of the anus, and pushed through the prostate into the 
bladder. Hasner's, for blepharoplasty ; two tongue- 
like flaps are made, one above, and the other below 
the eye, to supply the deficiency in the lid. Hawkins', 
for contraction of the palmar fascia ; one transverse in- 
cision in the palm, to divide the large fascial bands, and 
semicircular incisions at the base of the little and ring- 
fingers, to divide the digital prolongations of the fascia. 
Hay's : I. ¥ ox stricture of the laerymal duct ; the pas- 
sage of a special probe, having a hook at one extremity. 

2. For strabismus ; conjunctival incision and tenotomy. 
Heart's, for excision of the tongue ; the section 
through the tongue is made with an ecraseur. Heath's, 
for fixity of the lower jaw ; division of the ascending 
ramus beneath the masseter with a saw introduced 
through the mouth by means of a small incision above 
the last molar tooth. Heaton's (G.), for the radical 



cure of inguinal hernia ; the subcutaneous injec- 
tion of an astringent solution to produce irrita- 
tion and contraction of the tissue about the rings. 
Hegar's : I. For Colporrhaphy for lacerated fieri- 
neum ; also called the median operation ; it consists 
in a triangular denudation upon the dorsal wall of 
the vagina, the base of the triangle being parallel 
with the lower margin of the vagina, and the apex 
reaching almost to the cervix, an oval denudation 
being made upon the skin-perineum. 2. P'or oophor- 
ectomy ; the same as Ilattey's operation. Hegar- 
Tait's, for oophorectomy ; a misnomer for Tails oper- 
ation. Heineke's : 1. For exostosis of the external 
meatus of the ear ; removal by means of a mallet 
and gouge. 2. For pyloric obstruction ; the ventral 
wall of the strictured pylorus is divided in the long 
axis of the canal, and the incision is carried for the 
distance of one inch into the healthy tissue ; the 
incision is then sutured in a transverse direction by 
catching the center of the cut on either side and mak- 
ing traction. Heineke-Mikulicz's, for pyloric obstruc- 
tion ; the same as Heine ke' s operation. Heisrath's, for 
trachoma ; the excision of a moderately broad piece 
of the transition-fold of the conjunctiva, the incision 
to include the subconjunctival tissue and a portion of 
the tarsus. Heliodorus', for the radical cure of in- 
guinal hernia ; after reduction of the hernia the sac is 
twisted and incised, gentle traction being made so 
that sufficient of the sac may be removed. Henry's, 
for varicocele ; a modification of Cooper'' ' s operation ; 
the application of a specially devised clamp, from 
above downward, in the line of the raphe, and re- 
moval of the redundant skin. Herzenstein's, for 
trichiasis ; this is especially applicable in the partial 
forms ; a ligature is passed subcutaneously around the 
roots of the offending cilia, and allowed to cut its way 
out. Herzfeld's, for carcinoma of the uterus ; extir- 
pation of the uterus through -a sacral opening. Heur- 
teloup's, for varicocele ; a modification of Cooper's 
operation ; it consists in resection of the redundant 
scrotum, together with a portion of the veins behind. 
Hey's : I. For amputation through the foot : the same 
as Lisfranc' s operation, except that the internal cunei- 
form bone is sawn through in a line with the articulation 
of the second metatarsal bone, instead of being disar- 
ticulated. 2. For amputation of the leg; the amputa- 
tion is made in the middle of the leg by a long pos- 
terior flap, cut by transfixion, and a slightly shorter 
anterior one. High Operation: I. Supra-pubic 
lithotomy. See Lithotomy. 2. Delmery by forceps of a 
fetus, the instrument being applied at the superior strait. 
Hill's (B.), for internal urethrotomy ; it is done with 
a modification of Jlfaisonneuve's urethrotome. Hil- 
ton's: I. P'or amputation of the penis; the spongy 
body is divided about l / 2 inch in front of the cavern- 
ous portion, splitting it longitudinally and uniting 
the lateral flaps to the skin. 2. For opening an 
axillary abscess ; an incision is made through the skin 
with a knife ; then a grooved director is pushed into 
the deeper structures until pus escapes. 3. For fissure 
of the alius ; an incision is made from without, a 
sharp-pointed bistoury being inserted beneath the 
base and the point made to protrude in the bowel. 4. 
For obturator hernia ; it is done by abdominal section 
and withdrawing the intestinal loop from within. 
Himly's : I. For corectopy ; the same as Adams' 
operation. 2. For iridodia lysis ; the same as Scarpa's 
operation, except that the needle is introduced through 
the cornea. 3. For symblepharon ; preliminary per- 
foration of the adhesion along the fornix, and the pass- 
ing of a lead wire along the canal so formed, thus 
converting a posterior into an anterior symblepharon. 



OPERATIONS 



912 



OPERATIONS 



which can then be operated upon by simply separating 
the adhesions. Von Hippel's, for transplantation of the 
cornea ; a circular portion of the leukomatous cornea 
is removed by means of a trephine, the membrane of 
Descemet being left intact ; a piece of the whole 
thickness of a rabbit's cornea is then excised with 
the same trephine and transplanted. Hirschberg's, 
for detachment of the retina ; paracentesis of the 
sclera over the seat of the effusion. Hodgson's : 

1. For ligation of the axillary artery; a semilunar 
incision is made just below the clavicle, terminating 
near the anterior margin of the deltoid muscle. 2. 
For ligation of the femoral artery ; ligation at the 
apex of Scarpa's triangle. Hoffa's, for congenital 
dislocation of the hip ; the head of the femur is 
reached through a 3-inch incision and freed from its 
attachments ; the cotyloid cavity is then gouged out 
to receive it, and reduction is accomplished under ex- 
tension. The dressing consists of a plaster-of-Paris 
bandage, with continuous extension. Hoin's, for 
amputation at the knee-joint ; it is done by the posterior- 
flap method. Holmes' (7!): I. Y ox ectopia vesica ; 
closure by means of reversed and superimposed flaps. 

2. For excision of the os calcis ; an incision is made 
from the inner edge of the tendo Achillis along the 
upper border of the os calcis and the outer border of 
the foot to the calcaneo-cuboid joint, and this is 
joined by another incision running across the sole, the 
peroneal tendons being divided. 3. For varicocele ; a 
small incision is made in the scrotum, and the veins are 
ligated with kangaroo tendon. Holt's, for internal 
urethrotomy ; rupture of the stricture by rapid dilata- 
tion. Horn's, for chiloplasty ; removal of the diseased 
tissue by a V-shaped incision, and filling in of the gap 
by tissue from the maxillary bones. Horner's: I. For 
cicatricial ectropion ; the lid is dissected loose and a flap 
from the cheek is used to fill in the gap produced. 2. 
For salivary fistula ; the. diseased tissues are cut out 
with a punch, on a wooden spatula held in the mouth ; 
the external wound is then closed. Horsley's ( V. ) , for 
craniectomy ; the skull is exposed by raising a flap, 
and the bone is removed with the trephine and bone- 
cutting forceps. Hotz's : I. For entropion; it is 
on the same principle as Anagnostakis' operation, but 
more of the orbicularis muscle is removed, and the 
sutures are placed higher up. 2. For trichiasis ; the 
skin above the lid-margin is united to the upper border 
of the tarsal cartilage. Howse's : I. A method 
of performing gastrostomy ; a vertical incision is made 
in the sheath of the rectus muscle, a little to the inner 
side of its outer border. 2. For lumbar colotomy ; 
a modification of Bryant' ' s operation in which the oper- 
ation is carried out in two stages, two pairs of pressure- 
forceps being made to grasp the muscular coats of the 
colon, and to hold the bowel until the time for estab- 
lishing the artificial anus. 3. For nephro-lithotomy ; 
an incision is made in a vertical direction, and this is 
supplemented by a transverse one ; the knife is entered 
close to the edge of the erector spina; muscle, below 
the lower border of the twelfth rib, and is carried 
obliquely downward and forward toward the crest of 
the ilium. 4. For varicocele ; after the vas deferens has 
been separated from the veins, an incision 1^ or 2 
inches long is made over the varicocele ; the veins are 
then ligated above and below, and the included 
bundle is excised. Hue's, for performing circumcision ; 
an elastic ligature is made to transfix the dorsal aspect 
of the prepuce by means of a curved needle ; the 
ligature is then tied in front and allowed to cut through. 
Hueter's : 1. For excision of the elbow ; a modifica- 
tion of Oilier 's operation. 2. For excision of the facial 
nerve ; the incision is made in front of the ear, and one 



of the branches of the nerve is exposed in the parotid 
gland ; this is to be followed back to the trunk. 3. For 
excision of the shoulder ; it is done by a single anterior 
vertical or oblique incision. 4. For chiloplasty {lower 
lip); the margins of the defect are brought together and 
an incision is made in the cheek horizontally outward 
from the oral angle, involving the whole thickness on 
the distorted side ; the mucosa on each side of the 
new wound is reflected a little and then united 
to the skin by sutures. 5. For rhinoplasty ; a quadri- 
lateral flap is taken from the dorsum of the nose to form 
a new columna. 6. For stretching the facial nerve ; 
an incision two inches long is made in front of the 
ear, its center being opposite to the upper part of the 
lobule. Huguier's : I. A method of performing 
colotomy ; the right lumbar operation. 2. For irido- 
dialysis ; the iris is divided from the center to the cir- 
cumference, and each lip is then detached. 3. For 
the removal of a naso-pharyngeal tumor ; the same as 
Berard's operation, except that a smaller fragment is 
removed; the bone is divided horizontally from the 
maxillary tuberosity to the anterior nares, and the base 
of the pterygoid process is cut through : the lower part 
of the jaw is then dislocated downward within the 
mouth. Hulke's, {ox fistula of the lacrymal gland ; 
a silk thread armed with a needle at either end is 
passed from the orifice of the fistula through the con- 
junctiva and allowed to remain ; a triangular portion 
of the upper lid is thus included in the thread. Hum- 
phrey's : I. Y ox amputation of the penis ; a circula 
skin-flap is made, the urethra is dissected loose frori 
its attachments to the stump of the corpora cavernosa, 
drawn through a slit made at the base of the scrotum 
on the under side and attached to the margins of the 
slit so as to make an artificial meatus in the perineum. 

2. For excision of the condyle of the loiver jaw ; the 
condyle is exposed by reflecting a triangular flap up- 
ward, and the bone is sawn through the neck, all of the 
condyle and external pterygoid process being removed. 
Hunter's (John) : 1. For aneurysm ; ligation of the 
artery on the cardiac side of the aneurysm at some dis- 
tance from it. 2. For internal urethrotomy ; it is done 
with a special dilating urethrotome. 3. For ligation of 
the femoral artery ; it is done in the aponeurotic canal. 
4. For trichiasis ; after puncturing the hair-bulb with a 
fine knife to the depth of ]/% of an inch, a needle, dipped 
in some irritant, is introduced and the hair extracted. 
Hutchinson's : I. A method of performing ovari- 
otomy ; application of a clamp to the pedicle. 2. 
method of transfusion : the indirect method, with the 
use of a fountain-syringe devised for the purpose. 

3. For varicocele ; the open method of deligation. 
Indian, for rhinoplasty; a flap is taken from the 
forehead, with its pedicle at the root of the nose ; 
hollow plugs are inserted into the nostrils, and the 
flap is secured. See Keega?i , s operation. Invagina- 
tion Method. See Jobert's operation. Italiar 
Operation: 1. For cystotomy. See Allaj-ton's opera- 
tion. 2. For rhinoplasty ; the skin is taken from the 
arm over the biceps ; the flap is cut on three sides, 
and after the skin has shrunk it is fitted to the fresh 
margins of the defect, the arm being bandaged in 
position for at least eight days. Jaboulay's. See 
Exothvropexy. Jacobs', for trichiasis; scalping of 
the edge of the lid, including the cilia and the hair- 
bulbs. Jacobson's : 1. For amputation of the penis ; 
it is done by the flap-method, the flap being taken 
from above. 2. For cataract-extraction ; scleral sec- 
tion, the flap skirting the lower margin of the cornea ; 
iridectomy. Jacque's, fox excision of the tongue; it 
is done through an opening made in the cheek. 
Jaeger's: I. For cataract-extraction; the incision is 



OPERATIONS 



913 



OPERATIONS 



made with a concave knife. 2. For ectropion : detach- 
ment of the everted lid, except at the angles, and its 
adaptation to the eyeball. 3. For ectropion of the zip- 
per lid ; the incision is made parallel to the edge of 
the lid, with excision of a portion equal to the differ- 
ence in the lengths of the lids ; the wound is then 
sutured. 4. For entropion: excision of a portion of 
the lid with the cilia and hair-bulbs, and healing by 
granulation. 5. For excision of the elbow ; a modifi- 
cation of Moreaii s incision, in which the outer verti- 
cal limb of the H is omitted. 6. For excision of the 
tongue; excision through an opening made in the 
cheek by a curved incision extending from the angle 
of the mouth to the anterior edge of the masseter 
muscle. 7. For trichiasis ; paring away of the edge 
of the lid ; removal of the portion of skin over the 
hair-bulbs. Jaesche's : I. For distichiasis ; the mar- 
gin of the lid is separated except at either end ; an 
incision is made parallel to this, and the intermediate 
portion of skin is removed ; the wound is then closed 
with sutures. SeeAi-lt's Operation. 2. Plastic ; the 
triangular gap is closed by displacing and transplant- 
ing a flap marked out by a curved lateral incision, and 
sutures are applied. Janin's, for iridotomy ; a vertical 
incision of the iris is made on the inner side of the pupil 
by a knife or scissors introduced through the cornea. 
Jeffray's, for excision of the knee ; it is done by two 
vertical lateral incisions. Jenks', for lacerated peri- 
neum ; denudation of the surface by means of scissors 
introduced at the lower edge, close to the integument, 
and made to dissect up the lower surface without being 
withdrawn. Jobert's (Ad.): I. For castration; a curved 
incision is made upon the scrotum, with its convexity 
turned downward and inward. 2. For ligation of the 
upper part of the popliteal artery ; an incision, three 
inches in length, is made parallel with and just pos- 
terior to the tendon of the adductor magnus muscle, 
commencing at the junction of the middle with the 
lower third of the thigh. 3. For the radical cure of 
hernia ; two cannulated needles are passed and the 
cannulse allowed to remain until the requisite amount of 
inflammation has been produced. 4. For suture of 
the intestine ; the invagination method ; the upper 
segment is transfixed near the divided margin on two 
opposite sides by a needle and thread ; the two ends 
of the thread hanging down on each side are both 
armed with needles, and, the intestinal wall of the 
lower segment being transfixed, the invagination is 
completed, partly by traction on the sutures, and partly 
by squeezing. Jones' (P.), for lumbar colotomy ; a 
modification of Bryant's operation in which the 
lower end of the colon is closed by detaching the 
mucosa from the upper segment of the bowel and 
adjusting it by sutures. Jones' (S.), a method of 
performing gastrostomy ; the parietal incision is made 
almost in a vertical direction, in a line drawn from the 
left nipple to the spine of the pubes. Jones' ( W.), 
for ectropion ; a V-shaped incision is made with its 
apex directed away from the margin of the lid ; when 
this is united with sutures, after the skin has been 
freed from the underlying tissues, the wound is Y- 
shaped. Jordan's, for resection of the nose for removal 
of polypi ; osteoplastic resection of the nose and split- 
ting of the upper lip to give more room. Jordan's 
(Funieaux) : 1. For amputation at the hip-joint ; 
the soft parts are divided down to the bone by the 
circular method, as low down as possible, and the 
femur is shelled out by a longitudinal incision along 
the outer side of the thigh. 2. For amputation at the 
shoulder-joint ; the soft parts are divided down to the 
bone by the circular method, three or four inches below 
the axilla, and the humerus is shelled out by a longi- 
58 



tudinal incision along the outer and posterior aspect 
of the limb, meeting the circular incision at right 
angles. 3. ¥ or excision of the tongue ; division of the 
cheek back to the ramus of the jaw, and removal of 
the diseased part by two ecraseurs, worked simultane- 
ously. The same as Jaeger's operation. 4. For removal 
of a tumor of the naso-pharynx ; an incision begin- 
ning at the gingivo-labial fold, just below the posterior 
margin of the nostril, is carried forward into the nasal 
cavity, on through the ala of the nose, and along 
the lateral aspect of the nose ; the whole upper lip is 
then divided, the flaps turned aside, and the anterior 
nares exposed. Jorg's, for otherwise impossible labor. 
See Laparo-elylrotomv. Jurine's, for iridotomy ; the 
needle is introduced through the sclerotic, and the 
iris is punctured from behind forward, and from, 
before backward, and the punctures are united by 
an incision. Kappeler's, for cholecystenterostomy ; 
it is performed in one stage ; the distended gall- 
bladder is emptied by puncture with a trocar, and 
the margins of the wound, after being enlarged, are 
united, by means of a double row of sutures, to the 
highest part of the jejunum. Keegan's, a method of 
rhinoplasty ; the Indian method ; the flap being de- 
rived mainly from one side of the forehead. Keen's 
( W. IV.): 1. For linear craniotomy; the skull is 
exposed through a slight flap, and the bone is divided 
by means of a special bone-cutting forceps. 2. For 
prominent aziricles ; a large oval piece of skin is re- 
moved from the back of the ear, and a V-shaped piece 
of cartilage is excised. 3. For stretching the facial 
nerve ; the use of a weak faradic current to find the 
nerve, and stretching from the periphery toward the 
center ; the remainder of the operation is the same as 
Baum's operation. Keetley's [C. B. ), for the radical 
cure of umbilical hernia ; after separation and torsion of 
the sac, it is drawn, by means of a ligature, into a pre- 
pared space between the linea alba and the peritoneum, 
above the umbilical ring. Kehrer's : I. A method of 
performing Cesarean section ; a modification of the usual 
operation, in which the uterus is opened at the level 
of the internal os by a transverse incision. 2. For 
depressed nipple ; excision of a ring of skin around 
the nipple, and healing by granulation. Keith's : 

1. A method of performing hysterectomy for myoma ; 
either enucleation, or removal of the entire organ and 
its appendages, with the clamp treatment of the pedicle. 
2 A method of performing ovariotomy ; treatment of 
the pedicle with the cautery and clamp. Kelly's (//". 
A.), for retro-positions of the uterus ; median celiotomy, 
followed by stitching of the uterus to the ventral abdomi- 
nal wall. Kelsey's, for inguinal colotomy ; the incision 
is parallel to and half an inch above Poupart's ligament. 
Kerr's, for a/nputation at the hip-joint; the same as 
Ravaton' 's amputation. Kessel's: 1. ¥ or establishing 
a permanent perforation in the ear-drum; it consists 
in the removal of the tendinous ring that attaches the 
drum -membrane to the bone, and in chiseling away a 
portion of this bone along the posterior circumference. 

2. For the mobilization of the stapes, in chronic non- 
suppurative middle-ear inflammation ; it consists in 
separating the inflammatory adhesions. Key's, for 
lithotomy ; the lateral operation with the straight staff. 
See Lithotomy. Keyes' (E. L.), for varicocele ; sub- 
cutaneous ligation with a special needle, carrying two 
silk ligatures ; it is best performed in the standing 
position under the use of cocain. Kinloch's, for in- 
ternal urethrotomy ; it is done with a special urethro- 
tome used to divide the stricture from within outward. 
Klineberger's, for lumbar nephrectomy ; a curved in- 
cision is made with its convexity upward and outward. 
Knapp's {H.)\ 1. For blepharoplasty ; the formation 



OPERATIONS 



914 



OPERATIONS 



of a quadrangular flap from the cheek and nose, followed 
by the insertion of sutures. 2. F or cataract-extraction ; 
the formation of de Wicker's corneal flap ; a broad 
iridectomy and peripheral opening of the capsule ; the 
lens is expelled by gentle pressure on the lower part of 
the cornea. 3. Yor cleft lobule of the ear ; denudation 
by transfixion, and cutting out and suturing. 4. For 
coloboma palpebral ; a combination of simple union and 
blepharoplasty. 5. For divergent strabismus ; division 
of the external rectus ; insertion of a double suture 
through the inner margin of the cornea and through 
the inner canthus. ,6. For evisceration ; a modification 
of Critc/iell's method, in which conjunctival instead of 
scleral sutures are used. 7. For pterygium ; a modi- 
fication of Desmarre 1 s operation ; the corneal portion 
is excised, and the remainder is divided into two parts, 
one being transplanted under the conjunctiva above 
the wound and the other below. 8. For staphyloma ; 
a modification of Critchett s method of closing the 
wound after operation upon the staphyloma. Critchett 
inserted stitches in the sclera, Knapp only in the 
conjunctiva. 9. For symblepharon ; a modification 
of Teale's operation. Knox's, for excision of the 
tongue; a vertical incision is made through the center 
of the lower lip, and the inferior maxilla is ex- 
posed and sawn through at the symphysis ; the 
tongue is then dealt with as the case demands. 
Kocher's: 1. For excision of the ankle-joint; the 
incision is made beneath the external malleolus, and is 
followed by division of the peroneal tendons after 
being secured with threads, and opening of the joint 
with removal of the diseased parts; the foot is replaced 
and the tendons sutured. 2. For excision of the 
thyroid gland ; an incision is made in the median line 
from the sternal notch to the upper limit of the bron- 
chocele ; from this point two lateral incisions are made 
upward and outward to a point a little below the angle 
of the jaw. 3. For excision of the tongue ; preliminary 
tracheotomy and packing of the pharynx with sponges ; 
the incision begins below the tip of the ear, extends 
along the anterior border of the sterno-mastoid muscle 
to about its middle, then forward to the body of the 
hyoid bone, then upward along the anterior belly of 
the digastric muscle to the symphysis menti ; the 
tongue is then removed by the galvano-cautery or 
scissors through the incision. This operation was 
devised to avoid pneumonia and septicemia. 4. For 
varicocele; ligation of the veins at two points, and 
subcutaneous division. Koeberle's : I. A method of 
performing oophorectomy ; the pedicle is grooved with 
a specially-devised wire constrictor prior to liga- 
tion. 2. For retroflexion titeri ; abdominal fixation. 
Kolomnin's, for hip-joint disease ; ignipuncture or 
cauterization of the diseased tissue. Konig's : I . For 
nephrectomy ; an incision is made vertically down- 
ward along the outer border of the erector spin?e muscle 
to just above the iliac crest, then curving anteriorly, 
and extending nearly, or quite, to the umbilicus. 2. For 
single hare-lip; both margins are pared, and two 
small prolabial flaps are formed by horizontal incisions 
parallel to the lip-margin. Kraske's : I. For car- 
cinoma of the rectum ; resection of the coccyx and of 
a portion of the sacrum to give access to the rectum 
high up. 2. For extirpation of the uterus ; the opera- 
tion is made through the same sacral opening as in 
operating for carcinoma of the rectum. 3. For mc/o- 
plastv ; a flap is taken from the immediate neighbor- 
hood, and union follows, even if the pedicle consists 
of subcutaneous tissue only. Krimer's, for urino- 
plasty ; muco-periosteal flaps are dissected up on either 
side of the cleft, then reversed from without inward, 
and united in the middle line by sutures. Kuckler's ; 



I. For cataract-extraction; the incision passes 
through the center of the cornea. 2. For splenec- 
tomy; the incision is made through the linea semilu- 
naris. Kuhnt's : I. For canthop/asty ; a flap of 
skin is cut from the upper or lower lid, and turned 
into a wound made at the outer canthus. 2. For 
ectropion; a modification of Antyllus's operation. 
3. For symblepharon ; the use of skin-flaps grafted 
upon the surface, or pedicellate flaps which are thrust 
in between the eyeball and eyelid through fenestra cut 
through the latter. Kiister's : I. For performing 
gastrostomy ; the parietal incision is made in the linea 
alba. 2. For mastoid and middle-car disease ; it con- 
sists in making an opening in the posterior wall of the 
auditory canal as far away from the membrana tympani 
as possible in cases in which some of the membrana 
and the ossicles are still retained ; if the drum-cavity 
is filled with granulations the incision should be carried 
through the bone into the drum-cavity, and the morbid 
material removed with a spoon. Kuster-Dolbeau's, 
for vesical exploration ; paraprostatic section of the ure- 
thra and subsequent dilatation to allow of the introduc- 
tion of the fingers. Labbe's, for gastrotomy ; the pari- 
etal incision is made parallel to the left costal margin. 
Lacauchie's, for amputation at the hip-joint ; the 
same as Esmarch' s amputation. Lafage's, for cas- 
tration ; by an elliptic incision in the scrotum. La- 
forest's, for stricture of the lacrymal duct ; the in- 
jection of an astringent solution through an S -shaped 
hollow probe. Lallemand's, for circumcision ; dorsal 
transfixion, followed by excision of the two lateral 
flaps. Landolt's, for blepharoplasty ; a portion of the 
upper lid is taken to replace a lost lower lid. Lang- 
enbeck's : I. A method of performing amputations; 
the making of musculo-tegumentary flaps by cut- 
ting from without inward. 2. For cholecystectomy ; the 
entire gall-bladder is removed, after division of the 
cystic duct, between two ligatures. 3. For double hare- 
lip ; the edges of the prominent tubercle and of the 
maxilla are pared, and, after replacement into position, 
the parts are transfixed with hare-lip pins. 4. For 
duodenostomy ; the bowel is attached to the wound in 
the parietes and opened at a later stage of the oper- 
ation. 5- For ectropion ; the same as v. Amnion's 
operation. 6. F 'or excision of the ankle; a modifica- 
tion of Jl/oreau's operation, in which the outer incision 
follows the anterior portion of the fibula, curves around 
and below the malleolus and ascends about one inch 
along its posterior border. 7. For excision of the 
elbow ; a longitudinal posterior incision is made along 
the inner side of the olecranon. 8. For excision of 
the hip; an external incision is made in the long axis 
of the limb over the outer surface of the great 
trochanter. 9. For excision of the knee ; a vertical 
incision is made on the antero-internal aspect of the 
joint. 10. For excision of the shoulder ; a single 
vertical incision is made, having for its starting-point 
the acromio-clavicular joint. II. For excision of the 
upper jaw ; a transverse curved incision, with its con- 
vexity downward, is carried from the junction of the 
nasal cartilage with the nasal bone to the middle of the 
malar bone. 12. For excision of the wrist ; the same as 
Barkel's operation. 13. For iridodialysis ; impaction 
is united with detachment ; the detached flap of the 
iris is drawn into the corneal wound, where it is 
retained by adhesions. 14. For completely lacerated 
perineum ; the edge of the recto-vaginal septum is 
denuded and then split for some distance ; a flap is cut 
out of the vaginal side, and, after closure of the rec- 
tum, is stitched forward over the new perineum by 
vaginal sutures ; the external sutures are placed from 
before backward. 15. For the removal of a naso- 



OPERATIONS 



915 



OPERATIONS 



pharyngeal polypus ; {a) nasal route', the nasal bone 
and nasal process of the superior maxilla are exposed 
and forcibly displaced upward; {/>) maxillary route ; a 
tongue-shaped flap is marked out on the face, and a 
large part of the maxillary bone separated and tempo- 
rarily displaced inward. 16. For nephrectomy ; an in- 
cision is made through the abdominal wall at the outer 
edge of the rectus muscle, in the linea semilunaris, com- 
mencing just below the margin of the ribs. 17. For 
neurectomy ; the division of the superior maxillary 
nerve in the spheno-maxillary fossa by means of a long 
tenotome passed into the fossa along the outer wall of 
the orbit. 18. For osteotomy; the subcutaneous 
method. 19. For restoration of the lower lip ; (a) the 
lower horizontal margin of the defect is prolonged on 
either side by incisions, which pass along the remainder 
of the lower lip, around the angles of the mouth and 
into the upper lip ; the portion of the lip is then 
mobilized and drawn together by sutures. (b) By a 
single flap derived from the chin. 20. For rhino- 
plasty ; the Indian method; a single lateral flap is 
brought from the opposite side, the apex being left 
attached at the inner angle of the eye on the side of 
the deficiency, while the base comes from the ala of 
the sound side. 21. For uranoplasty ; complete clos- 
ure of the cleft in the palate by dissection of muco- 
periosteal flaps obtained from either side, and suturing 
in the middle line. Langier's, for stricture of the 
lacrymal duct ; perforation of the wall of the duct and 
the maxillary sinus, to drain the tears into the 
antrum. Lannelongue's: 1. F 'or craniectomy ; (a) 
The vertex of the skull is exposed by means of a 
single incision in its long axis and a narrow strip of parie- 
tal bone is removed close to the sagittal suture ; (b) The 
bones of the skull are so cut as to produce osseous 
flaps of various shapes. 2. For cleft-palate ; a rec- 
tangular flap of mucous membrane is brought down 
from the side of the septum of the nose ; the upper 
edge of the cleft is then freshened and the two sur- 
faces brought together. Lariche's, for removal of a 
tumor of the naso-pharyiix ; a V-shaped incision is 
made, the ends of which run into either nostril, and 
•the apex is in the middle line one-fourth of an inch 
below the columna, which is then separated from the 
upper lip. Larrey's : I. A method of performing 
amputation ; the same as Dupuytren ' s amputation 
by the double-flap method. 2. For amputation at the 
hip-joint ; lateral flaps are made by transfixion, the 
common femoral artery being tied as a preliminary 
step. 3. P'or amputation at the shoulder-joint ; an 
incision is made from the acromion to a point 2^ 
inches below, from which point anterior and posterior 
spiral incisions are carried down the arm, meeting on 
the inner aspect ; after disarticulation of the bone 
the flap is brought up and secured in the space made 
by the gaping of the first incision. Lateral opera- 
tion, a method of performing cystotomy ; the lateral 
perineal operation. Lauenstein's, for iliac cololomy ; 
the peritoneum is sutured to the skin ; a loop of intes- 
tine is then drawn out and the parietal wound closed 
by sutures passed through the meso-colon of the ex- 
truded portion of gut ; finally, the serous covering of 
each limb of the prolapsed loop is stitched to the parietal 
peritoneum, and the bowel is opened. Lawrence's 
{Sir IV.): I. For extirpation of the lacrymal gland ; 
an incision is made over the outer third of the orbit, 
followed by division of the external commissure and 
extirpation of the gland. 2. For removal of a naso- 
pharyngeal polypus ; the nasal bones and nasal pro- 
cesses of the superior maxillae are cut through ; the 
septum is then divided, and the nasal cavity exposed 
by turning up the nose. Lawson's, for blepharo- 



plasty ; separation of the adhesions and dissection 
up of the edges of the wound, followed by grafting. 
Lebrun's : 1. For cataract-extraction : the incision is 
made farther in the cornea than most operators make it. 
2. For entropion ; similar to that of Anagnostakis 1 oper- 
atiou. Ledran's, for suturing the intestines. See Led- 
raii 's Suture. Lee's {Henry) : 1. For amputation of the 
leg ; a modification of Teale's operation, in which the 
long flap is taken from the posterior aspect of the limb. 
2. A method of performing embryotomy ; brachiotomy, 
followed by perforation of the thorax and extraction 
by the crotchet. 3. For traumatic cerebral abscess; 
the same as danger's operation. 4. For varicocele ; 
transfixion by two pins and figure-of-eight turns of a 
ligature, followed by subcutaneous division of the 
veins. Le Fort's: 1. For amputation of the foot ; 
a modification of Pirogoff's operation, in that the 
section of the os calcis is more nearly horizontal, all 
the upper part of the bone being removed. 2. For 
procidentia uteri ; denudation of the anterior and 
posterior walls of the vagina and the formation of a 
longitudinal septum. Lembert's, for suture of the 
intestine ; the interrupted suture is used, and a fold of 
serous, or of serous and muscular, tissue is picked up 
on one side of the wound ; the needle is then carried 
over to a corresponding point on the other side of the 
wound, where a similar fold is picked up. Lenoir's, 
for amputation of the leg; a modified circular oper- 
ation ; a circular incision is made above the malleoli 
and below the point at which the bones are to be 
sawn ; this is joined by a vertical incision carried up 
along the inner side of the tibial crest ; the skin-flaps are 
then dissected up and the remaining soft parts are di- 
vided down to the bone at the level of the saw-line. 
Lente's, for stricture of the rectum ; incisions are made 
in the anterior and posterior median lines. Leten- 
neur's, {ox plastic purposes; the quadrilateral gap' is 
closed by a flap freed from below and displaced upward. 
Leucke's, a method of performing gastro-enterostomy ; 
in order to expedite the operation the first present- 
ing portion of the small intestine is attached to the 
stomach. Leveille's, for iridodialysis ; it differs 
from Scarpa's method only in the previous depression 
of the lens. Levis's : I. For the radical cure of 
hydrocele ; the injection of twenty drops of pure car- 
bolic acid into the tunica vaginalis testis after withdraw- 
ing the fluid. 2. For varicocele ; after ligation of the 
varicocele the ligature is tied over a piece of rubber 
tubing so as to maintain the tension of the thread. 
Liebreich's : I. For cataract-extraction ; the incision 
is carried farther into the cornea than usual. See also 
Lebrim' 's Operation. 2. For strabotomy ; the incision 
is made at the lower edge of the muscle's insertion ; 
the conjunctiva and capsule of Tenon are separated 
as far as the semilunar fold ; the tendon is divided and 
the vertical incision is extended upward and downward 
to the necessary extent. Lignerolle's : I. For ampu- 
tation of the foot ; the astragalus is preserved in situ. 
2. For subastragaloid disarticulation ; by a short ex- 
ternal, and a long internal flap, taking in part of the 
sole of the foot. Linhart's, for the removal of a 
tumor of the jtaso-pharynx ; an incision is made from 
the root of the nose to its tip, and is extended into 
the nostril of one side : the nasal bone is forcibly 
turned to one side after having been separated 
from its fellow. Lisfranc's : I. For ampu- 
tation of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal 
joints ; it is done by rounded lateral flaps of equal 
size, the base of each corresponding to the joint- 
line, and the free extremity to the level of the web. 
2. For amputation through the foot ; disarticula- 
tion through the tarso-metatarsal joints. 3. For am- 



OPERATIONS 



916 



OPERATIONS 



putation at the hip-joint ; lateral flaps about four 
inches long are made by transfixion, the outer one being 
cut first. 4. For amputation at the shoulder-joint ; 
external and internal flaps are made by transfixion ; 
in operating on the left shoulder the knife is entered 
near the posterior fold of the axilla, and after passing 
close to the outer aspect of the joint, is made to 
emerge between the coracoid process and the clavicle ; 
on the right side the direction of the transfixion is 
reversed. 5. For excision of the hip ; it is done by 
raising tlie flap from over the great trochanter. 
Lister's (Sir Joseph) : I. A method of performing 
amputations ; by double rectangular flaps, the differ- 
ence in length not being so great as in Teale's oper- 
ation ; the angles of the flaps are rounded off, the 
posterior one consisting of skin and fascia only. 2. For 
amputation at the hip-joint; disarticulation through an 
external racket incision ; after Ravaton ' s and Fur- 
neaux Jordan' s amputations. 3. For amputation above 
the knee ; a modification of Carden's amputation, in 
which a short posterior skin-flap is formed. 4. A 
method of button suture ; oval perforated discs of lead 
are used which are threaded on the ends of wire. 5. For 
excision of the wrist ; the open method, by two 
dorsal incisions, with division of the extensors of the 
cainus. 6. For ununited fractures of short bones ; the 
fragments are wired together. Liston's : I. A 
method of performing amputations ; a combination 
of the double-flap and circular operations, by first 
dissecting up two semi-oval flaps to serve as covers for 
the flat-faced stump. 2. For amputation at tlie hip- 
joint ; disarticulation by antero-posterior flaps, cut 
by transfixion ; the anterior flap is the longer of 
the two and is made first ; the disarticulation is 
effected before the posterior flap is cut. 3. For 
chiloplasty ; removal of the diseased tissues, and 
transplantation of a flap from the chin or the cheek. 
4. For excision of the elbow; a modification of 
Jlforeau's incision, in which the outer vertical limb of 
the H is omitted. 5. For excision of the upper jaw ; 
it is done by three incisions: (a) an incision from the 
external angular process of the frontal bone through 
the cheek to the angle of the mouth ; (b) a short inci- 
sion along the zygoma to meet the first ; (c ) an incision 
along the side of the nose and through the center of the 
lip. Littre's : I . For enlerotomy ; occlusion of the 
lower end of the intestine, with the formation of an arti- 
ficial anus. 2. For inguinal colotomy ; it is performed on 
the left side for opening of the sigmoid flexure ; an in- 
cision from 1^2 to 3 inches long is made parallel with 
the outer part of Poupart's ligament, and about y z inch 
above it. Lizars' (J), a method of exposing the up- 
per jaw by cutting through the cheek, from the angle of 
the mouth to the malar bone. Loreta's : I. For aneu- 
rysm ; the insertion of a small wire into the sac, and 
the use of electrolysis as well. 2. For stenosis of the 
orifices of the stomach ; digital or instrumental divulsion 
of the pyloric or cardiac orifice, following gastrotomy. 
Lossen's, for neurectomy ; a modification of Liicke's 
operation in which the masseter muscle is not divided. 
Lowdham's, a method of performing amputations ; it 
is done by a single flap. Lubbock's, for lacrymal 
fistula ; an incision is made into the anterior wall of 
the lacrymal sac, followed by the introduction of a 
grooved knife to the bottom of the duct, and the 
passage of a leaden style. Lucse's, for strabismus ; a 
semicircular incision is made in the conjunctiva near 
the cornea, followed by division of the tendon close to 
the sclerotic. Lucas's: 1. For lumbar nephrectomy ; 
an oblique incision is made as for colotomy, supple- 
mented by a vertical incision carried along the outer 
edge of the quadratus lumborum muscle from the last 



rib to the iliac crest. 2. For umbilical hernia ; excision 
of the sac and redundant skin, with suture of the ring. 
Lucke's : 1. For excision of the hip ; it is done by an 
anterior incision in the long axis of the femur, com- 
mencing y^ inch below and to the inner side of the 
anterior superior iliac spine. 2. For tieurectomy ; re- 
moval of the second division of the fifth nerve 
at the point of exit from the skull ; the incision is 
made above the external canthus along the upper 
border of the zygoma, and the spheno-maxillary fossa 
is exposed by sawing and breaking through the arch. 
Luke's: I. A method of performing amputations: 
the first flap is made by Langenbeck' s method, and the 
second by Vermale' s method. 2. For iliac colotomy ; a 
modification of Cripps' operation in which the in- 
cision is made in a vertical direction and external to 
the epigastric artery. Lund's, for talipes ; the re- 
moval of the astragalus. Luzardi's, for iridodialy- 
sis ; by means of a special needle a portion of the iris is 
drawn out through either the cornea or sclerotica, and 
retained by adhesions. Lydston's, for varicocele ; an 
incision one inch or more in length is made parallel 
with the spermatic cord and beginning just below the 
external abdominal ring ; the cord and veins are ex- 
posed, separated, and the veins ligated with a single 
silk ligature ; after closure of the wound a clamp is ap- 
plied and the redundant scrotal tissue removed. Mac 
Cormac's (Sir W.)\ 1. P'or excision of the shoulder ; 
by a posterior vertical incision starting from the 
angular projection on the inferior margin of the 
acromion. 2. For genu valgum; division of the 
femur from the outer side, above and parallel with 
the articular surface. 3. For ligation of the popliteal 
artery ; it is done from the front at the inner side ; the 
artery is exposed by an incision behind and parallel to 
the tendon of the adductor magnus. 4. For rhino- 
plasty ; the Italian method, the flap being taken from 
the inner aspect of the arm. 5. For suture of tlie 
intestine ; the same as Lemberfs method, except that 
only an external line of sutures is used. Macdon- 
ald's, a method of performing embryotomy. See 
Affleck ' s operation. Macewen's : 1. P'or aneu- 
rysm; a long pin with a tapering point is passed into 
the aneurysm and the point is made to touch the oppo- 
site wall of the sac; the point is then to be moved 
over the inner surface of the aneurysm for ten minutes 
for the purpose of causing irritation ; in this way each 
point accessible to the point of the needle is to be 
treated. 2. For genu valgum; a modification of 
Chiene's operation, the wedge being removed through 
the same line of incision as in Ogs/on's operation. 3. 
For the radical cure of inguinal hernia ; the sac is 
dissected out and separated from its connections, and 
then so drawn upward by means of a suture as to 
form a pad upon the inner surface of the circumfer- 
ence of the ring ; the ring and canal are then closed 
by means of sutures. 4. For intubation of the larynx ; 
a long, cylindric tube, of the pattern of the gum- 
elastic catheters, is introduced from the mouth into 
the trachea through the larynx. 5. Osteotomy for 
genu valgum : supra- condyloid division of the femur 
from the inner side. Mackenzie's: I. For amputa- 
tion of the foot ; the flap is taken from the inner and 
plantar surface of the foot and ankle in performing a 
Syme amputation. 2. For excision of 'the knee ; by rais- 
ing an anterior U-shaped flap. Macleod's, for ampu- 
tation at tlie ankle-joint; a modification of Syme's 
operation, in which only the malleoli are removed, the 
cartilage on the under surface of the tibia being pre- 
served. MacNamara's, for cataract-extraction : re- 
moval of the lens in its capsule without an iridectomy, 
through a large corneal incision extending outward. 



OPERATIONS 



917 



OPERATIONS 



Madelung's, for lumbar colotomy ; a modification of 
Bryant' ' s operation in which the lower end of the 
colon, after being completely detached, is closed by 
invagination and two rows of sutures, and dropped 
back into the abdomen. Maisonneuve's : I. 
A method of performing amputations ; it is also 
called the diaclastic method, and was devised for the 
purpose of avoiding hemorrhage, infection, and other 
accidents ; the bone is first broken with an osteoclast 
and the soft parts are divided by means of an ecraseur. 
2. For excision of the elboiv ; it is done through a pos- 
terior median incision. 3. For excision of the rectum ; 
a circular incision is made around the anus, and several 
needles, armed with ligatures twelve inches long, are 
passed into the incision and through the bowel above 
the growth, and brought out of the anus and made to 
retrace their course — one free extremity of the thread 
presenting at the anus, and the other in the wound. 
A whip-cord is passed through the loops of thread in 
the anus, when traction on the ends in the wound 
draws the cord through the bowel after the ligatures. 
The bowel is divided by allotting each loop of cord to 
an ecraseur. 4. For excision of the tongue ; a modifi- 
cation of Jaeger's operation, q. v. 5. For excision of 
part of the upper jaw ; Guerin's operation, slightly 
modified. 6. For excision of the wrist ; it is done by 
a single median dorsal incision. 7. For internal 
urethrotomy ; a special urethrotome is used to divide 
the stricture from without inward. 8. For oophorectomy ; 
the entire pedicle is twisted. 9. For the removal of a 
naso-pharyngeal polyp; a slight modification of 
Guerin's operation ; an incision is made in the me- 
dian line, from the junction of the hard palate down 
into the body of the uvula as far as is necessary, its free 
border being preserved. Malgaigne's [J. F): I. A 
method of performing amputations ; it is a variety of 
oval amputation in which the spiral incisions are con- 
tinuous above with a single longitudinal one, so that 
the gaping wound has the form of a racket. 2. For 
amputation of the arm ; a single rounded flap is cut, 
usually from the flexor surface of the arm. 3. For 
amputation through the foot ; subastragaloid disarticu- 
lation by a single, large, internal flap, the astragalus 
only being left. 4. For amputation at the hip-joint ; 
a modification of Ravaton' s amputation, in which the 
vertical incision is shorter and the circular incision 
more oblique. 5. For chiloplasfy ; two lateral in- 
cisions are made on either side of the lower lip to re- 
store this portion by the sliding method. 6. For ex- 
cision of the shoulder ; it is done by a single anterior 
vertical or oblique incision. 7. For hare-lip ; the 
same as Clemot's operation. Manec's, for amputa- 
tion at the hip-joint ; a single long anterior flap is 
made by transfixion ; the joint is then disarticulated, 
and a circular incision made posteriorly. Marine's, 
tor the. removal of a polyp from the naso-pharynx ; an 
incision is made through the soft palate with a bis- 
toury, in the median line, from the tip of the uvula 
to its junction with the hard palate ; after removal of 
the polyp, the parts are restored by one or more 
sutures. Margary's, for congenital dislocation of the 
hip ; the formation of an acetabulum in the normal 
position, reduction of the femur, and the formation of a 
capsule from the periosteum. Marian's, for lithot- 
omy ; the old median perineal operation for stone 
in the bladder. See Lithotomy. Markoe's, for 
varicocele; a modification of Vidal's method, in 
which the pin is dispensed with, and a loop of silver 
wire is clamped to a lead plate ; the wire is gradually 
tightened. Martin's (A.) : 1. For lacerated perineum ; 
a modification of Freund's operation, in which the 
vaginal tongues are denuded more deeply into the 



vagina, and the vulval denudations are carried higher 
up. 2. For the radical cure of hydrocele ; the in- 
jection of tincture of iodin after aspiration. 3. 
For vaginal hysterectomy ; an incision is made 
around the posterior margins of the cervix until the 
peritoneum is reached ; the edges of the vaginal 
wound are then sewn parallel to the incision to bring 
the peritoneum and vaginal wall together and so 
arrest hemorrhage ; the broad ligaments are ligated 
with silk ligatures in successive portions ; the cen- 
tral fissure is now incised, the bladder separated, the 
cervix freed from the broad ligament on either 
side, the fundus retroflexed, and the remainder of 
the broad ligaments ligated and severed ; a drainage- 
tube is inserted into Douglas's space. Martino's, for 
the remedy of a large and prominent ear ; a V- 
shaped piece is removed and the wound closed by 
sutures. Mason's: 1. For osteoplasty ; a modifica- 
tion of Diejfenbach' s operation in which holes are 
punched, as a preliminary step, along the line the 
chisel is subsequently to take. 2. For rhinoplasty ; it 
consists in bringing across the gap two lateral and one 
superior flap of integument as a base of support for 
the frontal flap. 3. For uranoplasty ; perforation of 
the bone at several points in the line of the lateral in- 
cision before applying the chisel, to prevent com- 
minution. Masslorsky's, a method of performing 
oophorectomy ; double flaps are made of the pedicle, 
and these are stitched together. Mastin's, for in- 
ternal urethrotomy ; it is done with a modification 
of Maisonneuve's urethrotome. Mathews': I. For 
fistula in ano; after dilating the sinus with a laminaria 
tent, a urethrotome is introduced to the full depth of 
the sinus, the knife is protruded, and the instrument 
withdrawn ; the operation is repeated with the knife 
in the opposite direction. Mathews has devised a 
special fistulatome for this purpose. 2. For inguinal 
colotomy ; the incision is made two-thirds above and 
one-third below, and at right angles to a line drawn 
from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the 
umbilicus, one and a half inches from the spine ; when 
the bowel is brought out of the wound, two large pins 
are passed parallel and close together through one 
edge of the incision, through the mesentery near the 
bowel, and out at the other wound-margin ; the oper- 
ation is completed by stitching the bowel to the skin ; 
the colon is incised at a later period. Mathewson's, 
for exostosis of the external meatus ; removal by a drill. 
Maunoir's, for iridotomy ; incision of the cornea 
and removal of a triangular flap of the iris, the apex 
of which is toward the pupil. Maunsell's, for intes- 
tinal anastomosis ; after dividing the gut, circularly, at 
the proper points, a longitudinal incision about an inch 
and a half long is made in the larger segment oppo- 
site the mesenteric attachment ; a long suture is then 
passed through all the coats of the two divided ends 
at the mesenteric attachment and one similarly di- 
rectly opposite this point ; the sutures are then passed 
in the lumen of the larger segment and out the longi- 
tudinal incision, the ends of the gut are invaginated and 
accurately coaptated by sutures, the invagination is re- 
duced and the longitudinal incision closed by sutures. 
Maury's (F.) : 1. For ectopia vesica ; amodification of 
Roux' s operation, in which one flap is taken from the 
perineum and the scrotum, the other from the abdomen. 
2. For gastrostomy ; a curved parietal incision is made 
with its convexity toward the middle line. Maydl's, 
for iliac colotomy ; the peritoneal cavity is opened by 
Littri's incision ; the loop of intestine is drawn out of 
the wound and held there by a hard rubber cylinder 
inserted through a slit made in the mesentry close to the 
gut ; the latter is stitched in the abdominal incision, 



OPERATIONS 



918 



OPERATIONS 



and opened from four to six days later. Maynard's, for 
suture of the bladder ; the sutures are placed in two 
double rows by a special needle before the bladder is 
opened. McBurney's, for the radical cure of in- 
guinal hernia ; after exposing the sac the anterior 
wall of the canal is incised and the sac ligated and 
excised at the internal ring ; the skin is inverted and 
stitched to the ligamentous and tendinous structures, 
the wound healing by granulation. McCreik's, for 
entropion; the removal of a horizontal strip of the 
tarsus from the inner surface of the lid. McCurdy's, 
for amputation at the hip-joint ; a. modification of 
Myites' operation, a single needle being inserted at the 
most prominent point of the great trochanter, passing 
directly through the thigh in front of the femur to 
emerge just below the tuber ischii. McDowell's 
(£.), for oophorectomy ; the first complete operation; 
the pedicle was secured by a single ligature, the ends 
of which were brought out of the abdominal wound. 
McGill's, for prostatectomy ; it is done by a supra- 
pubic incision, as in supra-pubic lithotomy. Mc- 
Leod's (A'): I. A method of performing oophorec- 
tomy; torsion of the pedicle between two pairs 
of forceps. 2. For prolapse of the rectum; the 
upper part of the rectum is stitched to the anterior 
abdominal parietes, a wound being made through the 
abdominal wall for the purpose. Mears', for neurec- 
tomy ; removal of the inferior dental nerve from its 
canal by traction after exposing the outer surface of the 
jaw, trephining over the position of the inferior dental 
foramen, and loosening the nerve at the mental fora- 
men. Median Operation. See Hegar 1 s operation, and 
also Lithotomy. Mejean's, for stricture of t lie lacrymal 
duct ; a thread is passed through the canaliculus and 
duct into the nose, and medicated cotton fibers are drawn 
through. Mercier's, for prostatotomy ; an instrument 
shaped like a short-beaked lithotrite with sharp edges 
is used to punch out portions of the floor of the urethra. 
Meyer's : I. For genu valgum ; a cuneiform osteotomy 
of the tibia below the tuberosity. 2. For hypertrophy 
of tlie pharyngeal tonsil ; a ring-knife is passed through 
the nose, and the manipulations are directed by the left 
forefinger passed into the vault of the pharynx. 3. For 
sympathetic ophthalmia ; an incision is made over the 
painful portion of the ciliary region with division of 
the ciliary nerves. Michaelis', a method of per- 
forming embryotomy; evisceration followed by rachi- 
otomy and forced evolution. Mika Operation. See 
Mika. Mikulicz's: I. For the removal of tonsillar 
tumors ; it is done by an incision through the neck, 
the cut extending from the mastoid process downward 
and forward as far as the great cornu of the hyoid 
bone ; the ascending ramus of the jaw is then resected 
and the wall of the pharynx is divided ; a preliminary 
tracheotomy is performed. 2. For tarsectomy ; the 
same as IVlaJimiroff's operation, but independently 
designed. Miller's, for amputation of the penis ; the 
flap is cut from below. Milne's, for internal urethrot- 
omy ; it is done with a special dilating urethrotome. 
Miner's, for the removal of an ovarian tumor; enu- 
cleation when removal cannot be effected in the usual 
way, owing to absence or shortness of the pedicle, 
or to adhesions. Miot's, for chronic nonsuppurative 
middle-car inflammation ; the stapes is exposed, either 
by excision of the upper posterior part of the mem- 
brane, or by the use of the electro-cautery, after which 
methodic mobilization of the exposed stapes is 
carried out by means of a probe or other instrument. 
Mirault's : I. For excision of the tongue; excision 
after ligation of the lingual arteries as a preliminary 
measure. 2. For hare-lip ; a flap is turned down on 
one side and brought across and attached to the pared 



opposite side. Molliere's : 1. For amputation 
through the foot ; the foot is treated as though it con- 
tained but one bone ; if necessary, bone is cut through 
rather than disarticulation being made. 2. For infan- 
tile paralysis ; osteoclasis is performed, instead of re- 
section. Moore's: I. For aneurysm ; the introduction 
of a fine wire into the sac through a cannula. 2. For 
cataract-extraction ; extraction several weeks after the 
performance of a preliminary iridectomy. Mooren's, 
for cataract ; an operation similar to Jacobson's opera- 
tion, but the iridectomy is made several weeks before 
the extraction. Moreau's : I. For excision of the 
ankle ; by lateral incisions, the outer one following the 
posterior border of the fibula and bending forward 
beneath the malleolus ; the inner one is along the inner 
surface of the tibia in the axis of that bone. 2. For ex- 
cision of the elbow; a posterior H-shaped incision over 
the joint. 3. For excision of the knee ; by an anterior 
H-shaped incision. 4. For excision of the shoulder ; 
a flap with its base below is taken from the deltoid 
region. Morel's, for excision of the shoulder ; a 
rounded flap with its base upward is taken from the 
deltoid region. Morgan's, for chiloplasty ; after the 
removal of the entire lip, a curvilinear flap is made by 
an incision below and parallel to the first, allowing the 
ends to remain attached and securing the flap in the 
place of the diseased tissue. De Morgan's, to reach the 
spinal accessory nerve; an incision is made behind 
the sterno-mastoid muscle. Morris' {H. ) : I. For 
excision of the radius ; an incision is made parallel to 
the long axis of the bone between the supinator longus 
and extensor carpi radialis longior muscles. 2. For 
lumbar nephrectomy ; a transverse or slightly oblique 
incision is made a short distance below the last rib, 
and this is joined by a vertical incision running down- 
ward from a point near the posterior extremity of the 
former. 3. For nephrorrhaphy ; the sutures are passed 
through the entire thickness of one lip of the wound, 
then through the capsule and cortex of the kidney 
and finally through the other lip of the wound. 
Mortise Operation. See Girahlis' Operation. Mor- 
ton's : 1 . For elephantiasis ; the excision of a portion of 
the nerve-trunk, supplying the affected member. 2. 
For the reduction of club-foot ; tenotomy combined with 
forcible correction by" Morton's club-foot stretcher." 
Mosetig Moorhof's, for staphyloplasty ; a modifica- 
tion of Schonbein' s operation, in which the fistula is 
allowed to remain at the position of the anterior pala- 
tine canal. Mott's : 1. For ligation of the common 
iliac artery ; an incision five to eight inches in length 
is commenced just outside the center of Poupart's 
ligament, and one and a half inches above it; curving 
upward and outward toward the ribs, it passes one and 
a half inches in front of the anterior superior spine of 
the ilium. 2. For the ligation of the innominate 
artery ; a transverse incision is made above and par- 
allel to the top of the sternum and inner end of the 
clavicle, and this is joined by another of the same 
length along the anterior border of the sterno-mastoid 
muscle. Mulder's, for iridectomy ; a crucial incision 
is made into the iris, with removal of the flaps one by 
one. Mule's, for evisc e ration of the eye-ball ; eviscera- 
tion of the globe followed by the insertion of a silver 
or glass ball within the sclerotic, with the view of 
rendering the stump better suited to an artificial 
eye. Miiller's : 1. For Cesarean section; a modi- 
fication of Porro's operation, whereby the whole 
uterus is turned out of the abdomen before it is 
opened. 2. For vaginal hysterectomy ; the uterus is 
divided into halves longitudinally ; one part is brought 
down at a time, and the broad ligament is ligated in 
sections. Murphy's, for intestinal anastomosis ; by 



OPERATIONS 



919 



OPERATIONS 



the use of a specially devised apparatus. See Mur- 
phy's Button. Murray's, for ligation of the abdomi- 
nal aorta ; the extra-peritoneal operation ; a curved 
incision, with its concavity forward, and about six 
inches in length, is made upon the left side of the 
body, from the anterior extremity of the tenth rib to a 
point about one inch to the inner side of the anterior 
superior iliac spine. Mutter's, for chiloplasty ; the 
formation of two quadrilateral flaps to fill the defect 
caused by removing the diseased tissue. Myles', 
for amputation at the hip-joint ; a stout steel skewer is 
thrust through the thigh from before backward, the 
point entering an inch below Poupart's ligament and 
just to the outer edge of the femoral artery ; it passes 
to the inner side of the neck of the femur and emerges 
a little above the gluteal fold ; an india-rubber cord is 
passed around the ends in a figure-of-eight. Nail's 
(£. R.), for internal urethrotomy ; it is done with a 
special dilating urethrotome. Nassiloff ' s, for esopha- 
gostomy ; the formation of a fistulous opening between 
the esophagus and the surface of the neck in cases of 
stricture or tumor of the former. Neal's, for gastrot- 
omy ; a parietal incision is made in a line extending 
from the umbilicus toward the left false ribs. Nela- 
ton's : I. For amputation through the foot ; subastrag- 
aloid disarticulation by dorsal and plantar flaps, larger 
on the inner than on the outer side. 2. For enterotomy ; 
the abdomen is opened in the right iliac region by an 
incision parallel to and a little above the outer portion 
of Poupart's ligament ; the first coil of intestine that 
presents is drawn into the wound. 3. For epispadias; 
it is done by reversed flaps, one being obtained from 
the median line of the anterior abdominal parietes, 
the other from the anterior surface of the scrotum. 4. 
For hare-lip ; an incision is made around the upper 
angle of the cleft and the lower edge is turned down- 
ward, so that the wound becomes diamond-shaped ; 
the sides are then brought together and sutured. 
5. For lithotomy ; the pre-rectal method, correspond- 
ing with the bilateral operation, with the addition of a 
careful dissection to obtain more space between the 
rectum and the bulb of the urethra, to avoid wound- 
ing the latter. See Lithotomy- 6. For the removal 
of a naso-pharyngeal polypus ; it is done through the 
mouth, by exposing the hard palate and drilling two 
holes in it, so that the intervening bone can be re- 
moved. 7. F 'or proctotomy ; the external method ; 
the left index finger is introduced as far as the stricture, 
and, with this as a guide, the soft parts below the 
stricture are divided in the median line by a blunt- 
pointed bistoury. 8. For rhinoplasty ; two trapezoid 
flaps are taken from the cheeks, each flap being intended 
to form the corresponding half of the new nose. 9. For 
urethroplasty ; the edges of the fistula having been 
pared, the surrounding skin, to the extent of about an 
inch, is dissected up subcutaneously, through an open- 
ing made below the fistula, and the fistula is closed by 
sutures. 10. For -webbed fingers ; the same as Didot's 
operation. Neudorfer's : I. For ectopia vesica; ; a 
modification of Trendelenburg' ' s operation, in which the 
sacro-iliac synchondroses are not separated, but approxi- 
mation of the margins is made possible by two lateral 
incisions through the abdominal wall ; the pubic bones 
are brought together by sutures. 2. For excision of 
the shoulder ; it is done by a curved supra-acromial 
incision, the acromion being sawn through and the 
head of the bone thrust out. Neugebauer's, for 
prolapsus uteri ; the same as that subsequently de- 
scribed by Le Fort, and best known by his name. 
Newman's, for nephrorrhaphy ; in addition to stitch- 
ing the kidney to the abdominal parietes, the fibrous 
capsule is split and separated from the surface of the 



kidney ; the resulting adhesion thus aids in fixing the 
kidney. Nicoladoni's, for talipes calcaneus ; in cases 
of paralysis of the calf-muscles, with the peroneal 
muscles intact, the tendo Achillis is cut and sewn to the 
peroneal tendons. Norton's, for webbed fingers ; 
small triangular flaps are raised between the knuckles 
on the dorsal and palmar aspects ; the webs are then 
cut through the bases of the flaps, which are stitched 
together. Noyes' : 1. For blepharoplasty ; (a) The 
formation of a bucco-temporal flap, sliding the whole 
cheek, with the shortened lid, inward and upward. 
(b) The formation of a naso-buccal flap. 2. For in- 
flammatory secondary cataract ; the formation of an 
artificial pupil ; a hole is made in the obstructing mem- 
brane with a v. Graefe knife, and this is enlarged by 
tearing. 3. For entropion ; cure by a plastic operation. 
4. For staphyloma ; incision of the limbus, followed by 
total avulsion of the iris. 5. For strabismus ; ad- 
vancement of the elongated tendon. Nuel's, for 
corneoscleral rupture ; the wound in the sclera is re- 
opened by making a section with a knife, and the sur- 
rounding conjunctiva is drawn over the opening by 
means of a special suture. Nunneley's, for excision 
of the tongue ; it is done by a suprahyoid incision and 
the use of the ecraseur. Nussbaum's, a method 
of performing ovariotomy ; the pedicle is tied in sec- 
tions with catgut and dropped into the pelvic cavity. 
Oberst's, stomatoplasty ; the defects of the mucous 
membrane of the cheek are covered with tissue re- 
moved from the upper or lower lip. Obre's, for the 
radical cure of obturator hernia ; by cutting down 
on the sac as in other hernice. Odhelius's, for 
iridotomy ; the same as Reichenbachs operation. 
O'Dwyer's, for intubation of the larynx; the same 
as Macewen's operation, except that a shorter tube 
of metal is introduced into the larynx. Oettin- 
ger's, for trichiasis ; an incision is made in the inter- 
marginal space, and is carried to a point above the 
upper border of the tarsus, so that all the skin that 
covers the tarsus can be displaced upward. Ogston's 
(Alexander): 1. For extreme flat-foot ; excision of the 
astragalo-scaphoid joint in a wedge-shaped piece, and 
the fixing of the astragalus and scaphoid together with 
pegs. 2. Osteotomy for genu valgum ; division of 
the internal condyle of the femur obliquely, from before 
backward. 3. For opening the frontal sinuses ; it is 
done by trephining in the middle line of the frontal 
bone. 4. For varicocele ; subcutaneous ligation with 
silk ; the same as Keyes' operation. Ollier's : 1. 
For excision of the elbow ; by lateral incisions, the 
main one external and " bayonet" -shaped, the inter- 
nal one short and vertical. 2. For excision of joints ; 
the subperiosteal method, in which the whole of the 
periosteum of the involved district and the capsular 
ligament are preserved. 3. For excision of the knee ; 
by Aforeaus incision and the carrying out of the 
periosteal method. 4. For excision of the scapula; 
one incision along the spine, and a second along the 
internal border of the scapula, and the subperiosteal 
removal of the bone. 5. For excision of the shoul- 
der ; by a single anterior vertical or oblique incision 
and the carrying out of the periosteal method. 6. 
For excision of the tvrist ; the subperiosteal method 
by two dorsal incisions, after those made by Boeckel 
and Lister. 7 . For genu valgum ; section through 
the epiphyseal cartilage. 8. For the removal of a 
naso-pharyngeal polypus ; it is done through the nose 
by an osteoplastic operation ; the nasal bones are 
exposed and sawn through in the upper portion, so 
that the nose can be turned downward. 9. For 
rhinoplasty ; two diverging incisions are commenced 
in the median line of the forehead and carried down- 



OPERATIONS 



920 



OPERATIONS 



ward along the border of the nose ; the triangular flap 
is then drawn downward to supply the loss of the 
lower part of the nose. Olshausen's, for vaginal 
hysterectomy ; a modification of Czerny's operation ; 
the uterus is not turned backward, but the connections 
are gradually separated, as traction is made on the 
organ ; the broad ligaments are tied with rubber liga- 
tures. Orred's, for excision of the shoulder ; it is 
done by a longitudinal incision from the socket of the 
shoulder to the insertion of the deltoid. Otis' (F.N.), 
for internal urethrotomy, it is done with a special 
dilating urethrotome. Pagenstecher's : I. For 
cataract-extraction ; extraction of the lens in the 
closed capsule ; a scoop is inserted under the lens 
and gentle pressure is made on the cornea. 2. For 
entropion ; division of the external canthus ; stretch- 
ing of the horizontal wound to a vertical one, and 
suture of the opposed surfaces. 3. For iridodesis : a 
modification of Crilchett's operation, the incision being 
made with a broad needle or narrow knife. 4. For 
obliteration of the lacrymal sac ; slitting of the canalic- 
uli, and the introduction of zinc chlorid paste into 
the sac. 5 . For pterygium ; separation from the 
cornea and sclerotic and turning back ; the edges of 
the conjunctival wound are brought together with 
sutures. 6. For ptosis; the fibers of the occipito- 
frontalis are made to act on the lid. 7. For stricture 
of the lacrymal duct ; the introduction of Bowman's 
probe No. 3; slitting of the canaliculus and sac, and 
the daily passage of sounds. Paget's, for excision 
of the tongue ; a modification of Nunneley' s operation, 
the tongue being made free by incision of its attach- 
ments to the floor. Palasciano's, for tumor of the 
naso-pharynx ; an incision is made through the skin 
over the lacrymal sac ; this is partially dissected out 
and a puncture is made through the lacrymal bone, 
thus exposing the superior meatus. Panas' : I. For 
proctotomy; linear proctotomy. 2. For ptosis ; the 
tarsal portion of the lid is raised by sutures and the 
occipito-fron talis muscle is caused to assume, to a great 
extent, the function of the levator palpebne. Pan- 
coast's {Joseph) : I. For amputation at the knee- 
joint ; three flaps are made : a short, oval, anterior 
flap including the patella, and two latero-posterior flaps 
which join in the middle of the popliteal region. 2. 
For ectopia vesica: ; closure by means of two lateral flaps 
dissected up on either side of the defect, and reversed, 
but not superimposed. 3. For hernia ; a method of 
operating by injections. 4. For neurectomy ; the re- 
moval of the second division of the fifth nerve at its 
point of exit from the skull ; a square-shaped flap is 
raised over the ramus of the jaw, and the masseter 
muscle is elevated ; the coronoid process is then re- 
sected and the internal maxillary artery is ligated, after 
which the spheno-maxillary fissure is exposed by sep- 
arating the two heads of the external pterygoid muscle. 
5. F 'or rhinoplasty ; the subcutaneous division of the 
depressed tissues, so that they may be separated from 
their bony connections. 6. F 'or varicocele : a modifi- 
cation of Levis' 's operation : a button is introduced 
between the skin and the rubber. Pare's {A.), for 
hare-lip ; the edges are united by means of pins and 
figure-of-eight sutures. Park's: I. For excision of the 
elboiv ; it is done through a posterior median incision. 
2. For excision of the knee : it is done by an anterior 
crucial incision, with its convexity downward. Par- 
ker's : I. For the relief of chronic cystitis in the male ; 
perineal cystotomy. 2. For peritypklitic abscess ; in- 
cision. 3. Syndesmotomy for talipes varus in children ; 
division of the " astragalo-scaphoid capsule" and the 
anterior and posterior tibial tendons. Parker's (A\ 
Willard) incision, for excision of the hip; employed 



originally by Dr. Hueter, and later and independently 
by Parker; the incision commences on the front of 
the thigh half an inch below the anterior superior 
spine of the ilium, and runs downward and a little 
inward for three inches. As the knife sinks into the 
limb, it passes between the tensor vagince femoris and 
the rectus on the inside, until it reaches the neck of the 
femur. Pasquier and Le Fort's, for amputation 
through the foot; a modification of Pirogoff' 's operation : 
the section of the os calcis is made horizontally, its 
upper part being removed. Passavant's : I. For syne- 
chia ; breaking up of the adhesions with forceps. 2. 
For staphylo-pharyngorrhaphy ; the halves of the 
velum are stitched to the posterior pharyngeal wall in 
order to shut off the nose from the mouth. Patru- 
ban's, for varicocele ; excision of the dilated veins. 
Paul's, for iliac colotomy ; the bowel is divided and 
the distal end invaginated as in Senn's method; a 
glass tube is tied into the proximal end of the bowel, 
which is fixed into the parietal wound by sutures ; 
after three days the projecting bowel is cut away. 
Pean's : I. For amputation at the hip-joint; the 
vessels are caught as the operation proceeds. 2. 
For hysterectomy for fibroid tumor ; the extraperitoneal 
method ; after an abdominal incision, the uterus 
is brought out through the wound, and the stump 
is transfixed with long heavy needles placed at 
right angles to each other ; beneath these a wire is 
passed and made tight by means of a serre-nceud ; the 
tumor is amputated above the needles, and the ab- 
dominal wound is closed around the stump. 3. For the 
removal of a nasopharyngeal tumor ; an incision is 
made from the root of the nose down the median line 
to the lip, through the nostril, and through the median 
line of the upper lip, which is completely divided ; the 
flaps are separated ; a portion of the hard palate is re- 
moved after separating the periosteum ; the second 
bicuspid tooth is extracted and the antrum is exposed 
by bone-forceps. 4. For pylorectomy ; a vertical 
parietal incision is made in the middle line. 5. For 
vaginal hysterectomy for carcinoma ; removal of the 
affected uterus per vaginam by morcellement, or bit by 
bit. Peaslee's, for trachelotomy; an incision of one 
or both ora uteri for stenosis by Peaslee's metrotome, 
followed by dilatation. Percy's, for excision of the 
hip ; it is done by raising a flap from over the great 
trochanter. Perier's, for uterine inversion ; re- 
moval of the inverted uterus by the elastic ligature. 
Perrin's (JL-), for amputation through the foot ; sub- 
astragaloid disarticulation by the oval operation. 
Peters', for internal urethrotomy ; a special ure- 
throtome is used to divide the stricture from within 
outward. Petersen's, for lithotomy; the high 
operation. See Lithotomy. Petit's : I. A method 
of performing amputations ; the same as Cheselden 's 
method. 2. For amputation of the fingers ; lateral 
flaps are cut from within outward. 3. For hernia ; 
the sac is not opened. 4. For stricture of the lacry- 
mal sac ; incision into the sac behind the internal 
canthal ligament. Petrequin's, for symblcpharon, 
gradual strangulation by means of a thread. Phelps' 
{A. M.) : I. For club-foot ; a direct open incision is 
made through the inner and plantar surfaces of 
the foot. 2. For hare-lip ; a loop is passed through 
the margin of the lip on either side of the cleft ; the 
incision is curved on both sides, and a V-shaped 
flap is allowed to remain in the middle line, be- 
neath the septum of the nose ; the wound is 
closed with silk sutures. Physick's, for iridectomy ; 
removal of a circular piece of the iris by the cutting- 
forceps. Pick's, for amputation at the knee- joint ; 
a modification of Stephen Smith's operation by com- 



OPERATIONS 



921 



OPERATIONS 



mencing the anterior incision higher, and removing the 
patella. Pirogoff 's : I. F 'or amputation through the 
foot; an operation in which the os calcis is sawn 
through obliquely from above downward and forward, 
and the posterior portion is brought up and secured 
against the surface made by sawing off the lower ends 
of the tibia and fibula. 2. For the radical cure of 
hernia; after reduction, a bladder of gold-beater's 
skin is introduced into the canal through a small in- 
cision, inflated and allowed to remain. Pitts', for 
stretching the inferior dental nerve ; the nerve is found 
by a vertical incision within the mouth, along the 
inner border of the ascending ramus, and is stretched 
with a blunt hook. Platner's, for excision of the 
lacrymal sac; incision of the anterior wall, followed 
by removal of the sac-wall. Poinsot's, cuneiform 
tarsotomy for talipes varus; a T-shaped incision is 
made, the horizontal limb of which extends from the 
external malleolus to the head of the fifth metatarsal 
bone, while the vertical branch passes across the dorsum 
toward the scaphoid bone ; the periosteum is similarly 
incised, and a wedge of bone removed. Politzer's : 

1. Section of the anterior ligament of the malleus. 

2. For artificial aperture of the membrana tympani ; a 
crucial incision of the membrane is made, followed by 
the application of the galvano-cautery. 3. For atro- 
phied tympanic membrane with middle-ear catarrh ; 
incision of the membrane every two or three days with 
a paracentesis-needle. Pollock's (C): I. For am- 
putation at the knee-joint ; a long anterior and a 
short posterior skin-flap, somewhat rectangular in 
outline, the patella being left. 2. For division of 
the levator palati muscle ; the knife is passed through 
the mucous membrane of the velum in front, and to 
the inner side of the hamular process, and the muscle 
is fully divided. 3. For hemorrhoids ; crushing them 
with a special clamp, and excising or cauterizing 
the projecting portion. Pope's: I. For the forma- 
tion of an artificial pupil ; incision at the sclero- 
corneal margin, with excision of a portion of the iris 
without dividing the sphincter pupillae. 2. For 
entropion; extirpation of the tarsus. 3. For trich- 
iasis; similar to the A rlt-Jaesche operation. Porro's, 
for puerperal hysterectomy ; Cesarean section, fol- 
lowed by removal of the uterus at the cervical 
junction, together with the ovaries and oviducts. 
Porro-Muller's, for otherwise impossible labor; a 
modification of the Porro operation in which the uterus 
is brought out of the abdomen before extracting the 
fetus. Porro-Veit's, for otherwise impossible labor ; 
a modification of the Porro operation ; the stump is 
ligated and dropped. Porta's : I. A method of 
performing embryotomy ; perforation of the thorax in 
the axillary region, followed by evisceration and 
podalic version. 2. For varicocele ; the injection 
of a saturated solution of chloral. Post's, for 
rhinoplasty ; a modification of the Tagliacotian opera- 
tion, the flaps being taken from the patient's finger. 
Pott's (P.), for fistula in ano ; it consists in a 
simple incision. Power's, for corneal leukoma; 
rem oal of the opaque portion with a sharp punch, 
and transplantation of a healthy rabbit's cornea. 
Pratt's, dilatation of the lower orifices of the body, the 
anus and the urogenital canal, with the removal of any 
irritating conditions that may be present. It is based on 
the belief that many chronic diseases are due to morbid 
conditions of these orifices. Prevot's, for rupture 
of the gravid ztterus ; removal of the uterus by ab- 
dominal incision. Prince's: I. For pterygium; 
similar to Knapp' s modification of Desmarre ' s opera- 
tion. 2. For strabismus ; advancement of the rectus 
muscle. Pritchett's, for internal urethrotomy ; it is 



done with a modification of Maisonneuve's urethro- 
tome. Purse-string, for cystocele. See Stoltz's opera- 
tion. Quaglins', for sclerotomy ; incision of the 
sclera with a small knife, and the use of a small 
spatula to prevent prolapse, should it tend to occur. 
Ramdohr's, for euterorrhaphy ; the insertion of the 
proximal within the distal end of the intestine, and 
suturing. Ramsden's, for ligation of the third part 
of the subclavian artery ; a transverse incision three 
inches in length is made across the base of the posterior 
triangle of the neck, about one-half inch above the clav- 
icle. Rau's, for the formation of an artificial pupil ; 
perforation of the sclera and iris with a narrow knife, 
followed by iridectomy. Ravaton's : 1. A method 
of performing amputations ; it is done by a circular 
incision through the soft parts of the bone, with two 
longitudinal cuts — one in front and the other behind — - 
extending from the circular incision upward to the 
level at which the bone is to be sawn through. 2. 
For amputation at the hip- joint ; disarticulation 
through an external racket-incision ; a vertical cut 
is made on the outer side, and this is joined on 
each side by two oblique crescentic incisions which 
meet on the inner side of the thigh. Recamier's, for 
extirpation of the utcrtts ; vaginal hysterectomy. Rec- 
lus', for iliac colotomy ; a modification of MaydPs 
operation, in which the sutures are omitted. 
Reeves' {H. A.) : 1. For inguinal colotomy ; the usual 
incision is made, and sutures are passed through the 
gut to fasten it to the skin. 2. For knock-knee ; 
a modification of Ogston 's operation, in which an 
effort is made not to open the joint. Regnoli's, 
for excision of the tongue ; an incision is made in the 
median line of the neck from the lower margin of 
the symphysis to the center of the hyoid bone, 
and from the upper end of this cut two lateral in- 
cisions pass outward along the lower border of the 
jaw to the anterior borders of the masseter muscles. 
Reichenbach's, for iridotomy ; incision of the 
cornea and division of the iris from before back- 
ward. Reverdin's : 1. For blepharoplasty ; re- 
moval of the cicatricial tissue, suturing of the lid to 
the opposite one in its normal position, and skin- 
grafting of the raw surface. 2. For skin-grafting ; 
a point of skin is raised on an ordinary sewing- 
needle, and shaved off with a scalpel or scissors ; the 
graft is then transferred to the fresh surface next to 
the healthy granulations. 3. For symblepharon ; 
detachment of the lid and transplantation of a small 
flap from the cheek. Reybard's, for enterorrhaphy ; 
invagination of the upper extremity by passing two 
sutures through the wall and out of the lumen, and then 
in the lumen and through the wall of the lower 
extremity ; traction now effects invagination, and 
sutures are applied. Richard's: I. F'or ectopia 
vesica;; the same as Roux' s operation, following 
the lines of Nelaton'' s operation for epispadias. 2. For 
the removal of naso-pharyngeal polypi ; an incision is 
made in the middle line, from the posterior border of 
the hard palate, forward to the alveolus ; the periosteum 
is dissected up on either side, and as much of the hard 
palate as necessary is chiseled away. Richet's : I. 
For Dupuytren 1 s contraction, or contraction of the 
palmar fascia ; a longitudinal incision is made over 
the bands and transverse incisions at either extremity 
of the first ; the flaps are dissected back, the bands 
cut or excised, the wound united, and the finger fixed 
in extension. 2. For ectropion ; the cicatrix (situated at 
the outer side of the lower lid) is excised, and, after the 
lids have been stitched together, the gap is filled, and 
the operation is completed by raising and transplanting 
two tongue-shaped flaps. 3. For varicocele ; cauteriza- 



OPERATIONS 



922 



OPERATIONS 



tion of the scrotum by means of a special apparatus. 
Richter's : I. For iridotomy ; the same as Reichen- 
bach's operation. 2. For stricture of the lacrymal 
duct ; incision of the sac and dilatation of the duct by 
means of catgut strings. Ricord's : I. For circum- 
cision ; the prepuce is grasped with fenestrated forceps 
corresponding with the direction of the corona, and 
the forceps is slid in advance of the glans ; the pre- 
puce is cut off in front of the forceps, which are then 
removed and the mucous membrane is trimmed off, 
leaving a short stump; stitches are next applied. 2. 
For varicocele ; the introduction of two double ligatures 
through a single opening in the scrotum, one pass- 
ing above and the other below the veins ; the ends 
of the ligatures are attached to a yoke provided 
with a screw, which is tightened from day to day. 
Riesel's, for the radical cure of inguinal hernia ; the 
external ring is exposed by an incision ; the anterior 
wall of the canal is split up to the internal ring ; 
the neck of the sac is tied as high as possible ; part 
of the anterior wall of the canal is cut away, and 
deep transverse sutures are then introduced. Rig- 
aud's, for urethroplasty ; a quadrilateral flap with its 
base above is turned over the fistula, and lateral flaps 
are brought over the first and secured in position by 
sutures. Riggs', for the radical cure of inguinal 
hernia; a variety of seton-operation, the peculiarities 
of which consist in the use of a large-sized meche and 
an ingenious stop-needle. Rima's, for castration ; a 
U-shaped flap is cut by transfixion from the posterior 
wall of the scrotum. Rizzoli's: I. For ankylosis of the 
lower jaw ; a linear osteotomy through the mucous 
membrane, thus avoiding an external scar. 2. For im- 
perforate anus (the rectum terminating in the vagina) ; 
an incision is made in the perineum, antero-posteriorly 
— if the anus is absent — followed by dissecting the 
rectum from the vagina, and after pulling the former 
down, it is stitched to the skin-incision. Roberts' 
(J. £.), for deflected nasal septum; a linear in- 
cision is made with a bistoury along a prominent 
line of the deflection, so as to enable it to be pressed 
into its proper position, after which a long steel 
pin is thrust into the septum in such a manner as to 
maintain this position. Roberts' (A/. J.) : I. Electro- 
osteotomy in knock-knee, bow-legs, and anterior tibial 
deformities. 2. Cuneiform osteotomy for hallux val- 
gus. Robertson's (A.), for conjunctival entro- 
pion ; a modification of Snellen's operation, in 
which the threads are passed through the conjunc- 
tiva at the bottom of the fold, between its palpe- 
bral and outer portions. Robson's (Mayo), for 
ectopia vesica; a modification of Wood's operation, 
in which, in female subjects, the folds of integument 
following the labia majora are detached and displaced 
upward. Rodger's, for ankylosis of the hip; the 
cuneiform method of osteotomy. Rogers', for 
internal urethrotomy ; it is performed with a special 
dilating urethrotome. Roonhuysen's, for chilo- 
plasty. See Horn' ' s operation. Rose's : I. For 
double hare-lip ; the central tubercle is pared in a V- 
shaped manner, and the lateral segments by curved 
incisions from above downward to the muco-cutaneous 
junction, and then obliquely upward and inward. 2. 
For single hare-lip ; a semilunar incision is made as far 
as the red margin of the lip, and an oblique upward 
cut is made on either side to form the prolabium ; 
the flaps are held in position by means of wire and 
catgut sutures. 3. For the relief of neuralgia of 
the fifth nerve; removal of the Gasserian ganglion. 
Rossbach's, for tumor of the larynx; this con- 
sists in introducing a thin knife antero-posteriorly 
into the median line of the larynx from without, 



and amputating the tumor while the operation is 
watched in the laryngeal mirror, held in the usual 
position. Rotter's, for uranoplasty ; a modification 
of Blasius' operation, in which a long cutaneo- 
periosteal flap is taken from the forehead, passed 
through the unclosed hare-lip, and grafted into the 
cleft of the palate. Rouge's, for access to the nasal 
cavities ; the upper lip is freed from the jaw by an 
incision through the mucous membrane ; the cartil- 
aginous septum and lower lateral cartilages are then 
detached so that the nose and lips can be raised to the 
necessary extent. Rouse's, for proctotomy ; the mak- 
ing of a deep incision in the fossa beside the sphincter 
without severing the latter ; through this incision 
the diseased portion of the rectum is pressed out 
and excised. Routh's, for pyosa/pinx ; aspiration 
of the contents of the diseased Fallopian tube. 
Roux's : 1. For amputation of the foot; a modification 
of Syme's operation, in which the flap is made chiefly 
from the inner side of the foot. 2. For chiloplasty ; 
after removing the diseased parts and the formation of 
suitable flaps, the prominent portions of the superior 
maxillary bones are removed to permit of better adjust- 
ment of the flaps. 3. For ectopia vesica ; closure by 
means of flaps, one being dissected from the abdomen 
above, and another from the scrotum below. 4. For 
excision of the elbow; a modification of Aloreau's 
incision, in which the inner line of the H is omitted. 
5. For excision of the hip ; it is done by raising a flap 
from over the great trochanter. 6. For excision of the 
tongue ; division of the symphysis menti and removal 
of the entire tongue. 7. For hysterectomy ; temporary 
resection of the sacrum. 8. For ligation of the 
axillary artery ; the incision is made through the 
delto-pectoral interval. 9. For removal of a naso- 
pharyngeal polypus ; it is done through the upper jaw 
by an osteoplastic operation, the whole jaw and malar 
bone with the soft parts being turned upward and 
outward upon the temple. 10. Plastic ; a flap is 
transferred from a distant part by successive migra- 
tion. Roux-Sedillot's, for excision of the tongue. 
See Roux's operation. Rudtorffer's, for webbed 
fingers ; division of the web after a cicatricial 
hole has been established through it, at the root 
of the fingers. Ruysch's, for amputation at the 
wrist-joint ; a semilunar incision is made over the 
dorsum of the hand; the articulation is opened, 
and the anterior flap is cut from within outward. 
Rydygier's, for pvlorectomy ; a vertical parietal in- 
cision is made a little to the right of the middle line. 
Sabatier's : I. For excision of the shoulder; a V- 
shaped flap is raised from the deltoid region. 2. For 
iridectomy ; excision through a corneal incision as in 
cataract-extraction. Saemisch's, for hypopyon ulcer; 
the cornea is transfixed and the intervening tissue, 
including the base of the ulcer, is divided by cutting 
outward. Saint Germain's : I. For phimosis ; dila- 
tation of the foreskin. 2. For tracheotomy for stenosis 
of the larynx ; rapid laryngotracheotomy ; the single 
stroke method ; the larynx is fixed between the thumb 
and finger of the left hand, and a straight sharp- 
pointed bistoury is thrust through the crico-thyroid 
membrane. Salmon's, for fistula in ano ; in cases in 
which there is much induration an incision from one- 
eighth to one-fourth of an inch deep is made along the 
track. This is the well-known " backcut ; " it is said 
to greatly promote healing. Sanger's, a method of 
performing Cesarean section ; a modification of the usual 
operation in which the uterus is delivered through a 
long abdominal incision before extraction of the 
fetus. Sanger-Leopold's, for Cesarean section; 
improved suture of the uterine wound, a deep and a 



OPERATIONS 



923 



OPERATIONS 



superficial row being introduced, two of the superficial 
alternating with one of the deep. Sanger-Tait's. See 
Tait's operation. Sanson's, for excision of 'the knee ; 
similar to Textors operation. Sauter's, for colpo-hys- 
terectomy ; vaginal hysterectomy, the ovaries and tubes 
being left in situ. Sauter-Recamier, for hysterec- 
tomy ; the same as Sauter's operation. Sayre's : I. 
For ankylosis of the hip ; section of the femur above 
the lesser trochanter, with removal of a semicircular 
piece of bone and rounding of the upper shaft-end so 
as to facilitate the formation of a false joint. 2. For 
excision of the hip-joint ; the subperiosteal method ; 
the incision is made down to the bone, the periosteum 
is peeled off and the bone is divided above the tro- 
chanter minor. 3. Intertrochanteric osteotomy for the 
formation of a false joint in ankylosis ; removal of a 
disc of bone from between the trochanters, having its 
upper surface convex and its lower surface flat. 
Scalping Operation. See Gerdy's operation. 
Scarpa's: I. For iridodialysis ; a needle is plunged 
through the sclerotica, the point passed through the 
superior internal border of the iris from behind for- 
ward, and with a see-saw motion the iris is detached 
in one-third of its circumference. 2. For ligation of 
the femoral artery ; it is done at the middle of Scarpa's 
triangle. 3. For stricture of the lacrymal duct ; in- 
cision of the anterior wall of the sac and the intro- 
duction of a leaden style into the duct. Schafer's, a 
method of arterial transfusion; the dorsalis pedis 
artery is exposed in each subject and the distal ends are 
ligated ; glass cannulas attached to rubber tubing are 
then tied into the arteries, both ends being directed 
toward the heart. Schede's : 1. For carcinoma of 
the rectum ; a modification of Kraske ' s operation in 
which the free edge of the peritoneum is secured to 
the serous surface of the gut ; a preliminary inguinal 
colotomy is performed to avoid the fecal fistula and 
protracted healing. 2. For genu valgum ; osteectomy 
of the tibia and a linear complex osteotomy of the 
fibula. Schmalz's, for stricture of the lacrymal duct ; 
the introduction of a thread through the sac, and as 
far into the duct as possible. Schmidt's, for iridodi- 
alysis ; the same as Scarpa? s operation. Schmitz's, 
for genu valgum ; the same as Ogston's operation, ex- 
cept that it is done through a larger wound. Schon- 
bein's, for staphyloplasty ; a flap of mucous membrane 
is taken from the posterior pharyngeal wall and is 
stitched to the velum in order to shut off the nose 
from the mouth. Schramm's, for carcinoma of the 
cervix uteri ; the injection of antiseptic fluids directly 
into the carcinomatous tissues ; he employs a solution 
of corrosive sublimate. Schroeder's : I. Colpor* 
rhaphy ; the removal of a single long and broad strip 
of the vaginal wall and the approximation of the cut 
edges by sutures. 2. Hysterectomy ; celiotomy and 
removal of the entire body of the uterus, with 
intra-peritoneal treatment of the pedicle. 3. Trache- 
lorrhaphy ; the whole of the erosion is exsected, and 
stitches introduced. Schroeder and Lohlein's, for 
pruritus vulvee; excision of the diseased skin. Schiick- 
ing's, for prolapse of the uterus ; vaginal hysteropexia 
by means of a special needle, the thread being passed 
through the uterine cavity, out at the fundus, and 
through the anterior vaginal vault ; the two ends are 
tied together and allowed to slough out. Schueller's, 
for entropion ; two elliptic skin-incisions are made, 
united at their ends, and the distal margins are sutured 
together, over the included portion of attached skin. 
Schultze's, for retrodisplacements of the uterus ; it con- 
sists in carefully tearing the adhesions from the uterine 
surface while replacing the uterus. Schwalbe's, for 
reducible hernia ; it consists in the subcutaneous in- 



jection of alcohol (from 20 to 70 percent.), by means 
of a Pravaz syringe, into the ring as near as possible to 
the hernial sac ; the amount injected is two or three 
grams ; these injections are repeated in from four to 
fourteen days, according to the sensitiveness of the pa- 
tient and the amount of reaction ; they are then omitted, 
and recommenced after a pause of from eight to four- 
teen days ; the ring is eventually closed by fibrous 
thickening and contraction ; the duration of treatment 
varies from one month to two-and-a-half years or 
more. Schwartze's, for mastoid and middle-ear 
disease; opening of the mastoid cells by the use of 
the hammer and chisel. Schweigger's, for advance- 
ment of a rectus muscle ; the muscle is transfixed by 
catgut sutures, a portion of the tendon is removed and 
the ends are approximated by passing the sutures that 
have been placed in the muscle. Scoutetten's : I. 
A method of performing amputation ; the oval opera- 
tion in which a single flap is made on one side of the 
limb to be received into a corresponding space on the 
opposite side. 2. For amputation at the hip-joint ; 
disarticulation by the modified oval method, with the 
summit of the incision on the outer side. Sedillot's : 
1. A method of performing amputation ; the combina- 
tion of the flap and circular methods ; the superficial 
flaps are formed from within outward, and the deep 
muscles are divided circularly. 2. For amputation at 
the ankle-joint; this method resembles Syme's operation, 
except that the flap is made from the inner and plantar 
surfaces of the foot and ankle. 3. For amputation of 
the leg; it is done at the " place of election" by a 
large external flap cut by transfixion. 4. For ampu- 
tation of the thigh ; it is done by a single long anterior 
flap, the structures at the back of the limb being 
divided to the bone by one transverse incision. 5. 
Chiloplasty for restoration of the loiuer lip ; vertical 
flaps are taken from either cheek, and brought together 
in the median line, to form the lip. 6. Chiloplasty 
for restoration of the upper lip ; the formation of quad- 
rangular flaps extending below the level of the mouth 
and attached above ; it is the reverse of Dieffenbacli 1 s 
operation. 7. For double hare-lip ; flaps consisting of 
the outer margins of the clefts are turned down to 
form the red border of the completed lip, and are 
united in the middle line, oblique incisions being made 
upward and outward to free the outer segments ; the 
central tubercle is then pared, and the raw surfaces 
are brought together. 8. For excision of the hip ; it is 
done by raising a flap from over the great trochanter. 
9. For excision of the knee ; it is done by two lateral 
vertical incisions. 10. For excision of the tongue; a 
modification of Roux's operation, q. v. II. Yox gastros- 
tomy ; a transverse incision is made below the xiphoid 
cartilage. 12. For ligation of the innominate artery ; 
an incision is made between the heads of the sterno- 
mastoid muscle. 13. For the removal of a naso- 
pharyngeal polyp ; a linear incision is made through 
the soft palate, and extended as far up on the hard 
palate as the palato-maxillary suture ; by means of 
the periosteal elevator, the palatal processes are 
denuded first on the oval surfaces, then on the nasal ; 
the horizontal plate of the palatal bone is then ex- 
sected by scissors or forceps, and the edges of the 
wound are to be united by sutures. 14. For staphylor- 
rhaphy ; liberating incisions are made on each side 
of the suture. 15. For strabotomv ; an incision is 
made over the body of the muscle ; when the latter 
is completely exposed, the hook is inserted and division 
made with the scissors. Semiramidian Operation, 
castration ; a name proposed for castration on the belief 
that it was first performed by Semiramis. Semon's 
(Felix), for adenoid vegetations of the naso-pharynx ; 



OPERATIONS 



924 



OPERATIONS 



scraping with Gottstein's curet while the patient's head 
is hanging over the edge of the table, to prevent the 
blood and fragments from entering the air-passages. 
Senn's (N.) : I. For amputation at the hip-joint ; by 
means of a skewer as in Myles 1 operation. 2. Yor gastro- 
enterostomy ; it is done with the use of perforated bone- 
plates, as in Senn's operation for intestinal anastomosis. 
3. For intestinal anastomosis ; the diseased tissue is 
excised and the ends of the bowel entirely and per- 
manently closed, the continuity of the canal being 
restored by means of ' ' intestinal anastomosis by lateral 
approximation" with the use of bone-plates. 4. For 
pancreatic cyst; two stages : (1) the bottom of the 
wound is packed over the cyst- wall with iodoform- 
gauze ; (2) the cyst is opened after six or eight days. 
5. For suture of the intestine; a modification of 
foiert's operation, in which a soft, pliable rubber 
ring, made of a rubber band transformed into a ring 
by fastening the ends together with catgut sutures, is 
placed within the upper segment of the bowel ; the 
sutures in transfixing the bowel pass through the upper 
portion of the ring. Serres' : 1. For blepharoplasty ; 
the same as K)iapfs operation. 2. For restoration 
of the angle of the mouth ; two triangles are so fashioned 
that their bases meet at the site of the new angle of 
the mouth. Seton Operation, any operation in 
which a seton is used to give rise to inflammatory 
adhesions. Sexton's, for otorrhea ; it consists in 
the removal of any traces of the membrana flaccida, 
of the membrana vibrans and the malleus and incus, if 
present, and of the granulation and carious tissues. 
Sharp's, for iridotomy ; the same as Cheseli/en's oper- 
ation, except that the needle is introduced through the 
cornea. Sharpe's, a method of performing amputa- 
tions ; the same as Souparf s operation. Sigault's, for 
otherwise impossible labor; pubic symphysiotomy. Sig- 
norini's, for the radical cure of hernia ; similar to 
Gerdy's operation, except that a female catheter takes 
the place of the finger, and three pins are used instead 
of sutures. Simon's (_/.): 1. For ectopia vesica ; com- 
munication between the bladder and the bowel is 
effected by means of threads passed from the ureters 
into the rectum. 2. For elongation of the vaginal 
portion of the cervix ; it consists in the removal of a 
wedge-shaped section of the elongated cervix, the 
apex of which extends high up into the cervical wall, 
while the base is formed by the lower portion of the 
lips. 3. For exploration of the rectum and adjacent 
parts ; it consists in introducing the hand or the hand 
and arm of the operator into the bowel. 4. For lacer- 
ation of the perineum ; the edges are freshened ; then 
sutures are first passed so as to include all the 
denuded rectal mucous membrane ; each suture com- 
mences and ends in the rectum, and is tied as soon as 
passed ; the wound is then closed as usual. 5. For 
uretero-vaginal fistula ; an opening is made into the 
bladder where the ureter empties into the vagina; 
through this opening a sound is passed from the 
bladder into the ureter ; the uretero-vaginal wall is 
slit up from the bladder on the sound ; the margins of 
the wound are daily separated by a sound until 
cicatrization has taken place ; the vaginal fistula is 
closed at a second operation. 6. For vesico-vaginal 
fistula ; adaptation of the pared margins, the mucous 
membrane of the bladder being included in the 
abrasion ; the stationary catheter is not retained after- 
ward. Simpson's (Sir J.)-. 1. For oopherectomy ; 
acupressure is applied to the pedicle inside of the 
abdominal wall. 2. For stenosis of the cervix uteri ; 
bilateral incisions through the whole length of the 
cervical canal. Sims' (Marion) : 1. Eor ante- 
flexion of the uterus; incision of the posterior lip of 



the cervix in the median line up to the point of flexion, 
to permit of communication between the upper por- 
tion of the uterine canal and the posterior vaginal fornix, 
so that the discharges may escape the curve of flexure. 
2. For cholecystotomy ; the gall-bladder is stitched to 
the abdominal wound and a permanent fistula is estab- 
lished. 3. For colporrhaphy ; denudation of a V- 
shaped surface on the anterior wall of the vagina and 
apposition of its arms by sutures. 4. For lithotomy 
(in the female) ; the parts are exposed as for the oper- 
ation for vesicovaginal fistula; a curved director is 
passed through the urethra into the bladder, and made 
to project on the anterior vaginal wall ; this is cut down 
upon, and the stone extracted ; the opening is not to 
be closed. 5. For supravaginal elongation of the 
cervix ; the cervix is amputated with scissors, and the 
mucous membrane is drawn over the stump and united 
with four stitches. 6. For trachelotomy ; division of 
the cervix on either side up to the vaginal junction, 
and division of the cervical canal as high as the in- 
ternal os ; if the cervix is flexed, the lip on the con- 
vex side is divided, and the canal is enlarged as before. 
7. For vesico-vaginal fistula ; coaptation of the pared 
margins, the abrasion not including the vesical sur- 
face ; retention of a catheter afterward. Sinclair's, 
for diseased Fallopian tidies ; free incision per vaginam, 
and subsequent washing out of the empty tubes. 
Skene's (A. J. C), for anteflexion of the uterus with 
imperfect invagination of the cervix into the vagina ; 
transverse division of the anterior vaginal wall after 
the anterior column of the vagina has been put on the 
stretch by drawing the cervix backward toward the 
hollow of the sacrum ; the upper and lower edges of 
the incision are drawn apart by stretching the incised 
portion, and sutures are introduced from the sides, 
transforming the transverse incision into a longitudinal 
incision. Skewer Methods, for amputation through 
the hip-joint. See Afyles' , Spence's, and Wyeth's op- 
erations. Skey's : I. For larso-metalarsal amputa- 
tion ; disarticulation through the outer three and inner 
joints, the base of the second metatarsal bone being 
sawn through. 2. For rhinoplasty ; two lateral flaps 
made from the side of the nose upon the cheek are 
brought into the mesial line. Skutsch's, for salpingost- 
omy : after ascertaining by aspiration the nature of the 
contents of a tube which has been converted into a 
serous cyst, an oval piece about half an inch wide is 
excised from the abdominal end, and the mucous and 
serous surfaces are united with silk sutures around the 
opening ; the new ampulla should be sutured to the 
ovary. Smith's ( Greig) : I. For ectopia vesica; 
a modification of Wood's operation in which the flaps 
are made larger. 2. For extreme intestinal obstruc- 
tion ; an artificial anus is made, and the intestine is 
patiently milked to squeeze out the feces. 3. For 
removal of the uterine appendages ; it is done by ab- 
dominal incision. Smith's (G. I\.), for internal ure- 
throtomy; it is done with a special dilating urethrotome. 
Smith's (H. ), for hemorrhoids : crushing by means 
of a clamp, and applying the Paquelin cautery to the 
stump after cutting away the projecting part. Smith's 
(X.): I. For amputation at the knee-joint ; it is done 
by a large anterior and a smaller posterior skin-flap. 2. 
A method of performing ovariotomy ; the arteries of the 
pedicle are tied separately and the ligatures (strips cut 
from a kid-glove) are cut short, the pedicle being 
dropped inside. Smith's (S.): I. For amputation 
through the knee-joint ; it is done by " lateral hooded 
skin-flaps," the incision commencing in front about 
one inch below the tubercle of the tibia, and being 
carried up to the center of the articulation behind, the 
patella being preserved. 2. Osteotomy; two partial 



OPERATIONS 



925 



OPERATIONS 



sections of the femur are made just below the trochanter 
minor, one anteriorly, the other posteriorly ; the bone 
is then fractured. Smith's (T.) : I. Yox double hare- 
lip ; the outer segments are pared and the parings re- 
moved ; the prolabial flaps are then turned down from 
the sides of the central tubercle. 2. For uranoplasty ; 
the utilization of the mucous membrane covering the 
vomer as a means of bridging the cleft. Smyth's, 
for ligation of the vertebral artery ; the incision is 
commenced at the clavicle, and is carried upward 
along the posterior border of the sterno-mastoid muscle 
for three inches ; the process of the sixth cervical 
vertebra is sought for as a guide. Snellen's : 1. For 
conjunctival ectropion ; traction is exerted on the con- 
tracted conjunctiva so that it becomes permanently 
inverted, the sutures being passed through the highest 
part of the everted mucous membrane. 2. For 
ectropion ; two needles on the same thread are passed 
parallel to each other some distance apart, from the 
summit of the everted conjunctiva beneath the 
skin and out about the margin of the orbit ; the two 
ends are then tied over a roll of gauze. 3. For 
entropion; a modification of St rea (field's operation, 
in which, after grooving the tarsus throughout its 
whole extent, sutures are used to effect the desired re- 
sult. 4. For strabotomy ; a horizontal incision is 
made in the conjunctiva over the middle of the ten- 
don ; the tendon is then seized with forceps, and a snip 
is made into it with the scissors ; the upper portion 
of the tendon is divided first, then the lower portion. 
5. For trichiasis ; a loop of thread is passed, by means 
of a needle, in the free margin of the lid as near as 
possible to the offending hair ; the hair is caught in 
the loop and drawn through the needle-tract. Socin's : 
I. For the radical cure of inguinal hernia ; ligature 
and excision of the sac. 2. For the removal of tumors 
of the thyroid gland ; incision through the normal 
gland-structure and enucleation of the neoplasm. 
Sonnenburg's: 1. For ectopia vesica ; the bladder is 
extirpated and the ureters united to the dorsal groove 
of the penis. 2. For resection of the bladder; a 
supra-pubic operation with removal of a tumor in- 
volving the anterior wall of the bladder ; the bladder- 
wound is closed by stitching the peritoneum over it. 
Sotteau's, for the radical cure of inguinal hernia ; a 
double invagination of the scrotum is made to fill the 
canal. Soupart's, for amputation at the elbow-joint ; 
an elliptic amputation, with the highest point of the 
ellipse in front, the flap being taken from behind. 
Spanton's: 1. For fixity of the lower jaw ; subcuta- 
neous division of the adhesions between the condyle 
and the glenoid cavity. 2. For the radical cure of 
inguinal hernia; the subcutaneous method; after re- 
duction of the rupture a small incision is made over 
the fundus of the sac and the pillars of the ring are 
closed with the screw-instrument. Spence's : I. For 
amputation at the shoulder-joint ; this resembles Lar- 
rey's operation, except that the longitudinal incision is 
made on the inner aspect of the arm. 2. For ampu- 
tation of the thigh ; it is done by long anterior and 
short posterior flaps, the latter being cut from without 
inward, and commenced two inches below the base 
of the anterior flap. Sperino's, for cataract ; repeated 
paracentesis of the aqueous humor. Spiegelberg's, 
for prolapse of the uterus, with marked cystocele ; the 
middle of the lower portion of the anterior vaginal 
wall is united to the middle of the upper portion 
of the posterior wall, after each has been denuded, 
in addition to the repair of the perineum. Squire's, 
for port-wine marks ; multiple parallel incisions. 
Stacke's, for middle-ear disease; incision through 
the skin, circumscribing the auricle posteriorly ; the 



membranous meatus is shelled out of the osseous 
canal ; the median upper part of the bony meatus 
is cut away and the exposed malleus and incus re- 
moved ; the superior wall is then chiseled to near 
the drum-insertion ; then the posterior wall of the 
meatus is cut away ; thus the attic, tympanum, an- 
trum, and meatus are converted into one large cavity. 
Star-operation, for transversely lacerated perineum ; 
after denudation of a transverse strip, a median tri- 
angular or bilateral figure is denuded across the trans- 
verse strip. Steams', for internal urethrotomy ; it 
is done with a special dilating urethrotome. Steele's, 
for deviated "nasal septum ; a modification of Blandin's 
operation, q. v. Stellwag's : I. Canthoplasty ; an 
oblique blepharotomy or sphincterotomy. 2. For cat- 
aract-extraction; a corneal flap-extraction. 3. For 
trichiasis ; re-attaching the raw surface of the tarsus 
to the ablated zone of hair-follicles, so that the border 
that bears the cilia looks upward and that which has 
the raw surface looks downward. Stevens', for 
ligation of the internal iliac artery ; an incision about 
five inches long is made parallel with the deep epi- 
gastric artery and nearly y^ inch on the outer side of 
it. Stevens' (G. 7*.), for muscular asthenopia ; par- 
tial or graduated tenotomy of one of the ocular mus- 
cles. Stilling's : I. Ovariotomy; the cautery is ap- 
plied to the pedicle, which should be stitched in the 
parietal wound. 2. Yox stricture of the nasal duct; 
internal incision. Stillman's, for hemorrhoids ; the 
patient is placed in the knee-chest position and each 
mass is reduced by manipulation as for hernia, after 
which a pile-bougie is introduced. Stimson's, for 
fracture of the patella ; four small punctures are made 
deeply through the skin at the margin of the patella, at 
equal distances from it, \Q\ A half-curved Hagedorn 
needle armed with a heavy silk suture is carried in one 
lower incision, through the ligamentum patellae, and out 
the opposite incision, reentered at the point of exit and 
brought out at the upper incision on the same side, 
inserted again at the same point, made to transfix the 
quadriceps tendon and emerge at the other upper in- 
cision, introduced again at the same point and brought 
out at the place of starting. The fragments are held 
together by strong tenacula and the sutures tied tightly 
and the ends cut short ; the incisions are then closed. 
Stokes' (Sir W.) : 1. Yox amputation above the knee ; 
the same as Gritti ' s operation, except that section of 
the femur is made above the condyles. 2. For excis- 
ion of the tongue ; a modification of Jaeger' s opera- 
tion. 3. For flat-foot ; by removing a wedge-shaped 
piece of bone from the head and neck of the astrag- 
alus. 4. For single hare-lip ; the prolabium is formed 
by tissue from both sides of the cleft by means of in- 
cisions skirting the red margin ; the upper part of the 
cleft is incompletely pared and the partially dissected 
flaps turned back, while the edges of the skin are 
brought together and the prolabial flaps drawn down- 
ward and outward. Stoltz's, for cystocele ; it is also 
called the purse-string and tobacco-pouch operation ; 
denuding a circular patch on the anterior vaginal wall, 
and running a suture around the margin and tying. 
Streatfeild's: I. P'or atresia of the punctum lacry- 
male ; slitting of the canaliculus. 2. For cataract- 
extraction; it is made with a Sichel's knife without 
counter-puncture, the wound being enlarged by a 
sawing motion. 3. For entropion ; removal of a 
wedge-shaped strip from the tarsal cartilage. 4. For 
synechia; the same as Passavanf s operation, except 
that a cutting-hook is used in place of forceps. Streat- 
feild- Snellen's, for entropion ; like Streatfeild's ope- 
ration, except that the groove in the tarsus is made 
higher up. Strohmeyer's, for strabotomy ; an incis- 



OPERATIONS 



926 



OPERATIONS 



ion is made with a cataract-knife in the line of the ten- 
don ; the probe is then passed beneath the muscle and 
the latter is divided with scissors or knife. Sutton's 
(li. S.), for trachelorrhaphy ; the denudation removes a 
large amount of diseased tissue, and the patency of the 
canal is maintained. Syme's (_/.) : I. A method of 
performing amputations; the oval tegumentary flap ope- 
ration; a modification of the mixed amputation. 2. For 
amputation at the ankle-joint ; a single plantar flap is 
made, from which the os calcis is dissected out, after 
disarticulation has been accomplished; the malleoli 
and lower end of the tibia are then removed. 3. For 
amputation of the thigh ; a modification of the circular 
amputation, in which retraction of the skin is aided 
by two lateral cuts after the usual circular incision has 
been made. 4. For excision of the elbow; the same 
as Moreau 's operation. 5. For excision of the shoulder ; 
a large posterior flap is taken from the deltoid region. 
6. For excision of the tongue ; a modification of 
Roux's operation, q. v. 7. F 'or external urethrotomy ; 
the stricture is divided through the perineum upon a 
grooved director. 8. For restoration of the lower lip ; 
two large lateral flaps are dissected from the chin and 
sides of the face and brought together in the middle 
line. 9. For rhinoplasty ; two flaps from the cheeks, 
with a conjoint pedicle at the root of the nose, are 
united in the middle line. Szokalski's, for ptery- 
gium ; it is removed by means of *. thread, armed 
with two needles, so that the growth is strangulated 
at each end and en masse between. Szymanowski's : 
I. For the closure of an artificial amis ; it is done by 
means of a flap of integument without any sacrifice 
of the intestinal wall. 2. For blepharoplasty ; a mod- 
ification of the cantho-temporal and temporo-genal 
incisions, the former running obliquely upward and 
outward and the latter obliquely downward and inward. 
3. F 'or ectropion of the lower lid ; excision of a triangu- 
lar piece of skin at the external canthus, removal of a 
part of the ciliary margin, and suture of the lid in the 
proper position. 4. F 'or hypospadias ; a straight incis- 
ion is made near one edge of the fistula, and the skin 
is dissected loose ; on the opposite side of the fistula, a 
curved flap is raised, and after the epidermis is 
scraped off, the flap is turned under the first one and 
secured by sutures. 5. For restoration of the upper 
lip ; lateral flaps of the full breadth of the lip are cut 
from the cheek on each side, and their inner extrem- 
ities are brought together in the median line. 6. For 
urethral fistula ; a flap is dissected up on either side 
of the fistula, and one is slid under the other, the 
under one having the epidermis removed, except at 
the point that will lie over the fistula. Tagliacotian, 
or Italian Method, for restoration of the nose. See 
Tagliacozzi's operation. Tagliacozzi's, for rhino- 
plasty; the forming of a new nose from a flap from 
the arm secured in place, and left attached to the 
arm until union has occurred. Tait's (Lawson) : I. 
For hepatotoniy for hydatid cyst ; it is performed in one 
stage and involves opening of the abdominal cavity, 
incision and evacuation of the cyst, and the suturing 
together of the margins of the hepatic and parietal 
wounds. 2. For lacerated perineum ; the flap-splitting 
operation ; the recto-vaginal septum is split transversely 
and from the extremities of this incision two lateral 
incisions are made, running up toward the lower ter- 
minus of each nympha and down to a little above the 
anal orifice ; these two flaps are dissected up ; the upper 
one is drawn toward the urethra, the lower one down 
toward the anus ; sutures are passed laterally and the 
edges are brought together. 3. For oophorectomy ; the 
same as Bailey's operation, with inclusion of the F'allo- 
pian tube. 4. Vox oophorectomy ; the pedicle is secured 



with a silk ligature and the "Staffordshire knot." 
See Knot. Tate's, for uterine inversion ; similar to 
Watts 1 operation except that one finger is also- passed 
into the bladder to act in conjunction with the fingers in 
the rectum. Tausini's, for hepatotoniy; the cyst is 
dissected out, and the wound in the liver is closed by a 
double series of catgut and silk ligatures. Taylor's : 

1. For cataract-extraction ; the incision is made with 
a broad needle, the capsule is lacerated and an artificial 
pupil is made, through which the lens is extracted. 2. 
F"or genu valgum due to femoral curving ; section of 
the shaft of the femur on the outer side, a short distance 
above the joint. Teale's : I . For amputation of the 
arm; the long flap is placed upon the antero-external 
aspect of the arm ; the brachial artery and the median 
and ulnar nerves are divided with the posterior flap. 

2. For amputation of the leg ; a rectangular-flap opera- 
tion, in which a long anterior and a short posterior 
flap are made, each consisting of both integument and 
muscle ; the length of the anterior flap is equal to 
half the circumference of the limb, and the posterior 
flap is one-quarter of the length. 3. For amputation 
of the thigh ; the same procedure as in Teale's ampu- 
tation of the leg. 4. F "or cataract-extraction ; removal 
of a soft cataract by suction. 5. For lacrymal stricture ; 
slitting of the lower canaliculus and introduction of 
different sized olive-pointed probes. 6. For symbleph- 
aron ; two flaps of the bulbar conjunctiva are taken 
from either side, one of which is used for covering the 
inner surface of the lid, while the other serves as a 
covering for the eye. Teevan's, for internal urethrot- 
omy ; it is done with a modification of Afaisonneuve's 
urethrotome. Terrillon's, for hepatotoniy for hydatid 
cyst ; the portion of the liver containing the cysts is re- 
moved by means of an elastic ligature applied after the 
performance of celiotomy. Textor's, for excision of the 
knee ; it is done by a curved transverse anterior incis- 
ion, with its convexity downward. Theobald's, for 
subconjunctival strabotomy ; it is performed after 
Critchelt's method, a " crochet-hook " being used in- 
stead of the ordinary blunt one, to prevent the tendon 
slipping off. Thiersch's : 1. For ectopia vesica ; 
closure by means of two large lateral flaps, one to 
cover the lower half of the defect, and the other the 
upper half. 2. For rhinoplasty ; two lateral flaps from 
the cheeks are turned over to meet in the middle line, 
their raw surface being turned out ; a flap from the 
forehead is then brought down and covers all. 3. 
For skin-grafting; the graft is made by a to-and-fro 
motion with a razor, shaving off as long and as broad 
a section of the upper layers of the skin as is desired. 
4. For epispadias ; the formation of a meatus and 
urethra by dissection of various flaps, the entire 
treatment covering a period of several months. 5- 
For uranoplasty ; the alveolar process is chiseled 
away and a flap consisting of the whole thickness 
of the cheek is turned in to close the hole in 
the hard palate. Thomas's (T. G.): I. For hys- 
terectomy; celiotomy with the use of the clamp and 
the charring of the end of the pedicle with the galvano- 
cautery. 2. For laparo-elytrotomy ; removal of the 
fetus through incisions in the abdominal wall and in the 
vagina, without opening the peritoneum or wounding 
the uterus. Thompson's {Sir II.): I. For cystitis due 
to hypertrophicd prostate ;. the establishment of a per- 
manent vesical fistula over the pubes. 2. For internal 
urethrotomy; it is done with Thompson's modification 
of Civiale's urethrotome. 3. F 'or vesical tumor ; the 
removal by a median perineal cystotomy, with the use 
of Thompson's special forceps. Thread-operation, an 
operation proposed by von Graefe, for regulating the 
position of the eyeball after tenotomy ; the thread is 



OPERATIONS 



927 



OPERATIONS 



passed through the stump of the tendon and is fastened 
to the skin near the eye. Tiffany's, for union of tendon 
and flap; in amputation of fingers at the joint between 
the first and second phalanges, the stitch that unites 
the skin is passed through the tendon and its sheath. 
Tillaux's, for cholecystenterostomy ; it is performed in 
three stages : (I) the gall-bladder is fixed by sutures to 
a loop of the jejunum and a biliary fistula is established 
by uniting the margins of an opening made in the gall- 
bladder to the parietal wound ; (2) after about nine 
days an artificial communication is established between 
the bowel and the gall-bladder through the fistula ; 
(3) eighteen days later the biliary fistula is closed 
by a plastic operation. Travers', for cataract-extrac- 
tion ; the capsule is divided and the lens is displaced 
into the anterior chamber ; it is then removed through 
a small corneal incision. Travignot's, lor amputation 
of the leg ; it is done by a large posterior flap and a 
short anterior one. Trelat's : I. For Dupuy- 
(ren's contraction ; division of the attachments be- 
tween the skin and fibrous bands, followed by division 
of the bands themselves. 2. ¥ ox internal urethrotomy ; 
a special urethrotome is used and the stricture is 
cut both ways. Trendelenburg's: I. For ectopia 
vesica ; narrowing of the defective area by approxi- 
mating the two innominate bones, after division of the 
sacro-iliac synchondrosis on either side. 2. ¥ or flat- 
foot ; supra-malleolar osteotomy. 3. For staphylo- 
plasty; the same as Schonbein's operation. Treves' 
(F.) : I. for spinal abscess ; a vertical incision, two and 
a half inches in length, is made in the loin, midway 
between the last rib and the crest of the ilium, the 
incision to be parallel with the vertebral side of the 
outer border -of the erector spinas muscle. 2. For 
ununited fracture of short bones ; the fragments are 
held in position with a pair of modified Malgaigne' ' s 
hooks. 3. For varicocele ; exposure of the veins, the 
application of two ligatures and excision of the included 
portion. Treves' (IF. K.), for excision of the knee ; 
it is done by two vertical lateral incisions. Triangu- 
lar-flap operation, for lacerated perineum. See Dun- 
can 's operation. Tripier's : I. For amputation through 
the foot ; a modification of Choparf s operation in which 
the os calcis is sawn through horizontally at the level of 
the sustentaculum tali and its lower portion is removed. 
2. For blepharoplasty ; a flap is taken from the upper 
lid to close a deficiency in the lower lid. Valette's : 
I. For the radical cure of hernia ; an attempt is made 
to close the canal by causing an eschar by means of 
Vienna paste. 2. For the removal of a nasopharyn- 
geal tumor ; by an operation similar to those of Berard 
and Hugier, but of less extent ; the anterior and 
inner wall of the maxillary sinus is removed, and the 
sinus is thus opened into the nasal cavity. Van 
Best's, for the radical cure of hernia ; subcutaneous 
suturing of the inguinal rings. Van Buren's, for 
prolapsus ani ; a linear cauterization of the mucosa 
with the Paquelin cautery. Van Millingen's : 1. 
For entropion ; the mucosa is transplanted into the 
wound made by an incision at the lid-margin. 2. 
For trichiasis ; the covering of the wound made in 
Arlfs operation by mucosa from the patient's lips 
or from the conjunctiva of a rabbit, instead of with 
skin. Veit's : I . A method of performing embry- 
otomy ; evisceration followed by simultaneous trac- 
tion on an arm and the breech, the fetus being de- 
livered doubled up. 2. For otherwise impossible labor ; 
the same as Porro- Veit's operation. Veitch's, for am- 
putation at the hip-joint ; the same as Fsmarch' s opera- 
tion. Velpeau's : I. For excision of 'the upper jaw ; 
an incision is commenced at the angle of the mouth and 
is carried in a curved direction, through the cheek to 



end over the center of the malar bone. 2. For excision 
of the wrist ; by raising a dorsal flap. 3. For iridotomy ; 
a long double-edged knife transfixes the cornea, passes 
through the iris to the posterior chamber and back to 
the anterior chamber, through the cornea again, and a 
flap is cut ; this leaves a triangular opening in the iris. 
4. For preternatural anus ; removal of the adventi- 
tious tissue around the preternatural anus, and suturing 
of the wound. Vermale's: I. A method of per- 
forming amputation ; the ordinary double-flap opera- 
tion, the flaps being cut by transfixion whenever pos- 
sible. 2. For amputation of the arm ; by lateral flaps 
marked out by a skin-incision, the remaining soft parts 
being divided by transfixion ; the inner flap is cut the 
longer. 3. For amputation of the thigh; by lateral 
flaps of the same size and including all the soft parts 
down to the bone; both flaps are cut by transfixion. 
Verneuil's : I. For amputation through the foot; 
subastragaloid disarticulation, the incision commenc- 
ing over the outer tuberosity of the os calcis and being 
carried forward to and over the dorsum of the foot, 
just behind the base of the metatarsal bones and 
finally sweeping across the sole to the point of com- 
mencement. 2. For iliac c ototomy ; a nearly vertical 
incision is made, and a knuckle of gut is transfixed 
and kept in place by two needles which lie on the 
parietes ; the exposed bowel is then stitched to the 
margins of the parietal wound and the protruding 
knuckle is excised. 3. P 'or proctotomy ; the rectum 
is first divided into lateral halves with the ecraseur, 
and the subsequent dissection is done with the galvano- 
cautery knife. 4. For rhinoplasty ; two flaps from the 
cheeks and forehead are superimposed to secure 
elevation of the sunken nose. 5. For stricture of the 
rectum ; the same as Lenti's operation, except that a 
posterior incision only is made. Vidal's (de Cassis) : 
1 . For gastrotomy, the parietal incision is made in the 
middle line. 2. For varicocele ; subcutaneous con- 
striction of the veins by means of wire ligatures. Der 
Villard's (Carroti) : I. For ectropion; shortening of 
the skin of the lid in a transverse direction. 2. For 
iridotomy; the same as Maunoir 1 s operation. Voil- 
lemier's, for internal urethrotomy ; it is done with a 
modification of Maisojineuve' 1 s urethrotome. Volk- 
mann's : I. For amputation at the hip-joint ; the same 
as Fsmarch' s operation. 2. For excision of the rectum ; 

(a) For a circumscribed growth ; dilate the anus ; pull 
down the diseased portion ; remove by incision ; suture. 

(b) For disease involving the circumference of the bowel, 
but not the anus; divide the anus forward in the 
perineum and backward to the coccyx ; remove the 
growth by a knife or scissors, and the fingers, and 
stitch the healthy mucosa together ; deep drainage ; 
suture, (<-) For disease involving the circumference of 
the bowel, and part or all of the anus ; make the anterior 
and posterior incisions as directed ; then carry a circular 
incision around the sphincter, and dissect out the 

. growth ; the healthy mucosa is stitched to the skin- 
border ; drainage ; suture. 3. Hepalotomy for hydatid 
cyst ; it is performed in two stages ; in the first, adhesion 
is secured between the parietal peritoneum and the he- 
patic peritoneum over the seat of puncture ; the second 
stage consists in incising the adherent cyst after some 
days. 4. For hydrocele; by a free incision in the 
tunica vaginalis and stitching the serous membrane to 
the skin. 5. For lupus ; erasion with a curet. Von 
Graefe's (Alfred). See Graefe's operations. Von 
Hippel's. See v. HippeP s operations. Von Wal- 
ther's, for tarsorrhaphy ; paring of the borders of the 
upper and lower lids adjoining the external angle and 
securing the denuded surfaces together. Waldau's, 
for cataract-extraction ; this differs from the linear 



OPERATIONS 



928 



OPERATIONS 



method of v. Graefe only in the smaller incision (less 
than % of the circumference of the cornea) and in the 
use of a special scoop to remove the lens. Walsham 
and Willett's, for talipes calcaneus ; oblique division 
of the tendo Achillis from above downward and from 
before backward, and slipping of the ends past each 
other and suturing. Walton's, for lacrymal stricture ; 
slitting of the upper canaliculus into the sac, and the 
introduction of pure silver pins. Wardrop's : I. 
For aneurysm ; ligation of a main branch of the 
artery distal to the aneurysm, leaving a circulation, 
however, through another branch. 2. For entropion ; 
ligation of a small portion of the skin by a suture 
passed beneath. Warlomont's : I. Yon cataract-ex- 
traction ; a modification of the Graefe incision. 2. For 
trichiasis ; the portion of lid in which the cilia are 
implanted is detached, shifted upward, and fixed upon 
the tarsus. Warren's (M.) : I. For excision of the 
upper jaw ; the same as Velpeau' s operation. 2. For the 
radical cure of hernia ; the tissues of the inguinal rings 
are injected, by means of a syringe, with a mixture 
composed of the fluid extract of white oak, reduced to 
a syrupy consistence, and sulphuric ether and mor- 
phin. 3. Uranoplasty ; the mucous membrane is 
dissected up and the soft palate is freed by dividing 
the posterior pillars, and then sutured in the middle 
line. Waterman's, for removal of a nasopharyngeal 
tumor ; similar to Cheever's operation, except that the 
hard palate is not fractured, but acts as a hinge to the 
disarticulated superior maxilla, as in Cheever's double 
operation. Watson's (-£.), for amputation through 
the foot ; a modification of Pirogoff's operation, in 
which- the posterior part of the os calcis is sawn off 
and the cut is extended up behind the ankle-joint ; the 
tibia and fibula are then sawn through from before 
backward and downward. Watson's (P. H.): 1. 
For tarsectomy ; the joints between the astragalus and 
scaphoid and the os calcis and cuboid are opened 
and the metatarsal bones are sawn through from below 
upward. 2. For goiter; extirpation of the goiter. 3. For 
rhinoplasty ; a modification of Fergusson' s operation , 
a. v. 'Watson's (Spencer) : I. For entropion; trans- 
planting a bridge of skin from the eyelid through to 
the conjunctival surface. 2. For trichiasis; the wound 
is covered by a pedunculated flap. Watts', for 
uterine inversion ; the same as Courty's method, except 
that the fingers passed into the rectum are used to 
dilate the inverted cervix. Weber's: I. For cata- 
ract-extraction ; the incision is made with a curved 
bistoury. 2. For lacrymal stricture; a modification of 
Bowman' 's operation ; slitting of the upper canaliculus, 
subcutaneous division of the canthal ligament, and 
dilatation by a conic silver sound and elastic cat- 
gut bougies. 3. Plastic; the large elliptic gap is 
closed by displacing a curved flap ; then a second 
curved flap is displaced into the gap thus made. 4. 
Rhinoplasty ; an oval flap is taken from the center 
of the upper lip, consisting of only part of its thick- 
ness, and turned up and attached to the freshened 
edges of the defective ala. De Wecker's : I. 
Blepliaroplasty ; a modification of Peverdin's opera- 
tion ; it consists in transplanting small pieces of epi- 
dermis covered with gold-beater's skin. 2. For cata- 
ract-extraction ; a modification of the Graefe incision in 
cataract-extraction, and extraction without iridectomy. 
3. For corneal or lenticular opacities ; division of the 
sphincter of the iris by introducing forceps-scissors 
through the corneal incision. 4. For evisceration ; a 
suture is run through the previously loosened con- 
junctival and subconjunctival tissue surrounding the 
cornea, and is carried entirely around by repeated 
punctures ; the protrusion is then cut off and the two 



ends of continuous suture are drawn together, thus 
preventing the escape of the vitreous. 5. For glau- 
coma ; trephining of the cornea. 6. For iridectomy ; 
an incision is made with von Graefe' s knife through 
the cornea and iris ; the forceps-scissors is then in- 
troduced, and a V-shaped portion of iris is removed. 7. 
For leukomata of the cornea ; tattooing the leukomata. 
8. For ptosis ; removal of an oval piece of skin from 
the lid, followed by suturing of the wound. 9. For 
retinal detachment ; a very fine gold wire is introduced 
through the sclera and choroid and allowed to remain, 
as a drain. 10. For sclerotomy; the cataract-knife is 
entered into the sclera, without completing the incis- 
ion ; prolapse of the iris is thus prevented. 11. For 
staphyloma ; excision and uniting of the conjunctiva 
over the wound. 12. For strabismus ; advancement 
of Tenon's capsule, and thus of the insertion of the 
muscle. Wehr's, for resection of the intestine; the 
end of the narrower part of the bowel is divided ob- 
liquely, so that the oblong opening which results shall 
correspond to the lumen of the other end. Weir's (A'. 
F. ) : 1. For lumbar nephrectomy ; a vertical lumbar in- 
cision three inches from the spine, just below the twelfth 
rib, is joined at the top by a transverse incision running 
along the edge of the ribs. 2. Rhinoplasty ; a trans- 
verse cut is made through the sunken nose, and the 
tip is drawn down to the desired position, the result- 
ing wedge-shaped gap being filled by transplanting 
flaps from the cheeks. 3. For varicocele ; subcutaneous 
ligation with carbolized or juniperized catgut. Wells' 
(Sir S.): I. Cholecystotomy; a modification of Sims' op- 
eration, in which it is proposed to close the incision in 
the gall-bladder by a continuous suture and return it to 
the abdominal cavity. 2. Splenectomy ; the incision is 
made through the linea semilunaris. Wells': I. 
For blepliaroplasty of the upper lid ; dissection of the 
cicatrix, replacement of the lid to its normal position, 
and transplantation of a flap from the temple. 2. 
For entropion ; splitting of the lid into anterior and pos- 
terior leaves, excision of a fold of skin, and removal of 
a wedge-shaped piece of the tarsus. 3. For strabot- 
omy ; division of the tendon, subconjunctival^, close 
to its insertion. Wenzel's : 1. For cataract-extrac- 
tion ; in cases of total posterior synechia, a curved 
incision is directed downward, passing through the 
iris, and opening the lens. 2. Iridectomy; the same 
as Velpeau' s operation, except that the flap is removed. 
West's, for excision of the wrist ; two dorsal incisions 
are made and the tendons of the thumb and fingers 
are not divided, but are drawn aside. Westmore- 
land's, for internal urethrotomy ; it is done with a 
modification of Maisonneuve's urethrotome. Whar- 
ton's, for amputation of the foot ; a modification of 
Teale's operation in which only one flap is made and 
the bone is sawn off at the level to which a short 
flap, made according to Teale's method, would reach. 
Wheelhouse's, for external urethrotomy ; division 
of the stricture on a grooved probe passed through 
the stricture from an opening made into the urethra 
in front of it. White's: I. For excision of the hip- 
joint ; a semicircular incision is made above and behind 
the greater trochanter, the joint is exposed and dis- 
articulated, and the section made. 2. For uterine in- 
version ; it is replaced by pressure by means of a cup 
having at its base a short staff terminating in a steel 
spiral spring which rests against the operator, counter- 
pressure being made above. White's (J. William'), 
for hypertrophy of the prostate ; removal of the testicles. 
White's (O.j, for the radical cure of hernia : invagin- 
ating the sac into the ring and plugging the latter with 
an instrument devised for the purpose. Whitehead's : 
I. For excision of hemorrhoids ; removal of a circular 



OPERATIONS 



929 



OPERCULIGEROUS 



strip of raucous membrane around the anus, including 
the tumors. 2. For excision of the tongue; removal 
through the mouth, using only scissors. 3. Tracheoto- 
my ; the incision is made in the usual situation, but of 
greater length than is common. Wickerkiewicz's, 
for scleritis ; the removal by means of a small sharp 
spoon of the diseased tissue in stubborn cases. 
Wickham's, for varicocele ; it is done by Heur- 
teloup's modification of Henry's clamp, with removal 
of a large amount of scrotum. Wilde's : I. For 
mastoid or cerebral abscess; the bone is exposed 
/rom the base to the apex of the mastoid process, 
y 2 inch behind the auricle, and if necessary, the 
bone is opened with a drill, gouge, or trephine. 
2. For staphyloma ; very similar to Critchett's oper- 
ation, q. v. 3. For trichiasis; an incision is made 
to the roots of the inverted cilia followed by 
cauterization with silver nitrate and removal of the 
cilia. Willett's, for talipes calcaneus ; the tendo 
Achillis is divided obliquely and the cut ends are slid 
past each other until the proper shortening is obtained, 
when they are stitched in place. Williams', for la cry - 
mal stricture; a modification of Walton' s operation ; 
dilatation by large silver probes. Winckel's, for 
vaginal hysterectomy ; after securing the cervical por- 
tion of the uterus an incision is made in the anterior 
vaginal vault, and is carried spirally around the cervix, 
ligating the vessels when necessary, and exerting 
steady traction on the uterus ; the peritoneal cavity is 
thus easily penetrated, and posteriorly the entire 
supracervical portions of the broad ligament can be 
plainly seen and ligated in position. Winiwarter's, 
cholecystenterostomy ; it is performed in two stages ; 
in the first the gall-bladder is united to the upper por- 
tion of the jejunum and the parts are fixed to the pari- 
etal peritoneum ; in the second, after about five days, 
the bowel is incised and a communication is estab- 
lished between the latter and the gall-bladder. Wit- 
zel's, for gastrotomy ; an incision is made, four inches 
long, beginning at the middle line and running to the 
left a finger's breadth below the border of the ribs ; 
the fibers of the rectus muscle are separated by the 
fingers and not divided ; the stomach is brought out- 
side of the wound and opened toward the cardiac ex- 
tremity, and a rubber tube introduced ; the stomach is 
then returned and sutured to the margin of the abdom- 
inal opening. Wladimiroff s, for tarsectomy ; the 
heel portion of the foot, consisting of the astragalus, 
the calcis, and the soft parts covering them, is re- 
moved ; the articular surfaces of the tibia, fibula, cub- 
oid, and scaphoid are sawn off and the foot is brought 
into a straight line with the leg. Wladimiroff- 
Mikulicz's, for tarsectomy ; the same as Mikulicz's 
operation. 'Woelfler's, for gastro-enterostomy ; the 
first part of the jejunum is united by sutures to the mid- 
dle of the anterior surface of the stomach and a commu- 
nication is established between the two. 'Wolfs, for 
mastoid and middle-ear disease; it consists in penetra- 
ting the bony partition between the antrum and the ex- 
ternal auditory canal by successive layers, after removal 
of the soft parts. This operation is indicated for sub- 
periosteal removal of exostoses and hyperostoses of the 
auditory canal, in caries in the upper and back part of 
the auditory canal, and when the transverse sinus is so 
far forward as to interfere with other operations. 
Wolfe's: 1. For ectropion ; transplantation of a flap 
from a distance, without a pedicle. 2. For retinal de- 
tachment ; a vertical incision is made in the conjunctiva 
and subconjunctival tissue, and an oblique incision into 
the sclera, followed by gentle pressure and suture. 3. 
For symblepharon ; transplantation of the conjunctiva 
of a rabbit after division of the adhesions of the lid. 4. 
59 



For tympanic granulations ; scraping away of the pro- 
liferating granulations by small, sharp spoons of vari- 
ous shapes. Wolfler's, for pyloric stenosis; gastro- 
enterostomy in malignant disease of the pylorus. 
Wood's (_/■)'■ I- For rhinoplasty; a new nose is 
formed from a broad flap taken from the upper lip. 2. 
For ectopia vesica ; closure by means of three flaps, a 
reversed upper or umbilical, and two lateral trans- 
planted flaps which are made to cover over the upper 
one. 3. For hypospadias ; the anterior half of the ure- 
thra is formed from the prepuce (if redundant), and the 
remainder by means of a flap cut from the front of the 
scrotum. 4. I s 'or the radical cure of hernia ; (1) the 
hernial canal is closed by subcutaneous sutures through 
the tendinous structures forming its boundaries ; (2) for 
small hernias and hernia? in children, a pair of rectan- 
gular pins are used instead of sutures. 5 . For vari- 
cocele ; a modification of Ricora' s operation; it con- 
sists in the application of a single subcutaneous liga- 
ture of annealed iron wire, the ends of which are 
fastened to a light steel spring, the veins being divided 
by the constant tension. Woolhouse's, for the 
formation of an artificial pupil ; division of the 
fibrous deposit binding the iris by means of a needle 
introduced through the sclerotica. Wright's (G.A.): 
I. Arthrectomy ; the interior of the knee-joint is 
exposed by an anterior transverse curved incision, and 
all of the diseased tissues, including the synovial 
membrane, ligament, cartilage, and bone, are removed 
by erasion. 2. For cataract-extraction ; an incision is 
made with Beer's knife entirely within the cornea; 
puncture and counter-puncture are made at the sclero- 
corneal junction. Wiitzer's, for the radical cure of 
inguinal hernia ; plugging of the hernial canal by an 
invagination of the scrotum, and its retention by a 
special instrument, thus exciting adhesive inflammation 
in the neck of the sac. Wyeth's (J. A.) : I. For am- 
putation at the hip-joint ; the " bloodless" ?nethod ; two 
steel mattress-needles are inserted in the tissues and 
rubber tubing is passed several times around the limb 
above the needles. 2. For internal urethrotomy ; it 
is done with a modification of Otis' s urethrotome. 
Wylie's, for retroflexion of the uterus ; shortening of 
the round ligaments after abdominal incision ; the lig- 
aments are folded upon themselves and sutured. Zel- 
ler's, for webbed fingers ; a triangular flap is dissected 
up on the dorsal aspect of the root of the web, and the 
latter is divided, after which the apex of the flap is 
drawn down between the fingers and attached to a pre- 
pared raw surface on the palm. 

Operative (op' -er-a-tiv) [operari, to labor]. Effective ; 
pertaining to an operation. O. Dentistry, the depart- 
ment of dentistry that pertains to the surgical treat- 
ment of diseases of the teeth and surrounding parts. 

Operator (op' -er-a-tor) \_operari , to labor] . A surgeon. 

Operatory (op'-er-at-or-e) [operator, a worker]. A 
laboratory. 

Opercle (o-per' -kl ) [operculum, a lid]. See Operculum. 

Opercular (o-per' -ku-lar) \_operculum, a lid]. Pertain- 
ing to an operculum. Designed for closing a cavity. 
Having an operculum. 

Operculate (o-per' -ku-laf) [operculum, a lid]. Possess- 
ing an operculum. 

Operculiferous (o-per-ku-lif'-er-tis) [operculum, a. \\A; 
ferre, to bear]. In biology, having an operculum. 

Operculiform (o-per 1 ' -ku-lif-orni) [operculum, a lid ; 
forma, form]. In biology, resembling an operculum. 

Operculigenous (o-per-ku-lif -en-us) [operculum, a lid ; 
gignere, to produce]. In biology, having an oper- 
culum. 

Operculigerous (o-per-ku-lif '-er-us) [operculum, a lid ; 
gerere, to carry]. Having an operculum. 



OPERCULUM 



930 



OPHTHALMIA 



Operculum (o-per' -ku-lum) [L. : //., Opercula~\. A lid 
or cover. In biology, a lid, cap, flap, or cover; ap- 
plied to various occlusive apparatuses, structures, or 
organs, in plants and animals, as the cover of the cap- 
sule in mosses, the plate for closing the aperture of 
gasteropod shells, the feathered flaps of the ear of a 
bird, etc. In ichthyology, an osseous formation which, 
in part, closes the great opening of the gills. In an- 
atomy, the convolutions covering the insula, consisting 
of the operculum proper, preoperculum, suboperculum, 
and postoperculum. O., Burdach's, the O. insula. O. 
cutis, the epidermis. O. ilei, the valve of Bauhin. 
O. insula?, the gyri of the brain over the insula. 
They are the subfrontal, the precentral and post- 
central, and the inferior central gyri. O. laryngis, 
the epiglottis. O. oculi, the eyelids. O. sellae, 
the dura over the pituitary body. 

Operimentum (o-per-im-en' '-turn). Synonym of the 
Membrana tympani, t/. v. 

Opertorium (o-per-to' 're-urn) [L. , a cover]. Same as 
Operculum. 

Ophelic Acid (o-fel'-ik), C 13 H 20 O 10 . An amorphous 
sticky substance found in Chiretta. It is soluble in 
water, in ether, and in alcohol. 

Ophiasis (off-i' -as-is) [60m<HC, serpentine baldness]. 
Alopecia areata in which the baldness progresses in a 
serpentine form. [Old.] 

Ophicephalous (off-is-ef ' -al-tis) [b<pic , a serpent ; KEipakrj, 
the head]. Having a head like that of a serpent. 

Ophidomonas sanguinea (off-id-o' -mo-nas san-gwin' - 
e-ah) [L.]. An old name for Beggiatoa roseo-persicina. 
See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Ophiography (off-e-og' -ra-fe) [b<pi£, a serpent ; ypapecv, 
to write]. Descriptive ophiology. 

Ophioid (off'-e-oid) [oo'f, a serpent ; u&oc, like]. Re- 
sembling a serpent. 

Ophiolatry (off-e-ol'-at-re) [60tc, a serpent ; ?Mrpda, 
worship]. Serpent- worship. 

Ophiology (off-e-ol'-o-je)[b<j>ig, a serpent; A6yor, science]. 
The scientific study of serpents. 

Ophiophagous (off-e-off'-ag-us) [cxpig, a serpent ; (payelv, 
to eat]. Feeding upon serpents. 

Ophiosis (off-e-o'-sis) [60;c, serpent]. Circumscribed 
baldness with scaliness. 

Ophioxylin (off-e-oks' -il-in) [oftc, a serpent ; E,vkov, 
wood], C 16 H 13 6 . A yellow crystalline body obtained 
from Ophioxylon serpenlinum, a purgative and anthel- 
mintic ; its solutions stain first yellow, then brown. 

Ophioxylon, Ophioxylum (off-e-oks' -il-on, off-e-oks' -il- 
um) [btyic:, a serpent ; %vkov, wood]. A genus of apo- 
cynaceous plants ; serpent-wood. O. serpentinum, 
East Indian snake-root, used as an oxytocic and as a 
remedy for snake-bite. Unof. 

Ophryitis (ojf-re-i'-tis) \b<j>pi>q, brow ; ltic, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the eyebrow. 

Ophryocystis (off-re-o-sis' -tis) [bfypvg, eyebrow ; kvgtic, 
bladder]. A parasitic sporozoon. 

Ophryo-iniac (off ' -re-o-in' -e-ak) \b$pvc, eyebrow ; iviov, 
occiput]. Pertaining to the ophryon and the inion. 

Ophryon (off '' '-re-o/i)[b<j>pv£, eyebrow]. In craniometry, 
the middle of a line drawn across the forehead at the 
level of the upper margin of the orbits. See Cranio- 
metric Points. 

Ophryo-opisthiac (off ' -re-o-o-pis' -the-ak) [btppvc, eye- 
brow ; bwiaOtog, hinder]. Pertaining to the ophryon 
and the opisthion. 

Ophryoscolex (off-re-o-sko'-leks) [bfypvr, brow ; ckuAt)!;, 
worm: pi. , Ophryoscolices~\. A genus of endopara- 
sitic peritrichous infusorians, representatives of which 
almost constantly inhabit the stomachs of cattle and 
sheep. See Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Ophryphtheiriasis (off-rifthi-ri' -as-is) [_b<ppvr, eye- 



brow; <j>6ctpiamc, pediculosis]. Pediculosis of the 
eyebrows and eyelashes. 

Ophrys (off'-ris) [60pi>c, eyebrow]. The evebrow. 

Ophrytic (off-i-it'-ik) [bfpvr, eyebrow]. Pertaining to 
the eyebrow. 

Ophthalmagra (off-thal-ma'-grah) [b(f>8a?ift6r, eye; 
ay pa, a seizure]. Gouty or rheumatic pain in the eye. 

Ophthalmalgia (off-thal-mal' -je-ah) [otpUaA/idg, eye ; 
a'Ayog, pain]. Neuralgia of the eye. 

Ophthalmalgic (off-/ ha I- ma I' '-Jik)[b<p6a?.fi6c ,eye ; d/.yof, 
pain]. Pertaining to ophthalmalgia. 

Ophthalmanthracosis (off- thai - man - thrak - o' - sis) 
[btpdaA.p.6c, eye; avOpaKuoig, anthrax]. Anthrax in- 
volving the eyelid. 

Ophthalmatrophy (off-thai-mat' -ro-fe) [bfiOaA/idr, eye ; 
arpoipia, atrophy]. Atrophy of the eyeball. 

Ophthalmecchymosis (off - thai- me k- im- o' ' - sis) 
[o</>flu/.,«oc, eye ; knxv/J-ucsK;, ecchymosis]. A conjunc- 
tival effusion of blood. 

Ophthalmedema (off-thal-me-de'-mah) [b<pdaA/i6g , eye ; 
oldrjiia, edema]. Conjunctival edema. 

Ophthalmencephalon ( off-thal-men-sef-al-on ) \b<j>- 
da\p6g, eye ; h/i<e(j>a'Aog, in the skull] . The portion 
of the eye developed from the neural epiblast. 

Ophthalmentozoon (off-thal-men-to-zo' -on) \_btpftalfi6c, 
eye; £vt6<;, within; fuov, animal]. An intraocular 
parasite. 

Ophthalmia (off-thai' -me-ah) [bipdaX/joc;, eye]. An in- 
flammation of the superficial tissues of the eye, and 
especially of the conjunctiva. O. angularis. The 
same as Canthitis. O., Army, purulent conjunctivitis. 
O. arthritica. A synonym of Glaucoma. O., 
Asiatic. See Trachoma. O., Brazilian, a form 
of xerophthalmia occurring in poorly-nourished 
children in Brazil ; the cornea first dries and 
is finally destroyed. O., Catarrhal, a synonym of 
simple conjunctivitis ; a hyperemia of the conjunctiva, 
with a catarrhal or muco-purulent secretion. O., 
Croupous, a rare disease, characterized by a severe, 
usually painless, swelling of the lids, a membranous 
exudation upon the surface of the conjunctiva, and a 
scanty sero-purulent discharge. It occurs only in 
children, but no distinct cause is known. O., Diph- 
theric, a contagious variety of ophthalmia, character- 
ized by a rigid and painful swelling of the lids, a 
scanty sero-purulent or sanious discharge, and an 
exudation within the layers of the conjunctiva which 
leads to the death of the invaded tissues, and tends, 
by spreading to the ocular conjunctiva and by pres- 
sure, to destroy the cornea. The membrane is of a dull, 
grayish-red appearance and is intimately connected 
with the conjunctival tissues. O., Dry, a synonym 
of Xerophthalmia. O., Egyptian. See Trachoma. 
O., Electric, an ophthalmia sometimes occurring 
in workmen exposed to the glare of electric light. 
O., Follicular, an affection of the conjunctiva, asso- 
ciated with the presence of small pinkish prominences 
in the conjunctiva, chiefly located in the retrotarsal 
folds, and usually arranged in parallel rows. The 
disease is often due to poor hygienic surroundings and 
may become epidemic. O., Gonorrheal, an acute 
and severe form of purulent conjunctivitis, caused by 
infection from urethral discharges containing the gono- 
coccus of Neisser. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table 
of. O., Granular. See Trachoma. O., Hop- 
pickers', a form of ophthalmia due to the impac- 
tion in the cornea of the spinous hairs from the 
bracts of the hop. O. humida, conjunctivitis with 
profuse discharge. O., Lacrymal, a form of chronic 
conjunctivitis depending upon obstruction of the lac- 
rymal passages. O., Leukorrheal, ophthalmia sup- 
posed to be due to infection with leukorrheal dis- 



OPHTHALMIATER 



931 



OI'HTHALMOMELANOSIS 



charges. O., Malignant, an acute form of ophthal- 
mia, usually fatal from extension of the purulent process 
to the brain. O., Menstrual, a form associated with 
suppression of the menses, or with the menopause. 
O., Migratory. See O. , Sympathetic. O., Military. 
See Trachoma. O. neonatorum, a gonorrheal or 
purulent ophthalmia of the new-born, the eyes having 
been infected by the mother's uterine or vaginal dis- 
charges. O., Neuro-paralytic, ocular disease from 
lesion of the Gasserian ganglion or of branches of 
the fifth nerve supplying the eyeball. O., Periodic, 
an ophthalmia seen in horses and leading to total 
destruction of vision. O., Phlyctenular, a disease 
in which phlyctenules or small vesicles are situated 
in the epithelial layer of the conjunctiva or cornea. 
O., Plastic, ophthalmia characterized chiefly by the 
deposition upon the conjunctiva of a false mem- 
brane ; it is also called Pseudo-membranous Ophthal- 
mia. O., Pseudo-membranous. See O., Plastic. 
O., Puerperal, a form occurring in the puerperal 
state. O., Purulent, conjunctivitis with a purulent 
discharge. O., Pustular. See O., Phlyctenular. 
O. sicca. The same as Xerophthalmia. O., 
Spring, Fruehjahrs- or Fruehlings - Catarrh ; Phlyc- 
tena pallida ; a form of conjunctival disease, usu- 
ally seen in children, characterized by photophobia, 
stinging pain, considerable mucous secretion, the 
formation of flat granulations on the conjunctiva, 
and hypertrophy of this tissue surrounding the lim- 
bus of the cornea. It is common in the spring 
of the year. O., Sympathetic. See Sympathetic. 
O., Tarsal. See Blepharitis. O. taraxis, a syno- 
nym of Conjunctivitis. O., Varicose, a form asso- 
ciated with a varicose condition of the veins of the 
conjunctiva. 

Ophthalmiater (off-thal-me-a'-ter) \bq>da}.p.6c, eye; 
iarpoc, a physician]. An oculist or ophthalmolo- 
gist. 

Ophthalmiatric (off-thai- me-at' -rik) \b(pdalp6q, eye ; 
larpeia, treatment]. Pertaining to the treatment of 
eye-diseases. 

Ophthalmiatrics (off-thal-me-at'-riks) \b<f>6alfx6Q, eye ; 
larpeta, treatment]. The treatment of eye-diseases. 

Ophthalmic (off- thai' -mi k) [bfdaAfioc , eye]. Pertain- 
ing to the eye. O. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. 
O. Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table op ~. O. Migraine, 
migraine due to diseased conditions of the eyes. O. 
Nerve. See Nerves, Table of. O. Plexus, a plexus 
of sympathetic nerves around the ophthalmic artery. 
O. Vein, the vein returning the blood from the eye ; 
it empties into the sphenoidal sinus. 

Ophthalmin (off-thai' -min) [b<f>da.A/Lt6c, eye]. The name 
given to the hypothetic contagium of purulent oph- 
thalmia. 

Ophthalmist (off-thai' -mist) [b(j>dal/Li6c, eye]. The 
same as Ophthalmologist. 

Ophthalmite (off-thai' -mit) [_b<f>dalii6c , the eye]. In 
biology, the eye-bearing stalk of a crustacean ; an 
ommatophore. 

Ophthalmitic (off-thal-mif -ik ) [b<pdalfi6c, eye ; mc , 
inflammation]. Pertaining to ophthalmitis. Also 
pertaining to an ophthalmite. 

Ophthalmitis (off-thal-mi' -tis) \b<pda'kfi6c , eye ; ltlc, in- 
flammation]. Formerly synonymous with ophthalmia, 
but latterly used as indicating inflammation of some 
of the deeper tissues of the eye, or restricted to the 
term Sympathetic Ophthalmia, q. v. Consult also, 
Panophthalmitis. 

Ophthalmo- (off-thai' -mo-) [b<pda\fi6r , eye]. A pre- 
fix signifying connection with or relation to the eye. 
O. -blennorrhea. See Ophthalmia, Gonorrheal. 
O. -neuritis, a peripheral neuritis of the ophthalmic 



branch of the fifth nerve. In part synonymous with 
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus. 

Ophthalmobiotic (off-thal-mo-bi-ot'-ik) [_b<pdaA/j,6g, eye- 
ball ; jiioc, life]. Relating to the physiology and 
development of the eye. 

Ophthalmobrachytes (off-thal-mo-brak' -it-iz) [o00a/l- 
fioc, eye ; (Spax'vTr/r, shortness]. Shortness of the 
ocular axis ; also the shortened axis. [Old.] 

Ophthalmocace (off-thal-mok' -as-e) \b<pdaAfi6(;, eye ; 
ncmoc, evil]. Disease of the eye. 

Ophthalmocarcinoma (off-thai' -mo-kar-sin-o' -mah ) 
\b§dakji6c, eye ; napnivufM, carcinoma]. Carcinoma 
of the eye. 

Ophthalmocele (off-thai' -mo-sel). See Staphyloma and 
Exophthalmus. 

Ophthalmocentesis (off-thai' -mo-sen-te' -sis) [b<t>6aA/j.6<;, 
eye ; KevTr/oig, puncture] . Surgical puncture of the 
eye. 

Ophthalmocholosis (off-thai' -mo-kol-o' -sis) [btydaAfidc-, 
eye; x° A °C> bile]. Ophthalmia due to liver-disease. 
[Old.] 

Ophthalmochroites (off-thai' -mo-kro-i' -tez) [ofdaA/ioc, 
eye; XP^, color]. The black coloring-matter of theeye. 

Ophthalmocopia (off-thai' -mo-ho' -pe-ah ) [btpdaAfioc , 
eye; k.6-ko$, fatigue]. Fatigue of the visual powers. 

Ophthalmodesmitis (off-thai' -mo-dez-mi' -tis) . Syno- 
nym of Conjunctivitis. 

Ophthalmodesmon (off-thal'-mo-dez'-mon) [bf8al/j.6c, 
eye; dea/ids, bond]. The conjunctiva. 

Ophthalmodesmoxerosis (off -thai' -mo-dez-mo-ze-ro' - 
sis) [bfdaXfidc, eye; deofiog, bond; ir/p6g, dry]. Xe- 
rophthalmia, q. v. 

Ophthalmodiastimeter (off-thai' -mo-di-as-tim' -et-er) 
\_b<j>daAfi6r, eye ; StdcTr/fia, interval ; ytkrpov, measure]. 
An instrument for use in discovering the proper ad- 
justment of lenses to the axes of the eyes. 

Ophthalmodynamometer (off-thai' -mo-di-nam-om' -et- 
er) [btpda\[/.oQ , eye; Svvafiic, power; fisrpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for measuring the power of con- 
vergence of the eyes. 

Ophthalmodynia (off-thal-mo-din' -e-ah) [bcpdaAfidc, 
eye; bdiivrj, pain]. Any violent pain in the eye not 
resulting from inflammation. 

Ophthalmography (off-thal-mog' -ra-fe) [b<pda.Afi6c, eye ; 
ypci(peiv, to write]. Descriptive anatomy of the eye. 

Ophthalmohydrorrhea (off- thai' -mo-hi-dror- e'-afi). 
Synonym of Ophthalmydrorrhea. 

Ophthalmokopia (off -thal-mo-kop' -e-ah). See Ophthal- 
mocopia. 

Ophthalmolith (off-thai' -mo-lith) [btydaAfidg, eye ; Aidog, 
stone]. A calculus of the eye. 

Ophthalmologic (off-thal-mo-loj'-ih) [btydaXfidc , eye ; 
Aoyoc, science]. Pertaining to Ophthalmology. 

Ophthalmologist (off-thal-mol'-o-jist) [bipdalfidc; , eye ; 
Aoyoc, science]. One versed in ophthalmology. 

Ophthalmology (off-thal-mol' -o-je) \b<pdaAfi6c, eye ; 
loyoq, science]. The science of the anatomy and 
physiology and the diseases of the eye. 

Ophthalmolyma (off-thai' -mo-li' -mail) [bfpdaAfidr, eye ; 
liifj.71, destruction]. Destruction of the eye. 

Ophthalmomacrosis (off-thai' -mo-mak-ro' -sis) [bipdal- 
/idc, eye; ftanpdc-, large]. Enlargement of the eye. 

Ophthalmomalacia (off-thai' -mo-mal-a' -se-ah) \b<pdaA- 
fj.6r, eye; /Lta?Mida, softness]. Abnormal softness of 
the eye, revealing itself in a diminution of tension. 

Ophthalmomelanoma (off-thai' -mo-mel-an-o' -mah) 
[b<pdahfi6c, eye ; /z£/.ac, black ; 6/j.a, tumor]. A melan- 
otic tumor, usually sarcoma, of the eye. 

Ophthalmomelanosis (off- thai' - mo - mel- an- o' - sis) 
\_b<j>0aA/j.6c , eye; /ne'Aac, black ; vbaoq, disease]. The 
formation of an ophthalmomelanoma ; also the growth 
itself. 



OPHTHALMOMETER 



932 



OPHTHALMOPLASTY 



Ophthalmometer (off-thai-mom' -et-er} [o0#aA/zoc, eye ; 
fierpov, measure]. I. An instrument for measuring 
the capacity of the chambers of the eye. 2. An in- 




The Ophthalmometer of Javal and Schiotz. 
A. The perimeter-bar. B, B. Telescope. C. Chin-rest. D. Disc of radiating lines and con- 
centric circles. E. Eye-piece, at which the observer sits. H. Head-rest. L. Lights. M, 
M. The mires, or targets. P. Pointer, indicating the axis by the degree numbers on the 
peripheral border of the disc. 




Mires Exactly Approximated. 



strument for measuring refractive errors, especially 
astigmatism. 3. An instrument for measuring the 
eye as a whole. 

Ophthalmometry (off '- thai '- mo?n> '-et-re) \b<j>8aAfi6r , 
eye; fierpov, measure]. The use of the ophthalmom- 
eter ; mensuration of the eyeball, or of the corneal 
curves. 

Ophthalmomicroscope (off- thai' - mo - mi' - kro - skop) 
\_bt>8aA/i6r, eye ; fiiKpoc, small; OKOirelv, to view]. An 
instrument for examining the interior of the eye. 

Ophthalmomyces (off-thai' -»iom'-is-ez)[btp8aA/u6r, eye ; 
Imvktic, fungus]. P'ungous disease of the eye. 

Ophthalmomyitis (off-thai' -mo-mi-i' -tis) [b(j>8a?t,/j6c, 
eye; fj.vQ, muscle ; ltic, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the ocular muscles. 

Ophthalmomyotomy (off-fhal-mo-mi-ot'-o-me) [b<j>6a?.- 
fidc, eye; five, muscle; rofir/, a cutting]. Division 
of the muscles of the eye. 



Ophthalmoncus (off-thal-mong' -kits) \_b<p8aA/j.6c, eye ; 

6}koc, tumor]. A tumor or swelling of the eye. 
Ophthalmoneuritis (off-thai' -mo-nu-ri' -tis) [btp8aAfi6c, 
eye ; vtvpov, nerve ; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the ophthalmic 
nerve. 
Ophthalmoneuromeninx 
(off-thai'- mo -nu-ro-men'- 
inks). Synonym of Re- 
tina. 
Ophthalmoneurymen (off- 
thai' - mo - nu - ri' - men). 
Synonym of Retina. 
Ophthalmonosology (off- 
thai' - mo - no - zol' - -je) 
\bty8aAji6e , eye ; vooor;, dis- 
ease; Adyog, science]. 
The study of the diseases 
of the eye. 
Ophthalmoparacentesis 
(off- thai'- mo - par-as-en- 
te'-sis). Synonym of Oph- 
thalmocentesis. 
Ophthalmoparalysis (off- 
thal'-7)io -par - at '- is - is). 
Synonym of Ophthalmo- 
plegia. 
Opht halm o peripherics 
( off - thai' -mo-per-if-er-i' - 
tis) \_b<pda?i/u6c, eye ; irepup- 
epela, the periphery ; irtc, 
inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the tissues 
around the eyeball. 
Ophthalmophantoma (off- 
thai' -mo-fan-to' -mah) [b<t>- 
daA/xdc, eye ; <pavTao~/ja, 
phantom]. A model or 
mask for practising opera- 
tions on the eye. 
Ophthalmophasmatos- 
copy ( off - thai'- ?>io -faz- 
mat-os' -ko-pe) [b(j>8aAfior, 
eye ; (f>avTa^ecv, to make 
to happen ; okotteIv. to 
view]. Ophthalmoscopic 
and spectroscopic exami- 
nation of the interior of 
an eye. 
Oph thalmo phlebotomy 
(off-thai' -vio-fle-bot' -o-me) 
\_b(j>8aAfi6(;, eye ; <j>AH>, a 
vein ; ri/uveiv, to cut]. 
Blood-letting from a conjunctival vein. 
Ophthalmophore (off-thai' -mo-for) [b(j>8aAii6c, the eye ; 
fyopoc, bear]. In biology, the eye-stalk or peduncle of 
a gasteropod ; an ommatophore. 
Ophthalmophorium (off-thal-mo-fo' -re-um) \b<p8alfj6c, 
eye; <p6poc, bear: //., Ophthalmophoria~\. Same as 
Ophthalmophore. 
Ophthalmophorous (off-thal-mof'-or-us) \b<$>8a7uor, 
eye ; (j>6poc, bear]. In biology, supporting the eyes. 
Ophthalmophtharsis (off-thai-mo-tars' -is) [b<j>6n/ nor, 
eye; (pddpatc, corruption]. Destructive degeneration 
of the eye. [Old.] 
Ophthalmophthisis (off-thal-moff' -this-is). See Phthis- 
is bidbi; also Ophthalmomalacia. 
Ophthalmophyma (off-thal-mo-fi' -mah) [b<p8aAu6r, 

eye ; <pvjia, growth]. Swelling of the eyeball. 
Ophthalmoplasty (off-thal-mo-plas' -tik) \_b<p8aAii6r,eye; 
TrAdcaeiv, to mold]. Pertaining to ophthalmoplasty. 




Mires Overlapping One Diopter. 



/ 



OPHTHALMOPLASTY 



933 



OPHTHALMOTONOMETER 



Ophthalmoplasty (off-thai' -mo-plas-te) [b<p6alp6c, eye ; 
Tr/.aaaaiv, to mold]. Plastic surgery of the eye or 
accessory parts. 

Ophthalmoplegia (pff-thal-mo-ple' -je-ali) \btyfialp6<;, 
eye; ~A>/yi/, stroke]. Paralysis of the ocular muscles. 
O. externa, paralysis of the external muscles. O. 
interna, paralysis of the internal muscles, or com- 
bined iridoplegia and cycloplegia. O., Nuclear, 
ophthalmoplegia due to a lesion of the nuclei of origin 
of the motor nerves of the eyeball. O., Partial, a 
form in which only some of the muscles are para- 
lyzed. O., Progressive, a form in which all of the 
muscles of both eyes gradually become paralyzed. 
O., Total, that form involving the iris and ciliary 
muscle as well as the external muscles of the eyeball. 

Ophthalmoplegic (off-thai- mo-ple' -Jih) [biptia'Apoc, eye ; 
irhflTj, stroke]. Pertaining to ophthalmoplegia. 

Ophthalmoponia (off-thal-mo-po' -ne-ah) [b(j>0aAjiOQ, 
eye ; ttovoc, pain]. Pain in the eye. 

Ophthalmoprosopsis (pff-thal' -mo-pros-ops' -is) [bipdaA- 
pog, eye; irpoooiptc;, appearance]. The power of 
accommodation. 

Ophthalmoprostatometer (off-thai' -mo-pros-tat-om' -et- 
er) [bfdaApoc, eye ; rrpoiaravai, to stand before ; pir- 
pov, measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
degree of protrusion of the eyes. 

Ophthalmoptoma (off- thai -mop- to' -mah) [cxbdalpor, 
eye; rrra/ia, fall]. Exophthalmos ; protrusion of the 
eyeball. 

Ophthalmoptosis (off-thal-mop-to' -sis) [b$0aA/u6c, eye ; 
irruotc, fall]. The same as Ophthalmoptoma. 

Ophthalmopyorrhea (off-thai' -mo-pi-or-e' -ah) [_b<j>6aA- 
poc, eye; nbov, pus; poia, a flow]. A discharge of 
pus from the eye. 

Ophthalmopyra (off-thai' -tno-pi' -rah) \b<j>daAp.6c, eye ; 
iriip, fire]. An epidemic form of ophthalmia. 

Ophthalmorrhagia (off-thal-mor-a' -je-ah) [b^Oalfidc, 
eye; p7/yvbvac, to burst forth]. A hemorrhage from the 
eye. 

Ophthalmorrhea (off-thal-mor-e'-ah) [b(pdaAfi6g, eye ; 
poia, a flow]. A watery or sanguineous discharge 
from the eye. 

Ophthalmorrhexis (off- thai- mor-eks' '-is) [btpOalfioc, 
eye ; pij^ig, rupture] . Rupture of the eyeball. 

Ophthalmos (off ' -thal-mos) [badaAfioc, eye]. The eye. 

Ophthalmoscope (off-thai' -mo-skop) [_b<pdaApoc, eye ; 
anoireiv, to see]. An instrument for examining the 




Morton's Ophthalmoscope. 
fundus or interior of the eye. It consists essentially 
of a mirror with a hole in it, through which the ob- 



server looks, the concavity of the eye being illuminated 
by light reflected from the mirror into the eye and seen 
by means of the rays reflected from the eye-ground 
back through the hole in the mirror. The ophthalmo- 
scope is fitted with lenses of different powers that may 
be revolved in front of the observing eye, and these 
neutralize the ametropia of either eye, thus rendering 
the details of the fundus oculi clear. The autoph- 
thalmoscope is so constructed that one may observe 
the details of his own eye-ground. 

Ophthalmoscopic (off-thal-mo-skop' -ik) \b<j>8aAp6r, eye ; 
OKoireiv, to view]. Pertaining to the ophthalmoscope, 
or its use. 

Ophthalmoscopist (off- thal-mos' -ko-pist) [b<t>0aAp.6c;, 
eye; anoneiv, to view]. One versed in ophthalmos- 
copy. 

Ophthalmoscopy (of-thal-mos' -ko-pe) \bipda\p6c, eye; 
okotceIv, to observe]. The examination of the interior 
of the eye by means of the ophthalmoscope. O., 
Direct, the method of the erect or upright image, the 
observer's eye and the ophthalmoscope being brought 
close to the eye of the patient. O., Indirect, the 
method of the inverted image ; the observer's eye is 
placed about 1 6 inches from that of the patient and a 
20 D. biconvex lens is held about two inches in front 
of the observed eye, thereby forming an aerial inverted 
image of the fundus. O., Medical, ophthalmoscopy 
as an aid to internal medicine in the diagnosis of such 
diseases as manifest themselves in changes in the 
fundus of the eye ; such diseases are brain-lesions, 
giving rise to pressure, Bright' s disease, syphilis, and 
leukemia. O., Metric, ophthalmoscopy for purposes 
of measuring refraction. 

Ophthalmospintherism (off- thai -mo-spin' -ther-izm) 
\b<j>daA[i6c; , eye ; amvd^p, spark]. A condition of the 
eye in which luminous sparks are seen. 

Ophthalmostasis (off-thal-mos' -tas-is) \bib8a\fi6c, eye ; 
araatr, a stopping]. The fixation of the eye in any 
position during a surgical operation upon it. 

Ophthalmostat (off- thai' - mo - stat ) \b<pdalp6g, eye ; 
arardc, fixed]. An instrument used in ophthalmos- 
tasis. See the preferable word, Blepharostat. 

Ophthalmostatometer (off-thai' -mo-stat-om' -et-er) \b<b- 
daAp.dc;, eye ; laravat, to cause to stand ; pirpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for determining the position of 
the eyes. 

Ophthalmostatometry (off-thai' -mo-stat-om' -et-re) \b<j>- 
Qa7.jx6q, eye ; era-, root of iaravai, to cause to stand ; 
pirpov, measure]. The measurement of the position 
of the eyes. 

Ophthalmosteresis (off-thai' -mo-ster-e' -sis) \_b<p6aAp6c, 
eye ; arkprjaic, deprival]. Deprival, or absence, of the 
eyes. 

Ophthalmosynchysis (off-thai' -mo-sin' -kis-is) [b(p6aA- 
pog, eye ; abyxvoic, a mixing together]. Effusion into 
the interior of the eye. 

Ophthalmotheca (off-thai' -mo-the' -kah) \b<f)Qalp6c, the 
eye ; dr/Krj, a case : //. , Ophthalmotheca^. In biology, 
that part of the integument of a pupa which covers the 
compound eye. 

Ophthalmotherapeutics ( off-thai' -mo-ther-ap-u' -tiks ) 
\b(f8atp6c, eye ; depa-xe'ta, treatment]. Medical treat- 
ment of diseases of the eye. 

Ophthalmotherapy (off-thal-mo-ther' -ap-e) \b<pQaAp6<; , 
eye ; Oeparrcia, treatment]. The treatment of ophthal- 
mic diseases. 

Ophthalmotomy (off-thai-mot 1 '-o-me) \_b(pdaX/i6g , eye ; 
rop.ii, a cutting]. The dissection, or incision of the 
eye. 

Ophthalmotonometer (off-thai 1 ' -mo-ton-om' '-et-er) [o<p- 
6a?.fior, eye ; tovoc, tone ; perpov, measure]. An in- 
strument for measuring intraocular tension. 



OPHTHALMOTONOMETRY 



934 



OPISTHOTONOS 



Ophthalmotonometry {off-thai' -mo-ton-om' -et-re) [bct>- 
OaApbc, eye; tovoc, tone ; pkrpov, measure]. Meas- 
urement of the intraocular tension. 

Ophthalmotrope [off-thai' ' -mo-trop) [bydalpbc, eye ; 
Tpo-Kog, a turn]. An instrument intended for the dem- 
onstration of the direction and the position that the eye 
takes under the influence of each of its muscles, and 
the position of the false image in the case of paralysis 
of a given muscle. 

Ophthalmotropometer {off- thai' -mo-trop - om'-et-er ) 
[b<pda"Ap.6c, eye; rponr/, turning; fierpov, measure]. 
An instrument for measuring the movement of the eye- 
balls. 

Ophthalmotropometry [off-thai'- mo - tro - pom' -et-re) 
[btpdaXfidg , eye; Tponrj, turning; fierpov, measure]. 
The measurement of the movement of the eyeballs. 

Ophthalmotyphus {off-thai' -jno-ti' -fus)\bij)6aA.p6c, eye ; 
riKfiog, stupor]. A virulent and epidemic form of oph- 
thalmia. 

Ophthalmoxerosis {off-thai' -mo-ze-ro' -sis). See Xer- 
ophthalmia. 

Ophthalmoxysis {off-thai' -moks-i' -sis) [b^OaTipoq, eye ; 
fi>OTc, a scraping]. The treatment by scraping or 
scarification, sometimes employed in certain affections 
of the conjunctiva. 

Ophthalmoxyster {off-thai- moks-is' -ter). The same as 
Ophtlialmoxy strum. 

Ophthalmoxystrum {off-thal-moks-is' -trum) [bf0aA.p.6r, 
. eye ; ^borpa, scraper]. An instrument for scraping or 
scarifying the conjunctiva. 

Ophthalmozoa {off-thal-mo-zo'-ah) \_b<f>6aApbg, eye ; 
fcJoi>, animal]. I. Entozoa parasitic upon the eye or 
its appendages. 2. One of Oken's five zoologic 
divisions. 

Z)phthalmula {off-thal-mu' -lali) \b(p6akp:6c, eye ; vkrj, 
matter] . A scar of the eye. 

Ophthalmuria (off-thal-mu'-re-ah) \b<$>8aApbc, eye ; 
ovpov, urine]. A hypothetic metastasis of urine to 
the eyes. 

Ophthalmias {off-thai' -mus). See Ophthalmos. 

Ophthalmy {off- thai' -me). The same as Ophthalmia. 

Ophthalmyalus {off-thal-mi'-al-us). Synonym of 
Vitreous Humor. 

Ophthalmydrorrhea {off-thal-mid-ror-e' '-ah) [b<pflaA.p:6r , 
eye ; vSup, water; poia, flow]. A watery discharge 
from the eyes. 

Ophthymen {off-thi' -meti) [cxpdaXpbc, eye ; vjitjv, mem- 
brane]. The retina. 

-opia {-o'-pe-ah). See -ops. 

Opiane {o'-pe-an). Same as Narcotin. 

Opianic {o-pe-an'-ik) [biuov, opium]. Derived from 
opium. 0. Acid. See Acid. 

Opianin {o-pe-an' -in) [ottiov, opium], C 66 H 72 N 3 2 . An 
alkaloid obtained from opium by precipitation with 
ammonia, and extracting the precipitate with alcohol. 

Opianyl {o'-pe-an-il) [otuov, poppy-juice ; vfai, matter], 
C ]0 H ]0 O 4 . A synonym of Meconin. 

Opiate {o'-pe-at) [biriov, poppy -juice]. A preparation 
of opium. 

Opiokapnism {o-pe-o-kap' -nizm) \bmov, opium ; mnvbc, 
smoke]. Opium-smoking. 

Opiologia {o-pe-ol-o' -je-ah) [bmov, opium; liyeiv, to 
gather]. The gathering of opium. 

Opiology {o-pe-ol' -o-je) [ottlov, opium ; X6yoc, science]. 
The pharmacology of opium. 

Opionin {o-pe-o' -nin) [bmov, poppy -juice]. A non- 
nitrogenous crystalline substance extracted from 
Smyrna opium. 

Opiophagia {o-pe-off-a' -je-ah ) . Synonym of Opio- 
phagism. 

Opiophagism {o-pc-off'-aj-ism), Opiophagy {o-pe-off'- 
aj-e) [ottlov, opium; Qayelv, to eat]. Opium-eating. 



Opiophile {o'-pe-o-fil) [p—tov, opium ; qi).eiv, to love]. 
A lover, or eater, of opium ; an opium-smoker. 

Opisthantrus (o-pis-than'-trus) [brno-Bev, behind ; 
avrpov, a cave: pi., Opisthantri^. Lissauer's term 
for a skull in which the vertical line dropped from 
the most prominent part of the torus frontalis to the 
radius fixus is from I to 6 mm. behind the vertical 
line from the nasion to the radius fixus. 

Opisthen [o-pis' '-then) [bmadev, behind]. In biology, 
the hind part of the body of an animal. 

Opisthenar {o-pis' -the-nar) [b-iadevap, from b-madev, 
behind; devap, the palm]. The back of the hand. 
Cf. Thenar. 

Opisthion {o-pis' -the-on) [b-iadioc, hinder] . See Crani- 
ometric Points. 

Opisthobregmus {o-pis-tho-breg' -mus) [bniudev, behind; 
fSpeyfioc, the bregma]. Lissauer's term for a skull in 
which the angle formed between the radius fixus and 
the line joining the hormion and the bregma is be- 
tween 55.5° and 68°. 

Opisthocelous {o-pis-tho-se'-lus) [oTuadev, behind; 
ko'laoc, hollow]. Concave anteriorly and convex pos- 
teriorly, as the centrum of a vertebra. 

Opisthocephalon (0 -pis - tho-sef / - al - on) [brrtcdev, be- 
hind ; K.e(pa'Ai/, the head]. A synonym of Occiput. 

Opisthochasmus {o-pis-tho-kaz'-mies) [b-modev, behind ; 
X&ofia, chasm]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle between the radius fixus and the line join- 
ing the basion and the staphylion is between 13° 
and 26°. 

Opisthocranion {o-pis-lho-kra' -ne-on) [binadev, behind ; 
Kpaviov, the skull]. A synonym of the occipital bone. 

Opisthodont {o-pis' -tho-dont) \b-m6ev, behind ; bSovc, 
tooth]. In biology, possessing back teeth only. 

Opisthogastric {o-pis-tho-gas' -trik) [bmadev, behind ; 
yaari/p, the stomach]. Situated back of the stomach. 

Opisthoglyphic {o-pis-tho-gliff -ik) [bmaOev, behind ; 
-yA,i<(j>eiv, to curve]. Grooved posteriorly, e. g., certain 
teeth. 

Opisthognathism {o-pis-thog' -nath-izm) [otuoOev, be- 
hind ; yvadoc, jaw]. Recession of the lower jaw. 

Opisthognathous {op-is-thog' -na-thus) [b-iodev, be- 
hind; yvadoc, jaw]. In biology, having retracting 
jaws ; the antonym of Prog7iathous. 

Opisthokyphosis {o-pis-tho-ki-fo' -sis) [oTuotlev, back- 
ward; ki'0(jotc, bending]. Curvature of the spinal 
column, the convexity being forward. 

Opisthomelophoros {o-pis-tho-tnel-off ' -or-os) [bniadiot;, 
hinder; pi A.o<;, limb ; <popelv, to bear], A monstrosity 
with limbs projecting from the back. 

Opisthophalacrosis {o-pis-tlw-fal-ak-ro' -sis) [brriadev, 
behind; <paAanpuaic , baldness]. Baldness of the back 
of the head. 

Opisthoporia {o-pis-tho-po-ri' -ah) [bnioBtv, backward ; 
TTopeia, going]. Involuntary backward walking in an 
attempt to go forward. 

Opisthorrhexis {o-pis-thor-eks' -is) \_brriadev, behind; 
pf/Zir, a rupture] . A tearing backward. 

Opisthosynechia {o-pis-tho-sin-ek'-e-ah). Synonym of 
Synechia, Posterior. 

Opisthothenar {o-pis-thoth' -en-ar). The Erector spina. 
muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Opisthotic (op-is-thot'-ik) [bmndev, behind ; ore, ear]. 
In biology, applied to parts of the ear-apparatus, pos- 
terior in position. 

Opisthotonic {o-pis-tho-ton'-ik) [b-maBev, behind ; roroc, 
tone]. Pertaining to opisthotonos. 

Opisthotonoid {o-pis-thof -on-oid) [wwffr, behind ; 
rdi'oc, tone ; elSoc, like]. Resembling opisthotonos. 

Opisthotonos {0 -pis - thot'- on - os) [b-iadnv, behind ; 
rbvoc, tone]. A tetanic condition of the muscles, 
especially of the back, whereby there is an arching 



OPISTHURAL 



935 



OPPOSITIPINNATE 



backward of the trunk, which thus rests upon the 
head and heels. This condition is seen in tetanus, 
strychnin-poisoning, hydrophobia, hysteria, and other 
tetanic conditions. 

Opisthural (o-pis'-thu-ral) [okujOev, behind; ovpd, 
the tail]. Of, or pertaining to, the opisthure. 

Opisthure (o-pis'-thur) [o-iatisv, behind; ovpd, tail]. 
In biology, the posterior termination of the caudal 
axis of certain fishes or their embryos. 

Opium (o'-pe um) [oiuov, poppy-juice]. The inspis- 
sated juice of the unripe capsules of the Papaver som- 
niferum, or poppy, obtained by incising the capsules 
and collecting the milky juice which is exuded. Most 
of the opium in the American market comes from 
Smyrna, Asia Minor. Opium is a very complex sub- 
stance and contains, besides morphin and codein, a 
large number of less important alkaloids — narcein, 
narcotin, thebain, laudanin, papaverin, porphyroxin, 
cryptopin, meconin, opianin, paramorphin, and me- 
conic, thebolactic, and sulphuric acids, in addition to 
a variety of extractives. Good opium should yield 
at least 9 per cent, of morphin. The dominant phys- 
iologic action of opium is the relief of pain. It 
also causes slowing of the respiration and pulse, 
contraction of the pupils, diaphoresis, constipation ; 
more rarely nausea and vomiting, headache, itching 
of the skin, erythema ; occasionally instead of sleep, 
wakefulness, delirium, even convulsions. In toxic 
doses it produces sleep followed by deep coma, with 
very slow respirations, and pin-point pupils ; death is 
due to paralysis of the centers of respiration. Thera- 
peutically, opium is a most useful drug ; it induces 
sleep, allays excitement, relieves pain and irritation, 
checks vomiting and diarrhea, and is sudorific. Small 
doses stimulate ; large doses depress. O., Acetum, 
vinegar of opium, " black drop," prepared with nut- 
meg, sugar, and dilute acetic acid. Opium-strength 
10 percent. Dose TT^v-xx O., Confectio. (B. P.) 
Dose gr. v-xx. O. denarcotisatum, powdered opium 
freed from substances soluble in ether ; 14 per cent, of 
morphin and a varying per cent, of narcotin. Dose gr. 
ss-iij. O., Emplastrum, extract of opium 6, Bur- 
gundy pitch, 18, lead-plaster 76 parts. O., Enema 
(B. P.), contains g ss of the tincture of opium and 
3 ij of starch-mucilage. O. et Glycyrrhizae, Troch., 
each contains gr. -^ of opium. Dose j-iv. O. et 
Ipecacuanha, Pulv., Dover's powder, contains ipe- 
cac 10, opium 10, sugar of milk 80 parts. Dose gr. 
v-xv. O. et Ipecacuanha?, Tinct., contains deodor- 
ized tincture of opium 100 parts evaporated to 85, fl. 
ext. ipecac 10, dilute alcohol q. s. ad 100. Dose TT\v- 
xv. O., Ext., an aqueous extract containing glycerin. 
Dose gr. }(-]. O., Liniment ( B. P.), contains 
tinct. opii and soap-liniment. O., Ext., Liq. (B. P.) 
Dose m„ iv-xx. 0., Liq. , Comp., compound solution 
of opium, unof. , strength 10 per cent. Dose tt^ v-xx. 
O., Pil., each contains I gr. opium with % gr. soap. 
Dose j-iij. O., Pulv., powdered opium ; should 
contain 12-16 per cent, of morphin. Dose gr. ss-iij. 
O., Pulv., Comp. (B. P.) Dose gr. ij-v. O., 
Tinct., Ammon. (B. P.) Dose gss-j. O., Tinct., 
Camph. [Tinct. camphor, comp., B. P.), camphor- 
ated tincture of opium, paregoric ; contains opium, 
benzoic acid, camphor, oil of anise aa 4, glycerin 40, 
dil. alcohol ad 1000 parts. Dose, for an infant, gtt. 
v-xx; for an adult, 3 j-iv. O., Tinct., Comp., 
Squibb' s diarrhea-mixture, contains laudanum, spt. of 
camphor, and tinct. capsicum, aa !|j, pure chloroform 
3iij, stronger alcohol q. s. ad S; v. Dose gtt. x-sjj. 
O., Tinct., Deodorata, McMunri 's elixir , an aqueous 
extract shaken with ether, the residue being dissolved 
in water and alcohol. Opium-strength 10 per cent. 



Dose Tt\v-xx. O., Tinct., laudanum, contains 10 
per cent, of opium. Dose rriv-xx. O., Trochis. 
[B.P.) Each contains gr.^jy of opium. Dose j-iv. 
0., Vinum, wine of opium, Sydenham' s laudanum, a. 
vinous tincture, with cinnamon and cloves ; opium- 
strength 10 per cent. Dose rr\v-xx. O. -eater, one 
addicted to the use of opium as a stimulant. O. -eat- 
ing, the habitual use of opium as a stimulant and 
narcotic. O. -habit. See Morphiomania. O. -lini- 
ment, an anodyne liniment made of soap-liniment 
and laudanum. O. -plaster, the Emplastrum opii 
of the U. S. Pharmacopeia. O -smoking, the inhal- 
ation of the fumes of burning opium for the pur- 
pose of experiencing the exhilarating effects so pro- 
duced. 

Opiumism (0' -pe-um-izni) [ottiov, poppy-juice]. The 
symptoms of chronic opium-poisoning. 

Opobalsamum (pp-o-bawl-sam' -um) [6/roc, juice ; fiak- 
aa/xov, balsam]. Balsam of Mecca, produced by the 
tree Amyris g ileadensis. 

Opocalpason, Opocalpasum (op-o-kal '-pas-on, op-o- 
kal' -pas- uni) [onoq, juice ; Kaliraaog , a plant-name]. 
A variety of gum-arabic. 

Opocephalus (pp-o-sef / -al-us) [Z>ip, uttoc, the eye ; K.e<p- 
aXri, head]. A variety of single autositic monsters, of 
the species otocephalus, in which there issynopsia, with 
the characteristics of otocephalus, but with the absence 
of both mouth and proboscis. 

Opodeldoc (pp-o-del'-dok) [origin obscure]. Soap-lini- 
ment. See Sapo. 

Opodidymus (pp-o-did ' -im-us) [ui/i, eye ; Si&vjioc, twin]. 
A monosomic dual monstrosity with the heads united 
behind, but with two faces ; the eyes vary in number. 

Opodymus (o-pod' -im-us) \_ioi>, eye ; 6i8v[ioc, twin]. A 
term for a monstrosity with a single body and skull, 
but with two distinct faces. 

Opopanax [p-pop' -an-aks) \_ott6c, juice ; Tvava^, an all- 
healing plant]. 1. A genus of umbelliferous plants. 
2. The gum-resin afforded by O. chironium, a plant 
of the Mediterranean region ; it is used like asafetida, 
but is inferior to it. Dose, 10-30 gr. Unof. 

Opotomocatheter (o-pot-o-mok-ath'-et-er) [birr/, open- 
ing ; TOfif], a cutting ; Kaderrjp, catheter]. An elastic 
catheter with a stylet. 

Oppilation (op-il-a'-skun) \oppilatio, closure]. Closure ; 
constipation. 

Oppilative (op'-il-a-tiv) \oppilatis, closure], 1. Ob- 
struction ; closing the pores ; causing constipation. 2. 
A constipating agent or remedy. 

Opponens (op-o'-nenz) \_ob, against ; ponere, to place]. 
Opposing ; a descriptive term applied to certain mus- 
cles that bring the thumb and fingers in juxtaposition. 

Opposite (pp'-o-zit) \oppositus, placed against]. I. 
Opposed to. 2. As a noun, the similar part in the 
remaining half of the body; platytrope; lateral homo- 
logue ; fellow of the remaining side ; and in general, 
whether referring to the names of parts or to terms of 
position and direction, the opposite is either member 
of a symmetrically placed pair, as the right hand is 
the opposite of the left, the term ventral of dorsal, 
lateral of mesal, afferent of efferent, etc. O. Stand- 
ing, in massage, leaning forward and resting the 
elbows or forearm on some object at about the level of 
the nipple. 

Oppositifolius (op-oz-it-if-o 1 '-le-us) \_opf>osiius, opposite ; 
folium, leaf]. In biology, situated opposite a leaf. 

Oppositipetalous [pp-oz-it-ip-et' -al-us) [ oppositus, op- 
posite ; irkraXov, a leaf]. In biology, placed opposite 
a petal. * 

Oppositipinnate (op-oz-it-ip-in' '-at) \oppositus, opposite ; 
pinna, a feather]. In biology, applied to a pinnate 
leaf in which the folioles are opposite to each other. 



OPPOSITISEPALOUS 



936 



ORANGEADE 



Oppositisepalous (op-oz-it - is-ep' -al -us) [opposi/us, 
opposite ; sepalum, a sepal]. In biology, placed oppo- 
site a sepal. 

Oppression (op-resh' -un) [oppressio; opprimere , to bear 
against]. Any sensation of pressure or weight upon 
any part, especially the chest. 

Oprescu and Babes, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, 
Synonymatic Table of. 

-ops, -opsia, -optic {-ops, -ops'-e-ah, -op'-tik) [o>\ji, 
eye]. Variant forms of a suffix denoting connection 
with or relation to the eye. 

Opsialgia (op-se-al' '-je-ak) \y>ip, face ; cOcyoc, pain] . 
Neuralgia of the face. 

Opsigonous (op-sig'-on-us) [oij>c, late ; yiyveodat, to be 
born]. Developing late. 

Opsiodont (op'-se-o-dont) [dipic, eye; bdobq, tooth]. 
An eye-tooth. 

Opsiometer (op-se-om' -et-er) [bipOLc , sight ; fitrpov, 
measure]. The same as Optometer. 

Opsionosis (op-se-on'-o-sis) [bipic, sight; vdaoc, disease]. 
A disease of the eye, or of vision. 

Opsitocia (op-sit-o'-ke-ah) [bipe, late; rbmc, birth]. 
Abnormally long pregnancy. 

Opsomania (pp-so-ma' -ne-ali) [bijiov, dainty food ; pavia, 
mania]. Insane desire for dainty food, or for some 
special food. 

Opsomaniac (op-so-ma' -ne-ak) [bipov, dainty food ; 
pav'ia, mania]. One affected with opsomania. 

Opsophagia (op-so-fa' '-je-ak) [oipov, dainty food ; 
<j>a.yelv, to eat]. Morbid daintiness in respect of food. 

Optactin (pp-taW -tbi) [otttoc, visible; auric, ray]. The 
visual axis. 

Optasioscopy (op-taz-e-os'-ko-pe) [onraaia, a vision ; 
okotteIv, to view]. The testing of retinal perception 
without the action of light, but by pressure or electric- 
ity, subjective sensations of light being produced. 

Optic, Optical (op'-tik, op' -tik-al) [otttlkoc, from b-rrav, 
to see]. Pertaining to vision or its organ, or to the 
science of optics. O. Angle. See Angles, Table of. 
O. Atrophy, atrophy of the optic nerve. See Atrophy. 
O. Axis, the axis of the eye. O. Center, the point 
in the main axis of the crystalline lens at which the 
rays of light meet. Also applied to the nervous 
center concerned in the visual function. O. Chiasm. 
See Commissure, Optic. O. Commissure. See Com- 
missure. O. Cup, the concave area formed by the 
involution of the distal extremity of the primary 
optic vesicle. O. Disc. See Disc. O. Foramen. 
See Foramina, Table of. O. Groove, the groove on 
the sphenoid bone for the optic chiasm. See Groove. 
O. Lobes, the corpora quadrigemina. O. Nerve. See 
Nerves. O. Neuritis. See Papillitis. O. Papilla. 
See Disc, Optic. O. Radiations, the term given by 
Gratiolet to the large fasciculus of nerve-fibers join- 
ing the corona radiata of the optic thalamus and the 
occipital lobe of the cerebrum. O. Section. See 
Section. O. Stalk, a soft process on the head of mol- 
luscs supporting an eye ; an ommatophore. O. Thal- 
amus. See Thalamus. O. Tract. See Tract. 
O. Vesicle, in embryology, a diverticulum from each 
side of the primary anterior vesicle, which forms the 
basis of the future eye. 

Optically (op'-tik-al-e) [birr/nor, from b-rrav, to see]. In 
accordance with the science of optics ; by optic 
means. O. Active, a qualification applied to many 
carbon compounds, liquid and solid, capable of rotating 
the plane of polarized light. 

Optician (op-tish'-an) [otttlkoc, from brrav, to see]. A 
maker of optic instruments. 

Opticist (op'-tis-ist) [otttlkoc, from ottciv, to see]. One 
skilled in optics. 

Opticociliary (pp-tik-o-sil' -e-a-re) [otttlkoc, from b~av, 



to see; cilium, hair]. Pertaining to the optic and 
ciliary nerves. 

Opticocinerea (op-tik-o-sin-c' -rc-ah ) [otttlk6c, from 
orrav, to see ; cinereus, resembling ashes]. The gray 
matter of the optic lobes. 

Opticon (op'-tik-on) [otttlkoc, seeing]. In biology, gan- 
glionic swelling in optic nerve of insects. (Hiikson.) 

Opticopupillary (op-lik-o-pu'-pil-a-re) [otttlkoc, from 
dwav, to see ; pupi/la, pupil]. Relating to the pupil 
and the optic nerve. 

Optics (op'-tiks) [otttlkoc, from b~av, to see]. That 
branch of physics treating of the laws of light, its re- 
fraction and reflection, and of its relation to vision. 
See Dioptrics. 

Optimism (op'-tim-izm) [optinms, best]. Delusional 
exaltation ; delirium of grandeur ; amenomania. 

Optimum [op'-tim-um) \_optimus, best]. In biology, 
that temperature at which vital processes are carried 
on with the greatest activity. Midway between the 
minimum, or lowest endurable, and maximum, or high- 
est endurable, temperatures. 

Optocele (op'-to-sel). See Paraqneduct. 

Optoeidometer [op-to-i-dom' -et-er) [otttik6c , seeing ; 
tiSoc, like; fihpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
testing the acuity of vision and the refraction of the eye. 

Optogram (op'-to-gram) [otttoc, visible ; ypa<f>eiv, to 
write]. A faint image stamped on the retina for a 
brief period after death, believed to be that of the 
last object seen before death. 

Optograph (pp'-to-graf). See Optogram. 

Optomeninx (op-to-men' -inks). Synonym of Retina. 

Optometer (op-tom' -et-er) [ottt6c, visible ; ptTpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for facilitating the measurement 
of the refraction of the eye. 

Optometry (op-tom' -et-re) [ottt6c, visible ; pirpov, meas- 
ure]. Measurement of the visual powers. 

Optoscope (op'-to-skop) [otttoc, seen ; okotte'lv, to in- 
spect]. An instrument for testing unilateral amblyopia. 

Optostriate (pp-to-stri' -at) [otttoc, visible ; striatum, 
striped]. Pertaining to the optic thalami and the 
corpora striata. O. Body, a thalamus and a striatum 
considered as forming a unit. 

Optotype (op'-to-tlp) [otttoc, visible ; tvttoc, type]. A 
test-type used in testing the acuity of vision. 

Opuntia (o-pun'-te-ah) [opuntius, relating to Opus, a 
town of Greece], Prickly pear; a genus of cactace- 
ous plants represented by numerous species, many of 
which, as O. reticulata and O. tuna, have slight me- 
dicinal properties, the former being anthelmintic, pur- 
gative, and locally sedative; the latter has been used 
for palpitation of the heart. Unof. 

Ora (o'-rah) [I-]. Margin. O. serrata, the serrated 
endings of the zonule of Zinn, or ligament of the 
lens, and the retina. 

Orad (o'-rad) [os, oris, mouth]. Toward the mouth, or 
the oral region. 

Oral (o'-ral) [os, oris, the mouth]. In biology, situated 
on the same side as the mouth ; actinal ; opposed to 
aboral, abortinal, anal. O. Catarrh. Synonym of 
Stomatitis catarrkaiis. O. Whiff. See Whiff. 

Orange (or'-anj). See Aurantium and Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 0. Colors. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 
O. -grass, a small North American plant, Hypericum 
sarothra ; pineweed ; a popular remedy for colds and 
catarrhs. Unof. O. Minium. Same as Minium. 
O. Ocher. Same as Ocher. O.-peas: I. The seeds 
of the orange dried and used for issue-peas. 2. Small 
unripe dried oranges, used in the flavoring of liqueurs. 
O. Sarcina. See Sarcina. O.-skin, a yellowish 
tinge of the skin observed in newly-born infants. 

Orangeade (or-anj-dd') [ME., orenge, orange]. A 
drink made of orange-juice and sweetened water. 



ORARIANS 



937 



ORCHIDOCATABASIS 



Orarians (or-ar'-e-anz) [oraritts, of, or belonging to, 
the coast]. In ethnology, a collective term proposed 
by Dall for the Aleuts and people of Innuit stock, as 
indicative of their coastwise distribution and as desig- 
nating a well-defined race. 

Orbicular (or-bik' -u-lar) [orbiculus, dim. of orbis, cir- 
cle]. Having a circular shape. A term applied to 
the circular muscles of the eyelids and the mouth. O. 
Bone. See Bones, Table of. 

Orbicularis [or-bik-u-la'-risj. See Muscles, Table of. 

Orbiculate (or-bik' -u-lat). Same as Orbicular. 

Orbit (or' -bit) [orbita, from orbis, circle]. The bony 
pyramidal cavity in which the eyeball is suspended. 
Seven bones enter into its formation, its somewhat 
indeterminate sides being called the roof, the floor, 
the inner and outer walls. 




The Orbits. 
I. Anterior orifice of nasal fossae. 2. Anterior extremity of 
inferior turbinated bone. 3. Malar bone. 4. Orbital cavity. 
5. Lacrymal fossa, at base of which may be seen the line of 
union of the ascending process of the superior maxilla with 
the os unguis. 6. Os planum, forming with this bone the 
internal wall of the orbit. 7. Optic foramen. 8. Sphenoid 
fissure. 9. Spheno-maxillary fissure, continuous posteriorly 
with the preceding. 10. Upper portion of the great wing 
of the sphenoid. 11. Squamous portion of temporal. 12. 
Antero-inferior angle of parietal. 13. Part of frontal which 
contributes to form the temporal fossa. 14. Mastoid process. 
15. Styloid process. 

Orbita (or'-bit-ah) [orbis, a circle, orbit: //., Orbitce\. 
The same as Orbit. 

Orbital (or'-bit-al) [orbita, from orbis, circle]. I. 
Pertaining to the orbit. 2. The orbital portion of the 
orbicularis palpebrarum. O. Arch, the upper margin 
of the orbit. O. Breadth, in craniometry, the dis- 
tance between the middle points of the inner borders 
of the orbits. O. Fascia, the capsule of Tenon. 
O. Fissure. See Fissures, Table of. O. Fossa, 
the cavity of the orbit. O. Height, in cran- 
iometry, the greatest vertical width of the' exter- 
nal opening of the orbit. O. Index. See Index. 
O. Plane. See Plane. O.Plate: I. That part of 
the frontal bone helping to form the roof of the orbit. 
2. That part of the ethmoid bone helping to form the 
inner wall of the orbit. O. Point, the lowest point 
on the inferior margin of the orbit. O. Process : I. 
The orbital portion of the malar bone. 2. The orbital 
portion of the palate bone. O. Ridge, the free edge 
of the nasal process of the superior maxilla. O. 
Surface, that portion of the superior maxilla that 
helps to form the floor of the orbit. O. Vault, the 
roof of the orbit. 

Orbito- (or'-bit-o-) [orbita, orbit]. A prefix denoting 
relation to the orbit. O. -basilar, both orbital and 
basilar. O.-b. Angle, the angle formed between 



the line continuing the axis of the orbit and one 
tangent to the lower border of the inferior maxilla 
O. -malar, pertaining to both the orbit and the malar 
bone. O.-m. Index, in craniometry, the ratio exist- 
ing between the bizygomatic diameter of the face, 
and the superior facial diameter, the latter being taken 
as 100. O. -nasal, pertaining to both orbit and nose. 
O. -occipital, pertaining to both orbit and occipital 
bone. O.-o. Angle, in craniometry, the angle formed 
between the optic axis and the plane of the foramen 
magnum. O. -ocular, pertaining to both orbit and 
eye. O. -palpebral, pertaining both to the orbit and 
the eyelids. O. -sphenoid : 1. Pertaining both to the 
orbit and to the sphenoid bone. 2. The lesser wing 
of the sphenoid bone ; in some animals, and in early 
human life, it is a separate bone. 
Orbitocele (or'-bit-o-sel) [orbita, orbit ; ici/fo], tumor]. 
I. A tumor of the orbit. 2. The same as Exoph- 
thalmos. 
Orceic Acid (or'-se-ik). Synonym of Orcein. 
Orcein (or'-se-in) [Orcus, Pluto, from its dark color], 
C;H.N0 3 . A dark-red substance derived from orcin. 
Orcheitis (or-ke-i'-tis). Synonym of Orchitis. 
Orchella (or-kel'-ah). See Orchil. 
Orchellin (or-kel'-in) [after Oricellari, a chemist]. A 

purple dye found in Roccella tinctoria. 
Orchemphraxis (or-kem-fraks' -is). Same as Orchid- 

emphraxis . 
Orcheocele (or'-ke-o-sel). See Orchiocele. 
Orcheodesmosarcoma (or' -ke-o-dez' -mo-sar-ko' -mah ) 
[opxea, scrotum; dea/j-og, bond; oapi;, flesh; 6/j.a, 
tumor]. Scrotal elephantiasis. 
Orcheoplasty (or'-ke-o-plas-te). See Orchioplasty. 
Orcheotomy (or-ke-ot' -o-me). See Orchotomy. 
Orchestromania (or-kes-tro-ma' -ne-ah) [bpxeioOai, to 
dance; fiavia, madness]. Dancing mania; chorea, 
or St. Vitus' dance. 
Orchi-, less correctly Orchid- (or'-ke-, or'-kid-) [bpxK< 
testicle]. A prefix signifying connection with, or re- 
lation to, the testicles. 
Orchialgia (or-ke-al' -je-ah) [bpx^, testis; akyoc-, pain). 

Neuralgic pain in the testicle. 
Orchic (or'-kik) [bpxtr, testicle]. Pertaining to the 

testicle. 
Orchichorea (or-kik-or-e'-ah) [bpxic, testicle ; xopeia, 
dance]. Irregular movements of the testicle due to 
contraction of the cremaster muscle. 
Orchid (or' -hid) [bpxig, testicle]. Any orchidaceous 
plant ; a plant of the orchis family or order. Orchids 
are of many species and genera, and are mostly tropi- 
cal. Salep and vanilla are produced by plants of this 
order. Faham, cypripedium, and a few others are em- 
ployed in medicine. 
Orchidalgia (or-kid-al' -je-ah). Synonym of Orchialgia. 
Orchidatonia (or - kid - at - 0'- ne - ah) [bpxig, testicle; 
arovia, atony]. Atony of the testicle; laxness of the 
testicle. 
Orchidatrophia (or-kid-at-ro' -fe-ah) [bpxtc, testicle ; 

arpoipia, atrophy]. Atrophy of the testicle. 
Orchidauxe (or-kid-awks'-e) [bpxic;, testicle; av^rj, 

growth]. Hypertrophy of the testicle. 
Orchidectomy (or-kid-ek' -to-me) [bpxis, testis ; ektoiitj, 

excision]. Surgical removal of a testis ; castration. 
Orchidemphraxis (or- kid-em- fraks' -is) [bpx'Q, testicle ; 
f//0p«f'c, stoppage]. Obstruction of the vessels of 
the testis. 
Orchidion (or-kid'-e-on) [dim. of otr^c, testicle]. A 

small testicle. 
Orchiditis (pr-kid-i'-tis). Synonym of Orchitis. 
Orchidocatabasis (or-kid-o-kat-ab' -as-is) [bpxig, testi- 
cle ; narafiaaig, a going down]. Descent of the tes- 
ticle into the scrotum. 



ORCHIDOCELE 



938 



ORGAN 



Orchidocele {or-kid' -o-sel). Synonym of Orchiocele. 

Orchidodynia {pr-kid-o-din' -e-ah). Synonym of Or- 
chiodynia. 

Orchido-meningitis {or-kid' -o-men-in-Ji' -lis) [bpxiQ, 
testicle ; pfjviy^, membrane ; trig, inflammation]. Bla- 
sius' term for the ordinary form of hydrocele. 

Orchidomyeloma {or-kid' -o-mi-el-o' -mah) \_bpx^c, testi- 
cle ; fivehoc, marrow ; b/ia, tumor : //. , Orchidomyelo- 
mata~\. Myeloid sarcoma of the testicle. 

Orchidoncus {or-kid-ong'-kus) \_bpxtc, testicle; bynoe, 
tumor]. A tumor or tumefaction of the testicle. 

Orchidopexia {or-kid-o-peks' -e-ah). See Orchidopexy. 

Orchidopexy {or'-kid-o-peks-e) \_bpx l S, testis; 7r?/f;c, a 
hardening] . I . Hardening of the substance of the tes- 
ticle. 2. Same as Orchidorraphy. 

Orchidorrhaphy {or-kid-or'-a-fe) \bpx^, testicle ; pa<j>ri, 
suture]. Stitching of the testicle to the surrounding 
tissues. 

Orchidoscheocele (or-kid-os' -ke-o-sel) \bpx^, testicle ; 
bax'h scrotum; rifto], tumor]. A scrotal hernia with 
enlargement of the testicle. 

Orchidospongioma {or-kid' -o-spun-Je-o' -mah) [bpx l S, 
testicle; anoyyta, sponge ; b/na, tumor]. A tubercu- 
lous tumor of the testicle. 

Orchidotomy {or-kid-of -o-me) [bpxtc, testicle ; rofii], 
a cutting]. Incision of the testicle. 

Orchidotyloma {or-kid' -o-ti-lo' -mah) [bpxtc, testicle ; 
tvKoc, callus; bp.a, tumor]. A callous nodule of the 
testicle. 

Orchiectomy {or-ke-ek'-to-me). Synonym of Orchid- 
ectomy. 

Orchiepididymitis {or' -ke-ep-id-id-im-i' -tis) [bpxic, tes- 
ticle ; ETudidv/iig, epididymis; irtc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of both testis and epididymis. 

Orchil {or'-kil). See Archil. O. -purple. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. 

Orchilla (pr-kil'-ah). See Archil. 

Orchiocele {or' -ke-o-sel) [bpxic, testis; Krfii-q, tumor]. 
I. A tumor of the testicle. 2. Scrotal hernia. 3. 
A name loosely applied to several different diseases 
of the testicles and their envelops. 

Orchiococcus {or-ke-o-kok' -us). See Diplococcus of 
Orchitis under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Orchiodynia {or-ke-o-din' -e-ah) \bpxK> testis ; bdvim, 
pain]. Pain in the testicles. 

Orchiomyeloma {or'-ke-o-mi-el-o'-mah). Synonym of 
Orcli idomyeloma . 

Orchioncus {or-ke-ong'-kus). Synonym of Orchid- 
oncus. 

Orchioneuralgia {or-ke-o-nu-ral'-Je-ah) . Synonym of 
Orchialgia. 

Orchioplasty {or'-ke-o-plas-te) [opx'f > the testicle ; 
Tr/.fwcseiv, to form]. The surgical repair following the 
loss of any part of the scrotum from disease, by sup- 
plying flaps of healthy tissue from an adjacent part. 

Orchioscheocele {or- ke - os'- ke-o-sel). Synonym of 
Orchidoscheocele. 

Orchioscirrhus {or-ke-os-kir'-us) \bpx^, testis ; anippdc, 
induration]. A hard carcinomatous tumor of the 
testicle. 

Orchiotomy {or-ke-ol'-o-me). Synonym of Orchidotomy. 

Orchirrhaphy {or-kir'-afe). Synonym of Orchidor- 
rhaphy. 

Orchis {or'-kis) \_bpx'Q, testis]. I. The typical genus 
of the family of orchidaceous plants. 2. The testicle. 
See Orchid. 

Orchitis {oj--ki'-tis) [bpxic, testis ; ltic, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the testicle. 

Orchitomy (or-kit'-o-me). Synonym of Orchotomy. 

Orchocele {or'-ko-sel). Synonym of Orchiocele. 

Orchos (or'-kos) [bpxoc, tarsus]. The tarsal cartilage. 

Orchotomy {or-kof -o-me) [cip^'f, testis ; ropi], a cut- 



ting]. 1. Castration. 2. [bpxoc, tarsus ; Topi/, a cut- 
ting]. Removal of the tarsal cartilages. 

Orcin {or' -sin) [Orcus, Pluto, from its dark color], 
C 7 H G (OH).,. Orcinol ; a substance found in many 
lichens of the genera Koccella and Leconora. It crys- 
tallizes in colorless, six-sided prisms, containing one 
molecule of water ; it is readily soluble in water, 
alcohol and ether, and has a sweet taste. It melts at 
56° C. , and boils at 290° C. It yields azo-coloring 
substances with diazo-compounds. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Orcinol {or'-sin-ol). See Orcin. 

Ord's Theory. A theory of the origin of gout. It is 
that there is a tendency, inherited or acquired, to a 
special form of tissue-degeneration. 

Ordeal Bark {or'-de-al bark) [ME., ordal, a judgment]. 
See Casca. O. Bean, O. Nut. See Physostigma. 
O.-tree. See Cerbera (of Madagascar). Also, the 
Erythrophlceian guinense. 

Order {or'-der) \_ordo, a rule]. Systematic arrangement. 
In biology, the taxonomic group below a Class and 
above a Family. 

Ordinary {or'-din-a-re) [ordinarius, regular] . Usual ; 
regular. O. Ray. See Ray. 

Ordinate {or'-din-dt) [ordinate, to order, ordain]. In 
biology, placed in regular rows or series. 

Ordure {or'-dur) [ME., ordure, filth]. Dung; excre- 
ment ; feces. 

Orectic {pr-ek'-tik) [bpe^tc, appetite]. Stimulating 
appetite. 

Oregon Grape. See Berberis. 

Orellin {o-rel'-in) [opvllina]. A yellow coloring-mat- 
ter found in Annatto. See Pigments, Conspectus of 

Orexegen {o-reks'-ej-in). See Orexin. 

Orexin {o-reks'-in) [bpe^ic, appetite], C U H I2 N 2 .HC1.- 
2H 2 0. Hydrochlorate of phenyl-di-hydro-quinazolin ; 
a chinolin-preparation, of some repute as a stomachic. 
It is useful in anorexia not dependent upon gastric dis- 
ease proper. Dose gr. ij-v in wafer or pill. Unof. 

Orexis {o-reks'-is) [bpe^ic, appetite]. Appetite. 

Organ {or'-gan) [bpyavov, organ]. In biology, any part 
of the body having a determinate function ; a complex 
of similar or dissimilar cells or tissues that perform in 
common one or more vital functions. O., Accessory, 
an organ that has a subordinate importance in the 
carrying on of a particular function, but which under 
certain conditions may act as a substitute for an im- 
portant organ. O. -albumin, the albumin that consti- 
tutes a part of the solid tissues. O. of Bojanus, the 
renal organ of molluscs, found in the majority of lamel- 
libranchs. O.ofCorti. See Corti. O., Cup-shaped, 
one of the organs of 
taste in Vermes; widely 
scattered over them 
in the integument, but 
especially numerous at 
the edge of the mouth. 
O's., Digestive, the 
digestive tract and its 
glands. O. of Eimer, 
a tactile organ in the 
nose of the mole, consist- 
ing of a group of termi- 
nal nerve - fibrils. O., 
Enamel, a club-shaped 
process of epithelium 
growing from the dental 
ridge and forming a cap 
over the dental papilla. 
From it the enamel of 
the tooth is developed. O. of Gegenbauer, one of 
certain ciliated organs in the Pteropoda proved by 




Organ of Eimer, Nose of 

Mole. 
1. Nerve, e. Epithelium 
chlorid. (Stirling.) 



Gold 



ORGANA 



939 



ORGANOPATHISM 



Spengel to have an olfactory function. O. of Giraldes, 
the paradidymis. O., Goblet-shaped, one of the 
large rod-shaped end-organs of nerves, observed in 
the skin of the teleostei and sturgeons. O., Jacob- 
son's, a short cul-de-sac extending along Stensen's 
duct, lined by epithelium continuous with that of the 
nasal mucous membrane. It is well developed in some 
lower animals, in which it is believed to have an olfac- 
tory function. O's., Lateral : (a) Segmentally ar- 
ranged, retractile sensory organs occurring among 
Vermes only in the C/icetopoda . They carry sensory hairs 
connected on the one hand with transverse muscle- 
fibrillse and on the other with a plexus of ganglion-cells 
joined by a special nerve to the ventral cord ; their 
function is unknown. (6) A series of nerve end-organs 
in the " mucous canals" in the head and lateral line 
of fishes and amphibians. O's., Mayer's, a series of 
slit-like depressions on the side of the tongue of cer- 
tain mammals, first discovered by C. Mayer in the 
African elephant ; afterward found in the Uakari 
monkeys (Pithekia satanis) ; 15 slits in front of the 
palato-glossal fold. O's., Pelvic, those organs sit- 
uated in the pelvis. O's. of Reproduction, the tes- 
ticles and penis and its glands in the male, the uterus 
and its appendages and the vagina and its glands, 
in the female. O's., Respiratory, the nose, pharynx, 
larynx, trachea, lungs, and glands connected with 
these different parts. O. of Rosenmuller. See 
Parovarium. O., Segmental, a mesoblastic embry- 
onic structure consisting of three parts— the pro- 
nephros, the mesonephros, or Wolffian body, and the 
metanephros. O's. of Semper, glandular structures 
found in gasteropods, well developed at the sides of 
the mouth in Limax. According to Sochaczewer, 
they are not olfactory in function. O's. of Special 
Sense, those parts of the body endowed with highly 
specialized functions and through which perceptive 
impressions are received : the eye, ear, skin, mucosa 
of the mouth and nose are the principal. O. of 
Syrski, the male organ of the eel discovered by 
Syrski in 1873. 

Organa (or'-gan-ah) [L.]. Plural of Organwn. O. pal- 
pantia, tactile organs. O. urticantia, the nemato- 
phores or nematilte of Ccelenterates. 

Organic (or-gan' -ik) [opyavov, an instrument]. Hav- 
ing, pertaining to, or characterized by, organs ; per- 
taining to the animal and vegetable worlds ; exhibiting 
animal or vegetable characteristics. O. Cell, the 
structural element which is regarded as the basis of 
the structure of all organized bodies. O. Chemistry, 
the chemistry of the carbon compounds. O. 
Constituents. See Constituent. O. Disease, dis- 
ease of an organ attended with structural changes. O. 
Molecules, Doctrine of, Buffon's hypothesis that 
life is the indefeasible property of certain indestructi- 
ble molecules of matter, which exist in all living 
things, and have inherent activities by which they are 
distinguished from non-living matter. Each individual 
living organism is formed by their temporary combina- 
tion ; they stand to it in the relation of the particles of 
water to a cascade, or a whirlpool ; or to a mold 
into which the water is poured. The form of the 
organism is thus determined by the reaction between 
external conditions and the inherent activities of the 
organic molecules of which it is composed ; and as 
the stoppage of a whirlpool destroys nothing but a 
form and leaves the molecules of the water with all 
their inherent activities intact, so what we call the 
death and putrefaction of an animal, or of a plant, are 
merely the breaking up of a form, or manner of as- 
sociation, of its constituent molecules, which are then 
set free as infusorial animalcules. It will be perceived 



that this doctrine is by no means identical with Abio- 
genes is, wilh which it is often confounded (Huxley). 
O. Reflexes, those pertaining to the acts of mictu- 
rition, erection, ejaculation, defecation, digestion, 
respiration, etc. 

Organicism {or-gan' -is-izm) [opyavov, organ]. The 
doctrine that all diseases are caused by material lesions 
of one or more organs. 

Organisata (or-gan-is-a' -tali) [neut.://. of Organisatus , 
organized]. In biology, any or all organisms. 

Organism (or' -gan-izm) [opyavov, organ]. A living 
being, animal or vegetable, simple or composed of 
many organs ; also the assemblage of organs constitut- 
ing a living being. O., Micro-, a minute or micro- 
scopic body or organism ; a schizomycete ; a bacte- 
rium. 

Organite (or' -gan-lt) [opyavov, organ] . An elementary 
organ. 

Organization (or-gan-iz-a' -shun) [opyavov, organ]. I. 
The orderly arrangement of organs or parts ; also an 
organism. 2. The conversion of something into, or 
its replacement by, living tissue — as the organization 
of a thrombus. 

Organo-chemistry (or' ' -gan-o-kem 1 '-is-tre). See Or- 
ganic Chemistry. 

Organogen (or-gan' -o-je>i) [opyavov, an organ ; yevvav, 
to beget] . A compound containing carbon, hydrogen, 
oxygen, and nitrogen. 

Organogenesis (or-gan-o-jen'-es-is) [opyavov, organ; 
yevvav, to beget]. The process of the development 
and growth of an organ. The same as Organogeny . 

Organogenetic (or-gan-o-jen-et'-ik) [opyavov, organ; 
yevvav, to beget] . Pertaining to organogenesis. 

Organogeny (or-gan-oj'-en-e) [opyavov, organ ; yevf/g, 
producing]. In biology, the history of the develop- 
ment of organs. 

Organographism (or - gan - og> '- raf '- izm) [opyavov, an 
organ ; ypatietv, to write]. The demonstration of the 
successive increase in size of an organ, by tracing its 
outlines upon the skin. 

Organography (or-gan - og'- ra -fe) [opyavov, organ ; 
ypaipeiv, to write]. A descriptive treatise of the 
organs of an animal or plant. 

Organoid (or'-gan - oid) [opyavov, an organ; elSoc, 
like] . A term applied to tumors composed of several 
tissues and resembling an organ, as carcinoma, 
which somewhat resembles an epithelial gland. 

Organoleptic (or-gan-o-lep' -tik ) [opyavov, organ ; Arjn- 
tlkoq, taking]. I. Making an impression upon some 
organ, chiefly of special sense. 2. Plastic ; capable 
of receiving organization. 

Organologic (or-gan- o-loj'-ik ) [opyavov, organ ; ~koyoq, 
science]. Pertaining to organology. 

Organologist (or-gan-ol' -o-Jist) [opyavov, organ ; \6yog, 
science]. One versed in organology. 

Organology (or-gan-ol 1 -o-je) [opyavov, an organ ; ?,6yoc, 
science]. The department of biology that treats of 
the organs of plants and animals. 

Organon (or'-gan-on) [opyavov, an organ ; instrument] . 
A code of principles. 

Organonomy (or-gan-on' -o-me) [opyavov, organ ; vd/iog, 
law]. The totality of the natural laws of the conduct 
and functions of organic life. 

Organonym (or - gan' - - nim) [opyavov, an organ; 
bvv/ia, name]. The name of an organ or part. 

Organonymy (or - gan - on' '- im- e) [opyavov, organ; 
ovvfta, name]. A system of nomenclature of the 
organs. 

Organopathic (or-gan-o-path' -ik ) [opyavov, an organ ; 
iratiog, disease]. Pertaining to Organopathism and to 
Organopathy . 
Organopathism (or-gan-op' -ath-izni) [opyavov, an or- 



ORGANOPATHOLOGISM 



940 



ORIENTATION 



gan ; irddog, disease]. The doctrine of special study 
and investigation of the pathology of each and every 
organ by itself. 

Organopathologism (o?--gan-o-path-ol' -o-jizm) [opyav- 
ov, organ ; iradoc, disease ; 'Koyoc, science]. The 
same as Organopathy. 

Organopathology (or-gan-o-path-oF -o-je) [opyavov, or- 
gan ; wddog, disease ; Aoyoc, science]. The science 
of the diseases of organs. 

Organopathy (pr-gan-op' -ath-e) [opyavov, organ; nafloc:, 
disease]. I. The disease of an organ. 2. A term 
used by Sharp to express the local action of drugs. 3. 
The same as Organopathism. 

Organophyly (or-gan-off' -il-e) [opyavov, an organ ; 
<pi'/.r/, a tribe]. In biology, the phylogeny of organs. 

Organoplastic (or-gan-o-plas'-tik ) [opyavov, an organ ; 
Tr'/.daaetv, to form, to mold]. In biology, applied to 
cells or tissues from which organs are developed. 

Organoplasty (oi-'-gan - - plas - te) [opyavov, organ; 
nXaaaeiv, to form, to mold]. In biology, the origin 
or development of plant and animal organs. 

Organopoiesis (or-gan-o-poi-e' -sis) [opyavov, an organ ; 
Tzohjaic, formation] . The same as Organoplasty. 

Organopoietic (or-gan-o-poi-ef -ik ) [opyavov, organ ; 
TTohjaiQ, formation]. Relating to organopoiesis. 

Organoscope ( or'-gan-o-skop ) [ opyavov, an organ ; 
anoirtlv, to view]. The same as Endoscope. 

Organoscopy [or-gan-os' -ko-pe) [opyavov, an organ ; 
OKorrelv, to view]. Cranioscopy or phrenology. 

Organotherapy (or-gan-o-ther' -ap-e) [opyavov, organ ; 
depmrha, treatment] . The treatment of diseases by the 
administration of animal organs, or extracts prepared 
from them. Although organotherapy has existed in 
some form since the most ancient times, the method as 
now practised, is of recent origin. Brown-Sequard, 
in 1889, suggested the employment of testicular juice 
in the treatment of the mental and physical deterio- 
ration incident to old age. Experiments which he 
had made upon himself had, he reported, yielded the 
most brilliant results. Physicians in different parts of 
France subsequently tested the properties of Brown- 
Sequard 's extract and found its dynamogenic action 
beneficial in diseases attended with debility, especially 
in senile changes, in pulmonary tuberculosis, leprosy, 
locomotor ataxy, general paralysis and anemia. Paul, 
in 1892, under the name of neri'ous transfusion, advo- 
cated the hypodermatic use of an extract of sheeps' 
brain in conditions of neurasthenia. The method of 
preparation of the various extracts as employed in 
France is that suggested by d'Arsonval. The organ 
is removed with all possible antiseptic precautions, and 
is cut into small pieces of about onec.c. The segments 
are covered with pure glycerin and allowed to macerate 
for twenty-four hours. Before filtering, two or three 
parts of distilled water are added. Sterilization is ac- 
complished by means of carbonic acid gas under pres- 
sure. The first step toward a rational application of the 
method of organotherapy was the subcutaneous trans- 
plantation of pieces of thyroid gland in cases of myx- 
edema and cachexia strumipriva by Horsley and 
Kocher, and later the employment of extract of sheeps' 
thyroid in myxedema, the credit of which belongs 
to G. R. Murray, of Newcastle, England. Since 
Murray's announcement, in 1891, the method has 
been extensively tested in England and elsewhere ; 
many cases of myxedema have been reported as 
improved, and not a few cured. Gratifying results 
have also been achieved in sporadic cretinism, and 
in psoriasis and other chronic affections of the skin. 
Various preparations of the thyroid gland have been 
employed, e.g., glycerin extracts, dry extracts in 
powder, and finally the uncooked or partially cooked 



gland has been used. In the particular case of myx- 
edema neither the kind of preparation nor the mode 
of administration seems to be of much importance. 
The results have been practically the same whether a 
liquid extract was given by hypodermatic injection, 
or whether a dry extract was administered by the 
mouth. The fresh gland, slightly fried and seasoned, 
has also been used, and at present is preferred by 
many. The success attending thyroid-therapy in 
myxedema has led to the employment of many other 
organic extracts in diseases of corresponding organs. 
Extracts have been prepared from nearly every organ 
in the animal body ; thus there are on the market cere- 
brin, from the brain, medullin or myelin, from the 
cord, cardin, from the heart, musculin, from muscles, 
ossin, from bones, renin, from the kidneys, gastrin, 
from the stomach, pancreatin, from pancreas, ovarin, 
from the ovary, and testin, from the testis. Brain- 
extract has been reported as beneficial in various 
organic and functional diseases of the nervous system, 
such as locomotor ataxy, bulbar palsy, general paraly- 
sis of the insane; also in epilepsy, neurasthenia, mi- 
graine, hysteria, hebephrenia, and other conditions. 
Heart-extract is recommended for cases of nervous 
prostration. It is said to raise the blood-pressure, 
augment the quantity of urine, and increase the num- 
ber of red blood-corpuscles. In diseases of the mus- 
cular system, muscle-extract is also reported as of 
value. Extract of pancreas, containing the active 
ferments of the gland has been administered with 
doubtful success, in certain cases of diabetes mellitus, 
which disease, as is well known, is sometimes depen- 
dent upon morbid changes in the pancreas. Of all the 
extracts, that from the thyroid gland is still the one 
most successfully employed. Its use is not confined to 
the two diseases mentioned, myxedema and cretinism ; 
it has also proved useful in diseases of the skin, in 
leukemia, and affections of the nervous system, both 
organic and functional. In exophthalmic goiter the 
results have not been encouraging; the symptoms, 
were as a rule, not ameliorated, in some cases they 
were even intensified. 

Organotrophic (or-gan-o-tro' -fik) [opyavov, organ ; 
rpoiiij, nourishment]. Relating or belonging to the 
nourishment of organized tissue. 

Organule (or'-gan-iil). The same as Organite. 

Organum (or' -gan-um) [L.]. See Organ. 

Orgasm (or'-gasm) [opyauv, to swell]. Any eager 
desire or excitement. The crisis of venereal passion. 
See Estrnm. 

Orgastic (or-gas' -tik) [bpyasiv, to swell]. Pertaining 
to, or characterized by, orgasm. 

Orgeat (or-gzah') [Fr. orge, Lat. hordenm, barley]. 
Pavy's recipe for a demulcent and nutritive drink: 
Blanch two ounces of sweet almonds and four of bitter 
almond-seeds ; pound them into a paste with a little 
orange-flower water ; rub this up with a pint of milk, 
diluted with a pint of water, until it forms an emul- 
sion ; strain and sweeten with sugar. 

Orgosis (or-go / -sis). Synonym of Orgasm. 

Oriental (o-re-en' '-tal) [oriens, rising]. Pertaining to 
the Orient or east. O. Boil. See Furunculus ori- 
entalis. O. Plague. Synonym of the Plague, a. v. 
O. Sore, an endemic ulcer probably due to a specific 
microorganism, prevalent in the Orient. See Fur- 
unculus orientalis. 

Orientation [p-ri-en-ta' '-shuti)\oriri, to rise (in the east)]. 
In biology : (a) The determination of the east point, 
and hence of the other points ; the direction of a locality. 
The localization of oneself; the ascription of ob- 
jects to the place in space where they actually belong, 
either with respect to each other (objective orienta- 



ORIFACIAL 



941 



ORRHOSIS 



tion) or with reference to the observer {subjective 
orientation). False orientation is observed in some 
cases of monocular squinting paralysis, etc. (b) The 
homing instinct of animals, (c) The arrangement of 
tissues in the imbedding-mixture before sectioning. 

Orifacial (or-ifa'-shal) [os, oris, mouth; fades, face]. 
Pertaining to the mouth and face. O. Angle, in 
craniometry, the angle formed by the junction of the 
plane passing through the masticating surface of the 
superior maxilla with the facial line. 

Orifice (or'-ifis) [orificium ; os, oris, mouth ; facere to 
make]. A mouth or opening. O., Abdominal, the 
internal abdominal ring. O., Anal, the anus. O., 
Cardiac. The same as Cardia. O., Esophageal, 
the perforation in the diaphragm for the esophagus. 
O., Pyloric. The same as Pylorus. O., Tympanic, 
the oval opening of the atrium into which the tym- 
panic membrane is inserted. 

Orificial (or-if-ish 1 '-al) [orificium, an orifice]. Per- 
taining to an orifice of the body. O. Surgery, the 
surgery of the orifices of the body. 

Orificium (or-if-ish' '-e-um) [L.]. Orifice. O. epi- 
ploicum, a synonym of Foramen of Winslow. O. 
infundibuli, a synonym of Uelicotrema. 

Oriform (or'-iform) [os, oris, mouth ; forma, form]. 
Having the shape of a mouth. 

Origanum (o-rig'-an-um) [bpiyavov, marjoram]. Wild 
marjoram. The leaves and stems of O. vulgare, with 
properties due mainly to a volatile oil. It is a tonic, 
stimulant, and carminative, and formerly was pop- 
ularly used as an emmenagogue. Dose 3J-ij in infu- 
sion. The oil is esteemed as an ingredient in liniments, 
especially in veterinary practice. Most of the com- 
mercial oil of origanum is in reality oil of thyme 
(Oleum thy mi). The oil is also used in histology as a 
clearing-fluid for stained specimens. 

Origin (or'-ij-iri) [origo, originis, beginning]. The 
beginning or source of a muscle ; its more fixed at- 
tachment, or that nearest the axis of the body. O., 
Apparent. See Superficial. O., Deep, or Ental, 
of a nerve, its origin in the cells of the nerve-center. 
O., Superficial, or Ectal, of a nerve, the point 
at which it emerges from the brain or cord. 

Orinasal (o-rin-a'-zal) [os, oris, mouth ; nasus, nose]. 
Pertaining to the mouth and nose. 

Orist (o'-rist) [os, oris, mouth]. A specialist in oristry. 

Oristry (o'-ris-tre) [os, oris, mouth]. A term proposed 
to designate the treatment, surgical, dental, or medi- 
cal, of diseases of the mouth. 

Orleans (or-lenz'). Same as Annatto. 

Ormsby's Inhaler. See Anesthetic. 

Ornis (or'-nis) [bpvig, a bird]. In biology, the avi- 
fauna of any region. 

Ornithic (or-nith' -ik) [bpvidiKog, of, or belonging to, 
birds]. Avian; of, or pertaining to, birds. 

Ornithin (or' -nith-in) [bpvig, a bird], C 5 A 12 N 2 2 . A 
base found in ornithuric acid. 

Ornithobiography (or-nith-o-bi-og' -ra-fe) [bpvig, bird ; 
/3('or, life; ypd<t>eiv, to write]. The life-history of 
birds. 

Ornithocephalous (or-nith-o-sef -al-us) [bpvic;, a bird ; 
Kt<j>a~Ai] , head]. In biology, shaped like a bird's 
head. 

Ornithocoprus (or-nith-o-kop' '-rus ) [bpvig, bird ; kok- 
poc, dung]. Guano. 

Ornithography (or-nith-og' -ra-fe) [bpvig, bird; ypd- 
feiv, to write]. A description of birds. 

Ornithoid (or'-nith-oid) [bpvic, a bird ; eldoc, form]. 
In biology, bird-like. 

Ornithologist (or-nith-ol' -o-jist) [bpvic, bird; Xbyog, 
science]. One versed in ornithology. 

Ornithology (or-nith-ol' -o je) [bpvic, bird; Abyog, a 



science]. The science of the nature and habits of 
birds. 

Ornithomyzous (or-nith-o-mi' -zus) [bpvic, bird ; fivgeiv, 
to suck] . Parasitic on birds. 

Ornithophilous (or-tiith-off' -il-us) [bpvic, a bird ; ty'iXoc, 
loving]. In biology, fertilized through the agency 
of birds. 

Ornithotomist (or-nith-of -o-mist) [bpvic, a bird; rouia, 
a cut]. One versed in the anatomy of birds. 

Ornithotomy (or-nith-of -o-me) [bpvig, a bird ; re/xvetv, 
to cut]. In biology, the dissection of birds. 

Ornithuric (or-nith-if -rik)[bpvig, a bird ; ovpov, urine]. 
Pertaining to the urine of birds. O. Acid, C, a H 20 N 2 - 
4 . An acid found in the dung of birds fed with 
benzoic acid. 

Ornus (or'-nus) [L.]. See Fraxinus. 

Oroanal (o-ro-a' -rial ) [os, oris, mouth; anus, anus]. 
Extending from the mouth to the anus. 

Orobechos (o-ro-bek'-os) [bpofioc, a species of pulse ; 
VX 0C , sound]. The crackling sound sometimes pro- 
duced by pressure on the inner canthus of the eye. 

Orography (o-rog' -ra-fe) [bpoc , mountain ; ypdipew, to 
write]. I. A treatise on the distribution and phy- 
sical geography of mountain-ranges. 2. The same as 
Orology. 

Orohydrography (or-o-hi-drog' -ra-fe) [bpoc, mountain ; 
iidiop, water; ypdipeiv, to write]. A treatise on the 
mutual relation of divides and drainage-basins. 

Orolingual (o-ro-lin' -gwal) [os, oris, the mouth; lin- 
gua, the tongue]. Pertaining to the mouth and the 
tongue. 

Oronasal (o-ro-na'-zal). See Orinasal. 

Oronosus (o-ron'-o-sus) [bpoc, mountain ; vbaoc, dis- 
ease]. A disease prevalent in mountain regions. 
See Mountain Sickness. 

Oropharyngeal (o-ro-far-in' -je-al) [os, oris, mouth ; 
cpdpvyt;, pharynx]. Pertaining to, or situated in, the 
orpharynx. 

Oropharynx (o-ro-far' -inks) [os, oris, mouth ; <pdovy^, 
pharynx]. The pharynx proper, situated below the 
level of the lower border of the soft palate, as dis- 
tinguished from the naso-pharynx. 

Oros (or'-os) [bpoc, a mountain]. I. The upper part 
of the foot. 2. A'mountain. 

Orotherapy (or-o-ther'-ap-e) [bpbg, whey ; depaireia, 
treatment]. See Orrhotherapy. 

Oroya Fever (o-roi'-yah) [S. Amer.]. The febrile 
stage of Verrugas, a. v. 

Orpiment (or' -pim-ent) [auri pigmentui?i, golden pig- 
ment]. A common name for arsenious sulphid, As 2 - 
S 3 , also known as ICing's Yellow. It is poisonous. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Orrhagogus (or-ag' -o-gus) [b'p'pbg, serum ; ayeiv, to 
lead]. Synonym of Hydragogue. 

Orrhochezia (or-o-ke'-ze-ah) [b'p'pbg, serum ; x^C elv > to 
relieve oneself]. Serous diarrhea. 

Orrhocyst (or'-o-sist) [b'p'pbg, serum; kvotic, cyst]. A 
serous cyst. 

Orrhoid (or'-oid). Synonym of Serous. 

Orrhophallus (or-o-fal'-us) [bppog, the end of the sac- 
rum ; (paAAog, the penis]. A monstrosity with a penis 
protruding from the sacral region. 

Orrhoposia (or-op-o' -ze-ali) [bppog, whey ; nbatg, drink- 
ing]. Whey-drinking. 

Orrhorrhagia (or-or-a'-je-ah). Synonym of Orrhor- 
rhea. 

Orrhorrhea (or-or-e'-ah) [bppog, serum ; poia, a flow]. 
An abnormally great flow of serum. Also, a watery 
discharge ; rice-water discharges. 

Orrhos (or'-ros) [b'p'pbg, serum]. Serum; whey. 

Orrhosis (or-o'-sis) [b'p'pbg, serum]. The production ot 
serum. 



ORRHOSOLEN 



942 



ORTHODONTOSY 



Orrhosolen (or-o-so' -len) [b'p'pdc, serum ; GiSkijv, a chan- 
nel], i. A lymph-duct. 2. Sheath of a tendon. 

Orrhosolenitis (pr-o-so-len-i' -tis). See Lymphangitis. 

Orrhymen (or-i' -men) [b'p'poc, serum ; v/ir/v, mem- 
brane]. A serous membrane. 

Orrhymenitis (or-i-men-i'-tis) [bppoc, serum; vfirjv, 
membrane; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of a 
serous surface. 

Orrhymenoid (or-i' -men-oid) [b'p'poc, serum ; vfiijv, a 
membrane; eldoc, like]. Resembling a serous mem- 
brane. 

Orrhymenous (or-i'-men-us) [bppoc, serum ; vfifjv, a 
membrane]. Having a serous membrane. 

Orris {or' -is) [origin obscure]. The plant yielding 
orris-root. O.-pea. See Issue-pea. O.-root, the 
rhizome of Iris florenlina, containing a volatile oil 
and various extractive principles. It is aromatic 
and astringent, and is much used for flavoring and as a 
dentifrice. Unof. 

Orrhotherapy (or-o-ther'-ap-e) [bppoc, serum ; depa-reia, 
therapy]. 1. Whey-cure. 2. The treatment of dis- 
ease by the use of human or animal blood-serum con- 
taining antitoxins. 

Orseillin (or-sa'-lin) [Fr., orseille, archil]. A coal-tar 
color used in dyeing ; it is the sodium-sulphonate salt 
of beta-naphthol-azo-naphthalene. It yields a fast and 
full red, but is not bright red. It is also called rocellin, 
rubidin, rauracienne. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Orsellinic Acid (or-sel-in'-ik). See Acid. 

Orthacanthous (prth -ak-an'-thus) [bpdoc, straight; 
anavda, a thorn]. In biology, having straight thorns. 

Ortharthragra ( orth - arth - ra'- grah ) [ bpddg, true, 
straight; apdpov, joint ; aypa, seizure]. True gout. 

Orthaxial (orth-aks' -e-al) [bpddg, straight; axis, axis]. 
In biology, having a straight vertebral axis. 

Orthiauchenus (orth-e-axvk' -en-us) [opdiog, upright ; 
avxfyv, neck]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the line 
joining the basion and the inion is between 38° and 
49 ° 

Orthin (orth'-in) [bpdbg, straight]. A substance pre- 
pared by combining hydrazin with paroxybenzoic acid. 
Its hydrochlorate has been found actively antipyretic ; 
an overdose causes collapse and profuse sweating. 
Dose gr. v, twice daily, given with great caution. 
Unof. See also Hydrazin. 

Orthiochordus (orth-e-o-kord'-tts) [opdiog, upright; 
X°p6r], cord]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the 
angle formed between the radius fixus and the line 
joining the hormion and the basion is between 33. 2° 
and 52°. 

Orthiocoryphus (orth-e-o-kor' -if-us) [opdioc, upright ; 
Kopv(pi/, head]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the 
line joining the bregma and the lambda is between 
29° and 41°. 

Orthiodontus (orth-e-o-don' -tus) [opdiog, upright ; bSovc, 
a tooth]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the 
angle between the radius fixus and the line joining the 
alveolar and subnasal points is between 88° and 121°. 

Orthiometopus (orth-e-o-met-o'-pus) [opdiog, upright; 
/ictukov, forehead]. Lissauer's term for a skull in 
which the angle between the radius fixus and the line 
joining the bregma and the nasal point is between 
47° and 6o°. 

Orthiopisthius {prth-e-o-pis' -tlie-us) [opdiog, upright ; 
OTTiaOev, behind]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle between the radius fixus and the line joining 
the lambda and the inion is between 84° and 95°. 

Orthiopisthocranius (orth-e-o-pis-tho-kra'-ne-us) [bp- 
610c, upright ; bwiadev, behind ; apaviov, skull]. Lis- 
sauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed be- 



tween the radius fixus and the line joining the lambda 
and the opisthion is between 107° and 1 19°. 

Orthioprosopus (orth-e-o-pros-o' -pus) [opdioc, upright ; 
TrpoouTTov, face]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the 
line joining the nasion and the alveolar point is be- 
tween 89. 4 and Ioo°. 

Orthiopylus (orth-e-op' ' -il-us) [opdioc, upright ; Ttvkq, 
gate]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle 
formed between the radius fixus and the line joining 
the middle point of the anterior margin of the fora- 
men magnum and the middle point of the posterior 
margin of the foramen magnum is between 15. 5 and 
24°. 

Orthiorrhinus (orth-e-or-i' -nus) [opdiog, upright ; pig, 
nose]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle 
formed between the radius fixus and the line joining 
the nasion and the subnasal point is between 87. 5 ° 
and 98 . 

Orthiuraniscus (orth-e-u-ran-is' -kus) [opdioc, upright ; 
0bpa.vi.oK.0c, canopy]. Lissauer's term for a skull in 
which the angle formed between the radius fixus and 
a line joining the posterior border of the incisor fora- 
men and the alveolar point is between 40° and 6o°. 

Ortho- (pr'-tho-) [bpdog, right, straight]. A prefix de- 
noting right, straight, normal, or true. In chemistry 
the prefix indicates the normal compound ; among 
derivatives of the benzol ring it refers to those formed 
by the substitution of two adjacent hydrogen atoms. 

Orthocelic (or-tho-se' -lik) [bpdog, straight ; Koi?ua, 
belly]. In biology, applied to birds that have the 
eight intestinal folds close to and parallel with each 
other ( Tubinares, Steganopodes and Erodii) , as distin- 
guished from the Cyclocelic (Pelargi, Raptores and 
Larida.) 

Orthocelous (or-tho-se' '-his) [bpdoc, straight ; Koikia, 
cavity]. Having the intestinal canal straight. 

Orthocephalic (or- tho-sef-al'-ik) [bpdoc, straight; 
KEipakrj, head]. Pertaining to orthocephaly. 

Orthocephalism (or-tho-se/'-al-izm). Synonym of 
Orthocephaly. 

Orthocephalous ( or-tho-sef'-al-us ) [bpddg, straight; 
ne(pa?J/, head]. Having a straight head or face. 

Orthocephaly (or-lho-sef -al-e) [bpddg, straight ; «e0- 
akri, head]. The condition of having a skull with a 
vertical index of from 70. 1° to 75°. 

Orthochorea (or-tho-ko-rc'-ah ) [bpdoc, straight ; x°P e ' a i 
dance]. Choreic movements in the erect posture. 

Orthochromatic (pr-tho-kro-mat' ' -ik ) [bpdoc, straight ; 
Xptipa, color]. A term used in photography to de- 
note correctness in the rendering of colors. 

Orthocolon (or-tho-ko'-lon) [bpddg, straight; kuXov, 
limb]. Straightness of a limb from tonic muscular 
spasm. 

Ortho-cresol (or-tho-kre'-sol) [bpdoc, straight ; upeac, 
flesh; oleum, oil], C 7 H 8 0. One of the forms of cre- 
sol, q. v. It occurs in small amounts in urine. 

Orthocyllosis (or-tho-sil-o'-sis) [bpdoc, straight ; iciil- 
"Xuaic, crippling]. Ankylosis of a limb in the straight 
position. 

Orthodactylous (or-tho-dak'-til-us) [bpd6c, straight; 
daKTv/.oc, a finger]. In biology, having straight 
digits. 

Orthodolichocephalous (or- tho-do - lik - o-sef-al- us) 
[bpdoc, straight; doAixoc, long; K£<pa?J/, head]. Hav- 
ing a long and straight head ; having a vertical index 
between 70. 1° and 75°, and a transverso-vertical index 
between 70° and 74.9° 

Orthodontia (or-tho-don'-she-ah) [bpdoc, straight; 
bdovc, tooth]. The correction of irregularities of the 
teeth. 

Orthodontosy (or ■ tho- don'- to- sc) [bpdoc, straight; 



ORTHOGAMY 



943 



ORTHOTROPHY 



bdovc, a tooth]. That division of dentistry concerned 
in the straightening of irregular teeth. 

Orthogamy (or-thog' -am-e) [bpdog, straight ; y&fiog, 
marriage]. In biology, direct fertilization without 
any mediate agency. 

Orthognampsia [or-ikog-namp 1 -se-ak') [bpdog, straight ; 
yvdfi-TCLV, to bend]. A bending of the body at the hips. 

Orthognathic [or-thog-na' -thik}. Same as Orthogna- 
thous. 

Orthognathism (or-thog' -na-thiztn) [bpdoc, straight; 
yvddog, jaw]. The quality of being orthognathous, or 
of having jaws with little or no forward projection. 

Orthognathous {or-thog' -na-thus) [bptioq, straight; 
yvddoc, the jaw]. In biology, straight-jawed ; a facial 
profile having a gnathic angle of from 83 to 90° ; also 
called Mesognathous. See Index. 

Orthognathy (or-thog' -na-the). See Orthognathism. 

Orthogonial (or-tho-go'-ne-al) [bpdog, straight ; yuvia, 
an angle]. Right-angled. O. Cancelli, those can- 
celli in bone-tissue in which there are two sets of 
bony structure applied at right angles to each other. 

Orthomesocephalous (or-tho-mez-o-sef'-al-us) [bpOog, 
straight; piaog, middle ; KE<pa\i], the head]. In cra- 
niometry, a term applied to a skull with a transverso- 
vertical index between 75. 1° and 79. 9 , and a ver- 
tical index between 70. 1° and 75 . 

Orthometer (or-thom'-et-er) [bpdoc, straight ; ixerpov, 
measure] . An instrument for measuring the relative 
degree of protrusion of the eyes. 

Orthomorpnia (or-tho-mor' ' -fe-afi) [bpddq, straight ; fiopipr}, 
form]. The correction of abnormalism of shape or 
form by surgical procedure. 

Orthomorphic (or-tho-mor' -fik) . Same as Orthopedic. 

Orthomorphosis (or-tho-mor-fo'-sis). Same as Ortho- 
morphia. 

Orthomorphotic (or-tho-mor-fof -ik) [bpdog, straight ; 
popfr/, form]. Pertaining to orthomorphosis. 

Orthopedia (or-tho-pe' '-de-ah) [bpdoc, straight ; 7ratc, 
child]. The surgical and mechanical correction of the 
deformities of children, and of deformities in general ; 
orthomorphia. 

Orthopedic (or-tho-pe' -dik) [bpddc, straight ; iralc, 
child]. Pertaining to orthopedia ; intended to correct 
deformities, congenital or acquired. O. Surgery, the 
branch of surgery devoted to orthopedia. 

Orthopedics (or-tho-pe' -diks). See Orthopedic Surgery. 

Orthopedist (or-tho-pe' -dist) [bpddc, straight; tvcuc, 
child]. One who practises orthopedic surgery. 

Orthopedy (or'-tho-pe-de). See Orthopedia. 

Orthophonia (or-tho-fo' -ne-ali) [bpdog, straight ; fyovfj, 
voice]. Having a normal voice. 

Orthophony (or-thof -o-ne) [bpdoc;, straight ; (ptovfi, 
voice]. The treatment and correction of defects of 
the voice. 

Orthophoria (or-tho-fo' -re-ah) [bpddc, straight ; <j>op6r, 
a tending]. A tending of the visual lines in paral- 
lelism. 

Orthophosphoric Acid (or-tho-fos-for'-ik). See Acid. 

Orthophrenia (or-tho-fre' -ne-ah) [bpdoc, straight ; <j>pyv, 
mind]. Sanity ; the correction or cure of insanity. 

Orthophrenic (or-tho-fren' '-ik) [bpdoc, straight; <ppijv, 
the mind]. Pertaining to Orthophrenia. 

Orthophrenismus (or-tho-fren-iz'-mus). Same as 
Orthophrenia. 

Orthophreny (or' -tho-fren-e) . Synonym of Ortho- 
phrenia. 

Orthophthalmic (or-thoff-thal' -mik) [bpdoc, straight ; 
bydalpdc, the eye]. Relating to the correction of 
strabismus. 

Orthopnea (or-thop-ne'-ah) [bpdog, straight ; -kvoltj, 
breathing]. A condition marked by quick and 
labored breathing, in which the patient finds relief 



only by maintaining an upright position. O. card- 
iaca. Synonym of Angina pectoris. O. clangosa. 
Synonym of Whooping-cough. O. cynanchica. 
Synonym of Croup. O. tussiculosa. Synonym of 
Whooping-cough. 

Orthopneic (or-thop-ne'-ik) [bpddc:, straight ; Trvoirj, 
breathing]. Characterized by orthopnea. 

Orthopnic (or-thop'-nik) [bpdoc, straight ; ttvc'iv, to 
breathe]. One affected with orthopnea. 

Orthopraxis, Orthopraxy (or-tho-praks'-is, or'-tho- 
praks-e) [bpddg, straight ; npa^'ig, doing]. The correc- 
tion of deformities of the body. 

Orthopterous (or-thop' -ter-us) [bpOog, straight ; nrtpov, 
wing]. In biology, straight- winged ; having wings 
that lie straight when folded, e. g. , grasshoppers. 

Orthoptic (or-thop' -tik)[bp66c , correct ; 'oTcrui-dq, seeing]. 
Pertaining to normal binocular vision. O. Training, a 
method of correcting the monocular or defective 
vision of those having strabismus or muscular insuf- 
ficiency, by stereoscopic and other ocular exercises of 
a gymnastic kind. See Dyerism. 

Orthopygium (or-tho-pij'-e-um) [bpdbq, straight ; ■Kvyf), 
the rump]. Synonym of Coccyx. 

Orthoscope (or' -tho-skop) [bpdbq, straight ; okotteIv, to 
see] . I . An instrument for examination of the eye 
through a layer of water, whereby the curvature, and 
hence the refraction of the cornea is neutralized and 
the cornea acts as a plane medium. 2. An instrument 
for use in drawing the projections of skulls. 

Orthoscopic (or-tho-skop'-ik) [bpdbq, straight; uKorreiv, 
to see]. I. Pertaining to an orthoscope or to ortho- 
scopy. 2. Applied to lenses cut from the periphery 
of a large lens in such a manner as to act as if decen- 
tered. 3. Having' normal vision. O. Ocular. See 
Ocular. 

Orthoscopy (or-thos'-ko-pe) [bp66g, straight ; okotte'lv, 
to see]. The examination of the eye by the ortho- 
scope ; also, the microscopic examination of objects 
in such a way that they appear as flat bodies without 
relief ; the absence of spheric aberration in the appear- 
ance of an object seen through a lens or microscope. 

Orthosiphon (or-tho-si'-foii) [bpOdg, straight ; criaioiv, a 
tube]. A genus of ceimoideaceous plants. O. 
stamineus, Java tea; a labiate plant of the E. Indies. 
Its aqueous extract, an infusion of the plant, and a 
syrup have been employed. It is a safe and efficient 
remedy in diseases of the bladder. Unof. 

Orthosis (or-tho'-sis) [opduaiq, a making straight]. The 
process of straightening a distorted part. 

Orthospermous (or-tho-sper' -mus) [bp66q, straight ; 
o-Ktpp.a, seed]. In biology, having straight seeds. 

Orthostichy (or'-tho-stik-e) [bpftog, straight ; cr-ri^oc, a 
row or line]. In biology, a vertical rank, as leaves 
on a stem. 

Orthostomatous (or-tho-sto'-mat-us) [bp06q, straight ; 
ard/xa, a mouth]. In biology, having a straight 
mouth. 

Orthosyne (or-thos'-in-e) [bpdoo'i!vri~\. Erectility. 

Orthotast (or'-tho-tast) [bpOoq, straight ; rdaaeiv, to ar- 
range]. An apparatus for straightening curvatures of 
long bones. It has also been used as a tourniquet. 

Orthoter (or-thot'-er). Synonym of Orthopedist. 

Orthoterion, Orthoterium (or-tho-te' -re-on, or-tho-te'- 
re-um) [bpddq, straight]. An apparatus for straight- 
ening curved limbs. 

Orthotonos, Orthotonus (or-thof '-o-nos, or-thot' -o-nus) 
[bpftbg, straight; rovoc, tension]. Tetanic cramp in 
which the body lies rigid and straight. 

Orthotropal (or-thof -ro-pal ) . Same as Orthotropous. 

Orthotrophy (or-thof -ro-fe) [bpddc, straight ; rpo<pTj, 
nourishment] . Correct or normal nourishment ; the 
normal process of nutrition. 



ORTHOTROPIC 



944 



OSITE 



Orthotropic (or-tho-trop'-ik) [bp06c, straight ; Tp'e-Kew, 
to turn] . In biology, pertaining to, or exhibiting ortho- 
tropism. 

Orthotropism (or-thot' -ro-pizm) [bpdbc, straight ; rpc- 
neiv, to turn]. In biology, vertical, upward, or down- 
ward growth. 

Orthotropous (or-thot 1 -ro-pus) [bpdbc, straight ; rpeireiv, 
to turn]. In biology, applied to straight, symmetric 
seeds in which the chalaza is at the base and the 
micropyle at the apex. 

Orthysteroptoma ( or - this - ter - op'- to - mah ) [bpdbc, 
straight; varepa, womb ; irrapa, fall]. Prolapse of 
the uterus without inversion. 

Orticaria (or-tik-a'-re-ah). Same as Urticaria. 

Oryctographic (or-ik-to-graf -ik) [bpvKroc, dug out ; 
ypd<peiv, to write]. Pertaining to oryctography. 

Oryctography (or-ik-tog'-ra-fe) [bpvaroc, dug out ; 
ypa<peiv, to write]. A description of minerals or of 
fossils. 

Oryctologic (pr-ik-to-loj' ik)[bpvKrog, dug out; 'kbyoq, 
science]. Pertaining to oryctology. 

Oryctologist (or-ik-tol'-o-jist) [bpvKxbc; , dug out ; Myog, 
science]. One versed in oryctology. 

Oryctology (or-ik-tol' ■ o-je) [opvuroc, dug out; /Wyor, 
science]. The science of the nature and character of 
minerals and fossils. 

Oryctozoologic (or-ik-to-zo-o-lqf'-ik) [opvaroc, fossil; 
C,(jiov, an animal]. Same as Paleontologic . 

Oryctozoology (pr-ik-to-zo-ol' '-o-je) [opvurbc, fossil ; 
(Cmv, an animal; X6yoc, science]. The same as 
Paleontology. 

Oryza (o-ri'-zah) [bpixa, rice]. The common rice-plant, 
O. sativa, belonging to the grass family. Its seed con- 
sists mainly of starch, and is one of the most nutritious 
of the various grains. Also, in pathology, the fecal 
discharges of cholera, which closely resemble rice- 
water. 

Os [L. : gen., Oris; pi., Ora\ The mouth. O. exter- 
num, the external opening or entrance to the womb. 
O. internum, the internal orifice of the womb. O. 
tincse (" tench's mouth "), the os uteri, or mouth of 
the uterus. O. uteri. Same as O. internum. 

Os [L. : gen., Ossis;pl., Ossa~\. A bone. See Bone. O. 
innominatum. See Bones, Table of. O. magnum. 
See Bones, Table of. 

Osanore, or Ozanore, Teeth (pz'-an-or) [os, bone]. 
A name given by Mr. William Rogers to artificial 
teeth constructed from the ivory of the tooth of the 
hippopotamus, and, as he says, submitted to the action 
of some peculiar chemic agent, by which the pores of 
the ivory become filled with a siliceous substance. 

Osazone (p'-zah-zon) [ose, systematic termination for 
members of the starch and sugar-group ; az, a syllable 
indicative of nitrogen ; one, the systematic termination 
of certain derivatives of the sugar-group]. A com- 
pound formed when solutions of sugars are warmed 
for some time with a solution of phenylhydrazin 
(C r H 5 NHNH, 2 ) and dilute acetic acid. They sepa- 
rate either in the amorphous or crystalline state. An 
intermediate product called a hydrazone is first formed. 
Each sugar forms a special osazone, lactose, for ex- 
ample, forming phenyl-lactosazone. 

Oschea (os'-ke-ah). Synonym of Scrotum. 

Oscheal (os'-ke-al) [baxeov, scrotum]. Pertaining to 
the scrotum. 

Oscheitis (os-ke-i'-tis) [baxeov, scrotum ; irtc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the scrotum. 

Oschelephantiasis (osk-el-e-fan-ti'-as-is) [baxeov, 
scrotum ; iXetpavriaait; , elephantiasis]. Elephantiasis 
of the scrotum. 

Oschematedema, Oschemedema (os-kem-at-e-de'- 
mah, os-kem-e-de' '-mah) [baxeov, scrotum ; al/ia, 



blood; oidrjfia, edema]. Effusion of blood into the 
scrotum ; hematoma of the scrotum. 

Oscheocarcinoma (ps-ke-o-kar-sin-o' -mah) [baxeov, 
scrotum ; Kapiavu/ua, carcinoma : pi. , Oscheocarcino- 
mata~\. Carcinoma of the scrotum. 

Oscheocele (os'-ke-o-sel) [baxeov, scrotum; ni/Tir/, 
hernia]. Scrotal hernia. 

Oscheochalasis (os-ke-o-kal-a'-sis) [baxeov, scrotum ; 
Xakaatq, loosening] . Hypertrophy of the connective 
tissue of the scrotum ; also, pendulous scrotum. 

Oscheohydrocele (os-ke-o-hi' -dro-sel) [baxeov, scrotum ; 
vdup, water ; KrfK-q, tumor]. A hydrocele occupying 
an old hernial sac in the scrotum, after the cure of the 
hernia. 

Oscheolith (os'-ke-o-lith) [baxeov, scrotum ; Xidoc, 
stone]. Scrotal calculus. 

Oscheon (os'-ke-on) [baxeov, scrotum]. The scrotum. 

Oscheoncus (os-ke-ong'-kus) [baxeov, scrotum ; fiy/coc, 
swelling]. A swelling or tumor of the scrotum. 

Oscheonyssis (os-ke-on-is'-is) [baxeov, scrotum ; vvoa- 
etv, to puncture]. Paracentesis of the scrotum. 

Oscheophlogosis (os-ke-o-f/o-go'-sis) [baxeov, scrotum ; 
tykbyuaiq, inflammation]. Same as Oscheitis. 

Oscheoplastic (os-ke-o-plas'-tik) [baxeov, scrotum ; 
nMaoeiv, to form]. Pertaining lo plastic operations 
upon the scrotum. 

Oscheoplasty (ps'-ke-o-plas-te) [baxeov, scrotum ; 
irMaaeiv, to form]. Oscheoplastic surgery; plastic 
surgery of the scrotum. 

Oscheopyedema (os-ke-o-pi-e-de' -mah) [baxeov, scro- 
tum ; irbov, pus ; olSr/fia, edema]. Purulent edema of 
the scrotum. 

Oschitis (os-ki'-tis). See Oscheitis. 

Oschocarcinoma (os-ko-kar-sin-o' -mah). Synonym of 
Oscheocarcinoma. 

Oschuredema ( os-ku-re-de'-mah ) [ baxeov, scrotum ; 
ovpnv, urine; ohhjfja, edema]. Extravasation of urine 
into the scrotum. 

Oschydredema (osk-hi-drc-de' -mah) [baxeov, scrotum; 
v6o>p, water; oWrjfia, edema]. Edema of the scrotum. 

Oscillation [ps-il-a' -shun) [oscillatio ; oscillare, to sway 
to and fro]. A swinging or vibration. Also, any 
tremulous motion. See Hippus. O., Consecutive. 
Same as Phenomena of Transfer. 

Oscitancy (os'-it-an-se) [oscitare, to yawn]. The dis- 
position to yawn ; drowsiness. 

Oscitant {os'-it-ant) [oscitare, to yawn]. Yawning. 
O. Fever, fever accompanied by much yawning. 

Oscitation (os-it-a' '-shun) [oscitalio; oscitare, to yawn]. 
The act of yawning or gaping. 

Osculant (os'-ku-lant) [osculari, to kiss]. In biology, 
closely connected. 

Oscularis (os-ku-la'-ris) [osculans, kissing]. The kiss- 
ing-muscle, or orbicularis oris. See Muscles, Table of. 

Osculation (os-ku-la' -shun) [osculatio ; osculari, to 
kiss]. The union or anastomosis of vessels or lymph- 
channels by their mouths. Also, the act of kissing. 

Oscule (os'-kUl) [osculum, a little mouth, dim. of os, 
mouth]. Same as Osculum. 

Osculum (os'-ku-lum) [a little mouth : pi. , Oscula\ A 
small aperture. In biology: (a) the mouth or ex- 
halant aperture of a sponge, either " scattered," " ex- 
current " or •' cloacal." Cf. Pseudoproct ; (/;) one of 
the bothria or fossettes of the head of a platode worm ; 
(c) the opening into the pituitary body. 

-ose (-oz) [-osus~\. A suffix signifying full of. Also, 
the systematic termination for the members of the 
starch and sugar group. 

Oser's Oak-red. See Oak-bark. 

-osis (o'-sis). A suffix signifying the progress or condi- 
tion of. 

Osite (ps'-it) [os, a bone]. The name applied by Leidy 



OSLER'S METHOD 



945 



OSSICLE 



to a form of guano made up largely of the altered 
bones of marine animals. 

Osier's Method. A method of studying blood-plaques ; 
a drop of osmic acid is placed on the cleansed finger, 
which is then pricked and the drop transferred to a 
slide. O.'s Phenomenon, the aggregation of hemat- 
oblasts occurring immediately in blood drawn from the 
body. 

Osmate (oz'-mdt) [bap//, smell]. A salt of osmic acid. 

Osmatic (oz-mat'-ik) [ba/ii/, smell]. Characterized by 
a keen sense of smell ; having a highly developed rhi- 
nencephalon. 

Osmazome (oz r -maz-om) [bopi/, smell ; C'-ydc, soup]. 
A brownish-yellow substance developed by heat in 
muscular fibers, and imparting to cooked meats their 
peculiar flavor. [Old.] 

Osmesis (oz-me' -sis) [do/ir/mc, a smelling]. The act 
of smelling. 

Osmeterium (oz-me-te' -re-uni) [bo/ii/, odor; rr/piov, a 
suffix : //., Osmeteria\. In zoology, an organ produc- 
ing scent or odor, especially in the larvae of certain 
lepidoptera. 

Osmiamic Acid (oz-me-am'-ik)[bop.i/, smell; ammonia], 
H 2 0s 2 N. 2 5 . A compound of ammonia and osmium 
tetroxid. 

Osmiate (oz'-me-dt). Synonym of Osmate. 

Osmic (oz'-mik) [bopij, smell]. Pertaining to or obtained 
from osmium. O. Acid. Osmic acid is used as a 
fixing and staining agent; it stains fat black. See 
Acid, and Stains, Table of. 

Osmidrosis (oz - mid '- ro' '- sis) [ba/ur/, smell; 'l8puoic, 
sweat]. The secretion of a malodorous perspiration ; 
bromidrosis, a. v. 

Osmious (oz'-me-tis) [bcrpr/, smell]. Containing osmium 
as a dyad or tetrad element. 

Osmium (oz'-me-um) [bopi/, smell]. The heaviest of 
the known metals (symbol Os, sp. gr. 22.48., at. wt. 
190.08) ; the basis of osmic acid. See £lements, 
Table of. 

Osmodysphoria (oz-mo-dis-fo' -re-ak) [bajxij, smell ; 
due-, ill ; <pepEiv, to bear]. Intolerance of certain 
odors. 

Osmogene (oz'-mo-jen) [ioapoq, pushing ; yevi/c, pro- 
ducing]. A laboratory apparatus employed in effect- 
ing osmosis. 

OsmogTaph [oz' '-mo-graf) [<J<T//dc, an impulse ; ypa<f>eiv, 
to write]. An apparatus for registering the changes 
in the level of the liquid in an endosmometer. 

Osmology (oz-mol' -o-je). Synonym of Osphresiology. 

Osmometer {oz - mom' - et - er) [bupr], smell; /lerpov, 
measure]. An instrument for testing the sense of 
smell. 

Osmometric (oz-mo-met'-rik) [baprj, smell ; fikrpov, 
a measure]. Pertaining to osmometry. 

Osmometry (oz - mom' '- et - re) [bap.rj, smell; fierpov, 
measure]. The estimation of the acuteness of the 
sense of smell. 

Osmonosology (oz-mo-nos-ol'-o-je) [bofiij, smell ; voaoc, 
disease; Aoyoc, science]. The science of the diseases 
affecting the sense of smell. 

Osmonosus (oz-mon' -o-sus) [bapr/, odor ; voaog, disease]. 
Disease of the sense of smell. 

Osmose (oz'-moz), Osmosis (oz-mo' -sis) [ioapoc, im- 
pulse]. That property by which liquids and crystal- 
line substances in solution pass through porous septa ; 
endosmosis and exosmosis. 

Osmotic (oz-mof -ik) [iia/xoq, impulse]. Pertaining to 
osmosis. O. Equivalent, "that figure that indicates 
the weight of water which replaces by osmosis one 
part by weight of the substance subjected to the pro- 
cess." O. Pressure, the pressure exerted by the 
particles of compounds when dissolved, directly ex- 
60 



pressed or shown by osmotic phenomena. It is equal 
to that which would be exerted by an equal amount 
of the substance if it were converted into gas and 
occupied the same volume at the same temperature as 
the solution. 

Osmunda. (os-mu/i'-dali) [L.]. A genus of ferns. O. 
regalis (osmund, royal-fern, flowering-fern, buck- 
horn) is tonic, astringent, and demulcent, and is 
vaunted as a cure for rickets. Unof. 

Osphradium [ps-fra' '-de-um) [baqpaSiov, an olfactory; 
dim. of bafpa, smell: //. , Osphradia~\. In biology, a 
special sense-organ in molluscs, supposed to be ol- 
factory in function. 

Osphrasia (os-fra'-ze-ah). Synonym of Osphresis. 

Osphresiologic (os-fre-ze-o-loj'-ik) [bairpr/aig, smell ; 
Aoyoc;, science]. Pertaining to osphresiology, or to 
smell. 

Osphresiology {os -fre -ze- ol'- o-je) [bafpj/aic , smell; 
Ibyoc, science]. The science of the sense of smell 
and its organs ; also of odors and perfumes. 

Osphresis [os-fre'-sis) [ba<pp?/aig, smell]. The sense of 
smell ; olfaction. 

Osphretic (os-fret'-ik) [baippr/Twor, capable of smelling]. 
Same as Olfactory. 

Osphristics (os-f'ris'-tiks) [baippi/ca^, the sense of smell]. 
The science of the phenomena of olfaction. 

Osphus (os'-fus) [baipbc, loin]. Loin. 

Osphyalgema (os-f-al-je'-ma/i). Synonym of Osphy- 
algia. 

Osphyalgia (os-fi-al'-je-ak) [botybc, loin; aXyoc, pain]. 
Sciatica. Also, any pain in the hips or loins. 

Osphyarthritis (os-fi-a/th-ri' -tis). Synonym of Coxitis. 

Osphyarthrocace (os -fi - arth- rok'- as-e) [ba<pbg, the 
loin; apOpov, a joint ; /ca/ede, evil]. Synonym of Cox- 
itis or Morbus coxarius. 

Osphyitis (osfi-i'-tis) [dcr</>i>c, loin ; itic-, inflammation]. 
Lumbar inflammation ; coxitis. 

Osphyomyelitis (os -fi - - mi - el - i'- tis) \_ba<pi>c, loin ; 
fiveXbc;, marrow; inq, inflammation]. Myelitis of the 
lumbar portion of the spinal cord. See Ischiomyelitis. 

Osphyrrheuma (os - fi - ru' - mah) [6<70{'c, loin ; peiifia, 
rheum]. Rheumatism of the loins or the hip-joint. 

Ossa (os'-ah) [L., //. of os, a bone]. Bones. O. in- 
nominata, the irregular bones forming the sides and 
anterior wall of the pelvis. O. lata, the broad or flat 
bones composing the walls of cavities, as the bones 
of the cranium, in distinction from O. longa, the long 
bones, as those of the limbs. O. triquetra. See 
Wormian Bones and Triquetrum. O. wormiana, 
See Wormian Bones. 

Ossature (os'-at-iir) \os, a bone], 
of the bones of the body. 

Ossein (os'-e-in) \_os, a bone]. A 
combination of proteids, mainly 
collagen and an albuminoid, com- 
posing the organic structure of 
bone ; it is called also ostein and 
bone-cartilage. 

Osselet (os'-el-et) [dim. of os, a 
bone]. A small bone; also a 
hard nodule on the inner aspect 
of the horse's knee. 

Osseous (os'-e-tis) [osseus ; os, 
bone]. Bony ; composed of or 
resembling bone. 

Ossicle (os'-ikl) [ossiculum, dim. 
of os, a bone]. In biology, a 
small bone, or in invertebrates a 
calcareous, bone-like structure. 
O., Auditory, a chain of small 
bones found for the most part in the tympanic cavity 
of vertebrates. 



The arrangement 




Auditory Ossicles. 

1. Head of malleus. 
2. Processus bre- 
vis. 3. Processus 
gracilis. 4. Man- 
ubrium. 5. Long 
process of incus 6. 
Articulation be- 
tween incus and 
stapes. 7. Stapes. 



OSSICULA 



946 



OSTEOCAMPSIA 



Ossicula (os-ik' -u-lah) [L.]. Plural of Ossiculum. 
O. auditus. See Ossicle. 

Ossicular (os-ik' '-u-lar) [ossiculum, a small bone]. Re- 
sembling small bones. 

Ossiculate (os-ik' -u-lat) [ossiculum, a small bone]. 
Provided with ossicles. 

Ossicule (os'-ik-ul). Same as Ossicle. 

Ossiculum (os-ik' -u-him). Synonym of Ossicle. 

Ossiculus (os-ik' -u- his) [masc. dim. of os, a bone]. 
Same as Pyrene. 

Ossiferous (os-if'-er-us) [os, a bone ; ferre, to bear]. 
Bearing or producing bone-tissue. 

Ossific (os-if'-ik) [os, bone; facere, to make]. Pro- 
ducing bone. 

Ossification (os-ifik-a' -sliun) [os, a bone ; facere, to 
make]. The formation of bone ; also a bony formation. 

Ossified (os'-if-id) [os, bone; facere, to make]. 
Transformed into bone. 

Ossifluent (os-if -lu-ent) [os, ossis, a bone ; fluere, to 
flow]. Breaking down and softening the bony tissue ; 
as an ossifluent abscess. 

Ossiform (ps'-if- orm) [os, a bone; forma, form]. 
Bone-like. 

Ossifying (os'-ifi-ing) [os, bone ; facere, to make]. 
Change into bone. O. Chondroma, a chondroma 
which is changing into hard tissue resembling bone. 
O. Myositis, inflammation of muscle, attended with, 
or followed by, the deposition of hard, bone-like 
masses. 

Ossin (os'-hi) [os, a bone] . An extract made from bone- 
tissue, and used in organotherapy, q. v. 

Ossiterra (os-it-er'-ah) [os, bone; terra, earth]. The 
chalk-like substance, composing about two-thirds by 
weight of adult bone ; it is called also bone-earth. The 
other third consists of bone-cartilage or ossein. 

Ossivorous (os-iv'-o-rus) [os, a bone ; vorare, to de- 
vour]. In biology, feeding upon bones. 

Ostamia (os-te'-me-ah ). See Ostemia. 

Ostagra (os-ta'-grah) [bareov, bone ; ay pa, seizure]. 
A bone-forceps. 

Ostalgia (os-tal'-je-ah) [bareov, bone; akyog, pain]. 
Pain in a bone. 

Ostarium (os-ta' -re-uni) . Synonym of Ossicle. 

Ostarthritis (ost-ar-thri'-tis). See Osteoarthritis. 

Osteal (os'-te-al) [bareov, bone]. Osseous, bony; per- 
taining to bone. 

Ostealgia (os-te-al'-je-ah). See Ostalgia. 

Ostealleosis (os-te-al-e'-o-sis) [bareov, bone ; bXKoiui- 
atc, alteration]. A metamorphosis of the substance 
of bone, as exemplified in osteosarcoma. 

Osteameba (os-te-am-e'-bali) [bareov, bone ; amaba, a 
rhizopod, from a/iotpi/, change]. In biology, a bone- 
cell or osteoblast regarded as an organism. Cf. Neur- 
ameba, Mya'meba. 

Osteanagenesis (os-te-an-aj-en f -es-is) [bareov, bone; 
avayevvav, to regenerate]. The regeneration of bone. 

Osteanaphysis (os-te-an-af -is-is) [bareov, bone ; ava- 
(pvetv, to reproduce]. The reproduction of bone-tissue. 
Synonym of Osteanagenesis. 

Ostearthrocace (os-te-ar-throk '-as-e) [bareov, bone ; 
apdpov, joint; /ca/«5f, bad]. Malignant caries of the 
bones of a joint. 

Osteauxe (os-te-awks'-e) [bareov, bone ; ab^r/, growth]. 
Abnormal enlargement of a bone. 

Osteche (os-tek'-c). Synonym of Ostechema. 

Ostechema (os - tek - e'- mah) [bareov, bone; ^^//a, 
sound]. The sound produced on percussing the frontal 
bone. 

Ostectopy (os-tek' -to-pe) [bareov, bone ; etiTondc;, dis- 
placed]. Displacement of bone. 

Osteectomy (os-te-ek'-to-me) [bareov, bone ; eKrof/i/, 
excision]. Excision of a portion of bony tissue. 



Osteide (os'-te-id) [bareov, bone]. A small bony mass 
sometimes found in the pulp-cavity of a tooth. 

Ostein (os'-le-in) [bareov, bone]. I. The organic consti- 
tuent of bone ; ossein. 2. Less frequently, the min- 
eral part of bony substance. 

Osteitic (os-te-it'-ik ) [bareov, bone; trig, inflammation]. 
Pertaining to osteitis. 

Osteitis (os-te-i' -lis) [bareov, bone; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of bone. O. carnosa, inflammation 
of bone, attended with the presence of an excess of 
fungous granulations. O., Condensing. See Osteo- 
sclerosis. O. deformans, the bones yielding to pressure 
and becoming distorted. O., Gummatous, a chronic 
form due to syphilis and characterized by the formation 
of gummata in the cancellous tissue of the epiphysis, 
in the shaft of the bone, or in the periosteum. O., 
Ossifying. Synonym of Osteosclerosis. O., Osteo- 
plastic. Synonym of Osteosclerosis. O., Rarefying. 
See Osteoporosis. O., Suppurative, inflammation 
of bone attended with suppuration. 

Ostembryon (os-tem' -bre-on) [bareov, bone ; e/aj3pvov, 
fetus]. Synonym of Lithopcdion. 

Ostemia (os-te'-me-ah) [bareov, bone; atpa, blood], A 
morbid condition of bone, distinguished by its tumes- 
cence with blood. 

Ostempyesis (os-tem-pi-e'-sis) [bareov, bone ; kfirrvrjatg, 
suppuration]. Suppuration of a bone. 

Osteo- (os'-te-o-) [bareov, bone]. A prefix that signifies 
connection with or relation to bone. 

Osteoanabrosis (os' -te-o-an-ab-ro' -sis) [bareov, bone ; 
ava, up ; jipuaic:, eating]. The absorption of bone, 
or its destruction, as by osteoclasts. 

Osteo-aneurysm (os'-te-o-an'-u-rizm) [bareov, bone ; 
avevpvafia, aneurysm]. Aneurysm of the arteries of 
a bone ; a pulsating tumor of a bone. 

Osteo-arthritis (os'-te-o-ar-thri'-tis) [bareov, bone; 
apdpov, joint ; inc, inflammation]. A chronic inflam- 
mation of the bones forming a joint. 

Osteoarthropathy (os'-te-o-ar-throp'-ath-e) [bareov, 
bone; apdpov, joint; rradoq, disease]. Any disease 
of bony articulations. O., Hypertrophic Pulmon- 
ary, a disease first described by Marie, characterized 
by a bulbous enlargement of the terminal phalanges 
of the fingers and toes, a thickening of the articular 
ends of the bones, a peculiar curvation of the nails, 
and an enlargement of the lower jaw. According to 
Marie the condition is usually associated with disease 
of the lungs or pleura, whence the name osteoartho- 
pathie pneumique hyperlrophiante, and results from 
the absorption of toxic products from the diseased foci. 
The disease is not allied to akromegaly. 

Osteo-arthrotomy (os-te-o-ar-th rot' -o-me)[bareov, bone ; 
apdpov, joint; ro/ji/, a cutting]. Inter-articular osteot- 
omy, as in cuneiform operations on the tarsus. See 
the various cuneiform operations inOperations, Table of. 

Osteoblast (os'-te-o-blast) [bareov, bone ; fiXaar6<;, a 
germ]. In biology, one of the formative cells of bone- 
tissue : a name proposed by Gegenbauer (1S64), 
for the connective-tissue cells that proliferate on 
one side of bone-substance, in the direction of the 
supplanted cartilage. Their processes and finally the 
cells themselves become imbedded in the calcified 
matrix and become bone-cells. The intercellular 
threads of protoplasm lead to the development of the 
canaliculi, the cell-bodies producing the so-called 
lacunae. 

Osteoblastic (os-te-o-blas'-tik) [bareov, bone ; /3/tacr<5c, 
a germ]. Pertaining to osteoblasts, or to the forma- 
tion of bone. 

Osteocampsia (os-tc-o-kamp'-se-ah) [bareov, bone ; nan- 
nreiv, to bend]. Curvature of a bone without frac- 
ture, as in osteomalacia. 



OSTEOCANCER 



947 



OSTEOMALACIC 



Osteocancer (os-tc-o-kan'-scr). Synonym of Osteocar- 
cinoma. 

Osteocarcinoma (os' '-te-o-kar-sin-o' '-mah)[bareov, bone ; 
napnivuiia, carcinoma : //. , Osteocarcinomata\. Car- 
cinoma of bone ; ossifying carcinoma. 

Osteocele (os' -te-o-sel) [bareov, bone ; nifki}, tumor]. 
A bone like substance found in old hernial sacs ; also 
marked hardening of the testicle. 
• Osteocephaloma (os' -te-o-sef-al-o' -mah) [bareov, bone ; 
K.eq>a?.r/, head; dfia, tumor: //. , Osteocephalomatd]. 
Encephaloma or encephaloid sarcoma of bone. 

Osteochondritis [ps' ' -te-o-kon-dri' '-(is) [bareov, bone ; 
xbvdpoc, cartilage ; irtg, inflammation]. Inflammation 
involving both bone and cartilage. 

Osteochondroma {ps' ' -te-o-kon-dro' '-maK)\bcsTkov, bone ; 
Xpv&pos, cartilage; o,ua, tumor: pi. , Osteochondro- 
matd]-. A tumor that is in part bony, and in part 
cartilaginous. 

Osteoclasia (os-te-o-kla' -ze-ah). See Osteoclasis. 

Osteoclasis (os-te-ok'-las-is) [bareov, bone ; itkaeiv, to 
break]. I. fracture of bones for purposes of reme- 
dying deformity. 2. The destruction of bony tissue 
by osteoclasts. 

Osteoclast (os' - te - o - klast) [bareov, bone; nhaardt;, 
broken]. I. An instrument for performing osteoclasis. 
2. One of the large multinucleate cells, derived from 
mesenchymal cells, and frequently found against the 
surface of bone in little eroded depressions (Howship' s 
lacuna:'). They are concerned in the removal of bone. 
They are so called by Kolliker, and are named by 
Robin and other French histologists Myeloplaxes or 
Myeloplaques. 

Osteoclastic (os-te-o-klas'-tik) [bareov, bone ; Kkaaroc, 
broken]. Of the nature of an osteoclast ; concerned 
in the breaking down and absorption of bone. 

Osteoclasy (ps'-te-o-kla-ze). See Osteoclasis. 

Osteocolla (ps-te-o-kol'-ah) [bareov, bone ; nbXXa, glue]. 
Bone-glue ; inferior glue obtained from bones. 

Osteocomma [ps-te-o-kom' -ah) [bareov, bone ; ndfifia, 
segment : //. , Osteoco»imata~\. Any one of a series of 
bone-segments ; in the adult skeleton, a vertebra is an 
example. 

Osteocope (os'-te-o-kop) [bareov, bone ; kotcoc, pain]. 
Bone-ache ; the pain in the bones, usually felt at night, 
when the body is warmly covered, that characterizes 
syphilis. 

Osteocopic (os-te-o-kop'-ik) [bareov, bone ; /c<$7rof,pain]. 
Resembling, or consisting of, an osteocope ; like a 
bone-ache. 

Osteocyst (os'-te-o-sist) [bareov, bone; Kvoric, cyst]. 
A cyst with hard, bone-like contents. 

Osteocystoid (os-te-o-sis' -toid) [bareov, bone ; Kvorig, 
cyst; ridoc, like]. Resembling an osteocyst. 

Osteocystoma (os - te - o - sis - to'- niah) [bareov, bone ; 
Kvanc, cyst; bfia, tumor]. A cystic tumor of bone. 

Osteocystosarcoma (os'- te - o - sis'- to - sar - ko'- ma/i) 
[bareov, bone ; kvotic, cyst; aap^, flesh ; bfia, tumor]. 
A cystosarcoma of bone. 

Osteodentinal (os-te-o-den' -tin-aT) [bareov, bone ; dens, 
tooth]. Made up of osteodentine. 

Osteodentine (os-te-o-den' -tin) [bareov, bone; dens, 
tooth]. A tissue of the nature of, and intermediate in 
structure between, bone and dentine. 

Osteodermatoplastic (os'-te-o-der-mat-o-plas'-tik) [ba- 
reov. bone; dep/ia, skin; irXaaaeiv, to mold]. Per- 
taining to the formation of osseous tissue in dermal 
structures. 

Osteodermatous (os-te-o-der' -mat-its) [bareov, bone ; 
Sepfia, skin]. Having an ossified integument. Per- 
taining to osteodermia. 

Osteodermia (os-te-o-der' -me-ah) [bareov, bone ; dep/ia, 
skin]. The existence of osseous formations in the skin 



or outer covering. It occurs normally in many ani- 
mals, and occasionally abnormally in man. 

Osteodermous (os-te-o-der' -nuts). Same as Osteoder- 
matous. 

Osteodiastasis (os - te - o - di-as'-tas-is) [bareov, bone ; 
Staaraaig, separation]. Separation of bone (as an 
epiphysis) , without true fracture. 

Osteodynia (os-te-o-din' -e-ah) [bareov, bone ; bS'vvi], 
pain]. A chronic pain in the bone. 

Osteoepiphysis (os' -te-o-e-pif -is-is) [bareov, bone ; eiri- 
(j>vaig, epiphysis]. A bony epiphysis. 

Osteogangrene (os' - te - o - gang' - gren) [bareov, bone ; 
yayypaiva, gangrene]. Gangrene or necrosis of bone. 

Osteogen (os' -te-o-jen) [bareov, bone ; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. The substance of which osteogenic fibers are 
made up. 

Osteogenesis (os-te-o-jen' -es-is) [bareov, bone; y'eveatq, 
genesis]. The development and formation of bone- 
tissue. 

Osteogenesy (os-te-o-jen' -es-e). See Osteogenesis. 

Osteogenetic (os-te-o-jen-ef -ik) [bareov, bone ; yevvav, 
to beget]. Pertaining to, or concerned in, osteogen- 
esis. O. Cell, an osteoblast. O. Fibers, Schafer's 
name for the soft and pliant bundles of faintly fibril- 
lated, transparent fibers running out from growing 
spicules of bone. O. Layer, the deep layer of peri- 
osteum from which bone is formed. 

Osteogenic (os-te-o-jen' -ik). Synonym of Osteogenetic. 

Osteogeny (os-te-oj'-en-e). See Osteogenesis. 

Osteography (os-te-og' -ra-fe) [bareov, bone ; ypdfetv, 
to write]. Descriptive anatomy of the bones and their 
articulations. 

Osteohalisteresis (os'-te-o - hal-is-ter-e'-sis) [bareov, 
bone; akc, salt ; arepeeiv, to deprive]. A partial loss 
of the mineral constituents of bone, concomitant with 
curvature. See Rachitis. 

Osteohelcosis (os - te - o - hel - ko ' - sis) [bareov, bone ; 
'eXuuaic, ulceration]. Caries of bone. 

Osteoid (os'-te-oid) [bareov, bone ; eldoc, like]. Resem- 
bling or having the nature of bone. 

Osteolith (os'-te-o-lith) [bareov, bone ; lidoc, stone]. A 
petrified bone. 

Osteologist (os-te-ol'-o-jist) [bareov, bone ; "k6yoq, sci- 
ence]. One versed in, or expert in, osteology. 

Osteology (os-te-ol' -o-je) [bareov, bone ; Myog, science]. 
The science of the nature and structure of the 
bones. 

Osteolysis (os-te-ol' -is-is) [bareov, bone ; Tivaig, disso- 
lution]. Absorption and disappearance of bone. 

Osteolytic (os-te-o-lit'-ik) [bareov, bone ; /U'oyc, dissolu- 
tion]. Pertaining to, or concerned in, osteolysis. 

Osteoma (os-te-o' -mah) [bareov, bone ; dfia, tumor: pi., 
Osteomatd]. A bony tumor ; exostosis. O., Dental, 
dental exostosis or hypercementosis. O. durum, a 
tumor consisting of very hard, bone-like tissue. O. 
eburneum. Synonym of O. durum. O. medullo- 
sum, an osteoma formed chiefly of cancellated tissue. 
O. spongiosum. Synonym of O. medullosum. 

Osteomalacia (os-te-o-mal-a'-se -ah) [bareov, bone ; 
fiaJ.ania, softness] . Softening of bone from loss of 
its earthy constituents, occurring in adults, especially 
in females, and in the course of pregnancy. The true 
cause of the disease is not known ; by some it is con- 
sidered to be infectious, but this view is not proved. 
O. infantum. See Rickets. 

Osteomalacial, Osteomalacic (os-te-o-mal-a'-se-al, 
os-te-o-mal-a' -sik) [bareov, bone ; fiaAaKia, softening]. 
Pertaining to, or affected with, osteomalacia. 

Osteomalacosis (os-te-o-mal-ak-o' -sis). Synonym of 
Osteomalacia. 

Osteomalactic (os-te-o-mal-ak'-tik) [bareov, bone; 
fia'Aanriiioc, emollient]. Pertaining to osteomalacia. 



OSTEOMERE 



948 



OSTEOSPONGIOMA 



Osteomere (os'-te-o-mer) [bareov, bone ; fJ-epog, part]. 
Same as Osteocomma. 

Osteometry (os-te-om' -et-re) [bareov, bone ; fierpov, 
measure]. The study of the proportions and measure- 
ments of the skeleton. 

Osteomiosis (os-le-o-mi-o'-sis) [bareov, bone ; [leiuatc, 
diminution]. Disintegration of bone. 

Osteomyelitis {ps-te-o-mi-el-i' '-lis) [bariov, bone ; five- 
/tdc, marrow ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the marrow of bone. O., Conchiolin, Mother-of- 
pearl Osteomyelitis; aplastic form of inflammation of 
bone caused by the presence of pearl-dust in the 
capillary vessels of the epiphyseal extremities of the 
long bones in persons employed in the manufacture of 
articles of pearl. O., Gummatous, a form due to the 
development of gummata in the bone-marrow. O. 
malleosa, osteomyelitis due to the Bacillus malleus, 
or glanders-bacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table 
of. O., Mother-of-pearl. See O., Conchiolin. O., 
Scrofulous, probably a chronic inflammation of the 
bone-marrow of tuberculous character. 

Osteomyelon, Osteomyelum (os-te-o-mi' -el-on, os-te- 
o-mi'-el-um) [bareov, bone; fjLveAot;, marrow]. The 
marrow of bone. 

Osteonabrosis (os-te-on-ab' -ro-sis) . SeeOsteoanabrosis. 

Osteonagenesis (os - te - on - aj - en'- es - is). See Osteo- 
genesis. 

Osteoncosis, Osteoncus (os-te-on-ko'-sis, os-te-ong'- 
kus) [bareov, bone ; oyicoc, tumor]. A tumor of a 
bone. An exostosis. 

Osteonecrosis (os-te-o-ne-kro' '-sis) [bariov, bone ; ve- 
Kpuaig, death]. Necrosis, or death of bone. 

Osteoneuralgia (os-te-o-nu-ral' -je-ah) [bareov, bone ; 
vevpov, nerve; aAyoc, pain]. Neuralgia of bone. 

Osteonosus (os-te-on'-o-sus) [ bareov, bone; voaoc, 
disease]. Disease of bone. 

Osteopalinclasis (os-te-o-pal-in' -klas-is) [oar'eov, bone ; 
TrdXiv, again; /c/Uwo, a breaking]. Rebreaking of a 
bone for the correction of deformity. 

Osteoparectania (os-te-o-par-ek-ta' -ne-ali). Synonym 
of Osteoparectasis. 

Osteoparectasis (os-te-o-par-ek 1 '-tas-is) [bareov, bone; 
izapenraaiq, a stretching out]. Abnormal lengthening 
of a bone ; over-extension in the treatment of a frac- 
ture. 

Osteopathy (os-te-op' -ath-e). Disease of bone. 

Osteopedion (os-te-o-pe'-de-on). See Lithopedion. 

Osteoperiosteal (os' ' -te-o-per-e-os' -te-al) [bareov, bone ; 
Trepi, around ; bareov, bone]. Pertaining to bone and 
its overlying periosteum. 

Osteoperiosteitis (os' -te-o-per-e-os-te-i'-tis). Same as 
Osteoperiostitis. 

Osteoperiostitis (os' -te-o-per-e-os-ti' -tis) [bareov, bone ; 
■Kepi, around; bareov, bone ; inq, inflammation]. Os- 
teitis with periostitis. 

Osteophage (os'-te-o-faj) [bareov, bone ; tyayeiv, to eat]. 
A myeloplax, or osteoclastic cell. 

Osteophlebitis (os-te-o-fte-bi' -tis) [bareov, bone ; fletp, 
vein ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the veins 
of a bone. 

Osteophone (os' -te-o-fon) [bareov, bone ; ipuvi/, sound]. 
An apparatus for the transmission of sounds through 
the bones of the face ; it is miscalled andiphone. 

Osteophony (os - te - off'- o - ne) [bariov, bone ; quvij, 
sound]. The transmission of sound through bone. 

Osteophor (os'-te-o-for) [bareov, bone; tyepeiv, to bear]. 
A heavy tooth-forceps for crushing bone. 

Osteophthisis (os-te-of -tins-is) [bareov, bone ; <j>8iaic, 
a wasting]. Wasting of the bones. 

Osteophthoria(o5-/V-<^ r 7//e / -n'-e?//) [bariov, bone ; <p6opa, 
decay]. An old name for tuberculous affections of 
bones and joints. 



Osteophyma (os - te - o - fi'- mah) [bareov, bone; (pvfia, 
swelling://., Osteophymata~\. Any tumor or swelling 
of a bone. 

Osteophyte (os'-te-o-fltj [bareov, bone ; (pvrov, plant]. 
A bony outgrowth or nodosity. 

Osteophytic (os-te-o-fit' -ik) [bareov, bone ; <j>vr6v, plant]. 
Of the nature of an osteophyte. 

Osteophyton (os-le-off'-et-on) [bareov, bone ; §vrov,z. 
vAsLnt:pl.,Osteop/iyta~\. Same as Osteophyte. 

Osteoplaque (os'-te-o-plak) [bareov, bone ; 7r/.df, plate]. 
A layer of bone ; a flat osteoma. 

Osteoplast (os'-tc-o-plast) [bareov, bone ; rc'Aaaaeiv, to 
form]. Same as Osteoblast. 

Osteoplastic (os-te-o-plas' -tik) [bareov, bone ; ■n/.aaaeiv, 
to mold]. Pertaining to plastic operations upon bone ; 
also to the natural or pathologic formation or devel- 
opment of bone. O. Resection, an operation in which 
a bone or portion of bone, cut loose from all but one 
of its attachments, is laid back, the underlying dis- 
eased structure removed, and the bone replaced. 

Osteoplasty (os'-te-o-plas-te) [bareov, bone ; irAaardc, 
formed]. A plastic operation, as by grafting, etc., 
performed upon bone ; plastic surgery of bone. See 
Dieffenbach's, Fergusson's, Mason's, and other opera- 
tions, in Operations, Table of. 

Osteoporoma (os-te-o-por-o' -mah) [bareov, bone ; ndpog, 
passage] . The changes produced by osteoporosis. 

Osteoporosis (os-te-o-por-o' -sis) [bareov, bone ; rropoc, 
a pore]. A form of osteitis in which the bones be- 
come more vascular and are marked by an increase of 
the spaces filled with granulation-tissue or marrow- 
tissue, with corresponding decrease in their compact- 
ness. This is also called Rarefying Osteitis. 

Osteopsathyrosis (os-te-op-sath-ir-o' -sis) [bareov, bone ; 
xliafivpoc, friable]. Fragility of bones. 

Osteopyr (os'- te - o -pir) [bareov, bone; irvp, fever]. 
Gangrene of bone. 

Osteorrhagia (os-te-or-a' -je-ah) [bareov, bone ; pr/yvvvai, 
to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from a bone. 

Osteorrhaphy (os-te-or' -a-fe) [bareov, bone ; patpi/, 
suture]. The suturing of bones. 

Osteosapria (os-te-o-sa' -pre-ah) [bareov, bone ; aanpdc, 
soften]. Caries of bone. 

Osteosarcoma (os-te-o-sar-ko' -mah) [bareov, bone ; 
txdpf, flesh; 6fia, tumor: //. , Osteosarcomata~\. A sar- 
coma of bone. O., Central, one arising in the interior 
of a bone. O., Infiltrated, one infiltrating the entire 
bone, which becomes softened. O., Internal. Syno- 
nym of O. , Central. O., Periosteal, one springing 
from the periosteum. O., Peripheral. Synonym of 
O., Periosteal. 

Osteosarcomatous (os-le-o-sar-ko'-mat-us) [bareov, 
bone; aapi, flesh; bfia, tumor]. Of the nature cf 
sarcoma. 

Osteosarcosis (os-te-o-sar-ko' -sis) [bareov, bone ; aapS, 
flesh]. The conversion of bone into sarcomatous 
tissue. 

Osteoscirrhus (os-te-o-skir' -us) [bareov, bone ; anippoc, 
a hardening]. A scirrhous carcinoma of bone. 

Osteoscleroma (os -te - o- skle - ro'- mah) . Synonym of 
Osteosclerosis. 

Osteosclerosis (os - te - o - skle - ro'- sis) [bareov, bone ; 
an?J/puaic, hardening]. A form of osteitis in which 
the bone increases in density at the expense of newly 
formed or pre-existing marrow-cells. It is also called 
Condensing Osteitis. 

Osteosis (os-le-o'-sis) [bareov, bone]. The formation 
of bone. 

Osteospongioma (ps-te-o-spun-je-o'-mah) [bariov, bone; 
arroyyoc, sponge ; ofta, tumor: //., Osteospongiotnatd\. 
A tumor consisting of a spongy or highly cancellous 
growth of bony tissue. 



OSTEOSPONGIOSIS 



949 



OTITIS 



Osteospongiosis (ps-te-o-spun-je-o' '-sis). See Osteoph- 
thoria and Osteospongioma. 

Osteosteatoma (os-te-o-ste-at-o' '-mali) [barkov, bone ; 
areap, fat; bua, tumor: pi., Osteostea tomato]. Fatty 
tumor, or growth, of bone. 

Osteoteleangiectasis (os'-te-o-tel-e - an -je - ek' - las-is) 
[barkov, bone ; rk'Aoc;, end ; ayyelov, vessel ; inmate, 
dilatation]. Dilatation of the blood-vessels of a bone ; 
also a telangiectatic osteosarcoma. 

Osteothrombosis (os' ' -te-o-throm-bo' '-sis) [barkov, bone ; 
Bpopjiuacc, thrombosis]. Thrombosis of the veins of 
a bone. 

Osteotome (os'-te-o-tom) [barkov, bone; rop.ii, a cut- 
ting]. I. A saw, or other instrument, for cutting 
bone. 2. An instrument used in cutting the bones of 
the fetal head in embryotomy. 

Osteotomist (os-te-ot'-o-mist) [barkov, bone; to//?'/, a 
cutting]. One who performs osteotomy. 

Osteotomy (ps-te-ot' -o-me) [barkov, bone ; rojii], a cut- 
ting]. The cutting or division of a bone. See 
Adams', Barwell's, Gant's, and other operations, in 
Operations, Table of. O., Complete, one in which 
the bone is completely divided. O., Cuneiform, an 
osteotomy in which a wedge of bone is removed . 
O., Extra-articular, one not involving a joint. O., 
Incomplete, one in which the bone is not completely 
divided. O., Linear, a simple division of a bone, 
without removal of any part. O., Partial. Synonym 
of O. , Incomplete. O., Simple. Synonym of O., 
Linear. O., Supracondylar, one done just above 
the condyles of the femur. 

Osteotophus (ps-te-ot 1 '-o-fus) [barkov, bone ; tophus, 
sandstone]. A bony outgrowth or excrescence. 

Osteotribe (os'-te-o-tj-lb). Same as Osteotrite. 

Osteotrite (os' ' -te-o-trlt) [barkov, bone ; rpifSeiv, to rub]. 
A scraping-instrument for use in operations upon 
carious bones. 

Osteotylus (os-te-o-ti'-lus) [barkov, bone : tvTmq , cal- 
lus]. Bone-callus. 

Osteulcus (os-te-uV -kus) [bareovAnoc : barkov, bone ; 
eIkslv, to draw]. A bone-forceps. 

Osthelcus (ost-hel'-kus) [bariov, bone ; e/inor, suppura- 
ting around] . Caries of bone. 

Osthistos (ost-his' -tos) [barkov, bone; lardc, tissue]. 
Osseous tissue. 

Ostial (os'-te-al) [ostium, a door or mouth]. Pertaining 
to an opening or orifice. 

Ostiole (os'-te-ol) [ostium , a door, mouth]. In biology, 
a small ostium, as the orifices in plants for the discharge 
of spores, pollen-grains, etc., or in insects for the 
emission of irritant or foul-smelling fluids. 

Ostiolum (os-ti'-o-lum) [dim. of os, mouth] . A valve. 

Ostitis (os-ti'-tis). See Osteitis. 

Ostium (os'-te-um) [L., a door: pi., Oslia~\. In biol- 
ogy, a mouth or mouth-like opening ; specifically, one 
of the slits in the dorsal vessel of certain Crustacea. 
(Branchippus). O. abdominale, the orifice of the 
oviduct communicating with the peritoneal cavity. 
O. cesophageum ventriculi, the opening of the 
esophageal or cardiac orifice of the stomach. O., 
Gastric, the mouth by which a radial canal in sponges 
opens into the paragaster. O. internum, the orifice at 
the beginning of the oviduct in the uterus. O. 
pharyngeum, the pharyngeal opening of the Eusta- 
chian tube. O. tympanicum, the tympanic opening 
of the Eustachian tube. O., Vaginal, the external 
orifice of the vagina. 

Ostology (os-tol'-o-je). Same as Osteology. 

Ostoma (os-to'-mah). Synonym of Osteoma. 

Ostosis (os-to'-sis). Same as Osteosis. 

Ostracosis (os-trak-o' -sis) [barpannv, oyster-shell ; voaoc, 
disease]. The degenerative change that sometimes 



takes place in a portion of bone and causes it to re- 
semble an oyster-shell. 

Ostrea (ps'-tre-ak) [barpeov, oyster]. Oyster. 

Ostrein (os / -tre-in) [barpeov, oyster]. A nitrogenous 
body of uncertain composition found in the flesh of 
oysters. 

Ostreios (os-tre-i' -os) [barpeov, oyster; loc, poison]. 
The poison found in some oysters and mussels. 

Ostreotoxicum (os-tre-o-toks' -ik-um). Synonym of 
Ostreios. 

Otacoustian, Otacoustic (o-tak-oos'-te-an, o-tak-oos' 
-tik) [obq, gen, uroc, ear; anovaic, hearing]. Per- 
taining to, or aiding, audition. 2. An ear-trumpet. 

Otacousticon (o-tak-oos' -tik-on) [ovc, ear ; anovaig, 
hearing]. An otacoustic, or ear-trumpet. 

Otagra (o-ta' -grah) . Synonym of Otalgia. 

Otalgia (o-tal' -je-ah) [ovc, ear ; alyoc, pain]. Earache. 

Otalgic (o-tal' -jik) [ovc, ear; aikyoc, pain]. Affected 
with, or pertaining to, otalgia. 

Otalgy (o-tal'-je). Same as Otalgia. 

Otaphone (o'-taf-on) [ovc, ear ; (puvi/, sound]. A 
clamp so adjusted as to throw the external ears for- 
ward and outward, and thus assist the hearing. 

Otechos, Otechus (o'-tek-os, o'-tek-us). Synonym of 
Tinnitus aurium. 

Otemplastrum (o-tem-plas' -trum) [ovc, ear ; ipvK~kaa- 
rpov, plaster]. A plaster placed behind the ear. 

Otenchyte (o'-ten-kit) [ovc, ear ; zyxvtw, to pour in]. 
An aural syringe. 

Othelcosis (o-thel-ko'-sis) [ovc, ear ; kTinuoic, ulcera- 
tion]. Ulceration of the ear. 

Othematoma (ot-hem-at-o' -mah) [ovc, ear ; aifia, blood; 
b/ia, tumor: //. , Othematomala]. Hematoma of the 
external ear, usually the pinna; hematoma auris. 
The condition is not rare in insane persons, whence 
its name " insane ear.'''' It is probably a trophic le- 
sion. 

Othemorrhea (ot-hem-or-e 1 '-ah) [ovc, ear ; aifia , blood ; 
poia, flow]. A sanguineous discharge from the ear. 

Otheoscope (o'-the-o-skop) [uHelv, to part ; anoiruv, to 
view]. An instrument somewhat like a radiometer. 

Othydrops (o-thi' -drops) [ovc, ear; vdpuip, dropsy]. 
Dropsy of the tympanic cavity. 

Othypersarcoma (o-thi-per-sar-ko' -mah) [ovc, ear ; 
inrep, above; adp^, flesh; bfia, tumor: pi. , Othy- 
persarcomata\ A fleshy outgrowth from the ear. 

Otiater (0' -te-a-ter) [ovc, ear; Inri/p, surgeon]. An 
aural surgeon. 

Otiatric (o-te-at'-rik) [ovc, ear; lari/p, surgeon]. Per- 
taining to the treatment of diseases of the ear. 

Otiatrics (o-te-af ' -riks) [ovc, ear; lari/p, surgeon]. 
The study of diseases of the ear and their treatment. 

Otic (o'-tik) [LiriKoc, from ovc, ear]. Pertaining to 
the ear. O. Ganglion. See Ganglion. O. Vesicle. 
See Vesicle. 

Oticodinia (o-tik-o-din'-e-ah) [uriKOc, otic ; dlvoc, ver- 
tigo]. Vertigo from disease of the ear; Meniere's 
disease ; also, labyrinthine vertigo, as a symptom of 
Meniere's disease. 

Oticodinosis (o-tik-o-din-o' -sis). See Oticodinia. 

Otidium (o-tid'-e-um) [ovc, ear; //., Otidia~\. In 
biology, the auditory organ or otocyst of the Mollusca. 

Otitis (o-ti'-tis) [ovc, ear; mc, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the ear. O., Catarrhal, catarrhal inflamma- 
tion of the middle ear. O., Desquamative, a pro- 
liferation and thickening of the epidermic layer of the 
external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane. 
The epithelium becomes desquamated and lies in the 
canal. O., Diphtheric, a pseudo-membranous in- 
flammation of the middle ear, sometimes also of the 
external canal, due to extension of diphtheria from 



OTIYINDIMBA 



950 



OTOPORPA 



the throat. O. externa ; O. interna ; O, media ; 
inflammation of the external, internal, and middle 
ear, respectively. O., Furuncular, the formation of 
small furuncles in the external auditory canal. O. 
labyrinthica, inflammation of the labyrinth. Its 
symptoms resemble those of meningitis ; it is not fatal, 
but leads to permanent deafness. O.mycosa. Syno- 
nym of O. parasitica. O. parasitica, inflammation 
of the external or middle ear from the presence of 
parasites, Myiasis auriuvi. O. phlegmonosa, acute 
otitis with suppuration. O. purulenta chronica, 
chronic inflammation of the middle ear, with per- 
sistent discharge. O., Sclerotic, chronic catarrhal 
otitis media, with thickening and hardening of the 
tissues. 

Otiyindimba {p-te' -e-in-dim' -bah) [nat. African]. A 
pustular dermatitis prevalent in Damaraland. 

Oto- (o'-to-) [ovg, gen., L>r6g, ear]. A prefix signify- 
ing connection with, or relation to, the ear. 

Otoblenorrhea {o' -to-blen-or-e' -ah) [ovg, ear; jiTiAvva, 
mucus; poia, flow]. Any abnormal discharge of 
mucus from the ear. 

Otocatarrh (p' '-to-kat-ar') [ovg, ear ; narappog, catarrh]. 
Catarrh of the ear. 

Otocell (o'-to-sel) [ovg(ur-), ear; mlia, a hut: //., 
Otocelli\ In biology, an auditory sac or cell, as in 
the Hydro-medusa. 

Otocephalus (p-to-sef -al-us) [ovg , ear ; KcaaM/, head]. 

1. A species of single autositic monsters characterized 
by an absence or a rudimentary condition of the lower 
jaw, with ill-development of the mouth, which may 
be merely a minute orifice, and an approach of the 
ears to each other, which may touch at their lower 
parts or even be united. It is a very rare condition 
in the human species, but is not infrequent among sheep. 

2. A variety of the foregoing species in which there 
is some degree of synopsia, the maxilla; and mouth 
being distinct, and a proboscis wanting. 

Otocerebritis (o' ' -to-ser-e-bri' '-(is) [ovg, ear ; cerebrum, 
brain; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
brain from disease of the ear. 

Otocleisis [o-to-kli' '-sis) [ovg, ear; kKsIciq, closure]. 
Occlusion of the ear. 

Otoconia (p-to-ko'-ne-ak). Plural of Otoconium. 

Otoconial [o-to-ko'-ne-al) [ovg, ear; nbviq, dust]. Per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, otoconia. 

Otoconite (p-tok'-o-iiif). Synonym of Otoconium. 

Otoconium {o-to-ko' '-ne-um) [ovg ((or-), ear; Kovig, 
dust: //., Otoconia]. In biology, one of the gritty 
particles or minute otoliths from the membranous 
labyrinth of higher vertebrates. 

Otocrane, Otocranium [p'-to-krdn, o-to-ki-a' -ne-um) 
[ovg, ear; upav'tov, skull]. The cavity of the skull 
holding the organ of hearing. 

Otocranial, Otocranic [o-to-kra'-tie-al, o-to-kra'-nik) 
[ovg, ear; Kpaviov, skull]. Pertaining to the oto- 
crane. 

Otocyst [o'-to-sist) [ovg, ear ; Kvarig, bladder]. In 
biology, an auditory vesicle, otocell, or otidium in in- 
vertebrates, or an otolithic sac in vertebrates. 

Otocystic (o-to-sis'-tik) [ovc, ear; Kvarig, a cyst]. Per- 
taining to an otocyst. 

Otodynia {o-to-din' -e-ah) [ovc, ear ; ddiwrj, pain]. Pain 
in the ear. 

Otoganglion [p-to-gang'-gle-on). See Ganglion, Otic. 

Otoglyphis [o-tog' -lif-is) [ovc, ear; yAvfeiv, to scrape]. 
An ear-spoon. 

Otography (p-tog'-ra-fe) [ovc, ear; ypdtyeiv, to write]. 
The descriptive anatomy of the ear. 

Otoiatry [o-to-i'-at-re). Synonym of Otiatrics. 

Otolite (o' -to-lit) [ovc, ear; X'iBoc, stone]. Same as 
Otolith. 



Otolith (p' -to-litlt) [ovc 
careous concretion 
within the mem- 
branous labyrinth 
of the ear of fishes, 
in fish-like verte- 
brates and in the 
auditory vesicles 
of invertebrates 2. 
One of the otic 
bones proper. An 
otostion. 

Otolithic, Otolitic 
(p-to-lith' -ik , o-to- 
lil'-ik) [ovc, ear ; 
\ldoc, stone]. Per- 
taining to an oto- 
lith. 

Otologist (p-tol'-o- 
jist ) [ ovc , ear ; 
?idyoc, science]. 
One versed in otol- 
ogy ; an aurist. 



cal- 




Section of Wall of Utricle of 
the Internal Ear, through macu- 
lar region, from rabbit, showing 
otoliths (o), embedded within gran- 
ular substance (g). h Ciliated-cells 
with processes (/), extending be- 
tween sustentacular elements (s). 
n. Nerve-fibers within fibrous tissue 
(!) passing toward hair-cells and 
becoming non-medullated at base- 
ment-membrane. {After Piersol.) 



Otology (p-tol' -o-je) [ovg, ear; Myog, science]. The 
science of the ear, its anatomy, functions, diseases, and 
treatment. 

Otomyces (p-tom' -is-lz) [ovc, ear; jivKr/g, fungus]. A 
fungous growth within the ear. O. hageni, a fungus, 
with green conidia, sometimes found in the external 
canal of the ear. O. purpureus, a dark-red fungous 
growth in the ear. 

Otomycosis (p'-to-mi-ko'-sis) [ovc, ear; fivKTjg, fungus]. 
The growth of fungi within the ear, or the diseased 
condition associated with such a condition. 

Otoncus (p-tong' -kits) [ovc, ear; byaoc, tumor]. A 
swelling or tumor of the ear. ' 

Otonecronectomy [o' -to-nek-ro-nek' -to-me) [ovg, ear ; 
vcupdg, dead ; cKTourj, excision]. Surgical removal 
of necrosed sound-conductors from the ear. 

Otoneuralgia (p-to-nu-ral' -je-ah). Synonym of Otal- 
gia. 

Otopathema [p-to-path-e' -malt) [oi'f,ear; TraOq/ca, an at- 
tack of sickness]. A disease of the ear. 

Otopathic (p-to-path' -ik) [ovg, an ear; Trddog. disease]. 
Pertaining to ear-disease. 

Otopathy [p-top'-ath-e) [ovg, ear; ~ddog, disease]. Any 
affection of the ear. 

Otopharyngeal {o-to-far-in' -je-al) [ovg, ear ; (papvyt;, 
pharynx]. Pertaining to the ear and the pharynx. 
O. Tube, the Eustachian tube. 

Otophone (o'-to-fon) [ovg , ear ; (puvr/, voice]. I. An 
ear-trumpet, or other device for gathering and inten- 
sifying sound-waves. 2. An auscultating tube used 
in ear-diseases. 

Otophthalmic (a-toftF-thal'-mik) [ovg, ear ; 6<j>da?,fi6g, 
eye]. Pertaining to the ear and the eye. 

Otopiesis (o-to-pi'-es-is) [ovg, ear; -rriemg, pressure]. 
Excessive pressure upon the labyrinth, with consequent 
deafness. Depression of the tympanic membrane by 
atmospheric pressure, owing to the rarefaction of the 
air within the tympanic cavity. 

Otoplasty {o'-to-plas-te) [ovg, ear; TrZdooeiv, to form]. 
The operation of repairing certain lesions of the external 
ear by the engrafting of healthy tissue from some other 
part of the body ; plastic surgery of the ear. 

Otoplexiometer ((i-to-ple/cs-c-om'-ct-tr) [org. ear; ir/i/fig, 
percussion ; fitrpov, measure]. An instrument for 
examining the concealed portions of the ear by per- 
cussion. 

Otoporpa (o-to-por'-pali) [ovc, ear ; Troprrr;, a buckle : 
/>/., Otoporptc^. In biology, one of the " auditory 
clasps " of Medusa. 



OTOPYORRHEA 



951 



OVARIOMANIA 



Otopyorrhea [o-to-pi-or-e 1 '-ah) [ot'f, ear ; ttvov, pus ; 
poia, a flow]. A purulent discharge from the ear. 

Otopyosis [o-to-pi' -o-sis) [pig, ear; n'vov, pus]. Sup- 
puration within the ear. 

Otorrhagia [p-ior-a' -je-ah) [oi%, ear; 'prjyv'vvai, to burst 
forth]. A discharge of blood from the external audi- 
tory meatus. 

Otorrhea [p-tor-e' -ah) [ovg, ear; poia, a flow]. A dis- 
charge from the external auditory meatus. 

Otorrheumatismus (p-tor-ru-mat-iz'-mus) [ovg, ear; 
pevua, rheum]. Pain in the ear due to rheumatism. 

Otosalpinx [o-to-sal' -pinks) [ovg , ear ; oa'Awiy^, tube]. 
The Eustachian tube. 

Otoscleronectomy (o-to-skle-ro-nek' -to-me) [ovc, ear ; 
c-n?j/p6c, hard; tuTOfirj, excision]. The surgical re- 
moval of sclerosed and ankylosed conductors of sound 
in cases of chronic otitis media. 

Otoscope [o'-to-skop) [ovg, ear ; cuoire'iv, to examine]. 
An instrument for examining the ear. What is ordi- 
narily called and used as an otoscope is a rubber 
tube, one extremity of which is inserted into the ear 
of the subject, and the other extremity into the ear 
of the examiner, a current of air being passed by 
means of a Politzer bag and a Eustachian catheter 
through the middle ear. In case of tympanic perfora- 
tion the rushing sound made by the passing air is audi- 
ble to the examiner. 

Otoscopic (o-to-skop'-ik) [oiif, ear; okotveIv, to view]. 
Pertaining to otoscopy. 

Otoscopy (o-tos'-ko-pe) [our, ear; cjkotteiv, to examine]. 
The use of the otoscope ; clinical examination of the 
ear. 

Otosis (o-to'-sis) [ovq, ear]. A mishearing ; a false im- 
pression as to sounds or words heard. 

Otosteal (o-tos'-te-al) [ovq, ear ; barkov, bone]. Per- 
taining to the bones of the ear. 

Otosteon [p-tos* -te-on) [ovq, ear; barkov, bone : pi. , Otos- 
tea\. I. An ossicle, or ear-bone. 2. An otolith. 

Otostylic (o-to-sti'-lih) [ovq, ear; arvAoq, pillar]. 
Relating to the ear and to the styloid process. 

Ototechnos [o-to-tek' -nos) [ovq, ear ; rk^vr/, art]. A 
peculiar hammering sensation in the ear. 

Ototomy (o-tol'-o-me) [ovq, ear; rofiij, a cutting]. Dis- 
section of the ear. 

Ottar, Otto (ot'-ar, ot'-o). See Attar. 

Otto's Restraining Band. A band used in diaphrag- 
matic pleurisy to relieve the pain. It is applied low 
down to favor thoracic respiration and diminish the 
abdominal and diaphragmatic movements. 

Ouabain [oo-ah-ba'-in) \_ouabaio~\, C 31 H J8 12 . A highly 
poisonous glucosid extracted from the wood of a species 
of Apocy>iea, the Carissa schimperi. It is a cardiac 
stimulant. Dose, gr. 33^5 to -%\-$, given as a per 
mille solution. 

Ouabaio [oo-ah-ba' -yo) [native African]. A virulent 
arrow-poison used by certain African tribes. 

Oudemann's Method. A method of estimating iron 
in organic substances, e.g., hemoglobin. A weighed 
amount of the material is incinerated ; the ash is dis- 
solved in HC1, and to the dilute ferric solution, which 
should not contain more than o. I to 0.2 gram Fe in 
100 c. c, nor much free HC1, are added 3 c. c. of 
a one per cent, solution of cupric sulphate, 2 c. c. of 
concentrated HC1, and I c. c. of a one per cent, solu- 
tion of potassium sulphocyanid. The mixture is slightly 
warmed, and a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate 
(1 c. c. of a decinormal solution of which corresponds 
to 0.0056 Fe) is run in from a buret, until the pre- 
viously red mixture becomes as colorless as water. 

Oulachon [oo'-lak-on). See Eidachon. 

Oulitis [oo-li'-tis). See Ulitis. 

Ouloid [oo'-loia) [ovhij, scar/ ehhq, like]. Resembling 



a scar. Also, a form of cicatrix characteristic of 
lupus, elephantiasis, and syphilis. 

Oulorrhagia [oo-lor-a' -je-ah) [oii'Aov, gum ; pr/yvvvat, to 
burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the gums. 

Ounce [owns) [uncia, a contraction of undecia, a 
twelfth part]. A twelfth part of the Troy pound, or 
480 grains; symbol, ^. Also, a sixteenth part of 
the avoirdupois pound, or 437.5 grains. Symbol oz. 

Ourari (po-rah' -re). Same as Curare. 

Ourology [oo-rol' -o-je) [ovpov, urine ; A6yoq, science]. 
The science of the nature and secretion of urine. 

Ouroscopy [oo-ros'-ko-pe) . See Uroscopy. 

Out [owt) [ME., out, out]. Forth; from within to 
the exterior. O.-cast Cell, an apoblast ; in the unim- 
pregnated ovum, one of a group of cells that are 
finally cast off and disappear. See Apoblast. O.- 
knee, bow-leg ; valgus. 

Outlet. 1. The lower aperture of the pelvic canal. 2. 
The passage that removes the air from a room in ven- 
tilation. O. of Pelvis. See Outlet. 

Ova [o'-vah) [L.]. Plural of ovum, an egg. 

Oval (o'-vat) [ovum, egg]. Elliptic; egg-shaped. O. 
Amputation. See Malgaigne 's and Scoutetlin' s Am- 
putations, in Operations, Table of. 

Ovalbumin [o-val'-bu-min) [ovum, egg; albumin~\. 
The albumin of the egg. 

Ovalescent [o-val-es'-ent) [ovalis, oval]. Somewhat 
oval. 

Ovaliform [o-val'-if-orm) \_ovalis, oval ; forma, form]. 
Oval-shaped. 

Ovaloid [o'-val-oid) \_ovalis, oval; eldoq, like]. Re- 
sembling an oval. 

Ovaralgia (o-var-al' -je-ah). See Ovarialgia. 

Ovarial [o-va'-re-al). See Ovarian. 

Ovarialgia (o-va-re-al 1 '-je-ah) [ovarium, an ovary ; 
a/.yoq, pain]. Pain in the ovaries. 

Ovarialgic (o-va-re-al' -jih) [ovarium, ovary ; akyoq, 
pain]. Pertaining to, or affected with, ovarialgia. 

Ovarian [o-va' -re-an) [ovarium, an ovary]. Pertain- 
ing to the ovaries. O. Center. See Dysmenorrhea. 
O. Cyst, O. Cystoma, a cystic tumor of an ovary. 
O. Dysmenorrhea. See Dysmenorrhea. O. Plexus, 
the pampiniform plexus of the female. O. Preg- 
nancy, extra-uterine pregnancy in which the ovum 
resides in the ovary. O. Vesicle, in biology, the 
gynophore or female gonophore of a polyp. 

Ovaric (o-va'-rik). Synonym of Ovarian. 

Ovariectomy (o-va-re-ek' -to-me) [ovarium, ovary ; 
EK.ro/ji/, excision]. Excision of an ovary ; oophorec- 
tomy. 

Ovariocele (o-va'-re-o-sel) [ovarium, ovary; kt/At/, 
tumor]. Tumor of the ovary; hernia of an ovary. 
O., Vaginal, invasion of the vaginal wall by one or 
both ovaries. 

Ovariocentesis [o-va-re-o-sen-te' '-sis) [ovarium, ovary ; 
Kkvrt/aiq, puncture]. Puncture of the ovary or of an 
ovarian cyst. 

Ovarioclasis [o-va-re- ok' -las-is) [ovarium, ovary; 
xAaaiq, a breaking]. The breaking up of an ovary. 

Ovariocyesis (o-va' '-re-o-si-e' '-sis) [ovarium, ovary; 
tdn/aiq, pregnancy]. Ovarian pregnancy. 

Ovariodysneuria (o-va' -re-o-dis-nu' -re-ah) [ovarium, 
ovary; ovq-, painful; vivpov, nerve]. Ovarian neu- 
ralgia. 

Ovario-hysterectomy ( o-va'- re- o-his-ter-ek' -to-me ) 
[ovarium, ovary; varipa, womb; kuro/jr/, excision]. 
Surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus. 

Ovariole (o-va'-re-ol) [ovariolum, a small ovary]. In 
biology, a small ovary, or one of the elements of a 
composite ovary. 

Ovariomania (o-va-re-o-ma'-ne-ah). Synonym of 
Oophoromania. 



OVARIONCUS 



952 



OVARY 



Body of uterus. 
Fallopian tube 



Ovarioncus (o-va-re-ong' -kus) [ovarium, ovary ; oyKog , 
tumor]. An ovarian tumor. 

Ovariorrhexis (o - va - re - or - eks'- is) [ovarium, ovary ; 
p?/f'C, rupture]. Rupture of an 
ovary. 

Ovariosteresis (o-va-re-o-ster-e'-sis) 
[ovarium, ovary; areprrjoig, depriva- 
tion]. Extirpation of an ovary. 

Ovariotomist [p-va - re - of- o - mist) 
[ovarium, ovary; ro/ii], a cutting]. 
One who performs ovariotomy and, 
by extension, also oophorectomy. 

Ovariotomy (o-va-re-of -o-me) [ovari- 
um, ovary; ro//?;, a cutting]. Liter- 
ally, incision of an ovary. Improp- 
erly, the surgical removal of an 
ovary ; synonymous with oophorec- 
tomy. 0., Abdominal, ovariotomy 
through an abdominal incision. O., 
Normal, a term for Battey's opera- 
tion, q. v. in Operations, Table of. 
O., Vaginal, removal of an ovary through an incision 
in the vault of the vagina. 

Ovario-tubal (o-va' -re-o-tu' -bal)[ovarium, ovary ; tuba, 
tube]. Pertaining to the ovary and the oviduct. 

Ovarism (o> '-var-izm) [ovarium, ovary]. The theory 
that every animal organism is developed from an ovum. 

Ovarist (o'-var-ist) [ovarium, ovary]. One who be- 
lieves in ovarism. 

Ovaritis (o-var-i'-tis) [ovarium, ovary; trie, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the substance of an ovary. 
It may be Parenchymatous or Follicular, or Interstitial. 
In the former, the contents of the ovarian follicles 
become turbid and then purulent. This occurs in 
the acute exanthemata and other diseases, and cannot 
be recognized clinically. Interstitial ovaritis is usu- 
ally a sequel of parturition, when it is a part of a 
general septicemia. It occurs in three forms: (i) 
serous ; (2) suppurative or hemorrhagic ; and (3) ne- 
crotic, the organ being converted into a brown pulp 
with entire destruction of its tissue. 

Ovarium [o-va' '-re-um) [L. , ovary: //., Ovaria~\. In 
biology, an ovary or oophoron. 

Ovariypertrophy (o-var-e-ip-er' -tro-fe). Synonym of 
Oophorauxe. 

Ovary (o'-var-e) [ovaritis, an egg-keeper; ovarium, an 
egg-producing organ ; ovum, egg]. The most im- 
portant part of the female reproductive apparatus. A 
glandular, secreting organ, giving rise to ova. In 
woman it is a paired organ projecting from the pos- 
terior surface of the broad ligament. Its weight is 
about 100 grains. The right is usually a little larger 
than the left. It consists of a parenchyma and a cap- 
sule, or tunica albuginea. In the cortex of the former 
are numbers of small vesicles called ovisacs or Graafian 
follicles in which the ova are developed. In biology, 
among the lower organisms (e. g., Paramecium) 
the nucleus gives rise to bodies analogous to ovules, 
while in animals a grade higher, the undifferen- 
tiated endoderm or mesoderm is the female germinal 
layer (e. g., Porifera) . Specialization follows localiza- 
tion of function, and the parts of the body set aside 
for the production of ova gradually take the form of 
glands (germaria, ovaria), the products of which may 
become detached from the spot where they are formed, 
and pass into the somatic or body-cavity, or into the 
digestive sac {e.g., Actincc, Polyzoa, Brachyopoda) , or 
even directly to the exterior (e.g., Echinidca , Proc- 
tucha, Nemertea). Gradually, as the animal scale is 
ascended, ducts of a complicated character are found 
to be added to the ovary proper. These ducts are not 
primitively connected with the germinal glands, but 



may be regarded as excretory organs which have 
entered into the service of the genital organ. These 
ducts [oviducts) become provided with appendages or 




Posterior Aspect of Female Internal Genitalia. 

, 2. Ovaries. 3. Left oviduct. 4 Fimbriated extremity of 
5, 5. Broad ligaments. 6. Anterior vaginal cul-de-sac. 

dilatations from which the ova get special envelops 
("yelk gland," "shell gland," " oznducal gland," 
" nidamental gland," " accessory gland"), are fer- 
tilized (spermatheca, appendicular gland, fertilizing 
pouch), or further developed (uterus). The relation 
of the ovary to the testis varies greatly, and must also 
be considered from the standpoint of differentiation. 
In the lower animals, male and female reproductive 




m 



Section of Cortex of Cat's Ovary, Exhibiting Large 
Graafian Follicles. 

a. Peripheral zone of condensed stroma. t>. Groups of imma- 
ture follicles, c. Theca of follicle, d. Membrana granu- 
losa, e. Discus proligerus. f. Zona, pellucida. g. Vitellus. 
h. Germinal vesicle, i. Germinal spot. k. Cavity of liquor 
folliculi. (After Piersol.) 

glands are so united with one another, that one and 
the same gland produces both spermatozoa and ova 
(" hermaphrodite gland '," " ovotestis," as in Synapta, 
Helix, Hyalcea, etc.). Thus, hermaphroditism is the 



OVATE 



953 



OVOPLASM 



primitive condition of the sexual apparatus, the phylo- 
genicand oncogenic precursor of sexual differentiation, 
which is effected by the abortion or reduction of one 
kind of sexual apparatus and function taking place at 
very different stages in the organism, and often when 
the sexual organs have attained a very high degree of 
specialization, the human ovary becoming histologi- 
cally recognizable about the sixth week, and readily 
distinguished in a three-months embryo. 2. That 
part of the pistil of a flower which produces and con- 
tains the ovules and seeds. The ovarium or ger- 
marium. O., Irritable, an ovary the seat of inter- 
mittent neuralgic pain. 

Ovate [p'-vdt) [pvatus, egg-shaped]. Egg-shaped. 

Oven (uv'-n) \_oven, an oven]. An apparatus used in 
bacteriologic laboratories for sterilizing culture-media, 
for maintaining the cultures, etc., at a constant temper- 
ature by an automatic mechanism. Those of Koch, 
Pasteur, d' Arsonval, and Babes are most used. 

Over (V ' -ver) [ME., over, over]. In a place higher 
than a given object. O. -crowding, the dwelling to- 
gether of too many persons in a locality, house, or 
apartment, with the consequent failure in sanitary and 
hygienic arrangements, whence result conditions favor- 
able to the development and spread of certain diseases. 
O.-eat, to surfeit with eating. O.-feed, to feed to 
excess. O. -grown, grown too large. O. -laid, said of 
a child suffocated by the parent lying on it. O. -lying 
of Children, a frequent cause of death in infants from 
suffocation from one of the parents lying upon the 
child while in an intoxicated condition or intention- 
ally. O. -maximal, beyond the normal maximum, as 
the over-maximal contraction of a muscle. (Fick.) 
O. -pressure, applied chiefly to the school-system that 
forces too long and continuous periods of study upon 
the pupils, with consequent unhealthy conditions of 
mind and body. O. -reach, to strike the toe of the 
hind-foot against the heel or shoe of the fore-foot ; said 
of a horse. O. -riding, overlapping of the broken 
ends of a fractured bone. O. -sight. See Hyperme- 
tropia. O. -strain, to strain to excess; a condition 
resulting from exhausting effort. O.-toe, a variety of 
Hallux varus in which the great toe overlies its fellows. 
O. -tones, the notes represented by the vibrating sub- 
divisions of a string ; harmonics. O.-work, Mental. 
See Parathymia. 

Ovic (o'-vik) [oiov, ovum, an egg]. Relating to an ovum. 

0. Cell, in biology, a primitive ovum (the Urei of 
German authors). Primitive ova exist in great num- 
bers in cord-like ingrowths of the epithelium of the 
ovary (P/liiger' schen Schlauche) in which each ovic cell 
finally becomes surrounded by a separate envelop of 
epithelial cells, forming the primordial follicle. 

Ovicapsule {p-vik-ap' -siil) [tiov, ovum, egg; capsula, 

capsule]. An egg-case, ovisac, or Graafian follicle. 
Ovicell [o' '-vis-el) [A, ovum, an egg; cella, a cell]. 

1. An unimpregnated ovum. 2. Same as Ovicyst. 
Ovicyst (V '-vis-ist)\_uov , ovum, an egg ; kvotic, a pouch]. 

In biology, the incubatory pouch of an ascidian or 
polyzoan. 

Ovicystic (p-vis-is'-tik) \f>bv, ovum, an egg ; kvotic, a 
bladder]. Pertaining to an ovicyst. 

Oviducal [p-vid-u'-kal), Oviducent (o-ve-du'-senf) 
\jiov, ovum, egg ; ducere, to lead]. Pertaining to the 
oviduct, or its functions. O. Gland, an enlargement 
of the oviduct in Sepia. 

Oviduct (o'-vid-ukt) \d>6v,ovum, egg; ductus, a canal]. 
The Fallopian tube ; a small tube upon either side of 
the uterus through which the ovule passes to the uterus. 
O., Ampulla of, O., Pavilion of, the expanded 
portion of the abdominal end of the oviduct, the 
fringed edge of which is called the fimbria. 



Oviferous (o-vif'-er-us) [gjoi', ovum, an egg ; ferre, to 
bear]. In biology, bearing eggs or ova. 

Ovification [p-vif-ik-a' -shun) [piov, ovum, egg ; facere, 
to make]. The production of ova. 

Oviform (o'-vif-orm) [tiov, ovum, egg ; forma, form]. 
Egg-shaped ; oval. 

Ovigenous (o-vij'-en-ics) \_(hi)v,ovum, egg; yevr^, pro- 
ducing]. Producing ova, as an ovary. O. Layer, the 
outer layer of the ovary, in which the ovisacs contain- 
ing the ova are situated. 

Ovigerm (p'-vij-erm) \f>dv, ovum, an egg ; germen, 
sprout, bud]. In biology, an ovum, or ovicell. 

Ovigerous (o-vif-er-us) \f>6v, ovtim, egg ; gerere, to 
carry]. Producing eggs or ova ; oviferous, ovigenous, 
oviparous. 

Ovination (p-vin-a' -shun) [ovis, a sheep]. Inoculation 
with the virus of sheep-pox. It has been employed 
like equination and Pasteurism, as a substitute for 
vaccination. 

Oviparous {o-vip' -ar-us) \y6v, ovum, egg ; parere, to 
bring forth]. Producing, or laying, eggs ; a term ap- 
plied to those species of animals, the females of which 
bring forth their young in the egg-stage of develop- 
ment; incubated outside the body, as distinguished 
from ovoviviparous , or viviparous. 

Oviposit (o-vip-oz' -it) \tiov, ovum, an egg; positus, p.p. 
of ponere, lay]. In biology, to lay or deposit eggs, 
especially with an ovipositor, as an insect. 

Oviposition (p-vip-o-zish 1 '-««) \_£>6v, ovum, egg ; ponere, 
to place]. In biology, the act of laying or deposit- 
ing eggs by the females of oviparous animals. 

Ovipositor [o-vip-oz' -it-or) \f>hv, ovum, egg; positor, 
builder]. In biology, an organ, common among 
insects, composed of several modified rings or somites, 
forming the end of the abdomen, and employed in de- 
positing the eggs in places fit for development. 

Ovis (p' -vis) [L.]. Sheep. 

Ovisac (p' -vis-ak) \d>6v, ovum, egg; saccus, sack]. In 
biology, the capsule, sac, cyst, case, cell, or pod of an 
individual ovum ; a Graafian follicle, an ovicell, ovi- 
cyst, ovicapsule. 

Oviscapt (p'-vis-kapi) \f>6v,ovum, an egg ; ananretv, to 
dig]. Same as Ovipositor. 

Ovism (o'-vizr?i) [cjov, ovum, egg]. The doctrine that 
the ovum encloses within itself in an undeveloped form 
all the organs of the future being ; the doctrine of 
incasement, q. v. 

Ovispermary (o-vis-per'-mar-e) \j.bov, ovum, an egg; 
spermarium, spermary]. In biology, an ovotestis or 
sexual organ producing both ova and spermatozoa. 

Ovist (o'-vist) \_ci6v, ovum, egg]. In biology, an ad- 
herent of the doctrine of incasement, q. v. ; an ovulist. 

Ovoblast (o'-vo-blast) \_if>6v, ovum, ovum ; fiXacsroc, 
germ]. The primordial ovum. 

Ovococcus (o-vo-kok'-us) \_C6v, ovum, egg; k6kkoc, 
berry: pi., Ovococci~\. In biology, the nucleus of the 
ovicell, or unimpregnated ovum. 

Ovogenesis (o-vo-jen' '-es-is) [<?>6v, ovum, egg; yevecig, 
genesis]. The process of J;he development or pro- 
duction of the ovum. 

Ovogenetic (o-vo-jen-et'-ik) \_ubv, ovum, egg; yevvav, 
to beget]. Pertaining to ovogenesis. 

Ovogenous (o-voj'-en-tis). Synonym of Ovogenetic. 

Ovoid (o' '-void) [<j6v, ovum, egg; eidog, like]. Egg- 
shaped. O., Fetal, the fetal ellipse, or the ellipse 
formed by the bending of the fetal body in utero. 

Ovolemma (o-vo-lem'-ah) [wife, ovum, egg ; Af/n/ia, 
bark]. The membrane surrounding the yolk of the 
human egg. 

Ovology (o-vol'-o-Je) \d6v, ovum, egg; Aoyoc, science]. 
Same as Oology. 

Ovoplasm {p' -vo-plazni) \_dov, ovum, egg ; irJAajia, 



OVOTESTICULAR 



954 



OXALETHVLIN 



plasm]. The protoplasm of the unimpregnated ovum 
or ovicell. 

Ovotesticular (o-vo-tes-tik 1 -u-lar) \_(f>6i>, ovum, egg ; 
testis, testicle]. Pertaining to an Ovotestis. 

Ovotestis (o-vo-tes' -lis) \yw, ovum, egg ; testis, testicle : 
pi. , Ovotestes~\. In biology, a generative organ produc- 
ing both male and female products ; an ovispermary , 
as seen in opisthobranchiate Brancliiogasteropoda. 

Ovoviviparity [p-vo-vi-vip-ar'-it-e] \yov,ovum, egg; 
viviparus, bringing forth alive]. The character of 
being ovoviviparous. 

Ovoviviparous (o-vo-vi-vip' -ar-us) \Mv, ovum, egg ; 
viviparus, bringing forth alive]. In biology, repro- 
ducing by means of eggs incubated within the body, 
as distinguished from oviparous and viviparous. 

Ovula (p'-vu-lah) [L.]. Plural of Ovulum. O. of 
Naboth. See Ovule. 

Ovular, Ovulary (o'-vu-lar, o'-vu-lar-e) [Vw, ovum, 
egg]. Relating to an ovule or ovum. 

Ovulate (o'-vu-lat) [ovulum, a little egg]. In biology, 
to produce ovules or discharge them from the ovary. 
Ovuliferous. 

Ovulation (o-vu-la'-shun)\ovulum, dim. of ovum, egg]. 
The maturation and escape of the ovum. 

Ovule (o'-vul) [u'w, ovum, egg]. In biology : (a) A 
small ovum or animal egg ; (/<)a young or rudimentary 
seed. O., External Migration of, the transfer of an 
ovule from the right ovary to the left oviduct, or from 
the left ovary to the right oviduct. O., Membrana 
granulosa of, the layer of stratified follicular epithe- 
lium lining the cavity of the ovisac. The prominence 
formed at one side is called the cumulus ovigerus, 
or discus proligerus. O., Migration of, the transfer 
of the ovule from the ovary to the oviduct. O. of 
Naboth, one of the small cysts resulting from obstruc- 
tion of the ducts of the glands of the cervix of the 
uterus. O., Polar Cells of, certain cells thrown off 
upon the surface of the vitellus of the unimpreg- 
nated ovum. O., or Cell, Primordial, one of the 
primitive ovules in the substance of the ovary. O., 
Tunica granulosa of, the layer surrounding the 
ovum. 

Ovuliferous (o-vu-lif -er-us) [ovulum, a little egg; an 
ovule; ferre, to bear]. In biology, ovule-bearing. 

Ovuligerous (o-vu-lij'-er-us). Same as Ovuliferous. 

Ovulist (o'-vu-list) [$6v, ovum, an egg]. In biology, 
an adherent of the doctrine of incasement, q. v. ; an 
ovist. 

Ovulum (o'-vu-lum) [L. : //. , Ovula']. An ovule. 
See Ovule. 

Ovum (o'-vuvi) \_<*>6v, ovum, an egg: pi. , Ova~\. In 
biology, the female reproductive cell of an animal ; the 
egg. It consists of protoplasm (the yolk) , and a nucleus 
(the germinal vesicle) in the unfertilized ovum. It is 
either naked or covered by one or more membranes 
and envelops, which either originate from the egg itself, 
constituting real primary yolk or egg-integuments, or 
from the surrounding parietal tissues, constituting sec- 
ondary or accessory egg-envelops. Ova arise in special 
organs of the metazoan body called ovaria orgermaria. 
The nucleus or germinal vesicle (vesicula gcrminativa) 
is of relatively great size, and central or peripheral in 
situation. It consists of a distinct membrane and an en- 
closed nuclear flttid , in which lie one or more solid 
nucleoli or germinal spots (macula germinativct), which 
may be connected by an intranuclear network of fine 
threads. The protoplasm consists of fine, firm particles, 
forming the threads and meshes of a fine network, the 
spongioplasm, within which is the more fluid hyaloplasm. 
This constitutes the formative yolk, besides which 
there is frequently present nutrient material in the form 
of drops of fat or oil, and small plates or spheres which 



form the deuteroplasm, or nutritive yolk. This is rarely 
absent ; usually it is present in considerable quantitv. 
Eggs are distinguished as (A) Alecithal, in which the 
food-yolk is entirely absent, or present only in very 
small quantity. (B) Telolecithal, in which the food- 
yolk and the formative yolk divide the egg into two 
hemispheres, called respectively the vegetative and the 
animal ; or in which the quantity of the nutritive yolk is 
greatly in excess, the formative yolk being but a seg- 
ment or mass at the animal pole, in which lies the germ- 
inal vesicle. In both cases a thin layer of protoplasm 
spreads over the entire surface of the ovum. (C) 
Centrolecithal, in which the formative yolk is ar- 
ranged in a regular layer around the whole ovum, as 
well as in a mass at the center of the ovum in which 
lies the germinal vesicle. The region between the 
central and the peripheral formative yolk is more or 
less completely occupied by deuteroplasm. The distri- 
bution of formative yolk and food-yolk affects the germ- 
inative phenomena. When the food-yolk is scant and 
more or less thoroughly intermingled with the forma- 
tive yolk, germination is accompanied by a practically 
uniform segmentation and the egg is called holoblastic, 
e.g., as in all mammals except monotremes, and in 
some invertebrates, e.g. , spiders. When the formative 
yolk and the food-yolk are separated into more or less 
well-defined masses, the segmentation is less symmetric 
and uniform and is called meroblastic. The egg en- 
velops are divided into : (i) Primary envelops, yolk- 
membranes ; these are sometimes double, perforated by 
numerous pores (zona radiata) and occasionally there is 
a special opening, the micropyle. (2) Secondary acces- 
sory envelops, some of which are formed by the ovum 
itself. O., Apoplectic, one the seat of a hemorrhagic 
extravasation. O., Blighted, an impregnated ovum 
the development of which has been arrested by disease 
or by hemorrhage into the chorion or amniotic cavity. 
O. -cycle, an ovum-product. O., Male, certain cells 
found in diverticula of the seminiferous tubules, 
considered to be rudimentary or imperfect spermato- 
zoa. O., Meroblastic, an ovum with a large amount 
of food-yolk which takes no active part in the devel- 
opment of the embryo. O., Permanent, the fully 
developed ovum capable of being fertilized. O., Pri- 
mordial. See Egg-cells. O. -product, the whole 
product of an ovum. 

Owen's Fissures. See Fissures, Table of. O.'s Line. 
See Lines, Table of. 

Ox (oks) [ME., oxe, ox]. The adult male of the Bos 
tazirus ; a bull. O.-acid. Same as Oxyacid. O.- 
bile. Same as O.-gall. O.-eyed, having large, full 
eyes. O.-fly, the bot-fly (Hypoderma bovis), which 
infests cattle. O.-foot, in farriery, the hind foot of 
a horse when the horn cleaves just in the middle of 
the fore part of the hoof from the coronet to the shoe. 
O.-gall. See Fel bovis. O. -warble, a fly trouble- 
some to cattle ; also called heel-fly. See Hypoderma 
bovis under Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

0,xalantin (oks-al-an'-tin) [of re , acid ; Ger. , alant, 
elecampane], C ( .H 6 N 4 O . Leukoturic acid; an acid 
obtained by the action of zinc and HC1 upon oxalyl 
urea. It occurs in crystalline crusts, sparingly soluble 
in water. 

Oxalate (oks'-al-at) [ofo/Ur, sorrel]. Any salt of oxalic 
acid. In the plural, the term usually refers to calcium 
oxalate, which is found in the urine under certain con- 
ditions. 

Oxalemia (oks - al- e'- me - a/A [bt-aMg, sorrel; ai/ia, 
blood]. Excess of the oxalates, or of oxalic acid, in 
the blood. 

Oxalethylin (oks-al-efk'-il-in) [ofrr, acid; alOr/p, ether; 
!•>;/, matter], C 6 H 10 N 2 . An oily liquid boiling at 



OXALIC 



955 



OXYCAULORRHEA 



21 } C C. It is soluble in water, in chloroform, and in al- 
cohol, is poisonous, and stimulant to the cardiac centers. 

Oxalic (oks-al'-ik) [6f ahic, sorrel]. Pertaining to wood- 
sorrel. See Acid, Oxalic. 

Oxalimid (oks - al' - im - id) [6faAif, sorrel; amin], 
(CO).,NH. A substance obtained from oxamic acid. 
It dissolves with difficulty in cold water and crystallizes 
from hot water in shining needles. 

Oxalis (oks'-al-is) [ofaAif, sorrel]. A genus of plants, 
including the plant familiarly known as wood-sorrel 
[O. acetosella). Many of the species contain oxalic 
acid. 

Oxalmethylin {oks-al-meth' -il-in) [ofaAif, sorrel ; fierd, 
with; v'/.i/, matter], C^HgNj. A substance identical 
with methyl glyoxalin ; it is a strongly alkaline liquid, 
boiling at 195-199° C. It solidifies in the cold, and 
melts at 5° C. 

Oxalpropylin (oks-al-pro'-pil-in) [ofa/lif , sorrel ; 7rpej- 
Tog, first ; iriuv, fat]. A compound from propyl and ox- 
amid. It stimulates reflex activity. 

Oxaluria (oks-al-u'-re-ali) [ofa/lif , sorrel ; ovpov, urine]. 
A term used to indicate the presence of calcium ox- 
alate in the urine in an undue amount. There is a 
white deposit on standing. It occurs in the urine of 
hypochondriacal and depressed patients, and in that 
of gouty patients. Excessive venery and masturba- 
tion will produce it, as also will the ingestion of certain 
foods, as rhubarb. 

Oxaluric (oks-al-u'-rik) [6f a?.ic, sorrel ; ovpov, urine]. 
Derived from urea and oxalic acid. O. Acid, C.<H 4 - 
N 2 4 ; an acid normally present in the urine ; it occurs 
as a white or yellowish crystalline powder, having an 
acid taste. 

Oxalyl (oks'-al-il ) [6f aAic, sorrel ; vkr), matter] , C 2 2 . 
The hypothetic radicle of oxalic acid. 

Oxalyurea (pks-al-e-u-re' -ah) [ofaAif, sorrel ; ovpov, 
urine]. Parabanic acid. An acid derived by oxidiz- 
ing uric acid or alloxan with nitric acid. 

Oxamate (oks'-am-at ) [b^aAic, sorrel; amin~\. Any 
salt of oxamic acid. 

Oxamic Acid (oks-am 1 ' -ik). See Acid. 

Oxamid (oks-am' -id) [ofaAif, sorrel ; amid~\, C 2 2 - 
(NH,),. A compound that separates as a white, crys- 
talline powder when neutral oxalic acid is shaken 
with aqueous ammonia ; it is insoluble in water and 
in alcohol. 

Oxamidin (oks - am - id'- in) [oxalic, sorrel ; amia~\ . 
Amidoxim ; an amidin in which one H-atom of the 
amid-group or imid-group is replaced by hydroxyl ; 
the oxamidins are crystalline, unstable bodies, which 
readily break up into hydroxylamin and acid amids or 
acids. 

Oxamilic Acid (oks-am-il'-ik) [ofaAif, sorrel], C 8 H 7 - 
N0 3 . A crystalline substance melting at 150° C. 

Oxazotic (oks-az-o'-tik). Synonym of Nitric. [Old.] 

Oxeronosus (oks - er - on' - 0- sus) [ofi'f, sharp; voaoe, 
disease]. A diseased state depending on an accumu- 
lation of acid in the body. 

Oxid (oks' -id) [of if, sharp]. Any binary combination 
of oxygen and another element or radicle. 

Oxidant (oks'-id-ant)\o!;bc,a.ci&~\. An oxidizing agent. 

Oxidate (oks'-id-at) [of if, acid]. To convert into an 
oxid. 

Oxidation (oks-id-a' -shun) [of if, sharp]. In chemis- 
try, the process of the atomic combination of oxygen 
with any other element. 

Oxidize (oks'-id-iz) [6fif, sharp]. In chemistry, to 
cause to combine with oxygen. 

Oxidized (oks'-id-lzd) [of if, sharp]. Combined with 
oxygen. 

Oximido-compounds (oks-im-id' -o-kom' -powndz) . See 
Isonitroso-compoitnds. 



Oxindol (oks-in' -dol) [if if, sharp; indicum, indigo], 
C 8 H 7 NO. A substance produced in the reduction of 
aceto-amido-mandelic acid with HO. It crystallizes 
from hot water in colorless needles, and melts at 120° 
C. 

Oxisalt (oks'-e-sawlt) [oftic, sharp; ME., salt, salt]. 
A salt of an acid containing oxygen. 

Oxonic Acid (oks-on'-ik) [ofif, sharp]. A derivative 
of uric acid not yet obtained in the pure state. 

Oxter (oks'-ter) [AS., ohsta, the armpit]. The axilla, 
or armpit. 

Oxy- (oks' -e-) [of be, sour or sharp]. A prefix denoting 
chemic combination with oxygen. O. Acids, acids 
containing oxygen. O.-salt, in chemistry, any salt 
containing oxygen in combination with both a base and 
an acid. O. -sulphate, a basic salt formed by a com- 
bination of a basic oxid and the sulphate of the same 
element or radicle. 

Oxyacanthin (oks-e-ak-an' -thin) [of be, sharp ; anavda, 
spine], C 32 H 28 NO u (?). An alkaloid of Barberry, 
occurring in small quantities. 

Oxyacanthous (oks-e-ak-an' -thus) [ofif , sharp ; anavda, 
a spine]. In biology, possessing sharp thorns or 
prickles. 

Oxyacetic Acid (oks-e-as-e' -tik) . See Acid, Glycollic. 

Oxyacoa (oks-e-ak-o'-ah). See Oxyakoia. 

OYiy2iZ.Ms\i,(oks-e-ak-ii'-sis). Synonym of Hyper acusis. 

Oxyaesthesia (oks-e-es-the' -ze-ah). See Oxyesthesia. 

Oxyakoia, Oxyacoa (oks-e-ak-oi'-ah, oks-e-ak-o'-ah) 
[ofif, sharp ; anor/, hearing], A state of the auditory 
sense in which there is an increased capacity for the 
detection of sounds of very low pitch. There may be 
also a subjective sensation of hearing an acute sound. 

Oxyamygdalic Acid (oks-e-am-ig'-dal-ik) [ofif, sharp; 
afivyda'Arj, almond], C 8 H 8 O i . A crystalline body 
found in the urine in cases of acute yellow atrophy of 
the liver. 

Oxyanthraquinone [oks-e-an-tlu-ak-win'-on) [6fif, 
acid ; arflpraf, coal ; Sp.,auina, bark]. Any one of 
the numerous hydroxyl compounds of anthraquinone. 
The various derivatives are distinguished by a prefix 
corresponding to the number of hydroxyl molecules 
present. 

Oxyaphia (oks-e-a' -fe-ah) [6fif, acute ; a(j>r/, touch]. 
Abnormal acuteness of the sense of touch. 

Oxyarteritis (oks-e-ar-ter i'-tis) [of be, sharp ; aprepia, 
trachea ; trie, inflammation]. An acute arteritis. 

Oxyarthritis (oks-e-ar-thri'-tis) [6fi>c, acute; apdpov, 
a joint; itic, inflammation]. An acute arthritis. 

Oxybase (oks' -e-bas) [ofi'f, sharp ; basis, base]. A 
basic oxid. 

Oxyblepsia (oks-e-blep'-se-ah) [ofi'f, sharp ; pXiireiv, to 
see]. Acuteness of vision. 

Oxybolia (oks-e-bo' -le-ah) [ofiV, quick ; ftoAi/, a throw]. 
Premature ejaculation of semen. 

Oxybracteate (oks-e-brak' -te-at) [ofif, sharp ; bractea, 
a thin plate]. In biology, having sharp bracts. 

Oyiy\ixoxvc\\\\.\%(oks-c-brong-ki'-tis) [of be , sharp; /3p6yxoc, 
bronchus ; trie, inflammation]. An acute bronchitis. 

Oxybutyric Acid (pks-e-bu-ti' -rik)\o£,bc , acid ; butyrum, 
butter] , C^HsO.,. A fatty acid found in the urine in 
certain fevers, and especially in diabetes. Its pres- 
ence in the body in diabetes, simultaneously with that 
of diacetic acid, is supposed to be the cause of diabetic 
coma. The oxybutyric acid 'of diabetic urine is levo- 
rotatory. 

Oxycannabin (oks-e-kan' -ab-in) [ofi'f, acid ; cannabis, 
hemp], C, H 20 N 2 O 7 . A crystalline substance pro- 
duced when cannabin is treated with nitric acid. 

Oxycarpous (oks-e-kar'-pits) [ofi'f, sharp; Kaprrde, 
fruit]. In biology, bearing sharp-pointed fruit. 

Oxycaulorrhea (pks-e-kawl-or-e'-ah) [of if, sharp; /can- 



OXYCEPHALIA 



956 



OXYLIENITIS 



Mg , the penis; poia, a flow]. Acute blennorrhea in 
the male. 

Oxycephalia (oks-is-ef-a' -le-ah) [6f/>f, sharp; K.e<pa'/ij, 
head]. The character of a skull that is high and 
pointed ; hypsicephaly. 

Oxycephalus (oks-is-ef ' -al-us). See Oxycephalia. 

Oxycephaly [oks-is-ef ~'-al-e). See Oxycephalia. 

Oxychilous, Oxycheilous (oks-ik-i'-lus) [ofi'f, sharp; 
Xel'Aog, the lip]. In biology, having sharp lips, e. g., 
certain shells. 

Oxychinaseptol (oks-ik-in-as-ep' '-lol) . See Diapktherin. 

Oxychlorid (pks - ik - lo' - rid ') [6f«f, acid; ^Aupdf, 
green]. A salt of an element or radicle containing 
both oxygen and chlorin. 

Oxycinchonin (oks - is - in' - ko - nin) [ofi'f, acid; cin- 
chona], C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 . An isomer of quinin. 

Oxycinesis (oks-is-in-e'-sis). Same as Acrocinesis. 

Oxycitric Acid (oks-is-it'-rik). See Acid. 

Oxycollidin (oks -ik- ol'-id-in) [oft'f, sharp; k6X)m 
glue], C 8 H n NO. One of the alkaloids of cod- 
liver oil. See Morrhuolins. , 

Oxycoumarin (oks-ik-u' -mar-in). See Umbelliferon. 

Oxycyanid (oks-is-i' -an-id) [of bg, sharp ; Kvavoc, blue]. 
A product of the union of an aldehyd with hydrogen 
cyanid. 

Oxyd (oks' -id). Synonym of Oxid. 

Oxydactyl (oks-id-ak'-til) [6fi>f, sharp; ddnrvXog, a 
finger or toe]. In biology, having slender digits. 

Oxydant (oks'-id-ant) [ofif, sharp]. An oxidating 
agent. 

Oxyderces (oks-id-er' '-sez) [ofi'f, sharp; depKeodcu, to 
see clearly]. Sharp-sighted ; producing keenness of 
vision. 

Oxydercia (oks-id-er' -se-ah) [of if, sharp; SepKeadai, to 
see clearly]. Keenness of vision. 

Oxydiabrosis (oks -id-i-ab-ro'-sis) [6fi>f, sharp; fiia- 
fipoaig, ulceration]. A rapidly progressing ulcera- 
tion. 

Oxydimorphin (oks-id-im-or' '-fin) [bt-vg , sharp ; Mor- 
pheus, the god of sleep], C H H 36 N 2 6 . A finely 
crystalline derivative of morphin. 

Oxydoid (oks'-id-oid) [of be, sharp ; ehhc, like]. Re- 
sembling an oxid. 

Oxydulated (oks-id' -u-la-ted) [6f£>f, sharp.] Partially 
or slightly oxidized. 

Oxydum (oks'-id-um). See Oxid. 

Oxyecoia (oks-e-ek-oi'-ah). Synonym of Oxyakoia. 

Oxyencephalitis (oks-e-en-sefal-i'-tis) [6f vc, acute ; 
eynityaAog, brain ; nig, inflammation]. Acute en- 
cephalitis. 

Oxyendocarditis (oks-e-en-do-kar-di' -lis) [of br , sharp ; 
ivifov, within; napfiia, the heart; nig, inflamma- 
tion]. Acute endocarditis. 

Oxyenteritis (oks-e-en-ter-i'-tis) [of bg , sharp ; svrepov, 
intestine; trig, inflammation]. Acute enteritis. 

Oxyepatitis (oks - e - cp - at-i'- tis) [ofi'f, sharp; rjirap, 
liver; mg, inflammation]. Acute hepatitis. 

Oxyesthesia (oks-e-es-the' -ze-ah) [ofi'f, sharp ; aWr/aig, 
sensation]. A condition of increased acuity of sen- 
sibility. 

Oxyformobenzoilic Acid (oks-ifor-mo-ben-zo-il'-ik) 
[6fi>f, acid; formica, an ant; benzoin], C g H„0 4 . 
An acid said to be found in the body in acute yellow 
atrophy of the liver. 

Oxygala (oks - ig' - al - ah) [ofi'f, sour; yaXa, milk]. 
Sour milk. 

Oxygastromenia (oks-ig-as-tro-me' -ne-ali) [of if, sharp; 
yaari/p, the belly; fit/viaia, the menses]. Sudden, 
vicarious menstruation from the stomach. 

Oxygen (pks'-ij-en) [ofiif, acid; yevvav, to produce]. 
O = 15.96; quantivalence 11. One of the elements. 
See Elements, Table of. It is a colorless, tasteless, 



odorless gas, constituting one-fifth of the atmosphere, 
eight-ninths of water, three-fourths of organized 
bodies, and about one-half the crust of the globe. It 
is characterized by its affinity for the other elements, 
with every one of which it unites, excepting fluorin. 
It is an active element in the oxy-acids, and in all the 
alkaline hydrates. In organic chemistry it unites with 
radicles and forms alcohols, ethers, and their deriva- 
tives. Oxygen is inhaled as a therapeutic agent in 
diseases of the respiratory organs and blood. It is 
essential to respiration ; its combination with the tis- 
sues yields heat and other energy. Combustion is 
also dependent upon it, consisting of a rapid oxida- 
tion, with the evolution of heat and light. It exists 
also in an allotropic form known as ozone. 
Oxygenated (oks'-ij-en-a-ted) [oljvg, acid ; yevvav, to 

produce]. Containing or provided with oxygen. 
Oxygenation [oks-ij-en-a' -shun) [ofi'f, acid; ytwta>\ 
to produce]. The saturation of a substance with 
oxygen, either by chemic combination or by mixture. 
Oxygenesis (oks-ij-en'-es-is) [6fi'f, acid; ytwav, to 
produce: pi., Oxygeneses~\. Baumes' name for any 
disease due to alteration of the normal quantity of 
oxygen in the blood. 
Oxygenic (oks-ij-en'-ik) [of bg , acid ; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. Producing acids. 
Oxygenized (oks'-ij-en-lzd). Synonym of Oxygenated. 
Oxygenometer (oks-ij-ett-om'-el-er). Same as Eudi- 
ometer. 
Oxygeusia (oks-ig-u' -se-ah) [oftr, acute ; yivotg, taste]. 

Marked acuteness of the sense of taste. 
Oxyglossitis (pks-ig-los-i' -tis) [of bg, acute ; y'Auaoa, a 

tongue; nig, inflammation]. Acute glossitis. 
Oxygnathous (oks-ig' ' -na-thus) [ofiif, sharp ; yvadoc, 
jaw]. In biology, applied to molluscs in which the 
jaws are smooth or nearly so. 
Oxyhaloid (pks-e-hal' -oid) [ofi'f, acid ; at.g, salt ; eldog, 
like]. A compound of an element or radicle with 
oxygen and a halogen. 
Oxyhematin (oks-e-hem' -at-in). Synonym of Hema- 

tin. 
Oxyhemoglobin (pks - e - hem - - glo' - bin) [ofi'C, acid; 
aljia, blood ; globus, a round body]. Hemoglobin 
united, molecule for molecule, with oxygen. It is 
the characteristic constituent of the red-corpuscles 
to which the scarlet color of arterial blood is due. 
It may be obtained in crystalline form, the crystals 
not being so pleochroic as are those of hemoglobin. 
Oxyhemoglobin forms from 86 to 94 per cent, of 
dry, red, human blood-corpuscles. 
Oxyhydrogen (oks - e -hi'- dro-jen) [6f bg , acid ; biVtp, 
water; yevvav, to produce]. A mixture, in gaseous 
form, of oxygen and hydrogen. O. Blowpipe, a 
blowpipe in which the heat is obtained by the com- 
bustion of a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen. The 
heat produced is intense. 
Oxyhydroparacoumaric Acid (oks-e-hi' -dro-par-ak-u- 
mar'-ik) [of/'f, acid; iidop, water; -apa, beside; 
coumarin~\. A complex substance believed to be 
formed in the body by the decomposition of tyrosin. 
Oxyicterus (oks- e-ik'- ter -us) [of if, sharp; iKrcpog, 

jaundice]. Intense acute jaundice. 
Oxyiodid (oks-e-i'-o-did) [ofrf, acid; 'iuih/g, like a 
violet]. A salt containing both oxygen and iodin 
united to an element or radicle. 
Oxylaryngitis (oks-il-ar-in-ji'-tis) [6f/'f, sharp; '/.a pi") f, 

larynx; nig, inflammation]. Acute laryngitis. 
Oxyleukotin (oks - it '- u' - ko - tin) [ofi'f, acid; /rmk, 
white], C 34 H 32 12 . A substance found in Pannoto- 
bark. 
Oxylienitis (oks-il-i-en-i'-tis) [of be, sharp ; lien, spleen ; 
mg, inflammation]. Acute inflammation of the spleen. 



OXVLINOLEIC ACID 



957 



OZOUF'S APPARATUS 



Oxylinoleic Acid (oks-il-in-o-le' -ik) [ofif, acid ; linum, 

flax; oleum, oil], C 16 H., 6 0-. A compound derived 

from linoleic acid by oxidation. 
Oxylizaric Acid [oks-il-iz-ar 1 '-ik) [ofif, acid; Heart, 

madder]. A synonym of purpurin ; also a distinct 

compound found in madder. 
Oxymastitis (oks-im-as-ti' -tis) [ofif, sharp ; fiaarog, a 

breast; trie, inflammation]. Acute mastitis. 
Oxymel (oks'-im-el) [ofif, sharp ; fii'Ai, honey]. Honey 

mixed with vinegar or dilute acetic acid. O. of 

Squill, the same, prepared with vinegar of squill. 
Oxymeter (oks-itn'-et-er). Same as Eudiometer. 
Oxymetritis (oks - im - et - ri'- tis) [of if, sharp ; fiij-pa, 

womb; trie, inflammation]. Acute metritis. 
Oxymetrorrhea (oks- im - et - ror- e'- ah) [bgvg, sharp; 

fii/rpa, womb; po;a, a flow]. Acute metrorrhea. 
Oxymorphin (oks-im-or'-fn) . Same as Pseudomorphin. 
Oxymyelitis (oks-im-i-el-i' -tis) [ofif, sharp ; pveAog, 

marrow ; trig, inflammation]. Acute myelitis. 
Oxymyitis (oks-im-i-i'-tis) [ofif , sharp ; fivg , muscle ; 

trig, inflammation]. Acute myitis. 
Oxynaphthoic Acid (oh - in - af- tho'- ik). See Acid, 

Alpha-oxy naphthoic. 
Oxynaphthol (oks-in-af -thol) [6fif, acid ; vatytia, as- 

phaltum], C 10 H 8 O 2 . A derivative of naphthol existing 

in two isomeric forms. 
Oxynarcotin (oks-in-ar' -kot-in) [ofif, acid ; vapKUTtnog, 

narcotic], C 22 H 23 N0 8 . A crystalline alkaloid de- 
rived from narcein. 
Oxyneurin (oks-in-u'-rin). See Betain. 
Oxynosema (oks-in-o-se / -?nah) [of if, sharp; voar/fta, a 

sickness]. Any acute sickness. 
Oxynosos (oks-in-o' '-sos) [of if, sharp; v6aog, disease]. 

An acute disease. 
Oxyntic (oks-in'-tik) [b^vvr6g (bgvvetv), to make sharp, 

to make acid]. Rendering acid. O. Cells, the acid- 
fixing cells of Langley ; cells of the fundus-glands of 

the stomach ; see Delomorphous Cells of Rollet. O. 

Gland, any acid-secreting gland. 
Oxynusos (oks-in-u' '-sos) [of vg , sharp ; vovaog, disease]. 

Any acute disease. 
Oxynvitic Acid (oks-in-vit'-ik). See Acid. 
Oxyopia (oks-e-o' -pe-ah) [ofif, sharp; gji/j, eye]. More 

than ordinary acuity of vision. 
Oxyopy (oks'-e-o-pe). Same as Oxyopia. 
Oxyosphrasia (oks-e-os-fra' -ze-ah). Same as Oxyos- 
phresia. 
Oxyosphresia (oks-e-os-fre' '- ze-ah) [ofif, sharp ; oa- 

(ppijaig, smell]. Marked or abnormal acuteness of 

smell. 
Oxyphenic Acid (oks-ifen'-ik). Synonym of Pyro- 

catechin. 
Oxyphile (oks'-ifil) [ofif, sharp; (pvM,ov, leaf]. In 

biology, Ehrlich's term for histologic elements that 

attract acid dyes, ordinarily called eosinophilous. The 

opposite of basophile or basophilous elements, which 

attract basic dyes. 
Oxyphlegmasia (oks-ifleg-ma' ■ ze-ah) [ of if , sharp; 

QXey/xama, inflammation]. An acute inflammation. 
Oxyphonia (pks-if-o' '-ne-ah) \b^'vg, sharp ; (j>uvr/, voice]. 

Shrillness of voice. 
Oxyphyllous (oks-ifil'-us) [ofif, sharp ; ipiiUov, aleaf]. 

In biology, having acuminated leaves. 
Oxypyridin (oks-ip-ir' -id-in) [ofif, acid ; -rrvp, fire], 

C 5 H 5 NO. A derivative of pyridin existing in three 

isomeric forms. 
Oxyquinin (oks-ik-win' -in) [ofyf, acid; S. Amer., 

quina, bark], C 20 H 24 N 2 O 3 . An alkaloid resulting 

when quinin sulphate is boiled with potassium nitrite. 
Oxyquinizin (oks-ik-win' -iz-in) [ofif, acid: S. Amer., 

quina, bark], C 9 H 8 N 2 0. An oxidation-product of 

quinizin. 



Oxyquinolin (oks-ik-win' -o-lin). See Carbostyril. 

Oxyregmia (oks-ir-eg' -me-ah) [ofif, acid ; kpvyfiog, eruc- 
tation]. Acid eructation. 

Oxyrhine (pks'-ir-in) [of/'f, sharp; pig, nose]. In 
biology, possessing a sharp-pointed nose, or snout ; 
having an acute olfactory sense. 

Oxysaccharum (oks-is-ak' -arum) [ofif, sharp ; cd/c^a- 
pov, sugar] . A mixture of vinegar and sugar. 

Oxysepsis (oks-is-ep'-sis) [ofif, acid ; a/jipig, putrefac- 
tion]. Putrefaction during which acids are developed ; 
also, the decomposition following quickly after death. 

Oxysitia (oks-is-ish'-e-ak) [ofif, acid; alrog, food]. 
Acidity of the stomach. 

Oxyspartein (oks-e-spar' -te-in) [ofif, sharp; OTraprov, 
Spanish broom]. A derivative of spartein ; it is a 
cardiac stimulant. 

Oxystrychnin (oks-is-trik'-nin) [6fif, acid; arpvxvog, 
a plant of the nightshade family], C 21 H 28 N 2 7 . An 
alkaloid produced by boiling strychnin sulphate with 
potassium nitrite. 

Oxytartarus (oks-it-ar' -tar-us). Synonym of Potassium 
Acetate. 

Oxytes (oks'-it-ez) [ofif, acid]. Acidity. 

Oxytocic (oks-it-os'-ik) [ofif, sharp; rd/cof, labor]. I. 
Hastening parturition; ocytocic. 2. A drug that^ 
hastens childbirth by stimulating uterine contraction ; 
an ocytocic. 

Oxytocous (oks-it-ok'-us). See Oxytocic. 

Oxytolyltropin (oks-it-ol-W -tro-pin). Same as Homat- 
ropin. 

Oxyuricide (oks-e-u' -ris-ld) [of vg , sharp ; nvpd, tail ; 
azdere, to kill]. Any anthelmintic that is destructive 
to worms of the genus Oxyuris, or pinworms. 

Oxyuris (oks-e-u' -ris) [ofif, sharp ; oipd, tail]. A 
genus of nematode worms founded by Rudolphi in 
1809; the pinworms. See Parasites (Animal), Table 
of. 

Ozena (o-ze'-nah) [pZaiva; of?;, a stench]. Chronic 
disease of the nose accompanied by a fetid discharge. 
See Rhinitis, Chronic Atrophic. 

Ozenacoccus (o-ze-nak-ok' -us) \b(,aiva, ozena ; K.bKKog, 
a grain]. The Micrococcus loewenbergii. See Bacteria, 
Synonymatic Table of. 

Ozocerite (o-zo-se'-rlt). See Ozokerite. 

Ozochrotous (o-zok' -ro-tus) [of??, stench; XP&C, skin]. 
Having a bad-smelling skin. 

Ozokerite (o-zo-ke'-rit) [of??, smell; K-qpbg, wax]. A 
solid paraffin found free in Galicia and Roumania. 
It is also called mineral wax. It is like resinous 
wax in consistence and translucency, of a brown or 
brownish-yellow color, and of a pleasantly aromatic 
odor. 

Ozone (o'-zon) [of en?, to smell]. An allotropic form 
of oxygen, its molecule having the structure 3 . It is 
present in the atmosphere in small quantities, being 
produced constantly by the evaporation of water, by 
electric discharges, and in the growth of chlorophyl- 
containing plants. It is also formed during the slow 
oxidation of phosphorus, of turpentine and other es- 
sential oils. It is an active oxidizing agent, possess- 
ing bleaching and antiseptic properties. 

Ozonization (o-zo-niz-a' -shun) [bC,eiv, to smell]. The 
act of ozonizing, or of impregnating with ozone. 

Ozonized (0'- zo - nizd) [6fE«i>, to smell]. Containing 
ozone. 

Ozonometer (o-zo-nom' -et-er) [6fen?, to smell ; fierpov, 
measure]. A device for use in estimating the propor- 
tion of ozone in the atmosphere. 

Ozostomia (0 - zos - to' - me - ah) [of??, stench ; CT6/j.a, 
mouth]. A foul odor from the mouth, or the breath. 

Ozouf's Apparatus. An apparatus for charging water 
with C0 2 by the intermittent method. 



958 



PACHYPOD 



P. Used in chemic nomenclature as the symbol of 
phosphorus. 

Pabular ( pab'-u-lar) [pabulum, food]. Of, pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, pabulum. 

Pabulation (pab-u-la'-shun) [pabulari, to graze]. I. 
The act of feeding. 2. Same as Pabulum. 

Pabulin (pab'-u-li/i) [pabulum, food]. An albuminous 
and fatty substance present in the blood immediately 
after the process of digestion. 

Pabulous {pab'-tt-lus). Same as Pabular. 

Pabulum (pab'-u-lum) [L.]. Food. Anything nutri- 
tive. 

Pacchionian Bodies, or Pacchioni's Glands {pak-e- 
o'-ne-an) [after Pacchioni, an Italian anatomist, 1665- 
1726]. A name given to certain granulations, produced 
by the increased growth of the villi of the arachnoid. 
See Gland. The bodies are found along the superior 
longitudinal sinus ; along the margin of the fissure of 
Sylvius ; on the surface of the pia ; on the posterior and 
antero-inferior parts of the posterior lobe of the cere- 
brum ; in the interior of the superior longitudinal sinus. 
They not infrequently contain small, hard, calcareous 
concretions, called "brain-sand." P. Fossae, or De- 
pressions, the pit-like depressions on the cerebral 
surface of the skull, produced by the pressure of the 
Pacchionian bodies. See Depression. 

Pacchionius, Foramina of. See Foramina, Table of. 

Pachemia (pak-e'-me-ah). Synonym of Pachyemia. 

Pachismus (pak-iz'-mus) \jraxbc, thick]. Thickening ; 
induration. 

Pachulosis (pak-u-lo'-sis). See Pachylosis. 

Pachy- (pak'-e-) [naxvc, thick]. A prefix, denoting 
thick. 

Pachyacria { pak-e-ak' -re-afi) [Va;fi>c, thick ; aapoq, ex- 
tremity]. Synonym of Akromegaly. 

Pachyaemia (pak-e-e' -me-ali). See Pachyemia. 

Pachyblepharon (pak- e - blef- ar- on) [Ttax'vc, thick ; 
filinpapov, the eyelid]. Thickening of the eyelids 
arising from the presence of tubercles or some inflam- 
matory process. 

Pachyblepharosis (pak-e-blefar-o'-sis) [rrax'vg, thick ; 
pXefjtapov, eyelid]. Chronic thickening and indura- 
tion of the eyelids. 

Pachycarpous ( pak-e-kar' -pus) [naxvc;, thick ; napndg, 
fruit]. In biology, having a thick pericarp. 

Pachycephalia (pak-e-sef -a' -le-ah). See Pachycephaly . 

Pachycephalic (pak-e- sefal'-ik) [Trax'vc, thick; Kefyaki], 
head]. Having unusual thickness of the skull. 

Pachycephalous ( pak-e-sef' '-al-us) . See Pachycephalic. 

Pachycephaly {pak-e-sef ' -al-e) \jaxhc, thick ; KEfya/J), 
head]. Abnormal thickness of the bones of the skull. 

Pachycholia (pak-e-ko' -le-ah) [iraxvc, thick; x°^i 
bile]. An inspissated condition of the bile. 

Pachychymia (pak-e-ki'-me-ah) \jvaxvc, thick; ^UjUOf, 
juice]. Increased concentration of the bodily fluids. 

Pachydactyl ( pak-c-dak'-til) {jraxvr, thick; 6o.ktvXoc, 
finger]. A. thick digit. 

Pachydact jus {pak-e- ak'-til-us) [Va^i'f, thick; 
danrvkoc, nger]. Having thick fingers. 

Pachyderm ( pak'-e-derm) [irax'vc , thick ; depfia, skin]. 
Thick-skinned. 

Pachydermal {pak-e-der'-ma!) [ira%bg, thick; Sep/ia, 
skin]. Same as Pachyderm. 

Pachydermatocele {pak - e - der- mat'- 0- sll) [nax'i'c, 
thick ; fiepua, skin; nr/lq, hernia]. A tumor due to 
thickening of the skin. The term is applied to 
Elephantiasis arabum, and to the condition of the 
skin in Dermalolysis. 



Pachydermatoid {pak-e-der'-mat-oid) [nax'vc, thick ; 
6ipp.a, skin; eldoc, like]. Somewhat thick-skinned. 

Pachydermatous ( pak-e-der' '-mat-us) [ira^i'f, thick ; 
Sippa, skin]. Thick-skinned. 

Pachydermia {pak-e-der' -me-a/i) [nax'vc, thick ; fieppa, 
skin]. See Elephantiasis arabum. P. lactiflua, 
elephantiasis complicated with lymphorrhea. P. 
laryngis, extensive thickening and induration of the 
mucosa of the larynx. P. vulgaris, elephantiasis 
without lymphorrhea. 

Pachydermoid {pak-e-der' -moid) \_-axvc, thick; dkpua, 
skin ; uioc, like]. Pachydermatous. 

Pachydermous {pak-e-der' -mus) \jraxvc, thick ; dkppa, 
skin]. In biology, thick-coated. 

Pachyemia {pak-e-e'- me-ali ) \_~axvc, thick ; alpa, 
blood]. Abnormal or morbid thickening of the blood. 

Pachyglossal, Pachyglossate (pak-e-glos'-al, pak-e- 
glos'-at) [7ra^f'c, thick; y/.uoaa, tongue]. Having a 
thick tongue. 

Pachygnathous ( pak-ig 1 '-na-thus) [tto-xvc, thick ; yvd- 
60c, jaw]. Having thick or heavy jaws. 

Pachylosis {pak - il - 0'- sis) (Va^u/wc, thickly]. An 
extraordinary development of epidermis, most com- 
mon about the legs, usually a sequel of chronic eczema 
or of ulceration. 

Pachymenia {pak-e-me'-ne-ah) \_Trax'vc, thick; vpijv, 
membrane]. Thickening of the skin, or of a mem- 
brane. 

Pachymenic {pak - e - men'- ik) \jraxvc, thick ; vpi/v, 
membrane]. Affected with pachymenia. 

Pachymeningitic {pak-e-men-in-jit' -ik) [naxi'c, thick ; 
fii/viyi;, membrane ; ltic, inflammation]. Affected 
with, or pertaining to, pachymeningitis. 

Pachymeningitis ( pak-e-men-in-ji' -tis) [rra^rc, thick ; 
pf/viyi;, membrane; itic, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the dura, especially of the ectal layer. 
It is usually due to extension from adjacent bone-dis- 
ease, especially caries; it may be due to syphilis, sun- 
stroke, or injuries. The symptoms are much the same 
as in leptomeningitis. P., Hemorrhagic, P. haem- 
orrhagica interna, an effusion of blood on the inner 
surface of the dura. The quantity may be large and 
enclosed in a sac — hematoma of the dura — or very 
small, only a fine rust-colored layer that is easily 
stripped off. The cause is still sub judice; probably it 
is a trophic phenomenon in most cases. 

Pachymeninx (pak-e-me' -ninks)\_~ax^, thick; pyviy!;, 
membrane]. The dura. 

Pachymeter {pak-im'-et-er) [tto^i'c, thick; perpov, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring small thick- 
nesses. 

Pachynsis {pak-in'-sis) \jraxvvotc, thickening], A 
thickening, as of a membrane. 

Pachyntic {pak-in'-tik) [rraxvvTtKdr, making thick]. 
Pertaining to an abnormal thickening or hardening of 
a part : increasing the thickness. 

Pachyodont {pak' -e-o-dont) [irax'i'C, thick; oAorc, 
tooth]. In biology, having thick or massive teeth. 

Pachyopterous (pak-e-op' -ter-us). Same as Pachyptcr- 
ous. 

Pachyote {pak'-c-bt) \_?raxvc, thick ; off, ear]. Hav- 
ing thick ears. 

Pachyperitonitis (pak-e-per-it-on-i' -tis) [izaxvc, thick ; 
irnpirdvaiov, peritoneum ; inc. inflammation]. An in- 
flammation of the peritoneum characterized by thick- 
ening of the membrane. 

Pachypod (pak'- ip - od) [-n^i'f, thick; 7ro(V, foot]. 
Having thick or heavy feet. 



PACHYPTEROUS 



959 



PAIN 



Pachypterous {pak-ip' '-ter-us) [_~axvg, thick; nrepdv, 

wing]. In biology, having thick wings, or fins. 
Pachyrhynchous (pak-ir-ing'-kus) [ra^iic, thick; 
pvyxog, bill, beak]. In biology, having a thick ros- 
trum, bill, beak, or snout. 
Pachystichous (pak-is'-tik-tis) [fra^uc, thick ; arixog, 

a row, line]. In biology, thick-sided. 
Pachytes (pak'-it-ez) [n-a,ri)c, thick]. Thickness; 

pachyblepharon. 
Pacini's Fluid. A conserving and diluting fluid used in 
counting the red blood-corpuscles. Its composition 
is : Mercuric chlorid 2 grams ; sodium chlorid 4 
grams; glycerin 26c.c; distilled water 226 c.c. To be 
diluted with three parts of water before using. P.'s 
Line. See Lines, Table of. P.'s Method, a method 
of performing artificial respiration, by forcibly drawing 
the shoulders upward, in the direction of the long axis 
of the body, to expand the chest, and then relaxing. 
See Artificial Respiration. 
Pacinian (pas-in'-e-an) [Pacini, an Italian anatomist, 
1812-1883]. Described or discovered by Pacini. P. 
Bodies or Corpuscles, elliptic, semi-transparent 
bodies, that occur along the 
nerves supplying the skin, 
especially of the hands and 
feet, the external genitalia, 
the points of the extremi- 
ties, the periosteum of cer- 
tain bones and many other 
localities in man and other 
mammals ; the so-called 
Corpuscles of Vater, or 
Krause 's Corpuscles. 




Pacinian Corpuscle, from 
Mesentery of Cat. 

c. Capsules, d. Endothelial 
lining separating the latter. 
n. Nerve, f. Funicular 
sheath of nerve, m. Cen- 
tral mass. 11' ■ Terminal 
fiber; and a. Where it 
splits up into finer fibrils. 




Transverse Section of a Pa- 
cinian Corpuscle from 
Fetal Skin. 




Endothelium of Lamellae of a Pacinian Corpuscle. 
(From Stirling.) 

Pack {pak) [ME., pak, pack]. A blanket wrapped 
about the body. P., Cold, a blanket wrung out of 
cold water and wrapped about the body. P., Dry, 
one which is not soaked in water. P., Half, one 
limited to the trunk. P., Hot, a blanket wrung out 
of hot water and wrapped about the body. P., 
Wet, a blanket wrung out of warm or cold water and 
wrapped about the entire body or a part, and sur- 
rounded by dry blankets. It may be used as a means 



to reduce temperature (cold pack) or to produce sweat- 
ing (hot pack). 

Packer's Knot. See Fascia nodosa. 

Packing (pak'-ing) [ME., pak, pack]. The act of 
filling a wound or cavity with gauze or other material. 
P., Gauze, gauze cut in strips and used for the pack- 
ing of cavities. P., Iodoform, a packing with gauze 
impregnated with iodoform. 

Packwax (pak'-waks) [ME.,paxwax]. The ligamen- 
tum nuchse of the ox. See Paxwax and Faxzoax. 

Pacquelin Cautery. See Cautery. 

Pad [ME., padde, a pad]. I. A small bag stuffed with 
cotton, hair, etc., used as a cushion for the support 
of any part of the body. See Liver-pad. 2. Also, 
synonym of Compress. P. of Corpus callosum, the 
splenium of the callosum. P., Dinner, a folded 
towel laid over the region of the stomach in ap- 
plying a plaster-of- Paris jacket, to give space for the 
distention of the stomach by the food. 

Padding (pad'-ing) [ME. , padde, a pad]. The mate- 
rial used in stuffing anything. P. of Splints, the 
covering of the splint-board with oakum or raw cotton 
for purposes of smoothness and to equalize pressure. 

Pse-. For words so beginning, see Pe-. 

Paedogenesis (pe-do-jen'-es-is). See Pedogenesis. 

Pagapoplexia (pa-gap-o-pleks'-e-ali). Synonym of 
Pagoplexia. 

Pageism (pa'-Jizm) \_pagius, a servant]. A manifes- 
tation of masochism in which the individual affected 
revels in the idea of being a page to a beautiful girl. 

Pagenstecher's Ointment. An ointment used in oph- 
thalmic practice. It consists of from one to three grains 
of the yellow oxid of mercury to the dram of vaselin. 
P.'s Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Paget's Disease of the Nipple. See Dermatitis and 
Diseases, Table of. P.'s Osteitis. See Diseases, 
Table of P.'s Recurrent Fibroid, the small spin- 
dle-celled variety of sarcoma, occurring chiefly in the 
subcutaneous tissue and sometimes in the breast. It 
recurs in the course of many years a dozen or more 
times, while distant parts and the lymphatic glands 
never become infected. See Diseases, Table of. 

Pagiorrheumatism (paj ' -e-or-ru'-mat-izm) \jrayioq, 
firm ; pev/xanofioc, rheumatism]. Chronic rheuma- 
tism. 

Pagliari's Fluid. A styptic fluid composed of benzoic 
acid and alum. It is likely to interfere with the heal- 
ing of wounds. 

Pagoplexia (pa-go-pleks'-e-ak) \jrayoc-, frost ; ir'Arjljig, 
stroke] . Frost-bite ; numbness due to cold. See 
Frost-bite. 

Paidiaphtha (pa-de-af -thah') [ttcuc, child; &(f>0a, 
aphtha]. The thrush of infants. 

Paidonosology (pa-don-os-ol'-o-je) [ttcuc, child; voaag, 
disease ; X6yoc, science] . The science of diseases of 
children ; pediatrics. 

Pail (pal) [ME., pail, a pitcher]. A cylindric vessel 
for carrying liquids. P. System. See Sewage, Dis- 
posal of. 

Pain [pan) [ME., paine, pain]. Bodily or mental suf- 
fering. Distressing or agonizing sensr'ion. It is 
usually due to irritation of' a sensory nc. e, although 
there are said to be pains of central origSL P., Bor- 
ing, severe pain in bones, of a boring character. 
P., Electric. See P., Fidgurant. P., Fulgurant, 
P., Fulgurating, the intense shooting, cutting pains 
affecting principally the limbs of patients suffering 
from locomotor ataxy. P., Girdle, a painful sensa- 
tion as of a cord tied about the waist ; it is a symptom 
of organic spinal-cord disease. P., Growing, a popu- 
lar term for the soreness about the joints in young 
persons at puberty. Some attribute these pains to in 



PAINFUL 



960 



PALATE 



creased vascularity of the epiphyses of long bones ; 
others believe them to be rheumatic. P.-joy [Ger. , 
Schmerzfreude~\. Hysteric enjoyment of suffering ; a 
symptom not uncommon in a certain class of neuras- 
thenic patients. P., Jumping, the pain peculiar to 
disease of joints when the bone is exposed by ulcera- 
tion of the cartilage. P., Lancinating. See P. , 
Fulgurant. P., Lightning. See P. , Fulgurant. 
P., Osteocopic, bone-tiring pains ; a common symp- 
tom of secondary syphilis. P., Shooting. See P. , 
Fulgurant P., Starting. Synonym of P., Jumping. 
Ps., After-, those following labor, and caused by the 
uterus contracting to expel clots, etc., or to resume its 
normal proportions. Ps., Bearing-down, pains with 
a sensation of dragging or bearing down of the pelvic 
organs, occurring in labor and in various inflammatory 
affections of the female pelvic organs. Ps., False, 
those occurring in the latter part of pregnancy, not 
preceded by the premonitory signs of labor and not 
directly caused by labor. Ps., Grinding, the labor- 
pains during the stage of dilatation of the os uteri. 
Ps., Irregular, those not recurring according to the 
normal periodic or rhythmic nature of uterine contrac- 
tions. Ps. of Labor, a synonym for uterine contrac- 
tions, since these are attended by pains, increasing 
in severity according to the intensity and frequency 
of the contractions. Ps., Premonitory, so-called 
painless uterine contractions preceding the onset of 
true labor. 

Painful {pan' -fid) [ME., paine, pain]. Characterized 
by pain. P. Heel. See Pododynia and Achittodynia. 

Paint [pant). See Pigments, Colors, and Dye-stuffs. 

Painters' Colic. See Colic. 

Pair {par) [WE.., paire, a pair]. Two similar organs, 
one right and the other left, occupying the same rela- 
tive position on either side of the body ; as a. pair of 
nerves. 

Pajot's Law. The law governing the rotating move- 
ments of the child during labor. It is expressed as 
follows : When a solid body is contained within an- 
other, if the receptacle is the seat of alternations of 
movement and repose, and its surfaces are slippery and 
but slightly angular, the contained body will tend in- 
creasingly to accommodate its form and dimensions to 
the form and capacity of the receptacle. P.'s Ma- 
neuver. Same as P.'s Method. P.'s Method, a 
method of decapitation of the fetus in embryotomy. 
It consists in passing a strong cord around the child's 
neck, and by a sawing movement cutting through 
the parts. The vagina should be protected by a 
speculum. 

Paku-kidang {pa'-ku-kid'-ang) [Sumatra]. A drug 
obtained in Sumatra from several species of ferns. 
Under the name of Agnus scylhicus it was formerly 
used as a styptic. Unof. 

Pal's Method. A method of staining the tissues of 
the central nervous system. Allow the sections that 
have been hardened in Midler's solutions and then in 
alcohol to remain from five to six hours in Weigert's 
hematoxylin, and wash in distilled water till no more 
dye is removed. Then place the sections in potassium 
permanganate solution (0.25 per cent.) for from 15 to 
20 seconds to differentiate, then in Pal's solution for 
from 1-2 minutes till the gray and white matter be- 
come well defined. Wash for from 15 to 30 minutes 
in water. If black spots appear at any stage, reverse 
the steps and then repeat. The medullary sheaths 
stain bluish-black. To stain nuclei follow with alum- 
carmin ; dehydrate; clear; mount. P.'s Solution. 
A solution used in Pal's Method. It consists of 
oxalic acid I part, potassium sulphite I part, distilled 
water 200 parts. 



Pal-Exner Method. A method of staining nerve-cen- 
ters. Cut the brain or the cord into % -inch squares ; fix 
and harden the segments for two days in ten times the 
volume of 0.5 per cent, osmic-acid solution; change 
each day ; wash in water; pass up to absolute alcohol, 
and embed in celloidin. Place the sections as fast as 
cut in glycerin; treat with 0.25 per cent, aqueous 
solution of potassium permanganate for from 15-20 
seconds; pass through Pal's solution for from 1-2 
minutes ; stain the nuclei with alum-carmin ; dehy- 
drate ; clear ; mount (after Squire). 

Pala {pa'-lah) [L. , a " spade "]. I. A thin lamella 
connecting the fimbria and the tenia of the brain. It 
has a shape like the blade of a turf-cutter. 2. [Native 
Hawaiian]. The Hawaiian word for syphilis. 

Paladina's Palladium Chlorid Method. See Stains, 
Table of . P.'s Fonifero. See Phoniphore. 

Palaeo- (pa'-le-o-) [naAaidi;, old]. A prefix denoting 
old, early, long ago, etc. For words thus beginning 
see Paleo-. 

Palama (pal'-am-ah) [■Ka7.ap.ri, the palm of the hand: 
//. , Pala/inr~\. In biology, the webbed state of the 
toes of certain animals, either pal/nation, semi-palma- 
lion , totipalmation. 

Palamosyphilolepis (pal-am-o-sifil-o-lep'-is) [Tra?i6fir/, 
palm of hand; Syphilis, syphilis ; Aeuic;, scale]. A 
squamous syphiloderm of the palm. 

Palatal (pal'-at-al) [palatum, palate]. Pertaining to 
the palate ; palatine. P. Glands. See Gland, Pala- 
tine. P. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. 

Palate {pal' -at) [palatum, palate]. The roof of the 
mouth. P., Artificial, a plate of hard material used 




Median Section of Mouth and Nasal Fossae. 
. Left nostril. 2. Upper lateral cartilage. 3. Inner portion 
oflower cartilage. 4. Superior turbinated bone and meatus. 
5. Middle turbinated bone and meatus. 6. Inferior turbin- 
ated bone and meatus. 7. Sphenoid sinus. 8. Posterior 
nasal fossa. 9. Internal orifice or pavilion of Eustachian 
tube. 10. Velum palati. 11, 11. Vestibule of mouth. 12. 
Palatine vault. 13. Genio-glossus muscle. 14. Genio-hyoid. 
is. Mvlo-hyoid. 16. Anterior pillar of velum palati. 17. 
Posterior pillar. 18. Tonsil. 19. Circumvallate papillae of 
tongue. 20. Cavity of larynx. 21. Ventricle. 22. Epiglottis. 
23. Hyoid bone. 24. Thyroid cartilage. 25. Thyro-hyoid 
membrane. 26. Posterior portion of cricoid cartilage. 27. 
Anterior portion. 28. Crico-thyroid membrane. 



PALATIC 



961 



PALEOZOOLOGIST 



as an obturator to close a fissure in the palate. P., 
Cleft, a congenital deformity characterized by incom- 
plete closure of the lateral halves of the palate. The 
soft palate and the uvula, the hard palate, or all 
together may be involved. P., Hard, the bony plate 
adjacent to the gums and alveolar arches. P. -myo- 
graph, an instrument for taking a tracing of the move- 
ments of the soft palate. P. Plates, the horizontal 
portions of the superior maxilla; that unite to form 
the hard palate. P., Soft, the muscular membrane- 
like structure forming an incomplete septum between 
the mouth and the naso-pharynx. In biology, the con- 
vex base of the lower lip of a personate corolla, more or 
less completely closing the throat. In entomology, 
the epipharynx. 

Palatic (pal-at'-ik) [palatum, the palate]. Palatal; 
palatine. 

Palatiform (pal-at' -if arm) [palatum, palate ; forma, 
form]. In biology, resembling a palate. 

Palatiglossus (pal-al-i-glos'-us). Same as Palato- 
glossus. 

Palatine (pal'-at-in) [palatum, palate]. Pertaining or 
belonging to the palate. P. Arches, the arches, pos- 
terior and anterior, upon each side of the beginning 
of the pharynx. P. Canals, several canals in the 
palatal portion of the superior maxilla. P. Fossa. 
See Fossa. P. Glands. See Claud. P. Orange. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Palatitensor (pal-at-it-en'-sor) [palatum, palate; ten- 
sor, a stretcher]. The tensor palati muscle. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Palatitis (pal-al-i'-tis) [palatum, palate ; itic, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the palate. 

Palatoglossal (pal-at - o - glos'- al) [palatum, palate ; 
yluaaa, tongue]. Pertaining to the palate and 
the tongue. 

Palatoglossus (pal-at-o-glos' -us). See Muscles, Table of. 

Palatognathous ( pal-at-og' '-na-thus) [palatum, palate ; 
yvadoc, jaw]. Affected with palatognathus. 

Palatognathus (pal-at-og' -na-thus) [palatum, palate ; 
yvadog, jaw]. Cleft palate. 

Palato-labial (pal-at-o-la'-be-al) [palatum, palate ; 
labium, lip]. Pertaining to the palate and the lips. 

Palato-maxillary (pal-at-o-maks'-il-a-re) [palatum, 
palate; maxilla, jaw]. Pertaining to the palate and 
the jaws. 

Palato-nasal (pal- at- o-na'- zeT) [palatum, palate ; 
nasus, nose]. Pertaining to the palate and the nose. 

Palato-pharyngeal ( pal-at-o-far-in 1 '-je-al) [palatum, 
palate ; (papvyl-, pharynx] . Pertaining conjointly to the 
palate and the pharynx. 

Palato-pharyngeus (pal-at-o-far-in' -je-us). See Mus- 
cles, Table of. 

Palatoplasty ( pal'-at-o-plas-te) [palatum, palate ; ir'kaa- 
auv, to form]. Plastic surgery of the palate. 

Palatoplegia (pal-at-o-ple' -je-ah ) [palatum, palate ; 
irhiyr], a stroke]. Paralysis of the soft palate. 

Palatopterygoid (pal-at-o-ter'-ig-oid)[palatum, palate; 
Trrepov, wing; eldoc, like]. Pertaining to the palate 
bone and the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone ; 
pterygopalatine. 

Palatoquadrate ( pal-at-o-kwod'-rat) [palatum, palate ; 
quadratum, quadrate bone]. Pertaining to the palate 
and to the quadrate bone. 

Palatorrhaphy (pal-at-or'-a-fe). See Staphylorrhaphy. 

Palatoschisis (pal-at-os' -kis-is) [palatum, palate; 
a X tC!l ?i a cleft]. Cleft palate. 

Palatostaphylinus (pal-at-o-stafil-i'-nus) [palatum, 
palate; araipvXij, uvula]. The azygos uvulae muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Palatum (pal-a'-tum) [L.]. The palate. P. durum, 
the hard palate. P. fissum, cleft palate. P. mobile, 
61 



P. molle, the soft palate. P. pendulum, the soft 

palate. 
Pale, Palea (pal, pa'-le-ah) [palea, chaff: //., Palece]. 

I. In biology, one of the inner bracts of the in- 
florescence of grasses. Also applied to the flattened 

brown hairs or chaff found on the stems and leaves of 

ferns. 2. The dewlap or wattle of a bird. 
Pale (pal) [Ft. pale, pale]. Deficient or wanting in 

the color natural to health. P. Bark. See Cinchona. 

P. Catechu. See Gambler. P. Rose. See Rosa 

centifolia. 
Paleaceous (pa - le - a' - she - us) [palea, chaff]. In 

biology, furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture. 
Paleichthyology, Palaeichthyology (pa-le-ik-the-ol'- 

o-je) [-aTiaivc; , ancient ; 'ix^vc, a fish ; /Syoc, science]. 

In biology, the science of fossil fishes. 
Paleiform (pa'-le-iform) [palea, chaff; forma, form]. 

Chaff-like. 
Paleness (pal'-nes). Same as Pallor. 
Paleo-anthropic, Palseo-anthropic (pa- le-o- an- 

throp'-ih) [iraXaiog, ancient; avOpunoq, man]. In 

biology, of, or pertaining to, aboriginal man. 
Paleobotanic (pa-le-o-bot-an'-ik) [waliowr, ancient ; 

(io-avt], herb]. Pertaining to paleobotany. 
Paleobotanist (pa-le-o-bof -an-ist) [ixa'kaibq, ancient; 

jimavri, herb]. One versed in paleobotany. 
Paleobotany, Palseobotany (pa-le-o-bot'-an-e) [waX- 

aioc, ancient; fioravT), herb]. In biology, the science 

of fossil plants. 
Paleo-ethnologic (pa- le-o- eth-no -loj' -ik) [nalaidc, 

ancient; kOvoq, race ; Tidyoq, science]. Pertaining to 

paleo-ethnology. 
Paleo-ethnologist (pa- le-o-elh-nol'-o-jist) [naladc, 

ancient; edvoc , race ; /dyoc, science]. One versed in 

paleo-ethnology. 
Paleo-ethnology (pa -le-o- eth - nol'- o -Je) [-naJaibq, 

ancient; eBvoc, race ; /ojoc, science]. The science 

of the primitive peoples. 
Paleola (pa-le'-o-lah) [palea, chaff]. In biology, a 

diminutive palea. 
Paleolate (pa'-le-o-ldt) [palea, chaff]. In biology, 

having paleola? or palea of a second order. 
Paleology (pa-le-ol'-o-je) [ko.?mi6c, old; Xoyoc, science]. 

The science of the biology of remote geologic peri- 
ods, or of antiquities. 
Paleontography (pa-le-on-tog' -ra-fe) [^aXaioc, old ; 

uv, being ; ypa<peiv, to write] . A description of the 

fossil or extinct forms of life. 
Paleontologic (pa-le-on-to-loj'-ih) [rraXaidc; , old ; isv, 

being ; Tidyoc, science]. Pertaining to paleontology. 
Paleontologist (pa-le-on-tol'-o-jist) [-KaAaioq, ancient; 

£>v, being; Xdyoc, science]. One versed in paleon- 
tology. 
Paleontology (pa-le-on-tol' -o-je) [TraXaioq, old ; Itv, 

being; \6yoc, science]. The science of the early life- 
forms of the earth. 
Paleophytology, Palaeophytology (pa-le-o- f-tol'-o-je) 

[tt<i?mi6c, ancient ; <pvr6v, plant ; Adyoc, science]. 

Same as Paleobotany. 
Paleornithology, Palaeornithology (pa - le - or - nith- 

ol'-o-je) [iraXatoc, ancient ; bpvic, bird ; Xoyoc, science]. 

In biology, the science of fossil birds. 
Paleozoic (pa-le-o-zo'-ik) [Tra?Mi6c, old ; r Ciov, animal]. 

Pertaining to the geologic age preceding that of the 

carboniferous age, the age in which the first life-forms 

appeared. Also, pertaining to the life-forms of that age. 
Paleozoologic (pa-le-o-zo-o-loj' -ik) [iralaioc, ancient ; 

(,C>ov, animal ; \6yoq, science]. Pertaining to paleo- 

zoology. 
Paleozoologist (pa-le-o-zo-ol' -o-jist) [-xaXaioc, ancient ; 

ftioi', animal ; 'Aoyoq, science]. One versed in paleo- 

zoology. 



PALEOZOOLOGY 



962 



PALMELLA 



Paleozoology, Palaeozoology {pa - le - o-zo- ol f - o -je) 
[ixakaioq, ancient; H,Ciov, animal; "Koyoq, science]. 
In biology, the science of fossil animals. 

Palestric {pa-les'- trik) [TraXaiorfjiiidc;, pertaining to 
wrestling]. Pertaining to systematic exercise, or 
physical training ; athletic. 

Palet {pal'-et). See Palette. 

Palet {pal'-et) [palea, chaff], English term for Palea. 

Palette, Pallet, Palet {pal'-et) [pa/a, a spade]. In 
biology, a disc-shaped organ found especially on the 
front and middle tarsi of the males of certain beetles. 

Pali {pa'-le) [Ind.]. Pali or Indian plague — an infec- 
tious febrile disease of India, where it is also known as 
Mahamurri. P. Plague. Synonym of the Plague,q.v. 

Palicourea {pa-lik-oo' '-re-ah) [L.]. A Brazilian rubia- 
ceous shrub, numbering several species, some of which 
are poisonous. P. diuretica and P. officinalis, have 
diuretic properties. Unof. 

Palillo {pal-el' -yo) [Sp.]. A Peruvian plant of value 
in gastric disorders. 

Palimptosis {pal-imp-to' -sis) [kci2.iv, back; tttuoic;, a 
fall]. A falling back ; properly, a falling back to a 
former position, whether after a proptosis, or abnormal 
forward displacement, or after the rectification of 
backward displacement. 

Palincotesis {pal-in-kot-e' -sis) [ttoXiv, again ; kotciv, 
to be angry]. Recrudescence or recurrence of a dis- 
ease or wound. 

Palindromia ( pal-in-dro' ' -me-ah)[-Kakiv , again ; dpo/iog, 
a course] . Recurrence or growing worse of a disease ; 
a relapse. 

Palingenesis {pal-in-jen' -es-is) [wahiv, again ; yeveaic, 
production]. I. In biology, the theory that the 
developmental history of an individual germ is the 
brief recapitulation of the development of its ancestors ; 
unmodified ontogeny, the antonym of Kenogenesis . 2. 
The transformation or metamorphosis of an insect. 
3. The recreation of life after a geologic catastrophe. 4. 
The supposed generation of a parasite from its host 
or from dead matter. 

Palingenesy {pal-in-jen' -es-e). Same as Palingenesis. 

Palingenetic {pal-in-jen-ef -ik) [naXw, again ; yiveaiq, 
genesis]. Of, or pertaining to, palingenesis ; develop- 
ment according to the primitive or original mode. 

Palingeny {pal-in' -jen-e) [irakiv, again; ytvrjq, pro- 
ducing]. Same as Palingenesis. 

Palirrhea { pal-ir-e' -ah) [ttAXiv, again; pola, flow]. 
The return of a mucous discharge. 

Palisade {pal-is-ad') [Fr., palisser, to inclose with 
pales]. A fence made of strong poles or stakes set 
firmly in the ground. P. -cell, in biology, a constitu- 
ent cell of palisade-tissue. P. -parenchyma, the 
same as P. -tissue. P. -tissue, in biology, applied to 
certain cells which are elongated at right angles to the 
surface, occurring especially on the upper side of 
leaves. P.-worm. See Parasites {Animal), Table of. 

Palladium {pal- a' - de - um) [naXXaSiov , a statue of 
Pallas]. A rare and valuable metal, in some respects 
resembling platinum. Symbol, Pd., at. wt., 106. 5, 
spec. grav. II. 4. It is sometimes used in making in- 
struments of precision, and it has been employed in 
dentistry. See Elements, Table of. 

Pallet {pal'-et). See Palette, 

Palliation {pal-e-a' -shun) [palliare, to cloak]. The 
act of soothing or moderating, without really curing. 

Palliative {pal' -e-a-tiv) [palliare, to cloak]. A drug 
relieving or soothing the symptoms of a disease with- 
out curing it. 

Pallid {pal' -id) [pallere, to look pale]. Pale. 

Palliobranchiate {pal-e-o-brang' -ke-at) [pallium, a 
cloak ; branchiir, gills]. In biology, breathing by 
means of the mantle. 



Palliocardiac { pal-e-o-kar' -de-ak) [pallium, a cloak; 
mpiYia, heart]. In biology, pertaining to the mantle 
and to the pericardial sac of a mollusc. 

Palliopedal {pal-e-o-ped'-al) [pallium, cloak; pes, 
foot]. In biology, pertaining to both the foot and the 
mantle or pallium of a mollusc. 

Pallium {pal'-e-um) [pa Ilium, a mantle, cloak]. In 
biology, the mantle or enclosing and shell-forming 
tissue of a mollusc ; the stragulum. 

Pallor {pal' -or) [L.j. Paleness, especially of the skin 
and mucous membranes. P. chloroticus, the peculiar 
paleness of chlorotic persons. P. eximius, abnormal 
paleness, usually due to anemia. P. pathematicus, 
the pallor due to terror or fright. P. virginum. 
Synonym of Chlorosis. 

Palm {pahm) [palma, ■Ka'Ka.fia, palm]. I. The inner 
or ventral surface of the hand ; the flat of the hand. 
2 [palma, a palm-tree]. A palm-tree. P. -oil, Oleum 
palma:, is obtained from the fruit of several species of 
palm. Fresh palm-oil has an orange-yellow tint, a 
sweetish taste, and an odor resembling that of violets. 
Its specific gravity is about .968 ; its consistency is that 
of butter or lard. It ordinarily becomes rancid rapidly, 
and hence usually contains free acid. It is used in 
candle-making and soap-making, and also to color 
and scent ointments, pomades, soap, and powders. 
See Oil. P. -wine, the juice of several species of 
wine-palms which has undergone vinous fermenta- 
tion. The distilled product is known as arrack. 

Palma {pal'-mah) [L.: pi. , Palmes']. 1. In biology: {a) 
The palm of the hand. {/>) The enlarged first joint of 
the front tarsus of a bee. (<:) The dilated and setose 
tarsus of an insect. 2. A palm-tree. Oleum palmae. 
See Palm-oil. Palmae plicatae, the arborescent 
rugae of the interior of the vagina. 

Palmar {pal' -mar) [palma, palm]. Pertaining to the 
palm of the hand. P. Abscess, an abscess in the 
palm of the hand, usually situated beneath the pal- 
mar fascia. P. Arch, one of the curved arches 
formed by the anastomosis of the radial and ulnar ar- 
teries in the hand. There are two, a superficial and a 
deep. P. Arteries. See Arteries, Table of. P. 
Fascia, the sheath investing the muscles of the hand. 
P. Muscles. See Muscles, Table of. P. Reflex. 
See Reflexes, Table of. P. Triangle. See Triangle. 

Palmaris {pal-ma' -ris) . See Muscles, Table of. 

Palmate {pal' -mat) [palma, the palm of the hand]. In 
biology, resembling in some way the open palm, as 
the webbed foot of a bird or reptile, or a five-lobed leaf. 

Palmatifid {pal-mat' -if-ia) [palmatus, palmate ; fin- 
dere, to cleave]. In biology, palmately cleft. 

Palmatiform { pal-mat' -if-orm) [palma, the palm of 
the hand ; forma, form]. In biology, having the form 
of a hand. 

Palmatilobate f pal-mat-il-o'-bdt) [palma, the palm of 
the hand; lobus, a. lobe]. In biology, palmately 
lobed. 

Palmation {pal-ma'-shun) [palma, the palm of the 
hand]. In biology, the state of being palmate, as the 
webbed foot of a bird, or a five-lobed leaf. 

Palmatipartite {pal-mat-ip-ar' -tit) [palma, the palm 
of the hand ; partiri, to divide] . In biology, palmately 
parted. 

Palmatisect {pal-maf -is-ekt) [palma, the palm of the 
hand; secare, to cut]. In biology, palmately com- 
pound. 

Palmature {pal' -mal-ilr) [palma, palm]. Union of 
the fingers, either congenital or from burns, wounds, 
or other trauma. 

Palmella {pal-mel'-ah) [ira/l/idc, vibration]. A genus 
of fresh-water algae believed by Salisbury to be the 
origin of the spores that produce malarial fever. 



PALMELLIN 



963 



PALPITATION 



Palmellin (pal-mel'-in) [-aliibc, vibration]. Phipson's 
name for the coloring-principle of a fresh-water alga, 
the Palmella cruenta. It is red in color, resembling 
hemoglobin, and contains iron in combination with an 
albuminous substance. 

Palmetto {pal-met* -6). See Saw Palmetto. 

Palmic (pal'-mik) [palma, palm]. Referring to the 
palm; palmitic. P. Acid. See Acid, Palmitic. 

Palmic (pal'-mik) [rvaAfiog, throb]. Pertaining to the 
pulse or to palpitation. 

Palmicolous {pal - mik' - o - lus) [palma, palm-like; 
colere, to inhabit]. Growing on the palm-tree. 

Palmification [pal - mif-ik - a'-shun) \_palma, palm ; 
ficare, facere, to make]. In biology, the artificial 
fertilization of the flowers of certain trees ; originally 
applied to the date-palm. 

Palmifotm {pal 1 '-mif-orm) [palma, the palm of the 
hand; forma, form]. The same as Palmatiform. 

Palmigrade (pal'-mig-rad) \_palma, the palm of the 
hand; gradi, to walk]. In biology, treading on the 
soles of the foot ; plantigrade. 

Palmilla (pal-mil' -ak). Synonym of Palmella. 

Palminerved (pal'-min-ervd) [palma, palm; nervus, 
nerve]. In biology, palmately nerved. 

Palmiped (pal' -mip-ed) [palma, palm ; pes, foot]. 
Having webbed feet. 

Palmistry (pal' -mis-tre) \_palma, palm of hand]. The 
comparative study of the lines, marks, and mounds on 
the palm of the hand ; it has been made the basis of 
a system of fortune-telling. 

Palmitamid (pal-mit'-am-id) [palma, palm; amid~\, 
C 16 H 33 NO. A solid substance melting at about 93 
C. , formed by the union of the amid radicle of am- 
monia and the radicle of palmitic acid. 

Palmitic Acid (pal-mit'-ik). See Acid. 

Palmitin (pal' - mit - in) [palma, palm-tree]. C 3 H 5 
(C 16 H 31 2 ) 3 . A solid crystallizable substance which, 
with stearin, constitutes the greater proportion of solid 
fats. It occurs both in animal and in vegetable fats. 
It is a constituent of palm-oil, from which it derives 
its name. Chemically, it is the tripalmitate of gly- 
ceryl. 

Palmitolic Acid (pal-mit-ol'-ik). See Acid. 

Palmitone (pal'-mit-on) [palma, palm-tree], C 3] H 62 2 . 
A ketone of palmitic acid resulting when the latter is 
distilled with slaked lime. 

Palmitoxylic Acid (pal-mit-oks-il'-ik). See Acid. 

Palmi-veined (pal' -miv-and ) [palma, a palm ; vena, 
a vein]. In biology, netted- veined, with the veins 
radiating from the base toward the margin of the leaf- 
blade. 

Palmodic (pal- mod' -ik) [iraA-fMudrig, like palmus]. 
Pertaining to, resembling, or affected with, palmus. 

Palmo -plantar (pal' -mo -plan' -tar) [palma, palm; 
planta, the sole of the foot]. Pertaining to both the 
palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. P.- 
plantar Sign, Filipowicz' Sign; said to be diagnos- 
tic of typhoid fever. It consists of an orange or saf- 
fron coloration of the prominent parts of the palms 
of the hands and the soles of the feet. The change 
in color is attributed to feebleness of the action of the 
heart, causing incomplete filling of the capillaries, and 
dryness of the skin. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Palmoscopy (pal-mos'-ko-pe) [iralipog, throb ; okokecv, 
to observe]. The observation of the heart -beat and 
the pulse. 

Palmospasmus (pal-mo-spaz'-mus) [rraAfibc, throb ; 
0Trao/j,6s, spasm]. A clonic spasm. P., Electric, a 
peculiar reaction of the muscles to the electric cur- 
rent in progressive muscular atrophy. 

Palmosseus (pal-mos'-e-us) [palma, palm; osseus, 
bony]. Any palmar interosseous muscle. 



Palmus (pal'-mus) [iraA/zdc, a twitch]. I. Jumpers' 
disease ; lata, or miryachit ; a convulsive tic, with 
echolalia and abulia. 2. Subsultus ; palpitation ; pul- 
sation ; twitching ; jerkiness. 

Palmus (pal'-mus) [palmus, the palm of the hand]. 
An old measure of length. P. major, contains twelve 
fingers. P. minor, four inches. 

Palp [palpare, to touch softly, to stroke]. In biology, 
a tactile organ. See Palpus. 

Palpal (pal' -pal) [palpare, to touch softly]. In 
biology, of, or pertaining to, a palp. P. Organs, the 
modified recti-palpi of male spiders, functioning as im- 
pregnating organs. 

Palpate (pal'-pdt) [palpare, to feel]. To examine by 
touch. 

Palpation (pal-pa' -shun) [palpare, to feel]. In phys- 
ical diagnosis, the laying of the hand on a part of 
the body or the manipulation of a part with the hand or 
fingers for the purpose of ascertaining its condition or 
that of underlying organs. P., Abdomino-vaginal, 
examination of the pelvic contents in women by means 
of a finger in the vagina and a hand in the suprapubic 
region pressing downward. P., Bimanual, the use 
of the two hands in examining an organ ; the hands 
are placed on opposite sides, or one in the vagina and 
the other on the abdomen, and press toward each 
other. P., Combined or Conjoined. Synonym of 
P. , Bimanual. 

Palpatometry (pal-pat-om' -et-re) [palpare, to feel ; 
/Lterpov, measure]. A measuring of the greatest pres- 
sure that can be borne without pain. 

Palpebra (pal'-pe-brah) [L.]. The eyelid. 

Palpebral (pal' -pe-bral) [palpebra, eyelid]. Pertain- 
ing to the eyelid. P. Conjunctiva, the conjunctiva 
of the eyelids. P. Fissure, the opening between the 
upper and lower eyelids. P. Folds. See Folds. P. 
Portion of the Lacrymal Gland. See Gland, Acces- 
sory of Rosenmiiller. 

Palpebralis (pal-pe-bra' -lis) [palpebra, eyelid]. The 
levator palpebra superioris muscle. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Palpebritis (pal-pe-bri'-tis) [palpebra, eyelid ; trie, 
inflammation]. Synonym of Blepharitis. 

Palpicil (pal'-pis-il) [palpus, a feeler; cilium, a cover, 
an eyelid]. In biology, a tactile hair. 

Palpifer (pal'-pifer) [palpus, a feeler; ferre, to bear]. 
In biology, the outer lobe of the maxilla of an insect ; 
the bearer of the palpus. 

Palpiform (pal' -pif-orm) [palpus, a feeler; forma, 
form]. Having the form or function of a palp. 

Palpiger (pal'-pij-e?-) [palpus, a feeler; gerere, to 
bear]. In biology, an appendage to the labium of 
certain insects ; the bearer of the labial palpus. 

Palpitate (pal' -pit -at) [palpitare, to quiver]. To 
flutter, to tremble or to beat abnormally fast ; applied 
especially to the heart. 

Palpitation (pal-pit-a' -shun) [palpitatio, a beating]. 
Any spasmodic fluttering or tremor, especially the 
abnormally rapid beating of the heart, of which the 
person is conscious. It is associated often with a 
choking sensation in the throat. It may be due to 
organic disease or to functional disturbance of the 
heart ; very often it is - caused by disorders of the 
stomach. P., Arterial, arterial pulsation synchronous 
with the action of the heart, seen sometimes in the 
epigastric region in the course of the aorta. It is 
quite common in hysteric persons. P., Celiac, palpi- 
tation of the abdominal aorta. P., Nervous, palpi- 
tation of the heart due to reflex disturbances from 
diseases of other organs. P., Symptomatic, of 
Andral, the reflex palpitation of the heart sometimes 
observed when tenia? are present in the intestines. 



PALPOCIL 



964 



PANCREAS 



Palpocil ( pal'-po-sil). Same as Palpicil. 

Palpon {pal'-pon) [palpus, a feeler]. In biology, 
a siphonophoran polyp, specialized as a taster or 
feeler. Cf. person. 

Palpulus {pal' -pu-lus) [dim. of palpus, a feeler: //. , 
Palpuli\. In biology, a diminutive palpus. 

Palpus [pal' -pus) [palpare, to touch softly : //., Pa/pi] . 
In biology : (a) one of the tactile organs or feelers at- 
tached to the maxilla or labium of an insect ; (6) one 
of the fleshy lobes at the side of the mouth of certain 
molluscs, usually called the labial palpus. 

Palsy {pawl'-ze) [ME., palsey, palsy]. Paralysis. 
P., Bell's. See Diseases, Table of. P., Birth. See 
Birth. P., Cerebral, a paralysis due to a lesion in 
the brain. P., Creeping, an old term for progressive 
muscular atrophy. P., Crutch, that due to pressure 
of the crutch in the axilla upon the brachial nerves. 
P., Dancers', a cramp affecting especially the mus- 
cles in the calf of the professional danseuse. P., 
Erb's : I. Paralysis of the brachial plexus. 2. 
Spastic paraplegia. See Diseases, Table of. P., 
Facial. See Paralysis, Bell's. P., Pen. See 
Writers' Cramp. P., Scriveners'. Synonym of 
Writers' 1 Cramp. P., Shaking. Synonym of Paraly- 
sis agitans. P., Wasting, progressive muscular 
atrophy. 

Paludal {pal' -u-dal) [palus, paludis, marsh]. Per- 
taining to a marsh or the exhalations of marshes. Also 
a synonym of Malarial. P. Fever. Synonym of 
Intermittent Fever. 

Paludicole {pal-u' -dik-ol) \_palus, a marsh; colere, 
to inhabit]. In biology, inhabiting marshes. 

Paludine CpaV -u-diri] [palus, a marsh]. Paludal. 

Paludinous {pal-u' -din-us) [palus, a marsh]. Per- 
taining to marshes. 

Paludism {pal'-u-dizm) \_palus, a marsh]. Malarial 
poisoning ; impaludism. 

Paludose {pal'-u-doz) \_palus, a marsh]. In biology, 
growing in marshy places. 

Paludous (pal'-u-dus) [palus, a marsh]. Marshy or 
swampy. Having the nature of, or affected with, marsh- 
fever. 

Palulus {pal'-u-lus) [dim. of palus, a stake, pale: //., 
Paluli.\ A small palus; applied to the columellar 
rods in actinozoa. 

Palumbo's Net. See Net, Bathygraphic. 

Palus {pa'-lus) \_palus, a stake, pale : //. , Pali."]. In 
biology, one of the plates found in corals between the 
inner edge of certain septa and the axis of the vis- 
ceral chamber. 

Palustral {pal-its' -tral) [palus, marsh]. Pertaining 
to, or having the nature of, marsh-fever ; paludal. 

Palustrine {pal-its' -trin) [palus, a swamp]. The same 
as Paludal. 

Pambotano {pam-bo-tan'-o) [native Mexican]. A 
Mexican plant, Calliandra houstoni, belonging to the 
order of Lcguminosa. It is a bitter and antimalarial 
of the first order. Dose of the powdered drug, 70 
grains in 24 hours. The preparations are the tincture, 
decoction, elixir, and alcoholic extract. Unof. 

Pamphagous ( pam' -fag-us) [irac, all; <f>ayelv, to de- 
vour]. Omnivorous. 

Pamphilus {pam'-fil-us) [irac, all; (pilftv, to love]. 
A plaster. 

Pamphobia {pam-fo'-be-ah). See Panophobia. 

Pampinary {pam 1 '-pin-a-re) \_pampinus, a tendril, or 
young shoot of a vine]. In biology, of, or pertaining 
to, a young shoot. 

Pampiniform {pam -pin' - if- orm ) [pampiniformis : 
pampinus, tendril; forma, form]. Having the form 
of a tendril. P. Plexus. See Plexus, Spermatic. 

Pampinocele {pam - pin' - o - sel) [pampinus, tendril; 



KrfKri, tumor]. A varicocele of the veins of the pam- 
piniform plexus. 

Pamplegia {pam-ple'-je-ah) \_~ac, all ; ■nXriyTj, stroke]. 
General paralysis. 

Pamprodactylous ( pam-pro-dak'-til-us) [7r5c,all; irp6, 
forward; 6a.KTv7.oc, finger]. In biology, applied to 
birds in which all four toes turn inward. 

Pan- [ttov, neuter of nac {gen. Travroc), all, every- 
thing]. A Greek word signifying all, everything. 
The form panto- is frequently employed. 

Pan [ME., panne, a pan]. A low, flat-bottomed ves- 
sel. P., Bed, a large, flat oval pan, usually of china, 
serving as a receptacle for the fecal discharges and urine 
of bed-patients. P., Brain, P., Head, the skull. 
P., Knee, the patella. 

Panacea {pan-as-e' -ah) [iravaneia, a cure-all]. A cure- 
all ; a name applied to various empiric preparations 
alleged to cure a multitude of diseases. 

Panache {pa-nash') [penna, feather, plume]. In 
biology, a tuft of hairs or feathers. 

Panacon {pan'-ak-on), C 22 H I9 8 . A white, tasteless, 
crystalline body derived from the root of Aralia quin- 
quefolia. 

Panado {pan-a'-do) [Sp. panada, from panis, bread]. 
Bread softened in water. Also, a bread-poultice. 

Panaesthesia {pan-es-the'-ze-ah). See Pallesthesia. 

Panaesthetism {pan-es' -thet-izm). See Pallesthesia. 

Panama Fever. I. See Fever. 2. A synonym of 
Yellow Fever. 

Panaquilon {pan-ak' -ivil-on ), C n H 25 0, 8 . An amor- 
phous, bitter-sweet principle extracted from the root 
of Aralia quinqucfolia. 

Panaricium {pan-ar-is' -e-um). See Panaris. 

Panaris {pan-a'-ris)[panaricium, a disease of the finger- 
nails]. Phlegmonous inflammation of the finger or 
toe. Whitlow. See also Paronychia. P., Anal- 
gesic. See Morvan's Disease. P., Periosteal, pha- 
langeal periostitis. P., Tendinous, inflammation of 
the sheath of a digital tendon. 

Panaritium {pan-ar-ish' -e-um) . See Panaris and Whit- 
low. 

Panarthritis {pan-ar-thri' -lis) [rraq, all ; apdpov, joint ; 
iti$, inflammation]. General inflammation of the 
structures of a joint. 

Panas' Solution. A mild antiseptic collyrium, ser- 
viceable in conjunctivitis, blepharitis, etc. It contains 
mercuric iodid I, absolute alcohol 400, distilled water 
sufficient to make 20,000 parts. 

Panax {pa'-naks) [irava^, panacea]. Ginseng. The 
root of P. quinquefolium, much used in China as a 
cure-all. It is a demulcent and mild purgative. Unof. 

Pancenonosos {pan-sen -on' -o-sos) [irar, all; koiv6c, 
common; v6ooc, disease]. An epidemic disease. 

Pancenus {pan-sen'-us) [nar, all ; kolv6c, common]. 
Epidemic. 

Panchrestus {pan-kres'-tus) [irac, all ; xpi/G~6c, use- 
ful]. Same as Panacea. 

Panchymagogue {pan-ki'-mag-og) [rrac, all; x'\" a < 
juice ; ayuyoc, leading]. A drug supposed to deplete 
all the fluids and humors of the body. [Old.] 

Pancratic {pan-krat'-ik) [irac, all; Kparoc, strength]. 
Having a variable magnifying power ; applied to the 
eye-pieces of certain microscopes. 

Pancreas {pan'-kre-as) [~ac, all ; Kpiaq, flesh]. A 
large racemose gland, from six to eight inches in length, 
lying transversely across the posterior wall of the 
abdomen. It secretes a limpid, colorless fluid for the 
digestion of proteids, fats, and carbohydrates. The 
sweetbread of animals ; the abdominal salivary gland of 
the Germans. It is vulgarly termed "gut bread," or 
" belly sweetbread," in contradistinction to the thymus 
or true sweetbread. P., Accessory, a small mass of 



PANCREATALGIA 



965 



PANDOCHEUM 



glandular structure similar to the pancreas, and ad- 
jacent to it. P. Aselli, a collection of lymph-glands 
mesentery 



the 



of some mammals, resembling 



Pancreatic ducts. 




al so 



Pancreas and Duodenum Removed from the Body, 
Seen from Behind. 
The gland is cut to show the ducts. 

pancreas. P., Lesser, a small partially detached 
portion of the gland, lying posteriorly to its head and 
having occasionally a separate duct which opens into 
the pancreatic duct proper. P., Little. Same as P. , 
Lesser. P.-ptyalin, an amylolytic ferment secreted 
by the pancreas ; amylopsin. P., Small, a glandu- 
lar mass frequently found under the true pancreas, 
and similar in structure. P. Winslowii. Same as 
P. , Lesser. 

Pancreatalgia (pan-kre-at-aP ' -je-ah) [irac, all ; Kpeac, 
flesh; alyog, pain]. Pain in the pancreas. 

Pancreatectomy (pan-kre-at-ek' -to-me) [jrdf, all; 
Kpeag, flesh; EKrofirj, excision]. Excision of a portion 
or all of the pancreas. 

Pancreatemphraxis ( pan-kre-at-em-fraks' -is) \jrac, 
all; Kpeag, flesh; iiifpa^tg, stoppage]. Obstruction 
of the pancreatic duct. 

Pancreathelcosis (pan-kre-ath-el-ko'-sis) [ttclc, all; 
Kpeag, flesh; e/Uotr/c, ulceration]. Ulceration of the 
pancreas. 

Pancreatic ( pan-kre-at' -ik) \nac, all ; upeac, flesh]. 
Pertaining to the pancreas. P. Duct, the efferent 
duct carrying the secretions of the pancreas to the 
intestines ; it is also known as the duct of Wirsung. See 
Duct. P. Fluid, or Juice, the fluid secreted by the 
pancreas. It is thick, transparent, colorless, odorless, 
of a salty taste, and strongly alkaline. By heat it is 
coagulated into a white mass, from the presence of 
serum-albumin. Its composition is water 900.8, and 
solids 99.2. Of the latter, 90.4 are organic matter, and 
8.8 inorganic matter. The ash from 1000 parts of 
juice yields soda 0.58 ; sodium chlorid 7.35 ; potassium 
chlorid 0.02 ; phosphates of alkaline earths and iron 
0.53 ; sodium phosphate 0.01 ; lime and magnesia 0.32. 
Traces of leucin and soaps are present in the fresh 
juice. The ferments or enzymes, four in number, that 
it contains give to it its important digestive power. 
Its diastatic action is due to amylopsin; its tryptic 
or proteolytic action results from the presence of trypsin; 
its action on fats is due to the presence of steapsin, 
which causes the fats to split up into glycerin and the 
corresponding fatty acids ; and, finally, it contains a 
milk-curdling ferment. 

Pancreatica (pan-kre-at' -ik-ah) [Kaynpeac;, pancreas]. 
The pancreatic artery. 

Pancreatico-duodenal ( pan-kre-at' -ik-o-du-od'-en-al) 
[irdf, all; Kpeac, flesh ; duodenum, duodenum]. Per- 
taining to the pancreas and the duodenum. P.-d. 
Artery. See Arteries, Table of. 

Pancreatico-splenic ( pan-kre-at' ' -ik-o-splen' '-ik) [tvac, 
all ; npiac, flesh ; anXriv, spleen] . Pertaining to the 
pancreas and the spleen. 



Pancreatin (pan' -kre-at-in) \jrac, all; npiac, flesh]. 
The active elements of the juice of the pancreas ; also 
the commercial extract of the pancreas. It is added 

to fats, milk, soups, 
Common bile-duct. ^ gruel, etc. Pan- 

creaticus, Liq- 
uor, prepared by 
digesting pigs' pan- 
creas with four 
times its weight of 
alcohol. Dose 3 j 
~ss. Unof. See 
Organother- 
apy. 
Pancreatine (pan- 
kre-at -it' -ik) [7rdy- 
Kpeac, pancreas ; 
trig, inflammation] . 
Pertaining to pan- 
creatitis. 
Pancreatitis (pan-kre-at-P -tis) \jrayKpeac, pancreas ; 

trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the pancreas. 
Pancreatize (pan' -kre-at-iz) \irayapmc, pancreas]. To 

treat, or digest, with pancreatin. 
Pancreatogen ( pan-kre-at' -o-jen) [nayKpeac, the pan- 
creas; j heats, production]. A nutritive element capa- 
ble of being changed into pancreatin. 
Pancreatogeny (pan-kre-at-oj' -en-e) \irayKpcac, pan- 
creas; yeveatc, genesis]. The conversion by the pan- 
creas of suitable pabulum into pancreatin. 
Pancreatoid (pan'-kre-at-oid) [ ixay Kpeac, pancreas; 

eWoc, like]. Resembling the pancreas. 
Pancreatomy (pan-kre-at' -o-me). See Pancreatotomy. 
Pancreatoncus (pan-kre-at-ong' -kus) [nayKpeac, pan- 
creas; oyaoc, tumor]. A tumor of the pancreas. 
Pancreatorrhagia (paji-kre-at-or-a' -je-ah ) [nay Kpeac , 
pancreas; pr/yvi-vai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage 
from the pancreas. 
Pancreatotomy (pan-kre-at-ot'-o-me) [naynpeac , pan- 
creas ; to/xt/, a cutting]. Incision of the pancreas. 
Pancreazymose (pan-kre-az-P -moz) \jrayKpeac, pan- 
creas; ^vp.rj, leaven]. One of the pancreatic fer- 
ments. 
Pancreectomy (pan-kre-ek'-to-me). See Pancreatec- 
tomy. 
Pancreopathia (pan-kre-o-path' -e-ah) \jrayKpeac, pan- 
creas ; iraBoc, disease]. Disease of the pancreas. 
Pandalitium (pan-dal-ish' -e-um). Synonym of Par- 
onychia. 
Pandanus (pan-da' -mis) [Malay, pandang, conspicu- 
ous]. A genus of pandaneaceous plants. P. cari- 
cosus, a species of screw-pine indigenous in the Mo- 
lucca Islands, and the leaves of which are used in gas- 
trointestinal disorders. P. odoratissima, P. utilis, 
fragrant screw-pine ; keora oil-plant, used in dysen- 
tery. Unof. 
Pandemia (pan-de'-me-ah) [nac, all ; 
An epidemic that attacks all persons. 
Pandemic (pan-dem'-ik) [ vac, all; 

Epidemic over a wide area. 
Pandemy ( pan' -dem-e). Same as Pandemia. 
Pander, Blood-islands of. Multinucleated areas of 
the angioblastic cells of the mesoderm, which give rise 
to the endothelium of the blood-vessels, or are converted 
into primary blood-corpuscles. P., Nucleus of. 
See Nucleus. 
Pandiculation (pan-dik-u-la'-shun ) \_pandicidatio : 
pandere, to stretch out]. The act of stretching the 
limbs, especially on waking from sleep. It is some- 
times symptomatic of fever, hysteria, and of malarial 
affections. Also, yawning. 
Pandocheum, Pandochium (pan-do' -ke-um) [vac, 



itj/ioc, people]. 
Sijpuc, people]. 



PANDURATE 



966 



PANSPERMATISM 



all; dex^odai, to receive]. A hospital receiving all 
diseases. 

Pandurate (pan'-du-rat) [pandura, a musical instru- 
ment]. Shaped like a pandura or violin. 

Panduriform, Pandurate [pan-du' '-riform, pan'du- 
rat) [pandura, a lyre ; forma, form]. Fiddle-shaped ; 
pandurate. P. Head, a head whose transverse sec- 
tion would show a fiddle-shaped outline. 

Pallesthesia (pan-es-the'-ze-ah) [fl"ac, all ; alotftjcjic, 
perception]. General or total sensation ; cenesthesia. 

Panesthetism (pan-es'-thet-izm). Same as Pallesthe- 
sia. 

Pang [ME. , pange, a pang]. A momentary sharp pain. 
P., Breast, angina pectoris. 

Pangene (pan'-jen) [rac (jrav-), all ; yevecig, birth, pro- 
duction]. In biology, according to DeVries' theory 
of heredity, one of the primary bearers of the individual 
qualities or characters of the cell, i.e., the constituent 
qualities of the species ; one of the ultimate vital par- 
ticles. Germ-substance is held to be formed of a num- 
ber of different kinds of pangenes, of which as many 
are present as there are qualities in the species ; they 
have no definite arrangement, but are freely miscible. 
They differ from the " gemmules " of Darwin and 
correspond to the "biophors" of Weismann. See 
Heredity. 

Pangenesis ( pan-Jen' -es-is) [<rdc, all ; yevEoic;, produc- 
tion]. In biology, Darwin's theory of heredity, which 
supposes the existence of gemmules separated from the 
body-cells and segregated from the circulation by the 
reproductive glands. These preformed constituents 
of all parts of the fully-formed animal or plant become 
aggregated in the germ, and give rise by a process of 
evolution to the new organism. Pangenesis is opposed 
to the theory of epigenesis, or the origin of the fully- 
formed organism by a gradual process of differentiation. 
See Heredity. P., Intracellular, the origin of ulti- 
mate vital particles (pangenes, gemmules, biophors) 
within the cell. 

Pangenetic (pan-fen-et'-ik) [nag, all; yivECJic;, genesis]. 
Pertaining to pangenesis. 

Pangium edule [pan' ' -je-um-e-du' '-le) [L.]. A bixa- 
ceous plant of Java. Its oily leaves, though edible 
after due preparation, contain a powerfully narcotic 
principle which is readily removed by maceration in 
cold water. Unof. 

Panhistophyton (pan-his-toff' '-it-on) [nac, all; Iot6<;, 
web, tissue ; (f>vr6v, plant]. See Microbe of Pebrine, 
under Bacteria. See also Microsporidia. 

Panhysterectomy (pan-his-ter-ek'-to-me) [nag, all ; 
iiorcpa, womb; ektoui'/, excision]. Complete extirpa- 
tion, or surgical removal, of the uterus. 

Panicle (pan'-ik-l) [panus, a thread wound upon the 
bobbin in a shuttle]. In biology, a branched raceme; 
an inflorescence of varying shape (determinate, inde- 
terminate, cymose, botryose), but typically loose and 
spreading, with repeatedly branched peduncles, as seen 
in the grasses or the lilac. 

Panicula (pan-ik'-u-lah) [L.]. A swelling or tumor. 

Paniculate (pan-ik'-zi-lat) [panicitla, a panicle]. In 
biology, arranged in panicles. 

Paniculus (pan-ik'-u-lus). See Panniculus. 

Panicum (pan'-ik-um) [L.]. Panic-grass, a grami- 
naceous plant widely distributed. P. insulare, a 
West Indian species, having purgative properties. Unof. 

Panidrosis (pan-id-ro'-sis) [nag, all; idpug, sweat]. 
General perspiration. 

Panis (pan / -is)[L.~]. Bread. 

Panizza, Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. 

Panmixia (pan-miks'-e-ah) [nag, all ; p't^ig, mixing]. 
In biology, Weismann's term for the tendency of or- 
ganic structures to retrogress and disappear when 



their value to the species becomes nil, as e.^the eyes 
in cave-animals. 

Pannecrotomy ( pan-nek-rot' '-o-me) [nag, all ; vcKpog, 
dead; Top.ii, a cutting]. The dissection of all dead 
bodies, suggested by Kraus as the best method to 
prevent burial of living persons. 

Pannetier's Green. Same as Mittler's Green. 

Panneuritis (pan-nu-ri'-tis) [nag, all, every ; vEvpov, 
nerve ; trie, inflammation]. A synonym of multiple 
neuritis. 

Panniculus (pan-ih'-u-lus) [dim. of pannus, a piece 
of cloth]. A small piece of cloth. In anatomy, a 
small membrane. P. adiposus, a compact layer in 
the subcutaneous stratum of the skin, in which the 
interfascicular spaces of the reticular framework of 
fibro-elastic bundles are occupied by adipose tissue. 
The large, thin muscles by which the lower animals 
move the skin, represented in man mainly by the 
platysma and by some of the facial muscles. P. 
cordis, the pericardium. P. subtilis, the pia mater. 
P. transversus, the diaphragm. 

Pannose ( pan'-bz) [pannus, cloth, rag]. In biology : 
[a) Having the texture or appearance of woolen cloth 
or felt, (b) Covered with a felted coat of hairs. 

Pannus (pan'-us) [L. ,a cloth]. Vascularization of 
the cornea, usually due to the irritation of trachoma- 
granulations. (The cornea is normally non-vascular. ) 
P. carnosus, P. crassus, one that has acquired a 
considerable thickness. P. siccus, an old pannus 
composed of connective tissue and poor in vessels. 

Panochia (pan-o'-he-ah). Synonym of Venereal Bubo. 

Panococo [pan- o - ko' - kd) [S. Amer.]. The South 
American leguminous tree, Swartzia tomentosa ; its 
bark is strongly sudorific, and the tree affords a black 
resin. Unof. 

Panoi'stic (pan-o-is'-tih) [nag , all ; <p6v, egg]. In biol- 
ogy, applied to ovaries that produce ova only ; as 
distinguished from meroistic ovaries, which produce 
separate ova and yolk-cells or nutritive cells. 

Panopathy ( pan-op' -ath-e) [nag, all; naOog, disease]. 
A disease widely prevalent among many people, or 
affecting all the tissues of one individual. 

Panophobia ( pan-o-fo' '-be-ali). See Pantophobia. 

Panophthalmia ( pan-off-thai' '-me-ali). See Panoph- 
thalmitis. 

Panophthalmitis (pan off-lhal-mi'-lis) [nag, all ; bipdaA- 
pdc, eye; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of all 
the tissues of the eyeball. 

Panosteitis (pan-os-le-i'-tis) [nag, all; ooteov, bone ; 
tree, inflammation]. An inflammation of all the parts 
of a bone. 

Panotitis (pan-o-ti'-tis) [nac;, all; org, ear; trig, in- 
flammation]. An inflammatory affection involving 
all the structures of the ear, and resulting in complete 
destruction of its functions, with dangerous bone- 
sequelse. 

Panpharmacon ( pan-far' '-mak-oii) [nag, all ; cjiappaKov, 
drug]. A panacea. 

Panphlegmon ( pan-fteg'-mon) [nag, all ; (pMypovr), in- 
flammation]. Gangrene of rapid course and develop- 
ment, probably microbic in origin. 

Panphobia (pan-fo'-be-ah) [nag, all; <fi6j3og, dread]. 
Synonym of Panophobia. 

Panplegia (pan-ple'-je-ah) [nac;, all ; n?ir/yr/, stroke]. 
Generalized paralysis. 

Pansch, Fissure of. See Pissures, Table of. 

Pansclerosis (pan-sh/c-ro'-sis) [nac, all; anAEpog, hard]. 
Complete sclerosis or hardening of a part. 

Panspermatism (pan-sper' -mat-izm) [-or, all ; cr-ippa, 
seed]. In biology, Spallanzani's theory that the air 
is full of invisible germs ; the theory of omnipresent 
germs. 



PANSPERMIA 



967 



PAPAVERALDIN 



Panspermia (pan-sper' -me-ali). Same as Pansperma- 
tism. 

Panspermic (pan-sper' -mil-) [nag, all > anippa, seed]. 
Pertaining to panspermatism. 

Panspermism (pan-sper' '-miztn). See Panspermatism. 

Panspermist( pan-sper' -mist) [nag , all ; csncppa, seed]. 
One who believes in spontaneous or equivocal gener- 
ation. See Abiogenesis. 

Panspermium (pan-sper' -me-uni) [nag, all; antppa, 
germ]. The hypothetic ultimate element of matter. 

Panspermy (pan-sper' -me) [nag, all; ankppa, seed]. 
Same as Panspermatism. 

Pansphygmograph (pan - sfig' '- mo - graf) [nag, all; 
cpvypog, pulse; ypaQeiv, to write]. A variety of car- 
diograph by means of which tracings can be taken 
simultaneously of the cardiac movements, the arterial 
pulse, .and the respiration. 

Pansy (pan'-ze). See Viola tricolor. 

Pant [5IE.,/«/ito;, to pant, gasp]. To breathe hard or 
quickiy. 

Pantadenodes ( pan-tad-en- o'-diz) [nag , all ; afiijv, 
gland; eldog, like]. Made up entirely of glandular 
tissue ; e.g., the pancreas. 

Pantagogue ( pan' -tag-og) [nag, all; ayayog, leading]. 
A medicine intended to expel all morbific matters. 
[Old.] 

Pantais. See Pantas. 

Pantamorphia (pan-tam-or' -fe-ah) [nag, all ; popcpr/, 
form]. General deformity. 

Pantamorphic (pan-tam-or' -fk) [nag, all ; apopipia, 
shapelessness]. Completely deformed. 

Pantanencephalia (pan-tan-en-sef-a' ' -le-ah) [nag, all; 
aveyne/pa'Aoc, brainless]. Total congenital absence of 
the brain. 

Pantanencephalic (pan-ta?i-en-sefal' -ik) [nag, all ; 
a priv. ; eyKepahog, brain]. Congenitally destitute of 
brain. 

Pantaphobia (pan-taf-o' -be-ah) [nag, all ; d priv. ; 
<j>6(3og, fear]. Total absence of fear. 

Pantas (pan'-tas) [ pantais, pantois, a disease of 
hawks]. A pulmonary disease of hawks. Spelled 
also pantass, pantasse, pantess, pantais. 

Pantatrophia, Pantatrophy (pan-tat-ro' -fe-ah, pan- 
tat' -ro-fe) [nag, all ; ciTpuchia, atrophy]. Complete 
or general atrophy. 

Pantephobia (pan- fef-o' -be-ah). Synonym of Hydro- 
phobia. 

Pantess (pan'-tes). See Pantas. 

Panthodic (pan-thod'-ik) [-de, all ; 6<5<5c, way]. Of 
nervous impulses, radiating to all parts of the body. 

Panting (pant'-ing) [ME., panten, to pant]. Breath- 
ing loudly and rapidly, like a dog that has run fast. 

Panto- (pan'-to-). See Pan-. 

Pantogamy (pan-log' '-am-e) [nag, all ; ydpog, mar- 
riage]. Reckless, indiscriminate sexual intercourse. 

Pantogangliitis (pan-to-gang-gle-i' -lis) [nag, all ; yay- 
y\iov, ganglion ; trig, inflammation]. A synonym of 
Asiatic Cholera. 

Pantograph (pan'- to -graf) [nag, all; ypaQeiv, to 
write]. An instrument for the mechanical copying of 
diagrams, etc. , upon the same scale, or upon an en- 
larged or a reduced scale. 

Pantographic (pan-to-graf ' -ik) [nag, all ; ypatyuv, to 
write]. Pertaining to a pantograph and to panto- 
graphy. 

Pantography (pan-tog' -r a -fe) [nac, all ; ypaibei.v, to 
write]. I. General description. 2. The process of 
copying by a pantograph. 

Pantologic (pan-to-loj'-ik) [nag, all; Aoyog, science]. 
Pertaining to pantology. 

Pantologist (pan-tol'-o-jist) [nag, all ; Myog, science]. 
One versed in pantology. 



Pantology (pan-tol'-o-je) [nag, all ; Aoyoc, science]. 
Universal knowledge. 

Pantometer (pan- torn' -et-er) [nag, all ; perpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for measuring angles of all 
kinds. 

Pantometric (pan-to-met' -rik) [nag, all ; psrpov, meas- 
ure] . Pertaining to pantometry. 

Pantometry (pan-torn' -el-re) [nag, all ; pkrpov, meas- 
ure]. I. Universal measurement. 2. The use of 
the pantometer. 

Pantomorph (pan'-to-morf) [nag, all; popftr/, form]. 
That which assumes, or exists in, all shapes. 

Pantomorphic (pan - to - ?nor'-fik) [ nag, all ; pop(pr/, 
form]. Assuming all shapes. 

Pantophagist (pan-toff '-aj-ist) [nag, all; yayeiv, to 
eat]. One who is omnivorous. 

Pantophagous (pan-toff '-ag-us) [nag, all ; <j>ayelv, to 
eat]. Omnivorous. 

Pantophagy (pan-toff '-aj-e) [nac, all; cj>ayelv, to eat]. 
The habit of eating all kinds of food. 

Pantophobia (fan-to-fo' -be-ah) [nac , all ; 0o/3oc, fear]. 
Insane dread of all things. 

Pantophthalmia (pan-toff-thal' -me-ali). Synonym of 
Panophthalmitis . 

Pantoplethora (pan-to-pleth' -or-ah) [nac, all ; nArfiupn, 
fulness]. General hyperemia. 

Pantoscopic (pan-lo-skop'-ik). See Bifocal. 

Pantostomate (pan - to - sto'- mat). Same as Panto- 
stomatozts. 

Pantostomatous (pan-to-sto' -mat-ns) [nac, all ; ardpa, 
mouth]. In biology, capable of ingesting food at any 
or every point on the surface of the body, e.g., an 
ameba. 

Pantozootia (pan-to-zo-o'-she-ah). Synonym of Pan- 
zoo ty. 

Panygrous (pan - ig' - rus) [navvy poc, wet]. Fluid 
throughout. 

Panzoism (pan- zo'-izm) [nag, all; r iprj, life]. In 
biology, a collective term for the various elements or 
factors of vitality. 

Panzootic (pan -zo - ot'-ik) [nac, all; ££>ov, animal]. 
Of the nature of a panzooty ; attacking all, or many 
animals. 

Panzooty (pan-zo'-o-te) [nag, all; Cuov, animal]. A 
disease attacking all, or a great many, animals at once. 

Pap [ME., pap, pap]. A soft, semiliquid food for 
infants. Also the nipple. P. -pox. Same as Cow- 
pox. 

Papain (pa'-pa-in) [Papaiamaram , the native Malabar 
name of papaya]. A proteolytic ferment obtained 
from papaw-milk, the juice of Carica papaya, a tree 
native to South America. It has the digestive proper- 
ties of pepsin, but is far more active, dissolving fibrin 
in neutral, acid, or alkaline liquids. It is an excellent 
solvent of false membranes. Papayotin and Caricin 
are other names for the ferment. Dose gr. j-x. Unof. 

Papaina ( pa-pa-in'-ah) [gen . , Papaina\ . See Papaiti. 

Papaver (pa-pa' -ver) [papaver, poppy: gen., Papa- 
veris~\. The poppy, the juice and extracts of which 
possess narcotic properties. Opium is obtained from 
P. somniferian. The British Pharmacopeia includes 
the nearly ripe dried capsules of the foregoing, from 
which are prepared the following : Papaveris, De- 
coctum, only used externally. P., Extract. Dose 
gr. ij-v. P., Syrup. Dose 7,). The action of these 
preparations is similar to, but much weaker and more 
uncertain than, that of opium. P. rheas, the red or 
corn poppy resembling opium in its action, but milder. 
Rheados, Syr. Dose 5jj. 

Papaveraldin (pa-pav-er-al' -din) [papaver, poppy], 
C 20 H I9 NO 5 . A crystalline oxidation-product of papav- 
erin. 



PAPAVERIN 



968 



PAPILLITIS 



Papaverin (pap-av'er-in) [papaver, 

N0 4 . An alkaloid found in opium. It is narcotic, 
and produces primarily muscular relaxation, later con- 
vulsions. Dose gr. %. Unof. 

Papaverous (pap-av'-er-us) [papaver, poppy]. Par- 
taking of the character of the poppy. 

Papaw {pa-paw') [a name of Malabar origin]. I. The 
seed of Asimina triloba, a prompt emetic. Dose of 
the fid. ext. ITLx-xxx. Unof. 2. The tree Carica 
papaya ; also, its edible fruit. See Papain. 

Papayotin [pap-a-yo'-tin). See Papain. 

Paper (pa'-per) [ira-vpoc, the plant papyrus]. See 
Charta. P. -shell Lobster. See Buckle-shell. 

Papilionaceous (pap-il-e-on-a' -she-us) [papilis, butter- 
fly]. Resembling a butterfly. 

Papilla (pap-il'-ah) [L., a nipple]. In anatomy, any 
small, soft, conic eminence, as the nipple. The word 
is used alone to designate the optic disc or nerve-head 
as seen by the ophthalmoscope. In pathology, a 
pimple, or pustule. Cf. Mammilla; Wart. P., 
Caliciform, P., Cir- 
cumvallate, one of 
the large papillae 
at the root of the 
tongue, arranged like 
a V opening forward. 
P., Clavate. Syno- 
nym of P. , Fungi- 
form. P., Com- 
pound, a papilla 
covered with several 
perfect secondary 
papillae. P., Conic. 
See P., Filiform. 
P., Conoidal. Syn- 
onym of P., Fili- 
form. P., Dental. 
See Organ, Enamel. 
P., Duodenal, the 
elevation at the 
point where the 
ductus choledochus 
communis enters the 
duodenum. P. of Eye. See Disc. P., Filiform, 
any one of the smallest and most numerous of the 
lingual papillae. They are conic and have project- 
ing from their apices filiform processes of a whitish tint. 
P., Foliate, 
one of the 
small folds 
o f mucous 
mem brane 
at the sides 
of the tongue 
near its 
base, con- 
taining taste- 
organs. P., 
Fungiform, 
any one of 
the medium- 
sized papil- 
lae of the 
tongue. 

They are named from their resemblance to a young 
mushroom. P., Hair, the projection of the corium 
into the depression at the end of the hair-bulb. P. of 
Kidney. See P. , Penal. P. Lacrymal, the small 
elevation at the inner edge of the eyelid containing the 
opening into the canaliculus. P., Lingual, one of the 
elevations of the mucous membrane of the dorsum of 
the tongue ; they are covered by stratified epithelium, 



and are of three varieties, filiform, fungiform, and foli- 
ate. See Illustrations. P. mammae, the nipple. P., 




Filiform Papilla. X 30. 
Primary papilla. 2. Secondary 
papillae on its summit. 3. Epi- 
thelial process on papilla. 4. 
Single process, with entangled 
epithelial cells. 




Fungiform Papilla. X 30. 





Tongue of Rabbit, Showing 
Foliate Papilla, P. F. (From 
Stirling.) 



Foliate Papilla in the Rabbit. X 80. 
1,1'. Primary and secondary septa, g. Taste-buds. n. Medul. 
lated nerve, d. Serous gland, a. Its duct. M. Muscular 
fibers. 

Maximal. Same as P., Circumvallate. P., Medul- 
lary, one of the small eminences on the medulla oblon- 
gata. P., Minimal. Same as P. , Conic. P., Nerve, 
any one of the skin-papillae containing tactile corpuscles 
or nervous plexuses. 
P. optica, the optic 
disc or prominence 
formed by the fibers 
of the optic nerve 
after having entered 
the cavity of the eye- 
ball. P., Renal, the 
summit of any one of 
the renal pyramids 
projecting into the 
renal pelvis. P. of Skin, any one of the minute 
finger-like projections of the corium. P. spiralis, the 
same as Organ of Corti. See Corti, Organ of. P., 
Tactile, one of the papilla? of touch ; little eminences 
of the true skin containing tactile corpuscles and 
nerve-fibers. P. truncatse. Synonym of P., Cir- 
cumvallate. P., Vallate. See P., Circumvallate. 

Papillar {pap-il'-ar). Synonym of Papillary. 

Papillary (pap'-il-a-re) [papilla, nipple]. Pertaining 
to a papilla. Also, pertaining to the nipple. Bearing 
papillae. P. Wave. See Percussion-wave. 

Papillate (pap'-il-at) [papilla, nipple, bud]. In 
botany, covered with papillae. 

Papuliferous (pap-il-if'-er-us) [papilla, papilla; ferre, 
to bear]. Papillate; bearing one or more fleshy ex- 
crescences. 

Papilliform {pap-il'-iform) [papilla, nipple ; forma, 
to form]. Shaped like a papilla, or nipple. P. 
Bodies of Van Bemmelen. See Megalesthete. P. 
Layer of the Skin, the layer bearing the papillae. P. 
Muscles, those conic columnce carneae of the heart 
to which the chordae tendinex are attached. 

Papillitis (pap-il-i'-tis) [papilla, papilla ; mc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the optic disc or papilla 
of the eye. The old terms choked disc, descending 
neuritis, etc., implied unproved theories of causa- 
tion, and have been replaced by the adoption of the 



PAPILLOMA 



969 



PARACELE 



better term papillitis. Intracranial diseases, as tu- 




Papillitis. 

mors, meningitis, abscess, etc., are the most frequent 
cause. 

Papilloma (pap-il-o'-mah) [papilla, papilla; opia. 
tumor: //., Papillomata']. A term loosely employed 
to include corns, warts, horns, and certain nevi. 
Papillomata stand midway between true tumors and 
inflammatory growths ; a papilloma is any growth on 
the skin or mucous membrane based upon, or resem- 
bling, a normal papilla. P., Hard, a form in which 
the connective-tissue framework is denser and the 
cells fewer than usual. It grows chiefly from the 
skin. P., Soft, one growing from mucous mem- 
branes, especially in the uterus, rectum, and bladder. 

Papillomatosis (pap-il-o-niat-o' -sis) [papilla, papilla ; 
o/xa, tumor; vdaoc, disease]. The widespread forma- 
tion of papillomata ; also the state of being affected 
with multiple papillomata. 

Papillomatous (pap-il-o'-mat-tis) [papilla, papilla; 
bfia, tumor]. Pertaining to a papilloma. 

Papilloretinitis (pap-il-o-ret-in-i' -lis). Synonym of 
Neuroretinitis. 

Papillose (pap'-il-oz) [papilla, a nipple]. Bearing 
papillae. 

Papillulate (pap-il'-u-ldt) [papillula, papillule]. Pap- 
ular; covered with papillulae. 

Papillule (pap'-il-ul) [papillula, dim. of papilla, a 
nipple]. I. A small papilla or tubercle. 2. Also 
applied to a small depression, as a variole, when it has 
a central elevation. 

Papoid (pap / -oid). A proprietary preparation similar 
to or identical with papain. 

Papoose, Pappoose (pap-oos') [ Amer. Ind.]. An Indian 
babe or young child. P. -root. Synonym of Cau- 
lophyllum. 

Pappiferous (pap-if'-er-us) [7rd7T7roc, down ; ferre, to 
bear]. Bearing a pappus. 

Pappus (pap'-us) [ird-n-iroc , down] . The fine down first 
appearing on the cheeks and chin. In biology, the 
modified calyx-limbs of the florets of the Composites. 

Papula {pap 1 '-u-lah ). See Papule. 

Papular (pap'-u-lar) [papula, papule]. Of the nature 
of a papule. 

Papule Ipap'-ill) [papula, a pimple], A small cir- 
cumscribed, solid elevation of the skin. P., Moist, 
a name for a broad condyloma. P., Mucous, a 
mucous patch of syphilis. 



Papuliferous (pap-u-lif'-er-us) [papula, a pimple; 
ferre, to bear] . Pimply ; covered with papulae. 

Papulose (pap' -u-loz). Synonym of Papular. 

Papulous (pap'-u-lus). Synonym of Papular. 

Papyraceous (pap-ir-a'-se-us) [papyrus, paper]. In 
biology, of a papery texture. 

Papyritious (pap-ir-ish'-us) [papyrus, paper]. In 
biology, resembling paper, as the nests of certain 
wasps. 

Paquelin's Cautery. See Cautery. 

Par [L.]. A pair. P. duodecimum, an old name 
for the hypoglossal nerve. P. medulla; primum, 
an old term for the glosso-pharyngeal nerve. P. 
medullar secundum, the vagus nerve. [Old.] P. 
nonum, an old name for the hypoglossal nerve. P. 
piqure. See Culture. P. vagum, the vagus nerve. 

Para- (part-a/i-) [irdpd, beyond, beside]. A prefix 
signifying beyond, beside, near, the opposite of, etc. 
In chemistry, it denotes close relationship, and is 
applied, e. g., to a derivation of the benzol ring formed 
by the substitution of two atoms of hydrogen situated 
opposite each other. In biology, it indicates compari- 
son with another object, although a distinct difference 
exists. In pathology, it signifies a condition varying 
from the normal, though resembling it somewhat. 

Para-analgesia (par-ak-an-al-je' '-ze-a/i) [irapd, beside; 
ava/.yricia , insensibility to pain]. Analgesia limited 
to the lower limbs and the lower half of the trunk. 

Para-anesthesia (par-ah-an-es-the' -ze-ah) [-irapd, be- 
side; avatadi/dia, anesthesia]. Anesthesia affecting 
both sides of the body below the waist. 

Parabanic Acid (par-ab-a'-nik). See Oxalyurea. 

Parabin (par'-ab-in). See Gelose. 

Parablast (par'-ab-lasi) [irapd, beside ; /3Aacrn5c, germ]. 
In biology, Kupffer's term for peculiar nutritive cells 
lying under the blastoderm of certain reptilian mero- 
blastic eggs, as distinguished from the archiblast or 
formative cells. From it are developed the connective 
tissues, the endothelial cells, the corpuscles of the 
blood, the blood-plasma, and the lymph. 

Parablastic (par-ab-las'-tik) [irapd, beside ; /3/Wrdc, 
germ]. Pertaining to the parabiast. 

Parablepsis (par-ab-lep'-sis) [irapd, beside ; fi^eipig, 
vision]. False or perverted vision. 

Paraboulia (par-ab-oo' -le-ah). See Parabulia. 

Parabranchia (par-ab-rang' -ke-ah) [irapd, beside ; 
fipdyxta, gills: //. , Parabranchia]. In biology, the 
second gill of a gastropodous mollusc. 

Parabranchial (par-ab-rang' -ke-al) [irapd, beside; 
(3pdyxia, gills]. Pertaining to a parabranchia. 

Parabulia (par-ab-u' -le-ah) [irapd, beside ; (Sov'Ay, will]. 
Abnormality of the volitional action. 

Parabuxidin (par-ab-tiks'-id-in) [irapd, beside ; buxus, 
the box-tree]. A crystalline alkaloid found in the 
common garden -box. 

Parabuxin ( par-ab-uks'-in) [irapd, beside ; buxus, the 
box-tree], C 24 H 48 N 2 0. An alkaloid found in common 
garden-box. 

Parabysma (par-ab-iz'-mah) [irapafivopa ; irapafiveiv, 
to stuff : //. , Parabysmata] Turgescence, especially 
of a viscus. 

Paracanthoma (par-ak-an-tho'-mah) [irapd, beside; 
a,Kavfta, prickle ; bpa, tumor]. A new growth affect- 
ing the prickle-cell layer of the skin. 

Paracanthosis (par - ak - an - tho' - sis) [irapd, beside ; 
aKavQa, prickle ; voaog, disease : //. , Paracanthoses~\. 
Any skin-disease characterized by some anomaly of 
the prickle-cell layer. 

Paracarpium (par-ak-ar' -pe-uni) [~apd, beside ; Kap- 
7T<5c, fruit]. In biology, an abortive pistil or ovary. 

Paracele (par'-as-el) [irapd, beside ; KotXia, a hollow]. 
A lateral ventricle of the brain. 



PARACENTERION 



970 



PARACRESOTIC ACID 



Paracenterion [par- as- en -te'- re- on). Synonym of 
Trocar. 

Paracentesis ( par-as-en-te' -sis) [napa, beside ; kzvttj- 
atc, puncture]. Piercing or tapping a cavity of the 
body, such as the chambers of the eye, or the thorax, 
for the evacuation of fluid. 

Paracentral ( par-as-en' -tral) [napa, beside ; nivrpov, 
center]. Alongside, or situated near, a center. P. 
Lobule. See Lobulus. 

Paracentric {par-as-en' -trik) [napa, beside ; Kivrpov, 
center]. Approaching the center. 

Paracephalus (par-as-e/'-al-us) [napa, beside ; neipa/ib, 
head]. I. A species of omphalosite monsters, char- 
acterized by the presence of four extremities, more or 
less imperfect, especially in the digits, an imperfectly- 
formed head, a rudimentary condition of the viscera, 
and, occasionally, absence of the heart. The paracepha- 
lus is one of unioval twins, the sex being always the 
same, and usually female. It is incapable of living. 
2. A variety of the foregoing species in which the 
head is very imperfectly-formed, more or less defect- 
ive in all its parts, but exhibiting rudiments of the 
cranium and of the organs of sense, and possessing 
even an oral orifice and a buccal cavity. The trunk is 
also defective, and there are no superior extremities. 

Parachloralose {par- ak - lo'- ral -oz) [napa, beside; 
X^upoc , green]. A product of the action of chloral 
upon sugar. It is insoluble in water and is practically 
inert. 

Paracholesterin {par-ak-o-les' -ter-in) [napa, beside ; 
X°^>h bile; areap, fat], C. 26 H H 0. One of the vege- 
table cholesterins. 

Paracholia {par - ak - o' - le - all) [napa, beside; x°^> 
bile]. Any abnormality in the secretion of bile. 

Parachordal {par-ak-or' -dal) [napa, beside; xopdr/, a 
string; specifically the chorda or notochord]. In 
biology : (a) One of two bars of cartilage extending 
alongside the occipital notochord in the human fetus. 
(6) Adjoining the cephalochord ; situated at the side 
of the cranial part of the notochord of the embryo. 
(c) Pertaining to the cartilaginous basis of the cranium 
in the embryo. 

Parachrea {par-ak-re 1 ' -ah)[napa , beside ; XP 01 ®* color]. 
Morbid discoloration, or change of complexion. 

Parachroma {par-ak' -ro-mali) [napa, beside; xP^o-i 
color]. Any pigmentary disease of the skin. See 
Parachromatism. 

Parachromatin {par - ak - ro'- mat- in) [napa, beside ; 
Xptifia, color]. In biology, that portion of the 
nucleoplasm which goes to form the spindle-threads 
during mitosis; linin. It is but slightly stainable, 
whence the name. 

Parachromatism {par-ak-ro' '-mat-izm) [napa, beside ; 
Xpu/ia, color]. False, or incorrect perception of 
color. It is not the same as true color-blindness, 
which it may approach more or less completely. 

Parachromatoblepsia {par-ak-ro-mat-o-blep'-se-ah). 
See Parachromatism. 

Parachromatosis ( par-ak-ro-mat-o' -sis) [napa, beside ; 
Xpo)/xa, skin; v6aoq, disease]. Any one of the pig- 
mentary skin-diseases. 

Parachromophore {par-ak-ro' -mo-for) [napa, beside; 
Xp&aa, color ; <popdg, bearing]. In biology, applied 
to chromogenic bacteria that produce the pigment 
as an excretion-product, but retain it in the organism. 

Parachrosis {par-ak-ro' -sis) [napa, beside; xP^ CT 'f> 
coloring]. The existence of a pigmentary skin-disease. 

Parachymosis {par - ak - i - mo' -sis) [napa, beside; 
X v P-6(, juice]. A morbid state of a secretion or a 
secreting organ. 

Paracinema [par-as-in-e' '-mah) . Synonym of Dislo- 
cation. 



Synonym of Paramyo- 
Synonym of Para one. 



Paracinesis {par-as-in-e'-sis) [napa, beside ; kivt/gic, 
motion]. Morbid movement of the voluntary muscles, 
arising from a diseased condition of the motor nerves 
or centers. 

Paraclonus {par-ak' -lo-mts). 
clonus. 

Paracmasis {par-ak' -mas-is). 

Paracmastic {par-ak-mas'-tik) [napa, beside; aicpij, 
acme]. Pertaining to the declining stage. 

Paracme {par-ak'- me) [napa, beside ; dupij, point, 
prime]. In biology, the degeneration or decadence 
of a group of organisms after they have reached their 
acme of development. 

Paracnemion (par-ak-ne'-me-on). Synonym of Fibula. 

Paracoe {par - ak'- o- e) [napanoj], only half heard]. 
Some perversion of the sense of hearing, in which 
sounds are not heard distinctly. 

Paraccele {par' -as-el). See Paracele. 

Paraccelia {par-as-e'-le-ah ). Same as Paracele. 

Paracolitis {par - ak ■ o - li'- lis) [napa, beside ; kHi'aov, 
colon ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
outer coat of the colon. 

Paracolpitis {par-ak-ol-pi'-tis) [napa, by ; KoXnoc, 
vagina; mg, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
connective tissue about the vagina. 

Paracondylar, {par-ak-on'-dil-ar) [napa, beside ; k6v- 
dvloq, knuckle ; elthc, like]. Situated alongside a 
condyle or a condylar region. 

Paracondyloid {par-ak-on'-dil-oid) [napa, beside ; 
kovSvaoc;, knuckle; eifioc, form]. Adjoining the con- 
dyles. 

Paracone {par'-ak-on) [napa, beside; kuvoc, cone]. 
The antero-external cusp of an upper molar tooth. 

Paraconicin {par-ak-on' -is-i>i) [napa, beside ; nuveiov, 
hemlock]. An isomer of coniin, possessing similar 
physiologic properties. 

Paraconid {par-ak-o'-nid) [napa, beside ; nuvnc, cone]. 
The antero-internal cusp of a lower molar tooth. 

Paraconiin {par-ak-o'-ni-in) [napa, beside; kuveiov, 
hemlock], C 8 H 15 N. A principle formed from normal 
butyraldehyd and butylidene chlorid upon heating 
them with alcoholic ammonia. It is a colorless liquid, 
with a stupefying odor, boiling at l68°-l70° C. It is 
said to have the physiologic properties of coniin, 
whence the name. 

Paracope {par-ak' -o-pe) [napa, beside, aside; Konriw, 
to strike]. Insanity or delirium. 

Paracopic {par-ak-op'-ik) [napanonriKog, frantic] . In- 
sane or delirious. 

Paracorolla {par-ak-o-rol' -ah) [napa, about ; KopCivq, 
crown, garland]. In biology, an appendage in the 
throat of the corolla ; the crown, as in A 7 arcissus. 

Paracoto {par-ak-o' -to) [napa, beside ; Sp. , coto, a 
cubit]. A South American tree closely related to 
Coto. Its bark contains a neutral substance, paraco- 
toin, closely resembling cotoin, but about half as 
strong. P. Bark, a variety of bark from Bolivia, of 
undetermined origin, but much resembling coto. Unof. 

Paracotoi'n { par-ak-o' -to-in) [napa, beside ; Sp. , coto, 
a cubit], C 19 H I2 6 . An active principle of Paracoto 
and Paracoto Bark, valuable in cholera. It is similar 
to, but less active than, cotoin. Dose gr. ]A-}. Unof. 

Paracotoi'nic Acid ( par-ak-o-to-in'-ik) [napa, beside; 
Sp., coto, a cubit], C 19 H,,0 + H,0. An amorphous 
substance obtained when paracotoln is boiled with 
potassium hydrate. 

Paracoumaric Acid { par-ak-oo-ma?-'-ik) [napa, beside; 
coumarin~\, C 9 H 8 :! . An acid obtained by treating 
aloes with sulphuric acid. 

Paracousia, Paracousis {par-ak-oo' -ze-ah, par-ak-u' - 
sis). See Paracusis. 

Paracresotic Acid {par-ak-re-sot'-ik). See Acid. 



PARACRESYLOL 



971 



PARAGENETIC 



Paracresylol ( par-ak-cres' '-il-ol) [napd, beside; Kpea$, 
flesh; oleum, oil]. A derivative of cresol. 

Paracrusis (par-ak-ru'-sis) [napd, beside, aside; 
Kpo'vetv, to strike]. I. Insanity, delirium. 2. The 
checking or " driving in " of an eruption or exan- 
them. 

Paracusia, Paracusis (par-ak-u' -ze-ah , par-ak-u' -sis) 
[napd, beside; anoveiv, to hear]. Any perversion of 
the sense of hearing. P. acris, excessively acute hear- 
ing, rendering the person intolerant of sounds. P. du- 
plicata, a condition in which all or only certain sounds 
are heard double. P. localis, P. loci, Politzer's 
term for the difficulty in estimating the direction of 
sounds met with in unilateral deafness, or when the 
two ears hear unequally. P. obtusa, hardness of 
hearing. P. perversa, synonym of P. willisii. P. 
willisii. See Deafness, Paradoxic . 

Paracyanogen (par - as- i - an'- o -Jen) [napd, beside ; 
Kvavoc, blue; yevvav, to produce]. A black, amor- 
phous substance resulting when mercuric cyanid is 
heated, with the evolution of cyanogen gas ; it is a 
polymeric form of cyanogen. 

Paracyesis (par- as- i - e'-sis) [n apd, beside ; kvijolq, 
pregnancy]. Extra-uterine pregnancy. 

Paracynanche (par - as - in - ang' - he) [napd, beside ; 
Kwdyx'h cynanche]. Inflammation of the connective 
tissues about the larynx. 

Paracystitis (par-as-is-ti'-tis) [napd, beside; k'votic, 
bladder; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
connective tissue that surrounds the bladder. 

Paracytic (par-a-si' -tik) [napd, beside ; kvtoc, cell]. 
Lying among cells. 

Paradactylar (par-ad-ak' -til-ar) [napd, beside; Sdic- 
ri'Aoc, a finger]. In biology, pertaining to the paradac- 
tylum. 

Paradactylum (par - ad - aW - til - um) [napd, beside ; 
6dnTv?Mc, a finger: //. , Paradactyla\ In biology, 
applied to the side of a bird's toe, to distinguish it from 
the top or sole. 

Paradenitis (par - ad- en - i'- tis) [napd, about ; aSr/v, 
gland; ltic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
areolar tissue about a gland. 

Paraderm (par'-ad-erm) \jvapd, beside ; depfia, skin]. 
In biology, Kupffer's term for a peculiar invagination 
of the blastoderm of reptilian eggs. 

Paradesmosis (par-ad-ez-mo' -sis) [napd, beside ; deoftoc, 
bond]. A disease of the skin characterized by a typical 
connective-tissue neoplasm. 

Paradidymis (par-ad-id' -im-is) [napd, beside ; 6'uhpoc, 
testicle]. The organ of Giraldes ; the remains of the 
urinary part of the Wolffian body of the fetus. 

Paradise (par' -ad-is) [napddetaor, a park]. I. A park 
or pleasure-ground. 2. The home of primeval man; 
the garden of Eden. P. , Grains of. See Grains of 
Paradise. P. -tree, the tree Simaruba glauca, 
found in America from Florida to Brazil. Its bitter 
bark is a good tonic. Unof. 

Paradoxia (par-ad-oks' -e-ali) [napddo!;oc, incredible]. 
An absurd or contradictory statement or proposition. 
P. sexualis, sexual excitement occurring independ- 
ently of the period of the physiologic processes in the 
generative organs ; the abnormal exhibition of sexual 
instincts in childhood or prior to puberty. 

Paradoxic (par- ad '- oks'-ik) [napd&oS, of, incredible]. 
Of the nature of paradoxia. P. Contraction. See 
Contraction. P. Deafness. See Deafness. P. Knee- 
jerk. See Reflexes , Table of '. P. Muscular Contrac- 
tion, a slow tonic contraction occurring in a muscle 
when suddenly relaxed or when its length is suddenly 
shortened. P. Temperature. See Thermal Ataxia. 

Parsesthesia (par-es-the'-ze-ah). See Paresthesia. 

Paraesthetic (par-es-thet'-ik). See Paresthetic. 



Paraffin (par'-af-in) [parum, little ; affinis, related]. 
I. A white, odorless, translucent, crystalline hydro- 
carbon obtained from coal-tar, or by the destructive 
distillation of wood. In a pure state it resembles 
white wax in physical properties. 2. In chemistry, 
the term is applied to any member of the paraffin series 
C„ H 2 n + 2> the lowest representative of which is CH 4 , 
methane. In a more limited sense, the high-boiling 
(beyond 300 C.) solid hydrocarbons arising from 
the distillation of the tar obtained from turf, lignite 
and bituminous shales. Pure paraffins occur as white, 
translucent, leafy, crystalline masses, soluble in ether 
and hot alcohol. They melt between 45 and 70 C. 
and are essentially mixtures of hydrocarbons boiling 
above 300 C. For Table of Paraffins, see under 
Hydrocarbons. See also Ethane. P. durum, hard 
or solid paraffin, a mixture of several of the harder 
members of the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It is 
usually obtained by distillation from shale. P., 
Liquid, a liquid hydrocarbon of the paraffin series. P. 
Method, a method of interstitial embedding of tis- 
sues, in which there is thorough and complete impreg- 
nation of the tissue with the embedding mass. The 
tissue must be saturated with some fluid with which the 
paraffin is perfectly miscible, and the fluids usually 
employed for this purpose are chloroform or turpentine 
oil. The order of preparation of the tissue is as fol- 
lows : 1. Into 95 per cent, alcohol for from 12 to 24 
hours. 2. Into absolute alcohol for from 24 to 48 
hours, until complete dehydration has been secured. 
3. Into pure chloroform for from 6 to 8 hours, or until 
the chloroform has replaced the absolute alcohol. 4. 
Into a saturated solution of paraffin in chloroform for 
from 2 to 3 hours. 5. Into pure melted paraffin which 
has a melting-point of about 50° C. , and in this the 
tissue remains until every interstice has been com- 
pletely filled with the embedding mass and all the 
chloroform has been drawn oft. P. molle, soft par- 
affin or vaselin. See Vaselin. P. -paper, paper 
saturated with melted paraffin. P., Scaly, a paraffin 
that has been resolved into hydrocarbons ranging from 
heptdecane, C n H 3(! , to tricosane, C 23 H 48 . P. -treat- 
ment. See Diphtheria. 

Parafibrin (par - af- i' -brin) [napd, beside ; fibra, a 
fiber]. A modified fibrin. 

Paraflagellate (par-aflaf -el-at) [napd, beside ; flagel- 
lum, a flagellum]. In biology, provided with para- 
flagella. 

Paraflagellum (par - af- laj - el'-uni) [napd, beside ; 
flagellum, a whip: pi. , Paraflagella~\. In biology, a 
small supplementary flagellum. 

Paraflocculus (par-aflok' -u-lus). See Flocculus. 

Paragammacismus (par-ah-gam-as-iz'-mus) [napd, 
beside ; ydppa, the letter g] . Inability to pronounce 
the hard g, and also k, other consonants being substi- 
tuted, as d or t. 

Paragaster (par-ah-gas' -ter)[napd, beside ; yaarijp, the 
stomach]. In biology, the central cavity of a sponge. 

Paragastric (par-ah-gas' -trik) [napd, beside ; yaurr'/p, 
stomach]. Lying alongside the gastric cavity. 

Paragastrula (par - ah - gas'- tru - lah) [napd , beside ; 
yaurr/p, belly.pl., Paragastrula^]. In biology, the 
two-layered sac or gastrula formed by the invagination 
of an amphiblastula. 

Paragastrular (par- ah -gas' '-tru- lar) [napd. beside ; 
yaoTTjp, belly]. Pertaining to the paragastrula. 

Paragenesis (par-aj-en' -es-is) [napd, beside ; yiveatc, 
origin]. In biology, the third of Broca's four degrees 
of fecundity in the union of two species. Cf. Agenesis, 
Dysgenesis, Eugenesis. 

Paragenetic (par-aj-en-et'-ik) [napd, beside ; yeveaic, 
genesis]. Pertaining to paragenesis. 



PARAGEUSIA 



972 



PARALLAX 



Parageusia (par-ag-u'-ze-ah). See Parageusis. 

Parageusic {par - ag - u' '- zik) [napd, beside; yevaic, 
taste]. Pertaining to, or affected with, parageusia. 

Parageusis (par- ag-u'-sis) [napd, beside; yevaiq, 
taste]. Perversion of the sense of taste. 

Paraglenal (par-ag-le'-nal) [napd, beside ; yXfyvrj, 
the socket of a joint]. In biology, the coracoid of a 
fish. 

Paraglobin (par-ag lo'-bin). Same as Paraglobulin. 

Paraglobularetin (par-ag-lob-u-lar-et'-in) [napd, be- 
side; globus, a round ball; pi/rivy, resin], C 12 H )6 4 . 
A decomposition-product of globularin obtained when 
the latter is treated with dilute acids. 

Paraglobulin (par-ag-lob' -u-lin) [napd, beside; glob- 
ulus, a little ball]. A native proteid of the globulin 
class obtained from blood-serum and other fluids of 
the body. It is called, also, Fibroplastbi, Fibrino- 
plastin, and Serum-globulin. It is precipitated as a 
white amorphous substance when carbonic acid gas 
is passed through diluted blood-serum. 

Paraglobulinuria (par-ag-lob-u-lin-u'-re-ah) [napd, 
beside; globulus, a little ball; ovpov, urine]. The 
presence of paraglobulin in the urine. 

Paraglossa ( par-ag- los'-ah) [napd, beside ; yluaaa, 
tongue]. Swelling of the tongue. Also an hyper- 
trophy of the tongue, usually congenital. In biology, 
one of a pair of appendages of the ligula found in 
many insects on each side of the glossa. 

Paraglossate (par-ag-los' '-at) [napd, beside ; yXitaaa, 
tongue]. In biology, provided with paraglossae. 

Paraglossia (par-ag-los' ' -e-ah) [napd, beside ; yXuaaa, 
tongue]. Inflammation of the muscles and Connec- 
tive tissues under the tongue. 

Paragluconic Acid (par-ag-lu-kon'-ik) [napa, beside ; 
yXvuvc, sweet]. An isomer of gluconic acid distin- 
guished from the latter by forming with the alkaline 
metals salts that are crystalline instead of amorphous. 

Paragnathous (par-ag' '-na-thus) [napd, beside ; yva- 
0og, jaw]. I. In biology, having both mandibles of 
equal length, their tips falling together, as in certain 
birds. 2. Pertaining to paragnathus. 

Paragnathus (par-ag' -na-thus) [napd, beside; yvddog, 
jaw]. A double monster having a supernumerary 
mandible situated laterally. 

Paragoge (par'-ag-og) [napd, beside ; ayuy6c, lead- 
ing]. Reduction of a fracture or luxation. 

Paragomphosis (par - ag- om-fo'-sis) [napa, amiss; 
yofitp'ootx; , a nailing]. Impaction of the fetal head in 
the pelvic canal. 

Paragraphia (par-ag-raf -e-ah) [napd, aside; ypayeiv, 
to write]. An aphasic symptom in which there is in- 
ability to express words in writing. In literal para- 
graphia the patient cannot even write the letters of the 
alphabet ; in the verbal form he can write the letters 
and perhaps some syllables, but not words. 

Paraguay Tea. See Mate. 

Paraheliotropism (par-ah-he-le-of -ro-pizm) [napd, 
about; rfkioq, the sun ; rpknuv, to turn]. In biology, 
the power possessed by certain leaves of placing their 
surfaces parallel to the rays of light ; diurnal sleep. 
Cf. Diaheliotropism. 

Parahepatic (par-ah-he pat'-ik) [napd, beside ; r/nap, 
liver]. About or near the liver. 

Parahypnosis (par-ah-hip-no'-sis)[napd, beside; vnvoc, 
sleep]. Abnormal sleep, like that of hypnotism or of 
narcosis. 

Parakanthosis (par-ak-an-tho'-sis). See Paracanthosis. 

Parakeratosis (par-ak-er-at-o' -sis) [napd, beside; 
Kepag, horn ; vbaoq, disease]. Any disease of the skin 
characterized by an abnormal quality of the horny 
layer. P. variegata, a rare skin-affection character- 
ized by the presence upon the entire surface of the 



body of a red exanthem leaving small, irregular, 
sunken patches of normal skin, and giving to the sur- 
face a reticulated appearance. The tolor varies from 
yellowish-red to bluish-red, and the affected patches 
are but slightly raised above the surface. Their borders 
are sharply defined and their surfaces covered with a 
fine lamellar desquamation under which they appear 
waxy and bright. There are no subjective symptoms 
throughout the course of the affection, which is pro- 
tracted. 

Parakinesis (par-ak-in-e'-sis). See Parakinesis . 

Parakresol (par-ak-re'-sol). See Kresol. 

Paralactic Acid (par-al-ak'-tik). See Acid, Sarcolactic. 

Paralalia (par - al- a'- le - ah) [napa, beside; '/a'/ -a, 
speech]. I. Inability of correct verbal expression, 
without loss of the power of thought. 2. A term 
embracing all abnormalities of speech, from trivial 
mannerisms to difficulties in the utterance of certain 
letters, including those painful defects depending upon 
physical malformations. 

Paralambdacism, Paralambdacismus (par-al-am'- 
das-izm, par-al-am-das-iz' -mus) [napd, beside ; Xd/xji- 
6a, the letter /.]. Inability to pronounce the letter 1, 
or the substitution of other consonants as t, r, s, w for 1. 

Paralampsis (par-al-amp' -sis) [napaXd/ineiv, to shine 
slightly]. A corneal cicatrix. [Old.] 

Paralbumin ( par-al' -bu-min) [napa, beside; albumen, 
white of egg]. This and metalbumin are two proteid 
substances found by Scherer in ovarian cysts. They 
also occur in the ascitic fluid. 

Paraldehyd (par-al' -de-hid) [napa, beside; aldehyd], 
C 6 H 12 3 . A polymeric form of aldehyd. It is a 
colorless liquid of repulsive odor and unpleasant taste. 
It is a powerful hypnotic, and is diuretic. It is valu- 
able in delirium tremens, mania, tetanus, and other 
nervous affections. P. -habit, morbid addiction to the 
use of paraldehyd. The following symptoms may be 
present : Emaciation, anemia, weakness and irregular- 
ity of the action of the heart, intermittence and softness 
of the pulse, palpitation, gastric derangement, costive- 
ness, boulimia, general muscular weakness, general 
tremulousness, especially in the tongue, facial muscles, 
and hands, feebleness and unsteadiness of gait, general 
restlessness, paresthesia, insomnia, mental anxiety and 
agitation, discontent, unreasonableness, mental confu- 
sion, mental excitement, temporary loss of memory, 
incoherence of speech, hallucinations, delusions. The 
odor of paraldehyd may be appreciable in the breath. 

Paraldol (par-al'-dol) [napa, beside; aldehyd], (C 4 H 8 - 
CX,)„. A polymer of aldol that melts at between 8o° and 
90 C. 

Paraleipsis ( par-al-lp' -sis) [napa, beside; dXet<j>eiv, to 
anoint]. A disorder of the sebaceous secretion. 

Paralerema (par-al-er-e'-mah) [napa, beside; /.i/py/ia, 
utterance]. Delirium, or delirious utterance. 

Paraleresis (par-al-er-e' -sis) [napa, beside ; ?J/pT/ai£, 
speech]. Delirium, or moderate mental disturbance. 

Paralexia (par-al-eks'-e-ah) [napa, beside; Xegic, 
(reading) speech]. A form of aphasia characterized 
by transposition or substitution of words or syllables 
in reading. 

Paralgesia, Paralgesis (par-al-je' -ze-ah, par-alje' -sis) 
[7707)11, beside ; hXyoq, pain]. Anesthesia or analgesia. 

Paralgia (par-al' -je-ah) [napd, beside; dXyoc, pain]. 
Any perverted and disagreeable cutaneous sensation, 
as of formication, cold, burning, etc. 

Paralinin (par-al-i'-nin) [napd, beside; linin, para- 
chromatin]. In biology, the nuclear sap or matrix, a 
proteid of the globulin class, similar to those found in 
the cell-protoplasm. Cf. Paramitom, Paraplasm. 

Parallax (par'-al-aks) [napd, beside ; aA/loc, other]. 
The apparent displacement of an object by a change 



PARALLAX IS 



973 



PARALYSIS 



in the position of the observer, or by looking at it al- 
ternately with one eye, then with the other ; in the latter 
case the object seems to move. P., Binocular, the 
angle of convergence of the visual axes. P., Mental, 
a slight personal equation in observation due to one's 
standpoint. See Equation, Personal. 

Parallaxis (par-al-aks' -is) \ira.pd'AAa$ic;, alternation ; 
rrapd, beside; aXKoq, other]. I. The overriding or 
overlapping of the ends of a fractured bone. 2. Con- 
fusion of mind ; mental aberration. P., Crossed. 
Synonym of P., Heteronymous. P., Heteronymous, 
the apparent shifting of an object toward the side of 
the covered eye. P., Homonymous, the movement 
of the object toward the side of the uncovered eye. 

Parallel (par'-al-el) [-apd'AAj/'Aoc ; uapd, beside; aAAoc, 
another]. Having the same direction or course. P. 
Fissure. See Fissures, Table of. 

Parallela (par-al-el'-ah) \_KapaAlrjXog, parallel]. A 
scaly eruption on the palms of the hands, disposed in 
parallel lines. 

Parallelism (par'-al-el-izm). See Isopathy. 

Paralogia (par-al-o'-je-ah) [vrapd, beside; Aoyog, rea- 
son]. Difficulty in thinking logically. P., Thematic, 
a condition in which the thought is unduly concen- 
trated on one subject. It characterizes the individual 
with a hobby. 

Paralogism (par-al' '-o-jisni) \_Kapd, beside ; Aoyog, rea- 
son]. The logical error of considering effects or un- 
related phenomena as the causes of a condition. 

Paralysant (par-al-i' '-zant). See Paralyzant. 

Paralysis (par-al' -is-is) \_napd, beside; Aveiv, to loosen]. 
A complete loss or great diminution of the power of 
motion in one or in a number of muscles, or of sensa- 
tion in a part, or of both motion and sensation. P., 
Acute Ascending, Landry s Paralysis ; palsy be- 
ginning in the feet and ascending to the other muscles 
of the body, and finally involving the medulla. There 
is no pain, and no trophic changes ; the knee-jerk is 
usually diminished ; the sphincters are uninvolved. 
The pathology is obscure, and the malady is a very fatal 
one, usually terminating in death within a week, 
although it may continue for three or four weeks. 
Males are more frequently attacked than females, and 
the affection occurs chiefly between the ages of twenty 
and forty. See also Landry' 's Paralysis, and Diseases, 
Table of. P., Acute Atrophic. See P., Infantile. 
P., Acute Progressive. Synonym of P., Acute 
Ascending. P. agitans, Shaking Palsy ; Parkinson' s 
Disease ; an affection marked by tremor or alternate 
contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the part 
involved. The movements are regular and rhythmic 
(distinction from insular sclerosis), and begin usually 
in one hand. They almost never affect the head. 
They persist during rest and are little influenced by 
voluntary movement. Later in the disease there is 
a typical gait, known as festination or propulsion. 
It consists in a progressive increase in the rapidity 
of the gait until the patient breaks into a run, which 
grows faster and faster until he either falls or seizes 
some support. This peculiar gait is ascribed to the 
bent position of the trunk which throws the head so 
far forward as to bring the center of gravity beyond 
the line of the feet. Rarely the movement is back- 
ward ; this is called retropulsion. It may be to one 
or the other side — lateropulsion. The speech is 
slow, monotonous and high-pitched. The face is 
fixed and expressionless. In advanced stages there 
is an almost statue-like rigidity of the body. The 
hand assumes a peculiar position, as if rolling a 
small body between the thumb and the fingers, but 
later the position becomes constant, similar to that in 
which the pen is held — hence the term of -writing 



hand. The knee-jerk may be exaggerated. Flushing 
and heat are sometimes complained of. The course is 
of long duration, the disease at times lasting twenty 
or thirty years. The lesion is probably a diffuse 
sclerosis of the brain and spinal cord. Paralysis agi- 
tans is most common in males over forty years of age. 
P., Alcoholic, a multiple neuritis due to alcohol. 
See Neuritis, Multiple. P., Alternate. See Hemi- 
plegia. P., Analgesic, with Whitlow. See Morvan' s 
Disease. P., Anapeiratic. See Fatigue-diseases, and 
Professional A T euroses. P., Angeioneurotic (of the 
auditory nerve), a disturbance of the circulation in the 
internal ear characterized by sudden pallor of the face, 
nausea, tinnitus aurium, partial deafness, and vertigo, 
the symptoms disappearing rapidly. P., Antero- 
spinal. Synonym of Poliomyelitis, Anterior. P., 
Arsenical, a paralysis due to a multiple neuritis caused 
by arsenical poisoning. P., Association. Synonym 
of P., Glosso-labio-laryngeal. P., Atrophic (of 
children). Synonym of P. , Infantile. P., Atrophic, 
Infantile. Synonym of P., I/ifantile. P., Atrophic, 
Spinal. See P., Infantile. P., Bell's, a paralysis of 
the facial muscles arising from a lesion of the seventh , or 
facial nerve. This lesion may be on the face, in the 
temporal bone, or within the skull. Very rarely the 
affection is bilateral. P., Brachial, a paralysis of 
one or both arms. It may be due to a lesion of the 
brain-cortex, the spinal cord, or the nerves of the 
brachial plexus or their roots. P., Brown- Se- 
quard's. See Diseases, Table of. P., Bulbar, Glosso- 
labio-laryngeal paralysis ; a form of paralysis due to 
a degeneration of the nuclei of origin of the nerves 
(facial, glosso-pharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, and 
hypoglossal) arising in the oblongata. At first only 
the muscles of the lips, tongue, and pharynx are af- 
fected. The disease is marked by difficulty in masti- 
cation, deglutition, respiration, phonation, and articula- 
lation, and by wasting of the muscles concerned in the 
performance of these functions. The condition is 
sometimes a sequel to exposure to severe cold ; it may 
be caused by morbid growths or by syphilis. It is 
usually confined to the latter half of life, and its 
prognosis is bad. P., Caisson. Synonym of Caisson- 
disease. P., Central, a paralysis due to a brain-lesion. 
P., Centro-capsular, a paralysis due to a lesion of 
the internal capsule. P., Centrocortical, one caused 
by a lesion of the cerebral cortex. P., Cerebral, a 
paralysis due to a brain-lesion. P., Cerebral Infan- 
tile, P., Cerebral (of childhood), a spastic paralysis 
of children due to a lesion of the brain. It is often 
caused by the use of the forceps at birth. P., Cortical, 
a paralysis due to a lesion of the cerebral cortex ; it 
is usually a monoplegia or a hemiplegia. P., Crossed : 
I. A paralysis of the arm and leg of one side, associated 
with either a facial paralysis or a paralysis of the 
oculo-motor nerve of the opposite side, due to a lesion 
involving the pyramidal tracts of the side before they 
have crossed in the medulla, and a cranial nerve, e.g., 
the third, the sixth, or the seventh, after its fibers of 
origin have decussated. 2. Paralysis of the arm on one 
side and of the leg on the other. P. cruciata. Synonym 
of P., Crossed. P., Crutch. See Crutch-paralysis. 
P., Cruveilhier's, progressive muscular atrophy. P., 
Dental, anterior poliomyelitis occurring in teething 
children, formerly attributed to disturbed dentition. 
P., Diphtheric, a form sometimes occurring in patients 
convalescent from diphtheria. It is primarily a multi- 
ple neuritis caused by the toxin of diphtheria. P., 
Divers'. See Caisson-disease. P., Duchenne's. 
See Duchenne's Disease in Diseases, Table of. P., 
Emotional, a hysteric paralysis due to emotional 
excitement. P., Erb's. See Erb, and Diseases, 



PARALYSIS 



974 



PARALYSIS 



Table of. P., Essential. See P., Infantile. P., 
Exhaustion, a functional paralysis due to exhaustion 
of the nerve-centers by overwork. P., Facial, a 
paralysis of the muscles of the face, usually of one 
side only. It may be peripheral or central. P. 
festinans. Synonym of P. agitans. P., Galloping, 
a swiftly destructive form of general paralysis. P., 
General (of the Insane), General Paresis ; Paralytic 
Dementia ; Paretic Dementia ; Progressive Paralysis 
of the Insane; an organic disease of the brain, char- 
acterized by progressive loss of power and by a de- 
terioration of the mental faculties, ending eventually 
in dementia and death. In the early stages of the 
disease there are fibrillar tremblings, especially of the 
tongue and face. Speech is early disturbed. The 
disease is often associated with posterior spinal sclerosis. 
In cases presenting this type the knee-jerk is absent. 
The pupils very early show changes ; they may be 
unequal, irregular in outline, myotic, or may present 
the Argyll-Robertson phenomenon. Death may result 
from epileptiform or apoplectiform seizures or from 
general exhaustion. The affection is most common in 
males between the ages of thirty and sixty. It is induced 
by overwork and mental and physical strain, intem- 
perance, syphilis, and lead-poisoning. The lesion 
is essentially a meningo-encephalitis, with thick- 
ening of the cerebral meninges and wasting of 
the cortical substance. P., General Spinal, Sub- 
acute and Chronic Atrophic Spinal Paralysis ; Sub- 
acute and Chronic Anterior Poliomyelitis ; Progressive 
Muscular Atrophy ; Wasting Palsy ; Chronic Spinal 
Muscular Atrophy, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; 
a chronic disease of the spinal cord, characterized by 
paralysis followed by atrophy involving first the lower 
and then the upper extremities. It is due to an atrophy 
of the ganglionic cells in the anterior gray matter of the 
cord. The causes of the disease are obscure ; it usu- 
ally occurs between the ages of thirty and fifty. P., 
Glosso-labio-laryngeal, P., Glosso-labio-pharyn- 
geal, P., Glosso-laryngeal, P., Glosso-pharyn- 
geal. See P., Bulbar. P., Glossoplegic. Synonym 
of Glossoplegia. P., Gubler's. See Gubler. P., 
Hemiplegic. See Hemiplegia. P., Hysteric, a par- 
alysis occurring in hysteric subjects and simulating 
organic disease. It is usually accompanied by im- 
pairment or loss of sensation, by peculiar contractions, 
and the other hysteric stigmata. P., Idiopathic. 
Synonym of Tetany. P., Indian-bow, paralysis of 
the thyro-arytenoid muscles. P., Infantile, Acute 
Anterior Poliomyelitis ; Acute Atrophic Paralysis ; 
Atrophic Spinal Paralysis ; Essential Paralysis ; 
a disease peculiar to childhood, and characterized 
by sudden paralysis of one or more limbs or of 
individual muscle-groups, and followed by rapid wast- 
ing of the affected parts, with reaction of degenera- 
tion and deformity. It is most common in the first 
year, and during the warm months. It may be 
produced by traumatism, exposure to cold, or may 
follow an exanthem. The tendency is now to con- 
sider it infectious. The paralysis is due to changes in 
the anterior cornua of the gray matter of the spinal 
cord, with degeneration of the multipolar cells and 
gradual disappearance of their processes. In ac- 
cordance with the occurrence of these changes in the 
lumbar or cervical region the legs or arms are affected. 
P., Infantile Spastic. See P., Cerebral (of child- 
hood). P., Intermittent, a form due to malarial 
poisoning. P., Intra-peduncular, one involving the 
muscles of the eye in consequence of a lesion 
situated between the crura cerebri. P., Ischemic, 
paralysis of a part due to cutting off of the cir- 
culation, e. g. , paralysis of the lower limb follow- 



ing embolism or thrombosis of the femoral artery. 
P., Klumpke's, an atrophic paralysis of the inter- 
ossei and thenar and hypothenar muscles, with anes- 
thesia of the forearm and fingers and contracted 
pupils. The lesion is probably in the spinal cord, at 
the level of the first and second thoracic nerve-roots. 
P., Labio-glosso-laryngeal. See P. , Bulbar. P., 
Landry's. Same as P., Acute Ascending. P., La- 
ryngeal, a paralysis usually peripheral, of one or 
more laryngeal muscles, on one or on both sides. 
P., Lead, a paralysis usually of the extensors of 
the wrist, causing wrist-drop. It is nearly always 
bilateral and is due to a peripheral neuritis induced 
by lead-poisoning. P., Lenticular, one resembling 
bulbar paralysis, due to hemorrhage into the lenticular 
nucleus of each side. P., Lingual. Synonym of 
Glossoplegia. P., Little's. Synonym of P.', Infan- 
tile. P., Local, one confined to a single muscle or 
group of muscles. P., Masticatory, paralysis of one 
or more of the muscles supplied by the motor trunk 
of the trigeminal nerve. P., Mimetic, a feigned 
palsy. P., Motor, paralysis of the voluntary muscles. 
P., Musculo-spiral, paralysis of the extensors and 
supinators of the wrist, due to an injury or to inflamma- 
tion of the musculo-spiral nerve. P., Myogenic. See 
P., Infantile. P., Myopathic, palsy due to prim- 
ary disease of the muscles. P., Neural, paralysis 
due to peripheral neuritis. P. notariorum. See 
Writers' Cramp. P., Nuclear, one due to a lesion 
of the nuclei of origin of a cranial nerve. P., Ob- 
stetric, any paralysis of the child resulting from 
injuries received during delivery. P., Occupation. 
See Occupation-neurosis. P., Organic, one due to a 
structural lesion in the nervous system or in the 
muscles, as opposed to functional. P., Painters'. 
Synonym of P., Lead. P., Paraplegic. See Para- 
plegia. P., Periodic, a non-febrile paralysis of the 
arms and legs or neck and pharynx occurring in periodic 
attacks of short duration. P., Peripheral, loss of 
power due to a lesion of the nervous motor mechanism 
between the nuclei of origin and the peripheral termi- 
nation, as distinguished from loss of power due to a 
lesion between the cortical centers and (including) the 
nuclei. P., Phonetic, P., Phonic, laryngeal paralysis 
in which the tensors and adductors of the vocal bands 
are involved. P., Phosphoric, a paralysis brought 
about by poisoning with phosphorus. P., Post-febrile, 
a so-called functional paralysis sometimes occurring 
during convalescence from certain fevers. P., Pres- 
sure, paralysis of a group of muscles supplied by a 
nerve which has been subjected to prolonged pressure. 
P. procursoria. Synonym of P. agitans. P., Pro- 
gressive Bulbar. See P., Bulbar. P., Pseudo- 
(of rickets). See P., Rachitic Pseudo-. P., Pseudo- 
bulbar, a symmetric lesion of the halves of the 
cerebrum producing paralysis of the lips, the tongue, 
and the larynx or the pharynx. P., Pseudo- 
hypertrophic, Lipomatous Muscular Atrophy ; Du- 
chenne' s Paralysis; a chronic disease characterized 
by progressive muscular weakness, associated with 
an apparent hypertrophy of the affected muscles. 
There is an interstitial fibrous overgrowth of the mus- 
cles, frequently accompanied by an accumulation 
of fat and atrophy of the true muscle-fibers. The 
disease usually begins in the muscles of the calf, and 
spreads over the body, the muscles of the hand almost 
always escaping. There is marked lordosis and a char- 
acteristic gait with wide separation of the legs and sway- 
ing of the body from side to side. The characteristic 
symptom is the manner in which the patient arises 
from the floor — he " climbs" up on his legs, on ac- 
count of the weakened state of the extensor muscles 



PARALYSMA MESENTERICUM 



975 



PARAMNESIA 



of the back. The disease is essentially a chronic one, 
but the patient becomes absolutely helpless long 
before death. It is most common in young male 
children usually under ten years of age. The disease 
is entirely myopathic, no adequate nerve-lesion hav- 
ing as yet been discovered. P., Puerperal, the 
paralysis following labor. It may be due to trauma- 
tism during delivery, to pressure by the uterus, or 
from displacement of the pelvic organs, to puerperal 
sepsis, to phlebitis and phlegmasia alba dolens (these 
are really septic causes). These causes usually induce 
inflammation of the lumbar and sacral nerves. There 
may, however, be myelitis from puerperal septic in- 
fection. P., Rachitic Pseudo-, the motor weak- 
ness observed in the lower limbs of marked cases of 
rickets. There is no true paralysis, the condition being 
due to changes in the ligaments, softening of the 
bones, and weakness of the muscles. P., Radial. 
Synonym of P., Musculo-spiral. P., Reflex, the 
paralysis which sometimes follows immediately upon 
a wound of a nerve, or the paraplegia that is some- 
times due to irritation of an adherent prepuce. Other 
so-called reflex palsies, as that from renal calculus, are 
probably due to secondary changes in the spinal cord 
or nerves. P., Regressive. See P., Infantile. P., 
Rheumatic, a paralysis from peripheral neuritis the 
cause of which is apparently exposure to cold, e. g., in 
some cases of facial paralysis. P., Saturnine. Syno- 
nym of P., Lead. P., Scrivener's. Synonym of 
Cramp, Writers'. P., Segmental, aparalysis of a seg- 
ment of a limb produced by hypnotism. P., Sensory, 
anesthesia. P., Sleep, paralysis of the musculo-spiral 
nerve from pressure upon it during sleep. P., Spastic, 
a paralysis associated with rigidity of the muscles and 
heightened tendon-reflexes. P., Spastic Spinal. 
Synonym of Lateral Sclerosis. P., Telegraphers', 
an anapeiratic paralysis sometimes seen in telegraph- 
operators. P., Toxemic, one due to the presence of 
a poison in the blood. P., Toxic, a paralysis due to 
the influence of a mineral or organic poison on some 
part of the nervous system. P. vacillans. Syno- 
nym of Chorea. P., Vasomotor, a paralysis of the 
vasomotor center or the vasomotor nerves ; it leads 
to dilatation of the blood-vessels. P. venenata. 
Synonym of P., Toxic. P., Writers', paralysis with 
incoordination of the muscles of the wrist and fingers 
from overuse. 

Paralysma mesentericum. Synonym of Tabes mesen- 
terica. 

Paralytic (par-al-it'-ik) \_izapaAvGLc, paralysis]. Hav- 
ing the nature of paralysis. Affected with paralysis. 
Also, a person suffering from paralysis ; also, one suf- 
fering from general paralysis of the insane. P. Cho- 
rea, a local choreiform spasm connected with a cere- 
bral hemiplegia or monoplegia. It may precede or 
follow the onset of the paralysis of the limb. P. de- 
mentia. See Paralysis, General {of the Insane). P. 
Strabismus. See Strabismus. P. Theory of In- 
flammation. See Theory. 

Paralyzant (par-al-i' -zanf) \_TrapaAvaic, paralysis]. I. 
Effecting or causing paralysis. 2. An agent or drug 
that induces paralysis. P., Motor, a drug paralyzing 
any part of the motor apparatus ; the motor cells of 
the spinal cord, the motor nerves, or the muscles. 

Paralyzing [par' ' -al-i-zing) [napaAvoic, palsy]. Pro- 
ducing or giving rise to paralysis. P. Vertigo. See 
Gerlier's Disease. 

Param (par'-am), C 2 N 4 H 4 . A substance produced by 
the evaporation of the aqueous solution of cyanamid. 
It crystallizes in leaflets that melt at 205 C. ; it is 
insoluble in ether. 

Paramagnetic (par-atn-ag-nef '-ih) \jrapa, beside; 



payvijc, magnet]. A term applied to the ordinary 
form of magnetism, in which the orientation is north 
and south, in distinction from diamagnetism. 

Paramagnetism (par-am-ag' ' -net-izvi) \jxapa, beside ; 
payvr/c, magnet]. The phenomena exhibited by para- 
magnetic substances. 

Paramastitis (par-am-as-ti'-tis) \jrapa, near ; paaT6c, 
mamma ; ltic , inflammation] . Inflammation of the 
connective tissue about the mammae. 

Paramastoid (par-am-as'-toid) \jrapa, beside ; paardc, 
nipple; eldoc, like]. I. Situated near the mastoid 
process. 2. The jugular process of the occipital bone. 

Paramecium (par-am-e'-se-um) [_irapa, along; pf/voc, 
length: //. , Paramecia\. A longitudinal fissure. 

Paramedian (par-am-e'-de-an) [jrapa, beside; medius, 
middle]. Situated near the median line. P. Sulcus, 
a fissure present in the cervical portion of the spinal 
cord, not far from the posterior median fissure, and 
separating the column of Goll from the funiculus 
cuneatus. 

Paramenia {par-am-e' -ne-ali) [rrapa, beside; pijvec, 
menses]. Difficult or disordered menstruation. 

Paramere {par' -am-er) [rrapa, beside ; fiepoc, part]. 
In biology : (a) one of the radial sections composing 
the body of certain Medusa:, (b) Any one of a set 
of radiated parts, (c) Either half of a bilaterally 
symmetric organism or somite. 

Parameria (par-am-e'-re-ah) [rrapa, beside ; pr)p6c, 
thigh]. The inner surfaces of the thighs. 

Parameric (par-am-er'-ih) [rrapa, beside ; pepoc, a 
part]. Pertaining to a paramere. 

Paramesos (par-am-e'-sos) [rrapa, near ; peaoc, mid- 
dle]. Synonym of Ping-finger. 

Parametric (par-am-et'-rih) [rrapa, beside ; pfyrpa, 
uterus]. Pertaining to the tissues about the uterus. 

Parametritic [par-am-et-rit'-ih) [rrapa, beside ; fifjTpa, 
uterus ; ltic, inflammation]. Relating to, of the 
nature of, or affected with, parametritis. 

Parametritis [par-a??i-et-ri'-tis) [rrapa, near; pfjrpa, 
womb; ltic, inflammation]. Pelvic Cellulitis; in- 
flammation of the cellular tissue about the uterus. It 
is usually due to injury to the cervix and vagina dur- 
ing labor, but may also follow abortion and plastic 
operations on the cervix. It is marked by pelvic pain, 
with fever. Suppuration is very prone to take place. 
The abscess usually points in the inguinal region, but it 
may point in the thigh, or form a perinephric abscess ; 
it may open into the bowel, bladder, or vagina, or bur- 
row back to the side of the sacrum, or out upon the 
surface near the trochanter. 

Parametrium (par-am-e'-lre-um) [rrapa, near; prjrpa, 
womb]. The connective tissue that lies around the 
uterus. 

Paramic Acid (par-am'-ih) [rrapa, beside; amid"], 
C 12 H 5 N 3 7 . A crystalline substance obtained when 
paramid is treated with ammonium and precipitated 
with hydrochloric acid. 

Paramid (par'-am-id) [rrapa, beside ; amid~\, C 12 H 3 - 
N^Og. Me/limid ; an amid of mellitic acid, pro- 
duced by the dry distillation of ammonium mellitate. 
It is a white, amorphous powder, insoluble in water 
and alcohol. 

Paramimia {par-am-im 1 '-e-ali) [rrapa, beside ; pipeladai, 
to mimic]. The aphasic misuse of signs or panto- 
mime. 

Paramitome (par-am-it'-om) [rrapa, beside ; juitoc, 
thread] . In biology, P'leming's term for the more 
fluid portions of the cell -substance, contained in the 
protoplasmic reticulum. Cf. , Paralinin, Paraplasm. 

Paramnesia {par-am-ne 1 '-ze-ah) [rrapa, beside; pvr/ai-, 
only used in comp., remembering, from pipvr/aneLv, to 
remind]. The name given by A. Lalande to the very 



PARAMONOBROMACETANILID 



976 



PARAPHENETOLCARBAMID 



common illusion of feeling as if one had already under- 
gone the experience which may be passing, already 
been with just such people, in just such place, saying 
just such things, etc. The recognition of the situa- 
tion sometimes goes so far as to lead to a correct 
expectation of what the next following details are to 
be. The phenomenon is too wide-spread to be con- 
sidered pathologic. It is exhibited by both sexes, and 
all ages and temperaments, in about 30 per cent, of 
persons interrogated. The explanation is based upon 
subliminal or "unconscious" telepathic perception, 
i.e., a double perception, unconscious at first, then 
conscious. 
Paramonobromacetanilid (par-am-o-no-bro-mas-et- 

an'-il-id). See Antisepsin. 
Paramorphia (par-am-or' '-fe-ah) \jxapa, beside ; fiop(f>rj, 

form]. Abnormality of form. 
Paramorphic (par-am-or' fill) [napa, beside; jj.opiprj, 

form]. Pertaining to paramorphism. 
Paramorphin (par-am-or' -fin). See Thebain. 
Paramorphism ( par - am - orf / - izm ) [ Trapa, beside ; 
popfij, form]. In chemistry, a variety of pseudo- 
morphism in which there is a change of molecular 
structure without alteration of external form or chemic 
constitution. 
Paramorphosis (par - am- or -fo'- sis) [rrapa, beside ; 

fioptpij, form]. Same as Paramorphism. 
Paramucic Acid (par-am-u'-sik) [xapd, beside ; mu- 
cus, mucus], C 6 H ]0 O 8 . An isomer of mucic acid, 
occurring in rectangular crystals. 
Paramusia (par-am-u' -ze-ah) [napa, beside ; /wvoutij, 
music]. A form of aphasia in which there is perver- 
sion of the musical sense, resulting in the production 
of improper notes and intervals. 
Paramyelin (par-am-i'-el-in) [jrapa, beside ; pvuzlAc, 
marrow], C 38 H 75 NP0 9 . A white, solid substance 
obtainable from brain-substance and nerve-substance. 
Other analogous bodies are spoken of as paramyelins. 
Paramylum (par-am'-il-um) [rrapd, beside ; amylum, 
starch], C 6 H 10 O 5 . Zooamylum ; a carbohydrate 
occurring in the infusorian, Euglena viridis, and in all 
gregarinae, in the form of granules resembling starch. 
It is not colored by iodin. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 
Paramyoclonus (pa-rah-mi-ok'-lo-nus) [xapa, beside ; 
p.vQ, muscle; kXovoc, clonus]. The convulsive tremor 
of Friedreich ; a functional neurosis marked by the 
sudden shock-like character of the muscular contrac- 
tions, their bilateral symmetry, and the freedom of the 
extremities. There is no ataxia, paralysis, or anesthe- 
sia ; electric irritability is normal ; consciousness is 
unimpaired ; the convulsive movements are usually in 
abeyance during sleep. The disease generally occurs 
in males, and manifests itself both in children and in 
adults. It is supposed to be caused by fright or phys- 
ical overstrain. P. multiplex, an affection character- 
ized by clonic contractions, chiefly of the muscles of 
the extremities, occurring either constantly or in par- 
oxysms. It occurs usually in males, and follows emo- 
tional disturbance, fright, or straining. The contrac- 
tions are usually bilateral, and may vary from fifty to 
one hundred and fifty per minute. 
Paramyosinogen (par-am-i-o-sin'-o-jen) JVapd, beside; 
pvc, muscle]. Musculin ; one of the proteids of mus- 
cle-plasma. It coagulates at 47 C. See Muscle- 
plasma. 
Paramyotone (par-am-i' '-o-ton) [rrapd, beside ; five, 
muscle; rdroc, tone, tension]. See Paramyotonia. 
P., Ataxic, a disease much resembling myotonia con- 
genita, but not hereditary. 
Paramyotonia (par-a)ii-i-o-to' -ne-ah) [rrapa, aside; 
p.vc, muscle; rovor, tone]. Any perversion of mus- 
cular tonicity, with liability to spasm on small provo- 



cation. P. congenita, a rare and obscure family 
affection, allied to Thomsen's Disease, and by some 
regarded as identical with it. The chief symptom is 
tonic spasm, lasting from 15 minutes to several 
hours, affecting principally the facial muscles, but 
also those of the extremities ; it is directly excited by 
cold and allayed by warmth. 
Paramyotonus (par-am-i-of '-o-nies). See Paramyo- 
tonia. 
Paranema (par-an-e' '-malt) . Same as Paraphysis. 
Paranematic (par-an-e-maf '-ik) \_~apa, about; v//ua, 

a thread]. In biology, resembling a paranema. 
Paranephritis (par-an-ef-ri'-tis)\_Txapa, beside ; ve<j>p6<;, 
kidney; itic, inflammation]. 1. Inflammation of 
the paranephros, or supra-renal capsule. 2. Inflamma- 
tion of the connective tissue about the kidney. 
Paranephros (par-an-efi / -ros) [_irapa, beside ; veQpbc, 
kidney: pi. , Paranephric. A supra-renal capsule, 
or adrenal. 
Paraneurismus (par - an - u - riz'- mus) \jvapu, beside ; 
vevpov, nerve]. A nervous disorder, or perversion of 
nerve-function. 
Parangi (par-an'-je). See Frambesia. 
Parancea (par-an-e' -ah). See Paranoia. 
Paranoia (par-an-oi' -ah) [rrapd, beside ; vooc, mind]. 
Primary monomania ; a mental disease characterized 
by systematized delusions. Heredity usually plays an 
important role. 
Paranoiac (par-an-oi' -ak) [napd, beside; vooc, mind]. 
I. Affected with paranoia. 2. A person who is affected 
with paranoia ; a " crank." 
Paranuclear (par-an-u f -kle-ar)\j:apa, beside; nucleus, 

a nut]. Pertaining to the paranucleus. 
Paranucleate (par-an-u' -kle-dt)[napd, beside ; nucleus, 

kernel]. Provided with a paranucleus. 
Paranucleolus (par-an-u-kle' -o-lus) [7rapd, beside ; 
nucleolus, dim. of nucleus, kernel]. The smaller of 
the nucleoli in a nucleus ; also, a synonym of Pseudo- 
nucleolus. 
Paranucleus (par-an-td '-hle-us)[Trapd, beside; nucleus, 
kernel]. A part extruded from the nucleus of the 
spore-mother-cell, in the zoosphores of algse, just be- 
fore division. See Polar Globules. 
Paraparesis (par-ap-ar' -es-is) [napa, beside ; irapeoic, 
paresis]. Partial loss of power in the lower extremities. 
Paraparetic (par-ap-ar-ef -ik) [Tnzpd, beside ; -dpeaic, 
paresis]. Pertaining to, or affected with, paraparesis. 
Parapatagial (par-ap-at-a' -je-al) [irapa, beside ; nara- 

yelov, 3. stripe]. Pertaining to the parapatagium. 
Parapatagium (par-ap-at-a' -je-tun) [rrapd, beside ; ira- 
rayelov, a stripe, border : pi., Parapatagia~\. In biology, 
the fold of skin between the neck and the shoulder of 
a bird. 
Parapathia (par-ap-a' -the-ah) [Trapd, beside ; 7rd0oc, 

affection]. Moral insanity. 
Parapectic (par-ap-ek'-tik) [~apd, beside ; tt!jkt6c, 
fixed]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, parapec- 
tin. P. Acid, C 24 H 31 O r! , a body derived from pectose 
during the ripening of fruits. 
Parapectin (par-ap-ek' -tin) [7rapd, beside; tzijkto^, 
fixed]. A derivative of pectose found in fleshy fruits 
during the process of ripening. 
Parapeptone (par-ap-ep'-ton). See Peptone. 
Parapetalous (par-ap-et' -al-us) \_-apa, beside ; irha- 
Xov, a petal]. In biology, located on each side of f. 
petal. Cf. Anfipctalous. 
Paraphasia (par-af-a' -ze-ah) [Trapa, beside; (paotc, 
speech]. A form of aphasia in which there is in- 
ability to connect ideas with the proper words to ex- 
press the ideas ; conduction-aphasia. 
Paraphenetolcarbamid (par-af-en-et-ol-kar' -bam-id). 
See Dulcin. 



PARAPHENYLEXDIAMIN 



977 



PARAPOPHYSEAL 



Paraphenylendiamin (par-af-eii-il-en-di'-am-in). An 
isomer of metaphenylendiamin. It causes great ex- 
ophthalmos when injected into the bodies of animals. 
Paraphia (par-a'-fe-ah) [irapa, beside; dipt'/, touch]. 

Perversion or a morbid state of the sense of touch. 
Paraphimosis (par-af-i- mo'-sis) [irapd, beside; <j>iuov£. 
to bridle]. Retraction and constriction of the pre- 
puce behind the glans penis. 
Paraphobia (par- (if- o'- be - ah). Synonym of Hydro- 
phobia. 
Paraphonia (par -af-o'-nc- ah) [irapd, beside; (puvq, 
voice]. Any abnormal condition of the voice. P. 
clangens, shrillness of the voice. P. puberum, P. 
pubescentium, the harsh, deep, irregular voice noticed 
in boys at puberty. 
Paraphora (par-af '-o-rah) [irapaipopd, wandering]. I. 
Slight mental derangement, or distraction. 2. Un- 
steadiness due to intoxication. 
Faraphragm (par'-af-ram) [irapd, beside ; (ppdaociv, 
to fence, to enclose]. In biology, an antero-posterior 
diaphragm, found in certain Crustacea. 
Paraphragmal (par-af rag' -mal) [irapd, beside ; fpda- 

ouv, to fence]. In biology, forming a paraphragm. 
Paraphrasia (par-af-ra' -ze-ah) [irapd, beside ; typdatc, 
utterance]. Incoherence of speech. P. praeceps, 
precipitant utterance of incoherent speech. P. tarda, 
abnormal delay in the expression of thoughts. P. 
verbalis, the interpolation of an inappropriate word. 
P. vesana, jumbling of words and ideas. 
Paraphrenesis (par - af - ren - e' - sis) [irapd, beside; 

(ppf/v, mind]. Amentia ; delirium, or insanity. 
Paraphrenia, Paraphrenias (par-af ren' -e-ah, par-af - 
ren-i'-tis) [irapd, beside ; <t>pyv, mind ; diaphragm ; 
trig, inflammation]. I. Delirium; a mental disease. 
2. Inflammation of the diaphragm. 
Paraphronesis (par-af ro-tte' -sis) [irapdippuv, insane ; 

irapd, beside ; <j>pi/v, mind]. Insanity. 
Paraphrenia (par-afro' -ne-ah). See Paraphronesis. 
Paraphrosyne (par-af ros'-in-e) [irapatypQGvvif\. Insan- 
ity ; delirium of fever. 
Paraphyllum (par-afil'-um) [irapd, beside ; (pbTCXov, a 
leaf: pi. , Paraphylla~\. In biology, a foliaceous ex- 
pansion which is not a true leaf. One of the leaf-like 
scaly hairs between the leaves of certain mosses. 
Paraphymosis (par-af-i-mo'-sis). Synonym of Par- 
aphimosis. 
Paraphysis (par-af '-is-is) [irapd, beside ; <pbetv, to pro- 
duce : //. , Paraphyses~\. I. In biology, sterile filaments 
among reproductive bodies of various kinds in certain 
cryptogams. 2. A mesal outgrowth from the roof of 
the brain, cephalad of the epiphysis or conarium. 
Paraphyte (par'-af-if) [irapd, beside; 0t>rw, plant]. 

A disease attended by proliferation of tissue. 
Paraplasm (par' -ap-lazm) [irapd, beside ; irXdcfia, a 
thing formed]. I. See Paraplasma. 2. A heteroplasm 
or false growth. 
Paraplasma ( par-ap-laz' -mail) [irapd, beside ; irXdofia, 
anything formed]. In biology, Kupffer's term for the 
more fluid matrix of cell-protoplasm. See Parami- 
tome paralinin. 
Paraplastic (par-ap-las'-tik) [irapd, beside ; irJAcauv, 
to mold]. 1. Of the nature of paraplasm. 2. Hav- 
ing morbid formative powers. 
Paraplectic (par-ap-lek'-tik) [irapd, beside; irlrfyr/, 

a stroke]. Stricken with paraplegia. 
Paraplegia (par-ap-le' -je-ali) [irapd, beside ; irXijyr], 
stroke ; the term originally meant a paralysis of one 
side, or hemiplegia]. Paralysis of the lower extremi- 
ties. P., Alcoholic, that due to chronic alcoholism. 
It is probably a result of peripheral neuritis, rather than 
of cord-disease. P., Ataxic, a disease characterized 
clinically by a combination of ataxia and spastic para- 
62 



plegia, and anatomically by sclerosis of the poste- 
rior and lateral columns of the cord. The disease is 
most common in middle-aged males, and may follow 
exposure to cold and traumatism. P., Ataxic, He- 
reditary. See Friedreich' s Ataxia. P., Congenital 
Hypertrophic (of Duchenne), a synonym of Paraly- 
sis, Pseudo-hypertrophic . P., Congenital Spastic, 
that caused by meningeal hemorrhage during birth. 
P. dolorosa, paralysis of the lower portion of the 
body, arising from compression of the cord as a result 
of malignant disease of the vertebras, and characterized 
by the early occurrence of excruciating pains. P., 
Drunkard's, a synonym of P., Alcoholic. P., Dys- 
enteric, a paresis of the lower extremities due to the 
toxic action of the disease on the peripheral nerves. 
P. a frigore, a paraplegia resulting from multiple neu- 
ritis, due to exposure to cold.. P., Functional, one 
in which no organic lesion is ascertainable. P., He- 
reditary Ataxic. See Friedreich' 's Ataxia. P., 
Hysteric, a functional paraplegia due to hysteria. 
P., Infantile Spasmodic, Spastic Cerebral Para- 
plegia ; Spasmodic Tabes dor salts ; Birth-palsy ; a 
form characterized by muscular rigidity of the lower 
limbs, noticed from, or shortly after, birth. The 
gait of the child may be the so-called " cross-legged 
progression," q. v. There are exaggerated tendon- 
reflexes, no loss of sensation, and no interference 
with the action of the sphincters. If both arms 
and legs are affected, the condition is sometimes 
termed " bilateral spastic hemiplegia of children" or 
'■''spastic diplegia." Occasionally there are irregular 
movements of the arms resembling chorea or athetosis. 
These cases have been called " chorea spastica " and 
" double congenital athetosis." There may be a con- 
siderable degree of mental impairment, amounting 
even to idiocy, and convulsive attacks may persist 
through life. Nystagmus, squint, retarded dentition, 
arching of the palate, and other anatomic defects have 
been noted. This affection is due to prolonged labor 
or some form of dystocia, of fetal or maternal origin. 
P., Puerperal. See Paralysis, Puerperal. P., Re- 
flex, a paraplegia of reflex origin. P., Spasmodic. 
Synonym of P., Spastic. P., Spastic. I. Lateral 
sclerosis. See Sclerosis, Lateral. 2. Loss of power, 
with spasm of the muscles of the lower extremities. 
See Frb's Palsy. P., Spastic Cerebral. See P. r 
Infantile Spasmodic. P., Tabetic. Synonym of P. , 
Ataxic. P., Toxic, that due to the circulation of 
poisons in the blood. 
Paraplegic (par-ap-le'-jik) [irapd, beside ; irTaiyr], 
a stroke]. Pertaining to, or affected with, paraplegia. 
Parapleurum (par-ap-lu'-rum) [irapd, beside ; ir'AF.vpdv, 
the side: pi. , Parapleural- In biology, one of the 
pieces forming the side of a thoracic ring in an ar- 
thropod. 
Paraplexia (par-ap-leks'-e-ali) [irapairXr/^ia, derange- 
ment]. 1. A slight apoplexy. 2. Paraplegia. P. rheu- 
matica. Synonym of Enteritis, Pseudo-membranous. 
Paraplexus [par-ap-leks'-us) [irapd, beside ; plexus, a 
braid]. The choroid plexus of the paracele or lateral 
ventricle of the brain. 
Parapod (par'-ap-od) [irapd, beside; irovc, a foot]. 

A parapodium. 
Parapodium ( par-ap-o' -de-um) [irapd, beside ; irovg r 
foot]. In biology, one of the foot-stumps or rudi- 
mentary limbs of certain worms. 
Parapoesis, Parapoiesis ( par-ap-o-e'-sis, par-ap-oi-c' ■ 

sis) [irapairoiuv, to vitiate]. A functional disease. 
Parapolar (par-ap-o' -lar) [irapd, beside; irdloc-, pole]. 

In biology, adjoining the pole. 
Parapophyseal ( par-ap-off-iz' -e-al)[irapd, beside ; air6~ 
<(>vgic, an offshoot]. Pertaining to a parapophysis. 



PARAPOPHYSIS 



978 



PARASITES 



Parapophysis {par-ap-off' -is-is) \jrapa, beside ; cnr6<p- 
voiq, offshoot]. In comparative anatomy, the process 
homologous to the lower transverse process of a 
vertebra. 

Parapoplexy (par-ap'-o-pleks-e) [jrapa, beside; cnro- 
tt'/ji^'ki, apoplexy]. A masked or slight form of 
apoplexy. 

Paraproctitis (par-ap-rok-ti'-tis) [irapa, beside ; TrpuK- 
toi;, anus; trie, inflammation]. ■ Inflammation of the 
connective tissue about the rectum. 

Paraproctium (par-ap-rok' -te-uni) \jrapa, beside; 
Trpuicroc, anus]. The connective tissue that surrounds 
the rectum. 

Parapsis (par-ap / -sis)\_Trapa, beside ; aipic,a. touching]. 
A perverted condition of the sense of touch. 

Parapsis (par-ap / -sis) [irapa, beside; aipic, a loop, 
wheel: pi. , Parapsi~\. In biology, MacLeay's name 
for the lateral portion of the mesoscutum of the thorax 
when separate from the dorsal portion ; the plages scapu- 
lares of Haliday and the scapula: of Thomson. 

Parapteral (par-ap'-ter-al) [irapa, beside ; irrepdv, 
wing.] Pertaining to the parapterum. 

Parapteron {par-ap'-ter-oti). Same as Parapterum. 

Parapterum (par-ap'-ter-um) \_irapd, beside ; irrepdv, 
wing : //. , Parapterd\. In biology : (a) The third of 
the three sclerites into which each lateral segment of 
each thoracic segment of an insect is divisible ; (b) 
the scapular feathers of a bird's wing. 

Paraqueduct (par-ak'-we-dufct) [irapa, beside; aqua, 
water ; ducere, to lead] . The lateral division of the 
mesocele in the brain of birds and frogs, serially homo- 
logous with the paracele or lateral ventricle. 

Paraquinanisol (par-ak-win-an'-is-ol) [irapa, beside ; 
quinanisol~\, C 10 H 9 NO. An artificial alkaloid possess- 
ing antipyretic properties. 

Pararabin [par-ar' '-ab-in) [irapa, beside ; ' kpajimd^, 
Arabic]. A constituent of sugar-beet. Boiling with 
alkalies converts it into arabic acid. 

Pararectal (par-ar-ek'-tal) [irapa, beside; rectum, 
rectum]. Beside or near the rectum. P. Pouch, 
a peritoneal depression behind the broad ligament and 
beside the rectum. 

Parareducin ( par-ar-e-du' -si)i)[-xapd, beside ; reducere, 
to lead back]. An alkaloid found in conjunction 
with reducin in the urine. 

Pararhotacism {par-ar-o'-tas-izni). See Rhotacism. 

Pararhythmus (par-ar-ith' -mus) [irapa, beside ; 
pvOpoc. rhythm]. Disturbed rhythm. 

Pararthrema, Pararthresis {par-ar-tkre'-tnah, par- 
ar-thre' -sis) [irapa, beside; apdpov, joint]. Sublux- 
ation. 

Pararthria [par-ar' '-thre-ah) [irapa, beside ; apdpov, 
articulation]. A disorder or difficulty in the utter- 
ance of articulate speech. 



Pararthrosis [par-ar-thro'-sis). Synonym of Parar- 
tliria. 

Parasaccharose (par-as-ak' '-ar-oz) [irapa, beside ; 
aduxapov, sugar], C 1 ,H. 22 O u . A crystalline modifica- 
tion of saccharose obtained by allowing a mixture of 
saccharose and ammonium phosphate in solution to 
ferment. 

Parasalpingitis (par-as-al-pin-Ji' '-tis) [irapa, near; 
aa'Airiy^, tube ; triq, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the tissues around an oviduct. 

Paraschistes (par-as-kis'-tez) [irapaaxiorij^, one who 
opens corpses to embalm them; from irapa, to; 
axi-Cfiv, to rend asunder]. A grade of ancient Egyp- 
tian priests who began and carried out the process of 
embalming ; they were also called by the Greeks Tari- 
chctitce (rapixsia, embalming), and by the Egyptians 
themselves Xar-heb. 

Parasecretion (par-as-e-kre'-skun) [irapd, beside ; se- 
cernere, to secrete]. Any abnormality of secretion ; 
any substance abnormally secreted. 

Parasemia [par-as-e' -me-ah) [irapd, beside ; dar/poc;, 
unintelligible]. Simulated asemia. See Asemia. 

Parasigmatismus {par-as-ig-mat-iz'-mus) [irapd, be- 
side ; aiypa, the letter g]. The inability to pronounce 
s or sh, another letter, as/", being substituted. 

Parasinoidal (par-as-iji-oi' -dai) [irapd, beside ; sinus, 
sinus]. Lying near or along a cerebral sinus. P. 
Space, one of the small venous clefts on either side 
of the superior longitudinal sinus of the dura. 

Parasite [par'-as-ii) [irapd, near; a'troc, food], I. 
The minor and feebler member of a pair of teratically 
joined twins. See Autosite. 2. In biology, an organism 
that inhabits another organism and obtains nourish- 
ment from it ; it may be a phytoparasite or a zoopara- 
site, an ectoparasite or an endoparasite, occasional or 
constant, temporary or stationary, obligate or facultative, 
a true parasite ox a pseudo-parasite. The term parasite 
is also applied to such birds as construct no nest and 
perform none of the duties of incubation, but impose 
on other birds for this purpose. Parasites that attain 
their full development upon or within a single host are 
said to be autecious, ox autoxenous ; those that pass 
different stages of development upon or within differ- 
ent hosts are said to be hetereciotis, or metecious. 
Among certain invertebrates the degenerated male be- 
comes a permanent parasite of the female. P., Ac- 
cidental, one which, though ordinarily not parasitic, 
has found its entrance into the body; e.g., Pentas- 
tomia constrictum, P. denticulatum, CEstrus hom- 
inis, and others. P., Animal, a parasite belonging to 
the animal kingdom. A table of animal parasites is 
appended. P., Endophytic, one living within the 
tissues of its host. P., Epiphytic, a parasite inhabit- 
ing the cutaneous or mucous surfaces. 



SYNONYMATIC TABLE OF THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN AND OF THE 
ANIMALS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH HIM. 



Abraxas grossulariata, Linne. The common goose- 
berry-moth ; the larva was reported as a human pseudo- 
parasite by Lankester and Norton, of England. 
— Acanthia ciliata, Acanthia rotundata, two spe- 
cies cited by Cobbold as belonging to Kasam and 
Reunion Island respectively, which are said to be more 
blood-thirsty than the common bed-bug. — Acanthia 
columbaria, Jenyns. The dove-cot bug. It infests 
doves and poultry, frequently causing sitting hens to 
abandon their eggs. — Acanthia lectularia. See 
Cimex lectularims. — Acarus segyptius, Linne. See 
Ixodes tegyptius, Audouin. — Acarus brachypus, 
Olfers. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, Megnin. 



— -Acarus du cheval, Gohier. See Psoroptes com- 
munis, var. equi, Furstenberg. — Acarus domesti- 
cus, de Geer. See Glyciphagus cursor, P. Gervais. 
Acarus dysenteriae, Linne. See Tyog/ypkus siro, 
Latreille. — Acarus elephantiacus, Dubini (1850). 
See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. lupi, Megnin. — Acarus 
exulcerans, Linne ex Nyander. See Sarcoptes scabiei, 
var. hominis, Megnin. — Acarus folliculorum, 
Simon. See Demodex folliculorum, Owen. — Acarus 
hordei, Geber. See Tarsonemus moniiii^uiiulosus, 
R. Blanchard. — Acarus humanus subcutaneus, 
Linne ex Avelin. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, 
Megnin. — Acarus marginatus, Fabricius. See 



PARASITES 



979 



PARASITES 



Argas reflextc, Latreille. — Acarus psoricus, Pallas. 
See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, Megnin. — Acarus 
reduvius, Schrank. See Boophiltis bovis, Riley, Cur- 
tice. — Acarus ricinoide, de Geer. — Acarus ricinus, 
Linne. See Ixodes ricinus, Linne. — Acarus scabiei. 
See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, Megnin. — Acarus 
siro, Linne ; Acarus siro, var. scabiei, Fabricius. See 
Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, Megnin. — Acephalo- 
cystis endogena, John Hunter, Owen. — Acephalo- 
cystis exogena,Kuhl. — Acephalocystis granulosa, 
Laennec, Cloquet. — Acephalocystis macaci, Cob- 
bold. — Acephalocystis ovis tragelaphi, Cobbold. — 
Acephalocystis ovoidea, Lrennec, Cloquet, Deslong- 
champs, Chiaje. See Echinococcus polymorphic, Dies- 
ing. — Acephalocystis plana, Lnennec. See Ovuligera 
carpi, Dupuytren. — Acephalocystis racemosa, Clo- 
quet. A name including all those grape-like and cur- 
rant-like hydatigenous formations frequently present in 
certain morbid affections of the chorion and mistaken 
forentozoa. — Acephalocystis surculigera, Lrennec. 
See Echinococcus polymorphic, Diesing. — Achylos- 
toma duodenale, Bilharz. See Dochmhc duodenalis, 
Leuckart. — African Leech. See Hirudo interrupta. — 
Afterbremse, Ger. See Gastrophilus hcemorrhoidalis, 
Linne. — Aftermade. See Oxyuris vermicularis , 
Bremser. — Agamonema piscium, Diesing. See 
Filaria piscium, Rudolphi. — Alakurt. See Helmin- 
thopsylla alakurti, Schimkewitsch. — Algerian Ixode. 
See Ixodes algeriensis, Megnin. — Alyselminthus 
cucumerina, Weinland (1858); Alyselminthus 
cuniceps, Zeder (1800) ; Alyselminthus ellipticus, 
Zeder (1800). See Tcenia canina, Linne. — Alysel- 
minthus infundibuliformis, Zeder. See Tcenia 
infundibuliformis, Goeze. — Alyselminthus litter- 
atus, Zeder. See Tcenia pseudo-cucumerina, Baillet. 
— Alyselminthus lobatus, Zeder. See Tcenia per- 
foliata, Goeze. — Alyselminthus plicatus, Zeder. 
See Tcenia plicata, Rudolphi. — Alyselminthus pu- 
sillus, Zeder. See Tcenia pusilla, Goeze. — Alysel- 
minthus serratus, Zeder. See Tamia crassicollis, 
Rudolphi. — Alyselminthus setigerus, Zeder. See 
Tcenia setigera, Frohlich. — Alyselminthus sinuosus, 
Zeder. See Tania sinuosa, Rudolphi. — Amblyom- 
ma americana. — Amblyomma unipunctata, Pack- 
ard. — American Ixode. See Argas americanus, de 
Geer. — Amoeba buccalis, Steinberg. Syn. Amceba 
dentalis, Grassi. Quiescent below 25 C. ; most active 
at from 38° to 40 C. It is found in the mucus cover- 
ing the teeth of man. — 
A m ce b a coli, Losch. 
Syn. Amceba dysentericz, 
Councilman and Lafleur. 
It is found in cases of 
ulcerative inflammation of 
the large intestine. Ex- 
periments prove this para- 
site capable of causing 
violent irritation of the 
mucous membrane. Mo- 
niez hazards the conclu- 
sion that this species is 
identical with Amceba jela- 
ginia of the swamps near 
St. Petersburg. — Amceba 
croupogena, Rivolta. 
See Coccidinm oviforme, 
Leuckart. — Amceba 
dentalis, Grassi. See 
Amceba buccalis, Stein- 
berg. — Amceba dysen- 
teriae, Councilman and Lafleur 
Losch. Amceba parasitica, 




AmceB/E coli, Losch ; in in- 
testinal'mucus, with blood- 
corpuscles, schizomycetes, 
and similar bodies. (From 
Leuckart , after Losch.) 



See Amceba coli, 
Lendenfeld. It is 



found in a dermatosis of lambs in Australia, attack- 
ing the feet, lips, gums, and. nostrils. Lendenfeld 
could not differentiate this parasite morphologically 
from Amceba princeps, Ehrenberg. It is common in 
fresh water. — Amceba vaginalis, Baelz. Recorded 
from Japan as occurring in the human vagina. — Am- 
phistoma collinsii, Cobbold. Brick-red worms found 
in thousands in the large intestine of the horse in India, 
where it is known to the natives as Masuri. It is 
perhaps identical with Amphistoma sonsinoi, Cobbold. 
Cobbold describes another Amphistoma collinsii, var. 
stanleyi. — Amphistoma conicum, Rudolphi. Found 
in the paunch and psalterium of the domestic sheep, 
ox, goat, deer, and several wild ruminants. It is rose- 
colored, irregular, length 10 to 13 mm., breadth 2 to 
3 mm. It fixes itself between the papillae of the 
rumen, especially at the border of the esophagus. It 
is common in Egypt and Australia, and probably has for 
its cercaria that found by Sonsino, in Cairo, on the 
gasteropod Pliysa alexandrina, and forming cysts on 
aquatic stones, plants, shells of molluscs, etc. — Am- 
phistoma crumeniferum, Creplin. Found in the 
rumen of domestic cattle of India, and the zebu {Bos 
indicus). — Amphistoma explanatum, Creplin. 
Found by Gurlt, at Berlin, in the gall-bladder and 
biliary duct of a zebu [Bos indicus). — Amphistoma 
hawksii, Cobbold. Found at times, and in myriads, 
adhering to the mucous membrane of the large intes- 
tine of the Indian elephant and causing the most fre- 
quent disease of that animal , a diarrhea known in India 
as lungen ; death results from exhaustion following 
depraved appetite, anemia, and diarrhea. — Amphis- 
toma hominis, Lewis and McConnell. Found in 
the large intestine and cecum of man. — Amphis- 
toma ornatum, Cobbold. Found in the intestine of 
the Indian elephant. — Amphistoma papillatum, 
Cobbold. Found in the large intestine of the Indian 
elephant. — Amphistoma sonsinoi, Cobbold. Syn., 
Gastrodiscus polymastos, Leuckart, Cobbold. Possibly 
Amphistoma collinsii is identical with this species. It 
is found in the large intestine of the horse. — Am- 
phistoma sp., Cobbold. Found in the stomach of 
the horse. — Amphistoma truncatum, Rudolphi. 
Found in the intestine of the domestic cat. — Am- 
phistoma tuberculatum, Cobbold. The only trem- 
atode found in the intestine of the domestic ox. It 
is found in India associated with the amphistomes of 
the rumen. — Analges minor, Norner. See Dermo- 
glyphus minor, Norner.- — Anchylostoma caninum, 
Ercolani. Found in the intestine of the dog. — An- 
chylostoma (Agchylostoma) duodenale, Bilharz, 
Creplin. See Dochmius duodenalis, Leuckart.. — An- 
chylostoma stenocephalum, Bailliet. See Vnci- 
naria stenocephalus, Bailliet. — Anchylostoma trig- 
onocephalum, Rudolphi. — Anguillula appendi- 
culata, Leidy. See Oxyuris appendiculata, Leidy. — 
Anguilulla intestinalis, Grassi and Parona. See 
Rhabdonema intestinalis, R. Blanchard. — Anguil- 
lula leptodera, Nielley (1882). See Rhabditis niel- 
lyi, R. Blanchard (1888).— Anguillula sp., Baillet. 
Found in the skin of the horse. — Anguillula sp., 
Grassi and Perroncito. Found in the small intestine of 
the rabbit; the female only appears to be known. — 
Anguillula stercorals, Bavay. See Rhabdonema 
intestinale, Blanchard. — Animal bipede, Bastian. See 
Sagittula hominis, Lamarck. — Ankylostoma tubae- 
forme, Zeder. See Uncinaria trigonocephala, Rudol- 
phi. — Anthomyia canicularis, Linne. — See Homa- 
lomyia canicularis, Linne. — Anthomyia incisurata. 
See Homalomyia incisurata. — Anthomyia meteori- 
ca. See Hydrotcea meteorica, Davaine. — Anthomyia 
pluvialis. A large European (?) fly, the larvae of 



PARASITES 



980 



PARASITES 



which have been found by Danthon de Moulin in the 
human ear and in cutaneous wounds. — Anthomyia 
scalaris, Fabricius, Judd. See Homalomyia saltan's, 
Fabricius. — Aphrophora bifasciata. The frog- 
hopper, a fly. A case is reported by Cobbold, after 
Solly and Flower, in which the fly is stated to have 
been the cause of dysuria in a woman. — Argas 
americanus, de Geer. Syn., Argas chincha, Goudet ; 
Amblyomma americanum, Koch ; Amblyomma 
unipunctata, Packard ; Ixodes americanus , Linne ; 
Nigua chinche, the Lone-star Tick. Found in South 
America. It attacks sleeping men and animals, pro- 
ducing an irritation of the skin so intense as to cause 
seriovis symptoms and even death. It is exceed- 
ingly troublesome to horses on the prairies of Guate- 
mala. — Argas chincha, Goudet. See Argas ameri- 
canus, de Geer. — Argas de Fischer. See Argas 
savignyi, P. Gervais. — Argas hermanni, Audouin. 
See Argas reflexus, Latreille. — Argas marginatus, A. 
Railliet (1886). See Argas rejtexus, Latreille. — Argas 
mauritianus, Guerin. A pest upon poultry in Mauri- 
tius. It closely resembles Argas rejtexus. — Argas 
megnini, Duges. A lyriform species, very abundant 
in the State of Guanajuato on the horse, ass, and ox, 
principally upon the ears. It is often found on other 
animals and on man. Megnin holds that the Ixodidce 
so troublesome to animals, especially horses, in Mex- 
ico, ought to be included in this species. — Argas 
miniatus, Koch. See Argas reflexus, Latreille. — Ar- 
gas moubouta, Murray. It is found in Angola on 
man and animals. — Argas persicus, Fischer. Syn., 
Miana Bug, Mianawanze, Malleli der Terser, Mallch 
de Mianeli. It lives in the dwellings of the Persians, 
especially in Miana ; it is also found in Egypt. It 
attacks human beings at night, the bite being especially 
troublesome to strangers. — Argas reflexus, Latreille, 
1796 (nee Fabricius, 1794) . Syn. , Acarus marginatus, 
Fabricius (1794) ; Argas rejtexus cotumbarum, Argas 
marginatus, Railliet ; Argas hermanni , Audouin 
(1812) ; Argas miniatus, Koch (1846) ; Rliynchoprion 
columbce, Hermann (1808) ; Saumzecke. The Bordered 
Argas. It is frequently found in dove-cotes in Italy and 
France, rarely in Germany and England ; it sucks the 
blood of pigeons, especially the young. It is nocturnal, 
and is a very troublesome parasite, spreading rapidly, 
limiting the rearing of pigeons, and wandering into 
houses, where it attacks human beings, producing 
painful vesicles, edema, and acute pruritus. Most active 
measures should be employed to exterminate it, such 
as hot water, lime, petroleuni, insect-powder, soft soap. 
Zurn recommends washing the legs of the pigeons 
with an alcoholic solution of balsam of Peru. Hugo 
Engelmann takes the poison of this mite to be a toxal- 
bumin. — Argas savignyi, P. Gervais. L 'argas de Sa- 
vigny. Found by Savigny in Egypt. Regarded by Au- 
douin as identical with Argas persicus, Fischer. — Argas 
talaje, Megnin, Guerin. Syn. , Garapates, Telajes. 
Found in dwellings in Central America. It is nocturnal, 
and produces painful edema. — Argas tholozani, La- 
boulbene and Megnin. Syn. , Argas of Tholozan, Keue 
der Terser, Sheep-bug. Pound on man and sheep in 
Persia (Djemalabad).— Argas turicata, Duges. Syn., 
Turicates. A parasite very troublesome to pigs and man 
in Guanajuato, Mexico, frequently causing the death of 
the former and of the fowls which feed on the para- 
sites. — Ascarid of Man. See Ascaris lumbricoides, 
Linne. — Ascarid of the Pig. See Ascaris suit la, 
Dujardin. Leuckart, Schneider, and others hold this 
to be identical with the ascarid of man [Ascaris 
luinbricoides, Linne). — Ascarid of the Sheep. See 
Ascaris oris. — Ascaris brachyoptera, Rudolphi. See 
Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi. — Ascaris canicutae, 



Schrank (178S). See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi (1S01). 
— Ascaris canis, Gmelin (1789). See Ascaris mystax, 
Rudolphi (1801). — Ascaris canis aurei, Rudolphi 
(1819). See Ascaris mystax Rudolphi (1801). — As- 
caris canis et martis, Schrank (1788). See Eustron- 
gylus gigas, Diesing (1851). — Ascaris cati, Schrank 
(1788). See Ascaris mystax ; Rudolphi (1801). — As- 
caris columbse, Gmelin. See Heterakis maculosa, Ru- 
dolphi. — Ascaris conosoma, Jordens (1802), Lenz, 
Brera, Bremser, Rudolphi, Diesing. Der Kegelwurm. 
Found by Bretschneider in the human intestine. 
According to Brera it is but the larva of Musca domes- 
tica. — Ascaris crassa, Deslongchamps. See Hetera- 
kis inflexa, Rudolphi. — Ascaris dispar. See Hetera- 
kis dispar, Schrank. — Ascaris ensicaudata, Ru- 
dolphi. Found in the mouth of the mocking-bird 
(Afimus polyglottus, Boie). — Ascaris felis, Gmelin. 
See Ascaris mystax. — Ascaris filiformis cauda- 
ratundata, Camper. See Ascaris vituli, Goeze. — 
Ascaris gallinarum, Gmelin. See Heterakis papu- 
losa, Bloch. — Ascaris gallopavonis, Gmelin. 
See Heterakis injlexa, Rudolphi. — Ascaris gib- 
bosa, Rudolphi. Found in the intestine of the 
domestic fowl. This is a doubtful species, found 
only by Zeder in 1788, and described from mem- 
ory in 1800. — Ascaris gigas, Goeze. See Ascaris 
lumbricoides. — Ascaris inflexa, Rudolphi. Found in 
the intestine of domestic fowls, and by Chatin in hens' 
eggs. Ercolani's statement regarding the descent of 
this species and Heterakis vesicularis has no founda- 
tion. — Ascaris ischnoptera, Creplin. Found in the 
large intestine of the ostrich. — Ascaris leptoptera, 
Rudolphi. See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi. — Ascaris 
lonchoptera, Diesing. Syn., Ascarides, Jackson ; 
Strongylus elephanti (sic), Rudolphi. Found in the 
biliary ducts and duodenum of the Elephas indicus, 
discovered by Mayor in 1822 ; only the female has been 
described. " The first helminth discovered to infest the 
elephant, that very species about whose structure and 
economy we are least informed." (Cobbold.) — As- 
caris lumbricoides, Linne (1758), Cloquet, Bloch, 
Goeze. Syn., "Wifiivc, Hippocrates; "ETifiivgarpoyjvlii, 
Aristotle ; Tinea rotunda, Pliny ; Lumbricus longus et 
rotundus, Serapion ; Lumbricus rotundus, Cadius 
Aurelianus; Fusaria lumbricoides, Zeder (1800); 
Lumbricus teres hominis, Cetee, Tyson, Redi Valisneri ; 
Ascaris gigas, Goeze (1782) ; Nematoideum hominis 
(ventriculi), Degland, Leveille ; Nematoideum hominis 
(viscerum), Pruner, Diesing; Ophiostoma pont'nri, 
Cloquet, Delle Chiaje, Bremser ; Spulwurm. Held 
by some to be identical with the Ascaris megalocephala 
of the horse and the Ascaris suilla of the hog. This 
parasite is of cosmopolitan distribution. It is found 
abundantly in the human intestine, especially in chil- 
dren, and in that of domestic hogs and cattle, in which 
it reaches a somewhat larger size ; a single female is 
calculated to lay fifty or sixty million eggs. The para- 
sites are erratic, sometimes passing into the ductus 
choledochus, stomach, nasal fossa, Eustachian tube, 
larynx, trachea, and, by means of ulceration of the 
stomach and intestines, at times gaining entrance to 
the peritoneal cavity. Reflex symptoms of neurasthenic, 
hysteriform, epileptiform, or choreiform nature, 
coma, etc., may be directly traced to the presence 
of these parasites. Therapeusis : Santonin. This 
should not exceed ]/(,-% grain (o.on to 0.032 
gram) in each dose, or 1^ grains (0.065 '° °-°97 
gram) in the day ; it is best administered dissolved 
in castor-oil. Sodium santonate is preferred by many 
to santonin. Ammonium embellate is highly recom- 
mended by Coronadi as less poisonous to the host 
than other anthelmintics. The alga Alsidium [Cera- 



PARASITES 



981 



PARASITES 



mittm) helminthochorton, Ktz., the so-called Corsican 
moss, Wttrmtang, IVurmmoos, is much used in southern 
Europe in the shape of an infusion, 30 grains to a 
pint of water, night and morning ; in the same way 
pinkroot, Spigelia marylandica and Spigelia anthel- 
mia, is employed. In large doses this has narcotic 
properties. The most popular vermifuge of Europe 
appears to be worm-seed {Wurmsamen, Littwer- 
samen, Semen jlores, Cince, Cynce since, Sanlonica, 
Semen sanctum), Artemesia maritima, var. a Steck- 
manniana, Bess, the source of santonin, which is 
administered with sugar or syrup. It owes its activity 
to the presence of santonin (discovered by Alnus, 
1831). The discharged worms should be burned or 
have boiling water poured over them to prevent the 
spread of the eggs. — Ascaris maculosa, Rudolphi. 
See Heterakis maculosa, Rudolphi. — Ascaris mar- 
ginata, Rudolphi. See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi. — 
Ascaris maritima, Leuckart (1876). Only one instance 
is recorded of this worm acting as a human parasite, 
having been vomited by a child in North Greenland 
in 1865. — Ascaris megalocephala, Cloquet. The 
largest species of the genus. Peculiar to the Equidce. 
It is found in the small intestine of the domestic 
ass, horse, mule, and zebra. No intermediate host 
is needed ; drinking-water appears to be the vehicle 
of infection. The parasites often exist in great numbers, 
from 1000 to 1500, in the small intestine, especially the 
duodenum, passing at times into the stomach, bile-duct, 
and pancreatic duct. The manure of animals affected 
should be destroyed by fire. The presence of the para- 
site is accompanied by numerous reflex symptoms, e.g., 
chronic intestinal catarrh, slight but obstinate diar- 
rhea, the expulsion of feces being immediately pre- 
ceded by a discharge of fluid. Treatment : — Arsen- 
ious acid with food in increasing doses of 1-3 grams a 
day for ten days, tartar emetic in doses of 15-20 
grams per day in four doses at intervals of 3-4 hours, 
with gentian-powder or asafetida, emulsion of oil 
of turpentine in peanut or cottonseed-oil 80-150 
grams, santonin 80-150 grams. Ferric chlorid and 
cupric sulphate have been successfully employed, 
but no specific has been found. — Ascaris microp- 
tera, Rudolphi. See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi. — 
Ascaris mucronata, Frohlich. See Strongylus nod- 
ularis, Rudolphi. — Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi 
(1801), Bremser, Dujardin, etc. Syn., Lumbricus 
canis, Werner (1782); Ascaris lumbricoides, Bloch 
(1782); Ascaris caniculce, Schrank (1788); Ascaris 
canies, Gmelin (1789); Ascaris alata, Bellingham 
(1839), Dujardin, Diesing ; Ascaris cati, Schrank 
(1788); Ascaris felis, Gmelin (1789), Thompson, 
Pickells ; Ascaris marginata, Rudolphi (1793), Zeder 
(1800); Ascaris teres felis, Goeze (1782) ; Ascaris 
triquetra, Schrank; Ascaris leptoptera, Rudolphi; 
Ascaris microptera, Rudolphi (1819) ; (?) Ascaris 
brachyoptera, Rudolphi (1819) ; (?) Fusaria mystax, 
Zeder (1800); Ascaris canisaurei, Rudolphi (1819). 
This parasite is found in the small intestine of the 
domestic cat and dog ; also in man. No intermediate 
host is necessary. Grassi's experiments show its life- 
history to be similar to that of Ascaris lumbricoides ; 
drinking-water is the infecting medium. The form 
found in the cat appears only to be a larger variety of 
that found in the dog. It is most frequently found in 
young animals ; by Krabbe, it was found in more than 
. 5° per cent, of cats and 24 per cent, of dogs examined ; 
it inhabits the small intestine and stomach, and causes 
the vomiting of glairy matter, in which it is to be found ; 
in man it causes intestinal obstruction. Treatment : 
Santonin in doses of 2-3 centigrams given in milk, 
alone or combined with extract of malefern, repeated 



twice a week, followed by a laxative. Areca-nut isalso 
useful. The investigations of Yerloren prove that the 
eggs of the parasite can retain their vitality for more 
than a year. — Ascaris ovis, Rudolphi. Found in the 
intestine of the domestic sheep. It is very rare, only 
two cases having been reported, by Diesing and Neu- 
mann. — Ascaris papillosa, Bloch. See Heterakis 
papulosa, Bloch. — Ascaris pellucida, Brown. See 
/•//aria equina, Abildgaard. — Ascaris perspicillum. 
See Heterakis inflexa, Rudolphi. — Ascaris renalis, 
Gmelin. See Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing. — As- 
caris sp., von Drasche. It is found in the in- 
testine of the domestic sheep. — Ascaris stephan- 
ostoma, Jordens (1802) ; Lenz, Brera, Bremser, 
Rudolphi, Diesing. It was found in the human in- 
testine by Bretschneider, and asserted by Brera to be 
the larva of Musca carnaria. — Ascaris suilla, 
Dujardin. This bears so close a resemblance to the 
Ascaris lumbricoides that Leuckart, Schneider, and 
others regard it as identical. Cobbold, Dujardin, Cla- 
parede, Moquin-Tandon, hold the two to be distinct. 
A. suilla is found rarely in the small intestine of the pig. 
Cases of epileptiform seizures in pigs have been referred 
to reflexes due to the presence of these parasites. 
Filaria trachealis, Bristow and Rainey (1855), may 
be but the larva of this species. — Ascaris teres, 
Goeze. See Heterakis 7naculosa, Rudolphi, and Heter- 
akis inflexa, Rudolphi. — Ascaris teres felis, Goeze. 
See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi (1801). — Ascaris 
teres minor (Phasiani Galli et picti), Goeze. See 
Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. — Ascaris tetraonis, 
Gmelin. See Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. — Ascaris 
trichiura, Linne. See Trichocephalus hominis, 
Schrank (1788). — Ascaris triquetra, Schrank. See 
Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi. — Ascaris urogalli, Vi- 
borg, Rudolphi. See Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. — 
Ascaris vermicularis, Linne (1767). See Oxyuris 
vermicularis , Bremser (1819). — Ascaris vesicularis, 
Rudolphi. See Heterakis vesicularis, Frohlich. — 
Ascaris visceralis aut renalis, Gmelin. See Eu- 
strongylus gigas, Diesing. — Ascaris vituli, Gmelin, 
Goeze, Neumann (1883). Syn., Strongylus vitulorum, 
Rudolphi ; Cordius viviparus, Bloch ; Ascaris filifor- 
mis cauda rotundata, Camper; Ascaris vituli, Gme- 
lin ; Fusaria vituli, Zeder. The Calf-ascarid. Found 
in the intestine and abomasum of young domestic 
cattle ; it is rare in adults. It is frequently found 
in the slaughter-houses in France. One case is re- 
ported in which 15 liters of these parasites were 
found in the intestine of the calf. Therapeusis : — 
Give 8-12 grams of a mucilaginous emulsion of 
empyreumatic oil at night, and follow in the morn- 
ing with a purgative of sodic sulphate.- — Asth- 
matos ciliaris, Salisbury. Dr. J. H. Salisbury 
described, in 1873, ciliated cells in the mucous 
fluid from the eyes, nose, and throat of human 
beings suffering from infusorial catarrh and asth- 
ma, hay-fever or autumn catarrh. He regarded them 
as parasites belonging to the cilio-flagellate infuso- 
ria. Cutter and Reinsch arrived at the conclusion 
that the organism is a protozoon allied to Actino- 
phrys, but it was, in 1880, shown by Leidy to be 
merely detached ciliated epithelial cells from the air- 
passages, more or less modified by the catarrhal affec- 
tion. — Aulacostoma nigrescens, Weigmann et 
Ruthe ; Aulacostomum gulo, Grube. See Aula- 
stoma gulo, Moquin-Tandon. — Aulastoma gulo, Mo- 
quin-Tandon. Syn., Aulastoma vorax, Gratiolet ; 
Aulacostoma nigrescens, Weigmann et Ruthe ; Aula- 
costomum gulo, Grube. Hirudo depressa fusca margine 
laterali. Black-leech, or Voracious aulastoma, incor- 
rectly called Horse-leech in the neighborhood of Paris, 



PARASITES 



982 



PARASITES 




(dorsal view) 
art.) 



(After Leuck- 



and thus confused with Hcemopis sanguisuga, Berg- 
mann. It is widely distributed over Europe and 
leaves the water to hide under stones, feeding on earth- 
worms, insect larvae, and small fishes. — Aulastoma 
vorax, Gratiolet. See Aulastoma gulo, Moquin-Tan- 
don. — Autumn Ixode. See Ixodes autumnalis, Leach. 
— Autumnal Breeze-fly. See Tabanus autumnalis, 
Linne. — Bacon-beetle. See Dermestes lardarius, 
Linne. — Bacterioidomonas sporifera, Kiinstler. 
See Monocercomonas cavia, Davaine. — Balaninus 
nucum, Linne. A beetle, the larvae of which is 
reported as a facultative parasite of man by Henry, 
Astley Cooper, and 
Phillips. — Balantid- 
i u m c o 1 i , Stein 
(1862). Syn., Para- 
mecium coli, Malmsten 
( 1857 ) ; Plagiotoma 
coli, Claparede and 
Lachmann (1858); 
leucophrys coli, Stein 
(i860); Holophrya 
coli, Leuckart (1S63). 
An infusorian parasite B 

first observed in 1856 Balantidium coli, Stein; (B), 
by Malmsten, and with widely opened peristome 
since found abund- 
antly in the colon of 
the pig. It has also been found in man in Russia, 
Sweden, Italy, Cochin-China, and China. In the 
pig it causes no serious disturbance, but in man it gives 
rise to profuse and obstinate diarrhea. Calandruccio, 
Grassi, and Wising maintain that two distinct species 
are classed under the name. According to Lindner this 
parasite is practically limited to northern Europe, where 
it is not uncommon for the peasantry to live in close and 
constant association with their swine. Probably its 
protective cysts or capsules enable it to resist the 
action of the gastric juice. Diagnosis of its presence 
in man or swine is readily made by the introduction 
of a sound into the rectum, the infusoria being found 
in the mucus and feculent matter brought out on the 
instrument. Therapeusis : — -Malmsten and Henschen 
recommend enemata of dilute hydrocloric acid, or 
of vinegar and tannic acid. — Balbiania gigantea, 
Railliet (1886). A sporozoon parasite of the order 
Sarcosporidice, which has been found in the con- 
nective tissues of the sheep, goat, ox, deer, pig, 
and eastern buffalo, especially in the muscular 
layer of the esophagus, base of tongue, muscles of 
pharynx, cheeks, neck, thorax, abdomen, and thighs. 
The sudden symptoms of epizooty, asphyxia, and 
epileptiform attacks seem to be due to edema of the 
glottis. — Balbiania rileyi, Stiles. Found in the 
intermuscular connective tissue of ducks (the shoveler 
or shovel-bill duck, or spoon-bill duck [Spatula 
clypeatai, and the mallard duck, or tame duck (Anas 
boschas). — Bed-bug. See Cimex lectularius, Merrett 
(1667). — Beinwurm. See Dracunculus inedinensis, 
Cobbald. — Benchuate. See Conor/iinus nigrovarius. 
— Bete rouge. The native name in Guiana, the An- 
tilles, and Honduras for Leptus irritans, a. v. — Bett- 
wanze. See Cimex lectularius, Merrett (1667). — 
Bewaffneter Bandwurm des Menschen. See 
Tu-uia solium, Linne. — Bicho. See Sarcopsylla pene- 
trans, Westwood. — Bicho Colorado, of Argentine 
Republic and Uruguay. See Tetranychus molestis- 
simus, Weyenbergh. — Bilharzia bovis, Sonsino. See 
Gyncecophorus crassa. — Bilharzia capensis, Harley. 
See Gyncecophorus kamatobius (Bilharz), Diesing. — 
Bilharzia crassa. See Gynacophorus crassa. — Bil- 
harzia haematobia, Cobbold (1858). — Bilharzia 




Bilharzia haemato- 
bia, Cobbold ; male 
and female, the lat- 
ter in the canalis 
gyntzcophorus of the 
former. ( Aft e r 
Leuckart.) 



magna, Cobbold. See Gyncecophorus kamatobius, 
Diesing. — Bird - flea. See 
Pulex avium, Taschenberg. — 
Biseriated Menopon. See 
Menopon biseriatum, Piaget. — 
Biting Louse. See Trichodec- 
tes scalaris, Nitzsch. — Black 
Breeze-fly. See Tabanus mo- 
rio, Latreille. — Black Leech. 
See Aulastoma gulo, Brown. 
— Black-mouthed Menopon. 
See Menopon phceostomum, 
Nitzsch. — Blaps mortisaga, 
Linne. Syn., Todtenkafer , 
Churchyard-beetle. The larva 
of this beetle is recorded as a 
facultative human parasite by 
Pickells, Thompson, Belling- 
ham, and Bateman. This beetle 
is common about houses and 
cellars in Europe from April 
until harvest - time. — Blaue 
Fleischfliege. See Calliphora 
vomitoria, Robineau-Desvoidy. 
— Blinding Breeze - fly, or 
Blinding Chrysops. See Chrysops cacutiens, Linne. 
— Blood-sucking Cone-nose. See Conorhinus. — 
Blow-fly. See Calliphora vomitoria, Robineau- 
Desvoidy. — Blue Flesh-fly, Bluebottle -fly. See 
Calliphora vomitoria, Robineau-Desvoidy. — Bodies 
of Laveran. See Polimitus malaria, Danilewsky. 
— Bodo hominis, Saville Kent (1880). See Cer- 
comonas hominis, Davaine (1854). — Bodo intes- 
tinalis, Ehrenberg. Observed by Steinberg in the 
white material found between human teeth. Leuck- 
art regards it of doubtful parasitic nature. — Bodo 
muscae domesticae, Burnett. See Herpetomonas 
muscce domesticce, Kent — Bodo saltans, Ehrenberg. 
Found by Wedl in great numbers in unhealthy 
ulcers in man. Leuckart doubts if it is parasitic. 
— Bodo socialis, Ehrenberg. This was observed 
by Steinberg in the white substance obtained from 
between human teeth. Leuckart doubts its para- 
sitic nature. — Bodo urinarius, Hassal (1859). It is 
frequently found in the albuminous, alkaline urine of 
cholera-patients. R. Blanchard considers it as acci- 
dentally occurring in the urine and not a parasitic 
species. — Bodo urinarius, Kiinstler (1883). See 
Cystomonas urinaria, R. Blanchard (1885). — 
Body-louse. See Pediculus vestimenti, Leach. — 
Boophilus bovis (Riley), Curtice. Syn., Hamaphy- 
salis rosea, Koch ; Ixodes annulatus. Say ; Ixodes 
bovis, Riley ; Ixodes dugesii, P. Gervais (1844) ; Ixodes 
indentatus, Gamgee ; Ixodes reduvius, De Geer. The 
cattle-tick ; the most widely distributed of all the ticks, 
occurring in America southward from the northern 
line of the southern cattle-fever area, to Mexico, 
Cuba, South America, and also in northern Africa and 
southern Europe ; it is probably a native of N. Africa. 
This is the active agent in spreading Texas cattle-fever. 
Treatment : Almost any oily or greasy material. — 
Bot-fly of Cattle. See Hypoderma bovis, Latreille. 
— Bot-fly of the Horse. See Gastrophilus equi, 
Fabricius. — Bothriocefalo largo, Bothriocephale 
large. See Bothriocephalus latus. — Bothriocephalus 
canis, Ercolani and Bassi. See Bothriocephalus latus, 
Bremser ( 1 819) . — Bothriocephalus cordatus, Leuck- 
art (1863). Syn., Dibothrium cordatum, Diesing. 
It is found in Iceland and North Greenland in the 
human body, also in walrus and seal (Phoca barbata) 
and in dogs. It is smaller than B. latus ; Twiiia 
vulgaris, Linne and Pallas, may be identical with 



PARASITES 



983 



PARASITES 



this species. The larval stage is found in a fish. 




BOTHRIOCEPH A- 
LUS CORDATUS, 
Leuckart ; adult. 
(After Lenckart.) 



Four young speci- 
mens of Bothri- 

OCEPHALUS COR- 
DATUS, Leuckart; 
(nat. size). (Af- 
ter Leuckart.) 



Head and ante- 
rior portion of 

BoTHRIOCEPHA- 
LUS CORDATUS, 

Leuckart; seen 
( A ) from the 
side, and (B) 
from the surface. 
(X 3-) (After 
Leuckart.) 



Bothriocephalus cristatus, Davaine (1874). Syn. , 
Bothriocefalo a cresta. It has been found in man in a 
few cases in Europe. A doubtful variety, possibly a 
monstrosity, and so considered by Moniez. — Both- 
riocephalus decipiens, Diesing. This is found in 
the intestines of several wild Felidt?, and includes, 
according to Diesing, Bothriocephalus felis, Creplin 
(1825), of the domestic cat, q. v. — Bothriocephalus 
dubius, Krabbe. This was found by Krabbe in a 
dog at Reykjavik, and resembles Bothriocephalus fus- 
cus, q. v. — Bothriocephalus felis, Creplin (1825). 
Syn. , Bothriocephalus decipiens, Diesing. This is found 
in the intestines of domestic cats, and in general features 
it resembles Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser, except in 
dimensions. — Bothriocephalus fuscus, Krabbe. 
Syn., Bothriocephalus reticularis et dubius, Krabbe. 
This is found in the intestine of the dog in Iceland. — 
Bothriocephalus hominis, Lamarck. — Bothrio- 
cephalus latus (Linne), Bremser (1819), Blainville, 
Rudolphi. Syn. , Bothriocefalo largo ; Bothrioceph- 
alc large ; Bothriocephalus canis, Ercolani and Grassi ; 
Bothriocephalus hominis, Lamarck ; ' Dibothrium 
latum, Diesing (1850) ; The Swiss Tape-worm, Tcenia 
lata, Linne (1748), Bloch, Goeze ; Taenia veterum, 
Spiegel (1618) ; Tcenia she fascia intestinorum, 
Spiegel (1618) ; Tenia de la second espece, Andry 
(1700) ; Tenia a Spine, Andry (1700) ; The Broad 
Tape-worm, Bradley (1813') ; Tcenia vulgaris, Linne 
(1748), Werner, Retzius, Gmelin ; Tania dentata, 
Batsch (1786), Gmelin ; Tcenia tenella, Pallas (1781), 
Retzius ; Tcenia grisea, Schrank ; Tenia a article 
courtes, Bonnet ; Tania lata event, grisea, Pallas 
(1766) ; Tania prima, Plater (1603); Tcenia mem- 
branacea, Pallas (1781), Batsch; Tenia humanis 
inermis, Brera (1802) ; Breiter Grubenkopfwurm, 
Breiter Bandwurm des Metischen, Grande bothrio- 



cefalo ; The Broad Tapeworm, Bradley (1813). The 
largest cestode helminth at present known to infest 
the human body. Switzerland forms the first center 
for this parasite, and the Russian and Swedish prov- 
inces on the shore of the Baltic the second. It ap- 
pears to be increasing in Germany and Italy. It is 
not rare in Denmark. Ijima reports it in Japan, re 
ferring to the fish Buchorrhynchus perryi as the 
host of the larva. Belgium, Holland, England, Scot- 
land, and America are practically free from this para- 





Club-shaped head of 
Both r ioceph alus 
latus, Bremser. 
A, Seen from the 
edge ; B, from the 
flat surface. (X 5.) 
(After Leuckart.) 




Bothriocephalus lat- 
us, Bremser. (After 
Leuckart .) 



Free-swimming embryo of 
Bothriocephalus lat- 
us, Bremser. (X 500.) 
(After Leuckart.) 



site. It appears not to be rare in dogs in Italy and 
Russia. The larva or finn has been found in a large 
number of fishes; e. g., the perch, turbot, sea-trout, 
salmon, pike, stint, etc. Its prevalence is due 
to the custom of eating fish imperfectly cured or 
cooked. The fish is possibly not the only provisional 
host, but is infected by eating some mollusc possess- 
ing the parasite in a hydatid condition. It is 
claimed that this parasite gives rise to all the symp- 
toms of pernicious anemia. — Bothriocephalus ligu- 
loides, Leuckart (1886). See Bothriocephalus man- 
soni, R. Blanchard (1886).— 
Bothriocephalus longicollis, 
Molin. Found in the intestine 
of the domestic fowl in Italy. 
It gives rise to loss of appetite, 
emaciation, feebleness, diar- 
rhea, and epileptiform attacks. 
The powdered bark of pome- 
granate-root — a teaspoonful for 
every fifty head — mixed with the 
poultry-food is regarded as the 
best treatment of teniasis in 
fowls. — B othriocephalus 
mansoni, R. Blanchard (1886). 
Syn., Bothriocephalus liguloides, 
Ligula mansoni, Cobbold (1883) 




Head of Bothrio- 
cephalus man- 
soni, R. Blan- 
c h ard . ( X 3.) 
(After Leuckart.) 

Leuckart (1886). 
This is found in 



the human peritoneum, and is known only in the 



PARASITES 



984 



PARASITES 



BOTHRIOCEPHALUS 

mansoni, R. Blan- 
chard. (A, after 
Leuckart ; B, after 
Cobbold.) 



larval condition. It has its habitat in the connective 
tissues of the host, as the conjunctival tissues of the 
orbit and subcutaneous tissues 
of the thigh, but it is capable of B 

extensive migrations and has 
been voided with the urine ; the 
cases are limited to Chinese and 
Japanese. Bothriocephalus re- 
ticulatus, Krabbe. It is found 
in dogs in Iceland. See Both- 
riocephalus fuscus, Krabbe. — 
Bothriocephalus serratus, 
Diesing. This was found by 
Natterer in the Pampas fox 
( Cant's azam) of Brazil. Diesing 
holds the form found by von Sie- 
bold and others in dogs to be 
identical. See Bothriocephalus 
canis Ercolani and B. latus, Brem- 
ser. — Bothriocephalus tropi- 
cus, Schmidtmiiller. See Taenia 
saginata, Goeze. — Brechfliege. 
See Calliphora vomitoria, Robi- 
neau-Desvoidy. — Breeze. See 
Gastrophilus equi, Fabricius. — 
Breiter Bandwurm des Men- 
schen, Breiter Grubenkopf- 
wurm. See Bothriocephalus 
latus, Bremser. — Brummer. See 
Calliphora vomitoria, Robineau- 
Desvoidy. — Buffalo-fly, or Buffalo-gnat. See Simu- 
Hum pecuarium. — Burrowing Flea. See Sarcopsylla 
penetrans, Westwood. — Biitschlia lanceolata, Fio- 
rentini ; Biitschlia neglecta, Schuberg ; Biitschlia 
parva, Schuberg. Three peritrichous infusorian para- 
sites, rarely found in the rumen of the ox. — Caelogna- 
thus morsitans. An arachnid discoverd by Hessling 
and held by Cobbold to be a genuine human parasite. 
Caepophagus echinopus, Megnin (1880). Syn., Ty- 
roglyphus echinopus, Fumouze et Ch Robin (1867). 
An acaridan, common about liliaceous bulbs, found in 
the external auditory meatus of a woman suffering from 
otorrhea, also in a case of " seedy toe " in the horse. — 
Calf Ascarid. See Ascaris vituli, Goeze. — Calliphora 
anthropophaga, Conil. — Cal- 
liphora hominivorax. — Calli- 
phora infesta, Philippi. See Lu- 
cilia macellaria — Calliphora li- 
mensis. A case of myiasis narium 
due to the larva of this fly is report- 
ed by Aguirre from Santiago de 
Chile. — Calliphora macellaria, 
J org. See Lucilia macellaria, Fab- 
ricius. — Calliphora vomitoria, 
Robineau-Desvoidy (1830). Syn., 
Afusca vomitoria. Bluebottle-fly, 
Blue Flesh-fly, Bloiv-fly, Mouche 
bleu de la Viande, blaue Fleisch- 
fliege, Schmeiszfliege, Brechfliege, 
Brummer. These flies feed only 
on fresh meats and rarely deposit 
their eggs in wounds or in the 
natural cavities of the body ; 
although Leuckart and Summa 
cite a case in which the larvne 
were passed from the intestines of man, and Summa 
refers to cases of Myiasis narium due to these larva;, 
and Langstein to a case in which he removed large 
numbers from the bladder of a woman recently con- 
fined. — Callodium tenui. See Trichosoma tenuis- 
si ma, Diesing. — Camel-bot. See CEstrus cameli, 
var. — Camel Ixode. See Ixodes camelinus , G. 




Larvae of Calli- 
phora VOMITORIA, 
Robineau- Deso- 
vidy. {After Leuck- 
art.) 



Fischer. — Camel CEstrus. See CEstrus cameli. — 
Camel-tick. See Galeodes araneoides. — Carpho- 
glyphus passularum, Ch. Robin (1869). A mite 
found on dried fruits, dates, figs, prunes, etc., and 
occasionally in vomited matter. — Cat-flea. See 
Pulex serraticeps, Gervais. — Cat-louse. See Tri- 
chodectes subrostratus, Nitzsch. — Cattle-louse. See 
H&matopinus eurysternus, Nitzsch. — Cattle-worm. 
See Founza ia ngombe. — Cayor Fly, Cayor Worm. 
See Ochromyia anthropophaga, Blanchard. — Cepha- 
lomyia ovis, Latreille. See CEstrus ovis, Linne. — 
Ceratopsyllus canis. See Pulex serraticeps, Gervais. 
- — Ceratopsyllus gallinae, Bouche. See Pulex 
avium, Taschenberg. — Cercaria brunnea, Diesing. 
According to Diesing this is identical with the 
cercaria of Distoma echinatum, Zeder, of the duck. 
— Cercaria cystophora, von Willemoes-Suhm. This 
was held by Leuckart to be the larva of Distoma 
lanceolatutn, Mehlis, of the sheep, but has since 
been demonstrated by Creutzburg to belong to Dis- 
toma ovocaudatum of the frog. — Cercaria echina- 
toides, Fil. Syn., Cercaria echini/era, La Valette, 
C. spinifera, La Valette, C. brunnea, Diesing (?). 
It is the larva of Distoma echinatum, Zeder, of the 
duck. It is found in aquatic molluscs, Limnaa, 
Planorbis , Paludina . — Cercaria echinifera, La 
Valette. See Cercaria echinatoides, Fil. — Cercaria 
longicaudata. This is the larva of Distoma lan- 
ceolatum, Zeder, of the sheep. It occurs in the 
pond-snails Helix carthusiana, Miiller, and Plan- 
orbis marginatus, Draparnaud. — Cercaria spin- 
ifera, La Valette. See Cercaria echinatoides, Fil, — 
Cercomonas davainei, Moquin-Tandon (i860). See 
Cercomonas hominis, Davaine (1854). — Cercomonas 
gallinae, Rivolta. Syn. , Cercomonas nell intestino dei 
gallinacei, Perroncito, Cercomonas de V intestin des 
gallinacees. It is found in cases of pseudo-croup in 
fowls and pigeons. — Cercomonas globosus, Per- 
roncito, Monocer- 

A 



^X/«^ 



comonas cavice, 
Davaine. — Cer- 
comonas of the 
Guinea - pig's 
Intestines. See Cercomonas hominis, Davaine ; (A), 
nr larger, and (B), smaller variety. 

Mmocercomonas (From Leuckart! after Davaine.) * 

cavice, Davaine, 

Cercomonas ovalis, Perroncito, Cercomonas pisiformis, 
Perroncito, Cercomonas globosus, Perroncito, Bacterio- 
idotnonas sporifera, Kiinstler. — Cercomonas homi- 
nis, Davaine (1854). Syn., Cercomonas intestinalis, 
Lambl (1875 nec '859) ; Cercomonas davainei, Moquin- 
Tandon (i860) ; Bodo hominis, Saville Kent (1880) ; 
Cercomonas globosus, Perroncito. This infusorian is 
of frequent and extensive occurrence in the dis- 
charges of cholera and typhoid-fever patients, and 
in various diarrheas, also in healthy persons, e.g., 
the intestinal mucus of children. It is also found in 
the hepatic ducts. — Cercomonas intestinalis, Lambl 
(1859). [The species described by Lambl under this 
name in 1859 is referred to Megastoma intcstinale, 
Blanchard, 1885, q. v.] — Cercomonas intestinalis, 
Lambl(i875).See Cercomonas hominis, Davaine(l854). 
— Cercomonas intestinalis, Marchand (1875). See 
Trichomonas intestinalis, Leuckart (1879). — Cer- 
comonas muscarum, Leidy. Cercomonas muscae 
domesticae, Stein. See Herpetomonas musca: domes- 
ticce, Saville Kent.- — Cercomonas ovalis. This 
was found by Perroncito in the intestine of the 
guinea-pig, producing an enteritis ; perhaps identi- 
cal with Jlfonocercomonas cavioe, Davaine. — Cerco- 
monas pisiformis, Perroncito. See Monocercomonas 
cavia, Davaine. — Cercosoma. See Eristalis tenax 



PARASITES 



985 



PARASITES 



and Eristalis pendulum. — Cheiracanthus hispidus, 
Eedschenko. Syn. , Gnathostoma hispida. This is 
found in the walls of the stomach of the hog and dog. — 
Cheyletus eruditus, Schrank. This is a vagabond 
species, occasionally found on man and animals as well 
as among old books, rags, moldy forage, etc. De 
Mericourt reports a case in the pus from the ear of a 
sailor, and Picaglia attributed to it a dermatosis ob- 
served on the horse, resembling that produced by 
Dermanysstts avium, De Geer. — Cheyletus hetero- 
palpus, Megnin. This is a mite living at the base of 
the feathers of pigeons and doves as well as sparrows. 
It appears to cause no serious inconvenience to its 
host. — Cheyletus scabiei. See Sarcoptes scabiei. — 
Chicken-louse. See Goniocotes gigas, Taschenberg, 
Goniocotes hologaster, Nitzsch, and Goniodes dissimilis, 
Nitzsch. — Chigga, Chigo, Chigoe, Chigger, Chig- 
gre, Chique. See Sarcopsylla penetrans, Westwood. 
Chigo of Fowls. See Sarcopsylla gallinacece, West- 
wood. — Chinche. See Argas americanus, De Geer. 
— Chorioptes communis, var. ovis, Verheyen. " The 
Poot-scab." See Symbiotes communis, Verheyen. — 
Chorioptes ecaudatus, Megnin. See Symbiotes 
auricularum, var. canis, var. cati, Neumann. — 
Chorioptes symbiotes, R. Blanchard (1890), the 
mange of cattle. See Symbiotes communis, Verheyen. 
— Chrithoptes monunguiculosus, Geber. This is 
found among barley ; the mites cause urticaria and ec- 
zema, accompanied by fever for from one to three days. 
— Chrysops caecutiens, Meigen. Syn. , Small Blind- 
ing Breeze-fly. A common fly, troublesome to man and 
animals throughout Europe during the summer. 
Churchyard-beetle. See Blaps mortisaga. — Ciliaris 
bicaudalis, Salisbury (1868). See Trichomonas vag- 
inalis, Donne (1837). — Cimaenomonas caviae, 
Grassi. See Trichomonas cavice, Davaine. — Cimex 
ciliata, Eversmann. This species is native to Russia. 
— Cimex columbarius, Jenyns, a bug found on the 
pigeon. — Cimex lectularia, Merrett (1667). Syn., 
Acanlhia lectularia, Fabricius (1794), Cimex colum- 
barius, Jenyns, Cimex hirundinis, Jenyns, Bed-bug, 
Punaise des lits, Bettwanze , Hauswanze, Wandlaus. 
This was originally introduced from India, and was 
known to the Greeks as ;fopif and to the Romans as 
Cimex. It was first recorded in Europe in Strasburg, 
in the nth century, and was carried to London in the 
bedsteads of the Huguenots. It is now cosmopolitan. 
The female lays in March, May, July, and September, 
about fifty eggs at a time ; they take eleven weeks to 
reach maturity. Adult bugs will withstand severe cold 
and survive the winter. The bed-bug not only attacks 
man, but also birds : doves, the swallow, etc. Spirit of 
turpentine, corrosive sublimate, mercurial ointment, red 
precipitate, and insect-powder are employed in their 
destruction, also fumigation (18-24 hours) with sul- 
phurous acid gas. In Europe the pepper-grass 
(Lefiidizim 7-uderale, L.) is used to attract the bugs 
which are said to gather on the fresh plant to suck 
the juice, when plant and all can be thrown in the 
fire. — Cirons. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, 
Megnin. — Clegg. See Hematopota pluvialis. — Cler- 
cus formicarius, Linne. This is a beetle ; the larva, 
according to Kiichenmeister, was given to von Siebold 
as a urinary parasite. — Clothes-louse. See Pedicu- 
lus veslimenti, Leach. — Coccidium bigeminum, 
Stiles (1891). Syn., Corpuscules gemines, Finck (1854), 
Cytospermium villorum intestinaliiau canium, Rivolta, 
Coccidie gemine, Railliet et Lucet (1890). This is 
found in the villi of the small intestine, particularly 
the duodenum of dogs and cats. It appears to cause 
no ill-effects, being found in healthy animals. — 
Coccidium oviforme, Leuckart (1879). Syn., Corpi 




oviformes, Vulpian ; Amoeba croupogena, Rivolta ; 
Psorosperma crouposum, Rivolta ; Cytospermium ziir- 
nii, Rivolta. This was 
the first of the psoro- 
sperms to be described. 
It is frequent in the 
cells of the biliary 
ducts of rabbits and 
in man, and the intes- 
tines of cattle, pro- 
ducing " psorosperm- 
nodules," or " cocci- 
dium-nodules," which 
may bring about 
changes resulting in 
death. Coccidiosis of Coccidium oviforme, Leuckart; 
rabbits is so common from the human liver (A X 200, 
_ , B and C X 800. (After Leuck- 

in certain hutches and art.) 

warrens near London, 

that the keepers recognize it readily, and distin- 
guish it by the " wet snout " which the affected ani- 
mals exhibit. It is most fatal in young rabbits, which 
become affected as soon as they cease to suckle and 
begin to eat green food ; they lose flesh rapidly and 
suffer from enteritis, dying in from 8 to 15 days. 
According to Galloway (1) a most important portion 
of the developmental cycle of this parasite takes 
place only external to the body, under aerobic cir- 
cumstances ; (2) Influences outside the body delay 
and even prevent, the external sporulation of the 
parasite, thus interfering with its infective power ; 
(3) The host cannot be infected by coccidia inocu- 
lated directly from an animal already suffering, thus 
proving that the disease, though infectious, is so only 
in a very special way ; (4) The parasite infects the 
host by passing into the alimentary canal, where it meets 
suitable conditions for its future development ; (5) The 
parasite enters and grows within epithelial cells, 
without necessarily destroying them and causes great 
proliferation of the neighboring epithelium. This 
parasite is also the cause of a cutaneous psorosper- 
mosis of fowls, geese, turkeys, and pigeons, forming 
wart-like nodules on the head, and showing close 
analogy to the disease of man called Epithelioina con- 
tagiostem or Molluscum contagiosum. Treatment 
consists in cauterization by the hot iron or by chemi- 
cals. Oil of turpentine is also effective and prophy- 
lactic. — Coccidium perforans, Leuckart (1879). 
This is found in the intestinal epithelium of the 
dog, rabbit, cat, and man. — Coccidium rivolta, 
Grassi (1881). It is found encysted in the epi- 
thelial cells of the intestine in cats, and also free 
in the intestinal contents and feces. This species 
closely resembles the Coccidium perforans of the dog. 
— Coenurus cerebralis, Rudolphi. This is the cys- 
tic larva or finn of Tcenia cainurus, Kiichenmeister, 
of the dog, q. v. It is found in the brain and spinal 
marrow of cattle, sheep, goats, camels, dromedaries, 
horses and exceptionally, in man, producing staggers 
{Hydatidocephalus, Gid). It has also been found in 
the muscles of the domestic rabbit and in the subcu- 
taneous connective tissue of the calf and sheep. 
— Ccenurus serialis, Gervais. This is the cystic 
finn of Tamia serialis. Its usual habitat is the con- 
nective tissue of domestic rabbits, hares, and squirrels, 
occurring on the head, neck, loins, thorax and limbs, 
and rarelv, in the spinal cord. The fact that the 
largest number of ccenures have been collected from 
wild rabbits would appear to indicate that the Tania 
which produces them must inhabit the intestine of 
some carnivorous animal that usually lives in the same 
localities as the rabbits, and that the development of 



PARASITES 



986 



PARASITES 



t)]/i Tania in the dog must be considered purely ac- 
cidental. — Ccenurus, sp., Engelmayer. This is 
fouiid in the liver of the domestic cat. — Ccenurus, 
sp., Pagenstecher. This was found beneath the skin 
in the dog. — Colorado, the native name in Cuba for 
Leptus irritans, q. v. — Colpocephalum longicau- 
dum, Nitzsch. The long-tailed colpocephalus, a louse 
found on many species of pigeons and doves. — Com- 
mon Scab. See Psoroptes communis, Fiirstenberg. — 
Common Tick. See Ixodes ricinus, Linne. — Com- 
panion Gonicote. See Gonicote compar, Nitzsch. — 
Compsomyia macellaria, Compsomyia rubifrons, 
Macquart. See Lucilia macellaria, Robineau - Des- 
voidy. — Cone-nose. See Conorhinus, sp. This 
blood-sucking cone-nose has recently been reported 
from the Yosemite Valley, Cal., where it is found in 
the beds, biting the face, hands, and feet of the sleeper, 
causing serious sores in some instances. — Conorhinus 
nigrovarius, a predaceous bug in the pampas, Cen- 
chucha, which sucks blood like an ordinary tick. — 
Conorhinus sanguisugus, sucks the blood of warm- 
blooded animals. — Corpuscles of Laveran. See 
Poli?nitus malaria:, Laveran and Danilewsky — Cor- 
puscles of Rainey. See Sarcocystis miescheri, Ray 
Lankester. — Cousin commun. See Culex pipiens, 
L. — Crab-louse. See Phthirius inguinalis, Leach. 
— Crambus pinguinalis. There are three cases 
cited of this lepidopterous insect (larvae) acting as 
facultative human parasites by Linnaeus, Church and 
Angetinus. — Creole Tick. See Ixodes dugesi, Ger- 
vais. — Crinons. This is a name given by Chabert in 
1782 to Sclerostoma armatum, Rudolphi, q. v., — 
Crithoptis monunguiculosus, Geber (1879). See 
Tarsonemus monunguiculosus, R. Blanchard (1889). 
— Crown-tail Strongyle, Cobbold. See Stephanurus 
dentatus, Diesing. — Cryptocystis tricodectis, Vil- 
lot. This is the larva of Tania canina, Linne, and 
was found by Melnikow (1867) in the body-cavity 
of the Trichodectis latus, Nitzsch, of the dog. — Cu- 
lex anxifer. The species of mosquito cited by Cob- 
bold as troublesome to man. — Culex ciliatus. This 
is a large species of mosquito found in the Atlantic 
States. It bites very severely, but is comparatively rare 
and does not appear in swarms. — Culex damnosus, 
Say. The common American mosquito, appears in 
swarms which invade marshy regions, appearing in the 
Middle States in four distinct broods, which only swarm 
at intervals of one month. This troublesome species is 
reported as becoming common in England. — Culex 
equinus, Cobbold. This is especially troublesome to 
horses. — Culex Mosquito. It is found in Southern 
Asia where, according to Manson, it acts as the host 
of Filaria sanguinis hominis and is the agent in in- 
fecting man with this, the most important of the ani- 
mal parasites attacking man. — Culex pipiens, Linne. 
Syn., Zanzara comune, Ital. ; Cousin commun, Fr. ; 
Gemeine Stechmiicke, Ger. ; Common Gnat of Europe. 
This gnat takes the place in Europe of the mosquito 
of America, being in many regions a veritable scourge 
to man, especially at night. It is not aggressive to- 
ward animals. — Culex pungicus. This is a species 
found in France and according to Liegard produces 
serious symptoms in those bitten by it. — Culex rufus, 
Culex taeniorhynchus. Two American species. 
Cuterebra cuniculi, Clark (1815); Macquart (1835); 
Joly (1846). Syn., CEstrus cuniculi, Clark (1797); 
Trypoderma cuniculi, Wildemann (1830). An Amer- 
ican species, found on hares and rabbits. — Cute- 
rebra noxialis, J. Goudot (1845). See Dermatobia 
noxialis, Brauer. — Cyclobdella lumbricoides. The 
blind leech. A species found in Brazil ; it attacks men 
and animals indiscriminately. — Cynorhaestes aegyp- 



tius, Hermann. See Ixodes agyptius, Audouin. — Cy- 
norhaestes ricinus, Hermann. See Ixodes ricinus, 
Linne. — Cynthostoma tetracanthum, Molin. See 
Strongylus tetracanthus, Diesing. — Cyrtoneura sta- 
bulans, Macquart. Syn., Musca slabulans, Fallen; 
Stalljlicge. The larvae of this fly were first observed as 
facultative intestinal parasites of man by Laboulbene. 
It is troublesome about stables. — Cysticercus 
acanthotrias, Weinland. This is the larva of an 
undescribed species of Tania, found in the con- 
nective tissue and dura mater of man. — Cysticer- 
cus albopunctatus. See Cysticercus taenia solii, 
Leuckart. — Cysticercus alpaca, Sappey. Found in 
the muscles of the alpaca ; it seems to be very abund- 
ant in Peru. The adult worm and its host have not 
been discovered yet. — Cysticercus bailletti, Railliet. 
Syn., Pleurocercoides bailletti, Railliet, Cysticercus 
elongatus, Blumberg. This is found in the pleura 
and peritoneum of the cat, dog, rat, ichneumon and 
pole-cat. — Cysticercus bicornis, Zeder. See Di- 
ceras rude, Rudolphi. — Cysticercus bothrioplitis, 
Piana. See Cysticercus tania bothrioplitis, Piana. — 
Cysticercus bovis, Goze. See Cysticercus tania 
saginata, Goeze-Leuckart. — Cysticercus clavatus. 
See Cvsticercus tania; marginata, Batsch-Diesing. 
— Cysticercus conis, Cysticercus cellulosae. 
See Cysticercus tania solii, Leuckart. — Cysticercus 
coprinus. See Cysticercus tania marginata, Batsch- 
Diesing. — Cysticercus dicysta. A finn found in 
the cranial cavity of man ; its tapeworm is unknown. 
— Cysticercus elongatus, Blumberg. This name 
was applied by Blumberg to the finns found in the dog 
and cat, (see Cysticercus bailletti, Railliet) , but it had to 
be dropped, as it had already been applied by Leuckart 
to a variety of Cysticercus tania serrata, Zeder- 
Goeze, q. v. — Cysticercus fascicularis, Rudolphi. 
See Cysticercus tania crassicollis, Rudolphi. — Cysti- 
cercus finna. See Cysticercus tania solii, Leuckart ; 
— Cysticercus fischeriana. A finn found by 
Fischer in .the choroid plexus of man ; the adult is 
unknown. — Cysticercus fistularis, Rudolphi. This 
was found in the peritoneum of the horse by Chabert 
and Reckleben. The Platode of which this is the 
finn is as yet unknown. — Cysticercus globosa, Cys- 
ticercus lineata. See Cysticercus tania marginata, 
Batsch-Diesing. — Cysticercus mediocanellata, Da- 
vaine. See Cysticercus tania saginata, Goeze-Leuck- 
art. — Cysticercus melanocephalus, Koberle. 
Cysticercus multilocularis. See Cysticercus tania 
solii, Leuckart. — Cysticercus oviparus, Maddox. 
This is found in the muscles of the sheep and is regarded 
by Maddox not only as a new species, but as a sexu- 
ally mature animal. — Cysticercus ovis, Cobbold. 
See Cysticercus tania marginata , Batsch-Diesing. Cf. 
Tania tenella, Cobbold. Cobbold found this finn on 
several occasions in the measles of sheep and held it to 
be the larvae of a Tania of man, the so-called Tania 
tenella. Chatin demonstrated Cobbold's error, showing 
that the pretended T. tenella, was only a small-sized 
T. solium, and that Cysticercus ovis was but an imper- 
fectly developed Cysticercus tania marginata, Batsch- 
Diesing. — Cysticercus phacochceri aethiopici, Cob- 
bold. See Cysticercus tania marginata, Batsch. — 
Cysticercus pisiformis, Zeder. See Cysticercus 
tania serrata, Goeze. — Cysticercus pyriformis, 
Cysticercus racemosa (us), Zenker. See Cvsticercus 
tania solii, Leuckart. — Cysticercus turbinata, 
Koberle. A variety in which the head-process is 
coiled in a regular spiral of sometimes three turns. 
See Cvsticercus tania solii. Leuckart. — Cysticercus, 
sp., Baillet. This is found in the peritoneum of the 
domestic fowl. — Cysticercus, sp., Sappey. This i: 



PARASITES 



987 



PARASITES 



found in the muscles of the llama. — Cysticercus 
suis, Cobbold. See Cysticercus tenia solii, Leuckart. 
— Cysticercus taeniae bothrioplitis, Piana. This is 
found in the snails Helix carthusianella, Draparnaud, 
and Helix maculosa, the mature form occurring in tlxe 
domestic fowl. — Cysticercus taeniae cesticillus, 
Goeze-Molin. Syn., Cysticercus t<cni<c infundibuli- 
f'ormis, Goeze. This is found in the house-fly. The 
adult (Tonus cesticillus, Molin, q. v.) is found in the 
intestine of the domestic fowl. According to Grassi 
and Rovelli the earth-worm Allobophora fxtida, 
Eisen, is its intermediate host. — Cysticercus taeniae 
crassicollis, Rudolphi. This is found in the liver 
of various rats and mice and is remarkable for the 
elongated form and the smallness of the bladder in 
which it is coiled up. Von Siebold demonstrated 
(1844)- the relation of this finn to TanicB crassicollis, 
Rudolphi, of the cat. — Cysticercus taeniae cucum- 
erinae, Bloch. See Cysticercus tanice elliptica, Batsch. 
Cysticercus taeniae cuneatae, von Linstow. Occurs 
in the worm, Allobophora fcetida, Eisen, and the adult 
in domestic fowls. — Cysticercus taeniae diminutas, 
Rudolphi. This is found in the orthopterous insect 
Anisolabis annulipes, Lucas ; and the beetles Akis 
spinosa, Latr. and Scaurus striatus, Fabr. , also in the 
meal-moth, Asopiafaiinalis, L. — Cysticercus taeniae 
ellipticae, Batsch. Syn. , Cysticercus ttznice cucumeri- 
ncE, Bloch. This is found in the fleas (Pulex irritans, L. 
and Pulex serraticeps, Gervais) and the dog-louse 
(Trichodectes cam's, De Geer). — Cysticercus taeniae 
gracilis, Rudolphi. This is found in the perch 
(Perca jluviatilis) and by Thos. Scott in the ostracod 
crustacean Caudona rostra ta, which Blanchard holds 
to be the intermediate host of Tcenice gracilis, of the 
duck. Cysticercus taeniae infundibuliformis, 
Goeze. See C. Urnice cesticillus, Molin-Goeze. — Cys- 
ticercus taeniae krabbei, Moniez, occurs in the rein- 
deer (Cervus tarandus, Linne),the mature form being 
found in the dog. — Cysticercus taeniae marginatae, 
Batsch-Diesing. Syn., Cysticercus clavatus, Cysti- 
cercus coprinus , Cysticercus globosa, Cysticercus lineata, 
Cysticercus tenuicollis, Diesing, Cysticercus phacockceri 
cBtkiopici, Cobbold, Cysticercus visceralis, Cysticercus 
ovis, Cobbold. This is the larva of Tarda marginata, 
Batsch ; and is found in the peritoneum and sometimes 
in the muscles, liver, lungs, and heart of the sheep, 
goat, ox, camel, reindeer, and pig, and it seems, as the 
result of the researches of Eschricht and others, occa- 
sionally to occur in monkeys and man. It rarely pro- 
duces serious effects, although at times it grows to the 
size of a child' s head. The size and occurrence have per- 
haps led to its being confused and ranked with Echino- 
coccus, which has led to error, even as regards its 
human pathology, it having as a consequence been 
reckoned among human parasites, especially under the 
title, Cysticercus visceralis. — Cysticercus taeniae 
microstomae, Dujardin. Syn., Scolex decipiens, Dies- 
ing. This occurs in the orthopterous insect Anisolabis 
annulipes, Lucas ; also in the beetle Tenebrio molitor, 
Fabricius. The mature form occurs in rats and mice. — 
Cysticercus taeniae proglottides, Davaine, occurs in 
the snails Limax agrestis , Linne , and Li max variegatus, 
Draparnaud. The mature form is found in the domestic 
fowl. — Cysticercus taeniae saginatae, Goeze-Leuck- 
art. Syn., Cysticercus bovis, Goeze, Cysticercus medio- 
canellata, Davaine. Leuckart was the first (1861) to 
show the relation of this finn to the tenia of the ox, 
in which animal it often occurs in great numbers, 
especially in Abyssinia, Russia, and the regions about 
the Mediterranean. The distribution in the tissues 
and organs varies. The peritoneum and lymphatic 
apparatus are rarely free from them ; the kidneys, lungs, 



and liver contain relatively few ; the muscles especially 
contain great numbers ; all other tissues and organs 
may be infected. In the examination of beeves the 
finns should especially be looked for in the masseteric 
region, the internal and external pterygoids, heart and 
tongue. Owing to the presence of calcareous par- 
ticles, they assume a white color upon drying, which 
allows their presence to be made out, e.g., in dried 
beef; soaking will again render them invisible. E. 
Gavoy asserts that it has not been proved that the 
finns of Taaiice saginata do not exist in man. — Cysti- 
cercus taeniae serratae, Zeder, 
Goeze. Syn., Cysticercus pisi- 
f or mis, Goeze, Cysticercus elon- 
gatus, Leuckart, Monosloma 
leporis, Kuhn. This finn is the 
most common parasite in the 
peritoneum of the rabbit. It 
traverses the liver and, reach- 
ing the peritoneum, excites the 
formation of a cyst, which be- 
comes full of fluid, and about 
the size of a pea. It occurs in 
such numbers as to resemble 
clusters of grapes. The white 
spot on the surface of each 
bladder locates the invaginated 
scolex. — Cysticercus taeniae 
sinuosae, Zeder. Occurs in 
the crawfish (Astacus Jluviat- 
ilis, Rondelet), and the mature 
form in the domestic duck. — Cysticercus taeniae solii, 
Leuckart. Syn., Taniahydatigena, Pallas; Cysticercus 
celluloses, Leuckart ; Cysticercus albopunctalus, Cysti- 
cercus racemosa(us), Zenker; Cysticercus acanthotrias, 
Weinland (1858); Cysticercus suis, Cobbold; Cysticercus 
cam's, Cysticercus multilocidaris, Cysticercus pyriformis , 
Cysticercus finna. This is the finn of Tania solium. 




Measly Pork 

Leuckart.) 



(After 





Cysticercus t^nije solii, 
Leuckart ; or the common 
bladder-worm of the pig, 
(A) with invaginated head, 
and (B) with evaginated 
head. (After Leuckart.) 



Cysticercus t>eni^; 
solii, Leuckart ; or 
bladder-worm of the 
pig, after the diges- 
tion of the bladder. 
(X 10.) (After 
Leuckart.) 



Kiichenmeister was the first to point out the relation 
between this bladder-worm and the hook-bearing 
Tanicz solium. It causes the disease known as 
measles and is found in swine, dogs, cats, and man, 
and occurs in all tissues and organs, producing small 
tumors which are readily recognized when subcutane- 
ous ; when in the brain various apoplectiform or epi- 
leptiform symptoms, paraplegia, violent cephalalgia, 
vomiting, vertigo, staggers (tournoiet?tent,tournis), con- 
vulsions, narrowing of the field of vision and deafness 
may ensue. When in the brain the symptoms resemble 
those of Tabes dorsalis. No treatment has been found 
for cerebral cysticercosis ; some cases recover. The 
enforced inspection of meats is important in this con- 
nection. — Cysticercus tarandi. See Cysticercus tanis 
krabbei, Moniez. — Cysticercus tenuicollis, Cysti- 
cercus visceralis. See Cysticercus fania? marginata>, 
Batsch-Diesing. — Cystomonas urinaria, R. Blan- 



PARASITES 



988 



PARASITES 



chard (1885). Syn., Trichomonas irregularis, Salis- 
bury (1868) ; Bodo urinarius, Kiinstler (1883). A 
peculiar flagellate infusorian found in human urine 
and vaginal mucus. — Cystotasnia mediocanellata, 
Leuckart (1862). See Ttenia saginata, Goeze, 1782. 
— Cytodites nudus, Vizioli. Syn., Cytoleichus sar- 
coptoides, Megnin ; Sarcoptes gerlachi, Rivolta. This 
is found in the air-sacs of the Gallinacea, especially 
fowls and pheasants. They even reach the air-canals 
in the bones, and are supposed to cause enteritis. — 
Cytoleichus sarcoptoides, Megnin. See Cytodites 
nudus, Vizioli. — Cytospermium villorum intesti- 
nalium canis, Rivolta. Oviform, tetrasporous coccidia 
found by Railliet and Lucet in the small intestine of the 
dog and cat. See Coccidium bigeminum , Stiles. — Cyto- 
spermium ztirnii, Rivolta. This was reported by 
Proger and Ziirn from the intestine, liver, and glands 
of calves. It is probably Coccidium perforans, q.v. — 
Cytosporozoon malarias, Danilewsky. See Polimitus 
malaria, Laveran. — Cytozoa pathogena. The 
hematocystis of man and animals, found in malarial 
and other fevers. See Polimitus malaria, Laveran. 
Dactylius aculeatus, Curling. See Euchytraus 
albidus, Henle. — Dasytricha ruminantium, Schu- 
berg. A holotrichous infusorian of the esophagus 
and stomach of ruminants. — Deer-tick, Western. 
See Dermacentor occidentalis, Linne. — Demodex 
canis, Tulk. See Demodex folliculorum, var. canis. 
— Demodex folliculorum, Owen. Syn., Acarus 
folliculorum, Simon (1842) ; Demodex folliculorum, 
var. hominis, canis, cati, suis, ovis, capra, equi, 
Kuchenmeister ; Demodex caninus, Tulk ; D. phyl- 
loides, Csokor; Macrogaster platypus, Miescher (1843) ; 
Entozoon follicular um, Erasmus Wilson (1845); Steato- 
zoon follicularum, E. Wilson (1847); Simonea fo/lic- 
ularum, Gervais (1844) > Simon et Simonide, Fr. 
This is found in the hair-follicles and sebaceous glands 
of several species of mammalia : dog, cat, pig, sheep, 
goat, ox, deer, fox, rat, mouse, and bat. The derma- 
tosis produced by this parasite has been most frequently 
and best studied in the dog. Nearly every known 
parasiticide has been tried for the cure of follicular 
scabies of the dog, but generally in vain (Neumann). 
Sulphur baths and applications of creolin or essence 
of juniper have given fair results. — Demodex phyl- 
loides, Csokor. See Demodex folliculorum, var., 
suis. — Dermacentor americanus, Linne. The 
American dog-tick. Cf. Ixodes ricinus, Linne. — 
Dermacentor occidentalis, Linne. The western 
deer-tick of the United States. — Dermanyssus 
avium, De Geer. Syn., Dermanyssus gallina? , Redi ; 
Dermanyssus gallopavonis , Gervais ; Dermanyssus 
hirundinus, De Geer ; Tique, Raspail. Gamasides 
which live on birds and may be transmitted to domestic 
mammalia : rabbits, dogs, cats, cows, and man. They 
are found in dove-cotes and poultry-yards, and are 
essentially noctambulatory. They frequently enter 
the nasal cavities or auditory meatus. In nasal or 
auricular acariasis, olive-oil, to which has been added 
a little ethereal essence of anise-seed, should be intro- 
duced by means of a thin feather. Oily mixtures, sul- 
phuret of carbon and creolin are the most favored 
remedies for the dermatoses produced by this insect. 
— Dermanyssus gallinae, Redi. — Dermanyssus 
gallopavonis, Gervais. — Dermanyssus hirundinis, 
De Geer. See Dermanyssus avium, De Geer. — Der- 
matobia cyanoventris, Moquin-Tandon. This differs 
from Dermatobia noxialis, Brauer, in the azure hue of 
the entire abdomen ; its habits are the same. —Derma- 
tobia hominis. See Dermatobia noxialis, Brauer. — 
Dermatobia noxialis, Brauer (i860). Syn., Der- 
matobia hominis: (Estrus guildingi, Hope (1840) ; 



Cuterebra noxialis, J. Goudot (1845). A bot-fly of 
Central and South America, the eggs of which are not 
infrequently deposited in the skin of animals and man, 
producing a swelling like an ordinary boil. In New 
Grenada this larva is know as Nuche, Gusano, or 
Macaco Worm, in Cayenne as the Macaw Fly, in Brazil 
as Ura, in Costa Rica as Torcel, and in Mexico as the 
Moyoquil Worm. It attacks chiefly the ox and dog, 
while mules and horses are exempt. In countries 
in which the parasite is abundant, the skins of slaugh- 
tered cattle are frequently so perforated as to be of 
little value. — Dermatodectes communis, Bourgui- 
non and Delafond. — Dermatodectes equi, Gerlach. 
See Psoroptes communis, var. equi, Furstenberg. — 
Dermatokoptes communis, Furstenberg. See Pso- 
roptes communis, Furstenberg. — Dermatophagoides 
scheremetewski, Bogdanow. See Symbiotes com- 
munis, Verhey en. — Dermatophagus cuniculi, Ziirn, 
1872. See Sarcoptes notcedres, Delafond and Bour- 
guinon, 1857. — Dermatophilus penetrans, Guerin. 
See Sarcopsylla penetrans, Westwood. — Dermestes 
lardarius, Linne. The larvae of this beetle, besides 
devouring dead bodies, skins, leather, etc. , develop at 
times in the old manure of the dove-cote and attack the 
young pigeons, gnawing the skin of the neck and abdo- 
men. The best preventive measure consists in 
covering the floor of the dove-cote and the nest 
with pine sawdust mixed with sand. The larvae are 
also reported as facultative parasites of man by Otto 
and Chichester (England). — Dermestes murinus, 
Linne. The larva is reported as a facultative parasite 
of man by Otto and Lister. — Dermofilaria irritans, 
Rivolta. See Filaria irritans, Rivolta. — Dermo- 
glyphus elongatus, Megnin. One of the plumicole 
sarcoptidae found on the quill of the feathers of the 
domestic fowl. — Dermoglyphus minor, Norner. 
Syn., Analges minor, var. similis, Norner. This is 
found in the quill of the feathers of the guinea-fowl. 
— Dermoglyphus varians, Trouessart. One of the 
Analgesinoz observed on the guinea-fowl, in the 
quill of the beam-feathers of the large wing-covers 
along with picobia. It is possibly only a variety of 
Dermoglyphus elongatus of the fowl. — Deutscher 
Blutegel. See Hirudo medicinalis, Ray. — Diacan- 
polycephalus, Stiebel, Bremser, Rudolphi, Diesing. 
Determined by Blumenbach to be a raisin-stalk 
which had been evacuated per anum. — Diboth- 
rium cordatum, Diesing. See Bothriocephalus 
cordatus, Leuckart. — Dibothrium latum, Diesing 
(1805). See BoHiriocephalus latus, Bremser. — 
Diceras rude, Rudolphi, Lamarck. Syn., Cysti- 
cercus bicornis, Zeder, Ditrachyceras rudis, Sultzer, 
Bremser, Diesing, Eschricht, Lerreboullet. A car- 
pel of the mulberry {Moras nigra), which had been 
macerated and deprived of its color by digestion. — 
Dicroccelium buskii, Weinland (1858). See Dis- 
toma crassum, Buck, Cobbold, Leuckart. — Dicro- 
ccelium heterophyes, Weinland ( 1858 ). See 
Distoma heterophyes, von Siebold (1852). — Dicrocce- 
lium oculi humani, Weinland (1858). See Disto- 
ma lanceolatum, Mehlis. — Dimorphus muris, Grassi 
(1879). See Megastoma intestinale, R. Blanchard 
(1885). — Dioctophyme, Collet- Meygret. See Eits- 
trongylus gigas, Diesing. — Diplacanthus nanus, 
Weinland (185S). See Tama nana, von Siebold 
(1853). — Diplodinium bursa, Fiorentini. A peritri- 
chous infusorian found in the stomach of ruminants, 
associated with the following species : Diplodinium 
cattanei, Fiorentini ; Diplodinium caudatum, Fior. ; 
Diplodinium dentatum, Stein ; Diplodinium ecauda- 
tum, Fior. (considered by Fiorentini to be only a rarer 
form of D. caudatum) ; Diplodinium maggi, Fior. ; 



PARASITES 



989 



PARASITES 



Diplodinium mammosum, Railliet; Diplodinium ros- 
tratum, Fior. ; Diplodinium uncinatum, Fior. (found 
in the large intestine of horses) ; Diplodinium vortex, 
Fior. — Dipylidium cucumerina, Leuckart (1863). 
See Taenia canina, Linne (1767). — Dipylidium 
latissima, Riehm. — Dipylidium leuckarti, Riehm. 
— Dipylidium pectinatum, Riehm. See Tienia pecti- 
nata, Goeze. — Diskostoma acephalocystis, Goodsir 
(1S44). See Echinococcus polymorphous, Diesing 
(1S51). — Dispharagus nasutus, Rudolphi. Syn. , 
Filaria nasuta, Rudolphi ; Spiroptera nasuta, Ru- 
dolphi. A tilaria-like worm found in the wall of the 
gizzard of the fowl and sparrow, at times so closely 
packed together as to form a kind of tissue and giving 
rise to an epizooty. — Dispharagus spiralis, Molin. 
This was found in the esophagus of the fowl and also 
in the intestine by Fedschenko in Turkestan. — Dis- 
toma armatum, Molin, is found in the intestine, 
cecum, and rectum of the domestic fowl in Italy. — 
Distoma buskii, Wedl, Lankester (1857). See Dis- 
toma crassum, Busk. — Distoma campanulatum, 
Ercolani. See Distoma truncatum, Rudolphi. — 
Distoma capense, J. Harley. See Gyncecophorus 
hamatobius, Diesing ; Distoma cavia, Sonsino. This 
was found by Del Chiappa in the biliary ducts of the 
guinea-pig. It resembles Fasciola hepatica, of which 
Neumann suggests that it may be but a young form. — 
Distoma columbae, Mazzizanti. See APesogonimus 
commutatus, Sonsino. — -Distoma commutatum, 
Diesing. See Mesogonimus commutatus, Sonsino. — 
Distoma conjunctum, Cobbold (1859). Moniez 
regards it as not unlikely that this is identical with 
Distoma sinense, Cobbold, rather than with Distoma 
truncatum, Rudolphi. See Distoma truncatum, 
Rudolphi. — Distoma conus, Creplin. See Distoma 
truncatum, Rudolphi. — Distoma crassum, Busk 
(1859), nee von Siebold (1836), Cobbold, Leuckart. 
Syn., Distoma buskii, Wedl, Lankester (1857) ; Dicro- 
ccelium buskii, Weinland (1858). This was found in 
the human intestine. " No other instance has occurred 
since the original fourteen specimens were discovered 
by Mr. Busk in the duodenum of a Lascar " (Cobbold). 
— Distoma cuneatum, Rudolphi. This was found 
by Gurlt in the oviduct of the peacock. Rudolphi 
considers it very similar to Distoma ovatum, Rudolphi. 
— Distoma dilatatum, Miram. Found in the rectum 
and cecum of the domestic fowl ; rare. — Distoma 
echinatum, Zeder. Dujardin and von Linstow con- 
sider Distoma oxycephalum, Rudolphi, as a variety of 
this species. It is found in the intestine of the 
domestic duck and goose, rarely in the fowl. Gene- 
rali found it in the duodenum of a dog and Nathusius 
in the black stork. According to the researches of 
Pagenstecher and Ercolani, the larvae (Cercaria 
echinatoides ) are the most common distome larvae 
found in the aquatic molluscs, Limncea, Planorbis, 
and Paludina. — Distoma elegans, Rudolphi, is 
found in the intestine of the domestic sparrow. — 
Distoma elephantis, Jackson. See Fasciola jack- 
soni, Cobbold. — Distoma endemicum, Ijima. See 
Distoma sinense, Cobbold. — Distoma felineum, Ri- 
volta. See Distoma truncatum , Rivolta. — Distoma 
filum, Dujardin. This is found in the intestine of the 
domestic sparrow. — Distoma haematobium, Bilharz. 
See GyncBcophorus hamatobius, Bilharz. — Distoma 
hepaticum, Retzius (1786), Abildgaard, Zeder, 
Mehlis. See Fasciola hepatica, Linne (1767). Cf. 
Distoma lanceolatum, Mehlis. Cf. Fasciola jacksoni, 
Cobbold. — Distoma hepatis endemicum seu per- 
niciosum ; Distoma hepatis innocuum, Baelz 
(1883). See Distoma sinense, Cobbold. — Distoma 
heterophyes, von Siebold (1852), Kiichenmeister, 



Bilharz. Syn., Fasciola heterophyes, Moquin-Tandon 
(1S60) ; Dicroccelium heterophyes, Weinland (1858). 
— Distoma japonicum, R. Blanchard (1886). See 
Distoma sinense, Cobbold. — Distoma lanceolatum, 
Mehlis (1825), Bucholz, Dujardin. Syn., Distoma 
hepaticum, Zeder (1800), Rudolphi (1810), Bremser ; 
Distoma opthalmobium, Diesing (1850), Kiichenmeis- 
ter ; Distoma lends, von Ammon ; Distoma oculi 
humani, von Ammon (1833), Gescheidt ; Dicroccelium 
lanceolatum, Dujardin (1845), Weinland ; Dicrocce- 
lium oculi humani, Weinland ; Fasciola hepatica, 
Block (1782), Jordens (1802), Bosc ; Fasciola lanceo- 
lata, Rudolphi (1803), Moquin-Tandon; Fasciola 
ocularis, Moquin-Tandon (1862) ; Festucaria lentis, 
Moquin-Tandon (i860) ; Alonostoma lentis, Nordmann 
(1832), Gescheidt, Diesing; Planaria latiuscula, Gceze 
(1782). This is found in the gall-bladder, bile-ducts, 
and intestine of sheep, cattle, llama, rabbit, hare, pig, 
ass, horse, dog, cat, and man. In the last the 
recorded cases are few and include in all probability 
the trematodes of the eye described by Gescheidt, 
von Ammon, and others. The larva, Cercaria longi- 
caudata, is found in Helix carthusiana, Muller, and 
Planorbis marginatus, Draparnaud. Leuckart believed 
Cercaria cystophora was the larval form of Distoma 
lanceolatum. — Distoma lentis, von Ammon. See 
Distoma lanceolatum, Mehlis. — Distoma lineare, 
Rudolphi. See Syngamus trachealis, von Siebold. — 
Distoma lineare, Zeder. This is found in the large 
intestine of the domestic fowl ; rare. — Distoma mag- 
num, Bassi (1875). Syn., Fasciola carnosa, Hassall 
(July, 1891) ; Fasciola americana, Hassall (Sept., 
1891); Distoma lexicanum (Oct., 1891). This para- 
site occurs in Antilope picla, Bos taurus, Cervus aristo- 
teles, Cervus canadensis, Cervus damn, Cervus elephas, 
Cariacus (Cervus) virginianus. It is abundant in 
Western cattle. — Distoma musculi, Rudolphi. This 
is found in the intestine of the house-mouse (Mus 
musculus, Linne). — Distoma oculi humani, von 
Ammon (1833) , Gescheidt. See Distoma lanceolatum , 
Mehlis. — Distoma ophthalmobium, Diesing (1850). 
See Distoma lanceolatum, Mehlis. — Distoma ova- 
tum, Rudolphi. Possibly D. cuneatum is identical 
with this species. This is found in the oviducts and 
eggs of the domestic fowl, in the intestines of the 
domestic goose, and in the bursa of Fabricius of nume- 
rous young birds, including the fowl. — Distoma oxy- 
cephalum, Rudolphi. See Distoma echinatum, 
Zeder. — Distoma pellucidum, von Linstow. See 
Mesogonimus pellucidus, Neumann. — Distoma pul- 
monale, Baelz (1883). See Distoma ringeri, Cob- 
bold (1880). — Distoma rathouisi, Poirier. This 
was found in the liver of a Chinaman at the mission 
of Zi-kawei, named after Pere Rathouis, and at first 
sight resembles in size and general form Fasciola 
hepatica, Linne. — Distoma ringeri, Cobbold and 
Manson (1880). Syn., Distoma pulmonale, Baelz 
(1883). This is found in the human lungs in the 
mountainous regions of Formosa, Corea, and Japan, 
producing a parasitic hemoptysis, the treatment of 
which has thus far been unsuccessful. — Distoma 
sinense, Cobbold (1875). Syn., Distoma spathula- 
tum, Leuckart (1876) ; Distoma hepatis endemicum 
seu perniciosum, Baelz (1 883) ; Distoma hepatis 
innocuum, Baelz (1883) ; Distoma japonicum, Blan- 
chard (1886); Distoma endemiatm, Ijima. It is held 
by Moniez as not unlikely that the Distoma conjunc- 
tum of Cobbold belongs here. It is found in the 
liver, biliary ducts, and intestine of man and the cat in 
Japan, especially in the region of Okayama. — Disto- 
ma spathulatum, Leuckart (1876). See Distoma 
sinense, Cobbold (1875). — Distoma spiculator, 



PARASITES 



990 



PARASITES 



Dujardin. This is found in the small intestine of the 
brown rat (Mus decumauus, Pallas). — Distoma, sp., 
Duncker. This larva was found- by Leunis encap- 
sulated in the muscles of the domestic hog, in the fleshy 
part of the diaphragm, and in the laryngeal muscles. 
Distoma texicanum, Francis (Oct., 1891). See 
Distoma magnum, Bassi (1875). — Distoma trunca- 
tum, Rudolphi, Ercolani. Syn., Distoma comis, 
Creplin ; Distoma conjunctum, Cobbold (1859) ; Dis- 
toma felineum, Rivolta; Distoma campanulatum, 
Ercolani. According to Neumann, this Distoma was 
first found in the Greenland seal (Otto and Rudolphi), 
then in the cat (Creplin, Rivolta, Zwaardemaker, 
Generali), dog (Ercolani, Rivolta, Zwaardemaker, 
De Jong, Sonsino), American red fox (Cobbold), 
Indian Pariah dogs (Lewis). It is frequent in Hol- 
land and in India. It lodges itself in the bile-ducts 
and gall-bladder, and gives rise to a cirrhosis, which 
has been studied by Zwaardemaker and Neumann — . 
Ditrachyceras rudis, Sultzer. See Diceras rude, 
Rudolphi. — Dochmius anchylostoma, Molin 
(i860). See Dochmius duodenalis, Leuckart. — Doch- 
mius balsami, Pavona. See Uncinaria trigono- 
cephala, Rudolphi. — Dochmius duodenalis, Leuck- 





Cephalic extremity of Dochmius duodenalis, Leuckart; 
profile and front view. {After Leuckart.) 

art (1876). Syn., Anchylostoma duodenale, Dubini 
(1843); Dochmius anchylostoma, Molin (i860); An- 
chylostomum duodenale, Creplin (1845); Pruner (1847); 
Dubini (1850); Diesing (1851) ; Sclerestoma duode- 
nalis, Cobbold ; Strongylus duodenalis , Schneider 
(1866) ; Strongylus quadridentatus , von Siebold 
(1851); Uncincaria duodenalis, Railliet (1885). This 
nematode occurs in immense numbers in the duode- 
num of man in many tropical and sub-tropical coun- 
tries', causing a peculiar anemia known to the Ancient 
Egyptians as the " aaa disease " and in modern times 
as dochmiasis, anchvlostomiasis, Egyptian chlorosis, 
chlorosis agyptiaca , tropical chlorosis, hypoamia inter- 
tropicalis, brick-makers' 1 anemia, tunnel anemia, 
miners' 1 cachexia, anamia vel cachexia montana, jail 
debility. Oswald Baker reports having found the ova 
in the evacuations of the dog, and Lutz records 
the parasite in the gibbon. Giles and Sinclair 
find the disease known as Beri-beri and the 
Kala-gar of Assam and Ceylon to be identical 
with dochmiasis. No intermediate host is neces- 
sary, but the eggs are not able to develop in the 
intestine if swallowed immediately after they have 
been laid. They must first develop into rhabditiform 
larvas in muddy water or upon damp earth, which, after 
moulting two or three times, reach a stage in which 
they can develop no more outside the human intestine. 
The ethereal extract of male fern is a favorite remedy, 
but Sonsino, Macdonald, and others regard thymol 
as almost a specific. Perfect cleanliness must, of 
course, be insisted upon, as this parasite has no inter- 
mediate host, it being conveyed directly through dirt 
or food contaminated with infected feces. — Dochmius 
sangeri, Cobbold (1882). This is found in the intestine 
of the Indian elephant. To the naked eye this small 



worm looks like an ordinary thread-worm, but a hand 
lens is sufficient to demonstrate its strongyloid char- 
acter. — Dochmius stenocephalus, Railliet. See 
Uncinaria stenocephala, Railliet. — Dochmius trig- 
onocephala, Dujardin. See Uncinaria trigonoceph- 
ala, Rudolphi. — Dochmius tubasformis, Molin. 
See Uncinaria trigonocephala, Rudolphi. — Docoph- 
orus adustus, Nitzsch. See Docophorus icteroides, 
Nitzsch. — Docophorus icteroides, Nitzsch. A louse 
frequent on ducks, relatively rare on geese, on which 
according to Piaget, it constitutes a mere variety 
called by Nitzsch Docophorus adustus. — Dog-flea. 
See Pulex serraticeps, Gervois. — Dog-lice. See 
Hczmatopinus piliferus, Burmeister, and Trichodecles 
latus, Nitzsch. — Dog-tick. See Ixodes ricinus, Linne, 
and Dermacentor americanus, Linne. — Domestic 
Fly. See Musca domestica, Linne. — Douve du foie. 
See Fasciola hepatica, Linne. Dovecote Bug. See 
Acanthia columbaria , Jenyns. — Draconcilla Sp. — 
Dracunculus, Lister (1690). See Dracunculus 
medinensis, Cobbold (1864). — Dracunculus loa, 
Cobbold (1864). Syn., Dracunculus oculi, Diesing 
(i860) ; Loa, Guyot, Bajon, Mongin, Guyon,etc. ; Fil- 
aria medinensis , Gmelin ; Filaria hominisovis, Leidy ; 
Filaria lacrymalis, Dubini (1850, nee Gurlt, 1831) ; 
Filaria oculi, Gervais.Van Beneden, Moquin-Tandon ; 
Filaria loa, Guyot (1778). A parasite found beneath 
the conjunctiva of negroes of the Gaboon and Congo 
region also reported from S. America, Martinique, San 
Domingo, etc. The natives state that after a period 
of several years the worm voluntarily quits the eye. — 
Dracunculus longissimus, Cssalpinus (1585). See 
Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing (1851). Dracunculus 
medinensis, Cobbold (1864). Syn. , Z>. persarum, 
Kampfer (1694), Diesing; Filaria medinensis, Gmelin, 
(1789), Olfers, Rudolphi ; Filaria dracunculus, 
Bremser (1819), McClelland, Pruner; Filaria roma- 
norum orientalis, Sarcani ; Furia medinensis, Modeer 
(1795); Gordius medinensis, Linne (1767), Grundler; 
Vena medinensis , Velsch (1674), Dracunculus, Lister 
(1690) ; Vermis medinensis, Grundler (1740) ; Medina- 
worm, Guinea-worm, Filaira de medine, Filaire de 
Guinnee, Ver de Guinee dragoneau, Ver cutanee des 
marchais, Veine de medine, Fr. ; Fadeniourm, Haua- 
wurm, Beinwurm, Pharaohswurm, Guineawurm, Me- 
dinawurm, Medinerischer oder guineischer Faden- 
wurm, Ger. ; Draconcillo, Sp.; Kishta, Rus.; Pe- 
junk, Narn, Pers.; Narambo, Narapoo chalandy, 
Hind.; Hanschoschim Haschrofim, Heb.; hpai<6v7iov 
H'mpov, Agatharchidas (Plutarch, Svmposiacon viii), a 
parasite known to the ancients, being the " fiery ser- 
pents " which afflicted the children of Israel during 
their stay in the neighborhood of the Red Sea, which 
is still the center of the geographic distribution of the 
worm. It is exclusively confined to hot countries, 
Arabia Petrasa, the border of the Persian Gulf and 
Caspian Sea, the banks of the Ganges, Upper Egypt, 
Abyssinia, Guinea, and the Upper Senegal. It also 
occurs in the West Indies, Guiana, and Brazil. 
Although chiefly known as a parasite of man, it has 
been found in the dog, horse, and ox, the disease 
produced by it being known as dracontiasis. The 
worm is supposed to have small crustaceans {Cope- 
podd) as its intermediate hosts, and to be taken in 
drinking-water. Carter suggests the house-fly as its 
intermediate host. It occurs in the subcutaneous 
connective tissues, especially of the legs and feet. It 
is usually removed by gentle and continued traction, 
but the natives of India hold the plant Amarpattee, 
or Pddpdnd, as a specific in the shape of applications 
of the bruised leaves. — Dracunculus oculi, Diesing 
(i860). See Dracunculus loa, Cobbold (1S64). — 



PARASITES 



991 



PARASITES 



Dracunculus persarum, Ktvmpfer (1694). SeeDra- 
cunculus medininsis, Cobbold (1864). — Dracunculus 
spathulum, Leuckart. See Distomum sinense, Cob- 
bold (1875). — Dragon d'alger, Dragon-leech. See 
Hirudo troctina, Johnson. — Duck-louse. See Li- 
peurus squalid 'us , Leach. — Dtinndarmbremse. See 
Gastrophilus nasalis, Linne. — Dyticus marginalis, 
Linne. A beetle the larva of which is reported as a 
human pseudo-parasite by Hope. — Earwig. See For- 
ficula auricula ria, Linne. — Echinococcifer echino- 
coccus, Weinland (1861). See Tcenia echinococcus, 
von Siebold, (1853). — Echinococcus altricipariens, 
Kuchenmeister ; Echinococcus alveolaris, Bern- 
steiner; Echinococcus aristis, Blanchard ; Echin- 
ococcus cerebralis, Perroncito ; Echinococcus 
endogenus, Kuhl ; Echinococcus exogenus, Kuhl; 
Echinococcus gallopavonis, von Siebold ; Echin- 
ococcus giraffse, Gervais (1847) ; Echinococcus 
granulosus, Rudolphi (1810), Leuckart ; Echin- 
ococcus hominis, Rudolphi (1810), Bremser, Chiaje ; 
Echinococcus hydatidosus, Leuckart ; Echino- 
coccus infusorum, Fr. ; S. Leuckart (1S27) ; Echin- 
ococcus multilocularis, Leuckart. See Echin- 
ococcus polymorphic, Diesing. — Echinococcus poly- 
morphus, Diesing (185 1), Leidy. Syn., Acephalocystis 
endogena, Hunter, Owen ; Acephalocystis exogena, 
Kuhl; Acephalocystis granulosa, Lrennec (1804), Clo- 
quet ; Acephalocystis macaci, Cobbold ; Acephalocystis 
ovis tragelnphi ', Cobbold; Acephalocystis ovoidea , Lsen- 
nec (1804), Cloquet, Deslongchamps, Chiaje ; Acepha- 
locystis curculigera, Lsennec (1804), Diskostoma aceph- 
alocystis, Goodsir (1844), Echinococcus alveolaris, 
Bernsteiner ; Echinococcus altricipariens, Kiichen- 
meister ; Echinococcus arietis, Blanchard ; Echinococ- 
cus cerebralis, Perroncito ; Echinococcus endogenus, 
Kuhl ; Echinococcus exogenus, Kuhl ; Echinococcus 
gallopavonis, von Siebold ; Echinococcus giraffe?, 
Gervais ; Echinococcus granulosus, Rudolphi ; Echin- 
ococcus hydatidosus, Leuckart ; Echinococcus homi- 
nis, Rudolphi, Leidy, Bremser, Chiaje; Echinococcus 
infusorum, Fr. , S. Leuckart (1827); Echinococcus 
multilocularis, Leuckart ; Echinococcus scolepariens, 
Kuchenmeister ; Echinococcus simia , Rudolphi (1810); 
Echinococcus simplex, Leuckart ; Echinococcus veteri- 
norum, Rudolphi (1810), Bremser, Gurlt, Blanchard; 
Hydatigena granulosa, Batsch (1786); Hydatis, Liider- 
sen, Rudolphi, Olfers, Bremser; Hydatis erratica, Blu- 
menbach (1810) ; Poly cephalus hominis, Goeze (1782), 
Jordens (1802) ; Polycephalus humanus, Zeder (1803); 
Polycephalus granulosus, Zeder (1803), Cloquet; 
Polycephalus echinococcus, Zeder (1803), Tschudi ; 
Tania visceralis socialis granulosa, Goeze (1782) ; 
Tee nia granulosa, Gmelin (1790) ; Vesicaria gran- 
ulosa, Schrank (1788). The "hydatids," " acephalo- 
cysts," " echinococcus-vesicles," " pill-box vesicles," 
etc. , of medical writers. This parasite is the finn of a 
small tapeworm [Tania echinococcus, von Siebold, 
1853) which infests only the dog and the wolf, occurring 
in a great variety of animals ; it was long regarded as 
an independent and distinct animal , varying specifically 
in different hosts and organs. Echinococci have been 
found in man, monkeys, the dog, cat, ichneumon, 
rabbit, squirrel, pig, wild boar, ox, argali, sheep, 
goat, deer, giraffe, camel, dromedary, elan, antelope, 
horse, zebra, elephant, tapir, kangaroo, and turkey. 
They are most frequently found in ruminants, the pig 
and the dog, and are endemic in Iceland and abun- 
dant in regions where large numbers of cattle are 
raised. They are found in all parts of their host, but 
the liver is the favorite location. — Echinococcus 
veterinorum, Rudolphi (1810). See Echinococcus 
polymorphus, Diesing (185 1). — Echinorhynchus an- 



gustatus, Rudolphi. A parasite of fresh water fishes. 
— Echinorhynchus caprae, Braun (1810). See Lin- 
guatula rhinaria, Railliet, 1886. — Echinorhynchus 
cuniculi, Bellingham. This is found in the small intes- 
tine of the domestic rabbit. — 
Echinorhynchus filicollis, Ru- 
dolphi. This is found in the in- 
testine of the domestic duck. — 
Echinorhynchus gigas, Goeze 
(1782). Syn., Echinorhynchus 
hominis, Lambl (1859); the Giant 
Echinorhynchus. This parasite 
is found in the small intestine 
of the hog, the wild boar, the 
collared peccary and the striped 
hyena. It is common in India, 
North Africa, France, Germany, 
and Austria, and occurs in the 
United States and Mexico. Only 
one case, regarded by Leuckart 
as accidental, is recorded of its 
occurrence in man. Kaiser finds 
that the common rose-chafer 
(Cetoma aurata, Linne) swallows 
the larva of this worm from the 
excrement of the pig, and is 
probably the intermediate host of 
the worm. Schneider regards the 
white worm, the larva of the 
ordinary May-bug (Melolontha 
vulgaris, Fabricius) as the inter- 
mediate host, and Lespes caused 
the ova of this parasite to be 
hatched in the intestine of several 
species of snails (Helix promatia, 
Linne ; Helix hortensis, Miiller ; 
Limax maximus, Linne ; Arion 
rufus, Linne.) — Echinorhyn- 
chus hominis, Lambl (1859). 
See Echinorhynchus gigas, Goeze 
(1782). — Echinorhynchus 
miliaris, Zenker. See Echinor- 
hynchus polymorphus, Bremser. 
— Echinorhynchus monilifor- 
mis, Bremser. This parasite, 
known to occur rarely in the field-mouse (Arvicola arva- 
lis, Selys-Longchamps) and the hamster ( Cricetus fru- 
mentarius, Pallas), has been proved by Grassi and 
Calendruccio to occur in the brown or Norway rat (Mus 
decumanus, Pallas) and in man, the second investigator 
having himself voided over fifty specimens from his in- 
testine after taking extract of male fern. The common 
churchyard-beetle (Blaps mortisaga, Linne) is the inter- 
mediate host of this parasite. — Echinorhynchus 
muris, Zeder. This is found in the stomach of the 
house-mouse (Mus musculus, Linne). — Echinorhyn- 
chus polymorphus, Bremser. This is found in the in- 
testine of the tame swan (Cygnus odor, Linne) and the 
domestic goose (Anser domesticus, Linne). Graeff has 
recognized the larval form of this parasite in the fresh- 
water shrimp (Gammaruspulex, (L.) De Geer), in 
which it has been named Echinorhynchus miliaris, 
Zenker. Von Siebold found it frequently encysted in 
the intestinal walls of the crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis, 
Rondelet). — Echinorhynchus sphaezocephalus, 
Bremser. This is found in the intestine of the domestic 
duck (Anas domestica, Linne). — Echinorhynchus, 
sp., Lewis. This is found in the walls of the stomach 
of ihe dog. — Egyptian Ixode. See Ixodes agyptius, 
Linne, and Ixodes savignyi , P '. , Gervais. — Eimeria 
falciformis, Eimer. A psorosperm found by Rivolta, 
d'Arloing, Tripier, and Silvestrini in the liver of the 



A male Echinorhyn- 
chus angustatus, 
Rudolphi. (The in- 
ternal organs con- 
sist of the sheath of 
the proboscis, with 
retractor muscles, 
lemniscus, and sex- 
ual organs. An in- 
testine is wanting.) 
{After Leuckart.) 



PARASITES 



992 



PARASITES 



rabbit, but previously only found in the intestinal 
epithelium of the mouse. Artificial psorospermosis 
was produced by feeding birds with masses of affected 
flesh. — Eimeria Sp., Blanchard. R. Blanchard re- 
fers to this genus as the parasite mentioned by Rivolta 
in chickens, and which the latter regarded as Sarco- 
sporidia. Probably the parasites of Kiihn belong here 
also. — Elophilus pendulus. See Helophilus pendu- 
lus, Meigen. —Emasculating Bot. See Sitomys cal- 
ifornicus. — Enchytrceus albidus, Henle. Under 
the name Dactylitis aculeatus. Curling described this 
setigerous annelid as having been observed in the urine 
of a girl five years old, undoubtedly introduced design- 
edly, as this worm is not parasitic, but common in 
garden-earth. — Entodinium bursa, Stein. A peri- 
trichous infusorian found in the rumen of the ox and 
sheep, as are also the three following species : Ento- 
dinium caudatum, Stein ; Entodinium minimum, 
Schuberg ; Entodinium rostratum, Fiorentini. — 
Entozobn folliculorum, Wilson (1845). See Demo- 
dex folliculorum , Owen (1843). — Epauletted Ixode. 
See Ixodes scapulatus, Megnin. — Epidermoptes bi- 
furcatus, Rivolta (1865). Produces a cutaneous 
acariasis of fowls. — Epidermoptes bilobatus (Riv- 
olta), Railliet and Lucet (1891). Syn. , Symbiotes 
avium, Caparini (1880). Produces a multiple cuta- 
neous acariasis in fowls. — Epidermoptes cysticola, 
Rivolta. See Symplectoptes cysticola, Railliet. — Eris- 
talis tenax, Linne. Syn. Ver a queue de rat, Ratten- 
schwanzlarve. Rat-tailed larva. The larvre are 
reported by Jewell from the human intestine. Under 
the name Cercosoma, Canali and Brera, Bremser, 
Rudolphi, Siebold, and Diesing described a larva of 
this fly, or Helophilus pendulus, which had accidentally 
got into the urine. — Eucolus aerophilus, Creplin. 
See Trichiosoma cerophilum, Creplin. — Eustrongylus 
gigas, Diesing (1851). Syn., Serpents des rognons des 
loups, Jean de Clamorgan (15 70) ; Dracunculus longis- 
siiiius casalpineus, (1585) > Ascaris canis et martis, 
Schrank, (1788); Ascaris visceralis, Gmelin (1789) ; 
Ascaris renalis, Gmelin (1789) ; Fusaria visceralis, 
Zeder (1800) ; Fusaria renalis, Zeder (1800) ; Lumbri- 
cus in renibus, Blasius ; Lumbricus martis et canis 
renalis, Redi ; Lumbricus sanguineus in rene canis, 
Hartman ; Les vers sortis des reins et de Furetkre, 
Moublet ; Lumbricus gulonis sibirici, Pallas ; Diocto- 
phytne, Collet-Meygret (1802) ; Strongylus gigas, 
Rudolphi (1802) ; Strongylus renalis, Moquin-Tandon 
(i860). This is the largest of the parasitic Nematodes. 
Its habitat is the kidney, although reported from the 
liver (Lissizin) and heart (Jones) of the dog. It is met 
with in man, the horse, ox, dog, wolf, mink, marten, 
weasel, otter, seal, glutton, raccoon, coati, etc. It is 
fortunately rare in man ; the symptoms arising from 
its presence resemble those of renal abscess or calculus. 
The finding of the eggs in the urine is the most im- 
portant diagnostic consideration. The intermediate 
host is unknown, though the Filaria cystica or Filaria 
p/scium, Rudolphi, found by Schneider encysted in 
fishes, is held by some to be the larva of this worm. 
Oil of turpentine may cause migration of the worm, but 
extirpation is indicated. — Eustrongylus visceralis. 
See Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing. — Eutarsus can- 
criformis. An arachnidan found by Hessling and 
held by Cobbold to be a genuine human parasite. — 
Eutodinium bursaria, Stein. — Eutodinium cauda- 
tum, Stein. — Eutodinium dentatum, Stein (1858). 
Three species of peritrichous infusoria resembiing 
Opliryoscolex, and described at the same time as endo- 
parasitic in the first and second stomachs of rumi- 
nants. — Fadenwurm, Ger. See Dracunculus 
tnedinensis, Lister. — Fadenwurm des Augapfels. 




Fasciola hepatica, 
Linne. ( Aft e > 

Leuckart ) 



See Filaria conjunctiva; , Addario. Falciger rostra- 
tus, Bucholz. This is found on pigeons and several 
other birds, chiefly in the subcutaneous connective 
tissue around the large veins of the neck and on the 
surface of the pericardium. The hypopial nympha of 
this parasite was described by Megnin as Hypodectes 
coluuiba. According to Robertson, wild and tame 
pigeons are rarely free from these Acarina. — Fas- 
ciola americana, Hassall. — Fasciola carnosa, 
Hassall. See Disloma magnum, Bassi. — Fasciola 
hepatica, Linne (1767), Pallas, Fabricius, Cobbold. 
Syn., Fasciola humana, Gmelin 
(1789), Fasciola lanceolata, Ru- 
dolphi (1803), Distoma hepati- 
cum, Retzius (1786), Abildgaard, 
Zeder, Mehlis ; Planaria lalius- 
cula, Goeze ; Douve du foie, 
Liverfluke. "The scientific 
nomenclature of this parasite in- 
volves a question of some import- 
ance. Amongst naturalists gen- 
erally, the common liver-fluke is 
continually described under the 
combined generic and specific 
title of Distoma hepaticum, but 

working parasitologists, who are at the same time 
acquainted with the writings of the earlier scientific 
observers, know very well that this title is both incor- 
rect and inappropriate. The proper generic appellation 
of this parasite is Fasciola, as first proposed by the 
illustrious Linnaeus (1767) and subsequently adopted 
by F. MUller (1787), Brera (1811), Ramdohr (1814), 
and others. Unfortunately, however, Retzius (1786) 
and Zeder (1800) changed the generic title without 
good cause, and the majority of writers, following 
their authority, obstinately refused to employ the origi- 
nal name, although fair dealing with the posthumous 
reputation of its distinguished 
author, and a consideration of the 
distinctive types of structure dis- 
played by the two genera [Dis- 
toma and Fasciola), alike demand 
the retention of the Linnrean title. 
In later times, M. Emile Blanch- 
ard (1847), of Paris, has strongly 
advocated the final adoption of 
the original nomenclature, and 
has also from time to time (in 
1854-56-58-60 and 1862) dem- 
onstrated the propriety of re- 
jecting the commonly received 
synonym. Another distinguished 
French naturalist, namely, Prof. 
Moquin-Tandon, has also em- 
ployed the term Fasciola, hut. by 
placing in the genus several 
species not properly belonging to it, such as Dis 
toma lanceolatum and Distoma heterophyes, he ha 
unwittingly rendered "confusion worse confounded 
(Cobbold)." This is preeminently a parasite of 
ruminants (ox, sheep, goat, camel), but it is also 
found in the hog, in the horse and ass (Daubenton), in 
the hare and rabbit (Cobbold) the squirrel (Tozzetti), 
kangaroo (Bremser, Diesing), antelopes and deer 
(Ploskal), beaver (Czermak), and man (Partridge, 
Giesker, Harris, etc. ). It is usually found in the liver, 
gall-bladder, but sometimes wanders about, reaching 
the lungs and afterwards the muscles and connective 
tissue. The egg of the fluke, passing from the biliary 
duct through the intestine to the ground, gives rise to 
a ciliated embryo, which attaches itself to and pene- 
trates the water-snail [Limntea minuta, Draparnaud, 




Free embryo of Fas 

CIOLA HEPATICA, 

Linne. (After 
Leuckart.) 



PARASITES 



993 



PARASITES 



or L. truncatula, Miiller, and Limncsa pereger, Drap- 
arnaud), in which it lodges in the respiratory cavity, 
and after encystment gives rise to redeii; and cercanse ; 
the latter become free and finally infect mammals. 
Neumann suggests Liminca hitmilis, Say, as the inter- 
mediate host in North America, and Limncca viator, 
d' Orbigny, in the Argentine Republic. Prophylaxis 
consists chiefly in keeping the sheep or cattle in dry 
pastures. According to Trasbot, the young buds of 
the maritime pine mixed with bran produce curative 
effects. Mojkowski obtained encouraging results with 
naphthalin. The regimen must be strengthening. 
The liver-fluke is found throughout Europe, except 
in Iceland. It is rare in Asia and North Africa, but 
is common in North and South America and Australia 
and Tasmania. Fascioliasis occurs most frequently 
in young animals and is increased by wet weather ; 
the epizooties always follow abundant and prolonged 
rains. — Fasciola heterophyes, Moquin-Tandon 
(1 860). See Distoma heterophyes, Siebold. — Fasci- 
ola humana, Gmelin (1789). See Fasciola hepatica, 
Linne (1767). — Fasciola jacksoni, Cobbold (1869). 
Syn., Distoma hepatica, Jackson (1847), Distomum 
ehphantis, Diesing (1858). This is found in the 
biliary ducts and duodenum of the Indian elephant 
and is the most important of the whole group of para- 
sites infecting elephants. — Fasciola lanceolata, 
Rudolphi (1803). Moquin-Tandon. — Fasciola ocu- 
laris, Moquin-Tandon (1862). See Distoma lanceola- 
tum, Mehlis (1825) ; also Fasciola hepatica, Linne 
(1767). — Fasciola trachea, Montague. See Syn- 
gamus trachealis, von Siebold. — Federmilbe der 
Tauben, Ziirn. See Megninia asternalis, Megnin. 
— Festucaria lentis, Moquin-Tandon (i860). See 
Distoma lanceolatum, Mehlis. — Filaire bronchiale, 
Fr. See Strongylus bronchialis, Cobbold. — Filaire 
de Guinea, Filaire de Medine. See Dracunculus 
medinensis, Cobbold (1864). — Filaire de 1 'ceil, Fr. 
See Filaria conjunctiva, Addario. — Filaire sous- 
conjonctivale. See Filaria conjunctives, Addario. 
— Filaria asgyptiaca, Sonsino. See Filaria san- 
guinis hominis, Lewis. — Filaria anatis, Rudolphi. 
Found in the heart of the domestic duck by Paul- 
linus. — Filaria des Auges. See Dracunculus loa, 
Cobbold, Filaria lacrymalis, Gurlt, and Filaria 
lentis, Diesing. — Filaria bancrofti, Cobbold (1877). 
Set Filaria sanguinis hominis, Lewis. — Filaria bron- 
chialis, Rudolphi. See Strongylus bronchialis, Cob- 
bold. — Filaria bubali, Rudolphi. See Filaria cer- 
vina, Dujardin. — Filaria canis cordis, Leidy. See 
Filaria immitis, Leidy. — Filaria caprae, von Linstow. 
This is found in the muscles of the domestic goat. — 
Filaria cervi-elaphi, Rudolphi. See Filaria cervina, 
Dujardin. — Filaria cervina, Dujardin (1845). Syn., 
Filaria cervielaphi, Rudolphi ; F. papulosa, Rudolphi 
(ex parte"); F. labiato-papillosa, Alessandrini ; F. tere- 
bra, Diesing (1851) ; F. bubali, Rudolphi (?) ; F. ten- 
taculata, Mehlis ( ?) (1840). This is found in the abdo- 
men, eye, and intestinal wall of domestic cattle and deer. 
Under the name of Thelozia, Bosc describes it from 
beneath the eyelids of an ox, but considers it to be an 
insect larva. — Filaria Cincinnati, Perroncito. See 
Onchocerca reticulata, Diesing. — Filaria clava, Wedl. 
This is found in the peritoneal connective tissue and 
intestines of the domestic pigeon. Filaria conjunc- 
tivae, Addario (1885). Syn., Filaria palpebralis , Pace 
(1867) ; Filaria biennis, Grassi ; Filaire sous-conjonc- 
tivale, Filaire de Voeil, Fadenwurm des Augapfels. 
Found beneath the conjunctiva of the eye in man and 
the domestic ass and horse. — Filaria cygni, Rudolphi. 
Found by Redi in the intestine and abdomen of the 
tame swan. — Filaria cystica, Dobson. See Filaria 
63 



sanguinis hominis, Lewis. — Filaria cystica, Ru- 
dolphi. This was found by Schneider encysted in fishes 
and identified by him as the larva of Eustrongylus 
gigas, Diesing, though without sufficient reason, ac- 
cording to Leuckart. — Filaria dermathemica, 
O'Niel (1875) ; da Silva Aranjo (1875). This was 
found as the cause of an endemic dermatosis of the 
negroes of the west coast of Africa. Leuckart reports 
an analogous disease among foxes, and Semmer in 
horses. — Filaria dracunculus, Bremser (1S19). See 
Dracunculus medinensis, Cobbold (1864). — Filaria 
equina, Abildgaard, Emil Blanchard. Syn., Gor- 
dius equinus, Abildgaard ; Filaria equi, Gmelin ; 
Filaria papulosa, Rudolphi (ex parte Allesandrini) ; 
F. pellucida, Kennedy ; Ascaris pellucida, Brown ; 
Thelozia rhodesii, Desmarest (1 828). This is found 
in the thoracic cavity, peritoneum, muscles, men- 
inges, and eyes of the domestic horse and ass and 
mule, and is frequent in Upper India and Bengal, 
where it is known as sanp, or serpent in the eye. 
Usually but one eye is affected, the worms swimming 
about freely in the aqueous humor. — Filaria evansi, 
Lewis. This was found in the dromedary by Griffith 
Evans, the larva in the general circulation (resemb- 
ling F. sanguinis hominis, Lewis), and the adults in 
the lungs and mesentery. Filaria haematica, Gruby 
and Delafond. See Filaria immitis, Leidy. — Filaria 
Tisemorrhagica, Railliet. Syn. , F. multipapillosa, 
Condamine and Drouilly. This was found as the 
cause of cutaneous hemorrhage (h,cmathydrosis) in 
horses, especially those of Eastern origin, the steppe 
breed, and white horses of Tartary. — Filaria he- 
patica, Cobbold. This was found by Mather encysted 
in the intestinal mucous membrane and biliary ducts 
of a dog. Railliet considers it a larval form. — Filaria 
hominis, Diesing (1851). — Filaria hominis bron- 
chialis, Rudolphi (1819). See Filaria lymphatica, 
Moquin-Tandon (i860). — Filaria hominis oris, 
Leidy (1850). Leidy suggested the identity of this 
worm with Dracunculus medinensis, Cobbold, in which 
Leuckart agreed. Blanchard and others oppose this 
view. It may, perhaps, be the Filaria lymphatica, 
Moquin-Tandon. The single specimen was obtained 
from the mouth of a child. — Filaria immitis, Leidy. 
Syn., Filaria hcematica, Gruby and Delafond ; Filaria 
canis cordis, Leidy ; Filaria papulosa Iicematica, 
Molin. This is found in the heart and blood-vessels 
of the dog. It is very abundant in Chinese dogs, and 
is also found in those of Europe, and North and 
South America. The larva; are found in the dog-flea 
(Pulex serraticeps, Gervais) and in the dog-louse (Tri- 
chodectes canis, De Geer, and Hamatopinus pilifererus 
Burmeister) , and by Manson in the mosquito ( Culex 
mosquito). According to Manson, these insects infest 
the drinking-water, from which the free-swimming 
larvae are taken by dogs in drinking. Grassi disputes 
this. — Filaria inermis, Grassi (1887). SeeFilaria con- 
junctiva, Addario —Filaria irritans, Rivolta. Syn., 
Dermo/ilaria irritans, Rivolta. — Filaria labialis, 
Pane (1864). A parasite found in a pustule on the 
lip of a man in Naples ; perhaps it is identical with 
Filaria lymphatica, Moquin-Tandon. — Filaria labio 
or Filaria labiato-papilloso, Alessandrini. See 
Filaria cervina, Dujardin. — Filaria lacrymalis, 
Dubini (1850). See Dracunculus loa, Cobbold. — 
Filaria lacrymalis, Gurlt (1831). Syn., Filaria des 
Auges. This is found in the lacrymal duct and 
beneath the eyelids of the domestic ox. Baillet 
distinguishes it from the filaria of the horse (F. palpe- 
bralis, Wilson), than which it is more common. Its 
origin is unknown. — Filaria lentis, Diesing (1851), 
Gervais, van Beneden, and Cobbold. Syn., Filaria 



PARASITES 



994 



PARASITES 



oculi, Owen, Moquin-Tandon ; Filaria oculi humani, 
von Nordmann (1832), Gescheidt, Ammon ; Filaria 
des Auges, Ger. This is found in the crystalline lens 
of the human eye. — Filaria leporis pulmonalis, 
Frohlich, Diesing. See Strongylus commutatus, Dies- 
ing. — Filaria lienalis, Stiles. See Spiroptera reticu- 
lata, Creplin. — Filaria loa, Guyot (1778). See Dra- 
cunculus loa, Cobbold (1864). — Filaria lymphatica, 
Moquin-Tandon (i860). Sy n. , Ha/milaria lymphatica, 
Treutler (1793) ; Tentacularia sub-compressa, Zeder 
(1800) ; Ha.mula.ria. subcompressa, Rudolphi (1810); 
Filaria hominis bronchialis, Rudolphi (1819) ; Filaria 
hominis, Diesing (1851); Strongylus bronchialis or 
Strongylus tracheo-bronchialis , Cobbold (1879) ; 
Filaire branchiate, Fr. A parasite first observed by 
Bianchi, Treutler, and Brera, and afterward by Zahn 
and others, in the tracheal and peribronchial lymphatic 
ganglia of man. Diesing, Weinland, and Cobbold at 
one time believed this worm to be identical with 
Strongylus longivaginatus, Diesing, while Leuckart 
held Treutler' s worm to be the male of Ascaris mystax, 
Rudolphi, and Brass that it was the larva of a fly. 
The Filaria hominis, Leidy (1850), and Filaria 
labialis, Pane (1864), may perhaps be identical with 
this parasite. — Filaria mansoni, Cobbold. This is 
found in the eye of the domestic fowl in China. — 
Filaria medinensis, Gmelin (1789). See Dracun- 
cuius medinensis, Cobbold (1864). — Filaria megas- 
toma, Rudolphi. See Spiroptera megastoma, Ru- 
dolphi. — Filaria microstoma, Schneider. See 
Spiroptera megastoma, Gurlt and Schneider. — Filaria 
multipapillosa, Condamine and Drouilly. See Fi- 
laria hemorrhagica, Railliet. — Filaria musca?, Car- 
ter. This was found in the horse-fly of India by H. J. 
Carter, who suggested that it might be the larva of the 
Guinea-worm [Dracunculus medinensis, Cobbold) of 
man. — Filaria nasuta, Rudolphi. See Disparagus 
nasutus, Rudolphi. — Filaria niellyi, Moniez. See 
Rhabditis niellyi, Blanchard. — Filaria obtusa, 
Schneider. Syn., Spiroptera obtusa, Rudolphi; Spi- 
roptera murina, Leuckart. This is found in the 
stomach of the brown rat (Mus decumanus, Pallas) 
and of the house mouse [Mus musculus, Linne). — 
Filaria oculi, Owen. See Filaria lentis. — Filaria 
oculi, Gervais et van Beneden (185 9). .See Dracun- 
culus loa, Cobbold. — Filaria oculi humani, von 
Nordmann (1832). See Filaria lentis, Diesing. — Fila- 
ria osleri, Cobbold. Syn. , Strongylus bronchialis cam's, 
Osier. A parasite found by Blumberg. Rabe, Renault, 
and Osier in tubercles of the trachea and bronchi in 
dogs, producing a bronchitis fatal in a large proportion 
of cases. — Filaria palpebrals, Pace (1867), Wilson. 
This is found beneath the eyelids or in the lacrymal 
canal of horses, causing at times severe conjunctivitis, 
with opacity of the cornea. R. Blanchard holds this 
to be identical with Filaria conjunctiva, Addario 
(1885). — Filaria papillosa, Rudolphi. A term 
applied to the filaria of horses and cattle before Ales- 
sandrini indicated specific differences. See F. cervina 
and F. equina. — Filaria pellucida, Kennedy. This 
is considered by Neumann as a young form of F. 
equina, Abildgaard. — Filaria peritonei hominis, 
Babes (1880). This was found encapsulated in the 
gastrolineal ligament of man by Babes in Budapest. 
— Filaria piscium, Rudolphi, Siebold, Schneider 
(q. v.). A parasite held by some to be the larva of 
Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing. It is a parasite very 
abundant in many maritime fishes, particularly in the 
haddock, but never in the human being, in whom it 
was held to occur by Lawrence and others. — Filaria 
recondita, Grassi and Calandruccio, a name given to 
the adult form (yet undiscovered) of Hicmatozoon 



lewisii, Grassi. — Filaria restiformis, Leidy (1880) 
This was found in the human urethra. — Filaria rhyti- 
pleuritis, Deslongschamps. This is found in the 
stomach of the brown rat [Mus decumanus, Pallas). 
The larva is found in the cockroach (Periplanela ori- 
entalis, Linne). — Filaria romanorum orientalis, 
Sarcani. See Dracunculus medinensis, Cobbold 
(1864). — Filaria salisburyi. See F. sanguinis hom- 
inis, Lewis. Filaria sanguinis, Lewis. See 
Filaria sanguinis hominis, Lewis. — Filaria sangui- 
nis equi, Sonsino. The name given to the filarial 
larvae found in the blood of the horse. The adult form 
is unknown. — Filaria sanguinis hominis, Lewis 







Filaria sanguinis hominis, Lewis. (From 
Leuckart, after Lewis.) 

1872), Cobbold. Syn., Filaria bancrofti, Cobbold 
1877) > Filaria sanguinis hominis o?gyptiaca, Sonsino 
(1874) ; Filaria sanguinis, Bancroft ; Filaria salis- 
buryi ; Filaria ivuchereri, Silva Aranjo (187 7) ; Fil- 
aria cystica, Dobson ; Filaria derinathemica, da Silva 
Aranjo (1875) ; Filaria sanguinis hominum, Hall 
(1885); Trichina cystica, Salisbury (1868). The 
female adult worm was discovered by Bancroft of Bris- 
bane, the male by Aranjo and Dos Santos of Brazil 
and Sibthorp of Madras, and the embryo by Demar- 
quay, Wucherer, and Lewis. Bernard gives the life- 
history of the parasite as follows : — 



Embryo. 
1. Parasite of 
the blood of 
man. 



Larva. 

2. Parasite of Culex 
mosquito. 

3. Free in water. 

4. Parasite of the 
alimentary canal 
of man. 



Adult. 

5. Parasite of 

the lymphatic 

vessels of 

man. 



Manson, judging this parasite from the wideness of its 
distribution and the grave character of the diseases it 
produces, holds it to be infinitely the most important of 
the animal parasites attacking man. Filariasis, in- 
cluding lymph-scrotum, chylous dropsy, and hemato- 
chyluria, due to this worm is a malady of the tropics 
up to about the 38th parallel, N. latitude, but chiefly in 
the East. Many cases present lymphatic varix of the 
groin and scrotum, the extirpation of which is strongly 
recommended by Maitland. Hydrogen is recommended 
as a therapeutic agent of great efficacy. — Filaria 
sanguinis hominis aegyptiaca, Sonsino (1S74). See 
Filaria sanguinis hominis, Lewis. — Filaria sangui- 
nolenta, Grassi (1888). See Spiroptera sanguine- 
lenta, Rudolphi. — Filaria scutata cesophagea bo- 
vis, Miiller. See Myzomiums sculalus. Stiles (1892). 
— Filaria smithii, Cobbold (18S2V This was found 
in the walls of the stomach of the Indian elephant. — 
Filaria sp., Drechsler. This is found encapsulated 



PARASITES 



995 



PARASITES 



in the intestine of domestic cattle. — Filaria sp., 
Megnin. This is found in the connective tissue 
of the horse. — Filaria tentaculata, Mehls (1846). 
— Filaria terebra, Diesing (1851). See Filaria 
cervina, Dujardin (1845). — Filaria trachealis, Bris- 
towe and Rainey (1S55). See Strongyhts paradoxus, 
JNIehlis. — Filaria tracheo-bronchialis, Cobbold. 
See Filaria lymphatica, Moquin-Tandon. — Filaria 
trispinulosa, Diesing. This was found in the vitre- 
ous humor of the dog by Gescheidt ; Cobbold holds 
it to be a larva. — Filaria uncinata, Rudolphi. 
See Spiroptera uncinata, Rudolphi. — Filaria wuch- 
eri, da Silva Lima (1S77). See Filaria sanguinis 
hominis, Lewis. — Filaria zebra, Mongrand. This 
was found in the left saphena vein of a convict. Robin 
and Davaine regard this as a fibrinous coagulum. — 
Filzlaus. See Phthiriasis inguinalis, Leach. Fleas. 
See under Pulex and Sarcopsylla, — Fleischfliege. 
See Musca carnaria, Linne. — Flour-beetle, Flower- 
worm. See Tenebrio molitor, Linne. — Forest-fly. 
See Hippobosca equina, Linne. — Forficula auricu- 
laria, Linne. Syn., Ear'cig, Verme auricolare, Ital. ; 
Oo rworm, Dutch ; Orcntvist, Dan.; Or mask, Sw. ; Ge- 
meiner Ohrwurm, Ohrbohrer, Ger.; Perceoreille, Fr.; 
Fura-orelhas, Per.; Gusano del oido, Sp. But few 
cases are on record in support of the popular notion 
that this insect acts as a human parasite. See those 
of Griffin of Ireland. — Forked worm. See Syngamus 
trachealis, v. Siebold. — Founza ia ngombe (cat- 
tle-worm). Native name for the larva of a dipter- 
ous insect developing beneath the skin of the ox 
and man in Central Africa. Freyana anatina, 
Koch. This is an acarine parasite of the duck. — 
Friihlingskafer. See Geoh-upes vernalis, Linne. — 
Fura-orelhas, P. See Forficula auricularia , Linne. 
— Furia infernalis, Linne. " An altogether fab- 
ulous parasite " (Cobbold), believed in by early parasit- 
ologists. — Furia medinensis, Modeer (1795). See 
Dracuncidus medinensis, Cobbold (1864). — Fusaria 
lumbricoides, Zeder. See Ascaris lumbricoides, 
Linne. — Fusaria mystax, Zeder. See Ascaris mys- 
tax, Zeder. — Fusaria papillosa, Zeder. See Hete- 
rakis papulosa, Bloch. — Fusaria reflexa, Zeder. See 
Heterakis inflexa, Rudolphi. — Fusaria renalis, 
Zeder. See Eustrotigylus gigas, Diesing. — Fusaria 
tetraonis, Zeder. See Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. — 
Fusaria vermicularis, Zeder. See Oxyuris vermic- 
ularis, Bremser. — Fusaria visceralis, Zeder (1803). 
See Ezistrongylus gigas, Gmelin. — Fusaria vituli, 
Zeder. See Ascaris vituli (Gmelin) Goeze. — Gad-fly. 
See genus Gasteropkilus. — Galeodes araneoides, 
Pallas. Syn., Galeodes arabs, Koch; Galeodes fatalis, 
Herbst. The Camel Tick, a disgusting and highly 
venomous species, nearly two inches in length, and 
very apt to attack man if disturbed. Found in Egypt 
and the oases of the Sahara, through Southern Russia 
and Arabia to India. It is a great torment to camels in 
the countries where it abounds. — Gamasus auris, 
Leidy. An acarus found by Turnbull in the external au- 
ditory canal of the ox, particularly on the tympanum. — 
Gastrodiscus polymastos, Leuckart, Cobbold. 
See Amphistoma sonsinoi, Cobbold. — Gastrophilus 
asininus, Brauer. See Gastrophilus flavipes, Olivier. 
— Gastrophilus elephantis, Cobbold (1882). Syn., 
CEstrus elephantis, Steel (1878). CEstrus of the 
elephant, Cobbold (1866). The larvae or bots are 
found in the stomach of both the African and Indian 
elephant. — Gastrophilus equi, Fabricius, Leach. 
Syn. , CEstrus equi, Clark, Fabricius, Latreille, Oli- 
vier, Fallen, Macquart, Westwood, Joly ; CEstrus 
intestinalis, De Geer ; CEstrus hatmorrhoidalis, 
Gmelin, Schrank; GSstrus gastricus major, Schwab ; 



CEstrus gastricus vulgaris, Schwab ; GSstrus benga- 
lensis, var. equi, Macquart ; Gastrus equi, Rondani ; 
Common Bot-fiy of the Horse ; the Breeze or Horse-bee ; 
Pferdemagenfliege or Bremsfliege, grosse Magenbremse. 
This is a cosmopolitan ; from June to July the eggs 
are laid on the hair, whence they are licked off and 
transferred to the stomach, to the walls of which the 
larvae or grubs adhere and are passed per anum, to 
bury themselves in the earth until they reach the 
imago stage. — Gastrophilus flavipes, Olivier. Syn., 
CEstrus flavipes, Olivier ; Gastrus flavipes, Brauer ; 
Gastrophilus asininus, Brauer. This is found in 
Southern Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor; 
larvae are found in the stomach of the ass. — Gastroph- 
ilus haemorrhoidalis (Linne), Leach, (1817). 
Syn., GSstrus ani equorum, Linne, (1746); GSstrus 
hamorrhoidalis, Linne (1761) ; Z' GSstres du fonde- 
ment des chevaux, Geoffroy (1764) ; GSstrus equi, 
var. hcsmorrh., Fabr. (1794) ; Gastrus haemorrhoidalis, 
Meigen (1824) ; Afastdarmbremse, Ger.; Afterbremse, 
Ger. ; Red-tailed Bot-fiy, Red-tailed Horse-bot. This 
is found in Europe and North America, the most 
common with Gastrophilus equi. The female lays 
the eggs on the lips of the horse. The larvae often 
become attached to the mucous membrane of the 
pharyngeal region, producing dyspnea and asphyxia ; 
they may also be found both in the right and left sacs 
of the stomach and remain for some time in the ectal 
portions of the rectum before leaving the body, and 
then they assume a characteristic green tint. They 
may be seen at the time of defecation, when the rec- 
tum is everted, and it is this which gave rise to the 
error that the bots were developed in the region. — 
Gastrophilus inermis, Brauer (1858). Syn., Gas- 
trus inermis, Schiner (1861). An Austrian species 
troublesome to horses, found near Gyois and the 
Haklasberge ; the larva is unknown. — Gastrophilus 
lativentris, Low. This is found in Kurland, and 
infests domestic animals. — Gastrophilus nasalis, 
Linne (1761), Schiner (1861). Syn., Mouchedes 
chevaux, Reaumur (1734); GSstrus nasalis, De Geer 
(1776) ; GSstrus equi, var. (a) nasalis, Fabricius 
(1794) ; GSstrus veterinus, Clark (1797) ; GSstrus 
salutiferus, Clark (1815) ; CEstrus clarkii, Leach 
(1817) ; Gastrus salutaris, Gastrus nasalis, Gastrus 
jumentorum, Gastrus clarkii, Meigen (1824) ; GSstrus 
salutaris, Macquart (!835) ; OSslrus duodenalis, 
Schwab ; Gastrus nigritus, Letterst ; Gastrus sub- 
jacens, Walker; Rasenbremsfliege, Dunndarmbremse, 
Ger. A European species, most common in Austria 
and Prussia, the larva; being found especially in the 
duodenum, rarely in the stomach of the horse. The 
female deposits the eggs in the alae of the nostrils and 
on the lips of the horse. Brauer considers the form 
reported from Nova Scotia ( Gastrus subjacens, Walker) 
as belonging here. — Gastrophilus pecorum, Fabri- 
cius (1749), Schiner (1861). Syn., CEstrus bovis, 
var. p, Linne (1761) ; GSstrus pecoriwi, Fabricius; 
GSstrus vituli, Fabr. (1794) ; GSstrus equi, var. /3, 
Clark (1815); Gastrus pecoriun, Meigen; Gastrus juba- 
rum, Megerle (1824) ; GSstrus gastricus major, 
Schwab (1840) ; Gastrus ferruginatus, Zetterst, 
Rondani (1843-8); GSstrus veterinus, var. Joly (1846); 
Gastrus selysii, Carlier (1842); Gastrus veterinus, 
Green ; Viehbremse, Horse-bee. This is found through- 
out Europe, rare in Sweden, abundant in Hungary. The 
larva; are fixed for some time in the rectum before 
emerging to undergo nymphosis. — Gastrus clarkii, 
Meigen. See Gastrophilus nasalis, Linne, Schiner. — 
Gastrus equi, Rondani. See Gastrophilus equi, Fa- 
bricius. — Gastrus ferruginatus, Rondani, Zetterst. 
See Gastrophilus pecoru?n, Fabricius. — Gastrus 



PARASITES 



996 



PARASITES 



flavipes, Brauer. See Gastrophilns fiavipes. Oliv- 
ier. — Gastrus haemorrhoidalis, Meigen. See 
Gaslrophilus hcemorrhoidalis, Linne. — Gastrus 
inermis, Brauer. See Gaslrophilus inermis, Brauer. 
— Gastrus jubarum, Meigen. See Gastrophihis 
pecorum, Fabricius. — Gastrus jumentorum, Mei- 
gen. See Gaslrophilus nasalis, Linne. — Gastrus 
lativentris, Brauer, Schiner. See Gaslrophilus lati- 
ventris, Low. — Gastrus nasalis, Meigen. See Gas- 
lrophilus nasalis, Linne. — Gastrus nigricornis, Low. 
Infests domestic animals in the Crimea (Bessarabia). — 
Gastrus nigritus, Zetterst. See Gaslrophilus nasalis, 
(Linne) Schiner. — Gastrus pecorum, Brauer, Mei- 
gen, Walker. See Gastrophihis pecorum, Fabricius. — 
Gastrus salutaris, Meigen. See Gaslrophilus na- 
salis (Linne), Schiner. — Gastrus selysii, Carlier. See 
Gaslrophilus pecorum, Fabricius. — Gastrus subja- 
cens, Walker. See Gastrophihis nasalis, (Linne) 
Schiner. — Gastrus veterinus, Green. See Gaslrophi- 
lus pecorum, Fabricius. — Gauleblutwiirmchen. 
See Drepanidium ranarum, R. Lankester. — Gekor- 
nelter Blutegel. See Hirudo granulosa. — Gemeine 
Raudemilbe. See Psoroptes communis, Fiirstenberg. 
— Gemeiner Blutegel. See Hirudo medicinalis, Ray. 
— Gemeiner Floh. See Pulex irritans, Linne. — 
Gemeine Kriebelmucke. See Simulium replans 
Linne. — Gemeiner Zungenwurm. See Linguatula 
rhinaria, Railliet. — Geotrupes vernalis, Linne. 
Syn. , Friihlingskafer. A beetle, the larva of which 
is reported by Van Bromell as a facultative human 
parasite. — Gewitterfliege. See Hydrotaa meteorica, 
Linne. — Globidium leuckartii, Flesch. An infu- 
sorian found in the wall of the sustaining con- 
nective tissue of the villi of the small intestine of 
the horse. An uncertain form which appears to have 
analogies with the Sarcosporidcs {Balbiania mucosa'), 
described by Blanchard, from the kangaroo. Moniez 
holds it to be but the embryo of the tenia of the 
horse, encysted in the papillae, like those of T. mu- 
rina of the rat, described by Grassi. — Globocephalus 
longemucronatus, Molin. This was found by 
Wedl in the intestine of the hog. — Glossina morsi- 
tans, West wood. Syn., Tse-tse Tze-tze, or Zimb. 
The fly so frequently mentioned in the works of Afri- 
can travelers. It is about the size of the horse-fly. 
The accounts of the virulence of the bite of this pest 
are so conflicting as to lead to the conclusion that it 
is only poisonous when its proboscis is the carrier of 
a virus with which it has been previously infected. — 
Glyciphagus buski, Murray (1841). An accidental 
parasite in the ulcer on a negro's foot. — Glyciphagus 
cursor, Gervais (1841). Syn., Acarus domesticus, 
de Geer, 1735. Glyciphagus prunorum, Hering, 
1838. Sarcoptes hippopodus, Hering (1838). A mite 
found in a horse's foot affected with canker. An ac- 
cidental parasite. — Gnat. See Culex pipiens, Linne. — 
Gnathostoma hispidium. See Cheiracanthus hispi- 
dus, Fedschenko. — 'Goat-louse. See Trichodectes 
climax, Nitzsch. — Goldfliege. See Lucilia cissar, 
Robineau - Desvoidy. — Gongylonema minimum, 
Molin. This was found in the stomach and liver of the 
house-mouse (Mus musculus, Linne). — Goniocotes 
abdominalis, Piaget. Syn. ,Philop!erus hologaster \J$~\, 
Verrill. Goniocotes hologaster (Burmeister), Denny. 
A louse common to the different varieties of Galhts 
domesticus, Brisson. — Goniocotes burnetti (Packard) 
Verrill. See Goniodes burnetti, Packard. — Gonio- 
cotes compar, Nitzsch, Denny, Paiget. — Syn., 
Goniodes compar (N), Verrill. Pediculus bidentatus, 
Scopoli. Philopterus compar, Burmeister. The louse 
of the pigeon. A common parasite of all varieties of 
domestic pigeons. According to Denny it has never 



been found on the turtle-dove. — Goniocotes gigas, 
Taschenberg. One of the lice of fowls. — Goniocotes 
hologaster, Nitzsch. Syn., Ricinus gallince, De 
Geer. This is a louse found upon the Bankhiva 
fowl, but not very abundant. The form described by 
Denny as Goniocotes hologaster is referred by Piaget 
to Goniocotes abdominalis. q. v. — Goniocotes rec- 
tangulatus, Nitzsch. Syn., Goniocotes reclangulus, 
Burmeister. This is found upon Guinea-fowls and pea- 
cocks. — Goniodes burnetti, Packard. This is found 
in the domestic fowl and perhaps is identical with Gon- 
iocotes dissimilis, Nitzsch (Piaget, 269). — Goniodes 
compar (N), Verrill. See Goniocotes compar, Nitzsch. 
— Goniodes dissimilis, Nitzsch. Syn., Philopterus 
dissimilis (N), Verrill. A louse of the domestic 
fowl, rather rare. — Goniodes falcicornis, Nitzsch. 
Syn., Pulex pavonis, Redi ; Pediculus pavonis, Linne, 
Schrank, Frisch, Panzer; Nirmus tetragonocephalus, 
Olfers ; Ricinus pavonis, Kirby and Spence. The 
Louse of the Peacock, Albin, Shaw. The common 
louse of the peacock. — Goniodes minor, Piaget. 
Syn., Dwarf Goniode. This is found on Columba 
tigrina, C. risoria, C. bitorquata, and on domestic 
pigeons. — Goniodes numidianus, Denny. The 
louse of the Pintado or Guinea-fowl (Numida mel- 
eagris, Linne). — Goniodes parviceps, Piaget. Small- 
headed Goniode. This is found frequently on peacocks 
in company with G. falcicornis. — Goniodes stylifer, 
Nitzsch. Syn. , Pediculus meleagris, Schrank. Found 
upon the turkey. — Goose-louse. See Trinotum 
lituratum (Nitzsch) , Piaget. — Gordius aquaticus, 
Dujardin (1842) ; Syn., Seta or Vitulus aquaticus, Al- 
drovandi (1605). A common worm in the mountainous 
regions of Europe and long considered as an occasional 
pseudo-parasite of man. — Gordius chilensis, Emil 
Blanchard (1849) ; an imperfectly-known species re- 
ported by Gay as a pseudo-parasite of man in Chili. 
Gordius equinus, Abildgaard. See Filaria equina') 
Abildgaard. — Gordius marinus, Linne. See Filaria 
piscium, Rudolphi. — Gordius medinensis, Linne 
(1767). See Dracunculus medinensis, Cobbold 
(1864). — Gordius orientalis, von Siebold. This 
is found in the abdomen of the cockroach (Periplane/a 
orientalis, Linne). — Gordius sp., Hess (1887). 
Found in the honey-bee. Cf. Mermis albicans, von 
Siebold (1857). — Gordius subbifurcus, von Siebold 
(1848); See Gordius tolosanus, Dujardin (1842). — 
Gordius tolosanus, Dujardin (1842) ; Syn., Ophios- 
toma pontieri, H. Cloquet (1822), Gordius subbifurcus, 
von Siebold (1848). A European species reported by 
Degland (1823), and Fiori (1881) as a pseudo-parasite 
of man. — Gordius varius, Leidy(l85l). A common 
American species, recorded by Diesing after Kirkland 
as a pseudo-parasite of man. — Gordius viviparous, 
Bloch. See Ascaris vituli (Gmelin), Goeze. — Grand 
pou du cheval. See Hamatopinus tenuirostris, Bur- 
meister. — Grande Bothriocefalo. See Bothrioceph- 
alus latus, Bremser. — Gray Carnivorous-fly, Gray 
Flesh-fly, Graue Fleischfliege. See Sarcophaga 
carnaria, Meigen. — Gray Leech. See Hirudo medi- 
cinalis, Ray. — Gray Simulium. See Simulium cin- 
«-w/«, Meigen. — Great Breeze-fly. See Tab, mus 
bovinus, Linne. — Green Leech. See Hirudo medi- 
cinalis, Ray. — Gregarina avium intestinalis. 
Psorosperms found encysted in the submucous tissue 
of the intestine of the Gallinacea of the poultry-yards. 
They are introduced with the food. Symptoms : diar- 
rhea, depression, loss of appetite, death from marasmus. 
The affection generally occurs in an epizootic form, 
which has been termed tuberculo-diphtheria. — Gros 
pou du boeuf. See Hamatopinus curysteruus, Bur- 
meister. — Gros pou du chien. See Trichodectes latus. 



PARASITES 



997 



PARASITES 



Nitzsch. — Gros tavin. The name in Burgundy for 
the Great Breeze-fly. See Tabanus bovinus, Linne. 
— Grub in the Back. See Hypoderma bovis, Latreille, 
and Hypoderma lineata, Low. — Grubenfliege. See 
Homalomyia canicularis , Linne. — Guinea-fowl Gon- 
iodes. See Goniodes numidianus, Denny. — Guinea- 
worm, Guineischer Wurm, Ger. See Dracunculus 
medinensis, Cobbold. — Gusano. See Dermatobia 
noxialis, Goudot. — Gusano del oido, Sp. See For- 
ficula auricularia. — Gynsecophorus bovis, Sonsino. 
See Gynacopkorus crasstts , Sonsino. — Gynsecophorus 
crassus, Sonsino. Syn., Bilharzia bovis, Sonsino; 
Bilharzia crassa, Sonsino. This was found in 1876 
at Zagazig, Egypt, in the portal vein, ureters and 
urinary bladder of domestic sheep and cattle. It has 
since been found in Italy. Neumann regards it as 
but a variety of Gynacophorus hamatobius, Diesing, 
and hence dangerous to man. It gives rise to symptoms 
similar to those caused by the last-named parasite. — 
Gynaecophorus haematobius, Diesing (1858) ; Syn., 
Schistoma fuBmatobium, Weinland (1858) ; Distoma 
capense, Harley (1864) ; Distoma hamatobium, Bilharz, 
(1852), Kiichenmeister, Moulinie, Leuckart ; Theco- 
soma hamatobium, Moquin-Tandon (i860) ; Bilharzia 
magna, Cobbold ; Bilharzia hamatobia, Cobbold 
(1858). A fluke originally found by Bilharz in 1851 
in Egypt in 63 per cen.. of fellahs and copts. It has 
since been frequently found in the natives and Euro- 
pean residents along the entire coast of East Africa, 
in Arabia, Mauritius, India, and Brazil, producing a 
grave disorder known as endemic hematuria. It also 
occurs in an African monkey, the Mangabey (Cercopi- 
thecus fuliginosus, Geoffroy). It is most abundant in 
the vessels of the portal system, and mesentery, and in 
the hemorrhoidal and vesical veins. It feeds upon the 
blood; no intermediate host is known, and it is sup- 
posed to be introduced into the human system by im- 
pure drinking-water, as a swimming embryo. Fouquet 
of Cairo reports favorably on the use of extract of male 
fern, and Dight, of Beirut, recommends the injection of 
large amounts of sulphuretted hydrogen and carbon 
dioxid into the rectum and bladder. — Gyropus gra- 
cilis, Nitzsch. Syn., Pediculus porcelli, Schrank. A 
louse of the guinea-pig [Cavia cobaya, Shreber). — 
Gyropus ovalis, Nitzsch. A minute louse of the 
guinea-pig. Cf. Menopon extraneum, Piaget. — Hab- 
ronema muscae, Carter. This is found in the head 
and proboscis of the house-fly. — Haemadipsa cey- 
lonica, Moquin-Tandon. Syn. , Hirudo ISanguisugd) 
tagalla, Meyen. Hirudo ccylonica, Moquin-Tandon, 
Zeyloii ' scher Blutegel, The Ceylon Leech. A terrestrial 
leech ; according to Hofmeister and Tennant, the 
most detested of all the plagues which beset the traveler 
in Ceylon. — Haemamceba praecox ; Haemamceba 
vivax ; Haemamceba malarias ; Haemamceba im- 
maculata, Grassi and Filetti. See Polimitits malaria, 
Danilewsky. — Haemaphysalis rosea, Koch. See 
Boophilus bovis (Riley), Curtis. — Haematobia ferox 
Davaine ; Haematobia irritans, Meigen ; Haema- 
tobia serrata, Davaine. — Haematobia malarias, 
Celli and Guarneri. See Polimitits malaria, (Lave- 
ran), Danilewsky. — Haematobia stimulans, Mei- 
gen. A group of flies recorded by Neumann as 
troublesome to man, and cattle in pastures. The saw- 
hematobia (Hematobia serrata, Davaine) is particu- 
larly spoken of as bloodthirsty, and common in Europe 
and America. The parasitescollect in swarms at the base 
of the horns, or on the abdomen, back, flanks or upper 
parts of the legs. The eggs are deposited in the fresh 
dung, and they may be destroyed by throwing lime over 
the dung lying in pastures. — Hasmatomonas evansi. 
See Trypanosoma evansi (Evans), Balbiani. — Hasma- 



tomonas malarias, Osier. — Hasmatophyllum ma- 
larias, Metschnikoff (1S87). See Polimitits malaria, 
Danilewsky (18S6). — Haematopinus acanthopus, 
Denny, Piaget. Syn., ILematopinus serratus , Nitzsch, 
Burmeister, Denny. The louse of the mouse (Mus 
musculus, Linne). — Haematopinus asini, Linne. See 
Hicmatopinus macrocephalus, Burmeister, var. colorata, 
Piaget. — Haematopinus cameli, Redi. The louse 
of the camel; it resembles that of the hog (Ha-ma/o- 
pinus uriits, Nitzsch). — Haemotopinus eurysternus, 
Nitzsch, Burmeister. Syn., Pediculus eurysternus, 
Nitzsch ; Pediculus vituli, Linne ; P. tenuirostris, Bur- 
meister ; Hcematopinus oxyrliynchus, Nitzsch ; //. 
tenuirostris, Burmeister ; H. vituli, Stephens ; Gros 
pou du boeuf. One of the lice found upon cattle. — 
Haematopinus lyriocephalus, Burmeister, Denny, 
Piaget. Syn., Pediculus lyriocephalus, Burmeister. 
The louse of the hare ( Lepus timidus, Linne). — 
Haematopinus macrocephalus, Burmeister. Syn., 
The Horse-louse ; Pediculus asini, Linne ; Pediculus 
macrocephalus, Burmeister ; Hcematopinus asini, 
Denny. One of the three lice of the horse. — Haema- 
topinus macrocephalus, var. colorata, Piaget. The 
louse of the ass. — Haematopinus oxyrhynchus, 
Nitzsch. See Hcematopinus eurysternus , Burmeister. 
— Haematopinus piliferus, Burmeister, Denny. 
Syn., Pediculus piliferus, Burmeister; Pediculus cam's 
familiaris, Miiller ; Pediculus bicolor, Lucas ; Petit 
pouduchien; The dog- louse ; not common. — Haema- 
topinus serratus, Nitzsch, Burmeister, Denny. See 
Hamatopinus acanthopus, Denny. — Haematopinus 
spinulosus, Burmeister. Syn., Pediculus spinulosus, 
Burmeister ; P. denticulatus, Nitzsch. The louse of 
the common rat [Mus decumanus, Pallas). — Haemato- 
pinus stenopsis, Burmeister. Syn. , The Goat-louse. 
— Haematopinus suis, Leach. See Hcematopinus 
urius, Nitzsch. — Haematopinus tenuirostris, Bur- 
meister. See Hcematopinus eurysternus, Nitzsch. — 
Haematopinus tuberculatus, Giebel. The louse of 
the Eastern buffalo. — Haematopinus urius, Nitzsch. 
Syn., Pediculus suis, Linne; Hcematopinus suis, 
Leach. The Hog-louse, the largest of the pediculi, and 
occasionally found in great numbers on swine. — 
Haematopinus ventricosis, Denny. The louse of the 
rabbit {Lepus cuniculus, Linne. ) — Haematopinus 
vituli, Stephens ; See Hematopinus eurysternus, 
Nitzsch, Burmeister. — Hasmatopota pluvialis, Mei- 
gen. Syn., Small Rain Breeze-Jly ; Petit taon 
pluvial, Pr. ; Picolo Tafano pluviale, It. The Clegg 
of the West Highlands of England and Scotland. 
This is said by Megnin to be troublesome to man and 
animals during stormy weather, especially in Lapland, 
where the reindeer is tormented by it. — Hasmatopota 
punctulata, Macquart. A breeze-fly found in the 
Southern United States. — Hasmatozoon lewisi, 
Grassi. An embryonic nematode found by Gruby, 
Dellafond, Lewis, Manson, Sonsino, Grassi, etc., in 
the blood of the dog. The last claimed to have dis- 
covered the intermediate host in the cockroach (Peri- 
planeta orientalis, Linne). Sonsino has found the same 
larvae in the fleas of dogs (Pulex scrraticeps, Gervais), 
and in their lice (Hcematopinus piliferus, Burmeister). 
Grassi and Calanduccio have given the name Filaria 
recondita to the adult form, yet undiscovered, to which 
these embryo belong. — Hasmatozoon sublatum, 
Gurlt. See Strongylus sublatus, Cobbold. — Haemen- 
taria costata, Miiller. A Crimean leech employed 
in medicine. — Haementaria ghilianii, de Filippi. A 
common leech in Brazil especially along the Amazon ; 
it attacks man. Haementaria mexicana, de Filippi. 
Found in Mexico and Central and South America. Its 
bite produces an acute irritation. Haementaria offi- 



PARASITES 



998 



PARASITES 



cinalis, de Filippi. Found in the lagoons of Mexico ; 
used medicinally. — Haemogregarina avium, Dani- 
lewsky. See Polimitus /«tf/«77<£, Danilewsky. — Hsem- 
opis sanguisorba, Savigny ; Haemopis sangui- 
suga, Moquin-Tandon ; Haemopis vorax, Moquin- 
Tandon. See Hirudo sanguisuga, Bergmann. — 
Hasmoplasmodium malariae, Marchiafava and 
Celli. A hemocytozoon found in the blood of malarial- 
fever patients. They are homogenous, protoplasmic 
bodies from one-tenth to one-third the size of red blood- 
corpuscles and within which they occur as pseudo- 
vacuoles and also to which they impart a lively move- 
ment by their protruded flagella (pseudospirilla). 
Danilewsky regards this as but a developmental stage 
of Polimitus malaria, q, v. — Halysis caprina, 
Zeder (1803). See Linguatula rhinaria, Railliet 
(1868). — Halysis gracilis, Zeder. See Taenia 
gracilis, Rudolphi. — Halysis infundibuliformis, 
Zeder. See Tejiia infundibuliformis, Goeze. — 
Halysis lanceolata, Zeder, Dujardin. See Ttznia 
lanceolata, Bloch. — Halysis lata, Zeder. See Both- 
riocephalus latus, Bremser. — Halysis lineata, Zeder. 
See Tcenia lineata, Goeze. — Halysis litterata, 
Zeder. See Tarnia pseitdo-cucumerina, Baillet. — 
Halysis marginata, Zeder. See Tcznia marginata, 
Batsch. — Halysis membranacea, Zeder (1803). 
See Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser. — Halysis pas- 
seris, Zeder. See Tcenia fringillaru/n, Rudolphi. — 
Halysis perfoliata, Zeder. See Tcenia perfoliata, 
Goeze. — Halysis plicata, Zeder. See Tcenia plicata, 
Rudolphi. — Halysis pusilla, Zeder. See Tcenia pu- 
silla, Goeze. Halysis serrata, Zeder. See Tcenia 
crassicollis, Rudolphi, and Tcenia serrata, Goeze. — 
Halysis setigera, Zeder. See Tcenia setigera, 
Frolich. — Halysis sinuosa, Zeder. See Tcenia- 
sinuosa, Rudolphi. — Halysis solium, Zeder. See 
Tenia solium, Linne. — Halysis torquata, Zeder. 
See Tenia sinuosa, Rudolphi. Halysis trilineata, 
Zeder. See Tcenia trilineata, Batsch. — Hammularia 
lymphatica, Treutler (1793)- See Filaria lymphat- 
ica, Moquin-Tandon. — Hammularia subcom- 
pressa, Rudolphi. See Filaria bronchialis. — Han- 
choschim-Haschrofim, Heb. See Dracuncidus 
medinensis, Lister. Harpirhynchus nidulans, Meg- 
nin. Syn., Sarcoptes nidulans, Nitzsch. The pubes- 
cent nymphse have been found in the plumage of 
pigeons and parrots. — Harvest-bug. See Tetrany- 
chus autumnalis, Shaw. — Harvest-mite. See Leptus 
irritans and Telranychus autumnalis, also Trombid- 
ium americanum. — Harvest-tick. See Leptus irri- 
tans. — Hauswanze. See Cimex lectularia, Merrett. — 
Hautwurm. See Dracuncidus medinensis , Cobbold. 
— Head-louse. See Pediculus capitis, Leach. — 
Heel- fly. See Hypoderma lineata, Low. — Helmin- 
thopsylla alakurti, Schimkewitsch. Syn., Alakurt. 
A flea, allied to the chigoe, abundant in Turke- 
stan, upon horses, sheep, camels and oxen in the 
autumn and winter, causing extreme debility. — He- 
lophilus pendulus, Meigen. A dipterous insect, 
the " rat-tailed " larvre of which, according to Cob- 
bold, not infrequently occurs in the digestive canal of 
the horse. Cf. Eristalistenax, Linne. — Hematopota. 
See Haimatopota . — Hematozoaires du paludisme, 
Laveran. See Polimitus ma la rice (Laveran), Dani- 
lewsky. — Hemistoma alatum (Goeze), Diesing. A 
trematode common in the fox and wolf, and found in 
the small intestine of the dog by Creplin and Schone. 
— Hen-flea. See Pulex avium, Taschenberg. — Hen- 
lice. See Goniocotes abdominalis, Piaget ; Goniocotes 
Iwlogaster, Nitzsch ; Goniodes dissimilis, Nitzsch ; 
Goniodes burnetii, Packard ; Lipcurus Iteterographus, 
Nitzsch ; Lipeurus variabilis, Nitzsch ; Menopon bi- 



serialum, Piaget ; Menopon pallidum, Nitzsch.- 
Herpetomonas lewisi, Saville, Kent. See Trypano- 
soma lewisi, Danilewsky, Kent. — Herpetomonas 
muscae domesticae, Saville, Kent. Syn., Monomita 
muscarum, Grassi ; Cercomonas muscarum, Leidy ; 
Bodo fnusca domesticce, Burnett. Often found in 
abundance in the chylific stomach of the house-fly.- 
Heterakis columbae, Gmelin. See Heterakis macu- 
losa, Rudolphi. — Heterakis compressa, Schneider. 
A nematode found in the intestine of the domestic 
fowl in South Australia. — Heterakis differens, Son- 
sino. This is found in the posterior portion of the 
fowl's intestine. — Heterakis dispar, Schrank. Syn., 
Ascaris dispar. This was found in the intestine and 
cecum of the domestic goose and duck by Frohlich, 
Schrank, and Zeder. — Heterakis inflexa, Rudolphi. 
Syn., Ascaris crassi, Deslongchamps, Ascaris teres, 
Goeze; Ascaris gallopavonis, Gmelin; Ascaris perspi- 
cillum : Rudolphi, Dujardin; Heterakis perspicillum ; 
Fusaria reflexa, Zeder. This is found in the in- 
testine of the domestic fowl, turkey and duck, and 
is abundant in the latter about Caen. — Heterakis 
lineata, Schneider. This was found in the intes- 
tine of the domestic duck of Turkestan by von Lin- 
stow, and in a Brazilian cock by Schneider. — Hete- 
rakis maculosa, Rudolphi. Syn., Ascaris maculosa, 
Rudolphi, Bremser, Bellingham, Dujardin ; Ascaris 
columbte, Gmelin ; Ascaris teres, Goeze ; Heterakis 
columbce, Gmelin ; V ascaride del piccioni, Ital. 
This is found in the intestine of the domestic pigeon, 
producing frequently a fatal disease. Unterberger 
has shown that the eggs of this nematode re- 
quire to be kept for about seventeen days under 
suitable conditions outside the body of the host be- 
fore they are capable of further development in the 
intestine. — Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. Syn. , 
Heterakis vesicularis, Frohlich, Dujardin ; Ascaris 
vesicularis, Rudolphi ; Ascaris tetraonis, Gmelin ; As- 
caris papillosa, Bloch ; Ascaris teres (minor Phasiani 
etpicti), Goeze; Ascaris gallinarum , Gmelin ; Ascaris 
urogalli, Viborg, Rudolphi ; Fusaria tetraonis, Zeder ; 
Fusaria papillosa, Zeder. This is found in the cecum 
of the fowls, duck, peacock, and turkey. — Heterakis 
perspicillum, Rudolphi. See Heterakis inflexa, 
Rudolphi. — Heterakis spumosa, Schneider. This 
is found in the intestine and cecum of the brown 
rat (Mus decumanus, Pallas). — Heterakis unci- 
nata, Rudolphi. This is found in the intestine 
and cecum of the domestic guinea-pig. — Heterakis 
vesicularis, Frohlich. See Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. 
— Heteromita lens, Miiller. Syn., Monas lens, 
Dujardin. Found in the mouth of man by Steinberg. 
— Hexacotyle venarum, de Blainville. See Hex- 
athyridium venarum, Treutler. — Hexamita duo- 
denalis, Davaine. See Megastoma intestinale, Blanch- 
ard. — Hexastoma pinguicola, Cuvier. See Hexa- 
thyridiitm pinguicola, Treutler. — Hexastoma vena- 
rum, Cuvier. See Hexathyridium venarum, Treut- 
ler. — Hexathyridium pinguicola, Treutler, Jordens, 
Brera. Syn. , Hexastoma pinguicola, Cuvier ; Linguat- 
ula pinguicola, Lamarck ; Polystomitm pinguicola, 
Zeder, Rudolphi, Bremser. A trematode found in the 
ovaries in women. Van Beneden and Gervais hold this 
as likely to prove a larval form of Linguatula rhinaria, 
Railliet, from which opinion Cobbold differs. — Hexa- 
thyridium venarum, Treutler, Jordens, Rudolphi. 
Syn., Hexastoma venarum, Cuvier; Hexacotyle venar- 
um, de Blainville ; Linguatula venarum, Lamarck ; 
Polystoma sanguicola, Delle Chiaje, Frick ; Polystoma 
venarum, Zeder, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Owen. This 
is found in the veins of man; Rudolphi and others 
referred this to the fresh- water Planarice, and Davaine 



PARASITES 



999 



PARASITES 



thought it Distoma lanceolatum, Mehlis, or a young 
Fasciola hepatica, Linne. — Hippobdella sanguisuga, 
de Blainville. See Hirudo sanguisuga, Bergmann. — 
Hippobosca canina, Rondani. See Hippobosca 
equina, Linne. — Hippobosca equina, Linne. Syn., 
Hippobosca canina, Hippobosca taurina, Rondani : 
Moucke araignee, Mouche plate, Horse-tick, Forest-fly. 
An interesting remittent parasitic insect of the family 
Pupipara , common in the summer on horses, sheep, 
cattle and dogs, especially about the perineal 
region ; it is very troublesome. — Hippobosca ovina, 
Linne. See Melophagus ovinus, Latreille. — Hippo- 
bosca taurina, Rondani. See Hippobosca equina, 
Linne. — Hirudine viva. See Hirudo medicinalis , 
Ray. — Hirudo albopunctata, Diesing. A leech 
common in Sweden. — Hirudo ceylonica, Moquin- 
Tandon. See Hcemadipsa ceylonica, Moquin-Tan- 
don. — Hirudo chinensis, Schmarda. A small spe- 
cies used by the Chinese. — Hirudo decora. A North 
American leech used medicinally. — Hirudo depressa 
fusea margine laterali. See Aulostoma gido, Mo- 
quin-Tandon. — Hirudo flava, Brossat. See Hirudo 
medicinalis, Ray. — Hirudo granulosa, Gekor- 
nelter Blutegel. A leech used in India, and in the 
Isle of Bourbon and the Mauritius. — Hirudo grisea, 
Brossat. See Hirudo medicinalis, Ray. — Hirudo inter- 
rupta, Moquin-Tandon. Syn., Sanguisuga interrupta, 
Moquin-Tandon ; The Dragon Leech ; The African 
Leech, Blutegel mil unterbrochenen Riickenstreifen. 
A species found in North Africa. — Hirudo javanica, 
Wahlberg. Syn., Sanguisuga javanica, Wahlberg. 
The Javanese leech. — Hirudo medicinalis, Ray 
(1710), Linne (1746). Syn., Hirudo venasector, 
Braun ; Hirudo flava, Brossat; Hirudo grisea, Bros- 
sat ; Hirudo officinalis, Savigny ,■ Hirudo provin- 
cialis, Braun (1805); Hirudo viridis ; Iatrcbdella 
medicinalis, Blainville (1828) ; The Gray Leech; Tke 
Green Leech ; The Common Medicinal Leech ; The 
Speckled Leech ; Hirudine viva ; Sangsue mhlicinale ; 
Sangsue grise ; Sangsue verte ; Deutscher Blutegel ; 
Der ungarische Blutegel. A fresh-water species 
found throughout Europe and the North of Africa ; 
the great color- variation of this species has given 
rise to the differentiation of some sixty varieties 
and a confused nomenclature. A large leech will 
take about fifteen grams of blood, which requires 
several months to digest. — Hirudo mysomelas, 
Virey ; Senegal' ' scher, Blutegel. Found in Sene- 
gambia and exported to France. — Hirudo ob- 
scura. Syn. , Sangsue noire. A French species. 
— Hirudo officinalis, Savigny. See Hirudo me- 
dicinalis, Ray. — Hirudo provincialis. See Hirudo 
medicinalis, Ray. — Hirudo quinquestriata, Schmar- 
da. Syn., Hirudo tristriata. An Australian spe- 
cies largely exported to Europe. — Hirudo san- 
guisorba, Lamarck. See Hirudo sanguisuga, Berg- 
mann. — Hirudo sanguisuga, Bergmann ( 1757 )- 
Syn., Hirudo sanguisorba, Lamarck (1818); 
Hamopis sanguisorba, Savigny (1820) ; Hemopis 
vorax, Moquin-Tandon (1826) ; Hippobdella san- 
guisuga, de Blainville (1827) ; Hemopis sanguisuga, 
Moquin-Tandon (1846). The True Horse-leech; 
Sangsue de cheval, Fr. ; Pferdeegel, Ger. Found 
in Spain and Southern Europe generally, but par- 
ticularly in the North of Africa, this worm being 
inadvertently swallowed in an immature condition 
in drinking-water, not infrequently attaches itself to 
the mucosa of the nose and pharynx of man, as 
well as of animals. Strong solutions of salt cause 
it to loosen its hold. — Hirudo sinica, de Blain- 
ville. A Chinese species. — Hirudo tagalla. See 
Hamadipsa ceylonica, Moquin-Tandon. — Hirudo 



tesselata. A species found in the United States; 
it is green with black dots. — Hirudo tristriata, 
Schmarda. See ILirudo quinquestriata, Schmarda. 
— Hirudo troctina, Johnson (1816). Syn., Sangui- 
suga interrupta, Moquin-Tandon (1826) ; latrobdella 
medicinalis, var. tesselata, de Blainville (1827) ; Trout 
Leech ; Dragon Leech, Sangsue dragon, Dragon 
d' Alger, Fr. A native of the North of Africa, but 
long employed in hospitals throughout Southern 
Europe and England. — Hirudo venaesector, Braun. 
See Hirudo medicinalis, Ray. — Hirudo verbana. 
Syn., Blutegel des Lago-Jl/aggiore. An Italian spe- 
cies. — Hirudo viridis. See Hirudo medicinalis, 
Ray. — Hirudo wiffonia. A Japanese variety, 
dried, powdered and administered internally to 
relieve pain. — Hog-louse. See Hematopinus urius, 
Nitzsch. — Holophrya coli, Leuckart (1863); See 
Balaiitidium coli, Stein (1862). — Holostoma erra- 
ticum, Rudolphi, Dujardin. This is found in the in- 
testine of the domestic duck and the tame swan. The 
larva ( Tetracotyle filippi ) has been found in the 
viscera of several molluscs and fish, and also as a 
parasite in the sporocysts of several Distomata. — 
Homalomyia canicularis, 
Linne. Syn., Anthomyia can- 
icularis, Meigen ; Kleinstuben- 
fliege ; Hundstagfliege. This is 
common in Europe from spring 
throughout the summer, and 
feeds on decaying vegetable 
matter. The larvre live in 
the earth. — Homalomyia in- 
cisurata. Syn., Anthomyia in- 
cisurata. The larvae occur in 
the human intestine, according 
to Moniez. — Homalomyia 
scalaris, Fabricius. Syn. An- 
thomyia scalaris , Fabricius. This 
is common from spring through- 
out summer, especially under 
trees ; the larvae are found on 
decaying substances, and at times 

as pseudo-parasites in man, in the intestines nasal 
passages and ears. Judd (Amer. Nat., 1876, p. 
374) reports a case of the intestinal discharge of 
fifty larvae of this fly. — Hornfly. See Hauuatobia 
serrata. — Horse-bee. See Gastrophilus equi, Fa- 
bricius and Gastrophilus pecorum, Linne. — Horse- 
fly. See Tabanus Sp. — Horse-leech. See Hirudo 
sanguisuga, Bergmann. — Horse-louse. 
topinus macrocephalus. — Horse-tick. 
pobosca equina, Linne. — House-fly. 
domestica, Linne. — Hunde Haarling. 
dectus latus, Nitzsch. — Hundstagfliege. 
lomyia canicularis, Linne. — Hydatigena granulosa, 
Batsch. See Echinococcus polymo'phus. — Hydatis 
erratica, Blumenbach. See Echinococcus polymor- 
phus. — Hydatis Liidersen, Rudolphi, Olfers, Brem- 
ser. See Echinococcus polymorphous, Diesing. — Hy- 
drotaa meteorica, Davaine. Syn. , Anthomyia 
meteorica, L. Meteoric Ely; Storm-fly; Gewitter- 
fliege. This is so called because at the approach of 
rain it often forms a kind of cloud about horses' heads. 
It is common in Europe in summer in damp situa- 
tions, as forests, its ordinary nourishment con- 
sisting of the sap of flowers. The females attack 
animals and although their soft proboscis cannot pierce 
the skin, and only allows them to suck up the humors 
from the surface, they harass and torment most 
stubbornly. They may produce inflammation of the 
eyes and ears of domestic animals. The larvae are 
found in cow-dung and decaying vegetable matter. — ■ 




Larva of Homalo- 
myia CANICULARIS. 
(Linne.) 



See Hama- 
See Hip- 
See Musca 
See Tricho- 
See Homa- 



PARASITES 



1000 



PARASITES 



Hymenolepis flavopunctata, Weinland (1858). 
See Tenia flavopunctata, Weinland, (1858). — 
Hymenolepis nana, Leuckart, (1863). See Tenia 
nana, von Siebold (1853). — Hypodectes columbse, 
Megnin. See Falciger rostratus, Bucholz. — Hypo- 
derma bonassi, Brauer. A grub recorded as being 
taken from the back of a buffalo in Colorado. — 
Hypoderma bovis, De Geer (Latreille, 1825). 
Syn. , CEstrus bovis (1776), Fabricius, Herbst, 
Fischer, Clark, Latreille, Leach, Fallen, Macquart, 
Westwood, Sells, Saxisen, Walker ; CEstrus hominis, 
Gmelin (1788); the Ox- hypoderma, Grub-in-tlie- 
back, Warble-fly, Bot-fly of Cattle. A cosmopolitan 
species, the adult fly having a life of about eight days, 
occurring during July and August, the larva; living 
from ten to eleven months in the skin of the cattle 
and of man. These parasites cause great damage 
to hides, and the effect on the carcass is serious, pro- 
ducing what is known as " licked beef " or " butcher's 
jelly." Squeezing out the maggot is a sure method 
of getting rid of it, or the warble may be smeared 
with a thick grease that will choke up its breathing 
pores. — Hypoderma diana, Brauer (1858). Syn., 
CEstrus hominis, Volkel. The larvae reported by 
Joseph Borthen, Volkel, etc., as parasites of the skin 
in man. — Hypoderma equi, Joly (1849). Syn., 
Hypoderma silenus, Brauer ; Hypoderma loisetti, Joly 
(1846) ; CEstrus cuticole, Loiset ; CEdemagena equi, 
Loiset (1844). The larvae are found in the skin of the 
horse and ass throughout Europe and S. America. — 
Hypoderma lineata (Villers), Low (1863). Syn., 
CEstrus lineatus, Villers (1789) ; CEstrus liamorrhoid- 
alis, var. ji, Clark (1797) ; CEstrus bovis, var. /? ver- 
nalis, Clark ; CEstrus lineatus, Olivier (l8ll); CEstrus 
ericetorum, Leach(l8ll); Hypoderma lineatum , Brauer 
(1858); the Heel-fly of Texas ; Grub-in-the-back ; Ox- 
warble. These grubs cause effusion of serum in the 
connective tissue, giving an appearance in cattle and 
sheep called the "lick" by ranchmen. It is stated 
that the only adult warble -Hies found in the United 
States belong to this species, which appears to be cos- 
mopolitan. — Hypoderma loiseti, Joly. See Hypo- 
derma equi , Joly. — Hypoderma silenus, Joly. See 
Hypoderma equi, Joly. — Hypoderma tarandi, Linne 
(1761). Syn., CEstrus rangiferinus, Linne (1736) ; 
CEstrus tarandi, Linne (1761) ; CEdemagena tarandi, 
Latreille (1816). Larvae found in the skins of the 
reindeer ; they resemble those of Hypoderma bovis, 
De Geer, but are smaller. — Hystrichis rachy- 
cephalus, Molin. This was found in the walls 
of the crop of the tame swan. — Hystrichis tricolor, 
Dujardin. Found in the crop of the domestic duck. 
— Hystrichis tubifex, Diesing. Found in the esoph- 
agus of the domestic duck. — Iatrobdella medi- 
cinalis, Blainville. See Hirudo medicinalis, Ray. — 
Iatrobdella medicinalis, var. tessellata, de Blain- 
ville. See Hirudo troctina, Johnson. — Isotricha 
intestinalis, Stein. A free - swimming infusorian, 
with long, dense ciliary clothing, found in the rumen 
of sheep and cattle. — Isotricha prostoma, Stein, has 
the same habitat as the preceding. — Ixodes aegyptius, 
Audouin (181 2). Syn., Ixodes savignyi, P. Gervais ; 
Acarus agyptius, Linne ; Cynorhastes agyptius, Her- 
mann ; Egyptian Ixode. The largest known ixode, 
very common upon cattle in Africa and upon African 
cattle in European markets. — Ixodes algeriensis, 
Megnin. This is found upon African cattle. Neu- 
mann regards this as closely related to the form known 
in the Guadeloupe as Tique senegalaise, where it pro- 
duces farcy on horses, cattle, and mules. — Ixodes 
americanus, Linne. See Argas amerieanns, De 
Geer. — Ixodes annulatus, Say. See Boophilus 



bovis, Curtice. — Ixodes autumnalis, Leach. Syn., 
The Autumn Ixode. A species cited by Neumann as 
found in France. — Ixodes bovis, Kiley. See Booph- 
ilus bovis, Curtice. — Ixodes brevipes, Murray. A 
species found in Ceylon. — Ixodes cameiinus, 
Fischer. Found on camels on the Steppes of Asia. — 
Ixodes carapatos, a tick troublesome in Brazil. — 
Ixodes chelifer, Megnin. This is found on dogs. — 
Ixodes distipes, Murray. Found in Tunis. — Ixodes 
dugesi, Gervais (Megnin). See Boophilus bovis, 
Curtice. — Ixodes erinaceus, Audouin. This is a 
common species in Britain, attacking dogs, cattle, foxes, 
hedgehogs, etc. It is generally known as the dog-tick 
and mistaken for Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes indentatus, 
Gamgee. — Ixodes fabricii (Audouin). An acarine 
parasite found in Southern Europe on cattle and 
sheep. — Ixodes fodiens, Megnin. Syn., Ixodes pus- 
tularum, Megnin, Lucas. Found on horses. — Ixodes 
marginatum, Leach. Syn., Ixodes testuttinarius , Mur- 
ray. A British species troublesome to laborers in hay- 
fields. — Ixodes marmoratus, Risso. Found on sheep 
in France. — Ixodes megathyreus, Leach. Found 
on sheep and cattle in Southern Europe. — Ixodes 
mombata, a troublesome tick in Angola. — Ixodes 
pustularum, Megnin. See Ixodes fodiens, Megnin.— 
Ixodes reduvius, de Geer. This is common in South- 
ern Europe, attacking sheep, cattle, dogs, hares, and 
man. See Boophilus bovis, Curtis. — Ixodes ri- 
cinus, Linne. Syn., Acarus ricinus (1790) ; Acarus 
ricinoide, De Geer ; Cynorhoistes ricinus, Hermann 
(1808); Ricinus caninus, Ray; Tique des chiens, 
Geoffroy; Common Tick, Dog-tick. This is frequently 
found on hunting-dogs, and is the oldest known 
species. — Ixodes rotundatus, Koch. A South Amer- 
ican species. — Ixodes rugica. A species found in 
Surinam and Brazil. — Ixodes savignyi, Gervais. 
See Ixodes irgyptius, Audouin. — Ixodes scapulatus, 
Megnin. A species found on cattle in the South of 
France. — Ixodes, Sp. (Stiles). Found on cattle in 
California. — Ixodes testudinarius, Murray. See 
Ixodes marginatus, Leach. — Ixodes trabeatus, 
Audouin. A French species. — Jigger. See Sarcopsyl/a 
penetrans, Westwood. — Kariophagus hominis, Pod- 
wyssozki. Coccidia observed frequently in the white 
of fowls' eggs and in the hepatic cells of man. — Kegel- 
wurm. See Ascaris conosoma, J6rdens( 1802). — Kene 
der Perser. See Argas tholozani, Laboulbene et 
Megnin. — Kleiderlaus. See Bed/ cuius capitis, Leach. 
— Kleine Stubenfliege. See Homalomyia canicu- 
laris, Linne. — Kolumbaczer Miicke. See Sim- 
ulium columbacschensis, Fabricius. — Kopflaus. See 
Pediculus capitis, Leach. — Kriebelmucke. See 
Simitlium reptans, Linne. — Kritoptes monungui- 
culosus, Geber. See Tarsonemus monungiticu- 
losus, R. Blanchard. — Lamblia intestinalis, Blan- 
chard. See Jllegastoma intcstinale, R. Blanchard 
(1885). — Laminosioptes gallinarum, Megnin. 
See Symplecoptes cysticola, Railliet. — Laverania 
malariae, Grassi and Feletti. See Polimitus ma- 
laria: (Laveran), Danilewsky. — Leg-sticker. See 
Stomoxys calcitrans, Geoffroy. — Leptodera in- 
testinalis, Cobbold. See Rhabdonema intcstinale, 
R. Blanchard. — Leptodera niellyi, Blanchard, 
Moniez. See Rhabditis niellyi, R. Blanchard. — 
Leptodera stercoralis, Cobbold. See Rhabdonema 
intestinale, R. Blanchard. — Leptodera teres, Schnei- 
der. See Rhabditis lerricola, Oerley. — Leptus 
autumnalis. The larval hexapod of Tctranychus 
autumnalis, Shaw, q. v.- — Leptus irritans. The 
six - legged stage of a mite, the Tetranvchus 
tlalsahuate, Lemaire, Murray (1876), q. v., (Guiana, 
Antilles, Honduras) ; Colorado, (Cuba) ; Xiaibi 



PARASITES 



1001 



PARASITES 



(New Grenada) ; Moqui (Para); Tlalsahuate ? (Mex- 
ico). See Tetranychtts and Tlalsahuate, Lemaire. 
Red Harvest-mite, A widely-dispersed pest, abun- 
dant in the Mississippi valley, where it is known as 
the chigger, being confused in the popular mind with 
the sandrlea or chigoe [Sarcopsylla pan-trans. West- 
wood), which it resembles in its burrowing habits and 
serious effects. — Leucophrys coli, Stein (i860). See 
Balantidium coli, Stein (1862). — Ligula mansonii, 
Cobbold (1SS3). See Bothriocephalic mansoni, R. 
Blanchard (1886). — Linguatula constricta, Kiich- 
enmeister, R. Blanchard (1888). Syn. , Pentastoma 
constricta, von Siebold (1S52); Nematoideum hominis, 
Pruner, Diesing. This is only known in the larval 
condition. It is found in negroes and in the giraffe. 
— Linguatula constricta, Pruner; Linguatula den- 
ticulata, Lamarck (1816) ; Linguatula ferox, Kiich- 
enmeister (1855) ; Linguatula lanceolata, de Blain- 
ville (1818). See Linguatula rhinaria (1866).- — ■ 
Linguatula pinguicola, Lamarck. See Hexathy- 
ridium pinguicola, Treutler. — Linguatula rhinaria, 
Railliet (1886). Syn., Tenia 
lanceole ou ver rhinaire, Chabert 
(1787) ; Taenia caprina, Abild- 
gaard (1789); Tenia rhinaria, 
Pilger (1802) ; Halysis caprina, 
Zeder(l8o3); Polysti ma serrata, 
Zeder ; Polystoma tsnioide, Ru- 
dolphi (1810) ; Echinorhynchus 
caprce, Braun (1810) ; Polystoma 
denticulatu/n, Rudolphi (1810) ; 
Tetragulus cavice, Bosc (1 810) ; 
Linguatula tcenioides, Lamarck 
(1816) ; Linguatula denticulata 
Lamarck (1816) ; Prionoderma 
lanceolatum, Cuvier (181 7); Prio- 
noderma rhinarium Rudolphi ; 
Linguatula lanceolata, de Blain- 
ville (1818) ; Pentastoma emargi- 
natum, Rudolphi (1819) ; Pen- 
tastoma tanoides, Rudolphi; 
Pentastoma /era, Creplin (1829); 
Linguatula ferox , Kiichenmeister 
(1855) ; Monostoma settenii, Neu- 
mann; Linguatula constricta, Pru- 
ner; Linguatula serrata, Frohlich 
(1789) ; Gemeiner Zungenwitrm, 
parasitic acaridan with elongate, vermiform body, 
which led to its being classed as a worm. The 
sexually-mature form inhabits the nasal cavities of 
dogs and other domestic animals, where the eggs 
are deposited. These become scattered on the grass 
and are eaten by herbivorous animals. The larval 
and encysted stages are found in the mesenteric 
glands, liver and lungs of the goat, ox, horse, camel, 
sheep, deer, antelope, peccary, porcupine, rabbit, 
guinea-pig, brown rat, sometimes in man and accord- 
ing to Creplin in the domestic cat. — Linguatula 
serrata, Frohlich (1789) ; Linguatula taenioides, 
Lamarck (1816). See Linguatula rhinaria, Railliet 
(1886). — Linguatula venarum, Lamarck. See 
Hexathyridium venarum, Treutler. — Liotheum gi- 
ganteum, Denny, Verrill. See Menopon latum, 
Piaget. — Liotheum pallidum, Nitzsch, Verrill. See 
Menopon pallidum, Nitzsch. — Liotheum stramin- 
eum, Nitzsch. See Menopon biseriatum, Piaget. — 
Lipeurus anseris, Gurlt. A louse of the goose. — 
Lipeurus baculus, Nitzsch. Syn., Phiopterus 
baculus (Nitzsch), Verrill ; Pulex eolumbee majoris, 
Redi ; Pediculus columba, Linne ; Nirmus filiformis, 
Olfers. a common louse of the pigeon found together 
with Nirmus claviformis and Goniocotes compar. — 




Larva of Linguatu- 
la rhinaria, Rail- 
liet ; from the liver 
of man. {After 
Leuckart.) 

Ger. An endo- 



Lipeurus cygni, Giebel. See Ornithobius buceplialus, 
Giebel. — Lipeurus heterographus, Nitzsch. Syn., 
Philopterus helerographus, (N) Verrill. A louse found 
on fowls. — Lipeurus jejunus, Nitzsch. Syn., Pidex 
anseris, Redi ; Pediculus anatis anseris. Linne ; Nir- 
mus crassicornis, Olfers ; Lipeurus jejunus, Rudow. 
A louse of the goose. — Lipeurus numida?, Denny. 
Syn., Nirmus numidce, Denny. A louse of the 
guinea-fowl. — Lipeurus polytrapezius, Nitzsch. 
Syn. , Pediculus meliagrides, Linne ; Pliilopterus poly- 
trapezius, Nitzsch, Verrill. The louse of the turkey. 
— Lipeurus squalidus, Nitzsch. Syn., Philopterus 
squalidus (Nitzsch), Verrill ; Pediculus anatis, Fabri- 
cius. A very common louse of the duck. — Lipeurus 
variabilis, Nitzsch. Syn., Philopterus variabilis 
(Nitzsch), Verrill ; Pediculus caponis, Linne. A louse of 
the fowl. — Listrophorus gibbus, Pagenstecher; Le 
Listrophore bossu. An acaridan found on domestic rab- 
bits and hares. — Listrophorus mustelae, Megnin. An 
acaridan parasite of the ferret and pole-cat. — Liver- 
fluke. See Fasciola hepatica, Linne. — L'CEstre du 
fondement des chevaux, Geoffroy. See Gastrophilus 
hamorrhoidalis, Linne. — Lone-star Tick. See Argas 
americanus, De Geer. — Long-nosed Louse. See 
Hamatopinus vituli. — Lucilia anthropophagi, Conil. 
See Lucilia macellaria , Fabricius. — Lucilia caesar, 
Robineau-Desvoidy. Syn., Musca ccesar, Linne ; Gold- 
fliege. A fly that commonly deposits its eggs on de- 
composing organic matter, especially meat, but also 
in the wounds of man and animals.- — Lucilia feri- 
nata, Gerlach. Syn., Lucilia serinata (Perroncito), 
Gerlach. A species troublesome to sheep in Olanda, 
the larvae producing ulceration of the perineal regions. 
— Lucilia hominivorax, Coquerel. See Lucilia 
macellaria , Robineau-Desvoidy. — Lucilia macel- 
laria, Robineau-Desvoidy (1830). Syn., Musca ma- 
cellaria, Fabricius (1794) ; Lucilia hominivorax, 
Coquerel (1858) ; Calliphora infesta, Philippi (1861) ; 
Calliphora macellaria, Jorge (1878) ; Musca anthro- 
pophaga ; Compsomyia rubrifrons, Macquart ; Comp- 
somyia macellaria ; Somomyia montevidensis, Bigot ; 
Calliphora anthropophaga, Conil (1878) ; Lucilia 
anthropophaga, Conil ; Macellaria hominivorax, Mac- 
quart ; La Lucille bouchere ; Texas Screzu-worm ; 
Screw-worms. This fly is widely distributed over 
America from Canada to the Argentina. It deposits 
its eggs in the wounds of domestic animals and man, 
and also in the natural cavities. These larvae cause 
serious symptoms. It is said that in Paraguay foals 
die in great numbers from the effects of larvae that 
hatch from eggs deposited upon the navel before it has 
dried up. The prompt application of a mixture of 
pine-tar and grease to all raw surfaces, and about the 
ears, eyes, and nostrils of animals is recommended. 
Men should avoid sleeping in the open air unprotected 
by some netting. The myiosis produced is known 
as Peenash. — Lucilia sericata, Meigen. A fly com- 
mon in Holland where the larvae produce a form of 
myiosis called worm-sickness (worm-ziekte) in young 
sheep. — Lucilia serinata, Gerlach. See Lucilia feri- 
nata, Gerlach. — Lucilie bouchere. See Lucilia macel- 
laria, Robineau-Desvoidy. — Lumbricus canis, Wer- 
ner (1782). See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi (1801). — 
Lumbricus guloris sibirici, Pallas. See Eustrongy- 
lus gigas, Diesing.- — Lumbricus in renibus, Blasius. 
— Lumbricus latus, Plinius ; Lumbricus martis et 
canis renalis, Redi. See Tamia solium, Linne. — 
Lumbricus longus et rotundus, Serapion. See 
Ascaris lumbricoides, Linne (1758). — Lumbricus ro- 
tundus, Caelius Aurelianus. See Ascaris lumbricoides, 
Linne (1758). — Lumbricus sanguineus in rene 
canis, Hartmann. See Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing. 



PARASITES 



1002 



PARASITES 



— Macaw Fly, Macaco Worm, Macaw Worm. 
See Dermatobia noxialis, Goudet. — Macellaria ho- 
minivorax, Macquart. See Lucilia macellaria, Robin- 
eau-Desvoidy. — Macrogaster platypus, Miescher. 
See Demodex folliculorum, Owen. — Madenwurm. 
See Oxyuris vermicularis, Bremser. — Mange-mites. 
See under genera Chorioptes, Demodex, Psoroptes, 
Sarcoptes, Symbiotes. — Mastdarmbremse, Ger. See 
Gastrophilus hcemorrhoidalis , Linne. — Massuri. See 
Amphisloma collinsii, Cobbold. — Mastigodes hom- 
inis, Zeder (1803) ; Mastigodes siminae, Zeder 
(1803) ; See Trichocephalus hominis, Schrank (1788). 
— Maw-worm. See Oxyuris vermicularis, Bremser, 
andAscaris lumbricoides,\Axme. — Meal-beetle, Meal- 
worm. See Tenebrio molitor, Linne. — Medicinal 
Leech. See Hirudo medicinalis, Ray. — Medicin- 
ischer Blutegel. See Hirudo medicinalis, Ray. — 
Medina-worm ; Medinawurm, Ger. ; Medinen- 
ischer Fadenwurm. See Dracunculus medinensis , 
Cobbold. — Megastoma entericum, Grassi (1882). 
See Megastoma intestinale, Blanchard. — Megastoma 
intestinale, R. Blanchard (1885). Syn., Cercomonas 
intestinalis, Lambl 1859 (nee 1875) > Lamblia in- 
testinalis, Blanchard ; Hexamita duodenalis, Davaine ; 
Dimorphus muris, Grassi(l879); Megastoma entericum , 
Grassi (1882). This infusorian is found abundantly in 
the duodenum and jejunum of rats and mice of various 
species, especially in old individuals. It is fre- 
quently transmitted to man by the excrement of rats or 
mice becoming mixed with food-stuffs. — Megninia 
asternalis, Megnin. Syn., Federmilbe der Tauben, 
Ziirn. An acaridan found on domestic fowls. — Meg- 
ninia cubitalis, Megnin. Found on the quill-feathers 
of fowls. — Megninia ginglymura, Megnin. Found 
on the turkey. — Megninia velata, Megnin. Found on 
the domestic duck. — Mehlkafer. See Tenebrio molitor, 
Linne. — Meloe proscarabeus, Linne. Syn., Ge- 
meiner Oelkdfer. A beetle the larva of which is re- 
ported as a facultative human parasite by Germar and 
Otto. — Melontho sp. A beetle, the larva of which is 
reported as a facultative parasite of man by Le Maout, 
Depalse, and Robineau - Desvoidy. — Melophagus 
ovinus, Latreille. Syn., Hippobosca ovina, Linne. 
The Sheep-tick (a misleading name), a wingless fly, 
spending its entire life on the sheep and multiplying 
in its fleece. Menopon biseriatum, Piaget. Syn., 
Liotheum or Menopon stramineum, Nitzsch, Verrill. A 
louse of domestic fowls and turkeys. — Menopon ex- 
traneum, Piaget. A louse found on the guinea-pig. 
— Menopon giganteum, Denny. See Menopon 
latum, Piaget. — -Menopon latum, Piaget. Syn. 
Menopon giganteum, Denny; Liothcum giganteum, 
Verrill. — An ectoparasite of the pigeon. — Menopon 
numidae, Giebel. An ectoparasite of the guinea-fowl 
(JVnmida meleagris, Linne). — Menopon olescuram, 
Piaget. Found upon the domestic duck. — Menopon 
pallidum, Nitzsch. Syn. , Liotheum pallidum, Nitzsch, 
Verrill ; Pulex capi, Redi ; Nirmus trigonocephalies, 
Olfers ; Pediculus gallina, Schrank, Linn6. One of 
the lice infesting domestic fowls. — Menopon phaeos- 
tomum, Nitzsch. The Black-mouthed Menopon ; 
one of the lice found upon peacocks. — Menopon 
stramineum, Nitzsch. See Menopon biseriatum, 
Nitzsch. — Menschenfloh. See Pulex irritans, 
Linne. — Mermis albicans, von Siebold (1857). 
Found in the honey-bee (Apis nullified, Linne) and in 
many other insects. Hess (1887) describes a species of 
Gordius as parasitic in the bee. — Mermis blattae 
orientalis, Diesing. This is found in the abdomen 
of the cockroach (Periplaneta orientalis, Linne). 
Mesocestoides litteratus, Vaillant. See Tenia 
litterati, Batsch. — Mesogonimus commutatus, 



Sonsino. Syn., Distoma commutation, Diesing. A 
trematode found in the intestine of the common 
fowl and turkey. — Mesogonimus pellucidus, Neu- 
mann. Syn., Distoma pellucidum, von Linstow. A 
trematode found in the esophagus of the domestic 
fowl. — Metastrongylus longevaginatus, Molin 
(1861); See Strongylus longevaginatus, Diesing 
(1851). — Meteoric Fly. See Hydrotcea meteorica, Da- 
vaine. — MianaBug; Mianawanze, Ger. SeeArgas 
persicus, Fischer. — Microsporidia. Syn., Microbe de 
la pebrine; Bacterium ovation, Lebert ; Bacillus 
pasteurianus, Hansen ; Micrococcus ovatus ; M. pas- 
teurianus, Nosema bombycis, Nageli ; Panhystophyton 
ovatus, Lebert ; Pleospora herbarum ; Comalia's Cor- 
puscles ; Cornalian Bodies ; Corpuscles de Cornalia ; 
Cornalia' sche Korperchen, Corpuscles des vers a 
Sole ; Corpuscles piriformes, Granulins, Pasteur ; 
Psorospermies des Insects (Balbiani) ; Micrococcus of 
pebrine, Aficrococcus der Fleckenkrankheit. A group 
of Psorosperms or Sporozoans first discovered by Ley- 
dig (1853) in an hemipterous insect (Coccus hesperi- 
dion, Linne, the scale-louse of the orange and olean- 
der). They were afterwards found in various arthro- 
pods, spiders, bees, Crustacea (Daphnia reclirostris). 
Munk found them in Ascaris mystax (Bischoff 
mistaking them for seminal corpuscles). Vlaco- 
vitch found them in the reptile (Coluber carbon- 
arius) and the cricket ( Grillus campestris) , and 
Lebert and Frey in a beetle (Emus oleus). Cor- 
nalia, Filippi, Ciccone, Vittdini, Pasteur, etc., found 
them in the silkworms suffering from pebrine ; 
here they were at first held to be the nucleoli of 
broken-down blood-corpuscles (Charannes), or hrema- 
tozoa (Guerin-Meneville). While Nageli believed 
them to belong to the Schizomycetes, and Lebert to the 
unicellular algae, Hallier designated them as the 
stylospores of a mushroom (Pleospora herbarum). 
Pasteur finally adopted the idea that they belonged to 
the so-called " organites." Balbiani was the first to 
prove the truth of Leydig's supposition and to settle 
their sporozoan nature. The Microsporidia have with- 
in recent years been found in many insects (Bom- 
byx mori, Satturnia pernyi, Bombyx neustria, Liparis 
chrysorrhaa, Tenebrio molitor), the larva; of flies, of 
ants, etc., etc. — Miescheria muris, R. Blanchard 
(1885). Utriculiform psorosperms found in the volun- 
tary muscles of mice by F. Miescher, of Basle, in 1843. 
The involuntary muscles remained free from the para- 
sites. — Miescher's, or Miescherian Sacs, Tubes, 
or Utricles ; Miescher'sche Schlauche. See 
Sarcocyslis miescheri, Ray Lankester. — Monas 
anatis, Davaine. See A/onocercomonas anatis, Da- 
vaine. — Monas canis, Davaine. See A/onocercomo- 
nas canis, Davaine. — Monas caviae, Davaine. See 
A/onocercomonas cavice, Davaine. — Monas crepuscu- 
lum, Ehrenberg, Muller. A doubtful species ob- 
served in the white substance between the teeth 
by Steinberg — Monas elongata, Dujardin ; Monas 
globulus, Dujardin. Found by Steinberg in the 
human mouth. — Monas lens. See Heteromyia lens, 
Muller. — Monieziaalba (Perroncito, 1879), R. Blan- 
chard (1891). Syn., Tenia alba, Perroncito (1879); 
Aloniezia alba, var. dubia A/oniez, 1891. A parasite 
of sheep and cattle. — Moniezia benedeni (Moniez, 
1879), R. Blanchard (1891). Syn., Tenia benedeni, 
Moniez, 1879 ; Tenia denticulata. Neumann, 1892. 
This is found in the intestines of domestic sheep and 
cattle. — Moniezia denticulata (Rudolphi, 1S10), R. 
Blanchard (1891). Syn., Tenia denticulata, Rudol- 
phi, 1810; Tenia denticolata, Perroncito (1882); 
Alyselminthus denticulatus, Blainville (1853). A para- 
site of domestic cattle. Moniezia expansa (Ru- 



PARASITES 



1003 



PARASITES 



dolphi, 1810), R. Blanchard (1891). Syn., Tania 
i-asis nutritiis distinetis, Bloch (1782) ; Tania ovina, 
Goeze (1782), Batsch (1786), Schrank (1788), Gme- 
iin (1789) ; Halysis ovina, Zeder (1803) ; Tania den- 
ticulata, Mayer ; Alyselminthus expansus, Blainville ; 
Tania expansa, ex parte Rudolphi, Raillet, Neumann, 
Perroncito, Curtice. This cestode has for its host, 
sheep, goats, cattle, and various wild ruminants. — 
Moniezia fimbriata, Moniez (1891). See Thysano- 
soma actinioides, Diesing (1834). — Moniezia goezei 
(Baird, 1853), R. Blanchard (1S91). See Teeniapec- 
tinata, Goeze (1782). — Moniezia leuckarti, Riehm 
(1881), R. Blanchard, (1891). See Tatnia pectinata, 
Goeze (1782). — Moniezia neumanni, Moniez (1891). 
The domestic sheep harbors this platode. — Moniezia 
nullicollis, Moniez (1891). Found in sheep in France. 
— Moniezia ovilla, Moniez (1891). Moniezia ovilla, 
var. macilenta, Moniez (1891). See Thysanosoma gi- 
<7>-rfV (Rivolta, 1878), Stiles (1803). — Moniezia pecti- 
nata, R. Blanchard (1891). See Tania pectinata, 
Goeze( 1 782) . — Moniezia planissima, Stiles and Has- 
sall (1892). Syn., Tania expansa, ex parte Rudolphi. 
This is found in the small intestine of domestic sheep 
and cattle. — Moniezia trigonophora, Stiles and Has- 
sall (1893). Syn., Tania expansa, Curtice, ex parte Mc- 
Murrich, Tcenia benedeni, Neumann. A species recent- 
ly described as a parasite of sheep. — Monocercomo- 
nas anatis, Davaine. Syn., Monas anatis, Davaine. A 
flagellate infusorian found in the cecum of the duck. — 
Monocercomonas canis, Davaine. Syn. , Monas 
canis, Davaine. This is found in the stomach and 
duodenum of the dog. — Monocercomonas caviae, 
Davaine. Syn. , Monas cavia, Davaine. A flagellate 
infusorian found in the large intestine of the guinea 
pig. It is perhaps identical with the form described 
by Kiinstler as Bacterioidomonas sporifera, and those 
by Perroncito as Cercomonas ova/is, pisi/ormis, globo- 
sus. — Monocercomonas gallinae, Rivolta. This is 
found in cases of croupous angina in pullets and young 
pigeons. — Monocercomonas hepatica, Rivolta. 
This was found in the diseased liver of a young 
pigeon. — Monocercomonas hominis, Grassi (1883). 
See Cercomonas inteslinalis, Lambl. — Monodontus 
wedli, Molin. See Uncinaria cernna, Creplin. — 
Monomita muscarum, Grassi. See Herpetomonas 
muscce domestica, Saville Kent. — Monostoma at- 
tenuatum, Rudolphi. This was found by Creplin in 
the intestine and cecum of the domestic goose. — 
Monostoma bijuge, Miescher. See Monostoma f aba, 
Bremser. — Monostoma caryophyllinum, Rudolphi. 
This is parasitic in the intestine of the stickle-back, 
but was found by Gwilt in the intestine of the domes- 
tic duck. — Monostoma faba, Bremser. Syn., M. 
bijuge, Miescher. Found in tubercles in the skin of 
the domestic sparrow and of canary birds (Fringilla 
canaria, Linne). — Monostoma lente, Nordmann, 
Gescheidt, Diesing, etc. See Distoma lanceolatum, 
Mehlis. — Monostoma lepore, Kuhn. See Cysticer- 
cus tania serrate, Zeder, Goeze. — Monostoma 
mutabile, Zeder. Found in the infraorbital space of 
the domestic goose. — Monostoma setteni, Neumann. 
See Lingnatnla rhinaria, Railliet. — Monostoma 
verrucosum, Frohlich. Syn., Notocotyle triserialis, 
Diesing. Found in the large intestine and ceca 
of the goose, duck, and fowl. — Mordella sp. 
A beetle, the larvae reported as a facultative parasite 
of man by Rosen. — Morpion. See Phthirius in- 
guinalis, Leach. — Mouche araignee. See Hippo- 
bosca equina, Linne. — Mouche bleue de la viande. 
See Calliphora vomitoria, Robineau - Desvoidy. — 
Mouche carnassiere. See Sarcophaga carnaria, 
Meigen. — Mouche des chevaux, Reaumur. See 



Gastrophilus nasalis, Linne. — Mouche domestique. 
See Musca domestica, Linne. — Mouche ou ver du 
nez des moutons, Reaumur. See (Estrns ovis, Linne. 
— Mouche plate. See Hippobosca equina, Linne. — 
Mouqui. The native name in Para for Lepttts irri- 
tans, <]. v. — Mouse-flea. See Pulex musarfi, Meg- 
nin. — Moyoquil. See Dermatobia noxialis, Goudot, 
Muller. See Tenebrio molitor, Linne. — Musca an- 
thropophaga. See Lucilia macellaria, Robineau- 
Desvoidy. — Musca bovina, Davaine. A torment to 
cattle. — Musca cadaverina, Linne. Syn., Pyrellia 
cadaverina, Robineau-Desvoidy. Aasjliege. A carrion 
fly, sometimes depositing its eggs in the open wounds 
of cattle. — Musca carnaria, Linne. Syn., Fleisch- 

fliege. A carrion fly, the larva of which was found by 
Bretschneider in the human intestine ; it is described 
by Jordens and others as Ascaris stephanostoma. Rou- 
lin, Cloquet, Brera, Wahlborn, Cheyne, and Bateman 
report cases of myiosis from its larva. — Musca carni- 
fex, Davaine. The executioner fly . Torments cattle. 
— Musca cibaria. Two cases are reported by Good 
and White (England). — Musca corvina, Fabricius. 
This is common in Europe in warm, wet weather, and 
is troublesome to cattle, on which it alights to suck the 
sweat ; it does not bite. — Musca domestica, Linne. 
House fly, Domestic fly, Mouche domestique, Stuben- 

fliege. Dubinsky and Senator report cases of the larvae 
of the house fly being vomited. It is troublesome to 
man and animals, sucking their excretions. The Ascaris 
conosoma of Jordens and others is but the larva of this fly. 
Musca hortorum, Meigen. Troublesome to domestic 
animals. — Musca larvarum, one case reported by 
Pickells (Ireland). — Musca macellaria, Fabricius. 
See Lucilia macellaria, Robineau-Desvoidy. — Musca 
nigra, one case of myiosis attributed to this fly re- 
ported by Wahlborn (Sweden). — Musca sp. Syn., 
Waregafly. This is found in Brazil, and deposits its 
eggs beneath the skin of man and animals, causing 
painful swellings. — Musca sp. The larva of an un- 
identified fly, removed by Dr. Kirk from the leg of 
David Livingston in Africa, also from the shoulder of 
a negro. The adult fly is said to be not unlike but 
smaller than our blue-bottle fly (Calliphora vomitoria, 
Robineau-Desvoidy). — Musca stabulans, Fallen. 
See Cyrtoneura stabulans, Macquart. — Musca vac- 
cina, Davaine. Troublesome to cattle. — Musca vag- 
atoria, Davaine. The vagabond fly, troublesome to 
domestic cattle. — Musca vitripennis, Meigen. A 
torment to cattle. — Musca vomitoria. See Calli- 
phora vomitoria, Robineau - Desvoidy. — Mydaea 
vomiturationis, Robineau-Desvoidy. See Teicho- 
myza fasca, Macquart. — Myotrichodina. See Tri- 
chi?za spiralis, Owen. — Myzomimus scutatus, 
Stiles. Syn., Spiroptera scutata, Muller. Filaria 
scutata oesophagea bovis, Muller. Found in the walls 
of the esophagus of domestic cattle and horses and in 
the pharynx and tongue of the domestic hog and 
sheep; it probably belongs to the genus Gongleonema, 
Molin (1857). — Narambo, Narapoo chalondy, 
Hind. ; Naru, Pers. See Dracuncuhis medinensis, 
Cobbold. — Nematoideum bovis tauri, Diesing. 
Found in the aqueous humor of the eye in domestic 
cattle. — Nematoideum canis familiaris, Warren. 
Found in the esophagus of the dog. — Nematoideum 
equi caballi, Peschel, Diesing. See Sclerostoma tet- 
racanthum, Diesing. — Nematoideum fringillae do- 
mestical, Rudolphi. This is found in the stomach 
of the domestic sparrow. — Nematoideum ovis pul- 
monale, Rudolphi, Diesing. See Strotzgylus rufescens, 
Leuckart. — Nematoideum sp., Brehm. Found in the 
pancreas and liver of the vicunna. — Nematoideum 
sp., Ebertz. This is found in the lungs of the domestic 



PARASITES 



1004 



PARASITES 



sheep, and is probably Strongylus filaria, Rudolphi, 
or Strongylus rufescens, Leuckart, q. v. — Nematoi- 
deum sp., Generali. Found in the house-fly. — Ne- 
matoideum sp., Leuckart. Found encapsuled in 
the lymphatic glands of domestic cattle. — Nematoi- 
deum sp., Stiles. Found in lymphatic glands of cattle 
in capsules. — Nematoideum tracheale, Rainey and 
Brislowe. See Filaria trachealis, Cobbold. This is 
possibly but the larval form of Ascaris megalocephala 
or Ascaris sirilla. — Nephrophages sanguinarius, 
Miyake and Scriba (1893). A mite found in consid- 
erable numbers in the urine of a native patient in 
Tokio. The parasite was held to have its seat in the 
kidney, and as being the cause of the hematuria. 
— Nettorhynchus blainvillii, Zenker. According 
to Raspail, this may have been a partially decom- 
posed Bothriocephalic claviceps or Bothriocephalic 
rugosa of the salmon. — Niaibi. The native name in 
New Grenada for the Leptus irritans, q. v. — Nigua. 
See Argas americanus, DeGeer, and Sarcopsylla pene- 
trans, Westwood. — Nirmus clavicornis, Denny, 
Verrill. The louse of the ring-dove and stock-dove. 
Piaget refers them to Lipeurus bacillus, Nitzsch. — 
Nirmus crassicolis, Olfers. See Lipeurus jejunus, 
Nitzsch. — Nirmus filiformis, Olfers. See Lipeurus 
baculus, Nitzsch. — Nirmus numidae, Denny. See 
Lipeurus numida, Denny. — Nirmus tetragonoceph- 
alus, Olfers. See Goniodes falcicomis, Nitzsch. — 
Nirmus trigonocephalus, Olfers. See Menopon 
pallidum, Nitzsch. — Noctua sp. A lepidopterous in- 
sect. One case of the larva acting as a facultative 
parasite cited by Dumeril (France). — Noisy Breeze- 
fly. See Tabanus bro/nius, Linne. — Notocotyle 
triserialis. See Monostoma verrucosiiin, Frohlich. — 
Nuche. See Dermatobia noxialis, Brauer. — Ochro- 
myia anthropophaga ; Blanchard. Syn. , Cayor Fly. 
A Senegal fly, the larvpe of which are found beneath the 
skin in man, the dog, cat, and goat. — CEdemagena 
equi, Loiset. See Hypoderma equi, Joly. — CEdema- 
gena tarandi, Latreille. See Hypoderma tarandi, 
Linne. — CEsophagostoma columbianum, Curtice. 
A worm producing a nodular disease of the intes- 
tines of sheep in the Southeastern United States. — 
CEsophagostoma dentatum, Rudolphi. Syn., 
CEsophagostoma subulatum, Molin ; Sclerastoma den- 
tatum, Strongylus dentatus, Rudolphi. This is found 
in the small intestine, cecum, and colon of the domestic 
pig, the wild boar, and the white-lipped peccary 
(Hicotyles ( JVoctophorus) labiatus). — CEsophagos- 
toma inflatum, Schneider, Railliet. Syn., Strongylus 
infiectus, Schneider. Found in the large intestine of 
domestic cattle. — CEsophagostoma subulatum, 
Molin. See CEsophogostoma dentatum, Rudolphi. — 
CEsophagostoma venulosum, Rudolphi. This is 
found in the goat, sheep, and roe-deer. — CEstre du 
mouton, Geoffroy. See CEstrus ovis, Linne. — 
CEstrus ani equorum, Linne. See Gastrophilus 
hamorrhoidalis, Linne. — CEstrus bengalensis, var. 
equi, Macquart. See Gastrophilus equi, Fabricius. — 
CEstrus bovis, Fabricius, Linne (1761). See Gastro- 
philus equi, Fabricius. — CEstrus bovis, De Geer 
(1776). See Hypoderma bovis, DeGeer. — CEstrus 
cameli, var. pharyngobalus, Steel. Camel-bot. A 
bot producing great irritation of the nasal cavities and 
pharynx of camels. — CEstrus clarksii, Leach. See 
Gastrophilus nasalis (Linne), Schiner. — CEstrus 
cuniculi, Clark (1797). See Cuierebra cuniculi, Clark 
(1815). — CEstrus duodenalis, Schwab. See Gastro- 
philus nasalis ( Linn6), Schiner. — CEstrus elephantis, 
Steel. See Gastrophilus elephantis, Cobbold. — CEstrus 
equi, Clark, Fabricius, Latreille, Olivier, Fallen, Mac- 
quart, Westwood, Joly. See Gastrophilus equi, Fabri- 



cius. — CEstrus equi, var. a nasalis, Fabricius. See 
Gastrophilus nasalis (Linne), Schiner. — CEstrus equi, 
var. ,i hamorrhoidalis, Fabricius. See Gastrophilus 
hamorrhoidalis, Linne. — CEstrus ericetorum, Leach. 
See Hypoderma lineata (Villers), Low. — CEstrus 
gastricus major, CEstrus gastricus vulgaris, 
Schwab See Gastrophilus equi, Fabricius. — CEstrus 
guildingi, Hope. See Dermatobia noxialis, Brauer. 
— CEstrus haemorrhoidalis, var. /3 Clark. See 
Hypoderma lineata (Villers), Low. — CEstrus haemor- 
rhoidalis, Gmelin, Schrank. See Gastrophilus equi, 
Fabricius, and Gastrophilus luemorrhoidalis, Linne. — 
CEstrus hominis, Volkel. See Hypoderma diana, 
Brauer. — CEstrus intestinalis, DeGeer. See Gas- 
trophilus equi, Fabricius. — CEstrus lineatus (Vil- 
lers), Olivier. See Hypoderma lineata (Villers), 
Low. — CEstrus nasalis, Linne. See Gastrophilus 
nasalis (Linne), Schiner. — CEstrus nasalis ovinus, 
Neumann. See CEstrus ovis, Linne. — CEstrus ovi- 
nus, Fischer. See CEstrus ovis, Linne. — CEstrus ovis, 
Linne (1760). Syn., Mouche ou ver du nez des mou- 
tons, Reaumur (1734) ; CEstrus sinus frontalis, Linne 
(1746); L' oestrus de moutons, Geoffroy (1764); CEstrus 
ovinus, Fischer (1787) ; Cephalomyia ovis, Latreille 
(1825) ; Westwood (1840) ; Joly (1846) ; CEstrus na- 
salis ovinus, Neumann (1851); Sheep Bot-fly; Sheep 
Gad-fly ; Grub-in-the-head. The larva; are found in 
the nostrils and nasal and frontal sinuses of sheep. — 
CEstrus rangiferinus, Linne. See Hypoderma tar- 
andi, Linne. — CEstrus salutaris, Macquart. — CEs- 
trus salutiferus, Clark. See Gastrophilus nasalis 
(Linne), Schiner. — CEstrus tarandi, Linne. See 
Hypoderma tarandi, Linne. — CEstrus veterinus, 
Clark. See Gastrophilus nasalis (Linne), Schiner. — 
Ohrbohrer ; Ohrwurm, Ger. See Forficula auricu- 
laria. — Ollulanus tricuspis, Leuckart. This is 
found encapsulated in the muscles of the house-mouse 
(A/us musculus, Linne,) and in the walls of the stom- 
ach of domestic cats, wandering into the muscles, con- 
nective tissue, and diverse organs. — Onchocerca 
reticulata, Diesing. Syn., Spiroptera cincinnata, 
Ziirn ; Filaria Cincinnati, Perroncito. Found in the 
muscles and coats of arteries in the horse. — Oorworm, 
Dan. See Forficula auricularia. — Ophiostoma 
pontieri, H. Cloquet (1822). See Gordius tolosanus, 
Dujardin (1842). — Ophryoscolex inermis, Stein 
(1858). A peritrichous vorticella-like infusorian found 
in the rumen and reticulum of various ruminants. The 
infusoria found in the viscera of sheep by Gruby and 
Delafond (1843) probably belonged to this genus. 
Ophryoscolex purkinjei, Stein (1858). Endopara- 
sitic within the first and second stomachs of sheep and 
cattle. — Orentvist, Dan. See Forficula auricularia. 
— Ormask, Sw. See Forficula auricularia, Linne. — 
Ornithobius bucephalus, Giebel, Piaget. Syn., 
Pulex cygni, Redi ; Pedicu/us cygni, Linne ; Lipeurus 
cygni, Giebel ; Ornithobius cygni, Denny. The louse 
of the swan. — Ornithobius cygni, Denny. See O. 
bucephalus, Giebel. — Ovuligera carpi, Dupuytren. 
Syn., Acephalocyslis plana, Lrennec. A concretion 
found between the tendons and muscles and mistaken 
for an entozoon. — Ox Breeze-fly. See Tabanus b ovi- 
nus, Linne. — Ox Warble-fly or Ox Bot-fly. See 
Hypoderma bovis, Latreille. — Ox Gad-fly. See Taba- 
nus bovintts, Linne. — Ox Warble. See Hypoderma 
lineata, Villers. — Oxyporus subterraneus. A 
beetle, the larvae of which is reported by Paykul as a 
facultative human parasite. — Oxyuris ambigua, 
Rudolphi. Syn., Passalurus ambiguus. Dujardin. This 
is found in the large intestine and cecum of the dom- 
estic rabbit and of the hare. — Oxyuris appendicu- 
lata, Leidy. Syn., Anguillula appendiculata, Leidy ; 



; 



PARASITES 



1005 



PARASITES 



Oxyuris blatta orientalis, Biitschli. This is found in 
the large and small intestine of the cockroach (Peri- 
planeta orientalis, Linne). — Oxyuris blattae orien- 
talis, Biitschli. See Oxyuris appendiculata, Leidy. — 
Oxyuris blatticola, Galeb. Found in the cockroach 
[Blatia germanica, Fabricius). — Oxyuris compar, 
Leidy. This is found in the small intestine of the 
domestic cat. The female only is known. — Oxyuris 
curvula, Rudolphi. This is found in the intestine 
and cecum of the domestic ass, mule, and horse. 
Oxyuris diesingi, Hammerschmidt. Syn. , Anguil- 
lula mucrura, Diesing. This is found in the large 
and small intestine of the cockroach (Periplaneta 
orientalis, Linne).— Oxyuris mastigodes, Nitzsch. 
This is found in the intestine of the horse. — Oxyuris 
obvetata, Bremser. Found in the intestine of the 
house' mouse (Mus musculus, Linne) and of the house 
rat (Mus ratus, Linne) and the brown rat (Alus decu- 
manus, Pallas). — Oxyuris semilanceolata, Molin. 
See Oxyuris tetraptera, Nitzsch. — Oxyuris tetrap- 
tera, Nitzsch. Syn., Oxyuris semilanceolata, Molin. 
This is found in the large intestine of the house mouse 
(A/us musculus, Linne). — Oxyuris vermicularis, 
Bremser (1819), Chiaje, Duges, etc.. Syn., 'Aouapic, 
Hippocrates; Lumbriculus, Aldrovandi ; Ascaris ver- 
micularis, Linne (1767), Muller, etc. ; Fusariavermic- 
ularis, Zeder (1800), Aladenwurm ; Pfriemenschwanz, 
Springwurm, Aftermade, Ger. ; maw worm, thread- 
worm, pin worm, seat worm. This is found in the 
cecum and lower part of the ileum of man and, ac- 
cording to Ztirn, occasionally in the dog. The feed- 
ing experiments of Cobb prove that no intermediate 
host is necessary for the development of this worm. — 
Oxyuris vivipera, Probstmayer and Perroncito. 
This is found in the cecum and intestine of the do- 
mestic ass ; according to Railliet this is a Rhabdo- 
nema. — Palisade-worm. See Sclervstoma armata, 
Dujardin, or Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing. — Pampas 
benchucha. See Conorhinus nigrovarius. — Pan- 
gonia neo-caledonica, Megnin. A gad-fly which 
is very troublesome in New Caledonia (Tile des Pines) , 
said to have spread an epidemic of anthrax in cattle 
and men by its bite. To the genus Pangonia is said 
to belong the "seroot" or " zimb," which, according 
to Bruce and other African travelers, is so troublesome 
in Abyssinia ; others refer this to Glossina morsitans, 
Westwood, q. v. — Papilio (Pieris) brassica. One of 
the cabbage butterflies, the larva of which is reported 
by Calderwood (Scotland) as a facultative parasite. — 
Paramecium coli, Malmsten (1857). See Balantid- 
ium coli, Stein (1862). — Passalurus ambiguous, 
Dujardin. See Oxyuris ambigua, Rudolphi. — Pedi- 
culus anatis, Fabricius. See Lipeurus squalidus, 
Nitzsch. — Pediculus anatis anseris, Linne. See 
Lipeurus jejunus, Nitzsch. — Pediculus anseris, 
Sultzer. See Trinoton conspurcatum, Nitzsch. — 
Pediculus bicolor, Lucas. See Hcematopinus pili- 
ferus, Burmeister. — Pediculus bidentatus, Scopoli. 
See Goniocotes compar. , Nitzsch. — Pediculus bovis, 
Linne. See Trichodectes scalaris, Nitzsch. Pedic- 
ulus canis, O. Fabricius (?). See Trichodectes latus, 
Nitzsch. — Pediculus canis familiaris, Muller. See 
Hamatopinus piliferus, Burmeister. — Pediculus cap- 
itis, Leach, Nitzsch. Syn., Pediculus ordinarius, 
Redi ; Pediculus cervicalis , Leach ; Pediculus corporis 
humanus, var. I ; Linne ; Head-louse , Common Louse, 
Pou human de la tete, De Geer ; Le pou ordinaire, 
Geoffroy ; Pou de la tete, Lamarck, Fr. ; Kopfiaus, 
Ger. This louse infests by preference the human 
head, but is frequently found on all parts of the 
body, and is thus confused with Pediculus vestimenti, 
Leach. According to Murray the colored races 



have lice with corresponding colors. Those of the 
negroes of West Africa and Australia are nearly 
black, those of the Hindoos dark, those of the 
Hottentots orange, those of the Chinese and Japanese 
yellowish-brown, those of the Indians of the Andes 
dark-brown, those of the California Indian olive, 
those of the northern Indians, Esquimaux etc., pale. 
The lice from a negro turn light-colored when placed 
on the head of a white person. Any simple grease 
will destroy these parasites, a fact which perhaps ex- 
plains the universal use of ointments and pomades by 
all savages and people of dirty habits. — Pediculus 
caponis, Linne. See Lipeurus variabilis, Nitzsch. — 
Pediculus cervicalis, Leach. See Pediculus capitis, 
Leach. — Pediculus columbae, Linne. See Lipeurus 
baculus, Nitzsch. — Pediculus corporis. See Pedic- 
ulus capitis, Leach. — Pediculus cygni, Linne. See 
Ornithobius bucephalus, Giebel. — Pediculus denticu- 
latus, Nitzsch. See Hamatopinus spinulosis. — Pedic- 
ulus equi, Linne. See Trichodectes pilosus, Giebel. 
— Pediculus eurysternus, Nitzsch. See Hctmato- 
pinus eurysternus, Stephens. — Pediculus gallinae, 
Schrank, Linne. See Alenopon pallidum, Nitzsch. — 
Pediculus humanus, var. I, Linne. See Pediculus 
capitis, Leach. — Pediculus humanus, var. 2, Linne. 
See Pediculus vestamenti. — Pediculus inguinalis, 
Redi. See Phthirius inguinalis, Leach. — Ped- 
iculus lyriocephalus, Burmeister. See Hcmato- 
pinus lyriocephalus, Burmeister. — Pediculus macro- 
cephalus, Burmeister. See Hcematopinus macro- 
cephalus, Burmeister. — Pediculus meleagris, 
Schrank. See Goniodes stylifer, Nitzsch. — Ped- 
iculus meleagridis, Linne. See Lipeurus polytra- 
pezius, Nitzsch. — Pediculus ordinarius, Redi. See 
Pediculus capitis. — Pediculus ovis, Linne. See 
Trichodectes sphcerocephalus, Nitzsch, Leach. — Pedic- 
ulus pavonis, Linne. See Goniodes falcicornis, 
Nitzsch. — Pediculus piliferus, Burmeister. See Hce- 
matopinus piliferus, Burmeister — Pediculus porcelli, 
Linne, Schrank. See Gyropus gracilis, Nitzsch. — 
Pediculus pubis, Linne See Phthirius inguinalis, 
Leach. — Pediculus spinulosis, Burmeister. See 
Hcematopinus spinulosis, Burmeister. — Pediculus 
setosus, Olfers. See Trichodectes latus, Nitzsch. — 
Pediculus suis, Linne. See Hcematopinus urius, 
Nitzsch. — Pediculus tabescentium, Alt. See Pedic- 
ulus vestimenti, Leach. — Pediculus tenuirostris, 
Burmeister. See Hcematopinus eurysternus , Nitzsch, 
Burmeister. — -Pediculus vestimenti, Leach (1864). 
Syn. Pediculus humanus, var. 2, Linne, Pediculus hu- 
manus corporis, De Geer. P. tabescentium, Alt (1824) ; 
Clothes louse, Body louse, Kleiderlaus, Pou humain du 
corps, De Geer; Pou du corps, Lamarck, Pou des 
malades. This is found on the hairless parts of the 
body, producing a marked irritation of the skin. 
The eggs are deposited in the folds of the clothing. 
These lice at times occur in vast numbers in locali- 
ties where they were unknown before. — Pediculus 
vituli, Linne. See Hcematopinus eurysternus, Nitzsch, 
Burmeister. — Peepsa. See Simulium indicum. — 
Peitschenwurm. See Trichocephalus hominis, 
Schrank. — Pejunk. See Dracunculus medinensis, 
Cobbold.- — Pelodera axei, Cobbold. This is found 
in the hoof of the horse. — Pelodera pellio, Schneider 
(1866). See Rhaditis pello, Biitschli (1873). — Pelo- 
dera setigera, Bastian (1879). See Rhabditis terri- 
cola, Oerly. — Pelodera teres, Schneider (1866). See 
Rhabditis terricola, Dujardin. — Penetrating Flea. 
See Sarcopsylla penetrans, Westwood. — Pentastoma 
coarctata, Virey (1823). See Tcenia saginata, 
Goeze. — Pentastoma constricta, von Siebold 
(1852), Leuckart. See Linguatula constricta, Kiich- 



PARASITES 



1006 



PARASITES 



enmeister. — Pentastoma denticulatum, Rudolphi 
1819) ; Pentastoma emarginatum, Rudolphi 
1819) ; Pentastoma fera, Creplin (1829). See 
Linguatula rhinaria, Railliet (1886). — Pentastoma 
moniliforme, Dieting, Megnin refers without good 
cause, a worm found by Bochefontaine in a dog, to this 
species, which in the adult state is found in the lung 
and body-cavity of various serpents {Python, Boa, 
Crola/us), the crocodile and large lizards. — Pentas- 
toma serratum, Frohlich (1789) ; Pentastoma set- 
tenii, Diesing. — Pentastoma taenioides, Rudolphi 
(1819). See Linguatula rhinaria, Railliet (1886). — 
Perce-oreille, Fr. See Forficula awiadaria , Linne. 
Petit pou du bceuf. See Trickodectes scalaris, Nitzsch. 
— Petit pou du cheval. See Trickodectes equi, 
Denny. — Petit pou de la chevre. See Trickodectes 
climax, Nitzsch. — Petit pou du chien. See Hama- 
topinus piliferus, Denny. — Petit taon pluvial. See 
Hamatopota pluvialis, Meigen. — Pferdeegel. See 
Hirudo sanguisuga, Bergmann. — Pfriemenschwanz. 
See Oxyuris vermicularis. Bremser. — Pharaoh's 
Worm. See Dracunculus medinensis, Cobbold. — 
Pharyngobolus africanus. A bot found in the 
pharynx of the African elephant. — Philopterus bacu- 
lus, Nitzsch. See Lipeurus baculus, Nitzsch. — Phil- 
opterus compar, Burmeister. See Goniocotes compar, 
Nitzsch. — Philopterus dissimilis, Nitzsch, Verrill. 
See Goniodes dissimilis, Nitzsch, Piaget.— Philop- 
terus heterographus, Nitzsch, Verrill. See Lipeurus 
heterographus, Nitzsch, Denny. — Philopterus poly- 
trapezius, Nitzsch, Verrill. See Lipeurus poly- 
trapezius, Nitzsch. — Philopterus variabilis (Nitzsch), 
Verrill. See Lipeurus variabilis, Nitzsch. — Phry- 
ganea grandis. A case is reported by Church 
(England) of the larva of this lepidopterous insect act- 
ing as a facultative parasite in man. — Phthirius in- 
guinalis, Denny. 
Syn., aypiog, Aris- 
totle ; Pedi cuius in- 
guin a lis , Redi 
(1668) ; Pediculus 
pubis, Linne ; Plithi- 
rius pubis, Leach ; 
Pou de pubis, Lat- 
reille, Lamarck ; Le 
morpion, Geoffroy ; 
Fihlaus, Schamlaus, 
Crab-louse. This 
infests the pubic re- 
gion of unclean persons, occasionally spreading over 
other parts of the body, eyebrows, beard, breast, axilla, 
etc. — Phthirius pubis, Kuchenmeister. See Phth- 
irius inguinalis. — Physaloptera truncata, Schnei- 
der ; found in the proventriculus of the domestic fowl. 
— Piccolo tafano pluviale. See Hamatopota pluvi- 
alis, Meigen. — Picobia bipectinata, A. Heller ; 
Picobia neeri, G. Haller ; Picobia pectinata, A. 
Heller ; Picobia uncinata, Heller. Acaridans found 
in the quill of the feathers of poultry, guinea-fowls, 
pigeons, peacocks, and other birds. — Pigeon-flea. 
See Pulex avium, Taschenberg. — Pigeon- louse. 
See Lipeurus baculus, Nitzsch, Nirmus claviformis, 
Denny, Goniocotes compar, Nitzsch. — Piguris reticu- 
lata, Schlotthauber. This is found in the intestine 
and cecum of the mule and horse ; Neumann doubts 
its authenticity. — Pincer Ixode. See Ixodes chelifer, 
Megnin. — Pinworm. See Oxyuris vermicularis, 
Bremser. — Pique. See Sarcopsylla penetrans, West- 
wood. — Plagiotoma coli, Claparede and Lachmann 
(1858). See Balantidium coli, Stein (1862). — TVXariia 
fkuwc, Hippocrates. See Tania solium, Linne. — 
Planaria latiuscula, Goeze. See Distoma lanceo- 




Phthirius inguinalis, Denny. 



latum, Mehlis. — Plasmodium malarise. See Pot- 
imi/us malaria.- — Pleurocercoides bailleti, Railliet. 
See Cysticercus bailleti, Railliet. — Pcederus elonga- 
tus. A beetle, the larva of which is reported as a 
facultative parasite by Paykull. — Polimitus malaria 
(Laveran), Danilewsky (1886). Syn., Bodies of 
Laveran; Corps spkerique aux filaments mobile 
(Laveran, 1884) ; Corpuscles of Laveran ; Cytameba ; 
Cytosporozoon malaria:, Danilewsky ; Cytozobn ma- 
laria; ; Filaments mobile de la malaria ; Hamamaba 
immaculata ; Hamamaba malaria ; Hamamaba 
pracox ; Hamamaba vivax, Grassi and Feletti ; 
Hamatomonas malaria, Osier ; Hamatophyllum ma- 
laria, Metchnikoff (1887) ; Hamatazoa of Laveran, 
Grassi and Felletti ; Hamatozoaires du paludism 
(Laveran, 1884); Hamocytozoon (Danilewsky); 
Hamogragarina avium (Danilewsky) ; Hamoplasmo- 
dium malaria, Marchiafava and Celli (1885) ; Laver- 
ania malaria, Golgi ; Plasmodium malaria; Pseudo- 
vac uoleti ; Pseudospirilla malaria (Danilewsky); 
Pseudovermiculi malaria, Marchiafava and Celli, a 
species of sporozoon (haematozoon or haemocytozoon ) ; 
occurring as hyaline amoeboid bodies in the blood of 
malarial patients and healthy birds. Morphologically 
these bodies resemble certain protistans (Polymastix 
biitsckli and Multicella marina). — Polycephalus 
echinococcus, Zeder, Tschudi. See Echinococcus 
polymorphic. — Polycephalus granulosus, Zeder, 
Cloquet. See Echinococcus polymorphic, Diesing. — 
Polycephalus hominis, Goeze, Jordens. See Echi- 
nococcus polymorphic, Diesing. — Polycephalus hu- 
manus, Zeder. See Echinococcus polymorphus, Dies- 
ing. — Polystoma denticulatum, Rudolphi (1810). 
See Linguatula rhinaria , Railliet (1886). — Poly- 
stoma pinguicola, Zeder. See Hexathyridium 
pinguicola, Treutler. — Polystoma sanguicola, Delle 
Chiaje, Frick. See Hexathyridium venarum, Treutler. 
— Polystoma serrata, Zeder. — Polystoma taeni- 
oides, Rudolphi (1810). See Linguatula rhinaria, 
Railliet (1886). — Polystoma venarum, Zeder. See 
Hexathyridium venarum, Treutler. — Pou de la tfete. 
See Pediculus capitis, Leach. — Pou de pubis. See 
Phthirius inguinalis, Leach. — Pou des malades. 
See Pediculus vestimenti, Leach . — Pou du chat. See 
Trickodectes subrostratis, Nitzsch. — Pou du corps. 
See Pediculus vestimenti, Leach. — Pou du pore. See 
Hamatopinus suis, Denny. — Pou humain de la tete, 
De Geer. See Pediculus capitis, Leach. — Pou 
humain du corps, De Geer. See Pediculus vesti- 
menti, Leach. — Pou ordinaire. See Pediculus capitis, 
Leach. — Prionoderma lanceolatum, Cuvier (1817) ; 
Prionoderma rhinarium, Rudolphi. See Linguatula 
rhinaria Railliet, (1886). — Protomyxomyces cop- 
rinarius, Cunningham (1880). See Monocercomonas 
hominis, Grassi (1882). — Pseudalius ovis pulmon- 
alis, Koch. See Nematoideum ovis pulmonale, Dies- 
ing. — Pseudalius ovis pulmonalis, A. Koch. See 
Strongylus rufescens, Leuckart. — Pseudalius pubis, 
Davaine. See Trichina spiralis, Owen. — Pseuda- 
lius trichina, Davaine (1862). See Trichina spiralis, 
Owen (1835).— Pseudo-rhabditis stercoralis, Per- 
roncito. See Rhabdonema intestinale, R. Blanchard. 
— Pseudospirilla malarias, Danilewsky ; Pseudo- 
vermiculi malarias. See Polimitus malaria (La- 
veran), Danilewsky. — Psoroptes auricularis canis, 
Sewell. See Symbiotes auriculium, var. canis, Bendz. 
— -Psoroptes communis, var. bovis, caprae, cunic- 
uli, equi, ovis, Furstenberg. Syn., Psoroptes longi- 
rostris, Megnin ; Psoropte a long bec,Acarus du cheval, 
Gohier ; Sarcoptes equi, P. Gervais ; Dermatodectes 
equi, Gerlach ; Dermatodectes communis, Bourguinon 
and Delafond ; Dermatokoptes communis, Furstenberg ; 



PARASITES 



1007 



PARASITES 



Saugkratzmilbe der Hausthiere, Gemeine Raudemilbe , 
Mange-mite, Scab-mite, Scab-insect, Common Scab. 
The cause of a special form of mange in the horse, ox, 
buffalo, sheep, goat, and rabbit. — Psoroptes longi- 
rostris, Megnin. See Psoroptes communis, Fursten- 
berg. — Psorosperma crouposum, Rivolti. See Coc- 
cidium oviforme, Leuckart — Psorospermies des 
Insects, Balbiani. See MicrosporiaHa. — Pterolichus 
uncinatus, Megnin. Found on fowls. — Pterophagus 
strictus, Megnin. An acaridan found on the pigeon. — 
Puce chique. See Sarcopsylla penetrans, Westwood. 
— Puce de l'homme. See Pidex irritans, Gervais. — 
Puce de rats. See Pulex murinus, Megnin. — Puce 
de souris. See Pulex musculi, Megnin. — Puce des 
pigeons. See Pulex avium, Taschenberg. — Puce 
du chat, Puce du chien. See Pulex serraticeps, 
Gervais. — Puce penetrante. See Sarcopsylla pene- 
trans, Westwood. — Pulex anseris, Redi. See Lipeu- 
rus jejunus, Nitzsch. — Pulex ater, Linne. See Pulex 
irritans, Linne. — Pulex avium, Taschenberg. Syn., 
Pulex eolumbee, Gervais, Denny ; Pulex galling, 
Schrank ; Ceratopsyllus gallina, Bouche ; Ceratopsyllus 
avium, Taschenberg ; J 'ogelfloh, Puce des pigeons, Bird- 
flea, Hen-Jlea. — Pulex canis, Curtis. See Pulex ser- 
raticeps, Gervais. — Pulex capi, Redi. See Alenopon 
pallidum, Piaget. — Pulex columbae, Denny, Gervais. 
See Pulex avium, Taschenberg. — Pulex columbae 
majoris, Redi. See Lipeurus bacidus, Nitzsch. — 
Pulex cygni, Redi. See Omithobius bucephalus, 
Giebel. — Pulex felis, Bouche. See Pulex serraticeps, 
Gervais. — Pulex goniocephalus, Taschenberg. The 
flea proper of hares and rabbits. — Pulex hominis, 
Duges. See Pulex irritans, Linne. — Pulex irritans, 
Linne (1758). Syn., Pulex ater, Linne (1746); Pulex 
vulgaris, -De Geer (1778) ; Pulex hominis (1832) ; 
Human Flea, Puce de Vhomme, 
Gemeiner Floh, Menschenfloh. 
This species, common on man, 
may be conveyed to dogs and 
cats and rabbits. — Pulex mini- 
mus cutem penetrans, Catesby. 
See Sarcopsylla penetrans, West- 
wood. — Pulex minutissimus 
nigricans, Barrere. See Sarcop- 
sylla penetrans, Westwood. — 
Pulex murinus, Megnin. Syn,. 
Rat-flea, Puce de rats. A very 
small species found on rats. — 
Pulex musculi, Megnin. Syn., 
Mouse-flea, Puce de souris. A 
minute form found on mice, but 
not transmitted to dogs and cats. 
— Pulex pavonis, Redi. See Goniodes falcicomis , 
Nitzsch. — Pulex penetrans, Linne. See Sarcopsylla 
penetrans, Westwood. — Pulex serraticeps, Gervais. 
Syn., Pulex cati, Megnin; Pulex felis, Kiinckel, 
Bouche ; Pulex canis, Curtis ; Ceratopsyllus canis, 
Duges; Ceratopsyllus serraticeps, Gervais; Dog-flea, 
Hundefloh, Puce du chien, Puce de chat, Cat-flea. 
This flea abounds on dogs, is less frequent on 
cats and is transmissible to man, but is not usually 
troublesome to him ; it is occasionally found on 
rabbits. It acts as the intermediate host for Tania 
canina, Linne. Verrill and others hold the cat-flea 
and dog-flea to be different species, the posterior 
tarsi of the latter having the fifth joint longer 
than the second, while in the cat-flea the second 
joint is longer than the fifth. — Pulex vulgaris, De 
Geer. See Pulex irritans, Linne. — Pyrellia cada- 
verina, Robin. See Musca cadaverina, Linne.— 
Rain Breeze-fly. See Hmnatopota pluvialis, Mei- 
gen. — Rainey's Bodies, Rainey's Tubes, Rainey'- 




Larva of the flea 
(Pulex irritans, 
Linne). 



sche Korperchen. See Sarcocystis miescheri, Ray 
Lankester. — Rasenbremsfliege. See Gastropliilus 
nasalis ( Linne) , Schiner. — Rat-flea. See Pulex muri- 
nus, Megnin. — Red Flea, Red Harvest-mite, Red 
Mite. See Telranychus autumnalis, Shaw. — Red- 
tailed Bot-fly. See Gastropliilus lucmorrhoidalis, 
Leach. — Red-tailed Horse-bot. See Gastropliilus 
lucmorrhoidalis, Linne. — Reduvius amcenus. This 
is found in Borneo. — Reduvius cruentus, an Indian 
species. — Reduvius personatus, L. Kothwanze. A 
common fly-bug in houses throughout Europe, rarely 
in the open ; appears at night to suck the juices of bed- 
bugs, spiders, flies, moths, etc. Cobbold cites it with 
the other species as a human parasite. — Reduvius 
pungens, LeConte. Frequently found in the Eastern 
United States, about bed-rooms, living upon bed-bugs 
and other insects. — Reduvius serratus, a predaceous 
bug of India. The bugs of the genus Reduvius 
although included by Blanchard and others among 
those occasionally attacking man, are on the whole 
useful. The young stages of these insects cover 
themselves over with dust, and thus concealed, lurk in 
dark places for the insects upon which they ordinarily 
prey. — Red Worm of Game-keepers. See Synga- 
mus trachealis, von Siebold.— Rhabditis cornwalli, 
Cobbold. See Rhabditis terricola, Oerley. — Rhab- 
ditis genitalis, Scheiber. See Rhabditis pellio, 
Biitschli. — Rhabditis intestinalis. See Rhabdone- 
?na intestinale, R. Blanchard. — Rhabditis niellyi, R. 
Blanchard (1888). Syn., A nguillula leptodera, Niel- 
ly (1882); Leptodera niellyi, R. Blanchard (1885) ; 
Filaria niellyi, Moniez. It is found in the skin of 
man, producing a dermatitis occurring in discrete and 
confluent papules and vesico-papules, covering the 
arms, forearms, backs of the hands, and dorsal surface 
of the fingers. The eruption also involves the thighs. 
From the papules the parasite can easily be expressed. 
The disease resembles very strongly the African affec- 
tion termed "Craw-craw." — Rhabditis pellio, 
Biitschli (1873). Syn., Pelodera pellio, Schneider 
(1866) ; Rhabditis genitalis, Scheiber (1880). This 
was found in the urine of a woman. The history of 
this case points to the parasite having lived in the 
vagina rather than in the urinary passages proper. 
—Rhabditis stercoralis (Normand), Bavay. See 
Rhabdonema intestinale, R. Blanchard. — Rhabditis 
teres, Perez. See Rhabditis terricola, Dujardin. — 
Rhabditis terricola, Dujardin (1845), Oerley 
(1881). Syn., Pelodera teres, Schneider (1866) ; 
Rhabditis teres, Perez (1866); Pelodera setigera, Bas- 
tian (1879) ; Rhabditis cornwalli, Cobbold (1879). 
This is common in garden earth throughout Europe. 
Found in the body of a boy who died from an 
epidemic disease on board the British reformatory 
school ship "Cornwall" in 1879, producing a trichino- 
sis-scare. — Rhabdonema intestinale, R. Blanchard 
(1885). Syn. , Anguillula stercoralis, Bavay (1877), 
Normand; Anguillula intestinalis, Bavay (1877), 
Grassi ; Leptodera stercoralis, Cobbold, ( 1879 ) : 
Pseudo-rhabditis stercoralis, Perroncito (1881) ; Rhab- 
ditis stercoralis, Rhabditis intestinalis, Rhabdonema 
strongyloides, Leuckart (1883); Strongyloides intesti- 
nalis, Grassi (1883) ; Rhabditis strongyloides, Grassi. 
Found in the human intestine in cases of catarrhal 
gastro-enteritis. It is said to determine the Cochin- 
china diarrhea, both of men and of fowls. Grassi 
first demonstrated that Anguillula stercoralis was 
but the free state, and Anguillula intestinalis the 
parasitic stage, of the same worm. — Rhabdonema 
longum, Grassi and Segre. Syn., Rhabdonema suis, 
Lutz. — Rhabdonema strongyloides, Leuckart. See 
Rhabdonema intestinale, R. Blanchard. — Rhabdone- 



PARASITES 



1008 



PARASITES 



ma suis, Lutz. See Rhabdonema longum, Grassi and 
Segre. — Rhophalocephalus carcinomatosis, Korot- 
neff (1893). Found in carcinomatous growths. It is 
referred to a group of organisms intermediate between 
the monocystic Gregarince [Monocystidce) and the 
Coccidia (Coccididce). It shows close relationship to 
Ophryocyslisbiitsckli, Schneider ( 1 884). Korotneff sum- 
marizes his observations as follows : I. "Carcinoma 
is malignant only in case of the presence of Rhopha- 
locephalus within it." 2. Rhophalocephalus belongs by 
nature to the Sporozoa, and consists of two stages 
of development : Ameba and Coccidum. 3. The 
respective conditions of these two stages of develop- 
ment are shown by the two kinds of larva, the zooid 
(zooit) which has no enclosing envelopment (Hiille), 
and the sporozooid (sporozooit), which has an envelop. 
4. The zooid, as also the sporozooid, can be either a 
coccidium or an ameba, with this difference, however, 
that in a coccidium we usually find only one larva 
(zooid or sporozooid), while in the ameba we may 
find many larvae together, and of both kinds. 5. The 
zooid forms a coccidium by encapsulation, but the 
sporozooid changes into an ameba when it loses its 
envelop. 6. The zooid, under favorable conditions 
of nourishment, can enlarge considerably, and assume 
a gregarina-like form. 7. The disappearance of the 
nucleus before or at the time of the formation of the 
larva (multiplication) either in the case of the ameba 
or coccidium, is a constant occurrence. 8. A regular 
succession of the stages of development (ameba and 
coccidium) does not occur in Rhophalocephalus ; it is 
entirely accidental. 9. The coccidia, as well as the 
larvae, are entirely passive, and are driven here and 
there in the organism, while the amebae move about 
actively. 10. Before the larva is formed within the 
ameba, the latter becomes encapsulated and degene- 
rates proportionately to the formation of the larva, a 
circumstance which corresponds with the penetration 
of the leukocytes into the interior of the cysts. 11. 
Leukocytes are necrophages which have nothing to do 
with living parasites ; their role is not beneficial but 
pernicious, as they form in great numbers around the 
parasites and change into corpuscles. 12. The zooid 
and coccidium are intra-cell\i\a.r parasites, while the 
sporozo5id and ameba are ra'tf-cellular or z';zto--cellu- 
lar parasites. 13. After a zooid has penetrated into 
a cancer-cell, it may undergo division and form the 
nucleus (Bildungscentrum) of a cancer-pearl (Hrebs- 
perle). 14. The pearls form a necrotic area, which 
opening outward takes on the character of an abscess." 
— Rhynchoprion columbae, Hermann. See Argas 
refiexus, Latreille. — Rhynchoprion penetrans, 
Owen. See Sarcopsylla penetrans, Westwood. — Rici- 
nus canis, De Geer. See Trichodectes latus, Nitzsch. 
— Ricinus caninus, Ray. See Ixodes ricinus, Linne. 
— Ricinus gallinse, De Geer. See Goniocotes holo- 
gasfer, Nitzsch. — Rischta, Rees. See Dracuncalus 
medinensis, Cobbold. — Rouget, Le. See Tetranychus 
autumnalis, Shaw. — Rustic Breeze-fly. See Taba- 
nus rusticus, Fabricius. — Sand-flea, Sandfloh. See 
Sarcopsylla penetrans, Westwood. — Sagittula homi- 
nis, Lamarck, Cliiaje, Diesing. Syn., Animal Bipede, 
Bastiani. According to de Blainville and von Siebold. 
this is a fragment of the Y-shaped first branchial arch 
of some bird which was passed with the feces. — 
Sangsue-Dragon. See Hirudo troctina, Johnson. 
— Sangsue du cheval. See Hirudo sanguisuga, 
Bergmann. — Sangsue grise. See Hirudo medici- 
nalis, Ray. — Sangsue medicinale. See Hirudo 
medieinalis, Ray. — Sangsue noire. See Hirudo ob- 
scura. — Sangsue vert. See Hirudo medieinalis, Ray. 
— Sanguisuga interrupta, Moquin-Tandon. See 



Hirudo troctina, Johnson. — Sanguisuga javanica, 
Wahlberg. See Hirudo javanica, Wahlberg. — San- 
guisuga medieinalis, Savigny. See Hirudo mediein- 
alis, Ray. — Sanguisuga officinalis, Savigny; See 
Hirudo medieinalis, Ray. — Sanguisuga tagalla, 
Meyen. See Htsmadipsa ceylonica. — -Sarcocystis 
hirsuta, Moule. See Sarcocystis tenella, Railliet. — 
Sarcocystis miescheri, Ray Lankester (1882). Syn , 
Syuchytrium miescheriaiium, Kiihn (1865), Zopf; 
Corpuscles of Rainey; Rainey 's Bodies ; Rainey' s Cor- 
puscles; Rainey' s Tubes; Utricles of Miescher ; Mie- 
scher's Tubes; Tubespore spherique. Sausage-like psoro- 
sperm tubes or saccules occasionally found in immense 
numbers in the muscles of pigs, cattle, sheep, mice and 
fowls, but never in man. — Sarcocystis tenella, Rail- 
liet. Syn., Sarcocystis hirsuta, Moule. The cause of 
psorospermosis in the muscles of the sheep (Huet, 
Moule, von Hessling, Cobbold, Sticker, Brusafeno, 
Krause), the goat (Pagenstecher, Moule), the ox (von 
Hessling, Cobbold, Perroncito, Krause, Manz, Beale, 
Moule), and the horse (Siedamgrotzky, Schulze, Piitz, 
Moule). — Sarcophaga carnaria, Meigen. Syn., 
Gray Carnivorous Fly ; Mouche carnassiere, Fr.; Graue 
Fleischftiege, Ger. Common in Europe in summer and 
autumn ; very rarely deposits its eggs and larvae in 
wounds. — Sarcophaga magnifica, Schiner., (1S62). 
Syn., Sarcophaga {Sarcophila) wohlforti, Portschin- 
sky (1875) ; Sarcophaga ruralis, Meigen; Sarcophila 
meigeni, Portschinsky ; The Magnificent Sarcophagus. 
A fly common to Europe and Russia, rural in habit, 
never entering houses ; found especially about the 
flowers of Eryngium. The larvae occur in wounds 
and folds of the skin of cattle, horses, sheep, dogs, 
and domestic birds, especially geese. They are espe- 
cially abundant where collections of sebaceous matter 
exist, as in the lacunae of the fourchet of a horse's 
foot, the cavity of the sheath, or the folds of the pas- 
tern, where they produce ulceration. They are espe- 
cially abundant in the districts of Mohilew, Orscha, 
and Gorki. Megnin holds that the majority of cases 
of myiosis in Europe are due to this fly. — Sarco- 
phaga ruralis, Meigen. See Sarcophaga magnifica, 
Schiner. — Sarcophaga wohlfarti, Portschinsky. 
Syn., Sarcophaga magnifica, Schiner. — Sarcophila 
meigeni, Portschinsky. 
See Sarcophaga mag- 
nifica, Schiner. — Sar- 
cophila wohlfarti, 
Portschinsky. See Sar- 
cophaga magnifica, Schi- 
ner. — S arcopsylla 
gallinacea, Westwood. 
The chigoe of fowls. 
Found on domestic fowls 
in Ceylon by Morely 
and by Green at Colom- 
bo. — Sarcopsylla 
penetrans, Westwood g 
(1840). Syn., Pit lex 
mi ni/?i us cute in pene- 
trans, Catesby (1743); 
Pulex min ufis si 111 us ni- 
gricans, Barrere (1743) ; 
Acarus fuseus sub cutem 
nidulans, P. Brown Sarcopsylla penetrans, 
fivcfiV Puler/ieiietraiis Westwood; A, female; B, 

V. 75 >\ ' ? ,, ' ' niale. (After Leuckart.) 

Linne (1758); Rhyncho- 
prion penetrans, Oken (1815) ; Sarcopsylla canis, 
Westwood (1840) ; Dermatophilus penetrans, Guerin- 
Meneville ; Chigo, Chigoe, Chique, Chigga, Chigger, 
Chiggre, Jigger, Sandfiea, Sandfloh, Puce penetrante, 
Puee-ehii/ue, Pique, Tique, Ton, Nigua, Bicholanga, 




PARASITES 



1009 



PARASITES 



Penetrating Flea, Burrtnoing Flea. A variety of flea 
found in Brazil, Guiana, Mexico, West Indies, and 
recently (1S72) introduced into Africa, Congo, Ga- 
boon, from Brazil. It lives in woods, on plants, dry 
herbage and sand, and attacks man, sheep, goats, 
cattle, horses, mules, asses, dogs, and especially 
pigs. Its attacks show preference for the feet, caus- 
ing gangrenous wounds, arthritis, necrosis, fistula;, 
loss of phalanges. Among animals the ears are 
frequently attacked. Immediate extraction, care being 
taken not to injure the parasites for fear of perfo- 
rating the ovigerous sac and allowing the eggs to 
escape in the wound, is recommended ; also appli- 
cations of grease. In the western United States, 
the harvest-mite (Leptus autumnalis) has been con- 
fused with this parasite and called chigger. — Sarcop- 
tes auricularum, Lucas and Nicolet. See Symbiotes 
auricularium, var. caw's, Bendz. — Sarcoptes canis, 
Gerlach. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. sui's, Megnin ; also 
var. cam's, Railliet. — Sarcoptes cati, Hering (1838). 
See Sarcoptes notcedres. — Sarcoptes crustosae, Fiir- 
stenberg. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. lupi, Megnin. — 
Sarcoptes cuniculi, Gerlach. See Sarcoptes notcedres, 
Delafond and Bourguinon. — Sarcoptes cynotis, Her- 
ing. See Symbiotes auricularium, var. canis, var. cati, 
Neumann. — Sarcopte ; cysticola, Vizioli. See Sym- 
plectoptes cysticola, Railliet. — Sarcoptes dromedarii, 
P. Gervais. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. cameli, Megnin. 
— Sarcoptes gerlachi, Rivolta. See Cytodites nudus, 
Vizioli. — Sarcoptes hippopodos, Hering (1838). See 
Glyciphagus cttrsor, P. Gervais. — Sarcoptes hominis, 
Raspail. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, Megnin. 
— Sarcoptes laevis, var. columbse, Railliet (1855). 
Found by Railliet and Cadiot at the base of the feathers 
on pigeons. — Sarcoptes laevis, var. gallinae, Railliet 
(1886). Found on fowls. — Sarcoptes minor, Fursten- 
berg; Sarcoptes minor, var cati, var. cuniculi, Fiirst- 
enberg. See Sarcoptes notcedres, Delafond and Bour- 
guinon. — Sarcoptes mutans, Robin. Syn., Kretnido- 
koptes viviparus, Furstenberg. The cause of the leg 
scabies of fowls. Reynal and Lanquetin regard it as 
transmissible to man. — Sarcoptes nidulans, Nitzsch. 
See Harpirhynchus nidulans, Megnin. — Sarcoptes 
notoedres, Delafond and Bourguinon (1857). Syn., 
Sarcoptes cati, Hering (1838) ; Sarcoptes cuniculi, Ger- 
lach (1857) ; Sarcoptes minor, var. cati, var. cuniculi, 
Furstenberg (1861) ; Dermatophagtts cuniculi, Ziirn 
(1872). Found on the head of the cat and rabbit by 
Surmulot and Coati. — Sarcoptes scabiei, var. 
cameli, Megnin (1877). Syn., Sarcoptes dromedarii, 
P. Gervais (1841). The cause of the mange of the 
camel, llama, giraffe, and certain antelopes. According 
to Palgrave, Berenger, Feraud, and Carpot, this form is 
transmissible to man and constitutes that formofacari- 
asis of the Senegal negroes called larbisch. — Sarcop- 
tes scabiei, var. canis, Railliet, Cadiot, Neumann. 
Found on mangy dogs ; distinct from the varieties suis 
and lupi, which are at times found on the dog. — Sar- 
coptes scabiei, var. caprae, Megnin (1877). Syn., 
Sarcoptes caprce, Furstenberg (1861), Roloff; Sarcoptes 
scabiei, var. ovis, de Geer ; Sarcoptes squamiferus ovis, 
Gerlach. The Head-scab of Sheep. Found on the sheep, 
goat, moufflon, gazelle, etc. According to Walbraff, 
transmissible to man and domestic animals. — Sarcop- 
tes scabiei, var. cati, Hering and Furstenberg, or 
cuniculi. See Sarcoptes notaederes, Delafond and 
Bourguinon. — Sarcoptes scabiei communis, Lat- 
reille. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, Megnin. — 
Sarcoptes scabiei, var. , equi, Megnin (1877). Syn., 
Sarcoptes equi , Gerlach (1857). Found on the various 
species of the horse tribe ; transmissible to man ac- 
cording to experiments of Geraud and Gerlach. — 
64 



Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, Megnin (1877). 
Syn., Acarus scabiei, Linne (1748), De Geer; Acarus 
exulcerans, Linne ex Nyander (1757) ; Acarus psori- 
cus, Pallas (1760) ; Acarus humanus subcutancus, 
Linne ex Avelin (1761) ; Acarus siro (1761) ; Acarus 
siro,\a.r. scabiei, Fabricius (1775) ; Sarcoptes scabiei, 




Crust of Scabies norveg- 
ica with the mites (Sar- 
coptes scabies, var. 
Sarcoptes scabiei, var. HOMi- lupi, Megnin) their bor- 
nis, Megnin. (After Leuck- ings, eggs and excreta. 
art.) {After Leitckart.) 

Latreille (1806) ; Acarus brachypus, Olfers (1816) ; 
Sarcoptes exulcerans, Nitzsch (1818) ; Sarcoptes galei, 
Owen (1853) ; Sarcoptes hominis, Raspail ; Cheyletus 
scabiei, Cloquet (1855) ; Sarcoptes communis, Dela- 
fond and Bourguinon (1857). The smallest variety of 
a form common to man and many mammals, — Sar- 
coptes scabiei, var. lupi, Megnin (1877). Syn., 
Acarus elephantiacus, Dubini (1850). Sarcoptes scabiei 
crustosie, Furstenberg (1861) . Found on mangy wolves ; 
most common in Norway ; transmissible to man and 
dogs, causing a crusty form of scabies known as Nor- 
wegian itch, Scabies crustosa, or Scabies norvegica. 
A case has recently been reported from America by 
Hessler. — Sarcoptes scabiei, var. ovis, de Geer. 
See: Sarcoptes scabiei, var. caprce, Megnin (1877). — 
Sarcoptes scabiei, var. suis, Megnin (1877). Syn., 
Sarcoptes suis, Gerlach (1857) ; Sarcoptes canis, 
Gerlach (1857) ; Sarcoptes squamiferus, Furstenberg 
(1861). The sarcopt of the pig. — Sarcoptes squa- 
miferus, Furstenberg. See Sarcoptes scabiei ,\ax . capr&, 
Megnin, and Sarcoptes scabiei, var. suis, Megnin. — Sar- 
coptes suis, Gerlach. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. suis, 
Megnin. — Saugkratzmilbe der Haustiere. See Pso- 
roptes communis, Furstenberg. — Saumzecke. See 
Argasreflexus. — Scab-insect, Scab-mite. See under 
genera Chorioptes, Demodex, Psoroptes, Sarcoptes, Sym- 
biotes. — Scatella wimaria, Robineau-Desvoidy, See 
Trichomyzafusca, Macquart. — Schaff Haarling. See 
T?-ichodectes sphtzrocephalus, Nitzsch. — Schamlaus. 
See Phthiriusinguinalis, Leach. — Schistoma, Wein- 
land. See Gyncecophorus hamatobius. — Schmeiss- 
fliege. See Calliphora vomitoria, Robineau - Des- 
voidy. — Sclerostoma armata, Dujardin, Molin. 
Syn., Crinons, Chabert (1782) ; Strongylus equinus, 
Miiller, Goeze, Gmelin ; Strongylus armatus, Rudolphi, 
Bremser, Westrumb, Schmalz, Lebland, Gurlt ; Scleros- 
toma equinum, Blainville ; Sclerostoma armatum aneu- 
rysmaticum, Rayer, Diesing ; Strongylus armatus 
minor, Rayer ; Palisade-worm. The Armed Strongyl . 
This is found in the adult state in the cecum and colon 
and the visceral arteries of the horse, ass, mule, and 
hemione ; very common. The larval condition of this 
worm is passed in water or damp earth, after which 
development takes place not in the intestine of the 
host, but in the mesenteric arteries, giving rise to 



PARASITES 



1010 



PARASITES 




SCLEROSTOMA TF.TRA- 

cantha, Diesing; 
encysted. {After 
Leuckart.) 



aneurysmal dilatations, in which the larvae remain for 
a time, finally making their way into the large intes- 
tine of the host, where they become sexually mature. 
Hayem found parasites in the trachea of ducks which 
he assigned to this species. They more likely belong 
to Syngamus bronchialis, Miihleg. — Sclerostoma 
clathratum, Baird. See Strongylus clathratus (Baird), 
Cobbold. — Sclerostoma dentatum. See GSsophagos- 
toma dent alum, Rudolphi. — Sclerostoma duodenale, 
Cobbold. See Dochmius duodenalis, Leuckart. — ■ 
Sclerostoma equinum, Blainville. See Sclerostoma 
armata, Dujardin. — Sclerostoma hypostoma, Du- 
jardin. Syn., Strongylus hypostomus, Rudolphi, Brem- 
ser, Creplin, Diesing. Common in the large intestine 
of the sheep and goat. Probably ingested, in the water 
drunk, as embryos. Dujardin 
includes here the Strongylus 
ammonis, Rudolphi. — Scler- 
ostoma pinguicula, Verrill. 
See Stephanurns dentatus, Die- 
sing. — Sclerostoma quadri- 
dentatum, Dujardin. See 
Sclerostoma tetracantha, Die- 
sing. — Sclerostoma sipun- 
culiforme, Baird, Cobbold. 
Found in the large intestine of 
the Indian elephant. — Scler- 
ostoma struthionis, Horst. 
Found in the cecum and intes- 
tine of the ostrich. — Scleros- 
toma syngamus, Diesing. 
See Syngamus trachealis. Siebold. — Sclerostoma 
tetracantha, Diesing (1851). Syn., Proles stron- 
gyli armati, Rudolphi (1808); Strongylus tetracanthus, 
Mehlis (1831) ; Sclerostoma quadridentatum, Dujardin 
(1845); Nematoideum equi caballi, Diesing (185 1); 
Cyathostomitm tetracanthum, Molin (i860) ; Trich- 
onema arcuata, Cobbold (1874-5). Found between 
the mucous membrane of the cecum and colon of the 
various members of the horse-tribe, producing tumors, 
hemorrhagic enteritis, and sometimes fatal colic. 
Sclerostoma tracheale, Diesing. See Syngamus 
trachealis, von Siebold. — Scolex decipiens, Diesing. 
See Cysticercus tcznice microstoma, Dujardin. — Screw- 
worm. See Lucilia macellaria, Robineau-Desvoidy. 
— Scrub-tick, a formidable acarine parasite of horses, 
dogs, and man in the scrub of Australia. Species 
unidentified. — Seat-worm. See Oxyurisvermicularis, 
Bremser. — Senegal'scher Blutegel. See Hirudo 
mysomelas. — Senegal Tick. See Ixodes algeriensis, 
Megnin. — Seroot. See jPangonia. — Serpent des 
rognons des loups, Jean de Clamoyan (1570). See 
Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing (1851). — Seta, Aldro- 
vandi (1605). See Gordius aquations, Dujardin 
(1842). — Sheep Bot-fly. See CEstrus ovis, Linne. 
— Sheep-bug. See Argas tholozani, Laboulbene and 
Megnin. Sheep-tick. See Melophagus ovinus, Lat- 
reille. — Short-nosed Louse. See Hcematopinus 
eurvsternus, Burmeister. — Simondsia paradoxa, 
Cobbold (1864). See Tropidocera paradoxa, Cob- 
bold. — Simonea folliculorum, Gervais. See Demo- 
dex folliculorum, Owen. — Simonee, Simonide, Fr. 
See Demodex folliculorum, Owen. — Simulium 
boreale, one of the gnat-like flies so troublesome to 
the reindeer and cattle in Lapland. — Simulium 
cinereum, Meigen. Gray Simulium. Common in 
the wooded regions of England and Fiance, attacking 
horses and producing within their ears a veritable 
psoriasis guttata. — Simulium columbacschensis, 
Fabricius. Syn., Simulium maculata, Meigen. Kb- 
hunbaczer Miicke. A true pest in Central and 
Southern Europe in April and May, and again in 



August ; it is especially abundant about the Servian 
town, Kolumbacz, or Gollabatz, on the right bank of 
the Danube, where the peasants believe these flies to 
come from a neighboring cave in which St. George is 
said to have killed the dragon. Cattle and sheep dying 
from their bites are considered poisonous. — Simulium 
indicum, a form common and troublesome in Assam, 
where it is called Peepsa. — Simulium maculatum, 
Meigen. See Simulium columbacschensis, Fabricius. — 
Simulium meridionale, the Turkey-gnat. A species 
found in the Southern U. S. attacking fowls, and es- 
pecially turkeys, about the head and eyes, often de- 
stroying them in numbers. — Simulium molestum, 
a species common in the mountainous regions of the 
Eastern United States, and very troublesome to man 
and beast. — Simulium pecuarium, Buffalo-fly or 
Buffalo-gnat. Very injurious by its bite to cattle and 
horses in the Southern and Western United States. 
— Simulium reptans, Linne. Syn., Gemeine Krie- 
belmucke. Common in wooded regions throughout 
Europe, attacking horses and cattle, especially in the 
nostrils. — Small Biting Fly. See Stomoxys calci- 
trans, Geoffroy. — Small Blinding Breeze-fly. See 
Chrysops ca'cutiens, Linne, Meigen. — Small Ram 
Breeze-fly. See Ha?natopota pluvialis, Meigen. — 
Solium (Syriac, Schuschl-i, the tapeworm, properly 
"chains" ; Arab. , susl or sosl ; Middle Age writers, 
solium, Krehl). The name applied by Andry to a 
species of tenia, " parce qu'il est toujours seul de 
son espece dans les corps ou il se trouve," hence the 
term " Ver solitaire," afterward improperly applied 
to this worm. The tooth-bearing Tania solium 
often occurs in groups. Andry's parasite was in 
reality the modern Tcenia saginata, Goeze. — 
Somomyia montevidensis, Bigot. See Lucilia 
macellaria, Robineau-Desvoidy. Speckkafer. See 
Dermestes lardarius, Linne. — Speckled Leech. See 
Hirudo medicmalis, Ray. — Sphsrogyna ventricosa, 
Moniez. An acaridan normally parasitic upon the 
larvae of various insects, but at times troublesome to 
laborers in the wheat-fields of Europe and America. — 
Sphodrus leucopthalmus, Clairville. A European 
beetle common in cellars. The larva is reported as 
parasitic by Paykull. — Spiroptera cincinnata, Erco- 
lani. See Spb-optera reticulata, Creplin. — Spiroptera 
hamulosa, Diesing. Syn., Chilospirura hamulosa, 
Diesing. Found on the mucous surface of the giz- 
zard in the domestic fowl in Brazil by Natterer. — 
Spiroptera hominis (Rudolphi), Owen, Dujardin. 
See Filaria piscium (Rudolphi), Siebold, Schneider. 
— Spiroptera inflata, Mehlis, Creplin (1840). See 
Tropidocerca inflata, Diesing (1861), and Tropidocerca 
paradoxa, Diesing. — Spiroptera leporum, Moniez. 
Found beneath the gastric mucous membrane of the 
rabbit and hare. — Spiroptera megastoma, Rudolphi. 
Syn., Filaria megastoma, Diesing. Forms tumors in 
the gastric mucous membrane of the horse and ass. 
— Spiroptera microstoma, Schneider. Found in the 
stomach of horses and asses. — Spiroptera murina, 
Leuckart. See Filaria obtusa, Schneider. — Spirop- 
tera nasuta, Rudolphi. See Disparagus nasutus, 
Rudolphi. — Spiroptera obtusa, Rudolphi. See Fi- 
laria obtusa, Schneider. — Spiroptera quadrialata, 
Molin. Found in the stomach of the house-mouse 
[Mas musculus, Linne). — Spiroptera ratti, Diesing. 
This was found in the urinary bladder of the house- 
rat (Afus rattus, Linne). — Spiroptera reticulata, 
Creplin. Syn., Spiroptera cincinnata, Ercolani, Ziim ; 
Onchocerca reticulata, Diesing ; Filaria cincinnata, 
Perroncito ; Filaria lienalis (sic), Stiles. Found in 
the collateral artery of the cannon and in the arteries 
adjoining the cervical ligaments, also in the connective 



PARASITES 



1011 



PARASITES 



tissue and muscles of the horse. — Spiroptera ru- 
dolphii, Delle Chiaje. See Filaria piscium, Rudol- 
phi. — Spiroptera sanguinolenta, Rudolphi. Syn., 
Filaria sanguinolenta, Grassi. Usually found lodged 
in tumors of the stomach and esophagus in the dog, 
but occasionally in the aorta, lungs, and lym- 
phatic glands. It is common in China and 
Brazil. The infective agent is the cockroach 
(Feriplaneta orientalis, Linne), which, according to 
Grassi, Sonsino. etc., is the intermediate host of the 
parasite, which is not to be regarded as a hematozoon. 
— Spiroptera scutata oesophagus bovis, Muller. 
See Myzomimus scutatus, Stiles. — Spiroptera sp., 
Gerstacker. Found in the walls of the stomach and 
the intestines of the house-rat (Afus musculus, Linne) 
and in the brown rat [Afus decumanus, Pallas). — 
Spiroptera sp., Bokody. Found encapsulated in the 
wall of the intestine of the domestic fowl. — Spirop- 
tera strongylina, Rudolphi. Syn., Filaria strongy- 
lina, Rudolphi. Found in the stomach of the hog 
and wild boar. — Spiroptera uncinata, Rudolphi. 
See Filaria uncinata, Rudolphi. — Sporozoon in the 
Intestinal Villi of Cattle, Theobald Smith. The 
evidence adduced is not sufficient to bring this para- 
site into any of the known groups, but it at least indi- 
cates that it does not belong to the coccidia, and that 
it has characters which might bring it within the range 
of the Sarcosporidice. — Springwurm. See Oxyuris 
vennicularis, Bremser. — Spulwurm. See Ascaris 
lumbricoides, Linne. — Stallfliege. See Cyrtoneura 
stabulans, Fallen. — Staphylinus frescipes, Staphy- 
linus politus, Staphylinus punctulatus. Beetles, 
the larva? of which are reported as facultative human 
parasites by Paykull, of Sweden. — Steatozoon follic- 
ulare, E. Wilson. See Demodex folliculorum, Owen. 
Stechmiicke. See Culex pipiens, Linne. — Stepha- 
nurus dentatus, Diesing. Syn., Sclerostoma pinguic- 
ula, Verrill. The Crown-tail Strongyle, Cobbold. 
The only species of its genus ; one of the most import- 
ant parasites of swine. It is found in pigs in Brazil, 
the United States, and Australia, in the mesentery and 
the fat about the viscera and " spare ribs. ' ' — Stilesia 
centripunctata, Rivolta (1874), Railliet (1893). Syn., 
Tcenia centripunctata, Rivolta (1874) ; Tcenia centri- 
punteggiata, Perroncito (1882). This is reported as 
a parasite of sheep and cattle, but there seems to be 
some doubt of its authenticity. — Stilesia globipunc- 
tata, Rivolta (1874), Railliet (1893). Syn., Tcenia 
globipunctata, Rivolta (1874) ; Tcenia ovipunctata, 
Rivolta (1874). This is a parasite of sheep and per- 
haps of cattle. — Stomoxys calcitrans, Geoffroy ; 
Gemeine Stechfiiege, Wadenstecher, Leg-sticker. A 
small biting-fly of wide distribution, closely resem- 
bling Musca domestica, but distinguished from it by 
its palps being as long as the proboscis. Bancroft, 
of Brisbane, finds it capable of absorbing the embryo 
of Filaria immitis of the dog, and Megnin con- 
siders it the most active agent in the inoculation of 
anthrax and septicemia. It is a very troublesome 
fly, particularly during the showery weather and sultry 
days, common in May, August, and September, 
attacking men and beasts. The latter may be pro- 
tected by washing them with a decoction of walnut 
leaves, one application a week. — - Storm-fly. See 
Hydrotcea meteorica, Davaine. — -Stratyomis sp., a fly. 
One case (larva?) reported by Hope (England).— 
Strongyloides intestinalis, Grassi. See Rhabdo- 
nema intestina, R. Blanchard. — Strongylus ammo- 
nis, Rudolphi. Referred by Dujardin to Sclerostoma 
kypostoma, Dujardin. — Strongylus anseris, Zeder. 
See Strongylus nodularis, Rudolphi. — Strongylus 
armatus, Rudolphi. See Sclerostoma armata, 



Dujardin. — Strongylus arnfieldi, Cobbold. Found 
in the trachea and bronchi of the domestic horse and 
ass. Cobbold referred the bronchial strongyle of the 
ass to Strongylus micrurus, Mehlis, of bovine animals, 
but Railliet has shown its identity with Strongylus arn- 
fieldi. — Strongylus axei, Cobbold. Found in the 
walls of the stomach in the domestic ass. — Strongylus 
bronchialis, Cobbold (i860). See Filaria lymphat- 
ica, Moquin-Tandon. — Strongylus bronchialis 
canis, Osier. See Filaria osleri, Cobbold. — Strongy- 
lus capreoli, Rudolphi. A doubtful species reported 
from an old Vienna catalogue as from the kidney of a 
goat. — Strongylus cernuus, Creplin. See Uncin- 
aria cemua, Creplin. — Strongylus clathratus, 
Baird. Syn., Sclerostomum clallirum (Baird). Found 
in the stomach and intestines of Indian and Afri- 
can elephants. — Strongylus commutatus, Diesing. 
Syn., Filaria leporis pulvwnalis, Frohlich. Found in 
the trachea and bronchi of hares and wild rabbits and 
rarely in the domestic rabbit. — Strongylus contortus, 
Rudolphi. Syn., Strongylus ovinus, Fabricius, Gmelin ; 
Strongylus fillicolis, Rudolphi. Found in the abomasum 
of the sheep, goat, argali, chamois, and cattle ; pro- 
ducing at times in Europe and the United States an 
epizootic disease (Magenwurmseuche), a kind of per- 
nicious anemia in lambs and yearling sheep. — 
Strongylus convolutus, Ostertag (1890). Syn., 
Strongylus ostertagi, Stiles (1893). Found frequently 
in the abomasum of cattle, causing a pernicious anemia 
and gastric catarrh in young animals. Stiles takes 
exception to the specific name convolutus as it was 
once employed for a parasite of the dolphin, now 
referred to the genus Pseudalus. We prefer to retain 
the discoverer's name. It may be, as suggested by 
Neumann, a variety of Strongylus contortus, Rudolphi. 
— Strongylus dentatus, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Ziirn. 
See (Esopkagostoma dentatum, Rudolphi. — Strongy- 
lus dorcadis, Rudolphi. Vienna catalogue (1821). 
See Strongylus filaria, Rudolphi. — Strongylus doug- 
lassii, Cobbold. This was found in the crop of the 
ostrich. — Strongylus duodenalis, Schneider (1866). 
See Dochmius dttodenalis, Leuckart (1876). — 
Strongylus elephanti (sic), Rudolphi (1819). See 
Ascaris lonchoptera, Diesing.— Strongylus elon- 
gatus, Dujardin. See Strongylus paradoxus, Meh- 
lis. — Strongylus equinus, Muller. See Sclerostoma 
armata, Dujardin. — Strongylus falcifer, Cobbold 
(1882). Found in the intestine of the Indian elephant. 
— Strongylus filaria, Rudolphi. This is found in the 
trachea and bronchi of the domestic sheep and cattle, 
goat, Bactrian camel, roebuck, fallow-deer, argali, 
and gazelle, producing a disease called " Hoose," or 
" Sheep-cough." Dujardin refers the Strongylus dor- 
cadis, Rudolphi, from the old Vienna catalogue, to 
this species. — Strongylus fillicolis, Rudolphi. There 
is a confusion of this worm with Strongylus contortus, 
Rudolphi, by early writers. It is found in the 
abomasum and small intestine of the domestic sheep 
and goat. According to Curtice it is frequently found 
in the United States in autumn and winter. The 
Trichosoma papillosum, Wedl, may be but a young 
form of this parasite. — Strongylus foliatus, Cobbold. 
Found in tumors of the stomach of the Indian ele- 
phant. — Strongylus gigas, Rudolphi (1802). See 
Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing (1851). — Strongylus 
hypostomus, Rudolphi, Bremser, Creplin, Diesing. 
See Sclerostoma hypostonmm, Dujardin. — Strongylus 
inflatus, Schneider. See CE.sophagostpma inflatutn, 
Schneider. — Strongylus longevaginatus, Diesing 
(1851). See Strongylus paradoxus, Mehlis (1830). 
Diesing, Weinland, Kuchenmeister, and Cobbold hold 
this to be identical with Filaria lymphatica, Moquin- 



PARASITES 



1012 



PARASITES 



Tandon. — Strongylus meleagris gallopavonis, 
Buckingham. See Syngamus trachealis, von Siebold. — 
Strongylus micrurus, Mehlis. Found in the arterial 
aneurysms, trachea, and bronchi of domestic cattle. An 
ovoviviparous species. The strongyle of horses and 
asses was formerly included in this species, but is now 
referred to Strongylus amfieldi by Cobbold and Rail- 
liet. — Strongylus minusculus, Neumann. See 
Strongylus tenuissimus, Mazzanti — Strongylus 
minutissimus, Megnin. This is shown by Railliet to 
be but a form of Strongylus rufescens, q.v. — Strongy- 
lus nodularis, Rudolphi. Syn., Ascaris mucronata, 
Frohlich; Strongylus anseris, Zeder. This is found in 
the esophagus, gizzard, and duodenum of the domestic 
goose. — Strongylus ostertagi, Stiles (1892). See 
Strongylus convolutus, Ostertag. — Strongylus ovi- 
nus, Fabricius, Gmelin. See Strongylus contortus, 
Rudolphi. — Strongylus ovis pulmonalis, Diesing, 
Curtice. See Strongylus rtefescens, Leuckart. — Stron- 
gylus paradoxus, Mehlis (1830). Syn., Strongylus 
elongatus (1845) ; Strongylus longevaginatus, Die- 
sing (185 1) ; Filaria trachealis, Bristowe and Rainey 
(1855) ; Metastrongylus longevaginatus, Molin (1861). 
Discovered at the end of the eighteenth century by 
Ebel in the lung of a wild boar; afterward by Modeer 
and Bremser, Rayer, Bellingham, Cobbold, etc., in 
the bronchial tubes of domestic swine, and by Jort- 
sits (or Jovitsits) in man, and by Koch in sheep.— 
Strongylus pergracilis, the parasite of the Red 
grouse (Lagopus scoticus) of Europe, causing so- 
called grouse-disease. — Strongylus pulmonalis, 
Ercolani, found in the bronchi and lungs of domestic 
cattle. — Strongylus pusillus, S. Mliller. This is 
found in the bronchi of hares and wild rabbits, rarely 
in the domestic rabbit, but very frequently in the cat ; 
according to Railliet and Neumann all cases of pul- 
monary helminthiasis in cats are due to this parasite, 
which is present in one-fourth of all cats examined. — 
Strongylus quadridentatus, von Siebold ( 185 1). See 
Dochmius duodenalis, Leuckart (1876). — Strongy- 
lus radiatus, Rudolphi. See Unchiaria radiata, 
Rudolphi. — Strongylus renalis, Moquin-Tandon 
(i860). See Euslrongylus gigas, Diesing (1850). — 
Strongylus retortseformis, Zeder, Rudolphi, Du- 
jardin. This infests the small intestine of the hare 
and wild rabbit. This name was incorrectly applied 
by Bremser to Strongylus strigosus, Dujardin. — 
Strongylus rubidus, Hassall and Stiles. An ex- 
tremely small species found in the stomachs of pigs in 
the United States. In some lots of hogs examined 
the parasite was present in 75 per cent. — Strongylus 
rufescens, Leuckart. Syn., Nematoideiun ovis pul- 
monale, Diesing; Pseudalius ovis pulmonalis, A. 
Koch ; Strongylus ovis pulmonalis, Curtice. This is 
found in the bronchi and pulmonary follicles of the 
domestic sheep, goat and roebuck. The Strongylus 
minutissimus, Megnin, which causes the verminous 
bronchitis of African sheep, is but a variety of this 
worm, as shown by Railliet. — Strongylus strigosus, 
Dujardin. Syn., Strongylus retortieformis, Bremser. 
This is very abundant in warren rabbits, giving rise to a 
fatal anemia. — Strongylus sublatus, Cobbold. Syn. , 
Hicmatozoon sublatum, Gurlt. Found in the veins of 
the dog. — Strongylus tenuis, Eberth. This is found 
in the intestine and cecum of the domestic goose. — 
Strongylus tenuissimus, Mazzanti (1891). Syn., 
Strongylus minusculus, Neumann. Found in the mu- 
cous membrane of the stomach of the horse. — Stron- 
gylus tetracanthus, Diesing. See Sclerostoma tefra- 
cantka, Diesing. — Strongylus trachealis, Nathusius. 
See Syngamus trachealis, von Siebold. — Strongy- 
lus trigonocephalus, Rudolphi. See Uncinaria 



trigonocephala (Rudolphi), Neumann. — Strongylus 
tubaeformis, Zeder. See Ankylostomum tuba- 
forme, Zeder. — Strongylus vasorum, Baillet. The 
adult worm is found in the right ventricle of the heart 
and in the lungs, the embryos in the pulmonary 
arteries of the domestic dog. — Strongylus ventrico- 
sus, Rudolphi. This is found in the stomach and 
small intestine of domestic cattle and European 
deer. — Strongylus venulosus, Rudolphi. See Un- 
cinaria radiata, Rudolphi. — Strongylus vitulorum, 
Rudolphi. See Ascaris vituli (Gmelin), Goeze. — 
Strongylus vulpis, Zeder. See Uncinaria trigono- 
cephala, Rudolphi. — Stubenfliege. See Musca 
domcstica, Linne. — Surra Parasite. See Trypano- 
soma evansii, Balbiani. — Swiss Tapeworm. See 
Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser. ■ — Symbiotes (1857). 
A genus of psoric acaridans founded by Gerlach 
(" Kratze und Raude, entomologisch und klinisch 
bearbeitet, Berlin," 1857). Megnin's grounds for 
referring all members of this genus to the genus Chori- 
optes, Gervais (1859), seem insufficient, as accord- 
ing to Scudder (Nomenclator zoologicus) the coleop- 
terous genus Symbiotes was not created by Redtenbacher 
until 1858 {Fauna austrica, " Die Kafer," 2te Auflage, 
Vienna, 1858, p. 371). We have therefore retained 
Gerlach' s genus. — Symbiotes auricularum, var. 
canis, var. cati, Neumann (1892). Syn., Sarcoptes 
cynotis, tiering (1834) ; Sarcoptes auricularum, Lucas 
and Nicolet (1849); Symbiotes canis, Bendz (1862); 
Symbiotes ecaudatus, Megnin (1876) ; Chorioptes ecau- 
datus, Megnin (1880); Psoroptes auricularis canis, Sew- 
ell (1891). This is found in the ears of dogs and cats, 
producing that form of otacariasis accompanied by 
epileptic symptoms, with which packs of hunting-dogs 
are often attacked. — Symbiotes avium, Caparini, 
(1880). See Epidermoptes bilobatus, Rivolta. — Sym- 
biotes canis, Bendz. See Symbiotes auricularum, 
var. canis, Neumann. — Symbiotes communis, Ver- 
heyen. Syn., Sarcoptes bovis (?), Hering ; Symbiotes 
bovis, Gerlach ; Symbiotes equi, Gerlach ; Dermatopha- 
gus bovis, Fiirstenberg ; Dermatophagoides scheremetew- 
ski, Bogdanow (1864) ; Symbiotes spathiferas, Meg- 
nin (1876) ; Chorioptes spathiferus , Megnin (18S0) ; 
Chorioptes symbiotes, var. bovis, R. Blanchard (1 890) ; 
Chorioptes communis , var. ovis, Verheyen ; Foot-scab. 
This parasite lives in colonies, and without excavating 
sub epidermic galleries causes a localized scabies; 
especially on horses and cattle but also on the goat, 
sheep, and rabbit, and is, according to Bogdanow 
and Ziirn transmissible to man. — Symbiotes ecau- 
datus, Megnin. See Symbiotes auricularum, var. 
canis, var. cati, Neumann. — Symbiotes spathiferus, 
Megnin. See Symbiotes communis, Verheyen. — 
Symplectoptes cysticola, Railliet (1885). Syn., 
Epidermoptes cysticola, Rivolta (1880) ; Sarcoptes 
cysticola, Vizioli (1870) ; Laminosioptes gallinarum, 
Megnin (1S80). An acaridan peculiar to the Galli- 
nacecc, living in the connective tissue of the abdominal 
viscera, peritoneum, muscles, and beneath the skin of 
fowls, pheasants, and turkeys, especially old birds. — 
Synchytrium miescherianum, Kuhn. See Sarco- 
cystis miescheri, Ray Lankester. — Syngamus bron- 
chialis, Mlihleg (18S4). Found in the larynx, trachea, 
and bronchi of geese by Pezibylka (1853-4) and Miih- 
leg (1S84). The specimens found in ducks by Hayem 
and referred by him to Sclerostoma armatum, Diesing, 
may belong here. — Syngamus primitivus, Molin. 
See Syngamus trachealis, Siebold. — Syngamus 
sclerostomum, Molin. See Syngamus trachealis, v. 
Siebold. — Syngamus trachealis, von Siebold (1S36- 
'37-42), Vouat (1840), Guilt (1841), Dujardin 
(1845), Ehlers (1S72), Perrier (1S75), Megnin (1883), 



PARASITES 



1013 



PARASITES 



Walker (18S4), Neumann (1S92). Syn. , Distoma 
lineare (tracheale), Rudolphi ( 1800 ) ; Fasciola 
trachea, Montagu (1811) ; Strongylus trachealis, 
Nathusius ( 1837 ), v. Siebold (183S), Creplin 
(1846) ; Strongylus meleagris gallopavonis, Belling- 
ham (1843) ; Sclerostomum tracheale, Dieting (1851) ; 
Sderostoma syngamus, Diesing (1851), Cobbold 
(1864), Davaine (1877) ; Syngamus sclerostomum, 
Molin (1861) ; Syngamus primitivus, Molin (1861) ; 
Forked Worm: Red-worm of Gamekeepers. The 
cause of gapes in the domestic fowl, peacock, turkey, 
partridge, black stork, magpie, hooded crow, green 
woodpecker, starling, swift, robin, etc. The investi- 
gations of H. D. Walker indicate the earthworm 
as the intermediate host of this worm. — Tabanus 
albifacies, Fabricius (1792-4). A breeze-fly, very 
widely spread in Egypt, called by the Arabian 
fellahs- or bedouins El Debab or Debane (Fly), 
and falsely blamed by them for a mortality among 
their horses and camels, but which, according to 
Piot, is really due to hydatid cysts in the lungs. — 
Tabanus albipes, Fabricius. Syn., The White-footed 
Breeze-fly. — Tabanus ater, Meigen. See Tabanus 
morio, Latreille. — Tabanus atratus, Fabricius 
(1775). Syn., Black Horse-fly. The large, common 
gad-fly of the United States. — Tabanus autumnalis, 
Linne. Syn. , The Autumnal Breeze-fly ; Taon a' au- 
tomne. A European species. — Tabanus bovinus, 
Linne. Syn., The Ox Breeze-fly ; Ox Gad-fly ; Great 
Breeze-fly, Gros taon, Taon des bceufs, Rinderbreinse . 
A wide-spread and formidable species. The blood- 
sucking females are equally troublesome to cattle and 
horses. — Tabanus bromius, Linne. Syn., The Noisy 
Breeze- fly ; Taon bruyant. Common in Europe, espe- 
cially in wooded regions. — Tabanus fulvus, Meigen. 
Syn., The Tawny Breeze- fly. A European species. — 
Tabanus lineola, Fabricius. A very common 
American gad-fly. — Tabanus luridus, Fallen. A 
European species common in wooded regions. — Tab- 
anus morio, Latreille. Syn., Tabanus ater, Meigen ; 
The Black Breeze fly ; Taon noir. A common Euro- 
pean species. — Tabanus rusticus. Syn., The Rustic 
Breeze-fly ; Taon rustique. A common European spe- 
cies. — Tabanus tectus, Riley. A crepuscular species 
reported from Missouri, by G. M. Dodge, as swarm- 
ing upon cattle and horses after sunset during June and 
July, rendering them well nigh frantic in their efforts 
to escape. — Tabanus tropicus, Linne. A European 
species common in woods, lawiai, Aristotle. See 
Tcenia solium, Linne. Taenia a articl courtes, Bon- 
net. See Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser (1819). — 
Taenia a epine, Andry. This name was based upon 
the belief that the uterine coils of the worm were ver- 
tebra. It refers to the modern Bothriocephalus. — 
Taenia abietina, Weinland (1858). See Tcenia 
saginata, Goeze. — Taenia acanthotrias, Weinland 
( 1858), Leuckart. This name was applied by 
Weinland and Leuckart, to a tapeworm of which 
only the finn with three rows of hooks has been 
described under the name Cysticercus acanthotria, 
Weinland (1858). Kuchenmeister, Davaine, Cobbold, 
and Dallinger, regard it as but a variation of Cysticer- 
cus cellulose, — Taenia aculeata, Perroncito (1882). 
See Thysanosoma giardi, Rivolta (1878), Stiles (1893). 
— Taenia acutissima, Pallas. See Tcenia lanceolata, 
Bloch. — Taenia aequabiles, Rudolphi (1810). This 
cestode was found by Rudolphi in the intestine of the 
swan [Cygnus fer us), and by Bremser in that of Cygnus 
olor ; rare. — Taenia alba, Perroncito (1879). See 
Moniezia alba,R. Blanchard (1891). Found in the 
intestine of domestic sheep and cattle. — Taenia albo- 
punctata hominis, Treutler. See Tcenia solium, 



Linne. — Taenia alpaca. Only the finn observed 
hitherto. — Taenia anatina, Krabbe (1866-67). This 
cestode is found in the intestine of the domestic 
duck. — Taenia anatis, $ lineata, Gmelin. See 
Tcenia trilineata, Batsch. — Taenia anserum, Fischer. 
See Tcenia lanceolata, Bloch. — Taenia apri, Gmelin. 
See Tcenia marginata, Batsch. — Taenia articulis 
conoideis, Bloch. See Tcenia infundibuliformis, 
Goeze. — Taenia articulus demittens, Dyonis. 
See Taenia solium, Linne. — Taenia avium, Pallas. 
See Tenia fringillarum, Rudolphi. — Taenia bene- 
deni, Moniez (1879). See Moniezia benedeni, 
R. Blanchard (1891), and Moniezia trigonophora, 
Stiles and Hassall ( 1893 )• Found in the intes- 
tine of the domestic sheep. — Taenia botryopli- 
tis, Piana (1881). Found in the intestine of the 
domestic fowl. The larva or finn, Cysticercus tcenia 
bothryoplitis, occurs in the snails, Helix carthusia- 
nella and Helix maculosa. — Taenia bovina, Gme- 
lin. See Tcenia marginata, Batsch. — Taenia bra- 
chydera, Diesing (1 854). Found in the small in- 
testine of the brown rat [Mus decumanus, Pallas) 
by Bellingham, of Ireland. — Taenia canina, Bloch, 
Carlisle. See Tcenia serrata, Goeze. — Taenia canina, 
Linne (1767), Pallas (1781), Batsch (1786). Syn., 
Tenia osculis marginalibus oppo- 
sitis, Linne ( I 748) ; Tcenia monil- 
iformis, Pallas (1781), Schrank 
(1788) ; Tenia cucumerina, Bloch 
(1782); Tcenia canina felis, 
Werner (1782) ; Tcenia elliptica, 
Batsch (1786); Tania cateni- 
formis, Goeze (1787) ; Tcenia 
caleniformis e felis, Gmelin 
(1788) ; Tcenia (Alyselminthus) 
cuniceps, Zeder (1800), Rudolphi 
(1810) ; Alyselminthus elliptica, 
Zeder (1800) ; Tcenia [Alyselmin- 
thus) cuciunerina, Weinland 
( 1 85 8) ; Tcenia (£> ipy lidi u m) 
cuciunerina, Leuckart (1863). 
This is found in the small intes- taenia canina, Linn£. 
tine of dogs, cats, and man; in {After Leuckart.) 
the latter its occurrence is rare 

and only during childhood. The larva or finn [Cysti- 
cercus tcenice ellipticce, Batsch ; Cryptocystis trichodectis, 
Villot) has for its hosts the fleas of dogs, cats and 
man [Pulex serraticeps, Gervais, and Pulex irritans, 
Linne), and the dog-louse [Tricodectes canis,de Geer). 
— Taenia canina solium, Werner. See Tcenia ser- 
rata, Goeze. — Taenia canis lagopodis, Rudolphi, 
Viborg. Syn., Tcenia pseudo-cucumerina, Baillet. 
This is found in the small intestine of the isatis 
[Canis lagopus, Linne), or arctic fox, and in the cat, the 
dog, and the house-mouse [Mus muscnlus, Linne). — 
Taenia cantaniana, Polonio. Found in the intes- 
tine of the domestic turkey. — Taenia capensis, 
Kuchenmeister, Moquin-Tandon. See Tenia sagi- 
nata, Goeze. — Taenia capite bonae spei, Kuchen- 
meister. See Tenia saginata, Goeze. — Taenia caprae, 
Rudolphi (1810) ; Taenia capreoli, Viborg (1795). 
Provisional names given to fragments of worms ob- 
tained from the intestine of the domestic goat. As a 
result of recent investigation Stiles concludes that 
these two species should be entirely ignored. — Taenia 
caprina, Abildgaard (1789). See Linguatula rhin- 
aria, Railliet (1886). — Taenia caprina. Gmelin. See 
Tcenia maiginata, Batsch. — Taenia cateniformis, 
Goeze (1877) ; Taenia cateniformis, var. E felis, 
Gmelin (1788). See Tcenia canina, Linne (1767). — 
Taenia cateniformis, Rudolphi (1810). See Tcenia 
echinococcus, von Siebold (1853). — Taenia cateni- 




PARASITES 



1014 



PARASITES 



formis of Glirium, Gmelin. See Tania pumilla, 
Goeze. — Taenia cateniformis lupi, Goeze. See 
Tania marginata, Batsch. — Taenia cateniformis 
vulpis, Borke. See Taenia pseudo-cucumerina, Baillet. 
— Taenia cellulosa, Gmelin. See Tania solium, 
Linne. Taenia centripunctata, Rivolta (1874). See 
Stilesia centripunctala, Railliet (1893). Found in 
sheep. — Taenia centripunteggiata, Perroncito 
(1882). See Stilesia centripunctala, Railliet (1893). — 
Taenia cesticillus, Molin. Syn., Tania infundibuli- 
formis, Dujardin. A common species found in the 
intestine of the domestic fowl. The larva [Cysti- 
cercus tania infundibuliformis, Goeze) is found in 
the house-fly. Megnin considers Tenia cesticillus to 
be only an incomplete state of Tania echinobothride. 
— Taenia ccenurus, KUchenmeister (1853). Found 
in the small intestine of the dog. The larva [Ccenu- 
rus cerebralis, Rudolphi) is found in the brain, con- 
nective tissue, and spinal cord of domestic cattle, 
sheep, dromedary, and horse. It is the cause of the 
symptoms known as "gid," "sturdy," "staggers," or 
" turnside " in sheep. — Taenia collari nigro, Bloch ; 
Taenia collaris, Bloch. See Tenia sinuosa, Ru- 
dolphi. — Taenia collo brevissimo, Bloch. See 
Tania crassicollis, Rudolphi. — Taenia collo longis- 
simo, Bloch. See Tania gracilis (Zeder), Rudolphi. 
— Taenia communis, Moquin-Tandon. See Tania 
solium, Linne. — Taenia conica, Molin. Found in 
the intestine of the domestic duck. — Taenia conoi- 
dea, Schrank. See Tania infundibuli formis, Goeze. 
— Taenia continua, Colin. An anomalous form of 
Tania solium, Linne (a. v.). Taenia coronula, Du- 
jardin. Found in the intestine of the domestic duck. 
— Taenia crassicollis, Rudolphi (1819), Bremser, 
Gurlt, Dujardin (1845), Diesing (1850). Syn., 
Tania cucurbitina, Pallas ; Tania collo brevissimo, 
Bloch ; Tania serrata felis, Goeze, Batsch, Schrank, 
Gmelin, Rudolphi ; Tania moniliformis, Batsch, 
Gmelin ; Tenia felis, Carlisle, Gmelin ; Alyselmin- 
thus serratus, Zeder ; Halysis serrata, Zeder ; Tania 
semiteres, Baird. Found in the small intestine of do- 
mestic cats and various wild Felida [Felis catus ferus, 
Felis concolor, Felis mellivora, Felis onca, Felis par- 
dalis, Felis macroura, Felis tigrina) , giving rise at times 
to an epizooty among them, accompanied by epilepti- 
form attacks and chronic enteritis. The larva [Cysticer- 
cus fasciolaris, Rudolphi) is found encapsulated in the 
liver of the brown or Norway rat [Mas decumanus, 
Pallas) , in that of the black rat or house-rat [Mus rat- 
tus, Linne), in the house-mouse [Mus musculus, Linne), 
as well as in moles and water-rats. Baird' s specimen 
is regarded by Neumann as but a monstrous form of 
this species. R. Blanchard includes Tania crassicollis, 
Diesing (1851), among the synonyms of Tania echin- 
ococcus, von Siebold, of the dog. — -Taenia crassula, 
Rudolphi. Found in the intestine of the pigeon ; rare. 
— Taenia cucumerina, Bloch (1782), Weinland 
(1858), Leuckart (1863). See Tania canina, Linne 
(1767). This is included among the synonyms of 
Tenia echinococcus, von Siebold, by R. Blanchard. 
— Taenia cucurbitina, Pallas (1781), Bloch (1782), 
Goeze (1782), Batsch (1786), Schrank (1788). See 
Tania solium, Linne (1767), Rudolphi (1819) ; 
Tania saginata, Goeze (1782) ; Tenia serrata, 
Goeze (1782) ; Tania crassicollis, Rudolphi ; 
Tania marginata, Batsch ; and Tania pucilla, 
Goeze. — Taenia cucurbitina plana pellucida, Goeze. 
See Tenia solium, Linne.— Taenia cuneata, Batsch, 
von Linstow. See Tania infuniiibuliformis, Goeze. 
— Taenia cuniceps, Zeder (1800), Rudolphi (1810). 
See Tenia canina, Linne (1767). Taenia cysti- 
cerci tenuicollis, Leuckart. See Tenia marginata, 



Batsch. — Taenia degener, Spigel. See Tenia solium, 
Linne. — Taenia dentata, Batsch (1786), Gmelin 
(1790), Nicolai (1830). See Bothriocephalic latus, 
Bremser ; Tania saginata, Goeze (1782) ; and 
Tenia solium (Linne), Rudolphi. — Taenia denti- 
colata, Perroncito (1882). See Moniezia denticu- 
lata, R. Blanchard (1891). — Taenia denticulata, 
Rudolphi (1810), Mayer (after Baird, 1853), Neu 
mann (1892). See Moniezia benedeni, R. Blanchard 
(1891); Moniezia denticulata, R. Blanchard (1891); 
and Moniezia expansa, R. Blanchard (1891). This 
is found in the intestine of domestic cattle. — Taenia 
diminuta, Rudolphi. See Tania flavopunctata, 
Weinland (1858). — Taenia echinobotrida, Megnin. 
Found in the intestine of the domestic fowl. 
Megnin considers this to be the complete stage of 
Tania cesticillus, which has lost its hooks and 
suckers. — Taenia echinococcus, von Siebold (1853), 
Leuckart. Syn., Tania cateniformis, Rudolphi 
(1810); Tania cucumerina, Bloch (1810) ; Tania 
visceralis socialis granulosa, Goeze ; Terratas, Roll 
(1852) [nee Goeze 1782) ; Tania granulosa, Gmelin, 
Prochaska ; Tania serrata rolli, Kuchenmeister ; 
Tania echinococcus scoliopariens, Kuchenmeister ; 
Tania nana, van Beneden (1861) [nee Bilharz et von 
Siebold 1853) ; Echinococcifer echinococcus, Weinland 
(1861). This worm in its adult or strobila state infests 
only the small intestine of the dog and the wolf. The 
well-known larva [Echinococcus polymorphic, Diesing, 
q. v.) is found in the viscera of man, swine, sheep, 
goat, cattle, dromedary, Bactrian camel, and domes- 
tic ass. — Taenia echinococcus scoliopariens, 
Kuchenmeister. See Tania echinococcus, von Sie- 
bold (1853). — Taenia elliptica, Batsch (1786). See 
Tania canina, Linne (1767). — Taenia equina, 
Pallas, Miiller, Chabert. See Tania perfoliata, 
Goeze ; and Tania plicata, Rudolphi. — Taenia ex 
cysticerco tenuicolli, Kuchenmeister. See Tania 
marginata, Batsch. — Taenia exilis, Dujardin. Found 
in the intestines of domestic fowls. — Taenia ex- 
pansa, Rudolphi (1810), Railliet, Neumann, Per- 
roncito, Curtice, McMunich and various authors. 
See Moniezia expansa, R. Blanchard ( 1891 ) ; Mo- 
niezia pianissimo, Stiles and Hassell ( 1892 ) ; and 
Moniezia trigonophora, Stiles and Hassell (1793). 
[Tania capra, Rudolphi, probably belongs here). 
Found in the intestine of domestic sheep, goats, and 
cattle. — Taenia fasciata, Feuereisen. See Tania seti- 
gera, Frohlich. — Taenia fasci- 
ata, Rudolphi. Found in the in- 
testine of the domestic goose. — 
Taenia fasciolaris, Pallas. 
Syn., Tania malleus, Goeze. 
Found in domestic fowls. — 
Taenia felis, Carlisle. See Tenia 
crassicollis, Rudolphi. — - Taenia 
fenestrata, Delle, Chiaje. The 
name applied to tapeworms ex- 
hibiting an anomalous perforated 
condition, first observed and de- 
scribed by Masars de Cazeles in 
Tania saginata, afterward by 
Notta and Marfan in Tenia 
solium, Linne. —Taenia ferra- 
rum, Gmelin. See Tenia margi- 
nata, Batsch. — Taenia fimbri- 
ata, Diesing (1850). See Thy- 
sanosoma actinioides, Diesing 
(1834), Stiles (1892). The cause of most of the 
tapeworm-disease among western ( U. S. ) sheep. 
— Taenia finna, Gmelin. See Tania solium, Linne. 
— Taenia flavopunctata, Weinland (1858). Syn., 




TAENIA FLAVOPUNC- 
TATA, Weinland. 
(From Leuckart, 
after Weinland.) 



PARASITES 



1015 



PARASITES 



Tcenia diminuta, Rudolphi ; Ticnia hptocephala, Crep- 
lin ; Hymenolepis flavopunctata, Weinland (1S58). 
This tapeworm has been found but five times in 
man, in America (Weinland, Leidy) and Italy (Pa- 
rana, Grassi). It is not at all uncommon in the 
intestine of the brown or Norway rat (Mus decu- 
manus, Pallas), in the house-mouse (Mus musculus, 
Linne), and in the black rat or house-rat (A/us raitus, 
Linne). The larva or finn [Cysticercus taniee jlavo- 
punctatee, Weinland, Rudolphi) is found in certain 
insects, e. g., Anisolabris annulipes, Lucas. — Taenia 
fringillarum, Rudolphi. Syn., Tcenia avium, Pallas; 
Tcenia passeris, Gmelin ; Halysis passeris, Zeder. 
This tapeworm is commonly found in the intestine 
of the domestic sparrow (Fringilla domestica et 
canabina, Pallas, F. linaria, F. montana, F. spinus). 
— Taenia fusa, Colin. An anomalous form of 
Tcenia solium, Linne, q. v. — Taenia giardi, Moniez 
(1879). See Thysanosoma giardi, Rivolta (1878), 
Stiles (1893). — Taenia globipunctata, Rivolta. 
See Stilesia globipunctata, Rivolta (1874), Railliet 
(1893). A species found in domestic sheep and 
cattle. — Taenia globosa, Rudolphi. See Tcenia 
marginata, Batsch. — Taenia gracilis (Zeder), Ru- 
dolphi. Syn., Tcenia collo longissimo, Bloch ; Halysis 
gracilis, Zeder. This is found in the domestic duck ; 
a cysticercoid found by Scott in the ostracode crus- 
tacean (Candona rostrata) is thought to be the finn 
of this worm. — Taenia grandis saginata, Goeze. 
See Tcenia solium, Linne. — Taenia granulosa, 
Gmelin (1790), Prochaska. See Tcenia echinococcus, 
von Siebold (1853), and Echinococcus polymorphus, 
Diesing (1851). — Taenia grisea, Pallas ( 1766), or 
grysea (sic), Schrank (1788). See Bothriocephalus 
latus, Bremser. — Taenia humanis inermis, Brera 
(1802). See Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser (1819) . — 
Taenia hydatigena, Pallas. See Tcenia marginata, 
Batsch. Cf. Cysticercus tcenice solii, Leuckart. — Taenia 
hydatigena anomala, Steinbach ; Taenia hydati- 
gena suilla, Fabricius. See Taenia solium, Linne. 
— Taenia hydatula, Linne. See Tcenia marginata, 
Batsch. — Taenia imbricata, Diesing (1854). Syn., 
Tcenia pusilla (?), Bellingham. Found in the small 
intestine of the house-mouse (Mus musculus, Linne). 
— Taenia imbutiformis, Polonio. Found in the 
intestine of the domestic duck. — Taenia inermis, 
Moquin-Tandon (i860) ; Taenia inermis hominis, 
Brera (pro parte) (1802). See Tenia saginata, 
Goeze (1782). — -Taenia infundibuliformis, Dujardin. 
See Tcenia cesticillus, Molin. — Taenia infundibuli- 
formis, Goeze, Batsch, Siebold, von Linstow. Syn., 
Tcenia avium, Pallas (ex parte) ; Tcenia infundibulum, 
Bloch ; Tcenia articulis conoideis, Bloch ; Tenia cune- 
ata, Batsch ; Tcenia conoidea, Schrank ; Alyselminthus 
infundibuliformis , Zeder ; Halysis infundibuliformis, 
Zeder; Tcenia phasiani cochlici, Rudolphi. This en- 
tozoon is found in large numbers in fowls. According 
to Grassi and Rovelli the cysticercus of this tenia has 
for its intermediate host an earthworm (Allolobophora 
foztida, Eisen). Cf Tcenia sinuosa, Rudolphi. — Taenia 
infundibulum, Bloch. See Tcenia infundibuliformis, 
Goeze. — Taenia krabbei, Moniez. An Icelandic 
species found in the intestine of the domestic dog. 
The larva or finn occurs in the reindeer (Cervus tar- 
andu<:, Linne). — Taenia lanceolata, Bloch, Goeze, 
Batsch, Schrank, Gmelin, Frohlich, Creplin, Dujardin. 
Syn., Tcenia anserum, Frisch (1727); Tcenia acu- 
tissima, Pallas; Halysis lanceolata, Dujardin, Zeder. 
Most frequently found in the intestine of the domes- 
tic goose, often, according to its discoverer Frisch, 
producing a veritable epizooty. — Taenia lanceolata, 
Chabert (1787). See Linguatula rhinaria, Railliet 



(1886).— Taenia lata, Linne (1748); Taenia lata 
event, grisea, Pallas (1776). See Bothriocephalus 
latus, Bremser. — Taenia lata, Tutscheck, observed 
by Tumale (Africa). See Tcenia saginata. — Taenia 
lata, Pruner (1847), included by R. Blanchard 
among the synonyms of Tcenia saginata, Goeze, and 
by Cobbold among those of Tcenia solium (Linne), 
Rudolphi. — Taenia lata, Reinstein. See Tcenia soli- 
um, Linne, Rudolphi. — Taenia leptocephala, Crep- 
lin. See Tenia flavopunctata , Weinland. — Taenia 
lineata, Bloch. See Tcenia trilineata, Batsch. — 
Taenia lineata, Goeze, Batsch, Schrank, Gmelin, 
Diesing. With this species found in the wild-cat, 
Hamann (1885) has classed a form expelled by a 
domestic dog. — Taenia litterata, Batsch. See Tcenia 
pseudo-cucumerina , Baillet. — Taenia litterata, Goeze. 
See Tcenia pseudo-elliptica, Baillet. — Taenia longi- 
rostris, Frohlich. See Tcenia trilineata, Batsch. — 
Taenia lophosoma, Cobbold. See Tcenia saginata, 
Goeze (1872). Cobbold insists that this is a good 
species despite the criticisms bestowed upon his de- 
termination. — Taenia lupina, Schrank, Goeze. See 
Tcenia marginata, Batsch. — Taenia madagascari- 
ensis, Davaine (1869). Syn., Tcenia ex cysticerco 
tenuicolli, Kiichenmeister. Found in the human 
intestine. — Taenia magna, Abildgaard. See Tcenia 
plicata, Rudolphi. — Taenia malleus, Goeze. See 
Tcenia fasciolaris, Pallas. — Taenia mammillaria, 
Mehlis, Diesing, Neumann. Found in the intestine of 
the horse. — Taenia marginata, Batsch, Rudolphi, 
Dujardin, Diesing, Cobbold. Syn., Tenia cucurbiti- 
na, Pallas, Bloch ; Tcenia cateniformis lupi, Goeze ; 
Tcenia lupina, Schrank, Goeze ; Tcenia ex cysticerco 
tenuicolli, Kiichenmeister ; Tcenia tenuicollis, Gun- 
ther, Moquin-Tandon ; Tcenia hydatigena, Pallas, 
Bloch; Tcenia hydatula, Linne; Tcenia globosa , Ru- 
dolphi, Gmelin ; Tcenia simice, Gmelin ; 1'cenia fer- 
ra?'um, Gmelin ; Tcenia caprina, Gmelin ; Tcenia 
ovilla, Gmelin ; Tcenia vervicina, Gmelin; Tcenia bo- 
vina, Gmelin ; Tcenia apri, Gmelin ; Halysis margi- 
nata, Zeder ; Tcenia cysticerci tenuicollis, Leuckart. 
This is the largest of the tapeworms infesting the 
dog and wolf. The finn or larva ( Cysticercus tcenice 
marginatce, Batsch-Diesing, q. v.), is found in various 
ruminants, sheep, goats, hogs, horses, squirrels, mon- 
keys, and man. — Taenia mediocanellata, Kiichen- 
meister (1852). The parasite described as new under 
this name by Kiichenmeister being in reality a speci- 
men of Tcenia solium, the name was unfortunately 
transferred to the unarmed species, but it should be 
dropped. " It is surely not only justifiable, but really 
demanded by the rules of zoologic nomenclature, 
that the thoroughly unsuitable designation ' medio- 
canellata ' should be replaced by Goeze's very appro- 
priate name ' saginata,' and since Kiichenmeister 
has himself declared that he was prepared to accept 
any name more suitable than his own, I have no scruples 
in using the name Tenia saginata" (Leuckart). — 
Taenia megaloon, Weinland. See Tenia saginata, 
Goeze. — Taenia megalops, Nitzsch, Neumann. 
Found in the intestine of the domestic duck. — Taenia 
membranacea, Pallas (1781), Batsch (1786). See 
Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser (1819). — Taenia mi- 
crostoma, Dujardin, Diesing. This is found in the 
intestine of the house-mouse (Mus musculus, Linne), 
and of the house-rat (Mus rattus, Linne). The larva 
or finn occurs in the insect Anisolabris annulipes, 
Lucas.— Taenia moniliformis, Batsch, Gmelin. 
See Tcenia crassicollis, Rudolphi (1819). — Taenia 
moniliformis, Pallas (1781), Schrank (1788). See 
Tcenia canina, Linne (1767). — Taenia murina, 
Dujardin. A platode found in the intestine of the 



PARASITES 



1016 



PARASITES 



brown rat (A/us decumanus, Pallas), and of the house- 
mouse (Mus musculus, Linne). — Taenia musculi, 
Rudolphi, Diesing. Syn., Tania tenella, Pallas. 
Found in the abdominal cavity of the house-mouse 
(Mus musculus, Linne) ; a doubtful species. — Taenia 
nana, van Beneden (1861) ; 
nee Bilharz et von Siebold 
(1853). See Tania echinococcus, 
von Siebold (1853). — Taenia 
nana (Bilharz), von Siebold 
(1853). Syn. , Diplacanthus 
nanus, Weinland (1858) ; Hy- 
menolepis ( Tania) nana, Leuck- 
art (1863). A small species found 
in man, especially in children. — 
Taenia nigra, Laboulbene. A 
variety characterized by having a 
pigmented scolex. According to 
Blanchard it is nothing more 
than a Tania saginata affected 




Head of Taenia nana, von Siebold ; 
with retracted rostellum. (X 75.) 
A. An isolated hook. (X 300.) (After 
Leuckart.) 




TAENIA NANA, VOn 
Siebold. (X 10.) Egg of T^nia nana, von Siebold. 
(After Leuckart.) (X 3°°-) (After Leuckart.) 

with melanosis. — Taenia osculis marginalibus op- 
positis, Linne (1748). See Tania canina, Linne 
(1767). — Taenia osculis marginalibus solitariis 
Linne (1748), Bradley. See Tania solium, Linne 
— Taenia ovilla, Gmelin. See Tania marginata 
Batsch. — Taenia ovilla, Rivolta (1878). See Thy 
sanosoma giardi, Rivolta (1868), Stiles (1893).— 
Taenia ovina, Goeze (1782), Batsch (1786), Schranl 
(1788), Gmelin (1789). See Moniezia expansa, F 
Blanchard (1891). — Taenia ovipunctata, Rivolta 
{1874). See Stilesia globipunctata, Railliet (1893). — 
Taenia passeris, Gmelin. See Tania fringillarum, 
Rudolphi. — Taenia pectinata, Goeze. This tape- 
worm (possibly the name includes several species) 
is found in the intestine and stomach of the do- 
mestic rabbit. The tapeworms of rabbits and hares, 
owing to their variable characters, have been 
grouped by Riehm into the following species: 
Tenia rhopalocephala, Riehm; Tenia wimerosa, 
Moniez; Dipylidium latissimum, Riehm; Dipy- 
lidium leuckarti, Riehm ; Dipylidium pectinatum, 
Riehm. — -Taenia perfoliata, Goeze, Schrank, Rudol- 
phi, Bremser, Gurlt, Dujardin, Diesing, Neumann. 
Syn., Tenia equina, FaUas, Batsch, Gmelin ; Tenia 
quadrilobata, Abildgaard ; Alyselminthus lobatus, 
Zeder; Halysis perfoliata , Zeder. A platode found in 
the small intestine and colon of the horse. — Taenia 



phasiani cochlici, Rudolphi. See Tania infundibuli- 
formis, Goeze. — Taenia plana pellucida, Goeze 
(1782). See Tania solium (Linne), Rudolphi (1810). 
— Taenia plicata, Rudolphi, Bremser, Gurlt, Dujardin, 
Diesing, Neumann. Syn., Tania equina, Pallas, Miil- 
ler, Chabert ; Tenia magna, Abildgaard ; Alyselmin- 
tlius plieatus, Zeder ; Halysis plicata, Zeder. A form 
found in the small intestine and stomach of the horse. 
— Taenia prima, Plater (1603). See Bothrioecphalus 
la/us, Bremser (1819). — Taenia proglottina, Davaine. 
Found in the intestine of the domestic fowl. The 
larva or finn occurs in the snails, Limax agrestis, 
Linne, and Limax variegatus, Draper. — Taenia 
pseudo-cucumerina, Baillet. Syn., Tenia cateni- 
formis vulpis, Borke apud Goeze, Schrank, Gmelin ; 
Tenia litterata, Batsch, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Diesing; 
Alyselminthus litter atus, Zeder; Halysis litterata, 
Zeder. Found in the dog in Iceland. — Taenia 
pseudo-elliptica, Baillet. Syn., Tania litterata, 
Goeze. Found in the cat. Resembles closely and is 
perhaps identical with the Tenia pseudo-cucumerina, 
Baillet, of the dog. — Taenia pusilla, Bellingham. 
See Tania imbricata, Diesing. — Taenia pusilla, 
Goeze, Batsch, Schrank, Rudolphi, Dujardin, 
Diesing. Syn. , Tania cucurbitina, Pallas ; Tania 
cateniformis, e Gilrium, Gmelin ; Alyselminthus ptisil- 
lus, Zeder; Halysis pusilla, Zeder. Found in the 
small intestine of the brown rat (Mus decumanus, Pal- 
las), and of the house-mouse (A/us musculus, Linne), 
and of the house-rat (A/us rattus, Linne), and in A/us 
sylvaticus. — Taenia quadrilobata, Abildgaard. See 
Tania perfoliata, Goeze. — Taenia ratti, Rudolphi, 
Diesing. Found in the intestine of the house-rat 
(A/us rattus, Linne). — Taenia relicta, Zschokke. 
Found in the intestine of the brown rat (A/us decu- 
manus, Pallas). — Taenia 
rhinaria, Pilger (1802). 
See Lin^uatula rhinaria, 
Railliet (1886). — Taenia 
rhopaliocephala, Riehm. 
See Tenia pectinata, 
Goeze. — Taenia sagi- 
nata, Goeze (1782). 
Syn. , Tania s li u m , 




Cephalic end of Taenia Sag- 
inata, Goeze: (A) in re- 
tracted, and (B) extended 
state. (After Leuckart.) 




Taenia saginata, Goeze. 
(After Leuckart.) 



Linne, pro parte (1767); Tan ia cucurbitina, Pallas, 

pro parte (1781) ; Tania inermis hominis, Brera, 
pro parte (1802) ; Pentastoma coarctata, Virey (1823); 



PARASITES 



1017 



PARASITES 



Tenia dentata, Nicolai (1S30) ; Ticnia lata, Pru- 
ner (1847), Tutschek ; Bothriocephalits tropicus, 
Schmidtmuller (1847); Teenia mediocanellata, Kiichen- 
meister; Tenia sans Spine, Andry ; Ver solitaire, 
Andry ; Taenia solium, var. mediocanellata, Diesing 
(1S54) ; Tenia e capite bonce spei, Kiichenmeister; 
Tenia votn Kap der gulen Hoffnung, Kiichenmeister 

51855) ; Teniarhynchus mediocanellatus, Weinland 
1SS4) ; Tenia solium , var. abietina, Weinland (1858) ; 
Tenia megaloon, Weinland ; Tenia inertnis, Moquin- 
Tandon (i860) ; Tenia tropica, Moquin-Tandon 
(1S60); Teenia capense, Moquin-Tandon; Tenia 
alg'erien, Redon ; Tenia f'enetre, Masars de Cazeles ; 
Tenia hybride, Brera ; Tenia inerme ; Cystotomies 
mediocanellata, Leuckart (1862) ; Unbewaffneter 
Bandwurm des Menschen ; The Beef Tapeworm, the 
most prevalent cestode of man. It is frequent in 
Southern and Western Europe and Russia, and ap- 
pears to be increasing in Great Britain, France, and 
Switzerland, and is abundant throughout Asia and 
Africa. It is rare in North and Central America, but 
is quite common in Equatorial Brazil, increasing in 
Peru and Chili. It is least abundant in heavily 
wooded regions. The finn or larva, a simple scolex 
known as the beef-measle (Cysticercus tenia saginata, 
Goeze-Leuckart, q. v.), has for its host all the varie- 
ties of the ox (Bos taunts'). — Taenia saginata, Lewin. 
See Tenia solium, Bremser. — Taenia secunda, 
Plater. See Teenia solium, Rudolphi. — Taenia semi- 
teres, Baird. See Teenia crassicollis, Rudolphi. — 
Taenia serialis, Baillet. This species was first found 
in dogs after feeding them the Ccenurus serialis, Ger- 
vais (q. v.), from the connective tissue of rodents, es- 
pecially warren rabbits. — Taenia serrata, Goeze 
(1782), Batsch, Schrank, Gmelin, Rudolphi, Gurlt, 
Mehlis, Dujardin, v. Siebold, Diesing, Neumann. 
Syn., Teenia citcurbitina, Pallas, Batsch, Gmelin; 
Tenia canina, Bloch, Carlisle ; Tenia canina solium, 
Werner ; Halysis serrata, Zeder. The common tape- 
worm of the dog which becomes infested by eating 
hares, rabbits, or mice affected with the finn, Cysticer- 
cus tenia serrata (Zeder), Goeze (q. z\ ). — Taenia 
serrata felis, Goeze, Batsch, Schrank, Gmelin, 
Rudolphi. See Tenia crassicollis, Rudolphi. — 
Taenia serrata rolli, Kiichenmeister. See Tenia 
echinococcus, von Siebold (1853). — Taenia setigera, 
Frohlich, Gmelin, Rudolphi, Siebold, Dujardin, Crep- 
lin, Diesing, Neumann. Syn., Tenia fasciata, Feur- 
eisen ; Alyselminthus setigerus, Zeder ; Halysis seti- 
gera, Zeder. Found in the intestine of the tame 
goose and swan, producing at times an epizootic tenia- 
sis. — Taenia simiae, Gmelin. See Tenia marginata, 
Batsch. — Taenia sinuosa, Rudolphi, Mehlis, Dujar- 
din, Creplin, Diesing. Syn., Tenia collari nigro, 
Bloch ; Tenia collaris, Bloch ; Teenia torquata, 
Gmelin, Rudolphi; Alyselminthus sinuosus, Zeder; 
Halysis torquata, Zeder ; Halysis sinuosa, Zeder ; 
Tenia infundibuliformis anserum, Goeze, Rudolphi. 
This cestode is found in wild and domestic ducks and 
geese (Anas acuta, Anas boschas /era, Alias anser 
domesticata, Anas anser fera, Alias fuligula, Anas 
brasiliensis). The larva or finn (Cysticercus tenia 
sinuosa;, Zeder) , is found in the craw-fish (Astacus 
fluviatilis, Rondelet). — Taenia sive fascia intestino- 
rum, Spigel (1618). See Bothriocephalic latus, 
Bremser (1819). — Taenia solitaria, Leske. See 
Teenia solium (Linne), Rudolphi. — Taenia solium, 
Bremser. See Tenia saginata. — Taenia solium, 
Linne (1767), Hasselquist, Werner, Gmelin, Carlisle, 
Jordens, Rudolphi (1810), Cuvier, Olfers, Frank, 
Bremser, Gomez, Delle Chiaje, Mehlis, Owen, Crep- 
lin, Randel, Lewacher, Nordmann, Wahruch, Dujar- 




Cephalic end of Tae- 
nia solium, Linne. 
(After Leuckart.) 




din, Diesing, Leuckart, Cobbold, Neumann, Perron- 
cito, Moniez. Syn., Taivtai, Aristotle ; Tl'/areia i\- 
jiivc, Hippocrates; Luntbriculatus, Plinius ; Tenia de 
la second espece, Andry ; Tenia a epine, Andry (1700) ; 
Tenia secunda, Plater; Vermis cucurbila, Plater; 
Tenia osculis marginalibus solitariis, Linne, Bradley ; 
Teenia articulos demittens, Dyonis ; Tenia citcurbi- 
tina, Pallas (1781), Bloch, Goeze (1782), Batsch, 
Schrank ; Tenia citcurbitina plana pellucida, Goeze ; 
Tenia vulgaris, Werner (1782) ; 
Tenia umana arinata, Brera 
(1802) ; Tenia stigmata laterali- 
bus, Bonnet ; Tenia dentata, 
Gmelin (1790), Nicolai; Tenia 
lata, Reinstein ; Tenia fenes- 
trata, Delle Chiaje ; Tenia de- 
gener, Spigel ; Tenia solitaria, 
Leske ; Tenia communis, Mo- 
quin-Tandon ; Tenia albopunc- 
tata hominis, Treutler ; Tenia 
hydatigena anomala, Steinbach ; 
Tenia hydatigena suilla, Fabri- 
cius ; Tenia pinna, Gmelin ; Te- 
nia cellulosa, Gmelin, Treutler ; 
Halysis solium, Zeder (1800) ; 
Pentastoma coarctata, V i r e y 
(1823) ; the Tenia fusa and 
Tenia continua of Colin are but 
anomalous forms of this species. Kiichenmeister's 
Tenia mediocanellata was in reality a Tenia solium ; 
Bewaffneter Bandwurm des Menschen ; The Armed 
Tapeworm. This tapeworm has 
been known as a parasite of man 
from the earliest times. It has 
been observed in all parts of 
Europe, but with remarkable dif- 
ferences in frequency, being rela- 
tively rare in Turkey in Europe, P-SS ° f Taenia soli- 
the Danubian provinces, Greece, "figTfc&gf 
Italy, France, Spain, and Fng- 

land. It is more frequent in Central Europe, in Ger- 
many and Austria, the prevalence of the parasite hold- 
ing direct relation to the quantity of pork consumed. 
It is rare throughout Asia, Japan, Oceanica, and Africa. 
In North America it appears to be somewhat on the 
increase. It is very rare in Mexico and South Amer- 
ica. The larva (Cysticercus cellulose, Cysticercus tenie 
solii, Leuckart q. v.) is found in the tissues of swine, 
dogs, cats, rats, and man, producing measles (q. v.). 
Taenia solium, var. abietina, Weinland (1858). See 
Tenia saginata, Gceze. — Taenia solium, var. medio- 
canellata, Diesing (1854). See Tenia saginata, 
Goeze (1782). — Taenia stigmata lateralibus, Bon- 
net. See Tenia solium, Linne. — Taenia struthionis, 
Floultayn. Found in the intestine of the ostrich 
(Sfruthio camelus). — Taenia tenella, Cobbold. This 
name was first applied to Bothriocephalits latus by 
Pallas and Retzius (1781), afterward by Cobbold to 
a small-sized Tenia solium (according to Chatin), 
which he held to be a distinct species and derived 
from a finn which he termed Cysticercus ovis (be- 
cause found in the pseudo-measles of sheep) ; this in 
turn proved to be Cysticercus tenie. — Taenia tenella, 
Pallas. See Tenia musculi, Rudolphi. — Taenia 
tenuicollis, Giinther, Moquin-Tandon. See Tenia 
marginata, Batsch. — Taenia tetragona, Molin. 
Found in the intestine of the domestic fowl. — Taenia 
torquata, Gmelin. See Tenia sinuosa, Rudolphi. — 
Taenia trilineata, Batsch, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Crep- 
lin. Syn., Tenia lineata, Bloch; Tenia anatis, 
ji lineata, Gmelin ; Tenia longirostris, Frohlich ; 
Halysis trilineata. Zeder. Found in the intestine of 



PARASITES 



1018 



PARASITES 



the domestic duck. — Taenia tropica, Moquin-Tandon 
(i860). See Tania saginata, Gotze. (1782). — Taenia 
umana armata, Brera (1802-3). See Tania solium, 
Linne. — Taenia umbonata, Molin. Found in the 
intestine of the house-mouse (Mus musculus, Linne). 
— Taenia vasis nutritiis distinctis, Bloch (1782). 
See Moniezia expansa,K. Blanchard (1891). — Taenia 
vervicina, Gmelin. See Tania marginata, Batsch. — ■ 
Taenia veterum, Spigel (1618). See Bothriocepha- 
lus latus, Bremser. — Taenia visceralis socialis gran- 
ulosa, Goeze (1782). See Taenia echinococcus, von 
Siebold (1853), and Echinococcus polymorphic, Die- 
sing (1851). — Taenia vogti, Moniez (1879). Syn., 
Anoplocephala vogti, Moniez (1891). A doubtful 
species reported as parasitic in sheep. — Taenia vom 
Kap der guten Hoffnung, Kiichenmeister (1855) 
(the Tania capensis of Moquin-Tandon). See T<znia 
saginata, Goeze. — Taenia vulgaris, Linne (1748), 
Werner (1782). See Bothriocephalus latus, Brem- 
ser (1819) ; and Tania solium (Linne), Rudolphi 
(1810). — Taenia wimerosa, Moniez. Found in the 
wild rabbit. See Tania pectinata, Goeze. — Taenia- 
rhynchus mediocanellatus, Weinland (1855). See 
Tenia saginata, Goeze. — Taon bruyant. See Tab- 
anus bromius, Linne. — Taon d'automne. See Tab- 
anus autumnalis, Linne. — Taon des bceufs. See 
Tabanus bovinus, Linne.- — -Taon noir. See Tabanus 
morio. Latreille. — Taon rustique. See Tabanus 
rusticus, Fabricius. — Tarsonemus intectus, Kar- 
pelles. See Tarsonemus monunguiculosus , R. Blan- 
chard. — Tarsonemus monunguiculosus, R. Blan- 
chard (1889). Syn., Crithoptes monunguiculosus, 
Geber (1879) ; Kritoptes monunguiculosus, Geber 
(1884); Acarus hordei, Geber (1884); Tarsonemus 
uneinatus, Flemming (1884) ; Tarsonemus intectus, 
Karpelles. An acaridan which is frequently very 
troublesome to workers in barley. — Tarsonemus un- 
einatus, Flemming. See Tarsonemus monunguiculo- 
sus, R. Blanchard. — Tavin, the common name for the 
breeze-fly. Cf. Tabanus sp. — Tawny Breeze-fly. 
See Tabanus fulvus, Meigen. — Trichomyza fusca, 
Macquart. Syn., Scatella urinaria, Robineau-Des- 
voidy ; Mydaa vomiturationis , Robineau-Desvoidy. 
A fly very common about urinals and water-closets, 
the larvae being represented as pseudo-parasites, the 
possibility of which is not fully settled, but is unlikely. 
— Tenebrio molitor, Linne. Syn., Ver de farine, 
Fr. ; Mehlkafer, Miiller, Ger. ; Meal-beetle, Flour- 
beetle. The larva or meal-worm is reported as a 
facultative parasite in the nose, digestive tube, and 
urinary passages of man, by Bateman, Allen, Shaw, 
Foresters, Tulpius, Kellie, Pickells, Thomson, Traill, 
Gleadow, and Acrel. — Tenia a anneaux courts, 
Bonnet (1750). See Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser 
(1819). — Tenia a epine, Andry (1700). See Bothrio- 
cephalus latus, Bremser. — Tenia algerien, Redon. 
An anomalous pigmented form of Tania saginata, 
Goeze. — Tenia de la second espece, Andry (1700). 
See Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser. — Tenia fenetre, 
Masars de Cazeles. See Tenia saginata, Goeze. — 
Tenia hybrida, Brera. An anomalous form of 
Tenia saginata. — Tenia inerme. See Tania sagin- 
ata, Goeze. — Tenia lanceole ou ver rhinaire, Cha- 
bert (1787). See Linguatula rhinaria, Railliet 
(1886). — Tentacularia subcompressa, Zeder. See 
Filaria lymphatica, Moquin-Tandon. — Terratas, 
Roll (1852). See Tania echinococcus, von Siebold 
(1853). — Tetracotyle, Filippi. See Holostoma errat- 
icum, Rudolphi. — Tetragulus caviae, Bosc (1S10). 
See Linguatula rhinaria, Railliet (1886). — Tetra- 
meres haemochrous, Creplin (1846). See Tropido- 
cerca injlata, Diesing (1861), and Tropidocerca 



paradoxa, Diesing. — Tetranychus autumnalis, 
Shaw. Syn., Leptus autumnalis ; Trombuiium 
autumnalis. The common "harvest-bug" of Eng- 
land and the rouget of the French, which has been 
incorrectly referred by Megnin to Trombidium 
holosericeum, Fabricius. A minute, scarcely visible, 
spinning-mite, breeding upon plants, beans, currants, 
raspberries, gooseberries, etc, which it deserts when- 
ever opportunity offers, to fasten on animals, having a 
special predilection for human beings, especially 
women and children. It causes severe itching. 
The mite is very abundant in England, Scotland, and 
on the continent of Europe, especially near the sea- 
shore. The larval hexapod is the form most often 
met with. — Tetranychus molestissimus. Syn., 
Bicho Colorado of the Argentine Republic and Uru- 
guay ; a small, red Acarus that lives on the under 
surface of the leaves of Xanthium macrocarpum ; it 
attacks man and other warm-blooded animals, causing 
insupportable itching. — Tetranychus tlalsahuate, 
Lemaire, Murray (1867) ; a mite called by the Indians 
of Mexico Tlalsahuate. It lives among the herbage 
and is almost imperceptible to the naked eye. It at- 
tacks man and fixes itself upon the eyelids or armpits, 
etc. It is included by authors under the spurious 
genus Leptus. — Tetrastoma renalis, Lucarelli and 
Delia Chiaje. A trematode found in the urinary 
tubules of an Italian woman. — Texas Screw- 
worm. See Lucilia macellaria, Robineau-Desvoidy. 
— Thecosoma haematobium, Moquin-Tandon. See 
Gvnacophorus hamatobius, Diesing. — Thelazia 
rhodesii, Desmarest. See Filaria equina, Abildgaard. 
— Threadworm. See Oxyuris vermicularis, Brem- 
ser. — Thysanosoma actinioides, Diesing (1834), 
Stiles (1892). Syn., Tania fimbriata, Diesing (1850) ; 
Moniezia fimbriata, Moniez (1891). This is found in 
sheep and several species of deer. It appears to be 
the cause of much of the tapeworm-disease of the 
western United States. — Thysanosoma giardi, 
Rivolta (1878), Stiles (1893). Syn., Tania ovilla, 
Rivolta (1878) ; Tania giardi, Moniez ( 1 879) ; Tania 
aculeata, Perroncito (1882) ; Moniezia ovilla, Moniez 
(1891); Moniezia ovilla, var. macilenta, Moniez 
(1891). This cestode has sheep and cattle for its 
hosts. — Tinea rotunda, Plinius. See Ascaris lum- 
bricoides, Linne (1758). — Tipula sp. A fly, the 
larvae of which are reported by Kirby (England) 
as facultative human parasites. — Tique, Raspail. 
See Dermanyseus avium, de Geer, and Sarcopsylla 
penetrans, Westwood. — Tique des chiens, Geoflroy. 
See Lxodes rieinus, Linne. — Tique senegalaise. 
See Lxodes a/geriensis, Megnin. — Tlalsahuate. See 
Tetranychus tlalsahuate, Lemaire. — Todtenkafer. 
See Blaps mortisaga, Linne. — Ton. See Sarcopsylla 
penetrans, Westwood. — Torcel. See Dermatobia nox- 
ialis, Goudot. — Trichina affinis, Diesing, Herbert, 
Kiichenmeister, Wedl, Leidy. Found encapsulated in 
the connective tissue and muscles of the hog, cat, dog, 
mole, badger, gull, buzzard, and crane. — Trichina 
circumflexa, Polonio. Found encapsulated in the 
peritoneum of the brown rat (Mus decumanus, Pallas). 
— Trichina contorta, Botkin. See Tvlen chits put re- 
faciens, Kiihn. — Trichina cystica, Salisbury (1868). 
See Filaria sanguinis hominis, Lewis (1872). — 
Trichina papillosa, Rivolta and Delprato. These 
nematodes were found encysted in the connective tis- 
sue about the esophagus, crop, and gizzard of the 
fowl. To this species probably belongs the Dispara- 
gus spiralis, Molin. — Trichina spiralis, Owen 
(1835). Syn., Vibrio humana, Lizars (1843) ; 
Trichina spiralis, Bischoff (1840); Pseudalius 
trichina, Davaine (1862). The adult parasite is 



PARASITES 



1019 



PARASITES 



found in the intestines, and the larvae encapsuled in 
the connective tissue of all warm-blooded animals, 
especially man, the hog, dog, cat, mouse, and rat. 





Trichina spiralis, Owen ; (A) encapsulated with con- 
nective tissue covering (in situ) ; (B) calcified. 
(After Leuckart.) 

Leidy (1846) was the first to discover this parasite in 
the hog, the source from which man is infected. — 
Trichina spiralis, Bischoff (1840). See Trichina 
spiralis, Owen (1835). — Trichocephalus, Goeze 





Trichinosed pork. (X 30.) 
(After Leuckart.) 



Trichocephalus hom- 
inis, Schrank (in 
situ.) (After Leuck- 
art.) 



(1782). See Trichocephalus hominis, Schrank (1788). 
— Trichocephalus afnnis, Rudolphi. Found in 
the large intestine of the domestic sheep, goat, cattle, 
dromedary, and Bactrian camel. — Trichocephalus 
campanula, von Linstow. Found in the intestine 
of the domestic cat. — Trichocephalus crenatus, 
Rudolphi. Found in the large intestine of the hog. 
— Trichocephalus depressiusculus, Rudolphi. 
Found in the cecum of the dog and ferret. — Tricho- 
cephalus dispar, Rudolphi (1801). See Trichoceph- 
alus hominis, Schrank (1788). — Trichocephalus 
echinophyllus, Nitzsch. Found in the intestine of 
the dromedary. — Trichocephalus hominis, Schrank 
(1788). Syn., Trichwis, Biittner (1761) ; Ascaris 
trichiura, Linne (1771); Trichocephalus, Gceze 
(1782) ; Trichocephalus simia patas, Treutler (1793) ; 
Trichocephalus dispar, Rudolphi (1801) ; Mastigodes 
hominis, Zeder (1803) ; Alastigodes simiis, Zeder 
(1803); Trichocephalus lemuris, Rudolphi (1819); Tri- 
chocephalus palarfor mis, Rudolphi(l8l9). This parasite 
of the human intestine is much more common than is 
generally suspected by physicians, owing to the 
tenacity with which the worms adhere to the mucous 
membrane. Recent investigations prove that many 
cases of obscure and persistent anemia may be traced 
to its presence by a search for the eggs in the feces. 



— Trichocephalus lemuris, Rudolphi (1819). See 
Trichocephalus hominis, Schrank (1788). — Tricho- 
cephalus nodosus, Rudolphi. Found in the cecum 
of the house-mouse (Jlfus musculus, Linne) and of 
the house-rat (Mus rattus, Linne). — Trichocephalus 
palaeformis, Rudolphi (1819). See Trichocephalus 
hominis, Schrank (1788). — Trichocephalus serra- 
tus, von Linstow. Found in the intestine of the 
domestic cat. — Trichocephalus simiae patas, Treut- 
ler (1793). See Trichocephalus hominis, Schrank 
(1788). — Trichocephalus unguiculus, Rudolphi. 
Found in the intestine, especially the cecum of the 
wild and domestic rabbit and hare.- — Trichodectes 
canis, de Geer. See Trichodectes latus, Nitzsch. — 
Trichodectes caprae, Packard, Gurlt. See Tricho- 
dectes climax, Nitzsch. — Trichodectes climax, 
Nitzsch. Syn., Trichodectes capra, Gurlt, Packard; 
Trichodectes solidus, Rudow ; Trichodectes mombricus, 
Rudow ; Petitpou de la chevre, Goat-louse. The com- 
mon goat-louse frequent on the goat (Capra hircus, 
Linne). — Trichodectes crassipes, Rudow. Syn., 
Trichodectes penicillatus, Piaget. Found on the An- 
gora goat and kangaroo (Macropus penicillatus). — 
Trichodectes equi, Denny (1842). Syn., Tricho- 
dectes parumpilosus, Piaget (1880), varieties ocellata 
and tarsata. — Trichodectes latus, Nitzsch, Bur- 
meister, Denny, Piaget. Syn., Ricinus canis, de 
Geer ; Trichodectes cam's, de Geer ; Pediculus selosus, 
Olfers; Pediculus canis, O. Fabricius (?); Gros pou 
du chien ; Hunde-Haarling ; Dog-louse. Found on 
dogs, especially puppies, mostly on the head and neck. 
This louse is the host of the finn (Ciyptocys/is tricho- 
dectis, Villot) of the tapeworm of the dog ( Tenia 
canina), Linne. — Trichodectes limbatus, Gervais. 
See Trichodectes climax, Nitzsch. — Trichodectes 
mombricus, Rudow. See Trichodectes climax, 
Nitzsch. — Trichodectes ovis. See Trichodectes 
sphczrocephalus, Nitzsch. — Trichodectes parumpil- 
osus, Piaget (1880). See Trichodectes equi, Denny 
(1842). — Trichodectes penicillatus, Piaget. See 
Trichodectes crassipes, Rudow. — Trichodectes pilo- 
sus, Giebel. Syn., Pediculus equi, Linne. The 
louse of the horse and ass. — Trichodectes pubes- 
cens. See Trichodectes equi, Denny. — Trichodectes 
pubescens, Neumann. Louse oj the Horse ; Petit pou 
du cheval. Found on the domestic horse, Burchell's 
zebra, and the small horses of Java. — Trichodectes 
quadricornis, Gay (Neumann, 1890). A louse of 
the horse. — Trichodectes scalaris, Nitsch, Piaget. 
Syn., Pediculus bovis, Linne; The Biting Louse ; Petit 
pou du bceuf. Found on cattle. — Trichodectes 
solidus, Rudow. See Trichodectes climax, Nitsch. 
— Trichodectes sphaerocephalus, Nitzsch, Piaget. 
Syn., Trichodectes ovis, Pediculus ovis, Linne. The 
Sheep-louse ; Schaf-Haarling. The adults lay their 
eggs at the base of the wool fibers ; no other host is 
known. — Trichodectes subrostratus, Nitzsch, Pia- 
get. Syn., Pou du chat ; Cat-louse. The only louse 
found on the cat. — Trichodes crassicauda, Belling- 
ham. See Trichosoma crassicauda, Bellingham. — 
Trichomonas caudata, Steinberg. An infusorian 
found in the human mouth. — Trichomonas caviae, 
Davaine (1875). Syn., Cimaaiomonas cavia:, Grassi. 
An infusorian found in the intestine of the guinea- 
pig. — Trichomonas columbae, Railliet. An infu- 
sorian intestinal parasite of the pigeon. — Tricho- 
monas eberthi, Neumann. Found by Eberth in 
the fowl and in the glands of Lieberkiihn of the 
duck. Neumann holds that the Monocercomonas 
anatis of Davaine may be identical with this species. 
— Trichomonas elongatus, Steinberg. Found in 
the human mouth. — Trichomonas evansi, Crook- 



PARASITES 



1020 



PARASITES 




Trichomonas intes- 
tinalis, Leuckart. 
(From Leuckart, 
after Zenker.) 




Trichomonas Vagi- 
na lis, Don n e. 
(From Leuckart, 
after Kolliker.) 



shank. See Trypanosoma evansi, Balbiana. — Tri- 
chomonas flagellata, Steinberg. Found in the 
human mouth. — Trichomonas intestinalis, Leuck- 
art. Syn. , Cercomonas intesti- 
nalis, Marchand (1875). This 
infusorian has been frequently 
found by Grassi in human dejec- 
tions in cases of acute and sub- 
acute diarrhea, and in cases of 
typhoid fever and enteritis by 
Marchand and Zenker. — Tri- 
chomonas irregularis, Salis- 
bury (1868). See Cystomonas 
urinaria, R. Blanchard (1885). 
— Trichomonas suis, Davaine. 
A flagellate infusorian parasite 
in the stomach of the pig. — Tri- 
chomonas vaginalis, Donne. 
Found abundantly in the acid 
mucus of the human vagina. — 
Trichonema arcuata, Cobbold. 
See Sclerostoma tetracantha, Die- 
sing. — Trichosoma aerophi- 
lum, Creplin. Syn., Eucoleus 
arophilus, Creplin. A filiform 
worm found in the trachea and 
bronchi of the cat, fox, and mar- 
ten. — Trichosoma annulatum, 
Molin. This is found beneath 
the esophageal membrane of the 
domestic fowl. — Trichosoma annulosum, Dujar- 
din. This is found in the small intestine and duo- 
denum of the brown rat (Afus decumanus, Pallas), 
and the house rat [Mus rattus, Linne). — Trichosoma 
bacillatum, Eberth. This is found in the esophagus 
of the house-mouse (Mus musculns, Linne). — Tri- 
chosoma brevicolle, Rudolphi. This is found in 
the intestine and cecum of the domestic goose. — 
Trichosoma collare, von Linstow. Occasionally 
found in great quantities in the intestine of the 
domestic fowl. — Trichosoma columbae, Rudolphi. 
See Trichosoma tenuissima, Diesing. — Trichosoma 
contortum, Creplin. A nematode found in the 
intestine of ducks, causing a disease termed by 
Railliet and Lucet (1890) " ingluvial indigestion." 
— Trichosoma crassicauda, Bellingham. Syn., 
Trichodes crassicauda , Bellingham. Found in the 
urinary bladder and ureter of the brown rat (Mus 
decumanus). — Trichosoma felis cati, Bellingham. 
Found in the urinary bladder of house-cats by Wedl, 
and in wild-cats by Bellingham. — Trichosoma lin- 
eare, Leidy (1856). Found in the small intes- 
tine of the domestic cat. — Trichosoma longi- 
colle, Rudolphi. Found in the large intestine 
and cecum of the domestic fowl ; not frequent. — 
Trichosoma muris musculi, Creplin. Found in the 
large intestine of the house-mouse ( Mus musculus , 
Linne). — Trichosoma papillosum, Polonio. Found 
in the urinary bladder of the brown rat (Mus decu- 
manus, Pallas). —Trichosoma papillosum, Wedl. 
Found in the intestine of domestic sheep. Curtice 
holds it to be the young of Strongylus filicollis, Ru- 
dolphi. — Trichosoma plica, Rudolphi. Found in 
the urinary bladder of the dog, fox, and wolf. — Tri- 
chosoma schmidtii, von Linstow. Found in the 
urinary bladder of the brown rat (Mus decumanus, 
Pallas). — Trichosoma tenuissima, Diesing. Syn., 
Trichosoma. columbm, Rudolphi ; Calodium Untie, 
Dujardin. Found in the large intestine of the 
domestic dove ; it induces extreme anemia. — 
Trichuris, Biitner (1761). See Trichocephalus hom- 
inis, Schrank (1788). — Trinoton conspurcatum, 



Nitzsch, Denny, Piaget. Syn., Pediculus anseris, 
Sultzer ; Trinotum conspurcatum, Burmeister. One 
of the largest of the lice found on domestic animals, 
common on the goose and swan, particularly the 
latter. — Trinoton continuum, Piaget. Probably 
only a variety of the preceding species. — Trinoton 
lituratum, Nitzsch, Denny, Piaget. Syn., Ricinus 
stirncB hirundinis, Linne ; Trinotum lituratum, Bur- 
meister ; Trinoton squalidum, Denny ; Trinotum squal- 
idum, Verrill. Found with other species on geese 
(Dendrocygna arborea, Anser albifrons, Anas clyp- 
eata). — Trinoton luridum, Nitzsch, Denny, Piaget. 
Found on the domestic duck. — Trinoton squali- 
dum, Denny. See Trinoton lituratum, Nitzsch. — 
Trinotum conspurcatum, Burmeister. See Trinoton 
conspurcatum, Nitzsch. — Trinotum squalidum, Ver- 
rill. See Trinoton lituratum, Nitzsch, Denny, Piaget. 
— Trombidium americanum. The true American 
harvest-mite, with eight legs, sometimes confounded 
with the hexapod stage of a species of Tetranychus, 
under the name of Leptus irritans. — Trombidium 
autumnalis. See Tetranychzts autumnalis, Shaw. — 
Trombidium cinereum. The hexapod larva of this 
or some closely allied species is reported as a pseudo- 
parasite of man. — Trombidium holosericum, Fabri- 
cius. According to Megnin it is the larval hexapod 
of this species which has long been designated as 
Rouget, Red Flea, Harvest-bug, Leptus autumnalis, 
etc. This is a mistake, as this hexapod is the larva 
of Tetranychus autumnalis, Shaw, q. v. — Tropido- 
cerca fissispina, Diesing (1855), von Linstow (1879). 
Syn., Tetra meres sp., Leuckart (i860). A nematode 
found in the mucous membrane of the proventriculus 
of the duck (Anas boschas domesticus). — Tropidocerca 
inflata, Diesing (1861). Syn., Spiroptera inflata, 
Mehlis, Creplin ; Tetrameres htrmochrous, Creplin 
(1846); Tropidocerca paradoxa, Diesing (partim) 
1851). Found in the proventriculus of the domestic 
duck. — Tropidocerca paradoxa, Diesing (1851). 
Syn. , Tropisurus paradoxus, Diesing ; Spiroptera 
inflata, Mehlis, Creplin (1846); Tetrameres hismocrous, 
Creplin (1846). Found in the proventriculus of sev- 
eral birds, among them the domestic duck. The 
worm discovered by Simonds, and named Simondsia 
paradoxa by Cobbold (1864), is referred to this species 
by some writers, but it seems improbable that this is 
warranted, as the worm was found in a hog. whereas the 
entire genus of Tropidocerca seems to be parasitic only 
in birds. — Trout-leech. See Hirudo troctizza, ]o\\r\- 
son. — Trypanosoma evansi, Balbiani. Syn . , Spiro- 
chete evaiisi, Steel ; Trichomonas evansi, Crookshank ; 
H&matomonas evansi. Osier ; Surra Parasite. The 
cause of the very serious epizootic pernicious anemia 
in horses, mules, and camels, called Surra, prevailing 
in India and Southern Asia. Rankin recommends 
large doses of quinin frequently in milk, with iron 
and arsenic, at the commencement of the disease. — 
Trypanosoma lewisi, Danilewsky (Saville Kent). 
Syn., Herpetomonas lewisi, Saville Kent. A pale, trans- 
lucent, motile, flagellate hematozoon found by Lewis in 
the blood of the rat. Kent suggests, on the grounds 
of the particular position of the flagellum, that further 
investigation may demonstrate this to be one of the 
spermatic elements of minute nematodes, microfilaria:, 
or other endoparasitic forms. Danilewsky calls atten- 
tion to the similarity between this form and that 
described by him in the blood of birds. — Trypsoderma 
cuniculi, Wiedemann (1830). See Cuterebra cztzzic- 
uli, Clark (1S15). — Tse-tse, Tse-tsefliege, Ger. ; 
Tse-tsevlieg, I Hitch. See Glossina morsitans, West- 
wood (it closely resembles Stomoxis calcitraus) ; 
abundant in Central Africa. — Tunga. See Sar- 



PARASITES 



1021 



PARASPHENOID 



copsylla penetrans, Westwood. — Turicatas. See 
Argas luricata. Duges. — Turkey - gnat. See 
Simulium meridionale. — Tylenchus contorta, 
Kiihn. Syn., Trichina contorta, Botkin. An 
occasional parasite of man. — Tyroglyphus echino- 
pus, Fumouze et Robin. See Cespopkagus echinopus, 
Megnin. — Tyroglyphus mericourti, Laboulbene. 
A singular mite with enormous palpi, found on man 
by Le Roy de Mericourt. — Tyroglyphus siro, Lat- 
reille (1806). Syn., Acariis dysenteries, Linne. Com- 
mon in flour, cheese, etc. Reported as the cause of 
gastric catarrh in a person who preferred cheese con- 
taining these mites. Cases of diarrhea due to them 
are also recorded. Burke also describes, under the 
name of Stomatitis pustulosa acarosa, an affection of 
horses caused by eating bran containing these mites. 
— Unarmed Tenia of Man, Unbewaffneter 
Bandwurm des Menschen. See Tenia saginata, 
Goeze. — Uncinaria balsami, Parona and Grassi. 
See Uncinaria trigonocephali, Rudolphi. — Uncinaria 
cernua, Creplin. Syn., Alonodontus wedli, Molin. 
Found in the small intestine of the domestic sheep. — 
Uncinaria duodenalis, Railliet (1885). See Doch- 
mius duodenalis, Leuckart (1876). — Uncinaria radi- 
ata, Rudolphi. Syn. , Strongylus radiatus, Rudolphi ; 
Strongylus vemilosus, Rudolphi. Found in the intes- 
tine and duodenum of cattle and goats. — Uncinaria 
stenocephala, Railliet. Syn., Ankylostomum steno- 
cephalum ; Dochmius stenocephalus. Found in dogs, 
along with Uncinaria trigonocephalies ; it appears to 
play as active a part as its congener in the develop- 
ment of anemia in packs of sporting-dogs (Neumann). 
— Uncinaria trigonocephala, Rudolphi. Syn., 
Ankylosiomum trigonocephalum, Rudolphi ; Atiky- 
lostomum tubuforme, Zeder ; Dochmius trigonoceph- 
alus, Rudolphi ; Dochmius balsami, Parona ; Uncina- 
ria vulpis, Frohlich ; Strongylus vidpis, Zeder. Found 
in the small intestine of the dog and cat, producing a 
not uncommon anemia known as " Pernicious Anemia 
of Packs of Hounds," attended with bleeding at the 
nose, edematous and indolent engorgement of the 
limbs, persistent diarrhea, loss of appetite, and emacia- 
tion. Greatest care as to cleanliness of kennels and 
food, and thymol as a vermicide are recommended. 
This parasite also gives rise to a pernicious anemia of 
cats, prevalent in Italy. — Uncinaria vulpis, Frohlich. 
See Uncinaria trigonocephala, Rudolphi (Neumann). 
— Ungarische Blutegel. See Hirudo medicinalis, 
Ray. — Ura. See Dermatobia noxialis, Goudot. — 
Utricules of Miescher. See Sarcocystis miescheri, 
R. Lankester. — Veine deMedine, Fr. ; Vena med- 
inensis, Veloch (1674). See Dracunculus medi- 
nensis, Lister. — Ver cutanee des marchais ; Ver 
de Guinee dragonneau. See Dracunculus medinen- 
sis, Cobbold. — Ver de farine. See Tenebi-io molitor, 
Linne. — Ver rhinaire, Chabert. See Linguatida 
rhinaria, Railliet. — Ver solitaire, Andry. Applied 
by Andry to his Solium, which was in reality Tatnia 
saginata, q. v. — Verme auricolare, Ital. See For- 
Jicula auricidaria, Linne. — Vermes cucurbitini. 
See Tcenia saginata, Goeze. — Vermis cucurbita, 
Plater. See Tcenia solium, Linne. — Vermis medi- 
nensis, Grundler (1740). See Dracunculus medi- 
nensis, Cobbold. — Vers sortis des reins et de 
l'urethre, Moublet. See Eustrongylus gigas, Bremser. 
Vesicaria granulosa, Schrank. See Echinococcus 
polymorphus. — Vibrio humana, Lizars (1843). See 
Trichina spiralis, Owen (1843). — Viehbremse. See 
Gastrophilus pecoru?n, Fabricius. — Vituli aquaticus, 
Aldrovandi (1605). See Gordius aquaticus, Dujardin 
(1842). — Vogelfloh. See Pulex avium, Taschen- 
berg. — Wandlaus. See Cimex lectuaria, Linne. — 



Warble - fly. See Hypoderma bovis, Latreille. — 
Warega Fly. See Musca sp. — Western Deer- 
tick. See Dcrmacentor occidentalis, Linne. — Whip- 
worm of Ruminants. See Tricocephalus a/finis, 
Rudolphi. White-footed Breeze-fly. See Taba- 
>uis albipes, Fabricius. — Zanzara comune, Ital. See 
Culex pipiens. — Zeylonischer Blutegel. See Hcem- 
adipsa ceylonica. — Zimb. See Glossina morsitans, 
Westwood ; also Pangonia. 
Parasitic {par-as-W -ik ) \_TrapaaiTiK6g, parasitic]. In 
biology, of, or pertaining to, a parasite; holding the 
position of a parasite. In ornithology, applied to such 
birds as deposit their eggs in the nests of other birds, 
to which are left the duties of incubation and care of 
the young {e.g., the European cuckow, Cteculus cano- 
rus, Linne, the American Cow Black-bird, Molobrus 
pecoris) ; also to such birds as obtain their food by sys- 
tematically robbing other species {e.g., the Parasitic 
Jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus and the Bald Eagle, 
Jdalicetus leucocephahts). P. Castration, sterility in 
plant or animal induced by a parasite. P. Disease, 
one due to the presence of parasites. P. Hemop- 
tysis, hemoptysis associated with cough, due to the 
presence of a trematode, or fluke, the Distoma ringeri 
in the bronchial tubes. It is a disease of China, 
Japan, and Formosa. See Parasites {Animal), Table 
of. P. Male, applied to the male of certain inverte- 
brates which lives upon, and is nourished by, the 
female ; e. g. , the microscopic male of the crustacean 
Lei-ntza, which becomes practically a spermatophore, 
and the diminutive Turbellaria-Yike ciliated male of 
the vermian Bonellia, which establishes itself upon 
the sexual organs of the female. P. Plant, a plant 
deriving its nourishment from another plant or from 
another organism ; a bacterium. P. Twin, an autosite. 
Parasiticide {par-as-it'-is-id) \jrapa, beside; ov-roc, 
food; ccedere, to kill]. Any substance destructive of 
parasites. 
Parasitism {par'-as-it-iziii) \_napa, beside; diroc, food]. 
The relation which a parasite bears to its host ; infesta- 
tion by parasites. 
Parasitize {par' -as-it-iz) [7ra/jd, beside ; oiroc, food]. 
To infest ; the act of one organism becoming parasitic 
within or upon another. 
Parasitogenesis {par-as-it-o-jen' -es-is) \_napa, beside ; 
aiToc, food; yeveotc, genesis]. I. The formation of 
parasites. 2. A bodily condition favoring the develop- 
ment of parasites. 
Parasitogeny {par-as-it-oj'-en-e). Same as Parasito- 
genesis. 
Parasitoid {par'-as-it-oid) \jrapa, beside ; airog, food; 

f Woe, like]. Parasitic; like a parasite. 
Parasitologist {par-as-it-oF -o-jist) \jrapa, beside ; 
diroq, food ; 'Koyoc, science]. One versed in parasitol- 
ogy-. 
Parasitology {par-as-it-ol' f -o-je) [napa , beside ; diroc, 
food; \6yoQ, science]. The science, or study, of 
parasites. 
Parasitosis {par-as-it-o r -sis) [irapd, beside ; oItoq, 
food ; v6aog, disease]. Any disease dependent upon 
the presence of parasites. The development of a 
parasitic disease. 
Parasorbic Acid {par-as-or'-biK), C 6 H 8 2 . An oily 
liquid, of unpleasant odor, obtained in the production 
of malic acid from the berries of the mountain-ash. 
Paraspadia {par-as-pa'-de-ah) \jrapa, beside ; oTzativ, 
to draw]. An opening of the urethra, usually con- 
genital, on one side of the penis. 
Parasphagis {par-as' -faj-is) [trapd, beside; atpnyr/, 

throat]. The region about the throat. 
Parasphenoid {par-as-fe'-noid) \_irapd, beside ; chjitjv, 
wedge ; el6oc, form]. In biology : {a) Located along- 



PARASTATA 



1022 



PARAXYLENE 



side or under the sphenoid. (b) A membrane-bone 

occupying the position of the sphenoid bone proper in 

the Sauropsida. (c) A mesal bone articulating with 

the vomer in amphibians and fishes. 
Parastata (par-as' '-tat-ali) [napaa-drrjc, epididymis]. 

Synonym of Epididymis. 
Parastatadenitis (par-as-tat-ad-en-i'-tis). Synonym 

of Epididymitis. 
Parastatitis (par-as-tat-i'-tis). Synonym of Epididy- 
mitis. 
Parasteatosis ( par-as-te- at-o' '-sis) \_rrapd, beside ; arcap, 

a hard fat]. Fatty degeneration attended with an 

altered sebaceous secretion. 
Parastemon [par-as-te' '-mon) [napd, about; crijpdiv, 

the warp of a web]. Same as Staminodeum. 
Parasternal (par-as-ter'-tial) \jxapd, beside ; arepvov, 

sternum]. Beside or near the sternum. P. Line, 

the imaginary vertical line midway between the margin 

of the sternum and the line passing through the nipple. 

P. Region, the region between the sternal margin and 

the parasternal line. 
Parastichy (par-as'-tih-e) \_irapd, about ; uri^of, a row, 

line, rank: //. , Parastiehies\. In biology, a whorl 

or spiral row of organs. Cf. Orthostichy. 
Parastigma (par-as-tig'-mah) [napd, beside ; ariypa, 

a prick, spot: //., Parastigmata~\. In biology, a 

chitinous spot on the wings of an insect. 
Parastigmatic ( par-as-tig-mat' '-ik) \jzapa, beside; 

ariypa, a spot]. I. Of, or pertaining to, the parastigma. 

2. Situated beside the stigma of an insect's wing. 
Parastramnia, T > aia.stTemma(par-as-tram'-ne-ah,par- 

as-trem'-ah) \Tzapaorpk^iv, to twist]. Distortion of 

the mouth or face. 
Parastrepsis (par-as-trep'-sis). Synonym of Subluxa- 
tion. 
Parastyle ( par' '-as-tll) [irapa, beside ; onloc, a pillar]. 

In biology, an abortive style. 
Parasynovitis (par-as-in-o-vi' '-tis) \_irapd, about; avv, 

with ; ovum, egg ; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation 

of the structures about a joint. 
Parasyphilitic (par-as-if-il-if '-ik) [lrapd, beside ; c'vtpi- 

Xic, syphilis]. Not unlike syphilis, or in some way 

resembling syphilis. 
Parasystole (par-as-is'-to-le) \napd, beside ; cvaroTif/, 

systole]. The interval between the cardiac systole and 

the diastole. 
Paratarsia (par-at-ar'-se-ah) \irapd, beside ; rapadc, 

tarsus]. Ectopia of the tarsus. 
Paratarsial (par-at-ar'-se-al) [irapd, beside; rapadc, 

tarsus]. Pertaining to the paratarsium. 
Paratarsium (par-at-ar' '-se-um) [jvapd, beside ; rapa6c, 

the sole of the foot: //. , Paratarsia"]. In biology, 

applied to the side of the tarsus of a bird to distinguish 

it from the acrotarsium. 
Paratartaric (par-al-ar-tar' ' -ik) \rrapa, beside ; tarta- 

rum, tartar]. Resembling tartaric acid. P. Acid. 

Synonym of Acid, Racemic. 
Paratela (par-at-e'-lah) \_-xapd, beside ; tela, a. web]. 

The tela of the lateral ventricle of the brain. 
Parateresiomania (par-at-er-es-e-o-ma'-ne-ah) [napa- 

ri/pi/a/c, observation ; pavia, madness]. A mania 

for observing, or seeing new sights. 
Parathenar ( par-ath-e'-nar) \jrnpd, beside ; devap, the 

flat of the foot]. Applied to the abductor and flexor 

brevis muscles of the little toe. 
Parathymia (par-ath-i' ' -me-ali) \_napd, beyond ; dvpoc, 

mind]. Mental strain, or overwork. 
Parathyroid (par-ath-i' -roid) [napa, beside; Svpedc, 

a shield; eldoc, like]. Lying beside the thyroid 

gland. 
Paratoloid (par-at'-o-loid). A synonym of Tuberculin. 

See Lymph. 



Paratoluidin {par-at o-lu'-id-in) \jrapd, beside ; tolui- 
din~\. A so-called aromatic, or benzyl-compound 
resembling toluidin, and derived from coal-tar. It has 
been proposed as a remedy in tuberculosis. 

Paratolyl (par-at'-o-lil). A liquid with a strong odor, 
inducing, when inhaled, headache and epistaxis. It is 
also called Phosphene. 

Paratomial (par-at-o' '-me-al) [napd, beside; ra/ielv, to 
cut]. Pertaining to the paratomium. 

Paratomium {par-at-o' -me-um) \_~apd, beside ; rapelv, 
to cut: //. , Paratomia~\. In biology, applied to the 
side of the upper mandible, to distinguish it from the 
culmen and tomium. 

Paratonia (par-at-o' '-ne-ah) \napd, beside ; tovoc, 
stretching]. In biology, over-extension; excessive 
tension. 

Paratonic (par-at-ori '-ik) \jzapd, beside ; riivuv, to 
stretch]. In biology, Sachs' term for states of de- 
pressed activity in plants. 

Paratopia ( par-at-o' '-pe-ah) [irapd, beside ; tokos, 
place]. Displacement. 

Paratremma (par-at-rem'-ah). Synonym of Para- 
trimtna. 

Paratrichosis ( par-at-rik-o' -sis) [napa, beside ; Spit; , 
hair]. Trichosis characterized by an excessive growth 
of imperfect hair, or by growth in abnormal places. 

Paratrimma (par-at-rim' -a/i) [napa, along ; rpijietv, 
to rub]. Intertrigo. Chafing. See Erythema. 

Paratriptic (par-at-rip'-tik) [uapa, beside ; rpifiuv, to 
rub]. Rubbing together ; increasing waste. 

Paratrope (par-at' -ro-pe) \irapa, beside ; Tpiweiv, to 
turn]. Twisting of a limb. 

Paratrophy (par-at'-ro-fe) (Vapd, beside ; rpopr/, nu- 
trition]. Perverted or abnormal nutrition. 

Paratyphlitis (par-at-if-li'-tis) [napd, beyond ; rixfXoc, 
blind ; tnc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the extra- 
peritoneal and post-cecal connective tissue. It is 
always secondary to typhlitis. The tumor in the right 
iliac fossa is frequently concealed by intestinal folds 
that are filled with air and mask the dulness on percus- 
sion. The term is going out of use, and is being re- 
placed by appendicitis. 

Parauchenium (par-aw-ke' -ne-icm) \_Tvapa, beside ; 
avxr/v, neck]. In biology, the lateral cervical region. 

Paraumbilical (par-ah-um-bil'-ik-al) [napa, beside; 
bp.QikiK.bc_, umbilicus]. Near the navel. 

Paravaginitis (par-av-aj-in-i'-tis) [_-apd, beside ; wz- 
gina, vagina ; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
connective tissue surrounding the vagina. 

Paravertebral (par-av-er'-te-bral) \_napd, beside; 
vertebra, vertebra]. Situated near the spinal column. 

Paravesical (par-av-es'-ik-al) [rrapd, beside; vesica, 
bladder]. Situated near the urinary bladder. P. 
Pouch, the peritoneal pocket on either side of the 
bladder. 

Paraxanthin (par-az-an' '-thin) \jzapd, beyond; ^av86c, 
yellow], C 7 H 8 N 4 2 - A leukomain discovered in 1S83, 
and since shown to be a normal constituent of urine, 
though present in very small quantities. It was for- 
merly called urotheobromin. Paraxanthin is isomeric 
with theobromin, also with dioxy-dimethyl-purpurin ; 
it is, therefore, a dimethyl-xanthin. It crystallizes 
readily in characteristic flat, somewhat irregular, six- 
sided tables when its solutions are slowly evaporated, 
or in needles if rapidly evaporated. See Leukomains, 

Paraxial ( par-aks'-e-al) \_~apd, beside; iiiu;, axis]. 
Lying near the axis of the body. A descriptive term 
applied to certain muscles, which, in the Bimana, are 
represented by the intercostal and .abdominal muscles. 

Paraxon ( par-aks'-on) \jzapd, beside; diov, axis]. One 
of the first branches of an axis cylinder, a collateral. 

Paraxylene (par-aks'-il-en) \jvapd, beside ; irAor, 



PARAXYLORCINOL 



1023 



PARESTHESIC 



wood]. Paradimethylbenzene ; a hydrocarbon found 
in xylol. 

Paraxylorcinol (par-aks-il-or' -sin-oP) [ napa, beside; 
;r'/or, wood; orcinol~\, C 8 H I0 O 2 . A crystalline body 
melting at 163 C; chemically, it is dihydroxylene. 

Parazoe (par-az-o'-e) [napa, beside; ftjov, animal]. A 
disease characterized by the presence of adult parasites. 

Parazygosis (par-az-i-go' -sis) [napa, beside ; (vyuv, to 
yoke]. The condition of a double monster in which 
there is union of the trunks above the umbilicus. It 
includes xiphopagus, thoracopagus, and pleuropagus. 

Parchment (parch' '-ment) [ME., parchement, parch- 
ment]. See Leather. P. -crackling, the peculiar 
sound elicited by pressure on the cranial bones in 
children the subjects of rickets and congenital syphi- 
lis. It is due to a localized hypertrophy of the bones. 
P. -glue. See Glue. P. -induration, a form of 
chancre, or primary lesion of syphilis, in which the 
induration is parchment-like in feel. P. -skin. See 
Xeroderma. 

Parcidentate (par-sid-en'-tdt) [ parens, sparing ; dens, 
tooth]. In biology, having relatively few teeth. 

Parecceloma (par-ek-se-lo'-mah) [napa, beside; hn, 
out ; nolXog, hollow]. A cavity produced by disease. 

Pareccrisis (par-ek'-ris-is) [napa, aside ; £K, out ; 
KpivEiv, to separate]. A disorder of a secretion. 

Parecious, Parcecious (par-e'-she-us) [napa, beside; 
oinoc, house]. In biology, having male and female 
organs developed side by side. 

Parecism, Parcecism (par'-es-izm) [napa, beside; 
okoc, house]. In biology, the state or condition of 
being parecious. 

Parectama (pa-ek'-tatn-ali). Synonym of Parectasis. 

Parectasis (par-ek'-tas-is) [napa, beyond ; EKraaic;, a 
stretching out]. Excessive stretching or dilatation. 

Paregoric (par-e-gor' '-ik) [nap?/yoptKoi; , consoling]. I. 
Soothing, or assuaging. 2. A soothing remedy. P., 
Elixir. See Opii, Tinct. , Camphorata. 

Pareia (par-i'-ah) [napeia, cheek]. Cheek. 

Pareira (par-a'-rah) [native Braz.]. The root of 
Chondodendron totnentosum, a plant of South Amer- 
ica. It is diuretic and laxative, and tonic to the 
mucous membrane of the genito-urinary organs. It 
is valuable in cystitis, gonorrhea, and leukorrhea, and 
is used internally and locally for the bites of poisonous 
serpents, etc. P., Decoct. (B. P.) Dose gj-ij. 
P., Extract. (B. P.) Dose gr. x-xx. P., Ext., Fid. 
Dose 3SS-3J. P., Ext., Liq. (B. P.) Dose 3 j — ij . 
P., Infus, unof. Dose ^j-ij- P- brava. Synonym 
of Pareira. 

Pareirin (par-a'-rin). See Pereirin. 

Parelectronomy (par-e-lek-tron'-o-me) [napa, beside; 
TjlenTpov, amber ; v6 : uog, law]. The electric condition 
of a transverse section of a muscle and its tendon, com- 
pared with that of the natural surface of the muscle. 
The former is negative, the latter positive. 

Paremptosis (par-emp-to'-sis) [napa, beside ; epninreiv, 
to sink in]. I. Dislocation. 2. A form of amau- 
rosis. 

Parencephalis ( par-en-sef ' -al-is). Synonym of Paren- 
cephalon. 

Parencephalitis (par-en-sefal-i'-tis) [napa, beside ; 
kyK£<l>a2.oc , brain; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the parencephalon, or cerebellum. 

Parencephalocele (par-en-sef' '-al-o-sel) [napa, beside; 
iynEipaXng , brain ; Krfkri, hernia]. Hernia of the par- 
encephalon. 

Parencephalon (par-en-sef ' -al-on) [napa, beside ; 
kyuEcpaAoc , brain]. The cerebellum. 

Parencephalus (par- en -sef- al -us) [napa, beside; 
kyidoa'Aoc, brain]. A congenital malformation of the 
brain. 



Parenchyma (par-eng' -kim-ah) [napa, beside; hyxelv, 
to pour in]. In biology, soft cellular tissue, whether 
of plants (pith, pulp of leaves, etc.), or of animals, as 
the solid parts of a gland, any substance lying between 
ducts, vessels or nerves, connective tissue, corpuscles 
or amorphous matter. In physiology, the secreting or 
functionating structure of an organ. P., Digesting, 
a mass of stellate, branched cells representing the 
alimentary canal in the so-called Accela among platode 
worms. Food enters this mass directly through the 
mouth or esophagus. 

Parenchymal (par-eng' -kim-al) [napeyxvpa, paren- 
chyma]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, paren- 
chyma. 

Parenchymatic ( par-eng- kim-at' -ik) [naptyxvfia, par- 
enchyma]. Parenchymatous. 

Parenchymatitis (par-eng-kim-at-i'-tis) [napa, beside ; 
e yxelv, to pour in ; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of parenchyma. 

Parenchymatous (par-eng-kim' '-at-us, or par-eng-ki' '• 
mat-us~) [napa, beside ; eyxeiv, to pour in]. Pertaining 
to, or having the nature of, parenchyma. P. In- 
flammation, inflammation of the parenchyma, as dis- 
tinguished from that of the interstitial tissue. In 
reality there can be no inflammation of the par- 
enchyma without the same process in the interstitial 
tissue. 

Parenchyme (par-eng' -kirn). Same as Parenchyma. 

Parenchymepatitis (par-eng-kim-ep-at-i'-tis) [ nap- 
eyxvpa, parenchyma; hnap, liver; itic, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the parenchyma of the liver. 

Parenchymous (par-eng' -kim-us). Same as Paren- 
chymatous. 

Parenchymula (par-eng-kim' -u-lah) [dim. of paren- 
chyma : pi. , Parenchymula~\. Hyatt's name for the 
embryonic stage immediately succeeding that of the 
closed blastula. Synonym of Metschnikoff s Larva. 

Parencranis (par-en-kra'-nis). Synonym of Cerebel- 
lum. 

Parent (par' -ent) [parens, a parent]. One who has 
generated or produced ; a father or mother. P. -cell. 
See Cytula, Mother-cell. P. -form, in biology, a 
stock ; a parent of any kind. P. -hood, the state of 
being a parent. P. -kernel, the nucleus of a parent- 
cell ; a cytococcus. 

Parepicele (par-ep'-is-el) [napa, beside ; kni, upon ; 
k.oI?ioc, hollow]. The lateral recess of the epicele ex- 
tending latero-ventrad. 

Parepididymal (par-ep-id-id'-im-al) [napa, beside ; 
kni, upon ; didvfioc, the testes]. Pertaining to the 
parepididymis. 

Parepididymis (par-ep-id-id'-im-is). See Paradidy- 
mis. 

Parepithymia (par-ep-ith-i' -me-ah ) [ napa, aside ; 
kniBvpia, desire]. A morbid or depraved desire or 
habit. 

Parerethisis (par-er-eth' -is-is)[napa, beyond ; epidiCeiv, 
to excite]. Abnormal excitement, or stimulus. 

Paresis (par'-es-is) [napa, from; Ikvai, to let go]. I. 
Slight paralysis ; partial loss of muscular power. 2. 
Same as general paralysis. 

Paresoanalgesia (par-es-o-an-al-je' -ze-ali) [napa, be- 
side ; leva/., to let go ; avalyr/aia, analgesia]. Paresis 
with analgesia ; a symptom of Morvan's disease. 

Paresthesia ( par-es-the' -ze-ali)[napa, beside; aladrjaiQ, 
sensation]. Morbid or perverted sensation, as numb- 
ness, formication, " pins-and-needles." 

Paresthesic (par-es-the' -zik) [napa, beside ; aladrjaiQ, 
sensation]. Pertaining to paresthesia. P. Neurosis, 
a peculiar neurosis, in which the patient complains of 
paresthesia as follows: gnawing, boring, " pins and 
needles," sensations in the extremities, particularly 



PARESTHETIC 



1024 



PARISTHMIC 



the upper, involving the fingers, hands and forearms, 
often of both sides, but not infrequently of only one. 
The neurosis appears in the following types : I. The 
emotional. 2. The mental. 3. The neurasthenic. 
4. The toxic. 5. Waking numbness (?). 6. The 
type that may be called an occupation-paresthesia, as 
it is often associated with a certain class of occupations. 
It is more frequent in women. 

Paresthetic (par-es-thet' -ik) [irapd, beside ; alatlqcug, 
sensation]. Pertaining to, or having the nature of 
paresthesia. 

Paretic (par-et'-ik) [napd, beside; iivat, to let go]. 
Pertaining to, or affected with, paresis. Also, a person 
suffering from paresis. P. Dement, a person suffer- 
ing from paretic dementia. P. Dementia. See 
General Paralysis of the Insane. 

Pareunia (par-u'-ne-ah) [rrapd, beside; cbvr/, bed]. 
Coitus ; sexual congress. 

Parfocal Ocular. See Ocular. 

Parhidrosis (par-hid-ro'-sis). Same as Paridrosis. 

Parhomology (par-ho-mol'-o-je) [irapd, beside; dfioX- 
oyla, agreement, conformity]. In biology, apparent 
homology ; imitative homodynamy. 

Paricin (par' -is-in)[par, equal ; Cinchona~\ ,C 16 H, 8 N 2 0. 
An amorphous alkaloid of the Cinchonas. 

Paridigitate (par-id-/) 7 -it-at ) \_par, equal ; digilatus, 
having fingers or toes]. In biology, having an even 
number of digits, as in artiodactyl ungulates. 

Paridin (par' -id-in) \_par, equal], C 16 H 28 0.. A glu- 
cosid obtained from Paris quadrifolia. 

Paridol (par'-id-ol) [par, equal], C 24 H u 8 . A de- 
composition-product of paridin. 

Paridrosis (par - id - ro'- sis) [irapd, beside; Idphc, 
sweat]. Qualitative change in the secretion of sweat. 

Paries (pa'-re-ez) [paries, a wall: pi. , Parietes~\. In 
biology, an enveloping or investing structure or wall. 

Parietal (par-i' -et-al) [parietalis, belonging to walls]. 
(a) Pertaining to the walls of a body-cavity, (b) 
Applied to placentre that are borne on the walls of the 
ovary. P. Angle. See Angle. P. Bone, one of the 
two large, rectangular bones that by their union form 
the sides and roof of the skull. See Bones, Table of. 
P. Boss. Same as P. Eminence. P. Cell, one of 
a variety of cells, also called acid cells, found irregu- 
larly distributed among the epithelium of the peptic 
glands. They communicate with the lumen of the 
tube by means of intercellular clefts. P. Convolu- 
tion. See Convolutions, Table of. P. Eminence. 
See Eminence. P. Eye. See Pineal Eye. P. 
Foramen. See Foramen. P. Fossa, the deep- 
est part of the inner surface of the parietal bone. 
P. Gyrus. See P. Convolution. P. Lobe. See 
Lobes of Brain. P. Lobules, two lobules of the 
cerebrum, inferior and superior, separated by the 
interparietal sulcus. P. Peritoneum, the peritoneum 
covering the internal surface of the abdominal wall. 
P. Placenta, in biology, a placenta borne on the ova- 
rian wall. P. Pleura, the pleura lining the thoracic 
wall. P. Protuberance. Same as P. Emineiice. 
P. Segment: I. The second cranial segment, be- 
tween the occipital and frontal, and including the 
basisphenoid, alisphenoid, and parietal bones. 2. The 
posterior segment of the mitral valve. P. Sulcus, the 
intrapraietal sulcus. P. Vertebra. Same as P. Segment. 

Parietale (par-i-et-a'-le) [parietalis, belonging to 
walls]. One of the parietal bones. 

Parieten ( par-i' -et-en) [paries, wall]. Belonging to 
the parietal bone in i,tself. 

Parietic Acid. A synonym of Acid, Chrysophanic. 

Parieto-frontal ( par-i' -ct-o-frun' -tal) [paries, a wall; 
frons, front]. Of, pertaining to, or representing both 
the parietal and frontal bones; frontoparietal. 



Parieto-mastoid ( par-i' -et-o-mas'-toid) [paries, a 
wall ; /xaaruc, the breast ; eldor, like]. Pertaining to 
the parietal bone and the mastoid process of the tem- 
poral bone ; mastoparietal. 

Parieto-occipital (par-i'-ct-o-ok-sip'-it-al) [paries, a 
wall ; occiput, the back of the head]. Pertaining to 
the parietal and occipital bones or lobes, as the 
parieto-occipital fissure, the parieto-occipital convolu- 
tions, and 'Cat parieto-occipital suture. 

Parieto-quadrate (par-i' -et-o-kwod' -rat) [paries, the 
wall; quadratics, square]. Pertaining to the parietal 
and quadrate bones. P. Arch, an arch in the skull 
of reptiles. 

Parieto-sphenoid (par-i' -et-o-sfe' -noid) [paries, wall ; 
atytjv, wedge ; eldoc, like]. Pertaining to the parietal 
and sphenoid bones. 

Parieto-splanchnic (par-i' '-et-o-splangk 1 '-nik) [paries, 
a wall; ortXayxvov, viscera]. Of or pertaining to the 
walls of the alimentary canal, as the nervous ganglia 
of certain molluscs. 

Parieto-squamosal (par-i' -et-o-skwa-mo' -sal) [paries, 
a wall ; squama, a scale]. Of or pertaining to the 
parietal and squamosal bones. P. Suture, a suture 
between the squamous portion of the temporal bone 
and the parietal bone. 

Parieto-temporal (par-i' -et-o-tem' -po-ral) [paries, a 
wall ; tempora, the temples]. Pertaining to the pari- 
etal and temporal bones. P. Suture, the suture be- 
tween the parietal and temporal bones. 

Parieto-vaginal (par-i' -el-o-vaj'-in-al )[paries, a wall; 
vagina, a sheath]. Of or pertaining to the ectoder- 
mal and endodermal layers of a polyzoan, as the 
parieto-vaginal muscles. 

Parieto-visceral (par-i' -et-o-vis' -er-al) [paries, a wall ; 
viscus, a bowel, entrails]. Of or pertaining to the 
walls of a body-cavity and the contained viscera. 

Parietti's Solution. See Stains, Table of. 

Parigenin (par-ij'-en-in). See Parillin. 

Parillin (par-il'-in) [parilla, dim. of parra, a trained 
vine]. A glucosid obtained from sarsaparilla. It 
crystallizes in white scales or needles, permanent in 
the air, neutral, odorless, at first tasteless, but after- 
ward bitter and acrid, slightly soluble in cold water 
and alcohol, freely so in hot. If treated by dilute 
mineral acids it yields parigenin and sugar. 

Parin (par'-in). Synonym of Paridin. 

Pari passu (par' -e pas' -u) [L.]. Coincidently ; side 
by side ; with equal progress ; in the same degree. 

Paripinnate (par-ip-in'-at) [par, equal; pinna, wing, 
feather]. In biology, abruptly pinnate; i. e., without 
an unpaired terminal leaflet. 

Paris (par'-is) [par, equal]. I. A genus of liliace- 
ous plants. 2. The capital of France. P. Blue. 
Same as Cobalt-blue. P. Green. Same as Schwein- 
furth Green and Pinmann's Green. See also Copper. 
P. quadrifolia, a common European herb, the one- 
berry, true-love, or four-leaved grass, which is actively 
poisonous. It yields paridin. Unof. P. Red. Same 
as Colcothar, Mauvein, and Minium. P. Violet. 
Same as Methyl-violet. P. Yellow. Same as Chrome- 
yellow. 

Parisagoge (par-is' -ag-og) [rrapd, beside ; dyu) 6c, lead- 
ing]. Intussusception. 

Parish (par'-isk) [ME.,parishe, a parish]. A place 
for which a separate poor-rate is or can be made, or 
for which a separate overseer is or can be appointed. 
(Brit. Pub. Health Act, 1S75.) 

Parish's Chemical Food. See Phosphorus. 

Paristhmia (par-isf -me-ah) [rrapd, beside; lofludc, 
throat]. The tonsils. 

Paristhmic (par-isf -mil-) [-and, beside; todfioc, 
throat]. Relating to the tonsils. 



PARISTHMITIS 



1025 



PAROTIDO-AURICULARIS 



Paristhmitis (par-ist-mi'-tis) \_-apd, beside; loO/ioc;, 
throat; trig, inflammation]. Tonsillitis. 

Paristyphnin ( par-is-tif '-nin) [pur, equal; rvipor-, 
smoke], L' 3s H 64 lg . A glucosid found in the root of 
Paris quadrifolia. 

Parity (par'-it-e) [par, equal]. Equality. 

Parity {par'-it-e) [parere, to bring forth]. The con- 
dition of being able to bear children. 

Park's Aneurysm. See Aneurysm, and Diseases, Table 

°f- 

Parkinson's Disease. See Paralysis agitans, and Dis- 
eases, Table of._ P.'s Mask, the immobile, mask-like 
expression of patients suffering with paralysis agitans. 
See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Parma-blue. Same as Spirit-blue. P. -violet. Same 
as Rosanilin-violet. 

Paroarium, Paroarion (par-o-a' '-re-um, par-o-a' -re- 
on) \_~apa, beside; <i>dpiov, dim. of (pov, egg]. Same 
as Parovarium. 

Paroccipital (par-ok-sip' -it-al) \jzapd, beside ; occiput, 
occiput]. I. Literally, beside the occipital region. 
2. 'the mastoid apophysis. See Parieto-occipital. 

Parodinia (par-o-din' '-c-ah) \jxapd, beside ; L&ic, labor]. 
Difficult parturition. 

Parodontis (par-o-don'-tis). Synonym of Epulis. 

Parodyn ( par' -o- din). Synonym of Anlipyrin. 

Parcenia (par-e'-ne-ah) \_rvapd, from; oivoc, wine]. In 
legal medicine, an act committed while intoxicated, or 
drunken. 

Paroicous (par-o' -ik-us) [irapd, beside ; okoc, house]. 
Same as Parecious. 

Parolivary (par -ol'-iv - a- re) \_Trapa, beside; oliva, 
olive]. Situated near the olivary body. 

Paromphalocele (par-om-fal' -o-sel) \jrapd, near ; b/i- 
<paXbr, navel ; Kr/Arj, tumor]. Hernia in the region of 
the navel. 

Paroniria (par-o-ni' '-re-ah) [irapa, beside ; bvtipoc, 
dream]. Depraved or morbid dreaming. A condition 
marked by imperfect sleep and by dream-excitement 
or action of the voluntary muscles. P. ambulans, 
sleep-walking. P. salax, a restless condition at- 
tended with involuntary seminal emissions and lasciv- 
ious dreams. 

Paronychia (par-o-nik' -e-ah) \_~apd, beside ; bvv!;, 
nail]. Inflammation about the finger-nail. It may be 
phlegmonous and form an abscess. Applied also to 
inflammation of the flexor-tendons and of their sheaths. 
Pun-around, for the lightest form, and ivhitlow, for the 
severer form, are popular names for these affections. 
P. gangraenosa, a gangrenous inflammation around 
the nail, resulting in the loss of the terminal phalanges. 
P., Syphilitic, an ulcerative form due to syphilis. 
The swelling is very marked. 

Paronychial (par-o-nik' -e-al) [irapuwxia, a whitlow]. 
Having the character of paronychia. 

Paronychis, Paronychitis (par-o-nik' -is, par-o-nik-i' - 
tis). Synonym of Paronychia. 

Paronychium (par-o-nik' '-e-um) \napa, beside ; bvi>x~ 
wv, a little claw; dim. of Swf, a nail : pi., Parony- 
chia^. In biology, a bristle-like organ between the 
terminal claws of the foot of an insect. 

Paronychosis (par-o-nik-o' -sis) \napa, beside ; owl; , 
nail; voaoc, disease]. A diseased condition of the 
structures about the nails ; also growth of a nail in 
unusual places. 

Paronym (par'-o-nim) \_7rapd, beside ; bvvjia, name]. 
A word that exactly represents a word in another lan- 
guage, differing from it, if at all, only in some slight 
modification. Thus nerve is a paronym of Latin nervus ; 
muscle of musculus ; canal of canalis. A related syn- 
onym. Cf. Heteronym. 

Paroophoritis (par-o-off-or-i'-tis) [jvapd, beside ; iooip- 
65 



bpoc, egg-bearing ; trig, inflammation]. I. Inflamma- 
tion of the parovarium. 2. Inflammation of the tis- 
sues about the ovary. 

Paroophoron (par-o-off'-o-ron) [irapd, beside; <?>6v, an 
egg; iptpetVj to bear: pi. , Parobphora~\. In biology, 
the organ constituted by the persistent tubules of the 
posterior part of the Wolffian body. It was first de- 
scribed in the male by Giraldes under the name of the 
corps innomine, and was first described in the female 
by Waldeyer. See Paradidymis. 

Parophobia (par-o-fo' -be-ali) [rrdpor , before (intensive) ; 
(pofioc, fear]. Hydrophobia. 

Parophrenitis (par-o-fren-i' -tis) \jrapa, beside ; <pp?/v, 
diaphragm; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation about 
the diaphragm. 

Parophthalmia (par -off -thai' -me -ah) [rrapd, beside ; 
bipOdX/ibc, eye]. Inflammation about the eye. 

Paropia (par-o' -pe-ah) [_Trapd, beside ; <ji/', eye]. The 
angle of the eyelid toward the temple. 

Paropion (par-o' -pe-on) \jrapa, beside; inp, eye]. An 
eye-screen. 

Paropsis (par - op' - sis) \_Ttapd, aside; di/uc, vision]. 
Disordered or false vision. 

Paroptesis (par- op -te'- sis) [napa, near; bw-r/ati;, a 
roasting]. A hot-air bath. 

Paroral (par-o'-ral) \_napd, beside; os, oris, mouth]. 
In biology, alongside the mouth or oral aperture. 

Parorasis (par-o-ra'-sis) [vrapd, beside ; bpbtiv, to see] . 
Any perversion of vision or of color-perception ; an 
hallucination. 

Parorchid (par-or'-kid). Same as Parorchis. 

Parorchidium (par- or- kid' -e-um) [irapd, beside ; bp%ic;, 
testicle]. Abnormal position of a testicle, or its non- 
descent. 

Parorchido - enterocele (par-or- kid'- 0- en- ter'-o-sel) 
\jrapd, beside ; bpxig, testicle ; ivrepov, intestine ; ktjat/, 
tumor]. Inguinal hernia combined with displacement 
of the testis. 

Parorchis (par-or' -kis) \jrapd, near ; bpxiQ, testicle]. 
See Epididymis. 

Parorexia ( par- or-eks' -e-ah ) \_napd, aside ; bpegir, ap- 
petite], A perverted appetite. 

Parosmia (par-os'-me-ah) \_irapd, aside; ba/ur/, smell]. 
Hallucination of smell, usually unpleasant. 

Parosmis (par-oz'-mis). See Parosmia. 

Parosphresis (par-os-fre' -sis). Same as Parosmia. 

Parosteitis (par-os-te-i'-tis). Synonym of Parostitis. 

Parosteosis (par-os-te-o'-sis). See Parostosis. 

Parostia (par-os'-te-ah ) \jxapd, beside ; buriov, bone]. 
Disorder or defect of ossification. 

Parostitis (par-os-ti'-tis) [irapd, near ; bareov, bone ; 
m?, inflammation]. Inflammation of the outer sur- 
face of periosteum. 

Parostosis (par-os-to'- sis) \_napd, beside; bareov, 
bone]. The abnormal formation of bone outside of 
the periosteum, or in the connective tissue surrounding 
the periosteum. 

Parotic (par-ot'-ik) [rcapd, near ; ovg, ear]. Situated 
• near or about the ear. 

Parotid (par -of- id ) [rrapd, near; ovc, ear]. Near 
the ear. P. Abscess, an abscess of the parotid 
gland ; also sometimes applied to abscess of the 
lymphatic gland lying upon the parotid. P. Duct, 
the excretory duct of the parotid gland. P. Glands. 
See Salivary Glands. 

Parotidectomy (par-ot-id-ek' -to-me) \jrapd, beside ; 
ovc, ear; kKTOjxr/, excision]. Excision of the parotid 
gland. 

Parotiditis (par-ot-id-i'-tis). See Parotitis. 

Parotido - auricularis (par-ot'-id-o - aw-rik-iii-la' -ris) 
\jrapd, near; ovq, ear; aura, ear]. A muscle, well- 
developed in lower animals, arising from the surface 



PAROTIDONCUS 



1026 



PARTURIFACIENT 



of the parotid gland and inserted into the base of the 
concha. Its function is to abduct and depress the 
pinna. 

Parotidoncus ( par-ot-id-ong' '-kits). See Parotitis. 

Parotidoscirrhus (par-ot-id-o-skir' -us) [izapa, beside ; 
ovg, ear; amppoc, hard]. Scirrhous carcinoma of the 
parotid gland. 

Parotis (par-o'-tis) [L.]. The parotid gland. P. 
accessoria, a small lobule near the parotid gland, 
called the accessory parotid gland. 

Parotitic (par-o-tit'-ik) [rcapa, beside; ovc, ear; ltic, 
inflammation]. Having the mumps ; affected with 
parotitis. 

Parotitis (par-o-ti'-tis) [irapd, beside; ohc, ear; trie, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the parotid gland, 
commonly called the mumps. P. contagiosa, 
mumps. P., Epidemic, ordinary mumps. P., Idio- 
pathic, mumps. P., Metastatic, mumps secondary 
to disease elsewhere ; it is not uncommon in infec- 
tious diseases, and usually goes on to suppuration. 

Parotoid (par'-o-toid) [ivapuTic, the parotid gland; 
eWof, form]. In biology, applied to certain cutaneous 
glands near the external ear in some batrachians. 

Parous (par' -us) [parere, to bear]. Having borne one 
or more children. 

Parovarian ( par-o-va' -re-an) [rrapa, beside; ovarium, 
ovary]. Situated in or occurring near the ovary. 

Parovarium (par-o-va' '-re-um)[napa, beside ; <pov, egg: 
pi., Parovaria]. In biology, the functionless remnant 
or vestige of the Wolffian body of the female ; the 
organ of Rosenmiiller, q. v. 

Paroxysm {par' '-oks-izni) [irnpa, beside ; ot-vvsiv, to 
sharpen]. The periodic increase or crisis in the 
progress of a disease ; a fit or sudden attack of pain 
or convulsion. P., Febrile, an accession of fever. 

Paroxysmal (par-oks-iz'-mal) [rrapd, beside; btjvveiv, 
to sharpen]. Of the nature of or resembling a par- 
oxvsm ; recurring in paroxysms. P. Sleep. See 
Narcolepsy. 

Paroxysmic {par-oks-iz' -mik). Same as Paroxysmal. 

Parrot {par' -of) [Yx.,pierrot, a sparrow]. Any bird of 
the family Psittacida, having a curved and hooked 
bill. P. -beak Nails, nails that are curved strongly 
antero-posteriorly, like the beak of the parrot. P.- 
mouth. A deformity of the mouth of a horse in 
which the upper incisors project in front of and beyond 
the lower ones. This results in interference with 
prehension and mastication, and indirectly with diges- 
tion. 

Parrot's Disease. Syphilitic pseudo-paralysis. See 
Diseases, Table of. P.'s Nodes. See Signs and 
Symptoms, Table of, and also Node. P.'s Sign. See 
Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Parry's Disease. Exophthalmic goiter. See Diseases, 
Table of. 

Pars {parz) [L.]. Part. P. ciliaris retinae, the part 
of the retina in front of the ora serrata. P. inter- 
media. I. Same as Portio inter durem et mollem. 
2. Also a small plexus of veins establishing com- 
munication between the bulbs of the vestibule 
of the vagina and the clitoris. P. juncturae, 
the lock of an obstetric forceps. P. minoris resis- 
tentiae. Synonym of Locus minoris resistentice. 

Parsley {pars'-le) [niTpog, rock ; ai/Xivov, a kind of 
parsley]. A biennial garden herb, Petroselinum 
sativum. It contains a volatile oil and a camphor 
{Apiol). P. -camphor. See Apiol. 

Parson's Disease. Exophthalmic goiter. See Diseases, 
Table of. P. Method. See Treatment, Methods of . 

Part [pars, a part]. A segment or section ; a member 
or organ. 

Parted {part'-ed) [ pa rtire, to divide]. In biology, 



applied to a leaf that is separated into parts almost 
to the midrib or base. 

Parthenicin, Parthenin ( par-then' ' -is-in, par'-theu-in) 
[ -xapQkvioc, maidenly, pure]. The alkaloid of Par- 
thenium hysterophorus , native to the Gulf States and 
the West Indies. It has proved efficacious in neuralgia 
and in intermittent fever. Dose gr. %-\) ; as an anti- 
periodic, gr. v-xv. Unof. 

Parthenium {par-the'-ne-um) [rrapdeyioc, maidenly, 
pure]. A genus of composite-flowered herbs of 
America. P. hysterophorus, and P. integrifolium, 
of N. America, are useful in fever. Unof. 

Parthenochlorosis (par' -then- o-klo-ro' -sis) [Tvapdevoc, 
virgin ; x/\(jp6c, green]. The chlorosis of young 
maidens. 

Parthenogalactozemia (par' -then-o-gal-ak' -to-ze' -me- 
ah) [-apflivoc;, virgin ; ya?ia, milk ; r 7/p.ia, loss]. 
The secretion of milk in the breast of a virgin. 

Parthenogenesis (par-then-o-jen' -es-is) [rrapOhoc, a 
virgin; yevectr, production]. In biology, a variety 
of asexual or virginal reproduction in which the 
whole development of the embryo is affected without 
the aid or stimulus of fecundation ; the production of 
young without any previous congress with the male 
organism, as in various forms of Medusa, Tenia, 
and Aphida. The common black scale-bug, Lecan- 
eum olea, of the oleander affords an example, all the 
insects being oviparous females. 

Parthenogenetic (par-then-o-jen-ef -ik) [irapdevoc, a 
virgin ; yevsaic, genesis]. In biology, of or pertain- 
ing to parthenogenesis. P. Eggs, eggs developed 
without fertilization, as the statoblasts of the fresh- 
water Bryozoa. In these eggs, according to some ob- 
servers, only one polar body is formed. 

Parthenogenous (par-then-oj' -en-us) [rrapBevoc, a vir- 
gin ; yevr/c, producing]. Producing spores, eggs, or 
young, without fertilization. 

Parthenogeny ( par-then-oj' -en-e) [rrapdevoc, a virgin; 
yevr/c, producing]. Same as Parthenogenesis. 

Parthenogonidium ( par-then- o-gon-td' '-e-tim) [Traptfe- 
voc, a virgin; yovii, generation : //. , Parthenogonidia~\. 
In biology, an individual of an asexual generation 
which produces by continuous incomplete fission a 
colony that separates from the mother-colony. 

Parthenology {par-then-ol' -o-je) [-apdevoc, virgin ; 
X6yoc, science]. The study or science of the dis- 
eases and conditions peculiar to or characteristic of 
virginity, or of young girls. 

Parthenosperm (par' -then-o-sperni) [-rraptievoc , a vir- 
gin ; airepiia, seed]. Same as Parthenospore. 

Parthenospore ( par' -then-o-spor) [-apdevoc, a virgin ; 
csTTopd, seed]. In biology, a spore resembling a zygo- 
spore, but produced without fertilization, in certain 



Particle (par'-tik-l) [dim. of pars, part]. A small 

part. The smallest visible portion of any substance. 
Particulate (par-tik'-u-ldt) [pars, part]. Composed 

of minute particles ; applied to various contagia. 
Partite (par' -tit) [partiri, to divide]. In biology, 

divided from base to apex. 
Partridge-berry (part' -ridj-ber' -e). See Gaultheria 

procumbens ; also Mitchella repens. 
Partridge's Hernia. Hernia external to the femoral 

vessels. See Hernia, and Diseases, Table of. 
Parturiate ( par-tu' -re-dt) [parturire, to bring forth]. 

To bring forth young. 
Parturiency (par-tu'-re-en-se) [parturire, to bring 

forth]. The state of being parturient ; parturition. 
Parturient ( par-tit' ' -re-ent) [parturire, to bring forth]. 

Being in labor ; giving birth. P. Apoplexy. See 

Collapse, Parturient. 
Parturifacient (par-tu-rifa' -se-ent) [parturire, to 



PARTURIOMETER 



1027 



PASTE 



bring forth ; facere, to make]. I. Causing to bring 
forth. 2. A medicine or agent that induces parturi- 
tion. 

Parturiometer (par-tu-re-om'-et-er) [parturire, to 
bring forth; fiirpov, measure]. An instrument for 
measuring the expulsive force of the uterus and indi- 
cating the existing stage of labor. 

Parturious [par-tu'-re-us) [parturire, to bring forth]. 
Parturient. 

Parturition {par-tu-rish' -un) [parturitio ; parturire, 
to bring forth]. The act of giving birth to young. 
See Labor. 

Parturitive (par-tu'-rit-iv) [parturire, to bring forth]. 
Obstetric ; relating to parturition. 

Partus (par'-tus) [partus; parere, to bring forth]. 
The bringing forth of offspring ; labor. P. csesarius, 
Cesarean section. P. difficilis, dystocia. P. imma- 
turus, premature labor. P. maturus, labor at term. 
P. praecipitatus, precipitate labor. P. siccus, dry 
labor. 

Parulidodontitis {par-u-lid-o-don-ti'-tis) [irapa, be- 
side; ovAov, gum ; bSovc, tooth; irir, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of a tooth and the gum. 

Parulis (par-u'-lis) [napa, near; ovAov, the gum]. 
Alveolar abscess of the gums. Gum-boil. 

Parumbilical (par-um-bil'-ik-al) [napd, beside ; um- 
bilicus, navel]. Situated or occurring near the um- 
bilicus. 

Paruria (par-u' -re-ah) [napa, beside ; ovpov, urine]. 
Any abnormality in the excretion of the urine. P. 
mellita. Synonym of Diabetes mellitus. 

Parvipsoas (par-vip'-so-as) [parvus, small; ipda, 
pi. xfioai, a muscle of the loins]. The psoas parvus 
muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Parvirostrate (par-ve-ros' -trat) [parvus, small ; ros- 
trum, beak]. In biology, having a small bill or beak. 

Parvolin (par' -vo-lin) . A name given to Gautier and 
Etard's ptomain-base, C 9 H ]3 N, obtained (1881) from 
decomposing mackerel and horseflesh, and isomeric 
with Waage's synthetic parvolin. The free base is an 
oily, amber-colored fluid, having the odor of hawthorn- 
blossoms. Its constitution and physiologic action 
have not yet been definitely settled. See Ptomains, 
Table of. 

Parvule (par'-viil) [Fr. ; L., parvulus, small]. A 
small pill, or pellet of medicine. 

Pascual (pas'-ku-al) [pascuum, a pasture]. Same as 
Pascuous. 

Pascuant (pas'-ku-anf) [pascere, to feed]. In biology, 
feeding, as in a pasture ; pasturing. 

Pascuous {pas'-ku-us) [pascere, to feed]. In biology, 
growing in pastures. 

Pasma (paz'-mah) [-Kaajia ; iraoouv, to sprinkle : pi. , 
Pasmata~\. l. A powder for sprinkling on a surface. 
2. A powder mixed up into a paste, a. v. 

Pasque Flower {pask). See Pulsatilla. 

Pass (pas) [passus, step]. To go, or to put through, 
or by ; to discharge from the intestinal canal ; to void. 

Passage (pas'-aj) [passare, to pass]. I. A channel. 
2. The act of passing from one place to another. 3. 
The introduction of an instrument into a cavity or 
channel. 4. An evacuation of the bowels. P., Lac- 
rymal, the excretory ducts of the lacrymal gland, 
including the puncta canaliculi, lacrymal sac, and lac- 
rymo-nasal duct. P., Tympanic. See Scala tym- 
pani. P., Vestibular. See Scala vestibuli. 

Passet's Bacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Passiflora (pas-if-lo' -rah) [passio, passion; flos, a 
flower]. Passion-flower, a genus of climbing plants 
represented by a number of species several of which 
have medicinal properties. P. fcetida, is emmena- 
gogue and antispasmodic. Unof. 



Passio (pash'-e-o) [L.]. Same as Passion. P. colica. 
Synonym of Enteralgia. P. haemoptoica, hemopty- 
sis. P. hysterica. Synonym of Hysteria. P. iliaca. 
Synonym of Volvulus. P. uterina. Synonym of 
Hysteria. 

Passion (pash'-un) [passio; pati, to suffer]. Pain; 
suffering. Any intense emotion of the mind. Intense 
sexual excitement. In pathology, a term formerly 
used to include all acute diseases. P., Iliac, volvulus. 
P. -fits, a common name for the spasms occurring in 
laryngismus stridulus, from the supposition that they 
are due to anger on the part of the child. 

Passive (pas'-iv) [pati, to suffer]. Not active. P. 
Insufficiency of Muscles. See Insufficiency. P. 
Motion, the movement of a limb or part of the body 
by a second person or by external agency, and not 
by the patient himself. 

Passivism (pas'-iv-izm) [pati, to suffer]. The term 
given by Stefanowski to that variety of sexual perver- 
sion which consists in the complete subjugation of 
the will of one person to the profit of another, with an 
erotic end. Subjectivism would be a preferable term, 
as there is an active acquiescence engendering feelings 
of a positive type. Passivism is the exact opposite of 
sadism. Passivism in the male may be defined as 
voluntary subjugation of the male will to the profit of 
the female, accompanied by an intense desire for 
abuse and maltreatment by her. In the last factor 
consists the voluptuous ecstacy of the passivist. Pas- 
sivism may be physical or moral. Moral passivism 
consists essentially of humiliations and abasements 
before women. Here should be included the perverse 
tastes for female secretions, the cunnilinguists, reni- 
fleure, etc. Passivism may accompany sexual inver- 
sion, in which case the loved object is a male, and the 
passivist becomes a fellator. The fellator is the so- 
called bote, said to be common among the Indians of 
the N. W. United States. 

Passivist (pas f -iv-isf) [pati, to suffer]. One who is 
the subject of passivism, q. v. 

Passula (pas'-u-lah) [L. : pi. and gen.,Passulm\. A 
raisin. P. major, the common or large raisin. P. 
minor, the small raisin, or Greek currant. See Uva 
passa. 

Paste (past) [pasta ; irdarr/, mess ; iraocziv, to sprinkle. 
Cf. , Pasma~\. Any tenacious substance for cementing 
or uniting parts, especially a semi-solution of starch or 
flour in water. Also, a confection of gum arabic, 
sugar, and water, flavored with any aromatic sub- 
stance. Also, a caustic preparation composed of arsenic 
acid, cinnabar, and caustic alkali. P., Arsenical, 
a caustic paste containing arsenic. P., Bonnet's, a 
caustic paste composed of equal parts of zinc chlorid 
and flour. P., Canquoin's. See Canquoin. P., 
Coster's, a solution of iodin in oil of tar. P., 
Dupuytren's, a caustic paste composed of arsenious 
acid, calomel, and a solution of gum. P., Esmarch's. 
See Esmarch. P., Felix's, a caustic paste composed 
of zinc chlorid, mercuric chlorid, iodol, croton- 
chloral, bromid of camphor, carbolic acid, starch, and 
wheat-flour. P., Landolphi's. See Landolphi. P., 
London, a mixture of equal parts of sodium hydrate 
and slaked lime, moistened with alcohol. P., 
Manec's. See Manec. P., Michel's, a caustic 
paste composed of three parts of strong sulphuric acid 
and one part of finely powdered asbestos. P. , Socin's 
Antiseptic, a mixture of zinc chlorid one part, and 
zinc oxid and distilled water each 10 parts. It is used 
as a dressing. P., Vienna, a mixture of potassium 
hydrate and caustic lime moistened with water. P., 
Ward's, a paste consisting of black pepper one part ; 
root of Inula helenium, one part ; white sugar, two 



PASTERN 



1028 



PATHOGENIC 



parts ; fennel-seed, three parts ; to which, before 
using, two parts of honey are added. 

Pastern (pas' -tern) [OF., pasturon, a shackle for a 
horse at pasture]. That part of a horse's foot be- 
tween the fetlock-joint and the coronet of the hoof. 
P. -bone, either of the two proximal phalanges of a 
horse's foot. P. -joint, the articulation between the 
proximal phalanx (great pastern-bone) of the horse's 
foot and the cannon-bone. 

Pasteur's Fluid or P.'s Liquid. An artificial liquid 
for the cultivation of bacteria. They flourish in it, 
but not so well as when proteid elements are also added. 
It is composed of water ioo parts, crystallized sugar 
10 parts, carbonate of ammonium and ashes of yeast, 
each, I part. P.'s Method, i. See Pasteurizing. 2. 
See Pasteurism. P., Microbe of. See Bacteria, 
Synonymatic Table of. P.'s Oven. See Oven. 

Pasteuring (pas'-tur-ing) [after the French biologist, 
Louis Pasteur]. See Pasteurizing. 

Pasteurism {pas' -tnr-iz»i) [after the French biologist, 
Louis Pasteur], Prophylactic or protective inocula- 
tion ; a synonym for the word vaccination. 

Pasteurization (pas-tur-iz- a'-shun) [after the French 
biologist, Louis Pasteur']. The preservation of or- 
ganic fluids by the destruction of the contained fer- 
ments or fungi through heating to 6o° or 70 C. 

Pasteurize (pas' '-tur-iz) [after the French biologist, 
Louis Pasteur]. To sterilize fermentable fluids, as 
milk or cream, beer or wine, by heat. 

Pasteurizing (pas' ' -tur-i-zing) [after the French biolo- 
gist, Louis Pasteur]. An important process employed 
for the preservation and protection of wine and other 
organic fluids against diseases. It consists in heating 
the substance, either in casks or in bottles, to a tem- 
perature of 6o° C, and then preserving it without 
exposure to the air. 

Pastil, Pastille (pas' -til, pas-til'") [dim. of pasta, paste 
or confection]. A lozenge or similarly shaped mass 
composed of aromatic substances and employed in fumi- 
gation. Also, a troche or tablet of medicinal sub- 
stance. 

Pastinaca (pas-tin-a'-kah) \_pastinare, to dig]. A 
former genus of umbelliferous plants. P. sativa, 
the common parsnip, formerly used as a diuretic and 
as an antiperiodic. Unof. 

Pastophor (pas' -to-for) [jraoro^dpoc, a shrine-bearer : 
//. , Pastophori]. A priest-physician; a clan of 
priests in Ancient Egypt who united the calling of 
physician and priest. Thus the High Priest of Sais 
bore the title of Chief of the Doctors. 

Pat [ME.,/u&b, to strike]. To tap ; to strike gently 
with the fingers. 

Patagium (pat-a'-Je-um) [naraytlov : pi. , Patagia]. I. 
The flight-membrane of birds and bats ; also a congen- 
ital malformation consisting in a fold of skin passing 
from the thigh to the leg. 2. In biology, the expansion 
of the skin of the trunk, limbs, and tail of flying mam- 
mals or reptiles. Cf. Ectopatagium, Dactylopatagium. 

Patch (pacli) [ME., pacche, patch]. An irregular spot 
or area. Ps., Drab-colored, a name given by Macna- 
mara to certain areas occurring in the livers of persons 
who during life had been exposed to the influence of 
a tropical climate. They are thought to be due to a 
coagulative necrosis. P., Mucous. Same as Condy- 
lotna. Ps., Peyer's. See Glands, Pever s. 

Patchouly ( pa-choo'-le) [E. Ind.]. The labiate herb 
Pogostemon patchouly, of India, much used in the East 
as a perfume and insecticide. Unof. 

Pate (pat) [ME.,/i;fe, the crown of the head]. The 
crown or top of the head. 

Patella (pat-el' -ak) [dim. of patina, dish]. The knee- 
pan or rotula. The small, round sesamoid bone in 



front of the knee, in the tendon of the quadriceps ex- 
tensor femoris muscle. 

Patellar (pat-el' -ar) [patella, dim. of patina, dish]. 
Pertaining to the patella or knee-cap. P. Clonus. 
Same as P. Reflex. P. Reflex, or P. Tendon-re- 
flex. See Knee-jerk and Reflexes, Tabic of. 

Patellate (pat-el'-at) {patella, a patella]. Provided 
with a patella. 

Patelliform (pat-el' -if-orm) [ patella, patella; forma, 
form]. Having the shape of a patella. 

Patelline (pat'-el-in) [patella, patella]. Patelliform. 

Patellula (pat-el' -u-lah) [dim. of patella, a pan: //. , 
Patelluke]. In biology, applied to the suctorial fos- 
sets on the lower surface of the tarsi of some insects. 

Patellulate (pat-el' -u-lal). Same as Patellate. 

Patency (pa'-ten-se) [patere, to stand open]. Open- 
ness (as of the foramen ovale in fetal life, and in some 
cases of cyanopathy). 

Patent (pat' -ent, pa' -tent) [patere, to be open]. Open, 
exposed. P. Glue. See Glue. P. Leather. See 
Leather. P. Lint. See Lint. P. Medicine. See 
Medicine. P. Yellow. Same as Casscl Yellow. 

Pateriform (pat'-er-if-onn) [patera, a. flat dish ; forma, 
form]. In biology, saucer-shaped. 

Pathema (path-e'-mah) [rrdGiifia; iradoc, disease]. Any 
disease or morbid condition. 

Pathematology (path-em-at-oF -o-je). Same as Path- 
ology. 

Pathengenetic (path-en-jen-et'-ik) [iratloc, disease ; 
eyyevr/g, born in, native]. Induced by, or originating 
in, a disease. P. Disease, a disease arising from, 
or secondary to, another disease. 

Pathetic (path-ef '-ik)[iraBr)-iK.6(; ; iradoc, disease]. That 
which appeals to or stirs the passions. P. Muscle. 
See Obliquus superior, in Muscles, Table of. P. 
Nerve. See Nerve. 

Pathetism (path' -et-izm) [naBac, disease]. A generic 
term to express such conditions as hypnotism, tele- 
pathy, clairvoyance, etc. 

Pathfinder (path'-fin-der) [ME., path, path ; ME., 
finden, to find]. An instrument for finding the open- 
ings of a urethral stricture. 

Pathic (path' -ik) [waOtKSc, passive]. Diseased; path- 
ologic; pertaining to a morbid condition. Also, one 
who tolerates the commission of an unnatural crime 
upon the person. 

Pathisotherapy (path-is-o-ther'-ap-e) [rradoc, disease ; 
laoQ, equal; depmreia, treatment]. Same as Isopathy. 

Pathoanatomic (path-o-an-at-om' -ik) [tvciBoc, disease ; 
avarofiij, a cutting up]. Pertaining to pathologic 
anatomy. 

Pathoanatomy (path-o-an-at'-o-tne) [-nddoc, disease ; 
avaToiii], a cutting up]. Pathologic anatomy. 

Pathobiologic ( path-o-bi-o-loj'-ik) . Same as Pathologic. 

Pathobiologist (path-o-bi-ol'-o-jist). Same as Path- 
ologist. 

Pathocratia (path- 0- kra'- she -ah) [naBoc, feeling; 
Kparieiv, to rule]. The control of the passions ; self- 
restraint. 

Pathoctonus (path-ok' -to-nus) [naffoc, passion ; Krei- 
ve/v, to kill]. The killing of the appetites; self- 
restraint. 

Pathogene (path'- 0- /en) [ttciBoc, disease; yevvav, to 
beget]. A disease-producing germ or principle. 

Pathogenesis (path - - /en'- es- is) [iradoc, disease; 
yeveaLC, birth]. The origin and development of dis- 
ease. 

Pathogenic, Pathogenetic (path-o-/cn' -ik, path-o-jen- 
et'-ik) [-ciflnc, disease ; yevvav, to beget]. Producing 
disease. P. Microorganism, any one of the various 
forms of microbic life which, when introduced into the 
system, causes disease. 



PATHOGENOUS 



1029 



PAXWAX 



Pathogenous (path-oj' -en-us) \_~a0oc, disease ; yevr/g, 
producing]. Same as Pathogenic. 

Pathogeny ipath-oj' -en-e) [-uf'oc, disease ; )fi'//f, pro- 
ducing]. See Pathogenesis. 

Pathognomonic (path-og-uo- mon' -i k) [izaOac;, disease ; 
yviitiuv, judge]. Characteristic of a particular dis- 
ease, distinguishing it from other diseases. 

Pathognomy (path-og' -no-me) [:rd«oc, disease; yvapj}, 
a sign]. The science of the signs by which disease 
is recognized. 

Pathognostic (path-og-nos'-tik). Synonym of Pathog- 
nomonic. 

Pathogony (path-og' -o-ne). Same as Pathogeny. 

Pathographic (path-o-graf '-ik) [ird&oc, disease ; ypa- 
<pen; to write]. Pertaining to pathography. 

Pathography ( path-og' -ra-fe) [~dfloc, disease; ypdpeiv, 
to write]. A description of diseases. 

Pathologic (path - o - loj' - ik) [Trdfoc, disease ; \6yoc; , 
science]. Pertaining to pathology. Morbid or dis- 
eased. P. Anatomy. See Anatomy. P. Histol- 
ogy, the microscopic study of diseased tissues. 

Pathologist (path- ol'-o -jist) [ttMos, disease; "^6yog, 
science]. A specialist in pathology. 

Pathology (path-ol'-o-je) [_-df)oc, disease ; Xoyog, sci- 
ence]. That branch of medical science which treats 
of the modifications of function and changes in struc- 
ture caused by disease. It is divided, especially on the 
European continent, into P., External, or surgery, 
and P., Internal, or medicine limited to diseases of 
internal organs. Of pathology in general three sub- 
divisions are made — morbid anatomy, morbid physiol- 
ogy, and etiology. P., Cellular, pathology that makes 
the cell the basis of all vital phenomena, and teaches 
that every cell is derived from a pre-existing parent- 
cell. P., Comparative, a study of pathologic pro- 
cesses in lower animals, for purposes of tracing resem- 
blances and differences among them and between them 
and those of the human body. P., Experimental, 
the study of pathologic processes artificially induced 
in lower animals. P., General, that department of 
pathology which takes cognizance of those morbid 
processes that may be observed in various diseases and 
in any organ, e.g., inflammation and hypertrophy. 
P., Geographic, pathology in its relation to climatic 
and geographic conditions. P., Humoral, the old doc- 
trine that all disease is due to abnormal conditions of 
the blood. It has been revived in recent times in a 
modified form, and is now based on the theory that both 
immunity and susceptibility to disease reside in the 
juices of the body. P., Medical. Synonym of 
P., Internal. P., Special, the science of such 
changes in function and structure as occur in special 
organs, e.g., pneumonia. P., Surgical. Synonym 
of P. , External. 

Patholysis (path-ol' -is-is) \naf)or, disease; 2.veiv, to 
dissolve]. The dissolution of tissues or substances by 
the influence of disease. 

Pathomania (path-o-t?ia' -ne-ah)\jra.doc, disease ; fiavia, 
madness]. Moral insanity. 

Pathometry (path-om' -et-re) \jrdflog, disease ; /nerpov, 
measure]. The measure of suffering; the distinction 
or diagnosis of different kinds of suffering. 

Pathonomia (path-o-no'-me-ali)\_-a.6ng, disease; vdfioc, 
law] . The study of pathologic laws. 

Pathopatridalgia (path-o-pat-rid-al' -je-ah) [iradog, ill- 
ness ; irarpig, fatherland ; d'hyog, pain]. Nostalgia. 

Pathopatridomania (path-o-pat- rid- o - ma' • ne - ah). 
Synonym of Nostromania. 

Pathophobia (path-o-fo'-be-ah) [^ddog, disease ; p6(3or, 
fear]. Exaggerated dread of disease. 

Pathophorous (path-off'-or-us) {jradog, disease; <popor, 
bear] . Pathogenic . 



Pathopoiesis (path-o-poi-e' -sis) \jrddoc, disease ; noielv, 
to make]. The creation of disease. 

Patience (pa'-shens) \_patientia~\. A species of dock; 
Rumex patientia, of Europe, sparingly naturalized 
in N. America; is used in medicine (see Rumex) as 
an alterative and tonic. Unof. 

Patient (pa'-shent) \_pati, to suffer]. One who is 
under the care of a physician. A sick person. 

Patten (pat'-en) [Fr. , patin, a clog]. An iron support 
placed under a sound foot to remove pressure from 
and permit extension of the diseased limb in hip-joint 
disease. 

Patterson's Powder. A mixture of bismuth subnitrate 
and magnesia. 

Pattison's White Lead. See Pigments, Conspectus of . 

Patulous (pat'-u-lus) \_patere, to lie open]. In biology, 
spreading, gaping, open. 

Pauci-articulate (paw-se-ar-tik 1 ' -u-laf) [paucus, few ; 
articulatus, articulate]. In biology, having few joints. 

Paucidentate (paw-sid-en'-tdt) \_paucus, few ; dens, 
tooth]. In biology, having few teeth. 

Pauciflorous (paw - sif- lo'-rus) [paucus, few; Jlos, 
flower]. In biology, having few (lowers. 

Paucifolious ( paw-sif-o' -le-us) [ paucus, few ; folium, 
a leaf]. In biology, having few leaves. 

Paucinervate (pazv-sin-er'-vat) \_paucus, few; nerva, 
nerve]. In biology, having few nerves. 

Pauciradiate (paw-se-ra'-de-dt) [ paucus, few, little; 
radius, ray]. In biology, having few rays. 

Paucispiral (paw-se-spi'-ral) \_paucus, few; spira, a 
fold, coil]. In biology, having few spirals, whorls, 
or turns. 

Paul's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Paullinia ( pa?v-lin'-e-ah) . See Guarana. 

Paunch (pawnch) [ME., paunche, paunch]. The ab- 
dominal cavity and its contents. In comparative 
anatomy, the largest stomach of cud-chewing animals. 
See Farding-bag. 

Pausimenia (pa7v-si?n-e'-ne-ah). See Afenopause. 

Pavasi's (Carlo) Method. A method of masking the 
taste of cod-liver oil : iooo parts of the oil, 50 parts 
of ground coffee, and 25 parts of animal charcoal are 
placed in a flask and heated for an hour over a water- 
bath. The mixture is then set aside in a cool place, 
and stirred occasionally for three days, when the oil 
is filtered off and is ready for use. 

Pavement ( pdv'-ment) \_pavi7nentum , a pavement]. 
A floor or paved structure ; a formation like pave- 
ment. P. Epithelium. See Epithelium. 

Pavilion (pa-vil'-yon) \_pavilio, a canopy]. A name 
sometimes given to the expanded portion of a canal 
or tube ; the outer ear ; the pinna or auricle of the 
ear. P. of Oviduct, P. of the Tube, the fimbriae or 
fringe-like process of the outer extremity of the ovi- 
duct ; the center of the ovarian extremity of the 
oviduct ; the morsus diaboli. 

Pavimentum (pav-im-en' -turn) [L.]. A floor. P. 
orbitse, the floor of the orbit. P. ventriculi, the 
floor of a ventricle. 

Pavitation (pav -it- a'- shun) \_pavitatio ; pavere, to 
quake]. Terror, or fear, with trembling. 

Pavor (pa'-vor) [L.]. Fright; fear. P. nocturnus. 
See Night-mare and A T ight-terrors. 

Pavy's Disease. Intermitting or recurrent albumi- 
nuria. See Diseases, Table of. P.'s Test, a test 
for grape-sugar. It consists in the use of ammonia 
instead of caustic alkali in Fehling's solution. See 
Tests, Table of. 

Paxton's Disease. See Ti?tea nodosa, Morbus paxtonii, 
and Diseases, Table of. 

Paxwax (paks'-waks) [ME.]. The ligamentum nuchae 
in the larger quadrupeds. See Paxwax. 



PAYNE'S TREATMENT 



1030 



PECTINIC ACID 



Payne's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Paytin [pa'-it-in) [S.A., Payta], C 21 H, 4 N, 2 -+- H 2 0. 
An alkaloid of one of the cinchona barks. 

Peach (pech) [ME., peche, peach]. The rosaceous tree 
or shrub, Amygdalus persica, and its valuable fruit. 
The kernels of the seed are a good substitute for bitter 
almonds ; the decoction of the leaves is laxative and 
anthelmintic, as well as sedative. Peach-brandy is dis- 
tilled from the fruit. Unof. P. -black. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. P. -brandy, a liquor distilled 
from peaches. P. -cold. See Hay-fever, and Rhi- 
nitis, Hyper esthetic. P. -fever, a morbid condition of 
the respiratory and cutaneous surfaces, with some con- 
sequent systemic disturbances, due to irritation from 
the pubescence of the skin of the common peach, 
the Amygdalus persica. It is tolerably frequent among 
persons employed in the fruit-packing and canning 
establishments of Maryland and Delaware. The 
Schneiderian membrane becomes turgid ; then fol- 
lows a copious discharge of serum and mucus ; the 
frontal sinuses, the conjunctivae, and the larger bronchi 
also become the seat of catarrh, and asthmatic attacks 
may be induced. A macular or papular eruption comes 
out on the wrists, forearms, neck, and forehead ; the 
cutaneous affection may go on to true dermatitis, and 
the lesions may become pustules. Anderson believes 
the source of irritation to be some germ whose habitat 
is the " fuzz " of the peach. 

Peacock-sound (pe / -kok-sownd) . A peculiar sound of 
the voice supposed to be the result of too close adapta- 
tion of the posterior half arches (palato-pharyngeal 
folds) of the fauces, but according to Harrison Allen 
due to a faulty method of breathing, neglected catarrh, 
or a growth in the upper air-passages. 

Pean's Operation. See Operations , Table of. 

Peanut (pe'-mif) [ME., pease; ME., nutte, nut]. 
An edible fruit of Arachis hypogaa. P. -oil. See 
Ground-nut Oil. 

Pear [ME., pere, pear]. The tree Pyrus communis, 
and its fruit. P.-oil, a dilute alcoholic solution of the 
acetic ester of the amyl alcohol of fermentation ; it is 
used in flavoring, cookery, and in candies. 

Pearl [perl) [ME., perle, a pearl]. I. In pharmacy , a 
small, glass globular body completely filled with liquid 
medicine. 2. A cataract ; an opacity growing on the 
eye. 3. A peculiar arrangement of the epithelial cells. 
P. -barley. See Barley. P. Disease, a name for 
tuberculosis of serous membranes in the lower animals, 
especially cattle, given to it on account of the most mani- 
fest lesion, the pearly nodules or tumors, which are often 
pendulous. P., Epidermic, P., Epithelial, one of the 
spheroid concentric masses of epithelial cells often seen 
in hard papillomata, in squamous epitheliomata and 
in cholesteatomata ; they are also called pearly bodies. 
See Cell-nests. P. -eye, afflicted with cataract ; an 
opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye. P. Tumor. 
Synonym of Cholesteatoma. P. -white. Same as 
Bismuth-white and White Lead. 

Pearly (perl'-e) [ME., perle, a pearl]. Resembling a 
pearl; nacreous; clear; translucent. P. Bodies. 
See Pearls, Epithelial. P. Sputa, a term given by 
Laennec to the transparent, tough, tenacious masses 
of mucus of the size of a pea, or smaller, expectorated 
in the chronic bronchitis of old people, occurring dur- 
ing cold weather. P. Tubercle. See Grutum. 

Pearson's Solution. See Arsenic. 

Peaslee's Formula. Set Alimentation, Rectal. 

Peat {pet) [ME., pete, peat]. The product of the 
spontaneous decomposition (decay) of plants, especi- 
ally swamp-plants, in many cases mixed with sand, 
loam, clay, lime, iron pyrites, ocher, etc. It is 
largely employed for fuel in some portions of the 



world, and is extensively used in some countries in 
mud-baths and for poultices. 

Pebrine (peb'-rin) [Fr.]. Syn. , gattina, Ital. ; gat- 
tine, Fr. ; petechia, maladie des corpuscles, maladie des 
petites, etisie, maladie corpusculeuse. An infectious 
epidemic disease which has frequently devastated the 
silkworm establishments (niagnanneries) of Europe. 
The silkworms become infested with Microsporidia 
{corpuscules de Cornalia, corpuscules vibrants), which 
have been variously regarded as bacteria, hematozoa, 
unicellular algae, spores of higher fungi, or " organ- 
ites." Cf., Microbe of Pebrine, under Bacteria, Syn- 
onymatic Table of, and Microsporidia. 

Pebrinous (peb'-rin-us) [Fr., pebrine, pebrine]. Af- 
fected with pebrine. 

Peccant (pek'-ant) [peccare, to sin]. Pathogenic; 
morbid; unhealthy; offensive. 

Pechyagra {pek-e-a' -grali) [~>/x v C, forearm; a/pa, 
seizure] . Gout in the elbow-joint. 

Pechytyrbe (peh-it-er'-be). Synonym of Scurvy. 

Pecklin, Glands of. See Gland. 

Pecquet, Cistern of. The receptaculum chyli. P., Duct 
of. See Duct. P., Reservoir of. See P., Cistern of. 

Pectase (pck'-taz) [~ rjKroq, fixed]. A supposititious 
ferment of plants which converts pectose into pectin. 

Pecten (pek'-ten) [pecten, a comb: //., Pec-tines']. 
The os pubis. In biology, a comb-like structure or 
organ. 

Pectic {pek'-tik) [xt/htSc, fixed]. Concealing, curd- 
ling. P. Acid, C^H^O.^, a gelatinous substance 
obtained when pectin is treated with an alkali and 
acid successively. 

Pectin, Pectine (pek'-thi) \_-kiiktlk6c, congealing, 
curdling]. One of a series of vegetable bodies found 
combined with lime in fleshy fruits and roots ; and also 
in bark, stems and leaves. According to Braconnot, it 
is present in all plants. It forms the basis of vegetable 
jelly. Cf. pectase, pectose, parapectin, metapectin, 
pectosinic acid,pectinic acid, metapectinic acid,peclinose, 
arabinose. 

Pectinal (pek'-tin-al) [pecten, a comb]. Comb-like. 

Pectinate (pek'-tin-at) [pecten, a comb]. In biology, 
comb-like ; arranged like the teeth of a comb. P. 
Antenna, in biology, an antenna that resembles a 
comb, due to a linear projection of each joint on the 
inner side. P. Ligament, fibers of connective tissue 
at the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye, be- 
tween the iris and the cornea. P. Muscles, the mus- 
culi pectinati of the heart. P. Zone, the upper surface 
of the basilar membrane external to Corti's organ. 

Pectination [pek-tin-a'-shun) [pecten, a comb]. In 
biology : (a) the state of being pectinate ; (b) a pec- 
ten or comb-like structure. 

Pectinato-fimbricate (peh - tin - a'- to-fim'- brik - at) 
[pecten, a comb ; fimbria, a fringe]. In biology, 
having the pectinations fringed. 

Pectineal (pck-tin-e'-al) [pecten, & comh~\. Pectinal 
or pectinate. P. Crest. Same as P. Line. P. Fascia, 
the fascia covering the pectineus and adductor longus 
muscles. P. Line, a linear prominence on the os in- 
nominatum. The same as the ileopectineal line. See 
Lines, Table of. P. Ridge. Same as ^ Line. 

Pectinella ( pek-tin-cl'-ali) [dim. oi pecten, a comb : />/. , 
Pectinell<c~\. In biology, a pectinated appendage of 
the protomala of myriapods. 

Pectineus (p-lc-tin-e'-us). See Muscles, Table of 

Pectinic Acid (pek-tin'-ik) [->/k~6c, fixed], C., 2 H,,,- 
O 30 , or C. 12 H., s O., 8 . This equals 4Q.H-0.,, according 
to Fremy ; C2 8 H 20 O 26 , according to Chodnew. It is a 
colorless, transparent jelly, drying up to a horny mass, 
insoluble in cold water, scarcely soluble in warm water, 
insoluble in alcohol and ether. 



PECTINIFORM 



1031 



PEDICLE 



Pectiniform {peh-tin'-iform) [pecten, a comb ; forma, 
a form]. Having the form of or resembling a comb. 
Fimbriated or serrated. P. Septum. See Septum. 

Pectinose [pek'-tin-oz). Same as Arabinose. 

Pectize (pek'-t'iz) [my/crdc, lixed, congealed]. In bi- 
ology, to congeal or form jelly. Cf. Pectin. 

Pecto-antibrachialis (pek'- to - an - te - bra - ke- a' -lis) 
[pectus, breast; anlibrachium, the forearm]. In 
biology, a muscle extending from the sternum to the 
elbow of certain animals. 

Pectocaulis [pek-to-kaw'-lis) [pecten, comb; caulis, 
stem: pi., Pectocauli"]. In biology, the common 
stalk of the polypides of a polyzoary. 

Pectoral (pek'-to-ral) [pectus, breast]. Pertaining to 
the breast. Of a medicine, useful in diseases of the 
respiratory tract. P. Fin, the thoracic limb of a fish. 
P. Fremitus, vocal fremitus of the chest. P. Glands, 
lymph-glands along the lower border of the pectoralis 
major muscle. P. Laminae, the basal joints of the 
legs. P. Limb, the anterior or upper limb of a ver- 
tebrate animal. P. Muscles. See Muscles, Table 
of. P. Nerves, the cutaneous branches of the thoracic 
intercostal nerves. P. Ridge, the anterior or external 
bicipital ridge of the humerus. P. Species. See Breast- 
tea. P. Tubercle, the impression on the anterior surface 
of the clavicle for the attachment of the pectoralis 
major muscle. 

Pectoralgia { pek-tor-al'-je-ah) [pectus, breast ; aAyoc, 
pain]. Neuralgic pain in the breast. 

Pectoralis (pek-tor-a'-lis). See Muscles, Table of. 

Pectoriloquism [pek-tor-il'-o-kwizni). Same as Pec- 
toriloquy. 

Pectoriloquy [pek-tor-il' '-o-kwe)[ pectus, breast; loqui, 
to speak]. The distinct transmission of articulate 
speech to the ear on auscultation. It may be heard 
over cavities in the lung, over areas of consolidation 
near a large bronchus, over a pneumothorax when 
the opening in the lung is patulous ; over some pleural 
effusions. P., Whispering, the transmission of the 
whispered words to the auscultating ear. The sounds 
seem to emanate directly from the spot auscultated. 

Pectorophony (pek-tor-of J ' -o-ne) [pectus, breast ; <f>uvh, 
sound]. Exaggerated vocal resonance, as heard in 
auscultating the chest. 

Pectose [pek'-toz) [nrja-oc, fixed]. A compound oc- 
curring in fruits, intermediate between starch and glu- 
cose. Its exact composition is not known. Heat and 
other reagents change it into pectin. 

Pectosinic Acid {pek-to-sin'-ik) [t7T]kt6c, fixed], C M - 
H 46 O m . A substance produced from pectose by treat- 
ment with dilute watery alkalies. It is amorphous and 
of an acid reaction, insoluble in cold dilute acids, 
scarcely soluble in cold water, but easily soluble in 
warm water. Its salts are jelly-like and amorphous, 
and soluble in warm dilute acids. 

Pectous {pek'-tus) [rrT/KTor, fixed, congealed]. In bi- 
ology, consisting of one or more pectin bodies. 

Pedunculate {pek-tung' -ku-lat) [pectunculus, a little 
comb]. In biology, furnished with a comb-like ar- 
rangement of minute spines or bristles. 

Pectunculi [pek-tunk'-u-K) [pecten, comb]. Plural of 
Pectunculus. Longitudinal striations in the walls of 
the Sylvian aqueduct. 

Pectus (pek / -tus) [pectus, breast: //. , Pectora~\. That 
part of the body between the neck and the abdomen. 
In biology, the chest, breast, lower surface of the 
thorax or pectoral region. P. carinatum. Same as 
Pigeon-breast. P. gallinatum. Same as Chichen- 
breast. P. gallinaceum. See Chicken-breast. 

Pedal [pe'-dal )[pes, pedis, foot]. Pertaining to the foot. 

Pedanchone [ped-ang' -ko-ne) [ Tzaic, child ; ayxovrj, 
choking]. A synonym of Cynanche maligna. 



Pedarthrocace (ped-arth-rok' -as-e) [■Kale, child ; apd- 
pov, a joint; imkuc, evil]. A necrotic ulceration or 
caries of the joints of children. The same as Osle- 
ophthoria. 

Pedate {ped'-at) [pes, foot]. In biology, resembling a 
foot in form or arrangement. 

Pedatifid yped-at'-ifid) [pedatus, furnished with feet; 
findere, to divide, cleave]. In biology, pedately di- 
vided or cleft about half-way to the base. 

Pedatinerved {ped-at'-in-ervd) [pedatus, furnished with 
feet ; nervus, nerve]. In biology, applied to leaves 
having no mid-rib, but supplied with two strong lateral 
nerves, which give rise to others extending toward the 
apex ; pedately veined. 

Pedatipartite (ped-at-ip-ar' '-tit) [pedatus, furnished 
with feet; partire, to part]. In biology, pedately 
lobed or cleft, with the sinuses extending about half- 
way to the base. 

Pedatisect {ped-at'-is-ekf) [pedatus, furnished with 
feet; secare, to cut]. In biology, pedately cleft or 
parted; having the cleft reaching nearly to the mid-rib 
or base. 

Pedatrophia, Pedatrophy {ped-at-ro'-fe-ah, ped-at'-ro- 
fe) [ttclic, child ; arpofia, atrophy]. I. Any wasting 
disease of childhood. 2. Synonym of Tabes mesen- 
terica, or Intestinal Catarrh of Children. 

Pederastia, Pederasty {ped-er-as'-te-ah, ped'-er-as-te) 
[rra7r, boy; kpaea>, to love]. Intercourse with a boy 
per anum. 

Pederastic (ped-er-as'-tik) [7ra.1dF.pa.PTia, pederasty]. 
Pertaining to pederasty. 

Pedesis (pe-de'-sis) [Trr/ch/uic , leaping or bounding]. 
Jevon's name for the indefinite dancing or oscillating 
motion of the particles of any substance sufficiently 
powdered and suspended in a suitable liquid. It is a 
purely physical phenomenon probably due to the fact 
that the particles are in very delicate equilibrium and 
hence extremely sensitive to the slightest change of 
temperature. It is with less propriety termed Molecu- 
lar Movei?ie7it, Brownian Movejnent, and Titubation . 

Pedialgia [pe-de-al'-je-ah) [tte&'iov, foot; a?iyoc, a pain]. 
Pain in the foot. 

Pediaphtha ( pe-de-af'-thah) [iralc, child; a(f>6a, thrush]. 
Infantile aphtha. 

Pediatric (pe-de-at'-rik) [rralr, child ; iarpia, thera- 
peutics]. Pertaining to pediatrics. 

Pediatrics {pe-de-at'-riks) [ixalc, child ; Iarpia, thera- 
peutics]. The treatment of the diseases of children. 

Pediatry (pe / -de-at-re). See Pediatrics. 

Pedicel (ped'-is-el) [pediculus, dim. of pes, a foot]. 
In biology : (a) a branch of a flower-cluster support- 
ing one or more flowers ; (b) any little foot, foot-stalk, 
or foot-like organ. P.-cell, in biology, a cell acting 
as a foot-stalk to some organ ; as the flask-shaped cell 
which supports the antheridium in the Characecr. 

Pedicellaria (ped-is-el-a'-re-ah) [pedicellus, a pedicel : 
pi. , Pedicellaricc']. In biology, one of the tactile 
organs of the echinoderm, serving to keep off para- 
sites, to retain protective substances (sea- weeds, etc.), 
and as organs of attachment or aids to locomotion. 

Pedicellate (ped-is-el'-at) [pedicellus, a pedicel]. In 
biology, having a pedicel. 

Pedicellus {ped-is-el'-us) [dim. of pediculus, a little 
foot: //. , Pedicelli\ In biology: (a) a pedicel; 
(b) the third joint of the antenna of an insect. 

Pedicle (ped'-ik-l) [pedictclus, a little foot]. In biol- 
ogy : (a) the stalk of a flower-cluster, whether sup- 
porting one flower or more ; (b) the bony process giv- 
ing support to the antlers of a deer ; (c) the foot of the 
neural arch of a vertebra. In pathology, the narrow 
part of a tumor or morbid growth by which it is at- 
tached or which supports it. P. of Invagination, a 



PEDICULAR 



1032 



PEDUNCLE 



group of cells supporting the hypoblast in a stage of 
development of certain molluscs (Pisidium), and 
which subsequently develops into the rectum ; the 
rectal peduncle. P. of a Vertebra, the portion of a 
vertebra that projects dorsad from the body on each 
side. 

Pedicular (ped-ik-u-lar) [from pediculus, dim. of pes, 
a foot]. Pertaining to a pedicle or little foot-stalk. 
Peduncular. 

Pediculation {ped-ik' '-u-la' 'shuri) [pediculus, dim. of 
pes, foot]. The state of being lousy. 

Pedicule (ped' '-ik-iil) \_pediculus, a little foot]. In 
biology, a pedicel, pedicle, or peduncle. 

Pediculi (pe-dik'-u-li) [L.]. Plural of Pediculus, q. v. 

Pediculodermata ( pe-dik-u-lo-der' -znat-ali) [pediculus, 
louse; Sippa, skin]. The skin-lesion produced by 
lice. 

Pediculophobia (pe-dik-u-lo-fo f -be- ah) \_pediculus, 
louse; #o/3oc, fear]. Morbid dread of lousiness. 

Pediculosis (pe - dik - u - lo'- sis) [ pediculus, louse]. 
Phthiriasis ; lousiness ; a contagious animal parasitic 
skin-affection characterized by the presence of pedic- 
uli, which occasion peculiar lesions, scratch-marks, 
and excoriations, accompanied with itching. See 
Pediculus and Phthiriasis, under Parasites [Animal), 
Table of. 

Pediculus (pe - dik'-u- lus) [pediculus, a louse]. A 
small parasitic hemipterous insect. See under Para- 
sites {Animal), Table of. 

Pedicure (ped'-ik-iir) [pes, foot; cura, care]. A 
chiropodist ; also the care of the feet. 

Pediferous (ped-if'-er-us) [pes, foot; ferre, to bear]. 
Having feet. 

Pediform (ped'-iform) [pes, foot; forma, form]. In 
biology, foot-shaped. 

Pedigerous (ped-ij' -er-us) [pes, foot; gerere, to bear]. 
Bearing feet ; pediferous. 

Pedigree (ped'-ig-re) [possibly from Fr. pied de grue, 
a crane's foot, from the irregular lines on charts of 
descent]. An account of genealogy or descent. 

Pediluvium (ped-il-u'-ve-um) [pes, foot; lavare, to 
wash]. Afoot-bath. 

Pedimana (ped-im'-an-ah ) [pes, foot ; mantis, hand]. 
A family of mammals represented by the marsupials, 
which have the fore limbs so constructed as to serve 
either as hands or as feet. 

Pedimanous (ped - im' '- an- zes) [pes, foot; manus, 
hand]. In biology, having hand-like feet. 

Pediocle (ped' -e-o-kl) [pes, foot; oculus, eye]. A 
stalk-eyed crustacean. 

Pediococcus (ped-e-o-kok'-zis) [pes, a foot ; ndimog, a 
berry]. A term formerly given to a genus of micro- 
cocci. 

Pedion (pe'-de-on) [rrediov, sole]. Sole of the foot. 

Pedion, Pedium (pe'-de-on, pe'-de-ztm) [-naig, child]. 
A child ; also, a fetus. 

Pedionalgia (ped-e-on-al' -je-ah) [tteS'lov, sole of the 
foot; aAyog, pain]. Pain in the sole of the foot. 

Pedipalp (ped'-ip-alp) [pes, foot; palpus, feeler]. In 
biology, a maxillary palpus, so modified as to serve as 
an efficient limb, tactile or prehensile organ, as in 
scorpions, chelifers, etc. 

Pedipalpous ( ped : ip-al ' -pus) [pes, foot ; palpare, to 
feel]. Havingpedipalps. 

Pedipalpus (ped-ip-al'-pus) [pes, a foot; palpare, to 
touch: //., Pedipalpi\ A pedipalp. 

Peditis ( pe-di'-tis) [pes, foot; irtg, inflammation]. 
Williams' term for the serious complication of 1am- 
initis of the horse's foot, in which not only the lam- 
inae, but the periosteum and the coffin-bone also, are 
involved in the inflammatory process. 

Pedodynamometer(ped-o-di-izam-ow'-et-er)[pes, foot; 



a'vva/ug, power; phpov, measure]. An instrument 
intended to measure the muscular strength of the 
leg. 

Pedogenesis, Pedogenesis (pe-do-jen'-es-zs) [-air, 
child; yeveoig, generation]. In biology, a form of 
heterogeny, in which an imaginal generation repro- 
ducing sexually by means of fertilized eggs alternates 
with several generations of parthenogenetically repro- 
ducing viviparous- larvae (e.g., in Cecidomyia). 

Pedologic (pe-do-loj'-ik) [iraig, child ; Adyog, science]. 
Pertaining to pedology. 

Pedology (pe-dol'-o-je) [Traig, child; Xdyog, science]. 
The science, or sum of knowledge, regarding child 
hood, its diseases, hygiene, etc. 

Pedometer (pe-dom' -et-er) [~aig, child ; /icrpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for determining the weight and 
height of a new-born child. 

Pedometer (ped - om' '- et - er) [pes, foot; perpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for automatically measur- 
ing any distance traveled. As formerly constructed, 
it registered the number of footsteps. 

Pedometry (pe-dom> ' -et-re) [7ra?c, a child, or pes, foot ; 
pirpov, measure]. I. The measurement of the new- 
born child. 2. The use of the pedometer. 

Pedomorphism (pe-do-morf'-izm) [Tralg(naifi-), child; 
popfi], form]. In biology, Harrison Allen's term 
for the disposition occasionally exhibited in adult ani- 
mals for the proportions of different parts of the body 
to remain as they were in the immature individuals, 
not due to arrest of growth, but to the fact that certain 
parts preserve the peculiarities of the young. 

Pedonosology (pe-do-nos-ol' -o-je) [-dig, child ; vdoog, 
disease; Aoyog, science]. The nosology of diseases 
peculiar to infancy and childhood. Pediatrics. 

Pedonosos, Pedonosus (pe-don'-o-sos, pe-don'-o-sus) 
[rraig, child ; vdoog, disease]. A disease of child- 
hood. 

Pedopathy (pe-dop'-ath-e) [~a'tg, child ; TraOog, suffer- 
ing]. The science of the diseases of children, their 
treatment, etc. 

Pedophlebotomy (pe-do-fle-bof -o-me) [Traig, child; 
<fAei\>, vein; ro/ti/, a cutting]. Venesection in chil- 
dren. 

Pedophlysis^pe-dof-lis-is) [rraJg, child ; (pAvaig, erup- 
tion]. A bullous or pustular eruption in young 
children. 

Pedophthisis (pe - dof'-this-is) [na'ig, child; (pdiaig, 
wasting]. Tabetic or other wasting disease of chil- 
dren. 

Pedopyra (pe-dop'-ir-ah) [-rralg, child ; ^vp, fire]. 
A febrile disease of children. P. americana. Syno- 
nym of Cholera infantum. 

Pedotrophic (pe-do-tro'-fik) [Traig, child ; rpnipi/, nour- 
ishment]. Pertaining to the rearing of children. 

Pedotrophist (pe- dot'- ro- fist) [iraig, child; rpmii,, 
nourishment]. One skilled in, or devoted to, the 
rearing of children. 

Pedotrophium (pe- do-tro'-fe - urn) [~alg, child; 
rpe(j>eLv, to nourish]. A foundling hospital, or one 
for orphan children. 

Pedotrophy (pe-dot'-ro-fe)[7iaig, child ; rpotpr;, nourish- 
ment]. The hygiene of childhood ; the care, nursing, 
and regimen of children. 

Peduncle (pe'-dung-hl) [pedunculus, a little foot]. 
In biology, a foot-stalk, or foot-like part, a pedicel oi 
pedicle, the stalk of a flower-cluster, of a barnacle, or 
of any organ. In anatomy, any supporting part. P., 
Anterior Cerebellar. Synonym of P., Superior Cere- 
bellar . P. of the Cerebellum. See P., Inferior, 
Middle, and Superior Cerebellar. P., Cerebral. 
Synonym of Cms cerebri. P. of the Cerebrum, the 
crus cerebri. P. of the Corpus callosum, the 



PEDUNCLED 



1033 



PELLAGRIN 



anterior perforated space. P., Inferior Cerebellar, 
one of the two bands of white matter passing up from 
the oblongata, a continuation of the restiform bodies, 
and connecting the medulla with the cerebellum. 
It forms the lower lateral wall of the fourth ventri- 
cle. P., Middle Cerebellar, one of the bands of 
white matter joining the pons and the cerebellum. P., 
Olivary, a band of fibers passing from the olivary 
nucleus to the lemniscus and the tegmentum. P. 
of the Pineal Gland, a delicate white band passing 
forward from each side of the pineal gland along the 
edge of the third ventricle. P., Posterior Cere- 
bellar. Synonym of P., Inferior Cerebellar. P., 
of the Spinal Cord, the inferior cerebellar peduncle. 
P. Superior Cerebellar, one of the two bands of white 
matter that pass from the cerebellum to the testes of 
the corpora quadrigemina. P., Transverse. Syno- 
nym of P., Middle Cerebellar. 

Peduncled (pe 1 '-dung-kid) \_pedunculus , a little foot]. 
Furnished with a peduncle ; pedunculate. 

Peduncular (pe-dung' -ku-lar) \_pedunculus ; dim. of 
pes, foot]. Pertaining to a peduncle. 

Pedunculate, Pedunculated (pe- dung / - ku- 1st, pe- 
dung' -ku-la-ted) \_peduncuhts, dim. of pes, foot]. 
Having a peduncle ; stalked. 

Pedunculus (pe-dung' '-ku-lus). Same as Peduncle. 

Peeling (pel'-ing) \_pellis, skin]. A term applied to 
the process of desquamation, as in scarlet fever. 

Peenash [pe' '-nash) [E. Ind.]. The Eastern name for 
myiosis, produced by Lucilia macellaria. See Para- 
sites (Animal), Table of. 

Peeosyne (pe-e-os' '-in-e) . Synonym of Therapeutics. 

Peg \_MY,., pegge, a spike]. I. A pointed pin of wood, 
metal, or other material. 2. A wooden leg. P. -leg, 
a wooden leg of the simplest form. P. -teeth, a 
name given by Hutchinson to the teeth of children 
with hereditary syphilis, from the peg-like appearance 
of the crowns. 

Pegology (peg-ol'-o-je) \jT7)yi], fountain ; Adyog, sci- 
ence]. The science of medicinal springs; balneol- 
ogy- 

Peinotherapy (pi-no-ther'-ap-e) \jvuva, hunger ; 6spa- 
■KEveiv, to heal]. The cure of disease by the depriva- 
tion of food ; hunger-cure ; limotherapy. 

Pelada (pel'-a-dah) [Fr.]. Alopecia of the scalp; 
also syphilitic alopecia. 

Pelade (pel-akd ')\Yx.\ A synonym of Alopecia areata 
or Area celsi. 

Pelage (pel-ahf) [Fr.; ireTiAa, the hair]. In biology, 
the hairy system of the body as a whole. The hair, 
wool, or fur of a mammal. 

Pelagian (pel-a'-je -an) \_TVEAayog, the sea]. Inhabiting 
the deep sea. 

Pelagic (pel-af-ik) \jrelayiKog, pertaining to the open 
sea ; from irsAayos, the sea] . Inhabiting the high 
seas, the deep or open ocean, as contrasted with 
limnetic, or fresh-water inhabitants or the littoral ma- 
rine fauna and flora. Cf. Allopelagic, Autopelagic, 
Bathypelagic, Chimopelagic, Eupelagic, Nyclipelagic, 
Spanipelagic, under Plankton. , P. Fauna and 
Flora, the animals and plants (passively floating or 
actively swimming) which remain at the surface of the 
sea and never leave it, or only for a short time descend 
to a slight depth. Among such true pelagic animals 
are the Radiolaria, Peridinia, Noctiluca, Medzcsa, 
Siphonophora, Ctenophora , Sagitta, Pteropoda, Heter- 
opoda, a greater part of the Crustacea, the larvse of 
Echinodermata , of many Vermes, etc P. Tow-stuff, 
the small organisms obtained by towing nets at sea. 

Pelargonic Acid (pel-ar-gon'-ik) [irEAa/r/Sg, a stork], 
C 7 H 18 2 . A monobasic crystalline acid obtained from 
the essential oil of Pelargonium roseum and from 



other oils. It is employed in the flavoring of wines. 
See Acid. 

Pelargonium (pel-ar-go'-ne-uvi) [nEAapydc, a stork]. 
A genus of the Pelargonice or stork's-bills, indigenous 
in Africa and India and cultivated in Europe and 
America. Several species have medicinal properties. 
P. anceps is an emmenagogue. P. antidysenteri- 
cum, is used in dysentery. P. roseum, the rose- 
geranium, contains an oil from which pelargonic acid 
is obtained. Unof. 

Pelican (pel'-ik-an) [_-n£?ienav, to hew with an ax]. An 
old variety of forceps, or key, for the extraction of 
teeth. In chemistry, a glass vessel for continued dis- 
tillation. 

Pelicology (pel- ik - ol'- -je) [ ■k'eai^, pelvis ; Adyog, 
science]. The study of the pelvis and its proportions. 

Pelicometer (pel-ik-om'-et-er). Synonym of Pelvimeter. 

Pelidnephidrosis ( pel-id - nef -id - ro' -sis) [ tte"Al6v6q, 
livid ; kflSpuaic, ephidrosis]. Same as Melinephidrosis. 

Pelidnoma (pel-id no'-mah). Synonym of Ecchymosis. 

Pelidnus (pel-id / -nus) \_weAidv6g, livid]. A leaden- 
colored condition of the skin. 

Pelioma (pel-e-o'-mah) [ TreXlufia, a livid spot : //. , 
Pelio?nata~\. A livid spot, as seen in peliosis. P. 
typhosum. See Taches bleuatres. 

Peliosis (pel-e-o'-sis) [ke'Aioc, livid]. A livid condition 
of the skin due to extravasation of blood. P. pemphi- 
goides. See P. rheumatica. P. rheumatica, Purpura 
rkeumatica ; an acute purpuric skin-disease, more com- 
mon in persons from fifteen to thirty years old, and 
characterized by the presence of non-elevated or 
slightly elevated spots, from the size of a pin's head to 
a lentil, of a deep-red color, which do not disappear 
on pressure, and soon become dark-purple. They are 
usually seen on the legs and feet, often clustered around 
painful joints ; they are also found on the hands and 
arms, and very rarely on the trunk and face. At times 
erythematous or urticarial rashes (P. urticans) are 
present on other parts of the body, and more rarely 
vesication occurs (P. pemphigoides). P. senilis, the 
minute hemorrhages into the skin seen in marantic 
senile persons. P. urticans. See P. rheumatica. 

Pellada (pel-a'-dah). See Pelade. 

Pellagra (pel-a r -grah) [It., pelle, skin ; agra, rough; or 
tteXaci, skin; aypa, seizure]. Ergotism, Lombardian 
Leprosy, Lepra asficriensis ; an endemic trophoneurotic 
skin disease occurring among the squalid and destitute, 
due to chronic poisoning with diseased or fermented 
maize, and affecting chiefly the cerebro- spinal and diges- 
tive systems. It usually occurs in those between thirty 
and fifty years of age. It always begins in spring, and 
the lesion appears on the parts of the body exposed to 
the air and light (face, neck, back of hands, and feet). 
It consists of an intense, rapidly-extending erythema, 
bright-red, livid or brown in color, with much swell- 
ing, and causing violent burning or itching. The 
spreading edge of the patches is much elevated and 
generally darker than the central portion. There are 
marked nervous and general symptoms, insanity, mania, 
or melancholia being common. P. sine pellagra, 
[L. , pellagra without pellagra]. Pellagra without 
cutaneous eruption. 

Pellagracein (pel-a-gra f -se-in) [It., pelle, skin ; agra, 
rough; or -rreAAa, skin ; aypa, seizure]. A name given 
by Lombroso to a poisonous substance found in de- 
composed corn-meal ; it is probably a mixture of pois- 
onous ptomains, some of which induce narcosis 
and paralysis; other symptoms are like those of nicotin- 
poisoning. 

Pellagrin (pel'-a-grin) [It. , pella, skin ; agra, rough ; 
or TreAAa, skin; aypa, seizure]. One who is afflicted 
with pellagra. 



PELLAGROUS 



1034 



PELVIGRAPHY 



Pellagrous (pel-a' ' -grus) [tteX/m, skin; aypa, seizure]. 
Affected with pellagra ; pertaining to pellagra. 

Pellet {pel'-et) [pila, ball]. A small pill or tablet. 

Pelletierin (pel-ef '-e-er-in) [after Bertrand Pelletier, a 
French chemist, 1761-97], C 8 H 13 NO. An aromatic 
oily alkaloid from pomegranate-bark. Its tannate is 
an effective teniafuge. Dose y 2 to I gr. , followed by 
a purgative. Pelletierin is actively poisonous, causing 
weakness of the legs. Unof. 

Pellibranchiate (pel-ib-rang'-ke-at) \_pellis, skin; 
branchice, gills]. In biology, breathing by means of 
the skin. 

Pellicle (pel'-ik-l) \_pellis, skin]. I. A thin membrane, 
film, scum, or cuticle. 2. The cortical layer of plants. 
P., Medicated, a medicamentous layer or film left on 
the skin by the evaporation of collodion which is 
charged with some drug. 

Pellicula (pel-ik' -u-lah) [pellicula, a small skin]. In 
biology, the cortical layer of a plant, as in lichens and 
some fleshy fungi. 

Pellicular (pel-ik' -u-lar) [pellicula, dim. of pellis, 
skin]. Of the nature of, or resembling a pellicle; 
thin-skinned. 

Pelliculate (pel-ik' -u-lat) [pellicula, a small skin]. 
Covered with a pellicle. 

Pellis {pel' -is) [L.]. The skin. 

Pellitory (pel' -it-or-e) [ME. , pelleter, pellitory]. See 
Pyrethruni. P., Persian. See Pyrethrimi roseum. 
See also Parietaria. P., American, Parietaria penn- 
sylvanica. 

Pellous (pel' -lis) [pellis, skin]. Dark-skinned. 

Pellucid (pel-u'-sid) [pellucere, to shine through]. 
Transparent ; translucent ; not opaque. P. Zone, 
the zona pellucida, or inclosing membrane of the mam- 
malian ovum. It is also called the zona radiata. 

Pellucidity (pel-u-sid'-it-e). Same as Pellucidness. 

Pellucidness (pel-u' -sid-ness) [pellucere, to shine 
through]. The state of being pellucid. 

Pelma (pel'-ma/i) [Trefya, sole]. The lower surface 
of the toes ; also the entire sole of the foot. 

Pelmatogram (pel-mat' -o-grani) [-rre'Afia, the sole of 
the foot ; ypajiua, a writing]. A print of the sole. 

Pelor (pel' -or) [ireTajp, a monster]. A fetal mon- 
strosity with some parts abnormally large. 

Peloria (pel-o'-re-ah) [irklup, a monster]. In biology, 
the production of regular flowers upon plants the 
flowers of which are normally irregular. 

Peloriate (pel-or'-e-dt) [nt\up, a monster]. Charac- 
terized by peloria. 

Peloric (pel-or'-ik) [tteaup, a monster]. Character- 
ized by peloria. 

Pelorisation, Pelorization (pel-or-iz-a' -shun) [iriAup, 
a monster]. The becoming affected with peloria. 

Pelorism (pel' -or-izm) [tte'aup, a monster]. Same as 
Peloria. 

Pelorize (pel'-or-iz) [izDiup, a monster]. In biology, to 
bring about peloria. 

Pelosin (pel'-o-zin). See Buxin. 

Pelotonnement (pel-o-ton'-mon(.g)) [Fr.]. The fold- 
ing and the compression of the lower extremities of 
the fetus against the trunk, preliminary to expulsion 
in breech-presentations. 

Pelt [ME. , pelt, pelt]. The skin of a beast with the 
hair on it. 

Peltate (pel' -tat) [■keXti^, a light shield]. In biology, 
shield-shaped. 

Peltatifid ( pel-tat' -if-id) [tteXtt], a light shield \findere, 
to clean]. In biology, peltate and cut into subdivi- 
sions. 

Pelticleis (pel'-tik-lis) [keattj, a shield; kXe'ic, bolt]. 
In biology, a tubercle attached to the posterior margin 
of the carapace of certain crustaceans (Bate). 



Peltifolious (pel-tif-o'-le-us) [pel.'a, a shield ; folium, 
a leaf]. In biology, having peltate leaves. 

Peltiform (pel' -tif-orm) [pelta, a shield ; forma, form]. 
Peltate. 

Peltinerved (pel' -tin-ervd) [pelta, a shield ; nervus, a 
nerve]. In biology, having nerves radiating from a 
central point, e. g., certain leaves. 

Pelvangustia (pel-van-gus' -te-ah) [pelvis, pelvis; 
angustia, narrowing]. A contracted state of the 
pelvis. 

Pelveoperitonitis ( pel' -ve-o-per-it-on-i' -tis ) [pelvis, 
pelvis ; Trepirdvawv , peritoneum ; inc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the pelvic peritoneum. 

Pelveoscope (pel' -ve-o-skop) [ pelvis, pelvis ; ckotte'iv, 
to examine] . An instrument for examining the pelvis ; 
a pelvimeter. 

Pelveoscopy (pel-ve-os' -ko-pe) [pelvis, pelvis ; gkottecv, 
to examine]. The examination of the pelvis; pel- 
vimetry. 

Pelviarium (pel-ve-a'-re-um) [L. ]. An artificial pelvis 
used as a model to demonstrate the anatomy and func- 
tions of the pelvic basin. 

Pelvic (pel'-vik) [pelvis, a basin]. Pertaining to the 
pelvis. P. Abscess, a suppurative inflammation of the 
connective tissue of the pelvic cavity, most common in 
women, and usually associated with puerperal or gonor- 
rheal infection. P. Aponeurosis, the tendinous lamina 
having its origin at the brim of the pelvis and lining 
the pelvic cavity. P. Arch. Same as P. Girdle. P. 
Axis, the curved axial line of the pelvic cavity. P. 
Canal, the birth-canal. P. Cavity, the cavity form- 
ing the lower part of the abdomen. P. Cellulitis, 
inflammation of the connective tissues in the vicin- 
ity of the uterus, or between the uterus and perineum. 
See Parametritis. P. Contraction. See Pelvis, 
Planes of. P. Diameters. See Pelvis, Diameters 
of. P. Diaphragm, the muscles forming the pelvic 
floor. P. Expansion. See Pelvis, Planes of. P. 
Fascia. See Fascia. P. Girdle, the arch formed by 
the ilium, ischium and pubis, or in the higher verte- 
brates by the two innominate bones P. Hematocele. 
See Hematocele. P. Hernia, a rare condition in which 
there is a protrusion of some portion of the pelvic 
contents through an abnormal opening below the brim 
of the true pelvis ; the chief forms are the perineal, 
vaginal, sciatic, and pudendal. P. Index, the relation 
of the antero-posteriorto the transverse diameter of the 
pelvis. P. Inlet, the superior strait. P. Limb, the 
limb attached to the pelvic girdle. P. Outlet, the 
inferior strait. P. Peritonitis. Set Perimetritis and 
Pelveoperitonitis. P. Plexus. See Plexuses, Table 
of P. Region, the region within the true pelvis. 

Pelvicellulitis (pel-vis-el-u-li' -tis) [pelvis, pelvis ; cel- 
lula, a little cell ; mc, inflammation]. See Pelvic 
Cellulitis. 

Pelvicliseometer (pel-vik-liz-e-om' -et-er) [pelvis, pel- 
vis; kK'usvc, inclination; juirpov, measure]. An in- 
strument for determining the inclination and the 
diameters of the pelvis. 

Pelvicology (pel-vik-ol'-o-je). Same as Pelycology. 

Pelvicrural (pel-vik-ru'-rai) [pelvis, pelvis; cms, 
leg]. Pertaining to the pelvis and the thigh. 

Pelvicula (pel-vik' -11-lah). Synonym of Orbit. 

Pelvidymus ( pel-vid'-im-us) [pelvis, pelvis ; iVifivuoc;, 
double]. The same as Dipygus. 

Pelviform (pel'-viform) [pelvis, a basin; forma, 
shape]. In biology, shaped like a shallow cup. 

Pelvigraph ( pel' -vig-raf) [pelvis, pelvis; -j/mpetv, to 
write]. An apparatus that automatically records the 
outline of the pelvic wall. 

Pelvigraphy (pel-7'ig'-ra-/'c) [pelvis, pelvis ; -)pa0Eiv, to 
write]. A contour or tracing of the pelvic wall. 



PELVIMETER 



1035 



PELVIS 



Pelvimeter {pel-vim' '-et-er) [pelvis, pelvis; fihpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the pelvic 
dimensions. 




Pelvimeter. 

Pelvimetry (pel-vim' -et-re) [pelvis, pelvis; fihpov, 
measure]. The estimation of the dimensions of the 
pelvis. P., Combined, a combination of external 
and internal pelvimetry. P., Digital, pelvimetry 
by means of the hand. P., External, measure- 
ment of the external diameters of the pelvis, by 
which to estimate the dimensions of the internal 
parts. P., Internal, measurement of the internal 
dimensions of the pelvis by the hand or by the pelvi- 
meter. See Pelvis. 

Table of Measurements of the Female Pelvis Covered 
with the Soft Parts. 

Between iliac spines 26 cm. 

" crests 29 " 

External conjugate diameter 20!^ " 

Internal " diagonal 12% " 

True conjugate, estimated 11 " 

Right diagonal, 22 " 

Left 22 " 

Between trochanters, 31 " 

Circumference of pelvis, 90 " 

Pelvimyon (pel-vim-i'-on) [pelvis, a basin ; jivuv, a 
cluster of muscles]. Anymyon of the pelvic arch. 

Pelviotomy (pel-ve-of -o-me) [pelvis, pelvis ; rn/ir/, a 
cutting] . Section or cutting of the bones of the pelvis, 
especially the division of the symphysis pubis in case 
of difficult labor.'* 

Pelviperitonitis ( pel-vip-er-it-on-i' -tis). Synonym of 
Pelveoperito7iitis . 

Pelvis (pel' -vis) [pelvis, a basin]. The basin-like cav- 
ity of the inferior part of the trunk containing the 
rectum, and the urinary bladder and genital organs, 




inferiorly by the floor of the pelvis. P. sequabiliter 
justo-major, one equally enlarged in all diameters, 
with preservation of the normal proportions. It 
complicates labor by rendering it too pre- 
cipitate. P. sequabiliter justo - minor, a 
normally proportioned pelvis, but with all 
its diameters reduced. P., Anatomic. See 
P., Static. P., Axis of (of inlet or outlet), 
a perpendicular to the middle of the antero- 
posterior diameter. P., Beaked, one in 
which the pubic bones are compressed later- 
ally so as to approach each other, and are 
pushed forward. It is seen in the osteo- 
malacic pelvis P., Bony, the framework 
of the pelvis. See Pelvis. P., Brim of, the 
entrance to the pelvic cavity, variously called 
the inlet, superior strait, margin, or isth- 
mus. Capuron, Cardinal Points of, four fixed 
points of the pelvic inlet, the two ileo-pectineal 




Female Pelvis, viewed in the Axis of the Brim. 
Showing the diameters of the superior strait. 




Female Pelvis, seen from the Front. 

and bounded anteriorly and laterally by the innomi- 
nate bones, posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx, and 



Outlet of Pelvis. 

Antero-posterior and transverse diameters of outlet seen from 

below. 

eminences anteriorly, and the two sacro-iliac joints 
posteriorly. P. cerea, an osteomalacic pelvis in 
which the bones are very soft. P., Cordate, one in 
which the inlet is heart-shaped. P., Cordiform, an 
abnormal pelvis in which the inlet is shaped like the 
heart of playing cards. P., Coxalgic, a pelvis de- 
formed as the result of hip-disease. P., Deformities 
of. See Classification at end of this article. P., Di- 
ameters of (of the inlet), the antero-posterior (sacro- 
pubic, or conjugate), from the upper edge of the pro- 
montory of the sacrum to a point an eighth of an inch 
below the upper border of the pubic symphysis ; it 



PELVIS 



1036 



PELVIS 



measures 1 1 cm. ; the transverse, from side to side at 
the widest point; it measures i^> l A cm - > the oblique 
{right and left), obliquely between the points of Cap- 
uron ; it measures 12^ cm. ; (of the outlet), the antero- 
posterior, from the tip of the coccyx to the sub-pubic 
ligament; it measures 9^ cm.; the transverse, be- 
tween the ischial tuberosities ; it measures 11 cm. ; the 
oblique, from the under surface of the sciatic ligaments 
to the junction of the ischio-pubic rami. P., Dwarf, 



Synonym of P., Osteomalacic. P., Kyphotic, one 
with a posterior curvature of the lumbar spinal column 
with increase of the conjugate diameter of the inlet, 
but decrease of the transverse diameter of the outlet, 
through approximation of the tuberosities of the 
ischium. P., Large. See P., False. P., Lordotic, 
one with an anterior curvature of the lumbar spinal 




Infantile Pelvis, viewed in the Axis of the Brim. 



Male Pelvis, seen from the Front. 

a justo-minor pelvis of small size, corresponding to the 
dwarfed state of the body. P., Dynamic, that of 
the woman in labor. P., Elastic. Synonym of P. , 
Osteomalacic. P., False, that part of the pelvis (called, 
also, the supe rior or large pelvis) above the ileo-pecti- 
neal line. P., Fetal. Same as P. , Funnel-shaped. 
P., Fissured, a form of rachitic pelvis in which the ilia 
are pushed forward and rendered nearly parallel. Ex- 
strophy of the bladder is a common complication. P., 
Floor of, the united mass of skin, connective tissue, 





Oblique Pelvis. 
From ankylosis of the hip-joint and disuse of the right 



Kyphotic Pelvis. 

muscles, and fascia forming the inferior boundary of 
the pelvis. P., Funnel-shaped, one that is nar- 
rowed progressively from above downward ; called, 
also,/'., Masculine. P., Giant. Same as P. ,fusto- 
major. P., Inferior. See/ 3 ., True. P., Inlet of. 
See Inlet of Pelvis. P., Justo-major. See P. czqua- 
biliter justo-major. P., Justo-minor. See P., 
irquabiliter justo-minor. P. of Kidney, the funnel- 
shaped chamber extending into the interior of the kid- 
ney and opening into the ureter. P., Kilian's. 




Oblique Pelvis of N^egele. 



PELVIS 



1037 



PELVIS 



column. P. major, the false pelvis. P., Malacos- 
teon. Synonym of P., Osteomalacic. P., Mascu- 
line. See P. , Funnel-shaped. P. minor, the true 
pelvis. P., Naegele's Oblique, a pelvic deformity 
with ankylosis of one sacro-iliac synchondrosis, lack 
of development of the associated lateral sacral mass, 
and other defects that distort the diameters and render 
the conjugate oblique in direction. P. nana, a dwarf 
pelvis. P., Obliquely Contracted. Same as P., 




FiGURE-OF-EIGHT RACHITIC PELVIS. 

Allele's. P., Obliquity of, called, also, the Inclin- 
ation, the angle between the axis of the pelvis and 
that of the body. P., Obstetric, the static pelvis 
plus the last lumbar vertebra. P., Osteomalacic, 
a distorted pelvis characterized by a lessening of the 
transverse and oblique diameters, with great increase 
of the antero-posterior diameter. It is due to morbid 
softening of the bones. P., Outlet of. The inferior 
opening of the pelvic canal. P., Planes of, imagin- 
ary surfaces touching all points of the circumference. 
The plane of pelvic expansion perforates the middle of 




Reniform Rachitic Pelvis. 

the symphysis, the tops of the acetabula, and the sa- 
crum between the second and third vertebra;. Its an- 
tero-posterior diameter is 12 3^ cm., its transverse di- 
ameter 12'^ cm. The plane of pelvic contraction -passes 
through the tip of the sacrum, the spines of the ischia 
and the under surface of the symphysis. Its antero- 
posterior diameter is 11^ cm. ; its transverse diameter 
10^ cm. P., Pseudo-osteomalacic , a pelvis de- 
formed by rickets, resembling that caused by osteo- 
malacia. P., Rachitic, the distortion produced by 
rickets, usually consisting in a sinking in and forward 
of the sacro-vertebral angle, with a flaring outward of 
the iliac crests and increased separation of the iliac 



spines. P., Reduced, a generally contracted pelvis ; 
a justo-minor pelvis. P., Reniform, one in which 
the inlet is kidney-shaped. P., Robert's, one in 
which there is an ankylosis of both sacro-iliac joints, 
with a rudimentary sacrum, both lateral sacral masses 
being undeveloped, and other malformations, the 
oblique and transverse diameters being much narrowed. 




Transversely Contracted Pelvis of Robert. 

P., Rostrated. Synonym of P., Beaked. P., Round, 
one in which the inlet is almost round in outline, owing 
to a diminution of the difference between the conju- 
gate and the transverse diameter. P., Rubber. 
Synonym of P., Osteomalacic. P., Scoliotic, a 
distorted pelvis caused by lateral curvature of the 
spine. P., Simple Flat, one in which the only de- 




rostrated malacosteon pelvis in early stage of 
Deformity. 

formity consists in a shortening of the antero-posterior 
diameter. P., Small. See P., True. P. spinosa, a 
rachitic pelvis in which the crest of the pubis is very 
sharp, and presents a spine at the insertion of the parvi- 
psoas. P., Split, a form in which there is congenital 
separation of the pubic bones at the symphysis. It is 
often associated with exstrophy of the bladder. P., 
Static, the bony pelvis, called, also, the P., Anatomic. 
P., Straits of, superior and inferior, the planes of 
the inlet and outlet. P., Superior. See P., False. 
P., Transversely Contracted. Same as P., Rob- 
ert' : s. P., Triangular, one with a triangular inlet. 



PELVISACRAL 



1038 



PEMPHIGUS 



P., Triradiate, a pelvis in which the promontory is 
pushed forward and the acetabula pressed inward ; it 
is usually due to osteomalacia, and but rarely to 
rickets. P., True, that below the ilio-pectineal line, 
called, also, the small, ox inferior pelvis, or the pelvic 
cavity. P., Undeveloped. Same as P., Funnel- 
shaped. 

Classification of Deformities of the Female Pelvis, 
According to Schauta. 

A. Anomalies of the Pelvis the Result of Faulty 
Development. 

i. Simple flat. 

2. Generally equally contracted {justo-minor), 

3. Generally contracted flat (non-rachitic). 

4. Narrow funnel-shaped (fetal ox undeveloped). 

5. Imperfect development of one lateral mass of the sacrum 

(obliquely contracted or Nczgcle' s pelvis). 

6. Imperfect development of both lateral masses (trans- 

versely contracted ox Robert's pelvis). 

7. Generally equally enlarged (justo-major ox giant pelvis). 

8. Split pelvis. 

B. Anomalies due to Disease of the Pelvic Bones. 

1. Rachitis. 

2. Osteomalacia. 

3. New Growths. 

4. Fractures. 

5. Atrophy, Caries, and Necrosis. 

C. Anomalies in the Conjunction of the Pelvic Bones. 

1. Too firm union (synostosis). 

(1) of symphysis. 

(2) of one or both sacro-iliac synchondroses. 

(3) of sacrum with coccyx. 

2. Too loose a union or separation of the joints. 

(1) Relaxation and rupture. 

(2) Luxation of the coccyx. 

D. Anomalies due to Disease of the Superimposed Skel- 
eton. 

1. Spondylolisthesis. 

2. Kyphosis. 

3. Scoliosis. 

4. Kypho-scoliosis. 

E. Anomalies due to Disease of the Subjacent Skele- 
ton. 

1. Coxalgia. 

2. Luxation of one femur. 

3. Luxation of both femora. 

4. Unilateral or bilateral club-foot. 

5. Absence or bowing of one or both lower extremities. 

Pelvisacral (pel-vis-a'-kral) \_pelvis, pelvis ; sacrum, 
sacrum]. Pertaining to the pelvis and the sacrum. 

Pelvisternal (pel-vis-ter'-nal) \_pelvis, pelvis ; crkpvov, 
breastplate] . Having the character of a breast- 
bone. 

Pelvisternum (pel-vis-ter'-tium) [pelvis, pelvis; arip- 
vov, breastbone]. In biology, an infero-median os- 
seous, cartilaginous, or ligamentous element of the 
pelvic arch, supposed to correspond to the omosternum 
of the pectoral arch. 

Pelvitomy (pel-vit'-o-me) [pelvis, pelvis ; ro/ir/, a. cut- 
ting]. Synonym of Pelviotomy . 

Pelycography {pel-ik-og' -ra-fe) \ite7iv!; , pelvis ; ypa- 
fetv, to write]. A description of the pelvis. 

Pelycology (pel-ik-ol'-o-je) [OT/luf, pelvis ; 16yoc, sci- 
ence]. A treatise upon the pelvis. 

Pelycometer (pel-ik-om' -et-er) [TrtAuf , basin ; fierpov, 
measure]. Same as Pelvimeter. 

Pelycometresis ( pel-ik-o-met-re' -sis). Synonym of 
Pelvimetry. 

Pelycotomy (pcl-ik-ot'-o-me) \jrE\vi-, pelvis ; rofiij, a 
cutting]. Division of the os pubis ; symphyseotomy. 
See Pelviotomy. 

Pelyocheirometresis {pel-e-o-ki-ro-met-re> '-sis) [ireAvg, 
pelvis; x E 'Pi hand; /lirpov, measure]. Synonym of 
Pelvimetry, Digital. 

Pelyometer (pcl-e-om'-et-er*) \wk\v!;, pelvis; fiirpov, 
measure] . Same as Pelvimeter. 

Pelyometresis {pel-e- o-met-re'-sis) [tteXv^, pelvis ; 
\ikrpov, measure]. Same as Pelvimetry . 

Pemmican {pem'-ik-an) [Amer. Ind.]. A food 
used by Arctic travelers. It consists of a mixture of 



the best beef and fat dried together. Sugar is some- 
times added, as well as raisins and currants. 

Pemphigoid {pem'-fig-oid) [7rt//0(f, blister; eldoc;, 
like]. Resembling or having the nature of pemphi- 
gus. A term sometimes given to a single bleb run- 
ning no definite course, and resembling pemphigus. 

Pemphigus [pern' '-fig-tts) \_-k\iyi!-, a blister]. Pom- 
pholyx ; Bladder-tetter ; an inflammatory disease of 
the skin characterized by the formation of variously- 
sized blebs that appear in successive crops, occasionally 
also on the mucous membranes. The acute form is 
contagious and is most frequent in infants (P. neona- 
torum) ; in adults recovery may take place, although 
there is an acute form that sometimes proves fatal. 
The acute form of the disease seems to be infectious ; 
microorganisms, especially a diplococcus, have been 
found in the fluid of the blebs. Some cases of pem- 
phigus appear to be neurotic in origin. P. acutus, 
the acute form of the disease. P. benignus. See P. 
vulgaris. P. cachecticorum, P. cachecticus, 
pemphigus occurring in cachectic persons. P. chron- 
icus. See P. vulgaris. P. circinatus. See Hy- 
droa herpetifor'me. P. contagiosus, Epidemic Pem- 
phigus ; a variety that occurs in epidemics, invariably 
in children. P. contagiosus tropicus, an epidemic 
form occurring only in the tropics, and appearing in a 
diffuse or infantile and an axillary or adult form. P. 
diphtheriticus, a form in which yellow lymph forms 
at the bases of the blebs. P. diutinus. See P. vul- 
garis. P., Epidemic. See P. contagiosus. P. foli- 
aceus, a rare form in which the blebs are flaccid, with 
puriform contents, and soon rupture. The disease 
spreads slowly but surely, and the whole body even- 
tually becomes involved. The mucous membranes 
may also be affected. The patient usually dies in an 
exhausted typhoid condition. P. gangraenosus, a 
variety in which the inflammatory process is intense 
and superficial, or deep sloughs form. See also Der- 
matitis gangrcenosus infantum. P. gyratus, pemphi- 
gus in which the blebs are arranged in circular lines. 
P. haemorrhagicus, Purpura bullosa ; pemphigus 
attended with hemorrhage into the bullae, varying 
in amount from enough to impart a mere pink 
tint to the serum up to black. P. hystericus. 
See P. pruriginosus. P. leprosus, the bullous 
eruption of leprosy. P. localis. See P. solitarius. 
P. major. Synonym of P. vulgaris. P. malig- 
nus. See P. pruriginosus. P. medicamentosus, 
pemphigus due to the administration of a drug. 
P. neonatorum. See Pemphigus. P. pruriginosus, 
a form associated with severe itching, purulent con- 
tents of the bullae, and the appearance of wheals. 
From the scratching, eczema, ecthyma and other forms 
of dermatitis are produced. The patient becomes ex- 
hausted from loss of sleep, and a fatal issue may result. 
The affection is also called Pemphigus malignus, Hy- 
droa herpetiforme, Pemphigus hystericus. P. puerper- 
alis, pemphigus occurring in puerperal women. It 
may be associated with puerperal infection. Some cases 
have been considered forms of Duhring's disease, der- 
matitis herpetiformis. P. scorbuticus, the blebs or 
the blood-stained serum that sometimes appear over 
hemorrhagic areas in scurvy. P. solitarius, pemphi- 
gus localis ; a form in which the blebs are single 
or few in number, localized in distribution, and ac- 
companied by little constitutional disturbance. They 
occur where the circulation is feeble, as on the toes, 
fingers, or nose. They are chiefly seen in the aged 
and debilitated. P. syphiliticus, the bullous erup- 
tion of syphilis, most common in the syphilitic new- 
born. P. vegetans, an extremely rare form, the 
bullae on the mucous membrane preceding those on the 






PEN 



1039 



PENJDEH SORE 



skin by days or even weeks. The latter form most 
frequently in the axillae or groins, and on the backs of 
the hands and feet. After rupture, they leave exten- 
sive excoriations, which show little or no tendency to 
heal, but ulcerate deeply and fungate, discharging 
offensive, viscid fluid. Death usually results from 
profound cachexia. P. vulgaris, Pemphigus benignus ; 
the chronic form of pemphigus ; it is a comparatively 
rare disease, and more frequently attacks children. 
The eruption may occur on any part of the body ex- 
cept the palms and soles ; the seats of election are the 
abdomen, chest and thighs, face, ears and neck, geni- 
tals, and backs of the hands and feet. The lesions are 
always bilateral and sometimes symmetric. The bullae 
may be as large as a walnut or larger ; they soon dry 
up, forming crusts, or burst and form scabs. Succes- 
sive crops appear, sometimes daily (P. diutinus). 

Pen [penna, a feather]. A feather ; a quill. P. -sac, 
in biology, the flap or hood-like prolongation of the 
mantle of a cephalopod which contains the pen, or 
calamary. 

Pencil (pen'-sil) [penicillus, pencil]. In pharmacy, a 
medicated cylindric stick, as a menthol pencil, which is 
used for local application. 2. An aggregation of rays 
meeting in a point. P. -flower. See Stylosanthes. 

Penciled (pen'-sild) [penicillus, a pencil]. In biology : 
(a) tufted, brushy, penicillate ; (/') marked with fine 
lines. 

Penciliform (pen'-sil-iform) [penicillin, a. pencil ; 
forma, form]. Having the form of a pencil. 

Pendent [pen' -dent) \_pendere, to hang]. In biology, 
drooping or hanging. 

Pendinski Ulcer. See Furnncidus orienialis. 

Pendulous (pen'-du-lus) \_pendere, to hang]. Hanging 
or drooping loosely. P. Abdomen. See Abdomen. 

Pendulum-motion. See Motion, Pendulous. 

Penetrating {pen' ' -e-tra-ting) [penetrare, to pierce]. 
Entering beyond the surface. Said of an odor when 
it is piercing or pungent. P. Wound, one that 
pierces an organ or one of the larger cavities of the 
body. 

Penetration (pen-e-tra'-s/iun) [penetratio ; penetrare, 
to pierce]. In medical jurisprudence, the entrance 
of the penis within the vagina, proof of which is a 
pre-requisite to establish the crime of rape. 

Penial (pe'-ne-al) [penis, penis]. Pertaining to the 
penis. 

Penicil [pen' -is-il) [penicillus, a painter's brush or 
pencil]. In biology, a brush or bundle of hairs. 

Penicillate (pen'-is-il-dt) [penicillus, a pencil] . Shaped 
liked a pencil of hairs. 

Penicilliform (pen-is-W '-if-orni) [penicillus , a pencil ; 
forma, form]. Resembling a pencil. 

Penicillium (pen-is-il'-e-uni) [penicillus, a brush]. A 
genus of saprophytic hyphomycetes or fungi, of 
which the P. glaucum, or common blue mold, is 
a familiar example. 

Penile (pe'-nll). Same as Penial. 

Penis (pe'-nis) [L.]. The male organ of copulation. It 
consists of the corpus spongiosum (which encloses the 
urethra) the two corpora cavernosa (which are largely 
composed of erectile tissue) and the glans. When 
not erect the organ is pendulous, whence its name. In 
some animals it contains a slender bone. P. femi- 
nis, the clitoris. P. muliebris. Synonym of P. 
fe minis. 

Penischisis (pen-is' -kis-is) [penis, penis ; gx'i° 1 S> a split- 
ting] . A comprehensive term for epispadias and hy- 
pospadias. 

Penitis (pe-ni'-tis) [penis, penis; mc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the penis. 

Penjdeh Sore. See Furunculus orienialis. 




Transverse Section of the Penis of a Monkey. 
C.C. Corpora cavernosa. C.S. Corpus spongiosum. S. Septum. 
zi. Urethra. D.V. Dorsal vein. D.A. Dorsal arteries. N- 
Nerves. (From Stirling.) 




Bladder and Urethra, Laid Open by an Incision Along 
the Upper Surface. 

i. Prostate gland. 2. Membranous part of the urethra. 3. 
Ureter. 4. Orifice of ureter. 5. Uvula. 6. Caput gallina- 
ginis. 7. Orifice of seminal duct. 8. Cowper's gland. 9. 
Bulb of urethra. 10. Crus penis, n. Orifice of the duct of 
Cowper's gland. 12. One of the lacunae. 13. Corpus caver- 
nosum penis. 14. Glans penis. 




Corpora Cavernosa and Adjacent Parts. (Potter.) 
1. Corpora cavernosa. 2. Corpus spongiosum. 3. Dorsal 
vein. 4, 4. Arteries. 5, 5. Nerves. 



PENNA 



1040 



PEPASTIC 



Penna (pen'-ah) [L., a feather, wing: pi., Penna:']. 

In biology, a large, stiff feather; a quill-feather or 

contour- feather. 
Pennaceous (pen-a'-se-us) \_penna, a feather]. In 

biology, resembling a quill-feather or the structure re- 
sembling the web of such a feather. 
Pennate (pen'-dt) \_pennatus, winged ; penna, a wing]. 

In biology, winged, feathered. 
Penniferous ( pen-if' '-er-us) \_penna, a feather ; ferre, to 

bear]. In biology, provided with feathers. 
Penniform (pen' -/form) [penna, feather; forma, 

form]. Shaped like a feather ; said of certain muscles. 
Pennigerous \pen-ij' '-er-us). Same as Penniferous. 
Penninerved (pen'-i/i-ervd) [penna, a feather ; nervus, 

nerve]. In biology, feather-nerved or feather-veined ; 

pinnately nerved. 
Pennopluma, Pennoplume (pen-o-plu'-mah, pen'-o- 

plicm) [penna, a wing ; pluma, a feather]. Same as 

Plumule. 
Pennyroyal (pen'-e-roi-al). See Hedeoma and Pule- 

gium. 
Pennyweight (pen'-e-Tvaf) [AS., pen/'ngwreg, a penny- 
weight]. A weight of 24 grains, or one-twentieth of 

the troy ounce. See Weights and Measures. 
Pennywort (pen'-e-wert). See Hydrocotile. 
Penrose Disc. A solid rubber disc used as a substitute 

for the Senn bone-plate in intestinal anastomosis. 
Pentabasic (pen-tab-a'-sik) [ttevte, five ; basis, base]. 

Having five replaceable hydrogen atoms. 
'Penta.C3cps\x\a.r(pen-tak-ap'-su-lar)[TTEVTE, five; capsula, 

a small box]. In biology, having five capsules or 

seed-vessels. 
Pentacarpellary (pen-tak-ar'-pel-a-re) [ttevte, five; 

Kaprrog, fruit]. In biology, having five carpels. 
Pentachlorether (pen-tak-lor-e'-ther) [ttevte, five; 

xhupdc, green ; ald/'/p, ether], C 4 H 5 Cl-0. A sub- 
stitution-compound of ether, or diethyl oxid, in which 

five atoms of CI replace five of H. 
Pentacoccus ( pen-tak-ok' '-us) [ttevte, five; kSkkoc, a 

berry, a kernel]. In biology, composed of five cocci, 

grains, or seeds. 
Pentacrinin (pen-tak-ri' -nin) [ttevte, five ; uptvov, a 

lily]. In biology, a purple pigment discovered by 

Moseley in Pentacrinus , the sea-lily. 
Pentact (pen'-takt) [ttevte, five; auric, ra y]- In 

biology, having five rays, arms, or branches. 
Pentacyclic (pen-tas-i' '-klik) [ttevte, five ; Kviikoc, a 

circle]. In biology, in five whorls. 
Pentad [pen' -tad) [ttevte, five]. A quinquivalent ele- 
ment or radicle. 
Pentadactylism (pen-tad-ak'-til-izm) [ttevte, five; 

6a.KTvXoc, finger]. The state of having five digits. 
Pentadactylous (pen- tad- ah' -til- 21s) [ttevte, five; 

66.ktv7mc, finger]. Having five fingers. 
Pentadelphous { pen-tad-el' -f us) [ttevte, five; cl8e\<P6c, 

brother]. In biology, arranged in five brotherhoods 

or sets. 
Pentafid (pen'-taf-id) [ttevte, five ; findere, to cleave]. 

In biology, cleft into five divisions. 
Pentaglucose (pen-tah-glu' -hos) [ttevte, five ; ylvKvc , 

sweet]. A glucose group, which differs from the true 

carbohydrates by yielding furfurol instead of levulinic 

acid when treated with hydrochloric acid of a certain 

concentration, and in certain color-reactions. 
Pental (pen'-tal) [ttevte, five], C 5 H, . Trimethylefhy- 

lene ; said by v. Mering to be a safe and effective 

anesthetic. See Anesthetic. 
Pentamerous ( pen-ta m' -er-us) [ttevte, five ; fJ-Epoc, 

part]. In biology, constructed on the numerical plan 

of five ; five-parted. 
Pentamethylendiamin (pen-tam-eth-il-en-di'-am-in). 

See Ptomains, Table of. 



Pentane (pen'-ldn) [ttevte, five], C-H ]2 . A hydro- 
carbon, the fifth in number, of the paraffin series. See 
Idvdrocarbons, Table of. 

Pentapetalous (pen-tap-el' '-al-us) [ttevte, five ; tt'eto.7ov, 
a leaf]. In biology, having five petals. 

Pentaphyllous (pci/-laf-il'-us) [ttevte, five ; tyvXAov, 
leaf]. In biology, having five leaves. 

Pentapterous (pen-lap' -ter-us) [ttevte, five ; tttepov, 
wing]. In biology, having five wing-like expansions. 

Pentasepalous (pen-tas-ep' -al-us) [7Ti'i.'re,five ; sepal/////, 
a sepal]. In biology, having five sepals. 

Pentaspermous (pen- tas- per' -n/us) [ttevte, five; 
airEpjia, seed]. In biology, five-seeded. 

Pentastichous (pen-tas' -t/k-i/s) [ttevte, five ; or/^of, a 
row, line]. In biology, arranged in five vertical 
ranks. 

Pentastoma (pen - tas'- to - mah) [ttevte, five; CTdfia, 
mouth]. A genus of entozoa, worm-like parasites, 
generally referred to the class Ar/hropoda. There are 
many species, several of which have been found en- 
cysted in the human liver and lungs. See Li//guatula 
and Pentastoma under Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Pentatomic (pen -tat - 0///'- ik) [ttevte, five; cito/joc, 
atom]. In chemistry, having five replaceable hydro- 
gen atoms in the molecule. 

Pentavalent ( pen-lav' -al-ent) [ttevte, five; valens, 
having power]. In chemistry, capable of combining 
with five univalent elements or radicles. 

Pentoic Acid (pen-to' -ik). Synonym of Acid, 
Valeric. 

Pentonville System. See Ventilation. 

Pentoses (pe//-to'-sez) [ttevte, five ; ose, a characteristic 
termination of the group of carbohydrates]. In 
chemistry, bodies containing five carbon atoms and 
hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion to form water, 
as C 5 H ]0 O 5 . Pentoses are produced by the hydrolysis 
of pentosans, which are found in considerable propor- 
tion in plants. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Pentosuria (pe/i-tos-id -re-ah) [ttevte, five ; ovpov, urine]. 
The presence of pentoses in the urine. 

Pentoxid (pen-toks'-id) [ttevte, five ; 6fi>f, sharp]. An 
oxid containing five oxygenations. 

Penzoldt and Faber's Test. A test for the absorptive 
power of the stomach. Two or three grains of potas- 
sium iodid enclosed in a gelatin capsule, which is well 
wiped to remove all trace of the salt from its exterior, 
are ingested with a wineglassful of water on an empty 
stomach. The salt is absorbed from the stomach, and 
appears normally in the saliva in from six and a half 
to fifteen minutes. In diseased conditions in which 
absorption is tardy, e.g., gastric catarrh, dilatation, and 
carcinoma, the saliva may not contain it for several 
hours. Its presence is recognized by the patient 
moistening with the saliva filter-paper which has been 
first saturated with starch-paste and dried. Touch 
the moistened spot with fuming HNO a and a blue 
coloration shows the presence of iodin. 

Penzoldt's Reagent. A reagent for the detection of 
sugar in the urine. It consists of diazobenzosulphuric 
acid and caustic potassa. See Tests, Table of. P.'s 
Test, a test for dilatation of the stomach. The line 
of dulness over the empty stomach will not extend to 
the navel. Now let the patient swallow a quart of 
water, and in cases of dilatation dulness will be found 
along a line below the navel. 

Peony (pe'-o-ne) [-a/uvia, the peony]. The root of 
Piepnia officinalis, of reputed value in the convulsions 
of children. Dose, inf. , .^ij-.^j. Unof. P. -red. 
Same as Coralli/i-red. 

Peotomy (pc-ot'-o-me) [tteoc, penis ; rofir/, a cutting]. 
Amputation of the penis. 

Pepastic (pe-pas'-tik) [TTETraivEiv, to ripen]. Hasten- 



PEPEROMIA 



1041 



PEPTONIZATION 



ing the process of ripening, or maturation ; promoting 
suppuration; also, of a medicine, digestive. 
Peperomia (pep-er-o' -tne-ah) [Trirrepi, pepper]. Pepper 
elder ; a genus of piperaceous plants, widely dis- 
tributed in South America and the West Indies. Sev- 
eral species have been used medicinally. P. rotun- 
difolia is diaphoretic and antispasmodic. P. um- 
bellata, a Brazilian species, is used as a diuretic. Unof. 
Peplus (pep'-lus). Synonym of Peritoneum. 
Pepo (pe'-po) [-STra)!', ripe, mellow]. I. In biology, 
a gourd-like fruit. 2. Pumpkin-seed. The seed of 
Cucurbita pepo, with properties due to a resin contained 
in the inner covering of the embryo. It is an excel- 
lent teniafuge. Dose of the resin, gr. xv ; of the seeds, 
3J-ij, made into a suitable emulsion. 
Pepper (pep'-er) [_hlE. , peper, pepper]. See Piper. 
P. -mint. See Mentha piperita. P. -mint Camphor. 
See Menthol. P. -mint, Japanese. See Menthol. 
P., Nellaguetta. See Grains of Paradise. P., 
Red. See Capsicum. P. -tree, an anacardiaceous tree, 
Schinus molle, of tropical America, and largely planted 
in California. Its fruit is diuretic and stimulant, and 
its gum is purgative and said to remove corneal opaci- 
ties. Unof. 
Pepsin (pep'-sin) [-ei/vc, 
digestion]. The chief di- 
gestive principle of the 
gastric juice. It converts 
albuminous substances in- 
to peptones in the pres- 
ence of an acid. It is 
prepared by treating the 
mucous lining of mamma- 
lian stomachs with water 
containing .2 to .3 per 
cent, of hydrochloric acid. 
P., Liq., contains saccha- 
rated pepsin 40, hydro- 
chloric acid 12, glycerin 
400, water q. s. ad 1000 
parts. Dose 3 ij-iv. P. 
saccharatum, a mixture 
of pepsin and sugar of 
milk. Dosegr. v-gj. P., 
Vinum, a solution of the 
gastric ferments in sherry. 
Dose 5[j-iv. See, also, 
Ladopeptin, Ingluvin, and 
Ferments. 
Pepsinate ( pep' '- sin - at) 
[tte 1/1/c, digestion] . To 
mix, or prepare, with pep- 
sin, d-i 
Pepsinogen ( pep - sin'- o- 
jen ) [ nktyic, digestion ; 
yevvav, to beget]. The 
mother-substance, zymo- 
gen or propepsin, existing 
in the cells of the peptic 
glands of the stomach. 
It is the antecedent of 
pepsin, into which it is Peptic Gland from Stom- 
changed by suitable ner- ach of Dog. 
vous stimuli, by hydro- "■■ Wide mouth and duct which 
chloric arid and hv m receive the terminal divisions 
cnionc acid, ana by so- of the g]and b< c Neck and 

dium chlond. fundus of the tubes, e. Cen- 

Pepsinum ( pep-si' -man), tral or chief cells, d. Parietal 

See Pepsin. or acid cells. (After Pier- 

Pepsis [pep' -sis) [ireiptc, 

digestion]. Digestion. 
Peptic (pep' -Hi ) \_~eipir, digestion]. Pertaining to 

pepsin or to digestion. P. Glands, the fundus-glands 
66 




Portion of Peptic Gland of 
Dog, Highly Magnified. 

a. a. The central or chief cells 
next the lumen (c). b, b. The 
parietal or acid cells con- 
nected with the lumen of the 
tube by short lateral branches 
which extend to the cells. 
(After Piersol.) 



of Heidenhain situated in the middle and cardiac 
thirds of the stomach ; they secrete pepsin and hydro- 
chloric acid. P. Ulcer, 
the ordinary round ulcer 
of the stomach, by some 
ascribed to erosion of the 
mucous membrane by the 
gastric juice. 

Pepticity ( pep - tis ' -it - e) 
[irt-rsiv, to digest]. The 
state of being peptic ; eu- 
pepsia. 

Peptogaster (pep-to-gas' - 
ter) [nknreiv, to digest; 
yaurr/p, belly] . The in- 
testinal canal, or diges- 
tive apparatus as a whole. 

Peptogastric (pep-to-gas' - 
trik ) [nEirrew, to digest ; 
yaorr/p, belly]. Pertain- 
ing to the peptogaster ; 
peptic. 

Peptogen (pep ' - to -Jen) 
[7Tfi/iic, digestion ; yevvav, 
to beget]. A substance 
that favors the production 
of pepsin. 

Peptogenous (pep-toj'-en- 
us) [ Kelpie, digestion ; 
yevvav, to produce]. Pro- 
ducing peptones. 

Peptogeny (pep-toj'-en-e) \rce-KTetv, to digest; yevvav, 
to produce]. The production of peptones. 

Peptoglutin Sublimate (pep-to-glu' -tin sub' -lim-at). 
Mercuric peptoglutin hydrochlorid. It contains 
twenty-five per cent, of mercuric chlorid, in combina- 
tion with a kind of semipeptonized gelatin. It is 
used hypodermatically in syphilis. Dose gr. y%, given 
in a one per cent, solution, a Pravaz syringeful of 
which is injected. 

Peptone (pep' -ton) [rreKTecv, to digest]. A proteid 
body that is not precipitated by heat or by ammonium 
sulphate, but which yields the biuret-reaction. This 
is fCiihne' s peptone. Briic/ee's peptone is a proteid 
which is not precipitated by potassium ferrocyanid. 
but which yields the biuret-reaction. It is probably 
a mixture of the peptone described by Kiihne and 
an albumose. Peptones are produced by the action 
of proteolytic ferments on albuminous substances, 
e. g., in gastric and pancreatic digestion. They 
are, unlike the proteids from which they are de- 
rived, soluble, non-coagulable, and dialyzable. The 
largest part of the albumins ingested in the food is 
converted into peptones; these, however, are not 
absorbed as such, but are reconverted into albumins 
in the gastro-intestinal mucosa. Only a small quan- 
tity of peptones passes into the blood. Globulin, acid- 
albumin, para-peptone, propeptone, albumose, and 
others are intermediate products formed during the 
conversion of albumins into peptones. Peptone is 
not present in the urine normally. P., Beef, a sub- 
stance derived from beef by treating it with an extract 
of the pancreas. Beef-peptone is extensively used in 
bacteriologic laboratories in the preparation of media 
made from meat-infusion. P., Pancreatic, a pep- 
tone formed by the action of the pancreatic juice ; 
unlike peptones resulting from digestion with gastric 
juice, it is precipitated by acids and acid salts. 
Peptonemia (pep-to-ne' -me-ah ) [Treirreiv, to cook ; 
alpa, blood]. The presence of peptone in the blood. 
Peptonization (pep-to-niz-a'-shun) \_Trk-xTiiv , to digest]. 
The process of converting proteids into peptones. 



PEPTONIZE 



1042 



PERCUSSO-PUNCTATOR 



Peptonize (pep'-to-niz) [weKTeiv, to digest]. To digest 
with pepsin ; to predigest. Very often an extract of 
pancreatic juice is used in order to peptonize food ; 
milk especially is thus treated. 

Peptonoid [pep'-to-noid] [ttettteiv, to digest ; eldoc, 
like]. A substance resembling or claimed to resemble 
peptones. 

Peptonuria {pep-to-mi' -re-afc) [ttettteiv, to digest ; ovpov, 
urine]. The presence of peptone in the urine. The 
proteid body found in the urine in peptonuria is really 
not a peptone but an albumose, and a better term 
would be albumosuria. Albumose is characterized by 
yielding the biuret-reaction ; it is not precipitated by 
heat, but is precipitated by ammonium sulphate. For 
test, see Tests, Table of. Peptonuria, i. e., albumosuria, 
occurs in all conditions attended by the destruction of 
tissue, especially in suppurative processes, purulent 
pleurisy, purulent peritonitis, abscesses, cerebro-spinal 
meningitis, pyelonephritis, bronchoblennorrhea, in 
some cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with cavity-for- 
mation, and during the puerperal state. The blood in 
leukemia may also contain albumose. Propeptonuria 
is probably only an albumosuria of high degree. P., 
Enterogenous, peptonuria due to disease of the intes- 
tine. P., Hepatogenous, that accompanying cer- 
tain liver-affections. P., Nephrogenous, peptonuria 
of renal origin. P., Puerperal, the peptonuria of the 
puerperal state. P., Pyogenic, that produced by 
suppuration in the body. 

Peptotoxin (pep-to-toks' -in~) [irkipK;, digestion ; Togtudv, 
poison]. A poisonous ptomain found by Brieger in 
some peptones, in digestion of fibrin, and in putrefying 
albuminous substances, such as fibrin, casein, brain, 
liver, and muscles. It is a well-known fact that animal 
tissues, in the early stages of putrefaction, possess 
strong toxic properties, even before decomposition has 
advanced far enough to effect the splitting up of the 
proteid and carbohydrate molecules. An early pep- 
tonization of the proteids by ferments in the tissues, 
which begin their action at once after death, has been 
offered as an explanation of this toxicity. Peptotoxin 
has not as yet, however, been definitely isolated. See 
Ptomains, Table of. P., Cholera, a toxic substance, 
generated by the cholera-bacillus, and chemically allied 
to peptone. 

Pequet's Reservoir. Synonym of Receptaculmn chyli. 

Per- [per, through]. A prefix signifying through. 
Also, more than ordinary. 

Pera {pe'-rali) [tri/pa, scrotum]. The scrotum. 

Peracephalus (per-as-ef'-al-ns) [nepa, more than; 
aKEfa'Aor, without a head]. A fetal monstrosity charac- 
terized not only by want of upper extremities, but also 
by malformation or absence of the thorax. 

Peracute {per-ak-ut'} [per, through; acntus, sharp]. 
More than ordinarily sharp or severe. 

Peratodynia (per-at-o-din'-e-ah) [-rvkpag, end; bSbvt], 
pain]. Pain at the cardiac extremity of the stomach. 

Perce-membrane [Fr.]. An instrument for piercing 
the fetal membranes and evacuating the liquor amnii. 

Perception {per-sep'-shwi) [per, through ; capcre, to 
receive]. The act of receiving impressions or ob- 
taining knowledge of external things through the 
medium of the senses. P., Differential, the ability 
to distinguish differences between slight changes in the 
intensity of stimulation. 

Perceptivity {per-sep-tiv'-it-e) [per, through ; capere, to 
receive]. The faculty or capability of receiving im- 
pressions. 

Perchloric Acid {per-klo'-ri/c) [per, through ; xlopSi;, 
green], HC10 4 . A volatile irritant liquid, the highest 
oxyacid of chlorin. In contact with organic substances 
it decomposes with explosion. 



Percipient [per-sip'-e-ent) [percipere, to perceive]. 
Perceiving ; seeing. 

Perclusion ( per-klu'-shuii) [per, through; claudere, 
to shut up]. Inability to execute any movement. 

Percolate [per'-ko-lat) [percolare, to strain through]. 
I. To submit to the process of percolation. 2. The 
solution obtained by percolation. 

Percolation (per-ko-la'-shun) [percolare, to strain 
through]. The process of extracting the soluble con- 
stituents of a substance by allowing the solvent to 
trickle through the powdered mass placed in a long 
conic vessel, the percolator ; a process similar to lix- 
iviation. 

~Pe.rzo\aXor{pe?''-ko-la-tor)[percolare, to strain through], 
A long conic vessel with a delivery-tube at the lower 
extremity, employed for the purpose of extracting 
the soluble constituents of a substance, packed 
in a percolator, by means of a liquid poured over .it. 

Percussion {per -knsh'- 2111) [percutere, to strike 
through]. A method of physical examination applied 
by striking upon any part of the body, with a 
view of ascertaining the conditions of the underly- 
ing organs by the character of the sounds elicited. In 
percussing, attention is paid to the resonance, 
the pitch and the duration of the sound, and 
to the resistance of the parts. Percussion is some- 
times performed by striking with the entire hand. 
The method, in the case of the chest, serves to dis- 
tinguish marked degrees of dulness from resonance. 
In massage, striking or beating the surface. P"or this 
purpose the hand or a specially constructed instrument 
maybe used [percussor or muscle-beater}. If the palm 
of the hand is used the operation is called clapping ; if 
the' ulnar border is used it is called chopping ; if the 
closed fist is used, or the dorsal surfaces of the two last 
phalanges of the fingers held rather loosely, the proced- 
ure is termed whipping or flagellation . P., Ausculta- 
tory, percussion combined with auscultation. The 
method by which fine shades of difference in the quality 
of sounds may be detected. It is employed for outlining 
organs, both those containing and those not contain- 
ing air. It is best applied by placing a double stetho- 
scope at a fixed point and percussing gently all around. 
The stethoscope may be held with one hand while 
with a finger of the other immediate percussion is 
made ; or, an assistant can percuss. P., Deep, the 
striking of a firm blow in order to elicit differences in the 
percussion-note of deep-seated structures. P., Light, 
used to elicit sound from the parts immediately 
subjacent, or to outline one of the viscera. P., 
Finger, percussion with the fingers of one hand as a 
plexor, and those of the other as a pleximeter ; or, in 
immediate percussion, the use of the fingers as a plexor. 
P., Immediate, percussion in which the surface is 
struck directly, without the interposition of a plexim- 
meter. P., Instrumental, the use of a special hammer 
as a plexor, either alone or with a plate as a plexim- 
eter. P., Mediate, percussion in which a plexim- 
eter is used. P. -note, the sound elicited on percus- 
sion. P., Scholl's Method of. See Sckoll. P.- 
wave, the term given to the chief ascending wave of 
the sphygmographic tracing. Roy and Adami propose 
to substitute for this name the term papillary wave, on 
the ground that the elevation is due to the contraction 
of the papillary muscles. Sanson prefers the term 
chief ascending wave. 

Percusso-punctator [per-kiis'-o-ptingk-ta'-tor) [per- 
cutere, to beat ; punctare, to mark]. An instrument 
resembling a plexor or hammer, consisting principally 
of a group of needles by means of which multiple 
punctures are made into the tissues in rheumatism, 
lumbago, and neuralgia. 



PERCUSSOR 



1043 



PERIPLASTIC 



Percussor (per-kus* -or) [percutere, to strike through]. 
He who or that which percusses ; a percutor. 

Percutaneous [per-ku-ta f -ne-us) [per, through ; cutis, 
the skin]. Done through the skin; as percutaneous 
ligation. 

Percutor [per-ku' '-tor) [Fr., percuteur ; perciciere, to 
strike]. An instrument used in the percussion of mas- 
sage and in therapeutic flagellation. 

Perditio (per-dish'-e-o) [perdere, to lose]. Abortion. 

Pereion (per-i'-on) [irepi, around; levai, to go: //. , 
Pereid]. In biology, the thorax of a crustacean, as 
distinguished from the head ( cephalon ) and abdomen 
{pleon). (Bate.) 

Pereiopod (per-i' '-o-pod) [irepi, around; Uvai, to go; 
7roi'c, foot]. In biology, an appendage of the thorax 
of a crustacean ; an ambulatory leg. 

Pereira or Pao Pereira (per-a'-rah,pah'-o per-a'-rah) 
[Port., "pear-tree"]. The Geissospermum lave, a 
large apocynaceous tree of Brazil. Its bark is tonic and 
febrifuge, retarding the heart-beat and respiration. 
Unof. See also Pareira. 

Pereirin (per-a'-rin) [Port., pereira, "pear-tree], 
C 19 H 2t N 2 0. A somewhat poisonous alkaloid from 
pereira-bark. Its hydrochlorate (30 gr. per diem) is 
efficacious in fevers. Unof. 

Perelle (per-el') \_parella, the specific name for the 
lichen]. In biology, a substance obtained from the 
lichen, Lecanora parella, and employed in the prepara- 
tion of a red dye. 

Perennate (per-en'-dt) [perennis, lasting through the 
year]. In biology, to live perennially. 

Perennation (per-en-a' ' -shu7i)[perennis, lasting through 
the year]. In biology, the perennial continuance of life. 

Perennial (per-en'-e-al) [per, through; annus, year]. 
Lasting from year to year. 

Perenyi's Solution. A fixing-agent used in histologic 
research. Its composition is as follows : ten per cent, 
solution of nitric acid, 4 parts; alcohol, 3 parts; one- 
half per cent, solution of chromic acid, 3 parts. After 
a short time this mixture becomes violet-colored. 

Pereterium (per-et-e'-re-um). Synonym of Trephine. 

Perfect (per'-fekt) [perfectus, finished]. Complete, 
without blemish. In biology, having both stamens 
and pistils ; hermaphrodite. P. Yellow. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. 

Perflation (per-fla' '-shun) \_perflare, to blow through]. 

1. A method of ventilation by which a current of air 
blowing against a dwelling is made to force its way in. 

2. Forcing air into a cavity for the purpose of evacuat- 
ing fluid. 

Perfoliate (per-fo'-le-at) [per, through ; folium, leaf]. 
In biology : (a) applied to a leaf that is united around 
the stem at its base ; (b) applied to certain insect- 
antennae consisting of a number of circular plates joined 
by the shaft running through their centers. 

Perforans [per' '-fo-ranz) \_per, through ; forare, to 
bore]. Penetrating or perforating. Applied to vari- 
ous muscles whose tendons pass through other struc- 
tures. P., Ulcus. Perforating ulcer. See Ulcer. 

Perforate (per' -fo-rat) [per, through ; forare, to bore]. 
In biology, pierced with small holes. 

Perforated {per' -fo-ra-ted) [per, through; forare, to 
bore]. Pierced through. P. Space. See Space. 

Perforation (per-fo-ra 1 '-shun) [per, through; forare, 
to bore]. The act of piercing. Also, the opening in 
the wall of a cavity resulting from traumatism or 
ulceration. In craniotomy, the opening of the fetal 
head. 

Perforator (per'-fo-ra-tor) [per, through ; forare, to 
bore]. An instrument for boring through the fetal 
skull ; also for perforating other bones. 

Perforatus (per-fo-ra' -tus). Synonym of Perforated. 



Perfrication (per-frik-a'-shun) [per, through ; fricare, 
to rub]. Inunction. 

Perfrigerium (per-frij-e'-re-um) [perfrigerare, to make 
very cold]. Numbness due to cold. 

Perfume [per' -film, or per-fum') [per, through; fum- 
are, to give off a vapor]. The odor of a volatile sub- 
stance, especially if pleasant or agreeable. Most com- 
mercial perfumes belong to the terpene series, and 
have the uniform composition C I0 H 16 . In a few in- 
stances they are manufactured synthetically, but in 
most they are extracted from the petals of flowers. 

Perfusion (perfu'-zhun) [per, through; fundere, to 
pour]. The passage of a fluid through spaces. 

Pergameneous (per - gam- e'-ne-tis) [pergameneus, 
parchment-like]. Resembling parchment, e. g., the 
skin in certain cases of xeroderma. 

Pergamentaceous (per-gam-en-ta' -she-us). Same as 
Pergameneous. 

Peri- (per'-e) [irepi, around]. A prefix signifying 
around, or surrounding. 

Periadenitis (per-e-ad-en-i' -tis) [irepi, around ; adqv, 
gland; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
tissues that surround a gland. 

Periadventitial (per-e-ad-ven-tish'-e-al) [irepi, around ; 
adventitius , coming from abroad]. Situated, or occur- 
ring, around the adventitia, or external coat of a 
vessel. 

Periah (per-i'-ah) [Heb.]. The second act in the 
Jewish rite of circumcision. It is the act of lacera- 
tion of the mucous membrane. 

Perialgia (per-e-al'-je-ali) [irepi, very ; akyoc , pain]. 
Excruciating pain. 

Perianal (per-e-a'-nal) [irepi, around ; anus, anus]. 
Situated, or occurring, around the anus. 

Periandra (per-e-an' -drah) [irepi, around ; avfjp, a 
male]. In biology, one of the bracts surrounding the 
antheridia of mosses. 

Periangiocholitis (per -e - an -je - o - ho - li' - lis) [irepi, 
around ; ayyeiov, vessel ; ^(5/loc, bile ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the connective tissue sur- 
rounding the biliary ducts. 

Periangioma (per - e - an - je - 0' '- mail) [irepi, around; 
ayyeiov, vessel ; 6/ua, tumor]. A tumor surrounding a 
vessel. 

Perianth (per'-e-anth) [irepi, around ; avdoc, flower]. 
In biology, a collective term for the floral envelops, 
calyx and corolla, or their representative. 

Perianthial (per-e-an' -the-al) [irepi, around ; avdoc;, a 
flower]. In biology, pertaining to the perianth. Pro- 
vided with a perianth. 

Perianthium (per-e-an' -the-uni). Same as Perianth. 

Periaortitis (per-e-a-or-W -tis) [irepi, around ; aopri/, 
aorta; itlc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
tissues surrounding the aorta. 

Periarteritis (per-e-ar-ter-i'-tis) [irepi, around; aprqpia, 
artery; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ex- 
ternal sheath of the arteries. P. nodosa, thickening 
of the arterial coats in localized areas, producing 
nodular swellings. 

Periarthritis (per-e-ar-thri'-tis) [irepi, around ; apBpov, 
joint ; me, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tissues 
about a joint. 

Periarticular (per-e-ar-tik' -u-lar)[iripi, around ; articu- 
lus, joint]. About or around a joint. 

Periaxial ( per-e-aks' -e-al) [irepi, around; af^f, axis]. 
Situated or occurring around an axis or axis-cylinder. 

Periblast (per' -id-last) [irepi., around; /3/\aoT6c;, a 
germ]. In biology, the protoplasm surrounding the 
nucleus of a cell. 

Periblastic (per-ib-las'-tih) [irepi, around; pXaardc, a 
germ]. In biology, pertaining to the periblast. Ger- 
minating from the surface of an ovum. 



PERIBLASTULA 



1044 



PERICARPOIDAL 



Periblastula {per-ib-las' -tu-lak) [_-rrepi, around ; fihaa- 
rof, germ]. A segmenting ovum in which the outer 
layer of cells is more highly developed than the inner. 

Periblem {per' -ib-lem) [irspip'A/i/ta, a covering]. In 
biology, a zone of meristem lying between the 
plerome and the dermatogen at the growing end of an 
axial organ. 

Periblepsia, Periblepsis {per-ib-lep'-se-ah, per-ib-lep'- 
sis) \jrepi, around; \i'kk-ttv, to look]. The wild, un- 
natural look observed in delirium. 

Peribole {per-ib' -o-le) [nepi, around ; @a?>.AEiv, to throw]. 
The elimination of morbific substances through dis- 
eased conditions of the skin. 

Peribranchial {per-ib-rang' -ke-al) [irepi, around; 
fipayxM, gills]. In biology, arranged about the 
branchiae. 

Peribronchial {per-ib-rong' -ke-al) \jrepi, around ; ftpoy- 
Xoc, bronchus]. Pertaining to the tissue about the 
bronchus ; surrounding a bronchus. P. Lymphan- 
gitis, inflammation of the peribronchial lymphatic 
vessels. 

Peribronchitis [per - ib -rong- ki'-tis) \jrepi, around; 
(3p6yxo<;, bronchus ; mc, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the pulmonary tissue immediately surrounding 
the bronchi. P., Caseous, a peribronchitis due to 
tuberculosis, and usually accompanying caseous bron- 
cho-pneumonia. P., Purulent, a peribronchial inflam- 
mation with the formation of pus. P., Tuberculous, 
peribronchitis due to the tubercle-bacillus. 

Peribrosis {per -ib -to' -sis) \nzpi, around ; Ppaotg, a 
feeding]. Ulceration at the canthi of the eyelids. 

Pericsecal {per-is-e'-kal). See Pericecal. 

Pericaementitis (per-is-em-en-ti'-tis). See Pericementi- 
tis. 

Perical {per'-ik-al). See Fungus-foot. 

Pericambium (per-ik-am' '-be-um). See Phloem-sheath. 

Pericardiac, Pericardial {per-ik-ar'-de-ak, per-ik-ar'- 
de-al) \prcpi , around ; napdia, heart]. Pertaining to 
the pericardium. 

Pericardiacophrenic {per-ik-ar-de-ak-o-fre' -nik) \jrepi, 
around ; mpdia t heart ; <j>prjv, diaphragm]. Pertaining 
to the pericardium and the diaphragm. 

Pericardial {per-ik-ar 1 -de-al) \_ivepi, around ; Kap6ia, 
heart]. Pertaining to the pericardium. Surrounding 
the heart. P. Cavity, the space between the peri- 
cardium and the heart. P. Pleura, that part of the 
pleura attached to the pericardium. P. Space. 
Same as P. Cavity. 

Pericardian (per-ik-ar' -de-an). Same as Pericardial. 

T?tTizax&ioipnz\ima\os\s(per-ik-ar' -de-o-mt-inat-o' -sis). 
Synonym of Pneumopericardium . 

Pericardiotomy (per-ih-ar-de-ot'-o-me) \prepi, around ; 
KapSia, heart; rofii], a cutting]. Incision of the 
pericardium. 

Pericarditic (per-ik-ar-dit'-ik) \jrepl, around ; napSia, 
heart ; trie, inflammation]. Pertaining to pericarditis. 

Pericarditis {per-ik-ar-di 1 '-lis) \_~cpi, around ; napdia, 
heart; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the peri- 
cardium. It may be complicated with myocarditis or 
endocarditis. It is rarely a primary affection, but is 
usually secondary to such diseases as rheumatism, 
chronic nephritis, scarlet fever, measles, pyemia, 
scorbutus, and hemorrhagic purpura. Many cases 
are due to extension of inflammation from neighboring 
organs, as from pleurisy and pleurisy with pneumonia ; 
sometimes, also, to extension of endocardial inflamma- 
tion. Tuberculosis may affect the pericardium by ex- 
tension from the lung, but occasionally it appears as a 
primary disease of the serous membrane. In addition, a 
pericarditis may follow malignant disease of the peri- 
cardium. Actinomycosis may spread to the pericar- 
dium from the lung or the mediastinum. Syphilis of 



the pericardium is usually secondary to myocardial 
syphilis. It leads to pericardial adhesions. P., Ad- 
hesive, pericarditis in which the two layers of pericar- 
dium tend to adhere. P., Carcinomatous, pericarditis 
due to carcinoma of the pericardium. In rare cases 
pericarditis may accompany carcinoma of a remote 
organ. P., Dry, pericarditis without effusion. P., 
External, inflammation of the outer layer of the peri- 
cardium ; it is usually accompanied by inflammation of 
the contiguous pleura. P., Fibrinous, a form in which 
the membrane is covered with a fibrinous exudate, first 
soft and buttery in consistence, but later organizing. 
Tuberculous pericarditis is likely to lead to large de- 
posits of fibrin. P., Hemorrhagic, a form in which 
the fluid is hemorrhagic. This is the case most often 
in tuberculous pericarditis ; also in scorbutus and in 
cachectic conditions. P., Internal, inflammation of 
the serous surface of the pericardium. P., Localized, 
whitish areas, the so called milk-spots (a. v.), due to 
circumscribed pericarditis. P., Obliterating, a form 
leading to adhesion of the two layers of pericardium 
and obliteration of the cavity. See Pericardium, 
Adherent. P., Purulent, pericarditis in which the 
effused fluid becomes purulent. This is not very rare 
in children. P., Rheumatic, that due to rheumatism. 
P., Sero-fibrinous, a form in which there is but 
little lymph or fibrin, but a considerable quantity 
of serous fluid. P., Tuberculous, pericarditis due 
to tuberculous infection of the pericardium ; it is usu- 
ally secondary, from extension from neighboring organs, 
but is sometimes primary. The membrane is covered 
with thick layers of fibrin, beneath which are miliary 
tubercles ; there may also be larger cheesy masses. 
The quantity of fluid is usually small, but may be 
large, and the effusion is generally hemorrhagic. 

Pericardium (per-ik-ar'-de-um) \_7repi, around; naptYia, 
heart]. The closed membranous sac or covering that 
envelops the heart. Its base is attached to the central 
tendon of the diaphragm ; its apex surrounds for a 
short distance the great vessels arising from the base 
of the heart. It consists of an ectal fibrous coat, 
derived from the cervical fascia, and an ental serous 
coat. The sac normally contains from half a dram 
to a dram of clear serous fluid. P., Adherent, a 
condition resulting from a previous pericarditis, in 
which the two layers of the pericardium are bound 
together by newly-formed connective tissue. P., 
Bread-and-butter, a peculiar appearance produced 
in fibrinous pericarditis by the rubbing of the two 
surfaces of the membrane over each other. The 
surface is rough, like that produced when two pieces 
of butter-and-bread, that have lain with their spread 
sides in contact, are pulled apart. P., Calcified, 
calcification of the pericardium, occurring in spots or 
diffusely. P., Parietal, the reflection of the peri- 
cardium not in direct contact with the heart ; the por- 
tion in contact with the pleura and the diaphragm. See 
P., Visceral. P., Shaggy, a pericardium upon which, 
as the result of fibrinous pericarditis, thick, loose, 
shaggy layers of fibrin are deposited. P., Visceral, 
the epicardium, i. e., the layer of pericardium at- 
tached to the surface of the heart. 

Pericarp [per' -ik-arp) \_~spi, around ; nap-oQ, fruit]. 
In biology: (a) the shell or cover of a fruit; (b) the 
wall of a ripened ovary. 

Pericarpial [per-ik-ar'-pe-al). Same as Pericarpic. 

Pericarpic \per-ik-ar' -pik) [wepi, around ; «zp;rdc, 
fruit]. Pertaining to the pericarp. 

Pericarpium [pcr-ik-ar'-pc-um). Same as Pericarp. 

Pericarpoidal {per- ik - ar-poid'- a!) [irepi, around; 
Kap-oc, fruit; ddog, like]. In biology, resembling a 
pericarp. 



PERICECAL 



1045 



PERIDIASTOLE 



Pericecal (per-is-c'-kal) \_~epi, around ; ccecus, blind]. 
Surrounding the cecum. 

Pericellular (per-is-el'-u-lar) \_~cpi, around; cellula, 
a small cell]. Surrounding a cell. 

Pericementitis (per-is-em-en-W -Us) \jiepi, around; 
ceementum, cement; trig, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the peridental membrane and tissues around a 
tooth. P., Phagedenic, a specific infectious inflam- 
mation, having its beginning at the gingival or gum 
margin, and accompanied with destruction of the 
peridental membrane and alveolar walls. P., Trau- 
matic, inflammation of the peridental membrane 
resulting from injuries. 

Pericementum (per - is - em - en'- turn ) \jcepi, around ; 
ceementum, cement]. The layer of true bone cover- 
ing the fangs of the teeth ; it is formed beneath the 
peridental membrane. 

Pericentral (per-is-en'-tral) [ ~epi, around ; Kevrpov, 
center]. Situated around a center, or centrum. 

Pericerebricity (per-is-er-e-bris'-it-e). See Polyparesis. 

Perichaete (per-ik-e' -te). See Perichcetium. 

Perichaetial (per-ik-e' -she-al) \jrepi, around ; ^ai'-n?, a 
long hair]. In biology, pertaining to the pericha;- 
tium. 

Perichaetium (per-ik-e' -she-um) \_~epi, around ; X aiTI U 
long hair, foliage: //. , Perichatia\ In biology, the 
involucre of modified leaves surrounding the repro- 
ductive organs in mosses; perichxte, perichete. 

Perichaetous (per-ik-e' -tus) [Vepj, around; X aiTr l> a 
long hair]. Surrounded by bristles. 

Perichareia (per-ik-ar-i'-ah) [jTEpixapijg, very glad]. 
Sudden, vehement, or morbid rejoicing ; a symptom 
in certain insanities. 

Perichete (per-ik-e' -te). See Perichcetium. 

Pericholecystitis (per-ik-ol-e-sis-ti'-tis) \jrepi, around ; 
Xo^.og, bile; Kvarig, bladder; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation near or around the gall-bladder. 

Pericholous (per-ik' -o-lus) [mpi, very; x°^°£> bile]. 
Excessively bilious. 

Perichondrial (per-ik-on'-dre-al) [wepi, around ; x& v ~ 
Spog, cartilage]. Pertaining to or resembling peri- 
chondrium. 

Perichondriodynia (per-ik-on-dre-o-din'-e-ak) \jzepi, 
around ; ^dvrlpoc, cartilage ; b&'vvq, pain]. Pain in 
the perichondrium. 

Perichondritic (per-ik-on-drif- ik) \jrepi, around; 

. x° v dp n C> cartilage; trig, inflammation]. Pertaining to 
or affected with perichondritis. 

Perichondritis ( per-ik -on- dri'-tis) \_-nepi, around; 
Xovdpoc, a cartilage ; trig, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the perichondrium. P. auriculae, hrematoma 
auris, q. v. 

Perichondrium (per-ik-on'-dre-um) \jrepi, around; 
Xovdpoc, gristle, cartilage]. An envelop of connec- 
tive tissue covering the surface of cartilage. It con- 
sists of a dense external or fibrous layer, and an inner 
looser stratum which is intimately concerned in the 
production of new cartilage and is known as the 
chondrogenic layer. 

Perichondroma (per-ik-on-dro'-mah) ^epi, around; 
Xovdpog, cartilage; b/ia, tumor]. A tumor of the 
perichondrium. 

Perichord ( per'-ik-ord) [jrsp/, around; x°P ''/) cord]. 
The sheath of the notochord. 

Perichordal (per-ik-or'-dal) \_~epi, around; x°P^V> a 
cord]. Pertaining to the perichord. 

Perichoroid, Perichoroidal (per-ik- o'-roid, per-ik-o- 
roi'-dal) \jrepi, around ; x°P l0V > chorion; eidoc, like]. 
Surrounding the choroid. 

Perichrisis (per-ik' -ris-is). Synonym of Inunction. 

Pericladium (per-ik-la'-de-um) \_izepi, around ; KAafiog, 
a young slip : //. , Pericladici\. A sheathing petiole. 



Periclasis (per-ik' -las-is) \jxepiKtav, to twist around]. 
A comminuted fracture. 

Periclinal (per -ik- li'-nal) [ Trepi, around ; KAiveiv, to 
bend, to slope]. In biology, applied to layers, cell- 
walls or lines when parallel to the external surface. 

Pericnemious (per-ik-ne'-me-us) \_nepi ', around ; Kvrjfiri, 
leg]. Surrounding the calf of the leg. 

Pericolitis ( per- ik- o ■ li'-tis ) \j:epi, around; k£>~Aov, 
colon ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
tissues around the colon. 

Pericolonitis (per-ik-o-lon-i'-tis). Same as Pericolitis. 

Pericolpitis (per-ik-ol-pi'-lis) \jrepi, around ; ko'akoc, 
vagina; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
areolar tissue surrounding the vagina. 

Periconchal (per-ik-ong'-kal) {jrepi, around; KOyxi, a 
shell]. Surrounding the concha of the ear. P. Sul- 
cus, a sulcus separating the helix and the convex 
hinder surface of the concha. 

Pericorneal (per-ik-or'-ne-al) [irspi, around; corneus, 
honey]. Surrounding the cornea. 

Pericowperitis (per-e- kow-per-i'-tis) [nepi, around ; 
Conper, an anatomist; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the tissues about Cowper's glands. 

Pericrane (per'-ik-rdn) {jrepi, around; Kpaviov, skull]. 
The pericranium ; the skull. [Old.] 

Pericranial (per-ik-ra'-ne-al) \jrepi, around ; Kpaviov, 
skull]. Surrounding the cranium. Pertaining to the 
pericranium. 

Pericranitis (per-ik-ra-ni'-tis) [nepi, around ; Kpaviov, 
skull; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
pericranium. 

Pericranium (per-ik-ra' -ne-um) {jrepi, around ; Kpaviov, 
skull]. The periosteum of the skull. 

Pericrany ( per' -ik-ra-ne) . Same as Pericranium. 

Pericystitis (per-is-is-ti'-tis) [ uepi, around ; kvctic, 
bladder; nig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
peritoneum or the connective tissue surrounding the 
bladder. 

Pericystomatitis (per-is-is-to-mat-i'-tis) \_nepi, around ; 
Kvartg, bladder; bua, tumor ; irig, inflammation]. An 
inflammation of the outer envelop of an ovarian 
cystoma. 

Pericytula (per-is-if -u-lah) [ trepi, around ; kvtoq, a 
cell]. A fecundated ovum before the beginning of 
superficial segmentation, while the formative yolk en- 
closes the nutritive segmentation. 

Peridectomy (per-id-ek'-to-me). Synonym of Per- 
itomy. 

Peridental (per-id-en'-tal). Synonym of Periodontal. 

Peridentitis (per-id-en-ti'-tis). Synonym of Periodon- 
titis. 

Peridentium (per-id-en'-she-um'). See Periodontium. 

Periderea (per-id-er-e'-ak) \_nepi, around; Siprj, neck.] 
The coiling of the umbilical cord round the fetal 
neck. 

Periderm (per'-id-erni) [irepi, around ; dipua, skin]. 
In biology : (a) a cell-wall or enclosing membrane ; 
(b) the epiphloe-m ; (c) the cortical layer of the ceno- 
sarc of a hydrozoan. 

Peridermal, Peridermic (per-id-er'-mal, per-id-er'- 
mik) \_irepi, around; dipua, skin]. Surrounding the 
cuticle. Pertaining to the periderm. 

Peridesmica (per-id-ez'-mik-ah) \_~epi, around; dfopdg, 
band]. Retention of urine as a result of stricture of 
the urethra. 

Peridesmitis (per-id-es-mi'-tis) [rvepi, around ; Seapog, 
band ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the peri- 
desmium. 

Peridesmium (per-id-ez'-me-um) [Tvepi, around; fieaubg, 
band]. The delicate membrane or covering that in- 
vests a ligament. 

Peridiastole (per-id-i-as' -to-le) \jrepi, about ; ScaaroX^, 



PERIDIDYMIS 



1046 



PERIHEPATITIS 



dilatation]. The short interval that succeeds the dias- 
tole in the cycle of the heart's action. 

Perididymis (per-id-id' '-im-is) [nepi, around ; didvfioc, 
testicle]. The tunica albuginea testis. 

Perididymitis (per-id-id-im-i'-tis) [irepi, around; 6i6v- 
fioc, testicle; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the perididymis. 

Perididymium (per- id- id- im'- e-nm ). Synonym of 
Perididymis. 

Peridiiform (per-id' -e-iform) [tttjp'iSlov, a small leather 
pouch ; forma, form]. In biology, having the form of 
a peridium. 

Peridiodynia (per-id-e-o-din' -e-ah). Synonym of Car- 
dialgiu . 

Peridiole (per-id' -e-ol). Same as Peridiolum. 

Peridiolum (per-id-i'-o-lum) [dim. of nr/pifimv, a little 
pouch]. In biology, the tunic of the sporangium in 
the Nidulariacetz ; a secondary or smaller peridium 
containing a hymenium. 

Peridium (per - id' ■ e - itm) \_inipidiov, dim. of nijpa, a 
leather pouch, wallet : pi., Peridia~\. In biology, the 
covering of a spore-case, as a puff-ball. 

Periencephalitis (per-e-en-sefal-i'-tis) \jrepi, around ; 
iyn£(pa7i0v, brain; trig, inflammation]. Phrenitis 
mania gravis ; Typhomania, BelPs Disease (Luther 
Bell). Inflammation of the pia and of the super- 
ficies of the brain. The acute form is usually fatal, and 
is attended by stupor, wild delirium, general disturb- 
ance of the psychic functions, restlessness, convul- 
sions, and fever. The chronic form is the so-called 
General Paralysis of the Insane. 

Periendymal {per - e - en'- dim- al). Same as Peri- 
ependymal. 

Perienteric (per-e-en-ter'-ik) [irepi, around ; evrepov, 
intestine]. Situated around the enteron ; perivisceral. 

Perienteritis (per-e-en-ter-i'-tis) [irepi, around ; evrepov, 
intestine ; iriq, inflammation] Inflammation of the 
intestinal peritoneum. 

Perienteron (per-e-en' '-ter-on) \jtepi, around ; evrepov, 
intestine]. The primitive perivisceral cavity ; the 
space between the entoderm and the ectoderm, the 
forerunner of the schizocele or enterocele. 

Periependymal (per-e-ep-en'-dim-al) \^epi, around; 
eTrevtfafia, ependyma]. Situated, or occurring, out- 
side the ependyma. 

Perieresis (per-e-er'-es-is) \_irepiaipelv, to take off]. A 
circular incision around a tumor or abscess. 

Periesophageal (per-e-e-so-fa-je'-al) \jrepi, around; 
o'tao<pciyoc , esophagus]. Situated, or occurring, just 
outside of, or around, the esophagus. 

Periesophagitis (per-e-e-sofaj-i' -tis) [irep!, around ; 
o\ao(pdyog , esophagus; trie,, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the tissues that surround the esophagus. 

Perifascicular (per-e-fas-ik' -u-lar) [irepi, around •fas- 
ciculus, a fascicle]. Surrounding a fasciculus. 

Perifibral, Perifibrous, ( per-if-i' -bral, per-if-i' -brzis) 

\jttpi , around ; fibra, a fiber]. Surrounding a fiber. 
Perifolliculitis ( per-ifol-ik-u-li' -tis) \jrepi, around; 
folliculus, follicle; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation 
around the hair-follicles. P., Conglomerative Pus- 
tular, a rare skin-affection, characterized by an eruption 
usually on the backs of the hands and on the buttocks, 
of from one to a dozen oval or roundish patches, from 
half an inch to two inches in diameter, and raised from 
about a line to a quarter of an inch. The surface is 
smooth or slightly mammillated and cribriform, the 
orifices being filled at first with pus, while the hairs, 
if any, have generally fallen out. There are also 
numerous unruptured superficial pustules. There is 
some itching and heat, but no pain or glandular en- 
largement. The disease is a local one of short duration 
and leaves no scar. The etiology is unknown. 



Perifolliculosis (per-ifol-ik-u-lo' -sis) \jrepi, around ; 
folliculus, a follicle ; voaoc, disease]. A follicular 
skin-affection. 

Perigamium (per-ig-a' '-me-um) \jepi, around ; yapoc, 
marriage]. In biology, an involucre in certain cryp- 
togams, inclosing both male and female reproductive 
organs. 

Perigangliitis (per-ig- ang-gle -i'-tis) \j?epi, around ; 
ya.yy'Xiov, ganglion ; trig, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the tissues surrounding a ganglion. 

Periganglionic (per-ig-ang-gle-on' -ik) [mpi, around ; 
ydyy?uov, ganglion]. Situated, or occurring, around 
a ganglion. P. Glands, tubular glands found in the 
the spinal ganglia of frogs and other animals. They 
contain a milky, calcareous fluid. 

Perigastric (per - ig - as' - trik) [nepi, around; yacri/p, 
stomach]. In biology, pertaining to the tissues or 
spaces about the alimentary canal. 

Perigastritis ( per-ig-as-tri' '-tis) \j?epi, around ; yaorijp, 
stomach; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
peritoneal coat of the stomach. 

Perigastrula (per-ig-as'-tru-lah) [nep't, around ; yao- 
rr/p, belly, stomach: //. , Perigastrula']. In biology, 
the form of gastrula which results from the surface- 
cleavage of the egg; a bladder-gastrula, the common 
form among arthropods. 

Peiigastvular ( per-ig-as' -trze-la?-)[_7repi, around; yaarr/p, 
stomach]. Pertaining to the perigastrula. 

Perigastrulation (per-ig-as-tru-la'-shun)\_~ep'i, around ; 
yaarr/p, belly, stomach]. In biology, the formation 
of a bladder-gastrula. 

Perigenesis (per - ij -en'-es-is) \rtepi, about ; yeveoic, 
origin]. In biology, a dynamic theory of reproduc- 
tion proposed by Cope and adopted by Hreckel. It 
explains inheritance by the transmission of the type 
of growth-force from one generation to another. 

Periglottic (per-ig-lot'-ik) [nepi, around ; y/.cicaa, the 
tongue]. Situated around the base of the epiglottis. 

Periglottis (per-ig-lof -is) \_~ep'i, around; y'kiiaaa, the 
tongue]. The mucous membrane or villous coating 
of the tongue. 

Perignathic (per-ig-na'-thik) \_~epi, around ; yvadoc, 
jaw]. Situated about the jaw. 

Perigone (per'-ig-on) \_~epi, around ; yovr/, seed, gen- 
eration.] See Perianth. 

Perigonium (per-ig- o'-ne-um) \jrepi, around ; ~)ovr/, 
seed: //. , Perigonia~\. In biology: (a) the sac 
formed by the ectodermal layers of the gonophore of a 
hydroid ; (b) the leafy envelop surrounding the per- 
ianth of the antheridia in mosses. 

Perigraph (per'-ig-raf) [nepi, around; ypdfeiv, to 
inscribe]. The linea alba and linese transversa? of 
the rectus abdominis muscle. 

Perigyne (per'-ij-in). Same as Perigynium. 

Perigynium (per-ijin'-e-um) [~epi, about; ywij, a 
female: pi. , Perigynia]. In biology, a term applied 
to the scale-like or bristle-like bodies surrounding the 
pistils in sedges. Also, the envelop that in liver- 
worts invests the archegonia. 

Perigynous ( per - if - in - us) [Kepi, around; yvvr), a 
female]. In biology, applied to stamens and petals 
when they are adnate to the throat of the calyx, and 
therefore borne around the pistil instead of at its 
base. 

Perigyny (per-ij'-in-e) \_~epi , about; )vr>'/, female]. In 
biology, the state or condition of being perigynous. 

Perihepatic (per - e - he -pat'- ik) \_~epi, around; i/wap, 
liver]. Surrounding, or occurring around, the liver. 

Perihepatitis ( per-e-hep-at-i' -tis) [wept, around ; r/ira-p, 
liver; trie;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ser- 
ous covering of the liver. It may be local, or a part 
of a general peritonitis. It is marked by severe pain, 



PERIKERATIC 



1047 



FERIMORULA 



tenderness, some fever, slight jaundice, and a friction 
sound. 

Perikeratic (per-ik-er-at'-ik) [nepi, around; 
nepac, cornea]. Surrounding the cornea. 

Perilaryngeal (per-e-lar-in' -je-al)\_izepi, around; 
\apvy$, larynx]. Situated, or occurring, 
around the larynx. 

Perilaryngitis {per - il - ar- in -ji'- tis ) \jrepi, 
around; Aapvyij, larynx; mc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the areolar tissue surrounding 
the larynx. 

Perilymph (per'-il-imf) [rcspi, around ; Avp:<pa, 
lymph]. The fluid separating the membranous 
from the osseous labyrinth. It is secreted by 
the delicate fibro-serous membrane lining the 
osseous labyrinth. See Liquor cotunnii. 

Perilymphangial (per-il-im-fan' '-je-al) [ircpi, 
around ; Avu<pa, lymph ; ayyelov, vessel] . 
Situated, or occurring, around a lymphatic 
vessel. 

Perilymphangitis (per-il-im-fan-ji 1 -tis) [nepi, 
around ; X'vfiifia, lymph ; ayyelov, vessel ; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the tissues 
surrounding a lymphatic vessel. 

Perilymphatic (per-il-im-fat'-ik) [nepi, around ; 
Avft<j>a, lymph]. Pertaining to the perilymph. 

Perimenia (per-im-e' '-ne-ak) [irepi, around ; 
utjvtaia, menses]. Hemorrhage around the 
uterus, occurring usually at the menstrual epoch. 

Perimeningitis (per - im - en - in -ji'- tis) [wept, 
around; fiijviy!;, membrane; irtc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the dura, and sur- 
rounding tissues. 

Perimeningoencephalitis (per-im-en-in' -go-en- 
sef-al-i'-tis). Synonym of Periencephalitis. 

Perimeninx (per-im-en'-inks). Synonym of 
Dura . 

Perimeristem (per-im-er' '-is-teni) \irepi, around ; 
fiepi r eiv, to divide ; fiepoc, a part]. In biology, 
that part of the meristem from which is derived the 
ectal cortex and the dermatogen. 

Perimeter (per-im' -et-er) [irepi, around; fierpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for measuring the extent of 



degrees, and fixed to an upright at its center by a 
pivot, on which it is movable. Variously colored 





Perimetric Chart. 

the field of vision. It consists ordinarily of a flat, nar- 
row metal plate, bent in a semicircle, graduated in 



Perimeter. 

discs are moved along the metal plate and the degree 
noted at which the person, looking directly in front 
of him, distinguishes the color. 

Perimetral (per-im-e' -tral). Same as Perimetric. 

Perimetric (per-im-ef -rik) \_irepi, around ; pijrpa, 
womb; fierpov, measure]. Situated around the uterus. 
Pertaining to perimetry. 

Perimetritic (per-im-et-rit'-ik) [irepi, around ; pr/rpa, 
womb ; itic, inflammation]. Pertaining to peri- 
metritis. 

Perimetritis (per-im-et-ri' -tis) [irepi, around ; prjrpa, 
womb; trig, inflammation]. Pelvic Peritonitis ; in- 
flammation of the peritoneal covering of the uterus. 
It is always secondary to inflammatory affections of 
the uterus, tubes, or ovaries. Three forms are 
described, viz.: the adhesive, or most common variety ; 
the serous, or least common, and the suppurative, 
or most serious form. Pain, chills and fever are the 
main symptoms presented. 

Perimetrium ( per-im-e' '-tre-um) [irepi, around; firjTpa, 
womb]. The serous covering of the uterus. 

Perimetry (per -im'- et - re) [ire pi , around; fierpov, 
measure]. The measuring of the field of vision. 

Perimonerula ( per-im-on-er' -u-lah) [irepi, around ; 
fiovr/pr/c, single, solitary: pi. , Perimonernhc~\. In 
biology, a developmental cytode at the monerula stage, 
having formative yolk in the ectal wall and deuto- 
plasm in the ental. It is succeeded by a pericytula, 
perimorula , periblastnla, and perigastrula. 

Perimonerular (per-i?n-on-er r -u-lar) [irepi, around ; 
fiovripTjc, single, solitary]. Pertaining to the perimoner- 
ula. 

Perimorula ( per-im-or' '-u-lah) [irepi , around ; p.6pov, 



PERIMORULAR 



1048 



PERIODIC 



mulberry]. The ovum in the morula stage, in which 
the nutritive yolk is covered by a layer of cells de- 
veloped from the formative yolk. 

Perimorular (per-im-or'-u-lar) [irepi, around ; fiopov, 
mulberry]. Pertaining to the perimorula. 

Perimyelis (pcr-im-i' '-el-is) [irepi, around; pveXSc;, 
marrow]. The medullary membrane or endosteum ; 
the areolar envelop of the bone-marrow. 

Perimyelitis (per-im-i-el-i'-tis) [irepi, around ; pve/Xoc, 
marrow; trie, inflammation]. Spinal meningitis. 

Perimysial (per-im-iz'-e-al) [irepi, around ; /wr, mus- 
cle]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, perimysium ; 
enveloping a muscle. 

Perimysiitis (per-im-iz-e-V -tis) [irepi, around; p.vc, 
muscle; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
perimysium. 

Perimysium [per-im-iz'-e um) [irepi, around; pvc, 
muscle: //. , Perimysial . In biology, the bands of 
connective tissue that envelop and separate the 
primary bundles of muscle-fibers from each other, as 
distinguished from the endomysium, which holds to- 
gether the individual muscle-fibers, and the epimysium, 
which invests the entire muscle. 

Perin [per' -in) [irepiv, a serous sac]. Perineum ; also 
the scrotum. 

Perinseum (per-in-e'-um). See Perineum. 

Perineal (per-in-e'-al) [irepivaiov, perineum]. Pertain- 
ing to the perineum. P. Aponeurosis. Same as 
P. Fascia. P. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. P. 
Body, the peculiar structure in the female, composed 
of skin, muscle, and fascia, and occupyingthe interval 
between the vagina and the rectum. P. Cystotomy, 
cystotomy performed through a perineal incision. 
P. Fascia, the fascia of the pelvic outlet. P. Flex- 
ure, a sharp bend in the rectum immediately above 
the anus. P. Fossa, the ischio-rectal fossa, situated 
between the rectum and the perineal muscles. P. 
Hernia, a rare form of hernia perforating the perineum 
by the side of the rectum or between the rectum and 
the bladder or the vagina. P. Nerve. See Nerves, 
Table of. P. Region, the perineum. P. Section, 
incision through the perineum for the relief of urethral 
stricture, the removal of calculi from the bladder, or 
the relief of other morbid conditions. P. Spasm. 
See Vaginodynia. P. Strait, the inferior pelvic strait. 

Perineauxesis { per-in-e-awks-e' -sis) [irepivaiov, peri- 
neum; wbS-i/oie, growth]. The bulging of the peri- 
neum during labor. 

Perineocele (per-in-e'-o-sel) [rrepivaiov, perineum ; 
K/'/'/.r/, tumor]. Perineal hernia. 

Perineoplasty (per-in-e'-o-plas-te)[irepivaiov, perineum ; 
irAaaaeiv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the peri- 
neum. 

Perineorrhaphy (per-in-e-or'-a-fe) [irepivaiov, peri- 
neum; pad?'/, suture]. Suture of the perineum, usually 
in repair of a laceration caused during childbirth. 

Perineosynthesis [per-in-e-o-sin' '-thes-is) [ irepivaiov, 
perineum; ovvdeoic, a placing together]. Aplastic 
operation upon the perineum in which a graft of vagi- 
nal mucosa is made to cover the wound. 

Perineotomy ( per-in-e-ot' ' -o-mc) [irepivaiov, perineum ; 
Torn'/, a cutting]. Incision through the perineum. 

Perinephral (per-in-ef'-ral). Same as Perinephric. 

Perinephrial (per-in-ef -re-al) [irepi, around ; ve(pp6c, 
kidney]. Pertaining to the perinephrium. 

Perinephric ( per-in-ef -rik) [irepi, around; ve<pp6c, 
kidney]. Situated, or occurring, around the kidney. 
P. Abscess, an abscess, in the tissues about the 
kidney. 

Perinephritic (per-in-ef-rit'-ik) [Kepi, around ; vefypoc, 
kidney; trie, inflammation]. Pertaining to perineph- 
ritis ; improperly, same as perinephric. 



Perinephritis [per-in-ef-ri' -tis) [irepi, around ; vecj>p6c t 
the kidney ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
tissues surrounding the kidney. It may be either 
primary or secondary, usually the latter. It is marked 
by pain in one lumbar region, dull, aching in character, 
with tenderness over that region, slight fever, and 
slight rigors. If pus forms the symptoms are aggra- 
vated, and burrowing may occur in various directions. 

Perinephrium (per-in-ef ' -re-uni) [irepi, around ; veeppoe, 
kidney] . The connective and adipose tissue surround- 
ing the kidney. 

Perineum [per-in-e'-um) [irepiveov, or irepivaiov] . That 
portion of the body included in the outlet of the 
pelvis, bounded in front by the pubic arch, behind by 
the coccyx and great sacro-sciatic ligaments, and at the 
sides by the tuberosities of the ischium. It includes 
all of the structures between the ischial tuberosities on 
either side, the anus posteriorly, and the vagina in the 
female and the scrotum in the male anteriorly. It is 
separated from the pelvic cavity by the recto-vesical 
fascia. It is occupied by the terminations of the 
rectum, the urethra, and the root of the penis, together 
with their muscles, fascice, vessels, and nerves. In 
a more restricted sense, the term perineum is applied 
to the space in advance of the anus (true perineum) ; 
in the female it is occupied by the termination of the 
vagina, the vulva, and the clitoris. The median line 
of the perineum presents a slight ridge, the raphe. 

Perineurial (per-in-ew' -re-al) [irepi, around; vevpov, 
nerve]. Relating to or resembling the perineurium. 
P. Lymph-channels, lymph-spaces surrounding the 
nerve-trunks, as in the cornea. 

Perineuritis (per-in-ew' -ri' -tis) [irepi, around ; vevpov, 
nerve; iTtg, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
perineurium. 

Perineurium (per-in-ezv'-re-um)[irepi, around ; vevpov, 
nerve: //. , Perineuria]. The connective-tissue 
sheath investing each funiculus or primary bundle of 
nerve-fibers ; as distinguished from the endoneurium, 
which extends among and around the individual fibers, 
and the epineurium, which holds together and envelops 
the several funiculi of the nerve trunk. 

Perinium (per-in'-e-um) [irepi, around ; ic (iv), muscle, 
fibrous tissue in muscle]. In biology, the outer cell- 
wall of the spores of Hepaticce, often beautifully 
sculptured. 

Perinuclear (per-in-ew' -kle-ar)[irepi, about; nucleus, a 
kernel]. In biology, of or pertaining to the proto- 
plasm or other substances surrounding the nucleus 
of a cell. Surrounding the nucleus. 

Perinyctis (per-in-ik'-tis) [irepi, around ; ruf, night]. 
Same as Epinyctis. 

Periocular (per-e-ok'-u-lar) [irepi, around; oculus, 
eye]. Surrounding the eye. P. Space, the space 
between the globe of the eye and the orbital walls. 

Period (pe'-re-od) [irepiodoc, period]. The space of 
time during which anything is in progress or at which 
an event takes place. Also the menses. P., Child- 
bearing, the period, from puberty to the menopause, 
during which the female is capable of reproducing 
offspring. P., Dodging, a colloquial term for the 
menopause. P., Incubation. See Incubation. P., 
Menstrual, P., Monthly, the act of menstruation. 
P., Reaction. See Reaction-period. P., Respira- 
tory, the interval between two successive inspirations. 

Periodeusis (pe-re-od-e<v' -sis) [irepiodeveiv, to go all 
round]. Synonym of Quackery. 

Periodic, Periodical (pe-re-od'-ik, pe-re-od'-ik-al) 
[irepio&iKot;, periodic]. Recurring at stated periods. 
Having periods of recurrence and of intermission. 
P. Acid, H 2 4 . An oxyacid of iodin not yet obtained 
in the free state. P. Disease, one occurring at stated 



PERIODICITY 



1049 



PERIOTIC 



periods or times of the year, or one of which the 
manifestations recur at regular intervals, e.g., the 
malarial fevers, relapsing fever. P. Swelling. See 
Angio-neurotic Edema. P. Vomit of Leyden. See 
A ng io- neurotic £di -ma. 

Periodicity (pe-re-o-dis 1 -it-e) \jrepiodoc, a period]. The 
tendency of certain diseases or morbid phenomena 
to recur at regular intervals. 

Periodontal (per-e-o-don'-tal) [xspi, around; bdobc, 
tooth], i. Surrounding a tooth or its root. 2. The 
periosteum of an alveolus, or some other membrane 
or tissue surrounding a tooth. 

Periodontitis (per-e-o-do/t-li'-tis) \_~epi, about ; bdovc, 
tooth; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the peri- 
dental membrane, the lining membrane of the cavity 
of a tooth. See Pericementitis. 

Periodontium (per-e-o-don'-she-um) [rrepi, around; 
bdovc, tooth]. The membrane surrounding a tooth. 

Periodoscope (pe-re-od' -o-skop) \_irepio<hg, a period ; 
okoke'iv, to inspect]. A kind of dial to show the pro- 
bable time of confinement. 

Periodynia (per-e-o-din' -e-ah) \_irepl, around ; bdvvrj, 
pain]. Severe general pain throughout the body. 

Pericesophagitis (per-e-e-sof-aj-i' -tis). See Periesoph- 
agitis. 

Perionychia (per-e-o-nik'-e-ali) \rrepi, around; 5wf, 
nail]. Inflammation around the nails. 

Perionyx (per-e-on'-iks) [wept, about; bvv^ (bvvx-) a 
nail, claw, talon, hoof]. In biology, a small band of 
the epitrichium (eponychium) which persists across the 
root of the nail in the development of that organ. 

Perionyxis (per-e-o-niks' -is). Synonym of Perionychia. 

Perioophoritis (per-e-o-off-o-ri' '-tis) \nept, around ; 
Ciov, egg; <popog, bearing; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the peritoneum and connective tissue 
covering the ovary. It may be acute or chronic, and 
leads to the formation of adhesions. It is usually 
due to tubal disease. 

Periophthalmitis (per-e-off-thal-mi' -tis) \j?epi, around; 
btpOaApog, eye ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the tissues surrounding the eye. 

Perioptic (per-e-op'-tik) [<r£/9<, around ; brrriK.bg, seeing]. 
I. Surrounding the orbit, or the eye. 2. Of, or per- 
taining to, the tissues about the eye. 

Periopticon (per-e-op' -tik-on) \_rcepi, about; brrriKog, of 
seeing]. In biology, a complex nerve-structure just 
back of the basilar membrane in the eyes of insects. 
(S. J. Hickson.) 

Perioptometry (per- e - op - torn' - et - re) [wepi, around ; 
oktoc, visible; perpov, measure]. The measurement 
of the limits of the visual field in its several dimensions. 
It includes, also, the detection and measurement of 
defects in the field of vision. 

Perioral (per-e-o'-ral) \_~epi , around ; os, oris, the 
mouth]. Surrounding the mouth ; circumoral. 

Periorbita (per-e-or' -bit-ali) \jrepi, around ; orbita, or- 
bit]. The periosteum of the eye-socket. 

Periorbital (per - e - or' -bit -al) \_irepi, around ; orbita, 
orbit]. Pertaining to the periosteum of the socket of 
the eye or to the tissues about the orbit. 

Periorbitis (per-e-or-bi'-tis) \rrepi, around; orbita, or- 
bit; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the peri- 
orbita. 

Periorchitis (per-e-or-ki'-tis) [rrepi, around ; bpxig, tes- 
ticle ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tissues 
surrounding the testicle, especially of the tunica vagi- 
nalis testis. P. adhsesiva. a form in which adhesions 
between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis are 
formed. 
Periosteal (per-e-os'-te-al) [Kept, around; barinv, 
bone]. Pertaining to the periosteum. P. Bone, the 
bone formed by the cells of the osteogenic layer of 



the periosteum, as distinguished from the central spongy 
endochondral bone. P. Reflex. See Reflexes. Table 

°f; 

Periosteedema (per-e-os-te-e-de 1 ' -mah) [irepi, around ; 
bortov, bone; olo///aa, edema]. Edema of the perios- 
teum. 
Periosteitis (per-e-os-te-i'-tis). See Periostitis. 
Periosteoma (per - e - os - te - o'- mah) \_nepi, around; 
boreov, bone; bpa, tumor]. An osteoma developed 
from the periosteum. 
Periosteo-osteomyelitis (per-e-os' '-te-o-os 1 '-te-o-tni-e-li' '- 
tis) [nepi, around ; bortov, bone ; ftveAog, marrow ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the periosteum 
and medulla of a bone. 
Periosteophyma ( per-e-os-te-o-fi' -mah) \rrep'i, around ; 
boreov, bone; <j>bua, growth]. Swelling of the perios- 
teum ; also, a periosteophyte. 
Periosteophyte (per - e - os'- te - o -fit) [rrepi, around ; 
boreov, bone; <pvr6v, growth]. A morbid osseous 
formation upon or proceeding from the periosteum. 
Periosteosis (per-e-os-te-o'-sis). Synonym of Perios- 

tosis. 
Periosteotome (per - e - os'- te - o - torn) \jrepi, around ; 
boreov, bone ; ropi/, a cutting]. A cutting-instrument 
for use in periosteotomy. 
Periosteotomy (per-e-os-te-ot'-o-me) \nepi , around; 
boTcov, bone ; tojitj, a cutting]. Surgical incision of 
the periosteum. 
Periosteous ( per-e-os' -te-us). Same as Periosteal. 
Periosteum (per-e-os' -te-uni) \nspi, around ; boreov, 
bone]. A fibrous membrane that invests the surfaces 
of bones, except at the points of tendinous and liga- 
mentous attachment, and on the articular surfaces, 
where cartilage is substituted. At the attachment of 
tendons the periosteum blends with the fibers of the 
tendons. The periosteum consists of two layers, 
an ectal, fibrous, and an ental, osteogenetic layer. 
The periosteum serves as a medium for the attachment 
of tendons, and as the means of nourishment and 
regeneration of bone. 
Periostitic (per-e-os-tit'-ik)\nepi, around ; borfov, bone ; 
trie, inflammation]. Pertaining to, resembling, or 
affected with, periostitis. 
Periostitis (per-e-os-ti'-tis)[nepi, around ; boreov, bone ; 
trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the periosteum. 
P., Dental, inflammation of the investing membrane 
of the roots of the teeth. P., Diffuse, a serious in- 
flammation usually involving the periosteum of long 
bones. P., Hemorrhagic, a condition accompanied 
by bleeding between the periosteum and the bone. 
Periostoma (per-e-os-to' -mah) \jrepi, around ; boreov, 
bone; bfia, tumor]. Any morbid osseous growth 
occurring on or surrounding a bone. 
Periostosis (per-e-os-to' -sis) \_irepi, around ; boreov, 
bone]. The formation of periostoma. Inflammatory 
hypertrophy of bone. 
Periostotomy (per-e-os-tot'-o-me). Synonym of Peri- 
osteotomy. 
Periostracal (per-e-os' -trak-al) \_rrepi, around ; borpa- 

kov, a shell]. Pertaining to the periostracum. 
Periostracum ( per-e-os' -trak-itm)\nepi, around ; borpa- 
kov, shell]. In biology, the horny epidermis investing 
the shells of molluscs. 
Periotic (per-e-o'-tik) [nepi, around; ovc, ear]. I. 
Situated or occurring around the ear. A term also 
applied to the petrous and mastoid parts of the tem- 
poral bone. 2. Of or pertaining to the region or 
tissues immediately about the internal or true ear. P. 
Capsules, Huxley's name for the independent carti- 
lages that appear very early around the otocysts and 
later become integral parts of the primitive chondro- 
cranium by coalescing with the occipital cartilage. It 



PERIOVULAR 



1050 



PERIPTEROUS 



is not known whether they represent primarily distinct 
skeletal pieces or merely separate centers of chondri- 
fication of a larger mesochymal skeletal piece ; pro- 
bably the latter. 

Periovular {per-e-o'-vii-la?-)[nep'(, around; ovum, egg]. 
Surrounding the ovum. 

Peripachymeningitis {per-ip-ak-im-en-in-ji' -tis) \nepi, 
around ; ■Kaxvc, thick ; iiijviy^, membrane ; trig, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the connective tissue 
between the spinal dura and the vertebra. 

Peripancreatitis {per-ip-an-kre-at-i' -tis) \ntpi, around ; 
Traynptac, pancreas; trig, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the tissue about the pancreas. 

Peripapillary {per-ip-ap' ' -il-a-re)\ittpi , around ; papilla, 
a papilla]. Occurring or situated around the circum- 
ference of a papilla, and especially of the optic disc. 

Peripatetic {per-ip-at-ef '-ik) [nept, about ; Trarelv, to 
walk]. Walking about, as in " walking typhoid." 
Also, a disciple of Aristotle, who instructed his pupils 
while walking. 

Peripenial {per-ip-e'-ne-al) [n^pi, around ; penis, penis]. 
Surrounding the penis. 

Peripetalous {per-ip-et'-al-us) \_nepi, around; irera'Aov, 
a leaf]. In biology, situated [a) about the petals of 
a flower, or {b) about the petaloid ambulacra of a sea- 
urchin. 

Peripetasma {per-ip-et-az' -mah) \_TvepnreTaa/ia, a cover- 
ing]. Sick-bed. 

Periphacitis {per-ifa-si 1 -lis) \pr£pi, around ; <jxik6c, crys- 
talline lens ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
periphacus. 

Periphacus {per-if-a'-kus) \nipi, around ; (panoc, crys- 
talline lens]. The capsule surrounding the crystalline 
lens. 

Peripharyngeal {per-ifar-in' ' -je-al) \jrepi, around ; 
' (pdpvyi, the throat]. In biology, surrounding the 
pharynx. 

Peripherad {per-if -er-ad) \jrepi<t>Epeia, circumference]. 
Toward some peripheral part, or the peripheral as- 
pect. See Position a?id Direction, Table of. 

Peripheral {per-if -er-al) [irepiqiepEia,, circumference]. 
Pertaining to or placed near the periphery. In anat- 
omy, pertaining to the parts, nerves, or blood-vessels 
located distally, in contradistinction to central. See 
Position and Direction, Table of. P. Akinesia, aki- 
nesia due to some lesion of the anterior cornua of 
the gray matter of the cord, the motor nerves, or the 
muscles. P. Anesthesia, anesthesia due to lesion 
of the sensory nerves or end-organs. P. Epilepsy, 
epilepsy due to lesion of the brain-cortex. P. 
Neuritis, neuritis of the peripheral nerves. P. 
Organs, in biology, organs distinctly separated from 
the main part of the body. 

Peripheren (per-if '-er-en) [ntpi<pipeia, circumference]. 
Belonging to the periphery in itself. 

Peripheric {per-if -er-ik). Synonym of Peripheral. 

Peripheritis {per-ifer-i'-tis). Synonym of Periophthal- 
mitis. 

Periphery {per-if -er-e) [mpupepeia; wcpi , around; 
(pepeiv, to carry]. The line bounding any surface. 
The ectal part in contradistinction to the ental ; the 
surface of the body. 

Periphirnosis { per-if -i-mo' -sis). Synonym of Paraphi- 
mosis. 

Periphlebitic {per-if-leb-it'-ik)\_-KEpt , around; </>Aei/>, 
vein; trig, inflammation]. Pertaining to, affected 
with, or of the nature of, periphlebitis. 

Periphlebitis {per-if-leb-i'-tis) \jrepi, around ; <pMif>, 
vein; me, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ectal 
coat of a vein. 

Periphoranthium {per-if -or -an' -the -urn) ^ireptfopd, 
a circuit ; avdoc, a flower]. See Pcriclinium. 



Periphractolichen {per-if rak-to-li' '-ken) \jTepi<j>paiiToq, 
fenced around ; Kixhv, lichen]. Circumscribed lichen. 

Periphyllum {per-if il' -um) \jrepi, around ; (pLMov, a 
leaf]. See Lodicule. 

Periphyse {per'-if-iz). Same as Periphysis. 

Periphysis {per-if -js-is) [rrepi, around ; ipveadac, to 
grow : //. , Periphyses~\. In biology, one of the fila- 
mentous structures arising from the hymenium of a 
fungus at places where there are no asci, for example, 
in the region of the neck. Sometimes the periphyses 
protrude through the osteole. They are always pres- 
ent in greater or less numbers except, according to 
Fuisting, in Massaria ; while Paraphyses are absent 
from a number of genera both of fungi and lichens. 
(Bennett and Murray.) 

Periplasm {per'-ip-lazm) \_rrepi, around ; wJaafia, any- 
thing formed]. In biology, a peripheral layer of pro- 
toplasm, as that surrounding the oosphere, or the 
gonoplasm of the antherid,in the Udmycetes. 

Periplast ( per 1 ' -ip-last) \_~epi, around ; •KAaaoEuv, to 
mold, form] . In biology, the periblast or matrix of 
a part or organ ; the intercellular substance, or stroma. 

Periplastic (per-ip-las' -tik)\_-epi, around; Tv'/.daaeiv, to 
mold, to form]. In biology: {a) Of or pertaining to 
or resembling the matrix or periplast of a part or 
organ : (b) The cell-substance about the nucleus or 
endoplast ; perinuclear protoplasm. 

Peripleuritis ( per-ip-lu-i-i' -tis) \_~cpi, around ; Tilevpdv, 
side ; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tissues 
surrounding the pleura. 

Peripneumonia {per-e-nu-mo' -ne-ah) [nepi, around ; 
Trvevfiov, lung]. See Pneumonia. P. notha, the 
false pneumonia of the older writers ; the same as 
capillary bronchitis. SeePronchitis, Capillary. 

Peripneustic ( per-e-niis 1 '-tik) [jnEpi, about ; ttvevct(k6c, 
of or for breathing]. In biology, applied to that 
state of the tracheal system in the majority of insect 
larvae which undergo complete metamorphosis, in which 
the stigmata of those segments which in the imago 
carry wings, are closed, the stigmatic strands belonging 
to these parts being present as rudiments. Cf. amplii- 
pneustic, apneustic, Aolopneustic, metapneustic. 

Peripolar {per-ip-o'-lar) [irtpi, around ; ttoAoc, pivot]. 
Surrounding poles. P. Zone. See Zone. 

Periportal {per-ip-or'-tal) [nepi, around ; porta, door]. 
Surrounding the portal vein. P. Carcinoma, a prim- 
ary carcinoma developing around the portal vein, be- 
ginning at its entrance into the liver, thence extending 
along the portal vessels to the remotest branches. 

Periproct {per'-ip-rokt) [irepi, around; TrpuKroc, the 
anus]. In biology, the parietal region surrounding 
the anus in an echinoderm. 

Periproctal, Periproctic {per-ip-rok'-tal, per-ip-rok'- 
tik) \_nepi, around ; Trpunrdc, anus]. Surrounding the 
anus or rectum. 

Periproctitis {per-ip-rok-ti' -tis) [irfp/, around ; rrpuKTdc, 
anus; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the areo- 
lar tissue about the rectum or anus. 

Periproctous {per-ip-rok'-tus) \jrepi, around; TrpunToc, 
the anus]. In biology, circumanal. 

Periprostatic {per-ip-ros-taf '-ik) \_~epi, around ; irpoa- 
Tarr/r, one standing before]. Situated or occurring 
around the prostate. 

Periprostatitis {per-ip- ros - tat-i'-tis) [nepi, around; 
Trpo<7T&-r/r, standing before ; trie, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the tissues situated around the prostate. 

Peripsyxis {per-ip-siks'-is) [nepi, around ; rl'viic, a 
cooling]. The shivering of fever; a general fall of 
the temperature of the body. 

Peripterous {per-ip'-ter-us) \_~cpi, around ; Trrepov, a 
wing]. In biology, feathered on all sides, or sur- 
rounded by a wing-like expansion. 



PERIPVEMIA 



1051 



PERISTOME 



Peripyemia (per-ip-i-e' '-me-afi) [irepi, around ; ttvov, 
pus; aifia, blood]. Suppuration about an organ or 
tissue. 

Peripylephlebitis (per-ip-i-le-fleb-i'-tis) [te/h, around ; 
ttv'aii, gate, porta; tyAiip, vein; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the portal 
vein, or of its ectal coat. 

Perirectal (per-ir-ek'-tal) {jrep't, around ; rectum, rec- 
tum]. Surrounding the rectum. 

Perirenal (per-ir-e'-nal) [mpi, around ; ren, kidney]. 
Around the kidney. 

Perirhinal (per-ir-i'-nal) [jrepi, around ; pig, nose]. 
Situated about the nose or nasal fossae. 

Perirrhepsis (per-ir-eps' -is) [-epippeneiv, to slip to one 
side]. The slipping of a bandage from its proper place. 

Peris (pe'-ris) \_K//pig]. Vagina; scrotum; perineum. 

Perisalpingitis (per-is-al-pin-ji'-tis) [nepi, around; 
oaXKiyi, tube ; mg, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the peritoneal covering of the oviduct. 

Perisalpinx (per-is-al'-pingks) \_irtpi, around; aaAiuyl;, 
tube]. The peritoneum covering the upper border of 
the Fallopian tube. 

Perisarc (per'-is-ark) [irepi, around ; ffdpf, flesh]. In 
biology, the chitinous sheath or horny exoskeleton of 
a hydrozoan polyp. 

Perisarcoma (per-is-ar-ko'-mah). Same as Rhinoscle- 
roma . 

Perisarcous (per - is-ar' '- kus) [/rep/, around; ffapf, 
flesh]. In biology, consisting of perisarc ; having 
the character or function of perisarc. 

Periscopic (per-is-kop'-ik) \jvepi, around ; onowelv, to 
see]. Applied to lenses having a concave surface 
upon one side and a convex upon the other, either 
having the smaller radius of curvature, so that the lens 
may as a whole be positive or negative (concavo-con- 
vex, or convexo-concave) ; it is called, also, meniscus. 
The object of such lenses is to eliminate spheric aberra- 
tion, and allow the observer to look more obliquely 
through them. P. Ocular. See Ocular. 

Periscopism ( per' -is-ko-pizm) [jrepi, around ; gkotteIv, 
to see]. The power or faculty of periscopic vision. 

Periscythismus ( per-is-si-tkiz'-mus) [irepi, around; 
OKvtyiov, the skull]. Scalping, — an old operation for 
headache. 

Perisialdochitis (per-is-si-al-do-ki' -tis) [irepl, around ; 
ctaAov, saliva ; dox^ov, holder ; trie, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of connective tissue around Stensoivs duct. 

Perisigmoiditis (per-is-ig-moi-di' -tis) \_nepi, around ; 
aiypa, the letter c ; ddog, like; mg, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the tissues, especially the peritoneum, 
covering the sigmoid flexure of the colon. 

Perisinusitis ( per-e-si-nu-si' -tis) \_Tvepi, around ; sinus, 
a curve, fold ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation 
about a cerebral sinus. 

Perisoma (per-is-o'-mah) \jrepi, around; aaipa, body : 
pi. , Perisomatd\. In biology, the body- wall of an 
echinoderm. 

Perisomatic (per-is-o-mat'-ik) {jiepi, around; oapa, 
body] . In biology, of or pertaining to the body-wall 
of an echinoderm. P. Plates, portions of the coria- 
ceous or calcareous exoskeleton of an echinoderm. 

Perisome (per'-is-otn). Same as Perisoma. 

Perisomial (per-is-o' -me-al) . Same as Perisotnatic. 

Perisperm (per'-is-perm) \jrepi, around; arrkppa, the 
seed]. In biology, the albumin of a seed outside the 
embryo-sac. 

Perispermatitis (per-is-per-mat-i' -tis) [jzepi, around ; 
c-epp.a, seed; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation 
around the spermatic cord, with an effusion of fluid ; 
a funicular hydrocele. 

Perispermic (per-is-per' -mik) \_nepi, around ; areppa, 
seed]. In biology, characterized by perisperm. 



Perisphalsis (per-is-fal'-sis). Synonym of Circumduc- 
tion . 

Perispheric (per - is - fer' - ik) [ntpi, around; afalpa, 
sphere]. Having the form of a ball ; globular. 

Perisphinxis (per-is finks' -is) [irepi, around ; c<j>iy^ig, 
constriction]. Ligation. 

Perisplenic (per - is - plen' - ik) [Trepi, around; aKArjv, 
spleen]. Situated or occurring near the spleen. 

Perisplenitis (per-is-ple-ni' -tis) [jTEpi, around ; otta^v, 
spleen; irtg, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
serous or peritoneal coat of the spleen. 

Perispore (per' '-is-por) \_^cpi, around; arropng, seed]. 
In biology, the limiting membrane of a spore. 

Perissad (per-is'-ad) \_7rep1aa6g, odd, not even]. Any 
atom orelement of uneven quantivalence, e.g., nitrogen, 
capable of grasping three or five, boron three, and 
chlorin one, monad atom. In biology, a perisso- 
dactyl. 

Perissodactyl (per- is- - dak'- til) [ Tvepincog, beyond 
the regular number, odd ; danrv'Aog, finger ] . In 
biology, an odd-toed quadruped ; a member of well- 
defined groups of ungulate mammals, the only living 
representatives of which are the tapirs, rhinoceroses, 
and horses, which are but the surviving remnants of a 
very extensive and much varied assemblage of animals 
which flourished during the tertiary period. 

Perissodactylous (per-is-o-dak'-til-us) [nepicreog , odd ; 
danrvXog, digit]. Resembling a perissodactyl. 

Perissoma (per-is-o'-mah) [Trepiooog, odd, superfluous; 
bfia, tumor]. An excretion. 

Peristalsis ( per-is-tal' -sis) \jrepi, around; OTakoig, con- 
striction]. The peculiar movements of the intestine 
and other tubular organs, consisting in a vermicular 
shortening and narrowing of the tube, thus propelling 
the contents onward. It is due to the successive 
contractions of bundles of longitudinal and circular 
muscular fibers. See Antiperistalsis, Aperistalsis, 
Dysperistalsis , Euperistalsis. P., Reversed, peris- 
taltic movement opposite to the normal direction. 

Peristaltic (per-is-tal' -tik) [Trepl, around; araAoig, con- 
striction]. Pertaining to or resembling peristalsis. 
P. Movements, vermicular movements of hollow 
viscera. P. Unrest, an extremely common and dis- 
tressing symptom of neurasthenia. It consists of in- 
creased peristaltic movements of the stomach coming 
on shortly after eating, with borborygmi and gurgling. 
P. Wave, the wave produced by the rapid advance 
of the peristaltic movements. 

Peristaphyleus (per-is-taf-il-e' '-us) \jrepi, around ; ara- 
(pvAr/, uvula]. A muscle connected with the uvula. 
P. externus, P. inferior, the abductor of the Eus- 
tachian tube. P. internus, P. superior, the levator 
palati. See Muscles, Table of. 

Peristapbyline (per-is-taf'-il-in)\jrepi, about; ortKbvAr/, 
uvula]. Pertaining to or situated near the uvula. 

Peristaphylo-pharyngeus (per-is-taf'-il-o-far-in-je'- 
us) \_TTEpi, around; ara^v/ii], uvula ; yapvy!;, pharynx]. 
The palato - pharyngeus muscle. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Peristem (per'-is-tem). An abbreviation of Perimeri- 
stem. 

Peristethium ( per-is-te' -the-um) [nep'i, around ; orf/Bog, 
the breast : //. , Peristethia\ See Mesosternum. 

Peristole (per-is'-lo-le) \_-epLOTn"Ai/~\. Peristalsis. 

Peristoma (per-is'-to-mah). See Peristome. 

Peristomal (per -is - to'- mal) \_~epi, around; aropa, 
mouth]. Surrounding the mouth. 

Peristomatic (per-is-to-mat'-ik) [irrpl, around ; ardpa, 
mouth]. In biology, pertaining to the peristome. 

Peristome (per'- is- torn) {jrepi, around; ardpa, the 
mouth]. In biology : (a) the parietal region surround- 
ing the mouth, as the oral disc of a polyp ; (b) the 



PERISTOMIAL 



1052 



PERITONISM 



fringe of hair-like appendages about the orifice of a 
moss capsule. 

Peristomial {per-is-to' -nie-al) \_irEpi, around; ard/xa, 
mouth]. In biology: (a) pertaining to a peristome ; 
(i) situated around the mouth. 

Peristomium {per-is-to'-me-tim) [jrepi , around; orofia, 
a mouth : //. , Peristomia~\. In biology, a peristome. 

Peristroma [per-is-tro' ' -mali) \_irspi, around ; arpuua, 
covering]. The internal layer of a tube-like organ. 
The villous coat of the intestines. 

Perisynovial (per-is-i-no'-ve-al) [irspi, around; a'vv, 
with; <mv, egg]. Situated or occurring around a 
synovial membrane. 

Perisystole (per-is-is'-to-le) \jrepi, around ; avarotir), 
contraction]. The slight interval between the systole 
and diastole. 

Peritendineum [per-it-en-din' -e-um) \jrepi, around ; 
tendo, tendon]. The tissue surrounding the tendons 
like a sheath. 

Periterion {per-it-e'-re-ori). Synonym of Trephine. 

Peritestis [per-it-es'-tis) [_7repi, around; testis, testicle]. 
The tunica albuginea. 

Perithece (pcr'-ilh-es). Same as Perithecium . 

Perithecial (per-ith-e'-se-al) \jrepi, around; Ot/ktj, 
cover]. Pertaining to or of the nature of a perithecium. 

Perithecium (per-ilh-e' '-se-uni) \irtpi, around ; f)i/iv), 
cover: pi., Perithecia~\. In biology, the envelop 
covering the fructification of various species of fungus. 
The flask-shaped organs seen in ergot are perithecia. 
The receptacle for the asci in Ascomycetes and lichens. 

Perithelium [per - ith-e' - le -uni) [nepi, around; StjIt;, 
nipple]. The layer of cells surrounding the capillaries 
and smaller vessels. 

Perithoracic (per-ith-o-ras'-ik) [t£/3(, around ; flupai;,' 
thorax]. Situated or occurring around the thorax. 

Perithral Cells (per-ith'-j-al). Plasma-cells surround- 
ing the walls of blood-vessels. 

Perithyroiditis {per- ith - i- roid - V- (is) \_nepi, around ; 
fivpnoQ, shield; sldor, like; itic, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the capsule of the thyroid gland. 

Peritomist (per-it'-o-mist) \_Ttepi, around ; to/jt/, a cut- 
ting]. A circumciser. One who practises peritomy. 

Peritomy [per-it'-o-me) \_irspi, around ; ro/ii/, a cut- 
ting]. I. The removal of a riband of conjunctival 
and subconjunctival tissue from about the cornea, for 
the relief of pannus. 2. Circumcision. 

Peritonaeum \per-it-on-e' -uni). See Peritoneum . 

Peritoneal (per-it-on-e'-al) \jrepiT6vaiov, peritoneum]. 
Pertaining to the peritoneum. P. Cavity, the space 
within the peritoneal folds. P. Fever. Synonym 
of Peritonitis. 

Peritonealgia (per-it-on-e-al' -je-ali) \_TTepir6vamv, peri- 
toneum ; dP.)oc, pain]. Neuralgia of the peritoneum. 

Peritoneoclysis, Peritoneoklysis ( per-it-o-ne-ok'- 
/is-is) \_-epi-6vaiov, peritoneum; KA'roig, injection]. 
The injection of liquids into the peritoneal cavity. 

Peritoneorrhexis (per-it-on-e-or-ehs' '-is) \_irsptr6vaiov, 
peritoneum; p?/f;c, rupture]. Rupture of the peri- 
toneum. 

Peritoneotomy (per-it-on-e-of '-o-me) [ireptrovai.ov, peri- 
toneum ; to [ii], a. cutting]. Incision into the peri- 
toneum. 

Peritoneum (per-il-on-e'-um) [~fp«, around ; reiveiv, 
to stretch]. The serous membrane lining the interior 
of the abdominal cavity and surrounding the contained 
viscera. The peritoneum forms a closed sac, but is ren- 
dered complex in its arrangement by numerous foldings 
produced by its reflection upon the viscera. In tracing 
its extension we may begin at the diaphragm and take 
two layers. From the diaphragm two layers of peri- 
toneum proceed to the liver, forming its lateral liga- 
ments ; they separate to enclose the liver, meet again 



on its under aspect, and pass on, as the gastro-hepatic 
omentum, to the lesser curvature of the stomach. Separ- 
ating here, they embrace the stomach, and, meeting 
again at its greater curvature, pass down, like 'an apron. 
in front of the small intestine, forming the great 
omentum. At the lower edge of the latter they are 
reflected upward as far as the transverse colon, which 
they enclose, meeting again at the back of the colon, 
and proceeding to the spine as the transverse mesocolon. 
Here the two layers diverge ; the upper ascends in 
front of the pancreas to the under surface of the 
diaphragm, the starting-point. The lower layer is 
reflected from the spine, over the small intestines, and 
back again to the spine, to form the mesentery. From 
the root of the mesentery it passes into the pelvis, in- 
vests the upper part of the rectum, and is thence 
reflected on the bladder, forming between the two the 
recto-vesical pouch. In the female it is reflected from 
the rectum to the upper part of the vagina, and thence 




Bladder. 



Peritoneum, Vertical Section. (Allen Thomson.) 

over the uterus, from which it proceeds to the bladder. 
Two pouches are thus formed, the recto-uterine, or 
Douglas's pouch, and the vesico-uterine ; between 
the sides of the uterus and the sides of the pelvic 
cavity it forms two additional folds, the broad liga- 
ments. From the bladder it passes up the anterior 
wall of the abdomen to the diaphragm. From the 
cardiac end of the stomach two layers proceed to the 
spleen, enclosing it, and forming the gastro-sphnic 
omentum. A few minor folds need yet to be men- 
tioned — the hepato-renal, passing from the right lobe 
of the liver to the kidney ; the gastro-phrenic, from 
the diaphragm to the cardiac extremity of the stomach ; 
the costo-colic, from the diaphragm to the splenic flexure 
of the colon. The following structures are completely 
invested by peritoneum : — The stomach, liver, spleen, 
first portion of the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum, 
transverse colon, sigmoid flexure, the upper part of 
the rectum, and of the uterus, and the ovaries. 
Peritonism { per' -it-on-izm)\TXtpn6vaiov , peritoneum], A 
form of pseudo-peritonitis, in which apparently perito- 



PERITONITIC 



1053 



PERKINIST 



nitic symptoms yield readily to treatment. Also, the 
complexus of symptoms occurring during peritonitis. 

Peritonitic (per-it-on-it* -ik) [iripi-ovaiov, peritoneum ; 
inc, inflammation]. Pertaining to or affected with 
peritonitis. 

Peritonitis (per-it-on-i'-tis) [-epiruvawv, peritoneum; 
itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the peritoneum. 
It maybe acute or chronic, general or local. P., 
Acute, is sudden in its onset, with agonizing pain 
that compels the patient to remain in bed on his back 
with the shoulders raised and the knees and hips 
flexed — the characteristic position. The pulse is 
small, hard, and wiry ; there is some fever ; and the 
abdomen becomes tense and tympanitic. Acute peri- 
tonitis may terminate in death, recovery, or chronic 
peritonitis. P., Adhesive, peritonitis with adhesion 
between the parietal and visceral layers. P., Carci- 
nomatous, that due to carcinoma of the membrane. 
P., Chronic, a form that has no well-defined symp- 
toms ; there is tenderness, pain not so acute, impair- 
ment of appetite, and constipation. Fluid may be 
present in the abdominal cavity and adhesions may 
form . This chronic form usually follows an acute attack , 
but may develop insidiously. It is often tuber- 
culous. P., Circumscribed, that limited to a part 
of the membrane. P. deformans, chronic peritonitis 
accompanied by thickening and contraction of the 
mesentery and omentum. P., Diaphragmatic, 
inflammation of the peritoneum covering the under 
surface of the diaphragm. P., Diffuse, a form affect- 
ing the entire peritoneum. P., Encysted, a collection 
of serum or pus surrounded by peritoneal adhesions. 
P., Hemorrhagic, peritonitis with hemorrhages into 
the membrane ; it may lead to the formation of a so- 
called hematoma. P., Pelvic. See Perimetritis. 
P., Perforative, peritonitis due to perforation of a 
hollow viscus, an abscess, or a cyst, and the extru- 
sion of the contents into the cavity of the peritoneum. 
P., Phlegmonous. Synonym of P. , Purulent. P., 
Puerperal, that following septic infection in the 
woman in childbed. It rapidly ends in death from 
asthenia. P., Purulent, peritonitis accompanied by 
the production of pus. P., Pyemic, peritonitis due 
to the localization of pyogenic microorganisms in 
the peritoneum. P., Rheumatic, a peritonitis occur- 
ring in the course of acute rheumatic fever. P., Sep- 
tic, peritonitis due to the microorganisms of suppura- 
tion. P., Specific, that due to tuberculosis or syph- 
ilis, though the term is usually limited to the latter 
condition. P., Syphilitic, an indurative form due 
to syphilis. P., Tuberculous, that form due to 
the deposit of miliary tubercles upon the peritoneum. 
According to Fagge, it is more common in children 
than in adults, and in men than in women. It is 
insidious in onset, is attended with great emaciation 
and the effusion of considerable lymph and fluid. 
The omentum is always much thickened. 

Peritonsillar (per-it-on' -sil-ar) [irepi, around ; tonsilla, 
tonsil]. Occurring or situated around or near the 
tonsil. 

Peritonsillitis (per-it-on-sil-i' -tis) [irepi, about; tonsilla, 
tonsil; ltic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tis- 
sues surrounding the tonsil. 

Peritracheal (per-it-ra'-ke-al) [irepi, around; rpa^ela, 
trachea]. Surrounding the trachea. 

Peritracheitis (per - it- ra- ke -i'-tis) [irepi, around ; 
rpaxua, trachea ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the connective tissue about the trachea. 

Peritrema (per-it-re' -mali). Same as Peritreme. 

Peritrematous ( per - it - re'- mat - us) [irepi, around ; 
Tpfjpa, a hole]. In biology, surrounding a hole; per- 
taining to a peritreme. 



Peritreme (per 1 -it-rim) [irepi, around ; rpf/pu, a hole]. 
In biology, the margin of a spiracle of an insect or of 
the orifice of a univalve shell. 

Peritrichous (per-it' -rik-us) [Trtp/, around ; 6pi^(rpLx-), 
a hair] . In biology, having a band of cilia around 
the body. 

Peritroch (per'-it-rok) [irepi, around ; rpoxoc, a wheel]. 
In biology : (a) a circlet of cilia ; (l>) an embryo 
bearing such a circlet. 

Peritrochal (per-it-ro'-kal) [irepi, around ; rpoxoc, a 
wheel]. Pertaining to a peritroch. 

Peritropal (per-it'-ro-pal). Same as Peritropous. 

Peritrope (per-it' -ro-pe) [irepi, around; Tpeireiv, to 
turn]. A synonym of Circulation. 

Peritropous ( per-it' -ro-pus) [~epi , around ; rpeiveiv, to 
turn]. In biology, horizontal in the pericarp, as a 
seed. 

Perittoma (per-it-to' -mali). Synonym of Perissoma. 

Perityphlitic (per-it-if-lit'-ik) [wept, around ; tv<j>16c, 
cecum ; irtg, inflammation]. Of the nature of or 
affected with perityphlitis. 

Perityphlitis (per-it-if-li'-tis) [nepi, around ; Tv<p?i6c, 
cecum ; ltic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
peritoneum surrounding the cecum. This is a disease 
most frequently encountered in the young and in 
males. It is usually due to some inflammatory disease 
of the vermiform appendix. It is marked by pain in 
the right iliac fossa, and a tumor, elongated, sausage- 
shaped, dull on percussion, and very tender, in the 
same region. It may give rise to general peritonitis 
from escape of pus into the general peritoneal cavity. 
The abscess may burst through the abdominal wall, 
into the bowels, bladder, or pleural cavity. 

Periurethritis (per-e-u-re-thri' -tis) [irepi, around ; obpr)- 
Opa, urethra; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the connective tissue about the urethra. 

Periuterine (per-e-u' -ter-in) [irepi, around ; uterus, 
uterus]. Situated or occurring around the uterus. 

Perivaginitis (per-iv-aj-in-i'-tis). Synonym of Para- 
colpitis. 

Perivascular ( per-iv-as' -ku-lar) [peri, around ; vascu- 
Ittm, a vessel]. Surrounding or enclosing a vessel. 

Perivasculitis (per-iv-as-ku-W -tis) [irepi, around ; vas- 
culum, vessel; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the vessel-walls, or of the perivascular sheaths. 

Perivenous (per-iv-e'-nus) [irepi, around; vena, vein]. 
Investing or surrounding a vein ; occurring around a 
vein. 

Perivesical (per-iv-es' -ik-al) [irepi, around ; vesica, 
bladder]. Situated about or surrounding the bladder. 

Perivisceral (per-iv-is'-er-al) [irepi, around; viscus, 
viscus]. Surrounding a viscus or viscera ; occurring 
about a viscus. 

Perivitelline (per-iv-it'-el-in) [irepi, around ; vitellus, 
yolk]. Surrounding the vitellus or yolk. P. Space, 
the space between the zona pellucida and the- vitellus. 

Perizoma ( per-iz-o' -mali) [irepi, around ; fo/za, girdle]. 
I. A girdle, q. v. ; also, a truss. 2. Herpes zoster. 

Perizonium (per- iz- o'-ne- urn) [irepi, around ; (o>vij, 
girdle: pi. , Perizonia~\. In biology, the thin non- 
silicious membrane of a young auxospore in the Dia- 
tomacecs. 

Perizostra (per-iz-os'-trah) [ireptC,i)arpa, a belt]. A 
bandage, especially for the head or trunk. 

Perkin's Violet. Same as Mauveiti. 

Perkinism (per'-kin-izm) [after Elisha Perkins, the 
originator of the method]. Also called Tr adoration. 
A method of empiric treatment devised by a Connec- 
ticut physician. It consists in drawing over the af- 
fected part the extremities of two rods (" metallic 
tractors ") of different metals. Cf. Metallotherapy . 

Perkinist (per' - kin - ist) [after Elisha Perkins, an 



PERKINISTIC 



1054 



PERONEO-CALCANEUS 



American physician]. A believer in, or practiser 
of, Perkinism. 

Perkinistic (per-kin-is'-tik) [after Elisha Perkins, an 
American physician]. Pertaining to Perkinism. 

Perla (per'-lah) [L. : pi, Perla~\. Pearl. Perlae tex- 
tiles, small pearls sometimes used in pharmacy. 

Perleche (la) (lab pdr-ldsh) [Fr.]. A peculiar con- 
tagious disease of the mouth occurring in children, 
and first described by Lemaistre in 1886. It consists 
in a thickening and peeling off of the epithelium at 
the angles of the mouth, with occasionally the forma- 
tion of small fissures, giving rise to a smarting sensa- 
tion in the lips. The disease is probably microbic in 
origin, numerous spherobacteria being found in the 
thickened epithelium. The microorganisms are prob- 
ably derived from drinking-water. 

Perles' Anemia-bodies. Small club-shaped, actively 
motile bodies, 3-4 p. in length, found by Perles in the 
blood in three cases of pernicious anemia. 

Perles, Laennec's, the rounded gelatinous masses of 
sputum seen in the early stage of an attack of bronchial 
asthma. 

Perlia, Central Nucleus of. The nuclear center for 
ocular movement. 

Permanent (per' '-man-ent) \_permanens, remaining]. 
Lasting indefinitely ; fixed ; enduring. In biology, 
always present in a species or group. P. Blue. Same 
as French Blue. P. Teeth, the teeth of the second 
dentition. See Teeth. P. White. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Permanganate (per-man' '-gan-at) \_per, through ; man- 
ganese']. A salt of permanganic acid. See Man- 
ganese. 

Permanganic (per->?um-gan'-ik) [per, through ; man- 
ganese]. Obtained from manganese. P. Acid, 
HMnOj ; a monobasic acid occurring chiefly as a salt. 

Permeable (per' -me-a-bl) [per, through; meare, to 
pass]. Capable of affording passage. P. Stricture, 
a stricture that permits the passage of an instrument. 

Permutation (per-mu-ta' '-shun) [per, through ; mutare, 
to change]. The reciprocal substitution between two 
compounds of one element or radicle for another. 

Pernicious (per-nish'-us) [perniciosus, destructive]. 
That which is highly destructive or mischievous. P. 
Anemia, a disease of the blood characterized by a 
great diminution in the number of red corpuscles, and 
a relatively smaller diminution of the hemoglobin, by 
the presence in the blood of poikilocytes, macrocytes, 
microcytes , and nucleated red corpuscles. The diminu- 
tion in red coipuscles exceeds that met with in any 
other disease — the number may fall below 400,000. 
A case is reported in which the red corpuscles num- 
bered only 143,000 in the cu. mm. As regards the eti- 
ology of the disease, two varieties must at present be 
admitted — a symptomatic and an idiopathic. A sympto- 
matic pernicious anemia, one in which the blood pre- 
sents characters indistinguishable from those of the 
idiopathic form, may be produced by parasites in the 
intestinal canal, such as the Dochmius duodenalis, 
Trichocephalus lioviinis, or the Bothriocephalic latus 
(Cf. Parasites (Animal), Table of), by atrophy of the 
gastric mucous membrane, and by hemorrhage. The 
nature of primary pernicious anemia is still obscure. 
Many believe that the disease is dependent upon in- 
creased hemolysis, i. e. , blood-destruction. In favor of 
this view, is the presence in the liver and spleen of cases 
that have died from the disease, of large quantities of 
iron, clearly derived from the blood. The hemolytic 
agent, according to Hunter, is a poison, in all proba- 
bility of specific origin, absorbed from the intestinal 
canal. Others ascribe the impoverished state of the 
blood to imperfect hemogenesis , adducing poikilocytosis 



and the presence of nucleated corpuscles, in proof. 
While defective hemogenesis may play a role, it is 
probable that increased hemolysis is the more important 
factor. The pathologic lesions found, are a yellow 
color of the skin, fatty degeneration of the liver and 
heart, deposits of iron in the spleen and liver, peculiar 
changes in the spinal cord, hemorrhages into the 
retina ; more rarely hemorrhages into the stomach, 
serous membranes, and lungs, and occasionally an em- 
bryonal state of the bone-marrow. The symptoms of 
the disease are those of a profound anemia, with the 
blood-changes noted in the definition ; there is not 
much wasting ; the skin is of a lemon-yellow color ; 
febrile movements may occur; also retinal hemorrhages 
as well as hemorrhages elsewhere ; the urine is fre- 
quently of a dark color due to an excess of urobilin. 
The disease, most common in middle life, is usually 
fatal, although recoveries are reported in several in- 
stances, under the influence of large doses of arsenic. 
Intestinal antiseptics are suggested on the ground that 
the disease is the result of autoinfection from the ali- 
mentary tract. P. Malaria. See Malaria. 

Pernio (per 1 ' -ne-o). Synonym of Chilblain. 

Pernoctation (per-nok-ta 1 '-shun) [pernoctatio, wake- 
fulness]. Wakefulness ; insomnia. 

Pero (pe'-ro) \_pero, boot]. The soft ectal layer of the 
olfactory bulb whence the olfactory nerves arise. 

Perobrachia (pe-ro-bra' -ke-ah). See Perobrachius. 

Perobrachius (pe- ro - bra'- he - us) [nrjpot;, maimed; 
(ipaxiuv, arm]. A developmental defect in which the 
forearms and hands are malformed or wanting. 

Perocephalus (pe -ro - sef- al-us) [rcr/pdc;, maimed; 
K.£(pa\r], head]. A monster with an abnormality of the 
conformation of the head. 

Perocheirus, Perochirus (pe - ro - ki'- rus) \jn]p6g, 
maimed ; x E 'P> hand] . A defect in the development 
consisting in absence or stunted growth of the hand. 

Perocormus (pe-ro-kor' -mus) \_7T?/p6g, maimed ; Kop/jog, 
trunk]. A monster characterized by defective devel- 
opment of the trunk. 

Perodactylia (pe-ro-dak-til'-e-ah) [wijpdg, maimed; 
daKTvl.oc;, finger]. Defective development of the 
fingers or toes. 

Perodactyly (pe-ro-dak 1 -til-e). Same as Perodactylia. 

Perodynia (pe - ro - din' '- e - ah) \_-ijpa, pouch ; bivvy, 
pain]. Cardialgia. 

Perogaster (pe-ro-gas'-ter) \_~>/pa, a pouch or wallet ; 
yaari/p, stomach]. In biology, the coronal intestine or 
circumferential sinus of gastric pouches in the Perome- 
dusa. 

Peromelia (pe-ro-me' '-le-ah) \_7r7jp6c, maimed ; pelog, 
limb]. Teratic malformation of the limbs. 

Peromelus (pe-rom' -el-us\ \jrrip6g, maimed ; p&og, 
limb] . A monster with deficient, stunted, or misshapen 
limbs. 

Peronaeus (per-o-ne'-us). Same as Peroneus. 

Peronarthrosis (per -on -ar - thro'- sis) [jrepovri, pin ; 
apdpov, joint]. A joint in which the articular sur- 
faces are both concave and convex, as in the carpo- 
metacarpal joint of the thumb. 

Peronate (per'-o-ndt) \_peronatus, rough-booted]. In 
biology, having the stipe thickly covered with a mealy 
or woolly substance. 

Perone (per'-o-ne) \_-ep6vrj, pin]. The fibula. 

Peroneal (per-o-nc'-al) [nepovij, pin]. Pertaining, or 
relating, to the fibula. P. Artery. See Arteries, 
Table of. P. Nerve. See Nerves, Table of '. P. Re- 
flex. See Reflexes, Table of. 

Peroneo- (per-o-ne' '-0-) [trepaur/, peroneeus, fibula]. A 
prefix denoting connection with or relation to the 
fibula. 

Peroneo-calcaneus (pcr-o-ne'-o-kal-ka'-ne-us) [-rrepdvri, 



PERONEO-PHALANGEUS 



1055 



PERSPICILIUM 



"pin; calx, heel] . Pertaining to the fibula and the os 
calcis. P. externus anterior. See Muscles, Table of. 
P. interims. See Muscles, Table of. 

Peroneo-phalangeus {per-o-ne'-o-fa-lan-je'-us) [irep- 
6vr/, pin; tpaXa.} z , phalanx]. The muscle in lower 
animals corresponding to the tibialis anticus in man. 

Peroneo-praephalangeus (per-o-ne' -o-pre-fa-lan-je' -us) 
[rripovrj, pin ; pne, before; <pa?.a-)i, phalanx]. The 
muscles in lower animals corresponding to the pero- 
neus brevis in man. 

Peroneo-tibialis [per-o-ne' -o-tib-e-a' -lis). See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Peroneum [per-o-ne' -urn). Synonym of Perone. 

Peroneus {per-o-ne' -us) [-epovt/, pin]. Pertaining to 
the fibula. P. Muscle. See Muscles. Table of. 

Peronia (pe-ro'-ne-a/i) [-rjpovv, to maim]. Mutilation ; 
malformation. 

Peronium (per-o'-ne-um) [Trepdvrj, a brooch, a pin : pi., 
Peronia\ In biology, one of the processes of the 
urticating-ring of the umbrella-margin in Narcome- 
dusts called the " umbrella-clasp," which divides it into 
a number of collar lobes. 

Peronodactylius [per-o-no-dak-til' -e-us) \jrep6vrj, pin ; 
daKTVAus, finger]. Synonym of flexor longus digi- 
torum muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Peronospora (per-o-nos'-po-rah) [irepovr/, point ; airo- 
pog, spore]. A genus of fungi, of which there are 
some seventy species recognized under the general 
name of downy mildews (a. v. under Mildew), among 
which P. viticola, parasitic on the grape, is the most 
destructive. The cholera- microbe of Ferran has been 
referred to P. ferrani orP.barcinonae, and the yellow- 
fever microorganism of Carmona y Valle to P. lutea. 

Peroplasia (pe-ro-pla'-ze-ah) [-qpog, maimed; ■K~Ka.cs- 
ceiv, to mold]. A malformation due to an error of 
development. 

Peropus {pe'-ro-pus) [nripdg, maimed ; 7rouc, foot]. A 
developmental defect in which the feet are malformed. 

Perosis (pe-ro'-sis) \_~rjp6g. maimed]. The condition 
of abnormal or defective formation. 

Perosomus (pe-ro-so'-mus) \jrrjp6g, maimed ; auaa, 
body]. A monster presenting malformation of the 
entire body. 

Perosplanchnica [pe - ro - splank' - nik- ah) [Krjpdc;, 
maimed; anKayxvov, viscus]. Malformation of the 
viscera. 

Peroxid {per-oks'-id)\_per, through ; of uc, sharp]. That 
oxid of any base which contains the most oxygen. 
P. of Hydrogen. See Hydrogen. 

Perpendicular [per-pen-dik' -u-lar) [perpendicularis , 
vertical]. A term applied to a line or plane, forming 
a right angle with another line or plane. P. Plate, 
the mesal vertical plate of the ethmoid bone. 

Perplication {per-plik-a' -shun) [per, through ; plicare, 
to fold]. Folding or turning an incised vessel upon 
or within itself by drawing its end through an incision 
in its own wall. 

Perradial (per-ra'-de-al) [per, through; radius, a 
ray]. In biology, primarily or fundamentally radial. 

Perradius (per-ra'-de-us) [per, through; radius, ray : 
//. , Perradii~\. In biology, one of the primary radial 
structures of a hydrozoan. 

Perrigation (per-rig-a'-shun) [per, through; irrigare, 
to irrigate]. The name given to the method of open 
drainage in empyema. There is a continuous evacu- 
ation of the pus by means of single or double open- 
ings in the chest at different or opposite points, 
selected with the view of securing the advantage of 
gravity. The tubes, when situated at opposite points, 
allow of injections of antiseptic fluids to irrigate the 
whole pleural space. 

Perry (per'-e) [Fr., poire, pear]. Pear-cider. 



Persecution (per-se-ku'-shun) [persecutio, a pursuit]. 
Persistent or repeated injury of any kind. P., De- 
lusions of, the imaginary belief of an individual 
that he is being persecuted. P. -mania, monomania 
characterized by doubt, suspicion, and a belief on the 
part of the patient that he is subject to, or the 
victim of, some conspiracy. 

Persecutory Insanity. See Persecution-mania. 

Perseite (per'-se-lt), C 7 H 16 7 . An heptahydric alcohol 
found in the leaves and seeds of Laurus persea. It 
crystallizes in needles, melting at 184 C. 

Persian [per'-zhan) [Ilepmc, Persia]. Pertaining to 
Persia. P. Pellitory. See Pyrethrum roseum. P. 
Red. Same as Ocher. 

Persicot (per'-sih-ot) [Fr. ; persicum, peach]. A cor- 
dial, or liqueur, of alcohol flavored with peach-stones 
and various aromatics. 

Persimmon (per-sim'-on) [Amer. Ind. ]. The tree 
Diospyros virginiana ; also its fruit, edible when fully 
ripe, but otherwise highly astringent ; it is useful in 
diarrheas. From the fruit a beer is made, and whisky 
is distilled. Unof. 

Persio (per'-se-o). See Cudbear. 

Persistent ( per-zis' -tent) [persistero, to persist]. Con- 
stant ; not undergoing any diminution or cessation. 

Person [per' -son ox per' -sn) [persona, a mask for actors, 
hence a personage]. In biology, an independent and 
indivisible organic unit, a complete individual from a 
morphologic and physiologic standpoint. Among 
simpler animals we have to do with structures which 
from their development must be termed individuals, 
but which are fused into a common stock, forming what 
is known as a colony, to which they are related physio- 
logically, as organs are to an organism. The indi- 
viduals of such stocks are, however, generally not 
similar, but as a consequence of more or less division 
of labor, dimorphism or polymorphism takes place ; 
we may thus distinguish : (1 ) sterile nutritive persons, 
ox protective persons, which perform the functions of tak- 
ing in food, of digestion, of protection, touch, locomo- 
tion, etc., e. g., the so-called " protective," or " bract," 
the "gastric peduncle," the "tentacle" or capturing 
filament, the "taster," "feeler," or " palpon," the 
" swimming bell " or " nectophore" of a siphonophore ; 
(2) Sexual persons or gonophores, to which belong ex- 
clusively the function of forming the sexual products. 
They are male or female. These heteromorphic in- 
dividuals are frequently arranged in groups called cor- 
midia, and then again into siphonanth, q. v. On the 
other hand the same groups of organs or similar parts of 
the same organ may be repeated in a radial or longitud- 
inal direction ; the body thus obtains a segmentation 
and is divisible into sections (see antimere, metamere, 
pa ramere, proglottis, strobila), or segments which may 
in structure and function appear completely equivalent 
and represent persons or individuals of a lower order, 
which on a severance of their mutual connection can 
acquire independence and remain alive for a longer 
or shorter period. 

Personal (per'-son-al) [persona, a person]. Pertain- 
ing to a person. P. Equation, the peculiar differ- 
ence of each individual in his reaction to various orders 
of stimuli. P. Identity. See Identity. 

Personate [per'-son-at) [personatus, assumed, counter- 
feited, masked]. In biology, masked ; applied to labi- 
ate flowers in which the throat is closed by a projection 
of the lower lip called the palate ; or to animals having 
the face colored so as to suggest a mask. 

Perspicil (per'-spis-il). Same as Perspicilium. 

Perspicilium (per-spis-il'-e-zim) [perspicere, to see 
through]. An eyeglass, a microscope. In the plural 
spectacles. 



PERSPIRATION 



1056 



PETECHIA 



Perspiration (per - spi- ra'- shun) [perspiratio ; pers- 
pirare, to perspire]. Excretion of liquid from the skin, 
mainly by sweat-glands ; sweating. The liquid so 
excreted ; the sweat. 

Perspiratory ( per- spi'-ra-to-re)[perspi rare, to perspire]. 
Pertaining to perspiration. Causing perspiration. 

Perspire (per-spir') [perspirare, to perspire]. To 
sweat ; to evacuate the fluids of the body through the 
emunctories of the skin. 

Persultation (per-sul-ta' ' -shun) [persultare , to leap]. 
A sudden, profuse sweat. 

Perturbation (per-ter-ba'-shun) [perturbatio ; pertur- 
bare, to disturb]. Restlessness or disquietude. The 
employment of means that arrest or modify the devel- 
opment of a morbid state. 

Perfusate (per-tu'-sat) \_pertundere, to bore through]. 
In biology, having a perforated apex. 

Pertuse (per-tus') [per, through ; tundere, to strike]. 
In biology, having perforations, holes, or slits. 

Pertusorium (per-tus-o'-re-um) [pertundere, to pierce]. 
An instrument for perforating the fetal membranes. 

Pertussal ( per-tus' ' -al) [per, intensive ; tussis, a cough] . 
Pertaining to or of the nature of whooping-cough. 

Pertussis (per-tus' -is) [per, through ; tussis, cough]. 
Whooping-cough, a contagious disease, confined usu- 
ally to childhood and youth, and marked by spasmodic 
coughing ended by a " whoop," and sometimes by vom- 
iting. Its course lasts usually for a period of six or 
seven weeks. It is rarely fatal. It is divided into a 
catarrhal ox prodromal stage, and a paroxysmal stage. 
The period of incubation is about two weeks. During 
the height of the disease, hemorrhages may occur from 
the nose, mouth, or ears, or into the subconjunctival 
tissues, even into the brain or its meninges. Broncho- 
pneumonia is a frequent complication. Affanasiew has 
found a small bacillus in the expectoration, which he 
considers the etiologic factor. The presence of this 
bacillus has been confirmed by others. See Bacillus 
tussis convulsive under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Peru, Balsam of. See Balsam. 

Perulate (per' '-u-lat) [perula, a scale]. In biology, 
having scales (pernio'), such as bud-scales. 

Perule (per'-ul) [Tri/pa, a purse, wallet]. In biology, 
a bud-scale. 

Peruvian (pe-ru'-ve-an) [Peru']. Pertaining to Peru. 
P. Bark. See Bark, Peruvian, and Cinchona. P. 
Wart. See Verruga peruatia and Bacillus of 'Verruga 
peruana under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Peruvin (pe-ru'-vin) [Peru ]. The name given to the 
cinnamic alcohol derived from balsam of Peru. 

Perversion (pe?--ver'-zhun) [per, through; vertere, to 
turn]. The state of being turned away from the nor- 
mal course, as in the modifications of function in 
disease. P., Sexual, abnormality of the sexual in- 
stinct ; desire for unnatural methods of sexual gratifica- 
tion. 

Pervert (per' -vert) [per, through; vertere, to turn]. 
One who has turned from the right way. P., Sexual, 
a person whose sexual instincts are perverted. 

Pervigilium (per-vij-il' -e-um) [per, through ; vigilium, 
a watch] . Insomnia ; wakefulness. 

Pervious (per'-ve-us) [per, through ; via, way]. Open; 
permeable. 

Pes (pez) [L.]. A foot, or foot-like part ororgan. P. 
accessorius, the Emincntia collateralis, a smooth, 
white eminence in the brain, situated at the junction of 
the posterior and descending cornua of the lateral ven- 
tricle. P. anticus. Same as Jlfanus. P. contortus. 
Synonym of Club-foot. P. depressus. Synonym of 
Plat-foot. P. equino-varus. Same as Talipes equina- 
varus. P. equinus. See Talipes eauiuus. P. hip- 
pocampi major, the large, lower portion of the hip- 



pocampus major. P. hippocampi minor. Same as 
Hippocampus minor. P. planus. Synonwn of Plat- 
foot. P. valgus. Synonym of Talipes valgus. P. 
varus. Synonym of Talipes varus. 

Pessary ( pes'-ar-e) [-neaaog, an oval-shaped stone]. An 
instrument placed in the vagina to hold the uterus in 
position. 

Pessima (pes'-im-ah) [L. ]. A skin -affection character- 
ized by pustular lesions, hard and yellowish and sur- 
rounded by areolae of inflammation, appearing over 
the whole surface of the body. 

Pessimism (pes'-im-hm) [pessimus, worst]. A mor- 
bid disposition to put the worst construction upon 
everything ; a symptom common among insane 
people. Opposite of Optimism. 

Pessulus (pes'-u-lus) [iraocakoq, a peg, pin, gag: pi. , 
Pessuli~\. In biology, the cross-bone of the syrinx of 
a bird; the "bolt-bar" or "bar of divarication" 
across the lower end of the trachea where it divides 
into the right and left bronchi. 

Pest [pestis, a pest]. A plague ; pestilence. P. -house, 
a hospital for persons sick with pestilential diseases. 

Pesta (pes' -tali) [L.]. A pest. P. magna. Synonym 
of Smallpox. 

Pestichia, Pesticia (pes-tik'-e-ah, pes-tis'-e-ah). Syn- 
onyms of Petechia. 

Pestiduct (pes' -tid-ukt) [pestis, pest; ductus, convey- 
ance]. A channel, or means of conveyance, for a 
contagion ; fomites. [Rare.] 

Pestiferous (pes-tif'-er-us) [pestis, pest ; ferre, to bear]. 
Causing pestilence ; destructive. 

Pestilence (pes'- til - ens) [pestilentia]. Any deadly 
epidemic disease or the prevalence of such a disease. 

Pestilent, Pestilential (pes'-til-ent, pes-til-en'-shal) 
[pestis, plague]. Having the nature of a pestilence 
or epidemic disease. P. Fever. Synonym of the 
Plague, q. v. 

Pestilentia (pes -til -en' - she -ah). Synonym of the 
Plague. 

Pestis (pcs'-tis) [L.]. A plague. P. americana, 
yellow fever. P. bubonica, P. inguinaria, P. 
orientalis, the plague. P. variolosa. Synonym 
of Variola. 

Pestle (pes' -I) [pistillum~\. The instrument with which 
substances are rubbed in a mortar. 

Petal (pet'-al) [ttctoImv, a leaf]. In biology: (a) 
A leaf of a corolla, (b) The leaf-shaped ambulacrum 
of an echinoderm. 

Petaled, Petalled (pet' -aid) [nfralov, a leaf]. In 
biology, having petals. 

Petaliform (pet'-al-iform) [irha'kov, a leaf; forma, 
form]. In biology, shaped like a petal. 

Petaline (pet'-al-in) [petalum, a petal]. In biology, 
pertaining or attached to a petal. 

Petalody (pet' -al-o-de) [irkrakov, a leaf ; elSog, shape]. 
In biology, the assumption of petal-like characters 
by other parts of a flower. 

Petaloid (pet'-al-oid) [wera2ov, a leaf ; fMo?, shape]. 
In biology, resembling a petal, either in color, tex- 
ture or form. 

Petalomania (pet-al-o-ma' -ne-ah) . Same as Petalody. 

Petalous (pet'-al-us) [-nEralov, a leaf]. In biology, 
furnished with petals ; petaled. 

Petasma (pet-az'-mah) [-iraaua, a curtain]. In bi- 
ology, a membranous development attached to the 
first pair of pleopoda in the male of certain crusta- 
ceans. (Bate.) 

Petechia (pe-le'-ke-ah) [It., pctcche, a flea-bite: //., 
Petechia]. A small, round, oval, or irregular spot of 
ecchymosis beneath the epidermis, varying in size 
from a flea-bite to an area having a diameter of half an 
inch or more. It is not raised above the level of the 



PETECHIAL 



1057 



PETROLIN 



skin, but is of a reddish or purple shade, and does not 
alter on pressure by the ringer. 

Petechial {pe-te'-ke-al) [It., peteche, flea-bite]. Char- 
acterized by or of the nature of petechias. P. Fever. 
Synonym of Fever, Cerebrospinal, and of Fever, 
Typhus. P. Scurvy. Synonym of Purpura sim- 
p/ex. 

Petechianosis [pe-te-ke-an-o'-sis). Synonym of Pe- 
techial Fever. 

Petechiate {pe-te'-he-at) [It. , petecchia, a spot]. Having 
petechia; ; spotted. 

Petersen's Bag. A rubber bag with a capacity of 
about 15 ounces, to be inserted into the rectum and 
then distended, so as to elevate the bladder in the 
operation of supra-pubic cystotomy. 

Petiolaceous (pet-e-o-la'-se-us). Same as Peliolate. 

Petiolar {pet'-e-o-lar) [petiolus, a petiole]. In biology, 
belonging to a petiole or attached to one. 

Petiolary [pet'-e-o-la-re). Same as Petiolar. 

Petiolate [pet'-e-o-lat) \_petiolus, a petiole]. In biology, 
possessing a petiole ; mounted upon a foot-stalk, or 
peduncle. 

Petiole [pet'-e-ol) [petiolus, a stem, or stalk of fruits]. 
In biology: (I) A leaf-stalk or foot-stalk. (2) The 
slender part of a wasp or ant, joining the thorax and 
abdomen. 

Petiolulate (pjf'-e-o-lu-lat) \_petiolulus, petiolulus]. In 
biology, mounted upon a little leaf-stalk of its own ; 
applied to a leaflet or foliole. 

Petiolule (pet'-e-o-liil) [_petiolulus, dim. of petiolus, 
petiole]. In biology, a small leaf-stalk, such as 
those of the leaflets or folioles of compound leaves. 
P. epiglottidis, the narrow, attached, stalk-like por- 
tion of the epiglottis. 

Petiolus (pet-i'-o-lus) [ petiolus, a stem or stalk of 
fruit: //. , Petioli~\. In biology, a stem, stalk, or 
petiole ; as the petiolus of the epiglottis. 

Petiotization {pet-e-o-tiz-a'-shun). A method of im- 
proving wines by adding sugar and water to the marc 
from which the juice has been separated, and ferment- 
ing again. The process may be repeated several 
times, the different infusions being mixed. 

Petit, Canal of (pet-e'). The narrow annular cleft, tri- 
angular in section, bounded in front by the zone of Zinn, 
mesially by the crystalline lens, and behind by the sub- 
stance of the vitreous body in the eye. See Canal. P.'s 
Hernia. See Hernia. P.'s Operation, an operation 
for the relief of strangulated hernia. It consists in a 
division of the stricture without opening the sac. See 
Operations, Table of. P., Triangle of. See Triangles, 
Table of. 

Petit Mai (pet-e'-mal) [Fr.]. See Epilepsy. 

Petiveria [pet-iv-e'-re-ah) [after J. Petiver, a London 
apothecary]. A genus of phytolaccaceous plants, 
growing in tropical America and Africa. P. alliacea, 
of the West Indies and Guinea, is stimulant, diuretic, 
sudorific, anodyne, and depurative. P. tetandra, of 
Brazil, has similar uses. Its tincture has been recom- 
mended for external use after baths, and as a local 
stimulant in paralysis. Unof. 

Petri's Capsules, Dishes, Plates, or Saucers. Re- 
ceptacles for cultures in bacteriologic investigation ; 
shallow cylindric covered glass vessels, in which the 
colonies may be counted without removing the cover. 
P.'s Sand-filter, a small filter used in the bacteriologic 
examination of air. A glass tube, 9 centimeters long, 
is provided with two portions of sand (previously 
passed through a sieve with meshes 0.25 millimeter 
wide) each 3 cm. long, and 0.5 cm. apart, little plates 
of brass-gauze keeping the portions in position. The 
tube and its contents, the end having been plugged 
with cotton, are sterilized in an oven, at 150 C. A 
67 



rubber stopper, through which passes a glass tube, is 
then fitted into one end of the tube, and the apparatus 
is connected with an aspirator of known capacity. 

Petricolous {pet-rik'-o-lus) [nirpa, rock; colere, to in- 
habit]. In biology, inhabiting rocks. 

Petrifaction [pet-rif-ak'-shutt) \_ivkrpa, a stone ; facere, 
to make]. The condition resembling stone-calcifica- 
tion. In obstetrics, conversion of the fetus into a 
lithopedion. Petrifaction of tissues is brought about 
by the deposit in them of salts of lime and magnesium. 

Petrissage (pa-tre-sahzh') [Er. , kneading]. A form 
of "soft attachement," in massage, the hand of the 
operator " climbing " like a caterpillar. 

Petrobasilar (pet-ro-baz'-il-ar) \jrtTpa, stone; fiaotc, 
base]. Pertaining to the petrous portion of the tem- 
poral bone and the basilar portion of the occipital 
bone. 

Petroccipital (pet-rok-sip'-it-al). Synonym of Petro- 
occipital. 

Petrohyoid ( pet - ro - hi' '- oid ') [werpa, a rock ; iioeidi/g, 
shaped like the letter upsilon]. Related to the hvoid 
bone and the petrous portion of the temporal bone. 
P. Muscle, a muscle of some batrachians. 

Petrolardium [pet-ro-lar' '-de-urn). Synonym of Petro- 
latum. 

Petrolatum [pet-ro-la'-tuni) [irkrpa, rock; oleum, oil]. 
Petroleum ointment ; Cosmolin. A jelly-like prepa- 
ration obtained from the residium of petroleum, sol- 
uble in ether, insoluble in water and alcohol, and known 
commercially as vaselin and as cosmolin. It is an ex- 
cellent basis for ointments and a valuable emollient. P. 
molle, soft petrolatum. P. spissum, hard petrolatum. 

Petrolene (pet'-i-o-len) \jr£Tpa, rock ; oleum, oil]. A 
liquid hydrocarbon mixture obtained from petroleum. 

Petroleum (pet-ro' '-le-uni\ [trirpa, rock ; oleum, oil]. 
Rock-oil ; Naphtha ; probably a product of the dry 
distillation of coal-beds caused by the earth's heat ; or 
of the dry distillation of the fatty constituents of fossil 
organisms. In a crude condition, it is a thick, oily 
liquid, of brownish color, with greenish luster. On 
exposure to air, its more volatile constituents are lost ; 
it then thickens and passes into asphaltum. P., 
American, consists almost exclusively of normal paraf- 
fins. In a crude form, it has a specific gravity of from 
0.8 to 0.92, and distils over at from 300 to 360 C. and 
beyond this. P. Benzine (not to be confounded 
with the benzene of coal-tar), a product of petroleum 
obtained by fractional distillation ; it has a specific 
gravity of from 0.68 to 0.72, and distils at from 70 
to 90 C. , and consists of hexane and heptane. P., 
Caucasian (from Bakfrt), has a higher specific gravity 
than American petroleum ; it contains less of the light 
volatile constituents and distils at about 150° C. P. 
Ether, a product of petroleum obtained by fractional 
distillation; it has a specific gravity of from 0.665 to 
0.67, distilling at from 50 to 6o° C. ; it consists of 
pentane and hexane. P., Galician ; in composition, 
intermediate in position between American and Cau- 
casian petroleum. P. gelatum, petrolatum. P., 
German, contains benzene hydrocarbons, but consists 
chiefly of the saturated hydrocarbons and naphthenes. 
P. Oil, Light, a liquid resembling P. Benzine, having 
a specific gravity of 0.70 or 0.71. P., Refined; Kero- 
sene ; a product of petroleum by fractional distillation ; 
it boils at from 150 to 300° C. , and has a specific 
gravity of from 0.7S to 0.82. P. Spirit. Synonym 
of Benzine. 

Petroliferous {pet-ro-lif'-er-us) [nerpa, rock ; oleum, 
oil ; ferre, to bear]. Producing petroleum. 

Petrolin [pet' '-ro-lin) \_-rrirpa, a rock ; oleum, oil]. The 
commercial name for a combination of hydrocarbons, 
derived from petroleum. 



PETROMASTOID 



1058 



PEYER'S GLAND 



Petromastoid (pet-ro-mas'-toid) [irirpa, stone ; fiaard^, 
nipple; eMof, like]. Pertaining to the petrous and 
mastoid portions of the temporal bone. P. Bone, a 
bone of fetal and early infantile life, which in the hu- 
man species soon becomes merged into the temporal 
bone. P. Canal, a short passage connecting the mas- 
toid sinuses and the tympanic cavity. P. Foramen, 
the tympanic orifice of the petro-mastoid canal. 

Petrooccipital (pet-ro-ok-sip' -it-al) [nirpa, stone ; occi- 
put, occiput]. Pertaining to the petrous portion of 
the temporal bone and to the occipital bone. 

Petropharyngeus (pet-ro-far-in' ' -je-us) \jrtrpa, rock ; 
(papvyij, pharynx]. A small muscle arising from the 
lower surface of the petrous portion of the temporal 
bone, and blending with the constrictors of the 
pharynx. 

Petrosa (pet-ro'-sali) [nhpa, rock]. The petrous por- 
tion of the temporal bone. 

Petrosal (pet-ro'-zal) [rrtrpa, rock]. Pertaining to the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone. As a noun, the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone itself. P. Bone, 
in biology, one of several portions of the temporal 
bone in the human fetus and in other animals. P. 
Nerves. See Nerves, Table of. P. Sinus, a name 
given to two venous sinuses, superior and inferior. 
The former is situated along the superior border of the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone ; the latter, near 
the posterior border. P. Vein. Same as P. Sinus. 

Petrosalpingopharyngeus [pet' -ro-sal- ping' -go-far- 
in' ' -je-us). Same as Petropharyngeus. 

Petrosalpingostaphylinus (pet'-ro-sal-ping'-go-stafil- 
i'-nus). Synonym of Levator palati. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Petroselinum (pet-ro-se-li' -num) [rrhpa, rock ; aiXuvov, 
parsley]. A genus of umbelliferous plants including 
the common parsley. 

Petrosomastoid (pet-?-o-so-mas'-toid). Synonym of 
Petromastoid. 

Petrosphenoid {pel-ro-sfe'-?ioid) [nirpa, rock; a<^rjv, 
wedge; eldog, like]. Pertaining to the petrous portion 
of the temporal bone and the sphenoid bone. P. 
Suture, the suture between the temporal bone and 
the great wing of the sphenoid bone. 

Petrosquamosal, Petrosquamous {pet'-ro-skwa-mo f - 
sal, pet-ro-skwa'-mus) \jzhpa, rock ; squama, scale]. 
Pertaining to the petrous and squamous portions 
of the temporal bone. P. Fissure. Same as P. 
Suture. P. Sinus, a venous passage formed in the 
dura at the junction of the petrous and squamous por- 
tions of the temporal bone. It opens into the lateral 
sinus. P. Suture, the line of juncture of the squa- 
mous and petrous portions of the temporal bone. 

Petrostaphylinus (pct-ro-stafil-i' -nus). Synonym of 
Levator palati Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Petrous (pe'-trus) [neTpa, rock]. Stony; like a rock. 
See Petrosal. P. Portion. See Temporal Bone. 
P. Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. P. Sinus. 
See Petrosal Sinus. 

Pettenkofer's Method. A method of estimating C0 2 
in the air. See Ventilation. P. 's Test. A qualitative 
test for the presence of biliary acids. A few drops of 
the suspected liquid, as the urine, are dropped into a 
fresh solution of sugar and dilute sulphuric acid. If 
biliary acids be present a purplish-crimson color is 
produced. See Tests, Table of. P.'s Theory. A 
theory of the development of cholera. It is that chol- 
era is not communicable from man to man, but requires 
certain conditions of the soil in order to develop its 
infectious character. These conditions are, in the main, 
a low stage of the subsoil water, a certain porosity of 
the soil, and the presence of substances that can serve 
as food for low organisms. Pettenkofer succinctly states 



his theory as follows: The cholera germ, "X," by 
reason of certain local and chronologic conditions 
of the soil, " Y," produces the cholera-poison, " Z," 
just as the yeast-plant, " X," develops from the sugar- 
solution, " Y," the poisonous alcohol, " Z." The chol- 
era-poison, " Z," enters the human body with the in- 
spired air. Pettenkofer's theory is not generally 
accepted, as it has been proved that the cholera- 
bacillus is the cause of the disease, and enters the 
body chiefly with the drinking-water. 

Petticoat Tube. A device for arresting hemorrhage 
after lithotomy. It consists of a vulcanite tube, the 
open end of which is thrust through a small hole in 
the middle of a piece of linen about four inches 
square, the linen being firmly tied around the tube 
about half an inch from the end. This end is lubri- 
cated and thrust into the bladder, and the space be- 
tween the tube and the petticoat is stuffed with strips 
of lint, thus producing compression. 

Peucedanin (pu-sed'-an-in) \_~cvKiSavov, hog-fennel], 
C 12 H 1? 3 . A crystalline body obtained from the root 
of species of Peucedanum. 

Peucedanum (pu-sed'-an-um) [Trevnidavov , hog-fen- 
nel]. An umbelliferous plant, of which several species 
have slight medicinal value. It is now rarely used; 
it yields peucedanin. Unof. 

Peumus (pu'-//ius) [native Chilean name]. A genus of 
apetalousmonimiaceous plants. P.boldus. SeePoldo. 

Pexis (peks'-is). Synonym of Concretion. 

Peyer's Gland or Peyer's Patch [Johann K. Peyer, 



?M 




Peyer's patch. 



Circular mus- 
cular fibers. 



rsc: Longitudinal 
muse ular 
fibers. 



Longitudinal Section through a Pevkr's Patch of the 
Small Intestine of a Dog. (From Stirling.) 

Swiss anatomist 1653-1712]. The agminated glands 



PEVERIAN GLANDS 



1059 



PHAGOCYTE 



of the small intestine, consisting of large, oval groups 
of closely aggregated lymph-follicles, bound together 
by adenoid tissue. The patches vary in size and 
number; they are usually limited to the lower two- 
thirds of the small intestine, reaching their highest 
development in the ileum, where they may attain a 
length of 9-11 cm. each; between twenty and thirty 
patches generally are present ; they are relatively better 
developed in young than in old subjects. (Piersol.) 

Peyerian Glands. See Peyer's Gland. 

Pfeiffer's Bacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table 
of. P.'s Test. See Gout. 

Pfluger's Cords, or Loops. Cord-like ingrowths of 
epithelium into the connective-tissue stroma of the 
cortex of the ovary, containing the germinal cells. 
P.'s Law. See Laiv. P.'s Sacs, tubular passages in 
the fetal ovaries. P.'s Salivary Tubes, the intra- 
lobular ducts of the salivary glands. P.'s Tubes, or 
Tubules. Same as P. 1 s Sacs. 

Phacella (fa-sel'-ah) [0d/ceAoc, a bundle]. In biology, 
one of the gastric filaments of hydrozoans. 

Phacellate (fas'-el-at) {jpaneAoc , a bundle]. In biol- 
ogy, provided with phacellse. 

Phacellus {fas-el' -its) \jpaneXkoc, a bundle: //., Pha- 
celli\ In biology, one of the tufts of mobile gastral 
filaments or mesenterial filaments found in many Cni- 
darians. Cf. Acontia. 

Phacentocele (fa-sen' -to-sel) [<pan6c, lens; evroc;, 
within; idfkri, hernia]. Displacement of the crystal- 
line lens into the anterior chamber of the eye. 

Phacia (fa'-se-ah). Synonym of Lentigo. 

Phacitis ( fa-si' -tis). See Phakitis. 

Phacocyst (fa'-ko-sist) [c^a/cdc, lens ; kvotic, bladder]. 
I. The capsule of the crystalline lens. 2. An old 
term for the often somewhat lenticular nucleus of a 
plant-cell. 

Phacocystectomy (fa-ko-sis-tek'-to-me) \jpaKOQ, lens ; 
Kuang, cyst ; i/cro//;?, excision]. Excision of a part of 
the capsule of the crystalline lens. 

Phacocystitis (fa-ko-sis-ti'-tis) [tpanoc, lens ; kvgtlq, 
cyst ; trig, inflammation] . Inflammation of the cap- 
sule of the crystalline lens. 

Phacoglaucoma (fa-ko-glaw-ko' -mail) \_<j>o.k6c, lens ; 
ylavudc, green ; 6/ia, tumor]. Structural changes in 
the crystalline lens induced by glaucoma. 

Phacohydropiesis (fa-ko-hi-drop-i-e'-sis). Synonym 
of Cataract, Morgagnian. 

Phacohymenitis (fa-ko- hi- men -i'- tis) [tpandc, lens ; 
vfir/v, membrane ; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the capsule of the crystalline lens. 

Phacoid (fa'-koid) \_<pai<6c , lens ; elSoc, like]. Lens- 
shaped. 

Phacoidoscope (fa-koid'-o-scop). Synonym of Phaco- 
scope. 

Phacomalacia (fa- ko -mal- a'-se- ah) \_fan6c, lens; 
fialaida, softness]. Soft cataract. 

Phacometachoresis (fa-ko-met-ak-or-e' -sis) \_<pa.K.6c, 
lens ; neraxupriaic, change of place] . Dislocation of 
the crystalline lens. 

Phacometecesis (fa - ko - met - es - e' -sis). Synonym of 
Phacometachoresis. 

Phacometer (fa-kom' -et-er) \jbaKoc, lens ; fierpov, meas- 
ure] . An instrument for determining the refractive 
power of lenses. 

Phaconin (fa'-ko-nin) \_<paK6q, lens]. The albuminoid 
body of the crystalline lens ; it seems to be a globulin. 

Phacopalingenesis (fa-ko-pal-in-jen' -es-is) \_tyamq, len- 
til ; iraliv, again; yeveaiq, genesis]. Reproduction 
of the crystalline lens. 

Phacoplasma (fa- ko -plaz'-mah) \_<j>a.K.6c:, lentil; 
irXaaaeiv, to mold]. A cataplasm made of lentil- 
meal. 



Phacoscleroma (fa-ko-skle-ro'-mah). Synonym of 
Phacosclerosis . 

Phacosclerosis (fa - ko - skle - ro' - sis) \J>an6g, lens ; 
cnXripot;, hard]. Hardening of the crystalline lens. 

Phacoscope (fa'-ko-skop) [ipa/oic, lens ; ononelv, to 
inspect]. An instrument used in observing the 
accommodative changes of the lens. 

Phacoscopic (fa-ko-skop'-ik) [i^a/cdc, lens; ononelv, to 
inspect]. Pertaining to the phacoscope. 

Phacoscotasmus (fa-ko-sko-taz'-mus) \J>aK.6<;, lens ; 
okotoc, darkness]. Clouding of the crystalline lens. 

Phacoscotoma (fa- ko -sko- to'- mah). Synonym of 
Cataract. 

Phacosis (fa-ko'-sis) [yanoc, lentil]. A freckle or 
black spot. 

Phacydrops, Phacydropsia (fak' -id-rops , fak-id-rop' - 
se-ah). Synonyms of Cataract, Morgagnian. 

Phacymenitis (fak-im-en-i' -tis). Synonym of Phaco- 
hymenitis. 

Phae- (fe-). See Phe-. 

Phjenogam, Phasnogamic (fen'-o-gam,fen-o-gam'-ik). 
See Phenogam, Phenogamic. 

Phasnogamous (fe-nog'-am-us). See Phenogamous. 

Phaenozygous (fen-o-zi'-gus). See Phenozygous. 

Phaeochrous (fe-ok'-rus) \J>ai6q, dusky ; ^poc, the 
skin]. In biology, dark, dusky. 

Phaeodellum (fe-o-del'-um) [_(pai6g, dusky ; eldoc, form : 
pi. , Phaodella\ In biology, one of the large pigment- 
granules of the Phceodium. 

Phaeodium (fe-o'-de-um) \jj>aioq, dusky; eldoc;, form: 
//., Phtzodia']. In biology, a collection of dark pig- 
ment-bodies in the calymna of certain radiolarians. 

Phasophyl, Phaeophyll (fe'-o-fl) [_(fxu6c, dusky ; <p'uX- 
2.ov, leaf]. In biology, Schiitt's name for the com- 
pound pigment of the Pucacece and Laminariacea. 
The reddish-brown portion, soluble in water, is called 
phycophcein by Schiitt and Millardet. The yellow 
portion, soluble in alcohol, is called phvcoxanthin. 

Phagaena (faj-e'-nah). Synonym of Phagena. 

Phagedena (faj-ed-e' -nah) [tyayedaiva ; aayi.lv, to eat]. 
A spreading and destructive ulceration, often obsti- 
nately and rapidly disintegrating soft parts. P. gan- 
grenosa. See Gangrene, Hospital. P. nosocomia- 
ls, hospital-gangrene. See Gangrene. P. tropica, 
Aden Ulcer ; Malabar Ulcer ; a formidable skin-affec- 
tion of the tropics, attacking chiefly those who live 
under depressing influences. It is probably due to a 
microbe that produces a vesicle or bulla that rap- 
idly assumes a sloughing or gangrenous nature. It 
quickly invades the neighboring tissues, destroying the 
soft parts and even the bones. The ulcers generally 
begin on the feet, ankles, or legs, but the thighs or 
arms may be attacked. Finally, an indurated atonic 
ulcer is left which, after a variable period of weeks or 
months, gradually cicatrizes. Death is frequent from 
exhaustion. 

Phagedenic (faj-ed-en'-ik) \jpayeSaiva ; tpayelv, to eat]. 
Of the nature of a phagedena. P. Chancre, a 
syphilitic chancre which has become phagedenic ; it is 
a rare condition. P. Chancroid, a chancroid that 
spreads rapidly and destroys a large amount of tissue. 
Nearly the entire penis may be lost in a short time. 

Phagedermia, Phagaedermia (faj-ed-er' -me-ali) \jj>a- 
yelv, to eat; depfia, skin]. A phagedenic ulceration 
of the skin. 

Phagedermic, Phagaedermic ( faj-ed-er' -mik) \_<payelv, 
to eat ; 6'epfia, skin]. Pertaining to phagedermia. 

Phagena, Phagaena (faj-e'-nah) [(payelv, to eat]. 

Bulimia. 
Phagocytal ( fag' -o-si-tal ) [<j>ayelv, to eat ; kvtoc, a 

cell]. Pertaining to a phagocyte. 
Phagocyte (fag'-o-sit) \jpayelv, to eat; kvtoi;, cell]. In 



PHAGOCYTELLA 



1060 



PHALANX 



biology, Metschnikoff's name for one of the motile, 
ameboid, digestive cells of metazoans, moving from 
place to place in the organism under the influence of 
thermotaxis, or of what Stahl called positive trophotrop- 
ism, when it was a question of attraction, and negative 
trophotropism, in cases of repulsion. Pfeiffer included 
the phenomena with that of the attraction of spermato- 
zoids to the female cell, and other forms of sensibility 
to chemic agents, under the general heading chemio- 
taxu (positive or negative). Phagocytes are derived 
from the endodermal or mesodermal tissues in all 
animals. They are believed to englobe wrecks of larval 
organs, degradation-products or excretion products, for- 
eign particles, schizomycetes, hematozoa, etc. — their 
activity varying as the logarithm of the excitation. They 
digest the soluble parts and reject the insoluble residue. 
They play an active part in the metamorphosis of 
tissues and organs, in inflammation, and as prophylac- 
tic agents. Phagocytes are fixed — endothelial cells, 
fixed connective-tissue cells, and free — the wandering 
cells or leukocytes. In man the colorless blood-cells, 
as well as other kinds of cells, are credited with play- 
ing the role of phagocytes. A large phagocytic 
leukocyte is termed a macropliage , a small one, a 
microphage. 

Phagocytella (fag-o-si-tel' -ah) [tpayeiv, to eat, devour; 
cytella, dim. of kvto(, a cell]. In biology, Metschni- 
koff's term for the simplest, primitive stage of a meta- 
zoan, in which it is composed of two layers, the ectal, 
an enveloping membrane, the other forming, by the 
ental cells collected into a mass, a kind of parenchyma 
composed of ameboid elements. This stage readily 
passes into the gastrula-stage. 

Phagocytic (fag-o-sil'-ik) [tyaydv, to eat ; kitoc, cell]. 
In biology, of, pertaining to, or caused by phagocytes ; 
cell-devouring ; cytophagous. 

Phagocytism (fag' ' -o-si-tizni) \_<j>ayeiv, to eat ; KVToq, a 
cell]. In biology, the function of a phagocyte. The 
doctrine that inflammation and other vital processes, 
normal or abnormal, are due to phagocytes. 

Phagocytoblast (fag-o-si'-to-blast) {cjiayelv, to eat; 
kvtoc, a cell ; (Haardc, a germ] . A cell giving rise to 
one or more phagocytes. 

Phagocytosis (fag-o-si-to' -sis) \$aytiv, to eat ; Kvror, 
cell]. The destruction or taking up of microorganisms 
or other solid elements by living cells, as by colorless 
blood-corpuscles. This theory has been advanced by 
Metschnikoff and others to explain immunity. It has 
been found that if microorganisms, such as anthrax- 
bacilli, are introduced into an insusceptible animal, some 
of them will be found within the bodies of leukocytes, 
while this does not occur in a susceptible animal. This 
fact has led to the enunciation of the doctrine that immu- 
nity or susceptibility depends on the ability or inability, 
respectively, of the body-cells to destroy microorgan- 
isms. Immunity maybe congenital or acquired; in 
the latter case it is brought about by an adaptation of 
the cells to the end that they can consume virulent 
organisms without harm. Several arguments have been 
advanced against Metschnikoff's views. It has been 
said that the bacteria sometimes found in leukocytes 
are probably dead ; if a living microorganism enters a 
colorless blood-corpuscle, the latter is more likely 
to suffer than the former. Again, the symptoms 
of infectious diseases are due to peculiar poisons rather 
than to the bacteria as such. Immunity can be con- 
ferred upon an animal by injections of appropriate 
doses of such poisons, a fact that cannot readily be 
explained by the phagocytic theory. It has also been 
demonstrated that the blood-serum possesses bacteri- 
cidal properties, and that the blood-serum of artificially 
immune animals is capable of immunizing other ani- 



mals, and if given in sufficient strength and dose, even 
of arresting the disease when already established. The 
tendency at present is to ascribe the causation of immu- 
nity to a peculiar property of the body-fluids — whether 
bactericidal or antitoxic in nature, i. e., counteracting 
the bacterial poison ; this is not fully established. 

Phagomania (fag-o-ma' -ne-ah) [qaytiv, to eat; jiav'ia, 
madness]. An insatiable craving for food. 

Phagosite (fag'-o-sit) \jpayeiv, to eat; alroc, food]. 
An animal organism that feeds on but does not dwell 
within or on its host, e. g., the leech, lamprey, camel- 
tick, vampire bat. 

Phakitis (fa-ki'-tis) [(Aa/cdc, lens; mc, inflammation]. 
Hypothetically, inflammation of the crystalline lens of 
the eye ; practically, however, no such condition has 
been observed. 

Phakometer (fa-kom' '-et-er) \jj>an6q, lens ; jikrpov, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the curva- 
tures and refractive powers of lenses. 

Phakosclerosis (fa-ko-skle-ro' -sis) \jpan6c, lens ; ok?j/- 
p6r, hard]. Induration or hardness of the crystalline 
lens. 

Phakoscope (fa f -ko-skop) \jpan6g, lens ; anoiteiv, to 
see]. An instrument for observing and estimating the 
change in the shape of the crystalline lens produced by 
accommodative influences. 

Phalacra, Phalacrosis (fal'-ak-rah, fal-ak-ro'-sis) 
[oa'/.aKpdc, bald] . Baldness. 

Phalacroma (fal-ak-ro' -tnali). Synonym of Phalac- 
rosis. 

Phalangagra (fa-lang-ga' -grah). Synonym of Phalan- 
garthritis. 

Phalangal (fa-lang'-gal). Same as Phalangeal. 

Phalangarthritis (fa-lang-gar-thrV-tis) [pdXayf , pha- 
lanx ; apdpov, joint; trie, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of phalangeal joints. 

Phalange (fa-lanj') [mahay!;, the bone of a finger or 
toe]. In biology : (a) one of the bones of a finger or 
toe; (/>) one of the joints of an insect's tarsus; (c) 
a bundle of stamens united by their filaments. 

Phalangeal (fa-lan' '-je-al) \jpakayi;, phalanx]. Per- 
taining to a phalanx, or to phalanges. P. Bone, a 
phalanx. P. Process, in biology : (a) a slender 
prolongation of Deiter's cells attached to the phalanx 
of the reticular lamina of the organ of Corti ; (6) the 
external process of the head of an outer rod of Corti. 

Phalangean (fa-lan' -je-an). Same as Phalangeal. 

Phalanges (fa-lan' -jez) [tyalay!;, phalanx]. Plural 
of Phalanx. P. of Ear, the minute cuticular fibers 
in the organ of Corti. 

Phalangette, Phalanget (fal-an-jef) [Fr.]. The third 
phalanx or tei'minal bone of the finger. 

Phalangial, Phalangian (fa-lan' -je-al, fa-lan' -je-an). 
Same as Phalangeal. 

Phalangic (fa-lan'-jih). Synonym of Phalangeal. 

Phalangiform (fa-lan' -jif-orm) [on/ayf, phalanx ; 
forma, form]. Having the shape of a phalanx. 

Phalangigrade (fa-lan' -jig-nld) [oaAay^, phalanx; 
gradi, to go]. In biology, walking on the phalanges. 

Phalangine (fal'-an-jin) [Fr.]. The second phalanx 
or second bone of the finger. 

Phalangitis ( fa-lan- ji'-tis) [ooAaj'f, phalanx ; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of a phalanx. 

Phalango-phalangeal ( fa-lan' -go-fa-lan' -je-al) \pn- 
TiayZ, phalanx]. Pertaining to the successive phalanges 
of the digits. P. Amputation, removal of a finger 
or toe at the first or second phalangeal joints. 

Phalangosis (fal-an-go'-sis) [fmt.ayi, phalanx]. I. A 
disease of the eyelids in which the lashes are ar 
ranged in rows. 2. Ptosis. 

Phalanx (fa' -tanks) [oa'AayS, phalanx : //. , Phalanges]. 
Any one of the bones of the fingers or toes. P.. 



PHALLALGIA 



1061 



PHARAOH'S SERPENTS 



Basilar. Synonym of P. , Proximal. Ps. of Deiters. 

Synonym of Phalattges of Ear, q. v. P., Distal, the 

phalanx farthest removed from the metacarpus or 

metatarsus. P., Metacarpal, P., Proximal, of the 

hand. P., Metatarsal, P. , Proximal, of the foot. P., 

Middle, the middle phalanx of the four fingers or four 

outer toes. P., Proximal, the one nearest to the 

metacarpus or metatarsus. P., Terminal. Synonym 

of P., Distal. P., Ungual, P., Unguicular, the 

distal phalanx, so called because it bears the nail. 
Phallalgia [fal-al'-je-ak) \jpa'A/.6g , penis; a'Ayog, pain]. 

Pain in the penis. 
Phallanastrophe (fal-an-as' '-tro-fe) \jpaA'Aog, penis ; 

avacTpocj)//, upturning]. Twisting or distortion of the 

penis. 
Phallaneurysm (fal-an* '-u-rizm) \jpaX~Aog, penis ; avev- 

pvopa, aneurysm]. Aneurysm of a vessel of the 

penis. 
Phallankylosis (fal - an- kil- o'- sis) \J>aAA6g, penis; 

aynuXtjo-tg, ankylosis]. Adhesion of the penis to a 

neighboring structure. Also chordee. 
Phalledema {fal-e-de'-mah) \<s>aXA6g, penis ; olSrjjia, 

edema]. Edematous infiltration of the tissues of the 

penis. 
Phallic (fal'-ik) [yalAdg, penis]. Pertaining to the 

phallus, or penis. 
Phallitis (fal-i' 'tis) \_(paX16q, penis ; trig, inflammation]. 

Inflammation of the penis. 
Phalloblennorrhea {fal-o-blen-or-e' -ah) \j>a.AX6g, penis; 

flXtvva, mucus; poia, a flow]. A purulent discharge 

from the urethra. 
Phallocampsis (fal- o -kamp'- sis) \_<pa7JA6g, phallus; 

Ka/uiptg, a bending], Chordee. 
Phallocarcinoma (fal- o-kar-sin- o'-mah) \_(j>aXA6g, 

penis ; Kapnivuna, carcinoma]. Carcinoma of the 

penis ; it is usually an epithelioma. 
Phallocrypsis (fal-o-krip'-sis) \tyaW6g, phallus ; npvipig, 

concealment] . Concealment of the penis by retraction. 
Phallodynia (fal-o-din'-e-ah) [tpaXAdg , penis ; bdvvri, 

pain]. Pain in the penis. 
Phalloid (fal'-oid) \_<S>aAX6g, penis; elSog, like]. Re- 
sembling the penis. 
Phallology (fal-ol'-o-je)\jpaXA6g, penis ; Adyoc, science]. 

The science treating of the penis. 
Phalloncus (fal-ong'-kus) \_<paA\6g, penis ; by nog, a 

tumor]. Any tumor or swelling of the penis. 
Phalloplasty (fal'-o-plas-te) \_<f>aAA6g , phallus ; nAaa- 

aetv, to mold]. Plastic or restorative surgery of the 

penis. 
Phallopsophia (fal-op-so' ' -fe-ali) \_<pa?.2.6g, penis ; ij)6<pog, 

noise]. A discharge of gas from the penis. 
Phallorrhagia {fal-or-a'-je-ah) [tf>a/Mg, penis; 

prjyvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the penis. 
Phallorrhea (fal-or-e' ' -ah)\jba'AA6g , phallus ; poia, flow]. 

Blennorrhea ; a flow of purulent matter from the male 

urethra. 
Phallus (fal' -us) [<f>aAA6g, penis]. Penis. 
Phanakistoscope (fan-ak-is'-to-skop). See Zoetrope. 
Phanerobiotic (fan-er-o-bi-of '-ik) \_6avspog, visible ; 

fi'wg, life]. Presenting evidences of life. 
Phanerocodonic ( fan-er-o-ko-don 1 '-ik) \_<j>avepog, visible ; 

Ku6uv, a bell]. In biology, bell-shaped, campanulate ; 

applied to the gonophores or medusiform buds of 

hydroid polyps. 
Phanerogam ( fan' -er-o-gam) \_<pavEpog, visible ; ydfiog, 

marriage]. In biology, a plant bearing true flowers. 
Pha.nerogamia( fan-er-o-ga'-me-ah)\_<pavep6g, apparent ; 

ydpog, marriage]. A division of the vegetable king- 
dom comprising all vascular plants, whether flowering 

or not, with exposed sexual organs. It is subdivided 

into two classes, endogenous and exogenous. See 

Cryptogamia. 



Phanerogamic (fan-er-o-gam' -ik) \_tpavep6g, visible ; 
ydfiog, marriage]. In biology, flowering. 

Phanerogamous (fan-er-og' ' -am-us) \jpavep6g, visible ; 
ydfiog, marriage]. Pertaining to the phanerogams. 

Phanerogenetic (fan-er-o-jen-ef -ik). Same as Phan- 
erogamous. 

Phanerogenous (fan-er-oj 1 '-en-us) \_<j>avepog, visible ; 
yevi/g, producing]. Visibly producing. P. Tissue, 
special material forming the pulp of the teeth. 

Phaneroscope (fan' -er-o-skop) \J>avep6g, visible ; oko- 
tte'iv, to see]. An instrument devised by Liebreich to 
render a small patch of skin very translucent and 
thus to test the color of the blood, condition of 
anemia, etc. 

Phaneroscopy {fan - er - os'- ko -pe) \jpavep6g, visible ; 
okotteIv, to see]. The use of the phaneroscope. 

Phanerozoous (fan-er-o-zo'-us). Synonym of Phane- 
robiotic. 

Phantasia (fan-ta' -ze-ah) [tyavraaia, a showing]. An 
imaginary appearance. 

Phantasm [fan' -tazm) \jf>avTdC,eiv , to render visible]. 
An illusive perception of an object that does not 
exist. A vision or apparition. 

Phantasmagoria (fan-taz-mag-o' -re-aK) \§avTaafia, 
phantasm; ayopa, assembly]. A series or succession 
of fantastic and illusory mental pictures. 

Phantasmatomoria (fan-taz-mat-o-mo'-re-ah) [<pav- 
rao-fia, phantasm ; fiupia, folly]. Childishness, or 
dementia, with absurd fancies. 

Phantasmogenesis (fan-taz-mo-Jen'-es-is) [tyavTaofia, 
phantasm; yevsaig, genesis]. The origination of 
phantasms or spectral illusions. 

Phantasmologic (fan-taz-nio-loj'-ik) \_<j>dvTaofia, phan- 
tasm ; Xoyog, science]. Pertaining to phantasmology. 

Phantasmology (fan-taz-mol' -o-je) [tpavraofia, phan- 
tasm ; A6 yog, science]. The science of phantasms. 

Phantasmophrenosis (fan-taz-mo-fren-o' -sis) \_§avTaa- 
p.a, phantasm ; fpevuaig, thought]. The presence of 
dreamy fancies in the waking state. 

Phantasmoscopia (fan-taz-mo-sko' -pe-ah) \jpdvraafia, 
phantasm; anonelv, to see]. The seeing of phantasms, 
in insanity or delirium. 

Phantasmoscopy (fan-taz-mos' -ko-pe). Synonym of 
Phantasmoscopia. 

Phantom {fan' -turn) [ipavrd^ctv, to make visible]. An 
apparition. A model, manikin or effigy upon or by 
which to illustrate bandaging, surgical, obstetric, and 
other operations. P. Aneurysm, Mimic Aneurysm ; 
a pulsating tumor simulating subclavian or axillary 
aneurysm, occasionally met with under the lateral 
half of the left clavicle. It is associated with thrill, 
murmur, and dilated veins above, but is apt to disap- 
pear suddenly, and return after excitement and after 
movement of the arms. It is thought to be due to 
temporary dilatation of the artery from vaso-motor 
paralysis. P. Brain, a cork and wire model of the 
brain devised by Aeby. P. Cell, a "shadow," or 
skeletonized blood-cell. P. Child, a doll used to illus- 
trate the phenomena of labor. P. Face or Head, ametal 
effigy of a face, with eye-sockets devised to hold ani- 
mal eyes, wherewith to practice operations in ophthal- 
mic surgery. P. Stricture, erroneous subjective symp- 
toms of the patient who believes he has rectal stricture. 
P. Tumor, an apparent tumor, usually of the abdomen 
though occurring elsewhere, which vanishes sponta- 
neously, and which usually consists of a partially and 
spasmodically contracted muscle. Accumulations of 
gas and a thickened omentum have simulated ova- 
rian tumor. 

Pharaoh's Serpents. Mercury thiocyanate enveloped 
in a cone of tinfoil and burnt ; it is used as a toy. 
The fumes are said to be poisonous. 



PHARMACAL 



1062 



PHARYNGITIC 



Pharmacal {far' '-mak-al) \jpdppatiov, a drug]. Per- 
taining to pharmacy. 

Pharmaceutic {far-mas-u'-tik) [(pappaneveiv, to admin- 
ister a drug]. Pertaining to pharmacy. 

Pharmaceutics {far-mas-u' '-tiks) [tpapfianebeiv, to ad- 
minister a drug]. Pharmacy. 

Pharmaceutist ( far-mas-u' -tist). Synonym of Phar- 
macist. 

Pharmacic {far' '-mas-ik) \J>ap/iaKov, drug]. Pharma- 
ceutic; poisonous. 

Pharmacist {far' -mas-ist) \jpdpp.aKov, a drug]. An 
apothecary. 

Pharmacocatagraphology {far-mak-o-kat-ag-raf-ol' - 
o-je) [(papfiaiiov , drug ; Kara, according to; ypdfeiv, to 
write ; ?-uyug, science]. The art of prescription-writing. 

Pharmacochymia {far-mak-o-ki' '-me-ah) [(pdppanov , 
drug; xif 11 '"-! chemistry]. Pharmaceutic chemistry. 

Pharmacocollocyst {far-mak-o-kol' -o-sist) \_<pdppatiov, 
drug, ko'a'/m, glue; nvorit;, bladder]. A gelatinous 
capsule for receiving medicines. 

Pharmacodynamic {far-mak-o-di-nam'-ik) [fydpfianov, 
drug; dvva/uic, force]. Pertaining to pharmacodyna- 
mics. 

Pharmacodynamics {far-mak-o-di-nam' -iks) [_<pdpfia- 
nov, drug; Svvafiic, force]. The science of the 
powers and effects of medicines. 

Pharmacognusia, Pharmacognosis {far-ma-kog-no'- 
ze-ak, far-ma-kog' '-no-sis). See Pharmacognosy . 

Pharmacognosies ( far- mak-og-nos' '-tiks). Synonym 
of Pharmacognosy. 

Pharmacognosy {far-mak-og' '-no-ze) [(pappanov, medi- 
cine ; yvucsic, knowledge]. The science or sum of 
knowledge of drugs. 

Pharmacography {far-mak-og' -ra-fe). Synonym of 
Pharmacognosy. 

Pharmacokoniantron {far-mak - o - kon - e - an' - Iron) 
\_<f>dppanov, drug; Kovia, powder; avrpov, hole]. An 
instrument used for spraying the Eustachian tube and 
middle ear. 

Pharmacologic {far-mak-o-loj' -ik) \j>dpjiaKov, drug ; 
Myog, science]. Pertaining to pharmacology. 

Pharmacologist {far-mak-ol' ' -o-jisi) [tyappanov, drug ; 
Adyoc, science]. One versed in pharmacology. 

Pharmacology {far-mak-ol' -o-je) [tydppanov, drug ; 
luyoc, science]. The science of the nature and 
properties of substances used as medicines ; pharmacy 
and pharmacodynamics. 

Pharmacomania {far-mak- o-ma'-ne-ah) \jpdpp:a.Kov, 
drug; navia, madness]. A morbid craving for medi- 
cines. 

Pharmacomaniac {far-mak-o-ma'-ne-ak) \_tpdpfiamv, 
drug; fiavia, mania]. One excessively fond of the 
use of drugs. 

Pharmacomathy {far-mak-om' -ath-e) [tyappanov, drug ; 
p,a6r], learning], Pharmacognostics. 

Pharmacometry {far-mak-om' -el-re) [yappanov , drug ; 
fierpov, measure]. The measuring and weighing of 
drugs. 

Pharmacomorphic {far-mak-o- morf'-ik) \jpdp/iaKov, 
drug ; fiop<j>Tj, form]. Pertaining to the form in which 
medicines are prepared. 

Pharmacon {far' -mak-on) [Qappaicov, drug]. A drug ; 
a poison. 

Pharmacopeia {far-mak-o-pe'-ah) \odp\mKov, drug, 
medicine; ttoiciv, to make.] A standard code con- 
taining a selection of medicinal substances, prepara- 
tions and formulas. The United States (1890), and 
the British (1885), are among the most comprehensive 
published. All except the United States pharmaco- 
peia have been issued under government authority. 

Pharmacopeial {far-mak-o-pe' -al) \jpdppaKoii, drug ; 
iroie'tv, make]. Pertaining to the pharmacopeia. 



Pharmacopolist {far-mak-op'-o-list) [tydppanov , med- 
icine; TrwAm', to sell]. A dealer in medicines. 

Pharmacopolium {far- mak-o- po'-le -um) [odpfiaKov, 
drug; TTuAecv, to sell]. A drug-store. 

Pharmacoposia {far-mak-o-po' -ze-ah) \jpdppaKuv , drug; 
TToaic, a drinking]. Drinking of medicine. 

Pharmacotheca (far-mak-o-the'-kah) [(pdp/ianov, drug; 
6r/nr/, case]. A medicine-chest. 

Pharmacotherapeutic (far-mak-o-lher-ap-u'-tii) [pd/i- 
panov, drug; 6tpa~eia, treatment]. Pertaining to 
treatment with drugs. 

Pharmacotheiapia{ far-mak-o-ther-a'-pe-ah)[(j)np/jaKov, 
drug; depa-tia, therapy]. Pharmaceutic therapeu- 
tics. 

Pharmacum {far' -mak-tim). Same as Pharmacon. 

Pharmacurgus {far-mak-ur' -gus) [tpappatiov , drug ; 
epyeiv, to work]. A pharmacist; also a physician 
who relies entirely on drugs in the treatment of dis- 
ease. 

Pharmacy {far' -mas-e) \_<pappaK.eia, the use of drugs]. 
I. The art or practice of preparing, compounding, and 
dispensing medicines. 2. The occupation of a phar- 
macist. 3. A drug-store ; an apothecary's shop. 

Pharus {far' -us). Synonym of Pharynx. 

Pharyngalgia {far-in-gal' -je-ah) \_<pdpvy^, pharynx ; 
a'Ayoc, pain]. Pain in the pharynx. 

Pharyngeal {far-in' -je-al) \tydpvyi-, pharynx]. Per- 
taining to the pharynx. P. Aponeurosis, the con- 
nective tissue layer of the pharynx, under the mucous 
surface. P. Arches, the post-oral arches, q. v. 
P. Arteries, two in number; the superior and the 
inferior. See Arteries, Table of. P. Bones, in 
biology, the bones behind the last branchial arch in 
fishes. P. Bursa, a small sac situated in the dorsal 
wall of the nasopharynx. P. Cavity, the space 
within the pharyngeal walls. P. Choke, in farriery, 
lodgment of a foreign body in the upper portion of 
the esophagus of a horse, attended with symptoms 
of great distress. P. Clefts. Same as P. Slits. 
P. Fascia, the fascia covering the walls of the 
pharnyx. P. Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. 
P. Glands. See Gland. P. Jaws, jaw-like organs 
in the pharynx, as in certain worms. P. Nerve, a 
branch of the vagus. See A r erves, Table of. P. 
Plexus. See Plexuses, Table of. P. Reflex. See 
Reflexes, Table of . P. Sac, a sac in the head of a 
butterfly, at the base of thespiral tongue. By its alter- 
nate contraction and expansion the insect is able to 
suck up the nectar. P. Slits, the post-oral visceral 
clefts or gill-slits of vertebrates and chordate animals. 
They are also called Visceral Clefts. P. Spine. Same 
as P. Tubercle. P. Teeth, the teeth on the pharyn- 
geal bones. P. Tonsil. See Luschka ' s Tonsil. P. 
Tubercle, a small elevation near the middle of the 
under surface of the basilar process of the occipital 
bone. The fibrous raphe of the pharynx is attached 
to it. P. Vault. See A'aso-pharynx. P. Veins, 
branches of the pharyngeal plexus of veins, emptying 
into the internal jugular vein. P. Voice, the falsetto 
voice. 

Pharyngectomy {far-in-gek'-to-me) \_(f>apv}£, pharynx ; 
eKTopr/, excision]. Excision of a part of the pharynx. 

Pharyngemphraxis {far- in -gem -fraks'- is ) [<pdpv} f , 
pharynx ; eptypa^ic;, obstruction]. Obstruction of the 
pharynx. 

Pharyngeurisma {far-in-gu-riz'-mah). Synonym of 
Pharyngoccle. 

Pharyngeus ( far-in-je' -us). See Petro-pharyngeus, 
etc. , under Muscles, Table of. 

Pharyngismus {far-in-ji-J -mus) [odpvy!-, pharynx]. 
Spasm of the pharynx. 

Pharyngitic (far-iu-jit'-ik) \_<f)dpv}^ , pharynx ; ctic, 



PHARYNGITIS 



1063 



PHARYNGOSPASM 



inflammation]. Pertaining to, affected with, or of 
the nature of, pharyngitis. 

Pharyngitis {far-in-ji'-tis) [fapvyl;, pharynx; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the pharynx. It 
may be acute or chronic. In the former there is a fre- 
quent desire to swallow, with pain and the sensation 
of a foreign body in the throat. Malaise, stiffness of 
the neck, anorexia, fever, and fulness of the head are 
other symptoms. The chronic form is not so severe 
as the acute, but there is a more annoying accumula- 
tion of viscid mucus, with frequent hawking. P., 
Apostematous, inflammation of the pharynx attended 
with the formation of an abscess. P., Atrophic, a 
form in which there is atrophy of the mucous mem- 
brane. P., Catarrhal, inflammation of the pharynx, 
accompanied by abundant secretion. P., Diphtheric, 
pharyngitis, due to the Klebs-Loeffler Bacillus. P., 
Follicular, inflammation of the mucous glands of the 
pharynx. P., Gangrenous, a form of inflammation 
of the mucous membrane of the pharynx, tonsils, and 
palatine folds, ending in the formation of gangrenous 
patches. Fatal hemorrhage may result from erosion 
of blood-vessels. It is also called Putrid Sore-throat. 
P., Granular, Clergymens' Sore-throat, a chronic form 
of pharyngitis, characterized by granular bodies on 
the mucous membrane of the pharynx. It is common 
among public speakers, and is due to improper use of 
the voice. P., Hypertrophic, chronic pharyngitis, 
with overgrowth, local or general, of the mucous mem- 
brane. P. maligna. Synonym of P. , Gangrenous. 
P., Membranous, pharyngitis characterized by the 
formation of false membrane ; it is generally due to 
the diphtheria-bacillus. P., Phlegmonous, acute 
infectious phlegmon of the pharynx. A serious form 
of inflammation of the pharyngeal tissues, with grave 
constitutional symptoms, the inflammation rapidly 
passing on to suppuration. P. sicca, chronic pharyn- 
gitis, with a dry and glistening state of the mucous 
membrane, and, generally, with enlargement of the 
lymph-follicles. P., Ulcerative, a form that may be 
a simple ulceration of the follicles ; or it may be syph- 
ilitic, tuberculous, diphtheric, or carcinomatous; or it 
may be due to such infectious diseases as typhoid 
fever, or to extension of lupus. 

Pharyngo- {far-in'-go-) [_<j>dpvyl; , pharynx]. A prefix 
signifying connection with or relation to the pharynx. 

Pharyngocace ( far-in-gok' '-as-e). Synonym of Pharyn- 
gitis, Gangrenous. 

Pharyngocele {fir-in'-go-sel) \jpdpvyi;, pharynx ; ktjatj, 
tumor]. A tumor or pouch of the pharynx. 

Pharyngocenterium {far-in-go-sen-te' -re-um) [rpdpvy!;, 
pharynx; Kcvrr/piov, a pricker]. A trocar for punc- 
turing the pharynx. 

Pharyngocephale {far-in-go-sef'-al-e). A synonym 
of Pharynx. 

Pharyngo-cynanche {far-in-go-sin-an'-ke) [0dpuyf, 
pharynx; nvvdyx't, cynanche]. Angina of the 
pharynx. 

Pharyngodynia { far-in-go din' -e-ah) [_ipdpvy^, pharynx; 
bdi'vi), pain]. Pain referred to the pharynx. 

Pharyngo-epiglottic {far-in' '-go-ep-ig-lot' '-ik) \jpdpvyi;, 
pharynx; e-iy7.u-ric, epiglottis]. Pertaining to the 
pharynx and the epiglottis. 

Pharyngo-epiglotticus {far- in'- go-ep-ig-lot' - ik-us) 
\_6dpv ; ;, pharynx ; 'fKiyltiTTic, epiglottis]. Muscular 
fibers derived from the stylo-pharyngeus and inserted 
into the side of the epiglottis and the pharyngo-epiglot- 
tic ligament. 

Pharyngo-esophageal {'far-in' -go-e-sofaj'-e-al) [0d- 
pt))'f, pharynx ; n'tccxpdyoQ , gullet]. Pertaining to the 
pharynx and esophagus. 

Pharyngo-esophagus {far-in' '-go-e-sof '-ag-us) [ipdpvy^, 



pharynx ; olaofdyor, esophagus]. The pharynx and 
esophagus considered as one organ. 

Pharyngo-glossal ( far-in'- go - glos'-al ) \_<pdpvy$ , 
pharynx; y'Auooa, tongue] . Pertaining conjointly to 
the pharynx and the tongue. 

Pharyngo-glossus [far-in'-go-glos'-us) \jpapvy!- 7 
pharynx; y'Aoiaaa, tongue]. A muscle of lower ani- 
mals corresponding to the palato-glossus of man. 

Pharyngographic {far - in - go-graf - ik) [<pdpvy^, 
pharynx ; ypatpeiv, to write]. Pertaining to pharyn- 
gography. 

Pharyngography {far-in-gog' -ra-fe) \_(j>apvy$, pharynx ; 
ypdifiew, to write]. A description of the pharynx. 

Pharyngo-laryngeal [far-in' ' -go-lar-in' -je-al)\jpdpvy^ , 
pharynx; 'Aapvyij, larynx]. Pertaining both to the 
pharynx and the larynx. P. Cavity, the lowest por- 
tion of the pharynx. P. Sinus, the pyriform sinus. 

Pharyngo-laryngitis {far-in' -go-lar-in-ji' -tis)\_$dpvy!;, 
pharynx ; Tidpvyt;, larynx ; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of both larynx and pharynx at the same 
time. 

Pharyngolith {far-in' -go-lith) [jpdpvy^, pharynx ; aWoc, 
stone]. A calcareous concretion in the walls of the 
pharynx. 

Pharyngologic {far-in-go-loj' -Hi) \_fydpvyi;, pharynx ; 
Aoyoc, science]. Pertaining to pharyngology. 

Pharyngology {far-in-gol' -o-Je) [ipdpvy^, pharynx ; 
Aoyog, science]. The science of the pharyngeal mech- 
anism, functions and diseases. 

Pharyngolysis {far-in-gol' -is-is) [0api>yf, pharynx ; 
Tivolc , a loosing]. Paralysis of the pharyngeal muscles. 

Pharyngomycosis {far -in' -go -mi -ho' -sis) [jpdpvyi;, 
pharynx ; juvKr/c, fungus]. Fungous growths in the 
pharynx. P. leptothricia. See Mycosis tonsillaris 
benigna. 

¥ > haryngo-nasal{ far-in'-go-na'-sal)[<j>dpvy£;, pharynx ; 
nasus, nose]. Pertaining to the pharynx and the nose. 
P. Cavity, the upper portion of the pharynx ; the 
naso-pharynx. 

Pharyngo-oral {far-in' -go-o'-ral) [tydpvy!;, pharynx ; 
os, oris, mouth]. Oropharyngeal; pertaining to both 
pharynx and mouth. P. Cavity, the oropharynx ; 
the middle portion of the pharynx, communicating 
with the mouth. 

Pharyngopalatinus {far-in' -go-pal-at-i' -nus). Syn- 
onym of Palatopharymgeus. See Muscles, Table of. 

Pharyngopathy {far-in-gop' -ath-e) [_(pdpvy^, pharynx ; 
Trdlioc, disease]. Any disease of the pharynx. 

Pharyngoperistole {far-in' -go-per-is' -to-le). Synonym 
of Pharyngostenia. 

Pharyngoplegia {far-in' -go-ple' -je-ah) {jpdpvyi;, phar- 
nyx ; TrAriyrj, a stroke ] . Paralysis of the muscles of 
the pharynx. 

Pharyngoplethora {far-in' -go-pleth'-or-ah) \jj>dpvy^, 
pharynx ; ir/.r/flupn, fulness]. Fulness of the vessels 
of the pharynx. 

Pharyngorhinitis {far -in'-go - ri - ni'- lis) [cppdvy^, 
pharynx; pig, nose ; itic, inflammation]. Pharyngitis 
with rhinitis ; inflammation of the pharynx and the nose. 

Pharyngorhinoscopy { far-in' -go-ri-nos' -ko-pe). Syn- 
onym of Rhinoscopy , Posterior. 

Pharyngorrhagia {far -in- gor - a'-je - ah) [jpdpvyi-, 
pharynx; priyv'vvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from 
the pharynx. 

Pharyngorrhea {far-in-gor-e' -ah) \_(bdpvyt; , pharynx ; 
poia, a flow]. A mucous discharge from the pharynx. 

Pharyngoscope ( far-in' -go-shop) \jpapvyl;, pharynx ; 
okotteIv, to inspect] . An instrument for use in the 
visual examination of the pharynx. 

Pharyngoscopy {far-in-gos' -ko-pe) \jpdpvy!;, pharynx ; 
CKOTieiv, to examine]. Examination of the pharynx. 

Pharyngospasm {far-in' -go-spazm) \_(j>dpvy^, pharynx; 



PHARYNGOSTAPHYLEUS 



1064 



PHARYNX 



OTrao/i6(, spasm]. Spasmodic contraction of the 
pharyngeal muscles. 

Pharyngostaphyleus, Pharyngostaphylinus (far- 
in'-go-staf-il-e'-us, far-in' -go-staf-ii-i' -mis) . Syno- 
nym of Palatopharyngeus. See Muscles, Table of. 

Pharyngostenia (far-in-go-ste' -ne-ah) [fapvyt;, phar- 
ynx; areivc, narrow]. Narrowing or stricture of 
the pharynx. 

Pharyngotome (far - in'- go - torn) [(bapvyc, pharynx ; 
TOfiij, a cutting]. A cutting-instrument used for in- 
cising the pharynx. 

Pharyngotomy ( far-in-got' '-o-nie) [<papvy$, pharynx ; 
rofii), a cutting]. Incision into the pharynx. P., 
Inferior, a form in which the tissues between the 
hyoid bone and the cricoid cartilage are divided. 
P., Lateral, incision into one side of the pharynx. 
P., Subhyoidean, pharyngotomy through the thyro- 
hyoid membrane. P., Superior, pharyngotomy in 
which the incision is made between the anterior border 
of the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle and the trachea. 

Pharyngotonsillitis (far-in' -go-ton-sil-i' -tis) [0a/royf , 
pharynx; tonsilla, tonsil; irtg, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the pharynx and the tonsil. 

Pharyngotyphus (far-in' -go-ti'-fus) [<pdpvyZ, pharynx; 
rupoc, stupor]. Whitish elevations on the tonsils 
which tend to ulcerate, seen sometimes in typhoid 
fever and probably due to localization of the typhoid 
poison in the tonsils. 

Pharynx (far' -inks) [fapvyt, throat]. The musculo- 
membranous pouch situated back of the nasal cavi- 
ties, mouth, and larynx, extending from the base of 
the skull to a point opposite the sixth cervical vertebra, 





Median Section of Mouth, Pharynx and Larynx. 

. Left nostril. 2. Upper lateral cartilage. 3. Inner portion 
of lower cartilage. 4. Superior turbinated bone and meatus. 
5. Middle turbinated bone and meatus. 6. Inferior turbin- 
ated bone and meatus. 7. Sphenoid sinus. S Posterior 
nasal fossa. 9. Internal orifice or pavilion of Eustachian 
tube. 10. Velum palati. 11, 11. Vestibule of mouth. 12. 
Palatine vault. 13. Genio-glossus muscle. 14. Genio-hyoid. 
15. Mylo-byoid. 16. Anterior pillar of velum palati. 17. 
Posterior pillar. 18. Tonsil. 19. Circumvallate papilla? of 
tongue 20. Cavity of larynx. 21. Ventricle. 22. Epiglottis. 
23. Hyoid bone. 24. Thyroid cartilage. 25. Thvro-hyoid 
membrane. 26. Posterior portion of cricoid cartilage. 27. 
Anterior portion. 28. Crico-thvroid membrane. 



Pharynx, Opened Posteriorly, showing Larynx, 
Tongue, and Soft Palate. 

A. Cartilaginous expansion of the Eustachian tube. B. 
Posterior nasal openings. C. Soft palate. D. Uvula. 
E. Posterior pillar of the palate. F. Tonsil. G, G. 
Pharynx, opened in median line. H. Base of the tongue. 

1. Epiglottis. K. Left glosso-epiglottidean fold. L. 
Superior opening of the larynx. M. Thyroid cartilage. 
N. Posterior surface of the larynx. O. Group of grape- 
like glands constantly found in this position. P. Upper 
extremity of the esophagus. 1. Azygos uvulae muscle. 

2. Levator palati muscle. 3, 3. Palato-pharyngeus mus- 
cle. 4. Salpingo-pharyngeus muscle. 5 Internal portion 
of the palato-pharyngeus muscle. 6 Fibers proceeding 
from the middle of the palate and ending in the palato- 
pharyngeus muscle. 7 Superior fibers of the palato- 
pharyngeus muscle, going to interlace on the lateral and 
posterior surface of the pharynx with those of the oppo- 
site side. 8. Inferior fibers of the palato-pharyngeus 
muscle, being inserted into the posterior margin of the 
thyroid cartilage near the base of the superior cornu 
and pharyngeal aponeurosis. 9. Anterior fibers of the 
stylo-pharyugeus muscle, attached, 1st, to the lateral fold 
of the epiglottis; 2d, to the superior cornu of the thy- 
roid cartilage at the base and superior margin. 10. 
Superior constrictor of the pharynx. 

where it becomes continuous with the esophagus. It 
is about five inches long and is narrowed at its termina- 
tion. It has four coats — an external fascia; a muscular 
layer, consisting of the three constrictors, together with 
the stylo-pharyngeal and palatopharyngeal muscles; a 
fibrous connective-tissue layer ; and a mucous mem- 
brane extending to the base of the uvula, that is covered 
in its upper part with columnar ciliated epithelium, in 
its lower part with stratified epithelium. Mucous glands 
and lymphatic follicles are abundant in the mucous 
membrane. A group of follicles extends across the 



PHASE 



1065 



PHENOL 



back of the pharynx between the orifices of the Eusta- 
chian tubes. 




Muscles of the Pharynx, 
i. Orbicularis oris. 2. Pterygo-maxillary ligament. 3. Mylo- 
hyoideus. 4. Os hyoides. 5. Thyro-hyoid ligament. 6. 
Pomum Adami. 7. Cricoid cartilage. 8. Trachea. 9. Ten- 
sor palati. 10. Levator palati. 11. Glosso-pharyngeal nerve. 
12. Stylo-pharyngeus. 13. Superior laryngeal nerve and 
artery. 14. External laryngeal nerve. 15. Crico-thyroideus. 
16. Inferior laryngeal nerve. 17. Esophagus. 

Phase (faz) \jpaoig, appearance]. The condition or 
stage of a disease or physiologic function at a given 
time. 

Phaseomannite ( fa-ze-o-man' -It) . See Inosite. 

Phasura [fa-zu'-rah). Synonym of Phantasm. 

Phatne {fat' -tie) [nbarvr/, socket]. Same as Alveolus. 

Phatnorrhagia (fat-nor-a'-je-ah) [cparvr/, socket ; pr/y- 
v'uvat, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from a tooth- 
socket. 

Phausinx [faw' -singks) [<bai-C,eLV, to roast]. A bleb 
or blister. 

Pheduretin [fe-du-re'-tin) [phenol {(polvi!;, purple- 
red); fiia, through; ovpkecv, to make water]. A 
phenol-derivative, occurring in fine, white, silky, aci<?- 
ular crystals, tasteless, hardly soluble in cold water, 
readily soluble in hot water. It is said to be a power- 
ful diuretic. Dose gr. vij-xv. Unof. 

Phelloderm (fel'-o-derm) [0e/.?.df, cork; Sipua, skin]. 
In biology, a layer of green cells beneath the cork of 
certain stems (Pibes, Lonicera, Spircza, Deutzia, etc.). 
It is formed from the ental layer of the phellogen. 

Phellogen (fel'-o-Jen) [<pt/.?.6g, cork; yevrjg, producing]. 
In biology, cork-forming tissue ; cork-cambium, cork- 
meristem ; the ental layers of cork-tissue, possessing 
cellular activity. 



Phellogenetic {fel-o-jen-ef -ik) [<j>e\\6c, cork; yevi/c, 
producing]. In biology, relating to the formation of 
phellogen. 

Phenacetein, see Phenacetolin. 

Phenacetin [fe-nas' ' -ct-in) [phenol (jmlvit;, purple-red) ; 
acetum, vinegar] , C IO H 13 N0. 2 . Acetphenetidin; a com- 
pound derived from carbolic acid, having antipyretic 
and antineuralgic properties. It is crystalline, tasteless, 
and almost insoluble in water. Dose gr. iv-xxx. 
Unof. 

Phenacetolin {fe-nas' -et-o-lin) , C 16 H 12 2 . A some- 
what irregularly formed name of a compound produced 
by the interaction of phenol, acetic acid, and zinc 
chlorid. It is used as an indicator in determining 
acidity and alkalinity. It is also called phenacetein. 

Phenanthrene (fe-nan'-tkren) [phenol (<j>o~tvt$, purple- 
red) ; avttpa^, coal] , C U H ]0 . A hydrocarbon isomeric 
with anthracene, and found with it in the last fraction 
of coal-tar. It crystallizes in colorless, shining plates, 
melting at 100 C. and boiling at 340° C. ; it is insoluble 
in water, but soluble in fifty parts of alcohol in the cold, 
and in ten parts on boiling ; it is easily soluble in ether 
and benzene. P. -red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Phenate (fe'-nat) \_phenol (0otwf , purple-red)]. Any 
salt-like compound of carbolic acid ; a carbolate. 

Phenazin (fe'-naz-in) \_phenol (oomf, purple-red)], 
C 12 H g N 2 . A substance prepared by conducting anilin 
vapors through a tube heated to redness. It crystal- 
lizes and sublimes in bright-yellow needles, melting 
at 171 C. The phenazins are chromogenic parent- 
substances that yield dyes by the entrance of salt- 
forming groups (especially the amido-group) . The 
eurhodins and safranins are included in this series. 

Phenazonum (fe-naz-o* '-num) . See Antipyrin. 

Phenetidin [fe-net' ' -id-in) [phenol ((poivi^, purple-red)], 
C s H n NO. The body from which phenacetin is pre- 
pared by substitution. 

Phenetol (fe'-net-ol) [phenol (<po?wf, purple-red) ; 
oleum, oil] , C 2 H 5 S.OC 6 H 5 . A volatile aromatic-smell- 
ing liquid. P. -red. See Coccinin and Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Phengophobia {fen-go-fo' '-be-ah) [ipeyyoc, light ; 0d/3oc, 
fear]. See Photophobia. 

Phenic (fe'-nik) [phenol(4>olvi^, purple-red)]. Obtained 
from coal-tar. P. Acid. See Acid, Carbolic, and 
Phenol. 

Phenicin (fe'-nis-in) [fo'tvit;, purple-red]. A brown 
coloring-matter produced by the action of nitro- 
sulphuric acid on carbolic acid. Same as Phenyl- 
brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Phenicious (fe-nish' -us) [(poivit;, purple-red]. Of the 
color of phenicin. 

Phenigmus (fe-nig'-mus) [ipoivi^, purple-red]. Red 
Jaundice; a skin-disease, characterized by diffuse 
redness, without fever. 

Phenixis, Phosnixis (fe-nifcs'-is) [0omf, purple-red] 
Red color of the skin from irritation. 

Phenocoll (fe'-no-hol) [phenol (poivi!;, purple-red)]. 

C 6 H 4 (g^^ c (NH 2 )CH 2 . C ]0 H 14 N 2 O 2 . The hydro- 

chlorate of phenol-glycocoll, a rapid and powerful 
antipyretic and a valuable nervine. Dose gr. viij- 
xv, repeated at hourly intervals. It is also used as the 
hydrochlorid. Phenocoll appears as a white crystal- 
line powder soluble in water and alcohol. Unof. 

Phenogamous (fen-og'-am-us). Synonym of Phaner- 
ogamous. 

Phenol (fe'-nol) [<poivi^, purple-red], C 6 H v OH. Ben- 
zene Phenol, Carbolic Acid, Creasote ; a substance ob- 
tained from amidobenzene, etc., and occurring already 
formed in Castoreum and in the urine of herbivora. 
It is a colorless, crystalline mass, which gradually 



PHENOLATE 



1066 



PHENYL 



acquires a reddish color, and deliquesces on exposure 
to the air. It melts at 42° C. and boils at 183° C. ; 
its sp. gr. at o° is 1.084. It possesses a characteristic 
odor, burning taste, and poisonous and antiseptic 
properties. It is slowly soluble in water, readily so 
in alcohol and ether. In a general sense the word is 
applied to the homologous series of which phenol or 
carbolic acid is the first member. The phenols are 
compounds formed from benzene and its homologues 
by the substitution of hydroxyl for hydrogen in the 
benzene nucleus. They correspond to tertiary alcohols, 
as they contain the group COH, and all have weak 
acid properties. They may be monatomic, such as 
ordinary phenol, cresol, etc.; diatomic, as pyrocatechin, 
resorcin, hydroquinone ; or triatomic, as pyrogallol, 
phorglucol. P. -blue, C u H u N 2 0, a paste-like sub- 
stance of blue color. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 
P. -camphor, camphor combined with carbolic acid. 
P. Colors. See Pigments, Conspectus of. P. Sodique, 
an antiseptic substance said to be composed of car- 
bolic acid, gr. 188 ; caustic soda, gr. 31 ; distilled 
water, ^ iv. 

Phenolate (fe'-no-ldt) [phenol (<polvi!;, purple-red)]. 
A salt of carbolic acid. 

Phenologic (fe-no-loj'-ih) [ipaiveiv, to bring to light ; 
Tj&yoq, science]. Pertaining to phenology. 

Phenologist (fe-nol'-o-ji'st) [Qaiveiv, to bring to light ; 
Adyof, science] . One versed in phenology. 

Phenology (fe-nol'-o-Je) [(paiveiv, to bring to light ; 
XSyoc, science]. In biology, the science of the be- 
havior of plants and animals to the periodic changes in 
meteorologic conditions. 

Phenolphthalein (fe-nol-tha'-le-in) [folvitj, purple- 
red]. A substance derived from phenol and phthalic 
acid and used as a delicate test for acids and alka- 
lies. One gram is dissolved in one liter of 50 per 
cent, alcohol. It is very delicate. 

Phenolsulphonic Acid (fe-nolsul-fon' -ih) \_phenol 
(aoty;f, purple-red) ; sulphur]. The "phenol-forming 
substance" found sometimes in urine from which 
phenol is obtained. 

Phenolsulphuric Acid {fe-nol-sul-fu' ' -rik) [ phenol 
(ipoiv^, purple-red) ; sulphur]. An acid that exists in 
the urine in very small amount. 

Phenomena (fe-nom' -en-ah ) [tbaivouzvov, that which is 
seen]. Plural of Phenomenon, q. v. Phenomena 
of Transfer. Peculiar phenomena observed in 
hysterical patients. It has been found, in some cases, 
that the laying of a metal plate upon an anesthetic 
portion of the skin restores to this its sensibility, 
while simultaneously a corresponding area on the 
opposite side of the body, previously normal, be- 
comes anesthetic. Frequently the sensibility oscillates 
from one side to the other. If the metal is placed first 
on an area possessing normal sensibility, this becomes 
anesthetic, while a corresponding zone on the anes- 
thetic side regains its sensibility. Other hysterical 
symptoms may present these same transfer-phenomena. 
Nor is their production confined to metallic plates ; 
other so-called esthesiogenic substances produce the 
same effect — thus, large magnets, weak galvanic cur- 
rents, static electricity, vibrating tuning-forks, mustard- 
plasters, and others. As to the nature of the curious 
phenomena, it is generally believed that they are due 
to suggestion. 

Phenomenal [fe-nom' '-en-al) [(f>aivo/ievov, that which is 
seen]. Pertaining to phenomena. Also extraordinary, 
startling, or exceptional to the ordinary course of 
events in nature. 

Phenomenogenia (fe-nom-en-o-je' -ne-ali) [Aaiveiv, to 
show; yiyvenftai, to be born]. The origin of phenom- 
ena. 



Phenomenon (fe-nom' -en-on) [<batv6/ievoi>, that which is 
seen; from tptuveiv, to shine ://. Phenomena]. An event 
or manifestation, generally of an unusual character. P., 
Cheyne-Stokes'. Synonym of Cheyne- Stokes 1 Respir- 
ation. P., Knee. Synonym of Patellar Tendon-reflex. 
P., Porret's, a wave-like motion seen in a muscle 
through which a galvanic current passes in a longitudi- 
nal direction. P., Westphal's. Synonym of Patellar 
Tendon-reflex . 

Phenomenoscopia (fe-nom-en-o-sko'-pe-ali) [ya'ivnv, 
to show ; okutceIv, to examine]. The investigation of 
phenomena, especially of disease. 

Phenone (fe'-non) [phenol ((poivit;, purple-red)]. A 
ketone formed by the union of phenyl and a hydrocar- 
bon of the marsh-gas series. 

Phenophobia (fe-no-fo' -be-ah). Synonym of Photo- 
phobia. 

Phenoquinone (fe-rto-kwin' -on)[phenol (ifioivi^ , purple- 
red) ; quinone ], C 18 H 14 4 . An oxidation-product of 
phenol. 

Pheno-resorcin (fe-no -res -o? J -sin) [phenol ((poivit;, 
purple-red) ; resorcin]. A mixture containing carbolic 
acid 67, resorcin 33 per cent. Unof. 

Phenosafranin (fe-no-saf'-ran-in) [phenol ((po'ivitj, 
purple-red) ; Fr. ,safran, saffron], C 18 H ]S N 4 C1. The 
lowest member of the safranins, formed from phenyl- 
ene, diamin, and anilin. It consists of needles, green 
in color and having a metallic luster. It dissolves in 
water and alcohol with a beautiful red color. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Phenose (fe'-noz) [phenol {(poivi^, purple-red)], C 6 H 6 - 
(OH) 6 . A substance obtained by the action of a soda 
solution upon hexahydrobenzene. It is an amorphous, 
readily soluble substance, deliquescing in the air. It 
has a sweet taste, and reduces Fehling's solution, but 
is not capable of fermentation. 

Phenozygous (fe-noz'-ig-us) [tpaiveiv, to show ; r byov, 
yoke]. In craniometry, " having the zygomatic arches 
visible directly from above ; having the bizygomatic di- 
ameter greater than the maximum transverse frontal 
diameter, and the angle of Quatrefages positive." 

Phenyl (fe'-nil) [ooZwf, purple -red ; v/.r/, matter] ,C 6 H 5 . 
A univalent organic radical. P. -acetic Acid. See 
Acid. P. -amid, a compound formed by the substitu- 
tion of one or more amido-groups for the hydrogen of 
benzene ; anilin is a phenylamid. P.-amin. Syn- 
onym of Anilin. P.-auramin. See. Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. P. Bisulphate. See Acid, Sulphocarbolic. 
P. -brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. P. -car- 
bamate of Ethyl. See Phenylurethane. P.-endiamin 
C fl H 4 (NH,) 2 . Preferably diamidobenzene ; a chemic 
substance of which there are three isomeric forms, 
distinguished by the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para-. P.- 
ethylene. See Styrol. P.-glucosazone, C IS H 22 N 4 4 ; 
a compound of dextrose with phenyl-hydrazin. It crys- 
tallizes in yellow needles, is almost insoluble in water, 
very slightly soluble in hot alcohol, melts at about 205 
C. , and is levo-rotatory when dissolved in glacial acetic 
acid. P. -glycerol. See Stycerin. P.-glycuronic 
Acid, a levo-rotatory, crystalline body occurring in 
the urine after the administration of carbolic acid. 
Dilute acid decomposes it into carbolic and glycuronic 
acids. P.-hydrazin, C,.H S N 2 , a substance obtained 
from benzene diazochlorid by reduction with sodium 
sulphite or stannous chlorid. It is a colorless, peculiar- 
smelling oil, solidifying, when cooled, to plate-like 
crystals, melting at 23 C. ; sp. gr. I.091 at 21° C. 
It boils at 241-242 C. It dissolves with great diffi- 
culty in cold water, but readily in alcohol and ether. 
P.-h. Test (for sugar). Into a test-tube put )A in. dry 
phenyl-hydrazin hydrochlorate ; add pulverized sodium 
acetate an equal volume ; and fill one-half of the tube 



PHENYLENE 



1067 



PHLEBEPATITIS 



with urine. Agitate until the sodium acetate is dis- 
solved, gently heating up to the boiling-point and boil 
for 30 seconds. Examine the sediment with the micro- 
scope for yellow, branching, needle-shaped crystals 
of phenyl-glucosazone. See 7ests, Table of. P. 
Hydrid, C 6 H 6 , benzene. P.-lactosazone, C 24 H 32 N 4 - 
9 , a compound of lactose with phenyl-hydrazin ; 
it is soluble in 80-90 parts of boiling water, and melts 
at about 200 C. It crystallizes readily in the form 
of yellow needles usually aggregated into clusters. 
P.-maltosazone, C 24 H 3 . 2 N 4 9 , a compound of mal- 
tose obtained by the action of phenyl-hydrazin upon it 
in the presence of acetic acids. It crystallizes readily 
in minute yellow needles, is soluble in about 75 parts 
of boiling water, and still more soluble in hot alcohol. 
Its melting-point is 206 C. P.-mercaptan. See 
Thiophenol. P. -methane, (CH 2 (C 6 H 5 ) 2 , a crystal- 
line hydrocarbon with the odor of oranges. It has 
the effects of antipyrin, in half the dose, being 
antirheumatic and analgesic, as well as antipyretic. 
Dose from 3 to 7 gr. , in wine. P. -propionic Acid, 
C 9 H 6 2 , a crystalline body which, when injected sub- 
cutaneously, causes albuminuria, glycosuria, vomiting, 
diarrhea, and sometimes death. If the sodium salt is 
given, large amounts of indican appear in the dis- 
charges. P. Salicylate. See Salol. P.-urethane, 
C 9 H n N0 2 , a white, crystalline substance made 
by the action of chlorocarbonic acid on carbanilic 
ether. It is also known chemically as phenylcarba- 
mate of ethyl and euphorin. It has the flavor of 
benzine, with an acrid after-taste ; it is almost insol- 
uble in cold water, but is soluble in boiling water, 
alcohol and ether ; 1-500 hinders alcoholic fermenta- 
tion. See Euphorin. P. -violet. Same as Rosa- 
nilin-violet. 

Phenylene (fe' -nil-en)\$6ivi!-, purple-red], C 6 H 4 . A bi- 
valent organic radicle. P. -blue. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. P. -brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Phenylia (fe-nil' ' -eah). Same as Anilin. 

Phenylic (fe-nil' -ik) [<j>oiv/£, purple-red]. Pertaining 
to phenyl. Same as Phenic. P. Acid. Synonym 
of Carbolic Acid. P. Alcohol. Synonym of Car- 
bolic Acid. 

Pheocyst (fe'-o-sisi) \jpa16c, dusky; k'votic, bladder]. 
Decaisne's term for the nucleus of a vegetable cell. 

Pheomyelitis (fe-o-jni-el-i' -tis) \jpawc, gray; fivEAoc, 
marrow; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
gray matter of the spinal cord. 

Phial (fi'-al) \6ta\t), a saucer]. A small glass bottle. 

Phialine (fi'-al-in) [(piaAr/, a saucer, or patera]. In 
biology, saucer-shaped. 

Philanthrope (fil'-an-throp) [<pi?.dv6puTroc , humane]. 
A philanthropist. 

Philanthropic (fil-an-throp'-ik)\j>iXavdpuiroc, humane]. 
Pertaining to philanthropy ; benevolent. 

Philanthropism (fil-an' ' -thro-pizm) . Same as Phil- 
anthropy. 

Philanthropist ( fil-an'- thro -pist) [(p/AavOpuTroc, hu- 
mane]. One who loves mankind. 

Philanthropy (fil-an' -thro-pe) [oUiavOpu-oc, humane]. 
The love of mankind ; benevolence ; charity. 

Philermum (fil-ur'-mum). Synonym of Mercaptan. 

Philetron (fi-le'-tron) . Synonym of Philtrum. 

Philiater (fil'-e-a-ter) \J>iAe'lv, to love; laTpoc, physi- 
cian]. An amateur student of medical science; a 
non-professional observer of disease-phenomena. 

Phillips' Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Philcenia (fil-e r -ne-ali) [tyilelv, to love; olvoc, wine]. 
Morbid addiction to strong drink. 

Philogynist (fil-oj' -in-ist) \jp1AE~1v, to love ; ywf], 
women]. A lover of women ; the opposite of misogy- 
nist. 



Philogyny (fil-oj'-in-e)\§iAEiv, to love; yvvr/, women]. 
Admiration for women ; the opposite of misogyny. 

Philomimesia (fil-o-mi-mc' -ze-ah) \_(j)tXelv, to love; 
pipi/aic, imitation]. A morbid or insane love of 
mimicry. 

Philomimetic (fil - o - mi- met'- ik) [tfrikeiv, to love; 
ui/ui/atc;, imitation]. Characterized by philomimesia. 

Philoneism (fil-o-ne / -izm)\_<ptAeeiv , to love ; vkoq, new]. 
Abnormal love of novelty ; the reverse of misoneism. 

Philopatridalgia (fil-o-pa-trid-al'-je-ah) [fiAelv, to 
love; TiaTpic, fatherland; aAyoq, pain]. Homesick- 
ness, or nostalgia. 

Philopatridomania (fil-o-pa-trid-o-ma'-ne-ah) \J>iAeIv, 
to love ; narpi.c, fatherland ; jiav'ia, madness]. An 
insane desire to return home; excessive nostalgia, or 
homesickness. 

Philosopher (fil - os'- -fer) \_(j>iAelv, to love; aotpta, 
wisdom]. A metaphysician; one who is devoted to 
philosophy. 

Philosophic (fil-o-sof'-ik) [ipiAelv, to love ; ao<j>ia, wis- 
dom]. Pertaining to philosophy. 

Philosophy (fil-os'-o-fe) \jpiAelv, to love ; aoipia, wis- 
dom]. The coordination of human knowledge. 
Science in its widest sense ; also, any important branch 
of science. P., Natural. See Physics. P., Positive, 
Comteism, or the philosophy of Auguste Comte. 

Philter, Philtre (fil'-ter) \jpilTpov, a love-charm]. A 
love-potion ; a preparation supposed to be efficacious 
in exciting sexual passion. 

Philtrum (fil'-trum) \§i"ATpov, a love-charm]. The 
depression on the surface of the skin of the upper 
lip immediately below the septum of the nose. Also, 
the same as Filter. 

Philydrous (fil-i'-drus) \JhAeIv, to love; vdup, water]. 
In biology, living in or frequenting water. 

Philypostrophous (fil-ip-os' -tro-fus) \jpikelv, to love ; 
v-6aTpo<l>oc, turning back]. Recurring, as of a dis- 
ease. 

Phimosientomy (fi-mo-se-en' '-to-me) \jptfiovv, to con- 
strict ; evto/it/, incision]. Incision of a constricted 
prepuce. 

Phimosis (fi-mo'-sis) \jpifiovv, to constrict]. Elonga- 
tion of the prepuce and constriction of the orifice, so 
that the foreskin cannot be retracted to uncover the 
glans penis. P. oris, narrowing of the opening of 
the mouth. P. palpebrarum. Synonym of Blepharo- 
phimosis. P. vaginalis, atresia of the vagina. 

Phlasma (fiaz' -mah) \jplaana, bruise]. Synonym of 
Contusion. 

Phleb- (fieb-) \jpAkip, vein]. A prefix meaning vein. 

Phlebangioma (fieb- an-je-o' -mah) [cbAcip, vein ; ayyelov, 
vessel; b/ia, tumor]. A venous aneurysm. 

Phlebarteriectasia (fieb-ar-te-re-ek-ta' -ze-ah) \jpXtip, 
vein; dprrjpia, artery; mraaig, dilatation]. Varicose 
aneurysm. 

Phlebarteriodialysis (fleb-ar-te-re-o-di-al' '-is-is) [<*2£i/'> 
vein; aprr/pia, artery; tiialvaig, separation]. Arterio- 
venous aneurysm. 

Phlebectasia, Phlebectasis (fieb-ek-ta' -ze-ah, fieb- 
ek'-tas-is) [fAeip, vein; EKTaaic, dilatation]. Dilatation 
of a vein or veins. See Varix. P. haemorrhoid- 
alis. Synonym of Hemorrhoid. 

Phlebectomy (fieb-ek' -to-me) \jj>7^eib, vein ; kuTOfiij, 
excision]. Excision of a vein or portion of a vein. 

Phlebectopia (fieb-eh-to'-pe-ah) [(pAeip, vein ; ek, out ; 
t6ttuc, place]. The displacement or abnormal position 
of a vein. 

Phlebemphraxis (fleb-em-fraks' -is) \_<j>AEip, vein ; ip<p- 
pa^ic, obstruction]. Plugging of a vein. 

Phlebepatitis (fieb-ep-at-i'-tis) [</>Afi/;, vein ; Tjirap, 
liver; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the portal 
or hepatic veins. 



PHLEBEURISMA 



1068 



PHLEGMASIA 



Phrebeurisma {fleb-u-riz 1 -mah). Synonym of Varix. 

Phlebic {fleb'-ik) [QAexj), vein]. Venous. 

Phlebin (fleb' '-in) {_<j>Ai^>, vein]. Hoppe-Seyler's term 
for the venous blood-pigment as contained in the red 
corpuscles. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Phlebion (fleb' -e-on) [(p'teip, vein]. A small vein, or 
venule. 

Phlebismus (fleb-iz'-mus) [yleip, vein]. Undue prom- 
inence or swelling of a vein. 

Phlebitic (fleb-if -ik) [<p'A£if>, vein ; (tvc, inflammation]. 
Pertaining to, of the nature of, or affected with phlebitis. 

Phlebitis (fleb-i'-tis) [ipAiip, vein ; mc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of a vein. P., Crural, inflammation of 
the veins of the lower limb. See Phlegmasia alba 
dolens. P., Gouty, that dependent on gout. P., 
Hyperplastic. Synonym of P., Proliferative. P., 
Obstructive, phlebitis leading to occlusion of the 
vein. P., Portal. Synonym of Pylephlebitis. P., 
Proliferative, inflammation of a vein character- 
ized by hyperplasia of the connective tissue of the 
vessel. It may be due to thrombosis — thrombo- 
phlebitis, or to inflammation of the surrounding tissue 
— periphlebitis. P., Puerperal, inflammation of 
the uterine veins following parturition. It gen- 
erally follows thrombosis and is nearly always sep- 
tic in origin. P., Sclerotic, diffuse or localized 
thickening of the intima of a vein, analogous to ar- 
teriosclerosis. P., Simple, phlebitis not due to micro- 
organisms. P., Sinus, inflammation of a cerebral 
venous sinus. P., Suppurative, phlebitis going on 
to suppuration ; this is a dangerous form on account 
of the distribution of septic emboli to distant organs 
that may take place. P., Syphilitic, phlebitis due 
to syphilis, generally seen in the portal radicles and 
umbilical veins of syphilitic new-born children. P., 
Tuberculous, a round-celled infiltration in the walls of 
a vein, due to the presence of the tubercle-bacillus. 
It may proceed to induration of the wall or to casea- 
tion ; it may also burst through the intima into the 
blood-stream. P., Uterine. See P., Puerperal. P., 
Varicose, inflammation of a varicose vein. 

Phlebocarcinoma (fleb-o-kar-sin-o' -mah) \_<pik^>, vein ; 
Kapnivuiia, carcinoma]. Extension of carcinoma to 
the walls of a vein. 

Phlebocholosis (fleb-o-ko-lo'-sis) \jpAei\>, a vein; ^wAtxttc, 
lameness]. Paralysis of the veins. 

Phlebodes (fleb-o' -dez) \J>Ai\p, vein ; elSoc, like]. Re- 
sembling a vein ; made up of veins. 

Phlebodiastasis (fleb-o-di-as' -tas-is) [(pAeip, vein ; dtdo- 
raaic, separation]. Separation of the ends of a cut 
vein ; also, separation of two normally contiguous 
veins. 

Phlebogenous ( fleb-oj' -en-its') {_(j>Aei}i, a vein; ytvrjc, 
producing]. Producing veins ; a term applied to 
certain angiomatous tumors. 

Phlebogram [fleb' -o-grani) \_<pA£ip, vein ; ypappa, a 
marking]. A tracing of the pulsation of a vein by 
the sphygmograph. 

Phlebographic (fleb-o-graf'-ii) \_<bAeip, vein ; ypaQeiv, 
to unite]. Pertaining to phlebography. 

Phlebography (fleb-og'-ra-fe) [jpAe^i, vein ; ypatbeiv, 
to write]. The anatomy and physiology of the veins. 

Phleboid (fleb'-oid) [fAef, vein; chhc, like]. Per- 
taining to a vein. See also Phlebodes. 

Phleboidal (fleb-oi'-dal) [mAeip, vein ; eMof, form]. In 
biology, resembling veins. 

Phlebolite, Phlebolith (fleb'-o-lit, fleb' -o-lith) \<p7H>, 
vein ; AlOac, stone]. Vein-stone, a hard concretion 
sometimes found in veins, and produced by calcareous 
infiltration of a thrombus. 

Phlebolithiasis (fleb-o-lith-i'-as-is) \jp7<£il>, vein ; AWoc, 
stone]. The formation of phleboliths. 



Phlebolitic (fleb-o-lit'-ik) \_<p~Ahj>, a vein ; A'Soc, a stone]. 
Of the nature of, containing, or characterized by, 
phlebolites. 

Phlebologic {fleb - o - lo/'-ik) [_<i>A£ip, a vein; '/6)oc, 
science]. Pertaining to phlebology. 

Phlebology (fleb-ol'-o-Je) \jl>Ai^>, vein ; Aoyoc, science]. 
The science of the anatomy and physiology of the 
veins. 

Phlebometritis (fleb-o-met-ri'-tis). Synonym of Phleb- 
itis, Uterine. 

Phlebopaly {fleb- op'- al- e) [o/'ii/') vein; iraXkeiv, to 
beat]. Venous pulsation. 

Phlebophlogosis {fleb- o -flo-go'- sis). Synonym of 
Phlebitis. 

Phlebophthalmotomy ( fleb-off-thal-mot' -o-me) [<pAeip, 
vein; opdaApoc, eye ; ropij, a cutting]. Scarification 
of the conjunctival vein. 

Phleboplerosis {flcb-o-ple-ro' -sis) [tyAe-ty, a vein ; ttAj/- 
ptjatc, a filling]. Distention of the veins. 

Phleborrhage (fleb'-or-aj). See Phleborrhagia. 

Phleborrhagia {fleb-or-a'-je-ah) [tpAi-iji, vein; piryvvvai, 
to burst forth]. Venous hemorrhage. 

Phleborrhexis {fleb-or-eks 1 ' -is) \_<fAkty, vein ; pf/^ic, rup- 
ture]. Rupture of a vein. 

Phlebosclerosis {fleb- o - skle -ro'- sis). Synonym of 
Phlebitis, Sclerotic. 

Phlebostenosis (fleb-o-sten-o'-sis) [_<t>Aeip, vein ; arevdc, 
narrow]. Constriction of a vein. 

Phlebostrepsis (fleb-o-strep'-sis) \_<pA'eip, vein ; arpexpic, 
a twisting]. Torsion, or twisting, of a vein. 

Phlebothrombosis {fleb-o-throm-bo' -sis) [(pAeip, vein ; 
6p6p(3or, lump]. The formation of a thrombus in a vein. 

Phlebotomania {fleb-ot-o-ma' '-ne-ah)[(j>Aiip , vein ; Top.ii, 
a cutting ; pavia, madness]. A rage for blood-letting; 
excessive fondness for phlebotomy. 

Phlebotome (fleb'-o-tom) [fAiip, vein ; ropi], a cutting]. 
A cutting-instrument used in bleeding ; a fleam. 

Phlebotomic ( fleb-o-tom' -ik) \_§A'et\), a vein ; ropij, a cut- 
ting]. Pertaining to phlebotomy. 

Phlebotomist (fleb-ot'-o-mist) \_<j>Atip, vein ; ropi], a 
cutting]. One who lets blood ; a bleeder. 

Phlebotomy {fleb-ot'-o-me) [fAeip, vein ; ropij, a cut- 
ting]. Blood-letting from a vein. It was formerly 
performed with a spring-lancet ; at present a straight 
bistoury or a scalpel is used. The vein most often 
selected is the median cephalic at the bend of the 
elbow. 

Phlebs {flebs) [<pAeif>, a vein : //. , Phlebes\ Vein. 

Phlebypectasia {Jleb-ip-ek-ta' -ze-ah) [cpAcijj, vein ; v-6, 
slight; inraaic, dilatation]. Slight distention of a 
vein. 

Phlebyperectasia {fleb-i-per-ek-ta' -ze-ah) [<p/et/», vein ; 
tW p, excessive ; suraac, dilation]. Great distention 
of the veins. 

Phlebypostenosis (flcb-ip-os-ten-o'-sis) [6?iif>, vein; 
vto, slight; arevbc, narrow]. Slight constriction of a 
vein. 

Phledonia (fle - do'- ne - ah) [ipAedoveia, babble]. De- 
lirium, or delirious utterance. 

Phlegm ( flem) \_<j>Aiypa, phlegm], A viscid, stringy 
mucus, secreted by the mucosa of the upper air-pas- 
sages and which is expectorated or vomited ; also, one 
of the four humors of old writers. 

Phlegmagogic {fleg - mag - oj' - ik) [o'/tjpa, phlegm ; 
d}'<j} of, leading]. Having the qualities of a phlegma- 
gogue ; tending to expel phlegm. 

Phlegmagogue {fleg' - mag- og) [o'/iyia, phlegm; 
ayu} (if, leading]. I. Expelling phlegm. 2. A med- 
icine that expels phlegm. 

Phlegmasia (flcg-ma' -ze-ah) \jf/iyuv, to burn]. In- 
flammation. P. alba dolens., popularly called 
milk-leg. A painful swelling of the leg, beginning 



PHLEGM ASIC 



1069 



PHLVCTENOSIS 



either at the ankle and ascending, or at the groin and 
extending down the thigh. Its usual cause is septic 
infection of the genital region after labor. Two forms 
are described : The most common and most dangerous 
is a thrombosis of the veins of the thigh ; the other 
involves the connective tissues and lymphatic vessels. 
The dangers of the first form are embolism, general 
infection, or the extension of the thrombus into the 
inferior cava. P. malabarica. Synonym of Ele- 
phantiasis arabum. 

Phlegmasic [fleg-ma'-zik) \jpAiyetv, to burn]. Char- 
acterized by or pertaining to phlegmasia. P. Affec- 
tion, Gouley's term for a morbid process, one of the 
local nutritional changes, which, when visible and 
tangible, is ordinarily characterized by heat, redness, 
swelling, and pain, and which is now believed to 
be generally caused by microbic invasion. 

Phlegmatic [fleg-?nat'-ik) [(pAeyfiarinoc, like phlegm]. 
Unfeeling, indifferent, apathetic. Abounding in 
phlegm. P. Temperament, the lymphatic tempera- 
ment. 

Phlegmatoid (fleg'-mat-oid). Synonym of Phlegmatotts. 

Phlegmatorrhagia [fteg-?nat-or-a' -je-ah) \jfAeyfia, in- 
flammation ; pjjyvvvai, to burst forth]. Coryza. 

Phlegmatorrhea [fieg-tiuit-or-e'-ah). Synonym of 
Phlegmatorrhagia. 

Phlegmatous (fleg'-mal-us) [_<j>Ah/fja, inflammation]. 
Pertaining to or having the nature of phlegm. 

Phlegmon (fleg'-mon) [(pAey/iovi/, inflammation]. An 
inflammation characterized by the spreading of a pur- 
ulent or fibrino-purulent exudate within the tissues. 

Phlegmonoid {fleg'- mon- oid) [cpAEyfzovoeidi/g, like 
phlegmon]. Resembling phlegmon. 

Phlegmonous {fleg'-nion-us) \j>Xeyfiovri, inflammation]. 
Of the nature of or pertaining to phlegmon. 

Phlegmorrhagia (fleg-mor-a'-je-ah). Synonym of 
Phlegmorrhea. 

Phlegmorrhea [fleg-mor-e'-ah) [/pAey/ia, phlegm; poia, 
a flow]. A profuse discharge of mucus. 

Phlegmymen {fleg-mi'-meri) [(pAey/ia, phlegm ; vfitjv, 
membrane]. Mucous membrane. 

Phlegmymenitis (fleg-mi-men-i'-tis) \jpAeyfia, phlegm; 
ii/ii/v, membrane ; itlc, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of a mucous membrane. 

Phlobaphene (flo'-baf-en), C 60 H 46 O 25 . A dark-red 
amorphous substance derived from hops, from the bark 
of various trees, and from sugar by the action of vari- 
ous chemicals. See Oak-bark, and Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Phloem (flo'-em) [_<pAoiog, bark]. In biology, that por- 
tion of a fibro-vascular bundle which consists of bast- 
tissue and sieve-tissue ; leptome. Cf. Xylem. P. -ray, 
a plate of phloem-tissue between two medullary rays. 
P. -sheath, in biology, a layer of thin-walled cells 
surrounding the phloem-tissue ; bast-sheath ; peri- 
phloem ; vascular-bundle sheath. P.-tissue, phloem. 

Phlogia (fto'-je-ah) \jj>Aoyia, a burning]. Inflammation. 

Phlogistic (flo-jis'-tik) \J>?ioyiar6c, burnt]. Pertaining 
to phlogiston ; inflammatory. 

Phlogiston (fto-jis'-lon) \ffAoyLaj6q, burnt]. A term 
formerly used by chemists to denote the inflammable 
element which was contained in combustible sub- 
stances, and which was separated from them during 
combustion. The term disappeared with the discovery 
of oxygen. 

Phlogmocausus (flog-mo-kaw'-sus) \j>?ioyiioc, flame ; 
Xavaoc, burning heat]. Inflammatory fever. 

Phlogochroma (ftog-o-kro'-mah) [(jiAoyog, burning; 
Xpufxa, color]. The color due to inflammation. 

Phlogochymia {ftog-o-ki' '-me-ah) \j>Aoy6$, burning ; 
nvfieia, chemistry]. The metabolic changes induced 
by inflammation. 



Phlogogenic (fiog-o-fen'-ik) [<fth>y6r, burning ; yevvav, 
to produce]. Causing inflammation. 

Phlogogenous {flo-goj 1 -en-us) [c^Loyoc, burning; ytvrjc, 
producing]. Producing inflammation. 

Phlogoma (f/o-go'-mah) [ifAoyoc, burning; bjia, tumor]. 
An inflammatory swelling. 

Phlogopyra (flo-gop'-ir-ah). Synonym of Phlogo- 
causus. 

Phlogosin (flo-go'-zin) [tyhoi; (<pAoy-), flame; tyAoyuatt; , 
inflammation]. In biology, the name given by Leber 
to the crystalline body isolated from cultures of pyo- 
genic staphylococci. It induces suppuration when 
injected hypodermatically. 

Phlogosis ( /lo-go'-sis) \jp\6yuaic, a burning]. Inflam- 
mation ; also erysipelatous inflammation. 

Phlogotic [flo-got'-ik) \jf>Aoy6q, burning]. Pertaining 
to or marked by phologosis, or inflammation. 

Phlogozelotism (Jlo-go-zel'-ot-izm) [(pXoyog, burning ; 
r r/?.oiiv, to be eager]. A mania for ascribing to every 
disease an inflammatory origin. 

Phloraglucin (flo-rag-lu'-sin). See Phloroglucin. 

Phloretin {flor-e f -tin) \_<fkoioc, bark; pi r a, root]. A 
product of the treatment of phloridzin by dilute acids. 
Like that of phloridzin, its administration in suitable 
doses is followed by glycosuria or true diabetes. 

Phloretinic Acid {ftor-et-in' -ik). See Acid. 

Phloridzin, Phlorizin [flor-id'-zin, flor'-iz-in) [flowc, 
bark; pL r a, root], C 21 H 24 O 10 .2H 2 O. A bitter crys- 
talline glucosid occurring in the root and trunk of 
the apple, pear, and similar fruit-trees. It has re- 
puted value in intermittent fevers and in glycosuria. 
Its exhibition is, however, very liable to cause glyco- 
suria or true diabetes. In dogs large doses also pro- 
duce marked fatty infiltration of the liver. Dose gr. 
10-20. Unof. 

Phloroglucin [flo-ro-glu' -sin) \jpMi6c , bark ; jAvkvc, 
sweet], C 6 H 6 3 , or C 6 H 3 (OH) 3 . A trivalent phenol 
found in many plants, especially in the bark of the 
cherry, pear, apple, and plum, and the leaves of the 
apple. It may also be obtained from different resins 
(catechu, kino) on fusion with caustic potash, or by 
fusing resorcinol with caustic soda. It crystallizes 
from water in hard, orthorhombic, yellowish crystals, 
sweeter than ordinary sugar, melting at 22° C. and 
subliming unaltered. It is employed as a test for 
lignin, giving a violet or purple coloration to lignified 
cell-walls previously acted on by hydrochloric acid. 
It is also employed as a decalcifying agent. See 
Stains, Table of, and Tests, Table of. 

Phloroglucinol, Phloroglucol {flo-ro-glu' '-sin-ol, flo- 
ro-glu' -kol). Synonym of Phloroglucin. 

Phlorol (flo'-rol) \jfkoibq, bark ; oleum, oil], C 8 H 10 O. 
A phenol found in creasote. 

Phlorose (flo'-rdz) [pAoibc, bark]. A glucose which 
is probably identical with dextrose. 

Phlorrhizin (flor'-iz-in). Synonym of Phloridzin. 

Phloxin (floks'-in) [^Adf , a flame]. A coal-tar color; 
the potassium salt of tetra-brom-di-chlor-fluorescein. It 
is similar to eosin. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Phlyctena {ftik-te' ' -nah)\_$AvK.Taiva, blister]. An eleva- 
tion of the skin formed by an effusion of serum under 
the epidermis ; blister ; vesicle. P. pallida. See 
Ophthalmia, Spring. 

Phlyctenar (flik' '-ten-ar) \j>AVKTaiva, blister]. Affected 
with phlyctena ; pertaining to phlyctena. 

Phlyctenoid (flik'-ten-oia) [(pibnTaiva, blister; elrhc, 
like]. Resembling phlyctena. (Applied to a variety 
of herpes.) 

Phlyctenophthalmia (flik-ten-of/ '-thai 1 '-me-ah). Syn- 
onym of Conjunctivitis, Phlyctenular. 

Phlyctenosis (jlik-ten-o'-sis) \j>Ai>KTaLva, blister]. An 
eruption characterized by vesicles. P. aggregata, an 



PHLYCTENOUS 



1070 



PHONOPSIA 



herpetic eruption in which the vesicles are situated 
closely together. P. labialis. Synonym of Herpes 
labialis. P. sparsa, a form in which the vesicles are 
few and at considerable distances from each other. 

Phlyctenous ( flik-te' '-nus) \J>'KvK.Taiva, a blister]. Per- 
taining to, affected with, or of the nature of, a 
phlyctena. 

Phlyctenula (ftik-ten'-u-lah) [dim. of (fkvuTcuva, blis- 
ter]. A little vesicle or blister. 

Phlyctenular (flik-ten' -u-lar) [<j>/J>KTaiva, blister]. 
Having the nature of phlyctenula. P. Conjunctivitis, 
P. Ophthalmia. See Conjunctivitis, Phlyctenular. 

Phlyctenule ( flik-ten' -ul}. Synonym of Phlyctenula. 

Phlyctis (Jlik'-tis). Synonym of Phlyctenula. 

Phlysis (fli'-sis) [ty^vaic, eruption]. I. A phlyctenula 
2. A whitlow. 

Phlyzacion, Phlyzacium (Jli-za'-se-on, Jli-za' -se-um) 
[fikv&iv, to inflame]. A pustular vesicle on an indu- 
rated base. P. acutum. Synonym of Ecthyma 
acutum. 

Phobanthropy (fo-ban'-t/iro-pe). See Anthropophobia. 

Phobodipsia (fo-bo-dip'-se-ah) [ipojioc, fear; diipa, 
thirst]. Hydrophobia. 

Phobodypson (fo-bo-dip'-son). Synonym of Hydro- 
phobia. 

Phobophobia (fo-bo-fo'-be-ah) [0<5/3oc, fear; <p6/3oc, 
fear]. Dread of being afraid. 

Phocenin (fo' -sen-in) . Synonym of Trivalerin. 

Phocomelia {fo-ko-me'-le-ah). See Phocomelus. 

Phocomelus {fo- kovi'-el-us) [Qua?/, a seal; peXor, 
limb]. A monster with shortened or rudimentary arms 
and thighs, the hands and feet being attached almost 
directly to the trunk. 

Phceniceous (fe' '-nis-e-us) [folvi!;, purple-red]. Same 
as Phenicious. 

Phcenicin [fen'-is-in) [<fiolvt^, purple-red]. A name 
sometimes given to the coloring-matter of the blood. 

Phcenicism (fe'-nis-izm) \jpolvii;, red]. A synonym of 
Measles. 

Phcenigmus (fe-nig'-mtis) [_<polvi^, purple-red]. See 
Plienigmns. 

Phcenodin {fe' -no-dirt) \J>oivg>3t]c , blood-red]. Syno- 
nym of Hematin. 

Pholis (fo'-lis) [_(j)0Aic, a scale]. A horny scale. 

Phonal [fo'-nal) \jpovi], voice]. Pertaining to the voice 
or to sound. 

Phonascetics (fo-nas-et'-ihs) \_<puvaoK.uv, to exercise 
the voice]. Systematic exercise for the restoration 
or improvement of the voice. 

Phonate (fo'-ndt) [<j>uvr/, voice]. To utter vocal 
sounds. 

Phonation [fo-na'-shwi) [(puvij, voice, or sound]. The 
production of vocal sound. The larynx is the organ 
of phonation. 

Phonatory (fo-na'-tor-e) \^uvrj, voice]. Pertaining to 
phonation. 

Phonautogram {fo-?iaw r -to-grani) \_<$>uvr], voice ; aiir<5c, 
self; ypaupa, inscription]. The diagram of a pho- 
nautograph. 

Phonautograph {fo-na?v'-to-graf) \J>uvrj, voice; avrdr, 
self; ypaipeiv, to write]. An apparatus consisting 
essentially of a membranous diaphragm, a lever, and a 
revolving drum, by means of which the vibrations of 
the air produced by the voice are recorded. 

Phonautographic {fo-naw-to-graf -ik) [tyuvi], voice ; 
avror, self; ypaipeiv, to write]. Pertaining to a phon- 
autograph. 
Phone ( fdn) [0wi>^, sound, voice]. A vocal sound. 
Phoneidoscope (fo-ni' -do-shop) [_<poivi/, sound ; dfioc;, 
form; OKmrdv, to see]. An instrument for showing 
" the lights and shadows of musical sounds." 
Phoneidoscopic (fo-ni-do-shop'-ih) [_(j>(ovi/, sound ; 



eMoc, form ; onmreiv, to see]. Pertaining to the pho- 
neidoscope. 

Phonetic [fo-net'-ik) \jpuvij, voice]. Pertaining to 
sound. 

Phonetics (fo-net'-iks) [tjMjvq, voice]. The science of 
the voice. 

Phonic (foiz'-ih) \_<f>uv>], voice]. Pertaining to the voice 
or to articulate sounds of the voice. P. Spasm, a 
rare form of laryngeal spasm occurring on attempts to 
speak, generally in those of a neurotic habit, or from 
over-exertion of the voice. 

Phonics (fon'-ihs). Synonym of Phonetics. 

Phonism (fo'-nizm) \_§wvi], voice].. A sensation, of 
sound or hearing, due to the effect of sight, touch, 
taste, or smell, or even to the thought of some object, 
person, or general conception. 

Phonocamptic {fo-no-kamp 1 '-tik) [_ipuvij, voice ; m/nr- 
roq, a bending]. Reflecting or deflecting sound. 

Phonocamptics (fo-no-hamp' -tihs) [cjiuvr), sound; 
/ca/xn-rdc, bending]. That branch of physics treating 
of the reflection of sound. 

Phonochorda (fo-no-hor'-dah) \_<f>uvi], sound ; x°P&'l> 
cord: pi., Phonockordce~\. A vocal band. 

Phonogram (fo / -no-gram) [jpuvr), voice; ypappa, a 
writing]. I. The record of a phonograph. 2. A 
graphic character representing a vocal sound. 

Phonograph {fo'-no-graf) \jpuvi], sound ; ypatyzw, to 
record]. An instrument consisting of a wax-coated 
cylinder revolving under a stylus attached to a dia- 
phragm. The vibrations of the diaphragm, set in mo- 
tion by the voice, cause the cylinder to be indented by 
the stylus. When the cylinder is again revolved the 
movement of the stylus upon the cylinder throws the 
diaphragm into vibration and reproduces the original 
sounds of the voice. 

Phonographic (fo-no-graf -ih) \jpuvrj, sound ; ypa/psiv, 
to write] Pertaining to the phonograph. 

Phonography (fo-nog'-ra-fe) \_<j>uvt), sound ; ypdipsiv, 
to write]. A scheme of short-hand writing in which 
the words are spelled according to their sounds. 

Phonologic (fo-no-loj'-ih) \jj>uvij, voice; X6yog, sci- 
ence]. Pertaining to phonology. 

Phonologist ( fo-nol' -o-jisf) \jpuvt), voice ; /Ufyoc, sci- 
ence]. One versed in phonology. 

Phonology ( fo-nol' -o-je) [jpuvrj, voice; 7i6yog, science]. 
The science of vocal sounds. 

Phonomania ( fo-no-ma' -ne-ah) [(puvi/, slaughter ; pavia, 
madness]. Homicidal mania. 

Phonometer (fo-nom'-et-er) \_<puvi], voice; perpov, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the intensity 
of the voice, or current of air expired during phona- 
tion. 

Phonometry {fo-nom'-et-re) \jpuvij, voice; perpnv, 
measure]. The measurement of the quality of the 
voice in thoracic disease. 

Phononosus (fo-non'-o-stes). Synonym of Phonopathy. 

Phonopathy (fo-nop'-alh-e) \jpuv?), voice; iratioc;, dis- 
ease]. Any disorder or disease of the voice. 

Phonophobia (fo-no-fo'-be-ah) \jjhjvt], sound; tyofioq, 
fear]. A fear of speaking, in paresthesia of the lar- 
ynx, because of the painful sensation produced during 
phonation. 

Phonophore ( fo'-no-for) [<puvrj, sound; ipopdc, bearing: 
pi., Phonophori\ An auditory ossicle, viewed as a 
transmitter of sound. See P. , Paladinds. P., Pal- 
adino's, an instrument to facilitate hearing, consist- 
ing in a rod which connects the larynx of the speaker 
with the teeth of the listener. 

Phonophorous (fo-nof'-or-us) \jpux>ij, voice; <p6poq, 
bearing]. Conveying sound. 

Phonopore [fo'-no-por). Same as Phonophore. 

Phonopsia [fo-nop'-se-ah) \_<?uvtj, sound ; 6i/'<c, vision]. 



PHONOSPASM 



1071 



PHOSPHORESCENCE 



The perception of photisms or subjective color-sensa- 
tions, due to the actual sensation of hearing. 

Phonospasm (fo'-no-spazm). Synonym of Phonic 
Spas/i i. 

Phoradendron (fo-rad-cn 1 '-droit) [o<jp> thief; dtvdpov, 
tree]. A genus of apetalous plants including the 
mistletoe. P. flavescens, American Mistletoe, para- 
sitic on the elm and hickory. It is poisonous, pro- 
ducing gastro-enteritis ; it is also said to possess 
oxytocic and hemostatic properties. 

Phoranthium ( fo-ran' -the-itni) (<j>opoc, bearing ; avOoc, 
flower: //. , Phoranthia\ Same as Clinanthium. 

Phormia (for'-me-ah). Same as Pseudomorphin. 

Phorometer (fo - rom' '- et - er) \jpopa, motion ; fihpov, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the intensity 
of light ; also one for measuring the relative strengths 
of the ocular muscles. 

Phorone (fo'-ron), C 9 H u O. A substance prepared by 
saturating acetone with HC1 and permitting it to stand. 
It crystallizes in large, yellow prisms, melting at 28 
C. and boiling at 196 C. 

Phoronomia, Phoronomics (for-o-no' -me-ah, for-o- 
nom'-iks). Same as Plioronomy. 

Phoronomy (fo-ron'-o-me) [<popa, motion; vopog, law]. 
Kinematics. Also, the sequence of movements of 
the presenting part in the passage of the fetus through 
the parturient canal. 

Phosgen, Phosgene (fos'-jen, fos'-jeit) \f>ac, light; 
ysvvav, to produce]. Producing light. P. Gas, CO- 
Cl 2 , carbonyl chlorid ; a compound formed by the ac- 
tion of light on a mixture of carbonic oxid and chlorin ; 
it is a colorless gas with a suffocative odor ; on cooling 
it condenses to a liquid that boils at -j- 8° C. 

Phosphammonium (fos -fam - o'- ne - uni) [(paixpdpoc, 
phosphorus ; ammoniu»i\. A compound of the radicles 
phosphonium and ammonium. 

Phosphane Biscuits. A chemic food prepared in 
England from oat-meal. 

Phosphanilin (fos-fan' '-il-in) \f>ua^6poc, phosphorus ; 
aniliit\, C 6 H 5 .PH 2 . Phenylphosphin ; a substance 
obtained by the action of hydriodic acid upon phos- 
phenyl chlorid. It is a liquid, boiling at 160 C. in a 
current of hydrogen, and possessing an extremely dis- 
agreeable odor. It sinks in water. 

Phosphate (fos' -fat) \_<puc(p6pac, phosphorus]. A salt of 
phosphoric acid. As phosphoric acid has three re- 
placeable hydrogen atoms, we have three kinds of salts : 
(1) P., Normal, in which the three hydrogen atoms, 
or the six of two molecules, are substituted by metals, 
e.g., NagP0 4 , Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 . (2) P., Dibasic, or P., 
Monohydric, in which two hydrogen atoms are re- 
placed by a base, as Na 2 HP0 4 . (3) P., Monobasic, 
or P., Dihydric, in which only one hydrogen atom of 
the acid molecule is replaced by a metal or radicle, e. 
g., NaH 2 P0 4 . P., Acid, a dihydric or monohydric 
phosphate. P., Acid Sodium, the salt to which the 
acidity of urine is chiefly due. P., Alkaline, a nor- 
mal or acid phosphate of the alkaline metals. P., 
Ammonio-magnesium, a double salt of ammonium 
and magnesium combined with phosphoric acid. P., 
Bone, Ca :i (P0 4 ) 2 , the normal calcium ortho-phosphate 
found in bone. P., Disodic, the phosphate of the 
blood. P., Earthy, a phosphate, normal or acid, of 
one of the alkaline earths, calcium or magnesium. 
Earthy phosphates, as well as the alkaline, occur in 
the urine, the ratio being about one part of the 
former to two of the latter. For test, see Tests, 
Table of . P., Triple, ammonio-magnesium phosphate, 
occurring in the urine, often in the form of crystals, 
generally in the shape of a coffin, hip-roof, or en- 
velop. See Urinary Sediments, Table of. 

Phosphatic (fos-fat' -ik) [<po)a<j>6pog, phosphorus]. Re- 



lating to or having the nature of phosphates. P. Cal- 
culus. See Urinary Calculi, Table of. P. Dia- 
betes. See Diabetes mellitus. P. Diathesis, that 
condition of the body favoring the deposition of phos- 
phates in the urine. 

Phosphatid {fos' '-fat-id) \_<pix>o<p6poc, phosphorus]. Any 
member of a large group of phosphorus-compounds, 
found in brain-substance, and resembling the phos- 
phates. They contain phosphoric acid in which one, 
two, or three molecules of hydroxyl are replaced by 
various radicles. The phosphatids differ widely from 
each other in physical properties. 

Phosphaturia (fos-fat-u' -re-ah) \_(p(jo(j>6poc, phosphorus ; 
ovpov, urine]. A condition in which an excess of 
phosphates is passed in the urine. It can be diagnos- 
ticated by a quantitative analysis of the urine for 
phosphates by the uranium method. 

Phosphene (fos' -fen) \f>uc, light ; tpaiveiv, to show]. 
A subjective luminous circle or sensation of light 
caused by pressure upon the eyeball. See also Par- 
atolyl. P. of Accommodation, a phosphene pro- 
duced by the effort of accommodation. P., Pressure. 
See Phosphene. 

Phosphenylic Acid (fos-fen-il'-ik) [(jtuofdpor, phos- 
phorus; (piiivil;, purple-red], C 6 H 5 H 2 P0 3 . A com- 
pound of phenyl and phosphorous acid. 

Phosphid (fos' -fid) [fuo<t>6poc, phosphorus]. I. Any 
compound of phosphorus with a single element or 
radicle. 2. A substitution compound of phosphin. 

Phosphin ( fos' -fin) [(puoQopoc , phosphorus]. I. Hydro- 
gen phosphid, PH 3 . 2. A substitution-compound of 
PH S , bearing to it the same relation that an amin does 
to ammonia. The phosphins are colorless, strongly- 
refracting, volatile liquids, possessing an extremely 
powerful odor. They are nearly insoluble in water. 
On exposure to air they are energetically oxidized, 
and usually inflame spontaneously. They readily 
combine with sulphur and carbon disulphid. They 
form salts with acids. 3. A yellow substance occur- 
ring as a by-product in the preparation of fuchsin. 

Phosphite (fos' -fit) [Qcoffcpdpoc, phosphorus]. Any salt 
of phosphorous acid. On account of the three re- 
placeable hydrogen atoms, we have normal, dibasic or 
monohydric, and monobasic or dihydric phosphites, of 
which the first are least known. 

Phospho-glyceric Acid (fos-fo-glis-e'-rik) [<pa)c$6poc, 
phosphorus ; ylvuvc, sweet], C 3 H 9 PO s . A liquid body 
obtained from lecithin. 

Phosphonium (fos-fo' -ne-um) \jpuoip6poc, phosphorus]. 
The hypothetic, univalent radicle, PH 4 ; it is analo- 
gous to ammonium, NH 4 . 

Phosphorated (fos'-for-a-ted) \_<puo<f>6poc, phosphorus]. 
Synonym of Phosphorized . P. Oil, a one per cent, 
solution of phosphorus in expressed oil of almonds, 
with the addition of a small quantity of ether. 

Phosphorenesis (fos-for-en'-es-is ) [$ua<p6p<.ic, phos- 
phorus : //. , Phosphoreneses~]. Baumer's name desig- 
nating any disease due to excess or deficiency of calcium 
phosphate in the system. 

Phosphorescence (fos-for-es'-ens ) [<f>u(j<p6poc, phos- 
phorus]. The spontaneous luminosity of certain sub- 
stances, like that of phosphorus, in the dark. It is 
observed in decomposing organic matter, such as dead 
fish, wood, etc. ; in the bodies of certain plants and 
animals, such as the marigold, fire-fly ; in the excreta 
of some animals ; in the growth of several species of 
bacteria; in natural or artificial media. The process 
is accompanied by oxidation. Several bacteria are 
known to produce phosphorescence. Thus, the Bacillus 
phosphorescens (P'ischer) is found in the sea-water of 
the West Indies. Another phosphorescent organism 
was found by Fischer in the harbor of Kiel. The 



PHOSPHORETED 



1072 



PHOSPHOTAGE 



most common is the Bacleriumphosphoresce>is(Yischer) , 
which occurs on the decomposing flesh of fishes, on 
beef, or fat. The Photobacterium sarcophihun also 
has the property of producing phosphorescence. See 
Photogenic. 

Phosphoreted (fos'-for-et-ed) \_<pua<j>6poc t phosphorus]. 
Combined with phosphorus. 

Phosphorhidrosis (fos-for-hid-ro'-sis) [0&ic, light; 
(pope'iv, to bear; «lp<jf, sweat]. Phosphorescent sweat. 
A rare condition sometimes seen in the later stages of 
pulmonary tuberculosis and in malaria. 

Phosphoric {fos-for'-ik) [0£>c, light; tyopog, bearing]. 
Pertaining to phosphorus. P. Acid. See Acids and 
Stains, Table of. 

Phosphoridrosis (for-for-id-ro'-sis). See Phosphor- 
hidrosis. 

Phosphorism (fos / -for-izm) [<j>uo<p6poc, phosphorus]. 
Chronic phosphorus-poisoning. 

Phosphorized (fos'-for-izd) [<j>aio<p6poc , phosphorus]. 
Containing phosphorus. 

Phosphorogenic (fos-for-o-jen' -ik) \_<puo<p6puc;, phos- 
phorus ; ytvvav, to generate]. Producing phosphores- 
cence, as certain rays of the spectrum. 

Phosphorous Acid [fos-for'-us). See Acid. 

Phosphoruria (fos-for-u' -re-ah)\jpuo(p6poc, phosphorus ; 
ovpov, urine]. Phosphorescence of the urine. Also, 
urine containing an excess of phosphates. 

Phosphorus (fos / ' -for-us) \jpZ>s, light ; (popelv, to bear]. 
A non-metallic element, having a quantivalence of 
3 or 5, and an atomic weight of 31. Symbol P. See 
Elements, Table of. Phosphorus does not occur in the 
free state, but is widely distributed in rocks, in fertile 
soils, in animal and vegetable tissues, in urine and in 
guano. The human body contains a large quantity of 
calcium phosphate, in the form of complex organic 
compounds. Phosphorus is an important constituent 
of nervous tissue. In commerce it is prepared from 
bone-ash, or from sombrerite, an impure calcium phos- 
phate found in West Indian guano. Phosphorus may 
be obtained in several allotropic forms. Orditiary 
phosphorus is a yellowish-white, waxy solid, of a spe- 
cific gravity of 1. 837. It melts at 44. 2° C, and boils 
at 290 C. It is insoluble in water, soluble to a slight 
extent in olive-oil and in ether, freely in carbon disul- 
phid. Red or amorphous phosphorus is formed when 
ordinary phosphorus is heated to 240 C. in an atmos- 
phere free from oxygen ; also by the addition of a trace 
of iodin at 200°C. It is a dark-red powder, having a spe- 
cific gravity of 2. 11, insoluble in carbon disulphid, non- 
inflammable, non-luminous, non-poisonous. Metallic 
rhombohedral phosphorus is an allotropic form produced 
by heating phosphorus in a sealed tube with melted lead. 
Its specific gravity is 2.34. Other modifications have 
been described. Phosphorus combines with other ele- 
ments to formphosphids, with hydrogen and oxygen to 
form a series of acids, known chiefly through their salts. 
Medicinally, phosphorus is used as an alterative in osteo- 
malacia and in rickets. It is also employed in sexual im- 
potence, in threatened cerebral degeneration, and in 
neuralgia. Dose T -J ff to ^ grain. Ordinary phosphorus 
is exceedingly poisonous ; it causes a wide-spread fatty 
degeneration, most marked in the liver. Vomiting is 
one of the earliest symptoms, the material ejected being 
generally luminous in the dark. Jaundice appears 
usually within 36 hours, sometimes, however, much 
later. The liver is at first enlarged, but subsequently 
diminishes in size. Cerebral symptoms of an intense 
type occur — wild delirium, convulsions, coma. Death 
is generally due to failure of respiration and circulation. 
The urine in phosphorus-poisoning is albuminous, con- 
tains bile acids and pigments, and leucin and tyrosin. 
The treatment of phosphorus-poisoning consists in the 



administration of emetics and purgatives and of the 
antidote — copper sulphate or French oil of turpentine. 
P., Amorphous. See Phosphorus. P., Baldwin's, 
calcium nitrate. P., Black, a so-called allotropic 
form of phosphorus described by Thenard. It is be- 
lieved to consist of a phosphid of mercury or another 
metal. P., Bolognian, P., Bononian, barium sul- 
phate ignited with combustible substances such as 
charcoal. P., Brand's, ordinary phosphorus, so- 
named after its discoverer. P., Canton's, calcium sul- 
phid. P., Elixir, spirit of phosphorus 210 c.c, oil 
of anise 2 c.c, glycerin 550 c.c, aromatic elixir 
q. s. P., English, ordinary phosphorus. P., Horn- 
berg's, calcium chlorid. P., Kunkel's, ordinary phos- 
phorus. P. -necrosis, a necrosis, chiefly of the jaw- 
bone, which affects workmen exposed to the fumes of 
phosphorus. P. oxychlorid, POCl 3 . A fuming 
liquid of pungent odor. P. pentabromid, a yellow, 
crystalline substance of pungent odor. P. penta- 
chlorid, PC1 5 ; a white, crystalline, unstable powder, 
with an unpleasant, pungent odor. P. pentafluorid, 
PF 5 ; a colorless irritant gas. P. pentasulphid, P 2 S 5 ; 
an unstable crystalline compound. P. pentoxid, 
P 2 5 ; a colorless, amorphous substance produced by 
the combustion of oxygen. On account of its affinity 
for water it is used as a desiccating agent. P., Red. 
See under Phosphorus. P., Spt., phosphorus 1 .2 grams, 
absolute alcohol q. s. ad iooocc. P., Thompson's 
Solution of. Synonym of P. , Tinct. P. tribromid, 
P. trichlorid, P. tri-iodid, PBr 3 , PC1 3 , PI 3 ; halogen 
compounds of phosphorus ; the first two are pungent 
liquids, the last a solid. Calcii hypophos- 
phis, Ca 4 (P0. 2 ) 3 . Dose gr. x-xxx. Calcii lacto- 
phosphat., Syr., of the preceding 22, lactic acid 33, 
orange-flower water 80, sugar 600, hydrochloric acid, 
water of ammonia and water aa q. s. ad 1000. Dose 
3J-3J. Calcii phosphas praecipitat., Ca. 3 (P0 4 ) 2 . 
Dose gr. ij-x. Ferri hypophosphis, Fe 2 (H 2 P0 2 ) 6 , 
soluble in sodium citrate. Dose gr. v-x. Ferri, qui- 
ninae et strychninae phosphat., Syr., phosphates of 
iron and quinin aa 133, strychnin 4, phosphoric acid 
800, sugar 6000, distilled water q. s. ad 10,000 parts. 
Dose 3J-ij. Hypophosphitum cum ferro, Syr., fer- 
rous lactate 10, potass, citrate 10, syr. of hypophosphites 
q. s. adiooo. Dose 3 j- 3 j. Hypophosphitum, Syr., 
calcium hypophosphite 45, potassium hypophosphite 
15, sodium hypophosphite 15, dilute hypophosphorous 
acid 2, sugar 500, spirit of lemon 5, water q. s. 
Dose J5J-§j. Phosphatum, Syr.,Comp., Parish's 
Chemical Food, unof. , has in each £j phosphate of 
iron gr. ijss, phosphate of calcium gr. j. Dose jjj- ij. 
Oleum phosphoratum, phosphorated oil, contains 
phosphorus I, stronger ether 8, expressed oil of almond 
q. s. ad 100. Dose rr\j-v. P., Pil.,each contains gr. 
y 1 ^ of the drug. Dose j-v. P., Tinct. (Pellevue 
Hosp.), unof., contains phosphorus gr. xxxij, absolute 
alcohol ^ xlvj, essence of vanilla % j, oil of orange-peel, 
tjiij, alcohol q. s. ad ^xlviij. Dose TrLx-^j. P., 
Tinct. (Thompson's), unof. , contains phosphorus gr. 
j, absolute alcohol gv, glycerin 3Jss, spt. pepper- 
mint n\xl. Dose TTLxx-^j. Potassii hypophos- 
phis, KH 2 PO, 2 . Dose gr. v-x. Sodii hypophos- 
phis, NaH 2 P0 2 H.,0. Dose gr. v-x. Sodii phos- 
phas, Na 2 HPO + ".i2H,0. Dose HJ-|;j. Sodii 
pyrophosphas, Na 4 P.,0 7 .ioH.,0. Dose ^ss-Sss. 
Zinci phosphidum, Zn.,P 2 , soluble in hydrochloric 
acid, irritant and poisonous. Dose gr. Jj — j-j. 
Phosphotage {fas' ' -fo-tahj) [Fr.]. A method of im- 
proving wines by adding dicalcic phosphate instead 
of gypsum, as in the process of "plastering." This 
does not increase the percentage of sulphuric acid nor 
decrease that of phosphoric acid. 



PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID 



1073 



PHOTOMICROGRAPH 



Phosphotungstic Acid (fos-fo-tung'-stik), H n P\V,p- 
3g -f- (H,0). A crystalline compound of phosphoric 
acid and tungstic acid used as a test for alkaloids and 
peptones. See Tests, Table of. 

Phosphuret {fas' -fa-ret) [fuafopog, phosphorus]. A 
phosphid. 

Phosphureted (fos'-fu-ret-ed). Synonym of Phos- 
phoreted. 

Phosphuria (fos-fu'-re-ah). Synonym of Phospha- 
turia. 

Photalgia (fo-tal' -je-ah) [fug, light; h\yog, pain]. 
Pain arising from too great intensity of light. 

Photastrography ( fo- las- trog'- ra-fe) [owe, light; 
harpnv, a star; ypdfeiv, to write]. Astronomic pho- 
tography. 

Photesthesia (fo-tes-the'-ze-ah) [fug, light; alaOr/atg, 
sensation]. Sensitiveness to light. 

Photics (fo'-tiks). Synonym of Optics. 

Photism (fo'-tizm) [furiofia, a lighting]. A sensation, 
as of color or light, produced by hearing, taste, 
smell, touch, or temperature, or even by the thought 
of some object, person, or general conception. Cf. 
Phonism. 

Photo- (fo'-to-) [fug, light]. A prefix denoting con- 
nection with or relation to light. 

Photobiotic ( fo-to-bi-ot' -ik) [(pug, light ; (iiuriiidg, be- 
longing to life]. In biology, living habitually in the 
light. 

Photocampsis (fo-to-kamp'-sis) [fug, light ; Ka/atfug, a 
bending]. Refraction of light. 

Photocautery (fo-to-kaw'-ter-e) [fug, light; Kavrr/- 
piov, cautery]. A cauterizing agency whose heat 
is derived from the rays of the sun by means of con- 
centration by lenses. 

Photo-chemic (fo-to-kem'-ik) [fug, light; xv/J^ia, 
chemistry]. Pertaining to the chemic action of light, 
as manifested in its action on silver salts and certain 
other compounds. 

Photochemist (fo-to-kem'-ist) [fug, light; xqfieia, 
chemistrv]. One versed in photochemistry. 

Photochemistry (fo-to-kem' -is-tre) [fug , light ; xq/ieia, 
chemistry]. That branch of chemistry treating of the 
chemic action of light. 

Photochromatic (fo-to-kro-maf '-ik) [fug, light ; ^pw/za, 
color]. Pertaining to colored light. P. Treatment, 
treatment of disease by colored light. 

Photochronography (fo-to-kro-nog' -ra-fe) [fug, light; 
Xpdvog, time; y pa few, to write]. The taking of suc- 
cessive photographs of moving objects. 

Photodermatic (fo-to-der-maf -ik) [fug, light; oepfia, 
skin]. In biology, having a luminous skin or ex- 
terior ; phosphorescent. 

Photodynamic (fo-to-di-nam'-ik) [fug, light ; dvvaptg, 
power]. Pertaining to the energy of light. 

Photodysphoria (fo -to- dis -fo'- re- ah) [fug, light; 
dvofopia, excessive pain]. Intolerance of light. 

Photo-epinastic (fo-to-ep-in-as' -tik) [fug, light ; kni, 
upon; vaardg, solid]. Pertaining to photo-epinasty. 

Photo-epinasty (fo-to-ep' '-in-as-te) [fug, light; em, 
upon; vaardg, pressed close, solid]. In biology, 
downward curvature due to exposure to light. 

Photogene (fo'-lo-jen) [fug, light ; yevvdv, to produce]. 
I. A retinal picture, or impression. 2. Shale-naphtha, 
a substance derived from bituminous shales, having a 
specific gravity of .800 to .810, boiling at 145 to 150 
C, with a slight ethereal odor and peppery taste. It 
dissolves sulphur, phosphorus, iodin, fats, resins, 
caoutchouc, etc. It is sometimes used for illuminating 
purposes and for dissolving the fat from bones, and 
bleaching them, in the preparation of artificial ivory. 

Photogenic (fo- to- jen'- ik) [fug, light; yevijg, pro- 
ducing]. In biology, light-producing; phosphorescent, 
68 



as certain Schizomycetcs. See under Bacteria, Syn- 
onymatic Table of. 

Photogenous (fo-tof -en-us) [fug, light ; yevr/g, pro- 
ducing]. Producing light. 

Photogram [fo'- to -gram) [fug, light; ypdppa, a 
writing]. A photographic representation of an en- 
largement obtained by the microscope. 

Photograph (fo'-to-graf) [ <f>ug , light; ypdfew, to 
record]. The likeness of any object produced by the 
chemic action of light reflected from the object upon 
a surface coated with a chemically sensitive material. 

Photographers' Cramp. See Cramp. 

Photography (fo- tog'- ra-fe) [fug, light; ypdfew, to 
write]. The art of producing images of objects by 
throwing the rays of light reflected from them upon a 
surface coated with a film of a chemically sensitive 
substance such as a silver salt. 

Photohemotachometer (fo' - to - Jicm' -o-tak-om' -et-er) 
[fug, light ; difia, blood ; rdxog, swiftness ; perpov, 
measure]. An instrument for estimating the velocity 
of the blood and at the same time photographing the 
changes in the level of the blood produced by the 
movements of the heart and of respiration. 

Photohyponastic (fo-to-lii-po-nas'-tik) [fug, light; vtt6, 
under; vaardg, solid]. Pertaining to photohyponasty. 

Photohyponasty (fo-to-hi' -po-nas-le) [fug, light ; vno, 
under; vaardg, closely pressed, solid]. In biology, 
upward curvature due to exposure to intense light. 

Photokinetic (fo-to-kin-et'-ik) [fug, light ; K.wrjrin6g, 
causing movement]. Causing movement by means 
of the luminous rays of light. 

Photo-laryngoscopy (fo- to- lar - in - gos' - ko - pe) [fug, 
light; XdpvyS,, larynx; anonelv, to examine]. The 
process of photographing the larynx by the aid of the 
laryngoscope. 

Photologic (fo-to-loj'-ik) [fug, light ; loyog, science]. 
Pertaining to photology. 

Photologist ( fo-tol' -o-jist) [fug, light ; ?<.dyog, science]. 
One versed in photology. 

Photology (fo-tol' -o-je) [fug, light; %6yog, science]. 
The science of the nature and laws of light ; optics. 

Photolysis (fo-tol' -is-is) [fug, light ; Ivaig, a loosing, 
setting free]. In biology, the movements of proto- 
plasm under the influence of light. P., Apostrophe, 
when the chlorophyl -grains collect on the cell- walls 
which are parallel to the plane of incident light. P., 
Epistrophe, when the chlorophyl-grains collect on 
the cell-walls which are at right angles to the plane 
of incident light. 

Photomagnetic (fo- to-mag-net' -ik) [fug, light; pay- 
vrjrrig, magnet]. Pertaining to the power of certain 
rays of the spectrum to render magnetic a steel needle. 

Photomagnetism (fo-to-mag' -net-izm) [fug, light ; 
payvi/rr/g, magnet]. The relation of magnetism to 
light. 

Photomania (fo-to-ma' -ne-ah) [fug, light ; pavia, 
madness]. The increase of maniacal symptoms under 
the influence of light. 

Photometer (fo-tom' -et-er) [fug, light ; perpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for measuring the intensity of 
light. 

Photometric (fo-to-met'-rik) [fug, light; perpov, 
measure]. Pertaining to photometry or the measure- 
ment of light. 

Photometry (fo-tom' -et-re) [fug, light; perpov, meas- 
ure]. The measurement of light, its rapidity, in- 
tensity, etc. 

Photomicrograph (fo-to- mi'- kro -graf) [fug, light ; 
pwpdg, small ; ypdfew, to write]. A photograph of 
a small or microscopic object, usually made with the 
aid of a microscope, and of sufficient size for observa- 
tion with the naked eye. Compare Microphotograph- 



PHOTO-MICROGRAPHIC 



1074 



PHRENOCOLIC 



Photo-micrographic (fo-to-mi-kro-graf'-ik) [ ipuc , 
light; ficKpoc, small ; ypcujieiv, to write]. Pertaining 
to photomicrography. 

Photomicrography \fo-to-mi-krog' -ra-fe) \_<pug, light ; 
fimpoc;, small ; ypd<j>Eiv, to write]. The production 
of photographs of very small or microscopic objects, 
usually by the aid of a microscope, the photographs 
being of sufficient size for observation with the naked 
eye. In English this correct form is now almost in- 
variably used, but in French and German the term 
viicrophotography ( q. v. ) is more commonly used 
with the meaning given. 

Photonosus (fo-ton'-o-sus) [0oc, light ; vbaoc, disease]. 
A diseased condition arising from continued exposure 
to intense or glaring light, e.g., snow-blindness, etc. 

Photoparesthesia (fo-to-par-es-the' '-ze-ah) \jj><jq, light ; 
Ttapa, beside; aiodr/occ:, sensation]. Defective, or 
perverted, retinal sensibility. 

Photophobia (fo-lo-fo'-be-ah) \J>uq, light ; <j>6f3og, fear]. 
Intolerance of light ; a symptom of inflammatory con- 
ditions of the eye, of certain diseases of the brain, and 
of hysteria. 

Photophobic (fo-to-fo'-bik) [0uc, light; (poj3oc, fear]. 
Affected with, or pertaining to, photophobia. 

Photophobophthalmia (fo- to -fo - boff- thai'- me - ah) 
Synonym of Nyctalopia. 

Photophone (fo'-to-fon) \_(pur, light ; <j>cjv?/, sound]. 
I. An apparatus for the graphic representation of the 
character of sound-waves by means of a sensitive 
flame. 2. An instrument for the transmission of 
sounds to a long distance by means of rays of light. 

Photophysical (fo-to-fiz'-ik-al) \_<puc, light; <f>vain6c, 
natural]. Pertaining to the physical effect of light ; 
opposed to Pliotocliemic. 

Photophore (fo'-to-fdr)\_ 0<jc, light; <f>opeiv, to bear]. 
An instrument for examination of the cavities of the 
body by means of the electric light. 

Photopsia (fo-top'-se-ah) [0uc, light; ox/jic, sight]. 
Subjective sensations of light, as sparks or flashes of 
fire, occurring in certain morbid conditions of the optic 
nerve, the retina, or the brain. It may be produced 
by sudden mechanical irritation of the eyeball. 

Photopsy (fo'-top-se). Same as Photopsia. 

Photoptometer (fo-top-tom'-et-er) \_<p<Jc, light; uip, 
eye ; fikrpov, measure]. An instrument for determin- 
ing visual acuity. 

Photoptometry {fo-top-tom'-et-re) \_<pac, light ; of, 
eye ; fikrpov, measure]. The measurement of the per- 
ception of light. 

Photorrhexis (fo-tor-eks'-is). Synonym of Photo- 
campsis. 

Photosantonin, or Photosantoninic Acid (fo-to-san' - 
to-nin, fo-to-san-to-nin' -ik) [<j>ac, light ; co.vtovik.6v, a 
kind of wormwood], C 2;! H. f ,0 B . Sestini's name for one 
of the products of the decomposition of santonin as the 
result of exposure to sunlight. It occurs as quadrate 
plates, which melt at 64-65 C, and boil at 305 C. 
It is insoluble in cold water, slightly soluble in hot 
water, and easily soluble in alcohol and ether. 

Phototactic (fo-to-tak' -tik) [0<jc , light ; ra^ic, arrange- 
ment]. In biology, pertaining to phototaxis. 

Phototactism (fo-to-tak' -tizm) [<4uc, light ; raaauv, 
to arrange]. Same as Phototaxis. 

Phototaxis (fo-to-taks'-is) [(/><Jc, light ; ra^ir, arrange- 
ment]. In biology, the assumption of a definite po- 
sition with reference to the direction of the rays of 
incident light, as noticed in the compass-plant (Sil- 
phium laciniatum), and in the zoospores of certain 
plants (Protococcoidea, Ulotrichacea, Dcsmideacea). 

Phototherapeutics (fo-to-ther-ap-u'-tiks) [(j>uc, light ; 
flcpa-eia, treatment]. A method of treating disease 
by concentration of the rays of light through a lens. 



Local excitement, proportional to the degree of the 
exciting cause, i. e., from a slight excitement to cau- 
terization, may be produced in this way. 

Phototonic (fo-to-ton'-ik) \_<puc, light ; Tuvoq, tension]. 
In biology, exhibiting increased vital activity under 
the stimulus of light ; the opposite of paratonic. 

Phototonus (fo-tof -o-nus) [<p<ic, light ; tovoq, tension]. 
In biology, a condition of increased vital irritability or 
motility due to exposure to light, in contrast with the 
rigidity or quiescence produced by darkness. 

Photoxylin, Photoxylon (fo-toks'-il-in, fo-toks' -il-on) 
[ouc, light ; f b2.ov, wood] . A substance derived from 
wood-pulp by the action of sulphuric acid and potas- 
sium nitrate. It serves as a substitute for collodion in 
minor surgery, and as a medium for mounting micro- 
scopic specimens. 

Photuria (fo-tu'-re-ak) [0wc, light ; ovpov, urine]. Phos- 
phorescence of the urine. 

Phoxos (foks'-os) [0ofoc, pointed]. An individual with 
a pointed or peaked head. 

Phragma (frag'-mah) \_<j>pdy/ia, a fence, partition: //. , 
Phragmata~\. In biology : (1) a false dissepiment in 
a pericarp or other organ ; (2) any partition, septum, 
dissepiment, or diaphragm. 

Phragmidiothrix (frag-mid-e-o' '-thriks) [typayjia, fence; 
idioq, one's own; Bpiij, hair]. A name given to a 
genus of Schizomycetes resembling the Beggiatoa. See 
under Bacteria , Synonymatic Table of. 

Phren (fren) \jpprjv]. I. Diaphragm. 2. Mind. 

Phrenalgia (fren-al'-je-ah) \j>pi)v, mind ; aXyoq, pain]. 
Melancholia ; psychalgia. 

Phrenasthenia (fren-as-the' -ne-ah) {^pi/v, diaphragm 
or mind; aadkveia, weakness]. Paresis of the dia- 
phragm. Also congenital mental weakness. 

Phrenatrophia (fren-at-ro' -fe-ah) \_(j>pr/v, mind ; arpofia, 
atrophy]. Atrophy of the brain ; idiocy. 

Phrenesiac (fren-e'-ze-ak) \_<ppi/v, mind]. One who is 
affected with phrenesis ; an insane person. 

Phrenesis (fren-e'-sis) [^pevqaiq, insanity ; <ppi/v , mind~\ . 
Frenzy ; delirium ; insanity. 

Phrenetic (fren - et'- ik ) \J>pr/v, mind ] . Maniacal ; 
delirious. 

Phreniatric (fren- e-at'-rik) \J>pi]v, mind; larpiKdc, 
therapeutic]. Relating to the curing of mental dis- 
orders. 

Phrenic (fren'-ik) [_>ppi]v, diaphragm ; mind]. I. Per- 
taining to the diaphragm. 2. Pertaining to the mind. 
3. A mental disease ; or a remedy for mental disease. 
P. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. P. Nerve. See 
Nerves, Table of 

Phrenicocolic (fren-ik-o-kol'-ik). Same as Phrenocolic . 

Phrenicogastric (fren-ik-o-gas 1 -trik). Same as Phreno- 
gastric. 

Phrenicosplenic (fren-ik-o - splen'-ik). Same as 
Ph ren osplen ic. 

Phrenicula (fren-ik'-ti-lah) [(ppi/v, mind]. Brain-fever. 

Phrenismus (fren-iz'-mns). Synonym of Encephal- 
itis. 

Phrenitic (fren-it'-ik) [<ppi/v, mind, diaphragm ; tree-, 
inflammation]. Pertaining to, or affected with phren- 
itis. 

Phrenitis (fren-i'-tis) [<j>pi/v, mind, diaphragm; tug, 
inflammation]. 1. Acute delirium ; inflammation of 
the brain, or its meninges. 2. Inflammation of the 
diaphragm. P. aphrodisiaca, erotomania. P. 
calentura, insolation. P. potatorum, delirium 
tremens. P. mania gravis. See Periencephalitis. 
P. typhodes. Synonym of Fever, Cerebrospinal. 

Phrenoblabia (fren-o-bla'-be-ah) [tppifv, mind ; \V.a$r\, 
hurt]. Any disorder of the mind. 

Phrenocolic (fren-o-kol'-ik) [ippr/r, diaphragm ; kuIov, 
colon]. Pertaining to the diaphragm and the colon. 



PHRENOCOSTAL 



1075 



PHTHISIS 



Phrenocostal (fren-o-kos'-tal) [ipp>/r, midriff; costa, 
rib]. Pertaining to the diaphragm and the ribs. 

Phrenogastric ( fren-o-gas' -trik) \jt>pi/v, diaphragm ; 
yaarijp, stomach]. Pertaining conjointly to the stom- 
ach and the diaphragm. 

Phrenoglottismus (fren- o - glot - iz' - mits) \_§pi]v, dia- 
phragm ; y?urra, tongue]. Spasm of the glottis 
ascribed to disease of the diaphragm. 

Phrenograph (fren'-o-graf) \_<ppi/v, diaphragm ; ypa- 
(pEiv, to record]. An instrument for registering the 
movements of the diaphragm. 

Phrenography (fren-og'-ra-fe). Synonym of Psy- 
chology. 

Phrenoin (fren'-o-in). Synonym of Phrenosin. 

Phrenolepsia (fren-o-lep' -se-ah) [fppnv, mind ; hqipig, 
seizure]. Insanity. 

Phrenologic {fren - o - loj'- ik) \J>prjv, mind ; Myog, 
science]. Pertaining to phrenology. 

Phrenologist (fren - ol'- o -jist) \j>prjv, mind ; 16yog, 
science]. One versed in phrenology. 

Phrenology (fren-ol' -o-je) \jpprjv, mind ; loyog, sci- 
ence]. The theory that the various faculties of the 
mind occupy distinct and separate areas in the brain- 
cortex, and that the predominance of certain faculties 
can be predicated from modifications of the parts of the 
skull overlying the areas where these faculties are 
located. 

Phreno-magnetism (fren - o - mag'- net - izm) [(j> pi/ v, 
mind ; /aayvr/rr/g, magnet]. Excitement of the organs 
of the brain by mesmeric passes. 

Phreno-mesmerism (fren-o-mez' -mer-izni). Synonym 
of Phreno-magnetism. 

Phrenonarcosis (fren-o-nar-ko' -sis) \jpptjv, mind ; vap- 
nuoig, stupor]. A dulling of the intellect. 

Phrenopath (fren' -o-path) [typijv, mind ; irddoc, dis- 
ease]. One who devotes himself to phrenopathy ; an 
alienist. 

Phrenopathic (fren-o-path' -ik) [<j>pr/v, mind ; nddoc, 
disease]. Pertaining to phrenopathy. 

Phrenopathy (fren-op'-ath-e) [<ppi]v, mind; nadog, dis- 
ease]. Mental disease ; psychopathy. 

Phrenoplegia (fren-o-ple' -je-ah) \j>pr/v, mind ; ivXriyij, 
stroke]. A sudden failure of mental power. 

Phrenoplexia (fren-o-pleks 1 : -e-ah) [_<ppijv, mind ; ttA^/c, 
stroke]. Guislain's name for ecstasy, the patient be- 
ing' motionless, the muscles tense, and the physiognomy 
expressive of strong emotion. 

Phrenosin (fren'-o-zin) [$pi/v, mind], C 34 H 67 NO a ; a 
nitrogenous substance, one of the cerebrins, obtained 
from brain-substance. 

Phrenosis (fren-o' -sis) . Synonym of Phrenopathy. 

Phrenosplenic (fren-o-splen' -ik) \_<ppTjv, diaphragm ; 
ckH/v, spleen]. Pertaining to the diaphragm and the 
spleen. 

Phrenotherapy (fren-o-ther' -ap-e) \jpprjv, mind ; depa- 
rreia, therapy]. Guislain's term for psychiatry. 

Phrensic (fren'-zik). Same as Phrenetic. 

Phrensy (fren'-ze) \jppijv, mind]. Insanity, mania, 
frenzy. 

Phricasmus (frik-az'-mus) \jppinri, shivering]. Goose- 
skin. 

Phriciasis (frik-i'-as-is). Synonym of Phricasmus . 

Phricogen (frik'-o-jen) [fpinn, shivering ; yevvav, to 
produce]. A hypothetic principle of cold. 

Phronemophobia (fron - e - mo -fo'- be - ah) \j>p6vnfia, a 
thought; <p6ftoQ, fear]. Morbid dread of thinking. 

Phronesis (fron-e' -sis) \_<f>p6vrjaig ; (ppovecv, to think]. 
Soundness of mind, or of judgment. 

Phrynin (frin'-in). See Bufidin. 

Phthalate (thai' -at). Any salt of phfhalic acid. P. 
of Morphin, used by subcutaneous injection. Dose, 
gr. ^ in 2 per cent, solution. 



Phthalei'ns (thal'-e-inz). The derivatives of phthalin, 
containing two phenol residues. They are dyes of 
great technical value, and are generally colorless, 
crystalline bodies. 

Phthalic Acid (thal'-ik). See Acid. 

Phthalin (thai' -in). A colorless body produced by the 
reduction of phthalei'n by means of nascent hydrogen. 

Phthaluric Acid (thal-u'-rik), C I0 H 7 NO 4 . A color- 
less crystalline substance, fusible at 192 C. 

Phtharma (thar'-mah) [<j>6eipecv, to corrupt]. A mor- 
bid alteration of structure. 

Phtharsis (thar'-sis) \_<f>dapcic , corruption]. Decom- 
position. 

Phtheiraemia (thi-re'-me-ah). Synonym of Phthiremia. 

Phtheiriasic {thi-ri-az'-ik). Synonym of Phthiriasic. 

Phthinodes (thi - no'-dez) [<p6iveiv, to waste; eldoc, 
like]. Hectic; phthisical or tuberculous. 

Phthinoplasm (thi'- no -plazm) [<p0iveiv, to waste ; 
Ttlaafxa, plasm]. Degraded bioplasm; a proposed 
name for the irritant material that causes degeneration 
of the lung-tissue, as opposed to that caused by 
tubercle. 

Phthiremia (thi-re'-me-ah) \j>deipeiv , to corrupt; al/xa, 
blood]. A depraved, state of the blood, with dimin- 
ished plasticity. 

Phthiriasic (thi - ri - as' - ik) [fdeip, louse]. Produced 
by lice. 

Phthiriasis (thi-ri'-as-is) \jpdeip, louse]. Lousy disease ; 
morbus pediculosus. See Pediculosis. 

Phthirius (thi' -re -us) \jpdeip, a louse]. A genus of 
Pediculida or true lice. See Parasites (Animal), 
Table of. 

Phthisic (tiz'-ik) \_(j>6iaiKoc, consumptive]. 1. Con- 
sumptive or tuberculous ; affected with phthisis or 
tuberculosis. 2. A popular name for asthma. 

Phthisical (tiz'-ik-al) [fydioic, a wasting]. I. Per- 
taining to or affected with phthisis or tuberculosis. 
2. Popularly, same as Asthmatic. P. Frame, P. 
Habit, a long, narrow, flat chest, with depressed 
sternum, acute costal angle, a fair, transparent skin, 
light complexion, blue eyes, winged scapulas, slender 
limbs. As to internal organs, the heart is relatively 
small, the arteries narrow, the pulmonary artery rela- 
tively wider than the aorta, and the lung-volume 
rather large. 

Phthisiogenesis (tiz-e-o-jen' -es-is) [ydiatc, wasting ; 
yivEoig, genesis]. The production of phthisis or 
wasting. 

Phthisiology (tiz-e-ol'-o-je) [tydioig, a wasting ; Xdyog, 
science]. The study or science of phthisis or tubercu- 
losis ; its causes, pathology, hygiene, and thera- 
peutics. 

Phthisiophobia (tiz - e - o -fo'- be - ah) \jpdiaig, phthisis ; 
fbfioc, dread]. Morbid dread of pulmonary consump- 
tion or tuberculosis. 

Phthisipneumonia (thiz-ip-nu -mo'-ne- ah) [<f>dicug, 
phthisis; Trveb/uov, lungs]. Phthisis or pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 

Phthisis (thi' -sis, ti'-sis or te'-sis) [(pdtoig, (pBiveiv, to 
waste]. Formerly any dyscrasia producing emacia- 
tion and death ; a wasting or consumption. The term 
has been restricted to designate all pulmonary lesions 
followed by disorganization of lung-tissue, the forma- 
tion of cavities, loss of function of the lungs, loss of 
health, and death. It is usually tuberculous in nature, 
due to the action of a specific vegetable microorgan- 
ism, the bacillus of tuberculosis. The onset of 
phthisis is usually very insidious, with gradual loss of 
strength and flesh, and with cough and expectoration 
and loss of appetite ; it may commence with a bronchitic 
attack or with one or more attacks of pleurisy ; very 
rarely it follows an acute croupous pneumonia. The 



PHTHISIS 



1076 



PHTHISIS 



most important symptoms of the fully-developed 
disease are cough, at first hacking, later loud, hollow, 
and paroxysmal ; expectoration, frothy and viscid at 
first, later profuse, purulent, and nummular; fever of 
hectic type ; emaciation often very rapid, hemoptysis, 
dyspnea, pain, night-sweats, anorexia, and digestive 
disorders. The physical signs are flattening and re- 
traction of the supra-clavicular and infra-clavicular 
regions, restricted movement of these regions, dulness 
on percussion over one or both apices extending to 
other parts of the lungs, altered rhythm of the respi- 
ratory sounds, adventitious sounds on auscultation, 
such as the presence of rales of various kinds accord- 
ing to the progress of the disease. The duration of 
the disease varies from the rapidly fatal, in which death 
may occur in a few weeks, to the very chronic, lasting 
for years. The pathology usually consists in a deposit 
of tuberculous nodules, especially in and around the 
walls of the smallest bronchi ; these nodules coalesce 
and eventually undergo caseation and softening. More 
rarely a fibrous change takes place, with the production 
of the more chronic form of the disease, fibroid phthi- 
sis. Phthisis may occur at any age, and especially 
attacks those in whom there is an inherited predispo- 
sition or those who have been weakened by previous 
disease, poor food, poor hygienic surroundings, frequent 
pregnancies and prolonged lactation or the inhalation 
of poisonous vapors or irritating particles. Those in 
whom there is a strong family history of phthisis gen- 
erally develop the disease before the twenty-fifth year. 
It may occur in those of middle age, however, or in 
old age. The usual seat for the primary lesion is in 
one of the apices, the right a little more frequently 
than the left. After one apex has been attacked, the 
disease usually extends, first to the apex of the lower 
lobe of the same side, then to the other apex. The 
base is rarely primarily affected. P., Abdominal. 
See Tabes mesenterica. P., Acute. See P., Acute 
Pneumonic. P., Acute Pneumonic, a variety that 
occurs in two forms : (a) the pneumonic or lobar and (b) 
the broncho-pneumonic or lobular. In the former (a), 
a lobe or an entire lung may be converted into a dry, 
opaque, white or yellowish- white, cheesy substance, in 
which tubercles are scattered here and there. Very 
often there exists a cavity at the apex. The bronchial 
glands may be tuberculous. The cases usually begin 
with a chill and for a time run a course like that of 
croupous pneumonia. The crisis, however, does not 
occur ; the fever becomes irregular, the sputum muco- 
purulent, soon presenting tubercle-bacilli and elastic 
tissue. Death may occur in a few weeks or in two or 
three months, (b) Acute tuberculous broncho-pneu- 
monia is most common in children and forms most cases 
of so-called phthisis florida. The smaller. bronchi and 
air-cells become filled with a caseous material, consti- 
tuting small grayish-white areas. These may coalesce 
and produce a lobar caseous broncho-pneumonia ; but 
usually some unaffected tissue can be seen among the 
caseous areas. The symptoms of the disease are sim- 
ilar to those of catarrhal pneumonia ; the tempera- 
ture, however, is high ; there is rapid loss of flesh and 
strength ; evidences of softening become manifest ; 
tubercle-bacilli appear in the sputum. Death may 
occur within three weeks or the disease may lead to 
chronic phthisis. In children the disease commonly 
follows one of the infectious fevers, particularly mea- 
sles and whooping-cough. P., Amphiblestroid, 
atrophy of the retina. P., Bacillary, phthisis due to 
a bacillus. P., Basic, phthisis affecting primarily the 
base of the lung. P., Black, anthracosis. P., 
Bronchial, tuberculosis of the bronchial glands. P. 
bulbi, progressive shrinkage and atrophy of the eye- 



ball. P. calculosa, pulmonary tuberculosis in 
which the exudates in the smallest lobules become 
infiltrated with lime. P., Cerebral, tuberculosis of 
the brain or its membranes. P., Chronic, phthisis 
running a slow course. P. combinata. Synonym 
of P., Acute Pneumonic. P., Diabetic, pulmonary 
tuberculosis in a diabetic patient, manifesting itself as 
a caseous broncho-pneumonia. P., Embolic, de- 
generation of areas in the lung, the seat of emboli 
from other organs P. enterica, tuberculosis of the 
intestines. P., Fibroid, P., Fibrous ; I. Inter- 
stitial pneumonia. 2. Chronic tuberculosis of the 
lungs attended with the formation of fibrous tissue, 
which contracts, causes shrinking of the affected 
lobe, and sometimes bronchiectasis by eccentric 
traction on the bronchi. The pleura is usually very 
much thickened and the layers may adhere so tightly 
that it is impossible to separate them. P., Flax- 
dressers', tabacosis occurring in flax-dressers. P. 
florida, acute phthisis speedily fatal — also known as 
galloping consumption. P., Galloping. Synonym of 
P. Jlorida. P., Glandular, tuberculosis of lymphatic 
glands. P., Gouty, a chronic inflammation of the 
bronchial tubes supposed to be due to gout. P., 
Granular. Synonym of Tuberculosis, Acute Miliary. 
P., Grinders'. See Grinders' Asthma. P. ab 
haemaptoe, pulmonary tuberculosis apparently follow- 
ing hemorrhage from the lungs. It is not now believed 
that pulmonary hemorrhage can be the starting-point of 
tuberculosis, but it is looked upon rather as a possible 
very early sign, or as accidental and having no con- 
nection with the tuberculosis subsequently developed. 
P., Hemorrhagic, pulmonary tuberculosis in which 
extravasated blood is believed to have undergone case- 
ous degeneration. Its existence is questionable. P., 
Hepatic, tuberculosis of the liver ; formerly, also 
the term meant abscess of the liver. P. ex inanitione, 
phthisis depending on inanition. P. intestinalis. 
Synonym of P. enterica. P., Knife-grinders'. 
Synonym of P., Grinders'. P. laryngea. Syn- 
onym of Tuberculosis, Laryngeal. P., Latent. 
Synonym of Tuberculosis, Latent. P. lienalis, 
tuberculosis of the spleen ; also splenic abscess. P. 
mammae, disorganization of the mammary gland, 
from suppuration. P. medullas spinalis. Syn- 
onym of Tabes dorsalis. P. mesaraica, P. mes- 
enterica. Synonym of Tabes mesenterica. P., 
Miners'. See Miners' Phthisis. P., Mucous. 
Synonym of Tuberculosis, Miliary. P., Neurotic, 
phthisis occurring in the course of neurasthenia. P., 
Neuro-vascular, phthisis associated with neuro- 
vascular disease. P. nodosa, miliary tuberculosis of 
the lungs. P., Non-bacillary, pulmonary destruc- 
tion not due to bacilli. Miners' phthisis and grinders' 
phthisis are due to fibroid changes in the lung induced 
by the irritation of the dust inhaled. Ulcerative 
phthisis is probably always bacillary. P. oculi, 
atrophy of the eye. P. pancreatica, marked emacia- 
tion and general cachexia from disease of the pan- 
creas. P. pharyngea, tuberculosis of the pharynx. 
P., Phlegmatic, phthisis occurring in persons who in 
the earlier stages do not present emaciation. P. 
pituitosa. Synonym of P. , Mucous. P. prostatica. 
tuberculosis of the prostate gland. P. psoasum, 
psoas abscess due to tuberculous infection. P. pul- 
monalis, pulmonary tuberculosis. P., Pulmonary. 
See Phthisis. P. pulmonum. Synonym of P., 
Pulmonary. P. renalis, tuberculosis of the kidneys. 
P., Rheumatic, phthisis said to be dependent upon a 
rheumatic diathesis. P., Senile, pulmonary tubercu- 
losis in the aged. P., Specific, breaking down of 
the lung's due to the bacillus of tuberculosis. P. 



PHTHISURIA 



1077 



PHYLAXIN 



splenica. Synonym of P. lienalis. P., Stone- 
masons'. See Grinders' Asthma. P., Syphilitic, 
syphilis of the lung is quite rare. See Syphilis of 
the Lung. P. of teeth, a condition of the teeth 
characterized by especial clearness and transparency, 
with frailness of structure, caries being favored by con- 
stitutional weakness. P. testis, tuberculosis of the 
testicle. P. trachealis, tuberculosis of the trachea. 
P., Traumatic, pulmonary tuberculosis developing 
in a lung, shortly after a chest-injury without any 
external wound. P., Tuberculous, phthisis due to 
the bacillus of tuberculosis. P. ventriculi, atrophy 
of the mucous membrane and thinning of the coats of 
the stomach, with retention or even increase of the 
size of the organ . 

Phthisuria [tiz-u'-?-e-ah)\_^Biaiq, wasting; ovpov, urine]. 
A wasting state resembling that caused by pulmonary 
tuberculosis, but due to renal disease. 

Phthoe [tho' -e). Synonym of Phthisis. 

Phthoicus [tho'-ik-us). Synonym of Phthisical. 

Phthois [tho' -is) \_<j>66iq, a pill]. Bolus, pill. 

Phthongodysphoria [thong-go-dis-fo' -re-ah) [^doyyoc, 
sound; Svotyopia, annoyance]. Morbid sensitiveness 
to sounds. 

Phthongometer [thong - gom' '- et - er) [Qdoyyoc;, voice; 
fierpov, measure]. An instrument used for measuring 
vocal sounds. 

Phthora [tho' -rah) \jf>6opa, decomposition]. I. Cor- 
ruption. 2. Synonym of the Plague. 3. Abortion. 

Phthoric [thor'-ik) [ipdopd, decomposition]. Causing 
decomposition. P. Acid. Synonym of Hydrofluoric 
Acid. See Acid. 

Phthoroctonos [thor-ok' -to-nos) [<pdopa, decomposition ; 
Xte'lveiv, to kill]. Feticide. 

Phulluah [ful'-u-ah) [E. Ind.]. An oleaginous sub- 
stance obtained from a wild East Indian plant. It is 
largely used by the hill-tribes for the cure of frost-bite 
and chilblains, and has been used with benefit in 
rheumatism, sprains, sciatica, etc. Unof. 

Phycinic Acid [fi-sin'-ik) [_<pvKoc, seaweed]. The 
name given by Lamy to the crystalline acid found by 
him in the Alga Protoccocus vulgaris. It occurs as 
white, opaque, tasteless, odorless needles, melting at 
136 C. ; insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, 
ether and oils. It forms crystalline salts with alkalies. 
Its silver salt is white and insoluble. Analysis gives 
C, 70.22 per cent. ; H, II. 76 per cent. ; N, 3.72 per 
cent. ; O, 14.30 per cent. 

Phycit [fi'-sit) [yvmc, seaweed], C 12 H 30 O 12 . A substance 
found by Lamy along with phycinic acid in the alga 
Protococcus vulgaris. Wagner suspects its identity with 
Erythrit or Erylhroglucin, and Lamy' slater investiga- 
tions confirm this view. It crystallizes in colorless, 
right-angled prisms, has a sweet, fresh taste, and 
neutral reaction. It melts at 120 C. Cf. Erythrol. 

Phycochrome ( fi'-ko-krom) \6vkuc, seaweed ; X9^>l ia i 
color]. In biology, the complex blue-green pigment 
that masks the pure green of the chlorophyl in cer- 
tain Alga [Cyatzophycea). It is composed of phyco- 
cyanin, scytonemin, etc. 

Phycocyanin (fi-ko-si'-an-in) [<t>viwc, seaweed ; nvavdc, 
blue]. In biology, a beautiful blue pigment, charac- 
teristic of the Cyanophycece among Alga. 

Phycocystitis [fi-ko-sis-ti'-tis). Synonym of Capsulitis. 

Phycoerythrin [fi-ko-er'-ith-rin) [<p£i/coc, seaweed; 
ipvdpoc, red]. In biology, the name given by Kiitzing, 
Askenay, Sorby and Schutt to the red portion of the 
compound pigment of the red Alga (Floridea) , which 
is soluble in water. Kramer, who first described it, 
called it rhodospermin. The entire pigment is called 
by Schutt rhodophyl and the part soluble in alcohol, 
Floridea green. 



Phycography ( fi-kog'-ra-fe) [jniKog; seaweed ; ypdipew, 
to write]. A description of Alga. 

Phycohematin (fi-ko- hem' -at -in) \J>vkoc, seaweed ; 
ai[j.aTivoc, of blood, bloody]. In biology, the name 
given by Kiitzing to the peculiar blood-red pigment 
obtained from the marine alga Rytipleea tinctoria. It 
is precipitated in Makes by alcohol from the cold 
watery solution which has been evaporated to a syrupy 
consistency. 

Phycologist [fi- kol'-o-jist) [ (pvKoc, seaweed ; Xoyoc, 
science]. One versed in phycology. 

Phycology ( fi - kol'- -je ) [ <pvK.oc, seaweed ; Adyoc, 
science]. The botany of the Alga or seaweeds. 

Phycomater [fi-ko-ma'-ter) [ipvuor, seaweed ; nr/rrjp, 
mother]. The gelatinous substance surrounding the 
sporules of Alga. 

Phycomyces [fi-kom'-is-ez) [<£ikoc, seaweed ; [ivk-VS, 
fungus]. A genus of Mucosini. 

Phycophaein [fi-ko' -fe-in) [tpvuoc, seaweed; (baidc, 
dusky, dun]. In biology, that reddish-brown pig- 
ment, soluble in water, which forms part of the color- 
ing-matter [phaophyl) of the Fucacea and Phaos- 
porea among Alga. Cf. Phycoxanthin, Fucoxanthin. 

Phycoxanthin [fi- hois -an'- thin) [ <j>vKog, seaweed; 
gavdoc, yellow]. In biology, the yellow coloring- 
matter, soluble in alcohol, forming part of the com- 
pound pigment ( phaophyl ; diatomin) of certain 
Alga [Fucacea, Phaosporea, Diatomacea). 

Phyganthropia [fi-gan-thro'-pe-ah) \_ipvyr), flight; 
dvBpu-Koc, men] . Morbid dread of human society. 

Phygantrus [fi-gan' -trus) \j>Evyeiv, to flee ; avrpov, 
cave]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the dis- 
tance between the perpendicular drawn from the most 
prominent point of the torus frontalis to the radius 
fixus, and that from the nasion to the same line is 
between 6 and 12 mm. 

Phygedema [fi-ge-de' -mah) [tyevyeiv, to flee; olSr/pa, 
edema]. Transient edema. 

Phygethlon [fi-geth'-lon) \_<f>i>yefl\ov , a glandular swell- 
ing]. An inflammatory nodule of the skin. 

Phygogalactic [fi-go-gal -ak'-tik) [avyelv, to avoid; 
ydXa, milk]. I. Stopping the secretion of milk. 
2. An agent that checks the secretion of milk. 

Phygometopus [ fi - go - met - 0' - pus) \J>evyuv, to flee; 
tieruTToi', forehead]. Lissauer's term for a skull in 
which the angle between the radius fixus and the line 
joining the bregma and the nasal point is between 8° 
and 33.5 . 

Phygopisthius [fi- go -pis' -the -us) \f>ebyeiv, to flee; 
6~wfte, behind]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the 
line joining the lambda and the inion is between 106 
and 127 . 

Phygoprosopus [fi-go-pros' -o-pus) [tyevyeiv, to flee ; 
■KpoouTTOv, face]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the line 
joining the nasion and the alveolar point is between 
38 and 66. 5 . 

Phygorrhinus [fi-gor-i'-nus) \J>evyeiv, to flee ; pic, 
nose]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the 
angle formed between the radius fixus and the line 
joining the nasion and the subnasal point is between 
36 and 66. 5 . 

Phylacterion [fi-lak-te' -re-on) [(piAa!;, guard]. The 
same as Phylactery. 

Phylactery [fi-lak'-ter-e) [0iviaf, guard]. A charm 
or amulet. 

Phylaxin [fi-laks'-in) \jph\a!;, a guardian, protector]. 
In biology, the name given by Hankin to an antitox- 
in or defensive proteid — called alexin by Buchner — 
found in animals that have acquired an artificial im- 
munity to a given infectious disease ; as distinguished 



PHYLETIC 



1078 



PHYLOGONY 



from a sozin, i. e., a defensive proteid that occurs 
naturally in normal animals. Hankin recognizes two 
forms of phylaxin : (i) a Mycophylaxin, or defensive 
proteid produced in the body of an animal which has 
an acquired immunity to a given infectious disease, 
which has the power of destroying the pathogenic 
bacteria to which the disease is due; (2) a Toxophy- 
laxin, or defensive proteid produced in the body of 
an animal which has an acquired immunity to a 
given infectious disease, which has the power of 
destroying the toxic products of the pathogenic bacteria 
to which the disease is due. (Sternberg.) 

Phyletic (fi-hi'-ik) [fv'Aq, a tribe]. In biology, phylo- 
genic ; relating to the tribal or ancestral history of an 
organism. 

Phyllaescitannin (fil-es-it-an'-in) \j>v7,7iov, leaf; cescu- 
h/s, the genus of trees of which the horse-chestnut is a 
species; tannin, tannin], C 26 H M ]:j H. 2 0. A tannin 
found by Rochleder in the young leaves of the leaf- 
buds of the horse-chestnut. 

Phyllanthus [fit -an' - /hits) [ <pv72.ov, leaf; avOoc, 
flower]. A genus of euphorbiaceous plants of some 
450 species. P. emblica affords the so-called emblic 
myrobalans. (See A/yroba/an.) P. niruri and P. 
urinaria are strongly diuretic. Unof. 

Phyllary (fil'-ar-e) [fv/iTiapiov, a leaflet: pi., Phyl- 
laries~\. In biology, a leaflet of the involucre of a 
composite flower-head. 

Phyllerythrin {fd-er' -ith-rhi) \jj>v7J.ov, leaf; epvdpdr, 
red]. The red coloring-matter of plants, especially 
that of the leaves in autumn. See Erythropliyl. 

Phyllidium (fil-id' '-e-um) \_<j>v7i7.ov, leaf; dim. suffix- 
iSiov : pi., Phyllidid\. In biology, a rudimentary 
ctenidium, as of a limpet ; a capito-pedal body. 

Phylline ( fil'-in) \J>v'a'aov, leaf]. Leaf-like ; partaking 
of the characteristics of a leaf. 

Phyllobranchia {fil-o-brang 1 '-ke-ah) \j>v7.7iOv, a leaf; 
fipayxta, branchia, gill]. In biology, a gill in which 
the folia are arranged in rows upon a stem, as in 
crabs. 

Phylloclade [fil'-o-klad). Same as Phyllocladium . 

Phyllocladium {fil-o-kla' -de-um)\§v7Ckov, leaf ; KAadoc, 
branch: pi., Phyllocladia~\. In biology, a leaf-like 
branch, as in the Cactacea, Ruscus, or Psilottim. 

Phyllocyanic Acid (fl-o-si-an'-ik). Same as Phyl- 
locyanin. 

Phyllocyanin ( fil-o-si'-an-iti) \jpii7i7iov,a. leaf; nvaovc, 
blue]. The bright-blue pigment of flowers, obtained 
from chlorophyl by the action of alkalies and of alka- 
line earths. 

Phyllocyst (fil'-o-sist) \_<j>b7Jiov, leaf ; Kbartg, bladder]. 
In biology, the cavity of a hydrophyllium. 

Phyllode (fil'-dd). Same as Pliyllodium. 

Phyllodium (fil-o'-de-um) [tpbTCXov, leaf ; elSoc, form : 
//. , Phyllodid\. In biology, a dilated or flattened 
petiole taking on the character of a blade. 

Phyllodoce [fil-od'-o-se) [L. , a sea-nymph], I. A 
genus of oceanic hydrozoans. 2. A genus of poly- 
chetous annelids. P. -green, a green pigment found in 
Phyllodoce viridis, not referable to any class of animal 
pigments, and not chlorophyl. See Pigments, Conspec- 
tus of. 

Phyllody ( fil'-o-de) \_(j>vlA(j<h/c , like leaves] . In biology, 
the reversion of floral organs to leaves ; frondescence ; 
phyllomorphy. 

Phyllogen ( fil'-o-jeii) [tybXliov, leaf ; yevrjc, producing]. 
Same as Phyllophore. 

Phyllogenous {fil-oj'-en-iis) [tpvAlov, leaf; yevr/c, pro- 
ducing]. Growing upon leaves. 

Phylloid {fl'-oid) [<j>b?>,Aov, leaf; elSor, form]. In 
biology, leaf-like. 

Phyllomania {fil-o-ma' -ne-ah) \_cj>va.?lOV, leaf ; fiavia, 



madness]. In biology, an abnormal condition, as to 
the abundance or position of leaves. Cf. Pleiophylly. 

Phyllome {fil'-om) \_yb7JMv, leaf]. In biology, any 
organ that may be regarded morphologically as a leaf. 

Phyllomic {fil-om'-ik) \jf>b7.Aov, leaf]. In biology, of 
the nature of or resembling a phyllome. 

Phyllomorphy (fil' ' -o-mor-fe) [$'l'aaov, leaf; p.op<pij, 
form]. Same as Phyllody ; also Phyllomorphosis. 

Phyllophagous (fil-off'-ag-us) [ipvXkov, a leaf ; fayelv, 
to eat]. In biology, feeding on leaves. 

Phyllophore {fl'-o-for) [tyvAAxiv, leaf; (popelv, to bear]. 
In biology, any leaf-bearing organ, especially the 
budding summit of a stem, as the palm. 

Phyllophorous {fil-off'-o-rus) [ipb'AAov, leaf; 4>'epeiv, tc 
bear]. In biology, producing leaves, or leaf-like or 
foliaceous parts or organs. 

Phyllopode {fil'-o-pod) \J>b7J<.ov, leaf; novo, foot]. In 
biology, the dilated sheathing base of the frond of cer- 
tain plants (fsaetes). 

Phyllopodiform (fl-o-pod' '-if-orm) [0r/Aoi',leaf ; 7roi'f, 
foot; forma, form]. In biology, resembling a phyl- 
lode. 

Phylloptosis (fil-opto'-sis) \_<f>i<AA.ov, leaf; tttcjcic, a 
falling]. In biology, the fall of the leaf. 

Phyllosteophyte {fil-os' -te-o-fit) \_<f>v7iA.ov, leaf ; bariov, 
bone; <pvTov, plant]. A flat or laminated osteophyte. 

Phyllostomatous (fil-o-sto'-mat-us) [tyvTXov, a leaf; 
arupa, mouth]. Leaf-nosed, as a bat. 

Phyllotactic (fl-o-tak'-tik) \jj>v7.7av, leaf; ra^ic, order]. 
In biology, pertaining to phyllotaxis. 

Phyllotaonin (fl-o-ta'-o-nin) \J>'v77'.ov, leaf]. A crys- 
talline product obtained by the decomposition of 
chlorophyl. 

Phyllotaxis ( fil-o-taks' -is) \$vk7.ov, leaf ; ra^ic, order; 
rdaaeiv, to arrange]. In biology, the order of arrange- 
ment of the leaves upon the stem. 

Phyllotaxy (fil'-o-taks-e). Same as Phyllotaxis. 

Phylloxanthin {fil-oks-an'-thin) \$v7,7mv, leaf; ijavfioc, 
yellow]. The yellow pigment associated with phyllo- 
cyanin in chlorophyl. 

Phylloxera ( fil-oks-e'-rah) \jj>v77mv, leaf ; f >/poc, dry]. 
A genus of plant-lice (Aphididci), nearly all the spe- 
cies of which are natives of North America. The 
grape-vine phylloxera or vine-pest {Phylloxera vasta- 
trix, Planchon) has caused great damage to all varie- 
ties of grapes. P. -mite, an acaridan (Rhizoglyphus 
phylloxera-) frequently found in association with the 
Phylloxera of the vine, feeding, in its young state, on 
the juices of roots injured by the phylloxera, and, when 
older — according to Riley and Planchon — preying on 
the root-inhabiting type of that insect. This is denied 
by Foumouse and others. 

Phylloxerize (fl-oks'-er-iz) \J>v7.7mv, leaf ; £r/p6r, dry]. 
To contaminate or infest with Phylloxera. 

Phyllula lyfil'-u-lah) [diminutive of (j>i<71ov, a leaf]. 
In biology, the stage in the embryo of vascular plants 
at which the first leaf and root have appeared. (T. J. 
Parker.) 

Phylogenesis ( fi-lo-jen'-es-is) \jpvAov, <pv7J/, race, tribe; 
yeveair, origin]. Same as Phylogeny. 

Phylogenetic (f-lo-jen-et'-ih) [tyi'Tav, tribe ; yeveair, 
birth]. Pertaining to phylogeny. 

Phylogenic (fi-lo-jen'-ik) \jpv7ov, tribe; yevijc, produc- 
ing]. Pertaining to phylogeny. 

Phylogeny (f-lof-en-e) {_fj>r7.ov, (f>i'7i/, a tribe; yewjc, 
producing]. In biology, the evolution of the phylum, 
race, group, or species ; paleontologic evolution, as 
distinguished from ontology or individual evolution. 
According to Weismann's theory each phyletic varia- 
tion is due to a variation in the structure of the " id" 
of germ-plasm. 

Phylogony (f-log'-on-e) \js>v7ov, tribe ; yovi/, offspring]. 



PHYLUM 



1079 



PHYSIOGNOMIST 



The branch of embryology dealing with the origin of 
species by evolution. 

Phylum ( ft' '-htm) [oi'Aor, <pv?J/,a. tribe: //. , P!iy!d\. 
In biology, a primary division of the animal or vege- 
table kingdom. 

Phyma [ft' -mail) [pvfia, a growth: //. , Phymata~\. 
A circumscribed suppurative swelling of the skin. The 
word was formerly also used to designate any one of a 
class of diseases including erysipelas, edema, emphy- 
sema, scirrhus, etc. Also, a genus of diseases includ- 
ing hordeolum, sycosis, and anthrax. The term now de- 
notes a localized plastic exudate larger than a tubercle. 

Phymacerite (fi - mas'- er-it) [(pv/ia, a tumor; nepac, 
horn]. In biology, the tubercle at the base of the 
second antenna, containing the external orifice of the 
green gland in Crustacea. (Bate.) 

Phymatoid (fi'-mal-oid) \j>vp.a, growth ; d6og, like]. 
Resembling a phyma or tubercle ; a term describing a 
condition of carcinomatous growth distinguished by a 
dull-yellow color and a consistence resembling that of 
tubercle. 

Phymatorhusin {fi-mat-or-u'-sin) [<pv/ua, growth]. 
A pigment found by Nencki in the metastatic de- 
posits of a melanotic sarcoma of the skin. It con- 
tains sulphur, is insoluble in alcohol, in water, and 
in ether, but dissolves readily in ammonia, and in alka- 
line carbonates. It is free from iron. 

Phymatosis {Ji-mat-o' -sis) [tpv/ua, tubercle ; voaoc, dis- 
ease : //. , Phymatoses~\. Any tuberculous or scrofu- 
lous disease. 

Phymocnidosis {fi-mok-nid-o 1 '-sis). Synonym of Ery- 
thema nodosum. 

Phymolepra {fi-tno-lep'-rah). Synonym of Leprosy, 
Tuberculous. 

Phymosis (fi-mo'-sis). Synonym of Phimosis. 

Phypella (fi-pel'-ah) \_§vy.a, growth ; -nklAa, skin]. 
An old name for boil. 

Phyraliphore (fi-ral'-if-or). One of certain cells con- 
taining vesicles or cavities called by Virchow Phy- 
salides, and supposed to take part in endogenous cell- 
formation (Von Korsinsky). See Physalis. 

Physa (fi'-sah) [jpvaa, air]. Bulla or pustule. 

Physagogue (fis' -ag-og) [yvoa, wind ; ayuyoc, lead- 
ing]. I. Carminative. 2. An agent that expels flatus. 

Physalide (fis'-al-id) \j>vaaX?uc, bladder]. The ves- 
icular tuft of the chorion as seen in the vesicular 
mole. Synonym of Physalis. 

Physalidocnidosis (fis-al-id-ok-nid-o'-sis). Synonym 
of Urticaria bullosa. 

Physalin (fis'-al-in) [pvoal'Atc, a bladder], C H H 1B 5 . 
A non-nitrogenous body found in 1 85 2 by Dessaigues 
and Chautard in Physalis alkekengi ; it has been used 
in place of quinin. 

Physalis (fis'-al-is) \J>vaa?~Aic , a bladder]. A genus 
of solanaceous herbs, mostly American. P. alkekengi, 
the strawberry tomato, Jerusalem cherry, or Juden- 
kirsche of Europe, and P. viscosa, of N. America, 
are diuretic. Unof. 

Physalis [Jis'-al-is) \j>vaa7.Xic , bladder: //. , Physa- 
lides~\. A name given by Virchow to the large giant 
epithelial cell of giant-cell carcinoma. 

Physasthma ( fis-ast'-mah) [_<pvaa, wind ; aadfia, asthma] . 
Asthma due to, or complicated with, emphysema. 

Physconia {fis - ko'- ne - ah) [jpvaiajv, paunch]. Any 
abdominal enlargement, especially from tympanites. 
P. adiposa, corpulency. P. aquosa, ascites. P. 
biliosa, distention of the gall-bladder. P. mesen- 
terica. Synonym of Tabes mesenterica. 

Physechema [fis-ek-e'-mah). Synonym of Sound, 
Bellows. 

Physechos (fts-ek'-os) [(pvaav, to blow ; ^u, sound]. 
Vesicular murmur. 



Physema (fi-se'-mah) [ <j>var/fia ; <j>voav, to blow]. A 
bellows-like action of the lungs. 

Physesis (fi-se'-sis). Synonym of Physema. 

Physianthropy ( fiz-e-an' '-thro-pe) [d/w/c, nature ; av- 
ttpu-oc, man]. The study of the human constitution 
and of the diseases of man. 

Physiatrics (fiz -e - at'- riks) \_(f>r<ric, nature; larpeia, 
treatment]. The power of nature in curing disease: 
vis medicatrix natures. 

Physiautocracy (fiz-e-aw-tok'-ra-ce) [tj>i'Uig, nature ; 
avroc, self; upa-tlv, to rule]. The power of nature. 

Physiautotherapia (fiz-e-aw-to-ther-a'-pe-ah) [0woyc, 
nature ; avroc, self; Oepancveiv, to cure]. Strictly 
expectant treatment. 

Physic (fiz'-ik) [cpi'OTf, nature]. The science of medi- 
cine. Also, a medicine, especially a cathartic. Also, 
stannic tetrachlorid, a mordant used in dyeing. P. 
Nut. See Barbadoes Nut. P. -root. See Lep- 
tandra. 

Physical (fiz'-ik-al) [tpvamog, physical]. Pertaining to 
nature or to physics. Also, pertaining to the body or 
material things, in contradistinction to the mind, or 
metaphysical things. P. Diagnosis, the investigation 
of disease by the direct aid of the senses, sight, touch, 
hearing. P. Education, the training of the body 
by means of gymnastics, etc. P. Examination, ex- 
amination of the patient's body to determine the con- 
dition of the various organs and parts. P. Signs, the 
phenomena observed on inspection, palpation, percus- 
sion, auscultation, mensuration, or combinations of 
these methods, etc. 

Physicalist (fiz'-ik-al-isl) [picric, nature]. One who 
maintains that the physical constitution dominates the 
intellectual and moral nature. 

Physician (fiz-ish'-an) \_<pv<uc, nature]. One who 
practices medicine. Formerly, a natural philosopher. 
P.-ship, the office of physician. 

Physicist (fiz'-is-ist) [pwcr/c, nature]. In biology, one 
who holds that vital phenomena are purely physical 
and chemic. One learned in the science of physics. 

Physick's Encysted Rectum. A rare disease of ad- 
vanced age consisting in an hypertrophy, and some- 
times of an inflammation, of the natural rectal sacs, 
which become dilated also. It is attended with burn- 
ing pain at the anus and adjacent parts and an in- 
creased mucous secretion. See Diseases, Table of. 
P.'s Splint. A long splint, a modification of Desault's 
splint for fracture of the femur. 

Physico-chemic (fiz'-ik-o-kem'-ik) [<j>i<aic, nature ; 
Xiifizia, chemistry]. Being both physical and chemic. 

Physicomental ( fiz'- ik- o- men'- tal) \_<j>vaic, nature ; 
mens, mind]. Pertaining to physical and mental phe- 
nomena and their interdependence. 

Physics (fiz'-iks) \_<p'vaic, nature]. The science that 
treats of the properties of matter,' and of the laws 
governing it in conditions of rest and motion, and in 
its fluid, solid, and gaseous states. P., Chemic, 
that branch of physics which is used by chemists 
to define substances. P., Medical, that part of physics 
having bearing upon medicine in any of its branches. 

Physiogenesis (fiz-e-o-Jen'-es-is). See Physiogeny. 

Physiogenetic (fiz-e-o-jen-et'-ik). See Physiogenic. 

Physiogenic (fiz-e-o-jen'-ik) \_<pi'Gic, nature ; ysvvav, to 
beget]. Pertaining to physiogeny, or the develop- 
ment of functions. 

Physiogeny (fiz-e-o/'-en-e) \_<pi<oic, nature ; yevvav, to 
produce]. In biology, the science of the develop- 
ment, genesis, or evolution of functions. 

Physiognomic (fiz-e-og-nom' -ik) \jpvaic, nature ; yvufirj, 
knowledge]. Pertaining to physiognomy. 

Physiognomist {fiz - e - og'- no - mist) [ tpvai^, nature ; 
yvtjfiij, knowledge]. One skilled in physiognomy. 



PHVSIOGNOMONIC 



1080 



PHYSOSTIGMA 



Physiognomonic {fiz - e - og - no - mon' '- ik) . Same as 
Physiognomic. 

Physiognomonics {fiz - e - og - no - mon'- iks ) [<j>vaic, 
nature; yv&fii], knowledge]. The science of physi- 
ognomy. 

Physiognomy {fiz-e-og' '-no-me) \_<p'voic, nature ; yvupr), 
knowledge]. I. The art of reading character by a 
study of the face. 2. The countenance itself. 

Physiogony {fiz - e - og'- o-ne) \J>volc, nature; yovrj, 
generation]. The production of nature. 

Physiologic, Physiological {fiz-e-o-loj' -ik, fiz-e-o-loj' - 
ik-al) [<pvaic, nature ; Adjoc, science]. Pertaining to 
physiology ; pertaining to natural or normal processes, 
as opposed to those that are pathologic. P. Antidote, 
an antidote that neutralizes not by its chemic power, 
but through its effects on the system. P. Excavation, 
the funnel-shaped depression at the center of the optic 
papilla, at the bottom of which the retinal vessels en- 
ter ; it varies in size and form, but always has sloping 
walls, which distinguish it from a pathologic excava- 
tion, exhibiting vertical or overhanging walls. P. 
Selection. See Evolution. P. Units of Herbert 
Spencer, in biology, hypothetic, complex, protean 
units, intermediate between chemic units and morpho- 
logic units or cells. They are supposed to possess a 
polarity or aptitude to aggregate in the form of the 
particular species of organism to which they belong, 
just as the molecules of a salt possess the intrinsic apti- 
tude to crystallize in a particular way. The entire 
body is supposed to be composed of these units, mak- 
ing regeneration of lost parts possible, while the germ- 
cells are supposed to contain small groups of them, 
giving each germ-cell the power of reproducing the 
whole. The theory is one of epigenesis. See id, 
idant, idioplasm, plasome, microsomata, heredity, epi- 
genesis, pangenesis, etc. 

Physiologism {fiz-e-ol'-o-jizm) [fyvcic, nature; Myoc, 
science]. The abuse of physiology. 

Physiologist {fiz - e - ol'- o -jist ) \jj>vaig, nature ; %6yoc, 
science]. One who is expert in physiology. 

Physiology {fiz- e - ol'- o -je) [tpvaic, nature; ?i6yor, 
science]. The science that treats of the functions of 
organic beings, as distinguished from morphology, 
etiology, etc. P., Animal, the physiology of ani- 
mals. P., Cellular, the physiology of cells. P., 
Comparative, the comparative study of the physiol- 
ogy of different animals and of animals and plants. 
P., Morbid, the study of diseased functions or of 
functions modified by disease. P., Pathogenetic, 
P., Pathologic, pathology. P., Special, the physiol- 
ogy of special organs. P., Vegetable, the physiology 
of plants. 

Physiolysis {fiz-e-ol' -is-is) [_<j>vaig, nature ; Iveiv, to 
dissolve]. The disintegration of dead tissue by the 
natural processes of decomposition. 

Physiomedicalism {fiz- e - o - med' - ik - al- izm) \_<pvaic, 
nature; medicari, to heal]. The professed use of 
natural remedies only, poisons and minerals being 
rejected. 

Physiomedicalist ( fiz-e-o-med' '-ik-al-ist)[<pvoic , nature; 
medicari, to heal]. One who professes physiomedic- 
alism. 

Physionomy ( fiz-e-on'-o-me) \$vaiQ, nature ; vdfioc, 
law]. The science of the laws of nature. 

Physiophilosophy [fiz' '-e-o fil-os'-o-fe). Synonym of 
Physics. 

Physiophyly {fiz-e-ojf'-il-e) \_<j>vmc, nature; (pvhov, a 
tribe]. In biology, the tribal history or paleontologic 
evolution of function, without reference to form. 

Physique {fiz-ek') [Fr.]. Physical structure or or- 
ganization. 

Physocele {fi'-so-sel) [tyvaa, air; KijXr], tumor]. A 



swelling or tumor containing air or flatus ; emphysema 
of the scrotum; a hernia filled with flatus. 

Physocelia (fi-so-se / -le-ah). Synonym of Tympanites. 

Physocephalus {fi-so-sefi'-al-us) [yvoa, air; Kc^a'/.r/, 
head]. Emphysematous swelling of the head. 

Physocolic {fi-so-kol'-ik) [jim, air; kw'Klkt), colic]. 
Colic caused by flatus. 

Physode {fi'-sod) [_(j>vaiy^, a bladder]. In biology, 
the name applied by Crato to minute, refractive, 
bladder-like formations, found gliding about within 
the watery fluid in the lamellar systems of certain 
vegetable cells. In the brown Alga the physodes 
contain substances analogous to phenol. 

Physodin (fi'-so-di?i) \_physodes, from ipvoa, air; (pvaiylj, 
a bladder]. A substance found by Gerding associated 
with Ccratophyllin , in the lichen Parmelia ceratophylla 
var. physodes, Ach. 

Physodyspnea (fi'-so-disp-ne'-ali) \_<bvoa, air; five-, dif- 
ficult ; irvkeiv, to breathe]. Dyspnea due to emphy- 
sema. 

Physohematometra [f. 1 '-so-hem' '-at-o-me' '-trah) [i^vca, 
air ; al/ia, blood ; fii/rpa, uterus]. An accumulation of 
gas, or air, and blood in the uterus, as in decomposi- 
tion of retained menses, or placental tissue. 

Physchydrometra (fi / -so-hi / -dro-me / -trah) \jpvaa, air ; 
iifiup, water; fti/rpa, womb]. An accumulation of 
gas and water in the uterus. 

Physology (fi-sol'-o-je) [tyvoa, air; ?v6yor, science]. 
The study of flatulence. 

Physometer {fi - som' - et - er) \J>vaa, air; /j-srpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for determining variations 
in the volume of a confined body of air. 

Physometra {fi-so-me' -trail) [_<pvc>a, air; /ui/rpa, womb]. 
A distention of the womb with gas, produced by the 
decomposition of its contents. 

Physomycetes (fi-so-mi-se' '-tez) \_ipbaa, bellows ; fivKqc, 
fungus]. A class of Fungi characterized by a total 
absence of hymenium. 

Physoncus (fi-song / -kus) \_<pvaa, air; bynoc, tumor]. 
A swelling due to the presence of air. 

Physoscheocele (fi-sos'-ke-o-sel) \jj>ioa, air; baxeov, 
scrotum; Krfkq, tumor]. Emphysema of the scrotum. 

Physospasmus {fi-so-spaz'-mus) [_<pvoa, air, flatus ; arrda- 
p.6c, spasm]. Flatulent colic. 

Physosterin (fi - sos'- ter- in) [fins, bellows; oreap, 
fat]. An inert fatty or cholesterin-like substance oc- 
curring in the Calabar bean. 

Physostigma (fi-sos-tig'-mah) [0i'cra, bellows ; ariy/ua, 
stigma]. Calabar Bean, Ordeal Nut. The seed of 
P. vencnosum, native of West Africa. The properties 
of the drug depend upon two alkaloids, pliysosligmin 
or eserin, C, 5 H 21 N 3 2 , which paralyzes the motor func- 
tions of the spinal cord and stimulates muscle-fiber, and 
calabarin, which acts similarly to strychnin. Locally 
applied to the eye, physostigmin causes contraction of 
the pupil and diminishes intraocular tension. On ac- 
count of its action on muscles it causes increased per- 
istaltic movements of the intestines. In toxic doses, 
death is produced by failure of respiration. Its ther- 
apeutic uses are : In diseases of the eye, as in glau- 
coma, in iritis, to contract the pupil, and, alternated 
with atropin, to break up adhesions after iritis ; in 
convulsive diseases, as tetanus and strychnin-poison- 
ing ; in constipation from atony of the intestines ; in 
bronchitis and dyspnea, from weakness of the bron- 
chial muscles. It is also used as an antidote to atro- 
pin and to strychnin. For poisoning, give an 
emetic and inject atropin. P., Ext., Alcoholic. 
Dose gr. J^-j. P., Injectio, Hypodermica ; 
io grains of the extract in j4 ounce. Dose 
TTLiij-xij. P., Tinct., 15 per cent, in strength. Dose 
n\v-xx. Eserina (Physostigmina, B. P.), unof. 



PHYSOSTIGMIN 



1081 



PHYTOPARASITE 



A myotic. Dose gr. ^~tV- Lamellae Physostig- 
minae (B. P.), each contains T ^ T grain of physostig- 
min. Physostigminas Salicylas. Dose gr. TFtruV- 
Injectio P. salicylat. hypodermica ; I in 160. 
Dose Tt\,j-vj. Physostigminae Sulphas, very solu- 
ble. Dose gr. T to~sV Injectio P. Sulphat. hy- 
poderm., 4 grains to one ounce. Dose Try-iv. 

Physostigmin (fi-so-stig'-min). Synonym of Eserin. 

Physothorax (fi-so-tho'-raks). Synonym of Pneumo- 
thorax. . 

Phytalbumose (fi-tal'-bu-moz) \j>vt6v, plant; albu- 
men]. A vegetable peptone or albumose, found in 
seeds of the Legieminosir, in Hour, and in papaw juice. 
a-phytalbumose agrees with the hemialbumose of Vines, 
being soluble in cold and boiling water ; yielding also 
the biuret reaction, and a precipitate by saturation with 
sodium chlorid only in an acid solution, ji-phytalbu- 
mo'se is soluble in cold but not in boiling distilled 
water ; hence it is precipitated by heat. It is also 
readily thrown down by saturation with sodium chlo- 
rid, and gives a faint biuret reaction. 

Phyterythrin (fi-ter' -ith-rin) [_<j>vr6v, plant; kpvOpoc, 
red]. The red coloring-matter of plants, especially 
of leaves, in autumn. 

Phythelminthus (fi -thel-min'-thus). Synonym of 
Bothriocephalus. 

Phytiatrica (fit-e-af -rik-ali) [ <pvr6v, plant; larpucT/, 
medicine]. Treatment by means of medicinal herbs ; 
botanic medicine. 

Phytiform (fi'-tif-orm) \jpvrov, plant ; forma, form]. 
Resembling a plant. 

Phytivorous (fi-tiv' -or-us) . Same as Phytophagous. 

Phyto- (fi'-to-) [tpvrov, plant] . A prefix signifying 
connection with or relation to vegetable organisms. 

Phyto-alopecia (fi-to-al-o-pe' -she-ah). Synonym of 
Alopecia areata. 

Phytobiology (fi-to-bi- ol'-o-je) [yvrov, plant ; /&'of, 
life; Xoyuc, science]. The science of plant-life. 

Phytoblast [fi' -to-blasi) [tyvrov, plant ; (iXacToq, germ]. 
The living protoplasm constituting a cell. 

Phytocerosium (fi-to-ser-o' -ze-wii) [jpvTov, plant ; Kr/poq, 
wax]. Vegetable wax. 

Phytochemic, Phytochemical (fi -to- kem' '-ik, fi-to- 
kem'-ik-al) \jpvr6v, plant ; x r ll J - eia i chemistry]. • Per- 
taining to vegetable chemistry or to changes of vege- 
table origin, the plants acting by chemic force, or 
effecting a chemic change. Ferment-fungi are phyto- 
chemic, and so are the poisonous or pathogenic prin- 
ciples associated with the presence and growth of mi- 
crobes in the body. 

Phytochemistry (fi-to-kem'-is-tre) \_<f>vrov, plant; 
XitjJ.ua, chemistry]. Vegetable chemistry. 

Phytochimy (fi' -to-kim-e) . Same as Phytochemistry. 

Phytochlore (fi'-to-klor~) [jjivtov, plant ; ^/lupor, pale- 
green]. In biology, same as chlorophyl. 

Phytochrome (fi'-to-krom) [ ^vrov, plant; xpu/ja, 
color]. In biology, a general term for those vege- 
table pigments necessary to the fundamental processes 
of vegetable assimilation, and for the synthesis of pro- 
toplasm and amylum. Cf. chlorophyl, erythrin, phceo- 
din, phyllocyanin , phvlloxanthin. 

Phytocolla ( fi-to-kol'-ah) \jpv76v, plant ; Kolla, glue]. 
Same as Gliadin. 

Phytocyst (fi'-to-sist) [ (bvrov, plant; Kvcrrtr, cyst]. 
In biology, a cyst or envelop of cellulose containing the 
phytoblast. 

Phytoderma (fi-to-der'-mali) \_<pvrov, plant ; dip/un, skin : 
pi. , Phytodermata~\. Any cutaneous disease produced 
by microscopic vegetation, or by dermatophytes. 

Phytogenesis (fi-lo jen'-es-is) [$vtov, plant ; yeveaiq, 
origin]. In biology, the science of the origin and 
development of plants. 



Phytogenetic (fi-to-jen-et'-ih) \J>vt6v, plant ; yevvav, 
genesis]. Pertaining to phytogenesis. 

Phytogeny (fi-toj'-en-e). Same as Phytogenesis. 

Phytogeographic (fi'-to-je-o-graf'-ik) [tyvrov, plant ; 
yeuypaipia, geography]. Pertaining to phytogeog- 
raphy. 

Phytogeography (fi'-to-je-og'-ra-fe) [tpvrdv, plant ; 
yeuypaipia, geography]. In biology, the geographic 
distribution of plants. 

Phytogony (fi-tog' '-o-ne) \J>vt6v, plant ; yovi], genera- 
tion]. In biology, the development of the species in 
plants. 

Phytographer (fi-tog' -ra-fer) \jj>vtov, plant ; ypatyetv, 
to write]. One who describes and classifies plants. 

Phytographic (fi-to-graf -ik) [_<j>vt6v, plant ; ypa<jieiv, 
to write]. Pertaining to phytography. 

Phytography (fi - log'-ra-fie) \jpvr6v, plant; ypatyeiv, 
to write]. Botany. Also, a treatise on the geographic 
distribution of plants. 

Phytoid (fi'-toid)\jj>v-6v, plant ; eldoc, like]. In biology, 
plant-like ; e.g. , certain animals and organs. 

Phytolacca (fi-to-lak'-ah) \jj>vtov, plant; lacca, )v.o: 
gen., Phytolacca:]. Poke. The root and the fruit of 
P. decandra. It is an emetic, cathartic, and motor de- 
pressant. Toxic doses cause death by paralysis of 
the organs of respiration. Its action is antagonized by 
alcohol, opium, and digitalis. It is serviceable in 
malignant tumors, eczema, and similar skin-affections. 
Dose of the root as an emetic gr. x-xxx ; as an alter- 
ative gr. j-v. P. bacca (U. S. P.), the berry or 
fruit of Phytolacca decandra. Dose of a saturated 
tincture, a fluidram three times a day; serviceable 
in rheumatism. P. radix (U. S. P.), the root of 
Phytolacca decandra. P., Ext., Fid., Rad. Dose 
tn_v-3J. P., Tinct., unof. Dose TT\,x- 3J. 

Phytolaccic Acid (fi-to-lak'-sik) [(pvrov, plant ; lacca, 
lac]. Oxalic acid as found in Phytolacca. 

Phytolaccin (fi-to-lak' -shi) \J>vt6v, plant; lacca, lac]. 
The precipitate from a tincture of the root of Phytolacca 
decandra. It is alterative, anti-syphilitic, laxative, 
etc. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof. 

Phytolithology (fi-to-lith-ol'-o-je) \J>vtov, plant ; Aidnq, 
stone ; ?.6yoq, science]. The science of fossil plants. 

Phytologic (fi-to-loj'-ik) [ipvTov, plant ; XSyoq, science]. 
Pertaining to phytology. 

Phytologist (fi-tol'-o-jist) [(Jivtov, plant ; Myoc, sci- 
ence]. One versed in phytology. 

Phytology (fi-toV -o-je) \jpvrov, plant ; Aoyoc, science]. 
Same as Botany. 

Phytolysis (fi-tol'-is-is) \J>vtov, plant ; Avetv, to loose]. 
In biology, the change in position occurring in the 
pigment in a living cell in consequence of changes in 
the intensity of the light,— such as the changes in the 
chlorophyl coincident with the alternation of day and 
night. 

Phytomentagra (fi - to- men-ta'-grafi). Synonym of 
Sycosis. 

Phytomer (fi'-to-mer) [<j>vtov, plant ; fiepoq, part]. See 
Phyton. 

Phytomycetes (fi-to-mi-se'-tez) [tyvrov, plant ; {WfcTjq, 
fungus]. Molds occurring in putrid urine. 

Phyton (fi'-ton) \_(j>vrov, plant ; tpveiv, to produce]. In 
biology, Gaudichaud's name for the pieces which by 
their repetition make up a plant, on the theory that 
the plant is a compound individual. Compare the use 
of person by zoologists. 

Phytonomatotechny (fi-to-no-mat' -o-tek-tie) [<j>vt6i>, 
plant; bvofia, name; rixvr), art]. In biology, the 
nomenclature of plants. 

Phytonomy ( fi-ton 1 '-o-me) \jpv~6v, plant ; vofioq, law]. 
In biology, the laws of plant-life. 

Phytoparasite (fi-to-par'-as-lt) \_tpur6v, a plant ; rrapa- 



PHYTOPARASITIC 



1082 



PICRAMIC ACID 



airog, a parasite]. In biology, a plant of parasitic 
habit. See Epiphyte. 

Phytoparasitic {fi-to-par-as-it'-ik) [<j>vr6v, plant ; irapd, 
beside; airog, food]. Pertaining to phytoparasites. 

Phytopathologic {fi-to-path-o-loj' -ik) [(j>vrov, plant ; 
■ndBog, disease ; Myog, science]. Pertaining to phyto- 
pathology. 

Phytopathologist {fi-to-path-ol'-o-jist) [fvrov, plant; 
ndOog, disease ; Adyog, science]. CJne versed in 
phytopathology. 

Phytopathology {fi - to -path- ol'-o-je) [<pvr6v, plant ; 
ndOog, disease ; "hbyog, science]. The science of 
plant-disease, or of diseases due to vegetable organisms; 
also, the science of the diseases of plants ; vegetable 
pathology. 

Phytophagous {fi-toff'-ag-us) [(pvrov, a plant ; <j>ayelv, 
to eat]. In biology, herbivorous ; feeding on plants. 

Phytophagy ( fi-toff'-aj-e) [<j>vr6v, a plant ; tyaytiv, to 
eat]. The habit of feeding on plants. 

Phytophilous (Ji-toff'-il-us) [<j>vtov, a plant ; (pikelv, to 
love]. In biology, applied to animals that are fond 
• of plants. 

Phytophysiology {fi-to-fiz-e-ol' -o-je). Synonym of 
Physiology, Vegetable. 

Phytoplasm {fi'-to-plazm) [(pvrbv, plant; irAdafia, 
plasma]. The vegetable protoplasm. 

Phytosis {fi-to'-sis) \jpvr6v, plant ; voaog, disease : //. , 
Phytoses~\. I. Any disease due to the presence of 
vegetable parasites. 2. The production of disease by 
vegetable parasites. 3. The presence of vegetable 
parasites. 

Phytosterin {fi-tos'-ter-in) [(pvrov, plant; arepog, solid]. 
A substance, present in plant-seeds and sprouts, very 
similar to cholesterin. 

Phytotaxy {fi'-to-taks-e) [<j>vr6v, plant ; t&Sic, order, 
arrangement]. In biology, systematic botany. 

Phytotechny {fi'-to-tek-ne) [tpvrdv, plant ; rixvrj, art]. 
Industrial botany. 

Phytotomous {fi - tot'- - mus) [4>vtov, plant ; rd/zog, a 
cutting]. In biology, leaf-cutting, or plant-cutting, 
e.g., certain birds or insects. 

Phytotomy {fi-tot' -o-me) [(pvrdv, plant ; ro/ii/, a cut- 
ting]. The anatomy of plants. 

Phytovitellin {fi-to-vit-el 1 ' -in) [yvrdv, plant ; vitellus, 
yolk]. The vegetable analogue of vitellin. 

Phytozoaria {fi -to-zo - a'- re - all) [(pvrdv, plant ; r tiov, 
animal]. Same as Infusoria. 

Phytozoon {fi-to-zo'-on) [<pvrov, plant; r Ctov, animal]. 
A plant-like animal ; a zoophyte. 

Pia [pi' -ah) [native Polynesian]. The plant Tacca 
pinnatifida, from which a variety of arrowroot is pre- 
pared ; it is said to be of special value in the treatment 
of certain cases of diarrhea and dysentery. Unof. 

Pia, or, more fully, Pia Mater ( pe' -ah mah'-ter or pi'- 
ah-ma' ' -ter) [L., "pious, or tender, mother."" The 
vascular membrane, consisting of a plexus of blood- 
vessels held by a fine areolar tissue, enveloping the 
entire surface of the brain and spinal cord. It dips 
into the fissures of the brain and forms the velum inter- 
positum and the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle. 
P., Cerebral, the pia mater covering the brain. P., 
External, that which covers the external portion of 
the brain. P., Internal, that which passes into the 
ventricles. P. intima, the inner layer of the spinal 
pia mater. P., Spinal, the pia of the spinal cord. 
P. of Testis. See Tunica. 

Pia-arachnitis {pi'-ah-ar-ak-ni'-tis) [pia, ■pxa.; apaxvr/, 
spiders' web; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the pia- arachnoid ; leptomeningitis. 

Pia-arachnoid {pi' -ah-ar-ak' -noid) [/w,pia; apaxvr}, 
a spider's web ; eldog, like]. The pia and arachnoid 
considered as one structure. 



Pial (pi'-al) [pia, pia]. Pertaining to the pia mater. 

Pialyn {pi'-al-in) [map, fat ; '/.ieiv, to split up or de- 
compose]. An enzyme contained in both the pan- 
creatic substance and fluid, which has not as yet been 
isolated. It is capable of effecting a hydrolytic de- 
composition of neutral fats into glycerin and free fatty 
acids. It is most actively present in the substance of 
the fresh gland or its secretion, and its activity is 
greatest at about 40 C. 

Pia-matral {pi'-ah-ma'-tral). See Pial. 

Pian {pi' -an). See Frambesia. 

Pianists' Cramp. See Cramp. 

Piano-players' Cramp. See Cramp. 

Piarachnoid ( pi-ar-ak' '-noid '\\_pia, pia ; apaxvr/, spiders' 
web ; Eldog, like]. The pia mater and arachnoid con- 
sidered as one membrane. 

Piarolytic (pi-ar-o-lit'-ik) [rrlap, fat ; AvrtKog, dissolv- 
ing]. Forming emulsions with fat. 

Piarrhemia (pi-ar-e'-me-ah) [-tap, fat ; difja, blood]. 
See Lipemia. 

Pica {pi'-kah) [L., "magpie "]. The craving for un- 
natural and strange articles of food ; a symptom present 
in certain forms of insanity, in hysteria, and chlorosis, 
and during pregnancy. 

Picacismus (pik-as-iz'-mus) [pix, pitch]. Depilation 
by means of pitch-plaster. 

Picamar { pik-am' -ahr) [ pix, pitch ; amarus, bitter] . 
A bitter, oily substance obtained in the distillation of 
wood-tar. 

Picea (pi'-se-ah) [L., the pitch-pine]. A genus of 
coniferous trees. P. alba, the white spruce. P. 
excelsa, the common fir or pitch-pine. It yields resin 
and turpentine. P. nigra, the black spruce. P. vul- 
garis. Synonym of P. excelsa. 

Picene {pi' -sen) [picea, the pitch-pine], C 22 H U . A 
hydrocarbon formed by the distillation of lignite, coal- 
tar and petroleum residues. It is very sparingly 
soluble in most of the solvents, but most readily in 
crude cumene ; it crystallizes in blue, fluorescent leaf- 
lets, melting at 338 C. , and boiling at 519° C. 

Piceous {pish'-e-us) [pix, pitch]. In biology, having 
the nature of pitch. Viscous. Pitch-black ; black 
with a faint reddish tinge. 

Pichi {pe'-che) [native Chilean]. The stems and 
leaves of Fabiana imbricata, growing in Chile. It is 
a terebinthin having tonic properties, and is of repute 
in the treatment of catarrhal inflammations of the 
genito-urinary tract. Dose of the fid. ext. 3J ; of the 
extract gr. v-x. Unof. 

Pick {pik) [ME., /?>&■«, to pick]. To pluck with the 
fingers ; a symptom in certain typhoid states. See 
Carphology. 

Pick's Liniment. Linimentutn exsiccans ; a liniment 
used in the treatment of eczema. Its formula is : 
Tragacanth, 75 grains; glycerin, 30 minims ; water, 
2$H drams. It is of service in the dry forms of 
eczema. P.'s Salicylated Soap-plaster, a prepara- 
tion used in the treatment of eczema. It is composed 
as follows: Emplast. saponis liq. , 2^ ounces ; olive- 
oil, 5 drams. ; salicylic acid, 37 grains. It is applied 
on strips of muslin. 

Picolin {pik' -o-lin) [picea, the pitch-pine ; oleum, oil], 
C B H 7 N. Methyl-pyridin, a liquid alkaloid ; a product 
of acroleln-ammonia. 

Picolinic Acid { pik-o-lin'-ik) [picea, the pitch-pine; 
oleum, oil], C 6 H 5 N0 2 . A monobasic acid made 
from picolin and other pyridin-derivatives. 

Picotement {pe-kdt'-mon(g)) [Fr.]. A pricking sensa- 
tion ; tingling ; formication. 

Picra [ pik' -rah). Same as Hi era picra. 

Picraena {pik-re'-nah). See Quassia. 

Picramic Acid {pik-ram'-ik) [-mpdg, bitter; amin~],C & - 



PICRAMID 



1083 



PIGMENT 



H-N.,0 5 . Picric acid in which one N0 2 radicle lias 
been replaced by NH 2 . 

Picramid {pik' -ram-id) \_-ikj>6c, bitter; ai?iid~\. An 
amid of picric acid ; trinitranilin. 

Picranisic Acid {pik-ran-iz'-ik). Synonym of Picric 
Acid. 

Picrate ipik'-rat) \jziKpog, bitter]. Any salt of picric 
acid. See Ammonium Picrate. 

Picric {pik'-rik) [KiKpdg, bitter]. Same as Carbazotic. 
P. Acid. See Acid and Pigments, Conspectus of. P. 
Acid Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Picroaconitin {pik - ro - ak - on'- it - in) [nv/cpdc, bitter ; 
aconitum~\, C 31 H, 5 NO 10 . An amorphous substance 
extracted from the bulbs of Aconitum napellus. It is 
slightly poisonous. 

Picrocarmin (pik-ro-kar' '-min) [iriKpoc, bitter ; carmin, 
carmin]. A preparation for staining microscopic 
specimens. Its composition is as follows : carmin 
I.o ; ammonia 5.0 ; distilled water 50.0. After 
solution, add saturated watery solution of picric acid 
50.0. Allow to stand in a wide-mouthed bottle until 
the ammonia has evaporated ; then filter. See Stains, 
Table of. 

Picroerythrin {pik-ro-er' '-ith-riti) \_-aiKpoq, bitter ; hpv- 
6po<;, red], C 12 H 16 7 -f- 3H 2 0. A crystalline, bitter 
substance, soluble in hot water, insoluble in absolute 
alcohol, and melting at 158 C. 

Picroglycin, Picroglycion {pik-ro-gli'-sin, pik-ro-gli'- 
se-on) \_TUKp6g, bitter ; yA.vK.vg, sweet]. A crystalline, 
bitter substance, found in Solatium dulcamara. It 
may be impure solanin. 

Picrolithium - carmin {pik-ro-lith' -e-um-kar' -min). 
A solution used in staining microscopic sections. It 
is composed of carmin 2.5-5.0 ; saturated watery so- 
lution of lithium carbonate 100.0; to which is added 
saturated watery solution of picric acid 2.0. 

Picromel {pik'-ro-mel) [rrinpoc, bitter; fiiXi, honey]. 
A mixture of unknown composition containing salts of 
glycocholic and taurocholic acids. 

Picronitric Acid {pik-ro-ni'-trik). Synonym of Picric 
Acid. 

Picropodophyllin {pik' -ro-po-do-fil' -in) \jxiKpoq, bitter ; 
•Ko'vg, foot; <pi)A?<x>v, leaf]. A crystalline substance 
obtained from Podophyllum peltatum. 

Picroroccellin {pik-ro-ros-el' -in) [ninpoc, bitter ; roc- 
cellin~\, C 27 H 29 N,0 5 . A crystalline, bitter substance 
obtained from Roccella tinctoria, or one of its varieties. 

Picro-saccharimeter {pik' -ro-sak-ar-im' -et-er) \_-KiKpbc, 
bitter ; crd/c^apov, sugar ; pierpov, measure] . An in- 
strument for determining the amount of sugar in a 
given sample of urine by comparison with the color 
of a permanent standard solution of perchlorid of iron — 
that of a picric acid reduction of the urine brought to 
a similar tint as the standard by dilution with water — 
the amount of the latter required indicating the amount 
of sugar present. 

Picro-saccharometer {pik' -ro-sak-ar-om' -et-er). See 
Picro-saccharimeter. 

Picrotin {pik' -ro-tin) [wmpdc, bitter], C 15 H ]8 O r A 
decomposition-product of picrotoxin, formed when the 
latter is treated with benzene. 

Picrotoxic Acid {pik-ro-toks'-ik). Synonym of Picro- 
toxin. 

Picrotoxin {pik-ro-toks' -hi) [iriKpSr, bitter; to!-lk.6v, 
poison; Picrotoxinum, U. S. P. ; gen. Picrotoxini~\. 
A neutral principle prepared from Anamirta panicu- 
lata {Cocculus indicus).' Picrotoxin stimulates the 
motor and inhibitory centers in the medulla, especially 
the respiratory and vagus centers; it causes epilep- 
tiform spasms by irritation of the motor centers of the 
cerebrum or cord and medulla, the spasms often hav- 
ing the character of manetre movements. Its action is 



much like that of strychnin. It has been used in an 
ointment (10 grains to one oz. of lard) in tinea capitis 
and in pediculosis. It is useful for the night-sweats 
of phthisis, and in the complex of symptoms known 
as vaso-motor ataxia, q. v. Dose gr. ^ to ^- s . It 
has been tried in epilepsy, but has proved useless. 
Cocculi, Ext., Fid. Dose rrij-iij. C, Tinct., 
tincture of cocculus, 12)4 per cent, in strength. Dose 
rr\jj-xv. Cocculi, Planat's Tinct., strength 25 
per cent. Dose n\-v. Injectio Picrotox. Hypo- 
dermica, 1 grain in 240 minims of water. Dose rr^ij- 
viij. 

Picrotoxinin {pik-ro-toks' -in-in). See Picrotoxin. 

Pictet Liquid {pik'-tet) [pix, pitch]. A liquid con- 
sisting of a mixture of sulphurous acid gas and carbon 
dioxid liquefied under pressure. It has been used in the 
treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. A small quantity 
allowed to escape into a closed room quickly resumes 
the gaseous state, and is inhaled by the tuberculous 
patient. It appears to give good results. 

Pictura {pik-tu'-rah) \_pictura, painting, picture]. In 
biology, the pattern or coloration of a particular part 
(as a feather) or of an entire animal. 

Piddle {pid'-l) [origin obscure]. To urinate (a child- 
ish word). 

Piebald {pi'-bawld) [ME., pyebald, piebald]. Of 
various colors. P. Iris, an iris which has spots of 
different colors, generally small dark spots on a lighter 
background. P. Skin. See Leukoderma, and Vitiligo. 

Piedra {pe-a'-drah) [S. Amer.]. A disease of the hair 
marked by the formation of hard, pin-head-sized 
nodules on the shaft of the hair, thought to be due to 
the presence of a species of micrococcus. It occurs in 
the Andean plateau. 

Piezometer {pi-e-zom' -et-er) \wik^eiv, to press; pkrpov, 
measure]. An apparatus for measuring the degree of 
compression of gases. 

Pigback Kidney. See Kidney. 

Pigeon {pij'-un) [ME., pigeon, pigeon]. A bird of 
the family Columbidcz. P. -breast. Synonym of 
Pectus carinatum ; it occurs in rickety children and in 
mouth-breathers. P. -breasted, affected with pigeon- 
breast. P. -toe. See Hallux varus. P. -toed, hav- 
ing the toes directed inward. 

Pigment {pig' -ment) \_pigmentum, pingere, to paint]. 
In biology, a pigment is any organic coloring-matter 
in the tissues of plants or animals, e.g. , the coloring- 
matter occurring in the iris, retina, hair, and in the 
rete mucosum of the skin. It may be of mimetic value, 
or concerned in assimilation and metabolism, or in 
respiration. P., Color, and Dye-stuff ; & pigment is 
any substance that is employed in the arts for the pur- 
pose of imparting color to bodies. The term is properly 
restricted to the dry coloring-matter, which when mixed 
with a vehicle becomes a paint. O. N. Witt assumes 
the presence of certain characteristic groups — chro- 
mophorous groups — in all dyestuffs, which, by intro- 
duction into colorless bodies, give rise to the basis- 
structure of dyestuffs — -chromogenous groups. When 
these chromogenous groups are joined to salt-forming 
groups, such as hydroxyl or amidogen, dyestuffs are 
formed. Color is applied to any hue, especially a 
pure tint, other than black or white. A dye-stuff is 
any dyewood, lichen, powder, or dyecake used in 
dyeing and staining dress-materials. A fast color is 
one which resists the weather, light, soap-lye, dilute 
alkalies, and very dilute acids ; a fugitive color is one 
which is dissipated under similar circumstances. A sub- 
stantive coloring-matter is one which passes into an 
insoluble state upon the fiber without the intervention 
of a mordant ; examples, all the mineral coloring- 
matters, indigo, turmeric, annatto, safflower, and most 



PIGMENT 



1084 



PILATIO 



of the coal-tar colors. An adjective coloring-matter is 
one which requires a mordant or mediating agent in 
order to become insoluble upon the fiber. A mordant 
is a substance which has an affinity for or which can 
at least penetrate the tissue to be colored, and which 
possesses also the property of combining with the 
coloring-matter employed, and of forming with it an 
insoluble compound within or about the fibers. Mor- 
dants may be iron salts (copperas, ferrous acetate, 
iron pyrolignite, ferric sulphate, and nitrates), nickel 
(nickel-ammonium chlorid, nickel nitro-acetate), 
chromium (chromium sulphate, fluorid, chlorate, potas- 
sium di-chromate and chromate), tin (stannous and 
stannic chlorid, " pink salt," sodium stannate), man- 
ganese (MnCl 2 , KMn0 4 ), lead, copper (nitrate), 
antimony (tartar emetic), or tannin. Raising is the 
process or method of intensifying colors by means of 
mordants. Dunging is a term applied to the mordant- 
ing of goods by passing them through a dung-bath, 
which is a bath composed of water in which a small 
proportion of cows' or pigs' dung, or some substitute 
for it, has been dissolved, with a certain amount of 
chalk to remove the acetic acid from the printed 
material. A discharge is some compound, such as 
the chlorid of lime, which has the property of bleach- 




Pigment-cells of Frog. A, Contracted ; B, C, Partially 
relaxed pigment-cells. (From Stirling.) 

ing or taking away the color already communicated to 
a fabric, by which means white patterns are produced 
on colored grounds. A lake is a pigment formed by the 
absorption of animal, vegetable, or coal-tar coloring-mat- 
ter from an aqueous solution by means of metallic 
bases. Application-colors. See Spirit-colors. Coal- 
tar colors is a name given to a numerous class of 
colors derived from coal-tar by various complex 
chemic processes. Distemper, ox fresco, colors are colors 
ground in water to a creamy consistency, with the ad- 
dition of a sizing of glue or white of egg to make them 
adhere to the surface to which they are applied. 
They are generally used for decorating pla'stered 
walls or ceilings. Graining-colors are colors ground 
in linseed-oil with the addition of a small amount of 
wax to prevent their spreading when manipulated 
with a graining-comb to imitate the graining of 
various woods. Japan-colors are those ground in the 
medium called japan. An oil-color is a pigment of 
any kind ground in linseed-oil or poppy-oil. Spirit- 
colors (also called "spirits,"" or application-colors) are 
certain colors obtained in calico-printing, so-called 
from the use of "spirits," the technical name for the 
acid solutions of tin, in applying the colors. Water- 



colors are pigments ground in water containing a 
small amount of glue, glycerin, honey, or molasses, to 
cause them to bind and adhere to the surface to 
which they are applied. When pressed into molds 
and dried, they are called cake-colors ; but when sold 
in the form of stiff pastes, they are called moist colors. 
Very many of the materials used for dyeing purposes 
are extremely poisonous, and have been productive of 
eczema and other skin-diseases, or even of systemic 
poisoning. Recently the use of dyes as staining 
reagents in bacteriologic, physiologic, and biologic 
researches has assumed such marked importance that 
it has been deemed advisable to introduce the following 
conspectus(pages 1085 etseq.), which contains the more 
important pigments and dye-stuffs. P., Bile. See 
under Bile. P., Blood, hemoglobin and its deriva- 
tives. P., Brown. Same as Soudan Brown. P.- 
cell, a cell specialized for the secretion or retention 
of a pigment ; achromatophore. P. -granule, a min- 
ute, structureless mass of pigment. P., Hematogen- 
ous, any pigment derived from the blood. Hemato- 
genous pigments are hemoglobin, hematoidin, 
hemosiderin ; the bile-pigments, which are indirectly 
derived from the blood-pigment; ferrous sulphid, 
which stains the abdominal walls and the serous coat 
of the abdominal organs after death, is also derived 
from hemoglobin. P. -liver, a coloration of the 
liver occurring in the course of malarial fevers, 
and in the morbid condition of the blood described as 
melanemia. The liver is also deeply pigmented in 
pernicious anemia and in chronic valvular heart-disease, 
with long-continued congestion of the organ. P., 
Metabolic, a pigment formed by the metabolic action 
of cells. Melanin is the type of metabolic pigments. 
P. -molecule. Same as P. -granule. P., Respira- 
tory, a pigment resulting from oxidation of the tissues, 
or a pigment by means of which oxygen is absorbed. 
Hemoglobin maybe considered a respiratory pigment. 
P. -spot, in biology, a small mass of pigment in the 
spores of certain plants and protozoans. P., Urinary, 
urobilin, urochrome, uroerythrin, and others. P., 
Uveal. See under Uvea. 

Pigmental, Pigmentary ( pig-men' '-tal, pig' -men-ta-re) 
\_pingere, to paint]. Pertaining to or containing pig- 
ment. P. Atrophy, atrophy of adipose tissue with 
deposit of pigment in the fat-cells. P. Layer, the 
external layer of the retina. See Retina. P. Mole. 
See Navus pigmentosus. 

Pigmentation (pig-men-ta'-shun) [pingerc, to paint]. 
Deposition of or discoloration by pigment. See also 
Chromatosis. 

Pigodidymus {pi -go -did'- im -us) [-vyij, buttock; 
(S/rh>/roc, double]. A double monster united at the 
buttocks. 

Piitis (pi-! v -tis) \_pia, pia ; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the pia ; leptomeningitis. 

Pike (pik) [ME., pike, a sharp point]. In biology, a 
thorn or prickle. 

Pilar, Pilary (pi'-lar, pi'-lar-e) [pilaris; pilus, hair]. 
Pertaining to the hair. 

Pilastered (pi-las' -terd) [pila, a small supplemental 
pillar]. In anatomy, flanged so as to have a fluted 
appearance ; arranged in pilasters or columns. P. 
Femur, a condition observed in the femur of indi- 
viduals of certain races in which the backward con- 
cavity of the femoral shaft is exaggerated, and the linea 
aspera prominent. This exaggeration of structure 
causes the pilastered appearance. 

Pilastri (pi-las' -Ire) [pi. of Pilastrum , a small pillar]. 
In biology, strong gelatinous columns placed between 
the subgenital openings in Mcdusic. 

Pilatio (pi-la' -she-o) [pilus, hair]. A cranial fissure. 



PIGMENTS 



1085 



PIGMENTS 



CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS. 



I. INORGANIC. 



Name. 


Formula. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Antimonial cinnabar (antimonial vermilion, 
red lead). 


Sb c Sc03- 


Action of sodium calcium dithionse on 
antimonious chlorid. 


Red. 


Artificial ultramarine (French blue, Gaimet 
blue, new blue, permanent blue). 




Mixture of clay, sodium carbonate, sul- 
phur, and rosin. 


Blue. 


Azurite {azure malachite, blue malachite, 
copper lazulite, mountain-blue). 


2CuC0 3 -Cu(OH) 2 . 


Copper hydroxycarbonate. 


Blue. 


Berlin blue (Erlangen blue, Hamburg blue, 
kali blue, Milori blue, royal blue, steel blue, 
Turnbull's blue). 




Action of potassium ferocyanid on ferrous 
salts. 


Blue. 


Bismuth-white (pearl while, Spanish white). 


BiOCl. 


Bismuth oxychlorid. 


White. 


Bloodstone. 


Fe 2 3 . 


Found in nature ; a hematite. 


Red. 


Blue ocher (native Prussian blue). 




Iron hydroxyphosphate. 


Dull-blue. 


Blue vitriol (blue stone, Cyprus vitriol). 


C11SO4. 


Copper sulphate ; found in nature. 


Blue. 


Bremen blue (blue verditer). 


Cu(HO) 2 . 


Copper hydroxid ; action of lime on cop- 
per nitrate. 


Blue. 


Bremen green (Erlaw green, green bice, 
green verditer). 




Copper hydroxid. 


Green. 


Brunswick green (mountain-green). 


3CuO.CuCl 2 . 


Copper oxychlorid. 


Light-green. 


Cadmium-red. 


CdS. 


Cadmium sulphid. 


Orange-red. 


Cadmium-yellow {Jaime brilliant). 


CdS. 


Cadmium sulphid. 


Orange-yellow. 


Caledonia brown. 




Natural ore. 


Russet-brown. 


Cappagh brown. 




From bog-earth containing manganese. 


Brown. 


Casall green. 


c»o 3 . 


Chromic oxid. 


Green. 


Cassel yellow (mineral yellow, Montpellier 
yellow, patent yellow, Turner' s yellow). 


PbCl 2 .7PbO. 


Lead oxychlorid. 


Yellow. 


Casselmann's green. 




Copper sulphate with potassium or sodium 
acetate. 


Green. 


Cassius' purple (gold purple). 




Gold and tin. 


Purple. 


Cerulean blue. 




Cobaltous-stannic oxid. 


Blue. 


China clay (kaolin). 




Aluminum hydroxysilicate. 


White. 


Chrome-alum. 


K 2 S0 4 .Cr 2 (S0 4 ) 3 ,- 
24H 2 0. 


Potassium and chromium sulphate. 


Violet. 


Chrome chlorid. 


Cr 2 Cl 6 . 


Action of chlorin on chromium sulphid. 


Violet. 


Chrome-green (chromium-green, cinnabar- 
green, emerald green, GuigneVs green, 
Victoria green). 


Cr 2 3 . 


Chromic oxid. 


Bright-green. 


Chrome-red (chrome-carmin, chrome-garnet , 
chrome-orange , chrome-vermilion) . 


PbCr0 4 .PbO. 


Lead oxychromate. 


Red. 


Chrome-yellow (crown- yellow, Hamburg 
yellow, Leipsic yellow, Paris yellow). 


PbCr0 4 . 


Lead chromate. 


Brilliant yellow. 


Cobalt-blue (azure-blue , cobalt-ultramarine , 
Hungary blue, Leilhner's blue, Leyden 
blue, Par is blue , Thenard's blue). 




Aluminum cobaltate. 


Blue. 


Cobalt-red. 




Cobalt phosphate. 


Red. 


Cobalt-yellow. 




Potassium-cobalt nitrite. 


Bright-yellow. 


Colcothar (English red, Indian red, iron 
minium, Paris red, polishing red, red 
vitriol). 


Fe 2 3 . 


Ferric oxid ; from iron sulphate. 


Red. 


Copperas-black. 




Mordanting with ferrous and copper sul- 
phate and dyeing with logwood. 


Black. 


Cyanin-blue (Leitch's blue). 




Compound of Prussian blue and cobalt 
blue. 


Blue. 



PIGMENTS 1086 PIGMENTS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Formula. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Dingler's green. 




Chromium-calcium phosphate. 


Green. 


Egyptian blue {Alexandria blue, copper- 
glass). 




Copper-calcium silicate. 


Blue. 


Fol's yellow. 




Heating together phenol and arsenous 
oxid. 


Yellow. 


Gentele's green. 




Action of sodium stannate on copper sul- 
phate. 


Green. 


Green cinnabar {Naples green). 




Chrome-yellow and Prussian blue. 


Green. 


Hamburg white [Dutch white, Tyrol white, 
Venice white). 




White lead with heavy spar. 


White. 


Iodin-scarlet (pure scarlet). 


Hgl 2 . 


Mercuric iodid. 


Brilliant red. 


King's yellow (Chinese yellow). 


As 2 S 3 . 


Sublimating a mixture of sulphur and ar- 
senous oxid. 


Yellow. 


Litharge (Massicot). 


PbO. 


Lead oxid ; found in nature. 


Yellow. 


Lithophan. 


BaS0 4 .ZnS. 


Barium sulphate and zinc sulphid. 


White. 


Malachite-green (copper-green, mountain- 
green). 


CuCO,. 


Copper carbonate. 


Green. 


M anganese-bro wn . 




Action of sodium hypochlorite and caustic 
soda on manganous chlorid. 


Brown. 


Manganese-green (baryta-green, Cassel 
green, Rosenstrehl's green). 


BaMn0 4 . 


Barium manganate. 


Green. 


Mars' brown. 




Calcining ferrous sulphate with alum : and 
potash. 


Brown. 


Mineral blue (Antwerp blue, Haarlem blue). 


Prussian blue mixed with clay. 


Green-blue. 


Mineral gray. 


From lapis lazuli. 


Pale blue-gray. 


Mineral lake. 




Glass flux colored with tin chromate. 


Pink. 


Mineral purple (Mars' violet, purple ocher). 




Artificially prepared iron oxid. 


Dark-red. 


Minium (gold cinnabar, mineral orange, 
orange-minium, Paris red, red lead, Saturn 
cinnabar, saturnine red). 


Pb 3 4 . 


Red oxid of lead. 


Red. 


Mittler's green (Amandon green, emerald 
green, Matthiew Plessy's green, Pan- 
netier's green, Schnitzer green). 


Cr 2 (HO) 6 . 


Chiefly chromium hydroxid. 


Green. 


Mosaic gold. 


SnS 2 . 


Stannic sulphid. 


Yellow. 


Naples yellow. 




Lead antimonate. 


Pale orange-yel- 
low. 


Napoleon blue (Raymond's blue). 




Action of basic ferric sulphate and potas- 
sium ferrocyanid. 


Blue. 


Ocher (Indian ocher, Indian red, light red, 
Mars' red, Naples red, Persian red, Pom- 
peian red, red bole, ruddle, scarlet ocher, 
terra di sienna). 




Ferruginous clays, especially those con- 
taining ferric hydroxid. 


Red. 


Ocher (burnt ocher, Chinese yellow, gold 
ocher, Lemnian earth, orange ocher, 
Roman ocher). 




Clay containing ferric hydroxid. 


Orange-yellow. 


Oil-blue (copper indigo). 


CuS. 


Copper sulphid. 


Blue. 


Orpiment. 


As 2 S 3 . 


Natural ore ; arsenious sulphid. 


Yellow. 


Pattison's white lead. 


PbCl 2 .PbH 2 2 . 


Addingsaturated lime-water to ahot solu- 
tion of lead chlorid. 


White. 


Perfect yellow. 


ZnCr0 4 . 


Zinc chromate. 


Bright light-yel- 
low. 


Permanent white (blanc fixe, mineral white, 
new white). 


BaS0 4 . 


Barium sulphate. 


White. 


Pink salt (pink crystals). 


SnCl 4 .2NH 4 CI. 




Pink. 


Prussian blue (ball-blue, Monthier's blue, 
navy blue, royal blue, soluble blue). 




Precipitating ferric sulphate with potas- 
sium ferrocyanid. 


Blue. 



PIGMENTS 1087 PIGMENTS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Formula. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Prussian brown. 




A compound of ferric oxid and alumina. 


Orange-brown. 


Prussian green. 




Imperfect iron ferrocyanid. 


Green. 


Purple-brown {maroon oxid). 


Fe 2 3 . 


Ferric oxid. 


Purplish-brown. 


Realgar. 


As 2 S 2 . 


Natural ore ; arsenium disulphid. 


Red. 


Rinmann's green (cobalt green, Gellert's 
green, green smalt, mineral green, Paris 
green. Saxony green, Scheele's green, 
Swedish green, zinc-green). 


CuHAs0 3 . 


Copper arsenite. 


Bright-green. 


Satin white. 




Lime, zinc oxid, and a little indigo. 


White. 


Schwelnfurth blue (Reboulleau's blue). 




Fusion of copper arsenate, potassium 
arsenate, and niter. 


Blue. 


Schweinfurth green (Bale green, emerald 
green, French green, imperial green, 
Kirschberg green, Leipsic green, Mitis 
green, Newvied green, Paris green, royal 
green, Vienna green). 




Copper aceto-arsenite. 


Vivid light-green. 


Siderine yellow. 




Ferrous chromate. 


Yellow. 


Sienna. 




Ferruginous ocherous earth. 


Orange-yellow. 


Smalts (Dumoni's blue, enamel blue, Eschel 
blue, King's blue, royal blue). 




Glass tinged by cobaltous oxid. 


Blue. 


Spanish brown. 




Highly adulterated dark ferric oxid. 


Dark brown. 


Strontian yellow. 


SrCr0 4 . 


Addition of potassium chromate to a solu- 
tion of a strontium salt. 


Yellow. 


Ultramarine (Armenian blue, azure-blue, 
lazulite blue). 




From lapis lazuli. 


Blue. 


Ultramarine green. 




Mixture of alumina, soda, silica, sulphur, 
iron, calcium, etc. 


Green. 


Ultramarine yellow (barium yellow). 


BaCr0 4 . 


Barium chromate. 


Yellow. 


Umber. 




Clayey, brown iron ore. 


Red. 


Umber (colognese, lignite). 






Red. 


Vanadium bronze. 




An acid derivative of vanadium. 


Fine yellow. 


Venetian red (English red, Prussian red, 
Spanish red). 


Fe 2 3 .CaS0 4 . 


Calcining a mixture of lime and iron sul- 
phate. 


Red. 


Verdigris. 


Cu,(HO)(C 2 H 3 2 ) 
HoO. 


Copper hydroxyacetate or subacetate. 


Green. 


Vermilion (Chinese red, cinnabar). 


HgS. 


Sulphid of mercury. 


Red. 


Verona brown. 




A calcined ferruginous earth. 


Reddish-brown. 


Veronese green (French Veronese green, 
viridian). 


Cr 2 (HO) 6 . 


Chromic hydroxid. 


Blue-green. 


Vienna white (Bologna lime, Vienna lime). 


CaC0 3 . 


Prepared chalk. 


White. 


White lead (blanc d 'argent, China white, 
Clichy white, Cremnitz white, French 
white, Kremnitz white, Krem's white, 
London white, pearl white, Roman white, 
silver white). 


2PbC0 3 Pb(HO) 2 . 


Lead carbonates. 


White. 


White lead substitute. 


Sb 2 O a . 


Antimonous oxid. 


White. 


White vitriol. 


ZnS04 + 7H 2 0. 


Zinc sulphate. 


White. 


Zinc carbonate. 


2ZnC0 3 Zn(HO) 2 . 




White. 


Zinc-green. 




Zinc-yellow and Prussian blue. 


Green. 


Zincolith (Griffith's snow-white). 


BaS0 4 .ZnS. 


Zinc sulphid and barium sulphate. 


White. 


Zinc-white (Chinese white, snow-white). 


ZnO. 


Zinc oxid. 


White. 


Zinc-yellow. 


ZnCrQ 4 . 


Zinc chromate. 

* 


Yellow. 



PIGMENTS 



1088 



PIGIvlENTS 



CONSPECTUS OF FIGMENTS.— Continued. 

II. ORGANIC. 

i. ANIMAL PIGMENTS. 



Name. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Actiniochrome. 


Found in certain invertebrates (e.g., in the tentacles 
of Anthea cerus). 


Violet. 


Actiniohematin. 


Found in certain Actinozoa (Anthea cerus). 


Red. 


Animal black (animal charcoal, bone-black). 


Calcination of bones in closed vessels. 


Black. 


Bilicyanin (Chotecyanin, choleverdin). 


Obtained from bilirubin. 


Blue. 


Biliflavin. 


Obtained from biliverdin. 


Yellow. 


Bilifuscin. 


Obtained from bile and gall-stones. 


Brown. 


Biliphein (Cholophein). 


Obtained from bile. 


Gray. 


Biliprasin. 


Found in gall-stones, icteric urine, and bile. 


Brownish-green. 


Bilipurpurin. 


Obtained from biliverdin. 


Purple. 


Bilirubin. 


The chief pigment of the bile. 


Red. 


Biliverdin. 


Obtained from bile, icteric urine, and gall-stones. 


Green. 


Bone-brown. 


Roasting bones until brown throughout. 


Brown. 


Bonellein. 


Found in certain Annelids: e.g., Bonellia viridis. 


Green. 


Chlorocruorin. 


Found in the blood of certain invertebrates (e.g., 
Sabella venlrilabrum, Siphonostoma sp.}. 


Green. 


Chlorofucin. 


Found in Anthea cereus, Bunodes ballii, and Sagar- 
lia bellis, and other invertebrates containing sym- 
biotic algae. 


Yellow. 


Chlorophan. 


A chromophan found in certain invertebrates, and in 
the retinal cones of vertebrates. 


Green. 


Cholepyrrhin (pilepyrrhin). 


Obtained from bile. 


Brown. 


Cholohematin. 


Found in the bile of ruminants. 


Red. 


Chromophan. 


Found in the retinal cones of certain animals, and in 
certain invertebrates. Cf. Chlorophan, Rhodophan, 
Xanthophan. 


Red, green, yellow. 


Cochineal (carmin-red, cochenille, mestica). 


From the female insect — Coccus cacti. 


Crimson. 


Cyanein. 


Found in. certain invertebrates (e.g., Rhizostoma, 
Cyanea, Velella). 


Blue. 


Echinochrome. 


A respiratory pigment of certain Echinoderms. 


Brown. 


Enterochlorophyl. 


Found in the liver in many invertebrates ; pancreatic 
or hepatic tissues. 


Red to green. 


Enterohematin. Synonymous with hemo- 
chromogen and helicorubiti Krukenberg. 


Found in the pancreas or liver of many invertebrates. 


Red. 


Frankfort black (German black). 


Better grade of bone-black. 


Black. 


Helicorubin. 


One of the enterohematins of invertebrates. 


Red. 


Hemacyanin. 


Found in the blood and bile of vertebrates. 


Blue. 


Hemaphein. 


A decomposition-product of hematin. 


Brown. 


Hematin. 


Obtained from blood. 


Bluish-black. 


Hematoidin 


Found in old blood-clots, corpora lutea, hematuria, 
etc. Cf. Bilirubin and Hemolutein. 


Red to orange. 


Hematoporphyrin. 


A metabolite of myohematin, enterohematin, histo- 
hematin and other intrinsic coloring-matters of in- 
vertebrates. 


Red. 


Hemerythrin. 


Found in the blood of many invertebrates ; e g.,Si- 
punculus balanorophus, Phaseolosoma elongation. 


Burgundy-red. 


Hemocyanin. 


A proteid found in the blood of many invertebrates, 
worms, molluscs, crustaceans. 


Blue. 


Hemochromagen. 


One of the enterohematins of invertebrates. 


Red. 


Hemoglobin. 


The coloring-matter of vertebrate blood-corpuscles. 


Red to purple. 



PIGMENTS 1089 PIGMENTS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Hemolutein. 


Obtained from corpora lutea. Cf. Hematoidin. 


Yellow. 


Hemorhodin. 


An albuminoid giving color to the blood of certain in- 
vertebrates, as Aplysia depilans. 


Rose. 


Hemosiderin. 


Obtained from extravasations and thrombi. 


Red. 


Histohematin. 


Found in various tissues and organs of invertebrate 
animals. 


Red. 


Indian purple. 


Precipitation of cochineal extract with copper sul- 
phate. 


Deep purple. 


Ivory-black. 


Calcination of ivory-dust. 


Black. 


Ivory-brown. 


Roasting ivory until brown throughout. 


Brown. 


Lac-dye. 


Resinous substance from lac-insect — Carteria lacca. 


Scarlet. 


Lutein. 


A lipochrome found in the digestive gland of certain 
invertebrates {e.g., Holothuria nigra). 


Red. 


Melanin. 


Found normally in epidermal structures, and patho- 
logically in the skin and certain tumors, also in the 
hematozoa of men and animals. 


Black. 


Murexid {purple-carmin, ammonium pur pur- 
ate). 


From uric acid by the action of nitric acid and am- 
monium hydroxid. 


Purple. 


Myohematin. 


The true intrinsic coloring-matter of invertebrate 
muscle. It occurs {e. g.,) in all the Pulmo-gastero- 
poda. 


Red. 


Pentacrinin. 


Found in certain invertebrates (e.g., Pentacrinus 
caput medustz). 


Purple. 


Phlebin. 


The venous blood-pigment contained in red blood- 
corpuscles. 


Blue. 


Phcenicin. 


A name sometimes given to the coloring-matter of 
the blood. 


Red. 


Phyllodoce-green. 


Found by MacMunn in the worm Phyllodoce viridis. 


Green. 


Polyperythrin. 


Discovered by Moseley in various CcelenteratcE . 


Red. 


Purree (euxanthin, Indian yellow). 


Impure magnesium euxanthate, obtained from urine 
of cows fed on mango-leaves. 


Bright yellow. 


Rhodophan. 


A chromophan found in the retina of certain animals. 


Red. 


Tetronerythrin. 


A series of lipochrome pigments found in many in- 
vertebrates. 


Red to green. 


Turacin. 


From the feathers of the cape lory. 


Crimson. 


Tyrian purple {purple of mollusca). 


From the juice of the shell-fish, murex or conchyl- 
ium, of the genus Purpura. 


Crimson. 


Urobilin. 


Found in urine. 


Red or reddish-yellow. 


Urochrome. 


Found in urine. 


Yellow. 


Uroerythrin. 


Found in urine. 


Red. 


Urohematin. 


Found in urine. 


Red. 


Uromelanin. 


Found in urine. 


Dark-red. 


Urorubin. 


Found in urine. 

1 


Garnet-red. 



2. TAR COLORS. 

a. Anthracene Colors (from anthracene, C14H10). 



a. The Alizarins. 






Alizarin-blue {ayithracene-blue). 


Heating nitro-alizarin with glycerol and sulphuric 
acid. 


Blue. 


Alizarin-blue S. 


Sodium salt of alizarin-blue. 


Blue. 


Alizarin-brown. 


Alizarin-red with potassium ferrocyanid. 


Brown. 


Alizarin-carmin {alizarin IVS). 


Sodium alizarin monosulphonate. 


Carmin. 


Alizarin-green {anthracene-green, ceru- 
lein) . 


Action of strong sulphuric acid on gallein. 


Olive- green. 



69 



PIGMENTS 1090 PIGMENTS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Alizarin-orange (alizarin JV). 


Action of nitric acid on alizarin. 


Orange- red. 


Alizarin-purple. 


Treating alizarin with ferrous sulphate. 


Lilac. 


Alizarin-red. 




Flesh-color. 


Alizarin-violet (anthracene-violet, gallein). 


Action of phthalic anhydrid on pyrogallol. 


Violet. 


b. Purpurin. 


Oxidation of alizarin. 


Yellowish-red. 


Flavo-purpurin. 


Similar to alizarin. 


Yellowish-red. 



b. Azo-dyes. 



Acid yellow (fast yellow). 


Treating amidoazotoluene hydrochlorid with fuming 
sulphuric acid. 


Olive and moss-green. 


Anilin-yellow (spirit-yellow). 


Heating diamidoazobenzene with anilin hydro- 
chlorid. 


Yellow. 


Azarin. 


Compound of naphthol-azo-dichlorphenol and ammo- 
nium acid sulphite. 


Brilliant red. 


Azo-blue. 


Action of tetraza-ditolyl chlorid on potassium £-naph- 
thol-sulphonate. 


Dark-blue. 


Benzo-purpurin. 


Formed from orthotolidin and two molecules of 
naphthionic acid. 


Scarlet. 


Biebrich scarlet (Ponceau B). 


Action of diazoazobenzene upon /3-naphthol. 


Scarlet. 


Brilliant yellow. 


Formed from one molecule of diamidostilbenedisul- 
phonic acid with two molecules of phenol. 


Yellow. 


Buffalo rubin. 


Derived from a-naphthylamin and naphthol. 


Red. 


Carmin-naphtha. 


Derived from a-naphthylamin and naphthol. 


Carmin. 


Chrysamin. 


Action of tetrazodiphenyl chlorid on sodium salicylate. 


Sulphur-yellow. 


Chrysoidin. 


Diamidoazobenzene hydrochlorid. 


Bright yellow. 


Chrysolin. 


Sodium benzyl-fluorescein. 


Yellow. 


Chrysophanin. 


' By ethylating brilliant yellow. 


Orange-yellow. 


Claret-red. 


Sodium a-azonaphthalene, /3-naphthol disulphonate. 


Red. 


Congo GR. 


From benzidin, amidobenzolsulphonic acid, and 
naphthionsulphuric acid. 


Red. 


Congo-red. 


Sodium benzidin and naphthionate. 


Red. 


Crocein-scarlet. 


Diazotizing amidoazobenzolmonosulphonic acid with 
hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite. 


Scarlet. 


Double brilliant scarlet G. 


From the diazo-compound of 0-naphthylamin-mono- 
sulphonic acid and /3-naphthol. 


Scarlet. 


Double scarlet S. 


From the diazo-compound of /3-naphthylamin-mono- 
sulphonic acid and a-naphtholmonosulphonic acid. 


Scarlet. 


Fast brown G. 


Sodium a-naphtholdisazo, ^-azobenzenesulphonate. 


Brown. 


Fast red (orseillin, rauracienne, roccellin, 
mbidin). 


Sodium /3-naphtholazonaphthalene sulphonate. 


Garnet-red. 


Fast red B (Bordeaux B). 


Derived from a-naphthylamin and naphthol. 


Red. 


French red. 


Mixture of claret-red and naphthol-orange. 


Red. 


Hessian purple N. 


One molecule of diamidostilbenedisulphonic acid 
with two molecules of /3-naphthylamin. 


Purple. 


Hessian purple P. 


'One molecule of diamidostilbenedisulphonic acid 
with two molecules of naphthionic acid. 


Purple. 


Hessian violet. 


One molecule of diamidostilbenedisulphonic acid 
• with one molecule of a-naphthylamin and one mole- 
cule of /3-naphthol. 


Violet. 


Hessian yellow. 


One molecule of diamidostilbenedisulphonic acid 
with two molecules of salicylic acid. 


Yellow. 


Metanil-yellow. 


Sodium phenylamidoazobenzene-w-sulphonate. 


Yellow. 



PIGMENTS 1091 PIGMENTS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


New coccin R {coccinin, phenetol-yed). 


Derived from a-naphthylamin and naphthol. 


Red. 


Orange I (a-naphthol orange, chrysoin, re- 
sorcinol-yellow, tropirolm ooo No. /). 


Sodium a-naphthol-azobenzene. 


Reddish-orange. 


Orange II (^-naphthol orange, chrysamin, 
gold orange, mandarin, tropczolin ooo No. 2). 


Sodium 0-uaphthol-azobenzene. 


Bright reddish-orange. 


Orange III (gold orange, helianthin, methyl- 
orange, troptzolin D). 


Ammonium dimethyl-anilin-azobenzene sulphonate. 


Fiery orange. 


Orange IV (diphenylamin-orange, orange N, 
tropcBolin 00). 


Potassium phenylated acid yellow. 


Orange-yellow. 


Orange G. 


Sodium benzene-azo-/3-naphthol-0-disulphonate. 


Bright orange. 


Palatin orange. 


Ammonium tetranitrodiphenol. 


Orange-yellow. 


Ponceau 2 R (Hylidin red). 


Action of hydrochlorid of diazo-?»-xylene upon 0- 
naphthol-disulphonic acid. 


Red. 


Ponceau 3 R {Cumidin red). 


Action of diazo->«-cumene hydrochlorid upon(3-naph- 
thol-disulphonic acid. 


Red. 


Soudan brown (Pigment-brown). 


Derived from a-naphthylamin and naphthol. 


Brown. 


Wool-black. 


Combining paratolyl-0-naphthylamin with diazotized 
azobenzoldisulphonic acid. 


Blue-black. 



c. Benzene Colors (from benzene, CeHe). 



a. Anilin or Amin colors. 






Anilin-black (Collin's black, jetolin). 


Oxidation of anilin hydrochlorid with potassium di- 
chromate. 


Black. 


Nigrosin (one of the indulins). 


Heating amidoazobenzene with anilin hydrochlorid. 


Black. 


Anilin blue. 


Rosanilin heated with anilin and benzoic acid. 


Blue. 


Alkali blue (fast blue, Guernsey blue, 
Nicholson blue). 


Sodium triphenylrosanilin-monosulphonate. 


Bright blue. 


Alkali blue D. 


Sodium triphenylpararosanilin-monosulphonate. 


Blue. 


Bale blue. 


From nitrosodimethylanilin with ditolylnaphthylen- 
diamin. 


Blue. 


Bavarian blue (spirit diphenylamin blue). 




Blue. 


Bavarian blue D S F. 


Sodium triphenylpararosanilin disulphonate. 


Blue. 


China blue. 


Similar to soluble blue. 


Blue. 


Coupier's blue (acetin-blue, anilin-gray, 
azodiphenyl-blue, bengaline, fast blue, 
indulin-blue, pri?iting blue, Roubaix 
blue). 


Heating amidoazobenzene with anilin hydrochlorid. 


Blue. 


Ethyl-blue. 


Treating spirit-blue with ethyl chlorid. 


Pure blue. 


Light blue. 




Blue. 


Marine blue. 




Blue. 


Methyl-blue. 


Treating spirit-blue with methyl chlorid. 


Blue. 


Neutral blue. 


From nitrosodimethylanilin with phenylnaphthylam- 
in. 


Blue. 


Night-blue (Victoria blue). 




Blue. 


Soluble blue (Blackley blue, cotton blue, 
green-blue, liquid indigo-blue, navy- 
blue). 


Heating spirit-blue with sulphuric acid and the 
product with oxalic acid. 


Blue. 


Spirit-blue (basic blue, gentian-blue, 
Humboldt blue, imperial blue, Lyons 
blue, opal-blue, Parma blue, rosanilin- 
blue). 


Triphenylrosanilin and triphenylpararosanilin hydro- 
chlorids. 


Blue. 


Water-blue. 


Similar to soluble blue. 


Blue. 


Anilin-brown. 




Brown. 



PIGMENTS 1092 PIGMENTS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Phenylene-brown {Bismarck- brown, 
Canelle-brown , cinnamon-brown, gold- 
brown, leather -brown, Manchester 
brown, Vesuvin). 


Triamidoazobenzene hydrochlorid. 


Brown. 


Anilin-green. 




Green. 


Acid green {Guinea green, Helvetia 
green, light-green S F). 


Sodium diethyldibenzyl diamidotriphenyl carbinol- 
trisulphonate. 


Bright green. 


Aldehyd green. 


Action of aldehyd on magenta with sulphuric acid. 


Green. 


Alkali green. 


Derived from diphenylamin. 


Green. 


Brilliant green {emerald green, new 
Victoria green). 


Tetramethyl-diparamidotriphenylcarbinol hy d ro- 
chlorid with zinc or iron chlorid. 


Green. 


Ethyl-green {new Victoria green, solid 
green). 


Tetrethyldiparamidotriphenylcarbinol sulphonate. 


Green. 


Fast green. 


Sodium tetramethyl dibenzyl pseudrosanilin disul- 
phonate. 


Green. 


Iodin-green (crystallized green). 


Chlormethylhexmethylrosanilin hydrochlorid and 
zinc chlorid. 


Green. 


Light green. 


Zinc chlorid and chlormethylhexamethylpararosani- 
lin hydrochlorid. 


Green. 


Liquid acid green. 


10-20 per cent, solution of acid green. 


Green. 


Malachite-green (benzol-green, benz- 
aldehyd-green, benzoyl-green, bitter- 
almond green, fast green, solid green, 
Victoria green). 


Tetramethyldiamidotriphenylcarbinol hydrochlorid. 
Made by the action of benzaldehyd upon dimethyl- 
anilin. 


Green. 


Methyl-green. 


Chlormethylhexamethylpararosanilin hydrochlorid 
with zinc chlorid. 


Green. 


Metternich green. 


Chlormethylhexamethylrosanilin hydrochlorid with 
zinc chlorid. 


Green. 


Night-green. 


Chlormethylhexamethylrosanilin hydrochlorid with 
zinc chlorid. 


Green. 


Paris green 


Chlormethylhexamethylpararosanilin hydrochlorid 
with zinc chlorid. 


Green. 


Anilin-red. 




Red. 


Acid magenta (magenta S, rubin S). 


Mixture of rosanilin monosulphonic and disulphonic 
acids. 


Red. 


Azalein. 


Rosanilin nitrate. 


Red. 


Cerise. 




Cherry color. 


Fuchsin (magenta, new red, rubin). 


Rosanilin hydrochlorid. 


Deep red. 


Magenta (harmalin, rosein). 


Pararosanilin and rosanilin hydrochlorids. 


Deep red. 


Maroon. 


From resinous residue after extraction of magenta. 


Dark red. 


Phenosaffranin (saffranin B extra). 




Red. 


Rosanilin (anilin-red, Briining's red, 
Coupler red, ?iitrobenzol-red). 


A derivative of anilin. 


Red. 


Rosein. 


Rosanilin acetate. 


Red. 


Saffranin (anilin-rose). 


Mixture of tolusafranin and phenotolusafranin. 


Red. 


Anilin-violet (Tyro/in). 




Violet. 


Acid violet. 


Sodium dimethylrosanilintrisulphonate. 


Violet. 


Crystal violet (violet 6 B). 


Hexamethylpararosanilin hydrochlorid. 


Violet. 


Dahlin (Hofmann's violet, primula). 


The ethyl and methyl derivatives of rosanilin. 


Violet. 


Ethyl-purple. 


Hexa-ethyl-pararosanilin. 


Bine violet. 


Iodin-violet. 




Violet. 


Mauvanilin. 


From residue from arsenic acid-process of making 
magenta. 


Violet. 



PIGMENTS 1093 PIGMENTS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Mauvein (anilin - purple , anilin- violet, 
indisin, mauve, Paris red, Perkins' 
violet). 


Oxidation of anilin containing toluidin. 


Purple. 


Methyl-violet (Paris violet). 


Pentamethylpararosanilin hydrochlorid. 


Violet. 


Methyl-violet 6 B {benzyl-violet). 


Pentamethylbenzylpararosanilin hydrochlorid. 


Violet. 


Red violet. 




Violet. 


Rosanilin-violet {imperial violet, Parma 
violet, phenyl- violet, regina -purple, 
spirit-violet). 


Monophenylrosanilin and diphenylrosanilin hydro- 
chlorids. 


Dull violet. 


Violanilin. 


One of the indulins. 


Gray-violet. 


Violet R. 




Violet. 


Anilin-yellow. 




Yellow. 


Acid yellow {fast yellow). 


Sodium amidoazobenzene sulphonate. 


Yellow. 


Chrysanilin. 


Action of steam on the residue left after extraction of 
rosanilin. 


Yellow. 


Flavanilin. 


Heating acetanilid with zinc chlorid. 


Yellow. 


b. The Auramins. 






Auramin. 


Tetramethyldiamidobenzophenonimid hydrochlorid. 


Brilliant yellow. 


Aurantia {imperial yellow). 


Ammonium hexanitrodiphenylamin. 


Orange-yellow. 


Dimethylphenylene-green(i?z'«<&cte'tf/£?-'.s 
green). 


Oxidizing dimethyl paraphenylene diamin with di- 
methylanilin. 


Yellow-green. 


Ethylene-blue. 


Formed from nitrosodimethylanilin. 


Blue. 


Gallocyanin {new fast violet, solid violet). 


Formed from nitrosodimethylanilin with gallic acid. 


Blue-violet. 


Girofle. 


Formed from nitrosodimethylanilin. 


Blue. 


Indophenol. 


Simultaneous oxidation of a phenol and a paradiamin. 


Indigo-blue. 


Indophenol-blue {naphthol-blue). 


Action of nitrosodimethylanilin on a-naphthol. 


Indigo-blue. 


Lauth's violet (thionin). 


Oxidation of paraphenylendiamin in an acid solution 
containing hydrogen sulphid. 


Violet. 


Methylene-blue (fast blue). 


Tetramethylthionin hydrochlorid with zinc chlorid. 


Green-blue. 


Muscarin. 


A derivative of nitrosodimethylanilin. 


Blue. 


Neutral red. 


Dimethyldiamidotoluphenazin hydrochlorid. 


Red. 


Neutral violet. 


Dimethyldiamidophenazin hydrochlorid. 


Violet. 


New blue (cotton-blue R, fast blue for cot- 
ton, naphtkylenene-blue). 




Blue. 


Nile blue. 


Action of muscarin on a-naphthylamin. 


Blue. 


Phenylauramin. 


Heating auramin with anilin. 


Orange-yellow. 


Phenylene-blue. 


Oxidation of phenylenediamin with anilin. 


Green-blue. 


Prune. 


Obtained from gallic methyl ether. 




Toluylene-blue. 


Oxidation of toluylene diamin. 


Blue. 


c. Fluorescein colors. The JEosins (J7C09, 
morning redness). 






Cyanosin. 


Formed by methylating phloxin. 


Blue. 


Cyanosin B. 


Formed by ethylatingtetrabromtetrachlorfluorescei'n. 


Blue. 


Eosin. 


Tetrabromfiuorescein. 


Red. 


Eosin A extra. 


Sodium tetrabromfiuorescein. 


Garnet-red. 


Eosin B. 


Sodium or ammonium tetrabromfiuorescein. 


Red. 


Eosin-orange. 


Sodium dibromfluorescei'n. 


Orange-red. 


Eosin-scarlet (daphnin, eosin B N, lute- 
cienne, rose des Alpes, safrosin). 


Sodium, potassium, or ammonium dibromdinitro- 
fluorescei'n. 


Scarlet. 



PIGMENTS 1094 PIGMENTS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Erythrosin (dianthin B, eosin bleuatre, 
eosin J, iodeosin B, pyrosin B, rose Ba- 
I'eau, soluble primrose). 


Sodium, potassium and ammonium tetraiodofluor- 
esceln. 


Light brick-red to brown- 
red. 


Erythrosin G {dianthin G, iodeosin G). 


Salts of di-iodofluoresce'in. 


Rc-d. 


Phloxin P. 


Potassium tetrabromdichlorfluoresceTn. 


Red. 


Phloxin T. 


Formed by bromizing tetrachlorfluorescein. 


Red. 


Primrose (eosin S, ethyl eosin, rose J Ba- 
I'alcool, spirit eosin). 


Potassium ethyltetrabromfluorescei'n. 


Bright-red. 


Rose Bengale (Bengal red). 


Formed by iodizing dichlorfluoresceVn. 


Blue-red. 


Rose Bengale B. 


Formed by iodizing tetrachlorfluorescein. 


Blue-red. 


Soluble eosin. 


Sodium or ammonium tetrabromfluorescei'n. 


Reddish-brown. 


d. Resorcin colors. 






Resorcin-blue (fluorescent resorcinal blue, 
lacmoid). 


Formed by heating resorcin with sodium nitrite. 


Blue. 


Resorcin-brown. 


Combining resorcin with a diazo-compound. 


Brown. 


Resorcin-violet. 


Action of resorcin on tetramethyldiamidobenzo- 
phenon. 


Violet. 


Solid green. 


Dinitroresorcin. 


Green. 



Brilliant yellow. 


d. Naphthalene Pigments. 
Treating a-naphtholdisulphonic acid with nitric acid. 


Yellow. 


Martius' yellow (golden yellow, naphthal- 
ene-yellow, naphthol-yellow, Matichester 
yellow, saffron-yellow). 


Sodium, ammonium, or calcium dinitro-o-naphthol. 


Yellow. 


Napthalene-red (magdala-red, naphthalin- 
scarlet, Soudan-red). 


Diamido-naphthyl napthazonium chlorid. 


Scarlet. 


Naphthalene-violet (naphthamein) . 


Formed by oxidizing a-naphthylamin. 


Violet. 


Naphthol-blue (indophenol, naphthol-violet). 


Action of nitrosodimethylanilin on a-naphthol. 


Indigo-blue. 


Naphthol-green B. 


Treating 0-naphtholmonosulphonic acid S with nitric 
acid. 


Green. 


Naphthol-yellow S (acid yellow S). 


Treating o-naphtholtrisulphonic acid with nitric acid. 


Yellow. 


Phenanthrene-red. 




Red. 


Sungold. 




Yellow. 



Aurin (rosolic acid). 


e. Phenol Pigments. 
Heating phenol with sulphuric and oxalic acids. 


Orange-red. 


Azulin (azurin, rosolic blue). 


Heating rosolic acid with anilin. 


Blue. 


Corallin-red (aurin R, peonin, peony-red'). 


Heating aurin with ammonium hydroxid. 


Red. 


Corallin-yellow. 


Formed from aurin. 


Orange-yellow. 


Flavaurin (new yellow). 


Ammonium dinitrophenolparasulphonate. 


Yellow. 


Garnet-brown (grenate brown). 


Potassium or ammonium cresylpurpurate. 


Brown. 


Phenol-blue. • 


Action of dimethyl phenylenediamin on phenol. 


Green-blue. 


Pbenyl-brown (Havana brown, leather- 
brown, phenicin, rotkein). 


Action of sulphuric and nitric acids on phenol. 


Brown. 


Picric Acid. 


Trinitrophenol. 


Yellow. 


Quinolin colors. 






Quinolin-blue (cyanin). 


Reaction of amyl iodid, quinolin and methylquinolin. 


Blue. 


Quinolin-green. 


Tetramethyldiamidodiphenylquinolol hydrochorid. 


Green. 


Quinolin-red. 


Heating benzotrichlorid with quinaldin and iso- 
qutnolin in the presence of zinc chlorid. 


Red. 


Quinolin-yellow. 


Heating quinaldin with phthalic anhydrid and zinc 
chlorid. 


Yellow. 



PIGMENTS 1095 PIGMENTS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Salicylic acid colors. 
Salicyl-orange. 




Orange-yellow. 


Salicyl-yellow. 


Monobromsalicylic acid or its sodium salt. 


Yellow. 


Victoria yellow (anilin-orange, saffron-sub- 
stitute, Victoria orange). 




Orange-yellow. 



3. VEGETABLE PIGMENTS. 



Adansonia-red. 


Obtained by Walz from the bark of Adansonia digi- 
tala, L. 


Blood-red. 


/Ethylpurpurin. 


Obtained by Schiitzenberger and Schiffert from pur- 
purin. 


Red. 


Alder-red. 


Obtained from the wood of Alnus glutinosa. Gaert. 


Red. 


Alizarin. 


Discovered in 1826 by Colin and Robiquet in madder 
(Rubia tmctoria) ; named from Ali-zari, the Orien- 
tal commercial name for madder. 


Red. 


Alkanna-green. 


Obtained from madder-root. 


Green. 


Alkanna-red (Alkanet, Anchusin, Pseudal- 
kannin, "Acid anchusique," Pelletier). 


Obtained from the roots of Anchusa tinctoria or Al- 
kanna tinctoria of southern Europe. 


Red. 


Anthocyan (Flower-blue). 


The coloring-matter, according to Marquart, of many 
blue, red, and violet flowers, the tint depending on 
the amount of acid present. Cf. Cyani?i. 


Blue. 


Anthoxanthin (Flower-yellow). 


Obtained by Marquart from yellow flowers. Cf. the 
Xanthin of Cloez, and Xanthein of Fremy. 


Yellow. 


Antwerp-brown. 


Asphaltum mixed with a drying-oil. 


Brown. 


Archil (French purple, orchil, orchil-purple). 


From Roccella tinctoria and R.fuciformis. 


Violet, mauve-purple. 


Arnatto (annatto, annutto, Orleans). 


The fruit-pulp of Bixin orellana, L. Employed by 
silk-dyers and varnish-makers; also for coloring 
cheese, cream, chocolate, confectionery, etc. See 
Bixin. 


Yellowish-red. 


Azale (pincoffin). 


Crude alizarin. 


Red. 


Azolitmin. 


From litmus. 


Deep blood-red. 


Bacterio-purpurin. 


Obtained from the protoplasm of Beggiatoa roseo- 
persicina. 


Peach-color. 


Barwood-red (mock Turkey red). 


Wood of Baphia nitida. 


Orange-red. 


Bezette (turnesol rag). 


Juice of Croton tinctorium. 


Blue. 


Bioxyalizarin. 


Obtained from Alsatian madder by treatment with 
alcohol and benzol. 


Orange-red. 


Bixin (orellin, orlean-red). 


Obtained from Bixa orellanna. 


Cinnabar-red. 


Bladder-green (iris-green, sap-green). 


From berries of Rhamnus catharticus. 


Green. 


Brasilin (brazilin). 


Obtained by Chevreul and Bolley from the wood of 
Ccesalpinia sappan, L.; C. brasiliensis, S. W.; C. 
echinata, Lam. 


Golden-yellow. 


Brown madder. 


Lake from madder-root. 


Rich brown. 


Brown pink (stil de grain). 


From Rhamnus infectorius, or from quercitrin bark. 


Dark-pink. 


Canarin. 


Oxidation of potassium sulphocyanid with potassium 
chlorate in the presence of sulphuric and hydro- 
chloric acids. 


Orange-yellow. 


Capsicum-red. 


First obtained by Braconnot from Capsicum annuum, 
L. 


Red. 


Capucine madder. 


Lake from madder-root. 


Reddish-orange. 


Carotin. 


The coloring-matter of the root of the cultivated car- 
rot, Dauctis carota, discovered, in 1832, by Wacken- 
roder. 


Deep-red to golden-red. 


Carthamin (rouge vegetal, safftower-car- 
tnin). 


Obtained from saffron (Carthamus tinctorius), L. 


Dark brownish-red to yel* 
lowish-red and purple, 
according to mordant. 


Catechu (caslioo). 


Extract from Acacia catechu. 


Brown. 



PIGMENTS 1096 PIGMENTS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Cerulein (aznlene). 


A vegetable principle. 


Blue. 


Chelidoxanthin. 


Obtained by Probst from Chelidonium majus, L. 


Yellow. 


Chemic black. 


Gall-nuts with ferric nitrate and pyroligneous acid. 


Black. 


Chica-red [carajura, chico-red). 


Leaves of Bignonia chica. 


Orange-red. 


Chinese green (laokao). 


From Rhamnus chloropkorus and R. utilis. 


Green. 


Chlorogenin. 


Obtained from madder-root by Schunck. 


Green. 


Chlorophyl {Leaf-green). 


From the leaves or other green parts of plants, and 
certain invertebrates. A complex coloring-matter 
composed of varying mixtures of phyllocyanin, 
and phylloxanthin. Cf. phycoxanthin, phycophain. 


Green. 


Chlorrubiadin. 


Obtained by Schunck from madder-root. 


Yellow. 


Chlorrubian. 


Obtained by Schunck from madder-root. 


Yellow. 


Chrome-black. 


Produced by mordanting with potassium dichromate 
and dyeing with logwood. 


Black. 


Chrysophan. 


Obtained from the roots of rhubarb (Rheum palma- 
ttim). 


Gold or sulphur-yellow. 


Chrysophanic acid. 


Discovered by Schrader (1819) ; found in the lichens, 
Parmelia parietina, Parmelia caparata, Squamaria 
elegans, and Cassia bijuga, Andira araruba, (Goa 
powder), Rheum palmatum. 


Yellow. 


Chrysorhamnin. 


Obtained from the fruit of Rhamnus amygdalenus, R. 
infectorius, and R. saxatilis. 


Golden yellow. 


Cinchona-red ( Chinaroth, rosso di China, 
cinchofulvic acid). 


A phlobophene discovered by Reuss(i8i2) in cinchona 
bark. 


Red. 


Cissotannic-acid. 


Obtained by Wittstein from reddened autumn leaves 
and from strawberries. 


Brown-red or red-brown. 


Colorin. 


Dry alcoholic extract of garancin. 


Red. 


Common black. 


From logwood, sumac, and fustic, by adding a mix- 
ture of green and blue vitriol. 


Black. 


Cork black. 


Burning cork in closed vessels. 


Black. 


Crocin {Polycroit ). 


Obtained from Crocus salivus, Gardenia grandifolia, 
and Fabiana imbricata. 


Yellow. 


Cudbear. 


From Lecanora tartarea and other lichens. 


Purple or violet. 


Curcumin (Curcuma-yellow, Turmeric). 


Obtained from the roots of Curcuma longa, and other 
species ; cultivated throughout Eastern tropics ; 
used in cookery, and for test-paper. 


Yellow. 


Cyanin (Flower-blue). 


Found by Fremy and Cloez in blue flowers, e.g., 
corn-flower, violets, etc. This appears to be a pure 
form of the ontltocyan of Marquart. The scarlet- 
red of some flowers appear to be a mixture of cy- 
anin and xanthin. 


Blue. 


Dragon's blood. 


Resin from Dracczna draco. 


Red. 


Dutch-pink. 


From Reseda luteola. See Luteolin. 


Pink. 


Dyer's broom. 


From Genista tinctoria. 


Yellow. 


Erythrin. 


Obtained from Roccella fuciformis. 


Red. 


Erythrophyl (Leaf-red). 


Obtained by Berzelius from reddened autumn leaves 
(e.g., cherry, currant). 


Red. 


Etiolin. 


The yellow pigment of etiolated leaves. Cf. xantho- 
phyl, phylloxanthin. 


Yellow. 


Filix-red. 


Obtained from the rhizomes of Asfiidium filix mas. 


Dark brick-red. 


Florence lake (Florentine lake). 


Lake from logwood. 


Deep brown-red. 


Florideae-green. 


That portion of the compound pigment (Rhodophyl) 
of the red algcE which is soluble in alcohol. 


Green. 


Fucoxanthin. 


Sorby's name for the principal coloring-matter of the 
olive-green sea- weeds {Fucacec? and Laminarascet?). 


Amber. 


Fustin (fisetin). 


Obtained from the root of Rhus cotinus. 


Yellow. 



PIGMENTS 1097 PIGMENTS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Gallofiavin. 


Oxidation of gallic acid in alkaline solution. 


Yellow. 


Gambier (gambir, pale catechu, terra 
japonica). 


Extract from leaves of Uncaria gambier. 


Yellowish-brown. 


Gamboge. 


Gum-resin from Garcinia hanburyi. 


Brownish-yellow. 


Garanceux. 


From the waste madder of the dye-houses. 


Red, deep-brown, lilac, 
black. 


Garancin. 


Action of cone, sulphuric acid on pulv. madder. 


Red. 


Gas-black (hydrocarbon-black) . 


Burning natural gas against a revolving iron cylinder. 


Black. 


Glaucotin. 


Obtained by Probst from the flowers of Glaucium 
luteum, Scop. 


Yellow. 


Guaiac-yellow. 


Obtained by Pelletier and Hadelich from the resin of 
Guaiacum officinale, L. 


Yellow. 


Harmal-red (Harmalin). 


Obtained by Gobel as an oxidation-product of har- 
malin from Hula graveolens, and other species of 
Rutacetz. 


Red. 


Hematein. 


Obtained from hematoxylin by the action of ammo- 
nia. 


Black-violet. 


Hematoxylin. 


From logwood , Hcematoxylon campechianum. 


Red, blue, purple. 


Hooker's green. 


Mixture of Prussian blue and gamboge. 


Green. 


Ilixanthin. 


Obtained by Moldenhauer from Ilex aquifolium. 


Yellow. 


Indigo (Indian blue). 


From leguminous plants of the genus Indigo/era. 


Blue. 


Indigo-brown. 


Mixture of Indihumin and indiretin. 


Brown. 


Indigo-carmin. 


Sodium salt of indigo-extract. 


Blue-red. 


Indigo-extract (disulphonic acid, indigotin). 


Solution of indigo in strong sulphuric acid. 


Blue. 


Indigo-red (indigo-purple, indirubin). 


Decomposition of Indican by oxalic or tartaric acid. 


Reddish-purple. 


Indigotin (Indigo-blue, liquid blue, Saxony 
blue, oat-blue). 


A pigment known to the ancients, and obtained from 
many plants, Indigo/era tinctoria, L. ; Indigo/era 
anil, L. ; Iniiigofera argentea, L. ; Indigo/era dis- 
perma, L. ; Isatis tinctoria, Isatis lusitanica (see 
Woad), Neriuin tinctorium, or Wrightia tinctoria, 
Polygonum tinctorium, Polygonumfagopyrum, Poly- 
gonum chinense, Marsdenia tinctoria, Asclepias 
tingens, Galega tinctoria, Mercurialis perennis, 
Melampyrum arvencr, Melampyrum cristatum, 
Polygolabracteolata, Croton tinctorium, Crotonver- 
bascifolium, Phytolacca decandra, Phytolacca mexi- 
cana, Monotropa hypofiitys, Tephrosia apollinea, 
P. toxicaria, Randia aculeata,Amorpha fruticosa ; 
also found in animal fluids, urine, sweat, milk, pus. 
This pigment is not a direct product of the plant- 
juices or animal fluids, but a decomposition-product, 
the result of the action of bacteria upon indican or 
other glucosids. Cf. Bacillus indigoferus, Classen, 
and Bacillus indigogenus, Alvarez, under Bacteria, 
Synonymatic Table of. 


Blue. 


Indigo-white (indigogen). 


Action of reducing agents on commercial indigo. 


Blue. 


Isatrin-yellow. 


Action of phenylhydrazinparasulphonic acid on dioxi- 
tartaric acid. 


Yellow. 


Japan black (asphaltum, Brunswick black, 
Japan lacquer). 


Cooking asphaltum with linseed-oil and adding tur- 
pentine. 


Black. 


Kyanophyl. 


Wiesner's name for nearly pure chlorophyl freed from 
its yellow pigment, xanthophyl. Cf. Phyllocyanin. 


Blue-green. 


Lamp-black (soot). 


Imperfect combustion of resin, oils, gas, tar, etc. 


Black. 


Ligulin. 


Obtained by Nickles and Reinsch from the berries of 
Ligustrum vulgare. Cf. CEpholin. 


Carmin-red. 


Lithospermum-red. 


First obtained by Ludwig and Kromayer from the 
bark of the root of Lithospermum arvense. 


Red. 


Litmus. 


From Roccella tinctoria, and other lichens. 


Blue. 


Logwood-black. 


Mordanting with iron salts and dyeing with log- 
wood. 


Black. 



PIGMENTS 1098 PIGMENTS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Lutein {Egg-yellow). 


A red lipochrome obtained by Thudicum from many 
kinds of yellow flowers, seeds, the flesh of berries, 
and the yellow bodies in the ovaries of mammals, 
egg-yolks, and other animal substances. 


Yellow. 


Luteolin. 


Discovered by Chevreul in 1830. The yellow coloring- 
matter of Reseda luteola, L. (Ash of Jerusalem, 
Dyers' Rocket, Dyers' Weed, Dyers' Yellow-weed, 
Goud, Green-weed. Italian Rocket, Weld, Woad, 
Wolds, Woulds, Woold, Yellow Rocket, Yellow 
Weed, Yellows) ; chiefly used for paper-hangings. 
The color called Dutch pink is also obtained from it. 


Green, yellow, or blue, ac- 
cording to the mordants 
employed. 


Madder (Adrianople red, madder-red, Turkey 
red). 


From the roots of Rubia tinctorum. 


Red. 


Madder-brown. 


From catechu worked with madder-colors. 


Brown. 


Madder-carmin. 


Lake from madder-root with an aluminum base. 


Carmin. 


Madder-orange. 


Lake from madder-root. 


Orange. 


Madder-purple (Field's purple, purple rubi- 
ate). 


Lake from madder-root. 


Deep-purple. 


Madder-yellow. 


Lake from madder-root. 


Bright yellow. 


Marennin. 


The green coloring-principle absorbed by oysters 
from diatoms (Navicula ostrearia) in "greening." 
Cf. Diatomin. 


Green. 


Morin. 


From the Heart-wood of mulberry {Moras tinctoria). 


Yellow. 


Morindin. 


Discovered by Anderson, in 1849, in the bark of the 
root of Morinda citrifolia. 


Sulphur-yellow to red, ac- 
cording to mordant. 


Munjistin (Indian madder, mungeet, mun- 
jeet). 


Obtained from the East India madder (Rubia mun- 
jista, or Rubia cordifolia). 


Golden-yellow to red, ac- 
cording to mordant. 


Nemours blue. 


Dyeing with sandal-wood and afterward with indigo. 


Blue. 


Nitropurpurei'n. 


Obtained by Stenhouse from Purpure'in by the action 
of nitric acid. 


Scarlet. 


CEnolin (cenolinic acid, Berry-blue, Berry- 
red). 


Obtained by Mulder and Glenard from grapes, whor- 
tleberries, bilberries, blackberries, mulberries, elder- 
berries, etc. Cf. Ligulin. 


Blue-black, violet-red to 
red-brown. 


Orcin (orcinol). 


From orchella weed and other lichens. 


Blood-red. 


Orellin. 


From Bixa orellana, L. See Bixin. 


Red. 


Orlean-red. 


Obtained from Bixa orellana. See Bixin. 


Red. 


Oxyrubian. 


Obtained by Schunck from madder-root. 


Brown. 


Peach-black. 


Calcination of peach-stones. 


Black. 


Pheophyl (Ph&ophyl). 


The compound pigment of the Fucacerz and Pha:- 
osporecz. Cf. PhycophcBin and Phycoxanthin. 


Olive or brown. 


Phlobaphene (Bark-pigment). 


Obtained from the bark of various trees and shrubs, 
by Stahelin, Hofstetter, Hesse, Hlasiwetz, Grabow- 
ski, etc. 


Brown-red. 

1 


Phycochrome. 


A complex pigment of the Cyanophycecz, or Phyco- 
chromacece. Cf. Phycocyanin. 


Blue-green. 


Phycocyanin. 


Obtained from various phycochromaceous algae and 
from certain invertebrates (Chtxtopterus). Cf. Scyto- 
nemin. 


Blue in transmitted light, 
blood-red i n reflected 
light. 


Phyeoerythrin 


That portion of the compound pigment (Rhodophyl) 
of the red Algiz which is soluble in water. Cf. 
Flnridece-green. 


Red. 


Phycohematin. 


Obtained from the sea-weed Rhytipltza tinctoria. 


Blood-red. 


Phycophei'n. 


Obtained from the F?icacetF and Phczosporece. Schutt 
confines the name to that part of pheophyl which 
is soluble in water. 


Reddish-brown. 


Phycoxanthin. 


That portion of the pheophyl of the Fucacecr and 
PhcEosporecE which is soluble in alcohol. 


Yellow. 


Phyllerythrin. 


A general term for the red pigment of leaves. 


Red. 



PIGMENTS 1099 PIGMENTS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc. 


Color. 


Phyllocyanin (Cyanophyl). 


The acid constituent of chlorophyl. Cf. Phvlloxan- 
tkin. 


Blue or greenish-blue. 


Phylloxanthin (Xanthophyl). 


One of the constituents of Chlorophyl. Cf. Phyllo- 
cyanin. 


Yellow. 


Phymatorhusin. 


From metastatic deposits in the skin. 




Phyterythrin. 


Same as Erythrophyl. 


Red. 


Pink madder. 


Lake from madder-root. 


Pink. 


Pittacal. 


From beechwood tar. 


Blue. 


Pseudopurpurin. 


Obtained from Alsatian madder by treatment with 
alcohol and benzol. 


Red. 


Puccoon. 


The Indian term for the dye obtained from various 
North American herbs, e.g., Lithospermum hirtutn, 
Lithospermum canescens, Sanguinaria canadensis, 
etc. 


Red to yellow. 


Purple-madder. 


Lake from madder-root. 


Purple. 


Purpurein. 


From Purpurin by the action of ammonium hydroxid. 


Carmin-red. 


Purpurin (Oxyalizarin, Madder purple, 
Field's purple, Purple rubiate). 


Obtained by the action of yeast on Alsatian or Avig- 
non madder. 


Cherry-red to purple, ac- 
cording to mordant. 


Quercetin (Meletin). 


Obtained from the heart-wood of Rhus cotinus, the 
berries of Hippophcza rhamnoides, the green parts 
of Calluna vulgaris, the flowers of Cornus niascula, 
horsechestnut leaves and flowers, etc. 


Citron-yellow. 


Quercitrin. 


Discovered by Chevreul and Brandt. It occurs in the 
bark of the black-oak {Quercus tinctoria, Mich.), as 
well as other species of oak, also in tea-leaves, and 
as quersescitrin in the leaves, flowers, and cotyle- 
dons of the horsechestnut. 


Sulphur-yellow to chrome- 
yellow. 


Quinora-red. 


Obtained from cinchona bark by Pelletierand Caven- 
ton (1820). 


Red. 


Rhodophyl. 


The compound pigment of the red Algiz. Cf. Phyco- 
erythrin and Floridetz-green. 


Carmin-red in transmit- 
ted light, green or red- 
dish-yellow in reflected 
light. 


Rhodospermin. 


The red coloring-matter of the Floridecz , obtained by 
Rosanoff, Cramer, Askenasy, Sorby, and others. 
Cf. Phycoerythrin. 


Red. 


Rose-lake. 


From logwood. 


Deep brown-red. 


Rose-madder. 


Lake from madder-root. 


Rose. 


Rottlera-red. 


Obtained from the dust-like hairs of the capsules of 
Rottlera tinctoria, Pixby, and used in India as a 
dye for silk. 


Red, orange, or, by special 
process, scarlet. 


Ruben's madder. 


Lake from madder-root. 


Brown. 


Ruberythrinic acid. 


An acid glucosid, isolated by Rochleder, in 1851, from 
the madder Ricbia tinctoria, L., of which it appears 
to be the primary chromogen. 


Brick-red, cherry-red. 


Rubiacinic acid. 


Obtained from Rubiafin by Schunck. 


Citron-yellow. 


Rubiadin. 


Obtained by Schunck from madder-root. 


Golden-yellow. 


Rubiadipin. 


Obtained from madder-root by Schunck. 


Yellowish-brown; it yields 
a blood-red color with 
alkalies. 


Rubiafin. 


Obtained from madder-root by Schunck. 


Yellow. 


Rubiagin. 


Obtained by Schunck from madder-root. 


Citron-yellow. 


Rubian. 


Obtained by Schunck from madder-root (Rubia tinc- 
toria). 


Dark-yellow ; it yields with 
an alum mordant a bright 
orange, with iron a clear 
brown. 


Rubianic acid. 


Obtained by Schunck from Rubian, and held by him 
to be identical with Rochleder's Ruberythrinic acid. 


Citron-yellow. 


Rubianin. 


Obtained by Schunck from madder-root. 


Bright-yellow. 


Rubidehydran and Rubihydran. 


Obtained by Schunck from madder-root. 


Dark-yellow. 



PILE 1100 PILEUS 

CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Composition, Preparation, Etc 


Color 


Rubiretin. 


Obtained by Schunck by treating Rubian, Rubide- 
hydran, and Rubihydran with dilute acids and alka- 
lies, or by the action of erythrozym on rubian. 


Dark reddish-brown. 


Saffron-yellow. 


Obtained from saffron (Carthamus tinctorius, L.), 
by lead acetate and ammonium hydroxid. 


Brown-yellow. 


Santalin. 


From hard red-woods— Bar-wood, Calliatura wood, 
Cam-wood, Santal-wood. 


Red. 


Sawwort. 


From foliage of Serratula tinctoria. 


Yellow. 


Sedan black. 


Ferrous sulphate on wood, logwood, and sumac. 


Intense black. 


Spanish black. 


Burnt cork. 


Black. 


Spiraei'n (Spircea yellow). 


Obtained by Lowig and Weidmann from Spircea 
ulmaria, L. 


Yellow. 


Spirit-brown. 


Dyeing with quercitrin and then with peachwood, 
logwood, and alum. 


Brown. 


Styrogallol. 


By the union of cinnamic and gallic acids. 


Pale green. 


Tallochlor. 


Obtained from thistle-heads, artichokes, and flower- 
buds, by Verdeil, and from various lichens by 
Schnedermann and Knop. 


Green. 


Tartrazin. 


Action of phenylhydrazinparasulphonic acid on dioxi- 
tartaric acid. 


Yellow. 


Thujetin. 


Obtained from Thujin ; perhaps identical with Quer- 
cetin. 


Yellow. 


Thujin. 


Obtained from the green portions of the common 
Arbor vitae ( Thuja occidentalis). 


Citron-yellow. 


Vandyke-brown (Cassel-brown). 


Species of peat or lignite. 


Reddish-brown. 


Verantin. 


Obtained by Schunck from madder-root (Rubia tinc- 
toria). 


Reddish-brown. 


Woad. 


Leaves of Isatis tinctoria. Cf. Luteolin. 


Blue. 


VVongshy. 


From seed-pods of Gardenia fiorida. 


Yellow. 


Xanthein (Fremy), Xanthin (Cloez) (Flow- 
er-yellow). 


Obtained by Fremy and Cloez from yellow flowers 
(e. g., sunflowers and yellow dahlias). Cf. Antho- 
xanlhin. 


Yellow. 


Xanthin. 


Obtained by Higgin and Kuhlmann from madder- 
root. Schunck holds this to be an impure Rubian, 
and Rochleder an impure Ruberythrhiic acid. 


Yellow. 


Xanthophyl (Leaf-yellow). 


Obtained by Berzelius from yellow autumn leaves, 
and other parts of plants. Krauss uses it as syn- 
onymous with Phylloxanthin. 


Yellow. 


Xanthorhamnin. 


Fruit of Rhamnus amygdalinus, R. infectorius, and 
R. saxatilis. 


Olive-yellow. 


Xanthotannic acid. 


Obtained by Ferrein from the reddened autumn 
leaves of the elm. 


Yellow. 


Xylochloric acid (IVood-green). 


Isolated from old wood by Bley, Jr. 


Green. 


Yellow carmin. 


Lake from Persian berries or quercitrin bark. 


Yellow. 



Pile (pil) [pilus, hair]. The hair, or hairs collectively, 
of any part of the integument ; a hemorrhoid ; a bat- 
tery. P., Matteuci's Muscular, a voltaic battery or 
pile, the elements of which are formed of longitudinal 
and transverse sections of muscle connected al- 
ternately. 

Pileate (pil'-e-at) [pileus, a cap]. In biology, having a 
pileus, or cap, as certain fungi. 

Pileiform (pil'-e-if-orm) [pileus, a cap ; forma, form]. 
Tn biology, pileate ; having the form of a pileus. 

Pileolus ( pil-e'-o-lus)[dim. of pileus, a cap : //. , Pileoli']. 
In biology, a little pileus. 



Pileorhiza {pil-e-or-V-zaK) [pileus, a cap; p'lXfl, a root]. 
In biology, the root-cap. 

Pileous {pil'-e-us) [pilus, hair]. Pertaining to hair. 

Piles (pilz). See Hemorrhoids. 

Pileum (pil'-e-um) [pileum, a cap : //., Piles']. In 
biology, the cap or whole top of the head of a bird, 
from bill to nape, including the forehead, vertex, and 
occiput. 

Pileus ( pil'-e-us) [pileus also pileum, a cap : //., Pilei ]. 
In biologv, a term first introduced by Rondelet (1554) 
to designate the disc of the Medusa, for which many 
writers have substituted the name umbrella or disc. It 



PILEWORT 



1101 



PILULA 



is also applied to the cap-like or umbrella-like summit 
of the stipe of many fungi. The hymenium-bearing 
portion is the same as cap. P. hippocraticus, the 
capeline bandage. 

Pilewort (pil'-wert). See Ficary. 

Pili (pi'-li) [pi/us, a hair]. Hairs. P., Congenital, 
hair existing at birth. P., Post-genital, that appearing 
some time after birth. 

Piliation (pil-e-a '-shun) \_pilus, hair]. The formation 
and production of hair. 

Pilidium (pil-id'-e-um) [irilidwv, a little hat or cap]. 
In biology : (l) A free-swimming, helmet-shaped larva, 
occurring among the Nemertina. It holds a position 
intermediate between the young Turbellarian larva of 
the Polyclada (cf. Muller's Larva) and the typical 
Trochophoran Larva. (2) A hemispheric apothe- 
cium in certain lichens. 

Piliferous (pi-lif'-er-us) [pilus, a hair ; ferre, to bear] . 
In biology, bearing a slender bristle or hair, or beset 
with hairs. P. Cyst, a dermoid cyst. 

Piliform ( pi' -lif-orm) [pilus, hair; forma, a form]. 
Having the form or appearance of hair ; filiform. 

Piligerous (pi-lij'-er-us)[ pilus, hair; gerere, to carry]. 
Piliferous ; covered with hair. 

Pilimiction (pi-lim-ik' -shun) [pilus, hair ; mingere, to 
urinate]. The passing of urine containing hair-like 
filaments. 

Pill (pit) [ME., pitte, pill]. See Piluta. P., Blair's, 
an empiric English preparation containing colchi- 
cum and used in the treatment of gout. P., Blaud's. 
See Bland. P., Blue. See Hydrargyrum. P.- 
box, a box for holding pills. P.-coater, a machine for 
coating pills with sugar, gelatin, or other material. P., 
Compound Cathartic. See Colocynth. P., Com- 
pressed, a pill made by compressing the powdered 
substance into proper shape by means of a powerful 
press, without the use of an excipient. P., Dupuy- 
tren's, a pill containing extract of opium, bichlorid of 
mercury, and extract of guaiac. P., Friable, a pill that 
crumbles into powder on slight pressure. P., Griffith's. 
See Ferritin. P. -mass, a cohesive mass into which 
the ingredients of the pills are worked. P. -tile, a 
metallic plate with semi-cylindric grooves on its upper 
surface. It is used in the manufacture of pills. 
Pillar (pil'-ar) [pita, a pillar]. In biology, a columnar 
structure, a columella, modiola, crus, peduncle. P. 
of the Abdominal Ring, one of the columns on 
either side of the abdominal ring. P., Anterior, of 
the Fauces, the fold on each side of the uvula formed 
by the projection of the palatoglossus muscle covered 
by mucosa. P., Anterior, of the Fornix, the band 
of white matter on either side that passes from the 
anterior extremity of the fornix to the base of the 
brain, forming part of the corpus albicans, and that 
curves upward into the optic thalamus of the corres- 
ponding side. P. of Corti, one of the rods of Corti, 
two greatly modified epithelial cells in the organ of 
Corti; they are slender, slightly S-shaped, longitudin- 
ally striated bodies, consisting of a denser substance — 
the pillar proper — and a thin, imperfect protoplasmic 
envelop. P. of the External Abdominal Ring, one 
of the two columns or pillars forming the free borders 
of the aponeurosis at the site of the external abdom- 
inal ring. The external pillar is formed by that 
portion of Poupart's ligament which is inserted into the 
spine of the pubis. The internal, or superior pillar 
is a broad, thin, flat band, which interlaces with its 
fellow on the opposite side in front of the symphysis 
pubis. P., External, of the Diaphragm. See Crus 
of the Diaphragm. P. of the Fauces, one of the 
folds of mucous membrane on either side of the 
fauces. P., Flexible, a jointed pillar for inclining the 



body of the microscope. P., Internal, of the Ab- 
dominal Ring. See P. of the External Abdom- 
inal Ring. P., Muscular. See Muscle-column. P., 
Posterior, of the Fauces, a fold at each side of 
the uvula formed by the palato-pharyngeus muscle, 
covered by mucosa. P., Posterior, of the Fornix, 
one of the two bands which pass from the posterior 
extremities of the fornix downward into the descend- 
ing horn of the lateral ventricle. P., Superior, of 
the Abdominal Ring. Synonym of P. , Internal, 
of the Abdominal King. 

Pillicoshy (pil'-ik-o-she). A vulgar corruption of pil- 
uhz cochia, cochia pills (see Cochia) ; hence, powder 
of aloes and canella, or hiera picra. 

Pilliocausia (pil-e-o-kaw' -se-ah) . See Pillicoshy. 

Pilocarpidin (pi-lo-kar' -pid-in) [nltioc , a cap ; Kapndg, 
fruit], C 10 H 10 N 2 O 20 . A syrupy, alkaline basic sub- 
stance, obtained from jaborandi leaves ; it is weaker 
in its action than pilocarpin. 

Pilocarpin (pi-lo-ka)-'-pin). See Pilocarpus. 

Pilocarpus (pi-lo-kar' -pus) [rrl'Aog, a cap ; napndc, 
fruit]. Jaborandi. The young leaves of P. selloanus, 
P. pennatifolius, and Piper jaborandi, containing a vola- 
tile oil and 2 alkaloids, jaborin and pilocarpin. Jaborin 
is similar to atropin in action, and antagonistic to pilo- 
carpin, but it is present in the leaves in only small 
amounts. Pilocarpin stimulates the peripheral ends of 
the secreting nerves going to glands, perhaps also the 
centers. It thus causes an increased flow of saliva, 
marked sweating, secretion of tears, of mucus from the 
nose and the bronchi, of the gastric and intestinal juices. 
It also stimulates involuntary muscle ; on the vagus it 
acts as a stimulant, causing slowing of the pulse ; in 
large doses it paralyzes the vagus. Vomiting is pro- 
duced by jaborandi and sometimes by pilocarpin alone. 
Pilocarpin causes contraction of the pupil. Its action 
is antagonized very completely by atropin. Thera- 
peutically, pilocarpin is used chiefly in renal dropsy 
to produce sweating, also in uremia, for the same pur- 
pose. It probably causes an elimination of urea, and 
other waste-products, both in the sweat and in the saliva. 
As a diaphoretic it is also employed in coryza and 
bronchitis. It has been used most successfully in ery- 
sipelas. Pilocarpus, Ext., Fid., dose ttkv-gj. J., 
Ext. (B. P.) Dose gr. iij-x. J., Infus. (B. P.) 
Dose gj-ij. J., Tinct. (B. P.) Dose ^ %-%.■ 
Pilocarpine hydrochloras, the alkaloid. Dose gr. 
%- l /2- P. nitras. Dose hypodermatically gr. T V _ X' 
Injectio P. nitrat. hypodermica ; I grain in 20 
minims. Dose Tt\_ij-vj. 

Pilocystic (pi-lo-sis 1 '-tik) [pilus, hair ; Kvorig, a sac]. 
A term applied to encysted tumors containing hair and 
fatty matters, e.g. , some dermoid cysts. 

Pilo-motor (pi-lo-mo'-tor) [pilus, hair; movere, to 
move]. Causing movement of the hair. P. Nerves, 
nerves causing contraction of the erectores pilorum, 
as in horripilation of animals. 

Pilonidal (pi-lo-ni'-dal) [pilus, hair ; nidus, nest]. 
Containing an accumulation of hairs in a cyst. P. 
Fistula, a fistula in the neighborhood of the rectum 
depending upon the presence of a tuft of hair in the 
tissues. It is also known as Coccygeal Fistula. 

Pilose, Pilous (pi'-lbz, pi'-lus) [pilosus, hairy]. In 
biology, covered with long, straight, soft hairs ; hairy; 
hirsute. 

Pilosis (pi-lo'-sis) [pilus, hair]. The development, 
and especially the abnormal or excessive development, 
of hairs. 

Pilosity (pi-los 1 '-it-e) [pilus, a hair]. The state of be- 
ing pilose. 

Pilous (pi'-lus). See Pilose. 

Pilula (pil'-u-lah) [E. : pi., Pilulce]. A pill. In 



PILULAR 



1102 



PINEAL 



pharmacy, a spheric mass containing a prescribed 
medicinal substance with the excipient necessary to 
make it cohesive. The excipient may be soap and 
water, a gum, or one of the various syrups. There 
are 15 official pilulce. See names, constituents, etc., 
under principal ingredient. 

Pilular (pil'-u-lar) [piiula, dim. olpila, ball]. Of the 
nature or form of a pill. 

Pilule (pil'-iil) [piiula, a small pill]. A small pill, 
pellet, or parvule. 

Pilulous (pil'-u-lus). Same as Pilular. 

Pilum (pi'-lum) [L.]. In pharmacy, a pestle. 

Pilus (pi'-lus) [pilus, a hair : //., Pilt\. In biology, 
a fine, slender, hair-like body. Pili gossypii, cotton 
staple. Pili tactiles, tactile hairs. 

Pimeladen (pim-el' -ad-en) [nifieXi], fat ; aSijv, gland : 
//. , Pimeladenes~\. Any sebaceous gland. 

Pimelecchysis (pim-el-ek' -kis-is) [Tri/ieXij, fat ; ck^vgic, 
a pouring out]. An excessive discharge of fat or of 
sebaceous matter. 

Pimelic Acid (pim-el' -ik). See Acid. 

Pimelitis (pim-el-i'-tis) \_mfie7J), fat ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of any adipose tissue ; also, of 
connective tissue in general. 

Pimeloma (pim-el-o'-mah) [nifteX/;, fat ; bjia, tumor : 
pl.,Pimelomata~\. A fatty tumor ; lipoma. 

Pimelopterygium [pint' '-el-o-ter-ij' '-e-um) [tri/ieXi/, fat ; 
nrepvyiov, a small wing]. A fatty outgrowth on the 
conjunctiva. 

Pimelorrhea (pim-el-or-e'-ah) [KCfieTir/, fat ; poia, a 
flow]. An excessive fatty discharge. Fecal discharge 
of undigested fat. 

Pimelorthopnea (pim-el-or-thop-ne' -ah) [mfieXr/, fat ; 
bpddrrvoia , orthopnea]. Orthopnea due to obesity. 

Pimelosis (pim-el-o'-sis) \jtiiie\1], fat; v6uoc, disease]. 
Conversion into fat. The fatty degeneration of any 
tissue; obesity, or corpulence. 

Pimelotic (pim-el-ot' -ik) \_Kifie}J/, fat]. Affected with 
pimelosis. 

Pimeluria ( pim-el-u' '-re-ah)\_mu£Arj , fat ; ovpnv, urine]. 
The excretion of fat in the urine ; lipuria. 

Pimenta {pi-men' -tali) [Sp. ,pimiento, the pepper-plant : 
gen., Pimenta']. Allspice. The immature fruit of 
Pimenta officinalis. It contains an aromatic, pungent, 
volatile oil that is much used as a flavor and condi- 
ment. It is useful in flatulence and to prevent the 
griping of purgatives. Dose gr. x-xl. P., Aqua 
(B. P.) Dose .^ss-ij. P., Oleum (B. P.) Dose 
mj-iv. 

Pimento [pi-men' -to). Synonym of Pimenta. 

Pimpernel (pim'-per-nel) [ME., pympyrnel, pimper- 
nel]. See Anagallis arvensis. 

Pimpinella (pim-pin-el'-ah) [Yr., pimpernel]. A genus 
of umbelliferous plants, the pimpernels. 

Pimple (pirn' -pi) [AS., pipel, a pimple]. A small 
pustule or papule. See Papule and Pustule. P., 
Maggot, a popular term for Comedo. P. Mite. See 
Demodex folliculorn?n , under Parasites (Animal), 
Table of. 

Pimply (pim'-ple) [AS. , pipel, a pimple]. Spotted; 
covered with pimples. 

Pin [ME., pinne, a pin]. A metal instrument shaped 
like a needle, but with a globular head, used for fasten- 
ing or holding parts together. P. -buttock, a sharp, 
angular buttock. P., Center, the pointed steel rod 
projecting from the center of the trephine-saw, used 
for fixing the trephine. P., Harelip, a strong, long 
pin passed through the lips of a wound in order to 
form a support for the sutures which are wound around 
it. P. -sensation. See Pins and AWd/es. P.- 
worm. See Oxynris vermicularis among Parasites 
(Animal}, Table of. 



Pinacocytal (pin-ak-o-si'-tal) [rriva^, a tablet ; kLtoc, 
a cell]. Pertaining to pinacocytes. 

Pinacocyte (pin'-ak-o-sit) [nival; , a tablet; k'vtoc, a 
cell]. In biology, one of the simple, pavement, epi- 
thelial cells composing the ectoderm of most sponges. 

Pinacolin (pin- ak'- o- tin), C 6 H 12 0. A ketone ob- 
tained from pinacone by the action of hydrochloric 
acid with heat. The pinacolins are ketones contain- 
ing a tertiary, alkyl group, formed from the pinacones. 

Pinacone (pin'-ak-on), C 6 H u 2 . A diatomic alcohol 
which crystallizes from its aqueous solution in the 
form of the hydrate, C 6 H u 2 + CH 2 0, which consists 
of large, quadratic plates, melting at 42 C. and gradu- 
ally efflorescing on exposure. In the anhydrous state 
it is a crystalline mass that melts at 38 C. and boils at 
171 or 172 C. Thepinacones are glycols that con- 
tain two hydroxyl groups attached to two adjoining 
carbon atoms, which in turn are linked to two alkyls. 

Pinalic Acid (pin-al'-ik). See Acid, Valeric. 

Pince-cystotome (pans' '-sis' '-to-torn) [piuce (Fr.), for- 
ceps; KvoTir, bladder ; roftr/, a cutting]. An instru- 
ment terminating in two triangular cutting-blades, 
and which is used as a cystotome in cataract-opera- 
tions. 

Pincement (pans'-ma(n)g) [Fr., "pinching"]. In 
massage, a pinching or nipping of the tissues ; it is 
useful in neurasthenia. 

Pince-nez (pans'-nd) [Fr.]. Eyeglasses kept in 
place on the nose by a spring. 

Pincers (pin'-sers) [Fr., pince]. Forceps. 

Pincet, Pincette (pin-set') [Fr.]. Small forceps. 

Pincoffin (pin' -koff-in). Same as Azale. 

Pindal, Pindar, Pinder (pin'-dal, pin' -dar, pin' -der). 
See Arachis hypogcea. 

Pine (pin) [pinus, pine]. See Pix. P.-apple Fiber, 
the leaves of the several varieties of Bromelia yield a 
fine, nearly colorless, fiber, which is worked, especially 
in Brazil, for the manufacture of the so-called "silk- 
grass." P.-apple Oil, an alcoholic solution of ethyl 
butyric ether. P. -bark, a bark that is much used in 
Austria, Bavaria, and Southern Germany in themanufac- 
ture of leather. It contains from seven to ten per cent. 
of tannin and considerable resinous extractive matter. 
It does not yield as good a leather as oak-bark. P.- 
bath. See Bath. P. -gum, a variety of sandarach, 
from the Australian trees Callitris robusta and C. rhom- 
boidea. P. -needle Bath, a bath in which pine or fir 
needles are mixed with the water ; it is used in Ger- 
many as a stimulant tonic. 

Pineal (pi-ne'-al) [pinus, a pine-cone]. Belonging 
to or shaped like a pine- 
cone. P. Body (so 
called from its resem- 
blance in shape to a 
pine-cone), a small, red- \ 
dish-gray, vascular body W 
situated behind the third '• 
ventricle, which is em- 
braced by its two pedun- 
cles ; it is also called 
the conarium, from its 
conic shape. It rests 
upon the pregeminum, 
and is connected with 
the thalami by two pe- 
duncles. Its function is 
unknown. It is consid- 
ered to be the remains 
of the pineal eye of lower vertebrates. P. Eye, 
a rudimentary third, median or unpaired eye of certain 
lizards (Anguis, Hatteria, Veranns, Calotes, Seps, 
Leioderd), connected with the homologue of the pineal 




Section of Human Pineal 
Body. 
a, a. Acini lined and partially 
filled with epithelium and 
calcareous concretions (s). 
f. Intertubular fibrous tis- 
sue. (After Piersol.) 



PINENCHYMA 



1103 



PINNATILOBED 



gland of higher animals by the pineal stalk. It is 
the vestige of what was a functionating sense-organ 
in extinct reptiles {Labyrintkodonta), and perhaps in 
mesozoic mammals {Tritylodon), or possibly an organ 
for the perception of warmth ; the pineal body, 
epiphysis, or conarium, epiphysial eye, parietal eye, 




Sagittal Section Through part of Head of Embryo 
Lizard, showing so-called pineal eye. 

P. Specialized isolated extremity of pineal diverticulum from 
brain-vesicle (B). b.c. So-called retinal and lenticular areas 
of its walls, a. Ectoderm, d. Remains of diverticulum un- 
dergoing division into tubules (d'). f. Blood-vessels, e. 
Mesodermic tissue. (After Piersol.) 

third eye. P. Gland. See P. Body. P. Pedun- 
cles, the habena or habenula. P. Sand, the brain- 
sand, often found in the pineal body. P. Ventricle, 
the cavity occasionally found within the pineal body ; 
it represents the persistence of a fetal condition. 

Pinenchyma {pin-eti' -kim-ah) [vrivat;, tablet ; ey%vfia, 
infusion]. Tissues composed of flat cells. 

Pinene {pi'-nen) \_pinns, pine], C ]0 H 16 . A hydrocar- 
bon, the chief ingredient of the turpentine-oil prepared 
from the different varieties of pine, of eucalyptus-oil, 
juniper-berry oil, sage-oil, etc. 

Ping Ping. The root of a Chinese plant, used in ves- 
ical affections. Unof. 

Pinguecula, Pinguicula (pin-gwek' '-u-lah, pin-gwik'- 
u-lah) \_pingnis, fat]. A small, yellow-white tumor 
of the conjunctiva, situated between the cornea and 
the canthus of the eye. 

Pinguefaction [pin - g-we - fak> '- shun) \_pinguis, fat; 
facere, to make]. Conversion into fat. 

Pinguicula (pin-gwik'-u- lah) [pinguis, fat]. I. A 
genus of some thirty species of plants of wide geo- 
graphic distribution ; the butterworts. They have 
vulnerary and aperient properties, and are locally 
used in thickening milk. They are insectivorous 
plants, and contain one or more digestive ferments. 
2. A small tumor of the conjunctiva. 

Pinguid {ping'-gwid) [pinguis, fat^. Fat ; unctuous. 

Pinguidinous {ping-gwid'-in-zis) \_pinguis, fat]. Con- 
taining fat. 

Pinguitude {ping' -gwit-ud) [pinguis, fat]. Fatness. 

Pinguoleum {ping-gwo'-le-um) [pinguis, fat; oleum, 
oil]. A fatty or fixed oil. 

Pinhole {pin' -hoi) [ME. ,pinne, pin ; AS., hoi, a hole]. 
A minute perforation, like that made by a pin. P. Os, 



an extreme degree of atresia of the os uteri, seen in 
young and undeveloped women. P. Pupil, Pin-point 
Pupil, contraction of the iris to an extent that the 
pupil is scarcely larger than a pin's head. It is seen 
in opium-poisoning, after the use of myotics, in certain 
cerebral diseases, in locomotor ataxy, etc. 

Pinic Acid {pin'-ik)[pinus, pine], C 20 H 30 O 2 . A resin- 
ous body obtained from pine-resin, having the same 
formula as pinearic acid, with which it may be ident- 
ical. 

Pinicoline {pin-ik'-o-lin) \_pinus, a pine-tree ; colere, 
to inhabit]. In biology, inhabiting pine forests, e.g. , 
the Capercally, or Cock-of-the-wood {Tetrao urogal- 
lus). 

Piniform {pi' -nif-orm) \_pinus, pine ; forma, form]. 
Pine-shaped ; resembling a pine-cone. P. Decus- 
sation, a decussation of fibers in the oblongata be- 
tween the central gray matter and the pyramids. 

Pining {pi'-ning) [ME., pinen, pain]. Vulgar syno- 
nym for tuberculosis of cattle. Also applied to a 
peculiar melancholic longing of pregnant women, 
commonly called " longings." 

Pinion {pin'-yun) \_penna, pinna, wing, feather]. In 
biology, the tnanus or distal segment of a bird's 
wing {carpus, metacarpus, phalanges) bearing the pri- 
mary remiges. 

Pinipicrin {pin-ip-ik'-rin) \_pinus, pine ; Tunpoc, bit- 
ter], C 22 H 36 O u . A bitter glucosid obtained from the 
needles and the bark of Pinus sylvestris and other 
plants. 

Pinitannic Acid {pin-it-an'-ik) [pinus, pine; ME., 
tannen, tan], C u H 16 8 . A yellowish-red powder, a 
variety of tannic acid, found in Pinus sylvestris and 
other plants. 

Pinite {pin' -It) [pinus, pine], C 2 H 12 5 . A substance 
that occurs in the resin of Pinus lambertina. It 
melts at 150 C. It is a pentahydric phenol of hexa- 
hydrobenzene. 

Pinites {pin-i'-tez) [pinus, pine]. A genus of extinct 
coniferous trees, of which P. succinifer is thought 
to have been the source of amber. 

Pink {pingk) [origin obscure]. A shade of pale-red. 
P. Crystals. Same as P. Salt. P.-eye, the popu- 
lar term for a contagious muco-purulent conjunctivitis 
of horses, characterized by a red color of the eyeball. 
It may occur in man. P. -madder. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. P.-root. See Spigelia. P. Salt. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Pinna {pin'-ah) [pinna, penna, feather, wing: //. , 
Pinna~\. In biology, a name applied to various wing- 
like or feather-like organs ; as a wing, feather, fin, 
flipper, the ala auris or external cartilaginous flaps 
of the ear, the ala of the nose, one of the primary divi- 
sions of a pinnately-compound leaf. P. nasi. Syno- 
nym of Ala nasi. 

Pinnadiform {pin-ad' -if-orm) [pinna, feather, wing; 
ad, to; for?na, form]. In biology, applied to certain 
fishes in which the skin extends out on some or all of 
the fins. 

Pinnaglobulin {pin-ah-glob' -ti-liri) [-Kivva, a kind of 
mussel ; globulus, a round body]. A respiratory 
pigment containing manganese found in the blood of 
Pinna squamosa. 

Pinnate {pin'-at) [pinna, a feather]. In biology, 
feathered or shaped like a feather. 

Pinnatifid {pin-at'-ifid) [pinna, a feather ; fiiidere, 
to cleave]. In biology, cleft in a pinnate manner, with 
the marginal divisions reaching at least half way to 
the midrib ; pinnatisected. 

Pinnatilobate {pin-at-il-o' -bat). Same as Pinnati- 

. lobed. 

Pinnatilobed {pin-at'-il-obd) [pinna, a feather ; lobus, 



PINNATION 



1101 



PISCICULTURE 



a lobe]. In biology, having several alternating 
rounded lobes and sinuses on each side of the midrib. 

Pinnation (pin- a' -shim) [pinna, feather]. In biology, 
the state or condition of being constructed in a pinnate 
manner. 

Pinnatipartite (pin-at-ip-ar'-tit) [pinna, a feather; 
partiri, to divide]. In biology, pinnately parted; 
having the divisions reaching almost to the midrib. 

Pinnatiped (pin-af ' -ip-ed) [ pinna, a feather ; pes, 
foot]. In biology, pin-footed or flipper-footed; lobi- 
ped. 

Pinnatisect (pin-at'-is-ekt) [pinna, a. feather; secare, 
to cut]. In biology, divided down to the midrib. 

Pinnatulate (pin - at' - u - /at) [dim. of pennatns, 
feathered]. In biology, bearing secondary pinnations 
or subdivisions. 

Pinniform ( pin' -if orm)[ pinna, feather ; forma, form]. 
In biology, resembling a feather, wing or flipper. 

Pinnigrade ( pin' '-ig-rdd) [pinna, feather ; gradi, to 
walk]. In biology, moving by means of fins. 

Pinninerved (pin'-in-ervd) [pinna, feather; nervum, 
nerve]. Same as Penninerved. 

Pinniped (pin'-ip-ed) [pinna, feather, fin ; pes (pedis), 
foot]. In biology, having feet like fins or flippers. 

Pinnitarsal (pin-it-ar'-sal) [pinna, feather; tarsus, 
tarsus]. In biology, having pinnate feet. 

Pinnitentaculate (pin - it - en - tak'- u - /at) [ pinna, a 
feather; tentaculiun, a tentacle]. In biology, having 
pinnate tentacles. 

Pinnula (pin'-u-lak) [L., a little plume : p/. , Pinnula\. 
In biology, a small or secondary pinna. 

Pinnule (pin'-ul) [pinnula, a little plume]. In biol- 
ogy, a small or secondary pinna ; a pinnula, as a small 
pin or one of the ultimate divisions of a bipinnate or 
tripinnate leaf. 

Pins and Needles. The popular name for those ab- 
normal sensations of tingling experienced by patients 
in various diseased conditions of the nervous system, 
or after an injury of a nerve. 

Pint (pint) [Fr. pinte, a spot]. The eighth part of a 
gallon. Octarius. Symbol O. 

Pinta Disease [Sp. "painted"]. Spotted Sickness ; a 
tropical, contagious disease, due to a fungus, that pro- 
duces various discolorations of the skin. The spots 
are scaly, very variable in color, shape, number, and 
size, and the disease appears to be allied in its charac- 
ters to tinea versicolor. It usually begins on uncov- 
ered parts such as the face and extremities, but may 
affect the scalp or other parts of the body. The color 
of the patches is black, grayish-blue, red, or dull- 
white. The disease is very chronic. 

Pinus (pi'-nus). See Fix. 

Pioscope (pi'-o-skop) [■jviuv, fat; okotteIv, to see]. A 
variety of galactoscope. 

Piotrowski's Reaction. The " biuret-reaction " for 
proteids, developed by the addition of a few drops of 
dilute cupric sulphate and the subsequent addition of 
an excess of caustic potash or soda. It gives a reddish- 
violet color like that given by the substance biuret, a 
derivative of urea. The color deepens on boiling. 

Pip [ME., pippe, pip]. A disease of fowls, character- 
ized by a secretion of thick mucus in the throat and 
mouth. 

Piper (pi' -per) [L.]. Pepper; Black Pepper. The 
unripe fruit of P. nigrum, shriveled and dried. The 
plant is a native of the East Indies and contains an oleo- 
resin, an alkaloid, and a volatile oil. It is stimulant to 
the stomach, and irritant to the skin and is used mainly 
to correct flatulence, and locally for hemorrhoids. 
Dose gr. v-xx. P. sethiopicum, the guinea corn 
(Habzelia a-thiopica). P. album. See Pepper, White. 
P. angustifolium. See Matico. P. anisatum, a 



species of Piper substituted for cubebs. P. betel. 
See Betel. P. clusii, the Ashanti-pepper of West 
Africa. P., Confectio. (B. P.) Dose 2[j-ij. P. cu- 
beba. See Cubeb. P. jaborandi, Baillon's name for 
a species of Piper y\e\Hm^ jaborandi. P. longum, an 
East Indian plant, no longer employed in medicine, 
but infused in milk as a poison for flies. P. methys- 
ticum. See Kava-kava. P. nigrum. See Pepper, 
Black. P., Oleo-resina, contains the volatile oil. 
Dose tT\J^-j. P. umbellatum, one of the sources of 
the Brazilian Caapeba, or Periparola, which is also 
obtained from Cissampelos caapeba. 

Piperazin (pi-per-a'-zin), C 3 H 10 N 2 . Diethyiene dia- 
min ; a crystalline solid melting at 104° C, and boiling 
at I45-I46°C. It is reported to be a powerful solvent 
of uric acid, and its dilute solution is prescribed in 
cases of urinary lithiasis. Dose gr. v-viij. Unof. 

Piperic (pi-per'-ik) [piper, pepper]. Pertaining to, or 
containing pepper. P. Acid, C 12 H 10 O 4 , a monobasic 
acid obtained by boiling piperin with alcoholic potash 
in the presence of hydrochloric acid. 

Piperidin (pi-per' -id-in) [piper, pepper], C 5 H n N. A 
substance that occurs attached to piperic acid as piperin 
in pepper. It is artificially prepared by reducing 
pyridin. It is an alkaline liquid that dissolves quite 
easily in water and alcohol. Its odor is like that of 
pepper. It boils at 106° C. 

Piperin (pi'-per-in) [piperina ; piper, pepper], C,.H 19 - 
N0 3 . The alkaloid of pepper (Piper nigrum and 
other varieties). It is artificially produced by the 
action of piperic acid chlorid upon piperidin. It crys- 
tallizes in prisms and melts at 128° C. Its medical 
virtues are those of black pepper ; it has also febri- 
fuge properties. Dose gr. j-x. 

Piperinal (pip-er-in'-al). See Piperonal. 

Piperitious (pip-er-ish'-us) [piper, pepper]. Peppery ; 
having a pungent taste. 

Piperoid (pip'-er-oid) [irimpt, pepper; el6og, like]. 
Any resin resembling the oleo-resin of pepper. 

Piperonal (pip-er-o'-nal) [piper, pepper], C 8 H 6 3 . 
Heliotropin ; the flavoring principle of heliotrope ; 
a crystalline body, obtained by oxidizing piperic acid. 
It dissolves with difficulty in water, melts at 37 C. 
and boils at 263 C. It is largely used in perfumery, 
and is also antipyretic and antiseptic. Dose gr. xv. 
Unof. 

Pipet, Pipette (pip-ef) [Fr., dim. of pipe - ]. A glass 
tube open at both ends, but usually drawn out to a 
smaller size at one end. It may be graduated or not 
and it may or may not have a central expanded bulb. 
It is used for transferring small portions of a liquid 
from one vessel to another. 

Pipmenthol ( pip-men' -thol) [piper, pepper; mentka, 
mint]. A name for the menthol obtained from pep- 
permint. 

Pipsissewa (pip-sis' -e-wah) . See Chimaphila. 

Piptonychia (pip-to-nik' -e-ah) [itiirreiv, to fall; bvv!;, a 
nail]. Shedding of the nails. 

Pique (pek) [pique, a point]. See Sarcopsylla pene- 
trans under Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Piqure (pik-er') [Fr.]. Puncture. 

Piriform (pir'-if-orm). Synonym of Pyriform. 

Pirogoffs Operation. A method of amputation at 
the ankle in which the greater part of the calcaneum 
is retained to give length and surface to the stump. 
See Operations, Table of. 

Piscatology ( pis-kat-ol' -o-je) [piscis, fish; /0}or, sci- 
ence]. The scientific study of fishes. 

Piscicolous ( pis-ik'-o-lus) [piscis, fish ; colere, to in- 
habit]. In biology, parasitic upon fishes. 

Pisciculture (pis'-ik-ul-chftr) [piscis, a fish ; cultura, 
care]. The artificial breeding and culture of fish, es- 



PISCICULUS 



1105 



PITTACIUM 



pecially for the purpose of stocking streams and lit- 
toral waters with edible varieties of tish. 

Pisciculus (p/s-ilc'-u-l//s) [L.]. An old name for the 
biceps muscle of the arm. 

Piscidia I pis-id' -e-ak) \_piscis, fish; ccedere, to kill]. 
Jamaica Dogwood ; the bark of P. erythrina. Its 
active principle is thought to be a glucosid, piscidin. 
It resembles opium in its physiologic properties, which, 
however, are much less intense and without unpleasant 
after-results. It is useful in whooping-cough and 
neuralgia, but sometimes causes gastric distress. Dose 
of the (proprietary) tld. e.xt. ^ss-j, cautiously in- 
creased. Liquor sedans. See Viburnum. Unof. 

Piscidin (pis-id' -in) \_piscis, a fish ; ccedere, to kill], 
C 29 H 24 8 . A crystalline body, the active principle of 
Piscidia erythrina. Its action is chiefly on the spinal 
cord. It is said to paralyze the sensory ganglia, and 
to excite the motor ganglia ; it also depresses the heart. 

Pisciform (pis'-iform) \_piscis, fish; forma, form]. In 
biology, resembling a tish in form. 

Piscivorous (pis-iv' -or-us) \_piscis, fish ; vorare, to eat]. 
In biology, living upon tish. 

Pisiform (pis'-if-orm) [pisum, a pea; forma, form]. 
Resembling a pea in shape. P. Bone, a small, near- 
ly circular bone on the inner and anterior aspect of 
the carpus. 

Piso (pi'-so) [L.]. Mortar. 

Pisohamatus (pi-so-ha-ma' -tits) \niaog, a pea ; hama- 
tus, hooked]. Same as Piso-uncmatus. 

Piso-uncinatus (pi-so-un-sin-a'-tus) \tx iaog, a pea; 
uncinatus, hooked]. A rare muscle, passing from the 
pisiform to the unciform bone. 

Piss (pis) [ME., pissen, to piss]. I. To urinate. 2. 
Urine. 

Pisse, Chaude (shod pes) [Fr.]. The scalding and 
painful urination of the acute stage of gonorrhea. 

Pissocopy (pis-sok'-o-pe) \ME., picclien, pitch; kokteiv, 
to strike]. The process of covering with pitch; also 
epilation through the action of a pitch-plaster. 

Pistacia (pis-ta'-she-ah) [maraicr/ , lentisk]. A genus 
of anacardiaceous trees of warm regions. P. vera, 
yields the edible pistachio-nut, which is used in phar- 
macy in the preparation of emulsions. Mastic and 
Chian turpentine are also produced by trees of this 
genus. 

Pistation ( pis-ta' -shun) [pistare, to pound]. The act 
of bruising in a mortar. 

Pistic (pis'-tik) [mar awe, a word of doubtful meaning; 
it may signify " drinkable," i.e., liquid, or " faithful," 
i.e., genuine]. A qualification applied to the best and 
purest nard, or true spikenard. 

Pistil (pis' -til) \_pistillum, a pistle]. In biology, a 
modified leaf or leaves forming the central organ of a 
flower, bearing the ovules and seeds. It consists of 
the seed-containing portion, the ovary ; the pollen-re- 
ceiving portion, the stigma ; and generally an interven- 
ing portion, the style. 

Pistillary (pis'-til-a-re) [pislillum, a pistle]. In biol- 
ogy, of or pertaining to the pistil. 

Pistillate (pis' -til-at) [pistillum, a pistle]. In biology, 
applied to flowers that possess pistils but not stamens. 

Pistillidium (pis-til-id' '-e-um). See Archegonium. 

Pistilliferous (pis-til-if'-er-us) [pistillum, a pistle ; 
ferre, to bear]. Same as Pistillate. 

Pistillody (pis'-til-o-de) \_pistillum, pistil ; eISoq, form]. 
In biology, the metamorphosis of other organs into 
pistils or carpels. 

Piston Pulse. See Corrigan' s Pulse. 

Pit [ME.,/z?, a pit]. I. A hole, depression, or cavity 
in the body ; e.g., the pit of the stomach, the armpit. 
2. One of the pores in the more or less liquefied cell- 
walls of many glands. 3. Parts are said to pit on 
70 



pressure where they preserve for a time the indenta- 
tion made in them by pressing with the finger. Pit- 
ting on pressure is seen in edema. P. of the Stomach : 
(1) a name popularly given to that part of the ab- 
domen just below the sternum and between the car- 
tilages of the false ribs. It is also termed Scrobic- 
ulus cordis ; (2) any one of the openings of gastric 
tubules visible on the mucous surface of the stomach. 
P., Tear, the lacrymal sinus. 

Pitch (pick) [ME., picchen, pitch]. I. That quality of 
sound which depends upon the relative rapidity of the 
vibrations that produce the sound. In percussion, vari- 
ations in the pitch of the sounds elicited may have a 
high diagnostic importance; e. g., in the case of the 
lungs, a high-pitched note on percussing the chest 
usually indicates either consolidation of the lung-tissue 
or the presence of something abnormal between the lung 
and the chest- wall. 2. [Pix, pitch.] The residue re- 
maining in the still after nearly all the volatile constit- 
uents have been driven off in the fractional distillation 
of coal-tar. It has a specific gravity of from 1. 09 (soft 
pitch) to 1. 12 (hard pitch). P., Burgundy, the pre- 
pared resin of Abies excelsa. When pure, it is a brittle, 
yellowish-brown, adhesive substance, readily soluble 
in water, in absolute alcohol, and in glacial acetic 
acid. It is used in the preparation of pitch-plaster. 
P., Canada, the prepared resin of Abies canadensis. 
It is a brittle, reddish, opaque substance, containing 
traces of a volatile oil. It is used for the manufacture 
of plasters. P., Jew's, P., Mineral, asphalt. P.- 
plaster, emplastrum picis. 

Pitcher (pick'-er) [ME., picker, a small jug]. See 
Ascidium. P. -plant. See Parracenia, and Nepen- 
thes. 

Pith [ME., pith, pith]. The soft cellular tissue found 
in the center of the stalks of plants. It has a very 
low specific gravity. Also, the marrow of bones. 

Pithecanthropi (pith-ek-an' '-thro-pe) [-idrjuoc, an ape; 
avdpunoc, man; //. of Pithecanthropus']. In biology, 
ape-men, the hypothetic prehistoric men, alali. 

Pithing (pith'-ing) [ME., pith, pith]. I. The removal 
of the cerebral lobes of a frog or animal for the pur- 
pose of physiologic experimentation ; decerebration. 
2. The slaughter of animals by penetrating the cerebro- 
spinal axis. 

Pithode (pith'-od). See Karyokinesis. 

Pitres' Method. The method of post-mortem exami- 
nation of the brain by means of vertical transverse 
sections from before backward. The first or pre- 
frontal section is carried down two and a quarter 
inches in front of the fissure of Rolando ; the second, 
or pedunculo-frontal section is made three-quarters of 
an inch in front of that fissure and divides the second 
and third convolutions near their insertion into the 
ascending frontal convolution. The third or frontal 
section is made at the level of the ascending frontal 
convolution. The fourth or parietal section passes 
through the ascending parietal convolution. The fifth 
or pedunculo-parietal section is carried down an inch 
behind the fissure of Rolando. The sixth or occipital 
section is made a little less than half an inch in front 
of the parieto-occipital fissure. A vertical anteropos- 
terior incision through the superior vermiform process 
of the cerebellum opens the fourth ventricle. 

Pittacal, Pittical (pit'-ak-al, pit'-ik-al) \jhra, irirraa, 
pitch ; koKoc, beautiful]. One of the aurin series of dyes, 
first obtained in oxidizing the fractions of beech wood- 
tar boiling at high temperatures. It consists of the 
dark blue salts of eupittonic acid. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Pittacium (pil-a'-she-um) [ttcttu, iricGa, pitch]. Pitch- 
plaster. 



PITTED 



1106 



ITXOL 



Pitted (pit'-ed) [ME.,///, a pit]. Marked by inden- 
tations or pits, as from smallpox. 

Pitting (pit'-ing) [ME., pit, a pit]. The formation 
of pits; also the quality of preserving, for a short 
time, indentations made by pressing with the finger. 

Pituita (pit-u'-it-ah) [L.]. Phlegm ; mucus. 

Pituitary (pit-u'-it-a-re) [pituita, phlegm]. Mucus; 
secreting or containing mucus. P. Body, a small, 
reddish-gray vascular body, weighing about ten grains, 
contained within the sella turcica. The pituitary 
body consists of two portions, the large anterior, oral 
and the small posterior, cerebral division. The anterior 
lobe is derived as a diverticulum from the primitive 
oral cavity, and, as such, is lined with oral ectoderm, 
while the posterior lobe descends as an outgrowth 
from the floor of the primary interbrain. The stalk 
of this outgrowth remains as the infitndibuhun. The 
pituitary body has attracted much attention on account 
of pathologic changes in its structure in certain obscure 
diseases, such as acromegalia, myxedema, and others. 
In some cases of the affection first named, it has been 
much enlarged. It is called also hypophysis cerebri and 
pituitary gland. P. Diverticulum, a flask-like out- 
growth of the middle of the upper posterior portion of 
the buccal cavity of the embryo. It takes part in the 
formation of the pituitary body. P. Fossa. See 
Fossa. P. Gland. See P. Body and Gland. P. Mem- 
brane, the Schneiderian membrane. P. Space, 
in the embryo, the open space at the base of the 
skull that subsequently becomes the seat of the pitui- 
tary body. It corresponds to the sella turcica of 
the sphenoid bone. 

Pituitous (pit-u'-it-us) [pituita, phlegm]. Contain- 
ing or resembling mucus. 

Pituri (pit-n'-re). Same as Duboisia. 

Piturin (pit'-u-rin). A liquid alkaloid obtained homDu- 
boisia hopwoodii. It is probably identical with nicotin. 

Pityriasis (pit-ir-i'-as-is) [rr'tTvpov, bran]. A term 
formerly applied to various pathologically dissociated 
skin-affections, the most striking clinical feature of 
which is the presence of fine, branny desquamation. 
Also a synonym of Seborrhea. P. cachecticorum. 
Same as Seborrhea. P. capillitii, P. capitis. See 
Alopecia furfuracea. P. circinata et marginata, 
an eruption of rose-colored spots on the trunk, the 
limbs, and in the axillse. It is of parasitic origin. 
P. gravidarum ; Chloasma gravidarum ; the dis- 
coloration of the skin sometimes observed during 
pregnancy. P. infantilis, a desquamative eruption 
attacking infants ; it is probably eczema. P. macu- 
lata et circinata. See P. rosea. P. nigra, pity- 
riasis with pigmentation occurring in the aged. Also, 
a papular eruption terminating in slight desquama- 
tion, which attacks children brought to England 
from India. P. nigricans. Synonym of Chromi- 
drosis. P. pilaris. See Keratosis pilaris. P. rosea ; 
P. maculata et circinata ; Herpes tonsurans maculo- 
sus ; an acute inflammatory skin-disease characterized 
by macular or circinate lesions, occurring mostly on 
the trunk. The eruption consists at first of rosy-red 
spots, which later become brownish. The lesions are 
round, but owing to their tendency to recover at the 
center and to extend peripherally, gyrate and irregu- 
lar figures are formed. Furfuraceous desquamation is 
a marked feature. P. rubra ; Dermatitis exfoliativa ; 
a chronic inflammatory skin-disease, beginning in one 
or more localized patches, which coalesce and gradu- 
ally invade the whole body. The skin may be of a 
dark or vivid red or bluish-red. There is no infiltra- 
tion and no moisture, but there may be edema of the 
lower limbs. The desquamation is very free ; the 
scales are thin and papery on the general surface, im- 



bricated, and from a line to an inch or more in di- 
ameter. The disease lasts months or years, and gen- 
erally ends fatally from progressive emaciation and 
exhaustion, or from some intercurrent affection. P. 
rubra pilaris ; Lichen ruber acuminatum ; a primar- 
ily non-inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized 
by follicular papules, with horny centers, tending to 
become general or even universal in distribution. The 
papules are hard, dry, brownish-red, and seated at the 
hair-follicles. An atrophied hair occupies the center, 
and is surrounded by a sort of horny sheath which 
penetrates into the follicle. The papules vary in 
size from a small pin's head to a millet-seed, and are 
most abundant on the limbs. Deep folds are formed 
at the joints. Pruritus is absent or only slight. The 
course is slow and irregular ; the pathology is un- 
known. P. simplex. See Alopecia furfuracea. P. 
senilis, pityriasis of the aged. P. tabescentium. 
See Seborrhea universalis. P. versicolor. See 
Tinea versicolor. 

Pityrisma (pit-ir-iz'-mah). Synonym of Pityrisasis. 

Pityroid (pit'-ir-oid) \nirvpov, bran ; eldoc, like]. 
Furfuraceous, branny. 

Pivot (piv'-ot ) [Fr. , pivot, a pivot]. A pin on which a 
wheel turns. P. -joint. See Cyclarthrosis. P. 
Tooth, an artificial crown, designed to be applied to 
the root of a natural tooth, by means of what is usually 
termed a pivot, but more properly a dowel or tenon. 

Pivoting (piv / -ot-ing) [Fr. , pivot, a pivot]. The fixa- 
tion of an artificial crown to a tooth by means of a 
pivot or pin. 

Pix (piles) [L. : gen., Picis']. Pitch. The resinous ex- 
udation of certain coniferous trees. The varieties in 
common use are chiefly Burgundy Pitch, from the 
Norway spruce, Abies excelsa ,&ndCanada Pitch, horn A. 
canadensis. Pitch melts at about the temperature of boil- 
ing water and softens by the heat of the human body. 
It is soluble in glacial acetic acid and in absolute alco- 
hol, and is used mainly as the base of plasters. Picis 
burgundicae, Emplast., Burgundy pitch 80, olive- 
oil 5, yellow wax 15. P. canadensis, Emp., con- 
tains Canada pitch, 90, yellow wax 10 parts. Picis 
cantharidatum, Emp., Burgundy pitch 92, canthar- 
ides cerate 8 parts. P. liquida, tar, an empyreumatic 
oleo-resin obtained by the destructive distillation of 
various species of pine ; it is blackish-brown in color 
and possesses a well-known taste and odor. It 
yields oil of tar, pyroligneous acid, creasote, and car- 
bolic acid. It is a complex mixture of resins and 
hydrocarbons. Externally, it is a stimulant to the 
skin ; internally, a gastro-intestinal irritant. It is ser- 
viceable in scaly diseases of the skin and of benefit in 
bronchitis Dose ^j-ij. P. liq., Infus., unof., made 
by shaking I part of tar with 4 of water frequently 
for 24 hours. Dose Oj-ij daily. P. liq., Ol., a vola- 
tile oil distilled from tar ; it consists of various hydro- 
carbons, phenols, etc, and is used locally. P. liq., 
Syr., contains 6 per cent, of tar in syrup. Dose 
^ij-^ss. P. liq., Ung., equal parts of tar and suet. 
P. Liq., Vin., wine of pitch, unof., tar 5 xvj, glycer- 
in, white wine, honey aa £viij, acetic acid "i ) ), boil- 
ing water Ovj. Carbonis detergens, Liq., unof., an 
alcoholic solution of coal-tar, a useful antiseptic in 
putrid sore-throat, etc. Vapor olei pini sylvestris, 
(B. P.) Inhalation of fir-wood oil, used in sore- 
throat and chronic laryngitis. 

Pixol (piles' -ol) [//.r, pitch ; oleum, oil]. A disinfect- 
ant prepared by dissolving a pound of green soap in 
three pounds of tar and slowly adding a solution of a lit- 
tle over three ounces and a half of either potash or soda 
in three pounds of water. For use one part of the 
syrupy liquid thus formed is added to 19 parts of 



FIZZLE 



1107 



PLACENTA 



water, forming a five per cent, solution of pixol, and in 
this strength it is used for disinfecting linen and wash- 
ing the hands. For the disinfection of dejecta a ten 
per cent, solution is required. 

Pizzle (piz'-l) [ME.]. The penis, especially of a 
domestic mammal. 

Placebo {pla-se' -bo) [" I will please: " fut. of placere, 
to please]. Anything prescribed for the purpose of 
pleasing or humoring the whim of a patient rather 
than for its therapeutic effect. 

Placenta (pla-sen' '-taK)\z. particular use of placenta, -?.a- 
kovc, a cake : //. ,Placentce or Placentas\ . In biology : 
(a) the organ of attachment of an embryo or fetus to the 
wall of the uterus, and by means of which it is nour- 
ished ; (b) the ovule-bearing portion of the ovary of a 
plant. The mammalian placenta is a spongy mass of 
tissue derived from the chorion and decidua, its evolu- 
tion having begun with the differentiation of the ecto- 
derm of the germinative area by the formation of a 
thickened region called the area placentalis. It is a flat, 
circular, spongy body, adherent during gestation to the 
inner wall of the uterus and connected by the umbilical 
cord to the fetus, and forming for it the organ of nutri- 




Human Placental Villi. 
Blood-vessels black. (From Stirling.') 

tion and respiration. The placenta is developed about 
the third month of embryonal life. The chorionic 
villi in contact with the decidua reflexa cease to grow, 
while at the decidua serotina the villi become exceed- 
ingly numerous. The uterine mucous membrane in 
which the villi are embedded contributes a share to 
the formation of the placenta. This is known as the 
maternal, in contradistinction to the chorionic or fetal 
portion. At term the placenta weighs one pound, is 
one inch thick at its center, and seven inches in diam- 
eter. The fetal side is covered by the amnion and 
penetrated by the umbilical cord. The maternal 
surface is dark-red, irregular, and covered by the 
upper layers of cells of the decidua serotina. The 
placenta is normally situated at the fundus, anteriorly 
or posteriorly. In the lower animals the placenta is 
somewhat different. Of the Choriata, those possess- 
ing a villous chorion, one class, including the horse, 
the pig, the camel, etc., presents the villi uniformly 
distributed ; there is no special accumulation anywhere. 
In the other class the villi are aggregated and specialized 
in a particular region to form the placenta. Three 
varieties of placentas are generally described : (a) 
That with numerous cotyledons (cow, deer, etc.); 
(b) zonal placenta (carnivora) ; (c) discoid placenta 
(monkey, man). The zonal and the discoid placenta? 
are deciduate. P., Adherent, abnormal adherence 
of the placenta to the uterine wall after childbirth. 
P., Allantoic, a placenta in which the chorion ac- 



quires vessels by growing together with the vascular 
walls of the allantoic vesicle (Ungula/a), as distin- 
guished from ^chorionic placenta, q. v. P., Annular, 
a placenta extending around the interior of the uterus 
in the form of a belt. P., Battledore, one in which 
the insertion of the cord is at the margin of the pla- 
centa. P., Bell-shaped, one in which there is a par- 
tial persistence of the chorionic villi in the upper portion 
of the chorion. P.biloba, P. bipartita. See Placenta 
duplex. P., Chorionic, a placenta in which the chorion 
has its own vessels ( Unguicnlata). It is regarded as the 
most primitive type, as distinguished from an allantoic 
placenta. P. cirsoides, one in which the umbilical 
vessels have a cirsoid arrangement. P., Cordiform, a 
heart-shaped placenta. P., Cotyledonary, P., Coty- 
ledonous, a placenta the villi of which are collected into 
groups ; this variety is confined to the Pecora. In the 
giraffe, the placenta is partly diffused and partly coty- 
ledonous. The Bovidtz possess a large number of 
cotyledons ( polycotyledonous) , while the Cervida have 
only a few. P., Deciduate, a placenta in which the 
fetal villi are so intimately connected with the uterine 
wall, that at birth a greater or less portion is brought 
away with the allantois (after-birth). It occurs in all 
those Entheria not included among those mentioned 
as having non-deciduate placentas. P., Diffused, a 
placenta which extends over the whole of the chorion. 
It is characteristic of the Perissodactyla, the Suina, the 
Tragulina, the Tylopoda, the Sirenia, the Celacea, and 
the I.emuroidea. P., Discoid, a placenta which is 
disc-shaped. It occurs in the Rodentia, Insectivora, 
Chiroptera, and the Loricata among the Edentata. 
The discoid chorionic placenta is regarded as the 
most primitive type, as distinguished from the zonary 
placenta of carnivora, the diffuse placenta of the lower 
primates, and the metadiscoid placenta of man, which 
have been evolved from it. P., Disseminated, one 
in which the cotyledons are not distinctly localized 
to one area, but are scattered. P., Dome-like. Syn- 
onym of P., Bell-shaped. P., Double. Synonym of 
P. diiplex. P. duplex, Placenta bipartita ; an 
anomaly of the placenta, in which it is divided into 
two portions. P. evanida, the placenta of a blighted 
ovum in which all structure has been lost from pressure 
by the surviving ovum, as is seen in some cases of 
fcetus papyraceus. P. fenestrata, one in which the 
true placental tissue is lacking in one or more places , and 
the chorion, being free from villi, forms a transparent 
membrane. P. fcetalis, the smooth amniotic surface 
of the placenta. P., Fundal, one attached at the 
fundus. P., Horse-shoe, in twin pregnancy, a con- 
dition in which the two placentae are united by a strip 
of placental tissue. P., Hydatigenous, a placenta the 
seat of myxomatous degeneration, as. in hydatidiform 
mole. P., Incarcerated, a placenta retained in the 
uterus on account of irregular contraction of that 
organ. P., Lateral, one attached to the lateral wall 
of the uterus. P. marginata, an anomaly of the pla- 
centa in which that organ is surrounded by a margin 
or collar of placental tissue. P., Maternal, the por- 
tion of the placenta contributed by the part of the 
mucous membrane of the uterus known as the decidua 
serotina. At birth the maternal portion is only a thin, 
grayish layer on the uterine surface of the placenta, and 
can only be stripped off in small pieces. P. mem- 
branacea ; occasionally there is a failure of the atrophy 
of a portion of the chorion which normally occurs, and, 
instead, placental villi are developed over the entire 
surface of the chorion. Such a placenta is called 
placenta membranacea, and is thinner than the normal 
placenta. P., Metadiscoid, P., Secondary Dis- 
coid, a form of placenta found in the Antkropoidea. 



PLACENTAL 



1108 



PLAGIOCEPHALY 



in which the villi are at first diffuse, but ultimately 
become restricted to the ventral surface. P. multi- 
loba, a placenta consisting of more than three lobes in 
an animal in which the organ normally is one-lobed. 
P., Non-deciduate, the simplest form of placenta, in 
which the papilla-like elevations of the chorion fit into 
corresponding depressions in the uterus, and in 
which the chorion can be withdrawn from the placenta 
at birth. The Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Sirenia, 
Cetacea, Lemuroidea, and some Edentata (Squamata) 
have a non-deciduate placenta. In some of them the 
villi are more or less branched and complicated, 
at times interlocking so closely that the parts of the 
epithelium of the maternal cotyledons may be carried 
away at birth. P. obsoleta, in a twin pregnancy the 
condition in which the two placentae are entirely dis- 




Placenta and Membranes (Stripped upward). 

tinct and separate. P. panduriformis, one shaped 
like a violin. P., Polycotyledonary, P., Polycoty- 
ledonous, a placenta such as is seen in ruminants, in 
which the chorionic villi are collected in a number 
of large separate tufts, the latter dipping into cor- 
responding crypts in the uterine mucosa. P. praevia, 
a term applied to a placenta when it is fixed to 
that part of the uterine wall that becomes stretched 
as labor advances, so that it precedes the advance of 
the presenting part of the fetus. P., Retained, one 
not expelled by the uterus after labor. P. sanguinis. 
See Blood-clot. P., Secondary Discoid. See P., 
Metadiscoid. P. spuria. See Placenta succenturiata. 
P., Subsidiary, a distinct and separate lobe in addi- 
tion to the usual placental mass ; such lobes are called 
Placenta: succenturiates. P. succenturiata, an acces- 
sory growth to the placenta. When this does not act 
as true placental tissue it is termed Placenta spuria. 
P. tripartita, an anomaly of the placenta in which 
there are three portions of that organ. P., Triple, 
the united placentas of a triple gestation. P., Twin. 
Synonym of P. duplex. P. uterina, the rough 
cotyledonous or uterine surface of the placenta derived 
from the decidua serotina. P., Velamentous, one 
in which the cord is inserted between the layers of 
the fetal membranes, presenting a broad surface 
of attachment in place of the normal round inser- 
tion. P., Villous. See P., Disseminated. P., 
Zonary, a placenta which occupies a broad band 
around the chorion; it is found in the Camivora, 
Hyrax, Eleplias, and in the Tubulidentala among the 
Edentata. Same as P., Annular. 
Placental ( pla-scn' -tal )[ placenta , ttImkovc, aflat cake]. 



Pertaining to the placenta. P. Dystocia, difficult 
birth of the placenta. P. Murmur. Same as P. 
Souffle. P. Souffle, a sound erroneously attributed 
to the circulation of blood in the placenta. 

Placentalia (pla-sen-ta 1 '-le-ak) [placenta, Tr/.a/invc, a 
cake]. Mammals in which the fetus is nourished 
through the medium of a placenta. 

Placentary (pla'-sen-ta-re) [placenta, nAaKovc, a flat 
cake]. Pertaining to the placenta. 

Placentate {pla'-sen-tdt) \_placenta, ttAwcovc, a placenta] 
Having a placenta. 

Placentation {pla-sen-ta' -shun) [placenta, TrkaKOvg, a 
placenta]. In biology: (a) the process of attachment 
of the embryo or fetus to the uterus ; (I/) the type of pla- 
centa or the manner in which it is constructed ; the 
arrangement of the seeds in the pericarp or the ar- 
rangement of the placenta itself. 

Placentiferous (pla-sen-tif'-er-us) [placenta, ttTlclkovs, 
placenta; ferre, to bear J. In biology, bearing a pla- 
centa. 

Placentiform (pla - sen' '- tip '- orni) [placenta, nAamvc, 
placenta ; forma, form]. In biology, resembling a 
placenta; discoid with biconcave surfaces. 

Placentigerous {pla-sen-tij'-er-us). Same as Placen- 
tiferous. 

Placentitis {pla-sen-ti'-tis) [placenta, irlaKovc, a flat 
cake ; trie, inflammation] . Inflammation of the pla- 
centa. P. decidualis, placentitis secondary to in- 
flammation of the decidua. 

Placentoid (pla-sen'-toid) [placenta, ttJmkovc, a flat 
cake ; eldoc, like]. Resembling a placenta. 

Placentula (pla-sen'-tu-lali) [dim. of placenta, tt/q- 
kovc, placenta]. A small placenta. 

Placoderm, Placodermal {plak'-o-derm, plak-o-der'- 
mal) [V/ldf, a plate; dep/ia, skin]. In biology, 
having the skin covered with broad flat plates, as a 
fish. 

Placoid (plak'-oid) [7r?.df, (it }mk-), a tablet; ddoc, 
form]. In biology, plate-like ; applied to the ecto- 
skeletal pieces of certain fishes. 

Placula (plak'-u-lah) [flvWf, a tablet, plate: //., Plac- 
ulie~\. In biology, a little plate; applied to certain 
discoid embryos, which consist of a plate of cleavage 
cells. 

Placular (plak'-u-lar) [nM£, a plate], Plate-like ; 
like a placula. 

Placulate (plak'-u-lat) [irlal;, a plate]. Having the 
form of a placule. 

Placuntechos (plak-unt-ek'-es) [nAanovc, a flat cake ; 
VX°C, echo]. The uterine souffle. 

Placuntitis (plak-un-ti'-tis). Synonym of Placentitis. 

Pladaroma (plad-ar-o'-mah) [~?.addpufia, wetness, 
softness: //. , Pladaromaia~\. A soft wart, or tumor 
of the eyelid. 

Pladarosis (plad-ar-o'-sis) [nAadapoc, soft]. Synonym 
of Pladaroma. 

Plaga {pla' -gall) [TrAriyrj, stroke: //. , Plagie\ Wound; 
plague. In biology, a stripe or streak. P. ignis. 
Anthrax. P. scapularis. Same as Parapsis. 

Plagiobolia (pla-je-o-bol' -e-ah) [-xlayioc, oblique ; /3dA- 
"keiv, to throw]. Imperfect or indirect emission of 
spermatic fluid into the vagina. 

Plagiocephalia ( pla -je - o - sef- a'- le -ah). See Plagio- 
cephaly. 

Plagiocephalic (pla-je-o-sefal'-ik) [■xA.ayioc, oblique, 
twisted; i<e(f>a?.i/, head]. Exhibiting or dependent on 
plagiocephaly. 

Plagiocephalous (pla -je - o - sef- al- us). Synonym of 
Plagiocephalic. 

Plagiocephaly (pla-je-o-sef'-al-e) [irAay/oc, sidewise, 
slanting, oblique ; K£<pa'/ij, head]. In biology, a mal- 
formation of the head, produced by the closing of 



PLAGIODOXT 



1109 



PLANE 



half of the coronal suture, giving an oblique growth to 
the cranial roof. 

Plagiodont (pla'-je-o-doni) \jiAayio<;, oblique ; bfiovg, 
tooth]. In biology, having the teeth oblique, as in the 
converging series seen in serpents. 

Plagiopatagium, of Kolenati (pla-je-o-pat-a' ' -je-um) 
[ir'/dyioc, oblique ; Traraydov, a border, as of a gown] . 
In biology, that portion of the wing-membrane of bats 
included in the endopatagium and ?nesopatagium. 

Plagiotropic (pla-je-o-trop'-ik) \ji\ayioi;, oblique; 
rpoTroc, a turning]. In biology, exhibiting plagiotro- 
pism. 

Plagiotropism (pla-je-ot' -ro-pizm) \n\ayioc , oblique ; 
Tpoirog, a twining]. In biology, oblique geotropism ; 
growth at an angle from the vertical axis, either up- 
ward or downward, Cf. Orthotropism. 

Plague (plag) [-hiyr/, a stroke]. A pest, or pestilence. 
A contagious and highly fatal epidemic which occurred 
in Europe in the 14th century, and also at later periods. 
The disease had many of the characteristic symptoms 
of malignant typhus fever, accompanied by buboes, 
carbuncles, pustules, petechia;, and similar skin-affec- 
tions. The period of incubation is from two to seven 
days ; the disease appears in a grave or ordinary form, 
a fulminant form, and a larval or abortive form. P., 
Black, the plague which decimated the European 
nations in the 14th century. P., Bubonic, a very 
fatal, contagious epidemic disease, formerly prevalent 
in various parts of the world. It is characterized by 
fever, pain, swelling of the axillary, cervical, or in- 
guinal lymphatic glands, delirium, coma, and in the ma- 
jority of cases ends in death. P., Cold, a fatal form of 
bilious pneumonia. P., Hunger, relapsing fever. P., 
Indian. Synonym of Pali. P., Levantine, the plague 
of the eastern part of Europe. P., Lung, pleuro- 
pneumonia of cattle. P. -sore, a sore resulting from 
the plague. P.-spot, a spot characteristic of the 
plague. P., Swine, hog-cholera. P., Syrian. Syno- 
nym of Aleppo boil. 

Plagycephalus (pla-je-sej '' '-al-tis). See Plagicephalns. 

Planaea (pla-ne'-ah) [planus, flat]. In biology, a hy- 
pothetic, astomatous metazoan, having the form of a 
ciliated planula ; morphologically, a simple diaderm ; 
a blast xa. 

Planar, Planary (pla'-nar, pla'-nar-e) [planus, flat]. 
Lying in a plane. 

Planarthragra (plan-ar-thra' -grah) \n\avav, to cause 
to wander ; apfipov, joint; aypa, a seizure]. Gout 
which wanders from one joint to another. 

Planat's Tincture. See Picrotoxin. 

Planate (pla'-nat) [planus, flat]. In biology, flat, 
flattened. 

Plane [plan) \_planus, flat]. Any flat and smooth sur- 
face, especially any assumed or conventional surface, 
whether tangent to the body , or dividing it. P. of Aeby, 
in craniometry, that passing through the nasion and the 
basion perpendicular to the median plane. P., Alveo- 
condylean, in craniometry, a plane passing through 
the alveolar point and tangent to the condyles. P., 
Anterior Focal. See under P. , Focal. P., Auriculo- 
infraorbital, in craniometry, that passing through the 
upper edge of the auricular foramen and the lower 
edge of the orbit. P. of Baer, in craniometry, that 
passing through the upper border of the zygomatic 
arches. P., Barclay's. See P., Palatine. P. of 
Blumenbach, the surface parallel with the base of a 
cranium deprived of the lower jaw. P. of Broca. 
See P., Visual [of Broca). P. of Busk. See P., 
Horizontal (of Busk). P., Camper's, in craniometry, 
the plane passing through the auricular points and the 
base of the inferior nasal spine. P. of the Chasma, 
the plane drawn tangent to the punctum spina; nasalis 



posterioris and the punctum foraminis magni anterius. 
P., Coccygeal. See under /'. , Parallel (of the pelvis) . 
P. of Daubenton, in craniometry, that passing through 
the opisthion and the inferior borders of the orbits. 
P., Double-inclined, two rectangular boards united 
at an angle at their short sides. It is used in the 
treatment of fractures of the femur to support the 
limb and to relax certain muscles. P., Dumontier's. 
See P., Horizontal (of Dumontier). P. of Durer, in 
craniometry, a plane tangent to the lobules of the ear 
and the base of the nose. P., Focal, one of the two 
planes drawn through the principal foci of a dioptric 
system, perpendicular to the axis, or line joining the two 
foci. P., Frankfort, in craniometry, the auriculo-infra- 
orbital plane. P., Glabello-lambdoidean (of Hamy), 
in craniometry, the plane of the glabella and the lambda, 
perpendicular to the median plane. P., Glabello- 
occipital, in craniometry, the vertical plane passing 
through the line joining the glabella and the occiput. 
P. of Hamy. See P., Glabello-lambdoidean. P., 
Holder's. Set P., Horizontal (of Holder). P., Hori- 
zontal (of Busk), in craniometry, that which, passing 
through the auricular points, is vertical to a plane drawn 
through those points and the bregma. P., Horizontal 
(of Dumontier), in craniometry, a plane tangent to 
the superior borders of the zygomatic arches. P., 
Horizontal (of Holder), in craniometry, the auriculo- 
infraorbital plane. P., Horizontal (of Lucce), in 
biology, that passing through the axis of the zygomatic 
arches. P., Horizontal (of Van Shering), a plane 
tangent to the lower rim of the orbit and passing 
through the auricular points. P., Inclined, a plane 
forming an angle with the plane of the horizon ; one 
of the mechanical powers. P., Inclined (of the pelvis) ; 
the ischiatic spines divide the pelvic cavity into two 
unequal sections. In the larger anterior section the 
walls slope toward the symphysis and pubic arch, and 
are known as the anterior inclined planes. Behind 
the spines, the lateral slopes are known as the posterior 
inclined planes. They slope in the direction of the 
sacrum and coccyx. P. of the Ischium, the lateral 
wall of the true pelvis. P. of Lucae. See P., Hori- 
zontal (of Luco'). P. of Mastication, that tangent 
to the masticating surface of the teeth of the upper 
jaw. P., Meckel'Sj in craniometry, that passing 
through the auricular and alveolar points. P., 
Medial, P., Median, P., Mesial, a plane, generally 
antero-posterior, dividing a body into two symmetric 
halves. The median plane of the animal body is termed 
the meson. P., Merkel's, in craniometry, that pass- 
ing through the auricular points and the lower borders 
of the orbits. P. of Morton, in craniometry, that 
passing through the most prominent points, of the 
occipital and parietal protuberances. P., Munich. 
See P., Auriculo- infraorbital. P., Naso-iniac, 
in craniometry, a plane passing through the nasion 
and the inion. P., Naso-opisthiac, a plane passing 
through the nasion and the opisthion P., Nuchal, 
the surface of the occiput between the foramen mag- 
num and the superior curved line. P., Orbital, the 
orbital portion of the upper maxilla, or the maxillary 
portion of the orbit. The visual plane of Broca. P., 
Occipital, the surface of the occiput above the superior 
curved line. P., Palatine (of Barclay), in craniom- 
etry, the plane tangent to the arch of the palate along 
the middle line. P., Parallel (of the pelvis), any plane 
intersecting the pelvic axis at a right angle, hence really 
not parallel. There are four parallel planes : one cor- 
responds to the superior strait ; the second extends 
from the middle of the sacrum to the level of the 
sub-pubic ligament ; the third passes through the 
spines of the ischia ; the fourth is the inferior strait. 



PLANESIS 



1110 



PLANKTON 



Ps.of the Pelvis, four planes are generally described : 
the plane of the inlet, that of the outlet, the plane of 
pelvic expansion, and that of pelvic contraction. The 
plane of the inlet, or brim, is bordered by the linea 
terminalis, and has an elliptic contour, with a depres- 
sion posteriorly, produced by the projection of the sacral 
promontory. Its diameters are — the anlero-posterior, 
or conjugate, from the upper edge of the promontory of 
the sacrum to a point an eighth of an inch below the 
upper border of the symphysis, measuring 1 1 cm. ; 
the transverse, the longest possible transverse distance, 
measuring I3j^ cm. ; and the oblique, from the upper 
edge of one sacro-iliac junction to the opposite ilio- 
pectineal eminence, measuring I2|^ cm. The plane 
of the outlet is bounded by the sub-pubic ligament, 
the pubic rami, the rami and tuberosities of the ischia, 
the sciatic ligaments, and the coccyx. Its diameters 
are — the antero-posterior, measuring 9^ cm (during 
labor 11 cm.), and the transverse, measuring 11 cm. 
The plane of pelvic expansion perforates the middle of 
the symphysis, the tops of the acetabula, and the sac- 
rum between the second and third vertebra. Its dia- 
meters are — the antero-posterior, measuring 11% cm., 
and the transverse, measuring 12^ cm. The plane of 
pelvic contraction passes through the tip of the sac- 
rum, the spines of the ischia, and the under surface of 
the symphysis. Its diameters are — the antero-posterior, 
measuring 11]/^ cm., and the transverse, measuring 
\o]/ z cm. See Pelvis. P. of Refraction, a plane 
passing through a refracted ray of light and drawn 
perpendicular to the surface of the refracting medium. 
P. of Regard, a plane cutting the center of rotation 
of the eye and the point of fixation P. of Rolle, 
in craniometry, that passing- through the auricular and 
the alveolar points. P., Sagittal, any antero-posterior 
(cephalo-caudal) plane parallel with the meson or me- 
dian plane. P., Single-inclined, a board arranged 
as an inclined plane, with the distal end elevated ; 
it is used in the treatment of fractures of the lower 
limb. P. -symmetric, in chemistry, a term intro- 
duced by Wislicenus to indicate that class of unsatu- 
rated stereo-isomers in which similar substituting 
radicles lie on the same side of a plane passing 
through the points of junction of the linked carbon 
atoms. The contrasting condition is central (or axial ) 
symmetric in which similar radicles are symmetric 
to an axis passing through the linked atoms. 
Maleic and fumaric acids are respectively plane-sym- 
metric, and central-symmetric stereo-isomers. P., 
Van Shering's. See P. , Horizontal [of Van Shering). 
P., Visual, the plane passing through the visual axis. 
P., Visual {of Broca), the orbital plane. 

Planesis (plan-e / -sis) [nWavrjuic , wandering]. Wander- 
ing ; 'mental aberration ; metastasis. 

Planicaudate (plan-ik-aw' -ddt) \_pla?ms, flat ; cauda, 
tail]. In biology, having a flattened tail. 

Planicipital [plan-is-ip'-it-al) [planus, flat ; caput, 
head]. In biology, having a flat head. 

Planidorsate (plan-id-or'-sdl) [planus, Rat; dorsum, 
back]. In biology, having a flat back. 

Planiform (plan'-ifonn) [planus, flat ; forma, form]. 
In anatomy, presenting a flat surface. 

Planipennate (plan-ip-e?i / -dt) [planus, flat; penna, 
wing]. In biology, having flat wings. 

Planipetalous (plan-ip-et'-al-us) [planus, flat; Tzera- 
Aoi', petal]. In biology, having flat petals. 

Planirostral ( plan-e-ros' '-tral) [planus, flat ; rostrum, 
beak]. In biology, having a flattened beak. 

Planispiral (plan-is-pi'-ral) [planus, flat; spira, a 
coil]. In biology, coiled in one plane. 

Planities (plan'-it-ez) [planus, flat]. Plane; also, 
the sole of the foot. 



Planktology (plauk-tol'-o-je) [plankton, the drifting 
life of the sea, from irXayxToq, wandering, roaming; 
Aoyoc, science]. In biology, the department of sci- 
ence which treats of the constituents, character, dis- 
tribution, evolution and relations of the plankton or 
drifting organisms of the ocean. 

Plankton {plank' -to>i)[-"kayxT6<;, wandering, roaming]. 
In biology, the term proposed by Hensen and adopted 
by Haeckel to designate all plants and animals found 
at the surface of the ocean and which are carried about 
involuntarily in the water (ploleric). It corresponds 
to the German terms Auftrieb and " pelagischer Mul- 
der" introduced by Johannes Miiller ; and is employed 
in contradistinction to benthos {(iivdoc, the bottom of 
the ocean ; hence the organisms living there) and 
nekton (the actively swimming surface organisms). 
Plankton may be separated into Limnoplankton, the 
swimming and floating population of fresh water, and 
Haliplankton or that of salt water; or again into 
Oceanic Plankton or that of the open ocean, and 
Neritic Plankton, or that of the coast regions. 
Hasckel also distinguishes: (a) Pelagic Plankton, 
those actively swimming or passively floating animals 
or plants which are taken at the surface of the sea ; no 
matter whether they are found alone or at a variable 
depth below the surface, they constitute the super- 
ficial and interzonary organisms of Chun. (b) 
Zonary Plankton, those organisms which occur only 
at definite depths of the ocean, and are only occasion- 
ally found above and below this, e.g., many Pluvo- 
daria and Crustacea and Siphonophora. if) Bathy- 
bic Plankton, animals of the deep sea, which only 
hover upon the bottom but never touch it, whether they 
stand in definite relation to the abyssal benthos or not, 
e. g., Tomapteris euchata, Megalocereus abyssorum. 
(d) Autopelagic Plankton, the constant superficial 
fauna and flora of the sea, e. g. , Eucopida, Forska- 
lidcc, Eucharis, sp., Bolina, sp., Sagitta punctata, 
Pontellina, sp., etc. (e) Bathypelagic Plankton, 
all those organisms which occur not merely at the sur- 
face, but extend down into the depths ; these are 
called by Chun interzonary pelagic animals. Here 
belongs properly the chief mass of the plankton. 
These last organisms may be distinguished as : (1) 
Nyctipelagic , those which rise to the surface only 
at night, living in the depths during the day ; very 
many Meduscc, Siphonophora, Pyrosoma, most Ptero- 
poda and Heteropoda , very many Crustacea, etc. (2) 
Chimopelagic , those which appear at the surface only 
in winter, and in summer are hidden in the depths ; 
Radiolaria, Medusa:, Siphonophora, Ctenophora, a 
part of the Pteropoda, and Heteropoda, many Crusta- 
cea, etc. (3) Allopelagic, those which perform irregu- 
lar vertical wanderings, sometimes appearing at the 
surface, sometimes in the depths, independently of 
changes of temperature. (/) Spanipelagic Plank- 
ton, those animals which always live in the ocean- 
depths (zonary or bathybic) and come to the surface 
only exceptionally and rarely. Holoplanktonic or- 
ganisms, those that pass their whole life and whole 
cycle of development hovering in the ocean, with 
no relation whatever to the benthos ; here belong 
the greater part of the diatoms, and oscillaria, all 
Murray cites and Peridinea, all Radiolaria, many 
Globigerina, the hypogenetic Medusa, all Siphono- 
phora and Ctenophora, all ChiTtognatlia, Pteropoda, 
the Copelata, Pvrosoma , and Thalidia, etc. Mero- 
planktonic organisms, on the contrary, are found in 
the sea only for a part of their life, passing the other 
part vagrant or sessile in the benthos, e. g. , a part of 
the diatoms and oscillaria, the planktonic fucoids, the 
metagenetic medusa?, some turbellarians and annelids, 



PLANKTONIC 



1111 



PLASMA 



the " pelagic larvie " of hydroids and corals, many 
helminthes, echinoderms, acephala, gasteropods, etc. 
Plankton may be Mono tonic (simple tow -stuff), 
showing a homogeneous composition, or it may be 
Polymixic (mixed tow-stuff), composed of organisms 
of different species and classes in such a way that no 
one form or group of forms composes more than one- 
half of the whole volume. 

Planktonic {plank-ton' -ik ) \_plankton, the drifting life 
of the sea]. In biology, pertaining to plankton. 

Planoblast (plan'-o-blast) [/r/ldroc, wandering; (3Xaa- 
rdc, germ]. In biology, the free swimming medusoid 
bud, or gonophore of a gymnoblastic hydrozoan, as dis- 
tinguished from the sedentary bud or hedrioblast, q. v. 

Planoblastic (plan-o-blas' -tik) [-rzlavor, wandering ; 
/3/aardc, germ]. In biology, pertaining to a piano- 
blast. 

Piano-cellular (plan-o-sel'-u-lar) [planus, flat; cellula, 
cell]. Flat-celled. 

Plano-concave, Plano-convex (pla' - no- kon- kav', 
pla' -no-kon-veks'). See Lens. 

Planodia (plan-o'-de-ah) [-Xavr], a wandering; ocWc, 
a way]. Any false or artificial passage made by an 
instrument. 

Planogamete (plan'-o-ga-met) [-"kavrj, a wandering ; 
ycifieiv, to marry]. In biology, a ciliated form of 
gamete, or protoplasmic conjugating body ; a zoo- 
gamete. Cf. Gamele. 

Planogastrula ( plan-o-gas'-lru-lah) [planula (irlavoc, 
wandering) ; gastrula, a two-layered, saccular germ 
{jacri/p, belly)]. The name applied by Hasckel in his 
gastraea theory to that stage in the evolution of the 
gastrula from the planula, characterized by the hol- 
lowing out of the endoderm of the latter. 

Planomania (plan-o-ma' -ne-ah) [-Xavog, wandering ; 
fiavia, madness]. A morbid and insane desire for 
wandering. 

Plant [plan/a, a plant]. Any member of the vegetable 
kingdom. P., Aerial, P., Air, a plant which derives 
its nourishment from the air. P., Carnivorous. 
Synonym of P. , Insectivorous. P., Flowering. See 
Phanerogam. P., Flowerless. See Phanerogam. 
P., Insectivorous, a plant which entraps and digests 
insects : e. g. , Drosera rotundifolia. P., Pitcher. 
See Pitcher-plant. P., Sensitive, Mimosa pudica, 
and other species, the leaves of which contract when 
they are touched. 

Planta (plan'-tah) [L.]. I. A plant. 2. The sole of 
the foot. P. pedis, the sole of the foot. 

Plantago ( plan-ta' -go) [L., gen. plantaginis~\. The 
leaves of P. major and P. lanceolata, or common 
ribbed grass, or plantain. The bruised fresh leaves 
are a popular remedy for hemorrhage, painful abra- 
sions of the skin, burns, erysipelas, etc. Dose rr^v-xv. 
Unof. 

Plantain {plan' -tan) [ME., planteyne, plantain]. I. 
Same as Plantago. 2. The tropical plant Musa 
paradisiaca, and its fruit ; they are of great economic 
importance in the tropic regions as a food for mankind. 

Plantar (plan' -tar) [plantaris ; planta, sole of the 
foot]. Pertaining to the sole of the foot. P. 
Aponeurosis. Synonym of P. Fascia. P. Arch, 
a name given to one of the parts into which the 
external plantar artery is divided. P. Arteries. See 
Arteries, Table of . P. Fascia, the dense, triangular- 
shaped aponeurosis occupying the middle and sides 
of the sole of the foot beneath the integument. P. 
Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. P. Nerve. See 
Nerves, Table of. P. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table 
of. P. Tubercle, the tubercle of the first metatarsal 
bone, and to which the tendon of the peroneus longus 
muscle is attached. 



Plantaria ( plan-ta' '-re-ah). Synonym of Dengue. 

Plantaris {plan-ta' -ris) [planta, sole of the foot]. See 
Plantar. P. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of 

Plantigrade (plan'-tig-rdd) \_planta, sole; gradi, to 
walk]. Bringing the entire length of the sole of the 
foot to the ground in walking, as is seen in the bear 
and in certain birds which apply the back of 
the tarsus as well as the toes to the ground in walking. 

Plantivorous (plan-tiv'-orus) [planta, plant; vorare, 
to devour]. In biology, living on plants, e.g., cater- 
pillars. 

Plantosseous (plan-tos'-e-us) [planta, sole ; osseosus, 
bony]. Both plantar and interosseous. 

Plantosseus (plan-tos'-e-tis) [planta, sole; osseosus, 
bony]. Any plantar interosseous muscle. 

Plantula (plan'.-tu-lah) [planta, the sole of the foot : 
pi., Plantulte~\. In biology, the appendage, generally 
cushion-like, between the claws of certain insects; it 
corresponds to the structure in other forms called 
onychium and pulvillus. 

Plantular (plan'-tu-lar) [plantula, a little plant]. 
Pertaining to a plantula. 

Planula (plan'-u-lah) [irhavoc, wandering: pi. , Plan- 
ul<z~\. In biology, the globular or oval, free-swim- 
ming, two-layered, solid larva of certain of the Porif 
era and C&lenterata. It is destitute of a mouth or 
blastopore, and succeeds the blastula in those meta- 
zoans in which gastrulation takes place by immigration 
and delamination, instead of by invagination. The 
planula is succeeded by the Planogastrula and this in 
turn by the gastrula stage proper, with its blastopore. 
Salensky describes a three-layered planula in the 
Rotatoria and other forms. The term planula was 
first applied by Dalzell to the motile larvre of certain 
hydrozoans (" zoophytes "), but it has come to have a 
broader application. Planula may be regarded as the 
ancestral form of the Cnidaria. It appears to corres- 
pond to the pare7ichymula of Metschnikoff. 

Planulan (plan'-u-lan) [tt\clvo(;, wandering]. A plan- 
ula. 

Planular (plan'-u-lar) [irTiavoc, wandering]. Pertain- 
ing to a planula. 

Planuliform (plan'-ti-liform) [irlavog, wandering; 
forma, form]. In biology, resembling a planula. 

Planuloid (plan'-u-loid) [nTiavoc, wandering; eZJoc, 
like]. Resembling a planula. 

Planum (plan'-iim) [L.]. A plane or surface. 

Planuria (pla - me'- re - ah) [k/mvoq, astray ; ovpov, 
urine]. The discharge of urine through passages 
other than the normal duct. 

Plaque (plak) [Fr.]. A plate, patch or spot. P., 
Blood. See Blood-plaque. P., Mucous, P. mu- 
queuse [Fr.]. Mucous patch; condyloma latum. 
Plaques, Pterygoidean. See Pterygoideah. Ps., 
Sclerose en. See Sclerose en plaques. 

Plasm (plazm) [TrAaa/ia, a figure molded from clay or 
wax]. In biology, same as Plasma. P., Germ, a 
distinct form of protoplasm acting as the vehicle of 
inheritance. 

Plasma- (plaz'-mah) [Trlda/m, a thing molded]. I. 
The original undifferentiated substance of nascent 
living matter. The primordial protoplasm or " physi- 
cal basis of life." 2. The fluid part of the blood and 
the lymph ; the blood and lymph exclusive of the 
corpuscles. See Blood-plasma and Liquor sanguinis. 
P. -cells of Waldeyer, the highly vacuolated connec 
tive-tissue cells, irregular, extended or spindle-shaped. 
They probably bear a somewhat constant relation to 
young tissues in which the formation of new blood- 
vessels is still progressing. P. -fibrin, Landois' term 
for fibrin formed in the usual way, as distinguished 
from stroma-fibrin, or that formed directly from stroma. 



PLASMASOME 



1112 



PLASMOGONY 



P. -globulin. Same as Paraglobulin, q. v. P., His- 
togenetic, P., Lymph, the fluid part of the lymph. 
P. of Invertebrates, that perivascular or intercellular 
fluid of invertebrates which corresponds to the blood 
of vertebrates. It is both respiratory and nutritive in 
function, clots like vertebrate blood, contains fibrinogen 
and a substance corresponding to hemoglobin, and is 
called by Fredericq hemocyanin ; it is also in some in- 
stances a reddish lipochrome pigment tetronerythrin. 
P., Muscle, the fluid obtained from muscle by pressure 
at a low temperature, l° C. It is spontaneously coag- 
ulable, forming myosin. P., Nutritive, the portion 
of the cell devoted to nutritive functions. P. san- 
guinis, blood-plasma. P., Somatic. Synonym of 
P. , Histoge7ietic . 

Plasmasome (plaz' ' -mas-om) \_x?.dtTfta, a molded figure ; 
a€)/na, body]. In biology, a protoplasmic corpuscle. 

Plasmatic {plaz-mat'-ik ) [TTAdc/za, a molded figure]. 
Same as Plasmic. P. Stain. See Plasmic Stain. 

Plasmatoparous (plas - mat - op' '- ar - us) [ plasma, a 
molded figure ; parere, to bring forth]. In biology, 
a term applied to certain species of fungi (e.g., Pero- 
nospora densa, Rab., and P. pygmaa, Ung. ), in which 
the whole protoplasm escapes from the spore in amass 
through the opening of a papilla-like point in the 
wall, and at once becoming globular, secretes a cellu- 
lose membrane and subsequently germinates by the 
emission of a short, thick germ-tube. (Bennett and 
Murray.) 

Plasment (plaz'-?nent) [irXao/ia, something molded], 
A proprietary emollient and lubricant application made 
from Iceland moss. 

Plasmic (plaz'-mik) [nXaajia, a molded figure]. In 
biology, of or pertaining to protoplasm ; formative, 
protoplasmic. P. Stain, a pigment which colors the 
tissue uniformly throughout, employed in microscopy 
as a ground or counter-stain, following and in contrast 
with a nuclear stain. Thus, after blue or green nu- 
clear or specific stains, use benzo-purpurin (brownish 
red), eosin (yellowish-red), erythrosin (pink), orange, 
or acid fuchsin (orange) ; after red use picric acid 
(yellow). See Stains, Table of, also, Stain, Nuclear 
Stain, Specific Stain. 

Plasmin (plaz / -min) [irXaa/ia, a molded figure]. 
Denis mixed uncoagulated blood with a saturated 
solution of sodic sulphate, and allowed the corpuscles 
to subside. The salted plasma thus obtained he pre- 
cipitated with sodic chlorid. The precipitate, when 
washed with a saturated solution of sodic chlorid, he 
called plasmin. Mixed with water, it coagulates 
spontaneously, resulting in the formation of fibrin, 
another proteid remaining in solution. According to 
Denis' view, fibrin is produced by the splitting up of 
plasmin into two bodies — fibrin and a soluble proteid. 
(Landois and Stirling.) 

Plasmochyma ( plaz-mok' -im-ali) \_irktiaita, plasma ; 
Xv/m, juice]. The portions in the cytochylema rich 
in proteids ; paraplasm ; heteroplasm ; the fluid sub- 
stance of a cell. 

Plasmode (plaz' -mod). Same as Plasmodium. 

Plasmodiblast (plaz-mo'-dib-last). See Trophoblast. 

Plasmodieresis (plaz-mo-di-er'-es-is) [irXaa/ia, plasma; 
Siaipuv, to divide in two parts]. The division of the 
cell-body, in contradistinction to the division of the 
cell-nucleus. 

Plasmodiocarp ( plas-mo' -de-o-karf) \_n")iaaiia,& molded 
figure; fMoc, form; Ka/nroc, a fruit]. In biology, ap- 
plied to the fructification of fungi when of irregular 
shape. 

Plasmodiocarpous (plaz-mo-de-o-kar'-pus) \_Ti?.ao/ja, a 
molded figure ; arioc. form; nap-os, a fruit]. Re- 
sembling a plasmodiocarp. 



Plasmodium (plaz-vw' -de-uni) [_-/.aa/ta, a molded fig- 
ure ; e«5oc, form : pi. , Plasmodia]. In biology : (a) the 
naked, motile mass of protoplasm formed by the organic 
fusion of two or more amebiform bodies, as in the mes- 
odermic cells of young Spongillce, Bipinnaria, many 
Annelida and by phagocytes in general ; (b) the col- 
ossal ameboid organism or vegetative body (also called 
plasmode) formed by the coalescence of peculiar 
swarm-spores in the Alyxomycetes (e. g., Fuligo var- 
iants, or, as it is more commonly called, sUthalium 
septicum or " flowers of tan "), or by the mere aggre- 
gation of such swarm-spores in the Acrasiea. P. 
malariae. Synonyms, Hamatophyllum malaria-, 
Hematozoon of Malaria, Laveran's Bodies, Laveran's 
Organisms ; a parasite found in the blood of persons 
suffering from malaria. Many different forms have 
been observed, which by some are held to be stages 
in the life-history of the same organism, by others to 
be different species. As to the nature of the parasite 
it is generally admitted that it is a Protozoon. See 
Polimitus malaria; Danilewsky, under Parasites 
(Animal), Table of. The development and multi- 
plication of the organism take place within the red 
corpuscles. Typical intermittent fever is associated 
with large forms of the parasite, which differ some- 
what according as the fever is a tertian or quartan in- 
termittent. In the former case the developmental 
cycle of the organism occupies two days, in the latter 
three. In both forms the small intracorpuscular 
ameboid body enlarges and gradually fills the entire 
cell, becoming pigmented at the same time. The pig- 
ment-granules are formed from the hemoglobin of the 
blood corpuscle. When the plasmodia have acquired a 
certain size, the pigment-granules begin to aggregate at 
the center of the body. At this time, in the quartan 
form, the organism becomes radially striate, or roset- 
shaped. The further step consists in the breaking up 
of the organisms into a number of small spheric bodies, 
the young plasmodia. The blood- corpuscle is de- 
stroyed, and the small free elements enter other red 
cells. In the tertian form the cycle is similar, but 
more rapid and active; the blood-corpuscle becomes 
decolorized much sooner ; the pigment-granules are 
smaller, and the parasite forms from 15 to 20 new cells, 
while in the quartan only from 6 to 12 are produced. 
In quotidian intermittent, the organisms are small, 
possess very active ameboid movements (that can be 
observed within the red corpuscles), and become pig- 
mented just before each paroxysm. Then they divide 
into spores. Peculiar crescentic bodies, endoglobular 
and ectoglobular, have also been described. They 
occur in acute forms, but are most constant in malarial 
cachexia. The significance of certain flagellate bod- 
ies has not been fully determined. The Italian 
writers generally believe that the various forms are 
distinct species, while Laveran and others look upon 
them as developmental variations of the sporozoon. 
As to the relation of the parasite to malaria, the evi- 
dence of its being an etiologic one is very strong. The 
constant presence of the organisms, the fact of their 
causing rapid destruction of the red corpuscles, their 
disappearance coincidently with the symptoms on the 
administration of quinin, and the successful inoculation 
of the disease from man to man, are points strongly 
in favor of their etiologic relation to the disease. The 
organism has not yet been cultivated artificially outside 
of the body. P., Small, a variety or species present 
in remittent and pernicious forms of malaria. 

Plasmogen (plaz'-mo-jen) [ir/naua, a molded figure; 
yevi/c, producing]. In biology, germ-plasm, true pro- 
toplasm, bioplasm, anabolic perfection in plasma. 

Plasmogony (plaz-mog'-o-ne) \_7:Xaaua, a molded 



PLASMOKINESIS 



1113 



PLASTID 



figure; yoveia, generation]. In biology, the genera- 
tion of an organism from plasma. 

Plasmokinesis [plaz-mo-kin-e'-sis) [tt/iuct/m, plasma ; 
Kiri/aic, motion]. Indirect protoplasmic cell-division. 

Plasmology ( plaz-mol' -o-je) \_nAao { ua, a molded figure ; 
7.6} or, science]. In biology, the study of cells and 
cell-stuff, or plasma; histology. 

Plasmolysis ( plaz-mol' -is-is) [TrAaa/ia, plasm ; Xvetv , 
to loose]. In biology: (a) the separation of cell- 
protoplasm from the inclosing cell-wall ; (b) the con- 
traction of living protoplasm under the influence of 
reagents, 

Plasmolytic ( plaz-mo-lit'-ik) [rrAao-fia, plasm ; Avnic, a 
loosing]. In biology, exhibiting or characterized by 
plasmolysis. P. Agent, any substance that causes 
contraction of protoplasm. 

Plasm.oma (plaz-mo'-mali) [rrAaofia, plasm ; ofia, tu- 
mor ; pi., Plasmomata~\. A fibro-plastic tumor. 

Plasmon (plaz'-mon) \wAaafia, a thing molded]. An 
albuminous food-product, introduced by Siebold, of 
high nutritive property and easily absorbed. 

Plasmoschisis ( plaz - mos'- kis - is ) \_TrAao-fia, plasma ; 
<j£' CT 'C) cleavage]. A name given by Lowit to the 
separation of protoplasmic particles from the bodies of 
leukocytes, first observed by him in the blood of crabs 
kept at a low temperature. 

Plasmosoma ( plaz-mo-so' '-ma/i) \_KAaafjia, plasm ; aafia, 
body: pi. , Plasmosomata~\. A karyosoma, especially 
one which is safranophilous. 

Plasodermatosis (plaz-o-der-mat-o' 'sis) [TTAaaaeiv , to 
form ; Scpfia, skin ; voaoc, diseases]. A skin-affection 
characterized by the formation of new tissue. 

Plasodermitis ( plaz-o-der-mi' -tis) [TiXaafMa, plasma ; 
Sepua, skin ; mc, inflammation], A neoplasm of the 
skin, of inflammatory origin. 

Plasome (pla'-som) [_irAda/j.a, a molded figure ; au/na, 
body, matter]. In biology, one of the hypothetic, 
minute vital particles of Wiesner and Briicke, resem- 
bling, as regards their properties, the pangenes of De 
Vries and the biophors of Weismann. 

Plasson (plas'-son) \_KAaaasiv, to form or mold]. In 
biology, primitive or undifferentiated protoplasm ; the 
cell in the cytode stage. 

Plastauxia (plas-tawks'-e-ah) \jr~AdaaeLV, to mold ; av^rj, 
increase]. An increase of plasticity. 

Plaster ( plas'-ter) [e/nrAao-pov, emplastrum, plaster] . 
An adhesive, solid or semi-solid medicinal substance 
spread upon cloth or other flexible substance, for ap- 
plication to the external part of the body. According 
to the principal ingredient, it is called Emplastrum 
Aconiti, Ammoniaci, Arnicse, Belladonnse, Capsici, 
Hydrargyri, Picis cum cantharidse, Resinae, Saponis, 
etc. P., Adhesive, resin-plaster. The adhesive 
plaster used by surgeons must be warmed before being 
applied ; it will also stick after having been dipped in 
ether. P., Antiseptic, a plaster consisting of the 
ordinary adhesive plaster dipped in a hot solution of 
carbolic acid (i to 60). P., Black, lead plaster. P.- 
cast, a model of an object produced by pouring 
plaster-of- Paris mixed with water into a mold of that 
object. P., Court, a plaster prepared by dissolving 
30 grams of isinglass in enough water to make 360 
grams, and spreading the mixture thinly upon silk 
in two portions, one the watery solution, the other 
mixed with 120 grams of alcohol and three of glycerin. 
The reverse side of the silk is painted with tincture of 
benzoin. It adheres firmly to the skin when moistened. 
P., Diachylon. Synonym of P., Lead. See Plum- 
bum. P., English. Synonym of P., Court. P., Is- 
inglass, a substitute for adhesive plaster, used in 
superficial wounds. P. Jacket, a bandage surround- 
ing the trunk, and made of plaster-of-Paris. It is 



used in caries of the vertebrae. P., Lead. See 
Plumbum. P., Logan's, a plaster containing litharge, 
lead carbonate, Castile soap, butter, olive-oil, and 
mastic. P. -machine, an apparatus used by pharma- 
cists for spreading plasters. P., Mahy's, one contain- 
ing lead carbonate, olive-oil, yellow wax, lead-plaster, 
and Florentine orris. P., Mercurial. See Hydrar- 
gyrum. P., Miraculous, one containing red oxid of 
lead, olive-oil, alum, and camphor. P. -mull, a plaster 
made by incorporating with mull or thin muslin a 
mixture of gutta-percha and some medicament dissolved 
in benzin. P., Mustard, one made by spreading 
upon muslin powdered mustard, or a mixture of mustard 
with flour or other powder, reduced to the consistency 
of paste by the addition of water. P. -of- Paris, 
gypsum, or calcium sulphate, used for making stiff or 
immovable bandages or dressings, or for the prepara- 
tion of casts. P., Pitch, a plaster containing Burgundy 
pitch, frankincense, resin, yellow wax, oil of nutmeg, 
and olive-oil. See Pix. P., Rademacher's, a plas- 
ter composed of red lead, olive-oil, amber, camphor, 
and alum. P., Resin, a plaster composed of resin, 
lead-plaster, and yellow wax or hard soap. See P., 
Adhesive, and Resina. P., Rubber, a plaster in 
which the adhesive material is spread on thin muslin, 
and which sticks without being previously warmed. 
P., Soap, soap and lead-plaster, with or without resin. 
P., Spice, a plaster composed of yellow wax, suet, 
turpentine, oil of nutmeg, olibanum, benzoin, oil of 
peppermint, and oil of cloves. P., Sticking, emplas- 
trum resinse. See Resina. P., Stomach. See P., Spice. 
P., Strengthening, emplastrum ferri. P., Surgeons', 
adhesive plaster. P., Thapsia, one containing yellow 
wax, Burgundy pitch, resin, terebinthina cocta, Venice 
turpentine, glycerin, and thapsia resin. P., Vesicating. 
Same as Cantharides Plaster. P. , Vigo, one containing 
lead-plaster, yellow wax, resin, olibanum, ammoniac, 
bdellium, myrrh, saffron, mercury, turpentine, liquid 
storax, and oil of lavender. P., Warm, P., Warm- 
ing, emplastrum picis cum cantharide. 

Plastering ( plas' '-ter-ing) \iymAaaTpov, a plaster]. A 
method of improving wines largely practised in 
Southern Europe. It consists in adding plaster-of- 
Paris (burnt gypsum) either to the unpressed grapes or 
to the must. The plaster takes up water, and so in- 
creases the alcoholic strength of the fermenting must. 
The wine is given better keeping-qualities, as well as 
deeper color. However, soluble acid sulphate of 
potassium is left dissolved in the wine, and has an in- 
jurious effect upon the consumers of the wine. 

Plastic ( plas' '-tik) {jrAaoaeiv, to mold]. Capable of 
being formed or molded ; plasmic ; formative ; easily 
modified ; applied to morbid processes attended with 
fibrinous exudate. P. Bronchitis, pseudo-membranous 
bronchitis. P. Linitis, a name given to cirrhosis of 
the stomach. P. Lymph, the inflammatory exudate 
that covers wounds or inflamed serous surfaces, and 
which becomes organized by the development in it of 
blood-vessels. P. Operation, the restoration of lost 
parts by the transfer of tissue from an adjacent part or 
by transplantation. P. Surgery, the art of performing 
plastic operations ; the surgical replacement of lost parts. 

Plasticity (plas-tis'-it-e) [nkacoEiv, to mold]. Plastic 
force. The quality of being plastic. 

Plasticule ( plas'- tik -ill) \_TrAaaceiv, to mold]. A 
molecule of plastic material not yet fully organized. 

Plastid (plas'-tid) [iT?.aoT6c, verbal adj. of nAauaeiv, 
to mold or form]. In biology: (a) any unicellu- 
lar elementary organism, cell, or cytode ; a cell ; a 
mass of protoplasm or of plastic material ; (b) one 
of a class of protoplasmic granules in the protoplasm 
of certain plant-cells ; they are referred to three 



PLASTIDIUM 



1114 



PLATE 



types the synonymy of which is given by Goodale as 
follows : — 





Older No- 
menclature. 


Schimper. 


Meyer. 


Van 

TlEGHEM 


General 




Plastid. 


Troph o- 


Leucite. 


Term. 






plast. 






Colorless pro- 


Leukoplas- 


Anaplast. 


Leucite 




to p 1 asmi c 


tid. 




proper. 




granule. 








Special 


Chlo rophyl - 


Chloroplas- 


Autoplast. 


Chloro- 


1 erm. 


granule. 


tid. 




leucite. 




Color-granule. 


Chrorao- 


Chromo- 


Chromo- 






plastid. 


plast. 


leucite. 



P., Connective-tissue, the connective-tissue cor- 
puscles. 

Plastidium (plas-tid'-e-wn) [dim. of ?r Aaoroc, formed : 
//., Plastidia\ The cell, or plastid, considered with 
reference to its evolutionary or developmental possi- 
bilities. See Plastid. 

Plastidular (plas-tid'-u-lar) \jrlaoT6c, formed]. Per- 
taining to plastidules. 

Plastidule (plas'-tid-ill) [nXaardg, verbal adj. of TrXaa- 
aeiv, mold, form]. In biology : (a) a protoplasm-mole- 
cule ; (b) a term proposed by Elsberg as a substitute 
for gemmitle as used by Darwin. See Heredity, Gem- 
mule, Biophor, Pangene, Plasome. P. of Elsberg, the 
ultimate physical units of living matter. See Heredity. 

Plastilytic (plas-til-it'-ik) [irXaordg, molded ; Uciv, 
to dissolve]. Diminishing plasticity, or tending to 
soften plastic materials. 

Plastin (plas'-tin) [rr/lacrrdc, verbal adj. of irAaocew, 
to form, mold]. In biology, one of the nucleins or 
special nitrogenous proteids more insoluble in alkalies 
and poorer in phosphorus than others ; called cytoplasm 
by Schwartz. Cf. nuclein, histon, adenin. 

Plastocolysis (plas-to-kol' -is-is) [wTiaarog, molded ; 
uhlvaic, hindrance]. Arrest of development. 

Plastodynamia (plas - to - di- nam' - e - ak) [Tr}.aar6r, 
molded ; Siiva/Jig, power]. Nutritive plastic power. 

Plastodynamic (plas-to-di-nam' -ik) [jrAaaroc, molded ; 
6'vvauic, force]. Pertaining to nutritive power. 

Plastoprolepsis ( plas-to-pro-lep' -sis) [nlaa-o^, molded ; 
Tr/j6/ir/ipir ; anticipating]. Premature development of 
an organ or part. 

Plastral (plas'-tral) [plastron, a breast-plate]. In 
biology, of or pertaining to the plastron, q. v. 

Plastron (plas'-tron) [Fr., "breastplate"]. The 
sternum and costal cartilages, with the attached parts, 
such as are removed when a post-mortem examina- 
tion is made of the condition of the thorax. In biology : 
(a) the ventral portion of the exo-skeleton of a 
tortoise or turtle ; (b) one of the similar ventral, exo- 
skeletal plates of certain amphibia ; (c) the ventral 
shield of the fossil armadillo ; (d) a colored area on 
the ventral surface of a bird. 

Plastrum ( plas' '-/rum) [an accom. form of plas/ron, 
a breastplate : pi., Plastra~\. Same as Plastron. 

Plate (plat) [ME., plate, a plate]. The horizontal 
plate of the ethmoid bone constituting the floor of 
the olfactory fossa and perforated for the passage 
of the olfactory nerves. P., Abdominal. See 
P., Lateral Mesoblastic. P., Ambulacral, one 
of the coronal plates of a sea-urchin, which are 
perforated to form part of an ambulacrum. P., Ap- 
proximation, one of the plates of decalcified bone 
or other material, leaving a central hole and openings 
for sutures in the margin, which are used in enter- 
ectomy to bring the resected ends of intestine to- 
gether. Also known as Sena's Plate. P., Audi- 
tory, the plate of bone forming the roof of the 



auditory meatus. P., Axial, the primitive streak of 
the embryo. P., Basilar, P., Basicranial. in em- 
bryology, the cartilaginous plate at the anterior end 
of the notochord, formed by the latter and the para- 
chordal cartilages. P., Blood. See Blood-plaque. 
P., Bone. Synonym of P., Approximation. P., 
Branchial, one of the branchial arches of the em- 
bryo. P., Cathammal, in biology, one of the 
vascular lamellae of certain Medusa, formed by the 
pressing together of the two layers of the persistent 
endoderm by the subumbrellar and exumbrellar jelly. 
P., Cribriform, the anterior fossa of the base of the 
skull. P. -culture, in biology, a method devised by 
Koch to separate bacteria by pouring the liquid, gelatin 
culture-medium upon a sterilized glass plate, after 
inoculation. The plates of Koch have been replaced 
somewhat by Petri s Dishes, q.v. P., Dorsal, each of 
the two longitudinal ridges on the dorsal surface of the 
embryo, which subsequently join to form the neural 
canal. P., Electric, the finely granular end-plates 
composed of nerve-endings and large cells, found in 
the electric organs of electric fishes. P., End, a 
term given to the termination of a motor nerve in a 
muscle-fiber. P., Equatorial, in biology, the com- 
pressed mass of chromatic segments, aggregated about 
the equator of the nuclear spindle at a certain stage 
of karyokinesis. It is also called nuclear plate, nuclear 
disc, mother-star . Ps., Facial, the fronto-nasal and 
external group of nasal and maxillary plates of the 
embryo. P., Flesh. See Lamella carnosa. P., 
Foot, the flat, plate-like portion of the stapes which 
fills the fenestra ovalis. P., Frontal, in the fetus, a 
cartilaginous plate interposed between the lateral parts 
of the ethmoid cartilage and the lesser wings and 
anterior portion of the sphenoid bone. P., Fronto- 
nasal, the middle of the facial plates, which subse- 
quently forms the external nose. P., Gill, a bronchial 
lamina of molluscs. P., Gray. Synonym of Lamina 
cinerea. P., Ground, the ground-substance of con- 
nective tissue and endothelial cells, in which are em- 
bedded the nucleus and intracellular network. P., 
Hair. Synonym of Scales, Hair. Ps., Hyoid, the 
second pair of the subcranial plates of the embryo, 
from which the hyoid bone is in part developed. P., 
Inferior Maxillary, in the embryo, the first pair of 
subcranial plates from which the mandible is developed. 
P., Internasal. Synonym of P., Fronto-nasal. P., 
Intervertebral, the disc of fibro-cartilage between 
adjacent vertebrae. P., Intrafissural (of the pia), 
the fold of pia passing into the ventral fissure of the 
spinal cord. P., Lateral Mesoblastic, the thick 
portion of the mesoblast situated one on each side of 
the notochord. Each plate splits into two portions, 
the ectal divisions coalescing to form the body- wall, or 
Somatopleure, the ental, to form the Spla u ch u opleure, or 
visceral covering. P., Ligamentous, one of the 
intervertebral fibrous discs of the embryo. P., Man- 
dibular. Synonym of P. , Inferior Maxillary. P., 
Maxillary. Synonym of P., Inferior Maxillary. 
P., Medullary. Synonym of P., Dorsal. P., 
Mesenteric, P., Mesentery, P., Mesial. Syn- 
onyms of P. , Lateral Mesoblastic. P., Motor. Syn- 
onym of P., End. P., Muscle, P., Muscular. 
See Myocomma. P., Negative, of a storage cell, 
that plate which by the action of the changing 
current is partly covered with a coating of spongy 
lead ; of a voltaic cell, that element of a voltaic 
couple which is negative in the electrolyte of the cell. 
P., Nuclear. Synonym of /'. , Equatorial. P., 
Orbital: (i) the smooth plate of the ethmoid bone 
forming part of the inner wall of the orbit ; (2) of the 
frontal bone, a horizontal plate forming the roof of the 



PLATED 



1115 



PLATYHIERIC 



orbit. P., Palate, of the palate bone, the horizontal 
portion which, with its fellow of the opposite side, 
forms the greater part of the hard palate. P., Para- 
chordal. Synonym of P., Lateral Mesoblasiic. P., 
Positive, of a voltaic cell, the electro-positive element 
of a voltaic couple. P., Protovertebral. Synonym 
of P., Lateral Mesoblastic. P., Pterygoid, one of the 
processes of the sphenoid bone. P., Senn's. Syno- 
nym of P., Approximation. P., Sieve. See under 
Sieve. P., Spindle, the v . part of a cell-plate located 
within the cell-nucleus. P., Subcranial. See Post-oral 
Arches. P., Tympanic. The plate of bone forming 
the sides and floor of the auditory meatus. P., Utero- 
placental. Synonym of Decidua serotina. P., Val- 
vular, a valve-like fold of tissue which fills the fora- 
men ovale in the fourth month of fetal life, permitting 
the passage of blood from the right to the left auricle, 
but not in the contrary direction. P., Vascular, 
Synonym of Lamina, Vascular. Ps., Vertebral, un- 
divided masses of mesoblast, running longitudinally 
between the lateral mesoblastic plates and the medul- 
lary ridges. Also, the lamina; on each side of the 
primitive groove by the union of which the vertebra; 
are formed. P., Visceral, the splanchnopleure layers 
of the lateral mesoblastic plates. P., Vitelline, the 
peculiar, doubly refractive crystals, probably albu- 
minoid in character, found in the egg-yolk of turtles, 
frogs, and certain fishes. 

Plated (pla'-ted) [ME., plate, a plate]. In biology, 
covered with dermal scales or scutes ; scutate, loricate. 

Platelet {plat' -let ) [dim. of ME. , plate] . In biology, a 
blood-plate. Haliburton and Lilienfield regard the 
platelets as probably disintegration-products of leuko- 
cytes. They are composed of a substance rich in 
phosphorus, which by gastric digestion is separated 
into nuclein and albumin. 

Platesyntropy (plat-es-sin' -tro-pe) [ttXcitvc, flat ; avv, 
together; rpiKEiv, to turn]. In biology, Wilder's 
term for the morphotropic relation between parts 
upon the same side of the meson ; e. g. , the brachium 
and the cubitum. 

Platetrope (plat'-et-rop) [-XaTvc , flat ; rpeTTi-iv, to turn]. 
In biology, one of two symmetrically related parts on 
opposite sides of the meson ; a lateral homologue. 

Platetropy (plat'- et - ro - pe) [nAarvc, flat ; Tpknew, to 
turn]. In biology, bilateral symmetry; Wilder's 
term for the antitropical relation between parts upon 
opposite sides of the meson ; e.g., the relation be- 
tween the right and the left ear. 

Platiasmus (plat-e-az'-mus) [TtXarvq, broad]. An im- 
pediment to speech, due to a defect of the tongue, 
causing thickness of speech. 

Platina (plat-e'-nah ) [Sp. , platina]. The older name 
of platinum. 

Platinamin (plat-in' '-am-in) [Sp. , platina, platina ; 
amin]. An amin compound of platinum in which the 
metal is quadrivalent. 

Platinammonium ( plat - in - am - o'- ne - urn) [Sp. , pla- 
tina, platina ; ammonium] , PtN 2 H 6 . A quadrivalent 
radicle. 

Platinate (plat'-in-dt) [Sp., platina, platina]. A salt 
of platinic oxid — a compound of platinum dioxid and 
basic oxid. 

Platinic (plat-in' -He) [Sp., platina, platina]. Con- 
taining platinum as a quadrivalent element. P. 
Chlorid is used to distinguish potassium from sodium 
and to precipitate salts of ammonium and of com- 
pound ammonias, such as alkaloids. 

Platiniferous (plat-in-if'-er-us) [Sp., platina, platina ; 
fer re, to bear]. Producing platinum. 

Platinous (plat'-in-us) [Sp., platina, platina]. Con- 
taining platinum as a divalent element. 



Platinum (plat' -in-um) [Sp., platina, platina]. Pt. 
= 197; quantivalence 11, iv; sp. gr. 21.5. A metal 
of silver-white luster, only soluble in nitro-hydro- 
chloric acid. It is employed in making vessels for 
chemic and pharmaceutic use. In the form of wire, 
affixed to a glass rod, it is used as the platinum nee- 
dle or Oese in bacteriologic work. Platinum salts 
are poisonous. See Elements, Table of. P., Black, 
a very finely divided metallic platinum, which has a 
great capacity for absorbing hydrogen and for con- 
densing oxygen upon its surface. It is used for test- 
ing amylic alcohol by oxidizing it into valerianic acid. 

Platode, Platoid (plat' -del, plat' -oid) [-X.arvc, broad; 
eldoc, form]. In biology, broad or flat, as a worm. 

Plattner's Bile-crystals. A whitish semi-crystalline 
mass obtained from an extract of bile-acids, by distil- 
ling off the alcohol, dissolving the residue in a little 
absolute alcohol, and adding ether until the solution 
becomes turbid. 

Platula ( plat' -u-lah). Synonym of Pediculus pubis. 

Platurous (pla-tu'-rus) [properly, platyurous ; irXarvc, 
broad; obpa, tail]. In biology, having a broad tail. 

Platy- (plat'-e-) [irXarvg, broad]. A prefix, signifying 
broad. 

Platybasic (plat - ib - a'- sik) [n Xariig, broad; fiaatc, 
base]. Having a flat base, as certain skulls. 

Platybrachycephalic (plat-ib-rak-is-ef-al'-ik) [irXaTbc, 
broad ; jipaxvg, short ; K.e<j>a7Jj, head]. Having a 
flat and broad skull. 

Platybregmate (plat - ib - reg'- mat) [irlarvc, broad ; 
jipky/ia, bregma]. Having a wide bregma. 

Platybregmatic (plat - ib- reg- mat' -ik). Synonym of 
Platybregmate. 

Platycarpous (plat-ik-ar' '-pus)[-'/ "arbc, broad ; Kap-rrdc, 
fruit]. In biology, having broad fruit. 

Platycelian, Platycelous (plat-is-el'-e-an, plat-is-el'- 
us). Synonym of Opisthoceloits. 

Platycephalia (plat-is-ef-a' -le-ah). Synonym of Platy- 
cephaly. 

Platycephalic, Platycephalus (plat-is-ef-al'-ik, plat- 
is-ef'-al-us) [wXarbc, wide ; neipaXi/, head]. Having 
a broad skull ; with a vertical index of less than 70 . 

Platycephaly (plat-is-ef'-al-e) [irXarbr, broad; mtyaXi), 
head]. The quality of being platycephalous. 

Platycnemia (plat - ik - ne'- me - ah) [-Xarvc, broad; 
K-vrjfiri, leg]. The quality of being platycnemic ; 
broadness of the tibia. Platycnemia is a characteristic 
of many tribes of the African race, and is generally 
associated with pilastered femur. 

Platycnemic (plat-ik-ne'-mik) [nXaTvc, broad ; nvrj/irj, 
leg]. Having a tibia which is exaggerated in breadth. 

Platycnemism (plat-ik-ne'-mizm). See Platycne77iia. 

Platycoria, Platycoriasis (plat-ik-o'-re-ah, plat-ik-o- 
ri'-as-is) [irXarbc, broad ; nop?], pupil]. Expansion 
of the pupil ; mydriasis. 

Platycyte (plat'-is-it) [ttXcitvc;, broad; kvtoc, cell]. 
A cell intermediate in size between a giant-cell 
and a leukocyte, found in tubercle-nodules. 

Platydactyl (plat-id-ak'-til) [irXaTvc, broad ; daiiTvXoc, 
finger]. In biology, having broad or thick digits. 

Platyelminthes, Platyhelminthes (plat - e - el-min'- 
thez, plat-e-hel-min' -thez) [rrXarbg, broad ; eXfiivc, a 
worm]. Flat-bodied, more or less elongated worms, 
usually containing both sexual elements at the same 
time. They include flat-worms, flukes, and tape- 
worms. 

Platygastric (plat-ig-as' -trik) [ivXaTvc, broad ; yaarr/p, 
belly]. In biology, having a broad, gastric cavity. 

Platyglossal (plal-ig-los'-al) [rrXa-bg, broad ; yXuaoa, 
tongue]. In biology, having a broad tongue. 

Platyhieric (plat-e-hi-er'-ik) [kXmtvq, broad; lcp6c, 
holy, sacrum]. Having a broad sacrum, in distinction 



PLATYNOSIS 



1116 



PLENCK'S DIGESTIVE 



from dolichohieric , having a narrow sacrum. As a 
rule, females are platyhieric. 

Platynosis (plat - in ■ o' - sis) \jrAarbvo>aig, from tt/mt'v- 
vetv, to make broad]. Amplification ; enlargement. 

Platynotal, Platynote {plat - in - o'- tal, plat' - in - ot) 
[n'Aarix;, broad; vutoq, back]. In biology, broad- 
backed. 

Platyodont (plat'- e - o - dont) [TrAarbg, broad; b&o'vc, 
(bfiovr-) tooth]. In biology, having broad teeth ; an 
animal with broad teeth. 

Platyope (plat'-e-op) [TrAart'c, broad ; &ip,(bir-) face]. 
In biology, a broad-faced individual, or skull. 

Platyopia (plat-e-o'-pe-ah) [wXar'vQ, broad; <ji/j, face]. 
Broadness of the face ; the quality of being platyopic. 

Platyopic (plat-e-op'-ik) [ir'AaTvg, broad; wip (ot-), 
face]. In biology, having a face wide across the eyes, 
as in the Mongolian races ; having the naso-malar in- 
dex below 107. 5°. 

Platypellic (plat - ip - el'- ik ) [ttXcltvc; , wide ; iriXka, 
basin, a pelvis]. Having a pelvis very broad trans- 
versely, in distinction from dolichopellic, having a nar- 
row pelvis. 

Platypelvic (plat-ip-el' -vik). Same as Platypellic. 

Platypetalous (plat - ip - et'- al - us) [rrAarix;, broad ; 
Trira'Aov, a leaf]. In biology, having broad petals. 

Platyphyllous (plat-if-W -us) [nlarvc;, flat ; <pv%2.av, 
leaf]. In biology, having broad leaves. 

Platypod (plat'-ip-od) [7r/lari>c, broad ; ttovc;, foot]. In 
biology, a broad-footed animal, as a syndactylous bird. 

Platypodia (plat-ip-o'-de-ah) [nAaTvg, broad; ttovc, 
foot]. Flat-footedness. 

Platypygous (plat-ip-i'-gus) [wTiarbg, broad; tzvyij, 
rump]. In biology, having broad buttocks. 

Platyrrhine (plal'-ir-in) [7rAar£>c, broad; pic, nose]. 
Having the nose broad and flat. The Platyrrhini 
are a tribe of apes with broad and flat noses. See 
Index. 

Platyrrhinic ( plat-ir-in' -ik) [nAa-vc, broad; p/f,nose]. 
Applied to individuals characterized by a width of 
nose the index of which exceeds 53 . See Index. 

Platyrrhiny, Platyrhiny ( plat' ' -ir-i-ne)\jr'AaTvc, broad ; 
pic, nose]. The condition of having a platyrrhine 
skull. 

Platyscopic (plat-is-kop'-ik) [nXarvc, broad ; okottciv, 
to view]. In optics, having a broad field of view. 

Platysma (plat-iz'-mak) \^Tr?idrvcFfia ; -irXarvc, broad]. 
Anything of considerable superficial dimensions. 
Also, a plaster. P. myoides. See Muscles, Table 
of. The platysma of man is the homologue of part of 
the Panniculus camosus of quadrupeds. P. Reflex. 
See Reflexes, Table of. 

Platysternal (pla/-is-ter'-nal)\_TrAarbc, broad; arepvov, 
breast-bone]. In biology, having a broad flat breast- 
bone. 

Platystomous ( plat-is' -to-mits) [rrXaTvc, wide; arofia, 
mouth]. Having a broad mouth. 

Plaut's Method. A method of staining actinomyces. 
Either (1) place sections in Gibbes' magenta-solution, 
or carbolized fuchsin-solution for ten minutes at 45 
C. ; wash in distilled water, place in a mixture of equal 
volumes of saturated aqueous solution of picric acid and 
absolute alcohol for from five to ten minutes, wash again 
in water, pass gradually up to absolute alcohol ; clear 
in cedar-oil, mount in balsam ; or (2) place sections 
in carbolized fuchsin for ten minutes and decolorize in 
fluorescin alcohol. Stain the nuclei with Ehrlich's 
hematoxylin, and counterstain faintly with benzo-pur- 
pnrin. (After Squire.) 

Plax (plaks) [jrAdf]. A genus of microscopic fungi. 
P. scindens, a name given by Eklund to a microor- 
ganism which he found in the blood and urine of 
scarlet-fever patients. 



Playfair's Food. A food for infants composed of 
rennet-whey, plus milk, cream, and lactose. The 
casein is diminished in amount, but that remaining is 
unaltered in quality, hence the coagulum is objection- 
able. P.'s Treatment. See A'est-cure. 

Plecolepidous (plek-o-lep'-id-us) [nlcaew, to twine, 
twist; ?iE7ric, a scale]. In biology, applied to Com- 
posite!: in which the bracts of the involucre are coher- 
ent. 

Plectana (plek'-tan-ak) [nteKTavt], coil]. A cornu of 
the uterus. 

Plectrum (plek'-trum) [nAijuTpov, a spur : //. , Plectra']. 
The styloid process of the temporal bone ; the tongue ; 
the uvula. 

Pledget (plej'-ef) [origin obscure]. A small flattened 
compress of lint, wool, cotton, or other fiber, some- 
times medicated, designed for application to the sur- 
face of a wound to prevent contact with the air, and 
to absorb discharges or to still hemorrhage. 

Plegaphonia (pleg-af-o' -ne-aJi) [Tr'Aijyi], stroke ; quvi], 
sound]. The sound produced in auscultatory per- 
cussion of the larynx, the glottis being open. 

Plegometer (pleg-om'-et-er). Synonym of Pleximeter. 

Pleiochasium ( pli-o-ka' -ze-um) \_ttXeiuv, more : xacuc, 
separation]. In biology, a cyme with several lateral 
axes ; a muciparous cyme. 

Pleiochromia (pli-o-kro' -me-ah) [i&eiav, more ; xP^pa, 
color]. Increased secretion of biliary coloring-matter. 

Pleiomazia (pli-o-ma'-ze-ah). Same as Polymastia. 

Pleiomorphism (pli-o-mor'-flzm) [ttAc'iuv, more ; popcfir/, 
form]. In biology : (a) change of form due to exces- 
sive growth of an organism ; (6) polymorphism ; the 
occurrence of several distinct forms in the life-cycle 
of an individual ; e.g., no less than three form-genera 
(sEcidium, [/redo, and Puccinia) were established to 
denote the stages of the life-cycle of Puccinia gram- 
inis, the well-known corn mildew. Such transforma- 
tion or pleiomorphism does not exist in the animal 
kingdom. Cf., Polymorphism. 

Pleiomorphy (pli'-o-??ior-fe) [wAeiuv, more ; popifii], 
form]. In biology : (a) same as Pleiomorphism; (b) 
the state of regularity in the flowers of plants normally 
irregular. Cf. Peloria. 

Pleiophyllous (pli-off'-il-us) [riXeiuv, more; tyvAAov, 
leaf]. In biology, exhibiting pleiophylly. 

Pleiophylly (pli-off'-il-e) [w'teiuv, more; tybllov, leaf]. 
In biology, the state in which, starting from a given 
point the leaves of a plant are found abnormally in- 
creased in number. 

Pleiospermous (pli-o-sper'-mus) \_ir7.duv, more ; mrep- 
/ia, seed]. In biology, containing an abnormally large 
number of seeds. 

Pleiosporous (pli-o-spo'-rus) [flvle«ai>, more ; a-upnq, 
spore]. In biology, producing an abnormally large 
number of spores. 

Pleiotaxy ( pli' -o-taks-e) [ttAe/oi;, more ; ra^ig, arrange- 
ment]. In biology, an abnormal multiplication in 
the number of whorls in a plant. 

Pleiothalamous ( pli - - thai'- am - us) \_~Xeiuv, more ; 
fld?auo<;, a bed-chamber]. In biology, having more 
chambers or cells than usual. 

Pleiotrachea (pli-o-tra'-ke-ah) [irAeiuv, more ; rpn\'t7a, 
windpipe]. In biology, Cooke's term for a membran- 
ous trachea containing a compound spiral fiber. 

Plemmyria (plcm-ir'-e-ah). Synonym of Plethora. 

Plenalvia (plen-al' -ve-ah) [plcnus, full; alvus, belly]. 
Overfilling or impaction of the stomach in lower 
animals. 

Plenck's Digestive. A preparation consisting of 16 
parts of clarified turpentine, 8 parts of yolk of egg, 2 
parts of honey, 32 parts of spring-water, and 48 parts 
of alcohol. It is used as an injection for fistuloe. 



PLEOCATANTES 



1117 



PLEURARTHROCACE 



P's. Solution, a solution for application to condylo- 
mata and other hypertrophic syphilitic lesions. The 
formula is : Bichlorid of mercury and alum, each one 
ounce ; acetate of lead and camphor, each one dram ; 
alcohol and vinegar, each 12 ounces. This is applied 
with a camel's hair pencil. It is likely to produce pain 
and should be used only in hospitals. 

Pleocatantes { ple-o-kat-an' -tez) [irXiuv, more ; narav- 
t>/c, downward]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the line 
joining the hormion and the staphylion is between 45 
and 67 . 

Pleochroism {pie- ok'- ro - izm) [xAsiav, more; XP ol <*, 
color]. The property possessed by some bodies, es- 
pecially crystals, of presenting different colors when 
viewed in the direction of different axes, due to the 
fact that the rays having vibrations in different planes, 
suffer absorption in different degrees. 

Pleochromatic {pie - -kro - mat' - ik) [ttMwv, more ; 
Xpibfia, color]. Pertaining to pleochroism. 

Pleocleis {ple'-o-klis) \_-lsuv, pp. of nXieiv, irAeiv, to 
sail, swim; KAeig, a bar, bolt, or hook]. In biology, 
the tubercle attached to the first somite of the pleon in 
crustaceans and precluding the carapace from being 
raised posteriorly. 

Pleokatantes {ple-o-kat-an' -tez). See Pleocatantes. 

Pleomastia, Pleomazia {ple-o-mas'-te-ah, ple-o-ma'- 
ze-ah) [nAeuv, more ; fiaar6<;, or /J.a^6g, breast]. The 
condition of having more than two mammae. See 
Polymastia. 

Pleomorphic ( ple-o-mor'-jik ) \_it\tuv, more ; [top<p//, 
form]. Having more than one form. 

Pleomorphism {ple-o-mor'-Jizm) . See Pleiomorphism. 

Pleon [pie' -on) [tt'aeuv, TzAetav, more]. In biology, 
Nsegeli's term for aggregates of organic matter which 
cannot be increased or diminished without changing 
their chemic nature. 

Pleon {ple'-on) \nAelv, to sail, to swim]. In biology : 
(a) the abdomen of a crustacean, as distinguished 
from the cephalon or head and pereion or thorax ; 
{b) the telson of certain crustaceans, as Limulus, so 
called by Owen from the idea that it represents the 
abdomen. 

Pleonasm {pie' -o-nazm) \_-A£ovaaj±6<;, an exaggeration]. 
Any deformity marked by superabundance of certain 
organs or parts. 

Pleonectic {pie - o- nek'- tik) [TvXeovE^la, greediness]. 
Characterized by pleonexia. 

Pleonexia {ple-o-neks' -e-ah) \jrA£ovt!;ia, greediness]. 
Greediness or arrogance due to mental disease. 

Pleopod {ple'-o-pod) [ttAeeiv, to swim ; wove, foot]. In 
biology, one of the swimmerets or abdominal swim- 
ming-legs of a crustacean. 

Plerocercus ( ple-ro-sir'-kus) [TrAr/prjc, full ; nepnoe, 
tail] . In biology, the second larval stage of certain 
platodes, e. g. , Bothriocephalic latns. (Braun.) 

Plerom, Pleroma {ple'-rbm, ple-ro'-mah) \nA7jpuijia, 
that which fills]. Same as Plerome. 

Plerome {ple'-rom) [_TrAfjpiofia, that which fills]. In 
biology, the axial portion of the growing point ; the 
cylinder or shaft of nascent fascicles ; plerom, pleroma. 
P. -sheath, in biology, the phloem-sheath in its nas- 
cent state. 

Plerosis {ple-ro'-sis) \_TiArjpuaLC, a filling]. I. The 
restoration of lost tissue. 2. Plethora. 

Plerotic { pie-rot' -ik) [irXi/puaic, a filling]. Tending 
toward, or pertaining to, a plerosis. As a noun, a 
drug promoting the filling up of wounds by new tissue. 

Plesiopia {ples-e-ot -pe-ah) [n-Ar/ff/oc, near; utp, eye]. 
Increased convexity of the crystalline lens, producing 
myopia, and due to long-continued accommodation- 
strain . 



Plessimeter [ples-im'-et-er). Synonym of Plcximeter. 

Plessor {p/cs'-or). Synonym of Plexor. 

Plessy's Green. Same as Afittler's Green. 

Plethomeria {pleth - - mer'-e- ah) [irAijOoc, fulness; 
fispoc, part]. Redundancy or over-growth of an or- 
gan or part. 

Plethora {pleth' '- 0- rah) \_-X1fiupr1, irAffioc, fulness]. 
Abnormal fulness of the blood-vessels, or super- 
abundance of blood. See Polyemia. P. apocoplica, 
the condition that follows major amputations attended 
with little loss of blood. P., Hydremic. Synonym 
of Hydremia. P. hyperalbuminosa, an increase of 
the albuminoid elements of the blood-plasma. P. 
polycythaemica. Synonym of Polycythemia. P., 
Serous, an excess of serum in the blood. P. uni- 
versalis, plethora affecting all the body. 

Plethoric {pleth' -o-rik) \_-k'A?jOoc, fulness]. Pertaining 
to plethora. 

Plethysmograph {pleth- iz' '- mo - graf) [nArjdvofioc, in- 
crease ; ypa<pecv, to record]. An instrument for ascer- 
taining changes in the volume of any organ or part, 
dependent upon changes in the quantity of the blood. 

Plethysmographic {pleth-iz-mo-graf ' -ik ) [-Aifiwp.u'q, 
increase ; ypd<peiv, to write]. Pertaining to the pleth- 
ysmograph. 

Pleumonia {phi ■ 7?io'- he - ah) [ttasv/iov, the lung]. 
Synonym of Pneumonia. 

Pleura {plu'-rah ) [irAevpd, a side]. The serous mem- 
brane which envelops the lung (P., Pulmonary) , and, 
which being reflected back, lines the ental surface of 
the thorax {P., Costal). In biology: {a) the lateral 
portion of the integumentary segments of an arthro- 
pod. It lies between the tergum and sternum, and 
consists of the epimeron and episternum ; {b) one of 
the lateral tracts of the rachis of the lingual ribbon of 
gastropod molluscs. P. costalis. See P., Costal. P., 
Diaphragmatic, the reflection of the pleura upon the 
upper surface of the diaphragm. P., Parietal. Syn- 
onym of P., Costal. P., Pericardial, the portion of 
the pleura contiguous to the pericardium. P. phren- 
ica. Synonym of P. , Diaphragmatic. P. pul- 
monalis. Synonym of P., Pulmonary. P., Visceral. 
Synonym of P. , Pulmonary. 

Pleural {plu'-ral) [wAevpa, pleura]. I. Pertaining to 
the pleura. 2 \_~AEvp6v, rib]. Pertaining to a rib, 
or the ribs; costal. P. Eclampsia. See P. Epi- 
lepsy. P. Epilepsy, a convulsion sometimes fol- 
lowing the procedure of washing out the pleural cav- 
ity. It may terminate fatally, or may end in mono- 
plegia or hemiplegia. P. Reflexes, grave nervous 
phenomena which develop in the course of removal of 
a pleural effusion, either at the time of aspiration or, 
more often, during the process of washing out the 
pleural cavity. Sudden unconsciousness, with tonic 
and clonic convulsions, hemiplegia, with or without 
aphasia, paralysis of the arm on the affected side, 
sometimes with hemichorea, are some of the conditions 
that have been observed. 

Pleuralgia {plu-ral' -je-ali) \jrAevpa, side; aXyoq, pain]. 
Intercostal neuralgia. 

Pleuralgic {plu-ral' -jik) [tt Aevpa, side ; dAyoc, pain]. 
Pertaining to or affected with pleuralgia. 

Pleurapophyseal ( pul-rap-off-iz'-e-al) [nAr.vpov, rib; 
a-iTofyvuic, offshoot]. Pertaining to a pleurapophysis. 

Pleurapophysis {plu-rap-off ' -is-is) [irAevpov, a rib ; 
cnroipvGu;, a process : pi., Pleurapophyses\ In biology, 
one of the lateral processes of a vertebra, having the 
morphologic valence of a rib ; a true rib. 

Pleurapostema {plu-rap-os-te' -mah) [irAevpa, pleura ; 
(fKoorrijxa, abscess]. A collection of pus in the cavity 
of the pleura. 

Pleurarthrocace {plu-rar-throk' -as-e) [Tr?ievp6v, rib ; 



PLEURARTHRON 



1118 



PLEUROCELE 



apBpov, joint; kokoc, evil]. Disease of the costo-ver- 
tebral joints ; also, caries of the ribs. 

Pleurarthron [plu-rar'-tliron) [xAsvpov, rib ; apdpov, 
joint]. The articulation of a rib. 

Pleurenchyma [plu-reng / - kim-afi) [nAEvpa, side; 
iyxvfia, infusion]. In biology, woody tissue. 

Pleurenchymatous {phi- reng - kim'-at- us) [nXevpd, 
side; iyxvp-a, that which is poured in]. Pertaining 
to, or of the nature of pleurenchyma. 

Pleurisy (plid-ris-e) \jzAevpa, side]. Pleuritis ; in- 
flammation of the pleura. It may be acute or chronic. 
Three chief varieties are usually described, depending 
upon the character of the exudate : (a) Fibrinous or 
Plastic; (b) Sero-fibrinous ; (c) Purulent. In Fibrin- 
ous Pleurisy, the pleura is covered with a layer of 
lymph of variable thickness, which, in the acute form, 
can be readily stripped off. This form is usually second- 
ary to another disease, as pneumonia. Carcinoma, ab- 
scess, and gangrene of the lungs usually give rise to 
a plastic pleurisy when the disease reaches the surface 
of the lung. Then there seems to be an apparent idio- 
pathic form, following exposure to cold. P., Sero- 
fibrinous, is generally due to tuberculosis, either of 
the lung, or, more rarely, primarily of the pleura. 
Other infectious diseases such as measles, scarlet 
fever, influenza, rheumatic fever, and sepsis some- 
times cause a sero-fibrinous pleurisy. In a few cases 
no microorganismal cause can be discovered. P., 
Purulent, or Empyema, may be (i) a sequence of 
the acute sero-fibrinous form ; (2) it may arise as a 
purulent pleurisy in the beginning, especially in acute 
infectious diseases — thus in scarlet fever, typhoid 
fever, pneumonia, influenza, measles, whooping- 
cough ; tuberculous pleurisy is often purulent ; (3) 
empyema may be due to local disease, as fracture 
or caries of the ribs, caries of the vertebras, pene- 
trating wounds, malignant disease of the lung or 
esophagus, or to perforation into the pleura of tuber- 
culous cavities, of perityphlitic abscesses, of subdia- 
phragmatic abscesses, of hepatic abscesses, and of 
gastric ulcers. The onset of acute pleurisy is marked 
by agonizing pain in the side, sharp and stabbing, 
increased on coughing, and in its milder forms 
called a "stitch;" there may be an initial chill, 
followed by fever; or the disease may begin in- 
sidiously ; friction-fremitus may be felt on palpation 
and a to-and-fro friction-sound is heard on ausculta- 
tion. In the sero-fibrinous variety a liquid effusion 
takes place, varying in amount. The pain now stops 
and the signs of effusion become marked : bulging of 
the intercostal spaces and chest- wall, absence of 
vocal fremitus, displacement of the heart, movable 
dulness with a curved upper line, and a tympanitic 
percussion-note {skodaic resonance) beneath the clavi- 
cle and above the level of the effusion. Chronic 
pleurisy may be sero-fibrinous, coming on insidiously 
or following an acute sero-fibrinous pleurisy. A dry 
chronic pleurisy is a sequence of acute sero-fibrinous 
pleuritis, or is a primitive plastic inflammation. Tuber- 
culosis and syphilis may cause chronic plastic pleurisy. 
Peripleuritis is a rare affection in which the connec- 
tive tissue between the costal pleura and the thoracic 
wall becomes the seat of an inflammation that gen- 
erally proceeds to suppuration. The etiology is 
obscure. P., Areolar. Synonym of P., Multilocu- 
lar. P., Calcareous, a process characterized by the 
deposition of lime-salts in a thickened pleura. P., 
Costo-pulmonary, pleurisy affecting both the costal 
and the pulmonary pleura. P., Diaphragmatic, a 
form of the disease which is restricted to the pleural 
surface of the diaphragm. Vomiting, hiccough, and 
icterus are occasionally present. P., Double, pleurisy 



on both sides of the chest. P., Dry, that form in 
which there is little or no effusion of fluid. It is 
common in rheumatic and tuberculous patients. P., 
Dyscrasic, the presence of a fetid exudate in the 
pleural, as well as in the pericardial and peritoneal 
sacs, of still-born infants. It is a septic condition, 
and is most frequent in, if not confined to. hospitals 
in which puerperal sepsis rages. P., Encysted, 
pleurisy in which the effusion is circumscribed by 
adhesions or separated into pockets or loculi. It 
is most common in empyema. P., Gangrenous, 
pleurisy in which the exudate and the pleural mem- 
brane become gangrenous. P., Hemorrhagic, a 
variety in which the exudate contains a varying 
proportion of blood. It occurs: (a) in the pleurisy 
of asthenic states, such as carcinoma, chronic ne- 
phritis, and in the malignant infectious fevers ; some- 
times also in hepatic cirrhosis ; (l>) in tuberculous 
pleurisy; (c) in carcinomatous pleurisy; (d ) blood 
may become accidentally mixed with the effusion from 
the wounding of the lung during aspiration. P., 
Ichorous; Putrid Pleurisy; a form characterized 
by the presence of a gray or dirty-brown fluid which 
gives off an offensive odor. It is usually dependent 
upon pyemia, septicemia, pulmonary gangrene, or 
putrid bronchitis. P., Interlobar, inflammation of 
the pleural layers between adjoining lobes of the lung. 
P., Latent, a form in which the subjective symptoms 
are absent. P., Mediastinal, inflammation of the 
pleural layers about the mediastinum. P., Meta- 
pneumonic, pleurisy dependent upon a pneumonia. 
P., Multilocular, an encysted pleurisy in which 
connective-tissue bands separate the effusion into sev- 
eral, usually intercommunicating, sacs. P., Post- 
pneumonic. Synonym of P., Metapneumonic. P., 
Putrid. See P., Ichorous. P., Pulsating. Synonym 
of Empyema, Pulsating. P. -root. See Asclepias. 
P., Spurious. Synonym of Pleurodynia. P., Sup- 
purative. Synonym of P. , Purulent. See under 
Pleurisy. P., Tuberculous, pleurisy due to the 
tubercle-bacillus. 

Pleuritic (plu-rit'-ik) [rrlevpn, pleura; iric, inflamma- 
tion]. Pertaining to, or affected with, or of the nature 
of, pleuritis. 

Pleuritis ( plu-ri' -tis) [_K?ievpa, pleura; irir, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of a pleura. See Pleurisy. P. 
deformans, chronic inflammation with great thicken- 
ing and induration of the pleura, usually accompanying 
fibroid pneumonia. P. duplicata, bilateral pleurisy. 
P. humida, pleurisy with effusion. P. incapsu- 
lata. Synonym of Pleurisy, Encysted. P. pul- 
sans, a form that usually, but not always, occurs in 
chronic cases, and in which the fluid is purulent. The 
pulsation is generally universal. It occurs more fre- 
quently among men, and between the ages of twenty 
and thirty years. It may be confounded with aneur- 
ysm. Its seat, however, is different ; there is no 
bruit; it grows smaller under pressure and larger 
after coughing. P. sicca, dry pleurisy. P. spuria. 
Synonym of Pleurodynia. P. vera, simple pleurisy 
without complication. 

Pleuro- (plu'-ro-) \jrlevpa, side]. A prefix to denote 
connection with the pleura, or with a side. 

Pleuroblastic ( plu - ro - bias' '- tik) [n'Aevpa, the side; 
pXaaroc, a germ]. In biology, applied to certain 
fungi (Peronosporece) that produce globular or branched 
lateral outgrowths which act as haustoria. 

Pleurocarpous (plu-ro - bar'- pus) \jrAevpd, the side; 
nap-dc, fruit]. See Cladocarpous. 

Pleurocele (plid-ro-sel ) \_-Aevpa, pleura; k>'/?.?/, tumor], 
I. Hernia of the lung; pneumocele. 2. A serous 
effusion into the pleural cavity. 



PLEUROCENTRAL 



1119 



PLEUROSTOSIS 



Pleurocentral (plu-ro-sen' '-tral) \_-AEvpd, side; kevt- 
pov, center]. Pertaining to a pleurocentrum. 

Pleurocentrum (plu - ro - sen' '- irum) [irfavpa, side; 
K&vrpov, center: //. , Pleurocentrd\. A hemi-cen- 
trum ; the lateral element in a vertebral centrum. 

Pleurocerebral (plu-ro-ser'-e-bral) \jrAEvpd, side; 
cerebrum, cerebrum]. In biology, connecting the 
side of the body with the head. 

Pleuroclysis, Pleuroklysis (plu-rok' -lis-is\ \_-levpa, 
rib, side ; tcXvcig, awash]. The injection of fluids 
into the pleural cavity. 

Pleuroccenadelphus (plu-ro-sen-ad-el'-fits) [-?.evpd, 
side; Koivdc, common; ade?i(t>6r, brother]. A double 
monster consisting of two nearly perfect bodies joined 
laterally by the trunk. 

Pleurocolic (p/u- ro- kol'-ik) [nlevpa, side; kuaov, 
colon]. Costo-colic ; joining the side and the colon. 

Pleurocollesis (plu - ro - kol - e'-sis) [jrAEvpd, pleura; 
Kd?.A>/aic , a glueing]. Adhesion of the pleural layers. 

Pleuro-cutaneous (plu'- ro - ku-ta'- ne - us) [jr/Uupa, 
pleura: cutis, skin]. In relation with the pleura and 
the skin, as a pleuro-cutaneous fistula. 

Pleurodiscous {plu - ro - dis'- kits') [jzAEvpd, the side ; 
SioKog, a disc]. In biology, growing upon the sides of 
the disc, as the ray-flowers in the Composites. 

Pleurodont {plu' -ro-dont) [_-Aevpd, the side ; b<hvg, 
(otiovT-), tooth]. In biology, a tooth, or an animal 
bearing teeth, fastened into the jaw by a lateral an- 
kylosis ; as in certain lizards. 

Pleurodyne (plu'-ro-dln). See Pleurodynia. 

Pleurodynia (plu-ro-din' ' -e-ah) \jrAEvpd, side ; bSbim, 
pain] . A sharp pain seated in the intercostal muscles. 
It is considered a myalgia of rheumatic origin. 

Pleurogenic, Pleurogenous (plu-ro-jen'-ik, plu-roj'- 
en-us) [irAevpa, side ; ysvr/g, producing]. Originating 
in the pleura. P. Pneumonia. See Pneumonia, 
Pleurogenous. P. Phthisis, pulmonary tuberculosis 
starting from a pleurisy. 

Pleurogynous (plu-roj' -in-ns) [tt ?.evpa , the side; yvvq, 
female]. In biology, bearing some peculiar structure 
alongside the ovary. 

Pleurohepatitis (plu-ro-liep-at-i'-tis) [irAEvpd, pleura ; 
rj-ap, liver; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
pleura and the liver. 

Pleuroid (plu'-roid) \_-KAEvp6v, a rib; Eidoc, form]. 
One of the lateral elements of the pleural arch of a 
vertebrate. Cf. Neuroid. 

Pleuroklysis (plu-rok' -lis-is). See Pleuroclysis. 

Pleurolepida (plu-ro-lep'-id-ah) [jrAEvpa, the side; 
aek'ic, a scale]. In biology, the peculiar dermal ribs 
in extinct ganoids (Pycnodonts) that covered the 
whole body, or the anterior portion, with a sort of 
lattice-work. 

Pleuromelus {plu-rom'-el-us) [irXevpa, side; p.sXoc, 
limb]. A monster possessing supernumerary thoracic 
limbs, the scapulae of which are in contact with the 
properly developed arms. 

Pleuron (plu'-ron) \jrAEvpov, a rib: //., Pleura\ In 
biology : (a) a rib ; (b) the lateral piece of a somite of 
an arthropod. Cf. Mesopleuron, Metapleuron, Pro- 
pleuron. 

Pleuro-cesophageus (plu-ro-e-sof-aj-e'-us) \jtAevpa, 
side ; oio6<payd<;, esophagus]. A band of smooth 
muscle-fibers joining the left pleura posteriorly with 
the esophagus. 

Pleuropathia, Pleuropathy (phi-ro-pa' '-the-ah, plu- 
rop' -ath-e) [nAEvpa, pleura ; irddoc, disease]. A dis- 
ease of the pleura. 

Pleuropedal (plu-ro-pe'-dal) \_~AEvpd, side ; /«,foot]. 
In biology, joining the side of the body with the 
foot. 

Pleuropericarditis (plu-ro-per-ik-ar-di'-tis) [ir'AEvpa, 



pleura; Kepi, around; mpfiia, heart; trie, inflamma- 
tion]. Pleurisy associated with pericarditis. 

Pleuro -peripneumonia ( plu' ' -ro-per-e-nu-mo' '-ne-ah). 
Synonym of Pleuro-pneumonia. 

Pleuroperitoneal (p/u-ro-per-it-on-e' -al) [nXevpa, side; 
Kepvrivaiov, peritoneum]. Pertaining to the pleuro- 
peritoneum. 

Pleuroperitoneum, Pleuroperitonaeum (plu-ro-per-it- 
o-ne'-um) \jrAcvpa, the side ; rrepiTovaiov, peritoneum]. 
In biology, the lining serous membrane of the pleuro- 
peritoneal cavity of those vertebrates in which the 
thoracic and abdominal cavities are not separated by a 
diaphragm. 

Pleuroperitonitis {phi' - ro - per - it - on - i' - tis) [irAevpd, 
pleura; Trepirovmov, peritoneum ; itic, inflammation]. 
The simultaneous existence of pleurisy and peritonitis. 

Pleuroplegia (plu-ro-ple'-je-a/i) [ir'Aevpd, side ; nXriyrj, 
stroke]. Absence of the power of conjugate move- 
ment of the eyes to the right or left, though conver- 
gence may be preserved. 

Pleuropneuma (plu-ro-nu' -mah). Synonym of Pneu- 
mothorax. 

Pleuropneumonia (plu - ro - nu - mo'- ne - ah ) [jrAevpd., 
pleura; irvevfiuv, lung]. Conjoined inflammation of 
the pleura and the lung. The ordinary croupous 
pneumonia is generally a pleuropneumonia. Usually 
the term refers to an acute, febrile, contagious disease 
of cattle. P. contagiosa. Synonym of P., Epizo- 
otic. P., Epizootic, P., Exudative, characterized 
by lobar pneumonia and by pleurisy, generally plastic 
in type. The period of incubation is from two to three 
weeks. The cause of the disease is thought to be 
the pneumococcus of Frankel. The disease is very 
fatal, especially at the beginning of an epidemic, and 
governments have established rigid quarantine measures 
against it. P., Hypostatic, hypostatic pneumonia 
associated with pleurisy. 

Pleuropous (plu'-ro-pus) [-rrXevpd, side ; irovc, foot]. 
In biology, having lateral supports. 

Pleuropyesis (plu-ro-pi-e'-sis) \_ir Xevpd, pleura ; irv>]- 
aic, suppuration]. Purulent pleurisy. 

Pleurorhizal (plu-ro-ri'-zal) [nAevpa, the side ; pi(a, 
root]. See Accumbent. 

Pleurorrhagia (plu-ror-a'-je - ah) [xlevpd, pleura; 
prjyvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the 
pleura. 

Pleurorrhea (plu-ror-e'-ah) [jrAevpd, pleura ; poia, a 
flow]. An effusion of fluid into the pleura. 

Pleurorthopnea (plu-ror-thop-ne'ah) \_KAevpd, side; 
bpfioc, straight ; irvoi/, breath]. Orthopnea on account 
of pain in the side, either from pleurisy or pleuro- 
dynia. 

Pleurosoma (plu-ro-so'-mah) \_-rrAevpd, side ; aa/ia, a 
body]. A variety of single autositic monsters of the 
species celosoma in which there is a lateral eventra- 
tion occupying principally the upper portion of the 
abdomen and extending to the ventral portion of the 
chest, with atrophy or imperfect development of the 
upper extremity on the side of the eventration. 

Pleurospasm (plu'-ro-spazm) \jrAevpd, side ; onaafidc, 
spasm]. Cramp, or spasm in the side. 

Pleurosteal (plu-ros'-te-al) \jrAevpd, side; boTEOv,a. 
bone]. Pertaining to the pleurosteon. 

Pleurosteon (pht-ros'-le-on) \_nAEvpd, the side ; ooteov, 
a bone: //., Pleurostea"]. In biology, the anterior 
lateral portion of the breast-bone of a bird, giving at- 
tachment to the ribs ; as distinguished from lophosteon, 
coracosteon, metosteon. 

Pleurosthotonos (plu-ros-thot'-o-nos). See Pleuro- 
thotonos. 

Pleurostosis (plu-ros-to'-sis) [nAEvpd, pleura ; bariov, 
bone] . Calcification of the pleura. 



PLEUROTHOTONIC 



1120 



PLEXUS 



Pleurothotonic (plu-ro-tho-ton'-ik) [TilevpoBev, from 
the side; retveiv, to bend]. Of the nature of or af- 
fected with pleurothotonos. 

Pleurothotonos [phi-ro-thol'-o-nos) \jrAevp66ev, from 
the side ; reiveiv, to bend]. A bending of the body 
to one side during a tetanic or other convulsion. 

Pleurotomy [plu-rol'-o-me) [nXevpa, pleura ; to/j//, a 
cutting]. Incision into the pleura, as in empyema 
for the evacuation of the purulent collection. The 
incision is made between two ribs, usually in the 
eighth intercostal space dorsad of the posterior axillary 
line. 

Pleurotonus [plu-rot'-o-nus). Synonym of Pleuro- 
thotonos. 

Pleurotribe (plu'-ro-trib) [jrXevpa, the side ; rpi[3eiv,to 
rub]. In biology, applied to such flowers as have the 
stamens so arranged that an insect entering will re- 
ceive the pollen upon its side, as in the pea. Cf., 
Nototribe, Stcrnotribe. 

Pleurotyphoid (plu-ro-ti'-foid) [irXevpa, pleura; Tv<pog, 
stupor]. Pleuritis due to the presence of the bacillus 
of typhoid fever. 

Pleurovisceral (plu-ro-vis' ' -er-al) [irPienpd, pleura, side ; 
viscus, an organ or viscus]. Pertaining to the pleura 
or side, and to the viscera. 

Plexal [pleks'-al) \_plectere, to knit]. Pertaining to or 
of the nature of a plexus. 

Plexed (plekst) [plexus, plaited]. Netted; plexiform. 

Plexiform (pleks'-iform) \_plexus, plexus ; forma, 
form]. Resembling a plexus. P. Angio-sarcoma, 
an angio-sarcoma in which the sarcomatous vessels 
anastomose, forming a winding network. P. Glands. 
See Gland. P. Neuroma, a convoluted serpentine 
enlargement of the peripheral nerves. Generally it is 
only the connective tissue of the nerves that is in- 
volved ; these are then fibromatous masses. Rarely, 
however, the nerves themselves participate, becoming 
lengthened and increased in number. 

Pleximeter (pleks-im'-et-er) [n'A?)t;ig, a stroke ; perpov, 
measure]. An ivory disc or other hard substance 
placed on the body to receive the stroke in mediate 
percussion. Sometimes a pleximeter is used that 
consists of two flat discs joined at their centers by a 
short cylinder or rectangular rod. 

Pleximetric (pleks-im-cl'-rik) \_7r'Ar]§tr, a stroke; irer- 
pov, measure]. Pertaining to or performed with a 
pleximeter. 

Plexometer (pleks-om'-et-er). Same as Pleximeter. 

Plexor (pleks'-or) [ttai^ic, stroke]. The hammer used 
for striking upon the pleximeter. 

Plexure [picks' -Hr) \_plectere, to interweave]. An in- 
terweaving ; a plexus. 

Plexus ( picks' -us) \_plectere, to knit]. An aggregation 
of vessels or nerves forming an intricate network. 
A table of the nerve-plexuses is appended. P. artic- 
ularis, a small venous plexus near the outer aspect 
of the temporo-maxillary articulation. P. cerebri, 
either of the choroid plexuses. P., Choroid, a fringe- 
like membrane, occupying the margin of a fold of the 
pia mater in the interior of the brain. In structure, it 
consists of minute and highly vascular villous processes, 
composed of large round corpuscles, containing, be- 
sides a central nucleus, several yellowish granules and 
fat-molecules, and covered by a single layer of flat- 
tened epithelium. P. ciliaris. Synonym of Canal of 
Schlcmm. P. cirsoides. Synonym of P., Pampini- 
form. P. digitalis, one of the venous plexuses on 
the anterior and posterior surfaces of the second and 
third phalanges. P., Fundamental. See P. , Princi- 
pal. P., Ganglionic, a nervous plexus in which 
ganglion-cells are found. P. gangliosus, one of the 
small plexuses formed at the junction of the spinal 



nerves and the inferior hypogastric plexus. They 
contain a number of ganglia. P. glandularis, P. 
glanduliformis. Synonym of P., Choroid. P., 
Hemorrhoidal, a plexus of veins surrounding the 
lower part of the rectum, beneath the mucous mem- 
brane, and giving origin to the inferior, middle, and 
superior hemorrhoidal veins. P., Hovius', a plexus 
of veins in the ciliary region of the eye. P., Inter- 
laminar, a lymphatic plexus formed by the lymphatic 
vessels in the muscular coat of the intestines. P., 
Lymphatic, a plexus of lymphatic vessels. P. 
Malleal, P., Manubrial, a plexus of veins surround- 
ing the handle of the malleus. P., Medulli-spinal, 
a venous plexus surrounding the spinal cord. P., 
mirabilis. Synonym of P., Choroid. P. nervorum 
spinalium, a plexus formed by the spinal nerves, 
e. g., the cervical, brachial, lumbar, or sacral. P., 
Pampiniform, the spermatic plexus, collecting the 
blood from the testicle, and emptying by a single vein, 
the spermatic, into the right renal vein on the right side, 
and into the inferior cava on the left. In the female, the 
plexus collects the blood from the uterus, the oviduct, 
and the ovary. P., Parotid. Synonym of Pes anseri- 
nus. P., Perineal, a superficial and a deep venous 
plexus are found in the perineum. The superficial is 
formed by veins from the labia majora and some from 
the prepuce of the clitoris and the bulbs. Its blood 
is carried to the superficial epigastric, pudic and ex- 
ternal obturator veins. The deep plexus is formed by 
the veins from the cavernous bodies, from the bulbs, 
and a branch from the dorsal vein of the clitoris. P., 
Pharyngeal, a venous plexus surrounding the 
pharynx. P. plantaris, a plexus of veins on the sole 
of the foot. P., Principal or Fundamental, a plexus 
formed by the larger nerves of the body. They fre- 
quently contain ganglionic cells which are collected 
into microscopic ganglia. P., Prostatic: (i) A plexus 
of veins surrounding the prostate gland ; it receives the 
dorsal veins of the penis. (2) See also P. , Prostatic, in 
Table. P., Pterygoid, a plexus of veins formed by 
branches of the internal maxillary vein, and situated 
between the temporal and external pterygoid muscles. 
P., Pudendal, a venous plexus into which veins from 
the clitoris, the labia minora, the urethra, and the 
vaginal vestibule empty. The corresponding plexus 
in the male surrounds the prostate and membranous 
urethra. P., Santorini's, the prostatic plexus of 
veins. P. seminalis. Synonym of Pete testis. P. 
spinalis, the plexus formed by the spinal veins. 
There are two, an anterior and a posterior spinal 
plexus. P., Sympathetic, a plexus formed by sym- 
pathetic nerve-fibers. P. thyroideus impar, a venous 
plexus situated beneath the isthmus of the thyroid 
gland. It is derived from the inferior thyroid veins. 
P. tonsillaris : (1) a venous plexus surrounding the 
tonsil; (2) See also .P., Tonsillar, in Table. P., Ureth- 
ro-vesical, a venous plexus situated about the urethra 
and the lower portion of the bladder. It receives the 
dorsal vein of the clitoris, the pudic veins (right and 
left), veins from the cavernous bodies of the clitoris, a 
branch from the obturator vein, and a few small 
branches from the urethra and the neck of the bladder. 
P., Utero-vaginal, a venous plexus surrounding the 
vagina, the neck and the body of the uterus. P., 
Vaginal : (1) a venous plexus surrounding the vagina ; 
(2) See also P., Vaginal, in Table. P., Venous, 
a network or plexus of veins. P., Vesical: (1) a 
plexus of veins in the wall of the bladder, outside of 
the muscular coat ; it communicates with the hemor- 
rhoidal and prostatic plexuses in the male, and with 
the vaginal plexuses in the female; (2) See also P., 
Vesical, in Table. 



PLEXUSES 



1121 



PLEXUSES 



TABLE OF NERVE-PLEXUSES. 



Name. 


Location. 


Derivation 


Distribution. 


Aortic (abdominal). 


Sides and front of 
aorta. 


Semilunar and lumbar ganglia, renal 
and solar plexuses. 


Inferior mesenteric, spermatic and 
hypogastric plexuses, filaments to 
the inferior vena cava. 


Aortic (thoracic). 


Surrounding the tho- 
racic aorta. 


Thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic 
nerve ; cardiac plexus. 


Solar plexus, aorta. 


Auerbach's. 


Between the circular 
and longitudinal 
muscular coats of 
the small intestine. 


Sympathetic. 


Intestinal walls. 


Axillary. 


See Brachial. 






Brachial. 


Lower part of neck to 
axilla. 


Ventral branches of the four lower 
cervical and the greater part of the 
first thoracic nerve. 


Suprascapular, rhomboid, median, ul- 
nar, musculo-spiral, posterior thor- 
acic, muscular thoracic, subscapular, 
circumflex, Wrisberg's musculo- 
cutaneous. 


Cardiac (great or deep). 


In front of the bifurca- 
tion of the trachea. 


Cardiac nerves of the cervical ganglia 
of the sympathetic, branches of the 
recurrent laryngeal and vagusnerves. 


Pulmonary, coronary, and cardiac 
plexuses. 


Cardiac (superficial or 
anterior). 


Beneath the arch of 
the aorta. 


Left superior cardiac, branches of the 
vagus and deep cardiac plexus. 


Coronary and pulmonary plexuses. 


Carotid (external). 


Around the external 
carotid artery. 


Pharyngeal plexus, superior cardiac 
nerve, superior cervical ganglion. 


External carotid artery and its 
branches. 


Carotid (internal). 


Outer side of the in- 
ternal carotid artery. 


Sixth nerve and Gasserian ganglion. 


Carotid ariery, petrosals, communicat- 
ing branches. 


Caudal. 


See Coccygeal. 






Cavernous. 


Cavernous sinus. 


Third, fourth, fifth, and sixth nerves, 
and ophthalmic ganglion. 


Wall of the inferior carotid. 


Cavernous (of penis). j Cavernous bodies. 


Vesical plexus. 


Cavernous bodies. 


Celiac. 


Celiac axis. 


Solar plexus, splanchnic (lesser), 
vagus. 


Coronary, hepatic, pyloric, gastro- 
duodenal, gastro-epiploic, and splenic 
plexuses. 


Cervical. 


Opposite the four 
upper vertebrae. 


Ventral branches of the four upper 
vertebrae. 


Superficial : To skin of head and neck. 
Deep: Phrenic, communicans noni, 
two muscular, two communicating. 


Cervical (posterior). 


See Cruveilhier' s plex 


its. 




Coccygeal. 


Dorsal surface of 
coccyx and caudal 
end of sacrum. 


Fourth and fifth sacral and the coccy- 
geal nerves. 


Ano-coccygeal nerves. 


Coronary (anterior). 


Below arch of aorta. 


Superficial and deep cardiac plexuses. 


Ventral surface of heart. 


Coronary (gastric). 


Lesser curvature of 
stomach. 


Celiac, vagus, solar plexus. 


Stomach. 


Coronary (posterior). 


Coronary artery at 
dorsum of heart. 


Deep cardiac plexus. 


Filaments to ventricles. 


Crural. 


Around the upper por- 
tion of femoral artery. 


Anterior crural nerve. 


Adjacent structures. 


Crural (of Cruveilhier). 


Posterior cervical re- 
gion. 


Great occipital nerve, first and second 
cervical nerves. 


Posterior cervical region. 


Cystic. 


Gall-bladder. 


Hepatic plexus. 


Gall-bladder. 


Dental (inferior). 


Around the roots of 
the teeth of the 
mandible. 


Inferior dental nerve. 


Teeth. 


Diaphragmatic. 


See Phrenic. 






Of the ductus choledo- 
chus. 


Around the common 
bile-duct. 


Hepatic plexus. 


Bile-duct. 


Epigastric. 


See Solar. 






Esophageal. 


Around the esophagus. 


Vagus nerve, thoracic sympathetic 
ganglia. 


Esophagus. 


Gangliform. 




The roots of origin of the inferior 
maxillary nerve. 


Inferior maxillary nerve. 



71 



PLEXUSES 1122 PLEXUSES 

TABLE OF NERVE-PLEXUSES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Derivation. 


Distribution. 


Gastric. 


Gastric artery. 


Celiac plexus. 


Stomach. 


Gastro-duodenal. 


Pancreatico-duodenal 
artery, right gastro- 
epiploic artery. 


Celiac plexus. 


Pancreatico-duodenal, gastro-epiploic 
plexuses. 


Gastroepiploic. 


Near the stomach. 


Hepatic plexus. 


Filaments to stomach and mesentery. 


Gulae. 


See Esophageal. 






Hemorrhoidal (inferior). 


Rectum. 


Pelvic plexus. 


Rectum. 


Hemorrhoidal (middle). 


Sides of rectum. 


Pelvic plexus, inferior mesenteric. 


Filaments to rectum. 


Hepatic. 


Hepatic artery. 


Celiac plexus, left vagus, right 
phrenic. 


Liver. 


Hypogastric. 


Promontory of sacrum. 


Aortic plexus and lumbar ganglia. 


Pelvic plexuses. 


Infra-orbital. 


Under the levator labii 
superioris muscle. 


Infra-orbital, facial. 


Muscular. 


Intermesenteric. 


See Aortic. 






Intestinal submucous. 


See Meissner's. 






Ischiadic. 


See Sacral. 






Jacobson's. 


See Tympanic. 






Lienalis. 


See Splenic. 






Lingual. 


Around the lingual ar- 
tery. 


External carotid plexus. 


Tongue and lingual artery. 


Lumbar. 


Psoas muscle. 


Anterior divisions of the four upper 
lumbar nerves. 


Ilio-hypogastric, ilio-inguinal, genito- 
crural, external cutaneous, obturator 
and accessory, anterior crural. 


Maxillary (inferior). 


See Dental (inferior). 






Meissner's. 


Submucosa of small 
intestines. 


Sympathetic, branches of Auerbach's 
plexus. 


Intestinal walls. 


Mesenteric (inferior). 


Inferior mesenteric ar- 
tery. 


Left side of the aortic plexus. 


Parts supplied by the artery. 


Mesenteric (superior). 


Superior mesenteric 
artery. 


Solar plexus. 


Parts supplied by the artery. 


Myenteric. 


See Auerbach's. 






Naso-palatine. 


At the incisor foramen. 


Branches of the naso-palatine nerves. 


The naso-palatine region. 


Of the obturator nerve. 


Around the obturator 
nerve. 


Obturator nerve ; internal saphenous 
nerve. 


Obturator muscle. 


Occipital. 


Around the occipital 
artery. 


External carotid plexus. 


Posterior portion of parotid gland ; 
occipital region of skull. 


Ophthalmic. 


Around the ophthal- 
mic artery and optic 
nerve. 


Ciliary nerves ; sympathetic fibers. 


Optic region. 


Ovarian. 


See Spermatic. 






Pancreatic. 


Near pancreas. 


Splenic plexus. 


Filaments to pancreas. 


Pancreatico-duodenal. 


Near head of pancreas. 


Hepatic plexus. 


Filaments to pancreas and duodenum. 


Patellar. 


In front of the patella. 


Internal saphenous; internal, middle, 
and external cutaneous nerves. 


The region around the patella. 


Pelvic. 


Side of rectum and 
bladder. 


Hypogastric plexus, second to fourth 
sacral nerves, first two sacral gan- 
glia. 


Viscera of pelvis, plexuses of pelvis. 


Phrenic. 


Phrenic artery. 


Solar plexus. 


Diaphragm and adrenal capsule. 


Prostatic. 


Vesical arteries. 


Pelvic plexus. 


Bladder. 


Pudendal. 


Lower portion of the 
pyriformis muscle. 


Inferior hypogastric plexus. 


Middle and inferior hemorrhoidal 
nerves. 


Pulmonary (anterior). 


Root of lungs, ventral 
side. 


Anterior pulmonary branches, vagus 
and sympathetic. 


Ventro-caudal part of lungs. 






PLI COURBE 1123 PLICA 

TABLE OF NERVE-PLEXUSES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Derivation. 


Distribution. 


Pulmonary (posterior). 


Root of lungs, dorsal 
side. 


Posterior pulmonary branches, vagus 
and sympathetic. 


Root of lungs, dorsal side. 


Pyloric. 


Near pylorus. 


Hepatic plexus. 


Filaments to pylorus. 


Renal. 


Renal artery. 


Solar and aortic plexuses and semi- 
lunar ganglia. 


Kidney, post-cava, spermatic plexus. 


Sacral. 


Ventrad of sacrum. 


Lumbo-sacral cord, ventral divisions 
of the three upper sacral nerves, 
and part of the fourth. 


Muscular, pudic, superior gluteal, 
great sciatic, small sciatic. 


Of Santorini 


See Cangliform. 






Semilunar. 


See Solar. 






Solar (semilunar). 


Dorsad of stomach. 


Splanchnics and right vagus. 


Semilunar ganglia, phrenic, supra- 
renal, renal, spermatic, celiac, supe- 
rior mesenteric, and aortic plexuses. 


Spermatic. 


Spermatic vessels. 


Renal plexus. 


Testes (ovaries in female). 


Sphenoid. 


The upper portion of 
the Carotid (inter-. 
?ial), q. v. 






Splenic. 


Splenic artery. 


Celiac plexus, left semilunar ganglia, 
right vagus nerve. 


Spleen, pancreatic plexuses, left gas- 
troepiploic plexus. 


Subsartorial. 


At the posterior bor- 
der of the sartorius 
muscle, a little be- 
low the middle of the 
thigh 


Obturator, long saphenous, and inter- 
nal cutaneous nerves. 


Filaments to adjacent skin. 


Subtrapezial. 


Beneath the trapezius 
muscle. 


Cervical plexus and spinal accessory 
nerve. 


Trapezius muscle. 


Suprarenal. 


Around the supra- 
renal bodies. 


Diaphragmatic, solar, and renal plex- 
uses. 


Filaments to the medullary portions 
of the adrenals. 


Thyroid (inferior). 


Around the external 
carotid and inferior 
thyroid arteries. 


Middle cervical ganglion. 


Larynx, pharynx, thyroid gland. 


Thyroid (superior). 


Around the thyroid 
gland. 


Superior laryngeal and superior car- 
diac nerves. 


Thyroid region. 


Tonsillar. 


Tonsil. 


Glossopharyngeal. 


Tonsil, soft palate, fauces. 


Tracheal (a n t e r i o r in- 
ferior). 


See Pulmonary (an- 
terior). 






Tympanic. 


Tympanum. 


Tympanic nerve, sympathetic gan- 
glia. 


Tympanum. 


Uterine. 


Uterine arteries. 


Pelvic plexus. 


Cervix and lower part of uterus. 


Vaginal. 


Vagina. 


Pelvic plexus. 


Vagina. 


Vertebral. 


Surrounding the ver- 
tebral and basilar 
arteries. 


First thoracic ganglion, upper cervi- 
cal nerves. 


Vertebral and cerebellar regions. 


Vesical. 


Vesical arteries. 


Pelvic plexus. 


Vesiculae seminales, vas deferens. 


Vidian. 




Vidian nerve. 





Pli courbe {pie koorb) [Fr.]. The angular gyrus. 

Plica {pli'-kah) [L. : //., Plica]. A fold; a convo- 
lution of the brain ; a valve of a vein. P. adiposae : 
(i) folds of the costal pleura containing fat ; (2) the 
synovial fringes. P. aliformes, the alar ligaments of 
the knee-joint. See Ligament. P. ary-epiglotticae. 
See Folds, Aryteno-epiglottidean. P. centralis 
retinae, a fold found post-mortem in the retina, ex- 
tending transversely on each side of the optic disc. 
P. ciliares, the choroidal folds posterior to the 
ciliary processes. P. coli, a fold of mucosa forming 
the upper margin of the ileocecal valve. P. con- 
niventes. Synonym of Valvules conniventes. P. 
Douglasii. See Douglas's Pouch. P. fimbriata, a 



fold of mucous membrane, with a fimbriated edge, ex- 
tending in mammals from the frenum to the tip of the 
tongue. It is looked upon as the analogue of the sub- 
lingua of lower vertebrates. P. ilei, a fold of mucosa 
constituting the lower margin of the ileocecal valve. 
P. interarticularis coxae. Synonym of Ligamentum 
teres. See Ligament. P. linguae perpendicularis, 
one of the grooves or fissures on the dorsum of 
the tongue extending laterally on both sides of the 
median line. P. longicauda, a variety of P. polonica, 
in which the hair forms a long, matted or twisted coil. 
P. longitudinalis duodeni, a fold of mucosa extend- 
ing from the duodenal papilla for a short distance 
along the posterior wall of the descending portion of 



PLICATE 



1124 



PLUMBUM 



the duodenum. P. longitudinalis meningis, the 
falx cerebri. P. lunata. Synonym of P. semilunaris. 
P. palato-epiglottica of Mojsisovics, a few thin, 
wrinkled folds of mucosa running across in front of 
the epiglottis between the two posterior pillars of the 
fauces in elephants. P. palmatse, oblique projections 
of the mucosa of the cavity of the neck of the uterus. 
P. petro-clinoidea lateralis, a fold of dura mater ex- 
tending from the petrous portion of the temporal bone 
to the anterior clinoid process. It forms the upper 
and lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. P. petro- 
clinoidea medialis, a similar fold extending between 
the upper border of the petrous portion of the tem- 
poral bone and the posterior clinoid process. P. 
pharyngo-epiglottica, a fold of mucosa extending 
from the neighborhood of the pharyngeal opening of 
the Eustachian tube to the vicinity of the epiglottis. 
It marks the insertion of the stylo-pharyngeus muscle. 
P. polonica, a matted, entangled condition of the 
hair, due to want of cleanliness in certain diseases of 
the scalp, with purulent discharge. P. pterygo- 
mandibularis, a mucous fold on the pterygo-maxillary 
ligament. P. recti, the folds of mucosa in the rectum. 
P. recto-uterina. See Douglas's Pouch. P. recto- 
vesicalis. See Recto-vesical Folds. P. salpingo- 
palatina, a fold of mucosa passing downward from the 
anterior margin of the Eustachian orifice. P. sal- 
pingopharyngea, a prominent fold passing downward 
from the posterior margin of the Eustachian orifice in 
the nasopharynx. P. saxonica. Synonym of P. 
polonica. P. semilunaris, a conjunctival fold in the 
inner canthus of the eye, the rudiment of the membrana 
nictitans of birds. P. semilunaris Douglasii. See 
Douglas's Pouch. P. semilunaris fascialis trans- 
versalis, the fold of transversalis fascia forming the 
lower edge of the internal abdominal ring. P. 
serosse, any folds of serous membrane. P. sigmoidea 
coli, P. sigmoidea recti, one of the folds of mucosa 
in the colon and in the rectum. P. sublingualis, the 
frenum of the tongue. P. synovialis, fringes of the 
synovial membrane. P. thyroarytenoideae. Syn- 
onym of Ligaments, Thyroarytenoid. See Ligament. 
P. transversalis recti. See P. sigmoidea recti. P. 
urachi, the peritoneal fold covering the urachus. P. 
urogenitalis, a fold in the posterior wall of the peri- 
toneal cavity of the embryo which surrounds the lower 
extremity of the Wolffian duct. P. utero-rectalis. 
See Douglas's Pouch. P. vaginalis, the rugae of the 
vaginal mucosa. P. vasculosae, the synovial fringes. 
P. vesico-uterinse. Synonym of Vesico-uterine 
Folds. P. villosse ventriculi, folds of the mucosa 
of the stomach forming a ventriculum, in the meshes 
of which are the openings of the gastric tubules. 

Plicate {pli'-kat) [plicatus, p.p. of plicare, to fold, to 
bend]. Folded like a fan. 

Plicatile {pli'-kat-il) [plica, a fold]. Capable of 
being folded. 

Plicatio {pli-ka'-she-o). Synonym of Plica polonica. 

Plication {pli-ka'-shun) [plicare, to fold]. A plica, 
or fold. 

Plicatopapillose {pli-ka' -to-pap' -il-oz) [plicatus, pli- 
cate ; papillosum, papillose]. In biology, both plicate 
and papillose. 

Plicatulate ( pli-kat'-u-lai) [plicatulus, dim. of pli- 
catus, folded]. In biology, minutely folded, or 
plicate ; e. g. , certain plant-portions. 

Plicatura {pli-kat-u'-rah) [plicare, to fold]. A cere- 
bral convolution ; also a ligament ; also synonym of 
Plica polon ica . 

Plicature ( plik' '-at-tir) [plicare, to fold]. Same as 
Plication. 

Plicidentine {plis-id-en' -tin) [plica, fold ; dens, tooth]. 



Applied to dentine which is folded so as to form a 
series of plates. 

Pliciferous {pli-sif-er-us) [plica, a fold; ferre, to 
bear]. In biology, possessing folds or plicoe. 

Pliciform ( pits' '-if-orni) [plica, a fold; forma, form]. 
In biology, like a plait or fold. 

Plicotomy ( pli-kot' ' -o-me) [ plica, a fold ; rofirj, a cut- 
ting]. Division of the posterior fold of the mem- 
brana tympani . 

Plombierin. See Glairin. 

Plongeade {plon'-jahd) [Fr.]. The physiologic con- 
dition of a diver with suspended respiration. The 
blood accumulates in the veins and right side of the 
heart. 

Ploteric ( plo-ter'-ik) [^u-i/p, drifting]. In biology, 
applied by Haeckel to those organisms of the ocean 
{plankton) which are carried about involuntarily. Cf. 
A r ecteric. 

Ploucquet's Test. See Birth, Live. 

Plug [D., plug, a bung]. Something that occludes a 
circular opening or channel. P., Cervical. Synonym 
of P., Mucous. P., Kite- tail, a tampon resembling 
a kite-tail. P., Mucous, the mass of inspissated 
mucus which occludes the cervix uteri during preg- 
nancy and is discharged at the beginning of labor. 
Ps., Dittrich's, small, dirty-green masses found in the 
lowest layer of the sputum in fetid bronchitis. 

Plugging (plugging) [D.,plug, a bung]. See Tam- 
pon. P. Instruments, dental instruments for intro- 
ducing and consolidating fillings. P. Teeth. See 
Filling Teeth. 

Pluma {plu' -malt) [pluma, a small, soft feather: 
//. , Plumaf\. In biology, a quill-feather, or contour- 
feather, as distinguished from a down-feather. 

Plumaceous {plii-ma'-se-us) [pluma, a plume]. In 
biology, having the character of a pluma ; pennaceous. 

Plumacoleum {plu-mak-o'-le-um) [pluma, feather; 
oleum, oil]. A pledget of lint. 

Plumage {plu'-maj) [pluma, plume]. The feathery 
covering of birds. 

Plumate {plu'-mat) [pluma, plume]. In biology, re- 
sembling a plume. 

Plumbago {plum-ba'-go). See Graphite. 

Plumbeus {plum' -be-us) [plumbum, lead]. Lead- 
colored. 

Plumbi et Opii, Liquor. Lead-and-opium wash — a 
mixture of a solution of lead acetate and laudanum. 

Plumbic {plum'-bik) [plumbum, lead]. Pertaining to 
lead. P. Acid, PbH 2 3 ; a dibasic acid produced 
during the electrolysis of lead salts. 

Plumbiferous {plum-bif'-er-us) [plumbum, lead ; ferre, 
to bear]. Producing lead. 

Plumbism {plum'-bizm) [plumbum, lead]. Lead- 
poisoning. See Saturnism. 

Plumbous {plum'-bus) [plumbum, lead]. Containing 
the element lead in a lesser valency than the plumbic 
compounds. 

Plumbum {pltim'-bum) [L.]. Lead. Symbol Pb. 
Atomic weight, 207 ; quantivalence, 11 or IV. A 
bluish-white, soft, malleable metal, having a specific 
gravity of 1 1. 4, and melting at 332 . See Elements, 
Table of. Lead is obtained from a native sulphid 
called galena, by roasting. Soluble salts of lead com- 
bine with albumin, forming albuminates. In large 
doses by the stomach they are irritant to the mucous 
membrane. Upon the intestines they act as powerful 
astringents. If absorbed into the circulation in small 
quantities for a considerable period of time, lead 
causes a very interesting and varied group of symp- 
toms, which are described under Saturnism , a. v. 
Lead is eliminated through the kidneys and the 
intestinal mucosa. It appears to check the elimi- 



PLUME 



1125 



PLURISEPTATE 



nation of uric acid, and is, especially in England, a 
factor in the causation of gout in lead-workers. In 
medicine, lead is used locally as a sedative to inflamed 
parts ; as an astringent to mucous surfaces, as in 
gonorrhea and leukorrhea. Internally, it is used in 
pyrosis, in diarrhea and dysentery ; and for its astrin- 
gent action on the vessels, in hematemesis, hemoptysis, 
and bleeding from the kidneys and the uterus. It has 
also been employed in edema and in gangrene of the 
lungs. P. acetas, Pb(C 2 H.,0 2 ) 2 .3H 2 0, astringent. 
Dose gr. ss-v. P. acetat., Ung. (B. P.), gr. xij to 
the ounce. P. carbonas, (PbC0 3 ) 2 Pb(HO) 2 , used 
locally as an ointment. P. carbonat., Ung., finely- 
powdered lead carbonate io, benzoinated lard 90 parts. 
P., Emplastrum, lead-plaster, contains lead oxid 32, 
olive-oil 60, water 10 parts, triturated and boiled until 
homogeneous. P. iodidum, Pbl, locally and intern- 
ally. Dose gr. i. P. iodid., Emplast. (B. P.), con- 
tains iodid of lead, lead-plaster, and resin. P. iodidi, 
Ung., finely powdered lead iodid 10, benzoinated lard 
90 parts. P. nitras, Pb(NO a ) 2 , locally ; astringent, 
escharotic, and disinfectant. P., Oleatum, unof. , lead 
oxid 20, oleic acid 80 per cent. P. cum Opii, Pil. 
(B. P.). Dose gr. iij-v. P. oxidum, PbO, litharge, 
a constituent of lead-plaster. P. subacetat., Cera- 
tum, Goulard's cerate, has plumbi subacetatis 20, 
fresh cerate of camphor 80 parts. P. subacetat., 
Glycerin (B. P.) See Glycerin. P. subacetat., 
Linimentum, Goulard's extract 40, cotton-seed-oil 
60 parts ; anodyne. P. subacetat., Liq., Goulard's 
extract, lead acetate 170, lead oxid J. 00, distilled 
water q. s. ad 1000 parts ; an astringent and cooling 
solution. P. subacetat., Liq., Dil., 3 parts of the 
preceding and 97 of water. P., Suppos., Comp. 
(B. P.) each containing I gr. of opium to three grains 
of lead acetate. P., Ung. diachylon, diachylon oint- 
ment, contains lead-plaster 60, olive-oil 39, oil of 
lavender I. 

Plume [plum) [pluma, a feather]. A feather; a tuft 
of feathers ; plumage ; a plumate hair. 

Plumelet ( plum 1 '-let) [pluma, a feather]. A plumule, 
or plumula ; a small feather or plume. 

Plumicorn (plu'-mih-om) [ pluma, a feather ; cornu.z. 
horn]. In biology, one of the tufts of feathers on the 
heads of certain birds, as the so-called ears or horns of 
owls. 

Plumigerous ( plu-mij' -er-us) [pluma, feather; gerere, 
to bear]. In biology, feathered ; having plumes. 

Plumiped, Plumipede ( plu' -mip-ed, plu' '-mip-ed) 
[pluma, feather; pes, foot]. In biology, having the 
feet feathered. 

Plummer's Pills. See Antimonium. 

Plumose, Plumous (plu'-moz, plu'-mus) [t>luma, 
feather]. In biology, having feathers; feathery; 
feathered. 

Plumosity ( plu- mos' -it- e)[ pluma, feather]. In biology, 
the state of being plumose. 

Plumper [plum' -per) [ME., plomp, bulky]. One of a 
pair of pads worn in the hollow of the cheeks to give 
them a rounded appearance ; sometimes attached to a 
set of artificial teeth. 

Plumula ( plu'-mu-lali) [plumula, a little feather: //., 
Plumula']. Same as Plumule. 

Plumulaceous (plu-mu-la'-se-us) [plumula, a plu- 
mule]. In biology, of or pertaining to a plumule ; 
downy ; not pennaceous. 

Plumular (plu'-mu-lar) [plumula, a little feather]. 
In biology, plumulaceous. 

Plumulate (plu'-mu-lat) [plumula, a little feather]. 
In biology, minutely plumose. 

Plumule (plu'-miil) [plumula, a little feather]. In 
biology : (a) the primary bud or rudimentary stem and 



leaves in the seed; (b) a down feather; (<) any small, 
plume-like organ. 

Plumuliform (plu'-mu-lif-orm) [plumula, a plumule ; 
forma, form]. Having the appearance of a small 
feather. 

Plumulose (plu'-mu-loz) [plumula, a little feather]. In 
biology, resembling a down-feather. 

Plunge (plitnj) [ME., plungen, to plunge]. To 
thrust suddenly into water or other fluid ; to immerse. 
P. -bath, a bath in which the person is placed or 
places himself in a large tub containing sufficient 
water to cover him all but the head. P. -tracheot- 
omy. See Tracheotomy. 

Plunkett's Caustic, or Ointment. A caustic paste 
composed of the bruised plant of Ranunculus acris and 
of A', flammula, each 24 parts ; arsenious acid, 3 
parts ; sulphur, 5 parts. These are mixed into a 
paste, rolled into balls, and dried in the sun. When 
used the ball must be reduced to a pasty consistence by 
rubbing with yolk of egg. 

Plural (plu'-ral) [plus ; pluris, more]. More than 
one. P. Birth, the bringing forth of more than one 
offspring at a time. 

Pluricapsular (plu-rik-ap'-su-lar) [plus, more; capsula, 
capsule]. In biology, having several capsules. 

Pluricellular (plu-ris-el'-u-lar) [plus, more ; cellula, 
cell]. In biology, made up of several cells. 

Pluriceps (plu'-ris-eps) [plus, more ; caput, head]. 
Many-headed ; having more than one stem springing 
from one root. 

Pluricipital (plu-ris-ip'-it-al). Synonym of Pluriceps. 

Pluricuspid (plu-rik-us'-pid) [plus, more ; cuspis, a 
point]. In biology, having several cusps. 

Pluridentate (plu -rid- en'- tat) [plus, more; dens, 
tooth] . In biology, having several tooth-like processes, 
as distinguished from parcidentate or paucidentate. 

Pluriflagellate (plu-rif-laj'-el-at) [plus, more ; fiagel- 
lum, flagellum]. In biology, having several flagella. 

Pluriflorous (plu-rif-lo'-rus) [plus, more; Jlos, a 
flower]. In biology, having many flowers. 

Plurifoliate (plu-rif-o'-le-at) [plus, more; foliutn, a 
leaf]. In biology, having several leaves. 

Plurifoliolate [plu-rif-o'-le-o-lat) [plus, more ; folio- 
lum, dim. of folium, a leaf ]. In biology, applied to 
a compound leaf which has many leaflets. 

Pluriguttulate (plu-rig-ut'-u-ldt) [plus, more ; gut- 
tula, dim. of gutta, a drop]. In biology, character- 
ized by having many drop-like particles or structures. 

Plurilocular (plu-ril-oh'-zt-lar) [plus, more; loculus,a 
cell]. In biology, having more than one cell or 
loculus ; multilocular, as the ovaries of some plants. 

Plurinominal (plu-rin-om' -i/i-al) . Same as Polynom- 
inal. 

Plurinucleate (plu-rin-u'-hle-dt) [plus, more ; nucleus, 
a kernel]. In biology, having more than one nucleus ; 
multinucleate. 

Pluripara (plu-rip'-ar-ah). Synonym of Multipara. 

Pluriparity (plu-rip-ar'-it-e) [plus, more ; parere, to 
bring forth]. The condition of having borne several 
children. 

Pluriparous (plu-rip'-ar-us) [plus, more ; parere, to 
bring forth]. Bringing forth several young at once. 

Pluripartite (plu-rip-ar'-tit) [plus, more ; partire, to 
divide]. In biology, having more than one septum 
or partition ; pluriseptate. 

Pluriradial (plu-re-ra' -de-al) [plus, more ; radius, a 
ray]. Developed from germs that assume a radial ar- 
rangement (a term used by Rauber to characterize a 
hypothetic method of accounting for double monstrosi- 
ties). 

Pluriseptate (plu-ris-ep'-tat) [plus, more ; septum, a 
partition]. Same as Pleuripartite. 



PLURISERIATE 



1126 



PNEUMATOPHOROUS 



Pluriseriate ( plu-ris-e' -re-dt) [plus, more; series, a 
row]. In biology, arranged in more than one row. 

Plurisetose ( plu-ris-e' -loz) [plus, more ; seta, a bristle]. 
In biology, having a number of bristles or seta;. 

Plurispiral (plu-ris-pi'-ral) [plus, more; spira, a coil, 
fold]. In biology, having more than one spiral; 
multispiral. 

Plurisporous (plu - ris-po'-rus) \_plus, more ; anopa, 
seed]. In biology, having two or more spores. 

Plurivalve (plu'-riv-alv) [plus, more ; valva, a 
folding door]. In biology, having more than one 
valve; multivalve. 

Pluteiform (plu'-te-iform) [pluteus, pluteus ; forma, 
form]. In biology, resembling or having the morpho- 
logic valence of a pluteus. 

Pluteus (plu'-te-us) [pluteus, pluteum, a protective roof 
or shed used by Roman soldiers: pi, Plutei~\. In 
biology, the full-grown larva of the Ophiuroids. 
Echinoidea, as distinguished from the Aurieularia 
and Bipinnaria type of larva of Holothuroids and 
Asteroids. 

Plutomania {plu- to - ma 1 '-ne -ah) [irlovrog, wealth ; 
fiavia, madness]. An insane belief that one is the 
owner of much property. 

Pluvial (plu'-ve-al) [pluvia, rain]. Pertaining to rain 
or telluric moisture. Of flowers, having the property 
of expanding before a rain. 

Plyntriopsora (plin-tre-op'-so-rah) [irlvvrpLa, washer- 
woman; ipupa, scurvy]. A psoriatic affection of 
washerwomen due to the effects of alkalies. 

Pneobiognosis (ne-o-bi-og-no'-sis) [nveiv, to breathe ; 
/3i'oc, life ; yvwatg, knowledge] . t)ocimasia pulmonum. 

Pneobiomantia (ne-o-bi-o-man' '-she-ali). Synonym of 
Pneobiognosis. 

Pneodynamics (ne-o-di-nam' -iks) [nvelx>, to breathe; 
Sbvauic, power]. The dynamics of respiration. 

Pneogaster (ne' -o-gas-ter) [irvelv, to breathe ; yaarijp, 
stomach]. In biology, the respiratory tract. 

Pneogastric {ne-o-gas' -trik) [nvelv, to breathe ; yaarfip, 
the stomach]. Pertaining to the pneogaster. 

Pneograph (ne' -o-graf) [irvelp, to breathe ; ypatpeiv, to 
write]. I. An instrument consisting of a semi-disc, 
suspended in front of the mouth, for the purpose of re- 
cording the force, rhythm, and duration, of the expira- 
tion. 2. Synonym of Pneumograph. 

Pneometer (ne-om'-et-er). Synonym of Spirometer. 

Pneometry (ne-om'-et-re). Synonym of Pulmometrv. 

Pneophore (ne'-o-for) [ttveIv, to breathe ; oopdc, carry- 
ing]. An instrument to aid artificial respiration in the 
asphyxiated. 

Pneoscope (ne' -o-skop) [ttveiv, to breathe ; OKmrelv, to 
examine]. An instrument for measuring respiratory 
movements. 

PneumajnK'-raa/;) [nvevpa, breath]. I. Air; a breath. 
2. The vital principle. 

Pneumapostema (nu-map-os-te' -mah) . Synonym of 
Pneumonapostema . 

Pneumapyothorax (nu-map-i-o-tho'-ra&s). Synonym 
of Pyopneumothorax . 

Pneumarthrosis (nu-mar-thro' -sis) - [wvev/ia, air ; ap- 
Bpov, a joint]. A collection of air or gas in an artic- 
ular cavity. 

Pneumatelectasis (nu - mat- el - ek'- las - is) [■Kvevp.a, 
breath; are/l//o, imperfect; kuTaotQ, expansive]. 
Atelectasis of the lungs. 

Pneumathemia (nu-math-e'-me-ah) [irvevfia, air; alfia, 
blood]. The presence of air or free gas in the blood- 
vessels. 

Pneumatic (nu-mat' -ik) [nvev/ia, air]. Pertaining to 
gases or to the atmosphere ; pertaining to respira- 
tion. P. Cabinet, a device for enclosing the whole 
or a part of the body so that it may be subjected to 



compressed or rarefied air. P. Differentiation, the 
treatment of disease by inhalation of air more rarefied 
than that which surrounds the body. P. Malting. See 
Malting. P. Medicine, the treatment of disease by 
inhalation of vapors or gases, or by fumigation. P. 
Occlusion, Maisonneuve's plan of dressing stumps. 
It consists in draining away the accumulation from the 
wound by aspiration. P. Physician, a pneumatist ; 
one of a sect of physicians who regarded health and 
disease as consisting in the different proportions of 
an element, pneuma. P. System. See Sewage, 
Disposal of. P. Trough, a trough partly filled with 
water for facilitating the collection of gases. 

Pneumatics (nu-mat'-iks) [-veviia, air]. That branch 
of physics treating of the physical properties of air 
and gases. 

Pneumatism (nu'-mat-izm) [nvAfia, air]. The doc- 
trine of the pneumatists. 

Pneumatist (nu'-mat-ist) [rcvey/ia, air]. A pneumatic 
physician. 

Pneumato- (tiu'-mat-o-) [-rrvsv/ia, air, breath]. A pre- 
fix to denote connection with the air or breath. 

Pneumatocardia (nu-mat-o-kar'-de-ah) [nveifia, air; 
napdia, heart]. The presence of air or gas in the 
chambers of the heart. 

Pneumatocephalus (nu-mat-o-sef'-al-us). Synonym 
of Physocephalus. 

Pneumatochemia (nu-mat-o-kem'-e-ah) [nvevjia, air ; 
Xr/fieia, chemistry]. The chemistry of gases. 

Pneumatocyst (nu - mat'- o - sist) [irvsv/xa, air ; Kvortg, 
bladder]. In biology, an air-sac ; a pneumatophcre. 

Pneumatocystic (nu-mat-o-sis f -tik) [rrvev/ia, air ; ave- 
rts, bladder]. Pertaining to a pneumatocyst. 

Pneumatodic (nu-mat-o' -dik) [nv£vp.aTu67js]. Filled 
with air. 

Pneumatodyspnea (nu-mat-o-disp-ne'- ah) [-irvev/xa, 
air; Sbmrvoia, dyspnea]. Emphysematous dyspnea. 

Pneumatogram (nu-mat' -o-gram) [-KVEvp.a, breath ; 
yp&fi/ua, writing]. A tracing showing the frequency, 
duration, and depth of the respiratory movements. 

Pneumatologic (nu - mat - o - loj'- ik) [nvevpa, breath ; 
\6yoq, science]. Pertaining to pneumatology. 

Pneumatologist (nu - mat - ol' - o -jist) [-vevp.a, breath ; 
Adyoc, science]. One versed in pneumatology. 

Pneumatology (nu-mat-ol'-o-je) [-rrvevfia, breath ; \6yoQ, 
knowledge]. I. The science of respiration. 2. The 
physics and chemistry of gases. 

Pneumatometer [nu-mat-om'-et-er). An instrument 
designed by Waldenburg to measure the pressure of 
inspiration or expiration by the force exerted upon a 
mercuric column contained in a u-tube. 

Pneumatometry (nu - mat - om' - et - re) [trvev/ia, air; 
fieTpoi', measure]. I. The measurement of the force 
in respiration. It is used as a means of diagnosis. 
2. The treatment of pulmonary and circulatory dis- 
eases by means of a pneumatic apparatus. 

Pneumatomphalocele (nu-mat-om-fal' -o-sel) [trvtvpa, 
air; bp.$a.~A,6t;, navel; tdfkq, tumor]. An umbilical 
hernia containing flatus. 

Pneumatomphalus (nu-mat-om' '-fal-us). Synonym of 
Pneumatomphalocele. 

Pneumatopathy (nu-mat-op'-ath-e) [nvevfia, air, spirit; 
7rdfloc, disease]. Mind-cure; the curing of diseases by 
psychic influence. 

Pneumatophore (nu-mat' -o-for) [irvevpa, air ; <p6pog, 
bear]. In biology, an air-sac, or swim-bladder. The 
hydrostatic apparatus or specialized person of a 
Siphonophora colony. It represents a metamorphosed 
Medusa umbrella. The contained air can be expelled 
through a pore, and again secreted by the glandular 
epithelium at its base. 

Pneumatophorous (nu-mat-off'-or-us) [irney/ia, air; 






PNEUMATORRACHIS 



1127 



PNEUMONECTASIA 



<b6poc, bear]. In biology, bearing a pneumatocyst ; 

pertaining to or like a pneumatophore. 
Pneumatorrachis (nu - mat- or'- a - k/'s) \jrvEV)ia, air; 

f>&xic, spine]. The presence of air in the spinal canal. 
Pneumatosic (nu-mat-o'-zik) [_-VEvp.aTuoiQ , inflation]. 

Affected with pneumatosis. 
Pneumatosis (nu-mat-o'-sis) \jn>Evij.aTuoic, inflation]. 

1. The presence of gas or air in abnormal places, or 
of an excessive quantity where a little exists normally. 

2. The condition of flatulent distention of the stomach 
and bowels. 

Pneumatotherapeutics (nu-mat-o-ther-ap-u'-tiks). See 
Aerotherapeutics . 

Pneumatotherapy (nu-mat-o-ther 1 '-ap-e) [ttvev/mz, air ; 
depa-eia, treatment]. The treatment of diseases by 
means of compressed or rarefied air. 

Pneumatothermanter (nu- mat-o-thur-man' '-ter) \jKvev- 
fia, air; Oep/iaiveiv, to warm]. A respirator. 

Pneumatothorax (nu-mat-o-tho 1 '-raks) [irwiJ/ia, air ; 
Oupat;, chest]. Synonym of Pneumothorax. 

Pneumatotomy (nu-mat-of -o-me). Synonym of Pneu- 
motomy. 

Pneumaturia (nu-mat-u 1 '-re-ah ) [nvEv/ia, air ; ovpov, 
urine]. The evacuation of free gas with the urine. 

Pneumatype (nu'-mat-ip) [irvEVfia, air ; rvnoc, type]. 
Breath-picture. The deposit formed upon a piece of 
glass by the moist air exhaled through the nostrils 
when the mouth is closed. It is employed in the 
diagnosis of nasal obstruction. Slate-paper may be 
used, pulverized sulphur or boric acid being blown 
upon the moistened surface to make a permanent 
record. 

Pneumectasis (nu-mek' -tas-is). Synonym of Pneu- 
monectasis. 

Pneumectomy (nu-mek'-to-me) \jrvevpov, lung ; EKTOfir/, 
excision]. Excision of a portion of the lung. 

Pneumic (nu'-mik) [ttvev/mjv, the lung]. Pertaining 
to the lung. P. Acid, a crystalline acid extracted 
from the pulmonary tissue of mammals. It is thought 
by Verdeil to be a compound of lactic acid and taurin. 

Pneumique (nu-mek') [Fr.]. Pertaining to air. P., 
Osteoarthropathie hypertrophiante. See Osteo- 
arthropathy. 

Pneumo- (nu'-mo-). Same as Pneumon-. 

Pneumoactinomycosis (nu-mo-ak-tin-o-mi-ko'-sis) 
[ttvev/iuv, lung ; d/cn'c, a ray ; [ivur/c, a fungus]. Acti- 
nomycosis of the lung. 

Pneumobacillus (nu-mo-bas-il'-us). See Micrococcus 
pasteuri and Bacillus pneumonia, in Bacteria, Syno- 
nymatic Table of. 

Pneumocace (nu - mok'- as - e) [nvebfiuv, lung ; aaid], 
evil]. Gangrene of the lung. 

Pneumocarcinoma (mi'-mo-kar-sin-o'-mah) [irvev/uan>, 
lung; KapKivu/xa, carcinoma]. Carcinomaof the lungs. 

Pneumocele (nu'-mo-sel). Synonym of Pneumatocele. 

Pneumocentesis (nu-mo-sen-te' '-sis) {jtrEvfiuv, lung ; 
KEvrriau;, puncture] . Paracentesis of the lung, especi- 
ally of a pulmonary cavity. 

Pneumochysis (nu-mok' -is-is) \nvevp.uv, lung ; xvcic , 
a pouring]. Pulmonary edema. 

Pneumococcus (mi-mo-kok'-us) \nvei>p.uv, lung ; k6kkoc, 
kernel]. A micrococcus of the lung. P. of Fraenkel. 
See Micrococcus pasteuri. P. of Friedlander. See 
Micrococcus pneumonia, in Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Pneumoconiosis (nu-mo-ko-ni'-o-sis) [ttvev/mjv, lung ; 
kovic, dust; voaoc, disease]. Lung-disease caused by 
the inhalation of dust. Examples are : Anthracosis, 
chalicosis, siderosis. 

Pneumocysto-ovarium (iiu-mo-sis'-to-o-va'-re-uni) 
\_TTVEvpa, air; kvotic, cyst; ovarium, ovary]. An 
ovarian cyst containing air or gas. 



Pneumoderma, Pneumodermis (nu - mo - der' - mah, 
nu-mo-der 1 '-mis) \_-vev/m, air; dep/xa, skin]. Air 
under the skin ; subcutaneous emphysema. 

Pneumodynamics (uu-mo-di-nam'-iks). Synonym of 
Pneodynamics. 

Pneumoenteritis (nu-mo-en-ter-i'-tis) [nvevpiov, lung ; 
svrepov, intestine ; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the lungs and of the intestine. See Hog-cholera. 
P., Infectious. Synonym of Hog-cholera. 

Pneumogastric (nu - mo - gas'- trik) [TrvEbpiuiv, lung; 
yaarr/p, stomach]. Pertaining conjointly to the lungs 
and the stomach, or to the pneumogastric or vagus 
nerve. P. Nerve. See A r ei-ves, Table of. 

Pneumogram (nu' -mo- gram) [Trvebfiuv, lung; ypafi/ia, 
writing]. The tracing afforded by the pneumograph. 

Pneumograph (nu'-mo-graf) [irvevfiov, lung ; ypayew, 
to write]. A registering instrument for measuring the 
movements of the chest in respiration. 

Pneumographs (nu-mo - graf'-ik) \jrvevpuv, lung; 
ypcupEtv, to write]. Pertaining to pneumography. 

Pneumography (nu-mog'-ra-fe) [Trvevfuov, lung ; ypdipeiv, 
to write]. The description of the lungs. 

Pneumohemia (nu-mo-hem'-e-ah). Synonym of Pneu- 
monemid. 

Pueumohemothorax (nu-nio-hem-o-tho' -raks) [irvsii/xa, 
air; alfia, blood; Oo>fia^, thorax]. A collection of air 
or gas, and blood, in the pleural cavity. 

Pneumohydropericardium (nu - mo - hi - dro -per - ik- 
ar'- de - um) [irvEvua, air ; v 5up, water ; Trepi, around ; 
aapdia, heart]. An accumulation of air and fluid in 
the pericardial cavity. 

Pneumohydrothorax (nu-mo-hi-dro-tho' -raks) \_Tvvevp.a, 
air; vdup, water ; Ocipat;, thorax]. A collection of air 
or gas, and fluid, in the pleural cavity. 

Pneumokoniosis. See Pneumoconiosis. 

Pneumolith (nu'-mo-lith) [nveifiuv, lung; JJdoc;, a 
stone]. A stony concretion in the lungs, as a calcified 
tubercle. 

Pneumology (nu - mol'- o -je) \jrvevpuv, lung ; \6yoc , 
science]. The sum of scientific knowledge concern- 
ing the lungs and air-passages. 

Pneumomalacia (nu-mo-mal-a'-se-ah) [irvEvjiw, lung; 
HalaKta, softness]. Abnormal softness of the lung. 

Pneumomassage (nu-mo-mas-sahzh') \_~vtvfia, air; 

• pdooeiv, to knead]. The application of massage or 
passive motion to the tympanic membrane and audi- 
tory ossicles by pneumatic means. 

Pneumometer (nu-mom'-et-er). Synonym of Spirom- 
eter. 

Pneumometry (nu-mom' -et-re) . Same as Spirometry. 

Pneumomycosis (nu-mo-mi-ko'-sis) \_-KVEvpwv, lung; 
fiiiKrjc, fungus]. The presence of fungi in the lung. 
The etiologic relation of fungi to lung-diseases is not 
fully determined. 

Pneumon- (nu'-mon-) \%vevp.av, lurig]. A prefix de- 
noting connection with or relation to the lungs. 

Pneumonaemia (nu - mo - ne' - me - ah). See Pneumo- 
nemia. 

Pneumonalgia (nu - mo - nal'-je - ah) \jkvevjiuv, lung ; 
aXyoQ, pain]. Pain in the lung. 

Pneumonapoplexia(«?/-;«wz-<7/-o-//^ / -e-ah) \_nvEvp.uv, 
lung; (iKOKA>/^ta, apoplexy]. A sudden hemorrhage 
into the lung-tissue. 

Pneumonatelectasis (mi-mon-af-el-ek' -tas-is) \_irvEV[iuv, 
lung; a.TE?iEKTacstc, atelectasis]. Atelectasis of the 
lung. 

Pneumonechema (nu-mon-ek-e' -mah) \jrvEvpuiv, lung ; 
f/X'/^o-t sound]. The normal vesicular murmur heard 
over the lung in respiration. 

Pneumonectasia, Pneumonectasis (nu-mon-ek-ta' '- 
ze-ah, izu-mon-ek' -tas-is) [_TrvEb/j.uv, lung; Earaaic, dis- 
tention]. Emphysema of the lung. 



PNEUMONECTOMY 



1128 



PNEUMONIA 



Pneumonectomy (nu-mon-ek' '-to-me) \_nvevftuv, lung ; 
kKTofiq, excision]. Excision of a portion of a lung; 
p'neumectomy. 

Pneumonedema (nu-mon-e-de / -mah) \_Trvebfiav, lung; 
olfir/fia, edema]. Edema of the lungs. 

Pneumonemia (iiu - mon - e'- nie - ah) [ttvsv/huv, lung ; 
aifia, blood]. Congestion of the lungs. 

Pneumonemphraxis (nu-mon-em-fraks' '-is) [irvebfiov, 
lung; EjKppa^LQ, obstruction]. Obstruction of the lungs 
or the bronchi. 

Pneumonemphysema (mi - mon - em -fiz -e' - mah) 
[ttvevjmjv, lung ; ifuovoJi/ia, inflation]. Emphysema of 
the lungs. 

Pneumonia (tm-mo'-ne-ah) [?n>£fy«ji>,lung]. Any in- 
flammation of the lungs. Pneumonitis. By usage the 
word pneumonia, used without qualification, implies 
croupous pneumonia, q. v. P., Abortive, a condition 
of acute congestion, such as is seen in the first stage 
of pneumonia, but which is not succeeded by the other 
stages. P., Acute. Synonym of P., Croupous. P., 
Adynamic, pneumonia attended with debility, depres- 
sion of the circulation and of the nervous system. 
P. alba. Synonym of P., White. P., Alcoholic, 
the croupous pneumonia of drunkards. It is often 
associated with delirium and is very fatal. P., Apex, 
P., Apical, croupous pneumonia of the apex of a 
lung, by some believed to be more grave than basal 
pneumonia; many cases, however, run a favorable 
course. Cerebral symptoms are said to be more com- 
mon when the apex is affected. P., Apoplectic, 
pneumonia associated with hemorrhage into the lung. 
P., Aspiration, a broncho-pneumonia due to the 
inspiration of food-particles or other irritant substances 
into the lung. The condition is met with in cases in 
which the sensitiveness of the larynx and trachea is 
benumbed, as in apoplectic coma or uremia, and in low 
fevers ; also in the insane from stuffing of the mouth 
with food and in defective deglutition. P., Ataxic. 
Synonym of P., Adynamic. P., Bilious, pneumonia 
accompanied by icterus. P., Broncho-. See Bron- 
cho-pneumonia. P., Caseous Lobular. Synonym 
of P., Desquamative. P., Catarrhal. Synonym of 
Broncho-pneumonia. P., Central, a croupous pneu- 
monia beginning in the interior of the lobe of the 
lung. The physical signs are obscure until the in- 
flammation reaches the surface. P., Cerebral, that 
form of pneumonia associated with marked cerebral 
symptoms. It is most common in children and in 
the beginning resembles meningitis. P., Cheesy. 
Synonym of P., Caseous. P., Chronic. Synonym 
of P., Interstitial. P., Cirrhotic. Synonym of 
P., Interstitial. P., Contusion, pneumonia follow- 
ing contusion of the chest. P., Creeping. See P., 
Migratory . P., Crossed, croupous pneumonia of 
the lower lobe on one side, associated with the 
same disease in the upper lobe of the other 
side. P., Croupous, lobar Pneumonia, that 
commonly called simply pneumonia, an acute dis- 
ease, running a definite course and tending to re- 
covery. It is most often due to a specific micro- 
organism, the pneumococcus of Fnenkel, and may be 
epidemic in certain districts. But besides the pneu- 
mococcus, of Frsenkel, which is really a lanceolate 
bacillus occurring in pairs, other microorganisms can 
give rise to croupous pneumonia, e.g. , the bacillus 
pneumoniaj of Friedlander, the streptococcus and the 
staphylococcus pyogenes, the bacillus of typhoid fever. 
The disease occurs more frequently during the winter 
months, and in males than in females. The lower 
lobes are the parts usually affected, and especially 
that of the right side. The apex, however, may be 
the part involved, especially in children. Occasion- 



ally a double or bilateral pneumonia is encountered, 
both lower lobes or both apices being involved. The 
disease is ushered in by a chill, followed by high 
fever, flushed cheeks, dry, coated tongue, rapid, shal- 
low respiration, and pain in the affected side. More 
or less cough is present, and there is usually the 
characteristic bloody or rusty expectoration. The 
respirations are rapid, and quite a characteristic feature 
is the disturbance of the pulse- respiration ratio — 
instead of 4 to I, it may be 3 to I, or 2 to I, i. e., 
we may have a pulse of 84 and respirations 42, or 
even more. The physical signs are distinctive — im- 
mobility of the affected portion of the chest, increased 
tactile fremitus, dulness on percussion (rarely a 
peculiar wooden tympany), a fine, crepitant rale in 
the first stage, bronchial breathing and bronchophony 
in the second, to which moist rales are added when 
resolution begins. In nearly every case there is an 
associated plastic pleurisy, which is responsible for the 
pain. It may give rise to a friction-sound. The urine 
is high-colored and deficient in chlorids, the bowels 
sluggish. A crisis usually occurs on the seventh day. 
The anatomic change consists in the appearance of 
a firm or solid exudation in the pulmonary alveoli. 
The disease proceeds through the following stages : I. 
Congestion, in which there is intense congestive hyper- 
emia. 2. Red Hepatization, in which the lung is bulky, 
heavy, firm, and airless, and its surface granular, its red 
tint being due to extravasated corpuscles and distended 
capillaries. 3. Gray Hepatization, due to the degen- 
eration of the exudate and anemia from compression 
of the capillaries. In the majority of cases resolution 
takes place and the lung returns to its previous condi- 
tion. P., Deglutition. Synonym of P., Aspiration. 
P., Desquamative, a form characterized chiefly by 
an intense desquamation of the cells lining the 
air-vesicles, a proliferation of the connective-tissue 
cells of the septa between the vesicles, and the 
exudation of a scanty albuminous fluid. The exudate 
goes on to caseous degeneration. Three sub-varieties 
are described : the lobular form, the confluent, ox lobar, 
and the bronchial, or caseous broncho-pneumonia. The 
cause of the disease is, in the majority of cases, the 
tubercle-bacillus. P., Dissecting, a suppurative in- 
flammation extending along the interlobular and peri- 
bronchial tissues. P., Double, croupous pneumonia 
of both lungs. P., Drunkards'. Synonym of P., 
Alcoholic. P., Embolic, pneumonia due to embolism 
of the vessels of the lung. P., Epithelial. Synonym 
of P., Desquamative. P. epizootica, pneumonia of 
animals. P., Erysipelatous, a severe pneumonia, 
usually migratory, occurring in connection with, or 
after exposure to erysipelas, and apparently influenced 
by that disease. P., Fibrinous. See P., Croupous. 
P., Fibroid, P., Fibrous. Synonym of P., Inter- 
stitial. P., Food, a form of inspiration-pneumonia, 
q. v. P., Gangrenous, gangrene of the lung. P., 
Gouty, pneumonia developing in a gouty subject. 
P., Grippal. See P., Influenzal. P., Hemor- 
rhagic. See Hemorrhagic. P., Hypostatic, a pneu 
monia, generally lobular, occurring in the debilitated 
and those suffering from other diseases. It usually 
affects the lower posterior portions of the lung, and 
is dependent upon the dorsal decubitus, the weak 
circulation, and the inspiration of food and other 
particles. Section of the vagus nerve in animals also 
gives rise to this form of pneumonia, because the 
paralysis of the air-passages favors the aspiration of 
foreign matters. P., Influenzal, a peculiar condition 
of the lung observed in association with influenza. 
There appears to be a failure of function due to pneu- 
moparesis. There may also be inflammation of croup- 



PNEUMONIA 



1129 



PNEUMONOKONIOSIS 



ous or catarrhal type- P., Insular. Synonym of P., 
Lobular. P., Intermittent. Synonym of P., Bilious. 
P., Interstitial, Acute, inflammation of the intersti- 
tial tissues of the lung, sometimes terminating in sup- 
puration. P., Interstitial, Chronic, cirrhosis of the 
lung; a chronic inflammation of the lung, characterized 
by an increase of the interstitial connective tissue. It 
may be a termination of acute croupous pneumonia or 
of pulmonary tuberculosis ; it may follow broncho- 
pneumonia ; in some cases it is due to extension of a 
chronic inflammation from the pleura, the so-called 
pleurogenous interstitial pneumonia ; finally, pneumo- 
nokoniosis is a form of interstitial pneumonia. Cirrhosis 
of the lung is often associated with bronchiectasis. P., 
Larval, a term given in epidemics of pneumonia to 
those cases that present only some of the initial symp- 
toms of the disease, slight chill, moderate fever, and 
a few indefinite local signs. P., Latent, one in which 
the physical signs are obscure or wanting. P., 
Lobar. Synonym of P., Croupous. P., Lobular. 
Synonym of Broncho-pneumonia and P. , Catarrhal. 
P., Malarial. Synonym of P., Bilious. P. maligna. 
Synonym of P., Septic. P. malleosa, pneumonia due 
to the glanders-bacillus. It is a broncho-pneumonia 
as a rule, but may assume a lobar form or manifest 
itself as multiple abscesses. P., Massive, one in 
which not only the air-cells, but the bronchi of an 
entire lobe, or even of a lung, are filled with the fibrin- 
ous exudate. The auscultatory physical signs are 
wanting ; percussion yields an absolutely flat note. 
The condition simulates pleurisy with effusion. P. 
migrans, P., Migratory, a peculiar and well-recog- 
nized form, involving one lobe after the other. It 
seems occasionally to be in some way associated with 
erysipelas. Synonym of P., Creeping, P., Wandering. 
P., Necrotic, Goodhart's name for the non-tubercu- 
lous variety of pulmonary disorganization sometimes 
occurring in diabetic patients. The disease is charac- 
terized by rounded patches at the apex or base of the 
lung, the size of a hazel-nut or larger, in which a cavity 
rapidly forms containing a central slough. P. notha. 
Synonym of Capillary Bronchitis. P., Periodic. 
Synonym of P., Bilious. P., Phreno-, pneumonia 
associated with diaphragmitis. P., Plastic. Synonym 
of P., Croupous. P., Pleuritic. Synonym of Pleuro- 
pneumonia. P., Pleurogenic, P., Pleurogenous, a 
pneumonia secondary to disease of the pleura. P. 
potatorum. Synonym of P. , Drunkards' . P. puru- 
lent : this appears in three varieties: (i) the suppura- 
tion may involve the surfaces of the minute bronchi 
and air-vesicles — purulent catarrh ; (2) there may be 
a true abscess of the lung ; (3) there may be a sup- 
purative lymphangitis and perilymphangitis. The 
causes of purulent pneumonia are : the aspiration of 
matters containing pyogenic microorganisms — this pro- 
ducing the first or second form ; an abscess may result 
from the lodgment in the lung of a septic embolus, 
derived often from a focus of purulent phlebitis ; 
from traumatism ; from chronic diseases of the lung, 
especially tuberculosis with cavity-formation ; from 
extension of suppuration from neighboring organs, 
as from empyema or hepatic abscess. P., Pytho- 
genic, a contagious form rising under miasmatic 
influences. P., Scrofulous, an old name for P. , 
Caseous Lobular. P., Secondary, that occurring as a 
complication of some preexistent disease. P., Senile, 
the broncho-pneumonia of the aged ; it may be due, 
in part at least, to inability to expectorate the phlegm 
that collects in the smaller bronchi. P., Septic, 
a lobular pneumonia due to the inspiration of septic 
material. It may also be caused by septic emboli. 
In the new-born it is usually due to the aspiration of 



the maternal fluids during labor. P., Septinous, 
P., Sewer-gas, a pneumonia following the inhalation 
of sewer-gas. P. serosa, edema of the lungs. P., 
Stripe [G. Streifenpneumonie~\, a pneumonia in 
which the affected area has the form of a band or 
stripe, usually running parallel with the spinal gutter. 
P., Syphilitic ; disease of the lung due to syphilis is 
rare. Three forms are usually described — the pneu- 
monia alba of the fetus (</.v.) ; the deposit of gum- 
mata in the lung ; and an interstitial pneumonia, 
taking its origin at the root of the lung and passing 
along the bronchi and vessels. French writers also 
speak of an acute syphilitic phthisis, analogous to 
acute pneumonic phthisis. P., Traumatic, pneu- 
monia following injury of the lung ; also that consecu- 
tive to section of the vagus nerves. P., Tuber- 
culous, a lobular or lobar inflammation of the lung 
due to the tubercle-bacillus. P., Tubular. Syn- 
onym of Broncho-pneumonia. P., Typhoid, a 
pneumonia with the symptoms of the typhoid state. It 
is to be distinguished from Pneumo-typhus. P., 
Vagus, that produced by section of the vagus nerves. 
P., Wandering, a form of pneumonia in which 
different portions of the lung present different stages 
of the pneumonic process. It seems, according to 
Guiteras, to be in some way associated with erysipelas. 
P., White, a catarrhal form of pneumonia occurring in 
a syphilitic fetus and resulting in death. By an over- 
growth of epithelium in the air- vesicles the lung dies, 
and fatty degeneration follows, giving the lungs a 
dead white appearance, with the imprint of the ribs 
on their surface. 

Pneumonic (nU-mon' '-ik) [nvevfiuv, lung]. Pertaining 
to the lungs or to pneumonia. P. Phthisis, tuber- 
culous pneumonia of the lungs. P. Spot, the cir- 
cumscribed flush of the cheek in croupous pneumonia. 

Pneumonicula (nu-mon-ik' -u-lali) [nvEvfitdv, lung], A 
slight inflammation of the lung. 

Pneumonique (nu-mon'-ek) [Fr.]. Pertaining to the 
lung. 

Pneumonitic (nu-mon-it'-ik) \ttvev[iov, lung; mc, in- 
flammation]. Pertaining to or affected with pneu- 
monitis. 

Pneumonitis inu-mon-i'-tis) [Trvev/uav , lung; itk;, in- 
flammation]. Pneumonia. 

Pneumono- (nu-mon'-o) [wveviiuv, lung]. A prefix 
denoting connection with or relation to the lungs. 

Pneumonoblenozemia (jiu-mon-o-blen-o-ze'-me-ah) 
\_Kvivfiuv, lung; /3'Aivva, mucus; r Vl l ' La t loss]. Pul- 
monary blennorrhea. 

Pneumonocace (nu - mon - ok'- as - e) [tvveviiuv, lung ; 
/ca/cdc, evil]. Gangrene of the lung. 

Pneumonocarcinoma (nu - mon.- - kar - sin- o f - mah) 
[irvevfiuv, lung ; Kapulvo/ia, carcinoma]. Carcinoma 
of the lung. 

Pneumonocatarrhus (nu-mon-o-kat-ar'-us). Synonym 
of Pneumonia, Catarrhal. 

Pneumonocele (nu-mon' -o-sel) \_7tvev/j.uv, lung ; K.rfh), 
tumor, hernia]. Hernia of the lung. 

Pneumonocholosis (nu-mon-o-kol-o'-sis). Synonym 
of P. , Bilious. 

Pneumonochysis (nu-mon-ok' -is-is) [ttvevjmuv, lung ; 
Xvoig, a pouring]. Edema of the lungs. 

Pneumonocirrhosis (nu - mon- - sir -0'- sis) [ttvev/uuv, 
lung; Hippos, yellowish]. Cirrhosis of the lung, in- 
terstitial pneumonia. 

Pneumonodynia (nu-mon-o-din' -e-ah) [nvEvfiuv, lung ; 
bfiiivr/, pain]. Pain referred to the lungs. 

Pneumoncedema (nu-mon-e-de'-mah). See Pneumon- 
edema. 

Pneumonokoniosis (nu-mon-o-kon-e-o' -sis) \jtvzvfivtv, 
lung; Kov'ia, dust; v6aog, disease]. A general term 



PNEUMONOLITH 



1130 



PNEUMOSKELETAL 



indicating chronic disease of the lungs due to the 
inhalation of dust. Various names have been devised 
denoting the kind of dust causing the inflammation : 
anthraeosis, or coal-miner's disease; siderosis, due to 
inhalation of metallic dust ; chalicosis, due to inhala- 
tion of mineral dust. The dust-particles, when they 
can no longer be disposed of by the natural protective 
agencies of the lungs, find their way into the peri- 
bronchial and peri-arterial lymph-spaces, where they 
set up an inflammation. This is characterized by a 
marked tendency to fibroid change, manifesting itself 
in the formation of hard, indurated nodules of various 
size. The lungs always present evidences of chronic 
bronchitis, usually also of emphysema, and, in many 
cases, of tuberculosis. The fibroid areas may soften 
and break down, forming the so-called ulcers of the 
lung. The softening may be due to tuberculosis, but 
sometimes it is not. 

Pneumonolith (iiu-mon'-o-litJi). Synonym of Pneu- 
molitli. 

Pneumonolithiasis {nu-mon-o-lith-i'-as-is) \_ttv£v/lig>v, 
lung; Xidog, stone]. The formation of pneumoliths. 

Pneumonomalacia (nu-mon-o-mal-a'-se-ak). Synonym 
of Pneumomalacia. 

Pneumonomelanosis (nu-mon-o-mel-an-o' -sis) \jrvev- 
fiuv, lung; ukXaq, black; v6aoc, disease]. Anthraco- 
sis of the lung. 

Pneumonometer {nu-mon-om f -et-er). Synonym of 
Spirometer. 

Pneumonomycosis {nu-mon-o-mi-ko'-sis). Same as 
Pneumomycosis. 

Pneumonoparalysis {nu-mon-o-par-al' '-is-is) [Trvevfiov, 
lung; ivapaAvoic, paralysis]. Paralysis of the lung. 

Pneumonopathia (nu - mon - o -pa'- the - ah) [rrvevfiov, 
lung ; TraOoc, disease]. Any disease of the lung. 

Pneumonophlebitis (nu-mon-o-Jieb-i'-tis) [nveb/iw, 
lung; <f>Aei[>, vein; iric, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the pulmonary veins. 

Pneumonophthisis (nu - mon - off'- this - is) [irvevfiov, 
lung; <pfl«si<; , a. wasting]. A destructive process in 
the lungs. 

Pneumonophyseter {nu - mon - o -fi - se'- ter) [ttvc'vimjv, 
lung; (f>variTrjp, blowpipe]. An apparatus for inflating 
the lungs. 

Pneumonopleuritis (nu-mon-o-p/u-ri'-tis). Synonym 
of Pleuropneumonia. 

Pneumonoptysis {nu - mon - op'- tis - is). Synonym of 
Hemoptysis. 

Pneumonorrhagia [nu - mon - or - a' '- je - ah) \_7rve.v/iorv, 
lung ; pr/yvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from 
the lungs. 

Pneumonorrhea (nu-mon-or-e' -aJi) [irveii/iov, lung ; 
pota, a flow]. A chronic mucous discharge from the 
lung; also small, oft-repeated hemorrhages from the 
lungs. 

Pneumonosaprosis {nti-mon-o-sap-ro'-sis). Synonym 
of Pneumonocace. 

Pneumonoscirrhus {nu-mon-o-skir' -us)\jtvtv\iuv , lung; 
aiappdg, hard]. Induration of the lung, associated 
with bronchiectasis. 

Pneumonosepsis (nu-mon-o-sep'-sis) [wveiifiov, lung ; 
crjxpic, putrefaction]. Septic inflammation of the lung. 

Pneumonosis (nu-mon'-o-sis) [irvev/ibyv, lung; vdcnc, 
'disease]. Any affection of the lungs. 

Pneumonospasmos (nu-mon-o-spaz'-mos) . Synonym 
of Astluna. 

Pneumonostenosis (nu-mon-o-sten-o'-sis) [nvcvuuv, 
lung; artvuaic, contraction]. Contraction of a lung. 

Pneumonosyrinx (nu-mon-o-si'-ringks)\jrv£viiwv, lung; 
ovpiv!;, pipe] . A fistula of the lung ; also, a syringe 
for making injections into the lung. Synonym also of 
Pneumonophyseter. 



Pneumonotelectasis (nu-mon-o-tel-ek'-tas-is) [Vre vjiuv, 
lung; re/lor, completion; ia-aac, dilatation]. Ad- 
vanced emphysema of the lung. 

Pneumonotomy {nu - mon- ot'- o - me). Synonym of 
Pneumotomy. 

Pneumony (nu-mo'-ne). Synonym of Pneumonia. 

Pneumonyperpathia (nu-mon-i-per-pa'-the-ah) [7rwi>- 
fjtuv, lung; virkp, in excess; TrdHog, disease]. A grave 
disease of the lung. 

Pneumonypostasis {nu-mon-i-pos'-tas-is). Synonym 
of Pneumonia , Hypostatic. 

Pneumoparesis {nu - mo - par' - es ■ is) [ttv£v/mjv, lung ; 
■n-dpeaig, paresis]. Progressive congestion of the 
lungs apparently depending on vaso-motor deficiency 
or other fault of innervation ; simple respiratory 
failure. 

Pneumopathy {nu-?nop'-ath-e). Synonym of Pneumo- 
nopathia. 

Pneumopericarditis {nu-mo-per-ik-ar-di' -tis) [m-eiy/a, 
air; Kepi, about; aapfiia, heart; trig, inflammation]. 
Pericarditis with the formation of gas in the pericar- 
dial sac. 

Pneumopericardium {nu-mo-per-ik-ar'-de-um) \jrvevfia, 
air; irepl, about; KapiYia, heart]. The presence of 
gas in the pericardial sac. It is due to traumatism, 
or to communication between the pericardium and 
the esophagus, stomach, or lungs. It is marked by 
tympanitic resonance over the precordial region, 
metallic rhythmic gurglings, and friction-sounds. 

Pneumoperitonitis (nu- mo -per- it - on -i'- tis) \jrvevfia, 
air; Tzepirovai.ov, peritoneum; irig, inflammation]. 
Peritonitis with the presence of gas in the peritoneal 
cavity. 

Pneumophthalmos (nu-nioff-thal' -mos) \_-Kvzv\m, air; 
bqidaAfwc, eye]. The presence of air within the eye. 

Pneumophthisis {nu- moff'- this -is) \tzvzvjiuv, lung ; 
(pdlaig, wasting]. A destructive process in the lung. 

Pneumophyma (nu-??io-Ji'-mah) [wvtvfiuv, lung; <pvua, 
growth: //., Pneumophymata~\. A tubercle of the 
lung. 

Pneumophymia {nu - mo - fi'- me - ah) [irvEvfiuv, lung ; 
(jivfia, growth]. Tuberculosis of the lung. 

Pneumophyses {nu-mo-fi' -siz) [rcvevp.a, air; <pveiv, to 
produce; <j>veo6ai, to grow]. In biology, two mem- 
branous sacs, always more or less filled with air, 
connected with the reproductive organs of the drone- 
bee. In repose they are bent and flattened, but when 
swollen they become hard and resistant, and take the 
form of divergent horns, which, as they expand in 
undergoing eversion, pass into and fill the bursa copu- 
latrix of the queen. (Cheshire.) 

Pneumopleuritis {nu-mo-plu-ri' -tis) \jrvevfiuv, lung ; 
TT^.evpa, pleura; mc, inflammation]. Conjoined in- 
flammation of the lungs and pleura. 

Pneumopyopericardium ( nu' -mo-pi' -o-per-ik-ar' -de- 
u m) \_TTi'£v/ua, air; -vov, pus; Kepi, about; napfiia, heart]. 
The presence of air or gas and pus in the pericardial sac. 

Pneumopyothorax {nu' -mo-pi' -o-tho' -raks) [mev/ia, 
air; nvov, pus ; ftupa£, chest]. The presence of air 
and pus in the cavity of the thorax. 

Pneumor (nu'-mor) \_-ve vua, air ; amor, love]. Desire 
for air, or to breathe. 

Pneumorrhagia {nu-vwr-a' -je-ah). See Hemoptysis. 

Pneumoscope {nu' -mo-shop). Synonym of Pneumo- 
graph. 

Pneumoserothorax {nu'-mo-se'-ro-tho'-raks) [-vevfia, 
air; serum, serum; Oupn^, chest]. The presence of 
air or gas and serum in the pleural cavity. 

Pneumosis {iiu-mo'-sis). Same as Pneumonosis. 

Pneumoskeletal (nu-mo-skel'-et-at) [Trrev/Lujf, lung ; 
aKf/irov, a dry body]. Pertaining to a pneumo- 
skeleton. 



PNEUMOSKELETON 



1131 



PODENCEPHALUS 



Pneumoskeleton {nu-mo-skeV -et-ori) [Trveii/Ltuv, lung; 
OKEAtrov, a dry body]. In biology, a skeletal struc- 
ture developed in connection with a respiratory 
organ. 

Pneumotherapeutic (nu-mo-lher-ap-u' -tik) \jrvevfia, 
air; Oeparrtia, treatment]. Pertaining to pneumo- 
therapy. 

Pneumotherapeutics [iiu-mo-ther-ap-u' -tiks). Syno- 
nym of Pneumotherapy. 

Pneumotherapy [nu-ino-ther' '-ap-e) [nvevfia, air, or 
nvebuuv, lung; de/jarreia, treatment]. The treatment 
of diseases of the lung. Synonym of Pnewnatothempy. 

Pneumothorax (nu-mo-lho' '-raks) [wvehfia, air ; ftipaf , 
chest]. Distention of the pleural cavity with air or 
gas. This condition may be due to traumatism or to 
communication between the pleural cavity and some 
one of the air-containing organs. It is not rare as a 
complication of pulmonary tuberculosis, following 
rupture of a cavity. It is marked by dyspnea, shock, 
pain, a tympanitic (sometimes a dull) percussion-note 
over the affected side, displacement of the heart, bell- 
tympany , and diminished respiratory murmur. If there 
be also serum or liquid present, as is likely to be the 
case unless death ensue rapidly, the condition is called 
Hydro-pneumothorax, or pneumothorax with effusion. 
P. by Occlusion, a condition in which there is no ap- 
parent communication between the air in the pleural 
cavity and the external atmosphere. P., Patent, a 
term used when the opening through which the air has 
entered the pleura is free and unobstructed. P. sub- 
phrenicus, pneumothorax due to perforation of the 
diaphragm. P., Valvular, a term used when the 
opening possesses a valvular character. 

Pneumotomy (nit-mof -o-me) \_Trvtvfj,uv, lung ; ~o\di, a 
cutting]. I. Surgical incision of the lung. 2. The 
anatomy, or dissection, of the lung. 

Pneumotoxin (nu-mo-toks'-in) [itvev/mjp, lung ; rogwdv, 
a poison] . Klemperer's term for a poisonous albuminoid 
body produced by the pneumococcus, and which, 
when introduced into the circulation of an animal 
causes elevation of temperature. Subsequently there 
is produced in the body a substance, antipneumoloxui, 
which possesses the power of neutralizing the poison 
which is formed by the bacteria. 

Pneumotuberculum (nu-mo-tu-ber' '-ku-luni) [Tivev/iuv, 
lung; tuberculum, tubercle]. A tubercle of the lung. 

Pneumo-typhoid (nu - mo - ti'-foid). Synonym of 
Pneumo-typhus. 

Pneumo-typhus {nu-mo-ti'-fus) [-ve'ufiun, lung ; rvtyoq, 
typhus]. A term given to those cases of typhoid 
fever that begin with a definite pneumonia dependent 
upon the typhoid-bacillus. 

Pneuobiomantia (nu-o-bi-o-man'-she-ah). Same as 
Pneusiobiognosis. 

Pneusiobiognosis (nu-ze-o-bi-og-no'-sis) [irvevinr. a 
blowing; /3('oc, life; yvcioir, knowledge]. Docimasia 
pulmonum, q. v. 

Pneusis [nu'-sis] \_ttve~iv, to breathe]. Respiration. P. 
pertussis. Synonym of Whooping-cough. 

Pneusometer (iiu-som'-et-er) . Synonym of Spirometer. 

Pnigalion (iii-ga' -le-ori) [izviyaXiuv; irviyeiv, to choke]. 
Nightmare ; incubus. 

Pnigma [nig'-mah) \_irviyeiv, to choke]. Strangula- 
tion. 

Pnigophobia (ni-go-fo' -be-ah) [nviyeiv, to choke ; <p6/3oc, 
fear]. The fear of choking that sometimes accom- 
panies angina pectoris. 

Pnigos, Pnix, Pnixis (ni'-gos, niks, niks'-is). Syno- 
nyms of Pnigma. 

Pock (pok) [D. ,pok, a little pouch]. A pustule of an erup- 
tive fever, especially of smallpox. P., Black. Syn- 
onym of Black Smallpox. P. -broken, marked with 



smallpox. P., Diphtheric, in smallpox, a pock the 
seat of coagulation-necrosis with the production of a 
whitish membrane. P. -hole, P. -mark, the pit left 
by the smallpox pustule. P., Horn. Synonym of 
Variola verrucosa. P. -house, a smallpox hospital. 
P. -marked, marked with the cicatrices of the small- 
pox-pustule. P., Master, a large pock seen in some 
cases of smallpox, and which resembles the pustule of 
inoculation-smallpox. P. -pitted. Synonym of Pock- 
marked. P., Stone, an obselete term for an acne- 
pustule. 

Pocked (pokt) [p., pok, a little pouch]. Pitted; 
marked with pustules. 

Pocket [pok'-et) [ME., pocket, a pocket]. In anat- 
omy, a blind sac, or sac-shaped cavity; the abdominal 
cavity of certain fish. A diverticulum communicating 
with a cavity. 

Pocketing {pok'-et-ing) [ME., pocket, a pocket]. A 
name given by Storer to a mode of treating the 
pedicle in the operation of ovariotomy. It is accom- 
plished by bringing the extremity of the pedicle 
between the inner lips of the incision, at its lower 
angle, thus securing its attachment to the raw surface 
of the abdominal wall. 

Pocky {pok'-e) [D., pok, a little pouch]. Having 
pocks or pustules ; infected with variola or syphilis. 

Poculiform ( pok' ' -u-liform) \_poculum, cup; forma, 
form] . In biology, deeply cup-shaped, goblet-shaped. 

Poculum [pok' '-u-lum) [L.j. A teacup. P. Diogenis 
[Diogenes' cup]. The hollow of the hand. 

Pod [origin obscure]. In biology, a more or less 
elongated cylindric seed-vessel. 

Podagra (pod-a'-grak) \_ttovc, foot; aypa, seizure]. 
Gout, especially of the great toe or the joints of the 
foot. P. aberrans, retrocedent gout. 

Podagral (pod-a'-gral). Same as Podag?-ic. 

Podagric (pod-a'-grik) [ttovq, foot; aypa, seizure]. 
Gouty. 

Podagrism { pod' -ag-rizm) \_ttovq, foot; aypa, seizure]. 
Goutiness. 

Podagrous (pod-a' '-grits). Synonym of Podagric. 

Podalgia (pod-al'-fe-ah) \novc {gen. irodor), foot; 
dAyoc, pain]. Pain in the foot. 

Podalic (pod-al'-ik) [xovc, foot]. Pertaining to the 
feet. P. Version, in obstetrics, the operation of 
changing the position of the fetus in utero so as to 
bring the feet to the outlet. 

Podanencephalia (pod-an-en-sefa'-le-ah) \jravr, foot; 
a priv. ; kvyne<baAor, headless]. Anencephalia with a 
pedunculated head. 

Podarthral (pod-ar'-thral) [rrnvr, foot; apBpov, a 
joint]. Pertaining to the podarthrum. 

Podarthritis ( pod-ar-thri' '-lis) [novo, foot ; apOpov, 
joint; irir, inflammation]. Gouty inflammation of the 
joints of the feet. 

Podarthrocace ( pod-ar-throk' -as-e ) \tzovc, foot ; apftpov, 
joint; kxlkoc, evil]. Caries of the articulations of the 
feet. 

Podarthrum [pod-ar' '-thrum) [7roi'c, foot; apftpov, a 
joint: //. , Podartlira~\. In biology, the foot-joint or 
metatarso-phalangeal articulation. 

Podedema (pod-e-de'-mah) [novr, foot ; oifiq/ua, edema]. 
Edema of the foot. 

Podelcoma, Podelkoma ( pod-el-ko' -mah) . See Fungus- 
foot. 

Podencephalia ( pod-en-sef-a' -le-ah) [iroi/f, foot; iyni- 
ipalor, brain]. The condition present in a poden- 
cephalus. 

Podencephalus (pod-en-sef'-al-us) [ttovc , foot ; kytietp- 
aXoQ, brain]. A variety of single autositic monsters 
of the species exencephalus, in which there is a pro- 
trusion of the cranial contents from the top of the 



PODETIIFORM 



1132 



POIKILOCYTE 



head, the tumor assuming a pedunculated character. 
There is usually a considerable degree of hydro- 
cephalus present. 

Podetiiform (pod-e-te'-if-orm) [ttovq, foot ; forma, 
form]. Resembling a podetium. 

Podetium (pod-e'-she-um) [ttovq, a foot]. In biology, 
the stalk of an apothecium in lichens or a fruit-stalk in 
Marchantia. 

Podex (po'-deks) [podex, the anus: //., Bodices']. In 
biology, the rump, uropygium, or pygidium. 

Podical (pod'-ik-al) \_podex, the anus]. Pertaining to 
the podex. 

Podismus (pod-iz'-mus) [tto&'i&iv, to measure by feet]. 
Spasm of the muscles of the foot. 

Podite (pod' -It) [ttovq, foot]. In biology, the limb of 
a crustacean, usually seven-jointed. Cf. , Endopodite, 
Exopodite, Epipodite , Basipodite, Coxopodite, Dactylo- 
podite, Ischiopodite, Mcropodite. 

Poditic (po-dil'-ih) [7rouc, foot]. Pertaining to a podite. 

Podium (po' -de-iaii) [ttoSiov, a little foot: //. , Podia]. 
In biology, the foot or supporting organ. Commonly 
used in compounds, as Monopodium, Sympodium, 
Propodium, Mesopodium, Jl/etapodium, Epipodium. 

Podobranchia [pod- o- brang' -ke - ah) [ttovq a foot; 
Ppayxi-o., gills: pi. , Podobranchia:]. In biology, a 
branchial plume or foot-gill ; a respiratory organ of 
crustaceans attached to the coxa. 

Podobranchial ( pod-o-brang' -ke-al) [ttovq, foot ; (ipay- 
%ia, gills]. Pertaining to a podobranchia. 

Podobranchiate ( pod - o - brang' - ke - af) [ttovc, foot; 
fipdyxia, gills]. In biology, provided with podo- 
branchia. 

Podobromhidrosis ( pod-o-brbm-hid-ro' -sis) [ttovq, foot ; 
/3/3U//OC, stench; iSp6>Q, sweat]. Offensive sweating 
of the feet. 

Podocace (po-dok'-as-e). Synonym of Podarthrocace. 

Podocephalous (pod-o-sef'-al-us) [ttovq (ttoS-), foot; 
KEtyiM], head]. In biology, applied to a head of 
flowers when borne upon a distinct stalk. 

Pododynia (pod-o-din'-e-ah) [ttovq, foot; bdvv?/, pain]. 
Pain in the foot, and especially in the sole of the 
foot; the word is now usually limited to painful 
heel, a neuralgic condition about the heel, attended 
with little or no swelling, no discoloration, and 
no affection of the joints. The pains are very severe, 
though often limited to a very small area. It may be 
associated with rheumatism or gout, and with certain 
occupations requiring much standing. 

Podcedema (pod-e-de' -mah). See Podedema. 

Podogyn, Podogynium (po'-do-jin, po-do-jin' -e-iini) 
[ttovq, foot; yoyfj, female: //. , Podogynia]. See 
Gynophore and Basigynium. 

Podology (pod-ol'-o-je) [7roi'c, foot; Xdyog, science]. 
The anatomy and physiology, etc., of the foot. 

Podophthalmic, Podophthalmous {pod-off-thai 1 '-mik, 
pod-off-thaF -mus) [ttovq, foot ; btpOa'A/iog, eye]. Hav- 
ing the eye fixed at the end of a projecting, movable 
stalk, as in crustaceans. 

Podophthalmite (pod-off-thal' -mif) [ttovc, foot ; btydaA.- 
fidc, eye]. In biology, the distal of two joints of the 
eye-stalk or ophthalmite of a stalk -eyed crustacean, 
as distinguished from the basiophthalmite. 

Podophyllic (pod-o-fil'-ik) [7roi'c, foot; QvXlov, leaf]. 
Derived from podophyllin. P. Acid, a resinous, 
amorphous substance, found in the podophyllin of 



commerce. 



Podophyllin (pod-o-fil'-iu). See Podophyllum. 
Podophyllitis [pod -o -Jil - i' - lis) [ttwq , foot ; ovXKov, 

leaf; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the podo- 

phyllous tissues of the hoof. 
Podophyllotoxin ( pod - o -fit '- o-toks'-in) [7roi'c, foot; 

(pvWkov, leaf; to^ikov, poison]. The principal ac- 



tive constituent of the resin of podophyllum. It is a 
white, amorphous resin, very poisonous, soluble in 
alcohol, ether, and chloroform, slightly so in water. 

Podophyllous (pod-o-fil'-us) [ttovq, foot; (pvl'/.ov, leaf]. 
In biology, pertaining to the laminated tissues of the 
foot, as those inside the hoof; having compressed, 
leaf-like feet. 

Podophyllum (pod-o-fil'-um) [ttovq, foot; tybXAav, leaf] . 
May-apple. The root of mandrake, P. peltatum. It 
contains podophyllin, and this a poisonous material, 
podophyllotoxin. It is a tonic astringent, cholagogue, 
and purgative, and is apt to produce nausea. It is re- 
commended in remittent fever, bilious vomiting, and 
malarial jaundice. Dose of the root gr. v-xx ; of 
the resin, podophyllin, gr. ]/%-}■ P., Abstract. 
Dose gr. %-). Unof. P., Ext. Dose gr. j-v. P., 
Ext., Fid. Dose mjj-xx. P., Tinct. (B.P.) 
Dose Tt\,xv-2J- 

Podorrheumatism (pod-or-rit'-mat-izm) [ttovq, foot ; 
pev/ia, flux]. Rheumatism of the foot. 

Podoscaph (pod'-o-skaf) [ttovq, foot ; analog, a ship]. 
In biology, a hollow, skiff-like member attached to the 
foot of certain water birds. 

Podosperm, Podospermium (pod'- o - sperm, pod- o - 
sper'-me-um) [ttovq, foot; airepiia, seed]. In biology, 
the stalk of an ovule or seed. See Fnnicle. 

Podostomatous (pod-o-sto' ' -mat-ns) [7roi'c, foot ; ardixa, 
mouth]. In biology, having foot-like mouth-parts. 

Podotheca (pod-o-the' -kali) [ttOijc, foot ; Bijiitj, sheath : 
pi. , Podotheca;]. In biology: (a) the envelop of the 
legs and feet of a bird ; (b) the covering of a leg in 
the pupa of an insect. 

Podotrochilitis (pod-o-trok-il-i'-tis) [ttovq, foot ; rpox'i- 
Xia, pulley ; ltlq, inflammation]. Navicular disease ; 
an inflammatory disease of the fore-foot in the horse, 
involving the synovial sheath between the sesamoid or 
navicular bone of the third phalanx and the flexor per- 
forans muscle over it. 

Podwyssozki's Theory of Inflammation. See under 
Theory. 

Podyperidrosis (po-di-per-id-ro'-sis) [ttovq, foot ; virip, 
over; Wpuoig, sweating]. Excessive sweating of the 
feet. 

Pcecilia (pe-sil'-e-ah). Same as Achroma. 

Pcecilocyte (pe'-sil-o-sit). See Poikilocyte. 

Pcecilocytosis (pe-sil-o-si-to'-sis). See Poikilocytosis. 

Pcecilomelasma ( pe-sil-o-mel-az' -mah) [ttoikiIoq, va- 
ried; fieXaa fia, livid spot]. Synonym of Gangrene, 
Senile. 

Pcecilonym (pe'-sil-o-Jiim) [ TroiKi'kog, various ; bvvfia, a 
name]. In biology, one of many onyins or technical 
names for the same part. 

Pceciloperissoma (pc-sil-o-per-is-o'-mah) [ttoik'iTioq , 
varied ; Trepiaaujia, superabundance]. An excessive 
growth of heterogeneous tissues. 

Pogoniasis (po-go-ni'-as-is) [-rruyuv, beard]. Exces- 
sive growth of the beard ; growth of beard in a 
woman. 

Pogoniate (po-go'-ne-at) [TTuyuviarriQ, bearded]. In 
biology, webbed ; bearded. 

Pogonium (po-go' ' -ne-iun) [Trwytov, beard]. A small 
beard ; also, the web of a feather. 

Pogonology (po-go-nol'-o-je) [-ioyuv, beard; %6yog, 
science]. Description of the beard. 

Pogonotrophy (po-gon-ot'-ro-fe) [~6>yuv, beard ; rpotbij, 
nourishment]. Nutrition of the beard. 

Poikiloblast (poi'-kil-o-b/ast). See Corpuscle. 

Poikilocyte (poi'-hil-o-sit) [ttocki/oq, varied; kvtoq, 
cell]. A large, irregularly shaped red blood-corpus- 
cle. Poikilocytes are most abundant in the blood in 
pernicious anemia, but also occur in other forms of 
anemia. 



POIKILOCYTHEMIA 



1133 



POINT 



Poikilocythemia (poi-Ml-o-si-the f -me-aK) [Trotnilor, 
varied ; k'i'toc, cell ; al/ia, blood]. The presence of 
poikilocytes in the blood. 

Poikilocytosis lpoi-kil-o-si-to f -sis) [koikITioc, varied; 
KtiTOf, cell]. A condition of the blood marked by ir- 
regularity in the shape of the red corpuscles ; it occurs 
preeminently in pernicious anemia, but also in other 
forms of anemia. 

Poikilothermal (poi- kil- o-ther'- ma/). Synonym of 
Poikilothermic. 

Poikilothermic ( poi-kil-o-tlier' '-mik) [ttimwAoc, varied ; 
Otpiiir/, he.at]. Varying in temperature according to 
the surroundings. A term applied to cold-blooded 
animals, the temperature of which adapts itself easily 
to their environment. 

Point [ME., point, a point]. The sharp end of an ob- 
ject ; in the mathematic sense, that which has position 
but no dimensions. P., Alveolar, the central point 
in the lower margin of the upper alveolar arch. P. 
apophysaire, P., Apophyseal, a name given by 
Trousseau to a tender spot over the spinous process of 
a vertebra, which, in neuralgic affections, corresponds 
to the origin of the nerve involved. P., Auricular, 
in craniometry, the center of the external auditory 
meatus. P., Boiling, the degree of temperature at 
which a liquid passes into the vaporous state with 
ebullition. P., Cardinal, in optics, one of the six 
points that determine the direction of the rays enter- 
ing or emerging from a series of refracting media. 
P., Cardinal, of Capuron. See Pelvis. P., Cra- 
niometric. See Craniometric Points. P., Critical 
(of gases), a temperature at or above which a gas can- 
not be liquefied by pressure alone. Different gases 
have different, but fixed critical points. P., Critical 
(of liquids), that temperature at which a liquid, regard- 
less of the pressure to which it is subjected, assumes 
a gaseous form. P., Deaf (of the ear), one of certain 
points near the ear where, as shown by Urbantschitsch, 
a vibrating tuning-fork cannot be heard. The fork is 
held perpendicularly and is moved from the zygoma 
backward toward the occiput. The first point is at 
the lower end of the tragus; the second, where the 
helix intersects the line along which the fork is moved. 
P., Dew, the temperature at which the atmospheric 
moisture is deposited as dew. P. of Dispersion, 
in optics, the virtual focus. Ps. douloureux, the 
tender spots at the exit of nerves the seat of neu- 
ralgic pain. See Ps. , Valleix's. P. of Election, in 
surgery, that point at which a certain operation is done 
by preference. P., Erb's, the supraclavicular point, 
a point above the middle of the clavicle where a 
group of muscles consisting of the deltoid, biceps, 
brachialis anticus, and supinator longus can be stimu- 
lated to contraction. P., Eye: I. An ocellus, q. v. 
2. The bright circle seen at the crossing-point of the 
rays above the microscopic ocular. P., Far-, the re- 
motest point of distinct vision ; in the emmetropic eye, 
it is at infinity, but it is practically considered to be at 
20 feet from the eye ; in the myopic eye at a finite dis- 
tance in front of the eye ; in the hyperopic eye, beyond 
infinity, — practically beyond 20 feet. P., Fixation, 
that point on the visual axis at which an object is most 
distinctly seen. P., Focal, one of the two principal 
foci of a dioptric system. In the eye there is an ante- 
rior and a posterior focal point. The former is that 
point at which emerging rays that are parallel in the 
vitreous would converge in front of the eye ; while 
the posterior is that point in the back of the eye 
at which entering rays, that are parallel when they 
strike the cornea, meet. P., Freezing, the degree 
of temperature at which a liquid substance, usually 
water or watery fluids, becomes solid. P., Fusing, 



P., Fusion. Synonym of P., Melting. P., Hystero- 
epileptogenous, P., Hysterogenic. See Zo?ie. P. 
of Incidence, in optics, that point on a surface upon 
which a ray of light falls. P., Intersuperciliary, the 
central point of a line joining the most prominent 
points of the two superciliary arches. P., Jugal, the 
point of intersection of a line tangent to the upper 
border of the zygoma and one marking the posterior 
border of the frontal process of the malar bone. P. 
of Least Resistance. See Locus minoris resisten- 
ticr. P., Malar, the most prominent point on the 
external surface of the malar bone. P., McBurney's, 
a point two and a half inches distant from the anterior 
superior spine of the right ilium, on a line drawn from 
the spine to the umbilicus. It is often the seat of 
greatest tenderness in appendicitis. P., Melting, the 
degree of temperature at which fusible solids begin to 
melt. P., Metopic,the glabella, q. v. P., Motor, the 
point on the surface of the body corresponding to the 
place where the motor nerve enters a muscle, and where 
an electrode must be applied to produce the maximum 
contraction of the muscle by electric stimulation. See 
Motor Point. P., Nasal. Synonym of Nasion. P., 
Near-, the nearest point at which the eyes can accom- 
modate to see distinctly. P., Near-, Absolute, the 
nearest point at which accommodation in a single eye 
is still possible without vision becoming indistinct. 
P., Near-, Binocular, the nearest point at which the 
means of accommodation and the convergence of the 
visual axes of an object can be seen distinctly. P., 
Nodal, in optics, the center of curvature of a spherical 
lens or refracting surface, through which rays of light 
pass, joining conjugate points. P., Occipital, the 
pointed posterior extremity of the occipital lobe of 
the brain. P., Occipital, Maximum, in craniometry, 
the point of the longest antero-posterior diameter which 
is most distant from the glabella. P., Ophryon. Syno- 
nym of Ophryon. P., Orbital, External, in crani- 
ometry, the most prominent point at the outer edge of 
the orbit. It is just above the fronto-malar bones. 
P. of Ossification, the center of ossification in a bone. 
P., Painful, the point where a nerve, the seat of neu- 
ralgia, is tender on pressure. It is usually at the exit 
of the nerve from a bony canal, or where it passes 
through fascia. See Ps. , Valleix's. P., Physio- 
logic Middle (of the retina) , the fovea centralis. Ps., 
Principal, in optics, the two points in the optic axis 
of a lens that are so related that lines drawn from these 
points to the corresponding points in the object and 
its image are parallel. P. of Reflection, in optics, 
the point from which a ray of light is reflected. P. 
of Refraction, in optics, the point at which a ray of 
light is refracted. P. of Regard, the point at which 
the eye is directly looking. Its image falls in the 
middle of the macula lutea. P., Retinal, Corres- 
ponding. See P. , Retinal, Identical. P., Retinal, 
Disparate, one of those points on the retinae whence 
images are projected, not to the same, but to different 
points in space. Ps., Retinal, Identical, correspond- 
ing points on the two retinae, the images of which are 
projected to the same spot in space. P. of Sight. 
Same as P. of Vision. P. , Subnasal, in craniometry, 
the middle of the inferior border of the anterior nares, 
or the root of the anterior nasal spine. P., Supra- 
auricular, in craniometry, the point at the root of 
the zygomatic process directly over the auricular point. 
P., Supraclavicular. See P., Erb's. P., Supra- 
nasal. .Same as Ophryon. P., Supra-orbital, a 
tender point in neuralgia just above the supra-orbital 
notch. P., Vaccine. See Vaccine Point. Ps., 
Valleix's (Pointes douloureux), the points at which 
neuralgic nerves are tender on pressure. This ten- 



POINTED 



1134 



POLARIZATION 



derness is of diagnostic significance, and generally 
persists in the intervals between attacks. In trigeminal 
neuralgia these points are at the supra-orbital notch, 
at the infraorbital, and at the mental foramen. P. 
of Vision, the position from which anything is ob- 
served. P., Vital, a spot in the oblongata corre- 
sponding to the seat of the respiratory center, and 
puncture of which causes immediate death. 

Pointed [point' '-cd) [ME., point, a point]. Having a 
point. P. Condyloma. See Venereal Wart. 

Pointillage ( pwan 1 '- til - yahzh) [Er.]. Massage by 
means of the finger-tips. 

Pointing (point' -ing) [ME., point, a point]. The 
coming to a point. P. of an Abscess, the process 
by which pus from the deeper structures reaches the 
surface. 

Poiseuille's Space. The peripheral zone in the capil- 
lary vessel between the wall of the capillary and the 
central current of the red blood-discs. 

Poison (poi'-zn) [ME., poison n, poison]. A substance 
that destroys the life of an organism or impairs the 
functions of one or more of its organs. "A substance 
capable of producing noxious and even fatal effects 
upon the system, no matter by what avenue it be 
introduced ; and this, as an ordinary result, in a 
healthy state of the body, and not by a mechanical 
action." (Reese.) See Poisons, Table of, pp. 1136- 
1149. P., Aerial. Same as Miasm. P., Arrow, a 
poison, generally a vegetable extract, applied by sav- 
ages to the heads of their arrows. Curare, employed 
by the inhabitants of Guiana, is one of the best known 
of these poisons. P. -ash. See Chionanthus. P.-bag. 
See P. -sac. P., Blood, a substance having a destruc- 
tive action upon the blood. P., Frog, an animal 
poison applied by the Indians of Colombia to their 
arrow-heads. P., Gaboon. See P. of Pahonias. P.- 
gland, a gland secreting poison. P., Hematic. 
Synonym of P., Blood. P., Irritant, one producing 
irritation or destruction, such as mineral acids, alkalies, 
caustics, and other corrosive substances. P. -ivy, a 
shrub vine of North America, Rhus toxicodendron. It 
produces a severe cutaneous inflammation. See Rhus. 
P., Morbid, the etiologic poisonous element of a 
specific disease. P., Muscle : I. A substance that 
impairs or destroys the proper functions of muscles. 
2. A poisonous albumin developed during muscular 
activity. P., Narcotic, one affecting the cerebral or 
cerebral and spinal centers, producing stupor, delirium, 
etc., such as opium, hydrocyanic acid, and carbon 
monoxid. See, also, Antidote, and Drug. P., 
Nerve, one impairing or destroying the conducting- 
power of nerves. P. -oak, a low form of the poison- 
ivy. P., Ordeal, any one of the vegetable poisons, such 
as Physostigma, used by savages in the trial of accused 
persons to determine their guilt or innocence. P.- 
organ, an organic apparatus for producing a poisonous 
material. P. of Pahonias, or Phonias, a very 
virulent poison obtained from the seeds of Stropkanthus 
hispidus, and used as an arrow-poison. It is also 
called Gaboon poison. P., Protoplasmic, one de- 
stroying the vital properties of living protoplasm. 
P. -sac, a sac containing or secreting poison ; a 
poison-gland. P. -vine. See P. -ivy. 

Poisoning ( poi' -zn-ing) [ME., poisoun, a poison]. The 
act of administering or ingesting any poisonous sub- 
stance in doses sufficient to destroy life or health. P., 
Blood, a condition in which the quality of the blood 
is altered by reason of the presence in it of a poison ; 
ordinarily, synonymous with Septicemia. 

Poisonous (poi'-zn-us) [ME. ,poisoun, poison]. Hav- 
ing the properties of a poison ; venomous. 

Poke-root (pok'-riit). See Phytolacca. 



Polar (po'-lar) \_polus, a pole]. Pertaining or belong- 
ing to the poles. P. Crown, the disc of chromatin- 
grains at each pole of the nuclear spindle in karyokine- 
sis. P. Field, the clear space enclosed by the 
chromatin-loops of the loose skein, in karyokinesis, 
and in which the nuclear spindle appears. Cf. Sphere 
of Attraction, Centrosome. P. Globules, two masses 
of nuclear substance detached from the nuclear 
spindles during karyokinesis. They appear to be 
necessary to the complete maturation of the ovum, 
although they ultimately disappear. Only one polar 
globule occurs in parthenogenetic ova. They have 
been described by Eleming in white blood-corpuscles. 
The significance of the polar bodies is not definitely 
known. According to certain embryologists the ovum 
is originally hermaphroditic, the polar bodies repre- 
senting the male element, which the ovum expels in 
order to prepare for the entrance of the male pronu- 
cleus. An analogous condition, leading also to the 
loss of certain elements, is thought to exist in the 
spermatozoon, which likewise is originally hermaphro- 
ditic. Weismann looks upon the polar bodies as 
masses of ovogenetic nucleoplasm which are expelled 
from the ovum, in order that the more important 
germ-plasm may develop actively. The bodies are 
also known as the polar globules of Robin. P. 
Method, a method of applying electricity in electro- 
therapeutics, in which the pole whose distinctive effect 
is wanted is placed over the part to be treated, and the 
other pole over some indifferent part. P. Nucleus, 
in biology, the fourth nucleus in each group at the two 
extremities of the embryo-sac. P. Reaction, in 
electricity, the measure of muscular contraction that 
follows the application of the positive (anode) or 
negative (kathode) pole to a nerve or muscle. P. 
Vesicle. Same as P. Globule. P. Zone. See 
Zone. 

Polarimeter (po-lar-im'-et-er) [polus, pole ; fierpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for determining the degree 
to which an optically active substance changes the 
plane of polarization to the right or to the left. 

Polarimetry (po-lar-im'-et-re) [polus, pole ; fierpov, 
measure]. The use of the polarimeter. 

Polariscope (po-lar'-is-kop) [polus, pole; cuoxeiv, to 
view]. An optic instrument for exhibiting the polari- 
zation of light, or for examining substances in polarized 
light. The essential parts are the polarizing and ana- 
lyzing prisms. 

Polariscopic (po-lar-is-kop'-ik) [polus, pole ; okotteiv, 
to view]. Pertaining to a polariscope. 

Polariscopy (po-lar'-is-hop-e) [polus, pole; ononelv, to 
view]. The use of the polariscope. 

Polaristrobometer (po - lar - is -tro -bom'- et - er) [polus, 
pole; c~ri6fto<;, a whirling round; fierpov, measure], 
A form of polarimeter or saccharimeter that furnishes a 
delicate means of fixing the plane of polarization as 
rotated by the sugar- solution under examination. 

Polarite (po'-lar-it) [polus, a pole]. A filtering- 
material containing 50 per cent, of magnetic oxid and 
iron carbonate ; it is used in the artificial filtration of 
sewage. 

Polarity (po-lar'-it-e) [polus, pole]. The state or 
quality of having poles or points of intensity with 
mutually opposite qualities. In electro-therapeutics, 
that condition of a nerve in which the part nearest the 
negative pole is in a state of increased, and that near- 
est the positive is in a state of decreased irritability. 

Polarization (po-lar-iz-a'-shun) [polus, pole]. The 
act of forming poles or points of intensity having 
qualities mutually opposite. P., Chromatic, polar- 
ization accompanied by a play of colors. P., Circu- 
lar, the turning of the plane of polarization to the 



POLARIZER 



1135 



POLITZERATION 



right or left. P. of Light, the breaking up of a ray of 
light into two separate parts whose planes of vibration 
are at right angles to each other. It is usually accom- 
plished by passing the ray through a doubly refracting 
medium. 

Polarizer (po'-lar-i-zer) \_polus, pole]. In microscopy, 
one of the Nicol prisms placed beneath the object 
and by means of which the light is polarized. 

Pole (pol) \_~6aoc, poliis, a pole]. The extremity of an 
axis ; a point on a sphere equally distant from every part 
of the circumference of a great circle of the sphere. In 
electricity, one of the points of a body at which its 
attractive or repulsive energy is concentrated. In 
galvanic or dynamic electricity, the electrodes of a 
cell or of a generator. In magnetism, one of the 
points of maximum intensity of magnetic force. P., 
Antigerminal, the pole of an ovum opposite the 
germinal pole ; it is the pole at which the food-yolk is 
situated. P., Cephalic, the end of the fetal ellipse 
where the head of the fetus is situated. P. -changer, 
a switch or key for changing or reversing the direction 
of a current produced by any electric source, such 
as a battery. P. Corpuscles. See Polar Globules. 
Ps. of the Eye, the anterior and posterior poles of the 
optic axis. P., Germinal, P., Germinative, the pole 
of the egg at which the development of the embryo 
begins. P., Lower, of an egg. See P., Antiger- 
minal. P., Negative, the electrode or any other 
termination of the wire which is attached to the posi- 
tive element in the galvanic cell. P., North, in a 
magnet, the extremity directed toward the north. P., 
Nutritive. Synonym of P., Antigerminal. P., Oc- 
cipital, the posterior pointed extremity of the occipital 
lobe. P., Pelvic, the extremity of the fetal ellipse at 
which the breech is situated. P., Positive, the elec- 
trode or other terminal portion of the wire which is 
connected with the negative element of a galvanic 
battery. P., South, in a magnet, the extremity di- 
rected toward the south. P., Upper, in an egg, the 
P., Germinal, q. v. P., Vitelline. Synonym of P., 
Antigerminal . 

Polemophthalmia (pol-em-off-thal' -me-ah) \j:okejwq, 
war; bqBaAfiot;, eye]. Military ophthalmia ; the oph- 
thalmia of soldiers. 

Polenta (po-len'-tah) [L.]. In Italy, a maize-meal 
porridge. 

Poliater ( pol' -e-a-ter) \_-k6ai^, city ; larr/p, physician] . 
Formerly, a physician licensed to practise by the 
public authorities of a city. 

Police [po-les') [ttoAic, a city]. I. Public order. 2. 
An organized civil force for maintaining order. P., 
Sanitary, the body of officials in the employ of a city, 
state or nation, whose duty it is to look after the 
hygienic condition as it affects the public health. 

Policeman's Disease. Synonym of Tarsalgia. 

Policlinic (pol-ik-lin'-ik) \noAi(;, city; kXivij, couch]. 
A general city hospital. Cf. Polyclinic. 

Poliencephalitis (pol-e-en-sef-al-i' -lis) [tto/Uoc, gray ; 
kyukfyaXov, brain ; irtg, inflammation]. An inflamma- 
tion of the gray matter of the cortex of the brain. P. 
acuta, an acute inflammation of the cerebral cortex in 
children, giving rise to infantile cerebral palsy. P., 
Anterior Superior, an inflammatory disease of the gray 
matter of the third ventricle, of the anterior portion of 
the fourth, and of that about the Sylvian aqueduct. 
The condition is usually acute and has, as a rule, a 
well marked clinical picture, including ophthalmo- 
plegia, chiefly external, and a peculiar somnolent 
state ; there is no other paralysis ; sensation is not 
affected. The disease appears as if caused by infection, 
and is usually fatal, although recovery may take place. 
This disease may be related to the African sleeping- 



sickness, nelavan, and to a similar disease occasion- 
ally observed in Switzerland and Lombardy. P. 
corticalis, inflammation of the gray matter of the 
cerebral cortex. P., Posterior, inflammation of the 
gray matter of the posterior portion of the fourth 
ventricle. 

Polimitus malariae {pol-im'-it-us). See under Para- 
sites [Animal), Table of. 

Polioencephalitis (pol-e-o-en-sef-al-i'-tis). See Poli- 
encephalitis. 

Polioencephalo-myelitis (pol-e-o-en-sef ' -al-o-mi-el-i' '• 
lis). Synonym of Poliomyelencephalitis. 

Poliomyelencephalitis (pol-e-o-mi-el-en-sefal-i'-tis) 
\ttoAioc, gray ; fiveUc, marrow ; kyiic<paAog, brain ; cnc, 
inflammation]. Poliomyelitis and poliencephalitis ex- 
isting together. 

Poliomyelepathy (pol-e-o-mi-el-ep'-ath-e^noldq, gray; 
\ivi\6c, marrow ; Tradoc, disease]. Disease of the gray 
matter of the spinal cord. 

Poliomyelitis ifpol-e-o-mi-el-i' '-tis) \noAi6g, gray; /uve?i6c, 
marrow; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
gray matter of the spinal cord. P., Acute Anterior, 
acute inflammation of the anterior horns of the gray 
matter of the spinal cord, leading to a destruction of the 
large multipolar cells of these horns. It is most common 
in children, coming on during the period of the first 
dentition and producing a paralysis of certain muscle- 
groups or of an entire limb. The onset is sudden, 
and the paralysis is usually most extensive in the 
beginning, a certain amount of improvement taking 
place subsequently. There are no sensory disturb- 
ances. The affected muscles atrophy rapidly, the 
reflexes in them are lost, and reactions of degeneration 
are present. From contraction of antagonistic muscles 
deformities develop later in life. The disease is also 
known as Infantile Palsy. P., Chronic Anterior. 
Synonym of Progressive Muscular Atrophy. 

Poliomyelopathy (pol-e-o-mi-el-op' -ath-e) [ttoXloc, gray; 
(iveAoc, marrow ; TraOog, disease]. Disease of the gray 
matter of the cord. 

Polioplasm, Polioplasma {pol' '-e-o-plazm, pol-e-o-plaz' '- 
mah) [to/Uoc, gray; TrAao/ia, plasm]. Granular proto- 
plasm. 

Poliosis (pol-e-o'-sis) [ttoAloc, hoary or gray]. A con- 
dition characterized by absence of pigment in the hair. 
See Canities. 

Poliotes (pol-e-o'-tez) [tto/Uoc, hoary or gray. Synonym 
of Canities. 

Poliothrix (pol'-e-o-thriks) [ttoAioc, gray; Opt!;, hair]. 
Synonym of Canities. 

Polish [po'-lish) [Pol., Polski, Polish], Pertaining to 
Poland. P. Plait. See Plica polonica. P. Ring- 
worm. Same as Plica polonica. 

Polishing Red. Same as Colcothar. 

Polity (pol'-it-e) [tto/Uc, a city]. A form of govern- 
ment. The functions of the government of a city 
or town. P., Medical, the sanitary regulations of a 
community. 

Politzer's Ear-bag. An instrument for filling the tym- 
panic cavity with air. It consists essentially of a 
large, gourd-like rubber bulb and a tube with a hard- 
rubber tip to fit into the nose. P.'s Method, a method 
of inflating the middle ear and clearing the Eustachian 
tube by filling one nostril with air from a rubber-bag, 
the other ear being closed and the patient, at the 
moment of inflation, performing the act of swallow- 
ing, during which the pharyngeal end of the Eusta- 
chian tube is open. 

Politzeration, Politzerization (pol-its-er-a' '-shun, pol- 
its-er-iz-a' '-shun) [after Adam Politzer, an Austrian 
physician]. The inflation of the middle ear by means 
of Politzer's bag. 



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Politzerize (pol'-its-er-iz) [after Politzer, an Austrian 
physician]. To treat by l'olitzer's method. 

Poll (/W) [ME., poll, head]. The head, especially 
the back portion, of an individual or of an animal. 
P. -evil, in farriery, an abscess behind the ears of a 
horse, producing a fistula. 

Pollakiuria (pol-ak-i-u' '-re-aK) [noAKamc, often; ovpov, 
urine]. Abnormal increased frequency of micturition. 

Polled (pold) [ME., poll, the head]. A term applied 
to cattle without horns. P. Angus, a race of cattle 
without horns, indigenous to Great Britain. 

Pollemphytensis (pol-em-fi-ten'-sis) [noXX6c, many ; 
eiMpvTiveiv, to implant]. Multiple vaccinations in dif- 
ferent parts of the body. 

Pollen [pol'-en) \_pollen, fine dust]. In biology, the 
fecundating element produced in the anthers of flower- 
ing plants. It occurs as separate one-celled, globular, 
or irregular grains varying as to species. The central 
protoplasm is inclosed in two coats, the inner of which 
is called the inline, the outer the extine. P. -basket. 
See Corbicuhtm. P. Catarrh. See Hay-fever. P.- 
cell, in biology, the cell, sac, or chamber of an anther 
in which the pollen is produced. P. -chamber, the 
cavity at the apex of the ovule of gymnosperms, in 
which the pollen-grains lie after pollination. P. -fever. 
See Hay-fever. P. -grain, one of the unicellular 
bodies found in the anthers of flowering plants. They 
are generally yellow, and may be united into a mass 
by a viscid material. P. -mass. Same as Pollinium. 
P. -paste, pollen as it is stored up by bees. P.- 
plate. See Corbiculum. P. -sac. See P. -chamber. 
P. -spore. Same as P. -grain. P. Theory, a theory 
first proposed by Gordon in 1829 and finally confirmed 
by Blackley, in 1873, tna,: hay-fever is due to the 
irritation of the Schneiderian mucosa produced by 
the pollen of grasses and other plants. P. -tube, in 
biology, a slender tube formed by a protrusion of the 
intine of a pollen-grain, after its contact with the 
stigma, and by means of which the contents of the 
pollen-grain are conducted into the ovule. 

Polleniferous [pol-en-if '> '-er-us). See Polliniferous. 

Pollenization [pol-en-iz-a' -shun). See Pollination. 

Pollex [pol'-eks) \_pollex, the thumb, the great toe : //. , 
Pollices]. The digit at the radial side of the quinque- 
digital hand. 

Pollical {pol'-ik-al) [pollex, thumb]. Pertaining to 
the thumb. 

Pollicate [poF-ik-dt) \_pollex, thumb]. In biology, 
having thumbs. 

Pollinar (pol'-in-a?-) [pollen, pollen]. In biology, 
covered with a fine dust resembling pollen. 

Pollinarium (pol-in-a 1 ' -re-uni) [pollen, pollen]. In 
biology, one of the organs growing on the hymenium 
of certain fungi (Agaricini), thought by some to be 
male organs ; also called cyslidia, barren basidia. Cf. 
Antheridiuvi. 

Pollination (pol-in-a' -shun) [pollen, pollen]. The 
act of conveying the pollen to the stigma. 

Pollinic (pol-in'-ik) [pollen, pollen]. Pertaining to 
pollen. P. Chamber. See Pollen-chamber. 

Polliniferous (pol-in-if -er-us) [pollen, pollen ; ferre, 
to bear]. I. Producing or containing pollen. 2. 
Bearing pollen, as certain insects. 

Pollinigerous (pol-in-ij'-er-?cs). Same as Pollinifer- 
ous. 

Pollinium (pol-in' ' -e-tim) [pollen, fine flour : pi. , Pol- 
linia~]. In biology, a mass of united pollen-grains, 
as in orchids, milk-weeds and other plants. 

Pollinivorous ( pol-i?z-iv' -or-us) [pollen, pollen ; vor- 
are, to devour]. Feeding upon pollen. 

Pollinose (pol'-in-oz) [pollen, fine flour]. In biology, 
powdered over as if with pollen. 



POLLUTION 



1150 



POLYCHREST 



Pollution (pol-u' -shun) \_polhitio ; polluere, to defile]. 
In sanitary science, the introduction or dissemination 
of any deleterious or filthy substance about a locality 
where its presence would be conducive to disease. 
Especially the defilement of potable water by sewage 
or excreta. In physiology, the production of the or- 
gasm in either male or female by means other than 
sexual intercourse. See Masturbation. P., Noctur- 
nal, a nocturnal, involuntary, seminal discharge. P., 
Self, masturbation. 

Polonica (po-lon'-ik-ah). See Plica. 

Polonychia (pol-o-nik'-e-ah) \_no7^c, many ; 6i>t>J , nail]. 
See Polyonychia. 

Poluboskos (pol-u-bos'-kos) [tto/U'c, much ; /3oox6r, nu- 
tritious]. A pure gluten food for infants and invalids. 
It has the following composition: Moisture, 7.50; 
fat, 0.50; mineral salts, almost wholly phosphates, 
0.60; carbohydrates, 0.40; nitrogenous substances, 

Poluria (pol-u' -re-ah). Synonym of Polyuria. 
Poly- (pol'-e-) [nolvQ, many]. A prefix that denotes 

much or many. 
Polyacanthid (pol-e-ak-an' -thid) [ttoXvc, many ; anav- 

6a, thorn, spine]. In biology, applied to certain 

echinoderms in which there are several series of ad- 

ambulacral spines. 
Polyacanthus (pol - e - ak- an' - thus) [noXvc, many ; 

anavOa, thorn, spine]. In biology, many-spined. 
Polyacoustic (pol-e-ak-oos'-tik) [ttoXvc , many ; aKOva- 

tikoc, acoustic]. 1. Multiplying sound. 2. An in- 
strument for intensifying sound. 
Polyact (pol'-e-akt) [ttoXvc, many; aKTig, ray]. In 

biology, having numerous rays. 
Polyactinal ( pol-e-ak'-tin-al ) \jto\vc, many ; d/crif, 

ray]. In biology, many-rayed ; multiradiate. 
Polyad (pol'-e-ad) \tto\vc, many]. In chemistry, an 

element whose valence is greater than two. 
Polyadelph ( pol'-e-ad-elf) [-rroAvg, many ; adelpdc, 

brother]. In biology, a plant having its stamens 

united into three or more bundles. 
Polyadelphous (pol-e-ad-el'-fus) [jrokvc;, m&ny; aS&tybc, 

brother]. In biology, having the stamens united by 

their filaments into several sets. 
Polyadenia (pol-e-ad-e'-ne-ah) [ttoavc , many ; adi/v, 

gland]. Pseudo-leukemia, or Hodgkin's disease. 
Polyadenitis ( pol-e-ad-en-i' -tis) \_no7.i>c, many; adi/v, 

gland ; irtc, inflammation]. Inflammation of many 

glands at once. 
Polyadenoma (pol-e-ad-en-o'-mah) [iroTivg, many; 

a6iji>, gland ; o/ia, tumor]. Adenoma of many glands. 
Polyadenopathy (pol-e-ad-en-op' '-ath-e) [rroXvc, many; 

afiijv, gland; ndOog, disease]. Any disease affecting 

many glands at once. 
Polyadenous ( pol-e-ad' '-en-us) [ttoTlvc, many; adrjv, 

gland]. In biology, bearing many glands. 
Polyaemia (pol-e-e' -me-ali). See Polyemia. 
Polysesthesia (pol-e-es-the'-ze-ah). See Polyesthesia. 
Polyandric (pol-e-an'-drik)\jro~Avc, many; dv^p, male]. 

Characterized by polyandry. 
Polyandrous (pol-e-an'-drus) \ttoXvc, many ; avi/p, 

male, man]. In biology: (a) Having a large num- 
ber of stamens. Cf. Icosandrous. (b) Having more 

than one male mate. Cf. Monothelious. 
Polyandry (pol-e-an'-dre) \_7ro7ivav6poc, having many 

men]. In biology, plurality of husbands or male 

mates. 
Polyangular ( pol-e-ang' -gu-lar) \tto\vc, many ; an- 

gulus, an angle]. Having many angles. 
Polyanhemia (pol-e - an - hem' - e - a/i). Synonym of 

Anemia. 
Polyanthous ( pol-e-an' -thus) [ttoI'vc, many ; avdoc, a 

flower]. Many-flowered. 



Polyarthritis (pol-e-ar-thri'-tis) [ttoXvc, many ; ap6pov, 
joint ; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of many 
joints at once. P., Acute, a term given to acute ar- 
ticular rheumatism. P. rheumatica acuta. Syno- 
nym of Rheumatism, Acute Articular. P. synovi- 
alis. See Rheumatism, Articular. 

Polyarthrous (pol-e-ar'-thrus) [ttoavc, many ; apdpov, 
a joint]. In biology, many-jointed; multiarticulate. 

Polyarticular (pol - e - ar -tik'- u - lar) \_-oli%, many; 
articulus, joint]. Afiecting many joints together. 

Polyatomic (pol-e-at-om'-ik) [tto'avc, many ; aropog, 
atom]. In chemistry, denoting elements or radicles 
that have an equivalence greater than two ; also, 
denoting compounds having three or more hydroxyl 
groups, in which hydrogen is easily replaceable by 
other elements or radicles without otherwise changing 
the structure of the original compound. 

Polyaxial (pol-e-aks'-e-al) [tto'avc, many; axis, axis]. 
Having several axes. 

Polyaxon (pol-e-aks'-on) [ttoXvc, many; dfov, axis]. 
In biology, having several axes of growth. 

Polybasic (pol-ib-a'-zih) \jzo%vc, many; Pactr, base]. 
Of alcohols or acids, having more than one hydrogen 
atom replaceable by a base ; of a salt, formed from a 
polybasic acid by the replacement of more than one 
hydrogen atom by a basic element or radicle. 

Polyblennia (pol-ib-len'-e-ah) [tto'avc, many; jUiwa, 
mucus]. The secretion of an excess of mucus. 

Polyblast (pol' -ib - last) [tto\vc, many; P'/.aaroc, a 
germ]. In biology, the mass of embryo-cells result- 
ing from the cleavage of the ovum ; the morula stage 
of development. 

Polybrachia (pol-ib-ra'-ke ah). Same as Polymelus. 

Polybrachus (pol-ib-ra'-kus) [ttoXv^, many; ppax'cov, 
arm]. A monster with supernumerary arms. 

Polybrephia (pol-ib-ref'-e-ah) \_~o\vc, many; ppkfoc, 
infant]. The condition of having many young. 

Polycarpae (pol-ik-ar'-pe) [tto/U'c, many; nap-dc, fruit]. 
A name given by Fuchs to a class of skin-diseases 
characterized by the eruption of plastic lesions, such 
as papules, pustules, vesicles, etc., comprising eczema 
and herpes. 

Polycarpellary ( pol - ik - ar'- pel- a - re) [tto/U'c, many ; 
carpellum, carpel]. In biology, having many car- 
pels. 

Polycarpic (pol -ik - ar'-pik) [Vo/lfc, many; aapnoc, 
fruit]. In biology, fruiting many times. 

Polycarpous (pol-ik-ai-'-pus) [irokvc, many; napTidc, 
fruit]. In biology, having a pistil composed of several 
distinct ovaries or carpels. Cf. Monocarpous. 

Polycellular (pol-is-el 1 ' -u-lar) \_~o'Kvc, many; cellula, a 
cell]. In biology, having many cells. 

Polycentric (pol-is-eti'-trik) [ttoavc, many; aivrpov, 
center]. Having many centers or nuclear points. 

Polycephalous (pol-is-ef -al-us) [waive, many ; Kecpalij, 
head]. In biology, bearing many heads. 

Polycephalus (pol-is-ef '-al-us) [tto'avc, many ; Ke<pa/ii/, 
head]. A genus of Taniadcz. See Parasites [Ani- 
mal), Table of. 

Polycerus (pol-is-e'-rus) [ttoIvq, many ; nipac, horn]. 
An animal monstrosity having many horns. 

Polychaetous (pol-ik-e'-tus) [noAvc, many ; x aiT 1> hair]. 
In biology, having many chaetre or bristles. 

Polychezia (pol-ik-e'-ze-ah) [tto/U'c, many; xi\£iv, to 
evacuate the bowels]. Chronic diarrhea. 

Polycholia (pol-ik-o'-le-ah) \tto\vq, much ; X°^l> bile]. 
Excessive secretion of bile. 

Polychotomy ( pol-ik-ot' -o-me) \_-0Avx60c, manifold; 
Tauilv, to cut]. In biology, division of a taxonomic 
group of organisms into several sub-groups. 

Polychrest, Polychrestus (pol'-ik-rest, pol-ik-res'-tus) 
[7ro/li'c, many; ,yp?/0t<5c, useful]. A medicine re- 



POLYCHRESTIC 



1151 



POLYGASTRIA 



garded as efficacious in many diseases. A word em- 
ployed in many combinations. 

Polychrestic (pol-ik-res'-tik) [tto/U'c, many ; xP1 ar ^> 
useful]. Of the nature of a polychrest. 

Polychroism (pol-ik-ro'-izm) [koavq, many; xpcxd, 
color]. A property possessed by certain crystals, of 
exhibiting two shades of color under polarized light, 
which vary as the polarizing instrument is rotated. 

Polychroit (pol-ik-ro'-it). See Crocin. 

Polychromate (pol-ik-ro'-mat) [irokvc, many ; xP" ua > 
color]. A salt of chromic acid, containing several 
atoms of chromium in the molecule. 

Polychromatic (pol-ik-ro-mat'-ik) \_-okvg, many; XP&- 
/xa, color]. Many-colored. 

Polychrome ( pol' ' -ik-rom)\r:okvi;, many ; xp^l xa < color]. 
I. A crystalline principle found in quassia and giving 
rise in a watery solution to a variegated color. 2. 
Esculin. 

Polychromia (pol-ik-ro' -me-ah). See Pleiochromia. 

Polychromic (pol-ik-ro' -mik) [Koki>r , many ; xP^ LLa i 
color]. Same as Polychromatic. P. Acid, an acid 
produced by the action of HNO :! upon aloes. 

Polychromous (pol-ik-ro' -inus) \_Ko\bg, many ; ^po/ia, 
color]. Having many colors. 

Polychylia (pol-ik-i' '-le-ah) [_-okvc, much ; x v ? l °£> 
chyle]. An excessive formation of chyle. 

Polychymia (pol-ik-i' '-me-ah). Same as Polychylia. 

Polyclad (pol'-ik-lad) [koavc, many; aXdihg, a shoot 
or branch]. In biology, applied to those platode 
worms in which the intestine is very much branched 
(marine Planaria). 

Polycladous (pol-ik-la' -dus) [nokvr , many ; nkddor, a 
young slip]. In biology, many-branched. 

Polyclady (pol-ik-la' ' -de)\_7ro?<.vc, many; akador-, a young 
slip or shoot]. In biology, the production of an un- 
usually large number of branches. 

Polyclinic (pol-ik-lin'-ik) [rroXvc, many ; k7uvti, a bed]. 
A hospital in which many diseases are treated. Cf. 
Policlinic. 

Polycoccous [pol -ik- ok' '-us) [nokvc, many; k6kkoc, 
berry]. In biology, consisting of several cocci. 

Polycopria (pol-ik-op' '-re-ah) \jzokvg, much; K6irpoc, 
dung]. Excessive defecation. 

Polycoria ( pol-ik-o' '-re-ah) {jrokbg, many ; K.6pn, pupil]. 
The existence of more than one pupil or opening in 
the iris. 

Polycotyledon ( pol-ik-ot-il-e' '-don) [nokiic, many ; ko- 
rvXrjduv, cavity]. In biology, a plant which in em- 
bryo possesses more than two cotyledons. 

Polycotyledonary {pol- ik - ot- il- e'- don -a- re) \jxo\vc, 
many ; norvkr/duv, cavity]. In biology, applied to 
mammalian placentas having many tufts of fetal villi. 
See under Placenta. 

Polycotyledonous (pol-ik - ot - il- e'- do -nits) [ttoavc, 
many ; kotvatjUuv, a hollow]. Of, or pertaining to, a 
plant or a placenta having many cotyledons. See 
Placenta. 

Polycotyledony ( pol-ik-ot-il-e' -do-ne) [irokvg, many; 
K0Tv7^r]fiuv , cavity]. In biology, an aberrant increase 
in the number of cotyledons. 

Polycrotic (pol-ik-rot'-ik) \_~oAvc , many ; itporoc, pulse]. 
Applied to a pulse that appears to have more than two 
waves for each cardiac systole. 

Polycruria (pol-ik-ru' -re-ah) [nokvc, many ; cms, leg]. 
Having supernumerary legs, as certain monsters. 

Polycyclic (pol-is-lk'-lik) [noAvg, many; kvkaoc, a 
circle]. In biology, having many whorls. 

Polycyesia, Polycyesis ( pol-is-i-e'-ze-ah,pol-is-i-e'-sis) 
[nokvg, many; Kur/cir, pregnancy]. I. The occur- 
rence of frequent pregnancy. 2. Multiple pregnancy. 

Polycystic (pol-is-is'-tik) [nokvg, many; nvarig, a sac]. 
Containing many cysts. 



Polycythemia (pol- is - i - the'- me - ah) [noAvc, many ; 
Kvmg, cell; aifia, blood]. Excess of red corpuscles 
in the blood. 

Polydacria (pol-id-ak' -re-ah) [nokvg, many; ddupvov, 
tear]. Excessive lacrymation. 

Polydactyl, Polydactyle (pol-id-ak' -til) \jro\vc, many ; 
ddnrvAor, a finger, a toe]. In biology, an animal 
having supernumerary fingers and toes. 

Polydactylism (pol-id-ak' -til-izm) [nok'vg, many ; 66.K- 
tvaoc, a finger]. The existence of one or more super- 
numerary fingers or toes. The condition is sometimes 
hereditary. 

Polydactylous (pol-id-ak' -til-us). Same as Polydactyl. 

Polydactylies (pol-id-ak' -lil-us) \_ttoavc, many ; dd/cru- 
Aoc, finger]. A monster having supernumerary digits. 

Polydipsia (pol- id - ip' - se - ah) [ttoavc, much ; diipa, 
thirst]. Excessive thirst. It is usually present in 
fever and in diabetes. P. ebriora, dipsomania. 

Polyembryonate, Polyembryonic (pol-e-em'-bre-on- 
at, pol-e-em-bre-on' -ik) \jto\vq, many ; ifijipvov, an 
embryo]. In biology, pertaining to polyembryony ; 
having several embryos. 

Polyembryony (pol-e-em' -bre-o-ne) [ttoavc, many ; 
i[i(5pvov, an embryo]. In biology, the production of 
more than one embryo in a seed. Parthenogenesis 
occurs in most instances of polyembryony. 

Polyemia, Polyaemia (pol-e-e'-me-ah) [noXiic, much; 
aifia, blood]. Abnormal increase of the mass of the 
blood ; plethora. After major amputations, with little 
loss of blood, there is a transient increase, relatively 
speaking, and this is called P. apocoptica. P. 
aquosa, a simple increase in the amount of water 
in the blood. P. hyperalbuminosa, an excess of 
albumin in the blood-plasma. P. polycythaemica, an 
increase of the red corpuscles. P. serosa, that condi- 
tion in which the amount of blood-serum is increased. 

Polyesthesia, Polyesthesis (pol-e-es-the'-ze-ah, pol-e- 
es-the'-sis) [noMc, many; aioBrjaig, sensation]. An 
abnormality of sensation in which a single touch is 
felt as two or more. 

Polyesthetic (pol-e-es-thet'-ik) [ttoavc , many ; aladrjair, 
sensation]. Pertaining to polyesthesia. 

Polygala (pol-ig'-al-ah) [itoavq, much ; yaka, milk]. 
A genus of herbaceous or shrubby plants of some 260 
species. P. senega, of N. America, is therapeutically 
the most important. See Senega. 

Polygalactia (pol-ig-al-ak' -te-ah) [ttoavc, much ; yala, 
milk]. The excessive secretion of milk. See Galac- 
torrhea. 

Polygalic Acid (pol-ig-al'-ik) [ttoavc, much ; yaka, 
milk], C 32 H 54 O t8 . A glucosid extracted from Poly- 
gala senega. It is probably the same as saponin. 

Polygalin (pol-ig'-al-in). See Senega. 

Polygamarin (pol-ig-am' -ar-in) [nokvc, much ; yaka, 
milk; amaritm, bitter]. A crystalline bitter principle 
obtained from Polygala amara. 

Po\yga.mia(pol-ig-a'-me-ah) \_-Kokvyap.or, polygamous]. 
A class of plants bearing both hermaphrodite flowers 
and those with the sexes separated. 

Polygamous (pol-ig'-am-us) \jKokvr, many; yd/ioc, 
marriage]. In biology: (a) having more than one 
mate of the opposite sex ; cf. Polyandrous, Polygyn- 
ous ; (h) producing perfect flowers, together with 
staminate or pistillate flowers, on the same plant or 
species. 

Polygamy (pol-ig'-am-e) [nokvc, many; yd/iog, mar- 
riage]. The state or practice of having more than 
one wife or husband. 

Polyganglionic (pol-ig-gang-gle-on'-ik) [Vo/Ujc, many ; 
ydyykiov, ganglion]. Having several ganglia. 

Polygastria (pol-ig-as'-tre-ah)\jzo\vc, much; yaarr/p, 
stomach]. Excessive production of gastric juice. 



POLYGASTRIC 



1152 



POLYMETAMERIC 



Polygastric (pol-ig-as'-trik) [ttoXvc;, many ; yaarrjp, 
stomach]. Having many stomachs. 

Polygastrulation (pol-ig-as-tru-la'-shun) [ttoXvc, 
many ; yaarijp, stomach]. In biology, multiple gas- 
trulation. 

Polygenesis (pol-ij-en' -es-is) [ttoXvc, many; yeveaic, 
origin]. In biology, the doctrine that organisms may 
arise from cells of different kinds. 

Polygenetic (pol-ij-en-et'-ik) [ttoXvc, many; yevvav, to 
produce]. Pertaining to polygenesis. 

Polygenism, Polygeny (poF -ij-en-iz?n, pol' -ij-en-e) 
[ttoXvc, many ; yevvav, to beget]. In biology, the 
theory that the different races of man are descended 
from distinct species. The independent origin of the 
human races. Cf. Monogeny. 

Polyglottides (pol-ig-lof -id-ez). See Alternations of 
Generation. 

Polygnathus (pol-ig-na' '-thus) [ttoXvc, many ; yvadoc , 
jaw]. A form of double monster in which the para- 
site is attached to the jaws of the host. It includes 
epignathus and hypognathus. 

Polygonal (pol-ig'-o-nal) [ttoXvc, many; yovia, angle]. 
Having many angles. 

Polygonate (pol-ig'-o-ndt) [ttoXvc, many; yovv, knee]. 
In biology, many-jointed. 

Polygonatum (pol-ig-o-na' -turn). See Solomon's Seal. 

Polygoneutic (pol-ig-o-nu'-tik) [ttoAvc, many ; ydvoc, 
offspring]. In biology, having several broods during 
the year. 

Polygoneutism ( pol - ig - o- nu f - tizm) [ttoXvc, many ; 
yovog, offspring]. In biology, the state of being 
polygoneutic. 

Polygonia (pol-ig-o'-ne-ah) [ttoXvc, many; y6vog, off- 
spring]. Great fecundity, especially of the male. 

Polygonum (pol-ig'-o-num) [noXvyovov, knot-grass]. 
A genus of polygonaceous plants. P. hydropipero- 
i'des, Smart Weed, Water Pepper, is a plant common 
in the United States. Its active principle is thought 
to be polygonic acid. It stimulates the action of the 
heart and increases arterial tension. It is diuretic, 
emmenagogue, and aphrodisiac. Externally, it is a 
rubefacient and vesicant. It is valuable in amenor- 
rhea and impotence. Dose of the ext. gr. j-v ; of 
the fid. ext. n\_x-;5J. All unof. 

Polygraph [pol' ' -ig-raf) [ttoXvc, many ; ypafeiv, to 
record]. A cylindric recording-instrument for multi- 
plying sphygmographic tracings. It is made to 
rotate upon its axis by clockwork. 

Polygraphic {pol-ig-raf'-ik) [ttoXvc , many ; ypa<j>eiv, to 
write]. Pertaining to the polygraph. 

Polygroma (pol-ig-ro' -mah) [ttoXvc, many ; vyp6c, 
moist; bfia, tumor]. A large hygroma. 

Polygynecial (pol-ij-in-e'-se-al) [ ttoXvc, many ; yvvi), 
female; olnoq, house]. In biology, containing the 
pistils or gynecia of several flowers, as a collective 
fruit. 

Polygynous (pol-ij'-in-ns) [ttoXvc, many; ywr/, fe- 
male, wife]. In biology: (a) possessing many pistils ; 
(/') having more than one wife or female mate. 

Polygyral (pol-ij-i'-ral) [ttoXvc, many ; yvpoc, a circle, 
ring]. In biology, having several whorls. 

Polygyria (pol-ij-i' -re-ah) [ttoXvc, many ; yvpoc, gyre]. 
Having many gyres. 

Polyhemia (pol-e-Aem'-e-ah). See Polyemia. 

Polyhidrosis (pol-s-hid-ro'-sis) [ttoXvc, much ; ISpuotc , 
sweating]. Excessive perspiration. 

Polyhydramnios (pol-e-hi-dram' -ne-os) [ttoXvc, many ; 
vScop, water; a/ivinv, amnion]. An excessive pro- 
duction of the amniotic liquor. 

Polyhydrate (pol -e - hi' '- drat) [ttoXvc;, much; vdap, 
water]. A hydrate containing more than one 
hydroxyl group. 



Polyhydric ( pol '- e - hi' - drik) [ttoaIc, much; vdup, 
water]. Containing several hydroxyl groups. 

Polyidrosis (pol-e-id-ro'-sis). Same as Polyhidrosis. 

Polykoria (pol-ik-o' -re-ah) [ttoXvc;, many; ndpy, pupil]. 
Multiplicity of pupils of the eye. 

Polylepidous (pol-il-ep' -id-us) [ttoXvc, many ; Xeiric; , a 
scale]. In biology, having many scales. 

Polyleukocythemia (pol-il-u-ko-si-the' -me-ah) . Same 
as Leukocythemia. 

Polylymphia (pol-il-im'-fe-ah) [ttoXvc, much; Xi'/j(j)a, 
lymph]. Synonym of Anasarca. 

Polymania (pol-im-a'-ne-ah) [ttoXvc;, many; manus, 
hand]. The condition of having more than two 
hands ; polychiria. 

Polymastia (pol-im-as' -te-ah) [noXbc;, many ; fiaordc;, 
breast]. The presence in the same person of more 
than two breasts or nipples. The supernumerary 
organs may be below the breast proper, in the axilla, 
or elsewhere about the body. The condition is seen 
in both sexes. 

Polymastigate (pol-im-as' -tig-al) [ttoXvc;, many; fiac- 
r(f (paoTiy-), a whip]. In biology, having several 
flagella. 

Polymastigous (pol-im-as'-tig-us). Same as Poly- 
mastigate. 

Polymastodont (pol-im-as'-to-dont) [ttoXvc, many; 
/zaoroc, a nipple; bcfovc (o&ovt-), tooth]. In biology, 
having numerous tubercles on the molar teeth. 

Polymazia (pol-i?n-a'-ze-ah). Synonym of Polymastia. 

Polymelia (pol-im-e'-le-ah) [tto/.vc, many ; filXog, limb]. 
A malformation consisting in the presence of more 
than the normal number of limbs. 

Polymelian (pol-im-e'-le-an) [ttoXvc, many; fitXog, a 
limb]. Having supernumerary limbs. 

Polymelianism (pol-im-e'-le-a?i-izm) [ttoXvc, many; 
//f/oc, a limb]. In biology, having supernumerary 
limbs. 

Polymelius, Polymelus (pol-im-e' -le-us, pol-im' -el-us) 
[ttoXvc,, many ; fieloc, a limb]. A monstrosity having 
more than the normal number of limbs. 

Polymery (pol-im'-el-e). Synonym of Polymelus. 

Polymenorrhea (pol-im-en-or-e'-ah) [7toa{'c, much; 
pf]v, month; poia, a flow]. Excessive menstrual 
flow. 

Polymer (pol'-im-er) [ttoXvc, many ; fiepoc, a part]. A 
term usually employed to designate a chemic com- 
pound, the formula of which is a multiple of that of 
the lowest compound of a chemic series. 

Polymeria (pol-im-e'-re-ah ). See Polymerism. 

Polymeric (pol-im-er' -ik) [ttoZvc;, many; fiipoc;, part]. 
Exhibiting polymerism. 

Polymerid (pol-im'-er-id). Synonym of Polymer. 

Polymeride (pol-im'-er-id) [ttoXvc, many; fi£poc;, a 
part]. In chemistry, a compound having the proper- 
ties of polymerism. 

Polymerism ( pol-im' '-er-izm) [ttoXvc, many; fiepoc, a 
part]. I. The existence of more than a normal number 
of parts. 2. A variety of isomerism dependent upon 
a difference in molecular weight. The compounds 
presenting it have a formula that is a multiple of that 
of the lowest compound of the respective series. 

Polymerization (pol-im-er-iz-a' ' -shun) [ttoXvc;, much ; 
jUfpof, a part]. The apparent fusion or union of two 
or more molecules of a compound, forming a more 
complex molecule, with a higher molecular weight and 
somewhat different physical and chemic properties. 

Polymerous (pol-im' -er-us) [ttoXvc, many ; fiepoc, part]. 
In biology, having many parts or organs in a given ar- 
rangement or structure. 

Polymetameric (pol-im-et-am-er'-ik) [ttoXvc; , many ; 
jjctci, beside ; fiepoc;, part]. Extending over or com- 
prising two or more metameres. 



POLYMICROBIC 



1153 



POLYP 



Polymicrobic (pol-im-i-kro' -Ink) \na7.vc, many ; pmpoc, 
small; /3/oc, life]. Containing many kinds of micro- 
organisms. 

Polymicroscope (pol-im-i' '-kro-skop) [-0A1V, many ; 
piKpbr, small ; okokuv, to view]. A microscope ar- 
ranged on the principle of the revolving stereoscope. 

Polymicrotome (pol-im-i'-kro-tom) [ttoAvc, many; 
pmpbc;, small ; ripvav , to cut]. An instrument making 
many microscopic sections in a short time. 

Polymixic (pol-itn-iks f -ik) [koAv/xiktoc, much mixed, 
complex]. In biology, applied to groups or masses of 
materials or organisms, consisting of many species and 
classes ; the opposite of monotonic, q. v. 

Polymnia (pol-im' -ne-ak) \jvoXvpvia, Polyhymnia, one 
of the Muses] . A genus of composite plants. See 
Pear's Foot. 

Polymorph (pol'-im-orf) [tto/./'c, many ; fioppr/, form]. 
In biology, a variant form or type. 

Polymorphic (pol - im - or' - fik) [tto/U'c, many; pop<p>/, 
form]. Having, or existing in, many forms. In crys- 
tallography, applied to any substance that crystallizes 
in more than one form. P. Cells of Carcinoma, the 
peculiarly-shaped cells found in the center of cancer- 
nests. Their modified form is due to pressure. The 
cells were formerly considered diagnostic of carcinoma, 
but are no longer so. 

Polymorphism {pol-im-or* -fizm) \_KOAvg, many ; pop<pi/, 
form]. In biology, the exhibition of physiologic or 
morphologic dissimilarity among members of a given 
group. Sexual dimorphism, trimorphism, or polymor- 
phism is of frequent occurrence in the animal king- 
dom ; it may be permanent, or temporary and sea- 
sonal. P., Colonial, arises in consequence of a 
division of labor among the individuals of a colony. 

Polymorpho-cellular (pol-im-or' -fo-sel' -u-lar) [noXbc, 
many; fiopfr/, form; cellula, cell]. Having cells of 
many forms. 

Polymorphous ( pol-im-or' -fus) [rcoAvg, many; popQi], 
form]. In biology, exhibiting variations in form, 
either at different stages of individual development, 
or among the members of a group. 

Polymorphy (pol'-im-or-fe). Same as Polymorphis?n. 

Polymyositis (pol-im-i-o-si'-tis) \_tcoAvc, many; pvg, 
muscle ; itic, inflammation]. A disease of the mus- 
cles characterized by pain, tension, deformity, pros- 
tration, edema, sweats, insomnia. The extensor mus- 
cles are preferably involved ; the diaphragm, larynx, 
tongue, and pharynx are exempt in mild cases. The 
spleen is enlarged. The disease is generally fatal. 
The lesion consists in an actual inflammation — the 
muscle-fibers present all stages of degeneration, and 
the interstitial tissue is the seat of a marked round- 
cell infiltration. P., Acute Progressive, an acute 
form in which, in a short time nearly all the muscles 
are involved. It usually ends fatally. P., Parenchy- 
matous, Puerperal. Synonym of P., Puerperal. 
P., Puerperal, polymyositis occurring during the 
puerperium. 

Polyneural (pol - iii.- u'- ral) [ttoAvc, many; vsvpov, 
nerve]. Supplied or innervated by several nerves. 

Polyneuric (pol-in-u' ' -rik) \itoXvq , many ; veiipov, nerve]. 
In biology, applied to a nerve-cell possessing several 
processes (or neurons) which go to form the axis-cyl- 
inder of a nerve-fiber, as distinguished from a mono- 
neuric or dineuric cell. 

Polyneuritis (pol-in-u-ri'-tis). See Neuritis, Multiple. 
P. potatorum ; Pseudo-tabes ; alcoholic neuritis ; 
ataxia of drunkards ; a chronic form of neuritis fol- 
lowing the immoderate use of alcoholic stimulants. 
It appears in two distinct varieties, the paralytic and 
the ataxic. It is characterized by pain in the lower 
extremities, ataxia, areas of anesthesia, loss of the deep 
73 



and at times of the superficial reflexes ; later paraly- 
sis and atrophy, chiefly of the extensors of the fingers 
and toes. See Neuritis, Multiple. 

Polynomial (polin-o'-me-al) [tcoXvc, many; nomen, 
name]. In biology, denoting a method of nomencla- 
ture in which the technical names of species are not 
confined to two terms, the generic and the specific. 

Polynuclear (pol-in-u' -kle-ar) [7ro/l/'c, many ; nucleus. 
nucleus]. In biology, having several nuclei; applied 
to cells in which the nucleus is either lobed or com- 
posed of several portions united by such delicate 
nuclear filaments as to give the impression of a multi- 
nucleated cell in distinction from a mononuclear cell. 

Polynucleate (pol-in-u'-kle-at). Synonym of Multi- 
nuclear. 

Polyodont (pol'-e-o-dont ) (Vo/liic, many ; bfiovc, tooth]. 
In biology, having many teeth ; multidentate. 

Polyodontia (pol-e-o-don'-she-ah) [tto'Avc, many; bfiovg, 
tooth]. The presence of supernumerary teeth. 

Polyommatous ( pol-e-om' -al-us) \_-koAvc, many ; bppa, 
eye]. In biology, having many eyes. 

Polyonychia (pol-e-o-nik' -e-ah) [ttoAvc, many ; dim;, 
nail]. Polonychia ; the presence of supernumerary 
nails. 

Polyonym ( pol' -e-o-nim) [noAvc, many; bvvpa, name]. 
In biology, possessing a technical name composed of 
several terms, such as levator anguli oris; iter a 
tertio ad quartum ventriculum, etc. 

Polyonymic (pol-e-o-nim'-ik) [noAvc, many; bvvpa, 
name]. In biology, consisting of more than two 
terms. 

Polyophthalmia ( pol-e-off-thal' -me-ah) [ttoAvc, many ; 
b<pdaApbc, eye]. A monstrosity possessing supernu- 
merary eyes. 

Polyopia, Polyopsia ( pol-e-o' -pe-ah, pol-e-op' -se-ah) 
[tto'Avc, many; 6i//«c, sight]. A condition of the eye 
wherein more than one image of an object is formed 
upon the retina. P. monophthalmica, the phe- 
nomenon of multiple vision with a single eye. 

Polyorchis ( pol-e-or' -kis) [ttoAvq, many ; bpxic, a 
testicle]. One who has more than two testicles. 

Polyorexia ( pol-e-or-eks' -e-ah) [ttoAvc, much ; bpe^ic, 
appetite]. Excessive hunger, or appetite ; bulimia. 

Polyorganic (pol-e-or-gan'-ik) [ttoAvc, many ; bpyavov, 
an organ]. In biology, having several organs. 

Polyorrhomenitis (pol-e-or-o-men-i'-tis) [ttoAvc;, many ; 
bp'pbc, serum; vpr/v, membrane; iric, inflammation]. 
Concato's Disease; a symptom-group defined by 
Concato as " a phthisis of serous membranes." The 
patients are said to suffer from a progressive and ma- 
lignant inflammation of various serous membranes, the 
disease finally assuming the aspect of a severe type of 
pneumonia. The post-mortem findings are mainly 
those of " dry pleurisy." 

Polyorrhymenitis (pol-e-or-i-men-i' -tis). Synonym of 
Polyorrhomenitis. 

Polyosteon, Polyosteum (pol-e-os'-te-on, pol-e-os' -te- 
um) [ttoAvc, many; bareov, bone]. The tarsus and 
metatarsus. [Old.] 

Polyotia (pol-e-o' -she-ah) [ttoavc, many; ovc, ear]. A 
condition of malformation in which there is more than 
one auricle on a side. 

Polyp, Polype (pol'-ip) [ttoAvc, many; Trove, foot]. 
In biology, the name given by Reaumur to the fresh- 
water hydra (Hydra viridis) and allied animals. " The 
word is used ambiguously by writers, being often em- 
ployed to designate the entire composite fabric, the 
aggregate result of gemmation [in the Hydrozoa~\, 
while at other times it is intended to indicate each of 
those organisms which, almost always furnished, with 
a mouth and tentacles, are developed upon various 
points of a common living basis, and are eminently 



POLYPANARTHRITIS 



1154 



POLYPNEIC 



characteristic of the zoophytic form." (Allman.) See 
Polypus. P. -colony, a colony of polyps. P. -stem, 
a polyp-stock. P. -stock, in biology, a polypary, or 
polypidom. 

Polypanarthritis (pol-ip-an-ar-thri'-tis). Synonym of 
Arthritis deformans. 

Polypapilloma (pol-ip-ap-il-o'-mah) [noXvc, many; 

papilla, papilla; ofia, tumor: pi., Polypapi/lomata~\. 

A disease of the skin characterized by the formation 

of multiple papillomata. P. tropicum. Same as 

Yaws. 

Polyparesis (pol-ip-ar'-es-is) [ttoX'vc, much ; Trdpeaic, 
weakness]. General progressive paralysis of the in- 
sane, or paralytic dementia. 

Polyparium ( pol-ip-a' -re-uni) . Same as Polypary. 

Polyparous (pol-ip'-ar-us). Same as Multiparous. 

Polypary (pol'-ip-a-re) [polypus, a polyp, or many- 
footed animal]. In biology, " The term polypary has 
been used with just as little precision as polyp, being 
sometimes employed to express the common connect- 
ing basis — ccenosarc of a polyp-stock — and at other 
times being applied exclusively to the solid protective 
structures, whether forming for the zoophyte an external 
covering or constituting an internal axis ; the ambigu- 
ity which then results will be got rid of by using the 
word ccenosarc as here defined, and restricting the 
term polypary to the solid protective structures of the 
zoophyte." (Allman). 

Polypathia (pol-ip-a'-the-ah) [ttoXvc , many ; irador, dis- 
ease]. The presence of several diseases at one time, 
or the frequent recurrence of disease. 

Polypathic (pol-ip-alh'-ih) [noXbc, many ; Trddoc, dis- 
ease]. Pertaining to polypathia ; affected with several 
diseases at once. 

Polypean (pol-ip'-e-an) [koXvc, many; rro'vc, foot]. 
Pertaining to a polyp. 

Polypedia, Polypodia (pol-ip-e'-de-ah) [noXvc , many ; 
■rate, child]. Synonym of Superfetation. 

Polypedia (pol-ip-e'-de-ah) [ttoXvc, many; pes, pedis, 
foot]. Synonym of Polypodia. 

Polyperemia (pol-i-per-e' ' -tne-ah) [ttoXvc , many ; vnep, 
in excess ; aipa, blood]. Plethora. 

Polyperia (pol-ip-e' -re-ah) [noXvr, many ; wr/pdc, muti- 
lated]. Congenital malformation of many organs or 
parts. 

Polyperythrin (pol-ip-er' -ith-rin) [noXvnovc, a polyp ; 
kpvBpaioc, red]. In biology, a respiratory pigment 
found by Moseley in various &vlenterat<z ; it is iden- 
tical with the hematoporphyrin of MacMunn. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Polypetalous ( pol-ip-et' -al-us) [ttoXvc, many ; TrkraXov, 
leaf]. In biology, having several distinct petals; 
apopetalous, as opposed to gamopetalous, a. v. 

Polyphagia (pol-if-a' '-je-ah). Synonym of Bulimia. 

Polyphagic ( pol-if-a' -Jih) [ttoXvc, many ; (payeiv, to 
eat] . Polyphagous. 

Polyphagous ( pol-if -a-gus). Synonym of Omnivorous. 

Polyphagy (pol-if ' -aj-e) [noXvipdyoc. eating too much]. 
The habit of living on various kinds of food. 

Polypharmacon, Polypharmacum (pol-if ar'-mak-on, 
pol-if ar'-mak-um) [ttoXvc-, many; QapfiaKov , drug]. 
A medicine containing many ingredients ; a panacea. 

Polypharmacus (pol-if - ar'- mak -us) [ttoXvc, many; 
yapfianov, drug]. One who uses drugs too freely. 

Polypharmacy ( pol-if -ar'-mas-e) [ttoXvc, many ; (pdp/ia- 
kov, a drug]. The prescription of many drugs at one 
time ; the too free use of drugs. 

Polyphemous (pol-if-e'-mus) [ttoXvc, many; <pr/py, 
voice]. One-eyed ; cyclopean. 

Polyphobia (pol-ifo'-be-ali) [7ro/li'c,many ; </>60oc, fear]. 
Morbid fear of many things. 

Polyphore (pol'-ifor) [ttoX'vc, much; <pcpeiv, to bear]. 



In biology, a common carrier or receptacle, as of many 
distinct carpels, e.g. , the strawberry. 

Polyphrasia ( pol-if-ra' -ze-ali) [ttoX'vc, much; <ppdo«;, 
speech]. Morbid excess of speech; insane volu- 
bility; verbigeration. 

Polyphyletic ( pol-if il-et'-ik) [ttoXvc, many; QvXtj, 
tribe]. In biology, having several lines of descent; 
of or pertaining to the doctrine of polygenesis, or 
special creation. 

Polyphylline, Polyphyllous (pol-if -il' -in , pol-if-il' -us) 
[ttoXvc, many; (pbXXov, leaf]. In biology, many- 
leaved. Applied to the calyx or corolla, and also 
to the leaflets of compound leaves. 

Polyphylly (pol'-ifil-e) [ ttoXvc, many; (j>vXXov, leaf]. 
In biology, an abnormal increase of the number of 
organs in a whorl. 

Polyphyodont ( pol-if-i' -o-dont) [tto/ if , many ; <pveiv, 
produce; b&ovc (bdovr-), tooth]. In biology, applied 
to animals, as the shark, in which tooth-germs are 
produced throughout life, and replacement of lost 
teeth continues indefinitely; opposed to monophyodont 
and diphyodont. 

Polyphysia (pol-if-iz'-e-ah) \jio7d<c, many; ipvaa, 
flatus]. Excessive flatulence. 

Polypiarium (pol-ip-i-a' -re-um). Same as Polypary. 

Polypide (pol'-ip-id) [tvoAvq, many ; 7r<5vc, foot]. In 
biology, the zooid, consisting of alimentary canal, 
with tentacles, nervous ganglion, etc., which is de- 
veloped within the zoecium of Polyzoa ; the polype 
of older writers and bryozoid of Reichert. 

Polypidom ( pol-ip'-id-om) [tto\vc, many ; kovc, foot ; 
66fxoc, house]. In biology, the aggregate of persons 
in a ccelenterate colony ; a polyp-stock. 

Polypier (pol'-ip-er) [no'Avr, many; 7ro£'C, foot]. A 
polypide ; a polypidom. 

Polypifer ( pol'-ip-if-er) [ttoavc, many ; novc; , foot : 
tpepeiv, to bear]. In biology, a polyp-stock. 

Polypiferous (pol-ip-if'-er-us) [polypus, polyp; ferre, 
to bear]. Bearing or giving origin to a polypus. 

Polypiform (pol'-ip-iform) [polypus, polyp; forma, 
form]. Having the form of a polyp. 

Polypigerous (pol-ip-if -er-us). Same as Polypiferous. 

Polypionia (pol -ip -i -o'-ne - ah) \_-koavq, much; ttiuv, 
fat]. An excessive deposit of fat in the subcutaneous 
connective tissue. 

Polypiosis (pol-ip-i-o'-sis) [7ro?.rr, much ; ttiuv, fat]. 
Obesity. 

Polypiparous (pol-ip-ip' -ar-us). Same as Polypiferous. 

Polypite (pol'-ip-lt) \jtoavc, many; Trove, foot]. In 
biology, an individual zooid, or person, of the Hydro- 
zoa or Actinozoa, whether separate or one of a 
colony. 

Polypitrite (pol-ip'-it-rlf). See Polypotrite. 

Polyplacid (pol-ip-las'-id) [rroAvg, many ; nXaKbvq, a 
flat cake]. In biology, bearing more than one madre- 
poric body, as distinguished from Mouoplacid. 

Polyplast (pol'-ip-last) [ttoAvc, many; Tr?iaaaecv, to 
form]. Composed of many cells. 

Polyplastic (pol-ip-las'-tik) [ttoavc, much ; TrAnaativ, 
to mold]. A term applied to cells having many sub- 
stances (more than two) in their composition ; also to 
cells that undergo many modifications during their 
transformation into tissues. 

Polyplastid (pol-ip-las'-tid). See Monoplastid. 

Polyplastides (pol-ip-las' -tid-lz) \jroAvq, many ; Tr/drr- 
ueiv, to form]. Multicellular organisms; the substi- 
tute proposed by Gotte for Metaioa. 

Polypnea, Polypncea (pol-ip-ne'-ah) [ttoavc, many; 
Trvoia, breathing]. Great rapidity of respiration. 

Polypneic (pol-ip-ne'-ik) [ttoXvc , many ; irvoia, breath- 
ing]. Pertaining to polypnea ; hastening the respira- 
tion. P. Center, a center the stimulation of which 



POLYPOD 



1155 



POLYSPORE 



tends to quicken the respiratory movements. Such a 
center is said to exist in the brain between the striatum 
and the thalamus. 

Polypod {pol'-ip-od) \_noAvc, many; ttoi-c, foot]. In 
biology, having many feet. 

Polypodesme {pol- ip - o- dez'- me) [ttoX'ukovc , polyp; 
fiiouoc, bond]. An instrument for applying a ligature 
to the pedicle of a polypus. 

Polypodia {pol-ip-o'-de-ah) [jroAvc, many; 7roi'c, foot]. 
A monstrosity possessing supernumerary feet. 

Polypoid {pol'-ip-oid) [koAv-ovi; , polypus; eldoc, like]. 
Resembling a polypus. 

Polyporous {pol-ip'-or-us) [itoa'vc, many ; -rtopoc, pore]. 
In biology, having many pores ; ethmoid. 

Polyporus {pol f ip' -o-rus) [tto'a'vc, many; rcopoc, pore]. 
A genus of hymenomycetous Fungi represented by 
many species. P. fomentarius, Amadou; German 
Tinder ; Moxa ; a species parasitic on trees, especially 
the birch. It is a source of amadou. 

Polyposia, Polyposis {pol - ip - o' '- ze - ah, pol-ip-o' '-sis) 
[~oArc, much ; 7ro<T(C, draught]. Polydipsia. 

Polypostem {pol'-ip-o-stem). Same as Polypstem. 

Polypostyle {pol'-ip-o-stll) [koAvc, many; ttoijc, foot; 
arvXoc, a pillar]. In biology, a Dactylozooid, q. v. 

Polypotome {pol- ip'- o - torn) [koAvc, many ; ro/ii/, a 
cutting]. An instrument for the excision of polypi. 

Polypotrite {pol' -ip-o-trlt) [ttoavtvovc, polypus ; rpijiuv, 
to rub]. An instrument for crushing polypi. 

Polypous {pol'-ip-us) [noAvg, many ; 7rouc, foot]. Of 
the nature of a polyp. 

Polyprite {pol'-ip-rlt) \_polpyus, a polyp]. In biology, 
the manubrium of a medusa. 

Polyptome {pol'-ip-tom). Synonym of Polypotome. 

Polypus [pol'-ip-us) [ttoAvq, many; trove;, foot: pi. , 
Polypi]. A tumor found especially on mucous mem- 
branes, as in the nose, bladder, rectum, uterus, etc., 
and growing from the surface. The majority of polypi 
are not true tumors, but inflammatory hyperplasias. P., 
Blood. Synonym of P. , Placental. P., Carcinoma- 
tous, a polyp which is carcinomatous in character. 
P. carnosus. Synonym of Sarcoma. P., Fibrinous, 
a polypoid mass on the uterine wall, resulting from 
the deposition of fibrin from retained blood. The 
mass may be attached to portions of an ovum or to 
thrombi at the placental site. P., Fibrous, P., Fleshy, 
a polypus composed of fibrous tissue chiefly, and 
common in the intestines and uterus. P., Follicular, 
one containing many small mucous glands. P., 
Gelatinous. Synonym of P. , Mucous. P., Gland- 
ular : I . A term given by Thomas to a polypus consist- 
ing of enlarged mucous glands of the cervix uteri. 2. 
Adenoma. P. of the Heart, a fibrinous heart-clot. 
[Old.] P., Lardaceous, one that has undergone lar- 
daceous, or amyloid, degeneration. P., Lipomatous, 
a pedunculated lipoma. P., Malignant, a malignant 
tumor, usually carcinoma, having a polypoid appear- 
ance. P. mamilla?, the nipple. P., Mucous, a soft 
polypus containing mucoid tissue. P., Myomatous, 
one consisting largely of unstriped muscle-tissue. P., 
Osseous, one containing bony tissue. P., Placen- 
tal, a fibrinous polyp resulting from the deposit of 
fibrin upon a portion of placenta retained after par- 
turition. P., Raspberry Cellular, the most common 
variety of aural polypus, consisting of many small, 
raspberry-like masses, attached to a central stem 
which forms the pedicle. P., Sarcomatous, a sar- 
coma of polypoid form. P., Scirrhous, a dense car- 
cinomatous polypus. P., Soft. Synonym of P. , 
Mucous. P., Spongy. Synonym of P., Mucous. 
P., Stony, one the seat of calcareous infiltration. P., 
Tooth, a polyp developed from the pulp of a carious 
tooth. P., Vascular, a polypoid angioma. 



Polyrhizal {pol-ir-i'-zal). Same as Polyrhizous. 
Polyrhizous { pol-ir-i' -zus) [noAvc, many; j)l r a, root]. 

In biology, many-rooted. 
Polyrrhea {pol- ir- e'- ah) [iroAi-c, much; poia, flow]. 

An excessive secretion of fluid. 
Polysaccharides {pol-is-ak-ar'-id-ez). See Carbohy- 
drates. 
Polysalicylic Acids {pol-is-al-is-il'-ih) [ttoX'vc, many ; 
salix, willow]. Salicylic anhydrids produced by the 
action of phosphoric oxychlorid on sodium salicylate. 

Polysarcia {pol - is - ar'- he - ah) [tto'Aix;, much ; oapt;, 
flesh]. Excessive corpulency ; obesity. P. cordis, 
Synonym of Cor adiposum. 

Polysarcosis {pol- is - ar-ko'-sis). Synonym of Poly- 
sarcia. 

Polysarcous {pol - is - ar'- hits) [troAve;, much; csapi;, 
flesh]. Corpulent; exhibiting polysarcia. 

Polyscelia {pol-is-ke'-le-ah) [no'Avg, many; OKeXoq, leg]. 
Excess in the number of legs. 

Polyscelus {pol-is' -ke-lus) [no'Avc, many; CKeAog, leg]. 
A monster having supernumerary legs. 

Polyschidia { pol-is- hid' -e-ah) [ttoa'uc, many; oxiSmv, 
splinter]. A tendency to carry classification to ex- 
cess. 

Polyscope {pol'-is-kop) [noAvc, much ; (snoneiv, to ob- 
serve]. An instrument for examining the cavities of 
the body by illuminating them. P., Electric, an in- 
strument provided with an electric light which is 
introduced into a hollow viscus in order to illuminate 
its internal surfaces. The walls of the organ are pro- 
tected from the effects of the heat by the presence of 
water. 

Polysepalous {pol-is-ep'-al-us) [ttoAvi;, many ; sepalum, 
sepal]. Having several or many distinct sepals. 

Polysialia {pol -is - i -a'- le - ah) [koAvc, much; aiaAov, 
spittle]. Excessive flow of saliva. 

Polysiphonous {pol-is-i' -fon-us) [ttoAvq, many; oiQoiv, 
tube]. In biology, having many siphons. 

Polysolve (pol'-is-o/v). See Sulphoricineolic Acid. 

Polysomatia {pol-is-o-ma'-she-ah). Synonym of Poly- 
sarcia. 

Polysomatic {pol - is - o - mat' - ik) \_tto\vc, many; aoifia, 
body]. Consisting of an aggregation of grains. 

Polysomia {pol - is - o'- me- ah) [koAvc, many; <ro>/ia, 
body]. A type of monstrosity having more than a 
single body or trunk. 

Polysomitic {pol- is- o - mit' - ik) [_-oAvc, many ; atifia, 
body]. In biology, made up of a number of distinct 
somites. 

Polyspaston {pol-is-pas'-ton) \_iro\vc, many; OTzav, to 
draw]. A pulley used for the reduction of disloca- 
tions. 

Polysperm {pol' -is-perm) [koAvc, many; cnripfia, seed]. 
In biology, a plant the fruit of which contains many 
seeds. 

Polyspermal {pol-is-per' -mal). Same as Polyspermous. 

Polyspermism {pol - is - per' - mizm) [ttoXvc, much; 
o-rrEpp.a, seed]. The secretion and discharge of an 
excessive quantity of seminal fluid. 

Polyspermous ( pol-is-per' -mus) \_ttoAvc, many ; awkpjia, 
seed] . In biology, containing many seeds, as a berry. 
Cf. Pleiospermous. 

Polyspermy {pol'- is -per • me) [koavc, many; awepfia, 
seed]. In biology, impregnation of an ovum by 
several spermatozoids. 

Polyspire {pol' -is-pir) [ttoAvc, many; airelpa, a coil]. 
In biology, having a continued spiral growth. 

Polysporangium {pol-is-po-ran' -je-uin) \jiokvQ, many ; 
arrdpoc, spore]. In biology, a sporangium containing 
many spores. 

Polyspore { pol' -is-por) [noAvs, many; enropoe, spore]. 
In biology, a compound spore. 



POLYSPORED 



1156 



POMPHOLYX 



Polyspored (pol'-is-pord) [ttoXvq ,many; o-n6poc, spore]. 
In biology, containing or producing many spores. 

Polysporic (pol-is-por'-ik). Same as Polysporous. 

Polysporous (pol - is -por'- us) [rroXbg, many ; ciropoc;, 
spore]. In biology, producing many spores. 

Polystachous (pol-is'-tak-us) [ttoVv/;, many ; araxvg , an 
ear of corn, a spike]. In biology, having many spikes. 

Polystemonous (pol-is-tem' -o-nus) [xoJAg, many; ari/- 
fiuv, wasp (stamen)]. In biology, having many more 
stamens than petals. Cf. hostemonous, Polyandrous. 

Polystichia (pot '- is - tik'- e - all) [no'Abg, many ; ari^og, 
row]. A condition in which the eye-lashes are ar- 
ranged in two or more rows. 

Polystichous (pol-is'-tik-us) [iroAbg, many ; arixog, row, 
line]. In biology, arranged in many rows. Cf. 
Alon os tick ous, Distich ous. 

Polystigmous (pol-is-tig* '-mus) \noXbg, many ; ariyfia, 
mark]. In biology, applied to flowers that present 
many stigmas, from being polycarpellary. 

Polystomatous (pol-is-to' -mat-us) [noAvc;, many ; ardpa, 
mouth]. Having many mouths or apertures. 

Polystylous (pol - is - ti'- lus) [ttoXvq, many; arvAoc;, 
column]. In biology, having several styles. 

Polysulphid, Polysulphuret (pol-is-ul'fid, pol-is-ul'- 
fiu-ret) [7ro/U>c, many; sulphur, sulphur]. A com- 
pound of an element or radicle with one or more 
molecules of sulphur. 

Polysymmetria ( pol - is - im - et'- re - ah) \noA.i% , many ; 
avpperpia, symmetry]. Symmetry of the two sides 
of the body at two or more points. 

Polytechnic (pol-it-ek'-nik) [ttoXv^, many; rex i 'V, a n 
art]. Comprising many arts. 

Polyterpene (pol-it-er'-pen) [nokvc, many; terpene~\. 
In chemistry, one of a class of substances polymeric 
with the terpenes. Caoutchouc, gutta-percha, and 
dammar-resin are polyterpenes. 

Polythalarruc (pol-ith-al' -am-ik) \j:okv<;, many; Bala- 
fioq, chamber]. In biology, having many chambers ; 
thalamopborous. 

Polythalamous {pol -ith- al'- am -us) [ttoa'vc;, many; 
daAapoq, chamber]. In biology, having several cham- 
bers or compartments; multilocular. 

Polythecial (pol-ith-e' -se-al )[tto\v(; , many ; 6t/kt/, case]. 
In biology, forming or pertaining to a polythecium. 

Polythecium (pol-ith-e' -se-um) [ttoM'c, many ; Or/i<r/, a 
box: //. , Polythecid\. In biology, a compound 
zoothecium. 

Polythelia, Polythelism (pol-ith-e' -le-ah, pol' -ith- el- 
izm) [noA-bg, many ; 6// at/, nipple]. The presence of 
supernumerary nipples. 

Polytocia (pol-it-o'-se-ah). Synonym of Fecundity. 

Polytocous ( pol-it' -o-hus)[irokvc; , many ; tehe'iv, to bring 
forth]. In biology : (a) the bringing forth of several 
young at a birth ; (b) producing fruit year after year. 

Polytomous ( pol-it' '-o-mus) [ttoAuc, many ; ra/xelv, to 
cut]. In biology, applied to leaves which are divided 
into numerous parts, not true leaflets, or to stems 
repeatedly forked. 

Polytomy ( pol-it' -o-me) \jioAi%, many ; repveiv, to cut]. 
In biology, division into several parts. 

Polytrichia, Polytrichosis (pol-it-rik'-e-ah, pol-it-rik- 
o'-sis) [-/To/.i'f , many ; Spit; , hair]. Excessive develop- 
ment of hair. 

Polytrichous (pol- it'- rik - us) [ttoTlvc;, many; Opil-, a 
hair]. In biology, bearing numerous hairs or cilia. 

Polytrochal ( pol-it' -ro-kal) \noXvg, many ; rpoxog, a 
wheel]. In biology, having several ciliated zones, as 
certain embryos. Cf. Mesotrochal, Telotrochal. 

Polytrochous (pol-it-ro'-kus). Same as Polytrochal. 

Polytrophia, Polytrophy (pol-it-ro' -fe-ah , pol' -it-ro-fe) 
[ko'a'vc, much ; rpotyeia, nourishment]. Abundant or 
excessive nutrition. 



Polytypal (pol - it- i'- pal) [tzoAvq, many ; rin-oc, type]. 

Exhibiting various types, or forms. 
Polyuresia, Polyuresis (pol-e-u-re'-ze-ah, pol-e-u-re'- 

sis). Synonyms of Polyuria. 
Polyuria (pol-e-u' -re-ah) \jro'Xvg, much ; obpov, urine]. 
Excessive secretion of urine. The causes of tempo- 
rary polyuria are, excessive ingestion of fluids, cold, 
suppression of perspiration, the use of diuretics ; it 
occurs in the crisis of fevers, and in certain neurotic 
conditions, as hysteria, and in nervous excitement. A 
permanent polyuria is met with in diabetes mellitus, 
diabetes insipidus, chronic interstitial nephritis, and in 
amyloid disease of the kidneys. 

Polyuric (pol-e-u' -rik) [tto'Avc, many ; obpov, urine]. I. 
Pertaining to, or affected with, polyuria. 2. One 
affected with polyuria. 

Polyvalent (pol-iv'-al-ent). Synonym of Multivalent. 

Polyzoa (pol-iz-o'-ah) [rroXbc, many ; r G>ov, animal]. 
The sea-mats, or sea-mosses. 

Polyzoan (pol-iz-o'-an) \_-ko\vc, many ; r Cx>v, animal]. 
In biology : (a) a member of the group of Vermes 
more properly termed Bryozoa, which are developed 
in variously-shaped attached stocks ; (b) one of the 
segmented tape-worms or cestode stocks arising by 
strobilation. 

Polyzoarium (pol-iz-o-a'-re-um) [ttoAvc, many ; r V° v > 
an animal : pi., Polyzoaria~\. Same as Zoarium. 

Polyzoary (pol-iz-o'-a-re) \tto\v$, many; Cyov, ani- 
mal]. In biology, a compound polyzoan. 

Polyzooid (pol-h-o'-oid) \jkoAvi;. many ; £tiov, animal ; 
e«Soc, form]. In biology, composed of many zooids. 

Poma (po'-mah) [nu/ua, lid, cover : //., Pomata~\. The 
name applied to the so-called occipital operculum of 
the brain of the monkey. 

Pomaceous (po-ma'-se-us) \_pomum, apple]. Pertain- 
ing to the apple, or to fruits like the apple. 

Pomade (po'-mad) \_pomum, apple]. Any perfumed 
ointment or preparation for inunction of the scalp or 
other parts. P., Putz, a proprietary preparation used 
to burnish metal. 

Pomander (po-man'-dcr) [pomum, apple]. A ball 
composed of aromatics, formerly carried about the 
person to prevent infection ; also, the globular case in 
which the same was kept. 

Pomarine (pom'-ar-in). See Pomatorhine. 

Pomatic (po-mat'-ik) \jujia, lid]. Pertaining to the 
poma. 

Pomatorhine (po-mat'-o-rin) \iiCtfia, lid, cover; pig, 
nose]. In biology, applied to birds which have an 
operculum over the nostrils. 

Pomatum (po-ma'-tum). Same as Pomade. 

Pome (pom) \_powum, fruit]. In biology, a fleshy 
fruit like the apple, which is syncarpous, succulent, 
and whose bulk is made up chiefly of enlarged and 
adherent calyx. 

Pomegranate (pom'-gran-et). See Granatum. 

Pomiferous ( po-mif -er-us) \_pomum, fruit; ferre, to 
bear]. Pome-bearing. 

Pomiform (po'-mif-orm) \_pomt4m, an apple ; forma, 
form]. Having the form of a pome. 

Pommade (pom-ahd') [Fr.]. See Pomade. 

Pommeliere ( pom'-le-dr)[Fr.']. Tuberculosis of cattle. 

Pompeian Red. Same as Oeher. 

Pompholygmus (pom-fo-lig'-mus) [-oij(p6?.v^ , bubble]. 
A bullous eruption. 

Pompholygodermatitis (pom-fo-lig-o-der-?nat-i'-tis). 
Synonym of Pemphigus. 

Pompholyx (pom'-fo-liks) [Tro/i<p6?,i^, bubble]. I. 
Cheiropompho/yx ; Dysidrosis. A disease of rare 
occurrence, characterized by vesicular and bullous 
eruptions limited to the hands and feet. The disease 
occurs in depressed states of the nervous system, is 



POMPHUS 



1157 



PONTAL 



more common in women, but is met with chiefly in 
adult and middle life. By some it is considered a 
disease of the sweat-glands, by others not. The dis- 
ease is curable, but tends to recur. 2. Sometimes 
used as a synonym for Pemphigus. 3. Zinc oxid, 
called Flowers of Zinc, and Philosophers' Wool. 

Pomphus (pom'-fus) [Ko/nyor, blister: //., Pomphi~\. 
Wheal ; Urtica ; a circumscribed edema of the co- 
rium, producing a flat elevation of the epidermis at 
that point ; it is usually the result of angio-neurotic 
irritation. Pomphi vary in size from a pin's head to 
a goose's egg, are of irregular outline, and of a whitish 
color with a pink areola. They are evolved rapidly, 
and usually last only a few hours or days. 

Pomum {po' - mum) [L. , pi. , Poma\. Apple. P. 
adami [L., Adam's apple~\ , the ridge or prominence in 
the front of the neck caused by the projection of the 
thyroid cartilage. It is most marked in males. P. 
quercina, nut-gall. 

Ponceau ( pon-so'). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Pond's Extract. See Hamamelis. P.'s Recipe, a 
recipe for varnish to preserve sphygmographic and 
cardiographic tracings. Alcohol, one pint ; gum san- 
darac, three ounces ; castor-oil, half ounce. Mix. 

Ponding (pond'-ing) [ME. ,pond, a pond]. The ac- 
cumulation of liquid as in a pond. P. of the Liquor 
amnii, the collection of a considerable amount of 
liquor amnii above the presenting part of the fetus 
after the membranes have ruptured in the second 
stage of labor. 

Pongamia [pon-ga'-me-ah) [E. Ind. pongam~\. A genus 
of East Indian trees. Kurung oil is the oil expressed 
from the seeds of P. glabra, native to India, China, 
and Australia. It is recommended in parasitic dis- 
eases of the skin, and is efficacious in pityriasis versi- 
color, herpes, and rheumatism, and is useful in lepra. 
Unof. 

Ponos {po'-nos) [ttovoc, pain]. A chronic febrile dis- 
ease endemic on the Greek islands of Spetzia and 
Hydra. The disease bears some resemblance to 
pseudoleukemia and to tuberculosis. 

Pons [pons, bridge]. A process or bridge of tissue 
connecting two parts of an organ. P. cerebelli. Same 
as P. varolii. P. hepatis, the hepatic substance some- 
times extending from the quadrate to the left lobe of 
the liver. P. tarini, the posterior perforated space, a 
mass of gray substance lying behind the corpora albi- 
cantia and joining the crura cerebri. It helps to form 
the floor of the third ventricle. P. varolii (or simply 
Pons), a convex white eminence situated at the base 
of the brain, behind its center. It is placed cephalad 
of the oblongata, ventrad of the cerebellum, and caudad 
of the cerebrum, and is connected with all three. It 
rests upon the sphenobasilar groove ; it is quadrate in 
outline, about 25 cm. wide antero-posteriorly, and is 
marked on its ventral surface by a longitudinal groove 
for the lodgment of the basilar artery. It is contracted 
laterally on account of the closer aggregation of its 
fibers, which converge to form the middle peduncles of 
the cerebellum. Its cephalic margin is convex and well 
defined, and arches over the crura. From the cepha- 
lad surface of the pons, a little ventral, arises the fifth 
or trigeminus nerve. In structure the pons consists 
chiefly of nerve-fibers, but it contains also areas of gray 
matter, the pontine nuclei. On section it consists of 
two portions, a dorsal and a ventral. The latter con- 
tains transverse commissural fibers and is traversed by 
the ventral pyramids of the oblongata. The pyramidal 
fibers in the caudal half of the pons are collected into 
two closely-packed groups of bundles invested in front 
and behind by a layer of transverse fibers ; higher up, 
above the middle of the pons, the pyramidal tracts be- 



come separated by the penetrating transverse bundles 
into a number of fasciculi. The presence of the pyra- 
mids thus gives rise to three sets of fibers — the ven- 
tral or superficial, the dorsal or deep, and the middle or 
penetrating. Interspersed in the gray matter occupying 
the interstices of the ventral portion of the pons small 
multipolar cells are found. The dorsal portion of the 
pons consists largely of gray matter which is continued 
up from below, especially the formatio reticularis 
and the dorsal tracts of gray substance. In places 
the gray matter is grouped to form the nuclei of the 
fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth nerves. In the lower 
part of the pons there is a small, folded gray lamina, 
distinguished as the superior olivary nucleus. It is en- 
closed by some transverse fibers known as the trape- 
zium. A group of darkly-pigmented cells is found in 




Pons and Medulla. Anterior Aspect. 

1. Infundibulum. 2. Tuber cinereum. 3. Corpora albicantia, 
or mammillaria. 4. Cerebral peduncle. 5. Pons varolii. 6. 
Middle cerebellar peduncle. 7. Anterior pyramid. 8. De- 
cussation. 9. Olivary body. 10. Gray tubercle of Rolando. 
11. Arciform fibers. 12. Superior extremity of spinal cord. 
13, 13. Denticulate ligament. 14. Spinal dura mater. 15. 
Optic tract. 16. Optic chiasm. 17. Third nerve. 18. Fourth 
nerve. 19. Fifth nerve. 20. Sixth nerve. 21. Facial nerve. 
22. Auditory nerve. 23. Nerve of Wrisberg. 24. Glosso- 
pharyngeal nerve 25. Vagus nerve. 26, 26. Spinal acces- 
sory nerve. 27. Hypoglossal nerve. 28. 1st cervical pair. 
29. 2d cervical pair. 30. 3d cervical pair. 

the floor of the fourth ventricle ; collectively, this is 
visible to the naked eye as a dark area, known as the 
substantia ferruginea ; seen through the floor of the 
fourth ventricle, this area appears of a bluish-gray 
color, whence the name locus cccrideus. Mesad 
of the substantia ferruginea lies an angular tract 
of white matter, the posterior longitudinal bundle, 
which is a continuation upward of the ventral ground- 
bundle of the cord. The pons is developed from that 
part of the third brain-vesicle known as the hind- 
brain or epencephahm. 
Pontal {pon'-tal) [pons, bridge]. Same as Pontile. 



PONTIBRACHIUM 



1158 



TORCELAIN 



Pontibrachium {pon - tib - ra'- he- urn) [pons, bridge; 
brachium, arm]. The middle peduncle of the cere- 
bellum. 

Pontic {pon' -tik) [pons, bridge]. Same as Pontile. 

Ponticulus {pon-tih'-u-lus) [dim. of pons, bridge]. A 
small, transverse ridge between the pyramids of the 
oblongata and the pons. P. auriculae, a slight promi- 
nence on the eminentia conchoe for the attachment of 
the retrahens aurem muscle. P. hepaticus, a bridge 
of tissue, containing a plexus of blood-vessels, and ex- 
tending from the surface of the Spigelian to that of the 
right lobe of the liver. 

Pontile {pon'-til) [pons, bridge]. Pertaining to the 
pons. P. Hemiplegia, this is very often an alternate 
hemiplegia, in which the arm and leg on one side, 
and the face on the other, are paralyzed. This con- 
dition occurs when the lesion is situated low down in 
the pons, below the decussation of the fibers of the 
facial nerve, and above that of the pyramidal tracts. 
Small lesions high in the pons, produce an ordinary 
hemiplegia. P. Nuclei, a collection of gray matter in 
the pons. 

Pontinal {pon'-tin-al) [pons, a bridge]. In biology, 
bridging ; applied specifically to one of the bones in the 
skull of certain fishes, bridging the space between the 
sub-orbital region and preoperculum {Dactylopleroidea). 

Pontine {pon'-tin) [pons, bridge]. Same as Pontile. 

Ponto-bulbar { pon' -to-bul' -bar) [pons, bridge ; bulbits, 
bulb]. Pertaining to the pons varolii and to the bul- 
bus spinalis (or oblongata). 

Ponto-crural (pon'-to-kru'-ral) [pons, bridge ; cms, 
leg]. Pertaining to the pons varolii and the crura 
cerebri. 

Poop, Pope {poop, pop) [origin obscure]. A collo- 
quial term used by foot-ball players to designate an 
injury to the front and outer side of the thigh, which 
causes more or less disability. 

Poor-man's Bandage. See Galen's Bandage. 

Pop-eyed {pop' -id). Having pop-eyes. P. -eyes, 
full and bulging eyes. See Exophthalmos. 

Poplar ( pop'-lar). See Popnlns. 

Poples {pop'-lez) [L.]. The back of the knee, or pop- 
liteal space. 

Poplitead {pop - lit - e' '- ad) [poples, ham; ad, to]. 
Toward the popliteal aspect. 

Popliteal {pop-lit-e'-al) [poples, ham, hock, or knee]. 
Pertaining to the hinder part of the knee-joint or ham. 



Deep View of the Popli- 
teal Space 

i. Popliteal vein. 2 Popliteal 
artery. 3. Internal popli- 
teal nerve. 4. Vastus inter- 
nus. 5. Superior internal 
articular artery. 6. Tendon 
of semi-membranosus. 7. 
Inner head of gastrocne- 
mius. 8. Inferior internal 
articular artery. 9. Popli- 
teal vein. 10. Popliteus. 
11. Tendon of plantaris. 12. 
Short head of biceps 13. 
External popliteal nerve. 
14. Long head of biceps, 
cut. 15. Outer head of gas- 
trocnemius. 16. Communi- 
cans peronei nerve. 17. 
Soleus. 



P. Aneurysm, aneurysm of the popliteal artery. P. 
Artery. See Arteries, Table of. P. Aspect, the 




posterior aspect of the knee. P. Bursa, one of the 
bursa; in the popliteal space. P. Glands, the lymphatic 
glands of the popliteal space. P. Ligament, the pos- 
terior ligament of the knee-joint. P. Nerve. See 
Nerves, Table of. P. Region. Same as P. Space. 
P. Space, the lozenge-shaped space occupying the 
lower third of the thigh and the upper fifth of the 
leg. Its boundaries are : above, and to the outer side, 
the tendon of the biceps ; on the outer side, and 
below, the plantaris and the outer head of the gastroc- 
nemius ; on'the inner side, above, from within outward 
the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus, and the 
gracilis, on the inner side, below, the inner head 
of the gastrocnemius. The roof is formed by the 
popliteal fascia ; the floor, by the lower part of the 
posterior surface of the shaft of the femur, the pos- 
terior ligament of the knee-joint, the upper end of the 
tibia, and the fascia covering the popliteus muscle. 
The contents of the space are : the popliteal vessels 
and their branches, the termination of the external 
saphenous vein, the internal and external popliteal 
nerves and their branches, the small sciatic nerve, 
the articular branch from the obturator nerve, a few 
lymphatic glands, and some adipose tissue. P. Sur- 
face, the surface of the femur between the supracon- 
dylar lines. P. Tendons, the tendons of the muscles 
forming the boundaries of the popliteal space ; the ham- 
strings. P. Vein, the companion vein of the popliteal 
artery. 

Popliteen {pop-lit-e f -en) [poples, ham]. Belonging to 
the poples in itself. 

Popliteus, Poplitaeus {pop-lit-e'-ns) [poples, ham]. 
Pertaining to the poples. The ham or hinder part 
of the knee-joint. P. accessorius, a small anomalous 
muscle arising from the external femoral condyle or from 
a sesamoid bone in the external gastrocnemius, and in- 
serted into the capsular ligament of the knee-joint. 
P. biceps, P. geminus. Synonyms of P. accessorius. 
P. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Poplitic {pop-lit'-ik) [poples, the ham]. Popliteal. 

Poppy {pop'-e) [ME., popy, poppy]. See Papaver. 
P. -seed, the seeds of Papaver somnifernm, used in 
Germany, and sometimes among Germans in this 
country, to strew on the bread-dough in order to give 
it a certain flavor. P. -seed Oil, Oleum papaveris , is 
obtained from the seeds of the opium-poppy by pres- 
sure. It is of a pale-yellow color and a slightly 
sweetish taste; specific gravity, .925 at 15 C. It is 
used for salads, paints, soaps, and to adulterate olive- 
oil and almond-oil. 

Population {pop-it-la'-shun) [populus, peonle]. The 
mass of people dwelling within a given geographic or 
political area. P., Malthusian Law of Increase 
of, that the number of individuals of a society tends 
to increase faster than the food-product, so that there 
is always a pressure on the means of subsistence. 

Populin {pop'-u-lin) [populus, poplar], C 20 H 22 O s . 

1. Benzosalicin. A substance contained in several 
varieties of poplar ; it is the benzoyl derivative of 
salicin ; it crystallizes in small prisms containing two 
molecules of water, dissolves with difficulty in water, 
and possesses a sweet taste. It is said to possess 
febrifuge properties, and has also been used in dysuria. 

2. A precipitate from a tincture of trie bark of Populus 
tremuloides ; tonic, stomachic, vermifuge, anti-period- 
ic, and febrifuge. Dose 2 to 4 grains. Unof. 

Populus {pop'-u-lus) [L.]. Poplar. The resin of the 
leaf-buds of several species is used for pectoral and 
nephritic troubles. Unof. 

Porcate ( por'-kat) [porca , a ridge between two fur- 
rows]. In biology, deeply furrowed. 

Porcelain { pors'-lcn) [It., porcellana, porcelain]. An 



PORCUPINE 



1159 



POROTIC 



impure silicate of aluminum, non-transparent and ex- 
ceedingly infusible. It is made from porcelain-clay, or 
kaolin (H,Al 2 Si 2 O g -|- H 2 0), derived from feldspar rock 
by the atmospheric process known as " weathering." 
Heated in a furnace, it loses water, and a porous mass 
is produced. In making porcelain the powdered 
kaolin is mixed with water to a thick paste, and then 
molded into the desired shape. A little feldspar, 
chalk, or gypsum is added to the clay in order to form 
a fusible silicate, in quantity just sufficient to bind the 
particles of clay firmly together. Upon firing, as the 
process is called, a porous " biscuit-ware " is obtained, 
which is afterward subjected to the process of glazing. 
For the finest porcelain the glazing material is feld- 
spar; for the cheaper varieties a mixture of clay, 
chalk, ground-flints, and borax is used. Earthenware 
is salt-glazed. There are also other methods of glaz- 
ing. The colors used in decorating porcelain consist 
of various metallic oxids, and may be applied before 
or after glazing. P.-glass, a glass which resembles 
porcelain, made by fusing cryolite, a double fluorid 
of aluminum and sodium, with sand. P. Teeth, 
mineral teeth ; incorruptible teeth ; silicious terro- 
metallic teeth ; vitrescent teeth ; dental substitutes, 
resembling, more or less closely, the shape and color 
of the natural teeth, so constructed that they may be 
securely fixed to the various attachments employed for 
their adjustment and retention in the mouth. They 
are composed of feldspar, silex, and other mineral 
substances. 

Porcupine ( por' '-ku-pin) \_porcus, a hog; spina, spine]. 
A rodent quadruped of the family Hystricida. It is 
covered with sharp spines. P. Disease. See 
Hystrix. P. -men, persons affected with Ichthyosis 
hystrix. P. -skin, an extreme degree of Ichthyosis 
hystrix. 

Pore {por) [Vdpor, a pore]. In biology, a minute cir- 
cular opening or perforation. P., Abdominal, in 
certain fishes, the opening by which the abdominal 
cavity communicates with the exterior, and through 
which the ova are discharged. Ps. of the Skin, the 
openings of the ducts of the sebaceous and sweat- 
glands of the skin. Ps., Sweat, the orifices of the 
ducts of the sweat-glands. P., Vascular, in the 
round-worms, a transverse opening situated on the 
ventral surface and forming the common orifice of 
the two lateral vessels which are thought to be excre- 
tory organs. 

Porencephalia ( por-en-sef-a'-le-ah) [ irbpor-, cavity ; 
iyKtipaAot; , brain]. The presence of depressions on 
the surface of the hemispheres of the brain, owing to 
absence of portions of brain-substance. The defects 
are covered by pia and arachnoid, except in cases in 
which a communication with the ventricles exists. 
The term is generally restricted to limited congenital 
defects, although by some it is extended to include 
those that are acquired. 

Porencephalic ( por-en-sefal'-ik) . Same as Poren- 
cephalous. 

Porencephalous ( por-en-sef '-al-us) [ nopoc, cavity ; 
kyukya'Aoi;, brain]. Affected with porencephalia. 

Porencephalus (por-en-sef ' -al-us). See Porencephalia. 

Porencephaly (por-en-sef'-al-e). Synonym of Poren- 
cephalia. 

Poreutes (po-ru'-tez) ^rropevetv, to convey]. Ameboid 
cells of Kollmann, derived from aeroblasts, from which 
the blood and its corpuscles, the endothelium of the 
vessels, and the wandering cells are developed. 

Poriferous ( por-if'-er-us) \jr6poc, pore ; ferre, to bear]. 
In biology, provided with pores. 

Poriform (por'-iform) [irbpoc, pore; forma, form]. 
Having the form of a pore. 



Poristotropia (por-is-to-tro' -pe-ah) [_Tropi r eiv, to pro- 
vide ; Tponij, a turning]. A chemic process by which, 
according to Ritgen, the existing atoms are destroyed 
and new atoms produced whenever a new substance 
is formed. 

Pork [ porcus, hog]. The flesh of swine, Sus scrofa. 
P., Diseases of, the parasitic diseases are of interest. 
Pork may be infested with the scolices of the Taenia 
solium and with the Trichina spiralis. The former, 
known as cysticercus cellulosa, or " measle," is con- 
tained within a fibrous capsule. If such measly pork 
is ingested in the raw state by man, the cyst-wall is 
dissolved in the stomach, and the scolex is set free, and 
develops into a tape-worm. Pork containing trichinae, 
if eaten without proper cooking, gives rise to trichi- 
niasis, a grave and sometimes fatal disease. See 
Trichiniasis and Measles; also Cysticercus and Tri- 
china, under Parasites (Animal), Table of. An im- 
portant infectious disease of swine is Rouget du pore, 
Schweinerothlauf, or Swine-plague . See Rouget du 
pore, and Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pasteur, and 
Bacillus of Swine-plague, Alarseilles, Rietsch and 
Jobert, under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of 

Pornograph (por'-no-graf) [nopvrj, prostitute ; ypa<peiv, 
to write]. An obscene picture or writing. 

Pornographer (por - nog' '- ra - fer) [nopvT], prostitute; 
ypacpeiv, to write]. One who writes of prostitutes or 
obscene subjects. 

Pornographic (por-no-graf'-ik) [nopvri, prostitute; 
ypatyeiv, to write]. Of or pertaining to pornography. 

Pornography (por-nog'-ra-fe) \jxopvy, a prostitute; 
ypa&eiv, to write]. I. A treatise on prostitution, with 
reference to public hygiene. 2. Obscene writing. 

Porocele (po'-ro-sel) \_Trupor, callus ; Krfkrj, tumor]. A 
scrotal hernia in which the coverings are calloused or 
hardened. 

Porodinic (po-ro-din f -ik) [nopoc, a pore ; Sivoc, rota- 
tion, a round area]. In biology, reproduction by 
means of genital pores ; distinguished from Schizo- 
dinic. Cf. Nephrodinic, Idiodinic. 

Porokeratosis (po - ro - ker-at-o'- sis) [ntbpoc;, callus ; 
Kepac, a horn]. A keratosis appearing in raised or 
smooth areas, of varying size, irregular form, circum- 
scribed outline, at the summit of which a thin layer 
of horny tissue of linear arrangement is present. The 
affection is usually seated on the dorsal aspect of 
the hands and feet (never on the palmar or plantar 
surface), the extensor aspect of the forearms and legs, 
neck, face and scalp. 

Poroma (po-ro' -mah) [Tvupupd]. A callosity. 

Poromphalocele (po-rom-fal'-o-sel) [rrupor, callus ; 
bfMpa'Aoc, navel ; kt/'Ati, tumor]. An umbilical hernia 
with hardened contents. 

Poromphalon, Poromphalos (po-rom' '-fal-on,po-ro7n' '- 
fal-os). Synonym of Poromphalocele. 

Porophyllous (por-o-fil' -us)\ji6poq, pore ; iphXkov, leaf]. 
In biology, having leaves sprinkled with transparent 
points. 

Poroplastic (por-o-plas'-tik) [tto/wc, pore; irXaaoEiv, 
to mold]. Porous and plastic. P. Felt, a porous 
felt which is readily molded ; it is used in the pre- 
paration of splints and jackets. P. Jacket, a form of 
jacket used in the treatment of spinal curvatures. 

Porose (por'-bz) \_porus, a pore]. In biology, per- 
forate. 

Porosis ( po-ro' -sis) [nupnc, callus]. The formation of 
callus. P., Osteo-. See Osteoporosis. P. palpe- 
bral. Synonym of Chalazion. 

Porosity ( por-os' -it-e) [rrdpng, cavity]. The condition 
of being porous. 

Porotic (po-rot'-ik) [wupoc, callus]. Favoring the 
formation of callus. Of the nature of callus. 



POROTOMY 



1160 



PORTION 



Porotomy ( por-ot'-o-me) \nopo<;, pore ; ro//^, a cutting]. 
The operation of enlarging by incision the meatus of 
the urethra. 

Porous (po'-rits) [-n-dpor, cavity, pore]. Having small 
openings, or pores. 

Porphyra (por'-fir-ah) [rropfvpa, purple]. Porphyry, 
one of the eruptive rocks. The leaf or tablet of por- 
phyra is used by pharmacists in the preparation of 
compounds. The name has been used to designate 
scurvy and purpura, q. v. P. nautica. Synonym of 
Scurvy. P. of the Greeks. Synonym of Purpura. 

Porphyration ( por -fir - a' '- shun) ( rropyvpa, purple]. 
The term applied by Kiiss and Duval to the first stage 
in the gastric digestion of albuminoid substances. 

Porphyrin {por' -fir -in) [Troptyvpa, purple]. An 
amorphous substance contained in a variety of Dita 
bark. 

Porphyrisma [por -fir-h'- mah) \_ivop<p'vpa, purple]. 
Synonym of Scarlet-fever. 

Porphyrization ( por -fir-iz-a' -shun) [wopfvpa, purple]. 
In pharmacy, the pulverization of a substance by 
crushing it with a muller on a hard surface, usually of 
porphyry. 

Porphyrodermitis ( por-fir-o -der- tni'-tis) [rropcfivpa, 
purple; Sepfia, skin; (Tic, inflammation]. One of a 
group of skin-diseases including hemorrhagic maculae 
and petechias. 

Porphyrotyphus (por-fir-o-ti'-fus) \nop<f>vpa, purple; 
rinpoc, typhus]. Synonym of Typhus Fever. 

Porphyroxin (por-fir-ohs'-in) \nop<j>bpa, purple ; b^vc, 
acid]. I. One of the alkaloids of opium, becoming 
purple when heated with dilute hydrochloric acid. 2. 
Porphyrin, q. v. 

Porphyruria \por-fir-u' -re-ali) [rropfi'pa, purple ; ovpov, 
urine]. The discharge of urine colored with purpurin. 

Porpoise Oil. See Oleum delphini. 

Porraceous {por-a'-se-us) [porrum, leek]. Of stools, 
green-colored, like leek-leaves. 

Porrect (po'-rekt) [por, forth; regere, to stretch]. In 
biology, outstretched. 

Porret's Phenomenon. When a galvanic current is 
conducted through living, fresh, sarcous substance, 
the contents of the muscular fiber exhibit a streaming 
movement from the positive to the negative pole (as 
in all other fluids), so that the fiber swells at the nega- 
tive pole. See also Phenomenon. 

Porrigo (por-i'-gd) [L. , gen. Porriginis\ An obsolete 
term applied to several diseases of the scalp. P. ami- 
antacea. Synonym of Seborrhcea capitis. P. con- 
tagiosa. See Impetigo contagiosa. P. decalvans. 
See Alopecia areata. P. favosa. See Favus. P. 
furfurans. Synonym of Tinea tonsurans. P. lar- 
valis, impetigo of the scalp conjoined with eczema. 
P. lupinosa. Synonym of Tinea favosa. P. scu- 
tulata. Synonym of Favus. P. tonsoria. Syn- 
onym of Alopecia areata. 

Porrigophyta, Porrigophyte {por-ig-off'-it-ah, por'-ig- 
o-fit). Same as Favus. 

Porrisic Acid (por-iz'-ik). See Euxanthinic Acid. 

Porro's Operation. See Operation, Porro's. 

Port [after Oporto, a city in Portugal]. A wine of 
Portugal. P. -wine. Same as Port. See also Vinunt. 
P. -wine Mark or Stain. See Ncevus vascularis and 
JV. maternus. 

Porta {por'-tah) [L.]. I. Gate; the hilus of an organ 
through which the vessels enter. 2. The foramen of 
Monro. P. hepatis, P. jecoris, the transverse fissure 
of the liver, through which the vessels enter. P. 
labyrinthi, the fenestra rotunda. P. omenti, the 
foramen of Winslow. 

Portagion [por-ta'-je-ou) \_portagium, portage ; portare, 
to carry. Cf. Contagion']. A portable materies morbi ; 



a disease-germ that may be carried ; the transmission, 
or carrying from place to place, of disease-germs. 

Portal {por'-tal) \_porta, gate]. Pertaining to the 
porta or hilus of an organ, especially to the porta 
hepatis. P. Canals, tubular passages in the hepatic 
substance, containing each a branch of the portal vein, 
of the hepatic artery, and of the hepatic duct. P. 
Circulation, " the passage of venous blood from the 
capillaries of one organ to those of another before 
reaching the heart. There are two such circulations, 
through the liver and through the kidneys, distin- 
guished as liepatoportal and reniportal. Only the 
former occurs in man." The portal circulation of 
the human body includes the venous blood from the 
chylopoietic viscera (stomach, spleen, and intestines), 
and this is carried to the liver by means of the portal 
vein. P. Fissure. See Fissure. P. Fossa, the 
transverse fissure of the liver. P. System, the system 
of veins collecting the venous blood from the diges- 
tive tract. P. Vein, the large vein entering the liver 
at the transverse fissure, and bringing to it the blood 
from the digestive tract and the spleen. 

Portal's Syrup. A syrup used in scurvy, and con- 
taining horseradish -root, scurvy - grass, nasturtium, 
gentian, cinchona, and madder. 

Porte-, or Port- [portare, to carry]. A carrier, or 
holder. P. -acid, an instrument for the local appli- 
cation of an acid. P. -aiguille. See Needle-holder. 
P.-caustique, a holder for the stick of caustic. P.- 
cordon, an instrument for replacing a prolapsed 
funis. P. -crayon. See P. -caustic. P.-fil. Syno- 
nym of P. -ligature. P. -fillet, an instrument for 
applying a fillet to some part of the fetal body. P.- 
ligature, an instrument for applying a ligature to a 
deep part. P.-moxa. See Aloxa. P.-nceud, an 
instrument for applying a ligature to the pedicle of a 
tumor. P.-pierre. Synonym of P.-caustique. 

Porter (por'-ter). See Malt Liquors. 

Porter's Sign. See Tracheal Tugging, and Signs and 
Symptoms, Table of. 

Porticus subgenitalis. See Syndemnium. 

Portio (por'-she-o) [L.]. Portion. Also, an abbre- 
viated expression for portio vaginalis uteri — the vaginal 
portion of the uterus. P. alba cerebri, the white 
substance of the brain. P. aryvocalis, a short muscle 
attached anteriorly to the vocal band and posteriorly 
to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage. P. 
axillaris, the second part of the axillary artery. P. 
brachialis, the third part of the axillary artery. P. 
cervicalis, the third part of the subclavian artery. 
P. cervicis uteri, the cervix of the uterus. P. cor- 
poris striati externa, the lenticular nucleus. P. 
corporis striati interna, the caudate nucleus. P. 
dura, the facial nerve. That part of the seventh 
pair of nerves of Willis controlling the muscles of 
facial expression. P. infravaginalis, the vaginal por- 
tion of the neck of the uterus. P. inter duram 
et mollem, a small funiculus between the portio 
dura and portio mollis of the seventh cranial nerve. 
P. intermedia wrisbergii. Synonym of P. inter 
duram et ?nollem. P. mollis, the auditory nerve. P. 
muscularis, the second division of the subclavian 
artery. P. pectoralis, the first division of the sub- 
clavian artery. P. pylorica ventriculi, the pyloric 
extremity of the stomach. P. splenica ventriculi, 
the cardiac extremity of the stomach. P. thoracica, 
the first part of the axillary artery. P. ventriculi 
lienalis. Synonym of P. splenica ventriculi. 

Portion {por' -shun) [portio, a part]. A part or section. 
P., Descending, of the Duodenum, the second por- 
tion of the duodenum. It is about three inches in length, 
covered anteriorly by the peritoneum, and attached 



rORTIPLEX 



1161 



POSITION 



laterally to the head of the pancreas. It lies behind 
the transverse colon and in front of the right kidney. 
The ductus communis choledochus empties into it. P., 
Iliac [of the fascia lata), the portion of the fascia lata 
to the outer side of the saphenous opening. P., 
Infra-vaginal, P., Intravaginal, the portion of 
the uterine cervix projecting into the vagina. P., 
Membranous [of the urethra), the portion of the 
urethra enclosed between the two layers of the tri- 
angular ligament. P., Pes, the lower surface of a 
crus cerebri (Spitzka). P., Prostatic [of the 
urethra), the part of the urethra surrounded by the 
prostate gland ; it is the most dilatable portion and is 
rarely, if ever, the seat of stricture. P., Spongy 
[of the urethra), the part of the urethra anterior to the 
anterior layer of the triangular ligament, and extending 
from the latter to the glans. P., Vaginal [of the 
uterus), the part of the neck of the uterus projecting 
into the vagina. 

Portiplex, Portiplexus ( por'-tip-leks, por-tip-leks'-us) 
[ porta, gate; plexus, plexus]. The plexus or vas- 
cular fringe that connects the two lateral choroid 
plexuses. It passes through the porta, or foramen of 
Monro, whence the name. 

Porus [po'-rus) [rropoc, porus, a pore: pi. , Fori]. 
A callosity. Also a canal, duct, or pore. P. acusti- 
cus externus, the external opening of the external 
auditory canal. P. acusticus internus, the open- 
ing of the internal auditory canal. P. auditorius 
externus. Synonym of P. acusticus externus. P. 
biliaris, one of the biliary ducts. P. centralis, the 
canal in the optic nerve through which the central 
artery of the retina passes. P. cranio-nasalis, the 
foramen raecum of the frontal bone. P. deferens. 
Synonym of Vas deferens. P. opticus, the large 
opening in the center of the lamina cribrosa, trans- 
mitting the central artery of the retina. P. pul- 
moneus, an air-cell. 

Posis [po'-sis) \ttoglc, a drinking]. A potion. 

Position [po-zish'-un)\_ponere, to place]. I. Location; 
situation ; attitude ; posture. See Posture. See, also, 
Table of Position and Direction, appended. 2. In 
chemistry, a term corresponding to that of " union" 
(linking), formerly used. P., Articulation. See 



Consonants. P., Cadaveric, of the vocal bands, the 
position which they assume in paralysis of the recurrent 
laryngeal nerve. The affected band is in the median 
position, and is perfectly motionless. P. of the Fetus, 
the relation of the presenting part to the cardinal points 
of Capuron. For the vertex, the face and the breech, 
there are each four positions : a right anterior, a right 
posterior, a left anterior and a left posterior. For each of 
the shoulders there is an anterior and a posterior position. 
In order to shorten and memorize these positions, the 
initials of the chief words are made use of as follows : 
For vertex presentations the word occiput is indicated 
by the letter O., and preceded by the letter R. or L., 
for right or left, and followed by A. or P., accord- 
ing as the presenting part is anterior or posterior. 
We thus have the initials L. O. A. , left-occipito ante- 
rior, to indicate that the presenting occiput is upon the 
anterior left side. In the same way are derived the 
terms, L. O. P., P. O. A., R. O. P. For facial pre- 
sentations we have in the same way, L. F. A. (left 
fronto-anterior), L. F. P.,R. F. A.. R. F. P. For 
breech or sacral presentations, L. S. A., L. S. P., 
R. S. A., R. S. P., and for shoulder [dorsal) pre- 
sentations, L. D. A., L. D. P., R. D. A., R. D. P. 
See Table of Fetal Positions, under Fetus. P., Primary 
[of the eyes), that position in which the eyes can move 
laterally and vertically without rotating the vertical axis. 
P., Roser [of the head), the head dependent over the 
end of a table. P., Secondary [of the eyes), that posi- 
tion in which the vertical meridian is rotated away from 
its vertical position. P., Shoe-and-Stocking, a posi- 
tion so named by Allis, in which the limb of one side 
is crossed upon the other, as in putting on the shoe 
and stocking, with the external malleolus of one side 
upon the patella of the opposite side. Inability to do 
this is diagnostic of disease in the hip-joint on that 
side. P. -test, a test for the function of codrdination. 
If a normal individual be placed in a strictly erect 
position, with the heels and toes of the two feet closely 
approximated, a certain amount of swaying of the body 
occurs, especially if the eyes be shut. If, however, 
there be loss of coordinating power, this swaying is 
greatly augmented. See Romberg's Symptom in Signs 
and Symptoms, Table of. 



POSITION AND DIRECTION— TABLE OF INTRINSIC TERMS 

EMPLOYED IN HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND ZOOLOGY. THE TERMS ARE IN 

PAIRS, AND THE ADVERBIAL FORM FOLLOWS THE LATIN AND ENGLISH 

ADJECTIVE FORMS. 



Latin Adjective 


English Adjective 
and Adverbial Form. 


Definitions. 


Extrinsic Equivalents. 


Form. 


In Human Anat- 
omy. 


In Comparative 
Anatomy. 


Afferens. 
Efferens. 


Afferent. 
Efferent. 


Conveying or conducting toward. 
Conveying or conducting from. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Caudalis. 
Cephalicus. 


Caudal, caudad. 
Cephalic, cephalad. 


At or in the direction of the tail end or as- 
pect of the body or part. 

At or in the direction of the head end or 
aspect of the body or part. 


Lower; inferior. 
Upper ; superior. 


Back ; backward ; 

posterior. 
Front ; forward ; 

anterior. 


Centralis. 
Peripheralis. 


Central, centrad. 
Peripheral, peripherad. 


At or in the direction of a center. 

At or in the direction of the periphery. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Dextralis, dexter. 
Sinistralis, sinister. 


Dextral, dextrad. 
Sinistral, sinistrad. 


At or in the direction of the right side or 

aspect of the body. 
At or in the direction of the left side or 

aspect of the body. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Distalis. 

Proximalis, proxi- 
mus. 


Distal, distad. 
Proximal, proximad. 


At or in the direction of the extremity of 
an appendage ; peripheral (a. v.). 

At or in the direction of the attached or 
more important end of an appendage ; 
central (q. v.). 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 



POSITIVE 1162 POSTCARPIUM 

POSITION AND DIRECTION— TABLE OF INTRINSIC TERMS.— Continued. 



Latin Adjective 


English Adjective 
and Adverbial Form. 


Definitions. 


Extrinsic Equivalents. 


Form. 


In Human Anat- 
omy. 


In Comparative 
Anatomy. 


Dorsalis. 
Ventralis. 


Dorsal, dorsad. 
Ventral, ventrad. 


At or in the direction of the dorsum, or 
dorsal aspect of the body or of an organ. 

At or in the direction of the ventral aspect 
of the body or of an organ. 


Back ; backward ; 

posterior. 
Front ; forward ; 

anterior. 


Upper ; upward ; 
superior. 

Lower; down- 
ward ; inferior. 


Dorsimesalis. 
Ventrimesalis. 


Dorsimesal, dorsime- 

sad. 
Ventrimesal, ventrime- 

sad. 


At or in the direction of the dorsimeson. 
At or in the direction of the ventrimeson. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Dorsimeson. 

Ventrimeson. 


Dorsimeson. 
Ventrimeson. 


The dorsal edge of the meson. 
The ventral edge of the meson. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Fetalis. 
Entalis. 


Ectal, ectad. 
Ental, entad. 


At or in the direction of some surface 
away from the center or axis. 

At or in the direction of some surface 
nearer a center or axis. 


Outer; superficial; 
external. 

Inner ; inward ; 
internal; pro- 
found. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Lateralis. 
Mesalis. 


Lateral, laterad. 
Mesal, mesad. 


At or in the direction of the side (right or 

left of the body). 
At or in the direction of the meson. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Longisectio. 

Medisectio. 
Transectio. 


Longisection. 

Medisection. 
Transection. 


A section lengthwise of the body or of an 

organ. 
A sagittal section at the meson. 
A section across the long axis of the body 

or of an organ. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 

Median section. 

Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 

Median section. 

Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Sectio frontalis. 
Sectio sagittalis. 


Frontal section. 
Sagittal section. 


A section dividing the body into equal or 
unequal dorsal and ventral parts or sec- 
tions. 

A section dividing the body into equal 
or unequal right and left sections or 
parts. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 


Same as the in- 
trinsic. 



Positive (poz'-it-iv) [positivus, positive]. In static 
electricity, a term denoting that quality of the force 
produced by rubbing glass with silk. In galvanic and 
dynamic electricity, the current flowing from the less 
oxidizable element through the wire or conductor. P. 
Electrode. Synonym of P. Pole. P. Element, the 
more oxidizable element of a battery — usually a plate 
of zinc. P. Ocular. See Ocular. P. Pole, the pole 
connected with the negative plate or element. See 
Anode. 

Posologic, Posological (poz-o-loj'-ik, poz-o-loj'-ik-al) 
[tt(5(toc, how much ; \byoi;, science]. Pertaining to 
posology or quantitative dosage. 

Posology ( poz-ol' -o-je) [7rdo-oc, how much ; ^6yog, 
science]. The science of the dosage of medicines. 

Possession (poz-esli'-uti) \_possedere, to possess]. The 
condition of being possessed or possessing ; madness, 
lunacy. P., Demoniac, the condition of being pos- 
sessed or inhabited by demons. 

Posset (pos'-et) [posca, sour wine and water], A 
preparation of milk curdled with wine. 

Possetting (pos' ' -et-ing) \_posca, sour wine]. The re- 
gurgitation of infants. 

Post- {post) [L. ]. A preposition meaning after. Pre- 
fixed to words it places them in antithesis to those 
combined with pre ox pro;, and has the force of either 
an adverb or an adjective. Also as a noun, a mono- 
nym for postmortem ; as a verb, a popular expression 
signifying to perform an autopsy. 

Postabdomen (post-ab-do'-men) [post, behind; abdo- 
men, abdomen]. In biology, the posterior abdominal 
part of the body in insects or crustaceans. 

Postabdominal ( post-ab-dom' -in-al ) [ post, after ; 
abdomen, abdomen]. Pertaining to the postabdomen. 

Postacetabular (post-as-et-ab' -u-lar) [post, after; acet- 



abulum, acetabulum]. Situated behind the acetabu- 
lum. 

Postanal (post-a'-nal) [post, after; anus, anus]. Situ- 
ated behind the anus. 

Postapoplectic (post - ap - o - plek'- tik) [post, after; 
anoKTir/^ia, apoplexy]. Coming on, or occurring, after 
a stroke of apoplexy. P. Coma, the coma that often 
succeeds an apoplectic stroke. 

Postarytenoid (post-ar-i'-te-noid) [post, after ; apvrai- 
va, a pitcher; eldog, like]. Situated behind the 
arytenoid. 

Postauditory (post-aw'-dit-o-re) [post, behind ; audire, 
to hear]. Situated behind the auditory nerve, or 
chamber. P. Fossa, a crescentic notch on the tem- 
poral bone, separating the temporal ridge from the 
auditory plate. P. Processes, in biology, processes 
situated behind the auditory chamber in certain fishes. 

Postaxial ( post-aks' -e-al) [post, after; axis, axes]. 
Situated posterior to the long axis ; in the arm, 
situated on the ulnar, in the leg, on the fibular side. 
In the embryo, directed dorsad from the long axis. 

Post-boys' Malady. Set Malady. 

Postbrachial ( post-bra' -ke-al) [post, after; brachium, 
arm]. Situated posterior to, or beyond, the arm. 

Postbrachium ( post-bra' -ke-u?n)[post, after; brachium, 
arm]. The posterior brachium of the corpus quadrigem- 
inum, seen on the lateral slope of the mesencephal. 
It is between the prebrachium and the lemniscus. 

Postbranchial (post-brang'-ke-al) [post, after; ppay- 
Xia, gill]. Situated behind the branchiae. 

Postcalcaneal (post - kal- ka'- ne - al) [post, behind; 
calcaneum, the heel]. In biology, back of the cal- 
caneum ; applied to part of the patagium of bats. 

Postcarpium (post-kar'-pe-um) [post, behind ; Kapndi;, 
carpus]. The metacarpus. 



POSTCAVA 



1163 



POSTGENERATION 



Postcava (post-kav f -a/i) [post, after, behind ; cavus, 
hollow]. The vena cava posterior. 

Postcaval ( post-kav'-al ) [ post, behind ; cavus, hol- 
low]. Pertaining to the postcava. 

Postcentral ( post-sen' -tral) \_post, behind ; centrum, 
center]. Situated behind the center. 

Postcephalic (post-sef-al'-ik) [/<w/, behind ; netpaAi/, 
head]. In biology, situated behind the head, or 
cephalic segment. 

Postcerebellar ( post-ser-e-bel'-ar) [post, behind ; cere- 
bellum, cerebellum]. Situated behind, or in the pos- 
terior portion of the cerebellum. 

Postcerebral ( post-ser'-e-bral) [post, behind; cere- 
brum, cerebrum]. Situated behind, or in the posterior 
part of the cerebrum. 

Postcerviciplex (post-ser-vis ' -ip-leks) [post, behind; 
cervix, neck ; plexus, plexus]. The posterior cervical 
plexus. 

Postcibal (post- si'- bal) [ post, after; cibum, food]. 
Occurring after meals. 

Postcisterna ( post-sis -ter'-nali) [post, behind ; cistema, 
a vessel]. That portion of the spaces separating the 
ental layer of the arachnoid from the pia of the cere- 
bellum, and communicating with the true encephalic 
cavities through the metapore, and also with the spinal 
subarachnoid space ; the cisterna magna. 

Postclavicle (post-klav'-ik-l) [post, behind ; clavicula, 
clavicle]. In biology, the posterior element of the 
scapular arch of some fishes. 

Postclavicular (post-kla-vik'-u-lar) [post, after; cla- 
vicula, clavicle]. Pertaining to the postclavicle. 

Postclitellian (post-kli-tel'-e-an) [post, behind; cli- 
tellum, a pack-saddle]. In biology, applied to such 
earth-worms as have the ducts of the testes opening 
behind the clitellum. 

Postcommissure (post-kom'-is-ur) [post, behind; com- 
missura, commissure]. The posterior commissure of 
the brain, q. v. 

Postconnubial (post-kon-nu'-be-al) [/<v/, after ; con- 
nubium, marriage]. Coming on, or occurring, after 
marriage. 

Postconvulsive (pbst-kon-vul' -siv) [post, after ; con- 
vellere, to tear away]. Coming on after a convul- 
sion. 

Postcornu (post-kor'-nu) [post, after; cornu, horn: 
pi. , Postcornua'\. The occipital horn of the lateral 
ventricle of the brain. 

Postcornual (post-kor'-nu-al) [post, after; cornu, 
horn]. Pertaining to the postcornua (of the ventricles 
or of the spinal cord). 

Postcostal (post-kos' -tal) [post, behind; costa, a rib, 
the side]. In biology, located behind the costal 
nervure or vein of the wing. 

Postcoxal (post-koks'-al) [post, behind; coxa, the 
thigh-bone]. In biology, situated behind the coxae. 

Postcribrum (post-krib' -rum) [post, behind ; cribrum, 
sieve]. The posterior perforated space of the brain. 

Postcruciate (post-kru'-se-at) [post, after; crux, a 
cross]. Situated posterior to the cruciate fissure of 
the cerebrum. 

Postcubital (post-ku'-bit-al) [post, behind; cubitus, 
the forearm]. Situated on the posterior aspect of the 
forearm. 

Postdiastolic (post-di-as-tol'-ik) [post, after ; (haaroAr/, 
diastole]. Coming after the diastole. 

Postdicrotic (pbst-di-krof ' -ik) [post, after; Swpo-oc, 
double-beating]. Coming after the dicrotic wave of 
the pulse. P. Wave, a second recoil-wave in the 
sphygmographic tracing. It is not always present. 

Postdigastricus (post-di-gas 1 ' -trik-us) [post, after; dig, 
double ; yaarijp, belly]. The posterior belly of the 
digastric muscle. 



Postdilatator (post-di'-la-ta-tor) [post, after ; dilator, a 
dilator]. The posterior dilatator aire nasi. 

Postdorsulum ( post-dor' -su-lum) [post, after; dorsu- 
lum, dim. of dorsum, the back]. See Metascutum. 

Postembryonic (post-em-bre-on'-ik) [post, after; kji- 
jSpvov, embryo]. In biology, subsequent to the em- 
bryonic stage. 

Postepileptic (pos/-ep-it-ep'-tik) [post, after ; sTriAr/Tpig, 
epilepsy]. Occurring after an epileptic attack. 

Posterior (pos-te'-re-or) [ (neuter, posterius) comparative 
of posterus, after, behind]. Having a position to the 
back or rear; opposed to anterior (or anlerius). 

Posterolateral ( pbs' -te-ro-lal' -er-al ) [posterus, behind; 
latus, side]. Posterior and lateral at the same time. 

Posteroparietal (pos-te-ro-par-i' -et-al ) [posterus, be- 
hind ; paries, wall]. Posterior and parietal. 

Posterosuperior (pos'-te-ro-su-pe'-re-or) [posterus, 
hinder; superior, superior] . Posterior and superior. 

Posterotemporal (pbs-le-ro-tem'-por-al) [posterus, be- 
hind ; tempus, temple]. Posterior and temporal, or 
behind the temporal region. In biology, a bone in the 
scapular arch of many fishes ; also called the scapula 
and the supraclavicle. 

Posteroterminal (pis'- te - ro - ter'- min - al) [posterus, 
hinder; terminalis, terminal]. Situated at the hind 
end. 

Posteroventral (pos' -te-ro-ven' -tral ) [posterus, hinder ; 
venter, stomach]. In biology, situated at the hind 
end of the ventral surface. 

Posterula ( pos-ter'-u-la/i) [posterus, posterior]. In 
biology, Harrison Allen's term for that portion of the 
naso-pharynx between the posterior nares and the 
salpingo-palatal fold. 

Postesophageal ( pbst-e-sofaj' -e-al) [post, behind; 
o'iao<payoc , the gullet]. In biology, situated behind 
(dorsad or caudad) the gullet or esophageal ring. 

Postfebrile ( post-feb'-ril) [post, after; febris, fever]. 
Occurring after a fever. 

Postfemoral (post-fern' -or-al) [ post, behind ; femur, 
thigh]. Situated on the posterior aspect of the thigh. 

Postfontanel (post-fon-tan-el') [post, behind ; fontana, 
a spring]. The posterior fontanel. 

Postforceps ( post-for'-ceps) [post, behind; forceps, 
forceps]. The name given to the oblique fibers at 
the posterior extremity of the callosum entering the 
occipital lobes. 

Postfovea ( post-fo-ve' -ah) [post, after ; fovea, pit]. The 
posterior fovea, a depression in the floor of the fourth 
ventricle of the brain. 

Postfrenum ( post-fre' -num) [ post, behind ; frenum, 
a bridle, curb, bit]. In biology, a part of the meta- 
thorax of an insect. 

Postfrontal ( post-frun' -tal ) [ post, behind ; frons, 
the forehead]. I. Situated behind the forehead. 
2. A bone of the skull in many animals situated at 
the back portion of the orbit. P. Process, a process 
of bone in many animals on the upper and posterior 
portion of the brim of the orbital cavity. 

Postfurca ( post-fir' -kah ) [ post, behind ; furca, fork : 
pi., Postfurcaf\. In biology, the hinder sternal apo- 
deme projecting into the cavity of a thoracic somite 
in certain insects. 

Postfurcal ( post-fir' -kal ) [post, behind; furca, a 
fork]. Pertaining to the postfurca. 

Postgeminum ( post-Jem' -in-ttm) [post, after; geminus, 
twin]. The posterior pair of bodies of the corpora 
quadrigemina, considered as forming together a single 
organ. 

Postgeneration ( post -jen - er - a'- shun) [post, after ; 
generare, to generate]. In biology, the term applied 
by Roux to a very peculiar regenerative process ob- 
served in frogs' eggs, in which a segmentation-cell 



POSTGENICULATUM 



1164 



POSTMORTEM 



may be "re-animated" after it has been deprived of 
its capacity for development. 

Postgeniculatum ( post-jen-ik-u-la' -turn ) [ post, be- 
hind ; geniculatum, the geniculate body]. The 
internal geniculate body. 

Postgeniculum (post-jen-ik' -u-lum). See Geniculum. 

Postgenital ( post-Jen' -it-al) [ post, behind ; genitalis, 
genital]. In biology, pertaining to those segments 
of the body behind the openings of the genital pores. 

Postgeniture ( post-Jen' -it-fir) [post, after; genitura, 
begetting]. The position of a child born after an- 
other, as in the second child of twins. 

Postglenoid (post-gle'-noid) [post, behind; y\i]vri, 
socket; e Woe, like]. I. Behind the glenoid cavity or 
fossa. 2. A process or tubercle of the temporal bone 
that descends behind the condyle of the jaw and pre- 
vents backward displacement during mastication. 

Postgraduate (post-grad' -u-dt) [post, after ; gradnare, 
to confer a degree]. I. Belonging to or prosecuting 
a course of study after graduating. 2. A graduate. 

Posthalgia ( pos-thal'-je-ah) [woody, penis; aAyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the penis. 

Posthe (pos'-the) [-Kootirj, foreskin]. I. Prepuce. 2. 
Penis. 

Posthectomy (pos-thek'-to-me) [irdtjdr/, foreskin ; Iktoimtj, 
excision]. Circumcision of the prepuce. 

Po^themiplegia (post-hem-ip-le'-Je-ah) [post, after; 
Tjfii, half; Trhrjy?'/, stroke]. Following an attack of 
hemiplegia. 

Posthemiplegic ( post-hem-ip-le' -jik) [ post, after ; tj/xi, 
half; iz'kriyrj, stroke]. Appertaining to a condition 
following an attack of hemiplegia. P. Chorea, chorei- 
form movements in paralyzed limbs. They are most 
marked in the hand and arm, next in the face, rarely 
in the leg. Almost every variety of motion may occur. 

Posthetomist (pos-thet'-o-mist) [iroaOij, prepuce; To/xij, 
a cutting]. A circumciser. 

Posthetomy (pos-thet'-o-me) [kogQi], penis ; Tofiq, a 
cutting]. Circumcision. 

Posthia (pos' '-the-ah). Synonym of Hordeolum. 

Posthioplastic (pos-the-o-plas' '-fik) [-rrdadri, foreskin ; 
izAaanttv, to shape] Pertaining to, or involving, 
plastic surgery of the prepuce. 

Posthioplasty (pos'-the-o-plas-te) [Tzoatitj, foreskin; 
-'/Mijoetr, to mold]. Plastic surgery of the prepuce. 

Posthippocampal (post-hip-o-kam' -pal ) [post, be- 
hind; Irnror, horse; na/mor, a sea-monster]. Per- 
taining to the calcar or hippocampus minor. 

Posthitis (pos-thi'-tis) [nocOi), prepuce ; itic, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the prepuce. 

Posthocalymma (pos-tho-kal-im' -alt) [-oaOii, penis; 
naTiVpLfia, veil]. Synonym of Condom. 

Posthocalyptron (pos-tho-kal-ip'-tron). Synonym of 
Condom. 

Postholith (pos'-tho-lith) [irooflr/, prepuce ; Atdog, stone]. 
A preputial calculus. 

Posthoncus ( pos-thong' -kits) [noaOr), prepuce; oynoc, 
swelling], A swelling or tumor of the prepuce. 

Posthumeral (pdst-hu' -mer-al) [post, behind; hu- 
merus, the humerus]. Situated behind the humerus. 

Posthumous (pos'-tu-mus) [post, after; humus, the 
ground; more correctly, postumus, latest]. Occurring 
after death. P. Child, one born after the death of its 
father, or taken by the Cesarean operation from the 
body of its mother after death. 

Posthyoid (post-hi'-oid) [post, behind ; ioe«5//c,hyoid]. 
Posterior to the hyoid bone. 

Posthypophysis (post-hi-poff'-is-is) [post, behind; 
bird, under; <j>vet.v, to grow]. The posterior and 
cerebral portion of the hypophysis. 

Posticous (pos'-tik-us) [posticus, hinder, back]. See 
Extrorse. 



Posticus (post' -ik-us) [L.]. Posterior. 

Postinsula ( post-in' -su-lnh) [post, behind; insula, 
island]. The caudal region of the insula. 

Postmastoid (post-mas' -toid) [post, behind; /laart'ic, 
nipple; eMoc, like]. Situated behind the mastoid 
process of the temporal bone. P. Tenderness, a 
tender point located one inch behind and about one- 
half inch above the external auditory meatus in cases 
of septic thrombosis of the lateral sinus dependent 
upon otitis media. 

Postmedian (post-me'-de-an) [post, behind; medius, 
the middle]. Behind the middle transverse line of 
the body. 

Postmediastinal (post-me-de-as-ti'-nal) [post, behind ; 
mediasti?iuni\. Pertaining to the postmediastinum. 

Postmediastinum ( post-me-de-as-ti' -num. ) [ post, be- 
hind ; mediastinum^. The posterior dorsal medias- 
tinal space. 

Postminimus (post-min' -im-us) [post, after ; minimus 
(sc, digitus), the little finger: pi., Postminimi~\. 
In biology, an additional little finger or little toe in 
cases of polydactylism. In anatomy, the ulnar sesa- 
moid bone, commonly called pisiform. Cf. Prehallux, 
Prepollux. 

Postmortem (pbst-mor'-tem) [post, after; mors, mortis, 
death]. I. Occurring after death. 2. An examina- 
tion of the body after death ; an autopsy. The gen- 
eral technique of a postmortem is as follows : First, 
the appearance of the body is described, including 
sex, height, apparent age, discoloration of the skin, 
rigor mortis, state of the nutrition, injuries, deformities, 
and any peculiarities that may be observed. An in- 
cision is then made from the top of the sternum to the 
pubic symphysis, the abdomen being the cavity first 
opened. Then the position of the viscera, their con- 
dition, the presence of hernia, if it exist, the state of 
the peritoneum, and the quantity of fluid are noted, 
but all without disturbing the relation of the contents. 
The thorax is now opened. In order to do this, the 
ribs are divided at the costo-chondral junction, and 
the sternum and clavicles disarticulated. The rela- 
tion of the structures exposed on lifting up the sepa- 
rated portion of sternum and ribs is noted — the pres- 
ence of fluid in the pleural cavity, pleural adhesions, 
the extent to which the lung covers the pericardium. 
The pericardial sac is next opened, and its condition 
and the quantity of fluid recorded. The opening of the 
heart is the next step. This may be done in several 
ways ; one of the best is Virchow's method, a. v. After 
noting tne character of the blood and clots in the 
chambers, the heart is excised, close to the origin of 
the great vessels. After completing the incisions, the 
state of the valves of the muscle, especially its firmness, 
and the size of the walls of the two ventricles, are care- 
fully observed and measured. The lungs are next 
removed, usually the left first. Section of these or- 
gans is made by a long sweep of the knife — in the 
case of the left preferably from the apex to the base ; 
in the case of the right, from the base to the apex. 
Attention is now directed to the abdomen, the spleen 
being the first organ removed. Next come the supra- 
renals and the kidneys. In order to gain access to 
these, it is wise to dissect off, by a few quick cuts, the 
entire colon from the sigmoid flexure to the ileo-cecal 
valve. A double ligature is placed around the sigmoid, 
and the gut divided between the ligatures. The re- 
moval of the kidneys is further facilitated by cutting 
the diaphragm loose from its costal attachments and 
throwing it upward, with the liver, into the thoracic 
cavity. The adrenals and kidneys are then exposed ; 
the course and condition of the ureters are noted. 
The suprarenals may now be removed separately, or 






POSTMORTEM 



1165 



POSTPALATINE 



taken out with the kidneys ; in either case it is best 
to remove the organs on the left side first. Section is 
made of the adrenals ; also of the kidneys. In the 
latter the capsule is stripped off, and a note is made 
of the extent, if at all, to which it is adherent; also 
whether the renal substance is torn on removing the 
capsule. The next step consists in the removal of the 
intestines. These are cut closely to their mesenteric 
attachment, care being taken to leave as little of the 
mesentery attached to the gut as possible. The fecal 
contents are then washed out by a running stream of 
water through the bowel, which is opened at the attach- 
ment of the mesentery and examined. In removing 
the intestines, the rectum and the first and second por- 
tion of the duodenum are left in situ. The next step is 
usually the opening of the stomach and remaining 
portion of the duodenum. This is accomplished, like 
the opening of the intestines, by means of the entero- 
tome. After the duodenum is opened, the gall-bladder 
is pressed until bile is made to flow from the mouth 
of the common duct in the duodenum. If this is im- 
possible, obstruction exists. The gastric contents are 
described, and the condition of the walls noted. The 
pancreas is now examined, the condition of its duct, 
and the presence of cysts or stones being noted. It is 
then removed and incised longitudinally. The liver is 
next taken out, the condition of the vessels entering 
the portal fissure having been noted before they were 
divided. The liver is weighed and measured trans- 
versely, longitudinally, and vertically, the width of the 
two large lobes being taken separately. A long incision 
is now made into the substance of the organ and the 
conditions noted, especially the relation of the connec- 
tive tissue to the hepatic substance proper. The pelvic 
organs are next removed. This is best accomplished 
by first making a cut into the bladder ; into the open- 
ing a finger is inserted, while the other fingers grasp 
the rectum. By making the tissues tense, their sepa- 
ration from the bony wall of the pelvis is facilitated. 
After removal they are cut open ; in the case of a 
female subject, the uterus is opened by a longitudinal 
cut through the anterior wall. A fine probe is passed 
into the oviducts to ascertain their patulousness ; they 
may also be opened by a delicate pair of scissors. 
Nothing of importance remains now in the abdomen 
except the vessels and the semilunar ganglia. The latter 
should be examined in situ and also after removal. 
The aorta should be opened by a longitudinal incision 
extending from the beginning of the arch down to its 
bifurcation, thence prolonged out into the iliac arteries. 
The thoracic duct should be looked for at the side 
of the aorta. The trachea, larynx, thyroid gland, 
pharynx, and tongue can be removed either through a 
median incision in the front of the neck or from the 
base of the neck. For the removal of the brain it 
is necessary to saw out a portion of the cranial vault. 
It is customary to divide the scalp about on a line 
with the coronal suture. The vault is sawn through 
in front and behind, a large, wedge-shaped piece 
being removed. The dura is then divided on a line 
with the sawn edge of the bone, and also separated 
from its attachment to the crista galli in front. The 
brain is then carefully lifted from its bed, the nerves 
passing from it divided, and the attachment of the 
dura to the petrous portion of the temporal bone 
cut loose. If possible, the pituitary body should 
be kept attached to the brain. A long knife is now 
introduced into the spinal canal, and the cord cut as 
low down as possible. The brain is then lifted out 
and placed on a board or plate. After a careful sur- 
vey of its external appearances, the organ is dissected. 
A number of methods are in vogue. One of the best 



is that known as Edinger's method ; only its general 
features can be indicated here. The lateral ventricles 
are first opened ; then the cerebral hemispheres are 
cut away from the basal ganglia. Longitudinal and 
transverse cuts are made into the cerebral mantle, 
observing always to make the incisions as near as pos- 
sible at right angles to the course of the convolutions. 
The basal ganglia are examined by making multiple 
incisions into them ; the cerebellum is similarly treated. 
The spinal cord is generally removed from the back ; 
special saws have been devised to cut the pedicles of 
the vertebra. The cord itself is removed in its mem- 
branes from below upward, the most important point 
being the avoidance of traction. The membranes 
are opened, and the cord-substance divided at short 
intervals by transverse cuts. The eyes, if it be neces- 
sary, can be removed without difficulty. The removal 
of the organ of hearing requires considerable labor. 
All organs should, if possible, be weighed. 

Postmortuary (post-mor'-tu-a-re) [post, after ; mors, 
mortis, death]. Postmortem. 

Postnares [post-na'-i-ez) \_post, behind ; naris, nostril]. 
The posterior nares. 

Postnarial ( post-na'-re-al) \_post, behind; naris, a 
nostril]. Situated behind the nostrils. 

Postnasal (post-na'-sal) [post, behind; nasus, nose]. 
Situated behind the nose. P. Catarrh, catarrhal in- 
flammation of the naso-pharynx. 

Postnasus (post-na'-sus) [post, after; nasus, nose]. 
In biology, a division of the clypeus in certain insects ; 
the supraclypeus. 

Postnatal (post-na'-tal) [post, after ; natus, born]. 
Subsequent to birth, as a postnatal disease. 

Postoblongata (post-ob-long-ga'-tah) [/Rafter; ob- 
longata, medulla oblongata]. The caudal or meten- 
cephalic portion of the oblongata, forming the floor 
of the metacele. 

Postocular (post-ok'-u-lar) [post, behind ; oailus, the 
eye]. In biology, situated back of, behind, or beneath 
the eye. 

Postolivary ( post-ol' -iv-a-re) [post, behind ; olivarius, 
olivary]. Behind the oliva. 

Postomosternal (post-o-mo-ster'-nal) [post, behind ; 
oipoc, shoulder ; nrepvov, sternum] . Pertaining to the 
postomosternum. 

Postomosternum (post-o-mo-ster' -num) [post, behind ; 
dipoc, shoulder; orepvov, sternum], A posterior omo- 
sternum. 

Postoperative (post op'-er-a-tiv) [post, after ; operatio, 
operation]. Occurring after an operation, as post- 
operative insanity. 

Postoperculum ( post-o-per' -ku-luni) [post, after; oper- 
culum, lid]. That one of the folds covering the 
insula which is formed of a part of the supertemporal 
gyrus; the temporal operculum. 

Postopticus (post-op' ' -tik-us) [post, after; cji/j, eye: 
pi., Postoptici\ Either one of the posterior pair of 
optic lobes, or corpora quadrigemina. 

Postoral (post-o'-ral) [post, after; os, oris, mouth]. 
Situated either dorsad or caudad of the mouth. P. 
Arches. See Arch. P. Segments, in biology, the 
primary segments behind the mouth of certain arthro- 
pods. 

Postorbital (post-or'-bit-al) [post, behind; orbita, 
orbit]. In biology: (a) situated behind the orbit; 
UP) placed back of the compound eye of an insect ; 
(r) a separate bone in the orbit of certain reptiles. 

Postpalatal (post-pal'-at-al ) [ post, behind ; palatum, 
the palate]. Situated behind the palate bones. 

Postpalatine ( post-pa P-at-in) [post, behind; palatum, 
palate]. In biology, a bone in the skull of certain 
reptiles, also called pterygoid. 



POSTPARALYTIC 



1166 



POSTVERMIS 



Postparalytic (post-par-al-it'-ik) [post, after; napa- 
Xvaig, paralysis]. Following an attack of paralysis. 
P. Chorea. Synonym of Posthemiplegic Chorea. 

Postparietal (post-par-i'-et-al) [post, behind ; paries, 
wall]. In biology, situated behind the parietal plate. 

Postpartum [post - par'- tu??i) [post, after; partus, 
birth]. Following childbirth. P. Chill, a chill, as 
a rule of no pathologic significance, closely following 
the expulsion of the child in some cases. It usually 
lasts several minutes. P. Hemorrhage, hemor- 
rhage following delivery. Its causes are such as 
interfere with or prevent uterine contraction, as 
general debility, weakness of the uterine muscle, anom- 
alies of innervation of the uterus, retained placenta 
or clots, old adhesions, tumors, distention of the blad- 
der and rectum, as well as a hemorrhagic diathesis. 
The symptoms are a sudden gush of blood from the 
vulvar orifice, relaxation of the uterus, and the con- 
stitutional signs of severe hemorrhage: pallor, vertigo, 
air-hunger, dimness of vision, sometimes a peculiar 
vocal sound, a rapid, feeble pulse, rarely a convulsion. 
The mortality is given as I in 300. P. Shock, the 
sense of fatigue and exhaustion immediately succeed- 
ing labor. 

Postpectoral (pbst-pek' -to-ral) [post, behind ; pectus, 
the breast]. Pertaining to the postpectus. 

Postpectus (post-pek'-tus) [post, behind; pectus, the 
breast]. In biology, the hinder part of the breast. 

Postpeduncle (post-pe'-dunk-l)[post, behind; peduncu- 
lus, peduncle]. The inferior cerebellar peduncle. 

Postpeduncular (post-pe-dung'-ku-lar) [post, behind; 
pedunculus, peduncle]. Of or pertaining to the post- 
pedunculus. 

Postpedunculus (post-pe-dung' -ku-lus). See Postpe- 
duncle. 

Postperforatus (post-per-for-a'-tus) [post, behind ; per- 
forare, to perforate]. The posterior perforated space. 

Postpetiole ( post-pet' -e-ol) [post, behind; petiolus, a 
petiole]. In biology, that portion of the abdomen of 
an insect just behind the petiole or narrow section. 

Postpharyngeal (post-far-in'-je-al) [post, behind; 
(f>apv)^, pharynx]. Situated behind the pharynx. 

Postphenomenon (post-fe-nom'-en-on) [post, after; 
<patv6/i£i-oi\ phenomenon]. The effects following a 
phenomenon. 

Postpituitary (post - pit - u' - it- a- re) [post, behind ; 
pituita. phlegm]. Situated behind the pituitary body. 

Postpleuritic (post-plu-rif -ik) [post, behind ; nAevpd, 
pleura; trie, inflammation]. Following pleurisy. 

Postplexus (post -picks'- us) [post, behind; plexus, 
plexus]. In biology, the analogue in lower vertebrates 
of the lumbosacral plexus in man. 

Postpone (post-pott') [post, after; ponere, to place]. 
In relation with the paroxysm of malarial fever, it 
means to occur after the regular time. 

Postpontile (post-pon' -til) [post, behind ; pons, bridge]. 
Situated behind the pons varolii. P. Recess, the 
foramen caecum. 

Postprostatic (post-pros-tat'-ik) [post, after; irpo, be- 
fore ; ioravai, to set]. Situated dorsad of the prostate. 
P. Pouch. See Trigonum vesica. 

Postpubic (post-pu'-bik) [post, behind; pubis, pubes]. 
Pertaining to the postpubis. 

Postpubis (post-pu'-bis) [post, behind ; pubis, pubes : 
//. , Postpubes~\. In biology, the postacetabular por- 
tion of the pubic bone ; used especially in connection 
with the pubis of certain Sauropsida. 

Postpuerperal (post-pu-er'-pe-ral) [post, after ; puer, 
child ; parere, to bear]. Occurring after childbirth. 

Postpyramidal (pdst-pir-am'-id-al) [post, behind; 
vyramis, pyramid]. Situated behind the pyramidal 
tract. P. Nucleus, the nucleus funiculi gracilis, //. v. 



Postramus (post - ra' '- tuns) [post, behind; ramus, 
branch]. The caudal or horizontal branch of the 
stem of the arbor of the cerebellum. 

Postremus (pos-tre'-mus) [superlative of posterns, be- 
hind]. Hindermost. P. pedis, the extensor brevis 
digitorum muscle of the foot. See Muscles, Table of. 

Postrhinal (post - ri'- nal) [post, behind; pig, nose]. 
Posterior and rhinal. P. Fissure, Wilder's term for 
the basirhinal fissure. 

Postrolandic (post-ro-lan'-dik) [post, after; Rolando, 
an anatomist]. Situated behind the Rolandic fis- 
sure. 

Postrorse (pos'-trorz) [post, back ; versus, turned]. 
In biology, turned back ; retrorse, the antonym of 
antrorse. 

Postsacral (post - sa'- kral) [post, behind ; sacrum, 
sacrum]. Situated behind the sacrum. 

Postscalene (post-ska' -len) [post, behind ; OK.aXrjv6c, 
scalene]. Pertaining to the postscalenus. 

Postscalenus (post-ska-le'-nus) [post, after ; aKahjvoq, 
scalene]. The scalenus posticus muscle. 

Postscapula (posl-skap' -u-lah) [post, behind ; scapula, 
shoulder-blade]. The part of the scapula below or 
posterior to the spine. 

Postscapular (post-skap' -u-lar) [post, behind; scapula, 
shoulder-blade]. Pertaining to the postscapula. 

Postscapularis (post - skap -u-la'-ris) [post, behind; 
scapula, shoulder-blade]. Synonym of the infra- 
spinatus muscle. 

Postscutellar (post-sku-tel'-ar) [post, behind; scutel- 
lum, dim. of scutum, shield]. Pertaining to the post- 
scutellum. 

Postscutellum ( post-sku-tel'-um) [post, behind ; scu- 
tellum, dim. of scutum, shield: pi. , Postscutella~\. In 
biology, the last of the four sclerites of which the 
pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum of an insect 
consist. 

Postsphenoid (post - sfe'- noid) [post, behind; o<pi?v, 
wedge; el6or, like]. Situated behind the sphenoid 
bone ; also, forming its posterior portion. 

Postsylvian ( post-sil' -ve-an) [post, behind; Sylvius, 
an anatomist]. Situated behind the Sylvian fissure of 
the brain. 

Postsystolic (post-sis-tol'-ik) [post, after; avarokr/, 
systole] . Occurring after the systole of the heart. 

Posttemporal (post-tern' -po-ral) [/Rafter; tempus, 
temple]. In biology, situated back of the temporal 
region ; specifically applied to a bone of the scapular 
arch in certain fishes, forming at times an integral 
portion of the skull. Also called supra-scapula and 
supra-clavicle. 

Posttibial (post-tib'-e-al) [post, behind; tibia, tibia]. 
Situated upon the posterior aspect of the tibia. 

Posttympanic (post-tim-pan' -ik) [post, after; tym- 
panum, drum]. In biology, situated back of the 
tympanic bone or auditory meatus. 

Postumbonal ( post-um' -bo-nal ) [post, behind ; umbo, 
a boss]. In biology, situated behind the umbo. 

Postural (pos'-tu-ral) [ponere, to place]. Pertaining 
to posture or position. P. Respiration, a treatment 
of apnea by the induction of respiration through 
changes of posture. P. Treatment, treatment by 
position, as the reposition of a prolapsed funis by 
placing the woman in a favorable position. 

Posture (pos'-tilr) [ponere, to place]. Position; atti- 
tude. An illustrated table of the various postures of 
the body is appended. 

Postuterine (post-u' -ter-in) [post, behind ; uterus, 
uterus]. Situated behind the uterus. 

Postvermis (post - ver'- mis) [post, behind; vermis, 
worm]. The inferior vermiform process of the cere- 
bellum. 



POSTURES 



1167 



POSTURES 




The Semi-prone, or Sims' Posture. Anterior View. 




The Horizontal Posture. 




The Trendelenburg Posture. 




The Genu-pectoral Posture. 





The Semi-prone, or Sims' Posture. Posterior View. 




The Dorsal Elevated Posture. 




The Dorsal Recumbent Posture. 




The Dorso-sacral Posture. Lateral View 




The Knees-elbow Posture. 



Edebohl's Posture. 



POSTURES 



1168 



POSTURES 



TABLE OF POSTURES AND POSITIONS. 



Variety. 


Description. 


When Employed. 


Back posture. 


See Dorsal recumbent. 




Dorsal elevated. 


Patient on back, with head and shoulders elevated 
at an angle of 30 or more. 


1. Digital exploration of the genitalia. 

2. Bimanual examination. 


Dorsal recumbent. 


1. Patient on back, with the extremities moder- 
ately flexed and rotated outward. 


1. Application of obstetric forceps. 

2. Repair of lesions following parturition. 

3. Vaginal examination. 

4. Bimanual palpation. 


Dorso-sacral or lithot- 
omy position. 


Patient flat on back, with legs flexed on thighs 
and thighs on abdomen. The thighs are ab- 
ducted. 


1. Plastic Operations on the genital tract. 

2. Vaginal hysterectomy. 

3. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the 

urethra and bladder. 


Edebohl posture. 


Same as Simon's position. 




English position. 


See Left lateral recumbent. 




Erect position. 


The occiput and heels on a line ; also the nose, 
groins and great toes are in the same vertical 
plane. 


1. In the practice of ballottement. 

2. In differentiation of tumors, cystic, solid, and 

hernial. 

3. In diagnosticating loosening of pelvic joints. 


Exaggerated lithotomy. 


See Simon' s position. 




Genu-cubital or knee- 
elbow posture. 


Patient upon the knees, with the thighs upright, 
and the body resting upon the elbows, the head 
down upon the hands. 


1. When not possible to employ the classic knee- 
chest position. 


Genu-pectoral or knee- 
chest position. 


Patient upon the knees, with the thighs upright; 
the head and upper part of the chest resting 
upon the table ; the arms crossed above the 
head. 


1 Replacement of prolapsed funis. 

2. Dislodgment of an impacted head. 

3. Management of transverse presentations. 

4. Replacement of a retroverted uterus or pro- 

lapsed ovary. 

5. Flushing of the intestinal canal. 


High pelvic posture. 


See Trendelenburg' 's position. 




Horizontal abdominal 
posture. 


Patient flat on the belly, with the feet extended. 


1. Examination of the back and spinal column. 


Horizontal position. 


Patient supine on the back, with the feet extended. 


1. For employment of palpation. 

2. Auscultation of the fetal heart. 

3. The position for operative procedures. 


"Jack-knife " posture. 


Patient reclining on the back with the shoulders 
elevated, legs flexed on thighs and thighs at 
right angles to abdomen. 


1. For passing the urethral sound. 


Knee-chest posture. 


See Genu-pectoral. 




Knee-elbow posture. 


See Genu-cubital. 




Kneeling-squatting posi- 
tion. 


Patient stooping, with knees pressed upon the ab- 
domen, trunk erect. 


1. Childbirth in difficult cases, and in uncivilized 
nations. 


Latero-prone. 


Same as Semi-prone. 




Latero-semi-prone. 


Same as Semi-prone. 




Left lateral recumbent, 
English, or obstetric 
position. 


Patient on left side, with the right knee and thigh 
drawn up. 


1. Childbirth. 


Lithotomy. 


Same as Dorso-sacral. 




Obstetric. 


See Left lateral recumbent. 




Reclining posture. 


Same as "Jack-knife " posture. 




Semi-prone or Sims' 
position, or side pos- 
ture. 


Patient on left side, with right knee and thigh 
drawn well up above the left ; left arm back of 
patient and hanging over the edge of the table ; 
chest inclined forward so that the patient rests 
upon it. 


1. Curettement of uterus. 

2. Intra-uterine irrigation after labor. 

3. Tampontiade of vagina. 

4. Rectal exploration. 

5. Operations upon the cervix. 


Side posture. 


See Semi-prone. 




Simon's position, or ex- 
aggerated lithotomy 
position. 


Patient flat on back, with legs flexed on thighs and 
thighs on abdomen, and hips somewhat elevated. 
The thighs are strongly abducted. 


1. Operations upon the vagina. 


Sims'. 


See Semi-prone. 




Trendelenburg's posi- 
tion. 


Patient in dorsal position, with body elevated at 
an angle of about 45 , feet and legs hanging 
over the end of the table. 


1. In abdominal surgery to favor gravitation up- 
ward of the abdominal viscera. 



POSTZYGAPOPHVSIAL 



1169 



POTASSIUM 



Postzygapophysial ( post-zi-gap-off-iz'-e-al) [post, be- 
hind; ^vyov, yoke; a.no0voLt;, apophysis]. Pertaining 
to the postzygapophysis. 

Postzygapophysis ( post-zi-gap-off'-is-is ) [ post, be- 
hind ; ^vyov, yoke; arrdavaic, apophysis]. An ar- 
ticular process proceeding from the posterior face 
of the neural arch of a vertebra. 

Pot [ME., pot, a pot]. A urinal. P. -bellied, having 
a prominent belly. P.-belly, a protuberant belly. 
P.-gutted, pot-bellied. 

Potable (po'-ta-bl) [potare, to drink]. Fit or whole- 
some to drink — applied to waters for drinking in dis- 
tinction to those for medicinal use. 

Potain's Solution. A solution for diluting the blood in 
counting the red corpuscles. It consists of three 
solutions — one of gum arabic, one of sodium sul- 
phate, and one of sodium chlorid, each of a specific 
gravity of 1020. These liquids are mixed in equal 
proportions. 

Potamopyra ( pot-am-op' -ir-ah ) [-Koraixoq, river ; irvp, 
heat, fire]. Malarial fever. 

Potash ( pot' '-ash) \_potassa, potash]. I. Potassium 
carbonate prepared by boiling wood-ashes with water 
and evaporating the solution. It is also obtained 
from potassium chlorid and potassium sulphate found 
in the Stassfurt salt-beds. The residue left behind in 
the manufacture of beet-root sugar also yields potash. 
Finally, from the wash-water of sheep's wool, con- 
siderable quantities of potash are obtained. 2. 
Caustic potash, potassium hydroxid. 

Potassa (po-tas'-ah) [L.]. I. See Potash. 2. Potas- 
sium hydroxid. P. cum calce, Vienna paste, made 
by rubbing together equal parts of caustic potash and 
quick-lime. It is used as a caustic. Potassae, Liquor, 
" solution of potassa," consists of hydrate 56, distilled 
water 944 parts ; combined with bitter tonics it is 
useful in atonic dyspepsia. Locally, it is used as a 
wash in scaly skin-diseases. Dose TT^v-gss, diluted. 

Potassamid (po.- las'- am - id) [potassa, potassium; 
amid~\, NH.,K. A substitution-compound of ammo- 
nia; a yellowish-brown, inflammable substance, pro- 
duced by heating metallic potassium in ammoniacal 
gas. 

Potassic (po-tas'-ik) [potassa, potash]. Containing 
Potassium. 

Potassiferous (po-tas-if'-er-us) [potassa, potash; ferre, 
to bear]. Containing or yielding potassic salts. 

Potassinum (po-tas'-in-um). Synonym of Potassium. 

Potassio-ferric {po-tas'-e-o-fer'-ik) [potassa, potas- 
sium ; ferrum, iron]. Combined with iron and potas- 
sium. 

Potassio-mercuric (po-tas' ' -e-o-mer-ku' '-rik) [potassa, 
potassium ; Merctiry, a Grecian god]. Combined with 
potassium and mercury. 

Potassium (po-tas'-e-tim) [potassa, potash]. K = 
39 ; quantivalence I ; sp. gr. 0.865. A metallic ele- 
ment, of silvery luster, and characterized by intense 
affinity for oxygen. See Elements, Table of. Its pecu- 
liar reactions are : its precipitation when converted 
into the acid tartrate ; its precipitation by platinum 
perchlorid ; the violet color it imparts to the flame. 
Physiologically, salts of potassium are protoplasmic 
poisons when applied locally in sufficient concentra- 
tion. They dialyze more readily than sodium salts. 
In the body they occur especially in the solid struc- 
tures, while sodium salts predominate in the fluids. 
In large doses, by the mouth, potassium salts act as 
irritants to the gastro-intestinal tract. The circulation 
is generally depressed by potassium salts — after small 
doses the primary depression of the pulse-rate and 
arterial pressure is followed by a rise of both ; large 
doses cause a rapid fall of pressure and pulse-rate. 
74 



Injected into a vein, salts of potassium cause paralysis 
of the heart. Potassium salts are obtained from the 
ash of plants, from saltpeter, from the potassium 
bitartrate deposited from urine in the process of fer- 
mentation, and from the washings of sheeps' wool. 
The action of the various salts is given under their 
proper heading. P. acetas, KC 2 H 3 (J 2 , an easily solu- 
ble salt having marked diuretic properties. Dose 
gr. v-^j. Purgative doses 3 ij-iv. P. Amalgam, 
a mixture, in various proportions, of potassium and 
mercury. The compound may be a liquid, or an 
amorphous or crystalline solid. P. arsenitis, Liquor, 
Fowler's solution. See under Arsenic. P. bicar- 
bonas, KHC0 3 , a salt with properties like the carbon- 
ate, to which it is preferable. Dose gr. v-xxx. Liq. 
potas. efferves. (B. P.) Dose §v-x. P. bichro- 
mas, K 2 Cr 2 7 , a substance occurring in large, irregu- 
lar, yellow crystals. It is used in the preparation of 
hardening fluids, and has been applied externally in 
syphilis. P. bitartras, KHC 4 H 4 2 . See P. tartras. 
Dose gr. xx- ^ ss. Pulvis effervescens comp. , com- 
pound effervescing powder, " Seidlitz powder," con- 
tains of the preceding gr. 120, mixed with sodium 
bicarb, gr. 40, in the blue paper; and tartaric acid gr. 
35 in the white paper. P. -blue, the blue color result- 
ing when potassium cyanid and a ferric salt are mixed. 
It is used in dyeing. P. bromas, KBr, a colorless, 
crystalline, bitter salt, readily soluble in water. It is 
extensively employed as a sedative in nervous excite- 
ment, and is one of the best drugs in epilepsy. Its 
prolonged use causes the condition known as Bromism, 
q. v. P. carbonas, (K 2 C0 3 ) 2 .3H 2 0, useful locally 
in acne and acute eczema, internally in rheumatism, 
in the uric-acid diathesis, and in jaundice. Dose gr. 
ij-xx. P., Caustic, potassium hydroxid, q. v. P. 
chloras, KC10 3 , a crystalline compound, with a saline, 
cooling taste. It is soluble in 15 or 16 parts of 
cold, and readily soluble in boiling water. It is used 
as a gargle in diseases of the mouth and throat, in 
mercurial stomatitis, etc. Dose gr. v-xx. In toxic 
doses it causes disorganization of the blood (convert- 
ing the hemoglobin into methemoglobin) and intense 
irritation of the kidneys, with hematuria and blood- 
casts. Sir James Y. Simpson recommended it in 
doses of 20 grains thrice daily, in threatened abortion 
from fatty degeneration of the placenta. P. chloratis, 
Troch., each containing gr. v. of the salt. Dose j-iij. 
P. chlorid., KC1, a colorless, crystalline substance, 
of bitter taste. P. citras, K 3 C 6 H 5 7 .H 2 0, is used 
in solution as a febrifuge, a diuretic, and to alkalin- 
ize the urine. Dose gr. x-xxx. P. citratis, Liq., 
citric acid 6, potas. bicarb. 8 ; filter and add dis- 
tilled water ad 50 parts. Dose ^ss-j. P. citratis, 
Mist., "neutral mixture" — lemon-juice 100, potas. 
bicarb, q. s. ad saturationem. Dose ^ss-j. P. 
cobalto-nitrite, unof. , has been used successfully 
in angina pectoris and asthma. Dose gr. ss-j. P. 
cyanid., KCN, made from potassium ferrocyanid 
by the action of heat, sometimes with (also without) 
the addition of potassium carbonate and charcoal. It 
is very soluble in water, has active reducing powers, 
and is very poisonous. It has the sedative and anti- 
spasmodic action of hydrocyanic acid, and, like it, 
is used in gastric irritability and cough. Dose ^V 
grain. P. dichromas. Synonym of P. bichromas. 
P. ethylas, C,H 5 OK, a crystalline substance, de- 
composing in the presence of organic matter into 
metallic potassium and ethyl alcohol. The potassium 
abstracts oxygen from the tissues, and thus is caustic ; 
the ethyl alcohol is antiseptic. P. et sodii tartras, 
KNaC 4 H 4 G .4H 2 0, " Rochelle salt," laxative. Dose 
gss-j. P. ferricyanid, K 3 FeC 6 N 6 , red prussiate 



POTATE 



1170 



POTTERS' ASTHMA 



of potash, made from potassium ferrocyanid by the 
action of chlorin. The latter is passed through the 
salt until a blue color with ferric chlorid is no longer 
obtained. It is poisonous. P. ferrocyanid, K 4 Fe- 
C 6 N 6 -j- 3H. 2 0, yellow prussiate of potash, prepared 
from blood, and by heating together animal charcoal, 
iron, and pearl-ash. It occurs in yellow crystals, solu- 
ble in water. It has many uses in chemic analysis. 
P. hydras, KHO, potassa, "caustic potash," deli- 
quescent and very alkaline. A powerful escharotic. 
P. iodid., KI, used in syphilis, metallic poisoning, and 
as an antirheumatic. Dosegr. ij-xx. P. Iodid. cum 
sapone, Lin. (B. P.), contains potassium iodid, curd 
soap, glycerin, oil of lemon, and distilled water. 
P. iod., Unguent., contains iodid and carbonate of 
potassium, distilled water and benzoated lard. P. ni- 
tras, KN0 3 , saltpeter, niter, crystallizing in long, white 
prisms. It occurs naturally in the soil of many trop- 
ical countries, especially in Egypt and the East Indies. 
It originates in the decomposition of organic matter 
rich in nitrogen, in the presence of potassium com- 
pounds. Commercially, it is also prepared by double 
decomposition of potassium chlorid and Chile salt- 
peter, sodium nitrate. Dose gr. x-xx. P. nitratis, 
Charta, unsized paper saturated with a 20 per cent, 
solution. It is used, when burnt, by inhalation in 
asthma. P. permanganas. See Manganese. P. 
picras, C 6 H 2 (N0 2 ) 3 OK, a yellow, crystalline bitter 
substance, which explodes on heating. It is insoluble 
in water ; it has been used for tape-worm. P. pla- 
tinichlorid., K 2 PtCl 6 , a yellow, crystalline powder. 
P. platinochlorid., K 2 PtCl 4 , a compound occur- 
ring in rose-colored crystals. P., Prussiate of : I. 
Potassium ferricyanid, or red prussiate of potash. 2. 
Potassium ferrocyanid; the yellow prussiate of potash. 
P., Red Chromate of. Synonym of P. bichromas. 
P. succinas, has been used internally in hemorrhage. 
P. sulphas, K.,S0 4 , an hepatic stimulant and laxa- 
tive ; soluble in 10 parts of water at ordinary tem- 
perature. Dose gr. xx-^ss. P. sulphis, several 
compounds of potassium and sulphur are known. 
K 2 S, the monosulphid, is the one commonly called 
potassium sulphid. It is used in the treatment of 
skin-diseases. P., Sulphurated, K 2 S, potassium sul- 
phid. P. tartras, (K 2 C 4 H 4 6 ) 2 .H 2 0, normal potas- 
sium tartrate, a crystalline, or amorphous substance, 
soluble in water. The acid tartrate, potassium bitar- 
trate, or " cream- of '- tartar ," C 4 H 5 6 K, is nearly 
insoluble in water. Both salts are diuretic and laxative. 
Potassium tartrate is also a remote antacid, that is, it 
renders the urine alkaline by being converted into a 
carbonate, in which form it is excreted. Dose gr. xx- 
5 ss. P. telluras, K 2 Te0 4 , an efficacious antihydrotic 
in pulmonary tuberculosis. Dose gr. }4-%{. Unof. 

Potate [po'-tat) \_potare, to drink]. In chemistry, 
liquefied. 

Potato [po-ta / -to) [Sp., patata, sweet potato]. The 
tuber of Solanum tuberosum. P. -brandy, a brandy 
distilled from a mixture of potatoes and barley-malt. 
P. -blight. Same as P. -rot. P. -culture, a culture 
of microorganisms on potato. Several methods have 
been employed, the one now in general use being that 
known as Bolton and Globig's. It is as follows : 
Cylinders are cut with a cork-borer out of the center 
of large potatoes, trimmed of skin and imperfections, 
and cut obliquely, so as to make two wedge-shaped 
pieces. These are placed in sterile test-tubes with 
the thin end upward. The tubes are then sterilized 
for twenty minutes on three successive days. In 
Esmarch's method, slices of potato are placed in 
small sterilized glass dishes, and the latter, with the 
contained discs of potato, are sterilized in the steam 



sterilizer for an hour. In the original method pota- 
toes were cleaned, then soaked in I to 1000 mercuric 
chlorid solution, and finally steamed for an hour. 
They were then carefully cut with a sterilized knife 
and allowed to fall apart in a moist chamber. Which- 
ever method is used, the inoculation with the bacteria 
is the same, namely, by means of the Oese or sterilized 
needle dipped in the material to be cultivated. P.- 
cure. See Cure. P. -disease : 1. Same as P. -rot. 
2. A French term for tuberculosis in cattle. P.- 
fungus, the cause of P. -rot, q. v. P. -mold. Same 
as P. -rot. P. -murrain. Same as P. -rot. P.- 
paste, a substitute for the solid potato as a culture- 
medium for bacteria, when a very extensive surface is 
desired. It is a stiff paste made with water from the 
dry, floury centers of well-boiled potatoes. P. -rot. 
See under Mildew. P., Spanish, P., Sweet, the 
tuber of Ipomea batatas. P. -spirit. See Alcohol, 
Amyl. P. -sugar, a sugar obtained from potatoes. 
P.-treatment. Same as P. -cure. 

Potency (po'-ten-se) \_posse, to- be able]. Power. 
Efficacy. 

Potential (po-ten'-shal) [_potens, able]. Able or 
powerful. A term applied to remedies or agents that 
are energetic. In electricity, the tension or pressure 
of the current. It is estimated quantitatively in volts. 
P. Cautery. See Cautery. P., Difference of, a 
term employed to denote that portion of the electro- 
motive force which exists between any two points in 
a circuit. P. Energy, the force that an organism is 
capable of exerting under full stimulation. P., Zero, 
in electricity, the potential of a point infinitely dis- 
tant from all electrified bodies. 

Potentilla {po-tcn-til'-ah). See Tormentilla, and 
Hardhack. 

Potentiometer [po-ten-slie-om'-et-er') \_potentia, power ; 
ixtrpov, measure]. An instrument used for measuring 
the difference of electric potential between two points. 

Pothopatridalgia (poth-o-pat-rid-al'-je-ah) \tt66os, 
longing; Trarpic, fatherland; a/yoc, pain]. Home- 
sickness, or nostalgia, experienced in a foreign land. 

Potio, Potion (po'-she-o, po'-shiai) \_potio, a drink]. 
A drink or draught of a medicinal preparation. 

Potomania (po-to-ma'-ne-an) \tzotos, drink ; fiavia, 
madness]. Delirium tremens. 

Potometer (po-tom'-et-er) [jtotoc; , drink ; \xk-pov, meas- 
ure]. In biology, an instrument for measuring the 
amount of water absorbed by a plant in a given time. 

Pototromania (po-to-tro-ma'-ne-ah) [ttot-oc, drink; 
rpojinc, tremor; fiavia, madness]. Delirium tremens. 

Pototromoparanoia {po-to-trom-o-par-a7i-oi'-a/i)[_~6roc, 
drink; rpdfios, tremor; Trapavoia, madness]. Delirium 
tremens. 

Potpourri ( po-poo-re') [Fr.]. A mixture of aromatic 
substances formerly used to perfume rooms. 

Pott's Aneurysm. See Aneurysm, and Diseases, Table 
of. P.'s Boss, the projecting spinous process usually 
found in cases of Pott's disease. See Signs and 
Symptoms, Table of. P.'s Disease, or Curvature, 
caries of the vertebrae, generally of tuberculous origin. 
It originates usually in an osteitis of the bodies of the 
vertebra?. The symptoms are stiffness of the spinal 
column, pain on motion, tenderness on pressure, un- 
due prominence of one or more of the spines ; spas- 
modic pain in the abdomen ; in late stages, sometimes 
paralysis. Abscess usually forms ; it may appear quite 
early. P.'s Fracture. See Fracture. P.'s Gan- 
grene, senile gangrane. P.'s Paralysis, or Para- 
plegia, the paralysis resulting from pressure on the 
cord in Pott's disease. 

Potters' Asthma. Synonym of a form of pneumono- 
koniosis prevalent among potters. P. Bronchitis. 



POUCH 



1171 



POWER 



See Bronchitis. P. Clay. See Argilla. P. Con- 
sumption, a form of pneumonokoniosis prevalent 
among potters. P. Lung, a chronic inflammation of 
the lungs common among potters, and due to the 
inhalation of dust. 

Pouch (pozvch) [Fr., poche, a pouch, pocket]. In biol- 
ogy, a sac, cecum, diverticulum or bag-like structure. 
P. -bone, a marsupial bone. P. -corona, the coronal 
intestine of Medusa. Same as Canal, Corona. P. of 
Douglas, the cul-de-sac of Douglas, a pouch formed 
by the recto-uterine fold of the peritoneum. P. of 
Fabricius. See Bursa fa bricii. P. -gestation, gesta- 
tion in a pouch, as in marsupials. P. -gill, one of the 
gills of the lamprey, or marsipobranchs. P., Gut- 
tural, in biology, one of the large mucous bags in 
solipeds situated between the atlas and the anterior 
portion of the pharynx and larynx. P., Hair, the de- 
pression in the skin in which the hair grows. Ps., 
Ileo-cecal, narrow-necked folds of the peritoneum, at 
the termination of the ileum. P., Inguinal, a fold of 
the peritoneum behind the internal abdominal ring. 
P., Laryngeal, a blind pouch of mucosa opening into 
the ventral part of the ventricle of the larynx. P., 
Marsupial ; in marsupials, the bag on the anterior 
abdominal wall in which the young are carried. P., 
Needham's, in biology, an enlargement or cecal di- 
verticulum of the seminal duct of a cephalopod. P., 
Pararectal, the lateral portion of Douglas's pouch. 
P., Paravesical, the paravesical fossa. P. of Rathke, 
the diverticulum from the pharynx in the embryo, 
which goes to form the anterior portion of the hypoph- 
ysis. P., Rectal, of sharks and rays, a vascular and 
glandular dorsal diverticulum of the rectum, which 
Wilder thinks may represent the allantois of higher 
vertebrates. P., Recto-uterine, a pouch-like fold of 
the peritoneum that is reflected over the uterus. P., 
Recto-vaginal. Same as P., Recto-uterine. P., 
Recto-vesical, the pouch of the peritoneum that is 
reflected on the bladder. P., of Seesel, a pouch in 
the embryo behind the summit of the hypophysis. P., 
Subcecal, a fold of the peritoneum behind and below 
the cecum. P. of the Tympanic Membrane, folds 
of mucosa around the horizontal portion of the chorda 
tympani nerve as it passes through the tympanic cavity. 
P., Utero-vesical, P., Vesico-uterine, a pouch of 
peritoneum situated between the uterus and the bladder. 

Poudret, Poudrette (poo-dret / ) [Fr.]. A form of 
commercial fertilizer formerly made, the basis of 
which was night-soil, dried and mixed with charcoal, 
gypsum, and other ingredients. 

Poultice {pol'-tis) [;rd/lrof, porridge]. A mixture of 
certain substances, as slippery elm, meal, flaxseed, 
mustard, etc., into a soft, mush-like mass, for applica- 
tion to the skin of a part. The poultice-material 
should be mixed with hot water into a mass of even 
consistence, and should be neatly spread upon muslin, 
linen, or lint, or even upon paper. Flaxseed or elm 
poultices should not be more than % inch in thick- 
ness, and should receive a thin coating of olive-oil 
before being applied. This prevents their sticking to 
the surface of the body. P., Anodyne, one yielding 
an anodyne effect ; it usually contains some prepara- 
tion of opium. P., Antiseptic, one containing some 
germ-destroying substance. P., Fermenting, a 
poultice made by mixing wheat or corn flour with half 
its weight of yeast, and gently warming it until it be- 
gins to swell. It is used as an application to sloughing 
sores. P., Galvanic. See Galvanic. P., Porter, 
a flaxseed poultice made with a quantity of porter ; its 
uses are those of the fermenting poultice, q. v. P., 
Vaginal, a poultice introduced into the vagina in the 
treatment of gonorrhea in the female. 



Pound (pownd) [AS. , pund, pound]. In Troy weight 
12 oz. or 5760 grains ; in avoirdupois. 16 oz. or 7000 
Troy grains, or 453.6 grams. Symbol lb. See Weighti 
and Measures. P., Foot, the force necessary to raise 
one pound through the height of one foot. P. -nose, 
a nose that weighs a pound, a vulgarism for hypertro- 
phy of the nose. 

Poundal (pow7i'-dal) [AS., pund, pound]. A unit 
of force ; that force which applied to a pound of matter 
for one second generates in it a velocity of one foot 
per second. P., Foot. See Poundal. 

Poupart's Ligament. See Ligament. 

Poverty (pov'-er-te) [ME., povertee, poverty]. The 
state or condition of being poor. P. of the Blood, 
a condition of the blood in which there is a deficiency 
of the red corpuscles or of the coloring-matter of the 
blood. P. -plants, a class of plants the names of 
which relate either to the fact that they greatly injure 
the farmer by impoverishing the soil, or to the ex- 
tremely poor kind of soil in which they grow, e. g. , 
Poverty (Polemonium cceruleum), Poverty-weed (Sper- 
gula arvensis), Hunger- weed {Ranunculus arvensis), 
etc. 

Powder (pow'-der) [ME., powder, powder]. Fine, 
minute, loose particles, as of dust. See Pulvis. 
P. of Algaroth, a powder prepared by adding 
an excess of water to an aqueous solution of the 
terchlorid of antimony. It is composed chiefly 
of the oxychlorid of antimony. P., Aromatic, a 
powder composed of cinnamon, ginger, and carda- 
mom, with or without nutmeg. P., Bleaching. Syn- 
onym of chlorinated lime. P.-blower, an apparatus 
for blowing powder into cavities, as the ear, the nose, 
the larynx, etc. P., Compound Chalk, a powder con- 
taining prepared chalk, acacia and sugar. P., Com- 
pound Effervescing. Same as P., Seidlitz. P., 
Compound Licorice, a powder containing senna, 
glycyrrhiza and sugar, with or without fennel and 
washed sulphur. P., Compound Morphin. Same 
as P., Tully's. P., Dover's, a diaphoretic and 
sedative powder composed of powdered opium and 
ipecac, each one part, and eight parts of sugar of 
milk. P., Effervescing. See P., Soda. P., 
Fever, of James. See Pulvis antimonialis. P., 
Goa. See Chrysarobin. P., Gray. See Hydrar- 
gyrum. P., Insect. See Insect Powder. P., James's: 
Synonym of Pulvis antimonialis . P., Jesuits', pow- 
dered cinchona, so-called because the Jesuit priests dis- 
tributed it gratuitously to the poor. P., Knox's: I. 
Calx chlorata ; 2. A mixture of 3 parts calcium chlo- 
rite (?) and 8 parts sodium chlorid. P., Pearl. Bis- 
muth subnitrate. P., Ringworm. Synonym of 
Chrysarobin. P., Seidlitz. See Potassium. (Pzilv. 
effervesc. comp.) P., Soda, a powder containing 
sodium bicarbonate, 30 grains, and tartaric acid, 25 
grains. P., Styptic, a powder containing alum, 
gum acacia, and colophony, sometimes with the addi- 
tion of argil and tragacanth. P., Talcum, powdered 
soapstone, used often as a local application to in- 
flamed surfaces. P., Tennant's, chlorinated lime. 
P., Tully's, a powder composed of camphor, pre- 
pared chalk, and licorice, 20 parts each, and morphin 
sulphate, I part. It is used as a substitute for Dover's 
powder. P., Vienna, potassa and lime. P., Vigo's, 
red oxid of mercury. 

Power (pow / -er) [ME., poer, power]. Strength; 
energy. P., Absolute, the weight which must be 
attached to a muscle to keep it from contracting when 
stimulated. P., Combining, in chemistry, the num- 
ber of hydrogen atoms with which an element is able 
to combine. P., Mechanical, either of the elemen- 
tary powers, the lever and the inclined plane, from 



POX 



1172 



PREBASAL 



which all other mechanisms are derived. P., Sen- 
sorial, the power of receiving and emitting impulses. 
P., Sexual, the ability of having sexual intercourse. 
P., Specific Refractive, a quantity which is constant 
for every refractive substance, and is found by dividing 
the index of refraction of the substance, minus one, 
by the specific gravity of the substance. The quotient 
multiplied by the molecular weight of the substance 
gives the refraction equivalent. P., Specific Rota- 
tory, the amount of rotation of a substance, in degrees 
of a circle of the plane of polarized light, produced 
by one gram of the substance dissolved in one c.c. of 
liquid examined in a column one decimeter long. 

Pox (poks) [pocks : pi. of Pock~\. I. A term applied to 
several infectious eruptive diseases. 2. Syphilis. P., 
Ape, an exanthematous disease of West Indian 
monkeys, observed during smallpox epidemics. P., 
Bastard. Synonym of Varicella. P., Chicken. See 
Varicella. P., Cow. See Cow-pox. P., False. 
Synonym of Varicella. P., French. See Syphilis. 
P., Gland, P., Glans. Synonyms of Varicella. 
P., Grease. Synonym of Horse-pox. P., Great. 
Synonym of Syphilis. P., Horn. See Horn -pox. 
P., Horse. See Horse-pox. P., Small. See Variola. 

Practice (prak'-tis) \_practicare, to practise]. The 
official duties of a physician or surgeon in his profes- 
sional work; also, the exercise of these duties. 

Practitioner (prak-tish' -un-er) [Fr. , practicien ; practi- 
care, to practise]. One who practises a profession, 
especially that of medicine. (A badly-formed word.) 
P., General, one who treats all ailments, in distinc- 
tion from the specialist, who treats only one or a few 
diseases, or the diseases of one or a few organs. 

Pras- (pre-) [L.]. A Latin preposition meaning before, 
used as a prefix to denote position. It places the 
words with which it is combined in antithesis to those 
combined with post-. For anglicized words thus begin- 
ing see Pre-. 

Praebium (pre'-be-um) \_pra;bere, to furnish]. Dose. 

Praecava ( pre-ka'-vah). See Precava. 

Praecinctum (pre- sink' -turn). Synonym of Diaphragm. 

Praecordia (pre-kor'-de-ah). See Precordia. 

Praecornu (pre-kor'-nu). See Precornu. 

Praecuneus (pre-ku-ne'-us). See Precuneus. 

Praeforceps (pre-for'-seps). See Pnforceps. 

Praegeniculatum (pre-jen-ik-u-la 1 '-turn). See Pregen- 
iculatitm. 

Praeglobin (pre-glo'-bin). See Preglobin. 

Praehallux (pre-hal'-uks). See Prehallux. 

Praelabrum (pre-la'-brum) \_prcz, before; labrum, lip: 
//. , Prcelabra~\. In biology, the clypeus or epistoma. 

Praemaxilla (pre-maks-il'-ah). See Premaxilla. 

Praemedulla (pre -me -did' -ah). Synonym of Medulla 
oblongata. 

Praemose (pre'-moz). See Premose. 

Praenomen ( pre-no' -men) . See Prenomen. 

Prasoperculum (pre - o - 'per'- ku- lion). See Preoper- 
culum. 

Praepedunculus (pre-pe-dung'-ku-lus). See Prepe- 
dunculus. 

Praepelvisternum (pre-pel-vis-ter'-num). See Prepel- 
visternum. 

Praeperforatus (pre-per-for--a'-tus). See Preperforatus. 

Praeputium (pre-pu'-shc-um). See Prepuce. 

Praescapularis (pre-scap-u-la'-ris). Synonym of Supra- 
spinatus. 

Praescutura (pre-sku'-tum) [pra>, before; scutum, a 
shield: //. , Prtsscutd]. In biology, the most anterior 
of the sclerites, composing the tergal portion of each 
thoracic segment of an arthropod. 

Praeseminal (pre-sem'-in-al). See Preseminal. 

Praesternum (pre-ster'-num). See Presternum. 



Praevia (pre'-ve-ah) \_pra, before ; via, a way]. First : 
coming before. P., Placenta. See Placenta. 

Pragmatagnosia (prag-mat-ag-no' -ze-ah) \_-pay\ia, an 
object; ayvuaia, want of recognition]. Inability to 
recognize an object. P., Visual, a term suggested 
by Dr. John Wyllie for object-blindness. 

Pragmatamnesia (prag-mat-am-ne' -ze-ah) [npayfia, 
an object; a/ivrjaia, forgetfulness]. Inability to re- 
member the appearance of an object. P., Visual, a 
term suggested by Dr. John Wyllie for that mental 
condition in which there is inability to call up the 
visual image of an object. 

Prague Method. A method of delivery of the after- 
coming head. The child's ankles are grasped above 
the internal malleoli with the right hand. The index 
finger of the left hand is flexed over one clavicle, and 
the remaining fingers of the same hand over the other 
clavicle. Traction directly down is now made with 
both hands until the perineum is well distended. The 
right hand then loosens its hold upon the ankles and 
again grasps higher up the legs, the child's feet 
being in contact with the back of the right hand. 
By a circular movement the feet are now raised 
toward the mother's abdomen, the obstetrician using 
the left hand, as originally placed, as a fulcrum around 
which the head moves. 

Prairie (pra'-re) [Fr. ]. A meadow. P. Digs. See 
Army Itch. P. Itch, a name given to a combination 
of pruritus hiemalis and scabies. See Army Itch. 

Pratal (pra'-tal) \_pratum, a meadow]. In biology, 
inhabiting meadows. Cf. Pascual. 

Pratesi's Reagent. A reagent for the detection of 
sugar in the urine. It consists of potassium bichro- 
mate and an alkaline silicate. See Tests, Table of. 

Pravaz's Syringe. A hypodermatic syringe with a long 
trocar and cannula. 

Praxis (praks'-is). See Practice. 

Pray's Test-letters or Test. A test for astigmatism, 
consisting of capital letters composed of strokes that 
run in different directions for each letter. 

Prazmowski, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Pre-acetabular (pre-as-et-ab'-u-lar)[pra>, before ; aceta- 
bulum, acetabulum]. Situated in front of the acetabu- 
lum. 

Pre-albuminuric (pre-al-bu-min-u' -rik) \_pra;, before ; 
albumen, albumin ; ovpov, urine]. A condition or 
symptom coming or occurring before the appearance 
of albuminuria. 

Pre-anal (pre-a'-nal) \_prce, before ; anus, anus]. In 
biology, situated in front of the anus. 

Pre-aortic (pre-a-or'-tik) \_prie, before ; aoprij, aorta]. 
Situated in front of the aorta. 

Pre-aseptic (pre-as-ep'-tik) \_pra, before; a, priv. ; 
afjipig, sepsis]. Pertaining to the period before the in- 
troduction of aseptic surgery. 

Pre-ataxic (pre-at-aks'-ik) \_prcv, before; a, priv.; 
rdf(f, order]. Occurring before ataxia. 

Pre-auditory (pre-aw'-dil-or-e)[priz, before ; atidire, to 
hear]. In anatomy, situated in front of the auditor) 
nerve or canal. 

Pre'-axal (pre-aks'-al) [pra>, before; axis, axis]. Pre- 
chordal ; placed in front of the axon. 

Pre-axial (pre-aks'-e-al) \_pra, before ; axis, axis]. 
Situated in front of the axis ; in a limb, situated on the 
internal or anterior aspect — in the arm, on the radial, 
in the leg, on the tibial side. 

Prebacillary (pre-bas'-il-a-re) [prcr, before ; bacillus, 
bacillus]. Occurring before the invasion of the system 
by bacilli. 

Prebasal (pre-ba'-zal) \_prcs, before; basis, step, pedes- 
tal]. In biology, in front of a basal portion. 



PREBASILAR 



1173 



PREDENTARY 



Prebasilar (pre-ba' '-zil-ar) \_pra-, before ; basis, base]. 
Situated, or occurring, in front of any basilar structure, 
especially, in front of the basilar process of the occipi- 
tal bone. 
Prebrachial (pre-bra'-ke-al) \_prcc, before ; brachium, 
upper arm], (a) Located on the anterior aspect of the 
brachium or upper arm, e. g., the group of prebrachial 
muscles: biceps, coraco-brachialis, and brachialis 
anticus. (b) A vein in the wings of certain insects. 

Prebrachium {pre-bra'-ke-um) \_prw, before; bra- 
chium, arm]. The anterior brachium of the brain 
seen on the lateral slope of the mesencephal. The 
fibers run obliquely dorsoventrad. In biology, the 
antebrachial membrane or propatagium. The wing- 
membrane of bats, above the arm or forearm. 

Prebranchial [pre-brang'-ke-al) \_pra, before ; bran- 
c/iics, gills]. In biology, located in front of the gills. 

Prebronchial (pre-brong'-ke-al) \_prte, before; j3poyx°<:, 
bronchus]. Situated in front of the bronchi. 

Prebuccal (pre-buh'-al) \_prce, before ; bucca, cheek]. 
In biology, placed in front of the mouth; preoral ; 
prostomial. 

Precancerous {pre-kan' -ser-us) \_prce, before; cancer, 
carcinoma]. Occurring before the development of a 
carcinoma. 

Precardiac (pre-har' '-de-ak) \_pr<z, before ; KapAia, 
heart]. Cephalad of the heart. 

Precartilaginous (pre-kar-til-af ' -in-us) [prce, before ; 
cartilago, cartilage]. Prior to the formation of carti- 
lage, as in a certain stage of an embryo. 

Precaudal (pre-kaw' -dal) \_pra, before ; canda, tail]. 
Situated in front of the tail or tail-vertebrce. 

Precava (pre-ka'-vah) [_prce, before; cavus, hollow]. 
The anterior, or superior vena cava ; the vena cava 
descendens. 

Precaval (pre-ha'-val) \_prcz, before ; cavus, hollow]. 
Pertaining to the precava. 

Precentral ( pre-sen'-tral) [pra, before; centrum, 
center]. Situated in front of the central fissure. P. 
Convolution. See Convolutions, Table of. P. Fis- 
sure. See Fissures, Table of. P. Sulcus. Synonym 
of P. Fissure. 

Precerebellar ( pre-ser-e-bel'-ar ) \_pne, before ; cere- 
bellum, cerebellum]. Situated before (above) the 
cerebellum. 

Precerebral (pre-ser'-e-bral) \_prm, before ; cerebrum, 
cerebrum]. Situated, or occurring before (above), the 
cerebrum. 

Prechordal ( pre-kor'-dal ) \_pra, before ; chorda, chord, 
string]. Situated in front of the notochord. 

Precipitant {pre-sip' -it-ant) \_pra:, before ; caput, head]. 
Any reagent causing precipitation. 

Precipitate {pre-sip' -it- at) \_pra>, before ; caput, head]. 
The solid substance thrown down from a solution of 
a substance on the addition of a reagent which de- 
prives it of its solubility. [Abbreviation: Ppt.] P., 
Atmospheric, one formed on simple exposure to the 
air. P., Red. See Hydrargyrum oxidum rubrum. 
P., White, N 2 (Hg,) 3 Cl 2 , formed by adding ammonium 
hydrate to a solution of mercuric chlorid. Hydrargy- 
rum ammoniatum. 

Precipitate ( pre-sip' '-it-it) \_prcz, before ; caput, head]. 
Headlong ; hasty. P. Labor. See Labor. 

Precipitation (pre-sip-it-a'-shun) \_prcecipitatio~\. The 
process of throwing down solids from the liquids 
which hold them in solution. It is usually effected by 
chemic reaction. Precipitates are crystalline, amor- 
phous, curdy, flocculent, granular, or gelatinous, ac- 
cording to the form assumed. The agent causing 
precipitation is the precipitant, the solid thrown down, 
the precipitate. P., Fractional, the process employed 
in separating a mixture of fatty acids by the addition 



of small portions of the acetate of a heavy metal. 
The precipitate consists of a combination of the metal 
with a large proportion of the less volatile acid and a 
small proportion of the more volatile acid. In the 
filtrate the proportions are reversed. The metal is sepa- 
rated from the less volatile acid by dissolving the pre- 
cipitate in hydrochloric acid. The process is repeated 
until finally the filtrate contains practically only the 
more volatile acid, and the precipitate onlv the less 
volatile acid. P., Partial, a process of separating two 
soluble salts by precipitation of a portion of each, and 
subsequent decomposition of the precipitate. The 
latter is redissolved and again precipitated. 

Preclitellian (pre-hli-tel'-e-an) \_pra?, before ; clitellum, 
a pack-saddle]. In biology, applied to such earth- 
worms as have the ducts of the testes opening in front 
of the clitellum. 

Precloacal (pre-klo'-a-kal) \_pra:, before ; cloaca, a 
sewer]. In biology, of or pertaining to, the front part 
of the cloaca. 

Precocity [pre-kos'-it-e) \_prce, before; coquere, to 
ripen]. Early development or maturity. It is applied 
especially to great development of the mental faculties 
at an early age. 

Precommissure (pi-e-kom'-is-iir) \_pra, before; com- 
missura, commissure]. The anterior commissure of 
the brain ; it is a marked thickening of the parietes, a 
compact bundle of nerve-fibers extending laterad 
and dividing a short distance from the meson into 
two portions, a temporal and an olfactory. 

Precoracoid, Praecoracoid [pre-kor'-ak-oid) [prce, 
before; Kiopa^, raven; dSoq, like]. In biology: (a) 
placed in front of the coracoid process of the scapula ; 
(b) a specific part of the pectoral arch of certain 
vertebrates. 

Precordia [pre-kor'-de-ah) [pro 1 , before ; cor, the heart : 
either sing., nom., fem., or pi. of Precordium\ A 
name applied to the diaphragm, the thoracic viscera, 
or the epigastric region, but often more especially to 
the area of the chest overlying the heart. 

Precordial (pre-hor'-de-al) \_pra, before; cor, heart]. 
Situated, or occurring, in the region of the precordia. 

Precordialgia (pre-kor-de-al'-je-ah) [pra, before; cor, 
heart; d/lyor, pain]. Pain in the precordial region. 

Precordium {pre-kor'-de-um). Synonym of Precordia. 

Precorneal (pre-hor'-ne-al) [pro?, before ; corneus, 
horny]. Situated on the front of the cornea of the 
eye. 

Precornu (pre-£or'-nu) \_p>'ic, before; cornu, a horn]. 
The anterior cornu of the lateral ventricle of the 
brain. 

Precribrum {pre-krib'-runi) \_pra, before; cribrum, 
sieve]. The anterior perforated space of the brain. 

Precuneal (p?-e-ku'-ne-al) [pra, before ; cuneus, 
wedge]. Situated in front of the cuneus ; specifically, 
pertaining to the precuneus. 

Precuneus (pre-hu'-ne-us) \_prtz, before ; cuneus, 
wedge]. The quadrate lobule of the parietal lobe 
situated cephalad of the cuneus of the occipital lobe. 

Precurrent { pre-kur' -ent) \_prce, before; currere, to 
run]. In biology, extending cephalad ; antrorse. 

Precursor ( pre-kur' -sor) [ pne, before ; currere, to 
run], A forerunner; a premonitory sign. 

Precursory {pre-kur' -sor-e). Synonym of Premon- 
itory. 

Predacean {pre-da'-se-an)\_pi-adax, given to preying]. 
In biology, a carnivorous or predaceous animal. 

Predelineation (pre-de-liu-e-a'-shun). Synonym of 
Preformation . 

Predentary (pre-den'-ta-re) \_prce, before ; dens, tooth]. 
In biology, a portion of the jaw-bone of certain 
reptiles. 



PREDIASTOLIC 



1174 



PREGNANCY 



Prediastolic {pre-di-as-tol'-ik) \_pr<r, before; diaaro'Ar/, 
diastole]. Occuring before the diastole of the heart. 

Predicrotic {pre-di-krof f -ik) \_prce, before; ditiporoq, 
double beating]. Preceding the dicrotic. P. Wave, the 
primary wave in the dicrotic curve of a sphygmogram. 

Predigastric (pre-di-gas'-trik) [prce, before ; digastric]. 
Pertaining to the predigastricus. 

Predigastricus [pre - di -gas'- trik - us) [prce, before ; 
digastric]. The anterior belly of the digastric muscle. 

Predigested [pre-di-jes'-ted ) \_pra, before; digerere, to 
digest]. Partly digested by artificial means before 
being taken into the stomach. P. Foods, foods that 
have been prepared by a process of artificial digestion 
through the agency of various ferments. 

Predigestion {pre-di-jes' -chun) \_prce, before, digerere, 
to digest]. Previous digestion. 

Predilatator {pre-dil-at-a'-tor) \_pra, before ; dilator, 
a dilator]. The anterior dilator muscle of the nostril. 

Predisponent [pre-dis-po'-nent). Synonym of Predis- 
posing. 

Predisposing {pre-dis-po' -zing)\_pra, before ; disponere, 
to dispose], A peculiar condition of the system that 
renders it liable to attack, under a slight exciting 
cause ; making susceptible. 

Predisposition (pre-dis-po-zish'-un) [prce, before; dis- 
ponere, to dispose]. That condition of the body in 
which causes that leave other persons unaffected call 
forth an attack of disease in individuals predisposed. 
■ Predisposition may be inherited or acquired. The 
term at the present time refers especially to suscepti- 
bility to infectious diseases, and implies a peculiar con- 
dition of the bodily juices or cells, in which these are 
unable to repel the invasion of pathogenic micro- 
organisms. 

Predormition {pre-dor-mish'-un) \_pra, before ; dor- 
mition] . Applied to the stage of unconsciousness 
immediately preceding actual sleep. 

Predorsal (pre-dor'-sal) \_pra, before; dorsum, back]. 
Situated in front of the dorsum or back. 

Preefficients {pre-effish' -entz) \_pra, before ; efficiens 
effecting]. In biology, Galton's term for the sum 
total of predisposing causes, or factors, in the consid- 
eration of any given phenomenon. 

Pre-esophageal, Praeesophageal {pre-e-so-faf -e-al) 
[pro;, before; o<<xo0ayoc, esophagus]. In biology, 
placed in front of the gullet or anterior to the esopha- 
geal ring of an invertebrate. 

Prefloration {pre-fto-ra'-shun) \_prce, before; florare, 
to blossom]. See Estivation. 

Prefoliation ( pre-fo-le-a' '-shun) [ prce, before ; foliare, 
to put forth leaves]. See Vernation. 

Prefontanel [pre-fon-tan-el') \_prcz, before ; fontana, 
a little fountain]. The anterior fontanel. 

Preforceps {pre-for'-seps) \_pra-, before; forceps, for- 
ceps]. Those hooked or curved anterior fibers of the 
callosum that reach cephalad into the frontal lobe. 

Preform {pre-form') \_prce, before; formare, to shape, 
fashion]. In biology, the antecedent determination 
of a form or shape. 

Preformation {pre -for - via' - shun) \_pr<z, before; 
formare, to form]. A previous formation. P., 
Theory of, a theory prevalent at one time, according 
to which the germs of all individuals of a species were 
contained in the first individual of that species created ; 
that, e.g., Eve held in. her ovary the germs of all 
human beings, one encased within the other. Those 
who espoused this theory of female encasement were 
known as Ovulisls. An opposing school taught that 
the spermatozoon was the essential element in repro- 
duction ; that the ovum simply offered a favorable soil 
for its development, and that in the spermatozoon of 
Adam all mankind had been preformed. The adhe- 



rents of the theory of the encasement of the male were 
styled Animalculists. See Incasement. 

Prefrontal (pre-frun'-tal) \_prcz, before; frons, fore- 
head]. In biology: (a) the fore part of the frontal 
region ; (b) one of the anterior cranial bones of cer- 
tain vertebrates. 

Pregeminal (pre-jem'-in-al) [prce, before ; geminus, 
twin]. Relating to the anterior pair of the corpora 
quadrigemina. 

Pregeminum ( pre-fe/n'-in-um) \prai, before; geminus, 
twin]. The anterior pair of the corpora quadrigemina, 
considered as forming together a single organ. 

Pregeniculatum {pre-jen-ik-u-la'-Utm) [pro?, before ; 
geniculatum, geniculate]. Same as Pregeniculum. 

Pregeniculum ( pre-jen-ik' -u-luni). The external geni- 
culate body, on the outer side of the corpora quadri- 
gemina and under the back part of the optic thalamus. 
It is characterized by the regular alternation of deeply 
gray and white lamina. The nerve-cells in the gray 
substance are large, multipolar, and pigmented. 

Pregenital (pre-Jen'-it-al) [prce, before; genitalis, 
belonging to generation]. In biology, located in 
front of the external genital organs. 

Preglenoid [pre-gle'-noid) \_prce, before; yki]vri, pit; 
eliSoc, like]. Situated in front of the glenoid fossa. 

Preglobin [pre-glo'-bin) \_prce, before ; globus, a globe]. 
An albuminoid derivable from cytoglobin by the in- 
fluence of dilute acids. It differs from other albumin- 
oids in being insoluble in an excess of acetic acid. 

Preglobulin ( pre-glob' -u-lin) [ pro:, before ; globulus, 
a little ball]. An albuminous body present in small 
amount in cells, insoluble in water, soluble in a ten per 
cent, sodium chlorid solution and a dilute alkaline 
solution. It slightly inhibits coagulation. 

Pregnancy ( preg'-nan-se) \_pregnans, with child]. 
The state of the female corresponding to the pres- 
ence within her body of the product of concep- 
tion ; the period from conception to delivery. If 
delivery is protracted far beyond the normal time 
and the ovum is dead, the condition of pregnancy 
cannot be said to exist. The normal duration of 
pregnancy in woman is 280 days, or ten lunar months 
of twenty-eight days each, or nine calendar months. 
Various methods have been devised to estimate the 
probable termination of pregnancy, one of which, 
Ely's Table, is here introduced. The period of ges- 
tation varies in different animals, as shown in the 
following table : — 

PERIOD OF GESTATION OR INCUBATION (Schenk). 



Days. 

Coluber 12 

Hen, j 

Duck,/ 2I 

Goose 29 

Stork, 42 

Cassowary 65 

Mouse 24 

Rabbit, ) 

Hare, J 32 

Weeks. 

Rat, s 

Guinea-pig, 7 

Cat, 1 8 
Marten, J • ■ • • 
Dog, ] 

Fox, V 9 

Foumart, I 



Weeks. 



Badger, \ 

Wolf, ; • • ■ ' 

Lion 

Pig 

Sheep, 

Goat 

Roe, 

Bear, ) 

Small apes, J 

Deer, 

Woman 40 

Months. 
Horse, \ 
Camel, J ' 

Rhinoceros 18 

Elephant, 24 



24 
39 
36-40 



P., Abdominal, the lodgment of the developing 
ovum in the abdominal or peritoneal cavity ; it is 
primary, if the fertilization take place in the 
cavity, and secondary, if the embryo or ovum break 
through ths enclosing walls of a tube or uterine 
cornu into the peritoneal cavity. P., Cervical: 



PREGNANCY 



1175 



PREIIALTER 



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primitive, a variety of ectopic gestation wherein the 
ovum is arrested and developed in the cervical canal ; 
secondary, in early abortion the ovum expelled from 
the uterine cavity, remains in the cervical cavity. P., 
Cornual, pregnancy in one of the horns of a two- 
homed uterus. P., Extra-uterine, ectopic gestation ; 
the development of the ovum outside of the cavity 
of the uterus. It is due to any condition that will 
prevent the entrance of the ovum into the uterus, 
as, for instance, inflammation of the Fallopian tubes. 
Pregnancy may take place within the tube, in the 
ovary, in the part of the tube that traverses the 
uterine wall, or in the abdominal cavity. P., False, 
any condition in the abdomen that simulates preg- 
nancy. P., Fatty, false pregnancy due to the pres- 
ence of a large quantity of fat in the abdominal walls. 
P., Feigned, pregnancy simulated by malingerers. 
P., Gemellary, twin pregnancy. P., Hysterical, a 
very deceptive condition of certain hysterical females 
which simulates pregnancy. There is abdominal en- 
largement, generally from tympanites, cessation of 
menstruation, and other symptoms of pregnancy ; 
movements of the intestines may counterfeit fetal 
movements. The tympany of the abdomen and 
the modifications of the signs usually produced by 
anesthetization are important in the diagnosis. P., 
Interstitial, a variety of extra-uterine and tubal 
pregnancy, the ovum developing in that portion of 
the oviduct that passes through the wall of the 
uterus. P., Molar, pregnancy in which the ovum 
is converted into a mole. P., Multiple, that form 
of pregnancy in which the uterus contains two or 
more fetuses. P., Mural, pregnancy in the uterine 
wall ; it is classed as one variety of extra-uterine 
pregnancy. P., Nervous. Synonym of P. , Hys- 
terical. P., Ovarian, the fecundation and growth 
of the ovum taking place within the ovisac. P., 
Phantom. Synonym of P. , Hysterica/. P., Plural, 
the development of more than one fetus at one 
time. P., Precocious, pregnancy at an early age, 
sometimes before the establishment of menstrua- 
tion. P., Signs of. See Hegar's, Braxton Hicks 
and Jorisenne's in Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 
P., Signs or Tests of, those clinical manifesta- 
tions by which the existence of pregnancy may be 
demonstrated. There are three so-called absolute 
signs of pregnancy : Ballottement, fetal movements, 
and the fetal heart-sounds. Hegar's sign and Brax- 
ton Hicks' sign are also valuable. Beccaria's sign of 
pregnancy is an intense pulsating pain in the occipital 
region. P., Single or Simple, the normal develop- 
ment of a single fetus. P., Spurious. Synonym of 
P. , False. P., Tubal, development of the ovum in 
the oviduct. P., Tubo-abdominal. the ovum is de 
veloped in the ampulla and extends into the abdomi- 
nal cavity. P., Tubo-ovarian, the ovum is attached 
to the oviduct and ovary. P., Tubo-uterine. Same 
as P., Interstitial. P., Twin, the presence of two 
fetuses in the uterus. P., Unconscious, pregnancy, 
of the existence of which the woman has not become 
aware. 

Pregnant {preg'-nani) [pmgnans]. With child; 
gravid. 

Prehallux ( pre-hal 1 ' -aks) \_pr<z, before ; hallex or allex, 
the great toe: gen., Prehallucis ; pi., Pre/ialluces~\. 
In biology, the tibial sesamoid bone found in mammals 
having complete digits. A rudimentary structure cor- 
responding to the prepollux is seen in the human 
embryo of the second month. Cf. Prepollex and 
Postminimus. 

Prehalter (pre-liawF-ter) \_prce, before ; halter, leaping 
weights: pi. , Prchalieres']. In biology, a membran- 



PREHEMIPLEGIC 



1176 



PREPEDUNCULUS 



ous scale in front of the balancer or halter of dipter- 
ous insects. 

Prehemiplegic (pre-hem-ip-le'-jik) \_prie, before ; t}\il, 
half; irXiiyJ], stroke]. Occurring before an attack of 
hemiplegia. P. Chorea, choreiform movements of a 
limb, preceding its paralysis. P. Pain, painful sensa- 
tions in a limb which subsequently becomes paralyzed. 

Prehensile (pre-hen'-sil) \_prehendere, to lay hold of]. 
In biology, adapted for grasping or holding. 

Prehension (pre-hen' -shun) \_prehendere, to seize]. 
The act of taking hold or seizing. 

Prehensorium (pre-hen-so' -re-um) \_prehendere, to lay 
hold of, seize]. In biology, a structure adapted for 
grasping ; specifically applied to the hind legs of 
certain spiders. 

Prehensory (pre-hen' -so-re). Same as Prehensile. 

Prehnitic Acid (pren-it'-ik) . See Acid. 

Prehnitol (pren'-it-ol), C l0 H u . A hydrocarbon, pro- 
duced by warming durene with concentrated H 2 S0 4 . 
It is a liquid boiling at 204 C. 

Prehypophysis (pre-hi-poff'-is-is) \_pra, before ; vn6<p- 
vaiq, hypophysis]. The anterior and larger portion 
of the hypophysis, derived from the enteron. 

Pre-insula (pre-in'-su-lah) \_prce, before; itisula, in- 
sula]. The cephalic region of the insula. 

Prelacrymal (pre-lak' -rim-al) \_pne, before; lacryma, 
tear]. Situated in front of the lacrymal bone. 

Prelum (pre'-lum) [L.]. Press. P. abdominale, the 
squeezing of the abdominal viscera between the dia- 
phragm and the rigid abdominal wall, as in the pro- 
cesses of defecation, micturition, and parturition. 
P. arteriole. Synonym of Tourniquet. 

Prelumbar (pre-lum'-bar) \_pra, before ; lumbtts, loin]. 
Anterior to the lumbar vertebras or the loins. 

Premandibular ( pre-man-dib' -u-lar) \_prce, before ; 
mandibula, mandible]. See Predentary. 

Premaniacal (pre-ma-ni'-ak-al ) \_pm, before ; jiavia, 
mania]. Previous to insanity, or to an attack of 
mania. 

Premature (pre-mat-ur') [p>-a, before ; matitrare, to 
ripen]. Occurring before the proper time. P. Labor. 
See Labor. P. Respiration, respiration taking place 
before complete birth of the fetus. 

Premaxilla (pre-maks-il'-ah) [prce, before ; maxilla, 
jaw]. The intermaxillary bone. 

Premaxillary (pre-maks' -il-a-re). See Intermaxillary . 

Premenstrual (pre-men'-stru-al) [pra, before; men- 
strua, menstrua]. Preceding menstruation. 

Premolar (pre-mo'-lar) \_pm, before; mola, mill- 
stone]. 1. Situated in front of the molar teeth. 2. 
One of the two anterior permanent molars. A term 
applied to the bicuspids (bicuspidati, two spear-points) 
of a horse, from the two eminences on their crowns. 

Premonitory {pre-mon'-it-or-e) [ pra, before ; monere, 
to warn]. Indicating the approach of an event or the 
oncoming of a disease. 

Premorse (pre-mors') [pm, before ; mordere, to bite]. 
In biology, irregularly truncate, as if bitten off. 

Prenarial (pre-na'-re-al) [pne, before; naris, nostril]. 
Pertaining to the prenares. 

Prenaris (pre-na'-ris) \_prce, before; naris, nostril]. 
The anterior naris. 

Prenasal ( pre-?ia'-zal) \_prce, before ; nasus, nose]. In 
front of the nose or nasal passages. 

Prenatal (pre-na'-tl) [_pra?, before; nasci, to be born]. 
Existing previous to birth. 

Prenomen, Praenomen (pre-no'-meti) \_pra, before; 
noinen, name: //., Prenomina, Pr<enomina~\. In 
biology, the first, or generic, portion of an onym in 
binominal or polynominal nomenclature. 

Pre-occipital (pre-ok-sip'-it-al) \_pra, before; occiput, 
occiput]. Situated anterior to the occipital region. P. 



Fissure, a fissure on the ventral, lateral surface of the 
cerebrum separating the occipital and sphenotemporal 
lobes. 

Preoccupation (pre-ok-u-pa' '-shun) \_prcE, before; occu- 
pare, to occupy]. The condition of being so en- 
grossed in one's own thoughts as not to answer or 
hear when accosted ; a symptom of melancholia. 

Preocular (pre-ok'-ular) \^prce, before; oculus, eye]. 
In biology, placed in front of the eye; as the pre- 
ocular antenna; of certain insects. 

Preomosternal (pre - - mo - ster'-nal) {pro;, before; 
w/zoc, shoulder ; arepvov, sternum]. Pertaining to the 
preomosternum. 

Preomosternum (pre-o-mo-ster'-num) [pra, before; 
(j/zoc, shoulder; cripvov, sternum]. An anterior 
omosternum. 

Preopercle (pre-o-per'-kl). Same as Preoperculum. 

Preoperculum, Praeoperculum (pre-o-per' -ku-lum) 
\_pra", before; operculum, a lid: //. , Preopercula~\. 
In biology : (a) the fore-lid, or operculum, of a moss- 
capsule ; (b) one of the opercular bones of a fish ; (c) 
the frontal operculum of the brain, between the pre- 
sylvian and subsylvian fissures. 

Preoptic (pre-op'-tik) \_pra, before; o-tlk6<;, hombwav, 
to see] . Pregeminal ; anterior to the optic lobes. 

Preopticus (pre-op'-tik-us) \_pra, before; btp, sight]. 
The anterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies. 

Preoral (pre-o / -ral) \_pra?, before; os, oris, mouth]. 
Situated in front of the mouth ; prebuccal. P. Seg- 
ments, in biology, certain hypothetic, primitive rings 
in articulated animals, supposed to be cephalad of those 
bearing the mouth-organs, and to be folded back, thus 
forming the top of the head. 

Preosseous (pre-os / -e-us) \_pra, before ; os, a bone]. 
Preceding the formation of bone. Applied to a trans- 
parent substance having the chemic characters of 
ostein, with cavities containing osteoblasts, from which 
the bone is formed. 

Prepalatal (pre-pal'-at-al) \_prcc, before; palatum, 
palate]. Situated in front, or in the anterior part, of 
the palate. 

Prepalatine (pre-pal'-at-in) \_prce, before; palatum, 
palate]. Synonym of Prepalatal. Also, as a plural 
noun, the maxillary processes of the palate bone. 

Preparation (prep-ar-a' -shun) [ pi-afparare , to make 
ready]. Anything made ready. In anatomy, any 
part of the body prepared or preserved for illustrative 
or other uses. In pharmacy, any compound or mix- 
ture made after a formula. 

Prepared (pre-pard') [praparare, to make ready]. 
Made ready. P. Cover-glass, in bacteriology, a 
thin glass cover upon which a delicate film of the sub- 
stance to be examined has been spread, and after 
having dried, has been fixed by passing the cover-glass 
thrice through the flame of a spirit-lamp or Bunsen- 
burner. The cover-glass is now ready to be stained. 

Preparoccipital (pre-par-ok-sip' -it-al) [pro', before ; 
napa, beside ; occiput, the occipital bone]. Lying 
anteriorly in the paroccipital gyre of the brain, as a 
certain fissure. 

Prepatellar (pre -pat - el'- ar) \_pra-, before; patella, 
patella]. Situated in front of the patella, as a bursa. 

Prepeduncle (pre-pe'-dung-kl) [ pr<e, before ; pedun- 
culus, peduncle]. The anterior of the cerebellar 
peduncles extending to the mesencephal. 

Prepeduncular (pre -pe - dung'- ku - lar) \_pra, before ; 
pedunculus, peduncle]. Pertaining to the prepedun- 
culus. 

Prepedunculate (pre-pe-dung'-ku-lat) \_pra, before; 
pedunculus, peduncle]. Same as Prepeduncular. 

Prepedunculus (pre-pe-dung' -ku-lus) \_prcz, before: 
pedunculus , peduncle]. See Prepeduncle. 



PREPELVISTERNAL 



1177 



PRESENTATION 



Prepelvisternal (pre-pel-vis-ter'-nal) [pre?, before; 
pelvis, pelvis; ortp vov, sternum]. Pertaining to the 
prepelvisternum. 

Prepelvisternum (pre-pel-vis-ler' -num) \_prcc, before; 
pelvis, pelvis ; aripvov, sternum]. An anterior pelvi- 
sternum. 

Preperforatus (pre-per-for-a' -tus) [ pne, before ; per/or- 
are, to perforate]. The anterior perforated space. 

Prephthisis, Praephthisis (pre-ti'-sis, pre-te' -sis) \_pra, 
before; <j>dimg, phthisis]. The pretuberculous state. 
The predisposition to tuberculosis. 

Prepigmental (pre-pig-men' -tal ) [prce, before; pig- 
mentum, a pigment]. Situated within the pigmented 
layer of the eye. 

Prepituitary (pre-pit-u'-it-a-re) [pra, before; pituita, 
phlegm]. Situated in front of the pituitary body. 

Preplacental (pre-plas-en'-tal) \_prce, before; it?mkovc, 
placenta, placenta]. Previous to the formation of the 
placenta. 

Prepollex (pre-pol'-eks) \_pra, before; pollex, the 
thumb : gen. , Prepollicis : pi. , Prepollices~\. In biology, 
the radial sesamoid bone of such mammals as have 
five complete digits. Occasionally, as in Pedetes caffer, 
the so-called prepollex consists of two bones, of which 
the distal one bears a distinct nail-like horny covering. 
Cf. Prehallux, Postminimus. 

Prepontile (pre-pori '-til) \_pra, before ; potts, abridge]. 
Situated in front of the pons varolii. 

Prepotency (pre-po' ' -ten-se) \_prce, before ; posse, to be 
powerful], in biology, dominant " force of heredity." 
The power that one parent may have of impressing 
his or her own character upon the offspring, the pecu- 
liar characters of the other parent being less obviously 
transmitted. P., Individual, aphenomenon, recognized 
by breeders of plants and animals, in which it seems 
that a marked tendency occasionally exists in certain 
individuals to transmit their special, individual charac- 
ters to the majority of the offspring. Among plants, 
Vilmorin distinguishes as " ions etalons" individuals 
that possess the capacity of transmitting their own 
characters to their offspring in a great degree. One of 
the best known examples among animals is that of 
the " otter sheep. " P., Racial, a particularly marked 
power of transmission in a given race in contrast to 
other races ; this power is more marked in the pouter 
pigeon than in the fantail, so that when these two 
races are crossed, the characters of the pouter pre- 
dominate in the offspring. 

Prepubic (pre-pu'-bik) \_pra, before ; pubis, pubis]. 
In biology, placed in front or in the fore part of the 
pubis. 

Prepubis (pre-pu'-bis) [prce, before; pubis, pubis: pi. , 
Prepubes~\. In biology, the pubis of a bird ; the pre- 
acetabular part of the pubic bone. 

Prepuce [pre' -pits) \_praputium, prepuce]. The fore- 
skin of the penis. It is lined with mucosa. P. of 
the Clitoris, the superior folds of the nymphse sur- 
rounding the glans clitoris. 

Preputial (pre-pu'-she-al) [praputizim, prepuce]. Per- 
taining to the prepuce. 

Preputium (pre-pu' -she-um). See Prepuce. 

Prepyloric (pre-pi-lor'-ik) \_pra, before; pylorus, the 
distal orifice of the stomach]. Placed in front of the 
pylorus. 

Prepyramid (pre-per'-atn-id) \_prcs, before; pyramis, 
pyramid]. One of the anterior (ventral) pyramids 
of the oblongata. 

Preramus ( pre-ra' -mus) \_prce, before; ramus, branch]. 
The vertical (anterior or cephalic) branch of the stem 
of the arbor of the cerebellum. 

Prerectal (pt'e-rek'-tal) \_prce, before; rectum, rec- 
tum]. Situated in front of the rectum. 



Prerenal (pre-re' -nal) \_prce, before; ren, kidney]. 
Situated in front of the kidney. 

Preretina (pre-ret' -in-ah) \_prce, before; retina, retina]. 
The thin lamina which represents the retina on that 
part of the inner surface of the chamber of the eye 
which lies anterior to the ora. 

Preretinal (pre-ret / -in-al) \_pra, before; retina, ret- 
ina]. Pertaining to the preretina. 

Prerima (pre-?-i'-mah) \_prce, before; rima, a fissure]. 
An extension of the rima cephalad from the porta, as 
in certain fishes. 

Prerimal (pre-ri'-mal) \_prtz, before; rima, cleft]. 
Pertaining to the prerima. 

Presacral (pre-sa' '-kral) [pra, before; sacrum, sa- 
crum]. Situated in front of the sacrum. 

Presbyacoustic ( prez - be - ak - oo' - stik ) [-piafivg, old ; 
aKobeiv, to hear]. Pertaining to the loss of acoustic 
acuity in old age, half an octave in range being lost 
from the maximum to the beginning of old age, the 
loss continuing during the period of old age. 

Presbycusis, Presbykousis (prez-be-koo'-sis) [npioftvc, 
old; aKobeiv, to hear]. The lessening of the acute- 
ness of hearing that occurs in old age. 

Presbyonosus (prez-be-o>i / -o-sus) \_rrps aflvg, old; v6aoc, 
disease]. Any disease peculiar to old age. 

Presbyope (prez'-be-op) [wpeajivc;, old ; inj), eye]. One 
who is presbyopic. 

Presbyophrenia ( prez-be-o-fren' '-e-a/i) [irpEcsPvc, old; 
<ppi/v, mind]. Senile dementia. 

Presbyopia ( prez - be - o' -pe-ak) [irpeoftvc;, old ; &ip, 
eye]. "Old sight"; the condition reached at about 
45-50 years of age, in which from growing inelasticity 
of the crystalline lens of the eye (failure of accommo- 
dation) the near-point of distinct vision is removed to 
an inconvenient distance from the eye, with conse- 
quent diminution in size of the retinal image. 

Presbyopic {prez-be-op'-ik) [npiafivc;, old ; iiii, eye]. 
Affected with presbyopia. 

Presbyopy (prez'-be-o-pe). Same as Presbyopia. 

Presbyosphacelus {prez- be - - sfas'- el-us) [Trpeofivc, 
old; <j(pane2.0Q, gangrene]. Senile gangrene. 

Presbytia (prez-bisk'-e-ah). Synonym of Presbyopia. 

Prescapula (pre-skap' -zt-lah) [pra, before; scapula, 
scapula]. The part of the scapula anterior or ceph- 
alad to its spine or median axis. 

Prescapular (pre-skap'-u-tar) [prce, before; scapula, 
shoulder-blade]. I. Situated in front of the scapula. 
2. Pertaining to the prescapula. 

Prescapularis (pre-skap-u-la' -ris) \_prce, before; scap- 
ula, scapula]. The supraspinatus muscle. 

Prescription (pre-skrip'-shuti) \_prce, before ; scribere, 
to write]. A formula written by the physician to the 
dispenser of medicines, designating the substances to 
be employed in a mixture or preparation. P. -blank, 
a square or rectangular slip of paper, usually bearing the 
physician's name, residence, and office hours, and the 
symbol U , and upon which the prescription is written. 
P. -book, a book in which prescriptions are pasted for 
future reference. P. -file, a contrivance for holding 
prescriptions. P. -glass : (1), a graduated glass ves- 
sel for administering medicines ; (2), a spectacle glass 
made according to an oculist's prescription. 

Prescutal ( pre- sku'-tal) \_pra, before; sczitum, a 
shield]. Pertaining to the prescutum. 

Prescutum, Praescutum. See Pnrscutum. 

Presemilunar (pi-e-sem-il-u'-nar) \_prce, before ; semi- 
lunar]. Anterior to the semilunar lobe of the cere- 
bellum, as the presemilunar lobe. 

Preseminal (pre- sem / -in- al) \_prce, before; semen, 
seed]. Prior to insemination. 

Presentation ( pre-zen-ta 1 '-shun) [prcesentare, to place 
before]. In obstetrics, that part of the fetal body 



PRESERVATIVE 



1178 



PRESTOM1UM 



which presents itself to the examining finger in the 
center of the plane of the superior strait of the 
maternal pelvis. P., Abdominal, presentation of 
the abdomen. P., Arm, prolapse of the arm, usually 
associated with shoulder-presentation. P., Breast, 
presentation of the anterior aspect of the child's chest. 
P., Breech, presentatation of the pelvic extremity of 
the fetal ellipse. P., Brow, presentation of the brow. 
P., Cephalic, presentation of any part of the head. 
P., Cheek, presentation of the cheek. P., Chin, pre- 
sentation of the chin. P., Coccygeal, breech-presen- 
tation. P., Complete Foot, presentation of both feet. 
P., Complicated. Synonym of P., Compound. P., 
Compound, the presentation of two or more parts at 
the same time, as the head and hand, etc. P., Ear, 
presentation of the ear. P., Face, presentation of the 
face. P., Foot, P., Footling, presentation of one 
or both feet. P., Frontal. Synonym of P., Face. 
P., Funis, presentation of the umbilical cord. P., 
Head, presentation of any part of the head. The 
vertex-presentation is most common. P., Incomplete 
Foot, presentation of one foot. P., Knee, presen- 
tation of one or both knees. P., Longitudinal, the 
presentation of either the cephalic or the pelvic ex- 
tremity of the fetal ellipse. P., Mouth, presentation 
of the mouth. P., Neck, presentation of the neck. 
P., Occipital, presentation of the occiput. P., 
Occipito-anterior, a vertex-presentation in which 
the occiput is anterior. P., Occipito-lateral, pre- 
sentation of the vertex, with the occiput directed 
toward one or the other side of the pelvis. P., 
Occipito-posterior, a vertex-presentation in which 
the occiput is directed toward the back of the mother's 
pelvis. P., Occipito-sacral, one in which the occi- 
put has rotated into the hollow of the sacrum. P., 
Pelvic, presentation of the pelvic extremity of the 
fetal ellipse, including breech, foot, and knee presen- 
tations. P., Placental, placenta prcevia. P., Polar. 
Synonym of P., Longitudinal. P., Preternatural, 
a transverse position of the fetus. P., Primary, a 
presentation that has existed from before the begin- 
ning of labor. P., Secondary, a presentation that is 
developed while labor is in progress. P., Shoulder, 
presentation of the shoulder. P., Side, presentation 
of the side of the trunk. P., Transverse, one in 
which the axis of the fetus lies transversely. P., 
Vertex. See Presentation. 

Preservative (pre-ser' '-va-tiv) [pmservare, to pre- 
serve]. Tending to keep from decay. P. Fluid 
(for section-cuttings of specimens). Many are used. 
Hamilton recommends equal parts of glycerin and 
water with about eight minims of carbolic acid to the 
ounce. One of the best is 80% alcohol. See Stains, 
Table of. 

Presis (pre'-sis) [Kpr/detv, to burn]. Inflammation ; 
tumor. 

Presphenoid (pre-sfe' -noid)[ pra , before ; <7<pr/i>, wedge ; 
el<hr, like]. In human anatomy the anterior part of 
the body of the sphenoid bone, with its lesser wings. 
In some of the lower animals it is a separate bone. 

Presphygmic ( pre-sfig' -mik) [pra, before; cyvyudc, 
pulse]. Pertaining to the period preceding the pulse- 
wave. 

Prespinal (pre-spi'-nal) [pra, before; spina, spine]. 
In anatomy, ventrad of the spine. 

Presse-artere (pres'-ar-tar) [Fr.]. An instrument for 
the compression or temporary occlusion of an artery. 

Pressing (pres'-ing) [ME. , pressen, to press]. A pas- 
sive Swedish movement of great service in the treat- 
ment of nervous affections. 

Pressions (presh'-unz) [ME., pressen, to press]. In 
massage, exercises in pressing and squeezing the tis- 



sues, either by the ends of the fingers, by the whole 
hand, or by means of the roulet. 

Pressor (pres'-or) [premere, to press]. Stimulating. 
P. Fibers, nerve-hbers, stimulation of which excites 
the vaso-motor centers, and consequently increases the 
arterial tension. Others reflexly diminishing the excita- 
bility of these centers are called Depressor Fibers. 

Pressure (presh'-ur)[premere, to press] . Force, weight, 
or tension. In massage, a proceeding midway be- 
tween kneading and percussion. It consists in making 
firm pressure with a small surface, as the tips of the 
fingers held stiffly, or the knuckles. It is used espe- 
cially when it is desired to reach deep-seated nerve- 
trunks. P., After, the sense of pressure that remains 
for a brief period after the removal of an object from 
the surface of the body. P., Arterial, the tension 
of the blood within the arteries. P., Atmospheric, 
the pressure of the atmosphere ; it equals about fif- 
teen pounds to the square inch at sea-level. P.- 
bandage. See Bandage. P., Blood, the pressure 
of the blood against the walls of the vessels or of the 
heart. It is measured by means of the manometer. 
P., Endocardial, the pressure of the blood within 
the heart. P. of Inspiration, the pressure of the 
air in the respiratory organs during the act of inspi- 
ration. P., Intra-abdominal, the pressure exerted 
upon' the parietes by the abdominal viscera. P., 
Intra-cranial, the pressure of the contents of the 
cranium upon its walls. P., Intra-ocular. See 
Tension, Intraocular. P., Intra-thoracic, the pres- 
sure of the intra-thoracic organs upon the walls of 
the chest. P., Negative, the force of suction ; also 
absence of pressure. P.-phosphenes. See Phos- 
phates. P. -Points (or Spots), points of marked sen- 
sibility to pressure or weight, arranged like the tem- 
perature-spots, and showing a specific end-apparatus 
arranged in a punctated manner and connected with 
the pressure-sense. P. -sense, the sense by which 
pressure upon the surface is appreciated. P. -sore. 
Set Bed-sore. P. -symptoms : I. Nervous symptoms 
due to pressure upon the brain or spinal cord.' In 
general, if the pressure is light, the symptoms are those 
of irritation of the area pressed upon, manifesting 
themselves as spasmodic movements, tonicity of the 
muscles, pain, hyperesthesia, etc. ; if the pressure is 
great, there results paralysis, motor or sensory or 
both, of the, parts innervated by the areas pressed 
upon. 2. The symptoms produced by an aneurysm 
or a tumor, as of the pelvis, adjacent organs being 
impinged upon. P. -tests, tests made to ascertain 
the quality or acuteness of the pressure-sense. They 
may be made by using objects of the same form and 
size but of different weights. P. -theory, a theory 
that ascribes the formation of hernia to an overcoming 
of the resistance of the abdominal parietes at a 
weakened spot by the intra-abdominal pressure. P., 
Venous, the blood-pressure in the veins. 

Presternal (pre-ster'-nal) [pra, before ; sternum, the 
breast-bone]. In biology, of or pertaining to the 
presternum. 

Presternalis (pre-ster-na / -lis) [pra, before ; sternum, 
sternum]. A muscle passing along one or both sides 
of the sternum, from above downward to the fourth 
or fifth rib, or lower. 

Presternum ( pre-ster'-nuni) [pra, before ; sternum, 
the breast-bone]. In biology, the manubrium or 
cephalic segment of the sternum. 

Prestomial (pre-sto'-me-al) [pro 1 , before; aro/aa, 
mouth]. Extending beyond or in front of the mouth. 

Prestomium (presto' -mc-um) [pra, before; aro/ja, 
mouth]. In biology, a distinct cephalic segment of 
the higher polychetous worms. 



PRESTON SMELLING-SALTS 



1179 



PRIMIPARA 



Preston Smelling-salts. See English Smelling-salts. 

Presylvian (pre-sil'-ve-ari) \_pra, before ; Sylvius, an 
anatomist]. Cephalad of the fissure of Sylvius. 

Presymphysial (pre-sim-Jiz'-e-al) \_prce, before ; av/n- 
qvgic, symphysis]. Situated in front of the symphysis 
menti. 

Presystole (pre - sis'- to - Is) \_pne, before; avoro'ki], 
systole]. The period of the heart's pause preceding 
the systole. 

Presystolic (pre-sis-tol'-ik) \_p>~ir, before; ovoto?j/, 
systole]. Preceding the systole of the heart. P. 
Murmur, the murmur of mitral or tricuspid stenosis, 
which occurs just before the systole. P. Thrill, a 
thrill felt over the precordia during the pause of the 
heart, just before the systole. It is very commonly 
present in mitral stenosis. 

Pretibial (pre-tib'-e-al) [_pra>, before; tibia, tibia]. 
Situated in front of the tibia. 

Pretuberculous ( pre-tu-ber' -ku-lus) [ pro:, before ; tu- 
bercidum, tubercle]. Preceding the development of 
tuberculosis. 

Pretympanic {pre • tim -pan 1 - ik) \_prce, before ; tym- 
panum, tympanum]. Situated in front of the tym- 
panic region. 

Preventive (pre-ven'-tiv) \_prevenire, to anticipate, to 
prevent]. Warding off. P. Medicine, that branch 
of medical science that aims to prevent or ward off dis- 
ease by properly directed hygiene, personal and public. 

Prevermis (pre-ver'-mis) \_prce, before; vermis, worm]. 
The superior vermiform process of the cerebellum. 

Prevertebral (pre-ver'-te-bral) [pra, before ; vertebra, 
vertebra]. Situated ventrad of a vertebra or the ver- 
tebral column. 

Prevesical (pre-ves' -ik-al) \_pra?, before ; vesica, blad- 
der]. Situated in front of the bladder. 

Prezygapophysial (pre-zi -gap-off-iz' -e-al) [pro?, be- 
fore; "vyov, yoke ; a-oftvcii;, process]. Pertaining to 

. the prezygapophysis. 

Prezygapophysis (pre-zi-gap-off' ' -is-is) [prce, before ; 
r vy6v, yoke ; a-otyvoic, process]. An anterior or 
superior zygapophysis ; a superior oblique, or articu- 
lar process of a vertebra. 

Priapism (pri'-ap-izm) \npia—ian6if\ . I. Persistent or 
frequently repeated erection of the penis. It is some- 
times caused by injuries to the spinal cord ; also by 
injuries to the penis and by vesical calculus. 2. The 
erection of the clitoris in the female, under the influ- 
ence of venereal desire. 

Priapitis (pri-ap-i'-tis). Synonym of Phalli tis. 

Priapus (pri'-ap-us) [Upia-og, the god of procreation]. 
Penis. 

Prickle (prik'-l) \_prica, a point]. In biology, a hard- 
ened, ridged, hair-like, epidermal outgrowth; a senile 




Prickle-cells from Prickle-cells Isolated from the 
the Deeper Layers Human Epidermis by means of 
of the Epidermis Iodized Serum. 

SL™™™^: f"?™~ "■ Prickles ; d. Space between nucle- 
us and cell-body. X 800. (From 
Stirling.) 



ing Intercellular 
Bridges and Chan- 
nels. {From Stirling .) 



spine. P. -cells, irregularly polyhedral cells, consti- 
tuting the middle strata of the human epidermis, 



which are mutually connected by means of delicate 
processes that bridge the intervening intercellular 
clefts and establish direct continuity between neigh- 
boring cells; when such elements are isolated, the 
delicate threads are broken and the disassociated 
cells appear as if beset with minute spines. (Piersol.) 
P. -layer, the lowest stratum of the epidermis, the 
stratum spinosum. 

Prickly {prik'-le) [prica, a point]. In biology, cov- 
ered with prickles. P. Ash. See Xanthoxylum. 
P. Heat. See Miliaria. 

Pride of China. See Azedaracli. 

Priestley's Matter. A name formerly given to small 
alga? found in stagnant water and even in closed 
vessels, which led Mayer (1827) and Kiitzing (1833) 
to assume that they were produced by spontaneous 
generation. 

Primae viae (pri'-me vi'-e) [L. , "the primary pass- 
ages"]. The alimentary canal, the lacteals being 
" the secondary passages." Old. 

Primalia (pri-ma'-le-ah ) \_primus, first]. A name 
given by Wilson and Cassin to a group of beings, in- 
cluding the simplest plants and animals, which propa- 
gate by cell-development. Comprised in these groups 
are the algae, lichens, fungi, infusorians, and sponges. 

Primary (pri' -ma-re) [primus, first]. First in time or 
in importance. P. Amputation, one that is done 
before the development of inflammation, usually with- 
in the first twenty-four hours. P. Body-cavity, the 
space included between the somatopleure and the 
splanchnopleure. It is also known as the ccelom. P. 
Bubo, a simple adenitis of an inguinal lymphatic 
gland, resulting from mechanical irritation. It is also 
known as Bubon a" emblee. P. Confusional Insan- 
ity, a form of insanity in which there is confusion of 
ideas and marked incoherence of speech, without de- 
cided emotional disturbance. See Insanity. P. Cur- 
able Dementia. Synonym of P. Dementia. P. 
Dementia, a form of insanity coming on suddenly 
or gradually, in young adults, and characterized by 
an extreme degree of apathy, the patient lying motion- 
less, absolutely listless, without wants and seemingly 
without perception of his surroundings. The condi- 
tion resembles melancholia attonita, but there is no dis- 
tinct emotional disturbance. P. Growth, the ori- 
ginal growth or tumor from which secondary growths 
are derived. P. Lesion, the original lesion which 
forms the starting-point for secondary lesions. P. 
Neural Tube, the canal formed by the meeting of 
the medullary plates, <]. v. P. Sore, the initial sclero- 
sis or chancre of syphilis. 

Primates (pri-ma'-tez) [ primus, first]. The highest 
order of mammals, including man, the apes, the mon- 
keys, and the lemurs. 

Primigenial (pri-mij-e'-ne-al) [ primus, first ; gignere, 
to beget]. In biology, applied to organisms which 
are primitive or early types of their kind. 

Primigenious (pri-mij-e' '-ne-us) [primus, first ; gignere, 
to beget]. In biology, original. 

Primigenous (pri-mij' -en-us). Same as Pri?nigen- 
ious. 

Primigravida ( pri - mig - rav' '- id - ah) [ primus, first; 
gravidus, pregnant]. A woman in her first preg- 
nancy. 

Primine (pri'-min) [primus, first]. In biology, the 
ectal coat of the ovule, becoming the testa of the 
seed. On account of theental coat being first formed, 
Mirbel and others have called it the primine. Cf. 
secundine. 

Primipara (pri-mip'-ar-ah) \_primus, first; parere, to 
bear : //. , Primiparie] . A woman bearing or giving 
birth to her first child. See Primigravida. 



PRIMIPARITY 



1180 



PROAL 



Primiparity [pri-mip-ar'-it-e) [primus, first; parere, 
to bear]. The condition of being a primipara. 

Primiparous (pri-mip' ' -ar-us) [primus, first; parere, 
to bear]. Bearing a child, or being in labor for the 
first time. 

Primisternate (pri-?nis-ter'-ndt) [primus, first ; arip- 
vov, sternum]. The manubrium of the sternum. 

Primitia? {pri-mish'-e-e) \_primus, first]. The part of 
the liquor amnii discharged before the extrusion of 
the fetus at birth. 

Primitive {prim' -it-iv) [primus, first]. First-formed; 
original. P. Chorion. See Chorion. P. Groove, the 
enlargement and deepening of the primitive streak. 
See P. Streak. P. Streak, a streak appearing at the 
end of the germinal disc, and indicating the first 
trace of the embryo. It represents, according to 
many, the concrescence of the lips of the blastopore. 
P. Trace. See P. Streak. 

Primordial (pri-mo> -/ -de-al) \_primordium, origin, be- 
ginnings : //. , Primordia\ In biology, existing in the 
beginning, first-formed, primitive, original, of the sim- 
plest character. P. Cell, a term applied to a cell 
of the simplest character, one which does not possess 
a cell-wall. P. Cranium, the membranous skull of 
the embryo. P. Kidney, the Wolffian body. P. 
Ova, cells lying among the germ-epithelium of the 
surface of the embryonic ovary. P. Utricle, a term 
applied to the outer layer of the protoplasm, which is 
somewhat denser than the rest, and is immediately 
applied to the cell-wall. 

Primordium (pri-mor'-de-um) [primus, first ; ordiri, 
to begin : pi., Primordia~\. In biology, any structure 
or organ in its earliest condition. Same as Proton. 

Primula (prim'-u-lah) [primulus, dim. of primus, 
first]. Primrose, a genus of the Primulacea. P. 
odorata, P. officinalis, lady's-fingers, bedlom (or 
common) cowslip, is mildly diuretic. Unof. 

Primum movens [L. ]. The starting point of change ; 
the site of the earliest lesion. 

Prince's Method of Resuscitation. In suspended 
animation, especially from ether or chloroform narcosis, 
Prince recommends that the person be suspended by 
the flexed knees from the shoulders of the operator, 
and that in this hanging position he be carried about 
the room on a trot. Artificial respiration may be per- 
formed while the patient is thus suspended. 

Princeps {prin'-seps) [L.]. First, original. P. cer- 
vicis, a branch of the occipital artery ; it supplies the 
trapezius muscle. P. pollicis, a branch of the radial 
artery, going to the palmar surface of the thumb. See 
Arteries, Table of. 

Princess Water. A famous cosmetic used in Vienna, 
said to prevent sunburn and remove freckles. There 
are two formulae, one with and the other without any 
metal. These are : — 

I. Talc. Venet. et magnes. carb, aa, . . grms. 15 

Tr. benz. et aq. colon., aa, grms. 5 

Aq. rosae, grms. 300. 

2 Bismuth magist grms. 10 

Talc. Venet., grms. 20 

Aq. rosas grms. 70 

Spt. colon. grms. 3. 

Principle (prin'- si -pi) [principiuni]. Element, es- 
sence, or primary quality of a body. P., Immediate, 
the components of an organized tissue as it exists 
functionally in the living tissue. P., Mediate, the 
chemical compounds and simple bodies into which the 
immediate principles are decomposed. P., Proxi- 
mate. .See Proximate. P., Ultimate, any one of the 
elements which a compound body contains. 

Prinos (pri'-nos) [L.]. Black Alder; the bark of P. 
vercillatus , astringent and tonic. It is used in inter- 



mittent fever, diarrhea, and, locally, in cutaneous 
diseases. Dose^ss-j; of a decoction ^j-ij. Unof. 

Prionoid (pri / -o-7ioid) [rrpiuv, saw ; cldor, like]. Saw- 
shaped. 

Prior (pri'-or) [L.]. Former; previous. P. annu- 
laris, the dorsal interosseous muscle, inserted into the 
ring-finger. P. medii, the dorsal interosseous muscle 
inserted into the middle finger, on its ulnar side. 

Prisis (pri'-sis) [npi^ELV, to saw]. Synonym of Tre- 
phining. 

Prism (prizm) [prisma; npi^ELV, to saw]. " A solid 
whose bases or ends are any similar, equal, and par- 
allel plane polygons and whose sides are parallelo- 
grams." (Cent. Diet.) Made of glass, it is used for 
refracting the sun's rays and forming a spectrum, and 
to make prismatic lenses. Prismatic lenses refract the 
light toward the base of the prism. Their chief use 
in ophthalmology is in cases of unbalance of the ex- 
ternal ocular muscles. P., Amice, one consisting of 
a triangular prism of heavy flint-glass wedged in be- 
tween two triangular prisms of crown-glass, the apical 
edges of the crown-glass prisms pointing toward 
the base of the flint-glass prism, i. e., the apical 
edges of the crown and flint-glass prisms point in 
opposite directions. The flint-glass gives the dis- 
persion or separation into colors, while the crown- 
glass makes the emergent rays approximately parallel 
with the incident rays, so that one looks directly 
into the prism along the axis of the microscope. P.- 
diopter, P. -dioptre, or P.-dioptry, a standard of 
prismatic refractive power consisting in a prism that 
deflects a ray of light one centimeter on a tangent plane 
situated at a distance of one meter. Ps., Enamel, 
the irregular columns of from four to six sides compos- 
ing the enamel of teeth, closely packed together and 
generally vertical to the surface of the underlying den- 
tine. P., Nicol, one consisting of two somewhat 
elongated rhombs of Iceland spar cut obliquely and 
cemented together with Canada balsam. These are 
mounted in such a way that the light passes through 
them lengthwise, and in passing is divided into two 
rays of plane polarized light. 

Prismatic (priz-mat'-ik) [n-p/o"//a(r), a prism]. Prism- 
shaped ; having three or more angles bounding flat 
sides. P. Colors, colors developed by the refracting 
action of a prism. P. Spectrum. See Spectrum. 

Prismenchyma (priz-men'-kim-ah) [irpiaiia, prism; 
eyxv/ia, infusion]. Tissue composed of prismatic cells. 

Prismoid (priz / -moid) [trpiafta, prism; ddog, like]. 
Resembling a prism. P., Liquid, of J. Thompson, 
the " refracting watery liquid in the entrant corner 
between the lip of the eyelid and the cornea." P., 
Watery. Synonym of P. , Liquid. 

Prismoidal (priz-moi'-dal) [rrpia/ia, prism; eldoc, 
form]. In biology, applied to elongated bodies, as 
the joints of an insect's antennae, when resembling a 
prism. 

Prismometer (priz-mom'-et-er) [-piofia, prism ; fihpov, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the refrac- 
tive power of prisms. 

Prisoptometer (priz-op-tom'-et-er) [-plana, prism ; uip, 
eye ; fieTpov, measure]. An instrument for estimating 
ametropia by means of two prisms placed base to base. 

Pritchard's Method. See Stains, Table of. 

Privates, or Privities {pri'-vets, priv f -it-lz) [privatus, 
private]. A vulgar term for the genital organs. 

Privy (priv' - e). Synonym of Water-closet. P.- 
councillor's Muscle, Von Ziemssen's name for the 
levator menti muscle. See Muscles, Table of. P.- 
midden. Same as Midden. 

Proal (pro'-al) [npn, before]. Having a forward 
direction or movement. Cf. Palinal and Propalinal. 






PROAMNION 



1181 



PROCESS 



Proamnion {pro-am' '-ne-on) \_~po, before; afiviov, am- 
nion]. In biology, a term introduced by Ed. van 
Beneden to designate that part of the area embryonalis 
at the sides and in front of the head of the developing 
embryo, which remains without mesoderm for a con- 
siderable period. [Minot.] 

Proamniotic (pro-am-ne-of -ik) [~po, before ; a/iviov, 
amnion]. Pertaining to the proamnion. 

Proangiosperm {pro - an' '- je - o - sperm) [xpo, before; 
ayyelov, vessel; o-ipua, seed]. In biology, a primi- 
tive or ancestral angiosperm. 

Proangiospermic (pro-an-je-o-sper' -mili) [~pd, before ; 
ay/elov, vessel; a-epua, seed]. Pertaining to a pro- 
angiosperm. 

Proatlas (pro-at'-las) [pro, before; atlas, the first cer- 
vical vertebra]. A primitive or rudimentary atlas. 

Probable Duration of Life. The time, considering 
all circumstances, that a person of a given age may 
expect to live, as determined by statistics. The age 
at which any number of children born into the world 
will be reduced to one-half, so that there are equal 
chances of their dying before and after that age. The 
age at which a given population is reduced by one- 
half its number. 

Probang (pro' -bang) \_probare, to try]. A rod of 
whalebone or other material for the making of 
local applications to the esophagus or pharynx. P., 
Ball, a probang having an ivory bulb attached to one 
end. P., Sponge, one provided with a small sponge 
at one end. 

Probarbium (pro - bar'- be - urn) \_pro, before ; barba, 
beard]. The soft, downy hair which precedes the 
growth of a beard 

Probasis (pro-ba'-sis) \jvpofiaivtiv, to step forward]. 
Change of place ; prolapse. 

Probe (prob) [probare, to prove]. A slender rod 
or wire, flexible, rigid, or jointed, for exploring a 
wound or sinus. As a verb, to explore with a probe. 
P., Anel's, a delicate silver or gold probe for explor- 
ing or dilating the lacrymal puncta and lacrymal 
canals. P., Blunt, one with a blunt extremity. 
Ps., Bowman's, flexible graduated probes used for 
dilating the nasal duct. P., Chemic, one carrying 
charpie with dilute acetic acid or other drug. P., 
Drainage, one so constructed and used as to assist 
drainage. P., Drum, one provided with a drum or 
reverberator to enable the ear to detect contact with for- 
eign bodies. P., Ear, one used in exploring the ear. 
P., Electric, one having two insulated wires, so that 
contact with a bullet or metal completes the circuit, and 
thus indicates the presence of such a foreign body. P., 
Eyed, a probe having a slit at one end through which 
a tape or ligature can be passed. P., Flexible, one 
that can be bent into any desired shape. P., Jointed, 
a probe used in exploring for carious bone through 
sinuses. P., Lacrymal, one used for dilating the 
lacrymal passages. P., Magnetic, the employment 
of the telephone as an indicator. P., Meerschaum, 
a probe the end of which is tipped with meerschaum. 
It is used in searching for bullets, its advantage con- 
sisting in its being streaked by the lead when it comes 
in contact with the ball. P., Nelaton's, a probe that is 
capped with unglazed porcelain upon which a leaden 
ball makes a metallic streak. P. -nippers, an instru- 
ment used in searching for foreign bodies in wounds. 
By means of it a minute portion of the foreign body can 
, be withdrawn for examination. P., Scissors, sur- 
geons' scissors that may be thrust into a sinus, like a 
probe. P., Sharp-pointed, one having a sharp end 
for introduction into a wound or sinus P., Stetho- 
scopic, a probe having the tube of a stethoscope at- 
tached to the outer end. P., Uterine, a long, flexible 



probe used in exploring the uterine cavity. P., 
Vertebrated, a probe made of small links so jointed 
together that it is very flexible. P., Wire, a simple 
wire used as a probe. 

Problematic (prob-lem-at'-ik) \_Trpo t 3'A//ua(--), a prob- 
lem]. Uncertain, unsettled. P. Bodies, or Organs, 
Muller's name for the tubes of the water-vascular 
system of invertebrates. 

Probole (prob'-o-le) [-pupa'Aleiv, to throw forward]. 
A process, as of bone. 

Proboscidate (pro-bos' -id at) [7rpo/3oo7«'c, proboscis]. 
In biology, furnished with a proboscis. 

Proboscis (pro-bos' -is) [^po, before ; fiooneiv, to feed, 
graze]. In biology, any part or organ extending from 
the anterior end of an animal after the manner of an 
elephant's trunk ; a long, flexible nose, snout, rostrum, 
beak, sucking-mouth, tongue, or other buccal or 
pharyngeal organ. P. -sheath, the receptacle of the 
proboscis in the Acantkocephala and Nemertina. Cf. 
Riiynchodceum. 

Procalymma (pro-kal-im' -ah) \_tt ponaXvirrtLv , to hang 
before]. The pudendal apron. 

Procambial (pro-kam'-bc-al) [pro, before ; cambire, 
to exchange]. Pertaining to the procambium. 

Procambium (pro-kam'-be-um) [pro, before; ca?nbire, 
to exchange]. In biology, the primitive undifferenti- 
ated fibro- vascular tissue. 

Procardium (pro-kar' -de-um) \jrp6, before ; napdia, 
heart]. The pit of the stomach. 

Procarp (pro' ' -karp) [rrp6, before ; Kapir6g, fruit]. Same 
as Procarpium. 

Procarpium (pro-kar' -pe-um) \jTpo, before ; Kapizdg, 
fruit://., Procarpid~\. In biology, the unfertilized 
female organ of certain algae (Floridece). It is analo- 
gous to the pistil of flowering plants. In its simplest 
form (Porphyrareir and Nemaliete) it consists of a 
single cell with a lateral hair-like prolongation, the 
trichogyne. In higher forms it is composed of one or 
more infertile cells which make up the trichophore, the 
function of which is to convey the fertilizing substance 
from the trichogyne to the ccirpogone. It is usually 
formed on the youngest parts of the plant and often 
originates from the terminal cell of a lateral branch. 

Procatarctic (pro-kat-ark' -tik) [-pona-apxeiv, to begin 
first]. Primary, predisposing. 

Procatarxis (pro-kat-arks'-is) [irpOKarap^iq, a first be- 
ginning]. The kindling of a disease into action by a 
procatarctic cause. 

Procelia, Proccelia (pro-se'-le-ah) [rrpb , before ; KoiAia, 
hollow]. Same as Paracelia. 

Procelous, Procoslous (pro-se' -lus)[~p6, before; ko!2.oc, 
hollow]. Being concave in front and convex behind. 

Procephalic (pro-sef-al'-ik, or pro-sef -al-ik) [rrpo, be- 
fore; K£<j>a?ir/, head]. In biology, of or pertaining to 
the fore part of the head. 

Procephalon (pro-sef '-al- on) [np6, before; KE<j>a\rj, 
head]. The anterior part of the head of arthropods. 

Procerebral (pro-ser' -e-bral) \_pro, before ; cerebrum, 
cerebrum]. Pertaining to the procerebrum. 

Procerebrum (pro-ser' -e-brum). See Prosencephalon. 

Procerite (pros' -er-it) [irpd, before ; Ktpac, horn]. In 
biology, the long, slender, many-jointed portion of the 
antenna or feeler of a crustacean. The larger basal 
joints are the coxocerite, basicerite, scaphocerite, ischio- 
cerite, merocerite, carpocerite. 

Procerous (pro-se'-rus) [procerus, high]. In biology, 
tall, or tall and slim. 

Process (pros' -es) [ processus; procedere, to issue]. 
I. A more or less well-defined outgrowth or project- 
ing structure. 2. Method ; phenomenon ; occur- 
rence. P., A, B, C. See Sewage, Disposal of. P., 
Acromion. See Acromion. P., Alar, one of the 



PROCESS 



1182 



PROCESS 



small wing-like processes of the crista galli which sur- 
round the foramen caecum. P., Alveolar, the 
thick border of the upper or lower jaw containing 
the sockets for the teeth. P., Ankyroid. Synonym 
of P. Coracoid. P., Anterior Clinoid. See F '. , Cli- 
noid. P., Apex, P., Apical, the large process extend- 
ing from the apex of the pyramidal cells of the cerebral 
cortex toward the free surface of the cortex. P., 
Articular, the small processes projecting from the 
upper and lower surfaces of the vertebrae, by means of 
which adjacent vertebra? articulate with each other. 
P., Auditory, the curved plate of bone surrounding 
the external auditory meatus for the greater part of its 
circumference, and serving for the attachment of the 
cartilage of the external ear. P., Axis. Synonym 
of P., Axis-cylinder. P., Axis-cylinder, that pro- 
cess of a nerve-cell which becomes the axis-cylinder of 
a nerve. P., Basilar (of the Occipital Bone), the 
quadrilateral plate of bone in front of the foramen 
magnum articulating with the sphenoid bone. P., 
Calcarine. Synonym of Hippocampus minor. P., 
Central Base, the axis-cylinder process arising from 
the central part of the base of the pyramidal cells of the 
brain-cortex. Ps., Ciliary, plaitings and foldings of the 
layers of the choroid at its anterior margin. They are 
received between corresponding foldings of the suspen- 
sory ligament of the lens, and are from 60 to 80 in 
number. Ps., Ciliary (of the Retina), the anterior 
part of the retina, in close contact with the choroidal 
ciliary processes. Ps., Clinoid, projections on the 
body and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone. There 
are three : the anterior is formed by the inner extrem- 
ity of the lesser wings ; the middle, a small eminence, 
one on each side, bounding the pituitary fossa or sella 
turcica anteriorly ; the posterior, a tubercle on each 
side of the dorsum sella;. P., Cochleariform. See 
Processus cochlear if ormis. P., Condylar, P., Condy- 
loid, the posterior process of the lower jaw, consisting 
of the articular condyle and the neck which supports 
it. P., Conoid, the tuberosity of the clavicle. P., 
Coracoid, the hook-like process projecting from the 
scapula above the glenoid cavity. See Coracoid. P. 
Coronoid : I. A thin, flattened process projecting 
from the anterior portion of the upper border of the 
ramus of the lower jaw, and serving for the attachment 
of the temporal muscle. 2. A triangular projection 
from the upper end of the ulna, forming the lower 
part of the great sigmoid cavity. 3. Synonym of P., 
Coracoid. P., Costiform, the transverse processes of 
the lumbar vertebrae supposed to be rudimentary ribs. 
P., Deiters', the single, large, unbranched process 
of a multipolar nerve-cell, which becomes the axis- 
cylinder of a medullated nerve-fiber. P., Ensiform, 
the cartilaginous tip at the lower end of the sternum. 
Same as Metaster/ium. P., Ethmoid, one of the 
projections from the superior border of the inferior 
turbinated bone, which joins the unciform process of 
the ethmoid bone. P., External Angular, the pro- 
jection on the outer extremity of the supraorbital arch 
of the frontal bone, which articulates with the malar 
bone. P., External Nasal, a small lamina forming 
the outer portion of the nostril in the embryo. P., 
External Orbital. Synonym of P., External Ang- 
ular. P., Falciform: I. A process of the fascia 
lata of the thigh, forming the outer and upper margin 
of the saphenous opening. It is known also as the 
P., Falciform, of Burns. 2. A prolongation of the 
great sacro-sciatic ligament along the ramus of the 
ischium. Same as Falx cerebri. P. of Folius, the 
long process of the malleus. P., Frontal, a process 
of the malar bone articulating with the frontal bone. 
P., Hamate (of the Ethmoid bone). Synonym of P. , 



Unciform. P., Hamular : I . A hook-like process 
of bone on the lower extremity of the internal ptery- 
goid plate, around which the tendon of the tensor 
palati turns. 2. Of the lacrymal bone, the hook-like 
termination of the lacrymal crest. P. of the Helix, 
a small projection of cartilage at the front part of 
the pinna, where the helix bends upward. P., In- 
ferior Maxillary, the first post-oral arch. P., Infe- 
rior Turbinated, the middle turbinated bone. P., 
Inferior Vermiform, the central projection on the. 
lower surface of the cerebellum, between the two 
hemispheres. Ps. of Ingrassius, the lesser wings 
of the sphenoid bone. P., Intermaxillary. Syn- 
onym of P., Fronto-nasal. P., Internal Angular, 
the inner extremity of the supraorbital arch of the 
frontal bone. P., Jugular, a rough prominence exter- 
nal to the condyles of the occipital bone, channeled by 
a deep notch which forms part of the jugular foramen. 
P., Lacrymal, a short, pointed process of the inferior 
turbinated bone which articulates with the lacrymal 
bone. P., Lateral Base, one of the branching pro- 
cesses of a pyramidal nerve-cell, arising from the thick- 
est part of the latter. P., Lateral Frontal. Synonym 
of P. , External Nasal. P. of Lenhossek. Synonym 
of P., Reticular. P., Lenticular, the extremity of 
the long process of the incus, covered with cartilage 
and articulating with the stapes. P., Long (of the In- 
cus), a slender process that descends vertically from 
the body of the incus and articulates, by the lenticular 
process, with the head of the stapes. P., Long [of the 
Malleus), & long, delicate process that passes from the 
neck of the malleus outward to the Glaserian fissure, 
to which it is connected by cartilaginous and ligament- 
ous fibers. P., Malar, a triangular eminence of the 
superior maxilla by which it articulates with the malar 
bone. Ps., Mammillary, the tubercles on the posterior 
part of the superior articular processes of the lumbar 
vertebrae. P., Mastoid, a conical projection at the 
base of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. It 
contains the mastoid cells and the antrum. P., 
Maxillary, a thin plate of bone descending from the 
ethmoid process of the inferior turbinated bone, and 
hooking over the lower edge of the orifice of the 
antrum. P., Maxillo-palatine. Synonym of P., 
Superior Maxillary. P., Mental. Synonym of 
Prominence, Mental. P., Middle Clinoid. See P., 
Clinoid. P., Midfrontal. Synonym of P. , Fronto- 
nasal. P., Modeling: 1. A method of healing 
wounds while the part is immersed in water. (Mac- 
artney.) 2. See P. , Molding. P., Molding, the change 
in shape of the fetal skull during labor, to accommo- 
date itself to the shape of the pelvic canal. P., 
Morbid, the structural changes induced by disease. 
Ps., Muscular, the processes of a vertebra to which 
muscles are attached. P., Nasal (of the Frontal 
Bone). Synonym of Spine, Nasal. P., Nasal {of 
the Superior Maxilla), a. thick, triangular process of 
bone that projects upward, inward, and backward by 
the side of the nose, forming a part of its lateral wall. 
P., Nerve. Synonym of P., Axis-cylinder. P., 
Odontoid, the tooth-like process of the axis which 
ascends and articulates with the atlas. P., Olecranon. 
Synonym of Olecranon. P., Olivary, a small, olive- 
like eminence situated behind the optic groove of the 
sphenoid bone. P., Orbicular. Synonym of P. , 
Lenticular. P., Orbital (of the Superior Maxilla), a 
process projecting from the orbital margin of the 
superior maxilla. P., Orbital (of the Palate bone), a. 
process directed upward and outward from the upper 
portion of the palate bone by means of which the 
latter articulates with the superior maxillary, the sphe- 
noid, turbinated, and the ethmoid bones. The superior 



PROCESS 



1183 



PROCESSUS 



surface forms the back part of the floor of the orbit. 
Ps., Palatal, the processes of the superior maxillary 
plates of the embryo which join to form the bony 
palate. P., Palate, a thick process projecting hori- 
zontally inward from the inner surface of the superior 
maxillary bone, and forming part of the floor of the 
nostril and the roof of the mouth. P., Palatine. 
Synonym of P., Palate. P., Paracondyloid, an 
anomalous process on the lower surface of the occipital 
bone. When present it articulates with the transverse 
process of the atlas. P., Paramastoid, P., Paroc- 
cipital. Synonyms of P. , Paracondyloid. P., Pitui- 
tary. Synonym of Pituitary Body. P., Pneumatic, 
a process sometimes present on the occipital bone, con- 
taining air-cells that communicate with the mastoid 
cells. P., Posterior Clinoid. See P., Clinoid. P., 
Post-glenoid, a small tubercle separating the glenoid 
fossa from the auditory process. P., Premaxillary. 
Synonym of P., Pronto- nasal. P., Protoplasmic : 
I. The branched processes of nerve-cells that are not 
continued as axis-cylinders. 2. The pseudopoda of 
ameboid cells. P., Pterygoid {of the Palate Bone), 
a pyramidal process projecting from the posterior 
border of the palate bone and articulating with the 
sphenoid bone. Ps., Pterygoid (of the Sphenoid 
Bone), processes, one on each side, descending per- 
pendicularly from the point of junction of the body 
with the greater wings of the sphenoid bone. Each 
process consists of an external and an internal plate. 
Ps., Pterygo-palatal. Synonym of Ps. , Palatal. 
P., Pulp, a process connecting an odontoblast with a 
cell in the dental pulp. Ps., Pyramidal. Synonym 
of Pyramids of Ferrein. P. of Rau. Synonym of 
P., Long [of the Malleus). P., Reticular, a network 
of interlacing processes of gray and white matter in 
the spinal cord, which is visible in a cross-section and 
is situated near the center of the gray crescents. It 
is seen best in the cervical region of the cord. P., 
Short (of the Incus), a conic process projecting almost 
horizontally backward from the body of the incus and 
attached by ligamentous fibers to the margin of the 
opening leading into the mastoid cells. P., Short (of 
the Malleus) , a slight projection from the root of the 
manubrium of the malleus, lying in contact with the 
tympanic membrane. P., Sphenoidal, a thin plate of 
bone directed upward and inward from the vertical 
plate of the palate bone. Ps., Spinous (of the 
Ilium), prominent eminences on the anterior and 
posterior borders of the ilium. The upper process on 
the anterior border is the anterior superior spinous 
process of the ilium. It can be readily felt, and is an 
important landmark. Below it is the anterior inferior 
spinous process, which gives attachment to the straight 
tendon of the rectus femoris muscle and to the ilio- 
tibial band. On the posterior border there are also 
two processes — a posterior superior and a posterior 
inferior. P., Spinous (of the Sphenoid Bone), a 
rough prominence descending from the posterior part 
of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. It receives 
the attachment of the internal lateral ligament of the 
jaw and the tensor palati muscle. P., Spinous (of 
the Tibia), an eminence of bone on the upper surface 
of the tibia, between the two articular surfaces, and 
nearer to the posterior than the anterior border. P., 
Spinous (of a Vertebra), the prominent backward pro- 
jection from the middle of the posterior portion of the 
arch of a vertebra. P., Styloid (of the Fibula), a 
pointed eminence projecting upward from the posterior 
portion of the head of the fibula. P., Styloid (of 
the Radius), a projection from the external border of 
the lower extremity of the radius. P., Styloid (of 
the Temporal Bone), a sharp spine about an inch in 



length descending downward, forward, and inward 
from the inferior surface of the petrous portion of the 
temporal bone. P., Styloid (of the Ulna), a projec- 
tion from the inner and posterior portion of the 
lower extremity of the ulna. Ps., Subgerminal, out- 
growths from the inner surface of the epiblast (His). 
P., Superior Maxillary, an eminence on the face of 
the embryo which gives rise to the superior maxilla 
and the malar bone. P., Superior Vermiform, the 
upper part of the median lobe of the cerebellum, 
which connects together the two lateral hemispheres. 
It consists of the lobulus centralis, the monticulus 
cerebelli, and the commissura simplex. P., Temporal, 
the posterior angle of the malar bone by which it 
articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal 
bone. P., Transverse, a process projecting outward 
from the side of a vertebra, at the junction of the 
pedicle and the lamina. P., Tubercular, Trans- 
verse, the lower transverse process of a vertebra, or 
the one which articulates with the tuberculum of a 
rib. It is best marked in the lower vertebrates. P., 
Unbranched. Synonym of P., Axis-cylinder. P., 
Unciform (of the Ethmoid Bone), a hook-like projec- 
tion from the inferior portion of each lateral mass of 
the ethmoid bone. It articulates with the ethmoidal 
process of the inferior turbinated bone. P., Unci- 
form (of the Hippocampal Cyrus), a hook-like projec- 
tion from the anterior end of the gyrus hippocampi. 
P., Unciform (of the Unciform Bone), a hook-like 
projection from the palmar surface of the unciform 
bone. P., Uncinate. Synonym of P., Uncifortn. 
P., Ungual, the distal extremity of a terminal 
phalanx. P., Vaginal (of Peritoneum), the process 
of peritoneum which the testicle in its descent carries 
in advance, and which in the scrotum forms the tunica 
vaginalis testis. P., Vaginal (of the Sphenoid Bone), 
a projection from the inferior surface of the body of 
the sphenoid bone, running horizontally inward from 
near the base of the pterygoid process. P., Vaginal 
(of the Temporal Bone), a sheath-like plate of bone 
which extends from the carotid canal to the mastoid 
process. It separates behind into two laminae, which 
enclose the styloid process. P., Vermiform : 1. See 
P., Inferior Vermiform, and P., Superior Vermiform. 
2. The vermiform appendix of the cecum. See Ver- 
miform Appendix. P., Vocal (of the Arytenoid Car- 
tilage) , the anterior angle of the arytenoid cartilage 
receiving the attachment of the true vocal band. P., 
Xyphoid, the ensiform cartilage. P., Zygomatic (of 
the Malar Bone), a long, serrated process which 
articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal 
bone. P., Zygomatic (of the Temporal Bone), a 
long projection from the lower part of the squamous 
portion of the temporal bone ; it articulates with the 
malar bone. 
Processus (proses' -us) [L.]. Synonym of Process. 
P. a cerebello ad medullam spinalem. Synonym 
of Peduncle, Superior Cerebellar. P. acromialis. 
Synonym of Acromion. P. ad cerebrum. Synonym 
of Peduncle, Superior Cerebellar . P. ad medullam, 
the inferior peduncles of the cerebellum. P. ad pon- 
tem, the middle peduncles of the cerebellum connect- 
ing together its two hemispheres. P. ad testes. Syn- 
onym of Peduncles, Superior Cerebellar. P. alati, the 
wings of the sphenoid bone. P. anconseus. Syn- 
onym of Olecranon. P. ancoralis. Synonym of 
Process, Coracoid. P. annularis. Synonym of Pons 
varolii. P. anterioris mallei. Synonym of Process, 
Long (of the Malleus) . P. articulares sporii, small 
prominences on the posterior surface of the sacrum, 
internal to the posterior sacral foramina, being the 
rudiments of the articular processes of the sacral verte- 



PROCESSUS 



1184 



PROCNEMIUM 



brae. P. auditorius, the tympanic ring. P. beloides, 
a styloid process. P. brevis incudis. Synonym of 
Process, Short (of the Incus). P. brevis mallei. Syn- 
onym of Process, Short (of the Malleus'). P. cerebelli 
inferiores. Synonym of Peduncles, Superior Cerebel- 
lar. P. cerebelli medii. Synonym of Peduncles, 
Middle Cerebellar. P. cerebelli superioris. Synonym 
of Peduncles, Superior Cerebellar. P. cerebelli trans- 
versa Synonym of Peduncles, Middle (of the Cerebel- 
lum). P. ciliares. Synonym of Processes, Ciliary. P. 
clinoideus. Synonym of Process, Clinoid. P. clavatus, 
the enlargement of the posterior pyramids of the me- 
dulla oblongata opposite the fourth ventricle, where 
they diverge. P. cochleariformis, a thin plate of 
bone separating the canal for the Eustachian tube from 
that for the tensor tympani muscle. P. conicus. 
Synonym of Process, Odontoid. P. corporis quad- 
rigemini ad cerebellum. Synonym of Peduncles, 
Superior Cerebellar. P. cuneiformis. Synonym of 
Process, Unciform. P. dentatus. Synonym of Pro- 
cess, Odontoid. P. e cerebello ad testes, the supe- 
rior peduncles of the cerebellum. See Peduncle. P. 
e cerebello ad cerebrum. Synonym of Peduncle, 
Superior Cerebellar. P. e cerebello ad medullam. 
Synonym of Peduncles, Inferior Cerebellar tubercle. P. 
e cerebello ad pontem. Synonym of Peduncles, 
Middle Cerebellar. P. e cerebro ad testes, the superior 
peduncles of the cerebellum. P. ensiformes, the lesser 
wings of the sphenoid bone. P. ensiformis, the ensi- 
form cartilage. P. falciformis, the falx cerebri. P. 
folianus, P. Folii. Synonym of Process, Long (of the 
Malleus). P. glandular pinealis. Synonym of 
Peduncles of the Pineal Gland. P. globularis of His, 
a protuberance in the human embryo between the nasal 
pit on each side and the mouth ; it is the incipient 
rudiment or Anlage of the nasal process. P. glottidis. 
Synonym of Process, Vocal (of the Arytenoid Carti- 
lage). P. gracilis, a long, delicate process passing 
from below the neck of the malleus to the Glaserian 
fissure. P. hamatus. Synonym of Process, Unciform. 
P. horizontals incudis. Synonym of Process, Short 
(of the Incus). P. incudis longus. Synonym of Pro- 
cess, Long (of the Incus). P. infundibuli : I. The 
posterior lobe of the hypophysis cerebri. 2. Infundib- 
ulum. P. internus calcanei. Synonym of Susten- 
taculum tali. P. jugularis. Synonym of Process, 
Jugular. P. lachrimalis. Synonym of Process, 
Lacrymal. P. laterales vertebrarum. Synonym 
of Processes, Transverse. P. lateralis calcanei. 
Synonym of Sustentaculum tali. P. lenticularis. 
Synonym of Process, Lenticular (of the Incus). P. 
longus incudis. Synonym of Process, Long (of the 
Incus). P. malaris. Synonym of Process, Zygomatic 
(of the Temporal Bone). P. mamillaris : I. Synonym 
of Process, Main miliary (of the Lumbar Vertebra). 2. 
Synonym of Process, Mastoid (of the Temporal Bone). 
P. mastoideus. Synonym of Process, Mastoid. P. 
maxillaris ossis malaris. Synonym of Process, Max- 
illary (of the Malar Bone). P. medulla; cerebri. 
Synonym of Crus cerebri. P. medullaris transver- 
sus. Synonym of Pons varolii. P. membranifor- 
mis. Synonym of Plexus, Choroid (of the Fourth Ven- 
tricle). P. nasalis. See Process, Nasal. P. nuclei- 
formis. Synonym of Process, Odontoid. P. obliqui, 
P. obliqui vertebrarum. Synonym of Processes, 
Articular. P. obtusus. Synonym of Process, Short 
(of the Malleus). P. occipitalis. Synonym of Process, 
Basilar. P. odontoideus. Synonym of Process, 
Odontoid. P. orbicularis. Synonym of Process, Len- 
ticular. P. petrosus amicus. See Lingula. P. 
orbitalis. Synonym of Process, Orbital. P. paracon- 
dyloideus. P. paramastoideus. Synonyms of Process, 



Paracondyloid. P. pinealis. Synonym of Pineal 
Gland. P. pterygoidei. Synonym of Processes, 
Pterygoid. P. ravii. Synonym of Process of Rau. 
P. restiformis. Synonym of Restiforiu Body. P. 
reticularis. Synonym of Process, Reticular. P. ros- 
triformis. Synonym of Process, Coracoid. P. sphen- 
oidalis. Synonym of Process, Sphenoid. P. spinosi 
spurii, the bony eminences of the posterior surface of 
the sacrum, representing the spinous processes of true 
vertebrae. P. spinosus. Synonym of Process, Spin- 
ous. P. spinosus mallei. Synonym of Process, 
Long (of the Malleus). P. styloideus cranii. Syn- 
onym of Process, Styloid (of the Temporal Bone) . P. 
styloideus fibulae. Synonym of Process, Styloid (of 
the Fibula). P. styloideus radii, P. styloideus ulnae. 
Synonyms of P., Styloid (of the Radius and of the Ulna 
respectively). P. superior incudis. Synonym of 
Process, Short (of the Incus). P. transversi spurii, a 
row of bony prominences on the posterior aspect of the 
sacrum, ori each side of the median line, representing 
the transverse processes of true vertebrae. P. trans- 
versus. Synonym of Process, Transverse. P. trans- 
versus occipitalis. Synonym of Process, Jugular. 
P. tubarius, a prominence on the internal plate of 
the pterygoid process upon which the extremity of the 
cartilaginous portion of the Eustachian tube rests. P. 
unciformis. Synonym of Process, Coracoid, and of 
Process, Unciform. P. vaginalis, an evagination of 
the peritoneum at the inguinal ring in the higher 
mammals ; lying laterally and ventrally of the end of 
the gubernaculum, it undergoes a gradual descent 
and finally enters the scrotum. Synonym of Pro- 
cess, Vaginal. P. vaginalis peritonei. Synonym 
of Process, Vaginal (of the Peritoneum). P. vermic- 
ularis, P. vermiformis. Synonym of Vermifor?n 
Appendix. P. vermis inferior. Synonym of Process, 
Inferior Vermiform. P. vermis superior. Synonym 
of Process, Superior Vermiform. P. vocalis. Syn- 
onym of Process, Vocal (of the Arytenoid Cartilage) . 
P. xiphoideus. Synonym of Process, Ensiform. P. 
zygomaticus. Synonym of Process, Zygomatic. 

Prochilon, Procheilon ( pro-ki' -Ion) \jrpo, before ; 
Xelloq, lip]. The prominence in the center of the lip. 

Prochilous ( pro-ki' -lus) \jrp6, before; x ei ?-°£> lip, 
snout]. In biology, applied to organisms having 
protuberant or protrusile lips. 

Prochondral ( pro-kon'-dral) \_np6, before, x^"'^P n C, 
cartilage]. Prior to the formation of cartilage. 

Prochondrium ( pro - kon' - dre - urn) [ Trpd, before ; 
Xov&poq, cartilage]. In biology, young cartilage with 
colorable matrix, i.e., a great affinity for carmin and 
hematoxylon. The precartilage of Minot and the 
Vorknorpel of Hasse. 

Prochordal ( pro-kor' '-dal) \_Tp6, before; x°P^'h cord]. 
Situated in front of the chorda dorsalis. 

Prochorion (pro-ko'-re-on) [ npd, before; x&P l0V , 
membrane]. I. The primitive chorion. 2. The 
zona pellucida and vitelline membrane considered 
as one. 

Prochorionic (fro-ko-re-on'-ilc) \_-p6, before ; x°P 10V j 
membrane]. Pertaining to the prochorion. 

Procident ( pros' -id-ent) \_procidens, falling forward]. 
Affected by prolapsus. 

Procidentia ( pros-id-en' -she-ah ) [ procidere, to fall 
down]. Prolapse. P. ani, prolapse of the anus. P. 
bulba oculi. Synonym of Exophthalmos. P. intes- 
tini recti, prolapse of the rectum. P. oculi. Syn- 
onym of P. bulbi oculi. P. uteri, complete pro- 
lapse of the uterus. 

Proclivity (pro-kliv'-it-e) \_proclivitas~\. Tendency or 
inclination. 

Procnemium ( prok-ne' -me-um) . Synonym of Tibia. 



PROCREANT 



1185 



PRODUCE 



Procreant (pro'-kre-ant) \_procreare, to beget]. Pro- 
ducing young. 
Procreate (pro'-kre-dt) \_procreare, to beget]. To be- 

Procreation (pro-kre-a' -shun) [procreare, to bring 
forth]. The act of generating or begetting offspring. 

Procryptic (pro-krip'-tik) [rr/xi, in favor of, for; upv—- 
riKoq, fit for concealing]. In biology, applied to that 
form of protective mimicry in which the coloration 
enables an animal to escape by hiding, e.g., the green 
pipe-fish (Siplumostoma typhle), which is conspicuous 
in open water, but is well concealed among the leaves 
of Zostera. 

Proctagra (prok-ta'-grah) [fi-pujcrdc, the anus; ay pa 
seizure]. Sudden pain in the anal region. 

Proctalgia (prok - tal'-je - ah) [wpuKrog, anus; d/lyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the anus or rectum. P. haemor- 
rhoidalis. See Hemorrhoid. P. inflammatoria. 
Synonym of Proctitis. P. intertriginosa, intertrigo 
of the anus. 

Proctatresia (prok - tat - re'- ze - ah) [Vp&jKrdf , anus ; a 
priv. ; rpijaig, perforation]. An imperforate condition 
of the anus or rectum. 

Proctectasia, Proctectasis ( prok-tek-ta' '-ze-ah, prok- 
tek'-tas-is) [ -rrpuicTog, anus ; enTaaic, dilatation]. Dila- 
tation of the anus. 

Proctectomy (prok-tek'-to-me) [tt/owk-oc, anus ; kttTop?/, 
excision]. Excision of the rectum. 

Proctenclisis (prok-ten'-klis-is) [jvpuKToc , anus ; ev, in; 
Kkeleiv, to close]. Stricture of the rectum. 

Procteurynter (prok - tu- rin' - ter) [ jrpwKxdc, anus ; 
evpvvEiv, to widen]. An instrument for dilating the 
anus. 

Procthemorrhagia (prokt-hem-or-a'-Je-ah) [ 7rpw«xdc, 
anus; aipa, blood ; pr/yvvvai, to burst forth]. Hem- 
orrhage from the anus. 



Procthypodesmus ( prokt-hi-po-dez' 



[ TrpciK-6^, 



anus; vn6, under; 6tap6^ t band]. An anal pessary. 

Proctica ( prok'-tik-ali) [rrpuK-oc, anus]. Any disease 
of the anus or rectum. P. marisca. Synonym of 
Hemorrhoid. P. simplex. Synonym of Proctalgia. 

Proctisis (prok-tis'-is). Synonym of Proctitis. 

Proctitis ( prok-ti'-tis) [npuKToc, anus; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the anus or rectum. P. 
fcetida, inflammation of the rectum, with the discharge 
of very offensive material. P. gangraenosa, gan- 
grenous inflammation of the rectum. 

Procto- (prok' -to-) [npuKToc, anus]. A prefix signifying 
connection with, or relation to, the anus. 

Proctoblennozemia (prok-to-blen-o-ze' -me-ah) \_-pun- 
rdr, anus; fltevva, mucus; ^///a, loss]. A mucous 
discharge from the anus. 

Proctocase (prok-tok'-as-e). Synonym of Proctitis 
gangrenosa. 

Proctocele ( prok' - to - sel ) [ irpuKroc, anus ; mfkr), 
hernia]. The extroversion or prolapse of the 
mucous coat of the rectum. P., Vaginal, a hernia 
of the rectum appearing in the vagina. 

Proctocystotomy (prok-to-sis-tot'-o-tne)\_rrpuKTu<;, anus ; 
KvaTtg, bladder; roprj, cutting]. A form of lithotomy 
in which the incision is made through the walls of the 
rectum. 

Proctodeal (prok-to-de'-al) \_irpuK-6r, the anus; 666g, 
way]. Pertaining to the proctodeum. 

Proctodeum, Proctodaeum (prok-to-dc'-um) [Trpw/crdf, 
the anus ; 6S6<; , way] . In biology, a very small anal in- 
vagination of the ectoderm in embryonic amniota, 
which grows inward toward the cloaca until the ecto- 
derm and entoderm come into contact; the membrane 
formed by the two epithelia finally breaks through 
and the cloaca acquires an opening to the exterior ; 
the primitive anus. 
75 



Proctodynia (prok-to-din'-e-ah) [rrpuKrof, anus ; oSvvt/, 

pain]. Pain about the anus. 
Proctoleukorrhea (prok-to-lu-kor-e'-ah). Synonym of 

Proctorrhea. 
Proctomenia ( prok-to-me' -tie-ah ) [ 7rpu/crdc, anus ; 

fif/v, month ]. Vicarious menstruation from the 

rectum. 
Proctoncus ( prok-tong'-kus) [npunrdc, anus ; bynoc, 

tumor]. Any tumor or swelling at the anus. 
Proctoparalysis (prok-to-par-al f -is-is) [/rpuwrdf, anus ; 

napa/ivoLq , paralysis]. Paralysis of the sphincter 

muscle of the anus. 
Proctoplasty ( prok-to-plas'-tik) [;rp(j/irdc, anus ; irlaa- 

aciv, to form]. Pertaining to the plastic surgery of 

the anal region. 
Proctoplasty (prok'-to-plas-tc) [nponrog, anus ; TrXaa- 

aeiv, to form]. Plastic surgery of the anus. 
Proctoplegia (prok-to-ple'-je-ah). Synonym of Procto- 
paralysis. 
Proctopolypus (prok - to - pol'- ip -us) [rrpfj/irdc, anus; 

TToXvirovg, polyp]. A polyp of the rectum. 
Proctoptoma (prok - top - to' - mah ) [ ■Kpunroc, anus ; 

■nTupa, fall]. Prolapse of the rectum. 
Proctoptosis (prok-top-to'-sis) [irpunrot;, anus; tttuoic, 

a falling]. Synonym of Proctoptoma. 
Proctorrhagia ( prok -tor - a' -je - ah). Synonym of 

Procthemorrhag ia. 
Proctorrhaphy (prok-tor'-a-fe) [7rpcj/crdc, anus; patyij, 

suture] . Suture of the rectum or anus. 
Proctorrhea (prok-tor-e'-ali) [wpw/crdc, anus; pola, 

flow]. A discharge of mucus through the anus. 
Proctoscirrhus (prok - to - skir'- us) [jrpw/crdf, anus ; 

OKtppdc, induration]. Scirrhous carcinoma of the rec- 
tum. 
Proctospasmus (prok-to-spaz' -mus) \jrpuKr6c, anus ; 

anaapoc, spasm]. Spasm or tenesmus of the rectum. 
Proctostenosis ( prok-to-stett-o'-sis) [7rpw«xdc, anus, and 

arevuaic, stenosis]. Stricture of the anus or rectum. 
Proctotocia (prok-to-to' -se-ah) [Trpw/frdr, anus ; rd/coc, 

a bringing forth]. Delivery of the fetus through the 

anus. 
Proctotome (prok' -to-tom) [^pw/crdr, anus ; rop.ii, a 

cutting], A cutting-instrument used in proctotomy. 
Proctotomy (prok-tot' -o-me) [7rpw/n"dc, anus ; topr/, a 

cutting] . Incision of the anus or rectum for imper- 

foration or stricture. 
Proctotoreusis (prok-to-tor-u' -sis) [irpu/crdf , anus ; rop- 

eheiv, to bore through] . The operation of making an 

opening into an imperforate anus. 
Proctuchous (prok-tu'-kus) [irpunrds, anus ; exeiv, to 

have]. In biology, having an anus. 
Procumbent (pro-kum'-bent) \_pro, forward; cumbere, 

to lie]. In biology, prostrate, prone, trailing. 
Prodissoconch (pro-dis' -o-konk) \jtpb, before; 6tac6c, 

double ; Koyxv, shell] . In biology, the first formed 

shell of many lamdlibranchs, preceding the disso- 

conch or true shell . It is the complete shell of the 

veliger antemonomyarian and dimyarian stage, and the 

homologue of the protoconch of cephalous molluscs and 

the periconch of Dentalium. 
Prodroma (pro-dro'-mah). See P?-odrome. 
Prodromal (pro-dro'-mal) [jrpd, before ; 6p6poc, a run- 
ning]. Precursory; of the nature of a prodrome. 
Prodrome (pro'-drom) [irpd, before ; dpdjuoc, arunning]. 

A forerunner of a disease ; a precursory symptom. 
Prodromic (pro-dro'-mik). See Prodromal. 
Prodromous (pro-dro'-mus). Synonym of Prodomal. 
Prodromus (pro-dro'-mus) \prpo, before ; 6p6poq, a run- 
ning]. The prodrome; also the period in which the 

precursory signs of a disease occur. 
Produce (pro-dies') [producere, to bring forth]. To 

generate or bring forth. 



PRODUCTIVE 



1186 



PROGYMNOSPERMIC 



Productive (pro - duk' - tiv) \_producere, to produce]. 
Generating ; tissue-making. P. Arteritis, Acute, 
an acute inflammation of an artery characterized by 
round-ceil infiltration, the formation of new blood- 
vessels and new connective tissue in their walls. It 
may proceed to obliteration of the lumen of the vessel. 

Proeccrisis (pro-ek'-ris-is) [rcpo, before ; suKpiaig, sep- 
aration]. A premature crisis in the course of a dis- 
ease. 

Proembryo ( pro-em 1 '-bre-6) [itpo, before; epfipvnv, 
embryo]. In biology, the result of the germination 
of an oospore, the Anlage or proton of the first stage 
of certain cryptogams (Characea, Archegoniata). 

Proembryonic (pro-em-bre-on' -ik) [npo, before ; s/i- 
Ppvov, embryo]. Pertaining to a proembryo. 

Proencephalia (pro-en-sefa' '-le-ah) [rrpo, before ; eyics- 
<f>a?.o<;, brain]. An exencephalic condition involving 
the anterior part of the skull. 

Proencephalocele (pro-en-sef' '-al-o-sel) [rrpo, before; 
iynkyaXos, brain ; nifK-q, tumor]. An encephalocele 
in the anterior part of the skull. 

Proencephalon (pro-en-sef ' -al-on) [npd, forward ; ey/ce- 
cj>a?iog, brain]. The fore-brain. Also, encephalocele 
in the frontal region of the brain. 

Proencephalus (pro-en-sef ' -al-us) [ftpo, before ; ey/ce- 
</><z/loc, brain]. An exencephalic monstrosity with the 
brain protruding through a fissure in the frontal region. 

Proeotia (pro-e-o'-she-ali) [irpl>io$, early]. Sexual pre- 
cocity. 

Proepimeral (pro- ep-im- e' -ral) [pro, before ; kiri, 
upon; /J.ip6g, thigh]. Pertaining to the proepimeron. 

Proepimeron (pro-ep-im-e' -ron) [pro, before ; htl, 
upon; fiTjpog, thigh]. The epimeron or prothorax. 

Proepisternal (pro-ep-is-ter'-nal) [pro, before; km, 
upon; orkpvov, breast-bone]. Pertaining to the pro- 
episternum. 

Proepisternum (pro-ep-is-ter' -num) [pro, before ; km, 
upon; arepvov, breast-bone]. The prothoracic epis- 
ternum. 

Professional (pro-fesh' -un-al) [profiteri, to profess]. 
Pertaining to a profession or occupation ; pertaining 
especially to the medical profession ; in keeping with 
medical ethics. P. Cramp. See Writers' Cramp. 
P. Etiquette, those principles of honor which govern 
the conduct of medical men, both in dealings with 
one another and with the laity. P., or Occupation, 
Neurosis, a neurosis caused by continuous exercise 
in one's occupation of one set of muscles, or by some 
other peculiarity of one's employment. See Neurosis. 

Professor (pro-fes' -or) [professor, a professor], A 
teacher in a college or university. 

Professorate (pro-fes' '-or-at} [professor, a professor]. 
The office of a professor. 

Professorship ( pro-fes' -or-ship) . Same as Professorate. 

Profile (pro'-fel) [pro, before; filum, thread]. The 
outline of the human face in a section at the meson. 
P. Line, one employed in the determination of the 
general direction of the face. See Lines, Table of. 

Profluvium (pro-flu' '-ve-um) [profluere, to flow forth]. 
A flux or discharge P. alvi. Diarrhea. P. mu- 
liebre. Synonym of Leukorrhea. P. sanguinis. 
Hemorrhage. P. seminis. I. Synonym of Spermat- 
orrhea. 2. Discharge of semen from the vagina after 
coitus. 

Profunda Arteries (pro • fun'- dah). See Arteries, 
Table of. 

Profundipalmar (pro-fun-dip-al'-mar) [profundus, 
deep; palma, palm]. Pertaining to the deep-seated 
parts of the hand. 

Profundiplantar (pro -fun -dip -Ian' -tar) [profundus, 
deep; planta, sole]. Deep and plantar: pertaining 
to the deep-seated parts of the sole of the foot. 



Profundus (pro-fun' ' -dus) [profundus, deep]. A term 
applied to any organ or part that is deep-seated. 

Progametange, Progametangium ( pro-gam-et-an'-je, 
pro-gam-et-an'-je-um) [npo, before; yajiinj, a wife; 
ayyelov, a vessel]. In biology, an immature or resting 
gametangium formed upon the mycelia of certain fungi 
(Protomycetacew), and from which, after a period of 
rest, is liberated the gametangium, within which the 
minute rod-shaped gametes are formed. 

Progaster (pro-gas' -ter). Same as Archenteron. 

Progeneration (pro-jen-er-a' -shun) [progenerare, to 
beget] . Propagation ; the act of begetting. 

Progenitor (pro-jen'-it-or) [pro, before ; genitor,be- 
getter]. Ancestor, sire, or father. 

Progeny (proj'-en-e) [tt/jo, before ; ye vvav, to beget]. 
Offspring ; descendants. 

Proglossis ( pro-glos' -is) [irpd, before ; yXtiooa, tongue]. 
The tip of the tongue. 

Proglottid (pro-glot' -id )[npo , before ; y7i£>aaa, tongue]. 
In biology, one of the mature segments or metameres 
of a tapeworm. Any person of the cestode chain or 
colony other than the pear-shaped or cone-shaped 
head or scolex ; a proglottis. 

Proglottis ( pro-glol' -is) [npo, before; y?Mtsaa, tongue: 
//. , Proglottides]. Same as Proglottid. 

Prognathic (prog-na'-thik) . Synonym of Prognathous. 

Prognathism ( prog' -na-thizm) [trpo, forward ; yvddog, 
jaw]. The quality of having a projecting lower jaw, 
or of being prognathous. P., Alveolo-subnasal, in 
craniometry, the prognathism measured by the angle 
included between the line joining the alveolar and 
subnasal points and the alveolo-condylean plane. 

Prognathous (prog'- na - thus) [Tp6, before; yvdOng, 
jaw]. Having a projecting lower jaw. 

Prognosis (prog-no' -sis) [Vpd, before ; yvuatg, knowl- 
edge]. An opinion or judgment concerning the dura- 
tion, course, and termination of a disease. P. anceps, 
a doubtful prognosis. P. fausta, a favorable prog- 
nosis. P. infausta, an unfavorable prognosis. 

Prognostic (prog- tios'-tik) [irpd, before; yvdotg, 
knowledge]. Pertaining to prognosis. 

Prognosticate (prog-nos'-tih-dt) [irpd, before ; yvaac, 
knowledge]. To make a prognosis. 

Progression (pro-gresh'-un) [progredi, to advance, to 
step forward]. The act of advancing or of moving 
forward. P., Arithmetic, a progression of numbers 
which increase or decrease by equal differences, as 2, 
4, 6, 8, io, or io, 8, 6, 4, 2. P., Backward, a back- 
ward walking ; a rare symptom of some nervous 
lesions in which the person can only walk backward. 
P., Cross-legged, walking with the legs almost 
crossing, a condition sometimes observed in double 
hip-disease and in certain disturbances of the nervous 
system. P., Geometric, a progression of numbers 
which increase or decrease by equal ratio, as 2, 4, 8, 
16, or 16, 8, 4, 2. 

Progressive (pro-gres'-iv) [progredi, to go forward]. 
Marked by progress ; of a disease extending over a 
wider area or increasing in severity. P. Muscular 
Atrophy, chronic anterior poliomyelitis in which the 
large ganglion-cells of the anterior horns, the motor 
and trophic cells of the muscles, are gradually des- 
troyed. P. Ossifying Myositis, a chronic inflam- 
mation of muscles, associated with a tendency to exces- 
sive bony deposits in them. It is usually accompanied 
by the development of numerous exostoses. 

Progymnosperm ( pro-jim' -?io-spen?i) [np6, before ; 
yvfivbq, naked ; anippa, seed]. In biology, an archaic 
or ancestral type of gymnosperm. 

Progymnospermic (pro-jitn-no-sper' -mik) [irpd, be- 
fore ; yvpvdg, naked ; o-ipfia, seed]. Pertaining to a 
progymnosperm. 



PROJECTILE 



1187 



PROMINENTIA 



Projectile (pro-jck'-til) [projicere, to throw before]. 
Anything thrown forward violently. P., Vomiting, 
the vomiting sometimes observed in diseases of the 
brain ; the material is projected out of the mouth 
to some distance, apparently without nausea. 

Projection (pro-jek'-shun) [projicere, to throw before]. 
I. The act of throwing forward. 2. A prominence or 
a part extending beyond the level of the surrounding 
surface. P., Monocular. Synonym of P., Uniocu- 
lar. P., Ocular. See Ocular. P. -system of Mey- 
nert. See Meynert. P. -systems. See Meynerl. 
P., Uniocular, the projection into space of the im- 
pression of an object made by rays emanating from 
it and entering one eye. A correct estimate of distance 
cannot be made by uniocular projection. P. of Visual 
Impressions, the projection into space of the im- 
pressions of objects made upon the retina by rays ema- 
nating from the objects. The ability to do this enables 
us to locate correctly the position or distance of objects 
in space. 

Prolabial (pro- la'- be- al) [pro, before; labium, lip]. 
Pertaining to the prolabium. 

Prolabium (pro - la'- be - um) \_pro, before ; labium, a 
lip] . The red exposed part of the lip ; also, the cen- 
tral prominence of the lip. 

Prolapse (pro-laps') \_prolabi, to slip down]. The 
falling forward or downward of a part. P. of the 
Anus or Rectum, protrusion of the rectal walls be- 
yond the anus. P., Artificial, the drawing down of 
a part or organ, as the uterus, for purposes of ex- 
amination or treatment. P. of the Cord, premature 
expulsion of the umbilical cord during parturition. 
P. of the Iris, protrusion of the iris through a corneal 
wound. P. of the Uterus, protrusion of the womb 
beyond the vulva. 

Prolapsed (pro-laps/') \_prolabi, to fall forward]. In 
a condition of prolapse. 

Prolapsion (pro-lap'-shun). Synonym of Prolapse. 
[Old.] 

Prolapsus (pro-lap' -sus). Synonym of Prolapse. P. 
ani, prolapse of the rectum. P. cerebri. Synonym 
of Encephalocele. P. iridis, prolapse of the iris. P. 
linguae. Synonym of Macroglossia. P. oculi. Syn- 
onym of Exophthalmos. P. palpebrae. Synonym of 
Ptosis. P. placentae, prolapse of the placenta. P. 
recti, prolapse of the rectum. P. sclerotici, staphy- 
loma of the sclerotic. P. uteri, prolapse of the uterus. 
P. uteri completus, complete prolapse of the uterus ; 
procidentia uteri. P. uvulae. Synonym of Staphyle- 
dema. P. vaginae, prolapse of the vagina. P. 
vesicae, prolapse of the bladder. 

Proleg (pro' -leg) [pro, for; leg]. In biology, a false 
leg ; a proped ; an abdominal limb of the larvae of 
insects. 

Prolepsis (pro - lep'- sis) [irp6, before; Xanjiaveiv, to 
seize]. The return of a paroxysm before the expected 
time. 

Proleptic (pro - lep'- tik) [~p6, before ; "kafiftavuv, to 
seize]. I. Prognostic. 2. Returning before the reg- 
ular or expected time. 

Proleptics (pro-lep'-tiks) [np6, before; \afifiavuv, to 
seize]. The art of prognosis. 

Proles (pro'-lez) [L.]. Offspring. 

Prolicide (pro' -lis-ld) [proles, offspring ; ccedere, to 
kill]. Feticide or infanticide. 

Proliferate (pro-lif -er-dt) [proles, offspring; ferre, to 
bear]. To begin ; to generate. 

Proliferation (pro-lif-er-a' -shun) [proliferatio ; proles, 
offspring ; ferre, to bear]. Cell-genesis. The con- 
tinued formation and development of cells by mul- 
tiplication. P., Atrophic, multiplication of the cell- 
nuclei, with degeneration of the differentiated proto- 



plasm of the peculiar cells of the tissues. It occurs 
in inflammation and in regeneration. 

Proliferative (pro-lif -er-a-tiv) [proles, offspring ; ferre, 
to bear]. Multiplying; being the seat of cell-prolif- 
eration. P. Cyst, a cyst in which the lining epithe- 
lium proliferates and produces projections from the 
ental surface of the cysts. 

Proliferous (pro-lif ' -er-us) [proles, offspring ; fet-r;, 
to bear]. In biology, producing offspring; develop- 
ing buds, branches, or generative zooids. P. Cyst, 
with Vascular Intra-cystic Growths, a cyst, occur- 
ring in glands, especially the mammary and thyroid, 
from the ental wall of which spring irregular, usually 
cauliflower-like growths of a glandular character, 
which may eventually fill the cyst-cavity, or even 
break through the cyst-wall. The so-called sero-cystic 
sarcoma generally belongs to this class of cysts. 

Prolific (pro-lif -ik) [proles, offspring ;facere, to make]. 
Fruitful ; very fertile. 

Prolification (pro-lif ik-a' -shun) [prolificare , produce 
offspring]. In biology, the development of organs or 
structures from a part normally ultimate. P. Islands, 
numerous spots upon the chorionic villi ; thickenings 
of the nucleated protoplasm of the ectoderm. The 
" Proliferationsinseln " of German authors. 

Proligerous (pro-lij' -er-us) [proles, offspring; gerere, 
to bear]. In biology, germinating ; producing off- 
spring ; specifically applied to the film of infusions as 
the source of the microorganisms found in the infusion. 
P. Disc, see Discus proligerus. 

Promala (pro-ma'-lah) [pro, before; mala, jaw] . In 
biology, the so-called mandibles of the myriopods, 
homologous with the lacinia of the hexopodous max- 
illa (Packard), less correctly called protomala. 

Promanus (pro-ma'-mts) [pro, before ; manus, hand]. 
The thumb. 

Promesoblast (pro-me'-zo-blast) [irpd, before ; /itaoc, 
middle ; pXaarog, sprout] . The mass of primordial 
cells which subsequently develop into the mesoblast. 

Prometopia (pro-met-o' -pe-ah) [npo, before; /xctukov, 
forehead]. The anterior portion of the forehead, or 
the skin covering it. 

Prometopidia (pro-met-o-pid'-e-ah) [np6, before; fii- 
tuttov, forehead]. Bandages for the forehead. 

Prominence ( prom' '-in-ens) [prominere, to jut out]. 
I. A projection on the surface of a part, especially on 
a bone. 2. The state of being prominent. 3. Im- 
portance ; distinction. P., Bony, a prominence on a 
bone, usually serving as a landmark. P., Doyere's. 
See Doyere's. P., Genital, an accumulation of cells 
on the ventral aspect of the embryonic cloaca and from 
which the generative organs are developed. P., 
Double, an abnormal prominence at the junction of 
the first and second sacral vertebras. P., False. 
Synonym of P., Double. P., Mental, the triangular 
eminence projecting forward from the middle of the 
body of the lower jaw. P., Sacro-vertebral, the 
promontory of the sacrum. 

Prominentia (prom-in-en'-she-ah) [L.://. , Prominen- 
tia]. Synonym of Prominence. P. albicans. Syn- 
onym of Corpus albicans. P. encephali. Synonym 
of Corpora quadrigemina. P. laryngea. Synonym 
of Pomum adami. P. lentiformis. Synonym of 
Nucleus, Lenticular. P. natiformis. Synonym of 
the Nates of the Corpora quadrige?nina. P. oculi to- 
tius. Exophthalmos. P. orbicularesmajores. Syn- 
onym of the Nates of the Corpora quadrigemina. P. 
orbiculares minores. Synonym of the Testes of the 
Corpora quadrigemina. P. semiovalis. Synonym 
of Olivary Body. P. sphaerica, a cerebral convolu- 
tion. P. spiralis, a slight prominence on the outer 
wall of the cochlear duct, containing a small capillary 



PROMONTORY 



1188 



PROPARAPTERON 



vessel. P. testiformes, the testes of the corpora 
quadrigemina. 

Promontory {prom'- on- tor-e) \_pro, before; mons, 
mountain]. An elevation or prominence. P. of the 
Sacrum, the prominence formed by the angle between 
the upper extremity of the sacrum and the last lumbar 
vertebra. P. of the Tympanum, the prominence 
formed by the first turn of the cochlea. 

Promorph (pro'-morf) [irpd, before ; poptpij, form]. In 
biology, a primitive or fundamental form-type. 

Promorphologist (pro-mor-fol' -o-jisf) \jrp6, before ; 
[loptyi], form; 'koyoc, science]. One versed in pro- 
morphology. 

Promorphology (pro-mor-fol' '-o-je)\jrpo, before ; poptpq, 
form ; Xoyog, science]. In biology, organic morphol- 
ogy as related to a few fundamental types of structure. 
The treatment of organic form from a mathematic 
or geometric basis. 

Promuscidate (pro-mus' '-id-df) \_promuscis, a corrupt 
form iox proboscis']. Having the form of a promuscis. 

Promuscis (pro-mus' -is) [ promuscis, a corrupt form 
for proboscis : //. , Promuscides~\ . In biology, a probos- 
cis, beak, or rostrum ; usually applied to insects. 

Promycele (pro-mi'-sel). Same as Promycelium. 

Promycelial (pro-mi-se'-le-al) [?rpo, before ; pvKTjc, a 
fungus; foot;, an excrescence]. Pertaining to the pro- 
mycelium. 

Promycelium (pro-?ni-se'-le-um) \np6, before; myce- 
lium, from pinr/c, a fungus ; r{koc, an excrescence]. 
In biology, a short mycelium formed from the oosperm 
or resting spore in certain species of fungi (Oomycetes, 
Zygomycetes), and which dies after bearing a few 
conidiospores. These conidiospores in turn propagate 
new thalli, giving rise to a distinct alternation of 
generations. 

Pronation (pro-na'-shun) \_pronatio ; promts, bent 
forward]. I. The condition of being prone ; the 
act of placing in the prone position. 2. Of the hand. 
The turning of the palm downward. 

Pronator ( pro-na 1 '-tor) \_pronare, to bend forward]. 
That which pronates. A term applied to several 
muscles. See Muscles, Table of. 

Pronaus (pro-nah' -us) \jzp6, before; vadg, temple]. 
The vestibule of the vagina. 

Prone (pron) \_pronus, prone]. With the palm di- 
rected downward. Also, lying with the face down- 
ward. The opposite is Supine. P. and Postural 
Respiration, "Marshall Hall's Ready Method of 
Artificial Respiration." See Respiration. 

Pronephric (pro-nef'-rifc) [np6, before ; ve<j>p6^, a kid- 
ney]. In biology, of or pertaining to the pronephron, 
or the primitive kidney. P. Duct, one of the four 
fundamental parts of the vertebrate urogenital system ; 
the Wolffian duct. Cf. Archinephric Duct, Milllerian 
Duct. 

Pronephridium (pro-nefrid'-e-uvi) \jrp6, before; 
ve^pof, kidney]. One of the canaliculi which in 
lower orders of animals, especially the invertebrata, 
act as excretory organs. 

Pronephron (pro-nef'-ron) {jrpo, before ; vefpos, a kid- 
ney : //., Pronephra\ In biology, " the first part of 
the urogenital system to be differentiated in the verte- 
brate embryo ; it is to be regarded as the phylogeneti- 
cally oldest part. It is found in the embryos of (prob- 
ably) all vertebrates, but disappears before adult life 
in selachians, some teleosts, and all amniota. It is 
always situated in the segments immediately behind 
the heart, and -is a paired organ with a longitudinal 
duct, which finally opens into the cloaca." (Minot. ) 
Cf. Head-kidney, Primitive Kidney, Okenian Body, 
Wolffian Body. 

Pronephros (pro-nef'-ros). Same as Pronephron. 



Proncea (pro-ne'-ah). Synonym of Prognosis. 

Pronotum ( pro-no' -turn) \_~pb, before ; voroc, back : 
pi. , Pro7iota~\. The anterior of the three divisions of 
the dorsal section of the prothorax of an arthropod. 

Pronuclear (pro-nu' -kle-ar) \_pro, before; nucleus, 
nucleus]. Pertaining to a pronucleus. 

Pronucleate ( pro-nu' -kle-dt) \_pro, before; nucleus, 
nucleus]. Having a pronucleus. 

Pronucleolus (pro-nu-kle' -o-lus) \_pro, before ; nucleo- 
lus, nucleolus]. A nucleolus of a pronucleus. 

Pronucleus (pro-nu' -kle-us) [_pro, before ; nucleus, 
nucleus : //., Promtclei\ In biology, the name given 
by Ed. van Beneden to one of the two nuclear ele- 
ments of a newly fecundated ovum, the male and the 
female pronucleus, the fusion (conjugation) of which re- 
sults in the formation of the first embryonic nucleus. 
The nucleus which appears within the ovum after the 
formation of the polar bodies is the female pronucleus. 
According to Hertwig, the head of the spermatozoid 
is transformed directly into the mate pronucleus, while 
Salensky holds that it is first dissolved and provokes 
secondarily the formation of the male pronucleus. P., 
Segmentation, the nucleus of the germ. P., Sperm. 
Synonym of P., Male. 

Proodontus (pro-o-don'-tus) [~po, before ; bdoic, tooth]. 
Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed 
between the radius fixus and the line joining the sub- 
nasal and alveolar points is between 23 and 50 . 

Proof- spirit. See Spirit. 

Proosteon (pro-os' -te-on) [npo, before ; octcov, bone]. 
A bony process or prominence. 

Proostracal (pro-os' -trak-dl) |Vp<5, before; barpaKov, 
shell]. Pertaining to a proostracum. 

Proostracum (pro-os' -trak-um) \jcp6, before ; oaTpanov, 
shell]. In biology, the projecting lamella of the thick 
covering of the phragmacone of a cephalopod. 

Prootic (pro-o'-tik) [~po, before ; oi>f, ear]. I. Before, 
or in front of, the ear. 2. One of the otic bones, very 
constant in the skulls of the lower vertebrata. 

Propagate ( prop' -ag-dt) \_propagare, to generate]. To 
generate ; to multiply. 

Propagation (prop-ag-a'-shun) [propagare, to gen- 
erate]. Reproduction ; spreading, dissemination. P., 
Arc of, a term given to that margin of the corneal 
creeping ulcer of Saemisch which assumes the form of 
an elevated curve, and is more decidedly opaque or 
yellow than the others. 

Propagatorium (prop-ag-ai-o' -re-um) \_propagare, to 
generate, increase: pi., Propagatoria~\. In biology, 
the entire mechanism of reproduction. Cf. Nutri- 
toriuni, Locomotorium, Sensorium. 

Propagule (pro-pag'-iit) \_propagare, to propagate]. 
Same as Propagulum. 

Propagulum (pro-pag'-u-lum) \_propagare, to propa- 
gate : //. , Propagula~\ . In biology, any structure, part, 
or organ utilized in the asexual propagation of plants ; 
a stolon, offset, runner. 

Propalanin ( pro-pal' -a?i-in), C 4 H 9 N0 2 . Amidobutyric 
acid. It crystallizes in little leaflets or needles, and is 
very soluble in water. 

Propalinal (pro-pal' -in-dl\ \j?p6, before ; irahiv, back, 
backward]. In biology, applied to the forward and 
backward movement of the jaws of certain animals. 

Propane (pro' -pan ), C 3 H S . A hydrocarbon of the 
marsh-gas series. It is a constituent of petroleum. 

Proparapteral (pro-par-ap'-ter-al) [irpd , before ; napa, 
beside; nrepov, wing]. Pertaining to the proparap- 
teron. 

Proparapteron (pro-par-ap'-ter-on) \_rrpo, before ; Trapa, 
beside; TrrepAv, wing: //., Proparaptera], In biol- 
ogy, the third sclerite of the propleuron of an 
arthropod. 



PROPARATERESIS 



1189 



PROPRIETARY 



Proparateresis {pro-par-at-er-e f -sis\\jrp&, before ; irapa, 
beside ; ri/p>]a:g, a watching]. Prevention ; prophy- 
laxis. 

Propargylic Acid (pro-par-gil' -iK). See Propiolic Acid. 

Propatagial (pro-pat-a' -je-al) [Vpd, before; Tvarayelov, 
a border]. Pertaining to the propatagium. 

Propatagium (pro-pat-a* -je-um) [_~po, before ; Trara- 
yciov, a golden stripe, border: //. , Propatagia~\. In 
biology, the fold of skin in front of and between the 
forearm and upper arm in the wing of a bird. 

Propathy (pro' -path-e) \_~po, before; 7rd0oc, disease]. 
I. A premonitory symptom. 2. A past disease. 

Prop-cells. Cells, generally columnar or fusiform, 
placed in the intervals of the rods and hair-cells of the 
organ of Corti. They are also known as Supporting 
Cells and Cells of Deiter. 

Proped (pro'-ped). See Proleg. 

Propedal (pro-pe'-dl) \_pro, for; pes, a foot]. Per- 
taining to a proped. 

Propendentia (pro -pen -den'- she-ak). Synonym of 
Prolapse. P. uvulae, relaxation of the uvula. 

Propenyl (pro'-pen-il). See Glyceryl. P. Trinitrate. 
Synonym of Nitroglycerin. 

Propenyl Hydrate (pro' -pen-il-hi' -drat). See Glycerin. 

Propepsin (pro-pep'-sin) [_Kp6, before ; irknreiv, to 
cook]. The zymogen, or mother-substance, of pepsin, 
found in the cells of the gastric glands. 

Propeptone (pro-pep' -ton). See under Peptone. 

Propeptonuria (pro-pep-ton-u' -re-ah) \jrp6, before ; 
ttettteiv, to cook ; ovpov, urine]. The appearance of 
propeptone or hemialbumose in the urine. It may 
occur in fevers, diphtheria, or osteomalacia, or during 
medication with storax or phosphorus See Peptonuria. 

Properistoma (pro-per-is-to'-mah) \_irp6, before ; irepi, 
around; ardpa, mouth: pi. , Properistomata~\. In bi- 
ology, the thickened edge of the gastrula. 

Prcperistomal (pro-per-is-to' -mal) \jrpo, before; Kept, 
around ; aropa, mouth] . Pertaining to a properistoma. 

Properistome (pro-per'-is-tom) . Same as Properistoma. 

Preperitoneal (pro-per-it-o-ne' -al ) \jrpo, before; irepiro- 
vawv, peritoneum]. Situated in front of the peritone- 
um. P. Hernia, a hernia the sac of which extends 
in various directions within the abdominal walls. P. 
Hernia, Cruro-, of Kroenlein, a femoral hernia in 
which an additional sac exists in the cellular tissue 
of the pelvis, between the peritoneum and the abdom- 
inal wall. P. Hernia, Inguino-, of Kroenlein; one 
which protrudes outward along the fold of the groin, 
within the abdominal walls ; by the French termed 
hemie en bissac. 

Prophasis (prof'-as-is) \jrp6, before ; <pahuv,io show]. 
I. Prognosis. 2. In biology, a collective term pro- 
posed by Strasburger for the phenomena of karyoki- 
nesis up to the longitudinal splitting of the threads. Cf. 
anaphases, metaphases. 

Prophetin (prof'-et-in), C 20 H 36 O 7 . A glucosid found in 
Ecballium officinale and Cucumis prophetaru?n. 

Prophloem (pro-flo'-em) \np6, before ; tpXoiog, bark]. 
In biology, (a) the incipient rudiment or Anlage of 
phloem in a fibro-vascular bundle ; (b) a tissue in the 
sporophore of mosses resembling the phloem of higher 
plants. 

Prophragma (pro-frag' -ma h) \prp6, before; <j>paypa, 
fence, partition : //. , Prophragmata~\. In biology, an 
internal, anterior, transverse plate of the exoskeleton 
of an insect, serving for the attachment of internal 
organs. 

Prophthalmos (prof- thai' -mos). Synonym of Exoph- 
thalmos. 

Prophylactic (pro-fil-ak'-tik) [TrpotpvlXaooeiv, to keep 
guard before]. Pertaining to prophylaxis. Also, a 
medicine or agent that prevents the taking of disease. 



Prophylaxis (pro-fil-aks'-is) \jTpo$v7Jkaaauv, to keep 
guard before]. Prevention of disease ; preventive 
measures ; preventive medicine ; hygiene. 

Prophylaxy (pro'-fil-aks-e). Same as Prophylaxis. 

Prophyllum (profil'-um) \jrpo, before; (pvXAov, leaf]. 
A primitive or primary leaf. 

Prophysis (prof'-is-is). See Symblepharon. 

Propiolic Acid (pro-pe-o'-lik). See Acid. 

Propionamid (pro-pe-on' -am-id) [irpuroc, first ; wluv, 
fat ; amid], C 3 H,NO. A substitution compound of 
ammonia. 

Propione (pro'-pe-on) [-pwror, first ; tt'iuv. fat], C 5 H 10 O. 
Diethyl Ketone, a liquid obtained by the distillation 
of calcium propionate. It boils at 101 C. 

Propionic Acid ( pro-pe-on' -ik). Seep. 36. 

Proplasm (pro'-plazm) \jrp6, for ; ir'/iaaaeiv, to form]. 
A mold ; a matrix. 

Propleural (pro-plu'-ral) \jrp6, before ; wXevpa, side]. 
Pertaining to the propleura. 

Propleuron (pro-phi'-ron) [<ryjd, before; irlcvpa, side: 
pi., Propleura]. In biology, one of the prothoracic 
parameres of an arthropod. 

Proplexus (pro-pleks'-us) \_pro, before ; plexus, plex- 
us]. The choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle of 
the brain. See Paraplexus. 

Propodeum (pro -po'- de- urn) [ pro, before ; pod(ex), 
fundament : pi. , Propodea]. In biology, a part of the 
last thoracic ring of certain insects transferred during 
development from the first abdominal ring. 

Propodial ( pro -po'- de - al) \j?p6, before ; novc, foot] . 
Pertaining to the propodium. 

Propodite (prop' - o - dlt ) [irpd, before; 7rof>c, foot]. 
Same as Propodos. 

Propodium (pro-po' -de-um) \jrp6, before ; ttSvc;, foot : 
//., Propodia"]. In biology, the anterior portion of the 
foot of a gasteropod or pteropod, as distinguished 
from the mesopodium and metapodium. 

Propodos (prop'-o-dos) \_irpo, before ; ttov$, foot]. In 
biology, the sixth joint of any appendage of a crusta- 
cean ; a prognathite, propodite (Bate). Cf. protopo- 
dite, endopodite or exopodite, ischiopodite, meropodite, 
carpopodite, and dactylopodite. 

Propolis (prop' -o-lis) {papo, before; n6\ic, city]. In 
biology, a resinous substance, exceedingly tenacious, 
varying much in color, but usually a rich brown, and 
which emits a balsamic odor, used by bees both as a 
cement and as a varnish. Bees varnish their combs 
with it, applying it quite thickly on the edges of the 
cells and thin on the cell-walls ; they use it to fill up 
every crack the bottom of which they cannot reach. 
Propolis is collected in largest amounts toward the 
end of the season, from a variety of sources, e. g., the 
leaf-buds of shrubs and trees, the poplar, the alder, 
the beech, the willow, the fir, the horsechestnut, the 
hollyhock, etc. 

Propoma (pro-po'-mah) [TrpoTriveiv, to drink before]. 
A potion taken before meals. 

Propons (pro'-ponz). Synonym of Ponticulus. 

Propostscutellar (pro-post-shu-lel'-ar) \jrp6, before; 
postscutellum~\. Pertaining to a propostscutellum. 

Propostscutellum (pro-post-sku-tel'-um) [~p6, before ; 
postsculellum~\. In biology, the postscutellum of the 
pronotum. 

Proprescutal (pro-pre-sku'-tal) \_pro, before; prescu- 
tum~\. Pertaining to the proprescutum. 

Proprietary (pro-pri' -et-ar-e) \_proprietas, property]. 
Belonging to a proprietor. P. Medicine. One the 
manufacture or sale of which is controlled or limited 
by a monopoly of the sources of supply ; by a property- 
right in the trade-mark, the name, or the label; by 
a patent ; by a secret of constitution or of method of 
manufacture ; or by any other means. 



PROPTERYGIAL 



1190 



PROSLYSIS 



Propterygial ( pro-ter-ij 1 '-e-al) [np6, before ; irrepvymv, 
a little wing]. Pertaining to the propterygium. 

Propterygium ( pro-ter-ij' -e-um) \jrp6, before ; TiTep'u- 
yiov, a little wing, fin : //. , Propterygia]. In biol- 
ogy, one of the three segments of the skeleton of the 
anterior fin of a fish. Cf. Mesopterygium, Metaptery- 
gium. 

Proptoma [prop-to' -mah) [np6, before; nroua, a fall : 
//. , Proptomata\. A prolapse, or the protruding mass 
resulting from a prolapse. P. auricularum, flap ears. 
P. mammarum, a pendulous condition of the breasts. 
P. palpebrarum. Synonym of Ptosis. 

Proptosis (prop-to' -sis) [ny>o, forward ; Tirucr^f, a fall- 
ing]. A falling downward of an organ from its 
place. Prolapse. P., Entero-. See Enteroproplosis. 
P., Gastro-. See Gastroptosis. P. oculi. Syno- 
nym of Exophthalmos. P. palpebrae, ptosis. P. 
uvulae. Synonym of Staphyledema. 

Proptysis (prop'-tis-is). Synonym of Expectoration. 

Propulsion (pro-put' -shun) \_pro, before; pellere, to 
push]. The act of pushing or being pushed forward. 
It is a symptom of paralysis agitans ; as the patient 
walks there is a progressive increase in the rapidity of 
his gait, until he breaks into a run. This continues 
until he either falls or seizes a support. See Paraly- 
sis agitans and Festination. 

Propupa (pro-pu'-pah) [_pro, before; pupa, pupa]. In 
biology, that stage of insect development immediately 
preceding the pupa. 

Propygidium ( pro-pi- jid'-e-um) [rrp6, before ; ■nvyf], 
rump ; dim. iSiov : pi., Propygidia~\. In biology, the 
penultimate dorsal segment of the abdomen of certain 
insects. 

Propyl (pro' -pit) [irpuToc, first ; vkrj, matter], C 3 H 7 . 
The radicle of propane. 

Propylamin (pro-pil'-am-in) [rvparog, first ; vkq, matter; 
amin~\, C 3 H 9 N. A ptomain, isomeric with trimethyl- 
amin. There are two propylamins possible, represented 
by the formuke CH 3 .CH. 2 .CH 2 .NH 2 and (CH 3 ) 2 .- 
CH 2 . The former, or normal compound, boils at 47°- 
48° C. ; while the latter, or isopropylamin, boils at 
31.5° C. Iso-propylamin has been found among the 
distillation-products of beet-root molasses. Normal 
propylamin has been obtained from cultures of the 
bacteria of human feces, and a strongly similar basic 
substance from a cadaver. Both are non-poisonous 
liquids possessing an ammoniacal, fish-like smell. See 
Ptomains, Table of. 

Propylene (pro' -pit en) [npuroc:, first ; tt'luv, fat ; vkt), 
matter], C 3 H„. A gaseous hydrocarbon belonging 
to the series of the olefins. 

Prora (pro' -rah) [irpupa, the prow of a ship]. I. Occi- 
put. 2. In biology, prow-shaped or C-shaped, as certain 
sponge-spicules. Prorse, Sutura, the lambdoid suture. 

Proral (pro'-ral). ,See Cephalic. 

Prorenal (pro-re'-nal) [pro, for, before ; ren, the kid- 
ney]. In biology, preceding the true kidney. See 
Duct, Segmental. 

Pro re nata ( pro-re-na' -tali) [L.]. A phrase signifying 
according to the circumstances of the case. 

Prorrhesis (pror-e'-sis). Synonym of Prognosis. 

Prorsad {j>ror f -sad) [prorsum, forward]. Toward the 
anterior aspect. 

Prorsal (pror'-sal) \_prorsum, forward]. Anterior; 
forward. 

Proruption (pror-up'-sliun). Synonym of Eruption. 

Pros's Apparatus. A contrivance for making con- 
tinuous traction on the obstetric forceps, the counter- 
pressure being exerted upon the bed, that forms part 
of the apparatus. 

Prosarma (pro-sar'-mah) [Trpoaaipeiv, to take up]. In- 
gesta; anything ingested. 



Prosartema (pros-ar'-tem-ali) [Trpoadprr/fia, appen- 
dage]. In biology, the appendage connected with 
the inner side of the first joint of the first pair of an- 
tennae in macrurous crustaceans. (Bate.) 

Prosarthrosis (pros-ar-thro'-sis). Synonym of Diar- 
throsis. 

Proscapula (pro-skap'-u-lah) [pro, before ; scapula, 
shoulder-blade : pi. , Proscapuhe]. In biology, one of 
the principal parameric elements of the shoulder-girdle 
of a fish. The humerus of Cuvier, the coracoid of 
Owen, and the clavicle of later writers. 

Proscapular (pro-skap' -u-lar) \_pro, before; scapula, 
shoulder-blade]. Pertaining to the proscapula. 

Proschysis (pros' -kis-is) [npvc,, before ; x va <-£> a pour- 
ing]. Affusion. 

Proscolecine (pro-shol'-es-in) [rrpo, before; onuXr/f;, a 
worm] . Pertaining to a proscolex. 

Proscolex (pro - sko'- leks) [~po, before; anti)^, a 
worm : //., Proscolices\ In biology, the embryo of a 
cestode worm immediately after leaving the egg. It is 
a microscopic spheric or oval body provided at one pole 
with three pairs of divergent spicules by which it is 
enabled to penetrate the walls of the stomach or intes- 
tine of its host. 

Proscolla ( pros-kol'-ah) [Vpof, before ; mXKa, glue : //. , 
Proscollaf\. See Retinaculum. 

Proscutal ( pro - sku' - tal) [pro, before; scutum, a 
shield]. Pertaining to the proscutum. 

Proscutellar ( pro-sku-tel' -ar) [pro, before; scutellum, 
a little shield]. Pertaining to the proscutellum. 

Proscutellum (pro-sku-tel' -urn) [pro, before; scutel- 
lum, a little shield : pi. , Proscute/la~\. In biology, the 
penultimate piece of the pronotum of an arthropod. 

Proscutum (pro-sku'-tum) [pro, before ; scutum, a 
shield: //. , Prosctita~\. The scutum, or second piece 
of the pronotum of an arthropod. 

Prosection (pro-sek'-shun) [prosecare , to cut off from 
before]. Dissection practised by a prosector. 

Prosector (pro-sek'-tor) [pro, for; sector, cutter]. An 
officer of a medical college who prepares subjects for 
anatomic dissection, or to illustrate didactic lectures. 

Prosectorship (pro-sek' -tor-ship) [ prosecare, to cut off 
from before]. The office of a prosector. 

Prosencephal (pros -en'- sef- al). Same as Prosen- 
cephalon. 

Prosencephalic (pros - en - sef - al'- ik) [irpbq, before ; 
iynecpakot; , brain]. Pertaining to the forehead or 
forebrain; frontal. P. Arch, the neural arch of a 
frontal vertebra. 

Prosencephalon (pros - en - sef- al- o>i) [^rpdc, before ; 
kyKe<j>aXo<; , brain]. The forebrain ; that part of the 
anterior cerebral vesicle from which are developed the 
hemispheres, the callosum, the anterior commissure, 
the fornix, the septum lucidum, the anterior perforated 
space, the olfactory lobes, and the corpus striatum. 
The cavity is the prosocele. 

Prosenchyma (pros-eng' -kim-ah) [irpdf, near; iy\v\ia, 
an infusion]. In biology, a term used to designate 
the elongated, taper-pointed cells and vessels of 
plants. 

Prosenchymatous (pros-eng-kim'-at-us) [rrpoc, near ; 
eyxvua, an infusion]. Belonging or pertaining to the 
prosenchyma. 

Prosenthesis (pros - en'- thes- is) [1750c, to; evOeaig, a 
putting in, insertion]. In biology, a supplementary 
relation which the measure of the phyllotaxis adopts 
in the transition from the last leaf of one cycle to the 
first of the next. (Sachs.) 

Prosethmoid (pros-eth'-moid) [n-poc, toward; i/fl/ios, a 
sieve]. In biology, the median ethmoid bone of the 
skull of a fish. 

Proslysis (pros' -lis-is). Same as Catalysis. 



PROSOBREGMUS 



1191 



PROSTATE 



Prosobregmus (pros-o-breg'-mus) [t/jotu, forward; 
fipkyfia, bregma], Lissauer's term for a skull in 
which the angle formed between the radius hxus and 
the line joining the hormion and the bregma is be- 
tween 82° and 95. 5°. 

Prosocele (pros'-o-sel) [wpoou, forward ; nolXog, a hol- 
low]. The cavity of the prosencephalon. It is 
divided into three main divisions, a mesal cavity, the 
aula, and two lateral cavities, the paraceles, together 
with the rhinoceles (olfactory ventricles) or cavities of 
the olfactory bulbs. 

Prosodal (pros' -o-dal) \jzp6g, to; oJdc, way, road]. In 
biology, incurrent. 

Prosodiencephal (pros-o-di-en'-sef-al) \jrp6aw, for- 
ward ; (ha, through ; kyKt<pa?:og , brain]. The prim- 
ary fore-brain. 

Prosodiencephalic (pros-o-di-en-sef-al'-ik) \_-np6ou, 
forward; diencepkalmi\. Pertaining to the prosodi- 
encephal. 

Prosodus (pros' -o-dus) [rrpog, to ; bSog, way, road : 
//. , Prosodi~\. In biology, an incurrent pore ; an aditus, 
as in a sponge. 

Prosogaster ( pros-o-gas' -ter) [npoau, forward; yaarqp, 
belly]. The foregut. 

Prosognathous (pro- sog'- na -thus'). Same as Prog- 
nathic. 

Prosoma (pro-so'-mah) \jrpo, before ; aap.a, body]. 
In biology, the cephalic or anterior segment of the 
body of a mollusc or other animal. 

Prosomal (pro-so'-mal) \j>p6, before; cij/xa, body]. 
Pertaining to the prosoma. 

Prosomatic (pro-so-maf '-ik)[_irp6, before ; au/ia, body]. 
Pertaining to the prosoma. 

Prosome (pro'-som). Same as Prosoma. 

Prosopalgia ( pros-o-pal'-je-ah)\jrp6auiTov , face ; aXyog, 
pain]. Face-ache; Tic douloureux. 

Prosopalgic (pros-o-pal'-jik) [jTpoauTrov, face ; aAyog, 
pain]. Affected with prosopalgia. 

Prosopantritis (pros-op-an-tri'-tis) \_irp6auirov, face ; 
avrpov, cavity ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the frontal sinuses. 

Prosopantrum (pros-op-a7i' -truni) \_-Kp6au~ov, face ; 
avrpov, cavity]. A frontal sinus. 

Prosopectasia (pros-o-pek-ta' -se-ah) \TTp6aurrov, face ; 
iKvaoic, enlargement]. Morbid enlargement of the 
face. 

Prosoperysipelas (pros-o-per-is-ip'-el-as) \wp60wrrov, 
face ; ipva'nreAag, erysipelas]. Facial erysipelas. 

Prosoplexus (pros-o-pleks'-us) \jrp6au, forward ; plexus, 
plexus]. The choroid plexuses of the prosencephalic 
cavities, including the paraplexuses and intermediate 
portiplexuses and antiplexuses. 

Prosopocarcinoma (pros-o-po-kar-sin-o' -7nah) \_7vp6au- 
•kov, face ; napnivu/ia, carcinoma]. Carcinoma of the 
face. 

Prosopodidymus (pros - -po - did'- im - us) \np60-wnog, 
face ; SiSv/wg, double]. Same as Diprosopus. 

Prosopodiplegia (pros-o-po-di-ple'-je-aJi) [npoawnov, 
face; dis, double ; rr/Xiryij, stroke]. Bilateral facial 
palsy. 

Prosopodismorphia (pros-o-pod-is-mor' -fe-ah) . Syn- 
onym of Atrophy, Progressive Unilateral Facial. 

Prosopodynia (pros-o-po-din'-e-ah) \_-p6au-ov, face; 
06! v7), pain]. Facial pain, or neuralgia. 

Prosopography (pros-o-pog'-ra-fe) [TrpoauTiov, face; 
ypcKfieiv, to write]. The description of anyone's per- 
sonal appearance. 

Prosopology ( pros-o-pol'-o-je) [rzp6ou~ov, face ; A.6yog , 
science]. The scientific study of the countenance ; 
physiognomy. 

Prosoponeuralgia (pros-o-po-nu-ral' -je-ah). Synonym 
of Prosopalgia. 



Prosopoparalysis (pros-o-po-par-al' -is-is). Synonym 
of Prosopoplegia. 

Prosopoplegia (p/os-o- po-p/e' -je-ah) [-poownov, face • 
Tz/.t/yij, stroke]. Facial palsy. 

Prosoposalgia (pros-o-po-sal' -je-ah ). Synonym of 
Prosopalgia. 

Prosoposchisis (pros-o-pos' -kis-is ) [ npuou-Kov, face ; 
ox'«si<;, fissure]. An oblique fissure or cleft of the face 
of a fetal monstrosity. ■ It passes from the mouth to 
one of the orbits, and is usually associated with mal- 
formation of the brain. 

Prosoposis (pros-o-po'-sis) \np6au~ov, face]. Physiog- 
nomy. 

Prosopospasmos ( pros - - po - spaz' - 7110s) [rrpuaurvov, 
face ; a^aapog, spasm]. Risus sardonicus. 

Prosoposternodynia (pros - o -po - ster - no- din'-e- ah ) 
\jrpuawnov, face ; arepvov, breast ; diSvpoc, double]. A 
form of double monstrosity in which the twins are 
united by their faces and chests. 

Prosopothoracopagus (pros-o-po-tho-rak-op'-ag-us) 
\_-p6(ja>Trov, face ; Oupag, chest ; ivayog, that which 
is fixed]. A form of double fetal monstrosity in 
which the twins are united by the upper abdomen, 
chest, and faces, the spinal columns being quite sep- 
arate and distinct. 

Prosopotocia (pros-o-po-to'-se-ah) [irpdauTrov, face ; 
tokoq, birth]. Face-presentation in parturition. 

Prosoprosopus (pros-o-pros'-op-us) \jrp60u, forward ; 
TrpdouTTOv, face]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the 
line joining the nasion and the alveolar point is be- 
tween 66.5° and 78°. 

Prosopulmonate (pros - - pul'- mo -nat) [irpocu, for- 
ward ; pulmo, lung]. Having anterior pulmonary 
organs. 

Prosopylar (pros-o-pi' -lar) \jzpocu, forward ; ■kvKtj, a 
gate] . Pertaining to a prosopyle. 

Prosopyle (pros' -o-pll) [Trpoou, forward; triiAr), a 
gate]. In biology, the aperture leading from the 
exterior into an endodermal chamber in a sponge, as 
distinguished from the apopyle, which furnishes com- 
munication between the endodermal chamber and the 
paragastric cavity. 

Prosorrhinus (pros-or-i'-nus) \_np6au, forward; pig, 
nose]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the 
angle formed between the radius fixus and the line 
joining the nasion and the subnasal point is between 
66. 5 and 77°. 

Prosoterma (pros-o-ter'-mah) \jrpoGu, forward ; rep/xa, 
limit]. A lamina uniting the two halves of the fornix. 

Prosothoracopagus (pros-o-tho-rak-op' -ag-us) \jrp6au, 
forward ; dupat;, thorax ; irayog, fixed]. A double 
monstrosity with fusion of the thoraces. 

Prospegma (pros-peg' -mah) [irpocrn-r/yvvvai, to fix]. 
An inspissated mass, especially of mucus, in the anus. 

Prosphysis (pros' -fis-is) [Kpootjiveodai, to cling to]. 
Adhesion. P. palpebrarum. Synonym of Ankylo- 
blepharon. 

Prosporangium (pro-spo-ran'-je-um) \np6, before; 
OTTopog, seed; ayysTiov, vessel: pi. , Prosporangia~\. 
In biology, the rudiment or forerunner of the sporan- 
gium in the Chytridiece. 

Prostata ( pros' -tat-ah) [rrpoararr/g, prostate]. The 
prostate gland. 

Prostatalgia ( pros-lat-al' -je-ah) [irpoorarrig, prostate ; 
a?,yog, pain]. Pain in the prostate gland. 

Prostatauxe (pros-taf-awks' -e) [ wpoardrr/g , prostate ; 
av^rj, increase]. Enlargement of the prostate gland. 

Prostate, or Prostate Gland (pros' -tat) [Ttpoarari/g, 
rrp6, before; laravat, to stand]. The glandular body 
surrounding the neck of the bladder and beginning 
of the urethra. It is situated behind the symphysis 



PROSTATECTOMY 



1192 



PROSTRATION 



pubis, and upon the rectum, through which it is palpable 
when enlarged. It measures an inch and a half in 
its transverse diameter, an inch in its antero-posterior, 
and three-quarters of an inch in thickness. Its weight 
is about 6 drams. It consists of two lateral and a 
middle lobe. In structure it consists of muscular and 
glandular tissue ; a distinct capsule surrounds it. 
The prostate often becomes enlarged in advanced life, 
and may then interfere with the emptying of the 
bladder. P., Anterior, a small glandular body some- 
times found in front of Mery's glands. P., Enlarged, 
the enlargement of the prostate gland, so frequent in 
advanced life. One of the most constant symptoms 
is frequent urination, especially at night. 

Prostatectomy ( pros-tat-ek' '-to-me) \_Trpoararr)q, pros- 
tate ; EKTO/ir/, excision]. Excision of a part of the 
prostate, also known as JiJercier's Operation. 

Prostatelcosis, Prostathelcosis ( pros-tat- el- ko' -sis, 
pros-tat-hel-ko'-sis) [ Trpoffrdr^c, prostate; e'Iikugiq, 
ulceration]. Ulceration of the prostate. 

Prostatic (pros -tat'- ik) \_Trpoo-a.Tr/c, prostate]. Re- 
lating to the prostate. P. Acini, highly developed 
urethral glands, opening by several ducts on the free 
surface of the urethra. P. Calculus, a stone lodged 
in the prostate gland. P. Ducts, a number of short 
ducts opening upon the floor of the urethra, and com- 
municating with the prostate gland. P. Plexus. 
I. A collection of veins surrounding the neck and 
base of the bladder and the prostate gland. 2. A 
plexus of nerves derived from the pelvic plexus, and 
distributed to the prostate gland, seminal vesicles and 
erectile tissue of the penis. P. Sinus, a depression 
in the prostatic urethra, one on each side of the 
verumontanum, which marks the entrance of the 
prostatic ducts. P. Urethra, that portion of the 
urethra surrounded by the prostate gland. P. 
Vesicle, a small cul-de-sac situated at the middle 
of the highest portion of the crest of the urethra. It 
is the analogue of the uterus of the female, and is 
also called the uterus masculinus, the sinus pocularis 
and the utricle. 

Prostaticus (pros-tat' -ik-us). Same as Prostatic. 

Prostatitic ( pros-tat-it'-ik) [TvpoaraTi/q, prostate ; trig, 
inflammation]. Affected with prostatitis. 

Prostatitis (pros-tat-i'-tis) [irpooraTr/q, prostate; iTig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the prostate gland. 

Prostatocele (pros -tat'- o -sel ) [npooTaTijc, prostate;. 
KifKri, tumor]. An enlargement of the prostate gland, 
causing a tumor-like projection. 

Prostatocystitis ( pros-tat-o-sis-ti' -tis) |Vpo<7rdr;/c, pros- 
tate ; kvctk;, bladder; trtq, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the prostate and urinary bladder. 

Prostatolith ( pros - tat'- o - lit/i) [TpoaTd-w, prostate ; 
/U0oc,a stone]. A prostatic calculus. 

Prostatome (pros' -tat-om) [7rpo<rrdr?/c, prostate ; ropij, 
a cutting]. A cutting-instrument used in operations 
upon the prostate. 

Prostatomele (pros-tat-om'-el-e) [Kpoara.Tt]Q, prostate ; 
pifA?], probe]. A sound for exploration of the prostate 
gland. 

Prostatometer (pros-tat-om' -et-er) [Trpoordr^c, prostate ; 
ficrpov, measure]. An instrument used in measuring 
the prostate. 

Prostatoncus ( pros-tat-ong' -kits) [-poordrvc, prostate ; 
dy-Koc, tumor]. A tumor of the prostate. 

Prostatoparectasis (pros-tat- o-par-ek' -tas-is) [npoara- 
r?/f, prostate ; trapinTaaiq, a stretching]. Enlargement 
of the prostate gland. 

Prostatorrhea (pros-tat-or-e'-alt) [n-poffrdr^f, prostate ; 
poia, flow]. A thin, urethral discharge coming from 
the prostate gland in prostatitis. 

Prostatoscirrhus (pros-tat-o-skir'-us) [Trpocrrdr^f, pros- 



tate ; CKippaq, induration]. Scirrhous carcinoma of 
the prostate gland. 

Prostatotomy (pros-tat-ol'-o-me) [Trpotj-arr/t; , prostate ; 
Top.ii, a cutting]. Incision into the prostate gland. P., 
Thermo-electric, perforation of an enlarged prostate 
by means of the galvanic cautery, for the purpose 
of establishing a channel through it. 

Prosternal (pro- ster'-nal) \jfpo, before ; crkpvov, the 
breast-bone]. Pertaining to the presternum. 

Prosternidium (pro-ster-nid' -e- urn) \_~po, before ; Grip- 
vov, breast-bone]. A plaster for the chest. 

Prosternum (pro-sler'-num) [npo, before ; aripvov, the 
breast-bone: //., Prosterna"]. In biology, the sternal 
piece of the prothorax of an arthropod. 

Prostethedium (pro-steth-ed'-e-um) \jrp6, before; arij- 
6oq, breast]. See Prosternidium. 

Prostheca (pros-the' -kali) [n poo flew/, an addition, ap- 
pendage : //., Prost/iecc?]. In biology, a process on 
the mandibles of certain insects (e. g. , Stapliylinidce, 
or rove-beetles). 

Prosthecal (pros-llie'-kal) [7rpo<jfli/K7/, an addition, ap- 
pendage] . Pertaining to the prostheca. 

Prosthema (pros' -the-mali) ^TrpoaOeua, an addition, ap- 
pendage : pi., Prosthemata~\. In biology, the leaf- 
like appendage of the nose of a bat, as in Phyllorhina. 

Prosthencephalon (pros-then-sef -al-on) [xpoodev, be- 
fore ; kyKEtpaXog, the brain]. The segment of the 
brain consisting of the cerebellum and oblongata. 

Prosthesis (pros' -thes-is) [7rpdc, to; Oeotg, a placing]. 

1. Substitution of an artificial for a natural part ; re- 
placement of a missing part by an artificial substitute. 

2. The branch of surgery which is devoted to supply- 
ing by artificial means parts that are defective. P., 
Dental, the replacement of the loss of one or more 
teeth by an artificial substitute. 

Prosthetic (pros-thet'-ik) [?rpdc, to; Beats, a placing]. 
Pertaining to prosthesis, or the use of artificial substi- 
tutes to replace lost or wanting parts of the body. P. 
Apparatus, an apparatus which serves as a substitute 
for a part that is missing. P. Dentistry, the replace- 
ment of natural teeth by artificial substitutes. 

Prosthetics (pros-thet'-iks) [n-pdf, to; fleatq, a placing]. 
The branch of surgery which deals with prosthesis. 

Prosthion (pros' -the-on) [rrpoodioc;, foremost]. I. Al- 
veolar point. See Craniometric Points. 2. Penis. 

Prostitution (pros -tit- u' - slum) \_prostihttio~\. The 
condition or act of a woman who indiscriminately 
lets her body for sexual intercourse. In many of the 
countries of Europe prostitution is recognized as a 
matter for hygienic inspection, the prostitutes being 
subject to police surveillance and medical inspection. 
In the United States the existence of the evil is, in 
general, legally ignored. 

Prostoma (pro-sto'-mah) {jrpo, before ; aropa, mouth]. 
The blastopore. 

Prostomial (pro -sto'- me- al ) \_-po, before; cropa, 
mouth]. Preoral ; pertaining to the prostomium. 

Prostomiate (pro - sto'- ?ne- of) \_~po, before; ardpa, 
mouth]. Provided with a prostomium. 

Prostomium (pro-sto'-me-um) \_~po, before; ardpa, 
mouth : pi., Prostomia~\. In biology, the region in 
front of the mouth ; said of embryos or invertebrates. 

Prostrate (pros' -traf)\_pro, before; sternere, to spread]. 
Lying flat or at full length. 

Prostrated ( pros' -tra-ted) \_pro, before; sternere, to 
spread]. Exhausted ; stricken down. 

Prostration (pros-tra' -shun) \_pro, before; sternere, to 
spread]. The condition of being prostrate. Extreme 
exhaustion of nervous or muscular force. P., Nervous, 
general exhaustion from excessive expenditure of 
nervous energy. Intense mental application may 
produce it. 



PROTAGON 



1193 



PROTERANDROUS 



Protagon {pro' -tag-on) [irpaTog, first ; ayei v, to lead], 
C 160 H.. 0S N 5 PO a5 . A crystalline substance discovered, 
in nervous tissue, by Liebreich. It separates out from 
warm alcohol on gradual cooling in the form of very 
small needles, often arranged in groups; it is slightly 
soluble in cold, more soluble in hot alcohol, and in 
ether. It is insoluble in water, but swells up and 
forms a gelatinous mass. It melts at 200 C. and 
forms a brown sirupy fluid. 

Protalbumose {prdt-al'-bu-moz). Same as Protoalbu- 
mose. 

Protameba {pro-tam-e'-bah) [npuToc, first; apotfirj, 
ameba]. A genus, or perhaps only a stage of develop- 
ment, of moners, or protists, of the very simplest type. 

Protamin {pio- tarn' -in) \_-pdroq, first; amiti\, 
C 16 H 32 N 9 2 . An organic base found in the nuclein of 
the outer covering of spermatozoa. 

Protamnion {pro-tam'-ne-on\ [irporoc, first ; a/ivlov, 
amnion]. The hypothetic ancestral type of existing 
amniotic animals. 

Protamphirine {pro-tam' -fir-iti) [npuroc, first ; apcj>i, 
on both sides ; pic;, nose]. In biology, the hypo- 
thetic ancestral type of existing amphirhine animals. 

Protandric {pro-tan' -drik). Same as Protandrous. 

Protandrous {pro-tan' -dries). Same as Proterandrons. 

Protandry { pro-tan' -dre) [7rp<Jroc, first; avi/p, mate]. 
See Proterandry. 

Protarsus { pro-tar' -sns) \yxpo, before ; rapaoc, tarsus : 
//., Protarst]. In biology, the tarsus of the fore-leg 
of a six-footed insect. 

Protean {pro'-te-an) [like the ancient god Proteus']. 
Existing in many shapes ; as a protean disease, protean 
eruption. 

Protective {pro - tek' - tiv) [ pro, before ; tegere, to 
cover]. I. That which covers or protects. 2. As a 
noun, a water-proof substance, which is laid directly 
upon a wound as a part of the antiseptic dressing. 
P. Bandage. See Bandage. P. Dressing, an anti- 
septic dressing, shielding the part involved from injury 
or septic contamination. P., Green. See Protective, 
second definition. 

Proteids {pro'-te-ids) \_-Kpur6c, first]. A general term 
for the albumins and albuminoid constituents of 
the organism. They are the anhydrids of peptones, 
are colloid, non-crystallizable, and levogyrous, and are 
composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitro- 
gen in certain proportions. They are precipitated from 
solutions by alcohol and various metallic salts, and 
are coagulated by heat and mineral acids. They 
form the principal solids of the muscular, nervous, 
and glandular tissues, of the serum of the blood, of 
serous fluids, and of lymph. Proteids are divided by 
Landois into : I. The Native Albumins, comprising 
Serum-albumin, Egg-albumin, Metal-albumin, and 
Paralbumin (the last two are probably the same 
substance) ; 2. The Derived Albumins , or Albuminates, 
comprising Acid-albumin, Syntonin, Alkali albumin, 
and Casein, or Native Alkali-albumin; 3. The Glob- 
ulins, subdivided into Crystallin, the globulin of 
the crystalline lens, Vitellin, Para-globulin or Serum- 
globulin, Fibrinogen, Myosin, Globin; 4. The Fibrins ; 
5. Coagulated Proteids ; 6. Albumoses and Peptones ; 
7. Lardacein or Amyloid Substances. For the tests 
for proteids, see Xanthoproteic Reaction, Millori 's 
Reagent, PiotrowskP s Reaction, Briic&e's Reagent, 
and Adamkiewicz 's Reaction, in Tests, Table of. P., 
Defensive, certain bacteria-destroying substances, 
either existing normally in the animal economy, 
or produced therein by the process of vaccination 
or inoculation. Buchner proposes for them the 
name of alexins. Those defensive proteids that 
exist normally in the animal are termed by Hankin 



Sozins, while those that are present in artificially 
immune animals are termed Phylaxins. Alyco-sozins 
and Myco-phylaxins are sub-divisions that act by 
destroying the microbes, while Toxo-sozins and Toxo- 
pkylaxins act by destroying microbic products. 
P., Vegetal, or Vegetable, proteid substances found 
in plants, especially in seeds, closely resembling those 
in animals. They have been given the same names with 
the prefix vegetal, as, e.g., vegetal globulin, myosin, 
vitellin, casein, glutin, etc. A true peptone has not 
been found, but allied substances called albumoses, and 
divided into Alpha (a)- albumoses, Beta {ji)-albu?iioses 
and Phyta Ibumoses, have been differentiated. 
Proteiform {pro-te' -if-orm) \_Protcus, a mythical charac- 
ter that assumed various shapes; forma, a form]. 
Having various forms. See Protean. 
Proteil {pro'-te-il) [7rpwroc, first; vlrj, matter]. In 
biology, the term applied by Lankester to that definite 
chemic substance of very high complexity which is 
probably present in all protoplasm. The hypothetic 
essential basis of every variety of living matter. 
Protein ( pro'-ie-in) [Trpcoreveiv, to be first]. In biology: 
I. The term introduced by Mulder (1838) to designate 
the hypothetic compound common to all albuminoids. 
It is now loosely used to denote the whole class. Cf. 
Proteid. 2. A nitrogenous substance analogous to 
fibrin. It is formed artificially by the action of an 
alkaline hydrate on albumin, fibrin, or casein. The 
addition of acetic acid precipitates the protein as a gel- 
atinous translucent deposit. P., Anthrax, a proteid 
obtained from cultures of bacillus anthracosis. It 
resembles mykoprotein in not containing sulphur. P. 
Bodies. See Proteids. P. Granules. See Aleurone. 
P., Myco-, Nencki's term for any one of the albu- 
minous bodies contained within bacterial organisms. 
Proteinchrome, Proteinchromogen {pro'-te-in-krom, 
pro-te-in-kro' -mo-jen ) [npuroQ , first ; xP u f a > color ; 
yewav, to produce]. Tryptophan ; a substance pro- 
duced from hemi-peptone by the action of trypsin. It 
gives with chlorin or bromin a reddish -violet product, 
proteinch rome . 
Proteinol {pro'-te-in-ol") [tvpcitoc, first ; oleum, oil]. A 
form of nutritious food for infants and invalids. It 
contains proteids, fats, carbohydrates and lime-salts. 
Protembryo {pro-tem'-bre-o) [jvpurog, first ; ep.fipvnv, 
embryo]. In biology, that stage in the segmenting 
ovum of a metazoon in which it resembles the colonial 
stage of certain protozoans. 
Protembryonic {pro-tern- bre-on f -ik) [tc(i<jto(;, first; 

spjipvov, embryo]. Pertaining to the protembryo. 
Protencephalon {pro-ten-sef'-al-on ) [npuTog, first; 

kyKE(pakoc, brain]. The fore-brain. 
Protenchyma ( pro-tcng' -kim-aJt) \_~purog, first ; kyxi>/na, 
an infusion]. In biology, Nsegeli's term for all plant- 
tissues not of the fibro- vascular system {epenchymd). 
Proteolysis {pro-te-ol'-is-is) [npurevEiv, to be first; ?a-otc, 
dissolving]. In biology, the change produced in 
proteids by organized or unorganized ferments. P., 
Digestive, the decomposition of proteids during the 
process of digestion. 
Proteolytic {pro-fe-o-lit'-ik) [Tvpuroc, first ; Avaic, solu- 
tion] . Pertaining to, characterized by, or effecting, 
proteolysis. See Ferments. 
Proteoses {pro-te-o'-sez) [npa-nc, first]. The bodies 
formed in gastric digestion intermediate between the 
food proteids and the peptones, called anti-peptone, 
hemi-peptone, etc. 
Proterandrous, Protandrous ( pro-ter-an'-drus, pro- 
tan' '-drus). In biology, terms descriptive of her- 
maphrodite flowers that mature their stamens before 
the stigmas are ready to receive the pollen. P. Her- 
maphroditism. See Hermaphroditism. 



PROTERANDRY 



1194 



PROTOHEMOBLAST 



Proterandry {pro-ter-an' -dre) [■n-pdrepoc, being before-; 
avr/p, male]. In biology, the maturation of the 
stamens in a perfect flower before the pistil is suffici- 
ently mature to admit of fertilization. 

Proteranthous {pro - ter - an'- thus) [7rpd-£poc, fore ; 
avdog, flower]. In biology, flowering before leafing. 

Proterogynous {pro-ter-of '-in-us) \_-porepog, fore; yuvr/, 
female]. In biology, possessing stigmas that are first 
to mature. 

Proterogyny ( pro-ter-of -in-e) [TtporepoQ, fore ; ywf], 
female]. In biology, the maturation of the pistil of a 
perfect flower before the stamens have matured their 
pollen. 

Proteus {pro'-te-us) [L.]. A genus of microbes of the 
order of schizomycetes. See under Bacteria, Sytio- 
nymalic Table of. 

Prothallium { pro-thai' -e-um) \_pro, before ; thallus, 
a young shoot]. In biology, the thalloid oophyte or 
sexual generation of a fern or other pteridophyte, pro- 
duced by the germination of a spore and giving rise 
by means of antheridia and archegonia to the frondose 
generation. Cf. Protonema. 

Prothallus {pro-thai' -its). Same as Prothallium. 

Prothelmis {pro - theV - mis) [7rp6Jroc, first: sAfitc, a 
worm]. In biology, a hypothetic ancestral worm, 
having a structure homologous to the four-layered 
germ of metazoans. 

Prothesis {proth' -es-is) [;rpd, for ; dkaic, a placement]. 
Synonym of Prosthesis. P. ocularis, an artificial eye. 

Prothetic {pro-thet'-ik). Synonym of Prosthetic. 

Prothoracic {pro- tho - ras'- ik) \jrp6, before; Oupai;, 
breast]. Pertaining to the prothorax. 

Prothoracotheca {pro-tho-rak-o-the' -kali) \jrp6, before; 
Oupai, breast; dijKrj, a case: //. , Prothoracothecaf\. 
In biology, that part of a pupa-case inclosing the pro- 
thorax. 

Prothorax {pro-tho'-raks) [j<p6, before ; dupa^, breast]. 
In biology, the most anterior of the three thoracic 
somites of an insect. 

Prothrorubin { pro-thro-ru' -bin) . One of the bodies 
which influence the breaking up of cystin and favor 
coagulation of the blood. (Schmidt.) 

Prothyalosoma {pro-thi-al-o-so'-mah) [jzpuToc, first; 
vaAoc, glass; ad/ia, body: pi. , Prothyalosomata~\. 
The name proposed by van Beneden (1883) for the 
envelop of the nucleolus of an ovum. 

Prothyalosomal {pro-thi-al-o-so' -mal) \jrp(JTo<;, first ; 
i/aAof, glass ; o£>/j.a, body]. Pertaining to the pro- 
thyalosoma. 

Protiodid {prot-i' -o-did) [jrpwroc, first ; 'luSi/c, like a 
violet]. One of a series of salts in which the 
metal or radicle fixes, relatively, the smallest proportion 
of iodin, e.g., Protiodid of Mercury, Hg 2 I 2 , in 
contradistinction to the biniodid, Hg I 2 . 

Protist {pro'-tist ) \_protiston ; Trpunoroc, the very 
first]. Any unicellular organism. Any protophyte, 
or protozoon ; a microorganism. 

Protista { pro-tis' -tah) \_pl., superlative of nparoc, first]. 
In biology, the name proposed by Hreckel (1868) for 
those lower organisms which are not readily referred 
to the plant or animal kingdom. See Oozoa. 

Protmesis {prot-me'-sis). Synonym of Umbilicus. 

Proto- {pro'-to-) [-pij-oc, first]. A prefix signifying 
first. 

Protoalbumose {pro-to-al'-bu-mbz). See Albumose. 

Protoblast { pro' - to - blast) [-paroc, first; ftlaardg, 
germ]. 1. A cell without a distinct cell- wall. 2. 
The nucleus of the ovum. (Villot.) 

Protoblastic {pro-to-bias' -tik) [7rpwroc, first ; (iXaar6g, 
germ]. See Holoblastic. 

Protocaseose {pro-to-ka'-ze-oz) [npu-oc, first ; caseum, 
cheese]. The first product of the digestion of casein. 



Protocatechuic Acid {pro-to-kat-e-chu' -ik) [Trporoc, 
first; catechii\. Dioxy-benzoic acid. See Acid. It 
sometimes occurs in urine. P. aldehyd. See Aldehyd. 

Protocercal (pro-to-ser' -kal) \jvpi>Toc, first; nepnoc, 
tail]. In biology, having a tail-fin of primitive type. 

Protocere {pro' -to-ser) \jcpuToc, first ; Ke pac, horn]. In 
biology, the rudimentary antler of a deer. 

Protocerebral ( pro-to-ser' -e-bral ) [t/jutoc, first ; cere- 
brum, cerebrum]. Pertaining to the protocerebrum. 

Protocerebrum ( pro-to-ser 1 -e-brum) [Trpwroc, first ; 
cerebrum, cerebrum]. The embryonic rudiment or 
vesicle from which the cerebrum is evolved. 

Protochlorid (pro-to-klo'-rid) \npoToq, first; ^/Iwpoc, 
green]. One of a series of salts in which the metal 
or radicle fixes, relatively, the smallest amount of 
chlorin, e. g., the Protochlorid of Mercury, Hg 2 Cl 2 . 

Protococcus {pro-to-kok'-us) {jipurog, first ; kohkoc, 
berry]. A genus of unicellular algse. 

Proto-compound {pro-to-ko/n'-poivnd) [-poroc, first : 
ME., compounen, to mix or compound]. A salt in 
which the metal or radicle fixes, relatively, the smallest 
proportion of the acid element. See Protiodid and 
Protochlorid. 

Proto-conch { pro' -to-kongk) [n-puroc, first ; noyxi, a 
mussel, shell]. In biology, the primitive type of shell 
in an ammonoid cephalopod. 

Protoconchal {pro-to-kong' -kal) [7rpwroc, first ; Koyxw, 
a mussel]. Pertaining to the protoconch. 

Protocone {pro' -to-kon) \_-purog, first (jrpo, before, an- 
terior) ; iubvoQ, cone]. In biology, the anterior, inter- 
nal cusp of an upper molar. 

Protoconid {pro-to-ko'-nid) [rrpurog, first {^po, before, 
anterior) ; kuvoc, cone]. In biology, the anterior 
internal cusp of a lower molar. 

Protoconule {pro-to-kon'-iil) \jrpa-oc, first (irpo, be- 
fore, anterior; kcwoc;, cone]. In biology, the anterior 
intermediate cusp of an upper molar. 

Protodont {pro' -to-dont) \npuroc, first; b5ov<;, tooth]. 
A simple molar tooth in which the cusps are not well 
defined. 

Proto-elastin { pro-to-e-las' -tin) [-puroc, first ; elastin\ 
A chemic substance obtained by Frenzel from the 
cuticula of gregarinae. 

Proto-elastose {pro-to-e-las' -toz) \_TTpurog, first ; ekavv- 
elv, to urge forward]. Hemi-elastin ; one of the pro- 
ducts of digestion of elastin. It is precipitable by 
saturation with sodium chlorid. 

Protogala {pro-tog' -al-ah). Synonym of Colostrum. 

Protogaster {pro-to-gas' -ter) [-pwroc, first ; yaarrip, 
stomach]. In biology, the primitive intestinal cavity 
of a gastrula or two-layered germ. 

Protogastric {pro-to-gas' -trik) [~p<iroc, first; yaarfjp, 
belly]. Pertaining to the protogaster. 

Protogenal { pro-toj'-en al) [Tpwroc, first; yevfc, pro- 
duced]. Primitive ; original ; first-born. 

Protogenesis {pro-to-jen' -es-is) [-purot;, first ; yiveais, 
generation]. See Abiogenesis. 

Protogenetic {pro-to-jen-ef -ik) [-poroc, first ; ykveaic, 
genesis]. Pertaining to protogenesis. 

Protogenic {pro-to-jen' -ik) [rrpijToc, first; yex'fc, pro- 
duced]. In biology, applied to intercellular spaces 
formed at the time the tissues are beginning to differ- 
entiate. 

Protoglobulose {pro - to - gloV - u - loz) [-porof, first ; 
globulus, a ball]. One of the primary products of the 
digestion of globulin. 

Protogynous {pro-tof '-in-us) [rrpuroc, first; ywf/, fe- 
male]. Pertaining to protogyny. 

Protogyny {pro-tof -in-e) \_Tvpuroc, first ; yvvij, female]. 
See Proterogyny . 

Protohemoblast { pro-to-hem' -o-blast) [irpuro^, first; 
atfia, blood ; jiAaaroc, sprout]. The hemoglobin cell. 



PROTOIODID 



1195 



PROTOPODITE 



Protoiodid (pro-to-i' -o-did). Synonym of Protiodid. 

Protokollagen ( pro-to-kol' -aj-en) \jzpuroc, first ; KoX?.a, 
glue; yetrvav, to produce]. A substance isolated by 
Frenzel from gregarinrt. Cf. Proto-elastin. 

Protoleucyte (pro - to - lit'- sit) \_-puruc, first ; /leu/cdr, 
white ; Kvroq, a cell]. In biology, the name given 
by Salensky to the formative portion of the ovum, in 
which the finely granular protoplasm predominates, as 
distinguished from the deutoleucyte, in which the vitel- 
line granules are most abundant. 

Protoleukocyte (pro-to-lu' -ko-sit)\jvpidToq , first; 7i.evK.6q, 
white; hvtoc, cell]. One of the minute lymphoid 
cells found in the red bone-marrow and also in the 
spleen. 

Protomala (pro - to - ma' - /ah) [rrpCirog, first ; mala, 
mandible : pi., Protomalce\. See Promala. 

Protomalal (pro - to - ma'- lal) [/rpwroc, first; mala, 
mandible]. Pertaining to the protomala. 

Protomeristem (pro-to-mer'-is-tem) [-pw-oc, first; 
p-ipoc, a part] . See Meristem, Primary. 

Protomerite (pro-torn' -er-il) [nyxjroc, first; fiepoc, a 
part]. In biology, the anterior of the two cells of a 
septate gregarine, as distinguished from the posterior 
cell, the deutomerite(q. v.). If it bear a proboscis, or 
epimerite, the organism is spoken of as CepAalont. 

Protomeritic (pro-to-mer-it'-ik) \_npuroc, first; fispoc, 
a part]. Pertaining to a protomerite. 

Protomorphic (pro-to-mor'-fh) [npuruc, first ; fioptprj, 
form]. In biology, of a primitive or original form or 
structure. 

Protomyosinose (pro-to-mi-os'-in-oz) [Trpuror, first ; 
five, muscle]. A primary product of the digestion of 
myosin. 

Proton (pro' -ton) [/rpuroc, first]. A term suggested 
by Wilder to designate the primitive, undifferentiated 
mass or rudiment of a part. It is the equivalent of 
the words Anlage and fundament as employed by 
Minot and Mark respectively. 

Protonema (pro-to-ne' -mall ) [irpuroc, first ; vij/ia, a 
thread]. In biology, a colorless, confervoid or fila- 
mentous structure produced from the germinating 
spore and forming one stage in the life-history of a 
moss. Upon it the leafy plant containing chlorophyl 
arises as a lateral shoot. Cf. Prothattium. 

Protonemal ( pro-to-ne' -mal) [rvpuroc, first; vf/pa, a 
thread]. Pertaining to the protonema. 

Protonematoid (pro - to - ne'- mat - old ) (VpS-roc, first ; 
vijfia, a thread ; cldoc, like]. In biology, resembling 
a protonema. 

Protoneme (pro'-to-nem). Same as Protonema. 

Protonephric (pro-to-nef'-rik ) [Tipuroc, first ; vefpdr, 
kidney]. Pertaining to the protonephron. 

Protonephrium (pro -to - nef- re-um). Synonym of 
ProtonepAron. 

Protonephron (pro-to-nef ' -ron) fVporoc, first ; ve<j>poc, 
kidney]. The pronephron, metanephron, and meso- 
nephron taken together ; the Wolffian body in its 
largest extent ; the primitive or embryonic kidney. 
Cf. PronepAron, Mesonephron, Metanephron, Okenian 
Body, Wolffian Body. 

Protonucleate (pro-to-nu' -kle-at) \jrparoc, first; nu- 
cleus, nucleus]. Exhibiting the. first signs of nuclea- 
tion. 

Proto-organism (pro-to-or'-gan-izm) [npuroq, first; 
bpyavav, organ]. A microorganism; a protozoan or 
protophyte ; a protist. 

Protopathia (pro-to-path' '-e-ah). See Protopathy. 

Protopathic (pro-to-path 1 '-ik) \_7tpuroc, first; -kqBoc, 
disease]. Primary; relating to the first lesion. Op- 
posed to deuteropathic. 

Protopathy (pro-top' -ath-e) [Ttpuroc, first ; irddog, dis- 
ease]. A primary disease. 



Protopepsia (pro-to-pep' '-se-ah ) \_Kpioroc, first ; tt£ittsiv^ 
to cook]. A primary process of digestion, as that of 
starches by the saliva. 

Protophloem (pro-to-flo' '-em) [jtpuTuc, first ; ffotog, 
bark]. See Propkloem. 

Protophyte (pro' -to-fit) \jrpuToc, first ; (jivrov, plant]. 
Any plant of the lowest and most primitive type. The 
Sckizomycetes , or bacteria (a. v.), may be classed as 
protophytes, with other low vegetable forms. The 
protophytes have no visible reproductive organs. 

Protophytic (pro-to-ft'-i/c) [Trporoc, first ; <j>vtov, plant]. 
Pertaining to a protophyte. 

Protopin (pro'-to-pin) \jrpuroc, first; bmov, opium], 
C 20 H 19 NO 5 . An alkaloid obtained from opium. 

Protoplasts (pro-to-pla'-sis) [wporoc, first ; nlaaoEiv, to 
form]. The primary formation of tissue. 

Protoplasm (pro'- to - plazm) [npuroc, first ; irXaopa, 
anything formed or molded]. In biology, the slimy 
material constituting the substance of living plant and 
animal cells, the chemic and physical properties of 
which underlie all the vital functions of nutrition, secre- 
tion, growth, reproduction, irritability, motility, etc. 
The word is not now applied to a definite compound, 
but rather to the physical appearance always found in 
living cells ; the actual chemic composition varying 
from cell to cell, from organism to organism, from mo- 
ment to moment. Underlying all this diversity there 
seems to be one definite chemic basal substance — 
proteil — a complex molecule derived from various alde- 
hyds, glycols, and ketones, in combination with a 
number of chemic substances, some of them on the 
way up to the highest point, some on the downward 
path. Hugo von Mohl was the first to employ the 
word protoplasm (1846) in his description of the sub- 
stance which is essential to the formation and develop- 
ment of plant-cells. Max Schultze (1861) demon- 
strated the identity of this with the essential substance 
of animal cells, called Sarcodeby Dujardin (1835), an 
identity which had been suggested by Schwann as early 
as 1839, and by Cohn in 1850. When highly mag- 
nified the protoplasm of most cells appears as a net- 
work (spongioplasm, reticulum) , containing a more 
fluid substance (hyaloplasm, or enchylema) in its 
meshes. P., Mother. Synonym of Germ-plasm. 

Protoplasma (pro-to-plaz'-mah) [Trparoc, first ; irkacfia, 
anything molded]. See Protoplasm. 

Protoplasmal (pro-to-plaz'-mal). Same as Protoplas- 
mic. 

Protoplasmatic (pro-to- plaz-mat' -ik). Synonym of 
Protoplasmic. 

Protoplasmic (pro-to-plaz' -mik) [7rporoc, first ; nXda- 
aeiv, to mold]. Pertaining to protoplasm. 

Protoplast (pro' - to - plast) [npiJTor, first; irlaaroc, 
formed, molded]. In biology: (a) The entire un- 
specialized organic cell. See under Heredity, (b) 
The primitive type, or original, of some organic being. 

Protoplastic (pro-to-plas'-tik) [7rpuror, first ; nAaaaeiv, 
to form]. Synonym of Protoplasmic. Applied also 
to a solution for determining the influence of the blood- 
plaques upon the coagulation of blood. P. Liquid, 
Schmidt's ; its preparation is as follows : One part 
of blood is allowed to flow into 3 parts of a 28 per 
cent, watery solution of magnesium sulphate at 0° C. 
This is well stirred and allowed to stand until sedi- 
mentation of the corpuscular elements has taken place. 
The supernatant liquid is then drawn off and filtered at 
o°C. 

Protopodial (pro-to-po'-de-al) [ npuroc, first; iroiic, 
food]. Pertaining to a protopodium. 

Protopodite (pro-top' -o-dit) [TrpcJroc, first; ttovc, foot]. 
In biology, the shaft or stem of a biramose limb of a 
crustacean, as distinguished from the inner branch 



PROTOPODITIC 



1196 



PROTRUSIO 



(endopodite) and the outer branch (exopodite) ; or a 
third division added in appendages concerned in res- 
piration (epipodite). 

Protopoditic (pro- to -po - dit'-ik) [wpoiroc, first; novg, 
foot]. Pertaining to a protopodite. 

Protopodium (pro-to-po'-de-um) [Trporof, first; jrouc, 
foot: pi. , Protopodia\ In biology, the primitive or 
typical podium or foot of a mollusc. 

Protoproteose (pro-to-pro 1 '-te-oz) \jrpwToc, first; proteose]. 
A white powder, readily soluble in water, yielding a 
slightly turbid fluid. 

Protopsyche (pro-to-si'-ke) [nparog, first; ipvxv, soul]. 
In biology, Haeckel's term for the fore-brain. Cf. 
Psyche. 

Protopterous ( pro-top' -ter-ns) [npurog, first ; irrtpov, 
wing]. In biology, having a simple or primitive type 
of limb. 

Protopterygium (pro - to - ter - if'- e - um) [Trpuroc, first ; 
TTTcpv^, fin]. In biology ; the anterior osseous piece 
joining the pectoral fin of fishes to the pectoral arch. 

Protoquinamicin ( pro -to - /twin - am'- is - in) [ npuroc, 
first; Sp. , quina, bark ; amin], C n H 20 N 2 O 2 . A sub- 
stance which is obtained when quinamin sulphate is 
heated to 120 C. 

Protosalt (pro'-to-sazvlt) [/rpuror, first ; ME., salt, salt]. 
In chemistry, that one of two or more compounds of 
a metal with an acid which contains relatively the 
least quantity of metal. 

Protosoma (pro-to-so'-viah) Trpwrof, fish; aupa, body]. 
In embryology, a large oval spot in the center of the 
transparent area of the blastoderm, and representing 
the primitive stage in the development of the embryo. 

Protosomite (pro-to-so' '-mit)\_TTp£)Toc, first ; aupa, body]. 
In biology, a rudimentary somite or segment in a worm 
or arthropod. 

Protosomitic (pro-to-so-mit'-ik) [nptbroc, first; au/ua, 
body]. Primitively segmented ; pertaining to a proto- 
somite. 

Protospasm (pro'- to - spazm) Trpiirof, first; anappdc, 
spasm]. A spasm beginning in one limb and extending 
to the other on the same side, to the head, or to the en- 
tire half of the body. It may become general 

Protospermatoblast (pro-to-sper' -mat-o-blast) [rcpuroc, 
first; anepixa, seed; /J/lacrdc, bud, sprout, shoot]. 
In biology, one of the "small cells," or "parent 
cells " (Samenslammzellen, Stammzellen, of German 
writers), forming part of the layer of cells next the 
tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules and from 
which arise the spermatoblast, and finally spermato- 
zoa. 

Protospore ( pro' -to-spor) [irpu-or, first; anopnc, seed]. 
A primary spore or seed from which a prothallus or 
similar body is developed. 

Protostoma (pro - tos'- to - malt ) \_wpoiroc, first ; ordpa, 
mouth: //. , Protostomata~\. In biology, the primitive 
opening of the gastrula-sac, formed by the invagina- 
tion of the blastula. It is also termed the Anus of 
Kusconi. 

Protosulphate (pro- to- sul'-fat) [irpaTor, first; sul- 
phur, sulphur]. The one of a series of sulphates 
which contains relatively the smallest amount of sul- 
phuric acid. 

Prototergite ( pro - to - ter'- jit ) [irpuroc , first ; tergum, 
back]. In biology, the first dorsal segment of the 
abdomen of insects. 

Protothallus (pro- to-thai' -us) [irpuroc, first ; 6a\16c , a 
young shoot: pi. , Protothalli\ In biology: (a) 
Same as Prothallium. (b) Same as Hypothallus. 

Protothorax (pro-to-tho'-raks) {jpurnc, first ; 8upa^, 
thorax]. Same as Prothorax. 

Prototypal (pro-to-ti'-pal) [7rpuroc, first ; tvkoc, type]. 
Pertaining to a prototype. 



Prototype (pro'- to - tip) [Trpuroc, first; t'vtzoc, type]. 
A model after which something is copied. 

Prototypembryo (pro-to-tip-em' -bre-o) [Vp<jroc, first ; 

■ Tviroc, type ; ipiipvov, embryo]. A late stage of 
the embryo which exhibits the essential characters of 
the group to which it belongs. 

Protoveratrin (pro-to-ver-at'-rin) [-poroc, first ; vera- 
trum, hellebore], C 32 H 5I NO n . A very poisonous 
alkaloid derived from veratrin. 

Protovertebrse (pro - to - ver' '- te - ire) [irpcjroc, first; 
vertebra, vertebra]. A bastard word applied to any 
one of the few pairs of small, dark bodies, separated 
by lighter interspaces, on either side of the dorsal axis 
of the embryo. They were formerly thought to be 
the primitive vertebrae, but are now recognized as 
muscle-plates or myotomes. They are of mesoblastic 
origin. See Segment, Primitive. 

Protovertebral (pro-to-ver'-te-bral) [Vo-wrof, first; ver- 
tebra, vertebra]. Pertaining to the protovertebrse. 
P. Somites. See Protovertebrce . 

Protovum (pro-lo'-vum) [npuror, first ; uov, egg: //. , 
Protova]. In biology, an ovum or ovule at its most 
primitive stage. 

Protoxid (pro- toks'- id) [nparoc, first; of if, sharp]. 
The one of a series of oxids of a metal or radicle 
which contains relatively the smallest proportion of 
oxygen. 

Protoxylem (pro - to - zi' - lem) [Trpuroc, first; %i<?.ov, 
wood]. In biology, the first-formed elements of the 
xylem of a bundle. 

Protozoa (pro-to-zo'-ah) [-purof, first; [cjov, animal]. 
The lowest class of the animal kingdom, comprising 
organisms which consist of simple cells or colonies of 
cells, and which possess no nervous system, and no 
circulatory organs. Within recent years the study of 
the lower forms of animal life in relation to disease 
has been diligently pursued, and evidence is constantly 
accumulating in favor of the view that certain diseases 
of animals and of man are produced by protozoa. 
For the parasitic protozoa of man and domestic ani- 
mals see the following genera under Parasites (Ani- 
mal), Table of: — Amoeba, Balantidium, Balbiania, 
Bodo, Biitschlia, Cercomonas, Coccidium, Cystomonas, 
Cytospermium, Dasytricha, Diplodinium, Eimeria, 
Entodinium ,Globidium, Gregarina , Hamoplasmodium, 
Herpetomonas, Heteromita, Megastoma, Microsporidia, 
Miescheria, Monas, Monocercomonas, Ophryoscolex, 
Polimitus, Rhophalocephalus, Sarcocystis, Trichomonas, 
Trypanosoma . 

Protozoal, Protozoan (pro-to-zo'-al, pro-to-zo'-an) 
[7rpuroc, first ; CiJov, animal]. First, lowest, primitive. 

Protozoon (pro-to-zo'-on) [npuror, first; (cJov, animal]. 
One of the Protozoa. 

Protractile (pro-trah'-til) [pro, before ; trahere, to 
draw]. Capable of being protruded or thrust out. 

Protraction (pro-trak'-shun) [pro, before; trahere, to 
draw]. Extraction, as of foreign bodies from wounds. 

Protractor (pro-trak' -tor) [ pro, before ; trahere, to 
draw]. I. A surgical instrument used for drawing 
extraneous bodies from wounds. 2. A mathematic 
instrument employed in measuring angles and recording 
them on paper. 3. A muscle that draws forward. 

Protrahens (pro-trah'-enz) [L. ]. A drawing forward. 
P. auriculae, a muscle drawing the pinna forward. 
It is known, also, as the Attrahens aurem. See Jl/i/scles, 
Table of. P. lentis, the ciliary muscle of the eye. 

Protrude (pro-trud') [protrudere, to thrust forward]. 
To thrust forward or to be thrust forward. 

Protrusile (pro-tru'-zil). Synonym of Protractile. 

Protrusio (pro-tru'-ze-o) [L.]. Synonym of Protrusion. 
P. enorbitalis, protrusion of the orbit and the eye. 
P. exorbitalis, P. oculi. Synonym of Exophthalmos. 



PROTRUSION 



1197 



PRURITUS 



Protrusion (pro-tru'-zhun) [protrudere, to thrust for- 
ward] . The act of thrusting forward ; also the state 
of being thrust forward. 

Protrusor (pro - tru' - zor) \_protrudere, to thrust for- 
ward]. Anything protruded, or which protrudes. P. 
labii inferioris, the corrugator muscle of the lower 
lip. P. linguae. Synonym of Genio-glossus. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Protuberance (pro-tu'-ber-ans) \_protuberantia ; pro, 
forward; tuber, a swelling]. A knob-like projecting part. 
P., Annular. Synonym of Pons varolii. P., Cerebral: 
I. Synonym of Pons varolii. 2. The prominence 
formed by the upper or anterior of the cerebral flex- 
ures of the embryo. P., External Occipital, the 
central prominence on the outer surface of the flat por- 
tion of the occipital bone. P., Frontal : I. The prom- 
inence of the frontal bone. 2. The prominence formed 
by the lower of the two flexures of the cephalic end 
of the embryo. P., Inferior Maxillary, in the 
embryo, a prominence formed on each side by a 
division of the first pharyngeal arch, and representing 
the rudiments of the lower jaw. P., Internal Occipi- 
tal, a slight central prominence on the inner surface of 
the tabular portion of the occipital bone. P., Lateral 
Frontal, an elevation on either side of the frontal 
prominence of the embryo. P., Mental. A syn- 
onym of Prominence, Mental. P., Natiform, the 
nates of the corpora quadrigemina. P., Occipital. 
See P. , External Occipital, and P. , Internal Occipital. 
P., Parietal, the eminence of the parietal bone, situ- 
ated near the sagittal suture. P., Superior Maxil- 
lary, a prominence formed on each side of the em- 
bryo by a division of the first pharyngeal arch. 

Protuberantia (pro-tu-ber-an' -she-ah) [L.]. Synonym 
of Protuberance. P. basilaris, P. cerebralis. Syn- 
onyms of Pons. P. laryngea. Synonym of Pomum 
adaini. P. scleralis, a small prominence of the sclera 
posteriorly, below the entrance of the optic nerve. 

Protuberate (pro-tu'-ber-at) \_protuberare , to swell 
out]. To swell, or become prominent, as the navel. 

Protureter ( pro-tu-re' -ter) \irpu-oc, first; ovpoTj, urine]. 
A primitive ureter, or excretory duct of a protonephron. 

Protyle (pro-ti'-le) [Trpuroc, first ; v%ij, matter]. I. In 
biology, the hpyothetic primal substance from which 
all living matter is supposed to be derived ; also 
called biod, biogen, zoether, psychoplasm. 2. Syn- 
onym of Methyl. 

Protylic (pro-til'-ik) [irpGirog, first ; vXrj, matter]. Per- 
taining to or derived from protyl. 

Proud Flesh. A popular term for the sprouting of an 
inflamed area ; granulations. Also, any fungous 
growth. 

Provan's Paste. A . paste used in the treatment of 
eczema. Its formula is : Tragacanth and glycerin, 
each 4 drams ; sodium borate, % dram ; distilled 
water, a sufficient quantity. Apply during the day 
and wash off at night. 

Proventricular (pro - ven - trik' - u - lar) [ pro, before ; 
ventriculus , dim. of venter, stomach]. Pertaining to 
the proventriculus. 

Proventriculus (pro - ven - trik' -u - his) [pro, before ; 
ventriculus, dim. of venter, stomach : pi. , Proventric- 
uli~\. In biology : (a) the glandular or true stomach 
of birds, between the crop and the gizzard ; (b) the 
first stomach of an insect. 

Proximad ( proks' - im -ad) [ proximus, nearest]. 
Toward the proximal end or point of attachment. 

Proximal ( proks'-im-al ) [ proximus, next to]. Situated 
at or nearest to the attached extremity of an appen- 
dage ; thus, the proximal end of the arm is at the 
shoulder. Proximal is also made to include central, 
a. v., by some writers. See the opposite, Distal; 



also Position and Direction, Table of. P. Clot. See 
Clot. 

Proximate ( proks' -im-at) \_ proximus, nearest]. Next; 
immediate. P. Cause, the immediate cause of any 
change. P. Principle, "any substance, whether 
simple or compound, chemically speaking, which 
exists under its own form, in the animal solid or 
fluid, and which can be extracted by means which 
do not alter or destroy its chemical properties." 
(Dalton.) 

Proximen (proks' -im-en) [ proximus, nearest]. Be- 
longing to the proximal aspect in itself. 

Pruinescence (pru-in-es'-ens) \_pruina, hoar-frost]. 
In biology, the condition of being pruinose. 

Pruinose, Pruinous (pru'-in-bz, pru'-in-us) \_pruina, 
hoar-frost]. In biology, applied to leaves or other 
organs that appear as if covered with hoar-frost. 

Prune (prim) [prunum, a plum]. See Prunum and 
Pigments, Conspectus of. P. -juice Expectoration, 
a peculiar blood-containing sputum, of a dark purple 
color, resembling prune-juice. It is met with in low 
forms of croupous pneumonia, in gangrene and in 
carcinoma of the lung. 

Prunella (pru-nel'-ah) [L., a disorder of the throat]. 
I. Sore-throat. 2. Thrush. 3. Angina pectoris. 

Pruniform (pru'-niform) [ prunum, a plum ; forma, 
form]. Plum-shaped ; having the appearance of a plum. 

Prunin (prun'-in) [primus, plum-tree]. A solid sub- 
stance, prepared by evaporating the tincture and pow- 
dering the extract of Prunus virginiana. It is pale- 
brown in color, and has a characteristic odor. It is 
stimulant and expectorant. Dose I to 5 grains. 

Prunum (pru'-num) [L.]. Prune. The fruit of P. 
domestica, native toW. Asia. It is laxative and nutri- 
tious. Dose indefinite. 

Prunus (pru'-nus) [L.]. A genus of rosaceous trees. 
P. virginiana. Wild cherry. In pharmacy, the 
bark of Prunus serotina. It contains amygdalin, tan- 
nic acid, emulsin, and a bitter extractive. Amygdalin 
in watery solution with emulsin is decomposed into 
hydrocyanic acid and a volatile oil. Wild cherry is 
aromatic and feebly tonic ; it is largely used in pulmon- 
ary tuberculosis to quiet the cough and to calm the 
nervous system ; also in coughs of bronchitis. It is an 
ingredient of various proprietary cough-mixtures. Dose 
of the bark gss-j ; of the fid. ext. 3ss-j ; of a 4 per 
cent, infusion J ss-ij ; of a 12 per cent, syrup 
3J-iv. P. virginiana (true). See Choke Cherry. 

Prurient (pru'-re-ent) \_prurire, to itch]. Itching; 
sensual. 

Pruriginous (pru-rij' -in-us) [prurire, to itch]. Per- 
taining to or like prurigo. 

Prurigo (pru-ri'-go) \_prurire, to itch]. I. A chronic 
inflammatory skin-disease developing in childhood, 
and characterized by an eruption of pale, discrete 
papules, attended with severe itching. The papules 
are at first of the size of hempseed, more easily felt 
than seen, but soon become darker and covered by 
crusts of blood or serum, due to scratching. The usual 
sites are the extensor surfaces of the limbs. 2. Pru- 
ritus, a. v. P. adolescentium. Synonym of P. 
cEstivalis. P. aestivalis, summer prurigo ; a form 
of relapsing bullous eruption allied to the vesicular 
erythemata, and occurring in summer only. P. 
agria, a very severe form of prurigo. P. ferox, a 
severe type of prurigo. P. mitis, a mild type of 
prurigo. P. partialis, prurigo limited to a part of 
the body. P. pediculosis, pruritus due to pedicu- 
losis. 

Pruritic (pru-rit'-ik) \_prurire, to itch]. Itching. 

Pruritus (pru-ri'-tus) [prurire, to itch]. An im- 
portant neurosis of the skin, characterized by the 



PRUSSAK'S CHAMBER 



1198 



PSEUDANTITROPY 



single symptom of itching, occurring either over the 
entire cutaneous surface, or limited to certain regions. 
The itching may be more or less constant, but is 
likely to occur in paroxysms, and is usually worse at 
night. It is not dependent upon any primary struc- 
tural lesion of the skin, but excoriations and thicken- 
ing result from the scratching. P. analis, P. ani, 
itching around the anus. P. consensualis, eczema 
the result of disturbances of internal organs. P. 
flavescens. Synonym of Eczema impetiginosum. 
P. hidroa. Synonym of Miliaria. P. hiemalis, 
a form following exposure to cold, or existing only 
in winter, especially in dry climates. P. localis, 
pruritus limited to a part of the body. P. opii, 
the itching that sometimes supervenes upon the 
administration of opium. P. porcellanea. Synonym 
of Urticaria. P. senilis, the pruritus -of the aged, 
often due to degenerative changes in the skin. P. 
universalis, general itching of the surface of the 
body. P. vulva, itching around the vulva. This, it 
should not be forgotten, is sometimes due to diabetes. 

Prussak's Chamber. Same as P. 's Space. P.'s Fibers, 
two short, tightly-stretched striae extending from the 
tip of the short process of the malleus to the notch of 
Rivinus. P.'s Space, a small space lying above the 
short process of the malleus, and bounded externally 
by Shrapnell's membrane. 

Prussian (prush' '-an) [Prussia, Prussia]. Of, or per- 
taining to, Prussia. P. Blue, the ferrocyanid of iron, 
largely used in the arts as a dye and pigment ; it was 
formerly used as a febrifuge, tonic, alterative, and anti- 
epileptic. Dose gr. iij-v. Unof. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. P. Brown, P. Green. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. P. Red. Same as Venetian Red. 

Prussiate (prus / -e-dt) [Prussia, Prussia]. A salt of 
prussic, or hydrocyanic acid. 

Prussic (prus'-ik) [Prussia, Prussia]. Pertaining to 
Prussian blue. P. Acid. See Acid, Hydrocyanic. 

Prussine (prus'-in). Synonym of Cyatiogen. 

Psalidium (sal-id' -e-uni). Synonym of Psalis. 

Psalidoma (sal-id-o' '-mail) [ Tpa?ii6u/J.a, arch]. The 
ental surface of the skull. 

Psalis (sa'-lis) \_>paXiq, arch]. The fornix of the cere- 
brum. 

Psalistoma (sal-is' -to-mak) [tpali^, scissors; aropa, 
mouth]. In biology, the cutting margin of the man- 
dible of an arthropod. (Bate.) 

Psalloid (sal' -old) [ipaX'Aeiv, to play on a stringed in- 
strument ; eifiog, form]. Lyriform ; resembling the 
lyra of the brain. 

Psaloid (sa'-loid) [ipalic, an arch; eZrfoc, like]. Re- 
sembling an arch. 

Psalterial (sazvl-te' -re-al) [^laXTT/piov , a psaltery]. Re- 
sembling a psalterium. 

Psalterium (sawl-te' -re-uvi) [ipaXri/piov, a psaltery: pi., 
Psalterial. I. Synonym of the Lyra. 2. A group 
of longitudinal fibers on the floor of the Sylvian aque- 
duct. (Bergmann.) 3. In biology, the third com- 
partment of the complicated stomach of the Pecora 
or true ruminants. It is globular in form and its lining 
membrane is raised into longitudinal folds or laminae, 
arranged very much like the leaves of a book and 
very close together. It is also called Manyplies. 

Psammism (sam'-izm) [ipa/j/iog, sand]. I. The use of 
the sand-bath ; ammism. 2. The passage of gravel in 
the urine. 

Psammocarcinoma (sam-o-kar-sin-o'-mah) [ifiaupoc, 
sand; mpKivo/ja, carcinoma]. A carcinoma contain- 
ing a calcareous deposit. 

Psammoma (sam-o'-ma/i) [xpapifioc, sand ; o/ia, tumor]. 
A meningeal tumor containing sand-like material. It 
is classed among the sarcomata. 



Psammotherapy (sam - - /her'- ap - e) [ipap/xot;, sand; 
OepaTztia, treatment]. Ammotherapy ; the therapeutic 
use of the sand-bath. 

Psammous (sam' -us) [ipa/ifioc, sand]. Sandy; sabu- 
lous. 

Psapharous (saf'-ar-us) \j\>a^apdq\. Friable; gritty. 

Psathyrous (sath'-ir-us\. Synonym of Psapharous. 

Pselaphesis (sel-afe'-sis) \_ip>fAa<j>i)ai<;, touch]. I. The 
act of groping with the fingers, seen in the low delir- 
ium of fevers; carphology. 2. Tickling, or ticklish- 
ness. 

Pselaphia (sel-a'-fe-ah) [iprila^ia, touch]. I. Digital 
examination or exploration. 2. The same as Psela- 
phesis. 

Pselaphotheca (sel - af- o-the'- kah) [tyrfkatyav, to feel 
about; OijKi], a box, chest: //. , Pselaphothecce']. In 
biology, the case or covering of the rudimentary palpi 
in many butterfly pupae. 

Psellism, Psellismus (sel'-izm, sel-iz'-mus) [ipeXfaa- 
/ioc]. I. Stuttering or stammering. 2. Defect of 
speech due to hare-lip, or to cleft palate. 

Pseud- (sud-). Same as Pseudo-. 

Pseudacetic Acid (sud-as-e'-tik). Synonym of Propi- 
onic Acid. 

Pseudaconin (su-dak'-o-nin) \_ip£vfir/<; , false ; okovctov, 
aconite], C 27 H 41 N0 9 . A decomposition-product of 
pseudaconitin. 

Pseudaconitin ( su-dak-on' -it-ui) [i//ei«5^c, false ; anov- 
ltov, aconite], C S6 H 49 N0 12 . An extremely poisonous 
alkaloid from aconitum ferox. Unof. 

Pseudacousma (su - dak - ooz'- mah) [ipevdi/c, false ; 
aKovapa, a thing heard]. False hearing; a pathologic 
condition in which sounds are heard altered in pitch 
and quality. 

Pseudacusis (su-dak-u'-sis) [i/jfwSc/c, false; attovofietv, to 
hear]. Synonym of Pseudacousma. 

Pseudsesthesia (su-dcs-the'-ze-ah). See Pseudesthe- 
sia. 

Pseudallosematic (su-dal-o-se-mal' -ik) [-aevSrjc, false ; 
aXkoc, some other; afjfia, a sign, mark, token]. In 
biology, the displaying of a sign belonging to or char- 
acteristic of another. Applied by Poulton to the mimetic 
colors assumed by comparatively defenceless animals, 
by means of which they imitate foreign objects asso- 
ciated with some well-defined and aggressive species. 
Thus the leaf-carrying ants of South America ( CEcodo- 
ma), are mimicked by an immature homopterous in- 
sect possessing a shape and color closely resembling 
the ant, together with the leaf carried by it. Cf. 
Mimicry, Pseudaposematic, Pseudepisematic, Pseudose- 
matic. 

Pseudambulacral (su-dam-bu-la' -kral) [i/jew^c, false ; 
ambulacrui?i, a walk]. In biology, simulating am- 
bulacra. 

Pseudamnesia (su - dam - ne'- ze - ah) [i/'f vftijt;, false ; 
afivquia, forgetfulness] . I. Spurious amnesia; a 
condition resembling amnesia, but of a transient char- 
acter. 2. An erroneous form of the word Pseudom- 
nesia, q. v. 

Pseudangeiosis (su-dan-je-o'-sis) [t^evMjc, false ; ayy- 
elov, vessel ; vbaoq, disease]. The development of 
blood-vessels in adventitious tissue. 

Pseudankylosis (su-dank-il-o' -sis) [ipevdr/r, false ; ayKv- 
Tuoatc, ankylosis]. A false joint. 

Pseudantitropy (su-dan-tit'-ro-pe) [i/>eu<5#c, false ; avri, 
against ; rpiireiv, to turn]. In biology, Wilder's term 
for the apparently antitropic relation between parts 
which are opposed to each other, but lie upon the 
same side of an ideal plane. An example of longitu- 
dinal pseudantitropy is furnished by corresponding 
maxillary and mandibular teeth ; of lateral pseudan- 
titropy, by the mesal and lateral canthi of the eye. 



PSEUD APHE 



1199 



PSEUDO-BACTERIUM 



Pseudaphe, Pseudaphia ( su-da'-fc, su-da'-fe-ah ) 

[■^evd^f, false ; cupi], touch]. Pseudesthesia. 
Pseudaposematic {su-dap-o-setn-at'-ik') \_\\>evdi]c, false ; 
a-6, away from ; of/ua, sign, mark, token]. In bi- 
ology, the displaying of a false warning signal. Ap- 
plied by Poulton to those cases of mimicry in which 
enemies are repelled by the deceptive suggestion of 
some unpleasant or dangerous quality; e.g., both 
sexes of the India moth, Epicopeia philenora, mimic 
an unpalatable butterfly, Papilio protenor. See, also, 
Mimicry, Pseudosematic, Pseudallosematic, Pseudepise- 
matic. 

Pseudargomorphosis {su-dar-go-mor-fo' -sis) [xjjevdi/g, 
false; apydc, white; fiopfr/, form]. The formation of 
a false membrane. 

Pseudarthritis {su-dar-thri' -tis) \_ipEv5ijc, false ; apdpov, 
joint ; itlc, inflammation]. Hysterical affection of a 
joint, simulating arthritis. 

Pseudarthrosis {su-dar-thro' -sis) \i\>tvb*i)c , false ; apdpov, 
a joint]. A false joint or articulation. P., Diarthro- 
dial, one closely resembling a natural joint ; it is 
usually seen in fractured long bones. P., Ligamen- 
tous, one in which the fragments are united by fibrous 
bands, as in fracture of the patella or olecranon. 

Pseudasthma {su-daz'-mah). Synonym of Dyspnea. 

Pseudaxis {su-daks'-is). See Pseudoaxis. 

Pseudelminth {su- del' -mint h) \_ipevSijc, false ; iXjiivd, a 
worm]. Any worm -like object mistaken for an ento- 
parasitic worm. 

Pseudelytrum, Pseudelytron ( su-del' -it-rum, su-del'- 
it-tron) \_T\>ev()i]Q, false ; iXvrpov, a cover, sheath: pi. , 
Pseudelytra~]. In biology, a false elytrum, or wing- 
cover. 

Pseudembryo (su-dem' '-bre-d) \Tpev6ijc, false ; i/xj3pvov, 
embryo]. A false embryo. 

Pseudembryonic {su-dem-bre-on'-ik ) [i/<ED(5?/r, false ; 
efiftpvov, embryo]. Pertaining to a pseudembryo. 

Pseudemesis {sii-dem'-es-is) [ ipevdi/c , false; i/ieaig, 
vomiting]. Pretended vomiting. 

Pseudencephalia {su-den-sef-a' -le-ali). See Pseuden- 
cephalus. 

Pseudencephalus {su - den - sef- al- us) [ipevdi/c, false ; 
eyidQa'Xoc, brain]. A species of single autositic mon- 
sters characterized by a partial development of the 
frontal, parietal, and occipital bones, while the brain 
is represented by a bunch of membranes, blood-ves- 
sels, connective and possibly nervous tissue, at the 
base of the skull . 

Pseudepiploic {su-dep-ip-lo' -ik) [ipevdj/g, false ; m'm'koov, 
caul]. Pertaining to the pseudepiploon. 

Pseudepiploon {su-dep-ip' -lo-on) \_ipev6i/g, false ; knin- 
Xoov, caul]. A false omentum found in birds. 

Pseudepisematic {su-dep-is-em-at' -ik) \_Tvaev6ijc, false ; 
eiri, motion toward; afjfia, a sign, mark, token]. In 
biology, the displaying of a lure or false safety-sign. 
Applied by Poulton to those cases of mimicry (a) in 
which an animal resembles another animal, and is so 
enabled to approach and injure it in some way, or (b) 
in which some lure is employed ; thus, (i) the flies of 
the genus Volucella are enabled to lay their eggs in 
nests of bumble-bees by reason of their close resem- 
blance to the latter ; the larvae of the fly feed on those 
of the bee ; (2) the Asiatic lizard, Phrynocephalus 
mystaceus, possesses pink, flower-like structures at the 
corners of its mouth, by which flies are allured; or 
(3) the Terrapin, Malacodemmys temminckii of the 
Southern States of America, when hungry, opens its 
mouth and moves about two filaments at the tip of 
its tongue ; they look like worms moving in a crevice 
in the rock and therefore attract prey ; the animal is 
otherwise perfectly motionless, and looks like a weed- 
covered rock. 



Pseuderysipelas {su-dcr-is-ip'-el-as). Synonym of 

Pseudo-erysipelas . 
Pseudesthesia {su-des-the' -ze-ah) [ipcvSr/s, false ; aloftrj- 
aic, feeling]. A sensation without a corresponding 
object. Also, an imaginary sensation in parts of the 
body that have been removed by accident or surgical 
operation. 
Pseudhaemal {siid-hem'-al). Same as Pseudohemal . 
Pseudhelminth {siid-hel'-minth). Same as Pseudel- 
minth. 
Pseudiatrus {su-de-at' -rus). Synonym of Quack. 
Pseudimaginal {su - dim - a/- in - al) [i/'nx5//f, false; 

imago, imago]. Pertaining to a pseudimago. 
Pseudimago {su - dim - a'- go) [^evdfc, false; imago, 

imago]. In biology, a false imago. 
Pseudinogenesis {su-din-o-jen'-es-is) ^ij>evdi/g, false ; 
(f, fiber; ycveaic, generation]. An abnormal forma- 
tion of fibers or tissues. 
Pseudinoma {su-din-o' -mah). Synonym of Scirrhus. 
Pseudo- {su'-do-) [xpEvSi/s, false]. A prefix denoting 

false, simulating, resembling, or seeming. 
Pseudo-acephalia {su-do-as-ef -a' -le-ali). Synonym of 

Pseudencephalia. 
Pseudo-acetic Acid {su-do-as-e f -tik). Synonym of 

Propionic Acid. 
Pseudo-aconitin {su-do-ak-on'-it-iii). Synonym of 

Pseudacon itin . 
Pseudo-actinomycosis {su - do-ak- tin - - mi- ko'-sis) 
[Tl>Evdijc, false; a/cnf, ray; {ivKt/r, fungus]. A form 
of pulmonary tuberculosis in which the sputum con- 
tains granular bodies resembling the grains of actino- 
mycosis. They consist of a crystalline substance 
similar to leucin. 
Pseudo-albuminuria {su - do - al- bu - min -u' -re- ah) 
[ ^EvSijc , false; albumen, albumin; ovpov, urine]. 
False or physiologic albuminuria. 
Pseudo-anemia {su-do-an-e'-me-aJi). Synonym of 

Anemia, Progressive Pernicious. 
Pseudo-angina {su - do - an -ji f - nali) \_ipevSrjc, false ; 
angere, to strangle]. Hysterical angina. See, also, 
angina pectoris. 
Pseudo-angioma {su-do-an-je-o' -mah) [ipev&jjc, false ; 
ayyeiov, vessel ; o/ia, tumor]. The formation of a 
temporary angioma, as is sometimes seen in healing 
stumps. P., Urethral, urethral caruncle. 
Pseudo-annulus {su - do - an' '- ti - lus) [i/>tw5?/c , false; 

annulus, a ring]. In biology, an apparent annulus. 
Pseudo-apoplexy {su-do-ap 1 ' -o-pleks-e) [_ipevdi/c, false ; 
a.TTOTv'kTi^ia, apoplexy]. A diseased condition resem- 
bling apoplexy, but in which cerebral hemorrhage 
is not found, post-mortem. 
Pseudo-aquatic {sic - do - a - kwat'- ik) [ipevdf/c, false ; 
aqua, water]. In biology, growing in moist places, 
but not strictly aquatic. 
Pseudo-arthrosis {su-do-ar-thro' -sis). Synonym of 

Pseuda rth rosis. 
Pseudo-articulation {su-do-ar-tik-u-la' -shun) \T\>ev6r)c J 
false; articulus, a joint]. A false joint. See Pseud- 
arthrosis. 
Pseudo-asthma {su-do-az'-mah). Synonym of Pseud- 
asthma. 
Pseudo-axis {su-do-aks'-is) [ipevdijc, false ; axis, axis]. 

Same as Sympodium. 
Pseudo-bacillus {su-do-bas-il'-us) \jpev5i]<; , false ; bacil- 
lum, a small rod]. In biology, one of the very fine 
fat crystals, which, according to Celli and Guarnieri, 
are sometimes found in sputum, and which react to 
the staining almost as tubercle-bacilli, but which may 
be distinguished by their varying size and their solu- 
bility in ether and chloroform. 
Pseudo-bacterium {su-do-bak-te' ' -re-um)\_i\>tv&r]c , false ; 
fianrr/piov, a little rod or staff: //. , Pseudobacteria~\. 



PSEUDOBASIDIUM 



1200 



PSEUDOCYESIS 



In biology, any object mistaken for a bacterium, as 
a pseudobacillus. 

Pseudobasidium (su-do-bas-id'-e-um) [Tpevdrjq, false ; 
(iaaiq, a base]. A false basidium. 

Pseudoblepsia, Pseudoblepsis (su-do-blep'-se-ah, su- 
do-blep' -sis) [ifjevfii/g, false; /Mii/xc, seeing]. A visual 
hallucination ; a distorted visual image. 

Pseudo-boina (su - do - bo- i'- nali) [_irevdi/g, false ; bos, 
ox]. Spurious cow-pox. 

Pseudobrachial (su- do -bra'- ke -at) [ipevdijc, false; 
Ppax'iuv, brachium]. Pertaining to a pseudobrach- 
ium. 

Pseudobrachium (su - do - bra'- ke - urn) [i/>£w5;?c, false ; 
fipaxiuv, brachium]. A false arm in certain fishes. 

Pseudobranchia (su - do - brang'- ke - ak) [i/'ewS'/f, false ; 
ppdyxia., gills : pi., Pseudobranchice\. In biology, a 
false gill. 

Pseudobranchial (su-do-brang'-ke-al) \_ipEvdi]<;, false ; 
ppayxta, gills]. Pertaining to a pseudobranchia. 

Pseudobranchiate (su-do-brang' -ke-dt) [ipevSr/g, false ; 
fipayxia, gills]. In biology, provided with pseudo- 
branchice. 

Pseudo-bulbar (su-do-bul' -bar) [ipevSi/g, false ; polfi6g, 
bulb]. Not truly bulbar. Denoting a kind of paralysis. 
P. Paralysis, symmetric disease of both cerebral 
hemispheres involving the centers or paths of the 
nerves of speech, and thus resembling disease of the 
oblongata. 

Pseudo-calculi (su-do-kal' -ku-li) [ipevSfc, false ; cal- 
culus, calculus]. A name given by Poland to the 
fibrinous and sanguineous calculi or masses, sometimes 
seen in urine. 

Pseudo-carcinoma (su- do - kar - sin - o' '- malt) \_i\>ev6ijc, 
false ; KapKivofia, carcinoma]. A benign tumor re- 
sembling a carcinoma. 

Pseudocarp (su'-do-karp) [ipEvdrjc, false ; Kapxdg, fruit]. 
In biology, any fruit made up of parts other than 
those belonging exclusively to a single ovary. The 
apple, rose, mulberry, and juniper are examples of 
pseudocarps. 

Pseudocarpous (su- do- kar' -pus) [ipevSijc, false; 
KapnoQ, fruit]. Same as Anthocarpous. 

Pseudocataracta (su-do-kat-ar-ak' -tah) [ipEvSijc, false ; 
Karappanrr/c, cataract]. Spurious cataract. 

Pseudocele (su'-do-sel) [ipevdr/c, false; noVkog, hol- 
low] . The fifth ventricle of the brain. It is the 
space between the two opposed halves of the septum ; 
in man and apes it is completely circumscribed by 
the continuity of the callosum with the fornix at the 
splenium and at the copula. 

Pseudo-cell (su'-do-sel) [ipevfir/c, false; cella, cell]. 
One of the peculiar vesicular bodies, albuminoid in 
character, found in the ova of many species of hydro- 
zoa, and by Balfour considered to be analogous to 
the vitelline granules of birds' eggs. 

Pseudo-cephalocele (su' - do - sef - al - o ■ sel) [fcvdi/c, 
false; KifaAr/, head; Krfkrj, tumor]. A cephalocele 
acquired subsequently to birth through disease of the 
cranial bones or subcutaneous fractures. 

Pseudoceratogenesis (su-do-ser-at-o-jen'-es-is) \_ipEv$7j(;, 
false; idpac, horn ; yeveaic, generation]. The abnor- 
mal proliferation of horny tissue. 

Pseudoceratosis (su - do - ser - at - o'- sis) . Synonym of 
Pseudoceratogenesis. 

Pseudo-cerebrin (su- do - ser'- e- brin) [_i[>Evdift, false ; 
cerebrum, cerebrum], C 44 H 92 N0 8 . A substance ex- 
tracted from brain-tissue by alcohol. 

Pseudo-chorea (su-do-ko-re'-ah) [ipewh'/c, false ; x°P c ' a > 
dance]. Spurious chorea, usually hysterical in origin. 

Pseudo-chromesthesia (su-do-kro-mes-the'-ze-ah) [frv- 
rf^C, false; xP"! m , color; aladr}oiq, sense]. A condi- 
tion in which the vowels of a word (whether seen, 



heard, or remembered) each seem to have a distinct 
visual tint. See Pkotisni, P/ionism. 

Pseudochromia (su - do - kro' - me - ah) \_^>ev5rjc, false; 
Xptip-a, color]. A false or incorrect perception of 
color. 

Pseudo-chrysalis (su-do-kris'-al-is). Same as Pseudo- 
pupa. 

Pseudocilia (su-do-sil'-e-ah)\ipev6r]c, false; cilium, eye- 
lash]. An abnormal growth of hairs on the conjunc- 
tiva. 

Pseudoccele, Pseudoccelia (su-do-sel' , su-do-se'-le-ah). 
Synonym of Pseudocele and of Pseudocarlom . 

Pseudoccelom (su-do-se' -lorn) [\pevfii]c, false ; KoiAupa, 
a hollow cavity]. In biology, one of those interstitial 
spaces or cavities sometimes found in invertebrates 
(Platyhelminthes, Arthropoda, Mollusca), which, not 
being lined by an epithelium derived from the archen- 
teron, is to be distinguished from a true body-cavity 
or ccelom derived from archenteric diverticula. Cf. 
Arc hie eel. 

Pseudo-coloboma (su-do-kol-o-bo' -mali) \_i\iev6ijg, false ; 
Ko7 t 6(iufia, mutilation]. A scarcely noticeable fissure 
of the iris, the remains of the embryonic ocular fissure, 
which has almost, but not perfectly, closed. 

Pseudocolumella (su-do-kol-u-mel' -ah) [ipevSijc, false ; 
columella, a little column]. In biology, a parietal or 
septal columella. 

Pseudocolumellar (su-do-kol-u-mel' -ar) [ipevSiji;, false ; 
columella, a little column]. Pertaining to a pseudo- 
columella. 

Pseudocommissural (su - do - kom - is - u'- ral ) [^evSr/g, 
false ; commissura, a commissure]. Pertaining to a 
pseudocommissure. 

Pseudocommissure (su-do-kom'-is-ur) [i/ieDd^c, false ; 
commissura , a commissure]. A sort of commissure 
between the olfactory lobes of the frog. 

Pseudoconcha (su-do-kong' -kah) [_\ptv6i/g, false ; noyxv, 
a shell : //., Pseudoconchce\ In biology, a turbinated 
structure connected with the inter-nasal septum in 
front of and below the turbinate bones of birds. It 
separates the vestibule of the nose from the internal 
nasal cavity. 

Pseudo-cortex (su-do-kor' -teks) \j\>zv6tic, false ; cortex, 
bark]. In biology, a false cortex. 

Pseudocostate (su-do-kos'-tat ) [ipevfiijc, false ; costa, 
rib]. In biology, false-ribbed, as certain leaves. 

Pseudocotyledon (su-do-kot-il-e' -don) [ipevdr/c, false ; 
KOTv/.qduv, cotyledon]. In biology, one of the ger- 
minating threads of the spores of cryptogams. 

Pseudo-coxalgia (sudo-koks-al'-je-ah) [t/'fwtyc, false; 
coxa, hip; aXyoc, pain]. False or spurious coxalgia, 
an hysterical affection of the hip-joint 

Pseudo-crisis (su - do - kri'- sis) \j\>£v&r)c , false ; Kpiatc, 
separating]. Variation in the course of the tempera- 
ture in acute pneumonia due to variations in the local 
process. The fall of temperature varies from 2° to 7 
F., but rarely is the normal temperature reached, and 
a subsequent rise soon appears. Pseudo-crises are 
most frequent from the fifth to the seventh day, but 
may occur earlier or later. 

Pseudo-croup (su'-do-krup) [jpcvfirjc, false ; AS., kro- 
pan, to cry aloud]. False cronp ; laryngismus stridulus. 

Pseudocumene (su-do-ku' -men) [i/'fi><5>/c, false ; cumi- 
num. cumin], C 9 H 12 . A liquid occurring with mesi- 
tylene in coal-tar. It boils at 166° C. 

Pseudocurarin (su - do- ku- rar'- in) [ ^>?vfii]c, false ; 
curara]. A non-poisonous alkaloid found in Nerium 
oleander. 

Pseudocyclosis (su-do-si-klo'-sis)[il>£v6//<;, false ; ni'uXoc, 
a circle]. The apparent circulation of food in an ameba. 

Pseudocyesis (su-do-si-e'-sis) [i/>tix57/c, false ; k<';/<t/c, 
pregnancy]. False pregnancy. The belief in the 



PSEUDO-CYST 



1201 



PSEUDO-HEMORRHAGE 



existence of pregnancy on the part of a woman (usually 
the result of desire), accompanied, perhaps, by uncer- 
tain signs. P. abdominalis, abdominal pregnancy. 
P. ovaria, gestation in an ovary. P. tubaria, tubal 
pregnancy. 
Pseudo-cyst (su'-do-sist) [i/' f,, 'tyf, false; /cror/f, a blad- 
der]. In biology, a globular body produced by the 
breaking up of the protoplasm in a filament in certain 
of the lower plants ; an asexual reproductive body. 
Cf. Gonidium, Spore, Carpospore. 

Pseudodesma (su-do-dez'-mah) [ifievth'/c, false; 6ea/i6g, 
bond]. A false or adventitious ligament. 

Pseudo-diarthrosis (su-do-di-ar-thro' -sis). Synonym 
of Psei/darthrosis, Diarthrodial. 

Pseudo-diphtheria (su-do-difthe' -re-ah) [ipevd/'/r;, false ; 
diotispa, diphtheria]. Tonsillitis or pharyngitis with 
an exudate simulating that of diphtheria, but not due 
to the Klebs-Loffler bacillus. 

Pseudo-dipsomania (su-do-dip-so-ma' -ne-ah) [ipsvdfc, 
false ; ihipig, thirst; iiavia, madness]. Habitual drun- 
kenness, without maniacal impulse, or obsession, im- 
pelling the patient to drink. 

Pseudo-dipsomaniac (su-do-dip-so-ma' -ne-ak) [i/iewS^c, 
false; 6npa, thirst; fiavia, madness]. One affected 
with pseudo-dipsomania. 

Pseudodont (su'-do-dont) [i/^ikSw, false ; bdovg, tooth]. 
In biology, having false teeth, as a monotreme. 

Pseudodontosis (su-do-don-to' -sis) \_ipev5i/g, false ; bdovg, 
tooth]. The formation of anomalous teeth. 

Pseudo-elephantiasis (su-do-el-efan-ti'-as-is) \t\kv5tiq, 
false; i\e®avTia, elephantiasis]. A tumor-like hyper- 
trophy, resembling elephantiasis. 

Pseudo-embryo (su-do-em' '-bre-d). Synonym of Pro- 
embryo. 

Pseudo-encephalitis (su-do-en-sef-al-i'-tis) [ppEvSiji;, 
false; h/Ke<t>a?i.oc, brain ; trig, inflammation]. Hydren- 
cephaloid disease. 

Pseudo-entozoa (sic -do- en-to-zo'- all) [jbevdrjc, false ; 
cvrdc, within ; r <Jov, animal]. In biology, any object 
resembling or mistaken for an entozoic parasite, e.g. , 
Ovuligira acephalocystis, q. v. under Parasites (Ani- 
mal), Table of. 

Pseudo-epithelium (su-do-ep-ith-e'-le-uni) \_tpev6rjc, 
false; erri, upon; BtjXt], nipple]. I. The membrane 
lining serous and vascular cavities of the body ; true 
endothelium. 2. The layer of germinal cells found 
on the surface of the ovary after the ovarian tubes have 
formed. 

Pseudo-erotism (su-do-er' -o-tizm) \jbzvMjc, false ; epoc;, 
love]. Sexual desire in animals at unusual sea- 
sons. 

Pseudo-erysipelas (su-do-er-is-ip 1 '-el-as) [ibevdqc, false ; 
kfjvoiTveXac, erysipelas]. A name vaguely applied to 
conditions having more or less resemblance to true 
erysipelas. P. subtendinosum colli. Synonym of 
Angina ludovici. 

Pseudo-esophoria (su - do- ez r - o -fo'- re- ah). See Eso- 
phoria. 

Pseudo-exanthemata (su-do-eks-an-them' -at-ah) [i/»eu- 
Sr/g, false ; k^avdrjiia, eruption]. A group of non- 
contagious eruptive diseases resembling the exanthe- 
mata in their onset and course. 

Pseudo-exophoria (su-do-eks-ofo'-re-ak). See Exo- 
phoria. 

Pseudo-fever (su-do-fe' -ver) [ ipeviifc, false ; febris, 
fever]. An hysterical elevation of temperature. 

Pseudo-fibrin (su-do fi' -brin) [ifievfiijQ, false ; fibra, 
fiber]. The coagulative material of blood in cases of 
"buffy coat." 

Pseudo-filament (su - do -fil'- am - ent) [i/ct%, false ; 
filum, a thread]. In biology, an object that looks 
like, but is not, a real filament. The term is applied to 
76 



cocci or other bacteria arranged in rows in the direc- 
tion of the successive divisions. 

Pseudofilaria (su-do-fi- la' -re-ah) [i/iew$7/c, false; filum, 
a thread]. In biology, a name given by Ed. van 
Beneden to a stage in the development of gregarines, 
in which they resemble minute nematode worms 
{Filarial). 

Pseudofoliaceous (su-do-fo-le-a' ' -she-us) [ipevSr/c, false ; 
folium, leaf]. In biology, provided with lobes or 
expansions resembling leaves. 

Pseudo-ganglion (su-do-gang'-gle-on) [ibcvdi/r;, false ; 
ydyyTiiov, ganglion]. A false ganglion, usually a 
slight thickening of a nerve. P. of Bochdalek, an 
enlargement of a branch of the middle alveolar nerve 
from which fibers descend to supply the canine teeth. 
P. of the Circumflex Nerve, an expansion of a branch 
of the nerve which goes to the teres major. P. of 
Cloquet, a thickening of the palatine branches of the 
naso-palatine nerve. P., Valentin's, a slight thick- 
ening at the junction of certain divisions of the 
middle alveolar branch of the maxillary nerve. 

Pseudo-gastralgia (su-do-gas-traV -je-ah) [lpevSijt;, false; 
yaa-r/p, stomach ; aTvyoc pain]. A pain resembling 
gastralgia, but not caused by disease of the stomach. 
It may be dependent upon disease of the aorta. 

Pseudo-gastrula (su-do-gas'-tru-lah) [ i/iet><%, false ; 
yaarr/p, stomach] . In biology, an embryonic stage 
which resembles, but is not, a true gastrula. 

Pseudogenus ( su - do -je'- nus ) \_ipevfiijc, false ; yivoq, 
descent, origin]. In biology, a spurious genus. Cf. 
Form-genus. 

Pseudogeusia (su-do-gu' -zt-ah) [i/>£7j(5?/c, false ; yevaig, 
taste]. A false perception, or hallucination, of taste. 

Pseudogeustia (su-do-giis' -te-ah). See Pseudogeusia. 

Pseudo-glioma (su-do-gli-o'-mah) [ipevdqs, false ; y?Ja, 
glia ; 6/ja, tumor]. A name sometimes, though im- 
properly, given to inflammatory changes of the vitreous 
tumor, the result of irido-choroiditis, which cause a con- 
dition simulating glioma. P. of Retina. See Glioma. 

Pseudo-gonorrhea (su-do-gon-or-e' -all) [tpev6r/g, false ; 
yovd'ppoia, gonorrhea]. A simple non-specific urethritis. 

Pseudogyne (su'-do-jin) [i/)fwV/c, false ; yxrvi], female]. 
In biology, the agamic females of certain insects 
(e.g., Aphidida), successive generations of which 
are sometimes born viviparously without copulation 
with the males. 

Pseudogynous (su - doj f - in - us) [ipffd^f > false ; yvvi], 
female]. Pertaining to a pseudogyne. 

Pseudogyrate (su-do-ji' -rat) [ibevdijg, false; yvpoc;, a 
gyre]. In biology, falsely ringed. 

Pseudohsemal (su-do-hem'-al). See Pseudohemal. 

Pseudo-heart (su' -do-kart) [Tpevdr/c;, false ; ME., hart, 
heart]. In biology, one of the glandular organs 
found in Brachiopoda, having the double func- 
tion of renal organs and genital ducts ; they are the 
homologues of the organs of Bojanus of the Mollusca 
and of the segmented organs of Vermes. 

Pseudo-hemal (su-do-hem'-al) [^levSi/Q, false: a)fia, 
blood]. In biology, pertaining to that form of respir- 
atory or nutritive fluid of many invertebrates which is 
analogous to blood but is not true blood. It is found in 
most annelids, is red or green, corpusculated or non- 
corpusculated, and flows through a system of vessels 
with contractile walls, either shut off from or commu- 
nicating with the perivisceral cavity. 

Pseudo-hematemesis (su-do-hem-at-em' -es-is) [ifievfii/c, 
false; aiua, blood; i-fieaiQ, vomiting]. The vomiting of 
bile, red-wine, fruit-juices, or any other substance 
simulating blood. 

Pseudo-hemorrhage (su-do-hem' -or-aj) [ibevfi-i/c, false; 
alfin, blood ; pijyviivai, to burst forth]. A hemorrhage 
without rupture of the vessels ; vicarious hemorrhage. 



PSEUDO-HERMAPHRODISM 



1202 



PSEUDOMORPHOSIS 



Pseudo-hermaphrodism (su - do ■ her - ma/'- ro- dizm ) 
\_ip£v6i]c, false ; hp/iafypodianot;, hermaphrodism]. The 
condition presented by a pseudo-hermaphrodite. P., 
Feminine, a condition in which the genitals of the 
female resemble those of the male. There are three 
varieties. See P., Male. P., Male, a condition in 
which the genitals of the male resemble those of the 
female. There are three varieties ; the external, the 
internal, and the complete, according as the external 
or internal generative organs, or both, are affected. 

Pseudo-hermaphrodite (su-do-her-maf ' -ro-d it) [i/jew- 
<5^>c, false; epfxaippodiroc, hermaphrodite]. An indi- 
vidual in which there is a double sexual formation of 
the external genitals, but a unisexual development of 
the reproductive glands (ovaries and testicles). Ac- 
cording to the development of one or the other of the 
latter will the sex of the individual be determined. 

Pseudo-hermaphroditism {su-do-her-maf ' '-ro-dlt-izm). 
See Psiudohermaphrodism. 

Pseudo-hydrophobia (su-do-hi-dro-fo' -be-ah ) [^et;<5//f , 
false; vSup, water ; <f)6(3oc, fearj. Hysterical convul- 
sions in one believing himself to have been bitten by 
a rabid animal. There is, however, absence of the 
true respiratory spasm. It has also been called 
Lyssophobia and Hydrophobophobia. 

Pseudo-hymen (su-do-hi'-men) \_ipEvS/]g, false; vfii/v, 
membrane]. A false membrane. 

Pseudo-hypertrophic (su-do-hi-per-tro' 'fik) [ipevAra;, 
false; inrip, over; rpo(j>r], nutrition]. Pertaining to 
pseudohypertrophy. P. Paralysis, loss or diminu- 
tion of the power of motion, accompanied by en- 
larged, and apparently hypertrophied muscles. The 
types are the Leyden-Mobius, Zimmerlin, and Lan- 
douzy-Dejerine. See Paralysis, Pseudohypertrophic. 

Pseudo-hypertrophy (su-do-hi-per'-lro-fe) [ipevdr/g, 
false; iinep, above ; Tpo<pij, nutrition]. False hyper- 
trophy ; increase in the size of an organ or part on 
account of overgrowth of an unimportant tissue. It 
is accompanied by diminution in function. 

Pseudo-jervin (su-do-jer'-vin) [ipevdi/g, false; jerva, 
green hellebore-root], C 29 H 43 N0 7 . An alkaloid found 
in Veratrum viride. 

Pseudo-joint [su/ -do-join?) . Same as Pseudo-articula- 
tion. 

Pseudolabial (su-do-la' -be-al) [ipevSr/g^ false; labium, 
lip]. Pertaining to a pseudolabium. 

Pseudolabium (su-do-la' -be-um) [ipevdi/g, false ; labi- 
um, lip]. In biology, the sternite of the sub-basilar 
plate of certain Myriapoda. 

Pseudolateral (su-do-lat'-er-al) [^tevdijc;, false ; lotus, 
side]. In biology, having a tendency to become lat- 
eral when normally terminal. 

Pseudo-leukemia (su-do-lu-ke' -me-aK). See Hodgkin ' s 
Disease and Lymphadenoma. 

Pseudo-leukocythemia (su- do- lu- ko- si- the' '-me- ah) 
[ipevdrjq, false ; \evk6c , white ; iwrog, cell ; ai/ia. 
blood]. Same as Pseudoleukemia. 

Pseudo-ligament (su-do-lig' '-am-ent) [ipevdi/c, false; 
ligamentum, ligament]. An inflammatory band of 
adhesion. 

Pseudo-lipoma (su-do-lip-o'-mah)[->l>tvdfc, false; Xitcoc, 
fat; 6/m, tumor]. A localized edema resembling an 
accumulation of fat, occurring above the clavicle and 
about the knee, especially in cases of rheumatism. 

Pseudo-lunula ( su - do - lun' - u - la A ) [4>evdr/<;, false ; 
lunula, a little moon]. An aggregation of mucous 
cells in the salivary glands, forming lunula-like 
masses. 

Pseudo-malady (su-do - mal'- ad- e) [ipevdijc, false; 
malum, evil]. An imaginary or simulated illness. 

Pseudo-mania (su - do-ma'- ne- aA) \_il>evdr/<;, false; 
juavia, mania], I. A form of insanity in which the 



person affected accuses himself of a crime or crimes 
of which he is innocent. 2. A mania characterized 
by lying. 

Pseudomedicus (su - do-med'-ik -us). Synonym of 
Quack. 

Pseudo-melanemia (su-do-mel-an-e' -me-ah). Syno- 
nym of Pseudomelanosis. 

Pseudo-melanosis (su-do-mel-an-o' '-sis) [ipevdi/c, false ; 
IxeXaQ, black ; vococ, disease]. The dark staining of 
gangrenous parts or the tissues after death, due to the 
deposit of ferrous sulphid, which is formed by a re- 
action of hydrogen sulphid and the hemoglobin of the 
blood. 

Pseudo-membrane (su-do-mem'-brdn) [ijievfifc, false ; 
membrana, membrane]. A false membrane, such as 
is seen in diphtheria. 

Pseudo-membranous (su-do-mem' -bra-nus) [tpevdi/c, 
false; membrana, membrane]. Characterized by, or 
pertaining to false membranes. P. Inflammation, 
any inflammation characterized by the formation of a 
false membrane. 

Pseudo-meningitis (su-do-men-in-ji'-tis)[fev<h'/c, false ; 
fiijviy^, membrane; uric, inflammation]. A group of 
symptoms resembling that produced by meningitis, 
but with absence of the lesions of meningeal inflam- 
mation. P., Dental, meningeal symptoms occurring 
in children during difficult dentition. 

Pseudo-meningocele (su-do-men-in' -go-sel) [i/jfwJsfo, 
false; fifjviyl,, membrane ; k^Toj, tumor]. A tumor 
formed beneath the scalp as a result of a traumatic 
lesion of the skull and dura, by the pouring out of 
cerebro-spinal fluid. 

Pseudo-menstrual (su-do-men' -stru-al) \jpev871c, false; 
menstruus, monthly]. Pertaining to pseudo-menstrua- 
tion. 

Pseudo-menstruation (su-do-men-stru-a'-shun) \^>tv- 
M/c, false ; menstruus, monthly]. Hemorrhage from 
the uterus due to systemic disease. It is sometimes 
seen during the course of eruptive fevers. 

Pseudomeric (su -do - mer'- ik) [ifievdi/s, false ; fiepoc, 
part]. A qualification applied to unstable forms of 
tautomeric bodies. 

Pseudo -metritis (su - do - met - ri' '- lis) [ij>ev6?/g, false; 
/xr/rpa, womb; trie, inflammation]. Spurious metritis. 

Pseudomnesia (su - dom - ne' - ze - ah) [tpevSi/g, false ; 
/ivijoic, remembrance]. A perversion of the memory, 
in which the patient recalls as facts things which never 
have occurred. 

Pseudomonocotyledonous (su-do-mo-no-kot-il-e 1 '-do- 
mes) [ipevdr/c, false ; //oj-'oc , one ; kotv/{?}Su)i\ cotyledon]. 
In biology, having two or more cotyledons consoli- 
dated into one mass. 

Pseudo-monomania (su-do-mo-no-ma'-ne-ali) [ipevdiji;, 
false; fiovog, one; fiavia, mania]. Spurious mono- 
mania, a condition not monomania, yet presenting 
similar symptoms. 

Pseudomorph (su'- do - morf) [ipevdi/c, false ; fiopfi/, 
form]. A false form. 

Pseudomorphin (su-do-mor 1 ' -fin) \ipev6ijc, false ; Mor- 
pheus, the god of sleep], C h H 36 N 2 O g (Foster). A finely 
crystalline alkaloid of opium, insoluble in water, al- 
cohol, ether, and chloroform ; it is soluble in alkalies 
and lime-water, neutral, tasteless. It is also called 
Phormia and Oxymorphin. 

Pseudomorphic (su-do-mor' fik). Same as Pseudomor- 
phous. 

Pseudomorphism (su -do- mor' -fizm) [^tevSijc , false ; 
fiop<j>/'/, form]. The state of having a form different 
from that normal to the substance. 

Pseudomorphosis (su-do-mor-fo' -sis) \_>l>EV(h'/c, false ; 
[top(p>i, form]. An abnormal formation, as a tumor, 
deformity, or monstrosity. 



PSEUDO-MORPHOUS 



1203 



PSEUDOPLASMA 



Pseudo-morphous (su - do - mor'-fus) [^jevSf/g, false ; 
uop<j>f/, form]. Not having the true form ; exhibiting 
pseudomorphism. 

Pseudo-morula (su - do - ?/ior'- u - lah) [_ipev6/'jc, false ; 
morns, a mulberry: pi., Pseudomorul<B~\. A false 
morula. 

Pseudo-morular [sit - do - mor'- it - lar) [i)>evch'/c, false ; 
mortis, a mulberry]. Pertaining to a pseudomorula. 

Pseudo-mucin (su-do-mu 1 '-sin) \_<j'(v(h)^, false ; mucus, 
mucus]. A substance allied to mucin, from which it 
differs in not being altered by acetic acid. It is found 
in proliferative ovarian cysts, being the cause of the 
gelatinous nature of the contents of the cysts. It is 
produced by the epithelial cells lining the cyst-walls. 

Pseudo-myeloma (su-do-mi-el-o 1 '-man) [tyeydrjq, false ; 
uve?.oc, marrow; biia, tumor: pi. , Pseudomyelomatd\. 
A sarcoma resembling the white substance of the brain. 

Pseudonarcissin [su - do - nar - sis'- in) [V^f^'/f, false ; 
vapKiaaoc, narcissus]. An alkaloid found in the bulb 
of JVarcisstts pseudonarcissus. 

Pseudo-narcotism (su-do-tiar'-ho-tism) [i//fu(S//r, false ; 
vapKovv, to benumb]. An hysteric simulation of nar- 
cotism. 

Pseudonavicella (su-do-nav is-el'-ah) \j\:zv&i}c, false ; 
navicella, a small boat, dim. of navis, a ship: pi. , 
Pseudonavicelhe~\ . A name given by Lieberkuhn to a 
developmental stage of gregarines, resembling the 
navicellae or naviculse of diatoms. 

Pseudonavicellar (su-do-nav-is-el' -ar) [ipevfir/c, false ; 
navicella, a small boat]. Pertaining to a pseudonavi- 
cella. 

Pseudonavicula (su - do - nav - ik' - u - lah) . Same as 
Pseudonavicella. 

Pseudonavicular (su-do-nav-ik 1 '-u-lar) \j\)tv&r)c, false ; 
navicular small boat]. Pertaining to a pseudonavic- 
ula. 

Pseudo-neuralgia (su-do-nu-ral' -je-ah) [ipevfir/c, false ; 
veiipov, nerve; aXyoc, pain]. A term given by Charcot 
to the pains of rickets. 

Pseudo-neuritis (su-do-nu-ri' -tis) [ipeviir/r, false ; vev- 
pov, nerve ; ircc, inflammation]. A disease simulating 
a neuritis. 

Pseudo-nipple (su-do-nip 1 '-/) [lieurf^r, false; ME., 
neple, nipple]. A false nipple of the mamma. 

Pseudonomania (su-do-no-ma' -ne-ali) [ipevdeiv, to lie ; 
uavia, mania]. An insane habit of telling lies. 

Pseudo-nucleolus (su-do-nu-kle' -o-lus) [iftevcir/r, false ; 
r nucleolus, a little nucleus: pi. , Pseudonucleoli~\. A 
false nucleolus. 

Pseudonychium (su-do-tiik'-e-um) \_il>ev6r/r, false, and 
bvvxtov, a little claw : pi. , Pseudonychia~\. In biology, 
the spurious claw between the true tarsal claws of an 
insect. 

Pseudonym (su' ' -do-nim)\\\>£v&rjc, false ; bvvua, a name]. 
A false name. 

Pseudonymal (su-do-nim' -al) [i/iew5#r, false ; bvvfia, 
name]. In biology, vernacular; not having the 
character of an onym. 

Pseudo-osteomalacia (su - do - os - te - o-mal- a'- se-ah) 
[i/»£yrS^c, false; bareov, bone; uakania, softness]. 
Rachitis in which the pelvic basin is distorted so as to 
resemble in form that of osteomalacia. 

Pseudo-paralysis (su-do-par-al' -is-is) [fevdtic, false ; 
irapaXvoic, paralysis]. An apparent paralysis of the 
limbs. P. of Rickets, the inability to walk in severe 
cases of rickets, due to distortion of the bones. P., 
Syphilitic, an inflammatory condition of the epiphyses 
of the bones in acquired syphilis, which causes a 
marked impairment of motion. 

Pseudo-paranoia (su-do-par-an-oi' -ah) [ipevdr/r, false ; 
■napa, beside ; vooc, mind]. A condition in which 
there is a primarily more active mentality, as 



well as an increased responsivity to emotional im- 
pulses, associated with a heightened desire for activ- 
• ity. 

Pseudo-paraplegia (su-do-par- ap-le' -je-ah) [Tpevdfc, 
false; napa, beside ; ir'krjyij, stroke]. Spurious para- 
plegia. P., Tetanoid. Synonym of Paralysis, 
Spastic. 

Pseudo-parasite (su-do-par' -as-t/) \_ipEv6ljc, false ; irapa, 
beside ; airoc, food] . In biology, a term properly 
restricted to various objects, such as hairs, vegetable 
tissues, etc. , which have been mistaken for parasites 
and even described as such ; also to frogs, snakes, 
spiders, etc. , which have been stated by many authors 
to have existed for years in the human aliment- 
ary canal, although it is perfectly certain that animals 
of this kind cannot endure the moist heat of the body 
of a mammal for more than six hours (Leuckart) ; 
a commensal, inquiline messmate. One of certain 
bodies sometimes seen in the blood in anemia, re- 
sembling microorganisms. They are probably altered 
blood-corpuscles. 

Pseudo-parasitic (sa-do-par-as-il' -ik) [ipevSr/g, false ; 
Trapa, beside; alrog, food]. Apparently parasitic. 
See Pseudo-parasite. 

Pseudo-parenchyma (su-do-par-eng' -kirn-ah) [ipevfil/r, 
false; Trapa, beside ; iyxeiv, pour in]. In biology, 
DeBary's term for the tissue of fungi produced by the 
interlacing of the hyphae. 

Pseudo-parenchymatous (su-do-par-en -kim'-at-tis) 
[TJievSfc, false ; irapa, beside ; eyxelp, to pour in]. 
Pertaining to a pseudoparenchyma. 

Pseudo-parenchyme (su-do-par-en 1 '-him). Same as 
Pseudoparenchyma. 

Pseudo-paresis (su-do-par' -es-is) [Tpevfit/c, false ; izape- 
aic, paresis]. An affection resembling paresis, but 
regarded as distinct from the ordinary forms. 

Pseudo-parthenogenesis (su-do-par-then-o-jen' -es-is) 
[ipevfiiji;, false ; irapdevog, a virgin ; -yeveaig, produc- 
tion]. In biology, a mode of reproduction inter- 
mediate between metagenesis and parthenogenesis. 

Pseudo-pediform (su-do-ped' -if-orm) [ipevdtjc, false; 
pes, toot; forma, form]. Pseudopodial. 

Pseudo-pelletierin (sii-do-pel-et'-e-er-in)\_il>evfii]c, false ; 
, Pelletier, a French chemist, 1 761-97], C 18 H. l0 N. 2 O 2 . 
An alkaloid found in the root-bark of pomegranate. 

Pseudo-peptone (su-do-pep' -ton). Same as Hernial- 
bumose. 

Pseudopercular (su-do-per'-ku-lar) [ipevfif/c, false ; oper- 
culum, a lid]. Pertaining to or of the nature of a 
pseudoperculum . 

Pseudoperculate (su-do-per'-ku-lat) \p\>Ev6i]c, false; 
operculum, lid]. In biology, provided with a pseudo- 
perculum. 

Pseudoperculum (su-do-per' -ku-luni) [tpevSr/r, false ; 
operculum, lid: //. , Pseudopercida~\. A false oper- 
culum. 

Pseudophenanthrene (su-do-fen-anth' -rin) [tjievdfc, 
false; 0o7wf, purple-red; avBpa!;, coal], C ]6 H ]2 . A 
hydrocarbon found in crude anthracene, crystallizing 
in large glistening plates that melt at a temperature 
of 115 C. 

Pseudo-photesthesia (su-do-fo-tes-the' -ze-ah) [ipEvdr/c, 
false ; owe, light ; alodr/otc, perception]. The seeing 
of photisms. 

Pseudophthisis (su-doff ' -this-is) \t\>iviMjc,, false ; (pOiaic, 
wasting]. Emaciation and general wasting arising 
from other causes than pulmonary tuberculosis. 

Pseudopia (su-do'-pe-ah). Synonym of Pseudopsia. 

Pseudoplasm (su' -do-plazm) \_^tv&rjc, false ; -KAaaua, 
a thing molded]. Same as Neoplasm. 

Pseudoplasma (su-do-plaz 1 ' -mah). Synonym of Pseu- 
doplasm. 



PSEUDOPLEGIA 



1-204 



PSEUDOSTOMA 



Pseudoplegia (su-do-ple' -je-ah) [tpevdi/g , false ; Tr/.r/yij, 
stroke]. Spurious, or hysteric paralysis. 

Pseudo-pleuritis (su-do-plu-ri' -tis). Synonym of Pleu- 
rodynia. 

Pseudo-pneumonia (su - do - nu - mo' - ne - ah) [ipevtii/g, 
false, TTvsvfzuv, lung]. Any disease of the lung simu- 
lating pneumonia. 

Pseudopod, Pseudopodium (su' -do-pod, su-do-po' -de- 
uni) \_<fi£v<5t/g, false; irovg, foot: //., Pseudopodia]. 
A protrusion of a portion of the substance of a cell, 
especially of one possessing ameboid movement. See 
Pseudopodium . 

Pseudopodal (su-dop'-o-dal) [fevdi/g, false ; -Kobg, foot]. 
Provided with pseudopods. 

Pseudopode (su' -do-pod). Same as Pseudopodium. 

Pseudopodial, Pseudopodian (su-do-po' -de-al, su-do- 
po' -de-an) \_ipev6i/g, false ; irovg, foot]. Pertaining to 
pseudopodia. 

Pseudopodic (su-do-po' -dih). Same as Pseudopodal. 

Pseudopodium (su-do-po' -de-tan) [iptvdi/g, false ; irovg, 
foot: pi. , Pseudopodia']. In biology, a temporary or 
permanent, filose or lobose process of the exoplasm of 
Rhizopoda, Heliozoa, Radiolaria, and other ameboid 
cells ; leukocytes, plasmodia, etc. " There are two prin- 
cipal sorts of pseudopodia, myxopodia and axopodia. 
The former are not stiff, but protrusible and retractile ; 
they can fuse with neighboring pseudopodia into a net- 
work, and chiefly in the Rhizopoda, can collect into small 
masses by flowing together outside the body at points 
where they meet with food. Such myxopodia are 
characteristic of the Rhizopoda, and most Radiolaria. 
The axopodia, which are found in the Heliozoa and 
in Acantharia among Radiolaria , are on the contrary, 
more or less stiff, and not inclined to reticulate and 
fuse. In their axes there generally runs a stiff axial 
filament, a sort of elastic organ of support formed of 
organic substance. These axial filaments run toward 
the central point of the body — to the boundary of the 
endoplasm (Actinosplurrium), or to the nucleus near 
the center (Actinophrys), or they meet actually in the 
center (Acantharia). All pseudopodia show more or 
less swift granular streaming. " (Lang.) 

Pseudo-polypus (szi-do-pol' -ip-us) [ipevdi/g, false ; ttoXv- 
irovg, polypus]. A mass of mucus or blood assuming 
the shape of a polypoid tumor. 

Pseudo-pregnancy (su-do-preg' -nan-se) [*/>£ vfiijc, false ; 
pregnans, pregnant]. Synonym of Pregnancy, False. 

Pseudoproct (su'-do-prokt) \_<l>evSi/g, false ; TrpuKrog, 
anus]. In biology: (a) the anal opening of the echi- 
nopredium of an echinoderm. (I/) The secondary 
opening replacing the original ascule in a sponge. 

Pseudoproctous (su-do-prok' -tus) [ipevdfc, false ; npcjic- 
toc, anus]. In biology, provided with a pseudoproct. 

Pseudopsia (su-dop'-se-ah) [ilievdijg, false; ui\>, eye]. 
Visual hallucination, or error of visual perception. 

Pseudo-pterygium (su-do-ter-ij'-e-u7>i)\j\>zv6r)g, heart; 
Trrtpv!;, wing]. False, or cicatricial, pterygium. 

Pseudo-pupa (su - do - pu' - pah) [ipevdi/g, false; pupa, 
pupa]. A false pupa. 

Pseudopupal (su-do-pu'-pal) \_ij)cv6r/c, false ; pupa, 
pupa]. Pertaining to a pseudopupa. 

Pseudo-pus (su' -do-pus) [if>Evd*ijg, false ; pus, pus]. A 
liquid that resembles pus in appearance only. 

Pseudo-rachitis (su-do-ra-ki' -tis)\_^>ev6i]g, false; p&X'C> 
spine; trig, inflammation]. Osteitis deformans 
(Pozzi). 

Pseudoramose (su-do-ra'-moz) [ipevdi/g, false ; ramus, 
branch] . In biology, forming false branches. 

Pseudo-ramulus (su - do - ram' '- u - lus) \T\>ev5'qg, false; 
ramulus, a little branch]. In biology, a false branch. 

Pseudorasis (su-dor-a'-sis). Synonym of Pseudopsia. 

Pseudorcin (su-dor'-sin). Synonym of Erythrite. 



Pseudoresia, Pseudorexia (su - dor - e'- ze - ah, su-dor- 
eks'-e-ah ) [ipevdi/g, false ; opegig, desire] . A per- 
verted appetite. 

Pseudo-rheumatism (su - do - ru'- mat - izm) [i/)f v6i/g, 
false ; pevua, flux]. False rheumatism. P., Infec- 
tious, a term given by Lapersonne to certain cases of 
multiple synovitis or arthritis, the prime cause of which 
it is impossible to discover. 

Pseudo-rhonchus (su - do - rong'- kits) [ipevM/g, false ; 
pdyxoQ , rhonchus]. A false or spurious rhonchus ; a 
deceptive auscultatory sound. 

Pseudo-rubeola (su-do-ru-be-o'-lah) [ipevdi/g, false; 
rubeola, rubeola]. An exanthematous disease simu- 
lating rubeola. 

Pseudo-scarlatina (su- do- skar - lat- e'-nah) [ipevdijg, 
false; scarlatina, scarlet fever]. A low fever asso- 
ciated with a cutaneous rash like that of scarlet fever, 
occurring as a result of gonorrhea, or after puerperal 
infection. 

Pseudo-sclerosis (s?i - do - skle - ro'- sis) [ipevdi/g, false; 
OK/rjpog, hard]. An affection similar in symptoms to 
multiple sclerosis of the nervous system, but without 
the anatomic lesions. 

Pseudoscope (su' -do-shop ) [ipevSqg, false ; oKmrelv, to 
see]. An instrument consisting of a pair of rectangu- 
lar prisms so arranged that the projecting portions of 
objects looked at appear depressed, and their deeper 
portions prominent. 

Pseudoscopic (su-do-skop'-ik) [ipevSr/g, false ; CKoireiv, 
to view]. Pertaining to the pseudoscope. 

Pseudoscopy (su-dos'-ko-pe) [i/jedi^c , false ; ononuv, to 
view]. The use of the pseudoscope. 

Pseudosematic (su-do -sem- at'-ik) [ i/)tu<5?/c, false; 
or/iia, a sign, mark, token]. In biology, false signal- 
ing, as the colors and disguises acquired by animals 
for purposes of deception, and generally referred to as 
mimicry, a. v. Cf. Pseudallosematic , Pseudaposematic , 
Pseudepisematic. 

Pseudoseptate (su-do-sep'-tdt) [ipevSijg, false ; septum, a 
fence]. In biology, having pseudosepta. Presenting 
the appearance of being septate when not so. 

Pseudoseptum (su-do-sep' -turn) [ipevSr/g, false ; septum, 
fence : //. , Pseudosepta]. In biology, a false septum. 

Pseudosiphon (su- do- si'- fun) [ipevdi/g, false ; oifur, 
siphon]. In biology, a false siphon. 

Pseudosiphonal (su-do-si'-fun-al) \_t\<ev6t)c, false; 
aicpuv, siphon]. Pertaining to a pseudosiphon. 

Pseudosiphuncle (su-do-si'-fung-kl). Same as Pseu- 
dosiphon. 

Pseudosmia (su - doz'- me - ah) [ilievdijg, false ; bapi/, 
smell]. Perversion of the sense of smell ; olfac- 
tory hallucinations. 

Pseudospermic (.f?^ - do - sper'- mik) \pbev6r}g, false ; 
a-eppa, seed]. Pertaining to pseudospermium. 

Pseudospermium (su-do-sper'-me-um) [i/>«>(J>)c, false ; 
a-nkppa, seed : //., Pseudospermia]. In biology, a term 
applied to such fruits as have the pericarp so closely 
applied to the seed that it is readily mistaken for a 
simple seed. 

Pseudospermous (su-do-sper'-mus). Same as Pseudo- 
spermic. 

Pseudosphresia (su- dos -fre'- ze - ah). Synonym of 
Pseudosmia. 

Pseudospore (su'-do-spdr)[Tpevdi/g, false; o-ropog, seed]. 
See Telentospore. 

Pseudostigma (su-do-stig'-mali) [ipevdqg, false ; ariypa, 
stigma]. In biology, a false stigma. 

Pseudostoma (su-dos-to'mali) \_\pevMjg, false; aruun, 
mouth: //., Pseudostomata]. I. One of the small, 
deeply-stained areas in silver preparations of endothe- 
lium. They are regarded by some as minute open- 
ings filled by silver-stained albuminous substances ; 



PSEUDOSTOMATOUS 



1205 



PSORIASIS 



according to Klein, however, many of these stigmata 
are the protruding, stained processes of connective- 
tissue cells. 2. The oral orifice of the echinopasdium 
of an echinoderm. 

Pseudostomatous (su-do-sto'-mat-us) [ipevdqc, false ; 
eroiia, mouth]. Provided with pseudostomata ; 
pertaining to a pseudostoma. 

Pseudostome (su'- do - stom) \jpEvSr/$, false ; ardfia, 
mouth]. See Pseudostoma. 

Pseudostomosis (su - do - sto - mo'- sis) [fevdfc, false ; 
croua, mouth]. The formation or existence of a pseu- 
dostome. 

Pseudostomotic (su - do - sto - mot'- ik) [tpevdr/c, false ; 
crd/ia, mouth]. Characterized by pseudostomosis. 

Pseudostomous (su-do-sto'-mus) [^levdfjg, false ; arofia, 
mouth]. In biology, having pseudostomes. 

Pseudo-stroma (su- do - stro'- man) [ipsvdi/g, false; 
arpu/ia, a covering]. A false stroma ; a cellular 
body resembling a stroma. 

Pseudo-synarthrosis (su-do-sin-ar-thro'-sis) [_ipev(h'/c, 
false; aw, with; apdpov, joint]. A ligamentous 
pseudarthrosis. 

Pseudo-syphilis (su-do-sif -il-is) \jpevSiji;, false ; syphi- 
lis, syphilis]. Chancroid. 

Pseudo-tabes (su-do-ta' -bez) [TpevSi/c, false ; tabes, a 
wasting]. Any disease simulating locomotor ataxia. 
See Polyneuritis potatorum. P. mesenterica, a func- 
tional disorder most common in young women and 
hysterical persons, and resembling tabes mesenterica. 

Pseudo-tetany (su-do-tet'-an-e) \_ipEvoiiQ, false ; rsravoQ, 
tetanus]. A disease simulating tetany. 

Pseudo-trichinosis (su-do-trik-in-o' -sis) [TpevSi)/;, false ; 
6pi^ , hair ; voaoc, disease]. Acute polymyositis re- 
sembling trichinosis of the muscles. 

Pseudotropin (su-do-tro'-pin) \j\!tv6rjq, false ; rperreLv, 
to turn], C 8 H ]5 NO. An isomeric form of tropin. 

Pseudo-tuberculous (su-do-tu-ber' -ku-lus) [fev(Si/c, 
false; tuberculum, tubercle]. Simulating tuberculosis. 

Pseudo-typhoid (su-do-ti'-foid) [ipevdi/s, false ; tvqoq, 
smoke]. False typhoid; simulating typhoid fever. 
P. Bacilli, bacteria that resemble the bacillus of enteric 
fever, but are not identical with it. 

Pseudo-urticaria (su-do-ur-tik-a'-re all) [i(>evfir/r, false ; 
urtica, nettle]. A skin-affection resembling urticaria 
in appearance, but not identical with it. 

Pseudoval (su-do'-val) [i/>en(5/;f, false; ovum, egg]. 
Pertaining to a pseudovum. 

T'ttX!LdLOva.x\axi(su-do-va , -re-a7i) [Tpev^ijg, false ; ovarian, 
ovary]. Pertaining to a pseudovarium. 

Pseudo-variola (su - do - va - ri'- o - lah). Synonym of 
Varicella. 

Pseudovarium, Pseudovary (su-do-va'-re-um, su-do'- 
va-re) [_ipev6r/g, false ; ovarium, ovary]. The ovary 
of a viviparous insect. 

Pseudovelar (su-do-ve' -lar)[_ipevr)r/c> false ; velum, veil]. 
Vascular ; having the character of a pseudovelum. 

Pseudovelum (su-do-ve' -lum) [ipevdr/c, false ; velum, 
veil]. The vascular velum of some hydrozoans. 

Pseudo-vermicules (su-do-ve;-' '-mik-ulz) [i/frarV/r, false ; 
vermes, a worm]. The crescentic bodies found by 
Laveran in the blood of persons suffering from malarial 
fever. See Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Pseudovum (su-do' -vuni)\j\>eviMic, false ; ovum, egg ://. , 
Pseudova~\. An egg that develops parthenogenirally. 

Pseudoxanthin (su-doks-an' -thin) [ipevdi/g, false ; fai>- 
Oog, yellow]. A name given, it is thought inappro- 
priately, by Gautier to a leukomain-base, C 4 H 5 N s O, 
isolated from fresh muscle-tissue of beef. It so much 
resembles xanthin, however, that it may have been 
often mistaken for that compound — hence, the name 
given by Gautier ; but it differs from xanthin in its 
empiric composition, solubility, and crystalline form. 



The name Pseudoxanthin was also given by Schultzen 
and Filehne to a body isomeric with xanthin, obtained 
by action of sulphuric upon uric acid. 

Pseudymen (su-di'-men) [fevdi/q, false ; hfii)v, mem- 
brane]. A false membrane. 

Psiloma (si-lo'-mah) [fildc, bare]. Baldness. 

Psilopedic (si-lo-pe'-dik) [ipi'Adc, bare; ttoZc, child]. 
Of birds born featherless. 

Psilosis (si-lo'-sis) [ipildc, bare]. I. The removal of 
the hair from a part. Depilation. 2. A term for cer- 
tain forms of tropical diarrhea. 

Psilothrum (si-lo' -thrum) Itj/i^uRpov']. A depilatory. 

Psoadic (so-ad'-ik) [ ipoa, loin]. Pertaining to a psoas 
muscle, or to the loin. 

Psoas (so' -as) [ i\>6n, loin]. . The loin. P. Abscess, 
an abscess, usually dependent upon tuberculous dis- 
ease of the vertebra, making its way along the sheath 
of the psoas muscle and pointing at the front of the 
thigh, below Poupart's ligament, to the outer side of 
the spine of the pubis. See Abscess. P. magnus, 
P. major. See Muscles, Table of. P. minor, P. 
parvus. See Muscles, Table of. P. quartus. Syno- 
nym of Obturator interims. 

Psoatic (so-at'-ik). Same as Psoadic. 

Psodymus (sod'-im-us) \_ipoa, loin ; diSv/log, double]. 
A sysomic monstrosity with two heads and thoraces, 
and conjoined abdominal and pelvic cavities. There 
are two legs, and occasionally the rudiments of a third. 

Psoitis (so-i'-tis) \_iboa, loin; /r/c, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the psoas muscles, or of the region of 
the loins. 

Psoloncus (so-long' '-kits') [_ipcd?J/, the bared glans penis ; 
oy/cor, tumor]. Tumefaction of the prepuce and the 
glans penis, due to paraphimosis. 

Psora (so' -rah) \j\>Lpa; ipoeiv, to scratch]. Scabies. 
See also Psoriasis. 

Psoralin (so-ral'-in). Synonym of Caffein. 

Psorelcosis (so-rel-ko 1 '-sis) [l/xupa, scabies ; eXuumc, 
ulceration]. Ulceration occurring during the progress 
of scabies. 

Psorentery (so'- ren - ter - e) [i/'"prc, scabies ; evrepov, 
intestine]. Asiatic cholera. 

Psoriasis (so-ri'-as-is) [ifxjpa, the itch]. Lepra alphos ; 
Lepra; Dry Tetter; Psora; a common chronic 
inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by 
variously-sized lesions having red bases, covered with 
white scales resembling mother-of-pearl. It affects 
by preference the extensor surfaces of the body. The 
lesions are infiltrated, elevated, clearly defined, cov- 
ered with white, shining, easily-detachable scales, 
which upon removal reveal a red, punctate, bleeding 
surface. The eruption is absolutely dry, and itching 
is usually absent. The etiology is obscure, though 
heredity plays a considerable role in its production. 
P. annularis. Synonym of P. circinata. P., Buccal, 
P. buccalis. Synonym of Leukoplakia buccalis. See 
also P. , Lingual. P. centrifuga, psoriasis in which 
the patches heal in the center while spreading at the 
periphery. P. circinata, psoriasis in which the cen- 
tral part of the lesions has disappeared, leaving ring- 
shaped patches. P. diffusa, a form in which there is 
coalescence of large contiguous lesions. P. discoidea. 
Same as P. nummularis. P., Eczematous, an 
acute form with bright-red patches, less defined at the 
margin than usual, with thin and papery scales, which 
are thrown off so rapidly that they have no time to 
aggregate into masses. The part is hot and tender, 
itches severely, and very little irritation will produce 
discharge. P. empyodes, a form in which a little 
pus forms underneath the crusts ; a rare event. P. 
figurata, P. geographica, psoriasis in which the 
patches are arranged in irregular patterns. P. gut- 



PSORIATIC 



1206 



PSYCHOGRAPHY 



tata. See P. punctata. P. gyrata, psoriasis with a 
serpentine arrangement of the patches. P. inveter- 
ata, a very obstinate form in which the skin is much 
thickened and fissured, with large adherent scales. P. 
nigra, a variety of psoriasis in which deep pigmenta- 
tion has taken place. P. nummularis, P. nummu- 
lata, psoriasis in which the patches develop in the 
shape and size of coins. P. ophthalmica, squamous 
eczema of the eyelids. P. orbicularis. Synonym 
of P. circinata. P. palmae, a dry eczema of the 
hands, or a squamous syphiloderm. P. palmaris et 
plantaris syphilitica, a squamous syphiloderm of the 
palms and soles. P. pilaris, a form affecting the re- 
gion of the hair-follicles. P. punctata, a form in 
which the lesion consists of minute red papules which 
rapidly become surmounted by pearly scales. These 
spread peripherally and soon resemble drops of mortar 
(P. guttata) ; when they attain the size of a coin the 
name P. nummularis is applied to them. By coales- 
cence of these, larger patches are produced(/ > . diffusa), 
the outline of which is festooned and convex outward. 
Healing begins in the center of the patches, causing a 
ringed appearance [P. circinata), composite patches 
thus assuming serpiginous outlines {P. gyrata). P. 
rubra, an acute form of psoriasis. P. rupioides, a 
form in which the scales are excessive in quantity and 
piled up like the shell of a limpet. P. simplex : (i) 
the usual form of psoriasis ; (2) synonym of Eczema. 
P. striata, psoriasis in which the lesions are disposed 
in striae or lines. P., Syphilitic. See Syphiloderma 
papulo-sqiiamosum. P. unguium, psoriasis of the 
nails, which become brittle, rough, ridged, and their 
ends broken off. P. universalis, a form in which 
the lesions are all over the body. 

Psoriatic {so-re-af -ik) \J>upa, itch]. I. Pertaining to 
psoriasis. 2. One affected with psoriasis. 

Psoric {so'-rik) [ipupa, itch]. Pertaining to or affected 
with psora. 

Psorocomium {so-ro-ko'-me-um) [ip/opa, itch ; Ko/ieIv,to 
take care of]. A hospital for patients affected with 
the itch. 

Psoroid (so'-roid) [iiupa, itch; fMoc,like]. Similar to 
psora or scabies. 

Psorophthalmia {so-roff-thaV -me-ali) \jpupa, itch ; b<j>6- 
a'Xpdc, eye]. Marginal blepharitis. 

Psorophthalmic {so-roff-thal' -mik) [ip&pa, itch ; b<j>8- 
akp.6c, eye]. Pertaining to psorophthalmia. 

Psororheumatismus {so-ro-rii-mal-iz'-mtts) [i/xipa, 
itch ; pevpaTiojuoz, rheumatism]. Rheumatism ascribed 
to scabies. 

Psorosperm {so'-ro-sperm) [ifi/opa, the itch ; mrep/ia, 
seed]. In biology, one of the Psorospermice, the name 
originally created by Miiller to designate the sporozoa 
of Pishes, but later applied to such a variety of low 
forms of animal life as to have lost its specific value, and 
now having but the general, vague significance of any 
or all sporozoa. Coccidia, Mvxosporidia, Sarcosporidia , 
Microsporidia, q. v. P. Nodules. See Coccidium 
ovi forme in Parasites {Animal), Table of. P. Sac- 
cules. See Sarcocystis miescheri, under Parasites 
{Animal), Table of. 

Psorospermial, Psorospermic ( so - ro - sper'- me - al, 
so-ro-sper'-mik) [i/xipa, itch ; OTrcp/m, seed]. Pertain- 
ing to or of the nature of psorosperms. 

Psorospermiasis ( so-ro-sper-mi' -as-is ) [i/'«pa, itch ; 
rnreppa, seed]. A term embracing several parasitic 
affections produced by psorosperms. 

Psorospermosis {so-ro-sper-tno' -sis)[ip6pa, itch ; airkppa 
seed : //. , Psorospermoses~\. A diseased condition as- 
sociated with the presence of psorosperms. P., Pro- 
liferative Follicular. Synonym of Keratosis follicu- 
laris and TJarier's Disease. 



Psorotheoria {so-ro-the-o' -re-ah) \_i\>upa, itch; deupia, 
theory]. Hahnemann's theory that many diseases 
were due to the driving inward of scabies. 

Psorous {so'-rus) \_fupa, itch]. Pertaining to or affected 
with the itch. 

Psorozoa {so - ro - zo'- ah) [ij/iopa., itch; (,£>ov, animal]. 
Animal psorosperms. 

Psychagogia {si-kag-o' -je-ali) [4>vxf/, spirit ; ayuyuc, 
leading]. Mental excitement or activity. 

Psychagogic {si-kag-oj'-ik) \i\wx>l, spirit ; ayuyoc, lead- 
ing]. 1. Restorative of the consciousness. 2. A 
remedy that restores to consciousness, as in faint- 
ing- 

Psychalgia {si-kal' -je-ali) \$vxJ], mind ; alyoc, pain]. 
Mental distress ; melancholia. 

Psyche {si'-ke) [ipvxv, soul]. The brain and myelon 
considered as one organ ; the cerebro-spinal axis. 

Psychentonia {si-ken-to' -ne-ah) [tJjv%%, mind; evrovia, 
tension]. Mental strain or over-work. 

Psychiater {si-ki'-at-er) [^>vxv, soul ; larpdc, a physi- 
cian]. An alienist ; one who cures mind-diseases. 

Psychiatria {si-ki-a' -tre-ali). Same as Psychiatry. 

Psychiatric {si-ke-at'-rik) [if'vxVt mind ; larpeia, heal- 
ing art]. Pertaining to pschiatry. 

Psychiatrist {si-ke-at'-rist) \}\>vxv, mind ; lari/p, physi- 
cian]. A specialist in psychiatry. 

Psychiatry {si-ki' -at-re) [i/'i'^^> rnind ; larpeia, healing 
art]. The science and treatment of the diseases of 
the mind. 

Psychic, or Psychical {si'-kik, si' -kik-al)\j\ivxv , mind]. 
Pertaining to the mind. P. Blindness. See Word- 
blindness. P. Centers. Nerve-centers connected 
with sensation in the sense of conscious perception, 
feeling, volition, intellectual acts, and will. 

Psychics {si'-kiks) [ipvxv, soul]. The science of psy- 
chology. 

Psychism {si'-kizm) [i}>vx>/, soul]. The character of 
being psychic, or mental. 

Psychist {si'-kisl) \ipvxV> soul] . One who engages in 
psychic research. 

Psychlampsia {si-klamp' -se-ali) \_in>xn, mind ; ?.a//ifnc, 
a flashing]. Mania, viewed as a discharging phenome- 
non of perverted cerebral activity. 

Psycho-auditory {si - ko - aw'- dit - or- e) [V'"/T')i mind ; 
andire, to hear]. Pertaining to the psychic percep- 
tion of sound. P. Area, the cortical area concerned 
in the conscious perception of sound. 

Psychocoma ( si - ko - ko'- man ) [ tl>vxv, mind ; Ku/na, 
coma]. Mental stupor (Clouston). 

Psychodometer {si-ko-dom' -et-er) \ipvxv, mind ; bdot;, 
wav ; fitrpnv, measure]. An instrument for measur- 
ing the rapidity of psychic processes. 

Psychodynamic {si - ko -di - nam'-ik) [ 4' v X%i soul; 
dvva/iic, power]. Pertaining to psychodynamics. 

Psychodynamics {si - ko-di - nam'- iks) [ipvxfis mind ; 
fivvaiiiQ, power]. The science of the laws of mental 
activity. 

Psychodynamy {si-ko-di'-nam-e). Synonym of Mag- 
netism, Animal. 

Psychogenesis {si-ko-jen' -es-is) \jpvxVt mind ; yiriair, 
generation]. The development of mental charac- 
teristics. 

Psychogeny {si-ko/'-en-e) [ ijJVXVt soul; yevtjs, pro- 
ducing]. The development of mind. 

Psychogeusic {si-ko-gi/'-sik) \_ipvxij, mind; }f('cr/c, 
sense of taste]. Pertaining to perception of taste. 

Psychogony {si-kog'-o-ne) [i/'i'J'A soul ; yovia, genera- 
tion]. The doctrine of the development of mind. 

Psychographic {si-ko-graf'-ik) [1/"'^''/, soul ; ypatpeiv, to 
write]. Pertaining to psychography. 

Psychography {si-kog'-ra-fe) [i/'rj?/, soul ; ypatpetr, to 
write]. The natural history of mind. 



PSYCHOKINESIA 



1207 



PSYDRACIA 



Psychokinesia (si-ko-kiu-e' ' -ze-ah) [i/"',V'/> mind ; kivij- 
(T(f, movement]. Explosive or impulsive maniacal 
action, due to defective inhibition ; psychlampsia. 

Psychologic (si-ko-loj'-ik) \_4>vx'/> soul; Aoj-oc, science]. 
Pertaining to psychology. 

Psychologist (si - kol' - o - jisf) \_i>vx>l, soul; /idjoc, 
science]. One versed in psychology. 

Psychology (si-kol'-o-je) [ipv,\r/, mind; /loyoc, science]. 
The science which has for its primary subject of inves- 
tigation all the phenomena of human consciousness, or 
of the sentient life of man (Ladd). 

Psychometry (si - kom' - et - re) \_4>vx'/> mind; fierpov, 
measure]. The measurement of the duration of 
psychic processes ; measurement of sense-relations in 
mental action. P., Physiologic, psychology studied 
from a physiologic standpoint. There is a growing 
tendency on the part of scientists to study the phenom- 
ena of the mind from the physical and physiologic 
side. Important results have been achieved by the aid 
of psycho-physics, and a number of psychic phenom- 
ena can now be defined in mathematic terms. P., 
Transcendental, psychic processes which are be- 
lieved not to be dependent on cerebral function. 

Psycho-motor (si-ko-mo' -tor) [ipvx'i, mind ; movere, to 
move]. Pertaining to the mind and to voluntary 
movement. P. Area, the motor area of the brain ; 
disposed chiefly at the sides of the central (Rolandic) 
fissure. 

Psychoneurology (si - ko - nu-rol' -o-je) \jbvxn, soul; 
vevpov, nerve; 16yoc, science]. That part of neu- 
rology treating of mental action. 

Psychoneurosis (si-ko-mi-ro' -sis) \i'vx'q, mind; vevpov, 
nerve ; vdoos, disease]. Mental disease, especially 
such as is not accompanied by or dependent on any 
demonstrable bodily disorder. 

Psychonomy (si-kon'-o-me) [xpvxi/, soul ; bvopa, name]. 
The science of the laws of mental action. 

Psychonosema (si-ko-no-ze' -mah) \j\>vx>l, mind ; vda- 
fir/v, disease]. Any mental disease. 

Psychonosology (si-ko-no-zol' -o-je) \_ipvx '/, mind ; voaoc, 
disease ; ?<,6yo^, science]. The nosology of mental 
diseases. 

Psycho-optic (si'-ko-op' -tik) [if>vxr/, mind ; S)ip, sight]. 
Pertaining to the psychic perception of light. P. 
Area, the cortical area concerned in conscious percep- 
tion of retinal impulses. 

Psychoparesis (si-ko-par' ' -es-is) \_i' v X^< mind ; Ttapecic, 
paresis]. Enfeeblement of the mind. 

Psychopath (si' -ko-path) [i'vx'h soul ; -xddoc, disease]. 
A morally irresponsible person. 

Psychopathic (si- ko-path' -ik) [ibvxq, mind ; Tzddoc, 
disease]. Pertaining to psychopathy. 

Psychopathist (si-kop'-ath-ist). Synonym of Psy- 
chiatrist. 

Psycho-pathology (si-ko-path-ol' '-o-je) [yjvxij, mind; 
irddnc, disease; Xdyog, science]. I. The pathology 
of mental disease. 2. In legal medicine, the legal 
aspect of insanity ; the law as to the rights and re- 
sponsibilities of insane persons ; legal psychiatry, in- 
correctly called criminal anthropology. 

Psychopathy (si - kop' - ath - e) [ipvx>7, mind; rvdOog, 
disease]. Any disease of the mind. 

Psycho -physical (si-ko-fiz'-ik-al) \$vxn, mind ; (j>vai- 
k6q, physical]. Pertaining to pyscho-physics. P. 
Law. See Law, Fechner^s. 

Psychophysics (si- ko-fiz f -iks) [ipvxv, mind ; (pvaiKoc, 
physical]. The study of mental processes by physi- 
cal methods ; the study of the relation of stimuli to 
the sensations which they produce, especially the de- 
termination of the differences of stimulus required to 
produce recognizable differences of sensation ; experi- 
mental psychology. 



Psychophysiology (si-ko-jiz-e-ol' -o-je). Synonym of 
Psychology', Physiologic. 

Psychoplasm (si'-ko-plazni) \j\>vx.7], soul, mind ; irXdo- 
fia, anything formed]. In biology: "The sentient 
material out of which all forms of consciousness are 
evolved, incessantly fluctuating, incessantly renewed." 
( Le wes. ) See Protyl. 

Psychoplasmic (si-ko-plaz' -mik) [i/"',Y'/) sou l > irA-aofia, 
anything formed]. Pertaining to pyschoplasm. 

Psychorrhythm (si'-ko-rithm) [_\pi>x>/, mind ; pvd/idc, 
rhythm]. Any cyclic or alternating mental condition. 

Psycho-sensory, Psycho-sensorial (si-ko-sen'-sor-e, 
si-ko-sen-so' -re-al) [ipvx'h mind ; sensus, sense]. 
Pertaining to the conscious perception of sensory im- 
pulses. P. Area, an area in the brain-cortex con- 
nected with the perception of sensory impulses, par- 
ticularly those of special sense. 

Psychosin (si-ko'-sin) \_^>vxri, mind]. A cerebrosid 
resembling sphingosin, occurring in brain-tissue. 

Psychosis (si-ko'-sis) [ipv%%, mind: //. , Psychoses^, l. 
Any disease of the mind. 2. The neural act corre- 
sponding to a mental phenomenon. " In all intellectual 
operations we have to distinguish two sets of successive 
changes — -one in the physical basis of consciousness 
and the other in consciousness itself ; one set which 
may, and doubtless will, in course of time, be followed 
through all its complexities by the anatomist and 
the physicist, and one of which only the man can 
have immediate knowledge. As it is very necessary 
to keep up a clear distinction between these two pro- 
cesses, let the one be called neurosis, q. v. , and the other 
psychosis. ' ' ( Huxley. ) 

Psychosomatiatria (si-ko-so-mat-e-a'-tre-ah) [ipvxv, 
mind ; ou/m, body ; larpia, healing art]. The treat- 
ment of diseases of the mind and body. 

Psychosomatic (si-ko-so-mat'-ik) \j\>vxh, soul ; aCifia, 
body]. Relating to both soul and body. 

Psychotherapeutic (si-ko-ther-ap-n' -tik) [ip v XV> sou ' > 
depaiTEVTiitoc; , pertaining to medical treatment]. Per- 
taining to psychotherapeutics. 

Psychotherapeutics (si - ko - ther - ap - u'- fiks) [i)>vx%t 
mind; depenreia, treatment]. The treatment of dis- 
ease by mental influence, or by suggestion. 

Psychotherapy (si - ko - ther'- ap- e). Same as Psycho- 
therapeutics. 

Psychovital (si-ko-vi'-tal) \ipvxfl, soul ; vita, life]. 
Psychic and vital. 

Psychrapostema (si-krap-os' -te-mali) \j\wxpdc, cold ; 
h-oarryia, abscess]. Cold abscess. 

Psychrolusia (si-kro-lu'-ze-ah) [ipvxpoc, cold ; Xoveiv, to 
wash]. Cold bathing. 

Psychrolutron (si-kro-lu'-troti) \_tyvxpdc, cold ; 'Aovrpbv, 
bath]. Cold bath. 

Psychrometer (si-krom'-et-er) \jpvxpdQ, cold ; fihpov, 
measure]. An instrument for determining the amount 
of atmospheric moisture by precipitation on a cold 
surface. 

Psychrometric (si-kro-met'-rik) [rpvxpoc, cold; perpov, 
measure]. Pertaining to a psychrometer. 

Psychrometry (si-krom'-et-re) [fvxpoc, cold ; fierpov, 
measure] . The use of the psychrometer. 

Psychrophobia (si-kro-fo' be-ah) \J1vxp6c, cold ; 0d/3oc, 
dread]. Morbid dread of or impressibility to cold. 

Psychrophore (si'-kro-for) [ fvxpdg, cold ; (popelv, to 
carry]. An instrument for applying cold to parts 
deeply placed, as by a double-current catheter to the 
prostate gland. 

Psychroposia (si-kro-po'-ze-ah) [Tpvxp6g, cold ; iromt;, a 
drinking]. The drinking of cold beverages. 

Psydracia (si-dra'-se-ah) [ij/vdpat;, blister, pimple : pi., 
Psydraciie~\. I. Eczema (Fuchs). 2. In Plenck's 
classification, a variety of skin-diseases characterized 



PSYDRACIUM 



1208 



PTERYGOMA 



by red, elevated spots. P. spontanese, a form of 
large-whealed urticaria usually affecting covered parts. 
P. vulgaris. Synonym of Eczema simplex. 

Psydracium (si-dra/ -se-uni) [_tpv6pa^, a blister or pim- 
ple : //. , Psydracia]. A small pustule. 

'Psygmai (sig'-?na/i) [ipvy/id]. A refrigerant medicine. 

Ptarmic (tar'-mik) [nrapfidg, a sneezing]. Pertaining 
to the act of sneezing. Sternutatory. Also, a sub- 
stance that produces sneezing. 

Ptelea (te'-le-ah) [tttsXm, elm]. A genus of poly- 
petalous shrubs and trees. P. trifoliata, Hop-tree ; 
Wafer-ash ; Wing-seed. The bark of a shrub yield- 
ing a bitter tonic extractive. It is a popular tonic in 
debility and dyspepsia, and is also used as an anthel- 
mintic. Unof. 

Pteleorrhine (tel r -e-or-in) [ttteMo, elm ; pig, nose]. A 
term applied to the anterior nares when the aperture 
is asymmetric. 

Ptenopleural (ten- o - plu'-ral) [ Trrrjvog, feathered; 
TrXevpd, side]. In biology, having the sides of the 
body winged or alate. 

Pteral (ter'-aP) [nrepov, wing]. In biology, of or per- 
taining to the wing. Cf. Manal. 

Ptere (ler) [wrepdv, feather, wing]. In biology, a 
wing-like structure. 

Pteridium (ter-id' -e-um) [ Trrepov, wing]. See Samara. 

Pterion (te , -re-o?i) \_TiTep6v, wing]. See Craniometric 
Points. 

Pterna (ter'-nali) [Tcrepva]. I. Calcaneum. 2. The 
heel-pad of birds. 

Ptero- (ter'-d) [wrepov, wing]. A prefix to denote re- 
semblance to a wing, or wing-shaped. 

Pterocardiac (ter-o-kar'-de-ak) [irrepov, wing; Kaptha, 
the heart]. In biology, applied by Huxley to a wing- 
like ossicle that articulates with the cardiac ossicle 
in the stomach of the crawfish. 

Pterocarpous (te?--o-kar / -pus) [rrTepdv, wing ; Kapnog, 
fruit]. In biology, wing-fruited. 

Pterocarpus (ter-o-kar' -pus) \jzrep6v, wing ; Kapizoc, 
fruit]. A genus of tropical leguminous trees. P. 
draco, of tropical America, affords some of the dragon's 
blood of commerce. P. erinaceus, of Africa, and 
P. marsupium, of India, yield kino. P. santali- 
nus, affords red saunders. 

Pterocaulon (ter-o-kaw' -Ion) \_TXTip6v, wing ; kcivX6c, 
stem]. A genus of the Inuloidecv. P. pycnosta- 
chyum, black-root, a species found in Georgia, where 
it is used as a tonic, emmenagogue, and alterative. 

Pterodium (ter-o'-de-uni). Same as Pteridium. 

Pteroglossine (ter-o-glos' -in) [ Trrep6i>, wing ; yluooa, 
tongue]. In biology, having a feathery or brushy 
tongue. 

Pterologic (ter-o-loj'-ik) [Trrepov, wing ; X6yog, science]. 
Pertaining to pterology. 

Pterology (ter-ol'-o-je) [rrrepdv, wing; Xdyog, science]. 
In biology, that department of entomology or orni- 
thology which treats of the wings. 

Pteropegal (ter-o-pe'-gal) [irrepov, wing; Trrjyot;, fas- 
tened]. Pertaining to a pteropegum. 

Pteropegum (ter-o-pe' -gum) [rrrepiv, feather, wing ; 
Trr/ydc, fastened: //. , Pteropega~\. In biology, the 
articular socket or surface on the thorax of an insect 
for the reception of the base of the wing. 

Pteropodial (ter-o-po'-de-al) \jtTepov, wing; ttSSiov, a 
small foot]. Pertaining to a pteropodium. 

Pteropodium (ter-o-po' -de-um) \jvrep6g, wing ; tt6Siov, 
a small foot]. The podium of a pteropod. 

Pterorhine (ter'-o-rin) [rrTepov, wing; pic, nose]. In 
biology, having feathered nostrils. 

Pterospora (ter-os'-po-rali) [rrrepdv, wing; arr6pnc, 
seed]. A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Monotropea. P. andromeda, scaly dragon-claw, 



dragon-root, fever-root, a plant found in New York, 
Vermont, and Canada, and having anthelmintic, dia- 
phoretic, and emmenagogue properties. 

Pterostigma (ter-o-stig'-mah) [rrrepuv, wing ; oriypa, 
a spot]. The stigma on the wings of some insects. 

Pterostigmal (ter-o-stig'-mal) [ptTepov, wing ; criypa, 
stigma]. Pertaining to a pterostigma. 

Pterostigmatic (per- o - stig- mat'-ik) \_KTep6v, wing ; 
ariypa, stigma]. In biology, having a pterostigma. 

Pterotheca (ter-o-the'-kah) \_~Ttp6v, wing ; df,ia/, case : 
//. , Pterotheca'] . In biology, that part of the pupa-case 
which covers the developing wings. 

Pterotic (ter-ot'-ik) [nrepov, wing]. Wing-like. 

Pterygial (ter-if -e-al) [dim. of rr-epv^, wing]. Per- 
taining to a pterygium. 

Pterygium (ter-if -e-um) [dim. of rrrfpuf, wing: //. , 
Pterygia]. I. A triangular patch of thickened con- 
junctiva, the apex pointing toward the pupil, the 
fan-shaped base extending toward the canthus. It is 
most common on the nasal side. 2. One of the alae 




Pterygium. 

nasi. 3. In biology, the generalized vertebrate limb. 
Cf. Archipterygium, Ictliyopterygium, Cheiropterygium, 
Mesopterygium, Metapterygium, Propterygium . P. 
carnosum, a flesh-like vascular pterygium. P. eras- 
sum. Synonym of P. carnosum. P. membrana- 
ceum, a thin, membrane-like pterygium. P. sarco- 
matosum. Synonym of P. carnosum. P. tenue. 
Synonym of P. membranaceum. P. unguis, an ab- 
normal growth of skin over the finger-nail. P. vas- 
culosum. Synonym of P. carnosum. 

Pterygo- (ter f -ig-o- ) [--tpv!;, wing]. A prefix denoting 
connection with or relation to the pterygoid process. 

Pterygoblast (ter'-ig-o-ldast) [-r/puf, wing; ,3/atrroc, 
germ]. In biology, the incipient rudiment or proton 
of the fin-ray. 

Pterygobranchiate (tcr - ig ■ - brang'- ke - at) [-ripi^, 
wing ; fipayxia, gills]. In biology, having feathery 
gills. 

Pterygoda (ter-ig-o'-da/i) [-ripvyuih/g, wing-like]. In 
biology, a pair of scales on the mesothorax, near the 
insertion of the first legs, in Lepidoptera. Cf. Teguhs. 

Pterygoid (ter' '-ig-oid) \_Ti--epvS, wing; eldoc, like]. 
Wing-shaped. P. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. 
P. Canal, the Vidian canal. P. Fossa. See Fossa. 
P. Muscle. See Muscle. P. Notch. Same as P. 
Fossa. P. Plate, one of the two plates of a ptery- 
goid process, a. v. P. Plexus. See Plexus. P. 
Process. See Process, Pterygoid. 

Pterygoidean (ter-is;-oid' -e-an) [rrripv^, wing]. Ptery- 
goid. P. Plaques, the characteristic sores seen on 
the hard palate in children affected with Bednar's 
aphthae. 

Pterygoma (ter-ig-o'-mah) [rr-ipvi;, wing; bun, tumor]. 
A chronic swelling of the labia minora which inter- 
feres with coitus (Severin). 



PTERYGOMAXILLARY 



1209 



PTOSIS 



Pterygomaxillary (ter-ig-o-maks' -il-a-re) \jrTep6v, 
wing ; elSoq, like ; maxilla, maxilla]. Pertaining to 
a pterygoid process and the maxilla. P. Fissure, an 
elongated fissure formed by the divergence of the 
superior maxillary bone from the pterygoid process 
of the sphenoid. It gives passage to branches of the 
internal maxillary artery. P. Ligament, a liga- 
mentous branch extending from the apex of the 
internal pterygoid plate to the posterior end of the 
internal oblique line of the lower jaw. 

Pterygopalatal, Pterygopalatine ( ter-ig-o-pal'-at-al, 
ter-ig-o-pal' '-at-in). See Palatopterygoid. P. Artery. 
See Arteries, Table of. P. Canal, a canal formed 
by the articulation of the pterygoid process of the 
sphenoid bone, with the sphenoid process of the 
palate bone and transmitting the pterygo-palatine 
vessels and nerves. P. Nerve, a small nerve arising 
from the back part of Meckel's ganglion and passing 
through the pterygo-palatine canal to the mucous mem- 
brane of the upper part of the pharynx, behind the 
Eustachian tube. Also known as the pharyngeal nerve. 

Pterygo-pharyngeus ( ter-ig-o-far-in-je' -us ) [irrepdv, 
wing; <f>apvy^, pharynx]. I. Synonym of Palato- 
pharyngeits. 2. The part of the superior constrictor 
of the pharynx which arises from the internal ptery- 
goid plate. 

Pterygo-quadrate (ter-ig-o-kwod' -rat) [Trrepuf , wing ; 
quadratics, quadrate]. Pertaining to the pterygoid 
bone and to the quadrate bone. 

Pterygosphenoid (ter-ig-o-sfe' ' -noid). See Spheno- 
pterygoid. 

Pterygospinous {ter-ig-o-spi' ' -nus) [nTepv^, wing; 
spinosus, spinous]. Pertaining to a pterygoid pro- 
cess and to the spine of the sphenoid. 

Pterygo-staphylinus (ter-ig-o-stafil-i' -nus) [ KTepv!;, 
wing; crafv'Ar'/, uvula ]. Same as Tensor palati. 

Pterygostium (ter-ig-os' -te-um) \_-TzpvS,, wing ; ostium, 
mouth]. One of the veins of an insect's wing. 

Pterygostomial (ter-ig-o-sto' -me-al) [nrepbl;, wing ; 
CTOfia, mouth]. In biology, applied to the plate-like 
extensions of the carapace running forward parallel 
with the axis of the body in certain crustaceans. 

Pterygo-syndesmo-staphylo-pharyngeus (ter'-ig-o- 
sin-dez' '-mo-staf ' -il-o-far-i?i-je' '-us) . Synonym of Con- 
strictor, Superior, of the Pharynx. 

Pterygote (ter'-ig-ot) \jrTepvyu-6c, winged]. Winged, 
alate. 

Pterygo-temporal (ter-ig-o-tem' -po-ral) \jvrhpv^, wing ; 
tempus, temple]. Pertaining to the pterygoid process 
and to the temporal bone. 

Pterygotrabecular (ter - ig - o- tra-bek'-u-lar) \jrrepv^, 
wing ; trabecula\ Pertaining to the pterygoid bone 
and the trabecular region of the skull. 

Pteryla (ter'-il-ah) [nrepov, feather, wing ; vat), wood : 
//. , Pteryltz~\. In biology, a " feather tract," an area 
of the skin on which feathers grow, as distinguished 
from apteria, or tracts on which no feathers grow. 

Pterylographic (ter-il-o-graf ' -ik) \jrTep6v, feather; 
ypcupeiv, to write]. Pertaining to pterylography. 

Pterylography (ter-il-og' -ra-fe) \_-ripov, feather ; ypa- 
(peiv, to write]. In biology, the written description of 
the arrangement of the feathers in the skin of birds. 

Pterylosis (ter-il-o'-sis) \_pteryla, from irrepdv, wing, 
feather ; vXij, wood] . In biology, the arrangement or 
distribution of the feathers of a bird, as distinguished 
from the character of the plumage, ptilosis. 

Ptiloma (ti-lo'-mah) [tttIaov, down]. The part of the 
eyelid deprived of its cilia by ptilosis. 

Ptilosis (ti-lo'-sis) \irriXov, feather]. In biology, the 
plumage or feathering of a bird regarded as to char- 
acter rather than as to the distribution of the feathers, 
for which see pterylosis. See also Madarosis. 



Ptisan (tiz'-an) [rrTioavij, peeled barley]. Barley- 
water. Any decoction of barley designed as a medi- 
cinal drink. 

Ptochiater (to'-ke-a-ler) [-rw^of, poor ; larpoc, physi- 
cian]. A physician who attends the poor. 

Ptochiatria (to-ke-a'-tre-ah) [-rw^dr, a beggar; larpia, 
healing art]. Medical treatment of the poor. 

Ptochocomion (to-ko-ko' ' -me-oii) \tztwx^i poor ; no/ieiv, 
to take care of]. A hospital for the care of the poor. 

Ptoma (to' -mah) \jtTwiia\. Cadaver. 

Ptomain (to'-ma-in) \jvTiiifia, corpse]. Anyone of the 
active, inanimate septic or toxic substances result- 
ing from processes of decomposition and disintegration 
of albuminous materials. (Farquharson.) As pto- 
mains are chiefly developed during putrefaction, they 
have been termed putrefactive alkaloids. The name 
cadaveric alkaloids has also been given to them, but 
applies properly only to those obtained from the dead 
animal body. Some of the ptomains are poisonous ; 
the greater number are not. As a rule, each distinct- 
ive ptomain is produced by a different microorganism, 
but there are instances of several bacteria producing 
the same ptomain. The dependence of a ptomain 
upon microorganisms may be indirect and compli- 
cated by or dependent upon purely chemic changes. 
The kind of ptomain produced depends somewhat upon 
the stage of putrefaction, as ptomains are " transition 
products in the process of putrefaction." Their produc- 
tion is also influenced by the media in which the bac- 
teria grow. A ptomain that is formed by a certain 
bacterium in one medium may not be produced by the 
same bacterium in another medium. Ptomains have 
been found in foods, as in mussels, oysters, eels, sau- 
sage, ham, canned meats, cheese, milk, ice-cream, etc. 
The pathogenic action of certain bacteria may be due 
to their production of ptomains. In addition to the 
ptomains given in the following table, a number of 
unnamed substances have been studied that possess 
reactions and physiologic effects similar or identical with 
those of well-known vegetable alkaloids. These at pres- 
ent can only be called after analogues, e.g. , Conii'n- 
like Substances ; others are called Atropin-like, 
Delphinin-like, Digitalin-like, Morphin-like, 
Nicotin-like, Strychnin-like, Veratrin-like, etc. 
The table beginning on page 1 210 is modified from 
Vaughan and Novy. 

Ptomainemia (to-ma-in-e' -me-ali) [irTufia, corpse ; aijia, 
blood]. The presence of ptomains in the blood. 

Ptomainic (to' -ma-in-ik) [irrujia, corpse]. Due to or 
associated with a ptomain. 

Ptomapeptone (to' -mah-pep' -ton) [-rijfia, a corpse; pep- 
tone, from -nk-K-uv, to cook, digest]. In biology, one 
of the putrefactive alkaloids produced in cereals by 
the action of ergot, molds, etc. 

Ptomatin (to' -mat-in). Synonym of Ptomain. 

Ptomatopsia (to-mat-op' -se-ah) \jrrid(ia, corpse ; oipig, 
view]. The examination of the cadaver ; necropsy. 

Ptomatropin (to-mat' -ro-pin). A ptomain resembling 
the vegetable alkaloid atropin in its physiologic proper- 
ties. That isolated by Zuelzer and Sonnenschein did 
not give the odor of blossoms when heated with sul- 
phuric acid and oxidizing agents (Reuss's test), but a 
ptomatropin found by Selmi gave the reaction. 

Ptosis (to'-sis) [nrljaic, -k'l-ktelv, to fall]. Complete or 
partial drooping of the upper eyelid, due to paralysis 
of the levator palpebral or to thickening of the lid. P. 
iridis, hernia of the iris. P. oculi. Synonym of 
Exophthalmos. P. palpebral, P. palpebrarum. 
See Ptosis. P. sympathica, ptosis in connection 
with paresis of the cervical sympathetic and associated 
with myosis and vaso-motor paralysis of the side of the 
face affected. 



PTOMAINS 



1210 



PTOMAINS 



TABLE OF PTOMAINS. 



Name. 


Formula. 


Discoverer. 


Source. 


Physiologic 
Action. 


Amido-valerianic acid. 


CsHnNO.. 


E. and H. Salkow- 
ski. 


Putrefying fibrin and meat. 


Non-toxic. 


Amylamin. 


C 5 H 13 N. 


Hesse. 


Cod-liver oil, horn, putrid yeast. 


Toxic. 


Asellin. 


C25H30N4. 


Gautier and Mour- 
gues. 


Cod-liver oil. 


Toxic. 


Betain. 


C 5 H I3 N0 3 . 


Brieger. 


Mussel, human urine. 


Non-toxic. 


Butylamin. 


C 4 H„N. 


Gautier and Mour- 
gues. 


Cod-liver oil. 


Toxic (?). 


Cadaverin. 


C 6 H 14 N 2 . 


Brieger. 


Putrefying animal tissues, cultures 
of comma-bacillus. 


Slightly toxic. 


Caproylamin. 


See Hexylamin. 








Cholin. 


C 5 H 15 N0 2 . 


Brieger. 


Decomposing animal tissues, proteus 
and comma-bacillus cultures. 


Toxic. 


Collidin (?). 


C 8 H„N. 


Nencki. 


Putrid mixture of pancreas and gela- 
tin. 




Diethylamin. 


C 4 H n N. 


Bocklisch. 


Putrefying fish (pike). 


Non-toxic. 


Dihydrolutidin. 


C 7 H n N. 


Gautier and Mour- 
gues. 


Cod-liver oil. 


Toxic. 


Dimethylamin. 


C 2 H 7 N. 


Brieger. 


Putrid gelatin, yeast, fish. 


Non-toxic. 


Eczemin. 




Griffith. 


Extracted from the urine in eczema. A 
white, crystalline substance, soluble 
in water, feebly alkaline in reaction. 


Toxic. 


Ethylamin. 


C 2 H 7 N. 


Hesse. 


Putrefying yeast, wheat flour. 


Non-toxic. 


Ethylidenediamin (?). 


C 2 H 8 N 2 . 


Brieger. 


Putrefying haddock. 


Toxic. 


Gadinin. 


C 7 H 17 N0 2 . 


Brieger. 


Decomposing haddock. 


Toxic. 


Hexylamin. 


C H ]5 N. 


Hesse. 


Putrid yeast. 


Toxic. 


Hydrocollidin (?). 


C 8 H 13 N. 


Gautier and Etard. 


Putrefying mackerel, horse, and ox- 
flesh. 


Toxic. 


Hydrocoridin. 


C 10 H„N. 


Griffiths. 


Agar-culture of bacterium album. 




Methylamin. 


CH 5 N. 


Bocklisch. 


Putrefying fish. 


Non-toxic. 


Methyl-guanidin. 


C 2 H 7 N 3 . 


Brieger. 


Putrefying horse-flesh. 


Toxic. 


Morrhuic acid. 


C H 13 NO 3 . 


Gautier and Mour- 
gues. 


Cod-liver oil. 




Morrhuin. 


CisN^Ns. 


Gautier and Mour- 
gues. 


Cod-liver oil. 


Diuretic and diapho- 
retic. 


Muscarin. 


C 5 H 15 N0 3 . 


Brieger. 


Decomposing haddock. 


Toxic. 


Mydalein. 




Brieger. 


Putrefying human organs. 


Toxic. 


Mydatoxin. 


C 6 H 13 N0 2 . 


Brieger. 


Putrefying human organs. 


Toxic. 


Mydin. 


C s H n NO. 


Brieger. 


Putrid human tissues, blood-serum 
cultures of Eberth's bacillus of 
typhoid fever. 


Non-toxic. 


Mytilotoxin. 


C 6 H ]6 N0 2 . 


Brieger. 


Poisonous mussel (Mytilus edulis). 


Toxic. 


Neuridin. 


C 5 H 14 N 2 . 


Brieger. 


Putrefying flesh. 


Non-toxic. 


Neurin. 


C 5 Hi 3 NO. 


Brieger. 


Putrefying flesh. 


Toxic. 


Parvolin (?). 


C 9 H, 3 N. 


Gautier and Etard. 


Putrefying mackerel and horse-flesh. 




Peptotoxin. 




Brieger. 


Decomposing proteid substances. 


Toxic. 


Phlogosin. 




Leber. 


Cultures of staphylococcus pyogenes 
aureus. 


Powerful local irritant. 


Propylamin. 


C 3 H 9 N. 


Brieger. 


Gelatin-cultures of bacteria of human 
feces 




Putrescin. 


C 4 H 12 N 2 . 


Brieger. 


Putrefying flesh, gelatin, etc. 


Slightly toxic. 



PTOTIC 1211 PTYSMATISCHESIS 

TABLE OF PTOMAINS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Formula. 


Discoverer. 


Source. 


Physiologic 

Action. 


Pyocyanin. 


C M HnN0 2 . 


Ledderhose. 


Cultures of bacillus pyocyaneus. 


Non-toxic. 


Pyridin-base (?). 


CioH 15 N. 


De Coninck. 


Putrefying sea-polyps. 




Pyridin-base. 


C 8 H„N. 


De Coninck. 


Putrefying sea-polyps. 




Saprin. 


C S H„N 2 . 


Brieger. 


Putrefying human liver and spleen. 


Non-toxic. 


Spasmotoxin. 




Brieger. 


Cultures of tetanus-bacillus. 


Toxic. 


Susotoxin. 


CioHasNn (?). 


Novy. 


Cultures of hog-cholera bacillus. 


Toxic. 


Tetanin. 


C 13 H 30 N 2 O 4 . 


Brieger. 


Cultures of tetanus-bacillus. 


Toxic. 


Tetahotoxin. 


C 5 H„N (?). 


Brieger. 


Cultures of tetanus-bacillus. 


Toxic. 


Triethylamin. 


C 6 H, 5 N. 


Brieger. 


Putrefying fish (haddock). 


Non-toxic. 


Trimethylamin. 


C 3 H 9 N. 


Dessaigues. 


Herring-brine. 


Non-toxic. 


Trimethylenediamin. 


C 3 H 10 N 2 (?). 


Brieger. 


Beef-broth cultures of comma-bacillus. 1 Toxic. 


Typhotoxin. 


C 7 H 17 N0 2 . 


Brieger. 


Beef-broth cultures of Eberth's bacil- 
lus. 


Toxic. 


Tyrotoxicon. 




Vaughan. 


Poisonous cheese, ice cream, milk, etc 


Toxic. 


Unnamed. 


C 5 H 12 N 2 4 . 


Pouchet. 


Flesh, bones, etc. 


Toxic. 


Unnamed. 


C 6 H, 3 N0 2 . 


Brieger. 


Cultures of tetanus-bacillus. 


Non-toxic. 


Unnamed. 


C 7 H 10 N 2 . 


Morin. 


Sugar undergoing alcoholic fermenta- 
tion. 


Non-toxic. 


Unnamed. 


C 7 H 17 N0 2 . 


Brieger. 


Putrefying horse-flesh. Toxic. 


Unnamed. 


C r H 18 N 2 6 . 


Pouchet. 


Flesh, bones, etc. ' Toxic. 


Unnamed. 


Ci H 15 N. 


G u a r e s c h i and 
Mosso. 


Putrid fibrin. 


Toxic. 


Unnamed. 


Ci 3 H 20 N 4 


Oser. 


Fermenting cane-sugar. 




Unnamed. 


C 14 H 20 N 2 O. 


Guareschi. 


Putrefying fibrin. 




Unnamed. 


C 17 H88N 4 


Gautier and Etard. 


Putrefying mackerel, horse-flesh and 
ox-flesh. 




Unnamed. 


C32H 31 N. 


Delezinier. 







Ptotic {to'-tik) [tttCxsic , a falling]. Affected with or 
pertaining to ptosis. 

Ptotostereoscope {to-tos-te' -re-o-skop) \jirur6q, fallen ; 
arcpeSc, solid; (jkotte'iv, to examine]. Donders' name 
for an instrument for testing the existence of binocular 
vision. 

Ptyalagogue (ti-aF-a-gog) [tvtvciaov, saliva ; ayuy6c, 
leading]. A medicine producing an increased flow 
of saliva. A sialagogue. 

Ptyalin {ti'-al-in) [irrbaAov, saliva]. An amylolytic or 
diastatic ferment found in saliva, having the property 
of converting starch into dextrin and sugar. The 
starch first becomes converted into achroodextrin and 
erythrodextrin ; these by hydration into maltose, and 
the latter, by further hydration, into dextrose. Ptyalin 
is most active in a slightly alkaline medium and at 
the temperature of the body. 

Ptyalinogen {ti-al-in' -o-jen\ [rrrvaAov, saliva ; yevvai>, 
to produce]. The hypothetic zymogen of ptyalin. 

Ptyalism (ti f -al-izni) \_nTvaAnv, saliva]. An excessive 
secretion of saliva. Sometimes it is used to signify 
mercurial ptyalism. P., Mercurial, that produced 
by mercury. It is attended with profuse salivation, a 
coppery taste, swelling and sponginess of the gums, 
and sometimes by looseness of the teeth and fetid 
breath. 

Ptyalismus [ti-al-h'-mus). See Ptyalism. P. mer- 
curialis. Synonym of Ptyalism, Mercurial. 



Ptyalith (ti'-al-itli) \_TTTvaAov, saliva ; AiBoc, stone]. A 
salivary calculus. 

Ptyalize (ti'-al-lz) \j\TV<iki(,ew , to salivate]. To pro- 
duce pytalism. 

Ptyalocele (ti-al'-o-sel) [tztvciaov, saliva ; Kt/ty, tumor]. 
A cyst due to obstruction of the duct of a salivary 
gland. 

Ptyalogogic (ti-al-o-goj' -ik) [tztvoaov, spittle ; ayuyoc, 
leading]. Promoting a flow of saliva. 

Ptyalogogue (ti-al'-o-gog) [ktvciaov, spittle ; ayuyoc, 
leading]. A medicine causing a flow of saliva. 

Ptyalophthisis ( ti-al-ojf'-this-is ) [_—Tva7.ov, saliva ; 
<2>Wovc, a wasting]. Wasting from excessive discharge 
of saliva. 

Ptyalose [ti'-al-oz] [nrvakov, saliva]. A sugar found 
in saliva ; it is identical with maltose. 

Ptyalum (ti'-al-um). Synonym of Saliva. 

Ptychodont (ti'-io-doiif) [tttv!; (tttvx-), a fold ; orSotV, 
(oSovt-) tooth]. In biology, applied to molar teeth 
with folded crowns, or to the animals bearing such 
teeth. 

Ptysis (ti'-sis) [■ktvoic~\. The act of spitting. 

Ptysma (tiz'-mah) [7rnV//a]. Saliva. 

Ptysmagogue (ti-J -mag-og) \jTTvafia, spittle ; dyoy6c, 
leading]. A drug that promotes the secretion of sa- 
liva ; a ptyalagogue, or sialagogue. 

Ptysmatischesis {tiz-mat-is 1 '-ke-sis) [TiTvajia, saliva ; 
Icxeiv, to check]. Retention of saliva. 



PTYXIS 



1212 



PUDIC 



Ptyxis (tiks'-is) [tttv^ic, a folding]. In biology, the 
arrangement of a single part in the bud, as distin- 
guished from the conjoint disposition of the parts in 
estivation and vernation. 

Pubal (pu'-bal). Synonym of Pubic. 

Puben (pu'-ben) [pubes, adult]. Belonging to the 
pubes in itself. 

Pubeotomy (pic-be-ot'-o-me). See Pubiotomy . 

Puberal [pu' - ber-al) [puber, adult]. Relating to 
puberty. 

Puberty (pu'-ber-te) [pubertas ; puber, adult]. I. 
The period at which the generative organs of the 
male or of the female become capable of exercising 
the function of reproduction. 2. The changes in the 
generative organs and in the general system that 
accompany the inauguration of this period. 

Puberulent (pu-ber' '-u-lent) [pubes, puber, downy, 
pubescent]. In biology, covered with a fine, soft, 
almost imperceptible down. Cf. Holosericeus. 

Pubes (pu'-bez) [L.: gen., pubis']. I. The os pubis, or 
pubic bone ; that portion of the os innominatum form- 
ing the front of the pelvis. 2. The hairy region cov- 
ering the os pubis. 3. The pubic hair. P., Angle of. 
See Angle. P., Crest of. See Crest. P., Spine of. 
See Spine. P., Symphysis of. See Symphysis. 

Pubescence (pu-bes'-ens) \_pubescentia~\, I. Hairi- 
ness ; the presence of down ; fine, soft hairs. 2. 
Puberty, or the coming on of puberty. 

Pubescent (pu-bes'-ent) [pubes, pubes], I. Downy, 
or hairy. 2. Approaching or arriving at the age of 
puberty. P. Uterus, an abnormality of the uterus 
in which the characters of that organ peculiar to the 
epoch preceding puberty persist in the adult. 

Pubetrotomy [pu-be-trof -o-me) [pubes, pubes ; Tjrpov, 
pelvis; TOfiij, a cutting]. Pelvic section through the 
pubes. 

Pubic (pu'-bih) \_pubes, pubes]. Pertaining to the 
pubes. P. Symphysis. See Symphysis. 

Pubigerous (pu-bi/'-er-us) [pubes, hair ; gerere, to 
carry]. Bearing or covered with down or soft hairs. 

Pubio-femoralis (pu-be-o-fem-or-a'-lis). Synonym of 
Adductor longus. 

Pubio-infra-abdominalis (pu-be-o-in-frah-ab-dom-in- 
a'-lis). Synonym of Pyramidalis. 

Pubio-ischiadic, Pubio-ischiatic (pu-be-o-is-ke-ad' '-ik, 
pu'-be-o-is-ke-at'-ik) [pubes, pubes; lax'i-ov, ischium]. 
Pertaining to the pubes and the ischium. 

Pubio-prostaticus (pu-be-o-pros-tat'-ik-us). Synonym 
of Compressor prostata. 

Pubio-sternalis (pu-be-o-ster-na'-lis). Synonym of 
Pectus abdominis. 

Pubiotomy [pu-be-ot'-o-me) [pubes, pubes; rop.ii, a 
cutting]. An operation for enlarging the diameter of 
the pelvic outlet by cutting through the pubic bone 
to facilitate delivery in cases of pelvic malformation ; 
it is now generally termed symphysiotomy. 

Pubio-umbilicalis (pu'-be-o-zim-bil-ik-a'-lis). Syno- 
nym of Pyramidalis. 

Pubis, or Os Pubis (pu'-bis). Same as Pubes. 

Pubo- (pu'-bo-) [pubes, pubes]. A prefix denoting 
relation to the pubes. 

Pubo-cavernosus ( pu-bo-kav-ern-o'-sus). Synonym 
of Compressor vence dorsalis. 

Pubo-coccygeal (pzi-bo-koh-sij-e'-al) [k6kkv^, coccyx]. 
Pertaining, or having relation to the os pubis and the 
coccyx. 

Pubo-femoral (pi/-bo-fem'-o-ral)[pubes, pubes ; femur, 
femur]. Pertaining to the pubes and the femur. 

Pubo-iliac (/u-bo-il'-e-ak) [pubes, pubes; ilium, 
ilium]. Common to the pubes and the ilium. 

Pubo-ischiatic (pu-bo-is-ke-at'-ik). Synonym of Pubio- 
ischiatic. 



Puboischium {pu-bo-is' '-ke-um) [pubes, pubes ; lax'iov, 
ischium]. The os pubis and the ischium considered 
as a unit. 

Pubo- prostatic ( pu- bo-pros-tat' -ik) [pubes, pubes; 
7rpuardr?/(;, prostate]. Pertaining to the os pubis and 
the prostate gland. As a noun, Wilson's Muscle. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Pubo-tibial ( pu-bo-tib' -e-al) [pubes, pubes; tibia, 
tibia]. Pertaining to the pubes and the tibia. 

Pubo-trochantericus {pu-bo-tro-kan-ter'-ik-us). Syn- 
onym of Pectineus. 

Pubo-urethral (pu-bo-u-re'-thral) [pubis, pubis; ure- 
thra, urethra]. Passing from the pubis to the urethra. 

Pubo-urethralis (pu-bo-u-re-lhra'-iis). Synonym of 
Wilson's Muscle. 

Pubo-vesical (pu-bo-ves'-ih-al). Synonym of Com- 
pressor prostata. See Muscles, Table of. 

Puccin [puk'-sin). A substance found in Satiguinaria 
canadensis. Its exact nature is not yet known. 

Pucelage (pu'-sel-aj, or pu-sel-ahzh') [Fr. ]. Virginity. 

Pudenda ( pu-dcn'-dah). See Pudendum. 

Pudendagra ( pu- den- da' - grah) [pudere, to be 
ashamed; ay pa, a seizure]. I. Pain in the genital 
organs. 2. Primary syphilis, especially of the female 
genital organs. P. pruriens, pruritus vulvae. 

Pudendal {pu-den'-dal)[ pudere, to be ashamed]. Per- 
taining to the pudenda. 

Pudendum (pu-den'-dum) [pudere, to be ashamed: 
pi. , Pudenda]. The genital organs, especially those 




External Genitalia of Female. 
1. Labium majus of right side. 2. Fourchet. 3. Labium minus. 
4. Clitoris. 5. Urethral orifice. 6. Vestibule. 7. Orifice of 
the vagina. S.Hymen. 9. Orifice of the vulvo-vaginal gland. 
10. Anterior commissure of the labia majora. 11. Orifice of 
the anus. 

parts of the female genital organs visible externally. 

These are the mons veneris, the labia, clitoris, nymphaj, 

and hymen. 
Pudibilia (pu-dib-il'-e-ali) [pudibilis, shameful]. The 

genital organs, especially of the male. 
Pudic (pu'-dih) [pudicus ; pudere, to be ashamed]. 

Pertaining to the genital organs or related parts. P. 

Artery. See Arteries, Table of. P. Nerve. See 

Nerves, Table of. 



PUERILE 



1213 



PULMONARY 



Puerile (pu'-er-il) [puerilis ; puer, boy]. Pertaining 
to boyhood or childhood. P. Respiration, a form of 
respiration sometimes observed in adults and similar to 
that heard in vigorous, healthy children. 

Puerpera (pu-cr'-pe-rah) [puer, boy, child ; parere, to 
bear]. A woman in labor, or one recently delivered. 

Puerperal (pu-er'-pe-ral) [puerpera, puerpera]. Per- 
taining to the state of a woman in childbed. P. Con- 
vulsions. See Eclampsia. P. Fever, an acute, 
grave, febrile affection of women in childbed, usually 
due to septic infection. See Fever. P. Insanity, 
insanity occurring during the puerperium, usually 
within five or ten days after delivery. The insanity 
may take the form of mania, melancholia, or dementia. 
P. Mania, a delirious condition of women sometimes 
occurring in the puerperium. See Insanity, Confu- 
sioiial. P. Sepsis, P. Septicemia. See P. Fever. 
P. Tetanus, tetanus, occurring rarely in the puer- 
perium. It is usually fatal. 

Puerperality (pu-er-pcr-al'-it-e) [Fr. , Puerperalite\. 
The puerperal condition. 

Puerperium (pu-er-pe'-re-um) [L. ; puer, boy, child ; 
parere, to bear]. The puerperal state or season ; the 
period from birth to the time when the uterus has re- 
gained its normal size, which is about six weeks. 

Puerperopyra (pu-er-per-o-pi' '-rah) \_puer, boy, child; 
parere, to bear ; Trvp, fire, fever] . Puerperal fever. 

Puerpero-typhus ( pu-er' -per-o-ti' -fus) [puer, child ; 
parere, to bear ; rv<f>or, stupor]. A typhoid state de- 
veloping in the course of any grave puerperal disease. 

Puerperous (pu-er '-per- us). Same as Puerperal. 

Puerpery (pu-er' -per-e) [puerperum, childbirth]. The 
puerperal state. 

Puff-ball. See Lycoperdon giganteum, bovista. 

Puffiness (puf'-in-es) [ME., puf, a puff]. Swelling or 
intumescence of the tissues ; an edematous condition. 

Puffy (puf'-e) [ME.,/«/,a puff]. Tumid, swollen, 
or puffed up, as with air ; swollen and soft. P. Tumor, 
Pott's. See Tumor. 

Pug [origin obscure]. A term signifying dwarf. P.- 
nose, Snub-nose , turned-up nose ; a deformity of the 
nose characterized by a flattening of the organ and a 
tilting up of its tip. P. -tooth, a canine tooth. 

Pugil, Pugillus (pu'-jil, pu-jil'-us) [L., a handful]. 
The amount of a substance that can be grasped be- 
tween the thumb and two or three fingers. See also 
Maniple. 

Pugioniform (pu-je -on'-if- orm) \_pugio, a dagger; 
forma, form]. Shaped like a dagger. 

Puke (puk) [origin obscure]. A colloquialism signify- 
ing vomit and generally used as a verb. 

Puking (pu'-king) [origin obscure]. Vomiting. P. 
Fever. Synonym of Milk-sickness. 

Pulex (pu'-leks) [L.]. A flea. A genus of insects 
partly parasitic upon the skin. P. irritans, Flea ; a 
transient parasite on man. The bite causes an itching, 
circular, red spot of hyperemia, in the center of which 
is a little speck where the boring apparatus has entered. 
It may produce an irritable urticaria. P. pene- 
trans, the chigoe, or jigger flea, a species the female 
of which, much smaller than the ordinary flea, burrows 
under the skin of the feet to deposit its ova. A high 
degree of irritation, which may go on to serious inflam- 
mation, is produced. It is found mainly in tropical 
America and in Africa. See Parasites (Animal), 
Table of. 

Pulicatio (pu-lik-a'-she-o) \jndex, flea]. The state of 
being infested with fleas. 

Pulicene (pu'-lis-en) [ pulex, a flea]. Pertaining to 
fleas. 

Pulicose (pu'-lik-oz) [pulex, flea]. Abounding with 
fleas. 



Pulley [origin uncertain]. I. One of the mechanical 
powers. 2. A trochlea, a. v. 3. A ligamentous struc- 
ture which serves to change the direction of the action 
of a muscle passing through or over it. 

Pulling [ME., pullcn, to pull]. One of the Swedish 
movements that may be either active or passive. 

Pullulate (pul'-u-lat) [pullulare, to put forth]. To 
germinate, to bud. 

Pullulation (pul-u-la' -shun) [pullulare, to put forth ; 
to bud, to sprout]. In biology, that form of cell- 
multiplication in which the mother-cell forms a minute 
protuberance on one side, which afterward increases 
to the size of the parent-cell. It is also called bud- 
ding. This is the ordinary form of cell-multiplication 
in the yeast-plant and its allies. 

Pullus (pul'-us) [pullus, a young animal]. In biol- 
ogy, the young of a bird or other animal. 

Pulmo-aortic (pul-mo-a-or'-tik) [pulmo, lung; aoprr/, 
aorta]. Pertaining to the lungs and the aorta. 

Pulmobranchiae (pul-mo-brang' -ke-e) [pulmo, lung; 
branchice, gills]. In biology, the modified gills of 
certain animals (snails, spiders) adapted to breathing 
in air. 

Pulmobranchial (pul-mo-brang 1 '-ke-al) [pulmo, lung; 
bronchia, gills]. Pulmonate, breathing by gills. 

Pulmobranchiate ( pul-mo-brang' '■ ke-at )[pulmo, lung ; 
branchice, gills]. Provided with pulmobranchiae. 

Pulmocardiac (pul-mo- kar'-de - ak) [pulmo, lung; 
napdia, heart]. Pertaining to the lungs and the heart. 
P. Region, that portion of the thorax in which the 
heart is covered by the lungs. 

Pulmocutaneous ( pul' - mo - ku-ta' -ne-us) [ pulmo, 
lung; cutis, skin]. Pertaining to the lungs and the 
skin. 

Pulmogastric (pul-mo-gas'-trik) [pulmo, lung ; yaoTTjp, 
stomach]. Pertaining to the lungs and the stomach. 
P. Region, that portion of the thorax in which the 
lungs overlap the stomach. 

Pulmohepatic (pul- mo - he -pat'- ik) [pulmo, lung; 
ij-ap, liver]. Relating to the lungs and the liver. P. 
Region, that portion of the thorax in which the lungs 
overlap the liver. 

Pulmometer (pul-mom'-et-er) [pulmo, a lung ; fierpov, 
measure]. Synonym of Spirometer. 

Pulmometry (pul-mom'-et-re) [pulmo, lung; fierpov, 
measure]. The quantitative determination of the air 
concerned in respiration. Also, the determination of 
the volume of the lungs. 

Pulmonar (pul'-mo-nar) [pulmo, lung]. Having 
lungs or lung-like organs. 

Pulmonarious ( pul-mo-na' -re-zis) [pulmo, lung] . Af- 
fected with pulmonary disease. 

Pulmonary (pul'-mo-na-re) [pulmo, lung]. Pertain- 
ing to the lung. P. Alveoli, air-cells. P. Artery. 
See Arteries, Table of. P. Cartilage, the second 
costal cartilage of the left side. P. Circulation, the 
lesser circulation of the blood from the right cardiac 
ventricle through the pulmonary vessels and back to 
the left auricle. P. Consumption. See Phthisis. 
P. Emphysema. See Emphysema. P. Groove, 
the groove within the thorax on either side of the 
spinal column. P. Incompetence. See Endocar- 
ditis. P. Murrain, a contagious form of pleuro- 
pneumonia. P. Nerves, branches of the vagus nerve 
going to the lungs. There are two sets, an anterior 
and a posterior. P. Sinuses, the sinuses of Val- 
salva of the pulmonary artery. P. Stenosis. See 
Endocarditis. P. Valves, the semilunar valves at the 
opening of the right ventricle into the pulmonary 
artery. P. Veins, four veins returning the oxygenated 
blood from the lungs to the left auricle. P. Vesicles, 
air-cells of the pulmonary parenchyma. 



PULMONATA 



1214 



PULSE 



Pulmonata (pul-mo' '-nat-ah) [pu/mo, lung]. A class 
of land or fresh-water molluscs breathing by means of 
a pulmonary sac, gills being absent. 

Pulmonate (pul'- mo -nat) \_pulmo, lung]. In bi- 
ology, possessed of lungs or organs adapted to aerial 
respiration. 

Pulmonectomy [pul-mo-nek 1 -lo-me). See Pneumonec- 
tomy. 

Pulmonic ( pul-mon' '-ik) \_pulmo, lung]. Synonym of 
Pulmonary. P. Circulation. See Pulmonary Circu- 
lation. P. Fever, a synonym of Croupous Pneu- 
monia. 

Pulmoniferous (pul-mon-if -er-us) \_pulmo, \\ing;ferre, 
to bear]. Provided with lungs ; pulmonate. 

Pulmonitis (pul-mon-i'-tis). Synonym of Pneumonia. 

Pulmotracheal (pul-mo- tra'- ke - al) \_pulmo,\\mg; 
trachea, trachea]. Pertaining to the lungs and the 
trachea. 

Pulp \_pulpa, pulp]. A soft, moist tissue ; chyme. P.- 
cavity, the hollow space in a tooth containing the 
dental pulp. P. -cells, cells found in the pulp-tissue 
of any organ. P., Dental, a soft tissue filling the 
pulp-cavity of a tooth. It consists of loose connec- 
tive tissue and cells, vessels, and nerves. Also the 
rudiment of a tooth. P., Digital, the sensitive, elastic, 
convex prominence on the palmar or plantar surface of 
the terminal phalanx of a finger or toe. P. of the 
Finger. See P. , Digital. P., Fruit, the fleshy part 
of fruits by which the seeds are surrounded. P., 
Hair. Synonym of Papilla, Hair. P. of the Inter- 
vertebral Discs, the soft substance in the center of 
the intervertebral dies, the remains of the chords dor- 
salis. P., Spleen, P., Splenic, the substance filling 
the spaces formed by the trabecula; of the spleen. See 
Spleen. P. of a Tooth. See P., Dental. 

Pulpa (puF-pah) [L.]. Pulp. P. cerebralis, the 
white matter of the brain. P. dentis, a dental pulp. 
P. digitorum. Synonym of Pulp, Digital. P. 
lienis. Synonym of Pulp, Splenic. P. pili. Syno- 
nym of Papilla, Hair. P. testiculi, P. testis, the 
tissue contained in the space formed by the connective- 
tissue septa of the testis. 

Pulpalgia (pul-pal' -je-ali) \_pulpa, pulp ; a/lyoc, pain]. 
Pain in tooth-pulp. 

Pulpamen (pul-pa'-meti). Synonym of Pulp. 

Pulpefaction (pul-pe-fak' -shuri) \_pulpa, pulp; facere, 
to make]. Conversion into a pulpy substance. 

Pulpezia (pul-pe'-ze-ah). Synonym of Apoplexy , Cere- 
bral. 

Pulpitis (pul-pi'-tis) \_pulpa, pulp ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of dental pulp. The causes of pulpitis 
are exposure of the pulp by decay, abrasions of the 
teeth, etc. 

Pulpose, Pulpous, Pulpy (pul'-poz, pul'-pus, pul'-pe) 
\_pulpa, pulp]. Resembling or containing pulp. P. 
Disease. See Prodie's Disease. 

Pulque (pul'-ke) [Sp.]. A fermented beverage pre- 
pared in Mexico from the juice of various species of 
Agave. P. Brandy. See Mezcal. P. Plant. See 
Agave. 

Pulsate (put' -sat) \_pulsare, to beat]. To beat or 
throb. 

Pulsatile (pul'-sat-il) \_pulsare, to beat]. Pulsating; 
throbbing ; exhibiting pulsation. 

Pulsatilla (pid-sat-il'-ah) [L.]. Pasque Flower. 
Meadow Anemone. The leaves and tops of Anemone 
P. Its properties are due to a camphoraceous principle, 
anemonin, Cj 5 H 12 B , which depresses the circulation ; 
in larger doses paralyzes motion. The extract in toxic 
doses causes convulsions, but anemonin does not. 
It has been used in amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, 
bronchitis, and asthma. It is a valuable alterative. An 



unofficial tincture consists of equal parts of the juice 
and alcohol. Dose rt^ xV~ x ; °f tne active principle gr. 
T \j— ij ; of the liquid extract, TTLJ-v. 

Pulsating (pul'-sa-ting) [pulsare, to beat]. Exhibit- 
ing pulsation. P. Aorta, the pulsation of the ab- 
dominal aorta seen in nervous and anemic persons. 
P. Bronchocele, a goiter exhibiting pulsation. P. 
Empyema, an accumulation of pus in the pleural 
cavity, and which displays pulsation. P. Tumor, 
one which pulsates, in consequence of an enlarged 
state of its blood-vessels. 

Pulsation (pul-sa'-shun) [pulsalio; pellere, to drive]. 
Any beating or throbbing. The visible or sensible 
elevation of a vessel synchronously with or following 
the heart's beat ; the pulse-beat. P., Abdominal, 
pulsation in the abdomen, usually in the median line. 
It is due to a pulsating aorta, a. v., or to aortic aneu- 
rysm, or to the impulse transmitted to a tumor resting 
on the aorta. P., Carotid, pulsation of the carotid 
arteries in the neck. It occurs in aortic regurgitation, 
exophthalmic goiter, anemia, and cardiac excitement. 
P., Epigastric, pulsation in the epigastrium. It is 
seen in excitement of the action of the heart, in aneu- 
rysm of the aorta, in enlargement of the right heart, 
in tumors resting on the aorta ; in hysteric and anemic 
subjects the pulsation of the abdominal aorta may be 
visible in the epigastrium. P., Hepatic, pulsation of 
the liver at each cardiac systole, due to insufficiency 
of the tricuspid valve, with a consequent transmission 
of a pulse along the vena cava. P., Retinal, pulsation 
of the retinal vessels, seen in the eye as a consequence 
of the disturbance of the relation between the intra- 
ocular and the extraocular pressure. P., Secondary, 
the contraction in the muscle of a muscle-nerve pre- 
paration if its nerve is laid on a second contracting 
muscle. P., Stair-case, the increase in the length 
of successive contractions of a frog's heart that has 
been filled with serum. P., Suprasternal, pulsa- 
tion at the suprasternal notch. It may be due to 
aneurysm, dilated aortic arch, or to the presence of an 
anomalous artery. 

Pulsatory (pul'-sat-or-e) [pulsare, to beat]. Exhibit- 
ing or characterized by pulsation. 

Pulse (puts') [pulsus, the pulse]. The change in the 
shape and size of an arterv due to a temporary increase 
in the tension of its walls following the contractile 
action of the heart. It can only be felt when the 
artery is somewhat compressed and flattened against a 
bone or other hard substance. P., Abrupt. Synonym 
of P., Quick. P., Allorrhythmic. See Allorrhyth- 
mia. P., Anacrotic. See Anacrotism. P., An- 
eurysmal, the pulse produced by an aneurysm of the 
thoracic aorta or one of its large branches. The im- 
pulse is not sudden, is long in duration, and sub- 
sides gradually ; it may be much slower than the pulse 
on the opposite side. P., Angry. Synonym of P., 
Wiry. P., Apoplectic, a condition of the radial 
artery at the wrist, marked by fulness, without great 
hardness, the vessel generally being dilated and tort- 
uous. The predicrotic notch is deep and close to the 
percussion- wave, the dicrotic notch is deep, and the 
dicrotic wave is short ; the total extent of the wave is 
small. It is seen in impoverished conditions of the 
blood, in rheumatism, gout, lithemia, and contracted 
kidneys. P., Arachnoid, a small, feeble, tremulous 
pulse. (Old.) P., Bounding, a pulse in which a weak 
beat is succeeded by a strong, full beat. P., Capil- 
lary, seen when the capillaries are dilated and the 
blood-pressure is high, as in aortic regurgitation. P., 
Catacrotic, one with an elevation in the line of 
descent in the syphygmographic tracing. P.-clock. 
See Angiometer. P., Collapsing. See Corrigari 1 s 



PULSE 



1215 



PULSUS 



Pulse. P., Compressible, a pulse that is easily 
obliterated by pressure with the ringer ; a soft pulse. 
P., Cordy, a tense pulse. P., Corrigan's. See 
Corrigan. P. -curve, the tracing, called a sphygmo- 
gram or arteriogram, of the pulse, made by the 
sphygmograph or sphygmoscope. P., Decurtate. 
See Pulsus myurus. P., Dicrotal, P., Dicrotic, an 
exaggerated dicrotic wave, or recoil wave, the larger 
of the catacrotic elevations corresponding to the clos- 
ure of the aortic valves. It is observed when the 
arterial tension is low and gives to the finger the im- 
pression of two beats. P., Dropped-beat. Synonym 
of P., Intermittent. P., Elastic, one that feels elastic 
to the finger. P., Endopleural, a pulsation of pul- 
sating pleurisy which can only be rendered visible 
by means of a manometer. P., Entoptic, the subjec- 
tive-illumination in a dark, visual field, after violent 
exercise, corresponding to each heart-beat. P., Epi- 
gastric. See Pulsation, Epigastric. P., Exopleural, 
the pulsation of a pulsating pleurisy that is visible 
without the use of a manometer. P., Filiform. 
Synonym of P. , Thready. P., Full, a pulse in 
which the artery is filled with a large volume of blood 
and conveys a feeling of being distended. P., Gas- 
eous, the pulse of an artery that has lost its tone ; it 
is full, but exceedingly compressible. P., Goatleap. 
See Pulsus caprizans . P., Hard, one with character 
of high tension and rigidity. P., Hemorrhagic. 
Synonym of P., Gaseous. P., Heterochronic. Syn- 
onym of P., Irregular. P., High Tension, one 
due to increase of the peripheral resistance, together 
with a corresponding increase in the force of the 
ventricular systole. It is gradual in its impulse, 
long in duration, slow in subsiding, with difficulty 
compressible, and the artery between the beats feels like 
a firm, round cord. P., Hyperdicrotic, P., Hyper- 
dicrotous, a pulse of which the aortic notch falls below 
the base line, indicating very low tension, a symp- 
tom of great exhaustion. P., Infrequent, properly, 
a pulse due to diminished rate of heart-beat ; often, 
however, used as synonymous with slow pulse. P., 
Intermittent, one in which one or more beats may 
be dropped. P., Irregular, one in which the beats 
occur at irregular intervals, or in which the force, or 
even both the rhythm and force, vary. P., Jerking, 
a pulse in which the artery is suddenly and markedly 
distended, as in aortic regurgitation. P., Jugular, 
pulsation of the jugular veins in the neck. It may be 
merely transmitted from the arteries or may be due 
to tricuspid regurgitation. P., Locomotive. Syn- 
onym of Corrigan's Pulse. P., Low Tension, one 
that is sudden in its onset and short, and quickly 
declining. It is easily obliterated by pressure. P., 
Monocrotic, P., Monocrotous, one with absence 
of the dicrotic wave. P., Myurous. See Pulsus 
myurus. P. paradoxic, one due to failure of the 
heart during inspiration, seen sometimes in adherent 
pericardium. P., Polycrotic, a pulse in which there 
are a number of secondary waves, as in the smaller 
arteries. It can only be demonstrated with the 
sphygmograph. P., Quick, one that strikes the 
finger rapidly, but leaves it also rapidly. Corrigan's 
pulse is a quick pulse. P.-rate, the number of pul- 
sations of an artery in a given time, usually in a 
minute. P., Recurrent, the appearance of the pulse 
01 the distal side of the point of compression of an 
artery. P., Renal, the tense, full pulse seen in asso- 
ciation with chronic nephritis. P., Respiratory, the 
alternate dilatation and collapse of the cervical veins 
occurring synchronously with expiration (dilatation) 
and inspiration (collapse). P., Short, one in which 
the systolic wave is short. P., Slow, one indicating 



a lengthened systolic contraction of the heart and 
prolonged diastole ; as generally used, it signifies a 
pulse of slow rate. P., Soft, a pulse that is readily 
compressed. P., Splashing. Synonym of P. , 
Jerking. P., Steel-hammer, the abrupt, full pulse 
felt in the arteries near a joint the seat of acute 
rheumatism. P., Tense. Synonym of P. , Hard. 
P., Thready, one which is scarcely perceptible. It 
is met with in syncope, under conditions of collapse; 
and in the terminal stage of fatal diseases. P.- 
tracing. See P. -curve and Sphygmogram. P., 
Tremulous, one in which the finger detects a quiv- 
ering of the artery with each pulse. P., Tricrotic, a 
pulse in which the three waves usually present are 
unusually well marked. P., Undulating, one that 
conveys to the finger a sensation of successive waves. 
P., Unequal, one in which the beats vary in force. 
P., Unsustained. See Corrigan's Pulse. P., Va- 
ginal, a throbbing or pulsation felt in the vagina 
during pregnancy, or in conditions of intense pelvic 
engorgement. P., Venous, I. Pulsatile phenomena 
occasionally observed in veins, especially in the eye. 
It is also sometimes seen in the jugular veins. See 
P., Jugular. 2. The normal pulse in the cervical 
veins due to the respiratory movements. See P. , 
Respiratory. P., Vermicular, a pulse, usually small 
and rapid, conveying to the finger a sensation of worm- 
like motion. P., Virtual Tension, the pulse of high 
tension associated with a failing heart ; the artery is 
still full between the beats, but is generally large, the 
impulse is sudden, lasts but a short time, and suddenly 
declines. See also Pulses. P., Water-hammer. 
See Corrigan ' s Pulse. P. -wave, the condition of 
expansion which begins with each cardiac systole, 
and is propagated along the aorta and the arteries, 
ending normally at the capillaries. P., Waxing and 
Waning. See Pulsus inciduus. P., Wiry, a small, 
rapid, tense pulse, feeling like a cord under the finger. 
It is typified by the pulse of acute peritonitis. 

Pulsellum (pul-sel' '-um) \_pulsellutn, dim. of pulsus, a 
beating: pi, Pulsella~\. In biology, a propulsive fila- 
ment ; a modified form of fiagellum, characteristic of 
spermatozoa. 

Pulsilegium [pul-sil-e'-je-um). See Pulsilogium. 

Pulsilogium i^pul-sil-o'-je-um) [pulsus, pulse; Adyoc, 
a reckoning]. An obsolete instrument, invented by 
Galileo and improved by Sanctorius, for registering 
the character of the pulse ; a pulse-clock. 

Pulsilogon (pul-sil'-o-gon). See Pulsilogium. 

Pulsilogram (pul-sil' '-o-gram). The record of a Pul- 
silogium. 

Pulsimeter (pul-sim'-et-ej-) [pulsus, pulse ; fiirpov, 
measure]. Any instrument for the quantitative deter- 
mination of the rate or force of the pulse. 

Pulsograph [pul'-so-graj). Same as Sphygmograph. 

Pulsometer Cpul-som' -et-er). Same as Pulsimeter. 

Pulsus (pul'-sus) [L.]. The pulse. P. aequalis, one 
in which the beats are equal. P. alternans, one in 
which there is a regular alternation of strong and 
weak beats. The weak beat may be imperceptible, 
in which case two heart -beats correspond to only one 
beat of the pulse. P. araneosus. Synonym of 
Pulse, Arachnoid. P. bigeminus, one in which the 
beats occur in pairs, so that a longer pause follows 
every two beats. P. bisferiens, observed in aortic 
stenosis in which there is a reinforcement of a pro- 
longed ventricular systole near its close by an acces- 
sory spasmodic contraction. P. bisiliens, P. bis- 
pulsorus. See P. Bisferiens. P. caprizans, in the 
hyperdicrotic pulse, a condition in which the second 
beat is felt as a grace-note to the succeeding primary 
beat ; goatleap pulse. P. celer, the quick, short pulse. 



PULTACEOUS 



1216 



PUNCH 



P. celer et altus, the quick, full pulse, seen especially 
in aortic regurgitation. P. cerebralis, the slow pulse 
sometimes present in apoplexy. P. cordis, the apex- 
beat. P. crassus, a strong, full pulse. P. debilis, 
a feeble pulse. P. deficiens, true intermittence of the 
pulse, due to actual absence of systole. P. dicrotus. 
See Pulse, Dicrotic. P. differens, a condition in 
which the pulse of one artery is found to differ from 
that of the corresponding vessel of the other side. P. 
duplex. Synonym of Pulse, Dicrotic. P. durus, the 
hard pulse of high tension. It is characterized chiefly 
by early, distinct, and numerous elastic elevations, and 
a small dicrotic wave. P. endopleuricus. See 
Pulse, Endopleural. P. exopleuricus. See Pulse, 
Exopleural. P. filiformis. Synonym of Pulse, 
Thready. P. fortis. Synonym of Pulse, Hard. P. 
imminutus. Synonym of Pulse, Myurous. P. inae- 
qualis. See Pulse, Unequal. P. inanis. Synonym 
of Pulse, Thready. P. inciduus, the waxing and 
■waning pulse ; it consists of successive short periods 
of pulsations, beginning with a strong beat, and, after 
gradual diminution, ending with a weak beat. P. 
inflammatorius, the tense pulse met with in inflam- 
mation. P. intercidens. Same as P. intercurrens. 
P. intercisus. Synonym of Pulse, Dicrotic. P. in- 
tercurrens, one in which an extra beat is intercalated 
in a normal series. P. intermittens, one in which in 
an otherwise regular rhythm a beat is omitted. P. 
lentus. Synonym of Pulse, Slow. P. magnus, the 
large, full pulse. P. mollis, the soft pulse of low 
tension. P. myurus, a pathologic curiosity, in which 
the pulse-strength gradually tapers away " like the tail 
of a mouse." It was formerly frequently present after 
the practice of bleeding. P. paradoxicus, P. para- 
doxus. See Pulse, Paradoxic. P. parvus, the small 
pulse of failing heart. P. plenus, a full pulse. P. 
quadrigeminus and P. trigeminus, pulses in which 
the irregularities occur after every fourth and third 
beat respectively. P. rarissimus. See. Bradycardia. 
P. rarus, a pulse of slow rhythm ; an infrequent pulse. 
P. tardus, the slow or long pulse, observed when the 
heart's action is labored. It is present in aortic and 
mitral stenosis, in aneurysm, and in senility. P. tri- 
feriens, observed in aortic stenosis, due to the rein- 
forcement of a prolonged ventricular systole near its 
close by two accessory spasmodic contractions. P. 
undosus, P. undulosus. See Pulse, Undulating. 
P. vacuus. Synonym of Pulse, Thready. P. ven- 
osus. See Pulse, Venous. 

Pultaceous ( pul-ta f -se-us) [ puis, pottage] . Having 
the consistence of pulp or pottage. 

Pulver (pid'-ver). See Pulvis. 

Pulveraceous (pul-ver-a'-she-us). Synonym of Pul- 
verulent. 

Pulveres (pul'-ver-ez). Plural of Pulvis.. 

Pulverflator (puF-ver-fla-tor) [pulvis, powder; flare, 
to blow]. An instrument designed for blowing or 
spraying impalpable powders. 

Pulveris (pul'-ver-is). Genitive case of Pulvis. 

Pulverization {pul-ver-iz-a 1 '-shten) [pulvis, powder]. 
The operation of reducing a substance to powder. 

Pulverous ( pul' -ver-us) [pulvis, powder]. Consist- 
ing of dust or powder. 

Pulverulent (pul-ver'-u-leut) \_pulverulentus, full of 
dust ; pulvis, powder]. I. In biology, powdery, dusty. 
Covered with something resembling a fine powder. 
2. Readily reduced to a powder; but slightly coherent 
(said of tissues). 

Pulvillar (pul'-vil-ar) [pulvillus, a little cushion]. 
Cushion-like. 

Pulvilliform ( pid-vil' -if-orm) \_pulvillits, alitfle cushion ; 
forma, form]. In biology, resembling a pulvillus. 



Pulvillus (pul-vil'-us) [pulvillus, a little cushion: pi., 
Pulvilli\. In biology, the cushion, pad, or sucker- 
like structure of an insect's foot. Cf. plantula, 
onychium, empodium. 

Pulvinar (puF -vin-ar) [L., " couch"]. I. The pos- 
terior tubercle of the thalamus opticus. 2. The fatty 
mass that occupies a part of the acetabulum. 3. A 
surgical pad. 4. A medicated cushion. 

Pulvinate (puF-vin-dt). Same as Pulvinar. 

Pulviniform (pul-vin'-if-orm). Same as Pulvinate. 

Pulvinulus (pul-vin'-u-lus). Same as Pulvillus. 

Pulvinus (pul-vi'-tzus) [pulvinus, cushion, pillow: 
pi. , Pulvini.~\. In biology, an enlargement at the 
base of some leaves or of the leaflets of some com- 
pound leaves. Cf. cushion. 

Pulvis [L. ; gen. , pulveris : pi., Pulveres~\. A powder. 
In pharmacy, one or more medicinal substances re- 
duced to a state of very fine division. There are nine 
official pulveres. P. antimonialis. See Powder, 
James\ P. aromaticus, a mixture of cinnamon 
and ginger, each 35 parts, in No. 60 powder, and 
with nutmeg in No. 20 powder and cardamom seeds, 
each 15 parts. P. cretae compositus, consists of 
prepared chalk 30, powdered acacia 20, and sugar 50 
parts. Dose 10-60 grains. A mild astringent. P. 
Doveri. See Powder, Dover's. P. effervescens 
compositus, Seidlitz powder. A preparation consist- 
ing of two powders : the white paper contains 35 grains 
of tartaric acid, the blue paper, 40 grains of sodium 
bicarbonate and 2 drams of Rochelle salt. P. gly- 
cyrrhizae compositus, consists of senna, 18 ; licor- 
ice, 16 ; fennel, 8 ; washed sulphur, 8 ; sugar, 50. 
P. ipecacuanhas et opii. See Powder, Dover's. P. 
jalapae compositus, consists of jalap, 35 parts; 
cream of tartar, 65 parts. It is a useful hydragogue 
cathartic. Dose 30 to 60 grains. P. opii. See Opium. 
P. parturiens, an old name for ergot. P. rhei 
compositus, consists of rhubarb, 25 ; magnesia, 65 ; 
ginger, 10 parts. A mild laxative. Dose 30 to 60 
grains. 

Pumice (punF-is, or pu' -mis) [pumex\ Pumice-stone, 
used as a detergent for the skin and an ingredient in 
some dentrifices. 

Pumiced Sole. In farriery, that condition in which 
the horny sole in the neighborhood of the toe readily 
crumbles away and leaves the sensitive tissues more 
or less exposed. 

Pumiceous (pum-is'-e-us) [pumiceus, of pumice]. 
Pertaining to or consisting of pumice. 

Pump [M~E., pumpe, a pump]. A mechanical appara- 
tus which, by creating a vacuum between its valves, 
either sucks up a liquid into its hollow chamber, or, 
after sucking up the liquid, forcibly ejects it from 
one end. P., Air, a pump used to exhaust the air 
from a chamber or vessel, or to force more air into a 
vessel already filled with air. P., Breast, a pump 
for removing milk from the breast. P., Dental, a 
device for removing saliva from the mouth during den- 
tal operations. P., Force, one which forcibly ejects 
from one end the liquid which it has sucked into the 
barrel. P., Lift, the ordinary suction-pump. P., 
Milk. Synonym of P., Breast. P., Stomach, a 
pump for removing the contents of the stomach in 
cases of poisoning. It consists of a barrel, a delivery 
tube, and a flexible tube to be introduced into the 
stomach. P., Suction, one which sucks up the liquid 
into a barrel. 

Pumpkin Seed. See Pepo. 

Puna (piF-nah). See Mountain Sickness. 

Punch [pitnctuare, to pierce]. I. A mixed alcoholic or 
vinous beverage. There are many kinds ; as milk- 
punch, tea-punch, claret-punch, rum-punch, arrack- 



PUNCH'S VOICE 



1217 



PURGAMENT 



punch. 2. An instrument used in extracting stumps 
of teeth. 
Punch's Voice. A peculiar bell-like, or ringing tone 
of voice, like that assumed by " Punch " in the Punch 
and Judy shows. It is sometimes heard among the 
insane, and has been thought to be sometimes a fore- 
runner of violent and homicidal attacks. 
Punching-bag [punch' '-ing-bag). A bag suspended 
from the ceiling, to be struck and punched, in physical 
exercise. 
Puncta (punk'-tah) [pi. of Punctum, a point] . Points. 
P. cruenta. Synonym of P. vasculosa. P. dolo- 
rosa, tender or painful points in the course of nerves 
in an inflamed conditioner at the exit of nerves the 
seat of neuralgia. See Valleix s Points. P. lacri- 
malia, the orifices of the lacrymal canaliculi in the 
eyelids near the inner canthus. P. vasculosa, min- 
ute red spots studding the cut surface of the white 
central mass of the brain. They are produced by 
the blood escaping from divided blood-vessels. 
Punctate, Punctated (punk' -tat, punk-ta' -ted) [punc- 
tum, point]. Having many points. Dotted. Full 
of minute punctures. 
Punctation (punk-ta' -shun). See Tapotement. 
Puncticula (punk-tik' -u-lah). Synonym of Petechia. 
Puncticulate, Puncticulose ( punk-tik' -u-lat, punk- 
tik'-u-loz) [puncticulum, dim. of punctum, point]. 
Marked by minute puncta. 
Punctiform ( punk'-tiform) [punctum, point; forma, 
form]. Having the nature or qualities of a point; seem- 
ing to be located at a point ; as a punctiform sensation. 
Punctulate (pungk' -tu-lat) \_punctuluin, a small point]. 

Minutely punctate. 
Punctule (pungk'-tfd) \_punctulum, a small point]. A 

small puncture or dot. 
Punctum (pungk' '-turn) [L., a point, dot://. , Puncta~\. 
A point or minute area. P. aureum. See Macula 
lutea. P. caecum. See Blind Spot. P. fixum, the 
point of attachment of a muscle. P. foraminis in- 
cisivi, Lissauer's term for the posterior border of 
the incisor foramen. P. foraminis magni anterius. 
Synonym of Basion. P. insertionis, the point of 
insertion of a muscle. P. nasale inferius. Syno- 
nym of Rhinion. P. ossificationis. See Center of 
Ossification. P. praemaxillare. Synonym of Point, 
Alveolar. P. proximum, the point nearest the eye 
at which an object can be seen with distinctness 
and without diplopia. P. remotum, the farthest 
point at which an object can be distinctly seen 
with suspended accommodation. In the emme- 
tropic eye it is theoretically at an infinite distance ; in 
the hyperopic eye it is theoretically beyond this, as 
such an eye is adapted only for convergent rays. P. 
saliens, the first trace of the embryonic heart. P. 
spinae nasalis anterioris, the apex of the anterior 
nasal spine, or if it be absent, the upper extremity of the 
suture between the two maxillae. P. spinae nasalis 
posterioris, the center of the posterior nasal spine. P. 
vegetationis, the vegetating point. Applied to the 
growing-point of an organ, as of a stem or root. 
Puncturation (punk-tu-ra' '-shun) \_pungere, to prick]. 

The making of punctures ; acupuncture. 
Puncture (punk' -ch fir) [pungere, to prick]. A wound 
or hole made by a pointed instrument. P., Capil- 
lary, a puncture made with a needle of capillary fine- 
ness. P. -diabetes, diabetes caused by puncture of 
the oblongata near the hepatic vaso-motor center (dia- 
betic center). P., Diabetic, puncture of the fourth 
ventricle in animals, which produces glycosuria. 
Pungence (pun'-jens) [pungens, penetrating]. Pun- 
gent quality ; tartness. 
Pungent (pun'-jent) [pungens ; pungere, to prick]. 
77 



Acrid ; penetrating ; producing a pricking or painful 
sensation. 

Punica (pu' '-nik-ah) [punicum, the pomegranate]. A 
genus of polypelatous plants. P. granatum. See 
Pomegranate. 

Punicin (pu'-nis-in) [puniccus, reddish]. I. A crys- 
talline coloring-matter obtained from the colorless 
juices of certain kinds of shell-fish (Purpura tapellus, 
P. patula) ; on exposure to the sunlight it becomes of 
a purple color. See Pigments, Conspectus of 2. Syno- 
nym of Pelleticrin . 

Punning (pun'-ing) [origin uncertain]. Play upon 
words. This practice is very common among some 
classes of lunatics, especially during periods of excite- 
ment and exaltation. 

Pupa (pu'-pah) [pupa, a girl, doll, puppet: //. , 
Pupa]. In biology, the second stage of development 
from the egg, of such insects as undergo complete 
metamorphosis. 

Pupal (pu'-pal) [pupa, a doll]. Pertaining to a pupa. 

Puparium (pu-pa'-re-um) [pupa, a pupa: //., Pupa- 
ria]. In biology, a pupa inclosed in the larval skin. 

Pupate (pu'-pdt) [pupa, a doll]. In biology, to be- 
come a pupa. 

Pupation (pu-pa' '-shun) [pupa, a doll]. The act of 
pupating ; the pupal condition. 

Pupiform (pu'-piform) [pupa, pupa ; forma, form]. 
Having the form of a pupa. 

Pupigenous (pu-pij'-en-us). Same as Pupiparous. 

Pupigerous (pu-pij'-er-us) [pupa, pupa ; gerere, to 
carry]. Forming a puparium. 

Pupil (pu'-pil) [pupilla']. The round aperture in the 
iris of the eye. P., Argyll Robertson, one of the 
early symptoms of tabes, in which a myotic pupil 
responds on accommodative effort, but not to light. P., 
Artificial, an iridectomy made in an iris the pupil 
of which is occluded by inflammatory deposits. P., 
Cat's-eye, an elongated, slit-like pupil. P., Exclu- 
sion of, total posterior synechia, the entire pupiilary 
edge of the iris being adherent to the capsule. P., 
Hutchinson's, one-sided dilatation of the pupil in 
hemorrhage from the middle meningeal artery. P., 
Occlusion of, the pupillary area is filled with semi- 
opaque inflammatory exudation-products. P., Pin- 
hole, extreme myosis. 

Pupillary (pu'-pil-a-re) [pupilla, pupil]. Pertaining 
to the pupil of the eye. P. Membrane, a fetal mem- 
brane covering the eye until the seventh month of 
gestation. P. Membrane, Persistent, fibrillar 
bands springing from the iris, passing to or across the 
pupil, and sometimes attached to the lens-capsule — the 
unabsorbed remains of the pupillary membrane. P. 
Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. 

Pupillate (pu'-pil-dt) [pupilla, a pupil]. Having a 
central spot or pupil. 

Pupillometer (pu-pil-om' '-et-er) [pupil/a, pupil ; ixkrpmi, 
a measure]. An instrument designed for the measure- 
ment of the pupil of the eye. 

Pupilloscopy (pupil-os'-ko-pe) [pupilla, pupil; gko- 
■kuv, to inspect]. Same as Koroscopy, or Retinoscopy. 
More exactly, the diagnostic inspection of the pupil. 

Pupillostatomcter ( pit' -pil-o-stat-om' -e-ter) [pupilla, 
pupil ; araror, placed; fiirpov,a measure]. An instru- 
ment for measuring the exact distance between the 
centers of the two pupils. 

Pupiparous (pu-pip'-ar-us) [pupa, pupa ; parere, to 
bring forth]. Bringing forth pupae. 

Pure (pur) [purus, pure]. Unstained; unalloyed. 
P. Scarlet. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Purgament, Purgamentum (per'-gam-ent, per-gam- 
eu'-tum) [purgare, to purge: pi. , Purgamenta]. I. 
A purge. 2. In the plural, the lochia ; also, excrement. 



PURGANTIA 



1218 



PURPURA 



Purgantia (pur- gan'- she - ah) [purgare, to purge]. 
Laxatives. 

Purgation (pur-ga'-shun) [purgare, to cleanse]. The 
evacuation of the bowels by means of purgatives. 

Purgative (pur'- gat-iv) \_purgare, to purge]. I. 
Having a tendency to purge ; cathartic. 2. A medi- 
cine producing copious evacuations of the bowels. 

Purge (purj) \_purgare, to purge]. A purgation; a 
dose of purgative medicine. As a verb, to cause free 
evacuations of the bowels. 

Purging (pur'-jing) [purgare, to purge]. Causing 
free evacuations of the bowel. P. Agaric. See 
Agaricus. P. Cassia. See Cassia. P. Nut. The 
seed of the tropical tree, Jatropha curcas. The nut 
affords a purgative oil much like castor-oil, though 
not so active. 

Purified (pu'-rif-ld) \_puriis, pure ; facere, to make]. 
Cleansed ; freed from extraneous matter. 

Puriform (pu'- ri -form) \_pus, pus; forma, form]. 
Resembling pus. 

Puritic (pu-rit'-ik) \_pus, pus]. Pertaining to pus. 

Purkinje, Axis-cylinder of (per-kin'-je) [a Bohemian 
physiologist, 1787-1869]. The viscous fluid contents 
of a nerve-tube, solidified by coagulating agents, and 




a\ U 

Cell of Purkinje. 
a, Seen on the fiat, and *, from the side. X 120. {From 
Stirling.') 

after treatment with chromic acid appearing as a solid 
rod running down the center of the tube. P.'s Cells, 
the cells forming 
the thinnest but, 
at the same 
time, the most 
characteristic 
layer of the cere- 
fa ell a r cortex. 
They are among 
the largest gan- 
glion-cells in the 
body, are dis- 
posed as a single 
row at the junc- 
tion of the nu- 
clear and the 
molecular layer, Purkinje's Fibers. 

and present py- c. Cell. /. Striated substance, n. Nu- 
riform or flask- cleus - X 300. {Landois.) 

shaped bodies, 60—70 // in their longest diameter, 
placed vertically to the plane of the zone, with 




the larger rounded end resting on the outer mar- 
gin of the nuclear layer, while the smaller end is di- 
rected toward the periphery. (Piersol.) P., Cor- 
puscles of. See Bone-lacunce. P.'s Fibers, an 
anastomosing system of grayish muscular fibers that 
exists in the sub-endocardial tissue of the ventricles, 
especially in the heart of the sheep and ox. The 
fibers are composed of nucleated polyhedral cells, con- 
taining some granular protoplasm. P.'s Figures, 
shadows of the retinal blood-vessels upon the retina. 
P. Vesicle, the nucleus of the human ovum first dis- 
covered by Purkinje (1830), and known as the vesic- 
ttla germinativa, Purkinje' schen Blaschcn, or Germ- 
inal Vesicle. 

Purkinje-Sanson's Images. Three pairs of images 
of one object seen in an observed pupil : the first, erect, 
reflected from the anterior surface of the cornea ; the 
second, erect, reflected from the anterior surface of 
the lens; the third, inverted, reflected from the pos- 
terior capsule of the lens. 

Puro-hepatitis (pu-ro-hep-at-i'-tis) \_pus, pus; i/irap, 
liver; trie, inflammation]. Purulent hepatitis. 

Puromucous (pu-ro-mic'-kus) [pus, pus; mucus, 
mucus]. Purulent and mucous. 

Purple (pur'-pl) [purpureas']. Of a color possessing 
the elements of blue and red. As a noun, the color 
itself, or a body possessing it. P. -brown. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. P. -carmin. Same as Murexid. 
P. of Cassius, the purplish-red precipitate resulting 
when a solution of gold trichlorid is brought in con- 
tact with a mixture of stannous and stannic chlorids. 
P., French. Synonym of Orchellin. P. -madder. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. P., Mineral. Syn- 
onym of P. of Cassius. P. of Mollusca. Same as 
Tyrian Purple. P., Ocher. Same as Mineral Pur- 
ple. P., Visual. See Rhodopsin. 

Purples (pur'-ph) [purpureas, purple]. A popular 
name for purpura ; also, for petechial spots. 

Purposive (pur'-po-siv) [ME., purposen, to propose]. 
Functional ; not vestigial, and not rudimentary ; re- 
garded as fulfilling an end or purpose in the economy. 
P. Acts, those acts performed with the consent of the 
will. 

Purpura ( pur' ' -pu-rah)[~L. for " purple "]. Hamorrhcea 
petechialis ; a general term including all extravasa- 
tions of blood into the skin and mucous membranes 
not resulting from traumatism. It is symptomatic of 
many conditions. P. apyretica. Synonym of P. 
simplex. P., Aqueous. Synonym of Hamophilia . 
P. bullosa. See Pemphigus Immorrhagicus. P. 
febrilis, purpura with elevation of temperature. P. 
fulminans, a grave form of purpura, developing in 
young children as a sequel to acute infectious dis- 
eases. It is of short duration, is marked by exten- 
sive extravasations, grave constitutional symptoms, 
and usually ends fatally. P. haemorrhagica, Mor- 
bus maculosus •werlhofi ; Laud-scurvy ; a greatly 
aggravated form of purpura simplex. There are 
marked constitutional symptoms followed by an erup- 
tion of hemorrhagic points, larger than in purpura 
simplex, upon the lower limbs, extending in succes- 
sive crops over the whole body-surface, coalescing to 
form irregularly-shaped extensive ecchymotic patches, 
or even raised, bloody tumors (ecchymomata'). Hem- 
orrhages may take place from the mucous surfaces or 
into the serous cavities. Recovery is the rule. See 
Werlkof's Disease. The disease may be infectious. 
P. hypertrophica. See P. tuberculosa. P., Iodic, 
a purpuric eruption caused by the use of iodin or the 
iodids. P., Malignant. Synonym of Fever, Cere- 
brospinal. P. medicamentosa, purpura due to the 
action of drugs. See P., Iodic. P. menstrualis, 



PURPURACEOUS 



1219 



PUSTULANT 



purpura associated with the menstrual period. P. 
miliaris. Synonym of Miliaria. P. nautica. 
Synonym of Scurvy. P. neonatorum, that occur- 
ring in the newborn from sudden changes in the cir- 
culation. P. neurotica, purpura due to a nervous dis- 
ease. P. papulosa, the variety in which the effusion 
is round a hair-follicle and papules are formed. P. 
Pestilential. Synonym of Fever, Cerebrospinal. P. 
puerperalis, P. puerperarum, a purpuric eruption 
occurring during the puerperium, and probably due 
to septicemia. P. pulicosa, petechial spots pro- 
duced by flea-bites. P. rheumatica. See Peliosis 
rheumatica. P. scorbutica. Synonym of Scurvy. 
P. senilis, that occurring in old age from want of 
supporCto the vessels due to relaxation of the tissues. 
P. simplex, the mildest degree of purpura. It 
generally occurs suddenly in young persons who are 
apparently healthy. Small, flat, roundish, or irregu- 
larly-shaped petechise appear, of a deep-red color, 
which does not disappear on pressure and soon be- 
comes purplish, the lesions usually remaining dis- 
crete. There are no concomitant constitutional , or sub- 
jective symptoms. In children the spots are com- 
monest about the upper part of the trunk, neck, and 
arms ; in adults, about the inner surface of the thighs. 
P. syphilitica, purpura due to syphilis ; it may be 
localized, as in the area of distribution of a certain 
nerve, or it may be general. P. thrombotica, pur- 
pura due to thrombosis of the veins. See Erythema 
purpuricum. P. traumatica, purpuric spots due to 
traumatism. P. tuberculosa, P. hypertrophica ; a 
rare form associated with the formation of tubercles 
or nodules upon the skin, and edema of the affected 
part. Death follows from gradual exhaustion. P. 
urticans. See Urticaria hemorrhagica. P. vario- 
losa. See Small-pox, Hemorrhagic. P., Vascular, 
purpura due to changes in the character of the blood 
or changes in the vessel walls. 

Purpuraceous (pur-pu-raf -se-ui) [purpura, purple]. 
Of a purple color. 

Purpurate (pur'-pu-rat) [purpura, purple]. Of a 
purple color. 

Purpuremia (pur-pu-re 1 '-me-ah) \_purpureus, purple ; 
aijxa, blood]. Intermittent malarial fever with hema- 
turia. 

Purpurescent {pur- pit- res'- ent) [purpura, purple]. 
Purplish. 

Purpuric {pur-pu'-rik) [purpura, purple]. Purplish. 
Pertaining to, or of the nature of purpura. P. Acid. 
See Acid. 

Purpurigenous ( pur-pu-rij' '-en-us) [purpura, purple ; 
genere, to bear]. Producing purple. 

Purpurin (pur' -pu-rin) [purpura, purple], C H H 8 5 . 

1. A dye present with alizarin in the madder-root. It 
is prepared artificially by heating alizarin and quinizarin 
with manganese dioxid and H 2 S0 4 to 150° C. It 
crystallizes with one molecule of water in reddish- 
yellow needles or prisms, and dissolves with a pure- 
red color in hot water, alcohol, ether, and the alkalies. 

2. Uroerythrin ; a red coloring-matter sometimes 
present in urinary deposits. It may attend serious 
lesions, but is often of no special significance. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Purpuriparous (pur-pu-rip' -ar-us) . Same as Purpurig- 
enous. 

Purpuroxanthic Acid ( pur-pu-ro-zan' -thik) [purpura, 
purple; ^avdoq, yellow], C I5 H 8 H 6 . A substance found 
in madder. 

Purree (pur' -a) [E. Ind.]. See Euxanthinic Acid, and 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Purreic Acid, Purrheic Acid (pur-e'-ik). See Eux'an- 
thic Acid. 



Purring Thrill. A fine, trembling vibration in the pre- 
cordium, either heard or perceived by palpation. It 
may be due to aneurysm, or to some valvular heart- 
lesion, especially mitral stenosis. 

Purse-string Operation. See Stoltz's Operation in 
Operations, Table of. 

Pursy (pur'-se) [ME., pursy, short-winded]. Fat, or 
corpulent, and short of breath. [Popular.] 

Purulence (pur'-u-lens) [pus, pus]. The quality of 
being purulent ; suppuration. 

Purulent (pur'- u - lent) [pus, pus]. Having the 
character of or forming pus. P. Catarrh, an inflam- 
mation of a mucous membrane accompanied by the 
production of pus. P. Edema, a general infiltra- 
tion of pus with much fluid. 

Puruloid (pur'-u-loid) [pus, pus; cidoc;, like]. Re- 
sembling pus ; puriform. 

Pus [7ri)oi»]. A fluid of varying consistence produced 
in the process of suppuration. It is formed by a lique- 
factive necrosis of the intercellular substance of tissues, 
the cells themselves floating in the fluid and under- 
going fatty degeneration. Clinically, pus is due to 
the action of microorganisms. P., Blue, pus colored 
blue by the bacillus pyocyaneus. P. -corpuscles, the 
corpuscles found in pus ; they are small, usually multi- 
nuclear cells, chiefly outwandered leukocytes, hut also 
degenerate connective-tissue cells. The nuclei may be 
hidden by granules, but can be made to appear by 
adding a little acetic acid to the pus. P., Curdy, 
containing cheesy-looking flakes. P. -disease. Syn- 
onym of Pyemia. P., Healthy. See P., Laudable. 
P., Ichorous, pus when thin and acrid. P., Laud- 
able, a whitish, inodorous pus, formerly thought to be 
essential to the healing of wounds. P., Muco-, pus 
mixed with mucus. P. -poison, a chemic compound 
that gives rise in the tissues to purulent inflammation. 
The proteid extracts of many bacteria act thus, e. g., 
tuberculin. P., Sanious, pus mixed with blood. P. 
Sero-, pus largely admixed with serum. P. -tube, 
a term frequently applied to a Fallopian tube the 
seat of suppurative inflammation. See Pyosalpinx. 
P., Watery. Synonym of P., Ichorous. For 
microorganisms of pus see Bacteria, Synonymalic 
Table of. 

Pustula (pus'-tu-lah) [L.]. A pustule. A vesicle or 
bleb containing pus. P. maligna, Anthrax ; Char- 
bon ; Malignant Pustule ; Woolsorters' Disease ; Splenic 
Fever ; Carbuncle, Milzbrand ; an acute specific dis- 
ease, due to the introduction of the bacillus anthracis 
into the system. It is characterized by the appear- 
ance of a localized inflammation beginning as a vesicle, 
and is situated on the face, neck, hands or arms, closely 
resembling carbuncle. The tumefaction may be very 
great, and this is associated with a profound degree of 
depression and exhaustion, the patient often dying on the 
fourth or fifth day. In favorable cases recovery takes 
place. The fever is slight ; in fact, there is often a 
subnormal temperature. In some cases general in- 
fection does not occur. Internal Anthrax, mycosis 
intestinalis , anthrax intestinalis, may be secondary to 
infection of the skin, but in some cases no primary 
focus can be discovered. The symptoms are diarrhea, 
vomiting, dyspnea, and a tendency to collapse. The 
temperature is usually not elevated, often subnormal. 
Death occurs in profound collapse in a very few days. 
The lesions consist of necrotic foci in the intestines ; 
bacilli are abundant in the vessels of these areas. The 
spleen is not much enlarged, but the lymphatic glands 
are greatly tumefied. See Pustule. 

Pustulant (pus'-tu-lant) [pustula, a pustule]. I. 
Causing the formation of pustules. 2. An irritant 
substance which does not affect the whole skin 



PUSTULAR 



1220 



PYELITIS 



alike, but especially irritates isolated portions and 
gives rise to the formation of pustules. Croton-oil 
and tartar emetic are examples. 

Pustular ( pits' '-tit-lar) [pustula, pustule]. Pertain- 
taining to or characterized by pustules. In biology, 
a term descriptive of a surface which has blister-like 
elevations. P. Grease. See Horsepox. 

Pustulate (pits' -tu- lat) \_pustulare, to blister]. I. 
To form pustules. 2. Same as Pustular. 

Pustulation (pus-tu-la' '-shun) \_puslula, pustule]. A 
condition marked by the formation of pustules. 

Pustulatous (piis'-tii-lat-us). Same as Pustular. 

Pustule ( pus' -tut) [pustula, pustule], A vesicle or 
bleb containing pus. It is always of inflammatory 
origin, of a yellowish color, and has, as a rule, a red 
areola, sometimes with induration. P., Malignant. 
See Pustula maligna. 

Pustuliform (pits' -tu-lif-orm) [pustula, pustule; forma, 
form]. Resembling a pustule. 

Pustulocrustaceous ( pus-tu-lo-krus-ta' -se-us) [pus- 
tula, pustule; crusta, crust]. Pustulous, and also 
covered with crusts, or scabs. 

Pustulose (pits' -tu-loz). Same as Pustular. 

Pustulose, Pustulous (pits' -tu-loz, pus' -tit-lus) [pus- 
tula, pustule]. Characterized by pustules. 

Pusula (pits' -u-lali) [L.]. I. Pustule. 2. Erysipelas. 

Putamen (pii-la'-men) [ pitta men, husk: pi., Puta- 
mind\. I. The lateral or darker part of the lenticular 
nucleus of the brain. 2. In biology : (a) the stone 
of a drupe, or shell of a nut ; (/>) the soft or inner 
shell of an egg. 

Putaminous (pu-tam' -in-us) [putamen, husk]. Per- 
taining to the membrana putaminis. 

Putchuk (put'-chuk) [India]. The costus root ; the 
root of Saussurea lappa, a composite plant of India. 
In that country and China it is extensively used in 
medicine. It is a stimulant and aromatic tonic. Also 
the root of Aristolochia recurvilabra , an Asiatic plant ; 
useful as an emmenagogue, diuretic, tonic, and stimu- 
lant. Unof. 

Putrefacient (pit- tre-fa'- se - ent) [putridus, putrid ; 
facere, to make]. I. Causing putrefaction. 2. An 
agent that causes putrefaction. 

Putrefaction (pu- tre -fak'- shun) [putridus, rotten; 
facere, to make]. The decomposition of nitrogenous 
organic matter under the influence of microorganisms, 
and accompanied by the development of disagreeable 
odors, due to the evolution of ammonia and hydrogen 
sulphid. 

Putrefactive ( pu-tre-fak'-tiv)[putridus, putrid ; facere, 
to make]. Pertaining to or causing putrefaction. 

Putrefy (pu'-tre-fi) [putrefacere, to putrefy]. To 
render putrid. 

Putrescence (pu-tres' -ens) [putrescere, to become 
rotten]. The state or process of putrefaction. 

Putrescent (pu-tres' -ent ) [ptttrescere,to become rotten]. 
Undergoing putrefaction. 

Putrescin (pu-tres' -hi) [putrescere, to become rotten], 
C 4 H,.,N r A poisonous ptomain. It is a clear, 
rather thin liquid of a disagreeable odor, boiling at 
I5 6 °-I57° C. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Putrid (pu'-trid) [putridus, rotten]. Rotten; having 
undergone putrefaction. P. Fever. Synonym of 
Typhus Fever, q. v. P. Infection, pyemia due to in- 
fection from a gangrenous focus. P. Pleurisy. See 
Pleurisy, Ichorous. P. Sore-mouth. See Stomatitis, 
Ulcerative. P. Sore-throat. See Pharyngitis, Gan- 
grenous. 

Putridity ( pu-trid' -it-e) [putridus, rotten]. The 
quality or state of being putrid ; putrid material. 

Putrilage ( pu-tril-ahzh') [putris, rotten]. Putrescent 
or gangrenous material. 



Putty (put'-e) [OF., potee, brass]. A pasty, inelastic 
substance usually made from whiting and linseed-oil, 
and hardening on exposure to the air. P., Horsley's, 
a mixture of white and yellow wax, vaselin, and car- 
bolic acid, used to check bleeding from the vessels of 
cut bone. 

Pyaemia (pi-e'-me-ah). See Pyemia. 

Pyapostasis (pi-ap-os'-tas-is) [ttvov, pus ; airdaraai^ , 
a standing oft']. Metastasis of pus. 

Pyarthrosis ( pi-ar-thro'-sis) [ttvov, pus; apOpov, joint]. 
Suppuration of a joint. 

Pyaulacomele (pi-azu-lak-om'-el-e) [ttvov, pus ; ah'/jii, 
furrow ; pif'tj, probe]. A grooved probe used in ex- 
ploring for pus. 

Pycnicmasia, Pycnicmasis (pik-nik-ma'-ze-ah, pik- 
nik' -mas-is) [ttvkvoc,, k/zdc, moisture]. A thickening 
of the bodily fluids. 

Pycnid, Pycnide (pik'-nid). Same as Pycnidinm. 

Pycnidiophore \ pik-nid' -e-o-f or) [ttvkvos, thick; <pepEiv, 
to bear]. In biology, a compound sporophore bearing 
pyenidia. 

Pycnidiospore (pik-nid' -e-o-spor). Same as Stylo- 
spore. 

Pycnidium (pik-nid' -e-uni) [ttvkvoc, thick, dense ; 
idiov, dim. : pi. , Pycnidia~\. In biology, are produc- 
tive body resembling a perithecium, found in certain 
fungi (Ascomycetes). Pyenidia arise interstitially on 
mycelial hyphae, and consist of a wall of several layers, 
from the inner surface of which there converge series 
of cells producing successively (terminally and later- 
ally) pyenospores (Bennett and Murray). 

Pycnocardia (pik-no-kar' -de-ah ) [ttvkvoc, solid ; napdia, 
heart]. See Tachycardia. 

Pycnocephalous (pik-no-sef -al-us) [kvkv6c, thick ; 
KetyaXij, head]. Thick-headed. 

Pycnoconidium (pik-no-ko-nid' -e-um) [ttvkvSc, thick ; 
Kovog, dust; idiov, dim.: //. , Pycnoconidia\ See 
Pycnospore. 

Pycnogonidium (pik-no-go-nid' -e-uni) [ttvkv6c, thick 
y° v h, generation ; idiov, dim.: pi., Pycnogonidia]. See 
Pycnospore. 

Pycnometer (pik-nom'-et-er) [ttvkvoc, thick; fierpov, 
measure]. A specific-gravity bottle, or a small, light 
flask of known weight. 

Pycnophrasia ( pik-no-fra' ' -ze-ah)[izvKvoc , thick; <ppa<jic, 
speech] . Thickness of speech. 

Pycnosis (pik-no'-sis) [ttvkvoc, thick]. Thickening; 
inspissation. 

Pycnospore (pik' -no-spor) [ttvkvoc, close; o-rripog, 
seed]. In biology, De Bary's term for the stylo- 
spores produced in the pyenidia of the Ascomycetes. 

Pycnotic (pik-not'-ik) [ttvkvoc, thick]. Pertaining to 
pycnosis. 

Pyecchysis (pi-ek' -is-is) [tt'vov, pus; ekxvolq, effusion]. 
Effusion of pus. 

Pyedema, Pycedema (pi-e-de'-mah)[-vov, pus ; bidijua, 
edema]. Edema due to purulent infiltration. 

Pyelitic ( pi-el-it' -ik) [ttveXoc, trough ; iric, inflamma- 
tion]. Relating to or affected with pyelitis. 

Pyelitis (pi-el-i'-tis) [ttve'Aoc, a trough; trie, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. It 
may be due to the mechanical irritation of calculi, or to 
tumors, animal parasites, tubercles, etc., or it appears 
in the course of acute specific fevers, or, perhaps most 
commonly, is secondary to diseases of the bladder. 
It is marked by pain and tenderness in the lumbar 
regions, and the presence in the urine of albumin, 
mucus, epithelial cells from the pelvis of the kidney, 
and pus-corpuscles in large amount. The urine is 
generally acid. Blood is also frequently seen in the 
urine. Gradually a swelling or tumor appears in the 
lumbar region, dull on percussion and slightly fluctu- 



PYELOCYSTITIS 



1221 



PYLOROSTENOMA 



ating. P., Calculous, that due to calculi. P., 
Hemorrhagic, that attended with hemorrhage. 

Pyelocystitis (pi-el-o-sis-ti'-tis) [nveXog, trough ; k'votic, 
bladder; itiq, inflammation], Pyelitis with cystitis. 

Pyelo-lithotomy [pi-el-o-lith-ot'-o-me) [7t6e/.oc, trough ; 
IWoc, stone; TOfii], a cutting]. Removal of a renal 
calculus through an incision into the pelvis of the 
kidney. 

Pyelometer [pi-el-om' -et-er). Synonym of Pelvimeter. 

Pyelonephritic [pi-el- o-nef-rit f -ik) [tzveXoq, trough ; 
vecppov, kidney; itic, inflammation]. Pertaining to 
pyelonephritis. 

Pyelo-nephritis [pi-el-o-nef-ri'-tis) [tzveaoq, trough; 
veQpov, kidney ; iric, inflammation]. Simultaneous 
inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis. 

Pyelonephrosis [pi-el-o-nef-ro' -sis). Synonym of 
Pyelonephritis. 

Pyelotomy [pi-el- of -o- me) [ttve?ioc, trough ; to/it], a 
cutting]. Incision of the renal pelvis. 

Pyemesis [pi-em' -is-is) \_ttvov, pus ; ifieoic, vomiting]. 
Vomiting of pus. 

Pyemia [pi-e' -me-ah) [nvov, pus ; ai/ia, blood]. Phle- 
bitic septicemia, with the presence of pyogenic microor- 
ganisms in the blood and with the formation wherever 
they lodge of secondary embolic or metastatic ab- 
scesses. It is characterized by intermittent fever, with 
recurrent rigors, profuse sweats, a sweetish odor to the 
breath, a dry, brown tongue, and rapid emaciation. 
Slight jaundice frequently develops ; sometimes, also, 
a purpuric eruption ; the temperature may be very 
high, 105 , or even more. It usually terminates in 
death. P., Arterial, a name given to pyemia produced 
by disorganization of a cardiac thrombus and the dis- 
semination of emboli through the arterial circula- 
tion. P., Cryptogenetic, a condition in which the 
primary suppuration occurs in the deeper tissues of 
the body. 

Pyemic [pi-e'-mik) [kvov, pus; ai/ia, blood]. Per- 
taining to or affected with pyemia. 

Pyencephalus [pi-en-sef'-al-us) [jrvov, pus; kyuifalor, 
brain]. Suppuration within the cranium. 

Pyesis [ pi-e'-sis). Synonym of Suppuration. 

Pyetia [pi-e'-she-ah). Synonym of Colostrum. 

Pygagria [pi-ga' ' -gre-a]i)\jrvyr] , buttock ; aypa, seizure]. 
Pruritus ani ; eczema, or pain, of the anal region. P. 
granulata, eczema of the anal region. 

Pygal [pi' -gal) {jrvyii, rump]. In biology, of or per- 
taining to the rump. 

Pygidial [pi-jid'-e-al) [nvyT), rump]. Pertaining to a 
pygidium. 

Pygidium [pi-fid? '-e-um) [mryq, rump; dim. Ifiiov : pi., 
Pygidia]. In biology, a term applied to the hinder 
or rump region of the body in various animals, especi- 
ally insects, crustaceans, and worms. 

Pygme [pig' -me) [Tzvyp.ii, fist]. The distance between 
the elbow and the knuckles. Fist. Forearm. 

Pygmy, Pigmy ( pig' -me) \nvypii, a fist] . A dwarf or 
dwarfish person. 

Pygodidymus [pi-go-did' -im-us) [irvyri, buttock; 
tihhuoc, twins]. A double fetal monstrosity united by 
the buttocks. 

Pygomelus [pi-gom' -el-us) [irvyr/, buttock ; peXoc, 
member]. A parasitic monstrosity with the parasite 
united to the hypogastric region or to the buttock. 

Pygopagus [pi-gop' -ag-us) \jxvyq, buttock; rrdyor, 
joined]. An ensomphalic monstrosity with conjoined 
buttocks or backs. 

Pygostyle [pi'-go-stil) [irvyf/, rump; orivloc, column]. 
In biology, the last bone in the tail of a bird, giving 
support to the tail-feathers. It theoretically consists of 
ankylosed or coalesced caudal vertebrae, as there are 
pairs of feathers in the tail. 



• lor - ek'- to - me) \_Trvloip6c , pylorus ; 
Excision or resection of the pylorus. 



Pyic [pi'-ik). Synonym of Purulent. 

Pyin [pi' -in) [_-i'<n\ pus]. An albuminous substance of 
complex constitution occurring in pus. It may be 
separated by adding sodium chlorid and filtering. 

Pyknometer [pik-nom' -et-er). See Pycnometer. 

Pyla (pi'-lak) \jr'vAi], gate: //. and. gen., Pylm\. The 
orifice by which the mesal portion of the mesocele 
communicates with the lateral. 

Pylemia [pi-le' -me-ah) [irvTuj, gate ; ai/ua, blood]. The 
blood of the portal vein. 

Pylemphraxis [pi-lem-fraks'-is) [nv'h], gate ; i/ubpai-ic, 
obstruction]. Obstruction of the portal circulation. 

Pylephlebectasis [pi-le-Jleb-ek'-las-is) \jtv\ri, gate ; 
<j>%eip, vein; eKraotc, dilatation]. Dilatation of the 
portal vein. This is usually caused by some obstruction 
in the liver, or it may be due to relaxation of the vessel- 
walls from some disturbance of innervation. 

Pylephlebitis [pi-le-fieb-i'-tis) [nv'Ai], gate ; <p^4', vein ; 
inc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the portal vein. 
The symptoms are those of pyemia ; the liver is 
usually enlarged and tender. The condition is usually 
secondary to disease of the intestines. P., Adhesive, 
thrombo-phlebitis of the portal vein. 

Pylethrombosis [ pi-le-throm-bo' -sis) \jtvhf], gate; 
6p6p8or, clot] . Thrombosis of the portal vein. 

Pylic [pi'-lik) [TTvlri, gate]. Pertaining to the portal 
vein. 

Pylometer ( pi-lo?n' -et-er) [uvatj, gate ; fierpov, meas- 
ure]. See Cystopylometer. 

Pylephlebitis [pi - lo -Jleb - i'- lis). Synonym of Pyle- 
phlebitis. 

Pylorectomy [pi 
iK.rop.ii, excision]. 

Pyloric [pi-lor'-ik) 
[nvlupoc, pylor- 
us]. Pertaining to 
the pylorus. P. 
Artery, the py- 
loric branch of the 
hepatic artery. 
P. Glands, 
glands of the 
pylorus, secreting 
the gastric juice. 
P. Plexus, bran- 
ches of the hepatic 
plexus accom- 
panying the py- 
loric artery. 

Py loristenosis 
( pi-lor-is-ten-o'- 
sis) \_TTVAup6c, py- 
lorus ; a t e v 6 c , 
narrow]. Con- 
traction of the py- 
lorus. 

Pyloritis [pi-lor-i'- 

tis) [nv'XupSc, pylorus ; irir, inflammation] 
mation of the pylorus. 

Pylorochesis ( pi- lor -o- ke' -sis) [rrv^upoc, pylorus; 
bxvcir, a holding]. Obstruction of the pylorus. 

Pylorocleisis [pi-lor-ok'-lis-is). Synonym of Pyloro- 
chesis. 

Pylorogastroscirrhus [pi-lor'-o -gas' - tro - skir' - us) . 
Synonym of Pyloroscirrhus. 

Pyloroplasty ( pi - lor'- - plas - te) [nvlupdr , pylorus ; 
irXaaoeiv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the py- 
lorus. 

Pyloroscirrhus ( pi-lor-o-skir' -us) \_1rvKup6c , pylorus ; 
cuippoc, induration]. Scirrhus of the pylorus. 

Pylorostenoma [pi-lor-o-sten-o'-mah). Synonym of 
Pylorostenosis. 




Section of Pyloric Glands from 
Human Stomach. 

a Mouth of gland leading into long, 
wide duct (b), into which open the 
terminal divisions, c. Connective 
tissue of the mucosa. {After Pier- 
sol.) 



Inflam- 



PYLOROSTENOSIS 



1222 



PYOSALPINX 



Pylorostenosis (pi-lor-o-ste-no'-sis) [irvXtjpot; , pylorus ; 
arivoaig, stenosis]. Stenosis, or stricture, of the 
pylorus. 

Pylorus (pi-lo'-rus) [irvTiupoc, gate-keeper]. I. The 
opening of the stomach into the duodenum. 2. The 
pyloric valve. 

Pyo- (pi'-o) [ttvov, pus]. A prefix that indicates con- 
nection with or relation to pus. 

Pyoblenna (pi-o-blen'-ah) [ttvov, pus ; fiAevva, mucus]. 
Muco-pus. 

Pyoblennorrhea (pi-o-blen-or-e'-ah)[Tr'vov, pus ; jilkwa, 
mucus ; poia, a flow]. A muco-purulent discharge. 

Pyocataracta (pi-o-kat-ar-ak' -tah) [ttvov, pus ; unra- 
pdn-i/c, cataract]. Purulent cataract. 

Pyocele (pi'-o-sel) [ttvov, pus; Krfkt], hernia]. Hernia 
with pus in its sac. 

Pyocelia (pi-o-se'-le-ah) [ttvov, pus; noikia, a hollow]. 
Pus in the abdominal cavity. 

Pyocenosis (pi-o-sen-o 1 'sis) [ttvov, pus ; nevaoic, empty- 
ing]. The evacuation of a pus-cavity. 

Pyochezia (pi-o-ke' -ze-ah) [ ttvov, pus; X^ Elv t to defe- 
cate]. Discharge of pus from the intestines. 

Pyocolpocele [pi - o - kol'-po- sel) [ttvov, pus; koattoc;, 
vagina; k?/A7, a tumor]. A tumor of the vagina con- 
taining pus. 

Pyocolpos (pi-o-kol'-pos) [ttvov, pus; koattoc, vagina]. 
An accumulation of pus within the vagina. 

Pyoctanin (pi-ok 1 -tan-in). See Pyoktanin. 

Pyocyanin (pi-o-si' -an-in) [ttvov, pus ; Kvavoq, blue] , 
C u H u N0 2 . A colored extractive derived from 
blue pus, and from cultures of the Bacillus pyo- 
cyaneus. On exposure to the air it is oxidized to py- 
oxanthose. It has positive chemotactic properties. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Pyocyst (pi'-o-sist) [ttvov, pus ; kvotlc,, cyst]. A cyst 
containing pus. 

Pyocyte ( pi'-o-slt) [ttvov, pus ; k'vtoc, cell]. The pus- 
corpuscle. 

Pyodermatitis (pi-o-der-mat-i'-tis). A skin-affection 
produced by inoculation with pyogenic material. 

Pyodermitis (pi-o-der-mi'-tis) [ttvov, pus ; dkpfia, skin ; 
me, inflammation]. An inflammatory skin-affection 
attended by pus-formation. 

Pyodiathesis (pi-o-di-ath' '-es-is) [ttvov, pus ; didflecur, 
disposition]. A purulent diathesis, characterized by a 
tendency of inflammation to proceed to suppuration. 

Pyosdema (pi-e-de'-mah). See Pyedema. 

Pyogangrenous ( pi-o-gang' '-ren-us) [ttvov, pus ; gan- 
grcena, gangrene]. Suppurating, and also gangrenous. 
P. Inflammation. See Inflammation. 

Pyogenes (pi-oj'-en-ez). Synonym of Pyogenic. 

Pyogenesis (pi-o-jen' '-es-is) [ttvov, pus ; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. The formation of pus. 

Pyogenetic (pi - o-jen -et'-ik) [ttvov, pus ; yevvav, to 
produce]. Pertaining to pyogenesis. 

Pyogenia(pi-o-Je'-ne-ah). Same as Pyogenesis. 

Pyogenic ( pl-o-jen'-ik) [ttvov, pus ; yevvav, to beget]. 
Producing or relating to pus-formation. P. Fever. 
See Strangles. P. Membrane, the thin, yellow layer 
forming the wall of an abscess. The wall is pyogenic 
only as long as the abscess is spreading, for it is then 
that breaking down and suppuration are going on in 
it; when the abscess ceases to spread, the membrane 
becomes a healing one. P. Microorganisms, the 
ordinary pyogenic microorganisms are the staphylo- 
coccus albus, aureus, and citreus, and the streptococcus 
pyogenes. Under certain circumstances pus may be 
produced by the pneumococcus of Frankel, the bacillus 
coli communis, the bacillus of typhoid fever, the 
gonococcus, and others. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of 

Pyohaemia (pi-o-hem'-e-ah). Synonym of Pyemia. 



Pyohemothorax (pi- o - hem-o-tko'-raks) [ttvov, pus ; 
alpa, blood ; 6upa£, thorax]. The presence of pus 
and blood in the pleural cavity. 

Pyoid (pi'-oid) [ttvov, pus ; elSoc, like]. Resembling 
pus. 

Pyoktanin ( pi - ok' '- tan - in) [ttvov, pus; ktzlvew, to 
kill]. A name given to methyl-violet and auramin 
(both anilin dyes), from their power of arresting sup- 
puration. Both are antiseptic, but are harmless, as 
well as odorless. One to two per cent, ointments, and 
one per cent, gauzes and cottons are recommended. 
Unof. 

Pyolymph (pi'- o - limf) [ttvov, pus; Av/j.<fia, lymph]. 
Lymph containing pus-corpuscles. 

Pyomalgia (pi-o-mal' -je-ali) [ttvov, pus ; u/ioc, should- 
er ; a'Ayoc, pain]. Pain in the shoulder due to sup- 
puration. 

Pyomele (pi-om'-el-e). See Pyaulacomele. 

Pyometra (pi-o-me'-trah) [ttvov, pus; firjrpa, womb]. 
A collection of pus in the uterus. 

Pyonephritis (pi- o -nef- ri'- tis) [ttvov, pus; veippoc, 
kidney; itic, inflammation]. Suppurative inflamma- 
tion of the kidney. 

Pyonephrosis (pi-o-nef- ro'-sis) [ttvov, pus; veippor, 
kidney]. Pus in the kidney and its pelvis. 

Pyonephrotic (pi - o- nef- rot'- ik) [ttvov, pus ; vetppoc, 
kidney]. Pertaining to pyonephrosis. 

Pyonoma (pi-o-no'-mah) [ttvov, pus ; voftr/, an eating 
sore], I. A suppurative focus. 2. A tumor infil- 
trated with pus. 

Pyoophoritis (pi-o-off-or-i'-tis) [ttvov, pus ; <ls6v, egg; 
q>opoc, bearing; itic, inflammation]. Purulent oophor- 
itis. 

Pyopericardium (pi-o-per-ik-ar'-de-um) [ttvov, pus; 
■Kepi, about ; napdia, heart]. The presence of pus in 
the pericardium. 

Pyoperitonitis (pi- o- per - it - on -i'- tis). Synonym of 
Peritonitis, Purulent. 

Pyophthalmia (pi-off-thal'-me-ah) [ttvov, pus ; b<p6a?i- 
fioc, eye]. Purulent ophthalmia. 

Pyophthisis (pi-off'-this-is) [ttvov, pus ; pftiaic, a wast- 
ing]. Wasting from long-continued suppuration. 

Pyophylactic (pi-o-fil-ak '-tik ) [ ttvov, pus ; <f>vla<jceiv, 
to guard]. Same as Pyogenic. P. Membrane. See 
Membrane . 

Pyoplania (pi-o-pla'-ne-ah) [ttvov, pus; Trlavaeiv, to 
wander]. Infiltration of tissues with pus. 

Pyopneumopericardium (pi-o-nu-mo-per-ik-ar'-de- 
um) [ttvov. pus ; rrvevfia, air ; irkpi, around; ttapdia, 
heart]. Pus and air or gas in the pericardium. 

Pyopneumoperitonitis (pi-o-nu-mo-per-it-on-i'-tis) 
[ttvov, pus ; TTvev/xa., air ; Treptrovaiov, peritoneum ; 
itic, inflammation]. Peritonitis complicated by the 
presence of pus and air in the peritoneal cavity. 

Pyopneumothorax (pi-o-nu-vw-tho'-raks) [ttvov, pus; 
TTvevpa, air; diipa^ , thorax]. An accumulation of air 
or gas and pus in the pleural cavity. 

Pyopoiesis (pi-o-poi-e'-sis). Synonym of Suppuration. 

Pyoptysis ( pi-op' -lis-is) [ttvov, pus ; tttveiv, to spit] . 
The expectoration of pus. 

Pyorrhagia (pi-or-a' -je-ah) [ttvov, pus; prjyvvvai, to 
burst forth]. A profuse discharge of pus. 

Pyorrhea (pi-or-e'-ah) [ttvov, pus ; poia, a flow]. A 
purulent discharge. P., Alveolar. Same as Fauch- 
ard's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Pyorthopnea (//- or-thop - ne'-ah) [ttvov, pus; bpHor, 
straight; Trvoii, breath]. Orthopnea due to the pres- 
ence of pus in the pleural cavity. 

Pyosalpingitis (pi-o-sal-pin-gi'-tis) [ttvov, pus; aak- 
TTiyi; , tube ; itic, inflammation]. Purulent inflamma- 
tion of the Fallopian or Eustachian tube. 

Pyosalpinx (pi-o-sal' -pinks) [ttvov, pus; od?.TTiy^, tube]. 



PYOSAPREMIA 



1223 



PYRETOGENESIA 



A formation of pus in the oviduct or the Eustachian 
tube. 

Pyosapremia (pi-o-sap-rc' -me-ah) \jibov, pus ; oan- 
l>uc, rotten; alfia, blood]. Infection of the blood by 
putrid pus. 

Pyoscheocele (pi- os'- ke -o -sel) [prhov, pus ; boxenv, 
scrotum; ki/'/j/, tumor]. A suppurative swelling of 
the scrotum. 

Pyoscope (pi'-o-skop) [wvog, colostrum; ancnrelv, to 
examine]. An instrument for determining the rich- 
ness of milk by its color. 

Pyosepthemia (pi-o-scp-the' -me-ah ). Synonym of 
Pyo -J epticem ia . 

Pyo-septicemia (pi-o-sep-tis-e' -?ne-ah) [w'vov, pus; 
<t//i/"? , sepsis ; alfia, blood]. The association of pyemia 
and septicemia. 

Pyosis (pi - o'- sis) \jrvov, pus]. I. Suppuration. 2. 
Suppuration of the eye. 

Pyospermatocyst (pi-6-sper 1 ' -mat-o-sist) [wv'ov, pus ; 
avrepfia, seed; Kvarig, cyst]. The accumulation of 
pus in a spermatic vesicle. 

Pyostercorous (pi-o-ster 1 '-kor-us) [tt'vov, pus ; stercus, 
feces]. Pertaining to purulent discharges from the 
bowels. 

Pyothorax ( pi-o-tho' -raks) [nvov, pus; Oupai;, thorax]. 
The accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity ; em- 
pyema. 

Pyotorrhea (pi-o-tor-e'-ah) [tt'vov, pus; ovc, ear; poia, 
a flow]. Purulent otorrhea. 

Pyoxanthin, Pyoxanthose ( pi-o-zan' -thin, pi-o-zan' - 
thbz) [kvov, pus ; fa^dc, yellow]. A yellow coloring- 
extractive sometimes found in pus, and resulting from 
the oxidation of pyocyanin, q. v. 

Pyozemia (pi-o-ze'-me-ali) [7ri'ov,pus; Zv/iij, a ferment]. 
The constitutional condition dependent upon the pres- 
ence of a pus. Probably an intoxication, in contra- 
distinction to pyemia, which is an infection. 

Pyra (pi' -rah). Synonym of Anthrax. 

Pyracetic Acid (pi-ras-e' -tik) . Synonym of Pyrolig- 
neons Acid. 

Pyramid (pir'-am-id) [Tri'pa^/c] . Any conic eminence 
of an organ, as P. of the cerebellum, P. of the tym- 
panum, etc. Ps., Anterior (of the Oblongata), the 
two pyramidal bundles of white matter, one on either 
side of the ventral median fissure of the medulla. 
They are continuous with the ventral columns of the 
spinal cord, except the decussating bundles, which are 
continuous with the deeper portions of the lateral 
columns of the cord. P. of the Cerebellum, a conic 
projection forming the central portion of the inferior 
vermiform process. Ps., Cortical. Synonym of Ps. 
of Malpighi. Ps. of Ferrein, a prolongation of the 
stria of the Malpighian Pyramids into the cortex. 
They are also known as medullary rays. Ps., Giant, 
Betz's name for the large pyramidal cells of the cortex 
of the paracentral convolution of the human brain. 
P., Lateral. Synonym of Pesliform Body. P. of 
Light, the triangular reflection from the normal mem- 
brana tympani. Ps., Malpighian, the conic masses 
composing the medullary substance of the kidneys. 
There are from eight to eighteen. Ps., Posterior 
(of the Oblongata), two narrow bundles of white mat- 
ter placed one on either side of the dorsal median 
fissure of the oblongata. They are continuous with 
the dorsal median columns of the spinal cord. 

Pyramidal (pir-am'-id al) \_T:vpafiii;, pyramid]. Shaped 
like a pyramid. P. Tracts. See Tracts. 

Pyramidale (pir-a?n-id-a r -le) \_Kvpa/iir, pyramid]. The 
cuneiform bone of the carpus ; the os pyramidale. 

Pyramidalis (pir-am-id-a'-lis). See Muscles, Table of. 

Pyramidate (pir-am'-id-at) \_ixvpajiic, pyramid]. In 
biology, pyramidal. 



Pyramis (pir' '- am - is). Synonym of Pyramid. P. 
cerebelli. See Pyramid if the Cerebellum. 

Pyrazol (pi'-mz-ol) [nvp, fire; azotum, nitrogen], C 3 - 
H 4 N 2 . A derivative of pyrrol, crystallizing in color- 
less needles, melting at 70 C, and boiling at 185° C. 

Pyrazolin (pi-?-az'-o-lin) [nop, fire; azotum, nitrogen], 
C 3 H ( .N 2 . A reduction-product of pyrazol. 

Pyrazolon (pi-raz'-o-lon) [jriip, fire ; azotum, nitrogen], 
C.jHjN.,0. An oxidation-product of pyrazolin. 

Pyremetin (pi-rem'-et-in) [7ri>p//i>,mass; e//ecuc, vomit]. 
A substance obtained from impure creasote ; it has 
emetic properties. 

Pyrene (pi'-ren) [nvp, fire], C 16 H 10 . I. A hydrocarbon 
occurring in the " stubb-fat " obtained from the distil- 
lation of the " stubb." It is sparingly soluble in hot 
alcohol, readily in ether, benzene, and carbon disul- 
phid ; it crystallizes in colorless leaflets or plates, and 
melts at 148 C. 2. A hydrocarbon occurring with 
fluoranthene in the highest fractions of coal-tar. 

Pyrene (pi'-ren) \jKvpr/v, the stone of a fruit]. In 
biology, a nutlet ; the stone of a small drupe. 

Pyrenematous (pi-ren-em' ' -at-us) \_irvp//i', mass; aipa, 
blood]. Pertaining to, or having nucleated red cor- 
puscles. 

Pyrenemia (pi- reti - e'- me- ah) \_izvprjv, mass; aifia, 
blood]. The existence of nucleated red cells in the 
blood. 

Pyrenin (pi-re'-nin) [_Trvp, fire]. In biology, 'the name 
given by Schwartz to the substance composing nucleoli, 
as distinguished from the nuclear membrane, amphi- 
pyrenin. 

Pyrenium (pi-re' -ne-um) [nvpqviov, dim. of nvpijv, the 
stone of a fruit]. In biology, the hypothecium of a 
nucleiform apothecium. 

Pyrenocarp (pi-re' -no-karp) \nvpijv, the stone of a fruit ; 
aapiroc, fruit]. In botany, a drupe. 

Pyrenocarpous (pi-re-no-kar' -pus) \_~vpr/v, the stone of 
a fruit ; Kapiroc, fruit]. Resembling or pertaining to 
a pyrenocarp. 

Pyrenodeine (pi-re-no' -de-in) \_nvpr/v, the stone of a 
fruit ; £/Jof, form]. Same as Pyrenoid. 

Pyrenoid (pi-re' -noid) [rrvpijv, the stone of a fruit; 
eltSoc, form]. The name given by Schmitz to the 
small, bright globules found imbedded in the chro- 
matophores of green algns and of certain invertebrates, 
and having the reactions of nuclein and the function 
of forming starch and similar carbohydrates. 

Pyrenomycetes (pi-re-no-mi-se' -tez) [rrvpi/v, the stone 
of a fruit ; fivKijc, fungus]. An order of ascomycetous 
fungi. 

Pyretetiology (pi-ret-e-le - ol'-o-je) [nvptroc, fever; 
atria, cause ; Xdyor, science]. The study of the eti- 
ology of fevers. 

Pyrethrum (pi-re' -thrum) [wvpedpov, a certain plant]. 
Pellitory. The dried root of Anacyclus P. It con- 
tains a resin, a volatile oil, and sugar. When taken 
into the mouth, it increases the flow of saliva, and is 
used as a masticatory in dry conditions of the mouth, 
in relaxed states of the throat, and in aphonia ; also in 
headache and facial neuralgia. It is valuable mainly as a 
masticatory and sialagogue. Dose 3 ss-j. P., Tinct., 
20 per cent, strong — used externally. Dose of the 
British tincture rrLxv-^j. P. roseum, Persian 
Pellitory. The powdered flower-heads are used as an 
insecticide. See Buliach. 

Pyretic (pi-ret' -ik) [-vperdc, fever]. Pertaining to or 
affected with fever. 

Pyreticosis (pi-ret-ih-o'-sis) [7ruperdc, fever]. Fever- 
ishness. 

Pyretogenesia, Pyretogenesis (pi-ret-o-jen-e'-ze-ah, 
(pi-ret-o-jen'-es-is) \jrvptr6q, fever; ycveaig, origin]. 
The origin and progress of fever. 



PYRETOGENIC 



1224 



PYROLOGY 



Pyretogenic (pi-ret-o-jen'-ik) \jvvperoc, fever ; yevvav, 
to produce]. Causing or producing fever. 

Pyretogenin (pi-ret-oj' '-en-in\ [ irvperog, fever; yevvav, 
to produce]. A substance (probably a ptomain) 
formed by microorganisms. Its composition is un- 
known. It has the property of producing fever when 
inoculated into animals. 

Pyretogenous (pi-ret-oj' -en-us). Synonym of Pyreto- 
genic. 

Pyretography (pi-ret-og' -ra-fe) \jivper6g, fever ; ypa- 
(peiv, to write]. A treatise on fevers. 

Pyretology (pi-ret- ol'- o-je) \_nvpET6c. fever; Adyoc, 
treatise]. The science of the nature and characteris- 
tics of fevers. 

Pyretophthalmia (pi-ret-off-thal'-me-ah) [nvperoc, 
fever; b(pdahp.6c , eye]. I. Ophthalmia caused by a 
febrile disease. 2. A febrile affection complicated by 
ophthalmia. 

Pyretorthopnea (pi-ret-or-thop-ne' '-all) \_Tzvpe~6c, fever ; 
bpdoc, straight; ttvotj, breath]. Orthopnea attended 
with fever. 

Pyrexia (pi-reks'-e-ah) [nvpE^i.c, fever]. Elevation of 
temperature above the normal. Fever. 

Pyrexial, Pyrexic (pi-reks'-e-al, pi-reks'-ik) [irvpeZic, 
fever]. Pertaining to pyrexia. P. Tincture. See 
Warburg's Tincture. 

Pyrexialis, Tinctura (pi- reks- e-a'-lis). See War- 
burg's Tincture. 

Pyrexy (pi-reks'-e). Same as Pyrexia. 

Pyrgocephaly ( pir-go-sef -al-e) [nvpyog, tower; K.e<j>- 
aArj, head]. The condition in which the vertex rises 
as an eminence above the level of the skull. 

Pyria (pi'-re-ah) \_nvp, fire]. Hot bath, vapor-bath; 
hot fomentation. 

Pyriastes (pir-e-as'-tez). Synonym of Colostrum. 

Pyridin (pi' -rid-in) [nvp, fire], C.H 3 N. An alkaloid, 
prepared from bone-oil, and also obtained from all the 
pyridin-carboxylic acids on distillation with lime. It is 
a pungent-smelling liquid, miscible with water, of sp. 
gr. 1.0033 at o° C. and boiling at 114. 8° C. It is useful 
in allaying asthmatic paroxysms. Dose gtt. vj-xv ; by 
inhalation, f^j-f^iss. Unofficial. 

Pyriform (pir'-iform) \_pyrus, pear; forma, a form]. 
Pear-shaped. Pyriformis Muscle. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Pyrimania (pi-rim-a'-ne-ah). Synonym of Pyromania. 

Pyrites ( pi'-rit-ez) [nvphrtc, flint]. Either of the com- 
mon sulphids of iron, pyrite and marcasite. P., 
Arsenical, pyrites occurring as a mixture of several 
sulphids of arsenic. P., Iron, the ordinary pyrites. 

Pyro- (pi'-ro-) [nvp, fire]. A prefix signifying con- 
nection with or relation to fire, or heat. 

Pyro-acetic (pi-ro-as-e'-tik) [_~vp, fire ; acetum, acid]. 
Pertaining to or obtained from acetic acid by the ac- 
tion of heat. P. Spirit. Synonym of Acetone. 

Pyro-acid (pi-ro-as'-id) [nip, fire ; acidus, acid]. A 
product obtained by subjecting certain organic acids 
to heat. 

Pyroantimonic Acid {pi- ro-an- tim-o' - nik). See 
Pyrantimonic Acid. 

Pyroarsenic Acid (pi-ro-ar-sen'-ik) \j?vp, fire; arseni- 
atm, arsenic], H 4 As 2 7 . A tetrabasic acid produced 
when arsenic is heated to 180 C. 

Pyroboric Acid (pi-ro-bo'-rik) \_irvp, fire; boron], 
H.,B 4 8 . A dibasic acid produced by heating boric 
acid. 

Pyrocatechic Acid (pi-ro-kaf -e-chik). Synonym of 
Pyrocatecliin. 

Pyrocatechin (pi-ro-kat-e' -chin) [nvp, fire ; catechu], 
C 6 H t (OH)j =r C 6 H O 2 . Catechol ; a substance first 
obtained in the distillation of catechin (the juice of 
Mimosa catechu). It is formed by the dry distillation 



of proto-catechuic acid. It crystallizes in short 
rhombic prisms and sublimes in shining leaflets ; is 
soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; melts at 104 
C. and boils at 245 C. Its alkaline solutions turn 
black on exposure to air. It is an antipyretic. Dose 

g 1 "- j-iij- 

Pyrocatechinic Acid, Pyrocatechuic Acid (pi-ro- 
kat-e-chin'-ik, pi-ro -kat-e- chu'-ik). Synonyms of 
Pyrocatecliin. 

Pyrocitric Acid (pi-ro- sit' -j-ik) \_nvp, fire; citrus, 
lemon]. An acid formed from citric acid by distilla- 
tion. The term includes several acids. 

Pyrocoll (pi'-ro-kol) [ nip, fire; noAAa, glue]. I. 
The amid anhydrid of carbopyrrolic acid. It crys- 
tallizes in yellow leaflets, melting at about 26S C. 
2. C ]0 H 6 N 2 O 2 . A substance obtained in the dry 
distillation of gelatin. 

Pyrocomane (pi-ro- fro' -man). See Pyrone. 

Pyrodextrin (pi-ro-deks' -trin) \_~xvp, fire ; dexter, right] , 
C 48 H 74 37 . A brownish solid resulting from the ac- 
tion of heat upon dextrin. 

Pyrodin (pi'-ro-din) \_TT~vp, fire], C 6 H-.C 2 H 3 O.N 2 H, 2 . 
Acetyl-phenyl-hydrazin. A white, sparingly soluble 
powder, a powerful antipyretic. Dose ^ to 4 grains. 

Pyrogallate (pi-ro-gal'-at) \jri'p, fire; galla, galls]. 
A salt of pyrogallic acid. 

Pyrogallic Acid (pi-ro-gal'-ik). See Acid. 

Pyrogallocarbonic Acid (pi'-ro- gal' -o-kar-bon'-ik) 
\jzvp, fire; galla, galls ; carbon, carbon]. A substance 
prepared by heating pyrogallic acid with a five per cent, 
solution of sodium carbonate, and dissolving the pro- 
duct in cold strong sulphuric acid. It is used as a 
delicate test for nitric acid. 

Pyrogallol (pi-ro-gal'-ol) [nip, fire; galla, galls], 
C 6 H 3 (OH) 3 . Pyrogallic acid; a phenol derivative 
produced by the action of heat on gallic acid. It 
occurs in long, flattened prisms, colorless, bitter to 
taste, soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. It will 
affect the blood and produce hemoglobinuria. It is a 
powerful reducing agent. It is used as a local appli- 
cation in dermatology. 

Pyrogen (pi'-ro-jen) \_~vp, fire; yevvav, to produce]. I. 
A substance capable of producing fever. 2. The 
electric fluid. 

Pyrogenesia, Pyrogenesis (pi-ro-jen-e' -ze-ah, pi-ro- 
jen'-es-is) \irvp, fire; yeveaic, origin]. The produc- 
tion of heat or fever. 

Pyrogenetic, Pyrogenic (pi-ro-jen-et'-ik, pi-ro-jen'-ik) 
\_~vp, fire ; yevvav, to produce]. Producing heat or 
fever. 

Pyrogenic (pi-ro-jen'-ih) \jrvp, fire; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. Producing fever. 

Pyrogenous (pi-roj' -en-us) \jrvp, fire ; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. Produced by heat. 

Pyroglucic Acid (pi-ro-glu'-sik). Synonym of Pyro- 
dextrin. 

Pyroglycin (pi-ro-gli'-sin). Synonym of Metaglycerin. 

Pyroguaiacic Acid {pi-ro-gwl-afc'-ik). Synonym of 
Guaiacol. 

Pyroleum ( pi-ro' -le-um) \jrvp, fire ; oleum, oil]. I. 
Petroleum. 2. An oil produced by dry distillation. 

Pyroligneous (pi - ro - lig'- ne-us) rjrriyj, fire; lignum, 
wood]. Pertaining to the destructive distillation of 
wood. P. Acid, wood- vinegar. See Acid, Pyro- 
ligneous. P. Alcohol, P. Spirit. Synonym of Methyl- 
alcohol. P. Vinegar. Synonym of Acid, Pyrolig- 
neous. 

Pyrolithic Acid (pi-ro-lith'-ik). Synonym of Acid, 
Cyan uric. 

Pyrology (pi-rol'-o-je) [irvp, fire; A6yo<;, science]. A 
study of the application of heat, especially with refer- 
ence to surgical processes. 



PVROLUSITE 



1225 



PYXININ 



Pvrolusite (pi-ro-lu'-s'it) [_~vp, fire ; /ovaic, a wash- 
ing]. Native manganese dioxid. 

Pyrolysis (pi-ro/'-is-is) [~rp, fire; Aiwc, solution]. 
Decomposition by means of heat. 

Pyrolytic {pi-ro-lit'-ik) \_~bp, fire ; Xvetv, to dissolve]. 
Pertaining to pyrolysis. 

Pyromania ( pi-ro-ma' -ne-ak) \jrvp, fire; fiavia, mad- 
ness]. A form of moral insanity which actuates in- 
cendiarism. 

Pyromaniac (pi-ro-ma' -ne-a£) \_~vp, fire; jiavin, mad- 
ness]. One affected with pyromania. 

Pyromeconic Acid [pi-ro-me-kon'-ik) [~vp, fire; me- 
conic], C.H 4 O r A crystalline acid obtained by the 
dry distillation of meconic acid. 

Pyromel (pi'-ro-mel) [irvp, fire ; me/, honey]. Mo- 
lasses. 

Pyromellitic Acid ( pi-ro-mel- it'ik). See Add. 

Pyrometamorphism (pi-ro-met-am-orf'-izm) [irvp, 
fire; metamorphism]. Metamorphism resulting from 
the action of heat. 

Pyrometer (pi-rom'-et-er) \_irvp, fire ; fiirpov, measure] . 
An instrument for measuring the intensity of heat 
of too high a degree to be estimated by the ordinary 
thermometer. P., Optic. A photometer used as a 
pyrometer, on the principle that the luminosity of a 
body is proportionate to its temperature. 

Pyrometric [pi-ro-met'-rik) \_~vp, fire; fierpov, meas- 
ure]. Pertaining to the pyrometer. 

Pyronaphtha (pi-ro-naf'-thah). See Burning Oil. 

Pyrone (pi'-ron) [_~vp, fire],C 5 H 4 2 . Pyrocomane ; a 
substance formed when comanic and chelidonic acids 
are heated to 250 C. It is a neutral solid readily 
soluble in water; it melts at 32. 5 C, and boils at 
about 315 C. 

Pyropemphigus (pi-ro-pem'-fig-us) \jvvp, fire ; 7Tf//<^f, 
pemphigus]. Pemphigus attended with fever. 

Pyrophlyctis syriaca. Synonym of Aleppo Boil. 

Pyrophobia (pi-ro-fo'-be-ah) \_~vp, fire ; <poj3o^, dread]. 
Morbid dread of fire. 

Pyrophosphate ( pi-ro-fos' -fat) [nvp, fire ; (j)0(7<popoc, 
phosphorus]. A salt of pyrophosphoric acid. 

Pyrophosphoric Acid (pi-ro-fos-for' -ik). See Acid. 

Pyroptothymia (pi-rop-to-thi'-me-ah)\_-vp, fire ; tttoeiv, 
to terrify ; dvixdc, mind]. A form of insanity in which 
the person imagines himself enveloped in flame. 

Pyropuncture ( pi-ro-pungk' -tur) \_~vp, fire ; punclura, 
puncture]. Puncturing with hot needles. 

Pyroscope (pi'-ro-skop) \_~vp, fire ; anoTrdv, to exam- 
ine]. An instrument employed in determining the 
intensity of thermal radiation. 

Pyrosin (pi' -rosin). Same as Ervthrosin. 

Pyrosis (pi-ro'-sis) \_~vp, fire]. An affection of the 
stomach characterized by a burning sensation, accom- 
panied by eructations of an acrid, irritating fluid. 
" Heartburn." P., Oatmeal. See Oatmeal Pyrosis. 

Pyrosphyre (pi'-ro-sfir) \_~vp, fire ; a<pvpa, hammer]. 
Same as Moxosphyra. 

Pyrosulphuric Acid ( pi-ro-sul-fu 1 '-rik) \_~vp, fire ; sul- 
phur], H 2 S 2 O r A fuming crystalline body prepared 
by crystallization from cold Nordhausen sulphuric acid. 

Pyrotartaric Acid (pi-ro-tar-tar'-ik). See Acid. 

Pyrotechnia (pi-ro-tek' '-ne-a/i) {jrvp, fire ; Tix v V> art]. 
The scientific application of heat. P. chirurgica, the 
employment of fire in surgical procedures. 

Pyrothonid (pi-roth' -o-nid) [yrvp, fire]. A tarry sub- 
stance resulting from the imperfect combustion of 
hemp, cotton, and linen. 

Pyrotic I ' pi-rot'-ik) [rvvp, fire]. I. Having the 
property of inflammability. 2. Caustic. 

Pyrotoxic (pi-ro-toks'-ik) \rcvp, fire ; rof («oc, poison]. 
A caustic poison. 

Pyrotoxin (pi-ro-toks' -in) [_nvp, fire ; to^lkov, poison]. 



A toxic agent generated in the course of the febrile 
process. 

Pyrouric Acid (pi-ro-u'-rik). See Acid, Cyanuric. 

Pyrovinic Acid (pi-ro-vin'-ik). See Acid, Pyrotartaric. 

Pyroxanthin (pi-ro-zan' -thin) \_~vp, fire; tavOoc, yel- 
low]. A crystalline substance found in crude wood- 
spirit. 

Pyroxylic (pi-rohs-il'-ik) \jriip, fire ; ir'/.ov, wood]. 
Obtained by distilling wood. P. Spirit, methylic 
alcohol, a product of the distillation of wood. It is 
also called wood-spirit and wood-alcohol. 

Pyroxylin, Pyroxylinum (pi-roks'-il-in, pi-roks-il-i' - 
Hum) [n-t'p, fire; i,vAov, wood: gen. , Pyroxylin i~\. 
Gun-cotton. Ordinary cotton fiber treated with 
strong fuming nitric acid, the cellulose, C B H I0 O-, 
being changed to trinitvo-cellulose, CgH-O^NO,).,. 
It is soluble in ether, and is highly explosive by per- 
cussion. Collodium, contains pyroxylin 4, ether 70, 
alcohol 26. Solution should be complete. C. cum 
cantharide (C. desiccans, B. P.), flexible collodion 
85, cantharides 60, chloroform, q. s. C. flexile, flex- 
ible collodion contains collodion 92, Canada turpen- 
tine 5, castor-oil 3 parts. C. stypticum, styptic 
collodion, tannic acid 2, alcohol 5, ether 25, collodion 
q. s. ad. 100. 

Pyrozone (pi'-ro-zon) [~i'p, fire; ozone]. A rapidly 
acting antiseptic, containing 3 per cent, of H 2 0, in 
water. It may be employed either internally or ex- 
ternally without danger of toxic effects. It decomposes 
pus with rapidity, causing effervescence. Unof. 

Pyrrhol, Pyrrol (pir'-ol) [~vp, fire; oleum, oil], C 4 H 4 - 
(NH). A liquid first found in coal-tar and bone-oil. 
It is produced by the distillation of ammonium sac- 
charate or mucate, or upon heating glycerol to 200 
C. It is a colorless liquid, with an odor like that of 
chloroform. It becomes brown on exposure, and 
boils at 131° C. ; it has asp. gr., 0.9752 at 12. 5 C. ; it 
is but slightly soluble in water. P. Red, C I2 H ]4 N 2 0, 
a reddish powder obtained by treating pyrrhol with 
a strong acid. 

Pyrrolidin (pi-rol' -id-iri) \j?vp, fire ; oleum, oil], C 4 - 
H 9 N. A substance formed by the action of sodium 
upon succinimid dissolved in absolute alcohol. 

Pyrrolin (pir'-ol-in) [irvp, fire ; oleum, oil], C 4 H 6 NH. 
An oily liquid formed when pyrrhol is digested with 
zinc dust and acetic acid. It is readily soluble in 
water, and boils at 91 C. 

Pyruric Acid ( pi-ru'-rik) . Synonym of Acid, Cyanuric. 

Pyrus (pi' -mis) [L. , a pear-tree]. A genus of the Po- 
mece, including the apple (Mains), the pear (P. com- 
munis, and other species) and others. 

Pyruvic Acid (pir-u'-vik). See Acid. 

Pyruvil ( pi-ru'-vil) \_~vp, fire; ovpov, urine], C 5 H g N 4 3 . 
A substance formed from urea and pyroracemic acid. 

Pythogenesis (pi-tho-jen' -es-is) \TtvBeiv,to rot ; yeveaic, 
genesis]. Production by means of filth. 

Pythogenic (pi-tho-jen'-ik) [-vfleiv, to rot ; yevvav, to 
produce]. Arising from decomposing matter. P. 
Fever. Synonym of Typhoid Fever. P. Pneu- 
monia. See Pneumonia. 

Pytia (pi'-she-ah). Synonym of Colostrum. 

Pyuria (pi-u'-re-ah) [ ttvov, pus; ovpov, the urine]. 
Pus in the urine. 

Pyxidate (piks'-id-at) [nvl-ic, a box]. Resembling a 
pyxidium, or bearing pyxidia ; furnished with a lid. 

Pyxidium (piks-id'-e-um) [dim. of iruf/c, a box : pi., 
Pvxidia]. In biology, a capsule which dehisces along 
a circular transverse line, so that the upper part comes 
off like a lid ; also called a. pyxis. 

Pyxinin (piks'-in-ui) [jrnf/c, a box]. A characteristic 
chemic substance found by Frenzel in the gregarina 
Pyxina. 



Q 



1226 



QUADRIPAROUS 



Q. S. Abbreviation of quantum sufficit — as much as 
suffices. 

Qinbil (kin'-bil) [Arab.]. See Kamala. 

Quack (kwak) [ME. , quakken, to quack]. One who 
practises quackery ; a pretender to medical skill. Q.- 
salver, a quack, or mountebank ; a peddler of his 
own medicines and salves. See Mountebank. 

Quackery (kwak'-er-e) [ME., quakken, to quack]. 
The pretence of medical knowledge, skill, or success, 
by one without either. Medical charlatanism. 

Quackism (kzuak'-izm) [ME., quakken, to quack]. 
The practice of quackery. 

Quadrangular (kwod-rang' '-gu-lar) [quadrangulum , a 
four-cornered figure]. Having four angles. Applied 
especially to a lobe of the cerebellum. 

Quadrant (kzvod'-rant) [qicadratus, squared]. The 
fourth part of a circle, subtending an angle of 90 de- 
grees. Q. of Wilder, such an area of the ventral 
aspect of the crus cerebri in the cat. 

Quadrate ( kzvod'-rdt) \_quadratus, square]. I. Square; 
four-sided. 2. In biology, the bone which in birds 
and reptiles articulates with the squamosal above, the 
mandible below, the pterygoid internally, and the 
quadratojugal externally. Q. Lobule. See Lobule. 

Quadratiferous (kzeiod-rat-if -er-us) [quadratics, quad- 
rate ; ferri, to bear]. Having a distinct quadrate 
bone. 

Quadratiformis (kzvod-rat-if-or'-mis). Same as Quad- 
rat us femoris. See Muscles, Table of. 

Quadratipronator (kwod-rat-ip-ro-na' -tor). Same as 
Pronator quadratics. See Muscles, Table of. 

Quadratojugal (kzuod-ra-to -ju' -gal) [qicadratus, 
square ; jujum, a yoke]. Common to the quadrate 
and malar bones. 

Quadratomandibular (kwod- ra -to - man- dib' - ic-lar) 
[quadratics, quadrate ; mandible~\. Pertaining to the 
quadrate bone and inferior maxilla. 

Quadratopterygoid (kzvod-ra-to-ter' -ig-oid) [quadra- 
tics, quadrate; Trrepv^, any ; ehhc, like]. Pertaining 
to the quadrate and pterygoid bones. 

Quadratosquamosal (kzuod-ra-to- skzua-mo' '-zal) [quad- 
ratics, quadrate ; squama, scale]. Pertaining to the 
quadrate and squamosal bones. 

Quadratum (kwod-ra' '-turn) [quadra, a square: //., 
Quadrata~\. The os quadratum. or quadrate bone. 

Quadratus [kwod-ra' -tics) [L. ]. Squared. Having four 
sides. Q. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Quadrauricular (kzvod-raw-rik' -u-lar) [quadri-, (oar ; 
auricula, auricle]. In biology, having four auricles, 
as the heart of certain cephalopods (Nautilus). 

Quadri- (kwod' -re-) [L.]. A prefix used to denote 
four, or four times. 

Quadriarticulate (kzuod-re-ar-tik' '-u-ldt) [quadri, four ; 
articulare , to divide into single joints]. Possessing 
four articulations or joints. 

Quadribasic (kwod-rib-a'-zik) [quadri, four; basis, 
base]. In chemistry, applied to an acid having four 
replaceable hydrogen atoms. 

Quadricapsular (kwod-re-kap'-su-lar) [quadri, four; 
capsula, capsule]. In biology, having four capsules. 

Quadricarinate (kzvod-re-kar'-in-dt) [quadri, four; ca- 
rina, keel]. In biology, applied to such insects or other 
animals as possess four ridges or keel-like structures. 

Quadricellular (kzvod-ris-el'-u-lar) [quadri, four; 
cellula, little cell]. Having four cells. 

Quadriceps (kzvod'-ris-eps). See Muscles, Table of . 

Quadriciliate (kzuod-ris-W -e-dt) [quadri, four ; cilium, 
an eyelash]. In biology, having four cilia or flagella. 



Quadricipital (kzvod-ris-ip' -it-al) [quadri, four; caput, 
head]. Having four heads, as a muscle. 

Quadricorn (kwod'-rik-orn) [quadri, four; cornu, 
horn]. In biology, having four horns or horn-like 
structures. 

Quadricornous (kzuod-rik-or' -nus). Same as Quadri- 
corn. 

Quadricostate (kzvod-rik-os'-tdt) [quadri, four ; casta, 
rib]. In biology, having four costae. 

Quadricuspidate (kzood-rik-us' -pid-dt) [quadri, four ; 
cuspis, a point]. Having four cusps, as a tooth. 

Quadridentate (kwod-rid-en' -tat) [quadri, four ; dens, 
a tooth]. Having four teeth or tooth-like parts. 

Quadridigitate {kwod - rid -ij'- it -at) [quadri, four; 
digitus, a digit]. Having four digits. 

Quadrifid (kzvod'-rifid) [quadri, four; findere, to 
cleave]. Four-cleft. 

Quadrifocal (kzvod-rif-o'-kal) [quadri, four ; focus, a 
focus]. Having four foci. 

Quadrifoliate (kzvod-rif-o' -le-dt) [quadri, four ; folium, 
leaf]. With four leaves. 

Quadrifoliolate (kwod-rif-o'-le-o-ldt) [quadri, four; 
foliohcs, leaflet]. In biology, having four leaflets or 
folioles. 

Quadrifurcate (kzuod-rifir'-kdt ) [quadri, four ; furca, 
fork]. In biology, having four branches or subdivi- 
sions, doubly bifurcate. 

Quadrigeminal (kzuod-rij-em' -in-al ) [quadrigeminus, 
fourfoldj. Fourfold. Pertaining to the corpora 
quadrigemina. Q. Bodies. See Corpora quadri- 
gemina. 

Quadrigeminate (kwod -rij-em' -in-dt) [quadri, four ; 
geminus, twin born]. In biology, growing in fours, 
as Sar cilia. 

Quadrigeminous (kwod-rij- em'-in-us) [quadrigem- 
inus, four-fold]. Pertaining to the corpora quadri- 
gemina. 

Quadriglandular (kzvod- rig-la n' '-du-lar) [quadri, four ; 
glans, gland]. Having four glands. 

Quadrijugate (kzvod-rij-u'-gdt, kzcod-ri/'-u-gdt). In 
biology, having four pairs of leaflets. 

Quadrilaminar, Quadrilaminate (kwod-ril-am' '-in-ar , 
kwod-ril-am' -in-dt) [quadri, four; lamina, a thin 
plate]. Four-layered. 

Quadrilateral (kzuod-ril-at' -er-al) [quadri, four; latus, 
aside]. Having four sides. 

Quadrilobate (kwod-ril-o'-bdt) [quadri, four ; lobus, 
lobe]. In biology, having four lobes. 

Quadrilobular (kzvod-ril-ob'-u-lar) [quadri, four; 
lobus, lobe]. Having four lobes. Q. Brain, a double 
brain, or a brain with four hemispheres ; a rare form of 
cerebral deformity. 

Quadrilocular (kzvod - ril - ok' - u - lar) [quadri, four; 
loculus, a cell]. In biology, having four cells or 
compartments, as the ovary of a flower, or the heart of 
a bird or mammal. 

Quadriloculate (kzuod-ril-ok' -u-ldt). Same as Quadri- 
locular. 

Quadrimembral (kzvod-rim-em' -bral) [quadri, four; 
membrum, a limb]. In biology, having four limbs. 

Quadrinucleate (kwod- rin - u'- kle - at) [quadri, four ; 
nucleus, a nucleus]. In biology, having four nuclei. 

Quadripara (kzcod-rip'-ar-ali) [quadri, four; parere, 
to bear]. A woman who is bearing, or has borne, her 
fourth child, or has had her fourth confinement. 

Quadriparous (kzuod-rip'-ar-us) [quadri, four; parere, 
to bring forth]. Pertaining to a quadripara, or to a 
fourth confinement. 



QUADRIPARTITE 



1227 



QUATERNARY 



Quadripartite (kwod-rip-ar f -tit) \guadri, four ; par/ire, 
to divide]. In biology, divided into four parts. 

Quadripennate (kwod-rip-en'-at) \_quadri, four ; penna, 
wing]. In biology, having four functional wings. 

Quadriphyllous [kwod-rif-W '-us) \_quadri, four ; 0ivl- 
/dr, leaf]. In biology, having four leaves. 

Quadripulmonary (kwod - rip - ul'- mo - na - re) \_quadri, 
four; pulmon, lung]. In biology, applied to such 
spiders as have four pulmonary sacs. 

Quadriradiate(k7cvd-re-ra'-de-<it)\_quaiiri, four ; radius, 
ray]. In biology, four-rayed. 

Quadriseptate (kwod-ris-ep' -tat) [quadri, four ; septum, 
a partition]. In biology, having four septa. 

Quadriserial (kwod-ris-e'-re-al) \_quadri, four; series, 
a row]. In biology, arranged in four rows or series; 
tetrastichous. 

Quadrisetose (kwod - ris - e' ■ toz) \_quadri, four; sccta, 
seta, a bristle]. In biology, having four setae, or 
bristles. 

Quadrispiral (kwod-ris-pi' -ral) \_quadri, four; spira, 
coil] . In biology, having four spirals. 

Quadrisulcate (kwod-ris-ul 1 ' -kat) \_quadri, four ; sulcus, 
a furrow]. In biology, having four grooves, or fur- 
rows. 

Quadrituberculate (kwod-rit-u-ber'-ku-ldt) \jjuadri, 
four; tubercidum, tubercle]. Having four tubercles. 

Quadriurate (kwod - re -u'- rat) \_quadri, four; ovpov, 
urine]. A term applied to the mixed urates of the 
lateritious deposits of urine. 

Quadrivalent (kwod - riv' - al - ent) \_quadri, four; 
valens, power]. Having a quadruple chemic valence ; 
having a combining power equivalent to that of four 
hydrogen atoms. 

Quadrivalvular (kwod-riv-al' -vu-lar) \_qaadri, four ; 
valva, a valve]. In biology, having four valves, as 
certain pericarps. 

Quadrivoltine (kwod-riv-ol' -tin) \_quadri, four ; volta, 
turn, time]. Applied to such silkworms as yield four 
crops of cocoons a year 

Quadroon. See Mulatto. 

Quadrumana (kwod '- ru' '- man - ah) \_quadri, four; 
manus, a hand]. Formerly, an order of mammalia, 
including monkeys, apes, etc. The term is now 
mostly used merely as a descriptive word. 

Quadrumanous (kwod-ru' '-man- us) \_quadri, four; 
manus, hand]. Having four hands. Pertaining to 
the Quadrumana. 

Quadruped (kwod'-ru-ped) [quadri, four ; pes, foot]. 
In biology, having four ambulatory limbs, as distin- 
guished from aliped and biped. Cf. quadrumanous. 

Quadruple (kwod'-ru-pl) \_quadruplare, to make four- 
fold] . Four-fold. 

Quadruplet (kwod-ru' -pi et) \_qitadruplare , to make four- 
fold]. Any one of four children brought forth at one 
birth. 

Quain's Fatty Heart. That form of fatty heart in which 
the muscular fiber is replaced by fatty tissue. See 
Diseases, Table of. 

Quaker Button. A popular name for Nux Vomica. 

Qualitative (kwol'-it-a-tiv) \j]ualilas\ Pertaining to 
quality. Q. Analysis. See Analysis. 

Qualitive (kwol'-it-iv). See Qualitative. 

Quantation (kwon-ta'-shun ) [quantus, how great]. 
The determination of quantity, or volume, as in obser- 
vations regarding specific gravity. 

Quantitative (kwon' -tit-a-tiv) [quantus, how much]. 
Pertaining to quantity. Q. Analysis. See Analysis. 

Quantitive {kwon' -til-iv) . Same as Quantitative. 

Quantivalence (kwon-tiv' -al-ens) [quantus, how much ; 
valere, to be able]. The chemic strength of an ele- 
ment or radicle expressed in terms of the number of 
atoms of hydrogen with which it will unite. Univalent 



ox monad atoms, as chlorin, C1-, are saturated with 
one atom. Bivalent or dyad atoms, as oxygen, -O— , 
require two. Trivalent or triad atoms, as Boron, 

I 
— B — , take three. Tetravalent or tetrad atoms, as 

I 
carbon, — C — , take tour, etc. Nitrogen is a pentad, 

I 
and sulphur a hexad. 

Quarantine (kwor'-an-ten) [It. , quaranta, forty]. The 
time (formerly forty days) during which a vessel 
from ports infected with contagious or epidemic dis- 
eases is required by law to remain outside the port of 
its destination, as a safeguard against the spreading of 
such disease. Also, the place of detention. Q.,Land, 
the isolation of a person or district on land for similar 
purposes. Q. Period, the length of time required to 
insure immunity after exposure, or the length of time 
necessary after an attack, to render the disease innocu- 
ous. 

Quart (kwort) [quartus, fourth] . The fourth part of a 
gallon. 

Quartan (ktoor' -tan) \_quartus, fourth]. Recurring on 
the fourth day (both days of occurrence being reck- 
oned). A form of intermittent fever, the paroxysms 
of which occur every fourth day. Q., Double, milder 
and severer paroxysms occurring alternately, with a 
day between, — a severe one the first day, a milder one 
the second, then a free day, followed by a severe par- 
oxysm on the fourth day. 

Quarter-crack. In farriery, a fissure of the hoof on the 
inner side of the fore-foot of a horse. 

Quarter-evil ( kwor'-ter-e'-vil). An infectious disease 
of cattle, prevalent during the summer months, and 
characterized by the appearance of irregular emphyse- 
matous swellings of the subcutaneous tissue and mus- 
cles, especially over the quarters, hence the name ; it 
is also called — Symptomatic Anthrax, Black- Leg. Fr. , 
" Charbon symptomatique." Ger., Rauschbrand. See 
Bacillus chauvcei, Bollinger and Feser, under Bac- 
teria, Synonymatic Table of, and also Black-leg. 

Quarteroon, Quarteronne (kwor-ter-oon'). See Mu- 
latto. 

Quartine (hvar' -tin) [quartus, fourth]. In biology, a 
fourth integument, counting from the outside. 

Quartipara (kwor-tip' -ar-ah) [quartus, fourth ; parere, 
to bring forth]. A woman in her fourth pregnancy. 

Quartz (kworts). See Silica. 

Quassation (kwas-a'-shtin) \_quassatio, a shaking or 
shattering]. The reduction of barks, roots, and other 
drugs to morsels in preparation for further pharma- 
ceutic treatment ; cassation. 

Quassia (kwosh'-e-ah) [after Quassi, a negro slave in 
Surinam]. I. The wood of Picraaia excelsa, native 
to the W. Indies and other tropical regions. It is a 
bitter stomachic tonic. Dose gr. xx-xxx. Q.-cup, 
a cup made of quassia wood, called also bitter-cup, 
from which water may be drunk, the bitter principles 
becoming dissolved in the water. Q., Ext. Its 
properties are due to a bitter principle, quassin, C 31 - 
H 42 9 . Dose gr. j-iij. Q., Fid. Ext. Dose 3 ss-j. 
Q., Infus., quassia chips ;^j, water %x. Dose ^j- 
iij. Q., Tinct., io per cent, in strength. Dose 
n\,v-3J. 2. Originally, as still in France and Ger- 
many, the wood of Quassia amara was the official 
quassia; the therapeutic properties of this tree and its 
wood are much the same as those of the ordinary 
quassia of commerce. 

Quassin (kwos'-in) [after Quassi, a negro slave in 
Surinam]. The active principle of quassia. 

Quaternary (kwa-ter' -na-re) [quaterni, four each]. 
Consisting of four. Q. Union or Structure, an old 



QUATERNATE 



1228 



QUINCUNCIAL 



cheinic term denoting union of four elements, as in 
fibrin or gelatin. 

Quaternate [kwat-er' '-nat) \_quaterni, four each] . In 
biology, made up of four parts, as leaflets. 

Quatrefages, Angle of. See Angle. 

Quatuor (lavatf -u-or) [L.]. Four. Q. Pills [Pilulae 
Quatuor, N. F. ]. The pilulceferri et quinine? composi- 
te, made up of four ingredients, iron sulphate, qui- 
nin, aloes, and nux vomica. 

Queasy (hwe'-ze) [ME., quaysy, causing a feeling of 
nausea]. Nauseated; inclined to vomit. [Collo- 
quial.] 

Quebrachin (ke-brah'-kin) [contr. from Pg. quebra- 
hacho, "ax-breaker."] An alkaloid of Quebracho. 
It occurs in colorless crystals, which become yellow in 
the light. 

Quebracho (ke-brah' '-kd) [contr. from Pg. quebra- 
hacho, "ax-breaker."] The bark of Aspidosperma 
quebracho, a bitter tonic and antispasmodic. In large 
doses, it lowers the heart's action. It is much used in 
Chile as an antiperiodic. The alkaloid, aspidosper- 
min, C 22 H 30 N 2 O 2 , is used in cardiac neuroses, asthma, 
and as an antipyretic. Q., Ext. Dose gr. ij-viij. 
Q., Fid. Ext. Dose rriv-^j. Q., Tinct., 20 per 
cent. Dose 3J-5 ss. Q., Vinum, contains que- 
bracho 1, alcohol 2, white wine 16 parts. Dose 3J- 
3J. All unof. 

Quebrachomin [ke-brah'-ko-min) [contr. from Pg. 
quebra-hacho, "ax-breaker."] An alkaloid of Que- 
bracho resembling quebrachin. 

Queen \kwen) [AS. cwen, a woman]. I. The con- 
sort of a king. 2. A name applied to the pectens or 
mussels (Afytilus edulis) caught for food and bait off 
the southern coast of England. Q. of the Meadow. 
Also, Spircea ulmaria, of Europe ; the flower, leaf, 
and root are diuretic and astringent. Also, rarely, 
Spircea salicifolia. Q.'s-root. See Slillingia. 

Quenuthoracoplasty (hrven - u - tho - rah - -plas '- te) 
[Qitenu, a physician; f)upa^, thorax; nAaaaeiv, to 
form]. Richelot's term for an operation devised by 
Quenu for empyema, consisting in simple section 
of the ribs, without resection, to favor retraction of 
the chest-wall. 

Quercin (Izwer'-sht) \_quercus, oak], C 6 H 6 (OH) 6 . A 
bitter, crystallizable carbohydrate extracted from 
acorns and oak-bark. 

Quercitannic Acid (kiver ■ sit - an' '- ih) \_quercus, oak ; 
tannin, tannin], C 17 H 16 9 . A substance found in 
oak-bark, forming an amorphous yellowish-brown 
mass, and differing from gallotannic acid in not being 
convertible into gallic acid or hydrogallol. See Oak- 
bark. 

Quercite (kwer'-sit) [quercus, oak], C 6 H 7 ,(OH) 5 . A 
crystallizable substance, the so-called oak-sugar, or 
acorn-sugar, which is a sweet and optically active 
sugar-like carbohydrate, derivable from acorns. 

Quercitrin [kwer' '-sit-rin) [quercus, oak ; citrus, lemon], 
C 36 H 38 O 20 . A glucosid found in the bark of Quer- 
cus tincforia, and used as a yellow dye. It consists 
of yellow needles or leaflets. 

Quercivorous [kwer-siv' -o-rus) \_quercns, an oak ; vo- 
rare, to devour]. In biology, applied to insects or 
other organisms that feed upon the oak. 

Quercus (krver' -kits) [L.]. A genus of dicotyledonous 
trees. Q. alba, the bark of the white oak. Its pro- 
perties are due to quercitannic acid, a variety of tannic 
acid with which its medical properties are identical. 
It is much used as an astringent lotion, and is commonly 
exhibited in a decoction of ^j to the Oj. Q. bal- 
lota. See Racalwut. Q. bicolor, the swamp white- 
oak of North America. Q., Decoct. (B. P.) is used 
as an astringent gargle. Q. infectoria, Dyer's oak ; 



Aleppo gall-oak ; nut-gall oak, growing in Greece and 
Asia Minor, and from which the nut-gall of commerce 
is mainly derived. Q. robur, the common black-oak. 
The bark [cortex) is astringent and tonic, contain- 
ing gallic acid, quercitannic acid, and a little quercite. 
The leaves and acorns are also used. Q. rubra, red 
oak or Champion oak of Canada and the Northern 
United States. Q. suber. See Cork. Q. tinctoria 
(Angulosa), black, or dyers' oak. Q. virens, Ameri- 
can live-oak, bearing edible acorns. 

Quevenne's Iron. See Ferrum. 

Quick, or Quick with Child {kwik) [ME., quik, alive]. 
A term used in legal medicine to denote pregnancy. 
Q. Anatomy. See Vivisection. Q. Consumption. 
See Galloping Consumption. Q.-lime, the popular 
name for calcic oxid. See Calcium. Q. -silver, the 
popular name for mercury or hydrargyrum. 

Quicken (hwik'-en) [ME., quik, alive]. To experience 
the sensation of quickening, q. v. 

Quickening (kwik' -en-ing) [ME., quik, alive]. The 
first feelings on the part of the pregnant woman of fetal 
movements, occurring about the fifth month. 

Quiddany (kwid'-an-e) [cydoneum~\. An old name 
for a confection of quinces. 

Quiescence (kwi-es'-ens) [quiescence, repose]. A con- 
dition of animal life approaching torpidity, but in 
which the animal may receive food and move slightly. 

Quiet (kwi'-et) \_quies, quietis\ Repose; complete 
rest. See Rest-cure. Q. -disease, hip-joint disease 
in children (sometimes destructive and always of pro- 
gressive tendency), which has no strongly marked 
symptoms, and is often overlooked for a long time, 
there being in many cases little or no pain. 

Quigila (kivig'-il-ah). Synonym of Ainhum. 

Quill (kwil) [ME., quille, a quill]. The tube, barrel, 
calamus, or hollow shaft of a feather, principally of 
the domestic goose ; it has a limited use in surgery. 
Q. -suture. See Suture. 

Quillaic Acid (kwil-a'-ik). See Acid. 

Quillain (kwil-a'-in). See Saponin. 

Quillaja [kwil' '-a-yah) [Chilean, quillai, hair]. A genus 
of rosaceous trees, including Soap-bark, the inner bark 
of Q. sajtonaria, indigenous to the Andes. Its prop- 
erties are due to a glucosid, saponin, C 3 ,H 54 O le . It is 
a sternutatory, irritant to the mucous membranes, and 
an expectorant. Dose of a 5 : 200 decoction §j-ij. 

Quiltor (hail'-tor). See Quiftor. 

Quinaldin (kwin-al'-din), C 10 H 9 N. Methyl-quinolin ; 
formed by digesting anilin with paraldehyd and HC1. 
It is a liquid with a faint odor resembling that of quin- 
olin, and boils at 238 C. 

Quinaldinic Acid (kwin-al-din'-ik). See Acid. 

Quinamicin (kwin-am'-is-in) \_quinamin, an arbitrary 
form]. An artificial alkaloid, C 19 H 24 N. 2 2 , obtained 
from quinamin. 

Quinamidin (kwin-am' -id-in). An isomer of Quin- 
amicin. 

Quinamin (kzvin' ' -am-in) [Sp., quina, bark; amin~\, 
C 19 H 24 N 2 2 . An alkaloid of the Cinchonas. 

Quinary (kwin'-a-re) \_quinarius, containing five]. 
Divided into five parts. 

Quinate (kivin'-at) \jjuini, five each]. Applied to a 
palmately compound leaf with five leaflets. 

Quince (quins). See Scrofula. Q.-seed. See Cydonium. 

Quincke's Capillary Pulse. Capillary pulsation with a 
marked blanching of the finger nails at each diastole 
of the heart ; a symptom of aortic insufficiency. Q.'s 
Disease. See Urticaria oedematosa, and Diseases, 
Table of. Q.'s Puncture, puncture of the spinal canal 
for withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid in hydrocephalus. 

Quincuncial (hrciu - kun' - she -al) [quincunx, five- 
twelfths]. In biology, applied to that form of 



QUINCUNX 



1229 



QUINQUECAPSULAR 



estivation in which there are five leaves, two out- 
side, two inside, and one with one edge outside and 
the other inside. Also five-ranked. 

Quincunx ( kwin '-kuugks ) \_quinque, five; ttncia, a 
twelfth part]. In biology, an arrangement of five 
parts, or objects, in a square with the odd one in 
the center, i. e. , ; .; 

Quinetum (kvji-ne'-tuni) [Sp. quina, bark]. Cinchona 
febrifuga; the mixed alkaloids from red cinchona 
bark used as a cheap febrifuge in India. Dose gr. j-v. 

Quinic (kiyin'-ik} [Sp., quina, bark]. Pertaining to 
quinin. Q. Fever, febrile symptoms, with an erup- 
tion ; it occurs among workmen making quinin. 

Quinicin (kwin' -is-in) [Sp., quina, bark]. One of 
the constituents of chinoidin. 

Quinidin (kwin' -id -in). See Quinidina. 

Quinidina (kwin-id-V -nafi) [Sp., quina, bark], C 20 - 
H 24 N 2 2 . A cinchona alkaloid, considered by most 
writers to be isomeric with quinin, with which it 
corresponds in therapeutic effects, but it is thought 
to produce less unpleasant symptoms in the head. 
Q., Sulph., (C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 ) 2 H 2 SO 4 .2H 2 O, readily sol- 
uble in acidulated water and alcohol ; it is an excel- 
lent antipyretic and antiperiodic. Dose gr. j-xx or 
more. 

Quinin, Quinia.,Q\iinina(k7cii / -uln,kTC'in'-en, or kin-in' ; 
kwin'-e-ah, kwin-i'ua/i) [Sp., quina, bark], C 20 H 24 - 
N 2 2 ,3H 2 0. Quinin is a finely crystalline or amorphous 
white alkaloid obtained from various species of cinchona. 
It is odorless, very bitter, alkaline in reaction, and 
soluble in 1600 parts of cold water or 6 parts of alcohol. 
It is a valuable tonic, antiseptic, antipyretic, and anti- 
periodic. It is extremely valuable in malarial affec- 
tions. Quinin and its salts are distinguished from all 
other alkaloids, excepting quinidin and quinicin, by 
the emerald-green color given to their solution by 
chlorin-water followed by ammonia. Q.-bush. See 
Garrya. Q. -flower, the root of Sabbatia elliottii, 
abundant in southeast U.S. It is tonic, febrifuge, and 
antiperiodic, and is of high repute in malarial fevers. 
Dose of the fid. ext. gss-j. Unof. Q., Amor- 
phous, an alcoholic extract of powdered calisaya 
bark mixed with calcium hydrate. Beta-Q. See 
Quinidina. Q., Amorphous Boric, borate of quinin. 
Unof. It is highly recommended, soluble, and is said to 
cause little congestion of themembrana tympani. Q. , 
Poor man's, the seeds of Cccsalpinia bonduc and C. 
bonducella . Q. and urea bimuriate, a soluble salt, 
especially useful for hypodermatic injection. Q. bibro- 
mas, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 ,2HBr,3H 2 O. Dose gr. j-iij. Q. 
bisulphas, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 ,H 2 SO 4 ,7H 2 O, very soluble in 
water. Dose gr. j-xxx. Q. hydrobromas, C 20 H 24 - 
N 2 2 HBr,2H 2 0, best salt for hypodermatic use. Dose 
gr. j-xx. Q. hydrochloras, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 HC1.2H 2 O, 
muriate of quinin, antipyretic in gr. v-x doses. Q. 
hydrochlor. carbamidat., a compound salt of quinin 
and urea. Dose gr. j-iij . Suitable for hypodermatic use. 
Q. lactas, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 .C 3 H 6 O 3 , very soluble. Dose 
gr.j-xx. Q. salicylas, valuable in neuralgia and rheu- 
matic gout. Dosegr.j-vj. Q. sulphas (C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 ) 2 .- 
H 2 S0 4 .7H 2 0, soluble in hot and acidulated water. 
Dose gr. j-xx or xl. Q. sulphocarbolas. Dose 
gr. j-v. Q. tannas, tasteless, but insoluble in the 
stomach. Dose gr. x-xx. Q., Tinctura, Ammo- 
niata (B. P.). Dose ^ss-ij. Q. valerianas, C 20 - 
H 24 N 2 O 2 C 5 H 10 O 2 . H 2 0, the only salt affected by con- 
stituent acid. Dose gr. j-iij. Q., Vinum (B. P.). 
Dose Jss-j. 

Quinina (kwin-l'-nah). See Quinia. 

Quininic Acid (kwin-in'-ik). See Acid. 

Quininism (kwin-en' -izvi) [Sp., quina, bark]. Cin- 
chonism ; the condition induced by the continued use 



or by large doses of quinin. It is marked by deaf- 
ness, ringing in the ears, etc. 

Quinizarin 1 kwin-iz-a' -rin) [Sp., quina, bark], C 14 H 8 4 . 
An isomerid of alizarin. 

Quinoa (ke-no'-ah) [Peruv.]. A plant, Chenopodium 
quinoa, of Peru and Chile, where it is cultivated for 
its seeds, which are used as a substitute for the true 
cereals. The seed-husks of red quinoa are said to 
be antiperiodic and emetic. Unof. 

Quinodin (kwin' '-o-din) [Sp. , quina, bark]. An alka- 
loid-like body found in the organs, tissues, and fluids 
of human and other animal bodies, resembling by its 
bluish fluorescence the sulphate of quinin. Obtained 
by Du Pre and Bence Jones, 1866. 

Quinoidin (kzvin-oi'-din). See Chinoidinum. 

Quinol (kwi'-not). See Hydroquinone. 

Quinolin (kwin'-o-lin) [Sp.. quina, bark], C^HjN. A 
substance occurring in bone-oil and coal-tar. It results 
when many alkaloids are distilled. It is a colorless, 
strongly refracting liquid, with a penetrating odor. It 
boils at 239 C. ; its specific gravity is 1. 095 at 20° C. 
It is also called Chinolin, q. v. Q. -colors. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Quinology (kwln-ol' -o-je ) [Sp. , quina, bark ; 'Aoyoe , 
science]. The scientific study of the cinchona trees 
and of their alkaloids. 

Quinone (kwiu'-on) [Sp., quina, bark]. A general 
term for certain derivatives of the benzene series. 
Also a specific substance of yellowish color and vola- 
tile at ordinary temperatures, derived from members 
of the aromatic group by oxidation with sulphuric acid 
and manganese dioxid. 

Quinotannic Acid (kwin-o-tan'-ik) [.Sp. .quina, bark; 
tannin, tannin]. A special form of tannic acid found 
in certain classes of cinchona-bark. 

Quinova (kwin-o'-vali) [a contraction of quina nova, 
false cinchona bark]. The bark of Portlandia gran- 
diftora. 

Quinovin (kwin'-o-vin) [Sp., quina, bark], C 30 H 48 O 8 . 
Kinovin ; an amorphous bitter glucosid derived from 
cinchona bark. It is said to be an antipyretic. 

Quinoxalin (kwin-oks' -al-in) [Sp. , quina, bark ; b^vc, 
sharp], C g H 6 N 2 . A substance obtained from pheny- 
lene diamin and glyoxal or its compounds by digest- 
ing the aqueous solution at 6o° C. with sodium bisul- 
phite. It is a crystalline mass, melting at 27 C. and 
boiling at 229° C. Its odor resembles that of quino- 
lin and piperidin. The Quinoxalihs are prepared by 
the condensation of the ortho-phenylene diamins with 
glyoxal. The quinoxalins that do not contain oxy- 
gen are feeble monacid bases, generally soluble in 
water, alcohol, and ether. Their odor resembles that 
of quinolin. 

Quinoxim (kwin- oks'-im) [Sp., quina, bark; ofiif, 
sharp], C 6 H 4 (NO).OH. Nitrosophenol ; prepared by 
the action of nitrous acid upon the phenols. It crys- 
tallizes from hot water in colorless, delicate needles, 
which readily brown on exposure. It is soluble in 
water, alcohol, and ether, and imparts to them a bright- 
green color. 

Quinquaud's Disease. See Folliculitis decalvans, and 
Diseases, Table of. Q.'s Plaster, a plaster used in 
treating syphilis. It consists of emplastrum diachylon, 
3000 parts; calomel, 1000 parts; castor-oil, 300 parts. 
The calomel is suspended in the oil and is then added 
to the melted plaster ; it is then spread on linen so that 
14 strips each 9 feet by ~j)£ inches are produced. Of 
this plaster a square of 2J^ inches contains 18 grains 
of calomel. 

Quinquecapsular (kwin - kwe - kap'- su - lar) [qninque, 
five; capsula, capsule]. In biology, having five cap- 
sules. 



QUINQUECOSTATE 



1230 



RABIES 



Quinquecostate (kwin - kwe - kos' '- tat) \_quinque, five ; 
costa, a rib]. In biology, having five costse. 

Quinquedentate (kwin-kwe-den'-tdt) \_quinque, five; 
dens, tooth] . In biology, five-toothed. 

Quinquedigitate (kwin-kwe-dij' ' -it-dt) \_quinque, five; 
digitus, finger]. Having five fingers or toes. 

Quinquefid (kwin' '-kwe-jid ') \_quinque, five ; jindere, to 
cleave, split]. In biology, five-cleft. 

Quinquefoliate (Irwin - kwe -fo'- le-at) \_quinque, five ; 
folium , leaf ] . In biology, five-leaved. 

Quinquefoliolate (kwin-kwe-fo'-le-o-lat)\jjuinque, five ; 
foliolum, a leaflet]. In biology, applied to any com- 
pound leaf that has just five leaflets. 

Quinquelobate (kwin-kwe-lo 1 ' -bdt)\_quinque, five ; lobus, 
lobe]. In biology, having five lobes. 

Quinquelocular (kwin-kwe-lok' '-u-lar) \_quinque, five ; 
loculus, a cell]. In biology, having five cells or com- 
partments, as a five-celled ovary. 

Quinqueloculine (kwin-kwe-lok' -u-liti) \_quinque, five ; 
loculus, a cell]. In biology, the same as quinquelocu- 
lar. Applied to certain Foraminifera. 

Quinquepartite (kwin - kwe -par'- tit) \_quinque, five 
partire, to divide]. In biology, five-parted. 

Quinqueradiate (kwin-kive-ra'-de-at) \_quinque, five 
radius, ray]. In biology, five-rayed. 

Quinqueseptate (kwin - kwe - sep' '- tat) \_quinque, five 
septum, a partition]. In biology, having five septa or 
partitions. 

Quinqueserial (kwin - kwe - se' - re - al) \_quinque, five; 
series, a row]. In biology, arranged in five rows. 

Quinquetuberculate (kwin-kwe-tu-ber'-ku-lat) \_quin- 
que, five ; tuberculum, tubercle]. Having five tuber- 
cles. 

Quinquevalve (kwin' ' -k'we-valv) [quinque, five ; valva, 
door]. In biology, having five valves. 

Quinquinina (kwin-kwe-ni'-tiah) [Sp., quina, bark]. A 
preparation containing alkaloids of cinchona-bark, ex- 
tracted by macerating in acidulated water, and precipi- 
tated by a soluble alkali. 

Quinquino (kwin-ke'-no) [S. Amer.]. The tree Myrox- 
ylon pereirce, which produces balsam of Peru. 

Quinsy (kwin'-ze) \_kvuv, dog; ayx^i-v, to choke]. The 
popular name for Cynanche tonsillaris, an acute, 



severe inflammation of the tonsils and mucous mem- 
brane of the fauces, accompanied by fever. It is 
specially applied to suppurative tonsillitis. Q., Ma- 
lignant. See Diphtheria. 

Quintan (kwin' -tan) \_quintus, fifth]. An intermittent 
fever, the paroxysms of which occur every fifth day, 
counting the first and last day. 

Quinteroon (kwin' -ter-oon). See Quintroon. 

Quintessence (kzuin-tes' -ens) \_quintus, fifth ; essentia, 
essence]. The active principle of any substance, con- 
centrated to the utmost degree. A term anciently 
much employed in medicine and pharmacy for a tinc- 
ture prepared by digestion at a moderate heat. 

Quintine (kwin' -tin) \_quintus, fifth]. In biology, a 
fifth integument counting from the outside. 

Quintroon (kwin-troon') [Sp. , quinteron~\. A person, 
one of whose parents is of the white race, and the 
other has one-sixteenth part of African blood. 

Quintuple (kwin' -tu-pl ) \_quintuplex, fivefold]. Five- 
fold. 

Quintuplets (kwin-tu' -plets) \_quintuplex , five-fold]. A 
set of five children all born at one confinement. 

Quitch-grass (kwitch'-gras). See Triticum repens, or 
Quicken. 

Quittor, Quitter (kwit'-or, kwit'-er) [ME., quite;; 
rottenness]. In farriery, a fistulous wound upon the 
quarters or the heel of the coronet, caused by treads, 
pricks in shoeing, corns, or other injuries which produce 
suppuration at the coronet or within the foot. 

Quiz (kwiz) \_qutzsare, to ask]. In medical pedago- 
gics, an informal recitation or exercise in which the 
student familiarizes himself with his medical studies. 
Q. -master, one who conducts a quiz. 

Quizzer (kwiz'-er) \_qucerare, to ask (?)]. The precep- 
tor who conducts the quiz-exercise. 

Quotidian (kwo - tid' '- e - an) \_quot, as many as; dies, 
day]. An intermittent fever, the paroxysms of which 
occur daily. 

Quotient (kwo'-shent) \_quoties, how often] . The re- 
sult of the process of division. Q., Respiratory, the 
mathematic relation of the free oxygen that is inspired 
to that which is expelled from the lungs as carbon 
dioxid. 



R 



R. The abbreviation of Recipe, take ; also of Right, of 
Reaumur, and of Resistance (electric) . 

R , or R. An abbreviation of Recipe, used in physicians' 
prescriptions, signifying take. The stroke across the 
tail of the R is probably a remnant of the symbol of 
Jupiter (ii), used of old as the superscription to formu- 
la, in accordance with the custom of propitiating the 
gods by pious invocations. 

Rabic (rab'-ik) \_rabies, rage]. Pertaining to rabies ; 
rabietic. 

Rabid (rab'-id) \rabidus, mad]. Affected with rabies, 
or hydrophobia. Pertaining to hydrophobia, as rabid 
virus. 

Rabidity (ra-bid'-it-e) [rabidus, rabid]. The state of 
being rabid. 

Rabidness (rab'-id-nes) [rabidus, rabid]. Madness; 
the state of being rabid. 

Rabidus (rab'-id-ics) [L. ]. Madness. R. canis. 
Synonym of Hydrophobia. 



Rabies (ra'-be-ez) [L.]. Lyssa, or Hydrophobia. The 
latter term is popularly applied to the human disease 
consequent upon the bite of a rabid dog or other 
animal. Rabies is an acute infectious disease of 
animals, dependent upon a specific virus, and com- 
municable to man by inoculation. All animals are 
liable to the disease, but it occurs most frequently in 
the wolf, the cat, and the dog, and is chiefly propa- 
gated by the latter, which is specially susceptible. The 
nature of the poison is as yet unknown ; it has a 
special affinity for the nervous system, and is found in 
the secretions, particularly in the saliva. The period 
of incubation in man varies from six weeks to three 
months. Three stages of the disease are recognized : 
a premonitory, characterized by depression and irrita- 
bility, followed by a stage of great excitability, and 
excessive sensitiveness to afferent stimuli, giving rise 
to intensely painful spasms, particularly of the oral 
and laryngeal muscles. The fact that the attempt to 



RARIETIC 



1231 



RACHIOTOME 



take water will induce a spasm, and makes the sufferer 
dread the sight of it, gives the popular name to the 
affection. There may be rise of temperature. In the 
last, or paralytic stage, the spasms are succeeded by 
quiet and gradual unconsciousness, ending in death. 
The cerebro-spinal system shows congested vessels, 
perivascular exudation of leukocytes, and minute hem- 
orrhages, particularly in the oblongata (Gowers), and 
the larynx, trachea, and bronchi show acute hyperemia 
(Osier). R., Dumb, rabies in rodents, in which the 
preliminary and second periods are absent, and the 
paralytic stage is pronounced from the onset (Osier). 
R., canina, R. felina, rabies in or acquired from the 
dog or cat respectively. R., False. See R., Pseudo. 
R., Paralytic: I. Of Gamaleia, rabies in which the 
third stage is the only manifestation of the infection. 
2. An acute ascending spinal paralysis due to infec- 
tion, probably rabietic. R., Pseudo : I. A neurotic 
or hysteric manifestation closely simulating rabies, 
but of longer duration and amenable to treatment 
(Osier). 2. A morbid condition resembling rabies 
induced experimentally in animals, and occurring in 
dogs infested with the Strongylus gigas. R., Tan- 
acetic, a morbid condition resembling rabies induced 
in rabbits by the intravenous injection of oil of tan- 
acetum. 

Rabietic (ra-be-et' -ik) \_rabies, rage]. Pertaining to, 
affected with, or of the nature of, rabies. 

Rabific (ra - bif- ik) \_rabies, rage]. Causing rabies; 
communicating hydrophobia. 

Rabiform (ra'-biform) [rabies, rage ; forma, form]. 
Resembling rabies. 

Rabigenic (ra-big-en' -ik). Same as Rabific. 

Rabious (ra'-be-us) [rabies, rage]. Wild; raging. 

Rabl's Fluid. See Stains, Table of. 

Rabuteau's Method. A method of estimating the 
amount of acids in the stomach. It consists in driv- 
ing off the volatile acids by heat and shaking the 
residue with a large excess of ether, which takes up 
the lactic acid. This is separated and cinchonin or 
quinin is added to the remainder until the reaction is 
neutral. The cinchonin or quinin hydrochlorid is dis- 
solved out by shaking with chloroform, the latter is 
distilled off from this extract, and the chlorin estimated 
in the residue. 

Racahout (rah- kah- oof') [Fr. ; Arab., raqauf\. A 
kind of starchy food prepared from the acorns of 
Quercus battota, an oak-tree of the Mediterranean 
region. Most of the commercial racahout is, however, 
quite factitious. It is recommended as an analeptic, 
and as a food for invalids. Unof. 

Raccoon-berry (rak-oon-ber'-e). Synonym of Podo- 
phyllum peltatum. 

Race (ras) [Dan., race, a breed of horses] . In biology, 
agenealogic, ethnic, or tribal stock ; a breed or variety 
of plants or animals made permanent by constant 
transmission of its characters through the offspring. 

Race (ras) [radix, root]. A root, especially of ginger. 
R. -ginger, ginger in the race or root. 

Raceme (ra-sem') \racemus, a cluster of grapes]. In 
biology, an indeterminate inflorescence having a com- 
mon peduncle with one-flowered pedicels arranged 
along its sides. R., Compound, a raceme in which 
the pedicels branch and form secondary racemes. 
R., False, a circinate, or scorpioid, cyme. 

Racemed (ra-seind') \_racemns, a cluster of grapes]. In 
biology, disposed in racemes ; said of flowers or fruits. 

Racemic (ra-se'-viik) \racemas, a bunch of grapes]. 
Pertaining to clusters of grapes, or to racemes. R. 
Acid. See Acid. 

Racemiferous (i-as-em-if ' -er-us) \_racemus, a cluster of 
grapes ; ferre, to bear]. Bearing racemes. 



Racemiform (ra-se' -mifiorm) [racemus, a bunch of 
grapes; forma, form]. In biology, having the form 
of a raceme. 
Racemose (ras'-e-moz) \j-acemus, a bunch of grapes]. 
Having a shape resembling that of a bunch of grapes ; 
applied especially to certain glands. R. Aneurysm, 
anastomotic aneurysm. R. Cells, clusters of cells 
arranged around a central duct. R. Varix, anasto- 
motic varix. 

Racemule (ras' '-e-miil) [racemulus, dim. of racemus, 
a cluster]. In biology, a small raceme. 

Racemulose (ra-sem' -u-loz) [racemulus, a small ra- 
ceme]. In biology, resembling a racemule, or ar- 
ranged in racemules. 

Rach-. See, also, Rhach-. 

Rachiaei (ra-ki r - e -i) [pdxic, the spine]. Spinal 
muscles. 

Rachiagra (ra - ke - a' - grali) [pdxic, spine; dypa, 
seizure]. Gouty or rheumatic pain in the muscles of 
the spine. 

Rachial (ra'-ke-aT). Same as Rachidial. 

Rachialgia (ra - ke - al' -je - ah) [pd^c, spine; dAyof, 
pain]. Vertebral disease ; pain in or about the spine. 
Metallic colic. R. mesenterica, tabes mesenterica. 
R. pictorum, Rachialgia of painters. R. pictonien- 
sium, metallic colic. 

Rachialgic (ra-ke-al'-jik) \_pdx^, spine ; aXyoc, pain]. 
Affected with rachialgia. 

Rachialgitis (ra- ke -a! - ji'-tis) \pdxiQ, spine ; d/lyoc, 
pain; inq, inflammation]. Inflammatory rachialgia ; 
myelitis. 

Rachiasmus (ra- ke-az'-mus) [pdxic, spine]. The 
spasmodic action of the muscles of the back of the neck, 
occurring early in epilepsy. 

Rachidial (ra-kid'-e-al) [pd^ic, the spine]. Belonging 
to a rachis, or spine. 

Rachidian (ra - kid' '- e - an) \_paxK, spine]. Spinal; 
vertebral. R. Arteries, the spinal arteries. R. Bulb, 
the medulla oblongata. R. Canal, the vertebral 
canal. 

Rachiglossate (ra - kig - los' '- at) \jidx^, the spine; 
y'Auaaa, tongue]. In biology, applied to suchgastero- 
pod molluscs as have only from one to three teeth in 
each transverse series on the radula or lingual ribbon. 

Rachilla (ra-kil'-ah) [pdxtr, the spine]. In biology, a 
secondary rachis ; the pedicel of a spikelet in grasses. 

Rachiocampsis (ra-ke-o-kamp' -sis) \_pdxiQ, a spine ; 
nap-ipic, a curving]. Curvature of the spine. 

Rachiochysis (ra-ke-ok'-is-is). See Hydrorhachis. 

Rachiodont (ra'-ke-o-dont) [p&xtc, spine ; bdovc, tooth]. 
In biology, having tooth-like processes of the spinal 
column. 

Rachiodynia (ra-ke-o-din'-e-ah) [pdx l £> spine ; 'oSwtj, 
pain]. Spasmodic pain in the spine. 

Rachiokyphosis (ra-ke-o-ki-fo' -sis) . See Kyphosis. 

Rachiometer (ra-ke-om'-et-er) . Same as Skoliosometer. 

Rachiomyelitis (ra-ke-o-mi-el-i' -tis). See Myelitis. 

Rachiomyelophthisis (ra-ke-o-mi-el-off'-this-is). Syn- 
onym of Locomotor ataxia. 

Rachiomyelos (ra-ke-o-mi' -el-os). Synonym of Spinal 
Cord. 

Rachioparalysis (ra-ke-o-par-al' -is-is) [pd^'f, spine ; 
Tcapalvaic, paralysis]. Spinal paralysis; paraplegia. 

Rachioplegia (ra-ke-o-ple' ' -je-ah). See Rachioparalysis. 

Rachiorrheuma (ra-ke-or-u' ' -mah)\pdx^, spine ; pev/ua, 
flux]. Rheumatism affecting the back. 

Rachioscoliosis (ra-ke-o-sko-le-o'-sis). Synonym of 
Scoliosis. 

Rachiostrophosis (ra-ke-o-stro-fo'-sis) [pdxiQ, spine ; 
<TTpe(peiv, to curve]. Curvature of the spine. 

Rachiotome (ra'-ke-o-lom) \pdxK, spine ; ro/i^, a cut- 
ting]. An instrument for performing rachiotomy. An 



RACHIOTOMY 



1232 



RADIATION 



instrument devised by Aral for opening the vertebral 
canal without injury to the cord. 

Rachiotomy (ra-ke-of -o-me) [p&XVt spine ; lipviw, to 
cut]. Incision into the vertebral column. The oper- 
ation of cutting through the spine of the fetus to facili- 
tate delivery. 

Rachiophyma (ra-ke-o-f -mah) [fax^, spine ; <j>v/j.a, 
growth]. A spinal tumor. 

Rachipagus (ra-kip'-ag-us) [pa^ic;, spine ; Trayoc, that 
which is fixed]. A double monster with the indi- 
viduals joined at the spine. 

Rachis (ra'-kis) \_pax<-c, spine: pi. , Hal-hides']. The 
vertebral column. In biology, the main petiole of a 
compound leaf ; the axis of inflorescence ; the shaft of 
a feather. R. nasi, the line extending from the root 
to the tip of the nose. 

Rachisagra (ra-kis-a' '-graft). See Rachiagra. 

Rachischisis (ra-kis' -Ms-is). See Spina bifida. 

Rachitse (ra-kit'-e) \fpaxLQ, spine]. The muscles at- 
tached to the spinal column. 

Rachitic (ra-kit'-ik) \_'pax L S> spine ; trig, inflammation]. 
Affected with, relating to, or of the nature of rachitis ; 
rickety. R. Rosary, R. Rose-garland, the row 
of nodules appearing on the ribs, at their junction with 
the cartilages, in rachitis. See Beads, Rachitic. 

Rachitis (ra-kl' -lis) [p&xic, spine; mc, inflammation]. 
I. Rickets, the '■'■English disease," a constitutional 
disease of infancy, characterized by impaired nutrition 
and changes in the bones. Rachitis was first accu- 
rately described by Glisson, in the seventeeth century, 
The disease comes on insidiously at about the period of 
dentition, and three general symptoms are usually pres- 
ent — a diffuse soreness of the body, slight fever, and 
profuse sweating about the head and neck. Coincident 
with these the skeletal lesions appear, the chief of which 
are the bending of the ribs, the arching of the long 
bones, with thickening at the junction of the shaft and 
the epiphysis, and the development of hyperostoses on 
the frontal and parietal eminences, producing the caput 
quadratum. Dentition is delayed, nervous symptoms 
are marked, as peevishness and sleeplessness, and in 
some cases convulsions and laryngismus stridulus ; and 
all the manifestations are accompanied by a state of 
general weakness. The cartilage between the shaft 
and the epiphysis of the long bones is greatly thickened, 
the line of ossification is irregular and more spongy and 
vascular than normal, and beneath the periosteum, 
which strips off easily, there is spongioid tissue 
resembling decalcified bone. Chemic analysis shows 
a marked diminution in the lime-salts. Kassowitz re- 
gards the hyperemia of the bone, the marrow, the car- 
tilage, and the periosteum as the primary lesion, on 
which all the others depend. 2. In biology, a disease 
causing abortion of the fruit or seed. R. adultorum, 
osteomalacia ; mollifies ossium. R. annularis, con- 
genital rachitis characterized by the production, after 
birth, of furrows of the bones and fractures (Winckler). 
R. micromelica, intrauterine rachitis, characterized 
by shortening of the limbs and thickening of the di- 
aphyses (Winckler). R. senilis. See R. adultorum. 

Rachitome (ra'-kit-om) [p&xtc, spine ; re/iveiv, to 
cut]. An instrument for opening the spinal canal. 
See Rachiotome. 

Rachitomous (ra-kit' -o-mus) \_pax l ?> the spine ; touoq, 
cut]. In biology, applied to the vertebras consisting 
of separate pieces, or to animals possessing segmented 
vertebras. Cf. embolomerous. 

Rachitomy (ra -kit' ' -o-me) [pdx'C, spine; -nijivEiv, to 
cut]. I. Section of the spine. 2. Decollation of the 
fetus. 

Rachoma, Rachosis (ra-ko'-mah, ra-ko'-sis) [pdx<c, 
spine]. I. Relaxation of the integument of the 



scrotum. 2. The production of a ragged, irregular 
abrasion. 

Rachylysis (ra-kil'-is-is) \_pd\ig, spine ; Avatc, a solu- 
tion]. A method of forcible correction of lateral 
spinal curvature ; the abnormal curve is opposed by 
traction or pressure applied by means of apparatus. 

Racial (ra'-se-al) [origin obscure]. Pertaining or due 
to one's race. 

Rack (rak). See Arrack. 

Raclage (rak-lahzh') [Fr.]. The destruction of a soft 
growth by rubbing, as with a brush or harsh sponge ; 
grattage. 

Raclement. See Raclage. 

Racleur (rah-kliir'). See Curet. 

Radcliffe's Elixir. See Tinctura aloes composita. 

Rademacher's Plaster. See Blaster. 

Radesyge (rad-e-si'-ge) [Norwegian]. A disease pop- 
ularly known as Scandinavian syphilis, or Norwegian 
leprosy, bearing more or less similarity to the yaws, 
and characterized by malignant ulceration and other 
cutaneous lesions. It occurred in the last century in 
an endemic form in Norway, the east Adriatic coast, 
Scotland, and Canada, and is regarded by some autho- 
rities as a syphilitic, and by others as a leprous disorder. 
R. istrica. See Scherlievo. R. scabieuse. See 
Spedalskhed. R. scotica. See Sibbens. 

Radiad (ra' '-de-ad) [radius, a spoke]. Toward the 
radial aspect. 

Radial (ra'-de-al) [radius, a spoke]. Pertaining to 
the radius or bone of the forearm. In biology, diverg- 
ing from a common center. Relating to the radiating 
processes of animals, or to the ray of an umbel, or the 
ligulate corolla of an outer floret of Composites. 
Gcebel uses it in opposition to bifacial or dorsoventral. 
R. Artery. See Artery. R. Aspect, the aspect or 
view from the side on which the radius is situated. R. 
Bundle, in biology, a fibro-vascular bundle in which 
the xylem is arranged in rays, with the phloem in in- 
tervening rays or masses. R. Fibers (of the Retina), 
Miiller's fibers. R. Fossa, a depression on the 
humerus for the reception of the head of the radius 
in flexion. R. Glands, lymphatic glands of the 
forearm following the radial vessels. R. Nerve. 
See Nerve. R. Tap, percussion of the lower end 
of the radius to elicit the reflex contraction of the 
biceps and supinator longus. R. Veins. See Veins. 

Radiale (ra-de-a' -le) \_radius, ray: //. , Radialia"]. In 
biology : (a) the radio-carpal or scaphoid bone of the 
wrist ; cf. ulnare ; (<^) one of the cartilages at the 
base of the fin in certain fishes (Elasmobranchs) ; (c) 
one of the rays of a crinoid cup. 

Radialis (ra-de-a' -lis) [L.]. Pertaining to the radius. 
Various muscles are so called. See Muscles, Table of. 

Radiate (ra'-de-at) \radius, aspoke]. Diverging from 
a central point ; extending around the circumference 
in rays ; furnished with ray- flowers. R. -veined, pal- 
mately veined. R. Venation, or Veined, that form 
of venation in which the main veins radiate from the 
top of the petiole. 

Radiatiform (ra - de - a' '- tif '- orm) [radiatus, radiate; 
forma, form]. In biology, having a radiate appear- 
ance ; applied to heads with the marginal disc-flowers 
enlarged, but not ligulate. 

Radiatio (ra-de-a' -she-o) [L.]. See Radiation. 

Radiation (ra-de-a' -shun)\_radia re, to radiate]. Diver- 
gence from a center ; having the appearance of rays. 
R., Optic, of Gratiolet, a large strand of fibers con- 
tinuous with those of the corona radiata, derived 
mainly from the pulvinar, the external and internal gen- 
iculate bodies, and the optic tract, and radiating into 
the occipital lobes. R., Thalamic, certain tracts of 
fibers from the optic thalami, which radiate into the 



RADICAL, 



1233 



RADIX 



hemispheres (Spitzka). R. -theory of Rauber, a 
theory to explain the origin of double monsters. " It 
is based upon the fact that in the earliest stage the 
embryonic trace extends from the edge of the germinal 
wall or ridge toward the area pellucida as a radius. 
When a plural formation occurs, Rauber assumes that 
two, or even three, of these embryonic traces appear 
instead of one, the development being designated as 
' pluri-radial. ' " 

Radical (rad'-ik-al) [radix, a root]. Designed to 
destroy disease instead of modifying it. The opposite 
of palliative. The opposite of conservative. In 
biology, belonging to the root. Radical leaves are 
those which, like the leaves of the dandelion, appear 
to spring from the root, but which in reality arise from 
a very short stem at or near the surface of the ground. 

Radicant (rad'-ik-ant) \_radicari , to take root]. In 
biology, rooting ; applied to roots proceeding from 
some part of the ascending axis, as for climbing, like 
Rhus toxicodendron. 

Radicate (rad'-ik-at) [radicari, to take root]. In 
biology, rooted or adherent, as by a byssus. 

Radicel (rad'-is-el)[radicella, a little root]. In biology, 
a tiny root; the rootlet produced in germination. 

Radicicolous (rad-is-ik! '-o-lus) \_radix, root ; colere, to 
inhabit]. In biology, living upon or devouring roots. 

Radiciflorous (ra-dis-iflo' -rus) [radix, root; flos, 
flower]. In biology, having the appearance of flow- 
ering from the root. 

Radiciform (ra-dis' -if-or??i) [radix, root ; forma, 
form] . In biology, having the form and function of a 
root. 

Radicle (rad'-ik-l) [dim. of radix]. I. A rootlet, 
the germ of a root. 2. The primary root or stem of 
the embryo. 3. The initial fibril of a nerve ; the begin- 
ning of a vein. 4. A group of atoms having unsatis- 
fied valency ; an unsaturated molecule which goes 
into and out of combinations without change, and 
which determines the character of the compound. 
R., Acid. See Acid. R., Alcohol, a radicle which, 
when it substitutes half the hydrogen in one or more 
molecules of water, forms an alcohol. R., Aldehyd, 
a radicle which, when it replaces two atoms of hydro- 
gen in an alcohol, forms an aldehyd. R., Ascending, 
{of the Fornix), the anterior crura or fibers, extending 
upward from the corpora albicantia. R., Descending, 
(of the Fornix), the posterior crura or those fibers of 
the fornix extending from the optic thalami to the 
corpora albicantia. R., Electro-negative, the non- 
metallic constituent of a compound which, in electro- 
lysis, is evolved at the anode. R., Electro-positive, 
that constituent of a salt which, in electrolysis, ap- 
pears at the kathode, and which is either a base or a 
group of atoms having basic properties. 

Radicose (rad'-ik-oz) [radix, root]. In biology, hav- 
ing large or numerous roots. 

Radicula, Radicule (rad-ik' -u-lah, rad'-ik-ul ) [radic- 
ula, little root]. Same as Radicle. 

Radicular (rad-ik' -u-lar) [radicularis, radix, a root]. 
Pertaining to the roots of nerves. R. Arteries, arter- 
ies accompanying nerve-roots into the spinal cord. R. 
Fasciculus, Internal, of Charcot, runs a longi- 
tudinal course in the postero-external column and then 
enters the gray substance of the posterior cornu. R. 
Fibers, External, of Charcot, fibers of the posterior 
roots of spinal nerves passing through the substantia 
gelatinosa of Rolando to the posterior cornu. 

Radicule (rad'-ik-iil). See Radicle. 

Radiculose (rad-ik' -u-loz) [radicula, a rootlet]. In 
biology, having rootlets. 

Radien (ra' -de-en) [radius, a spoke]. Belonging to 
the radius in itself. 
78 



Radiism (ra'-de-izm) [radius, a. ray]. Same as Radia- 
tion . 

Radio- (ra'-de-o-) [radius, a spoke]. A prefix denoting 
connection with the radius. 

Radio-bicipital (ra' -de-o-bi-sip' -it-al) [radius, a spoke ; 
biceps, two-headed]. Relating to the radius and the 
biceps. 

Radio-carpal (ra'-de-o -/car' -pal) [radius, a spoke; 
mp-rrdc, carpus]. Relating to the radius and the 
carpus. R.- Amputation, removal of the hand at the 
wrist-joint. 

Radio-digital (ra - de- 0- dif - it-al) [_radius, a spoke ; 
digitus, a digit]. Relating to the radius and the 
fingers. 

Radio-humeral (ra' -de-o-hu' -mer-al) [radius, a spoke ; 
humerus, the humerus]. Relating to the radius and 
the humerus. 

Radiolus (ra-di' -o-lus) [dim. of radius, a ray: //. , 
Radiol/']. In biology, one of the secondary rays of 
the main rachis of a feather. In surgery, a probe or 
sound. 

Radio-metacarpalis (ra'-de-o-met-ak-ar-pa' -lis) [ra- 
dius, spoke; metacarpus]. The flexor carpi radialis 
brevis when the insertion is at a metacarpal bone. 

Radiometer (ra - de - om' - et - er) [radius, ray ; fihpov, 
measure]. An instrument for transforming radiant 
energy into mechanical work. 

Radiometric (ra-de-o-met' -rik) [radius, ray ; f/lrpov, 
measure]. Pertaining to the radiometer. 

Radio-muscular (ra-de-o-mus' -ku-lar) [radius, radius ; 
muscuhis, a muscle]. Relating to the radius and its 
muscles. The name of branches of the radial artery 
distributed to the muscles of the forearm, and of fila- 
ments of the radial nerve going to the same muscles. 

Radio-palmar (ra' - de- -pal' - mar) [radius, radius; 
palma, palm]. Relating to the radius and the palm. 

Radio-ulnar (ra' -de-o-ul' -tiar) [radius, spoke ; ttlna, 
ulna]. Pertaining to the radius and the ulna. 

Radius (ra' -de-us) [radius, a staff, rod, spoke of a 
wheel, ray: //., Radii]. In biology: (a) spokebone, 
the outer of the two bones of the antibrachium or an- 
terior limb of a vertebrate ; see Muscles, Table of; 
(b) one of the veins of an insect's wing; (c) a ray of 
the first order, of the shaft of a feather (used in the 
plural) ; (d) one of the radiating threads of a spider's 
web ; (e) a bifurcated piece, of which there are 
five, in the oral skeleton of an echinoderm. I. In 
geometry, the line drawn from the center of a circle 
to its circumference. 2. One of the cartilaginous rods 
supporting the fins in fishes. 3. See Ray. Radii 
auriculares, lines projected on the cranium at right 
angles to a line passing through the auricular points. 
R. ciliares, the ciliary processes. R. fixus, in crani- 
ometry, a line connecting the inion and the hormion. 
R. frontis, wrinkles of the forehead. R. lentis. 
lines radiating from the poles of the crystalline lens. 
R. medullares, bundles of receiving tubules of the 
kidney, beginning in one tubule at the apices of the 
papillae, dividing dichotomously, and extending nearly 
to the cortical surface. 

Radix (ra'-dix) [gen., radicis : pi., radices]. The 
root or lower extremity of a plant, constituting its organ 
of prehension, and also, to a great extent, of nutrition. 
Applied also to root-like organs or parts of the body. 
The five greater aperient roots: smallache, parsley, 
fennel, asparagus, and butchers' broom. The five 
lesser aperient roots: dandelion, caper, restharrow, 
madder, and eryngo. Radices accessorise breves 
ganglii ciliaris, nerve-branches occasionally seen unit- 
ing the ciliary ganglion with the oculomotor and other 
nerves. Radices accessorise mediae ganglii ciliaris, 
inconstant nerve-branches which connect the ciliary 



RADIX 



1234 



RAISING 



ganglion with the internal carotid plexus, or the sym- 
pathetic plexus surrounding the ophthalmic artery. 
R. accessorise sphenopalatina ganglii ciliaris, an 
accessory nerve- branch of the ciliary ganglion going to 
the sphenopalatine ganglion. R. antica processus 
transversi vertebrae (Sommering). See Parapoph- 
ysis. R. aortas, bulb of the aorta. R. brasiliensis. 
See Ipecacuanha. R. brevis ganglii ciliaris, a 
branch of the oculomotor nerve going to the ciliary 
ganglion. R. brevis ganglii submaxillaris, 
branches of the lingual nerve going to the submax- 
illary ganglion. R. cerebelli. See Restiform Body. 
R. cordis, the base of the heart. R. dentis, the 
root of a tooth. R. dysenterica. See Ipecacuanha. 
R. epiglottidis, the constricted part of the epiglottis, 
by which the organ is attached to the thyroid car- 
tilage. R. externa nervi sapheni externi. See 
Peroneal Nerve. Radices fornicis, the crura of 
the fornix. R. gangliosa, the sensory root of the 
fifth nerve. R. inferior ganglii ciliaris. See R. 
brevis ganglii ciliaris. R. lingua?, the root of the 
tongue. Radices longas superiores ganglii ciliaris, 
inconstant branches running from the naso-ciliary 
nerve to the ciliary ganglion. R. longa ganglii 
sphenopalatini. See Great Superficial Petrosal Nerve. 
R. longa inferior ganglii ciliaris, an additional in- 
constant branch going from the ciliary ganglion to one 
of the ciliary nerves. R. lopez, lopez-root ; a root dis- 
covered by Pigneiro at the mouth of the Zambezi, and 
introduced into Europe by Gaubius in 1771, where it 
was used in the treatment of chronic dysentery and of 
pulmonary tuberculosis. It is probably a derivative of 
Toddalia aculeata, which it resembles in appearance 
and properties. R. media nervi olfactorii, the me- 
dian root of the olfactory nerve. R. medullas spi- 
nalis, of Varolius, the medulla oblongata. R. mes- 
enterii, the root of the mesentery. R. minor tri- 
gemini, the motor root of the fifth nerve. R. mollis 
ganglii otici, fibers connecting the otic ganglion with 
the sympathetic plexus upon the middle meningeal 
artery. R. mollis ganglii submaxillaris, fibers of 
the sympathetic plexus upon the external maxillary 
artery going to the submaxillary ganglion. R. mo- 
toria ganglii ciliaris. See R. brevis ganglii ciliaris. 
R. motoria ganglii otici, the fibers of the inframax- 
illary nerve going to the otic ganglion. R. motoria 
ganglii sphenopalatini. See Great Superficial Pe- 
trosal Nerve. R. motoria ganglii submaxillaris, 
the fibers of the chorda tympani going to the submax- 
illary ganglion. R. nasi, the root of the nose. R. 
nervi optici, the optic tract. R. olfactoria grisea. 
See R. media nervi olfactoria. R. olfactoria su- 
perioris, those fibers of the olfactory nerve derived 
from the caruncula mammillaris. Radices penis, 
the crura of the penis. R. pili, hair- root. R. 
postica processus transversi vertebras (Sommer- 
ing). See Diapophysis. R. prior processus trans- 
versi vertebras. See Parapophysis. R. processus 
spinosa, the anterior part of a spinous process of a 
vertebra. R. pulmonis, the root of a lung. R. 
recurrens ganglii ciliaris. See R. longa inferior 
ganglii ciliaris. Radices sensitivas ganglii ciliaris. 
See Radices longa superiores ganglii ciliaris. Radices 
sensitivas ganglii otici, fibers of the glossopharyn- 
geal nerve going to the otic ganglion. Radices 
sensitivas ganglii sphenopalatini, the sphenopala- 
tine nerves. R. sensitivas ganglii submaxillaris. 
See R. brevis ganglii submaxillaris. Radices sym- 
pathies ganglii otici. See A', mollis ganglii otici. 
R. sympathicas ganglii ciliaris, the fibers of the 
ophthalmic ganglion coming from the carotid plexus. 
R. sympathica ganglii sphenopalatini. See Great 



Deep Petrosal Nerve. Radices sympathicas ganglii 
submaxillaris. See R. mollis ganglii submaxillaris. 
R. unguis, the root of a nail. R. vestibularis, the 
anterior root of the auditory nerve. 

Radula (rad'-u-/ah) [radula, a scraper: //. , Radulaf]. 
In biology, the rasping surface of the odontophore or 
lingual ribbon of certain molluscs. See Raspatory. 

Radulate (rad'-u-ldt ) [radula, a scraper]. In biology, 
having a radula. 

Raduliferous (rad-u-lif '-er-us) [radula, a scraper; 
ferre, to bear]. In biology, bearing a radula. 

Raduliform (rad / - u - lif- arm) [radula, a scraper; 
forma, form]. In biology, applied to structures hav- 
ing a rasp-like surface. 

Radzyge (rad-zi'-ge). See Radesyge. 

Raffinose (raf'-in-oz). See Melitose, under Carbohy- 
drates, Table of. 

Rafflesia (rafile'-ze-ah) [after Sir Stamford Raffles, a 
British statesman]. A genus of parasitic plants, bear- 
ing large, fetid flowers. R. arnoldi, a styptic species 
found in Sumatra. R. patma, a Javanese species. A 
decoction of the styptic buds is used for metrorrhagia. 

Rafle (ra'-fi) [Fr.]. A pustular disease of cattle. 

Rag [ME., raggc, a rag]. A worn garment; a shred 
of cloth. R. -picker's disease (Hadernkrankheit), 
malignant pustule or anthrax. An infection transmitted 
by old rags and caused by the presence of the Bacillus 
(Proteus) hominis capsulatus, q.v., under Bacteria, 
Synonymatic Table of. R.-weed, a plant of the 
genus Ambrosia. R.-weed Fever. See Hay-fever 
and Rhinitis, Hyperesthetic. R.-wort. See Life-root. 

Rage (raj) [ME., rage, rage]. I. Violent passion or 
anger. 2. Any intensely painful affection. 3. [Fr. ] 
Hydrophobia ; rabies. 

Ragle (rag'-l) [Fr.]. An hallucination due to isolation 
and insomnia, observed in French troops while in the 
desert, in which they imagined they saw prairie and 
water. 

Railway (ral'-wa) [ME. , rail, a bar or rail ; way\. A 
roadway composed of iron rails. R. Brain, traumatic 
hysteria; Erichsen's disease. A morbid condition 
following shock, in which the symptoms are those of 
neurasthenia or hysteria, or both. Erichsen ascribed 
the condition to inflammation of the meninges and 
cord, and gave it the name of Railway Spine. R. 
Kidney, a renal affection said to be due to the con- 
stant jar of railway journeys. R. Spine. See R. 
Brain. 

Rain (ran) [ME., rein, rain]. The descent of water 
in drops through the atmosphere. R.-bath. See Bath. 
R.-bow Disease, R.-bow Worm, herpes iris. R.- 
gauge, an instrument for measuring the quantity of rain 
that falls in a given area in a given time. 

Rainey's Corpuscles, R. Tubes. Psorosperms occur- 
ring in the muscles of the pig and other animals. 
See Miesclnrs Tubes, and Sarcocystis miescheri, under 
Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Raised (razd) [ME., raisen, to raise]. Elevated. 
R. Base ( for artificial teeth), a term applied in me- 
chanical dentistry to a metallic base, surmounted by 
a box or chamber soldered to it, and designed to com- 
pensate for the loss of substance which the parts have 
sustained. A base. thus constructed is usually termed 
by dentists a raised plate. See Metallic base for arti- 
ficial teeth. 

Raisin (i-a'-zin) [ME., raisin, raisin]. Dried grapes. 
See Uvce and Passir. 

Raising (ra'-zing) [ME., raisen, to raise]. I. See 
Pigments, Colors, and Dycsti/ffs. 2. One of the Swed- 
ish movements, either active or passive. It is used 
for deformities of the back, to relieve constipation, to 
act upon the abdomen, etc. 



RAK 



1235 



RALES 



Rak (rak). See Arrak. 

Rake Teeth, a term applied to teeth separated by inter- 
vals, like those of a rake. 

Raki (rak'-e) [Turk., spirits]. A Turkish liqueur, in 
the preparation of which mastic is used. 

Rakli pili [rak'-le-pi'-le). An Indian term for lep- 
rosy. 

Rale [ra/il) [Fr., raler, to rattle]. The sound caused 



by the breaking of air through impediments or passing 
over obstructions in the lungs and bronchi. They vary 
in character according to the consistency of the sur- 
rounding lung-tissue. Sometimes a distinction is made 
between rales and rhonchi. The hrst word is applied 
to sounds generated by vibrations set up in fluids, the 
second to sounds generated in the narrowed or ob- 
structed lumen of tubes. See Table of Rales. 



TABLE OF RALES. 



Variety. 


When Heard. How and Where Produced. 


Size and Character. 


Condition in which 
Heard. 


Amphoric. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


By movement of air in a tense- 
walled cavity containing air and 
communicating with a bronchus. 


Large, musical, and 
tinkling 


In tuberculous and abscess 
cavities. 


Bubbling, large. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


By passage of air through frothy 
mucus in the trachea and larger 
bronchi. 


Larger than the 
medium bubbling ; 
moist. 


Bronchitis and pulmonary 
engorgement. 


Bubbling, me- 
dium. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


By passage of air through mucus 
in the larger tubes. 


Larger than the 
small bubbling ; 
moist. 


In capillary bronchitis, 
especially in children. 


Bubbling, 
small. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


By passage of air through mucus 
in the bronchioles. 


Small ; moist ; like the 
bursting of soft bub- 
bles. 


In capillary bronchitis, 
especially in children. 


Cavernous. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


By passage of air through a small 
cavity with flaccid walls, which 
collapse with expiration. 


Hollow and metallic. 


In the third stage of pul- 
monary tuberculosis. 


Clicking. 


Inspiration only. 


By passage of air through soften- 
ing material in smaller bronchi. 


Small ; sticky. 


The apex in pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 


Consonating. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


When bronchial tubes surrounded 
by consolidated tissue. 


Bright, clear, ringing. 


Tuberculous pneumonia. 


Crackling, dry. 


In inspiration. 


By the breaking down of lung- 
tissue. 


Sharp, short, and 
clicking. 


In the second or softening 
stage of pulmonary tuber- 
culosis and in pulmonary 
gangrene. 


Crack ling, 
large. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


By fluid in very small cavities. 


Larger than the 
medium crackling ; 
dry. 


In pulmonary tuberculosis 
and pneumonia, after for- 
mation of small cavities. 


Crackling, 
medium 


Chiefly in inspiration. 


By fluid in the finer bronchi. 


Larger than the 
small crackling ; dry. 


Softening of tuberculous 
deposit or pneumonic 
exudation. 


Crackling, 
small. 


Chiefly in inspiration. 


By fluid in the finer bronchi. 


Small; dry; like the 
breaking of small 
shells. 


Softening of tuberculous 
deposit or pneumonic 
exudation. 


Crepitant. 


End of inspiration. 


By passage of air into vesicles col- 
lapsed, or containing fibrinous 
exudation. Usually at the base 
of the lungs. 


Small; like rubbing 
the hair between the 
fingers. 


Pneumonia, early stage ; 
edema of lungs; hypo- 
static pneumonia; local- 
ized in pulmonary tuber- 
culosis. 


Dry. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


By narrowing of the bronchial 
tubes from thickening of the 
mucous lining, from spasmodic 
contraction of the muscular coat, 
viscid mucus within, or pressure 
from without. 


Large and sonorous, 
or small and hissing, 
or whistling. 


In bronchitis, asthma, and 
localized in beginning 
pulmonary tuberculosis. 


Extra-thoracic. 




In the trachea or larynx. 




Friction. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion : most distinct at 
the end of inspiration. 


By the rubbing together of serous 
surfaces, roughened by inflam- 
mation or deprived of their nat- 
ural secretion. 


Grazing, rubbing, 
grating, creaking, or 
crackling. 


In pleurisy and pericar- 
ditis. 


Gurgling. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


By the passage of air through fluid 
in cavities, on coughing. 


Larger than the large 
bubbling; moist; 
like the bursting of 
large bubbles. 


Pulmonary tuberculosis 
after formation of cavi- 
ties. 


Guttural. 




In the throat. 






Moist. 




By the passage of air through 
bronchi containing fluid. 






Mucous (of 
Laennec). 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


By viscid bubbles bursting in the 
bronchial tubes. 


A modification of the 
sub-crepitant. 


Pulmonary emphysema. 



RAMAL 1236 

TABLE OF KAUE.?,.— Continued. 



RAMUS 



Variety. 


When Heard. 


How and Where Produced. 


Size and Character. 


Condition in which 
Heard. 


Rale red ux, rale 
de retour. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


By the passage of air through fluid 
in a bronchial tube. 


Crackling and un- 
equal. 


In pneumonia in the stage 
of resolution. 


Sibilant. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


By narrowing of the smaller 
bronchi from viscid mucus ad- 
hering to the walls, from thick- 
ening of the lining membrane or 
spasmodic contraction. 


High-pitched and even 
hissing or piping. 


In bronchitis, asthma, and 
localized in beginning 
pulmonary tuberculosis. 


Sonorous. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


By lessened caliber of the larger 
bronchi, from spasm, tumefac- 
tion of mucous lining or external 
pressure. 


Low-pitched and snor- 
ing. 


Most frequent in bronchitis 
and spasmodic asthma, 
but may occur in any pul- 
monary disease. 


Sub-erepitant. 


Inspiration and expira- 
tion. 


By passage of air through mucus 
in the capillary bronchial tubes. 


Small ; moist. 


Capillary bronchitis. 



Ramal (i-a'-mal) [ramus, a branch]. Pertaining to a 
ramus ; branching ; growing on a branch. Ramalis 
vena, the portal vein and its branches. 

Ramastrum (ra-mas' -trum) [ramus, branch]. In bi- 
ology, one of the secondary petioles of compound 
leaves. 

Ramdohr's Suture. See Suture. 

Ramellose (ram' -el-oz) \_ramellus, a small branch]. 
Bearing ramelli. 

Ramellus (ra-met '-us) [dim. of ramus, a branch : pi., 
Ramelli~\. In biology, a branch less than a ramulus 
occurring at the growing point of an algal filament. 

Ramenta (ra - men' - tah) [L. , pi., Filings, Scrapings']. 
I. Shreds, filings, or shavings. 2. Fine chaffy scales 
on the surface of plants, consisting of elongated cells. 
R. intestinorum, shreds of intestinal mucus dis- 
charged with the evacuations in severe dysentery. 

Ramentaceous (ram-en-ta' -se-us) [ramenta, filings]. 
In biology, covered with ramenta. 

Ramentum (ra-men'-tum) [L. , ascraping, a chip, a scale : 
pi., Ramenta]. In biology, a scale-like or hairy out- 
growth of the epidermis, of a membranous texture, 
found on the stems and petioles of many ferns. 

Ramex (ra'-meks) [gen., Ramicis : pi, Ramices]. A 
hernia, or hernial tumor], R. varicosus, varico- 
cele. 

Ramicorn ( ra' ' -mik-orn) [ramus, a branch ; cornu, 
horn]. In biology, the horny covering or sheath of 
the rami of the lower mandible of a bird. 

Ramie (ram' -e) [Malay]. See China Grass. R. Fiber, 
China-grass. The bast fiber from two varieties of 
Boehmeria r.ivea, known in India as Rhea, and in the 
Malay Archipelago as Ramie. The properly prepared 
fiber is of fine, silky luster, soft, and extraordinarily 
strong. It is the most perfect of all the vegetable 
fibers, and is composed of pure cellulose. 

Ramification (ram-if-ik-a' -shun) [ramus, a branch ; 
facere, to mike]. The branching and division of an 
organ or part, as observed in the nerves and blood- 
vessels. 

Ramiflorous (ra-miflo'-rus) [ramus, branch ; Jlos, 
flower]. Flowering on the branches. 

Ramiform ( ram'-if-orm) [ramus, a branch ; forma, 
form]. Resembling a branch in form. 

Ramify (ram'-if-i) [ramus, a branch ; facere, to make]. 
To form branches. 

Ramiparous (ra-mip'-ar-us) [ramus, branch ; parere, 
to bear]. Producing branches. 

Ramolescence (ram - - les'- ens) [Fr., ramollir, to 
soften]. A softening ; mollification. 

Ramollissement (ra-mo-les' '-mon(g)) [Fr.]. A morbid 



softening of any tissue or part. R. des os. See 
'Osteomalacia. R. hemorrhagipare, softening giving 
rise to hemorrhage. 

Ramose (ram'-oz) [ramus, branch]. Provided with 
many branches ; branching. 

Rampion (ram'-pe-on) [Sp., rampion, a species of 
lobelia] . An herbaceous plant, Campanula rapuncu- 
lus, with an edible root, resembling a small turnip. 
R., Horned, the genus Phyteuma. 

Ramsden's Eye-piece. An eye-piece having two 
plano-convex lenses, used with a micrometer. 

Ramsted (ram'-sted). See Antirrhinum linaria. 

Ramuliferous (ram-u-lif ' -er-us) [ramulus, a little 
branch; ferre, to bear]. In biology, bearing ramuli. 

Ramulose (ram' '-u-loz) [ramus, a branch]. Full of 
branchlets. 

Ramulous (ram'-u-lus) [ramulus, a little branch]. In 
biology, having many small branches. 

Ramulus (ram'-u-lus) [L. : //. , Ramuli]. A small 
branch, or ramus. 

Ramus (ra'-mus) [L.]. The branch of an organ, es- 
pecially of a vein or an artery. R. abdominalis, the 
hypogastric nerve. R. acetabuli, a branch of the 
internal circumflex artery supplying the hip-joint. R. 
anastomoticus, the branch of an artery by which an 
anastomosis is established. R. anterior ascendens, 
R. anterior nervi acustici. See Cochlear A'erve. 
R. ascendens, the anterior branch of the fissure of 
Sylvius. R. ascendens glabellaris, the branch of 
the angular artery going to the inner angle of the orbit. 
R. ascendens nervi vagi, a branch of the superior 
laryngeal nerve going to the epiglottis. R. ascen- 
dens (seu inferior) ossis ischii, the ascending branch 
of the ischium. R., Ascending (of the Ischium), the 
portion between its tuberosity and the acetabulum. 
R. , Ascending (of the Pubic Bone), the portion 
between its body and the acetabulum. R. auricularis 
nervi vagi. See Nerve of Arnold. R. bulbo- 
cavernosus. See Artery of the Bulb of the Urethra. 
R. canalis spinalis, the branch of the intercostal 
artery supplying the walls of the spinal canal. R. 
cardiacus nervi vagi inferior, inferior cardiac nerve. 
R. cardiacus nervi vagi superior, superior cardiac 
nerve. R. cervico-facialis (nervi facialis), cervico- 
facial nerve. R. cochleae, R. cochlearis, the coch- 
lear nerve. R. comrnunicans anterior, anterior com 
municating artery of the brain. R. comrnunicans 
medullas spinalis, a branch of a spinal nerve uniting 
it with the sympathetic. R. comrnunicans posterior, 
the posterior communicating artery of the brain. R. 
cruralis, lumbo-inguinal nerve. R. cutaneus nervi 



RAMUS 



1237 



RANULA 



radialis. See Radial Nerve. R. cutaneuspalmaris 
longus. See R. palmaris longus nervi mediant. R. 
descendens. I . The descendens noni nerve. 2. The 
inferior division of the inferior maxillary nerve. R. 
descendens nervi hypoglossi, the descendens noni 
nerve. R. descendens (seu superior) ossis ischii, 
the descending branch of the ischium. R. descen- 
dens ossis pubis, the descending branch of the 
pubic bone. R., Descending {of lite Ischium), the 
portion between its body and tuberosity. R., Des- 
cending {of Ike Pubic Bone), the portion included be- 
tween its bodv and its junction with the ischium. R. 
dexter arteriae pulmonalis, the right pulmonary 
artery. R. dorsalis nasi, the dorsal artery of the nose. 
R. dorsalis nervi radialis. See Radial Nerve. R. 
dorsalis nervi ulnaris. See Ulnar Nerve. R. 
dorsalis pollicis radialis, that part of the radial artery 
which winds round the outer side of the carpus and 
crosses the thumb beneath the extensor tendons. R. 
dorsalis pollicis ulnaris, R. durae matris vagi, a 
branch from the jugular ganglion going to the meninges. 
R. externus, R. femoralis, lumbo-inguinal nerve. 
R. hepaticus dexter, the right hepatic artery. R. 
hepaticus sinister, the left hepatic artery. R., Hori- 
zontal {of the Pubic Bone). See R. , Ascending {of the 
Pubic Bone). R. horizontalis fissurae sylvii, the pos- 
terior limb of the fissure of Sylvius. R. horizontalis 
mandibular, the body of the inferior maxilla. R. 
horizontalis (seu superior) ossis pubis (seu pec- 
tinis), the horizontal ramus of the pubic bone. R. 
hyoideus. See Hyoid Artery. R. of the Inferior 
Maxilla, the portion ascending from the angle, and 
terminating in the condyle and coronoid process. R. 
intermedius. See R. anastomoticus . R. lingualis 
recurrens. See R. ascendens nervi vagi. R. magnus 
nervi mediani, the musculocutaneous nerve. R. 
major nervi maxillaris inferioris, the greater of the 
two primary branches of the inferior maxillary nerve. 
R. malaris, the inferior branch of the orbital nerve. 
R. marginalis, the dorsal branch of the radial nerve 
supplying the thumb. R. mastoideus. I. The small 
occipital nerve. 2. The occipital branch of the posterior 
auricular artery. 3. The posterior division of the great 
auricular nerve. R. maxillaris inferior nervi tri- 
gemini. See Inferior Maxillary Nerve. R. maxil- 
laris superior (seu medius) nervi trigemini. See 
Superior Maxillary Nerve. R. medullas spinalis, 
the spinal branch of the intercostal artery supplying 
the spinal cord. R. meningeus posterior. See R. 
dura matris vagi. R. minor nervi vidiani, the great 
superficial petrosal nerve. R. muscularis nervi 
radialis, the radial nerve. R. nasalis nervi oph- 
thalmici. See Naso-ciliary Nerve. R. nutriens, 
the nutrient artery of a bone. R. ophthalmicus 
(quinti), the ophthalmic nerve. R. ossis maxillae 
inferioris. See R. of 'the Inferior Maxilla. R. ovarii. 
See Ovarian Artery. R. palmaris longus nervi 
mediani, a branch of the median nerve distributed to 
the integument of palm of the hand. R. perpendicu- 
lars (mandibular). See R. of Inferior Maxilla. R. 
posterior. 1. The ilio-lumbar artery. 2. The pos- 
terior limb of the fissure of Sylvius. R. primus nervi 
trigemini (seu primus quinti). See Ophthalmic 
Nerve. R. profundus nervi radialis. See Radial 
Nerve. R. recurrens vagi, a branch of the jugular 
ganglion which goes to the transverse sinus through 
the jugular foramen. R. secundus (ganglii gas- 
serii), R. secundus nervi trigemini (seu quinti 
paris), fhe superior maxillary nerve. R. sinister 
arteriae pulmonalis, the left pulmonary artery. R. 
sinualis, the recurrent branch of the ophthalmic nerve 
going to the tentorium. R. sublimis (seu volaris 



superficialis) arteriae radialis, the superficial volar 
artery. R. superficialis nervi radialis, the radial 
nerve. R. superior ossis ischii, the descending 
ramus of the ischium. R. superioris nervi trige- 
mini, R. superioris quinti, the ophthalmic nerve. 
R. supraspinatus, the suprapinous artery. R. 
tertius nervi trigemini, the inferior maxillary 
nerve. R. vestibularis, the vestibular nerve. R. 
volaris nervi ulnaris, the volar distribution of the 
ulnar nerve. Rami accelerantes, accelerator nerves. 
R. alares, branches of the lateral nasal artery supply- 
ing the nasal pinnae. R. anteriores nervorum spin- 
alium, the anterior divisions of the spinal nerves. R. 
cardiaci (nervi vagi), the cardiac branches of the 
pneumogastric nerve. R. communicantes noni, the 
branch of the descendens noni which joins the com- 
municating branches of the second and third cervical 
nerves. R. emissaria, branches of the anterior spinal 
plexuses which emerge through the intervertebral and 
anterior sacral foramina. R. intestinales, branches of 
the cerebro-spinal nerves supplying the abdominal vis- 
cera. R., Ischio-pubic, the descending rami of the 
ischium and the pubes taken as one. R. linguales 
(nervi glossopharyngei), the terminal branches of 
the ninth nerve. R. marginales, the branches of the 
palpebral arteries which aid in forming the arcus arteri- 
osus palpebral. R. molles (nervi vagi) . See Auditory 
Nerve. R. musculares, unnamed branches of nerves 
or blood-vessels distributed to the muscles. R. olfac- 
torii, the olfactory nerve. R. pectorales laterales 
(seu perforantes laterales, seu posteriores, seu 
superficiales). See Lateral Thoracic Cutaneous 
Nerves. R. pharyngei (nervi vagi), the branches 
of the vagus going to the pharynx. Rami ventrales, 
the branches of the intercostal arteries distributed to 
the intercostal muscles and to the ribs. 

Ramuscule {ra - mus / - kill) \ramusculus~\. A little 
branch, especially of the pial arteries. 

Rancid {ran' -sid) \_rancidus, rancere, to become sour]. 
The condition, marked by a sharp taste and disagree- 
able odor, that fats and oils acquire by oxidation in the 
presence of light and fermentation of certain of their 
principles. 

Rancidification {ran-sid-ifik-a' -shun) \rancidus, ran- 
cid ; facere, to make] . The act of making or the pro- 
cess of becoming rancid. 

Rancidity {ran-sid' -it-e) \_rancidus, rancid] . The state 
of being rancid. 

Randia {ran' -de-ah) [after Isaac Rand, a London bot- 
anist of the eighteenth century]. A genus of cinchona- 
ceous shrubs. R. aculeata, of West India ; ink-berry, 
indigo plant. The juice of the fruit is astringent. R. 
dumetorum, of India ; has a poisonous and strongly 
emetic fruit. Unof. R. longiflora, of Bengal ; the 
cortex is used in intermittent fever. 

Range {ran/) [Fr., ranger, to dispose]. Scope, extent 
or compass. R. of Accommodation. See Accom- 
modation. R. of Sensibility. See Law, Fechner's. 

Rangoon Tar. A variety of petroleum obtained in 
India. 

Ranine {ra'-nen) \rana, a frog]. I. The designation 
of a branch of the sublingual artery ; also of its accom- 
panying vein. See Artery. 2. Relating to that part 
of the tongue subject to ranula. 

Ranke, Angle of. See Angle. 

Ranson's Apparatus. See Disinfection. 

Ranstead {ran'-sted). See Antirrhinum linaria. 

Ranula [ran'-u-lah) [rana, frog]. A cystic tumor be- 
neath the tongue, connected with the duct of the sub- 
lingual salivary gland. R. lapidea, salivary calculi. 
R. pancreatica, a dilated saccular condition of the 
larger pancreatic ducts due to calculous obstruction. 



RANUNCULACEOUS 



1238 



RASH 



R., Suprahyoid, a cystic tumor situated above the 
hyoid bone. 

Ranunculaceous [ra-nung-ku-la' -se-us) [ranunculus, a 
medicinal plant]. Noting, or relating to plants of the 
order Ranunculaceez. 

Ranunculus {ra-nung'-ku-hts) [L.]. A genus of 
acrid herbs of many species, growing in many tem- 
perate and cold regions, e.g. , buttercups, or crowfoot. 
Many of the species are acrid poisons, and have been 
used (especially R. acris, bulbostcs, flammul'a, and 
sceleratus) as counter-irritants and vesicants. Unof. 
R. aconitifolius, a native of Europe. The root, 
juice, and green leaves are used. R. acris, blis- 
ter-plant ; very irritant, causing erythema sesti- 
vum. R. alpestris, white crowfoot of the Alps. 
The chamois-hunters chew the leaves, which are said 
to prevent giddiness and fatigue. R. aquatilis, water 
anemone, floating white crowfoot ; a species of Europe 
and North America. It is said to be poisonous when 
fresh, but otherwise wholesome and nutritive. R. 
asiaticus, turkey crowfoot; the common garden 
species. R. bulbosus, crow-flower; buttercup; a 
European and North American species ; very acrid. 
It was once official as radix ranunculi bulbosi, and is 
still used by the homeopathists. R. creticus, a species 
known to the ancients, and used by them for the cure of 
warts, chilblains, scabies, and ulcers, also for tooth- 
ache. R. ficaria, the lesser celandine, an edible species 
found in Europe ; the leaves are eaten as salad, the 
root prepared as a vegetable. R. glacialis, a species 
found in the Alps. The root possesses sudorific 
properties, and is used in rheumatism and bronchial 
affections. R. lingua, R. longifolius, spearwort ; 
great crowfoot ; found in Europe, Asia, and North 
America. The root and herb were formerly offi- 
cial. R. muricatus, a European species, possess- 
ing stimulant and vesicant properties, and used for 
skin-diseases. R. paludensis, R. palustris, old 
pharmaceutic names for R. sceleratus. R. repens, 
creeping crowfoot ; buttercup ; occurring in Europe, 
Asia, and North America. The herbs and flowers 
were formerly official. R. sceleratus, water celery ; 
a very acrid species found in Europe, Asia, and 
North Ameria, and formerly used as a vesicant. It 
contains a resin and a volatile oil which yields anem- 
onin and anemonic acid. 

Ranvier's Constrictions. See R.'s Nodes. R.'s 
Crosses, brownish-black cruciform figures which 
appear at each node of Ranvier in preparations of 
nerve-tissue stained with silver nitrate. The silver 
diffuses into the nerve-fiber only at the nodes, stains 
the cement-substance joining one internode with 
another, thus forming the transverse bar of the 
cross, and as it diffuses along the axis-cylinder stains 
the cement-substance on the latter for a short distance, 
and so makes the vertical bar. R.'s Lemon-juice 
Method, a method of tracing nerve-fibers. Small 
pieces of tissue, }£ inch square, are soaked in lemon- 
juice 5 or io minutes, washed quickly in distilled 
water, and placed in I per cent, solution of gold chlorid 
for from io minutes to I hour, according to the density 
of the tissue. Wash in water, place in 50 c.c. water 
containing two drops of acetic acid, and expose to 
the light ; or, if it is not desired to keep the super- 
ficial epithelium, after treating with lemon-juice and 
gold the tissue is placed for 24 hours in formic 
acid (sp. gr. 1.2) diluted with three times its volume 
of water, and kept in the dark (after Squire). R.'s 
Nodes. See Node. R.'s Picrocarmin. See Stains, 
Table of. R.'s Tactile Discs, nerve-endings con- 
sisting of small, cup-shaped bodies, the concave side 
of which is always directed toward the free surface of 



the epidermis. They are those tactile corpuscles of 
Merkel, also of Grandy, which terminate, not in the 
cells, but in the intercellular substances. 

Rape {rap) [rapere, to seize]. Forcible sexual inter- 
course with a woman. According to the laws of 
some States, the intercourse with a young girl is also 
considered as rape when not effected through force, but 
by reason of her ignorance. R.-oil. See Colza-oil. 
R. -plant. See Brassica. 

Raphania {ra-fa' -ne-a/i) [raphanns, a radish]. A ner- 
vous affection attended with spasmodic disorder of 
the joints and the limbs. It has been attributed to a 
poisonous principle in the seeds of the wild radish, 
which are likely, at certain times, to become mixed 
with grain. The affection is allied to ergotism and 
pellagra. See Ergotism. R. maisitica, pellagra; 
so named because it was supposed to be caused by 
the use of maize as food. 

Raphe {raf'-a) [pacpr/, suture]. 1. Any line, suture, 
ridge, or crease having the appearance of a seam. It 
is applied especially to the median line of the body. 
2. A ridge or cord ; the continuation of the seed- 
stark, extending from the hilum to the chalaza along 
the side of an anatropous or an amphitropous ovule or 
seed. R., Exterior, the stria longitudinalis medialis. 
R. inferior corporis callosi, the raphe on the inferior 
surface of the corpus callosum. R. palati duri. 
Same as R. palatine. R., Palatine, the narrow ridge 
of mucosa in the mesial line of the palate. R. 
of the Penis, a continuation of the raphe of the 
scrotum upon the penis. R., Perineal, the ridge of 
skin in the middle line of the perineum. R. of the 
Pharynx, a fibrous band in the median line of the 
posterior wall of the pharynx. R. post-oblongata, 
the posterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata. 
R. of the Scrotum, a median ridge dividing the scro- 
tum into two lateral halves ; it is continuous, poste- 
riorly, with the raphe of the perineum, anteriorly with 
the raphe of the penis. The septum of the medulla 
oblongata, of Stilling. R. superior corporis callosi, 
the longitudinal raphe in the middle of the superior 
surface of the corpus callosum. R. of the Tongue, 
a median furrow on the dorsal surface of the tongue 
corresponding to the fibrous septum which divides it 
into symmetric halves. 

Raphis {ra'-fis) [pafic, a needle: //. , Raphides~\. In 
biology, one of the needle-shaped crystals found in 
bundles in the cells of many plants. See also Rha- 
phis. 

Raptus (i-ap'-tus) [rape re, to seize]. Any sudden at- 
tack or seizure ; rape. R. haemorrhagicus, a sudden 
hemorrhage. R. maniacus, transient frenzy. R. 
melancholicus, sudden and vehement melancholy. 
R. nervorum, cramp or spasm. 

Rarefaction (rar-e-fak' -shiui) [ranis, rare ; facere, to 
make]. The decreasing of the density or tension of 
a gaseous substance, especially the air ; attenuation ; 
dilution. R. of Bony Tissue, the attenuation of 
bony tissue as a result of ostitis or senile atrophy. 
See Osteoporosis. R., Pulmonary. See Emphysema. 

Raritas {rar'-it-as) [L.]. Rarity. R. dentium, few- 
ness of teeth; less than the usual number of teeth, 
with or without interspaces between them. 

Rarity of the Atmosphere. See Atmospheric. 

Rasceta (ra-se / -tah) [I..]. The transverse lines or 
creases of the skin on the inner side of the wrist. 

Rash [OF., rasclie, a rash]. Any exanthematous 
eruption of the skin. R., Canker. Same as Scar- 
latina. R., Caterpillar, a localized eruption at- 
tributed to the irritant action of the hairs of certain 
caterpillars. R., Doctors', a transitory rash some- 
times seen in nervous persons undergoing medical ex- 



RASORIAN 



123!) 



RAY 



animation. R., Drug, a rash due to the toxic action 
of arsenic, potassium iodid or bromid, quinin or other 
drug. R., Medicinal. See R. , Drug. R., Millet- 
seed. See Miliaria. R., Mulberry, an eruption re- 
sembling the exanthem of measles, sometimes occurring 
in the course of typhus (Jenner). R., Nettle. See 
Urticaria. R., Rose. See Roseola. R., Scarlet. See 
Scarlet Fever. R., Tooth, any rash attributed to 
dentition. Strophulus. R., Typhoid. See Typhoid 
Fever. R., Wildfire, any transitory erythematous 
rash. 

Rasorian (ra-zo' '-re-ari) [after Rasori]. Following the 
teachings of Rasori ; contrastimulant. R. Method, 
in phlebotomy, repeated bleeding. 

Rasorianism, Rasorism [ra-zo' '-re-an-izm, ra-zo 1 '-rizni) 
[after Rasori']. The doctrine of Rasori; contra- 
stimulism. 

Raspail's Eau Sedatif. See Ammonium and Cam- 
phor, s 

Raspatory (ras'-pat-o-re) \raspatorium ; radere, to 
scrape]. In surgery, a rasp or file for trimming the 
rough surfaces of bones or for removing the peri- 
osteum. 

Raspberry (raz'-ber-e). See Rubus idaus. 

Ra.suTa(ra-zu'-rah) [L.]. I. The process of rasping, 
shaving, or scraping. 2. That which is scraped or 
shaved off. 

Rat [ME. , ratte, rat] . A rodent of the family Muridce. 
R.-tail Sutures, fibers from the rat's tail, used instead 
ofsilkorgut, for surgical sutures. R. -tooth Forceps. 
See Forceps. 

Ratafia (rat-a-fe' -ah) [Malay, arag, arrack ; tafia, a 
spirit distilled from molasses]. A name for various 
liqueurs, or aromatized and sweetened cordials. 

Ratanhia ( rat-an'-e-ah) [Peruv. , ratana]. See Ki'am- 
eria. R., Decoctum (radicis), a decoction made by 
boiling one part of ratanhia with 40 parts of water, 
and filtering when cold. R., Extractum, Alcoho- 
licum, an extract prepared from an infusion of rat- 
anhia in 22 per cent, alcohol, which is driven off by 
distillation, and the residue evaporated. R., Extrac- 
tum, Americanum (seu falsum). See American 
Kino. R., Extractum, /Equosum (seu depura- 
tum). See Extractum krameria. R., Extractum, 
Fluidum. See Extractum krameria fluidum. R., 
Extractum, Venale. See Extractum krameria. 
R., Infusum. See Infusum krameriie. R., Poudre 
de. Dried ratanhia, powdered and sifted. R., Red, 
a red pigment, C 26 H 22 O n , obtained from the bark of 
ratanhia. R. -tannic Acid, a tannic acid occurring in 
the roots of several kinds of krameria. R., Suppos- 
itoriae, suppositories consisting of one grain of ratanhia 
and three of oil of theobroma (Fr. Cod.). R., Sy- 
rupus, cum extracto, R., Syrupus. See Syrupus 
kramerice. R., Tinctura. See Tinctura krameriie. 

Ratanhin (rat'-an-in) [Peruv., ratana], C 10 H 13 NO 3 . 
Methylated tyrosin. 

Ratany (rat'-an-e). See Ratanhia. 

Rathke, Glands of. See Gland. R., Investing Mass 
of, the membranous capsule covering the end of the 
chorda dorsalis in the developing embryo and form- 
ing the rudiment of the base of the skull. It molds 
itself on the cerebral vesicles, so as to constitute the 
membrane in which the vault of the skull is developed. 
The membranous capsule at the base of the skull pre- 
sents two thickenings, the lateral trabecular of Rathke. 
directed forward and enclosing the pituitary opening. 
R., Lateral Trabecular of. See R., Investing Mass 
of. R., Pouch of. See Pouch. 

Rathke's Organ, an extremely muscular division of the 
gut in certain crustaceans (parasitic, or female, Isopoda) 
which carries on energetic rhythmic contractions. It 



is the third division ; following the ccphalogaster and 
tvphlosolis. 

Ratio (ra'-she-o) [L.]. I. The mind or reasoning 
faculties. 2. In chemistry and pharmacy, the propor- 
tion of ingredients or of atomic composition. R. 
medendi, the theory or scheme of a course of med- 
ical treatment. R., Ocular Micrometer, the num- 
ber obtained by finding the number of divisions on the 
ocular micrometer required to include the image of an 
entire millimeter of the stage micrometer. 

Ration (ra'-shuu) [ratio, proportion]. The daily al- 
lowance of food of a soldier or a sailor. 

Rational (ra'-shon-al) [ratio, reason]. Relating to 
reason ; reasonable. In therapeutics, opposed to 
empiric. R. Formula, in chemistry, a . structural 
formula. See Formula. 

Ratsbane (ratz-ban') [ME., ratte, rat; banc']. A popu- 
lar name for rat-poisons containing arsenic ; arsenious 
acid. See Rough on Rats. R., Yellow, orpiment. 

Rattle (rat'-l) [ME., ratelen, rattle]. See Rale. R., 
Death-, a gurgling sound observed in dying persons, 
due to accumulation of mucus in the trachea obstruct- 
ing the passage of air. R.-herb, the Actaa spicata. 
R.-weed, the Aclcea racemosa. 

Ratula (rat'-u-lah). See Raspatory. 

Rau, Process of. The longer process at the junction 
of the handle with the neck of the malleus. It is also 
called the Process of F'olius. 

Rauber's Convolution. See Convolutions, Table of. 
R.'s Layer, a superficial stratum of fiat cells occurring 
in the center of the embryonal spot at an early stage 
in the development of the blastodermic membranes. 

Raucedo (raw-se'-do) \_raucus, hoarse]. Hoarseness 
arising from inflammation of the mucosa of the larynx 
and throat. R. catarrhalis, hoarseness resulting 
from laryngitis. R. potatorum, hoarseness caused 
by drinking whiskey or other distilled liquors. R. 
syphilitica, chronic hoarseness due to secondary 
syphilitic affections of the larynx. 

Raucitas (raw' '-sit-as) . See Raucedo. 

Raucous (razu'-kus) \_raucus,, hoarse]. Husky; hoarse. 

Raulin's Liquid. A nutritive liquid composed en- 
tirely of mineral constituents, upon which the common 
mold, Aspergillus niger, grows more perfectly and to 
a greater size than upon any of the natural (organic) 
substances upon which the parasite habitually develops. 
It is composed, in grams, of the following : water, 
1500 ; crystallized sugar, 70; tartaric acid, 4 ; ammo- 
nium nitrate, 4 ; ammonium phosphate, 0.6 ; potassium 
carbonate, 0.6 ; magnesium carbonate, o 4; ammonium 
sulphate, 0.25 ; zinc sulphate, 0.07 ; iron sulphate, 
0.07 ; potassium silicate, 0.07. The suppression or 
diminution of the quantity of a single one of these 
salts diminishes the harvest, often far more than the 
proportion of the weight of the changed salt. 

Rauracienne (ro-ras-e-en'). Same as Orseillin and 
Fast Red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Rauschbrand (rowsh' -brant) [Ger.]. The German 
name for black-leg, q. v. 

Ravaton's Amputation. An amputation performed by 
making a circular incision through all the structures 
down to the bone and a lateral lengthwise incision, to 
secure flaps. See Operations, Table of. 

Ray (ra) [ME., raye, a ray]. I. A beam, pencil, or 
cone of light ; a line of light or heat proceeding from 
a luminous point. One of the component elements 
of light or of the spectrum.. 2. One of a number of 
lines diverging from a common center. In biology, 
the branch of an umbel : the marginal flowers of an 
inflorescence when their structure varies from those of 
the disc, e. g., ligulate flowers, or circle of enlarged 
tubular flowers in heads of Composite, outer flowers 



RAY'S MANIA 



1240 



REAGENT 



in cyme of wild hydrangea. Rs., Actinic, solar rays 
that produce chemic change. Rs., Bipolar, rays 
leading from one point of divergence to another, as 
in the diaster of a cell undergoing indirect division. 
Rs., Chemic. See Rs., Actinic. R., Extraordin- 
ary, the polarized ray that departs farthest from the 
ordinary law of refraction. Its vibrations are parallel 
to the vertical axis. R., Fin-, one of the radiating, 
bony spines forming the framework of the fins in 
fishes. R. -floret. Same as R. -flower. R. -flower, 
one of the marginal flowers of an inflorescence when 
distinct from those of the disc. R. -fungus. See 
Actinomyces. R., Medullary, one of the vertical 
partitions of parenchyma radiating from the pith to the 
bark in woody plants, and separating the bundles of 
fibro-vascular tissue. R.-oil, the oil of the liver of 
the fish called ray or skate, Raja bat is, said to be an 
effective substitute for cod-liver oil. R., Ordinary, 
the polarized ray which follows most nearly the ordi- 
nary law of refraction. Its vibrations are perpendic- 
ular to the vertical axis. 

Ray's Mania. A form of general moral insanity. See 
Diseases, Table of. 

Raygat's Test. See Birth. 

Raymond's Blue. Same as Napoleon Blue. 

Raynaud's Disease. A vascular disorder character- 
ized by three grades of intensity: (a) Local syncope, 
observed most frequently in the extremities, and pro- 
ducing the condition known as dead fingers or dead 
toes ; it is analogous to that induced by intense cold, (b) 
Local asp/iyxia, which usually follows local syncope, 
but may develop independently. Chilblains are the 
mildest manifestation of this condition. The fingers 
and toes and the ears are the parts usually affected. 
In the most extreme degree the parts are swollen, 
stiff, and livid, and the capillary circulation is almost 
stagnant, (c) Locator symmetric gangrene, the mildest 
form of which follows local asphyxia. Small areas 
of necrosis appear on the pads of the fingers and of the 
toes, also at the edges of the ears and tip of the nose. 
Occasionally symmetric patches appear on the limbs 
or trunk, and in severe cases terminate in extensive 
gangrene. Raynaud suggested that the local syncope 
was produced by contraction of the vessels ; the as- 
phyxia is probably caused by dilatation of the capil- 
laries and venules with persistence of the spasm of the 
arterioles. Two forms of congestion occur, which may 
be seen in adjacent fingers, one of which may be 
swollen, intensely red, and extremely hot; the other 
swollen, cyanotic, and icy cold (Osier). See Spha- 
celoderma. R.'s Gangrene. Same as R.'s Disease. 
R.'s Phenomenon. See Acroasphyxia and Dis- 
eases, Rponymic, Table of. 

Re-. A Latin prefix signifying back or again. 

Reabsorption [re-ab-sorp'-skun). See Resorption. 

Reaching [rech'-ing) [ME., rechen, to reach]. To 
attempt to vomit ; to retch. 

Reacquired (re-afc-wird' ) [re, again ; acquirere, to ac- 
quire]. Acquired a second time. R. Movements. 
See Acquired Movements. 

Reaction (re-ak' ■ shun) [re, again; agere, to act]. I. 
Mutual action ; interaction. The response of an organ, 
tissue, or the system, to a stimulus, agent, or influence. 
Recuperation or return of power after depression or 
" shock." The supervention of fever after a surgical 
operation, or trauma. 2. In chemistry, the result of 
introducing a reagent or test. See Tests, Table of. 
3. In electro-therapeutics, the muscular contraction 
following the making or breaking of the current. R., 
Acid, the reddening of blue litmus paper by the action 
of an acid; a test for the presence of acids. R., 
Adamkiewicz's, a reaction employed as a test for 



albuminoids. See Tests, Table of. R., Alkaline, a 
reaction indicative of alkaline properties, and in 
which red litmus paper is changed to blue. R., Am- 
phicroitic, R., Amphigenous, R., Amphoteric, a 
double reaction occurring occasionally in urine, owing 
to the presence of substances by which the liquid re- 
sponds to both the acid and alkaline tests. R., Biuret. 
See Tests, Table of . R. of Degeneration ("De. R. "), 
diminution and loss of faradic excitability in both nerves 
and muscles, the galvanic excitability of the muscles 
remaining unimpaired, sometimes notably increased, 
and always undergoing definite qualitative modifications. 
It is due to a degenerative atrophy in the nerves and 
muscles, eventually in the muscles only, whose origin is 
always nervous, paralytic, or atrophic, and whose seat is 
in the peripheral nerves, motor roots, or central gray 
substance. Strict cerebral disease is excluded. The 
lesion is either in the peripheral nerves or spinal cord. 
De. R. is of special value in prognosis. \Vhen there 
is only Partial De. R. (i. e., slight diminution of both 
galvanic and faradic excitability, " a less maximum 
contraction rather than a later minimum "), the disease 
will probably last one or two months ; if complete, it 
will last much longer. The De. R. embraces the fol- 
lowing modifications of irritability : I. Disappearance 
or diminution of nervous irritability to both galvanic 
and faradic currents. 2. Disappearance of faradic 
and increase of galvanic irritability of muscles, gener- 
ally associated with an increase of mechanical irrita- 
bility. 3. Disappearance of faradic and increase of 
galvanic muscular irritability, associated generally with 
increased mechanical irritability. 4. Tardy, delayed 
contraction of muscles, instead of the quick reaction 
of normal muscles. 5. Marked modification of 
normal sequence of contraction. A special variety of 
the De. R. is the so-called Reaction of Exhaustion, 
which is a condition of nervous and muscular irrita- 
bility to electric excitation in which a certain reaction 
produced by a given current-strength cannot be repro- 
duced without an increase of current-strength. R., 
Galvano-trophic, of L. Herrmann, a phenomenon 
observed in small aquatic animals subjected to the in- 
fluence of a galvanic current. After a few spasmodic 
movements, they place themselves in the direction of 
the current, with the head toward the positive pole. 
R., Gmelin's. See Tests, Table of. R., Hemiopic 
Pupillary, of Wernicke, a reaction in which a pencil 
of light thrown on the blind side of the retina gives 
rise to no movement in the iris, but thrown upon the 
normal side produces contraction of both hides. R.- 
impulse, the supposed recoil of the cardiac ventricles 
after the discharge of the blood into the aorta and 
pulmonary artery. R., Isofaradic, of Adamkiewicz, 
a condition of muscle in which it responds only to the 
faradic current. R., Myotonic, of Erb, a reaction 
seen in Thomsen's disease, in which there is quanti- 
tative and qualitative increase in the faradic excita- 
bility. R., Neutral, a reaction indicating the absence 
of both acid and alkaline properties ; also, of positive 
opposite qualities. R. -period, the period following a 
trauma or operation in which there is recovery from 
the incident shock. R.-time, in physiology and 
psycho-physics, the interval between the application 
of a stimulus and the beginning of the corresponding 
muscular contraction. R., Xanthoproteic. See Tests, 
Table of. 

Readjustment (re-ad-just'-menf). See Advancement. 

Reagent (re-a'-jeut) [re, again ; agere. to act]. In 
chemistry, anything used to produce a reaction, or to 
test for the presence of an element. A test. See 
Tests, Table of R., General, a reagent that indicates 
the group of substances to which a body belongs, with- 



REAL 



1241 



RECLINATIO 



out determining which one of the group it is. R., 
Special, a reagent which indicates the presence of an 
individual substance, and not only the group of which 
it is a member. 

Real (re'-at) [ME., real, real]. Actual; true ; genuine. 
R. Image. See Image, 

Realgar (re-al' -gahr) [Arab. , rahj alghar, realgar]. An 
old name for arsenous disulphid, As 2 S 2 . See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Reamer [re'-mer) [ME., remen, to widen]. An instru- 
ment for gouging out holes. R., Dentists'. See 
Nerve-canal Reamer. 

Reanimate (re-an 1 -im-ai) [re, again ; animare, to ani- 
mate]. To revive ; to resuscitate ; to restore to life, as 
a person apparently dead. 

Reanimation [re-an-im-a' -shuii) [reanimare, to reani- 
mate]. The act of restoring to life ; reviving. 

Reason (re'-zn) [ME., reson, reason]. The intellectual 
faculty. 

Reaumur's Thermometer. See Thermometer. 

Reboulleau's Blue. Same as Schweinfurth Blue. 

Recaulescence {re-kaw-les f -ens) \_re, again ; caulis, a 
stem]. In biology, Schimper's term to indicate the 
union of a petiole to a peduncle or branch. 

Receiver (re-se'-ver) [recipio, to receive]. I. In chem- 
istry and pharmacy, the vessel receiving the products 
of distillation. 2. A popular term for the blanket in 
which an infant is placed after division of the umbilical 
cord. 

Receptacle (re-sef'-ta-kl) [receptaculum, a receptacle]. 
1. A vessel or place in which something is contained ; 
a receiver or container. 2. In biology, [a) the more 
or less expanded part of an axis upon which the 
floral organs are inserted (torus), or the collected 
flowers of the head, as the disc-like apex of the peduncle 
in Composites. In cryptogams a structure of similar 
nature. An organ or part or intercellular space formed 
for the storing of secretions ; (p) a receptaculum. R., 
Common, the short rachis bearing a flower-head. 
R. of the Flower, the axile part of a single flower. 
R. of Fungi, a receptacle of cellular tissue, developed 
from the mycelium, for the reception of the reproduc- 
tive organs. R. of Inflorescence. See R. , Common. 
R. of the Ovules. See Placenta. R., Pollinifer- 
ous, of R. Brown, a cellular plate in an anther-cell, 
dividing it into two compartments. R., Seminal. 
See Receptaculum seminis. 

Receptacular (re-sep-tah'-ze-lar) [receptaculum, 3. recep- 
tacle]. Pertaining to a receptaculum. 

Receptaculum {i-e-sep-lak' -u-lum) [recipere,p.p. receptus, 
receive, hold, contain]. In biology, any part or organ 
for the reception of a secretion. See Receptacle . R. 
chyli, an expansion of the thoracic duct opposite the 
last dorsal vertebra. See Pecquet' 's Reservoir. R. 
cotunni, a triangular space near the middle of the 
posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal 
bone, at the termination of the aquasductus vestibuli. 
It is formed by the separation of the laminae of the 
dura mater. 

Receptive (re-sep' '-tiv) [recipere, to receive]. Having 
the quality of or capacity for receiving. R. Centers, 
In physiology and psycho-physics, nerve-centers to 
which influences arrive that may excite sensations or 
some kind of activity not associated with conscious- 
ness. 

Receptum [re-sep' -turn). See Prescription. 

Recess (re-ses') [recessus, a recess] . A fossa, ventricle, or 
ampulla ; an anatomic depression. R., Chiasmal, a 
pit in front of the infundibulum bounded by the optic 
chiasm and the cinereous lamina. R., Cochlear, an 
elliptic pit below the oval window of the vestibule, form- 
ing part of the cochlea. R., Intercrural. See In- 



terpeduncular Space. R., Interscapular, the depres- 
sion between the scapula;. R., Lateral, the lateral 
extension of the fourth ventricle in the angle between 
the cerebellum and the oblongata. R., Postpontile, 
the foramen cascum of the brain. 

Recessus (re-ses'-us) [L.]. I. See Recess. 2. Abscess. 
3. A cornu of a lateral ventricle. R. acetabuli, the 
cotyloid cavity. R. chiasmatica. See Lamina cin- 
erea. R. cochlearis, a shallow depression between 
the diverging portions of the crista vestibuli. R. 
conarii, the cavity at the base of the pineal body, 
situated between the supracommissure and postcom- 
missure. R. ellipticus. See Fovea hemielliptica. R. 
hemiellipticus. See Fovea hemielliptica. R. hemi- 
sphaericus, a tiny perforated cavity in the inner 
wall of the vestibule, anterior to the crista vestibuli ; 
it transmits the branches of the auditory nerve. R. 
infundibuli, the cavity of the infundibulum in the 
floor of the third ventricle. R. intercruralis, the 
interpeduncular space. R. labyrinthi, a cavity formed 
in the base of the fetal skull, developing into the 
primitive auditory vesicle, and finally into the inter- 
nal ear. R. naso-palatinus, the nasal orifice of the 
naso-palatine canal. R. occipitalis, the posterior 
horn of the lateral ventricle. R. opticus. See 
Lamina cinerea. R. peritonsei, the pocket-like pro- 
cesses formed by the peritoneum. R. pharyngeus, 
a pouch-like process of the mucosa of the pharynx 
situated below the opening of the Eustachian tube. 
R. sphaericus. See Fovea hemispharica. R., 
spheno-ethmoidalis, a small depression or groove 
between the sphenoid bone and the superior turbinated 
bones. R. superior sacci omenti, the cavity of the 
lesser omentum. 

Recidivation [re-sid-iv-a'-shun) [recidivus , a falling 
back]. The relapsing of a disease. In criminology, 
a relapsing into crime. 

Recidive (re-sid «/). See Relapse and Recurrence. 

Recidivist (re-sid'-iv-ist) [recidivus, falling back]. I. 
A patient who returns to a hospital for treatment, es- 
pecially an insane person who so returns. 2. In 
criminology, a confirmed or relapsed criminal ; (a) 
one who for the most part has no mental or bodily 
signs of degeneration, caused by bad bringing up, 
society, poverty, sexual disorders, and who makes 
crime a trade or a vengeance ; (l>) one with inborn 
criminal inclinations and a positive tendency to in- 
sanity or epilepsy ; and [c) one whose antecedents 
and environment lead him to crime by blunting his 
sense of honor and morality. The latter classes are 
inclined to coarseness, boldness, resistance, and wil- 
ful spoiling of their clothes ; but are not legally re- 
garded as insane. 

Recidivity (re-sid-iv'-it-e) [recidivatus , a restoration]. 
Tendency to return or to relapse. 

Recipe ( res'-ip-e) [recipere, to take]. A Latin word 
contracted to R, used as the heading of a physician's 
prescription and signifying take. See also Prescrip- 
tion. 

Recipiomotor (re-sip-e-o-mo 1 '-tor) [recipere, to receive ; 
motor, mover]. Receiving motor impulses. 

Recklinghausen, Canals of. See Canal. 

Reclinate (rek'-lin-at) [reclinare, to bend back, re- 
cline]. In biology, reclined or bent downward. 
Applied to stems, branches, etc. Also applied to that 
form of vernation in which the apex of the leaf is bent 
downward toward the base, and to a cotyledon 
doubled over in the seed. It is used to qualify the 
hairs and processes of insects when they bend toward 
a surface as if to rest on it. 

Reclinatio ( rek-lin -a'- she-o ). See Pectination. R. 
palpebrarum, ectropion. 



RECL1NATI0N 



1242 



RECTO-VAGINAL 



Reclination (rek-lin-a' -shun) [reclinare, to recline]. 
The act of lying, or of laying down. R. of Cataract. 
See Couching. 

Recline (re-klin') [reclinare, to lean back]. To lean 
backward or downward ; to rest in a recumbent posture. 

Reclining (re-kli' -ning)[reclinare, to recline]. Bending 
downward or backward ; having a leaning posture. R. 
Board, a board to which young persons are sometimes 
strapped to prevent stooping and to give erectness to 
the figure. R. Posture. See Postures. 

Reclivate (rek'-liv-at) [re, back ; clivus, sloping]. In 
biology, doubly curved, as the letter s. 

Reclus' Disease. Cystic disease of the mammary 
gland. See Diseases, Table of. 

Reclusor (re-klu' '-zor) \_recludere, to shut up]. A mus- 
cle that opens a part, as the levator palpebral 
superioris. 

Reclusus (re-klu' -sits) \_recludere, to shut up]. Shut in, 
enveloped, as a plant-embryo embedded in albumin. 

Recognition Time. See Time. 

Recoil Wave. See Pulse. 

Recondite (re-kon'-dit, or rek'-on-dlt) [re, back ; con- 
dere,p\it together]. Hidden; not readily perceived. 
Said of organs of insects that are not exserted. 

Reconstitution (re-kon-stit-u' -shun) [re, again ; consti- 
tuere, to constitute] . Continuous repair of decaying 
tissue, or restoration to compensate loss by tissue-waste. 

Recovery (re-kuv' -er-e) [Fr., recovrer, recover]. The 
restoration of health ; return to a state of health. 

Recreate (rek'-re-dt) [recreare, to revive]. To revive 
or refresh ; to reanimate. 

Recreation (rek-re-a'-shun) [recreatio, restoration]. 
The act of recreating or refreshing. Diversion. 

Recrement (rek'-re-tnent) [recrementum~\. A secre- 
tion that is reabsorbed or reabsorbable. 

Recremental (rek-re-men' -tal) [rccremenlum, dross]. 
Pertaining to recrement. 

Recrementitious (rek-re-men-tish' -us) [recrementum, 
dross]. Of the nature of a recrement; pertaining to 
such natural secretions as saliva and gastric juice, that, 
after excretion are again absorbed. 

Recrescence (re-kres'-ens) [re, again; crescere, to come 
forth, to grow]. The reproduction of a lost part. 

Recrudescence (re-kru-des'-ens) [re, again ; crudescere, 
to become raw]. The beginning anew or increase in 
the symptoms of a disease after a short intermission. 

Rectal (rek'-tal). Pertaining to the rectum. R. 
Etherization. See Anesthetic. R. Glands. From 
two to six projecting glandular bodies in the rectum of 
many insects (Orthoptera, Diptera). In certain larvae 
(Libellula ceschna) they take the form of respiratory 
organs. R. Pouch, of rays and sharks, a dorsal 
diverticle of the rectum characteristic of the group. 

Rectalgia (rek-tal'-je-ah) [rectum, rectum ; aXyoc, pain]. 
Pain in the rectum ; proctalgia. 

Rectangular (rek-tang' -gu-lar) [rectus, straight ; angu- 
lus, an angle]. Having straight sides or right angles. 
R. Flap Amputation. See Teale's Operation in Oper- 
ations, Table of. 

Recticruraus (rek-tik-ru-re' -us) [rectus, straight ; cms, 
leg]. The rectus femoris muscle. 

Rectification (rek - tif- ik - a'- shun) [rectus, straight ; 
facere, to make]. A straightening, as of a crooked 
limb. In chemistry, the redistillation of weak spirit 
in order to strengthen it. R., Artificial, the opera- 
tion of correcting a faulty position of the fetal head 
during labor by the hand or with the forceps. 

Rectified [rek'- tif -id) [rectus, straight ; facere, to 
make]. Refined ; made right or straight. R. Spirit, 
alcohol containing 85 per cent, of spirit. 

Rectinerved (rek' -tin-ervd) [rectus, straight; nervus, 
nerve]. In biology, with straight nerves or veins. 



Rectipetality {rek - tip - el - al'- it - e) [rectus, straight ; 
petere, to seek]. In biology, the inherent tendency 
of growing organs to advance in a right line, modi- 
fied, however, by Heterauxesis (a. v.), as demonstrated 
by Voechting. 

Rectirostral (rek-te-ros'-tral)[rectus, straight; rostrum, 
beak]. Straight-beaked. 

Rectischiac (rek-tis'-ke-ak). Same as Ischiorectal. 

Rectiserial (rek-tis-e'-re-al) [rectus, straight; series, a 
row]. In biology, arranged in straight lines or ranks. 

Rectitic (rek-tit'-ik) [rectum, rectum; itic, inflamma- 
tion]. Of the nature of or affected with rectitis. 

Rectitis (rek-ti'-tis) [rectum, rectum ; -it is, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the rectum; proctitis. R. 
proliferans, chronic inflammation of the rectum, with 
increase of the connective-tissue elements and the 
development of small granulomata. 

Recto- (rek' -to-) [rectum, rectum], A prefix used to 
denote connection with or relation to the rectum. 

Rectocele (rek'-to-sel) [rectum, rectum; kijAtj, tumor]. 
Prolapse of the rectum, causing a rectal tumor and 
even protrusion of the rectum. 

Rectococcygeal (rec-to-kok-sij-e'-al) [rectum, rectum ; 
kokkvS, the coccyx]. Pertaining to the rectum and 
the coccyx. 

Rectococcypexy (rek-to-kok-si-peks' -e) [rectum, rec- 
tum; k6kkv£, coccyx ; ■nr^ic , a fastening]. Suturing 
of the rectum to the coccyx. 

Recto-colonic (rek-to-ko-lon'-ik) [rectum, rectum; 
kuXov, colon] . Pertaining to the rectum and the colon. 

Rectogenital (rek -to -Jen'- it -a I) [rectum, straight; 
genitalis, pertaining to generation]. Pertaining to the 
rectum and the genital organs. 

Rectopexia (rek-to-peks' -e-ah) [rectum, rectum ; -?)£/</, 
a fastening]. Fixation of a prolapsed rectum in a 
desired position by artificial means. 

Rectopexy (rek'-to-peks-e). Same as Rectopexia. 

Rectophobia (rek-to-fo'-be-ah) [rectum, rectum ; <po(io<;, 
fear]. A presentiment or sense of impending ill ex- 
perienced by patients having rectal disease (Kelsey). 

Rectoscope (rek' -to- shop) [rectum, rectum ; okotte'iv, 
to inspect]. A rectal speculum. 

Rectoscopy (rck-tos'-kofe) [rectum, rectum; cuo-ur, 
to inspect]. An examination of the rectum. 

Rectostenosis (rek-to-s/en-o'-sis) [rectum, rectum; 
ortvuoic, stenosis]. Stenosis of the rectum. 

Rectotome (rek' -to-torn) [rectum, rectum; rofj?/, a cut- 
ting]. A cutting instrument used in rectotomy. 

Rectotomy (relc-tol'-o-me) [rectum, rectum; rk/iveiv, to 
cut]. Incision of the rectum for stricture, etc. 

Recto-urethral (rek-to-u-re' '-thral) [rectum, rectum; 
ovpov, urine]. Pertaining to the rectum and the 
urethra. 

Recto-uterine (rek -to - u ' - tcr-'in) [rectum, rectum ; 
uterus, the womb]. Pertaining conjointly to the 
rectum and the womb. R. Cul-de-sac, the pouch 
of Douglas. R. Folds, R. Ligaments. Semilunar 
folds of peritoneum passing on each side from the 
rectum to the posterior upper surface of the uterus. 
R. Fossa. The space between the uterus and the 
rectum above the borders of the recto-uterine folds. 
R. Pouch. Douglas's cul-de-sac. 

Recto-uterinus (rek-to-u-ter-i' -nus) [rectum, rectum ; 
uterus, uterus]. A band of non-striated muscles in 
the recto-uterine folds. 

Recto-vaginal (rek-io-7 , a/'-in-al) [rectum, rectum; 
vagina, vagina]. Pertaining conjointly to the rectum 
and the vagina. R. Cul-de-sac, the pouch of Doug- 
las. R. Fistula, an opening between the vagina and 
the rectum. R. Hernia. Same as Rectocele. R. 
Septum, the tissues separating the rectum and the 
vagina. 



RECTOVESICAL 



1243 



RED 



Recto-vesical {rek - to - ves* - ik - a! ) [rectum, rectum ; 
vesica, the bladder]. Pertaining conjointly to the 
rectum and the bladder. R. Folds, the posterior 
false ligaments of the bladder ; lunate peritoneal 
folds between the bladder and the rectum in the 
male. Also called semilunar folds of Doug/as. R. 
Fossa, the pouch of peritoneum lying between the 
bladder and the rectum. 

Rectrix {rek' '-inks) [rectrix, governess, mistress : pi., 
Rectrices]. In biology, one of the rectrices, or tail- 
feathers, of a bird. 

Rectum (rek' -turn) [ rectus, straight]. The lower 
part of the large intestine, extending from the sig- 
moid flexure to the anus. Beginning opposite the 
left sacroiliac synchondrosis, it passes obliquely 
downward to the middle of the sacrum, and thence 
descends in the median line to terminate in the anus. 
It presents two curves, one in the direction of the 
concavity of the sacrum and coccyx, and a shorter 
one in the opposite direction as it turns backward to 
the anus. Narrower than the sigmoid flexure in its 
upper portion, it gradually increases in size, and just 
above the anus a considerable dilatation occurs. It 
has four coats, from within outward, as follows : 
mucosa, muscularis mucosre, submucosa, muscularis. 
It has also a partial investment of peritoneum. The 
mucous coat has a lining of columnar epithelium, 
and is raised in longitudinal ridges or folds, the 
columnte morgagni. The muscular coats consist of 
an outer longitudinal layer of fibers and an inner cir- 
cular layer, especially thick at the lower end, where 
they constitute the internal sphincter. R., Encysted, 
Gross's disease of the anus ; a pathologic sacculation 
of the rectum. See Diseases, Table of. 

Rectus (rek'-tus) [L. ]. Right. In a straight line. 
R. Muscles. See Muscles, Table of. 

Recubant ( rek 1 '- u - bant ) [recubans, lying back]. 
Lying down ; reclining. 

Recumbency (re-kum'-ben-se) [recumbere, to recline]. 
The posture of one who is lying down ; decubitus. 

Recumbent {re - kum' - bent) \_recumbere,\a recline]. 
Leaning back ; reclining. 

Recuperate (re-ku'-per-at) \_recuperare, to regain]. To 
recover ; to regain strength or health. 

Recuperation (re-kic-per-a' -shun) \_recuperatio ; recnp- 
erare, to recover]. Convalescence. Restoration to 
health. 

Recuperative (re-ku'-per-a-tiv) [recuperativus~\. Per- 
taining to, or tending to, recovery of health or 
strength. 

Recurrence (re-kur'-ens) [recurrere, to run back]. The 
return, as of a disease. 

Recurrent {re-kur'-ent )[recurrere, to run back]. Re- 
curring ; reappearing. In anatomy, turning back in 
its course, as an artery or nerve. R. Erysipelas. See 
Erysipelas. R. Fever, the same as relapsing fever. 
R. Mania. Same as Periodic Mania. R. Pulse. 
See Pulse and Pulsus. R. Summer Eruption. See 
Hydroa vacciniforme. 

Recurring (re-kur' '-ing) [recurrere, to run back]. Re- 
turning ; occurring again. R. Disease, one that re- 
turns or relapses. R. Utterance, the involuntary 
utterance of certain words, usually a symptom of 
motor aphasia. 

Recurvate (re-kur 1 -va£) [recurvatus, curved back]. In 
biology, recurved. 

Recurvation (re - kur-va'- shun) [recurvatus, curved 
back]. The act or process of recurving or of bend- 
ing backward. 

Recurved (re-kurvd') [re, back ; cztrvare, to curve]. In 
biology, bent back or downward. Curved upward 
when applied to the bill or beak of a bird. 



Recurvirostral (re-kur-ve-ros'-traT) [reiurvus, bent 
back; rostrum, beak"]. Having a recurved bill. 

Recurvous (re-kur' '-vus) [recurvus]. Bent backward. 

Recutitus (rek-u-te' -tus) [re, back; cutis, skin], I. 
Circumcised. 2. In biology, apparent denudation of 
the epidermis. 

Red [ME., red, red]. The least refrangible color of 
the spectrum. R. Antimony. See Kermes Mineral. 
R. Arsenic. Same as Realgar. R. Baneberry, 
the root of Acetata rubra, a very violent purgative. 
Dose of the rid. ext. itlv-x. Unof. R. Bark. See 
Cinchona. R. or Black Water, a blood-disease 
affecting cattle and sheep, in which in cattle the urine 
is of a red or blood color, while in sheep there is an 
effusion of bloody serum into the abdominal cavity. 
R. -blindness. See Blindness. R. -blooded, having 
red blood. R. Bole. Same as Ocher. R. Braxy. 
See Braxy. R. Bud. See Judas Tree. R., Chinese. 
Mercuric sulphid. R. Cohosh. See Actea. R., 
Congo, a red dye which is turned blue by acids, and 
is a delicate test for them. R. Corpuscles. See 
Corpuscles. R. -crested, having red crests. R. -cross 
Society, an international society founded by Clara Bar- 
ton, and intended to act upon the principles laid down 
in the Geneva Convention of 1864. It furnishes nurses 
and supplies for service in wars, and relieves the dis- 
tress, needs, or wants of those who suffer in floods, 
pestilences, and public calamities. R. -green blind- 
ness, a form of color-blindness in which shades of red 
and green cannot be distinguished. R. Gum : I. A 
disease of grain. 2. A red papular eruption of infants 
Also called guvi-rash and strophulus. See Miliaria, 
also Eucalyptus and Strophulus. R. Induration. See 
Induration. R. Infarct. See Infarct. R. Infiltra- 
tion. See Infiltration. R. Jaundice. See Phenigmus. 
R. Lane, a vulgarism for the throat. R. Lead. Same 
as Minium. See Antimonial Cinnabar in Pigments , 
Conspectus of. R. Lip-salve. See Theobromce , Ol. 
R. Maple. See Acer. R.-milk Bacillus, Bacillus 
prodigiosus. Milk affected by it is called "bloody 
milk" by farmers. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table 
of. R. Mixture, a combination of rock salt, potas- 
sium nitrate, sodium carbonate, and molasses, used 
for injecting bodies for the dissecting room. It im- 
parts a beautiful red color to the muscles. It is also 
called Homer's Mixture. R. Neuralgia. See Ery- 
thromelalgia. R. Nucleus. See A r ucleus tegmenti. 
R. Osier, the bark of the common Cornus serica. 
Tonic and astringent. Dose of fid. ext. gss-j. 
Unof. R. Pestilence. See R. Plague. R. Plague, 
a form of the plague characterized by a red spot, 
boil, or bubo. R. -polled, having a red poll, or 
the top of the head red. R. Precipitate. See Hy- 
drargyrum. R-, Retinal, R., Visual. See Visual 
Purple. R. Root, Jersey tea. The root of Ceano- 
thus americamts. Alterative and astringent. A 
popular remedy for the sore-throat of scarlatina. 
Dose of a decoction, ad lib. Unof. See Ceanothus, 
also Lachnanthes tinctoria. R. Rose. See Rosa 
gallica. R. Saunders. See Santalum rubrum. 
R. -shafted, having the shafts of the wing and tail- 
feathers red. R. Softening, a form of acute softening 
of the cerebral substance characterized by a red, 
punctiform appearance due to the presence of blood. 
R. Soldier. See Cholera, Hog. R. Sweat. See 
Chromidrosis and Micrococcus hiematodes, under Bac- 
teria, Synonymatic Table of. R.-thighed, having red 
thighs. R. -throated, having a red patch on the 
throat. R., Violet. See Pigments, Conspectus of. R. 
Vision. See Erythropsia. R. Vitriol. Same as 
Colcotkar. R. -water, a common name for hemo- 
globinuria in cattle. R. -winged, having red wings. 



REDIA 



1244 



REFLEX 



Redia (re' - de - ah) [Redi, an Italian naturalist: //. , 
Redia~\. In biology, the larval stage of a trematode, 
which results from the development of a partheno- 
genetic egg of the first larval stage (Sporocyst). The 
redia have at the anterior extremity of their body a 
sucker-like formation, a pharynx, a simple intestinal 
tube, and a birth-aperture. The first redia give rise 
to a second and these to a third parthenogenetic gener- 
ation and these finally to larvae called Cercaria, q. v. 

Redintegration [red-in-te-gra' 'shun) [redintegrare, to 
renew]. I. Regeneration. In chemistry, the restora- 
tion of any mixed substance to its former nature. 2. 
The complete restitution or reforming of a part that 
has been injured or destroyed. 

Redresser (re-dres' '-er) [Fr. , redresseur~\. An instru- 
ment used to replace a displaced organ or part. 

Redressment (re-dres'-ment)[Yx. , redressement]. The 
correction of a deformity, or replacement of a dislo- 
cated part. 

Reds (redz) [ME. , red, red]. Popular term for the 
menses. 

Reduce (re-dus') [reducere, to bring back]. To restore 
a part to its normal topographic relations, as to 
reduce a hernia or fracture. 

Reduced (re-dilsd') [reducere, to lead back]. I. Re- 
stored to its proper place, as a dislocated bone. 2. 
In chemistry, brought into the metallic form. 3. 
Diminished in size. R. Eye. See Listing. R. 
Hematin, the product of the reduction of hematin 
in alkaline solution. R. Hemoglobin, the result of 
deoxidation of oxyhemoglobin. R. Iron, iron by 
hydrogen ; ferrum reductum. R. Oil. See Lubri- 
cating Oils. 

Reducible (re-du' -sib-l) [OF., redusible\ Capable of 
being reduced. R. Circuit. See Circuit. R. Her- 
nia, a hernia capable of being reduced by manipula- 
tion or posture. 

Reducing (re-dus' -ing) [reducere, to lead back] . Restor- 
ing to the proper position. R. Division, a synonym 
of the term, Extrusion of the polar bodies or globules. 

Reducteur (ra- duk'-tur) [Fr.]. The India-rubber 
bag of A. Favrot for replacing a retroverted gravid 
uterus. It is introduced into the rectum and inflated. 

Reduction {re- dull' -shun) \_reductio ; reducere, to lead 
back]. In surgery, the replacing a dislocated bone, 
hernia, or other part in its normal position. In 
chemistry, the operation of extracting a metal from 
its salt or other combination. R., False, a false forc- 
ing of a strangulated hernia through a rent in the neck 
of the sac and beneath a portion of detached parietal 
peritoneum. R. en masse, the reduction of a stran- 
gulated hernia in its sac, thus failing to relieve the 
strangulation. R., La Mothe's, a method of reducing 
shoulder-dislocations by manipulation. The patient is 
placed in the dorsal position, with the arm parallel to the 
side of the head and face and the hand of the opera- 
tor fixing the scapula. R., Thomas's, a method of 
approximating and fixing the fragments of bone in case 
of fracture of the inferior maxilla, by passing a wire 
through them and twisting each end of it upon the other 
until the fragments are brought together. R. -works, 
a cremating establishment for disposing of the filth 
and refuse matter of a city. 

Reductor (re-dukt' -or) [L.]. I. An instrument for 
effecting reduction. 2. A retractor muscle. 

Reduplicate (re-du' -plik-at) [re, again ; duplicare , to 
double]. In biology, double-back. Applied to that 
form of valvate estivation in which the margins of the 
organs are turned outward. 

Reduplication (re-du-plik-a f -shun) [L. , reduplicatio, a 
doubling]. The doubling of the paroxysms in cer- 
tain forms of intermittent fever. R. of the Heart- 



sounds, a simulated doubling of either the first or 
second sound of the heart. In the case of the first 
sound it is probably the effect of a shock caused at the 
pre-systolic period by a sudden tension of the auriculo- 
ventricular valves of the left side as a result of the 
contraction of the auricle. In the case of the second 
sound it is due to tension of the mitral leaflets occur- 
ring in mitral stenosis during the auricular systole. R. 
of the Muscles, a doubling of a muscle due to some 
abnormal relation of its fasciculi. 

Reduplicative (re-du' -plik-a-tiv). Same as Reduplicate. 

Reduvia (red-u' -ve-ah) . See Paronychia. 

Redux (re'-duks) [L.]. Noting the return of certain 
physical signs after their disappearance in consequence 
of disease. R., Crepitation. See Crepitation. R., 
Crepitus, the small mucous rales of the early stage of 
resolution after pneumonia. 

Reed (red)[D., riet, areed]. Theabomasum, "fourth," 
or proper digestive stomach of ruminants. Cf. abo- 
masum, omasum, manyplies, psalterium, paunch. 

Reedy Nail (re'-de-ndl). A condition of the nail in 
which the natural longitudinal strife become very 
marked, apparently from wasting of the intermediate 
portions. The condition is regarded by Fothergill as 
a sign of gout. 

Reef-knot (ref -not). A sailor's knot used in the 
ligature of arteries. It is not likely to slip or loosen. 
See Knot. 

Reel-foot (rel'-foot). Synonym of Club-foot. 

Reeling (re' -ling) [ME., relen, to turn round and 
round]. Swaying of the body, as in intoxication. 

Reeves' Method. See Stains, Table of. 

Refining (re-fi'-ning) [Fr., raffiner, to refine]. In 
chemistry and pharmacy, the separation of a substance 
from the foreign matter with which it is mixed. 

Reflected (re-Jlek' -ted) [reflectere , to bend backward]. 
Cast or thrown back. In anatomy, turned back upon 
itself. R. Light. See Light. 

Reflection (re-Jlek' -shun) [refexio, re, back ; flectere, 
to bend]. In optics, the bending or turning back of a 
ray of light from a surface that neither absorbs, trans- 
mits, nor scatters it. In pathology, the bending back 
of an organ or part from its normal direction. 

Reflector (re-Jlek' -tor) [reflectere, to bend back]. I. A 
mirror or speculum by which light is reflected for use 
in diagnostic or operative processes. 2. A muscle 
the function of which is to turn a part back. R. epi- 
glottidis. See Depressor epiglottidis in Muscles, 
Table of. R., Forehead. See Head-mirror. 

Reflex (re'-fleks) [reflexus, thrown back] . Abounding 
back or return of an impulse or body. R. Arc, R. 
Movement, the stimulus of an afferent nerve, and the 
transference or return, by a center, of the impulse 
through an efferent nerve, resulting in movement or 
function of a peripheral organ. Reflexes may hfi_mQtor, 
I sensory, secretory, tactile or inhibitory. A table of re- 
flexes is appended. R., Crossed. See Crossed. R., 
Cutaneous, that arising from stimulation of the skin. 
R., Deep, the so-called tendon-reflex, such as the knee- 
jerk, ankle-clonus, etc. R. Epilepsy, epileptic seizures 
due to reflex influences, such as irritation from a 
cicatrix, etc. ; genuine cases are rare. R. Neurosis. 
See Neitrosis. R., Reinforced. See Reinforcement. 
R., Tendon, muscle reflex action; myotatic reaction; 
deep reflex. See, also, Clonus. R., Vestigial, a re- 
flex due to conditions, or to the environment, which 
affected one's ancestry, but which does not affect the 
subject of the reflex. R., Watered-silk, a vivid reflex 
often existing in the retina of children, especially 
pronounced along the vessels, changing its place with 
every movement of the mirror, and giving the retina a 
luster somewhat like that of watered silk. 



REFLEXES 



1245 



REFLEXES 



TABLE OF REFLEXES. 



Name. 


Deep or 
Superficial. 


How Obtained 


Effect Produced. 


Significance. 


Abdominal. 


Superficial. 


Sharp, sudden stroking of 
abdominal wall from 
margin of ribs down- 
ward. 


Contraction of muscles 
about umbilicus. 


Shows integrity of cord 
from eighth to twelfth 
dorsal nerve. 


Ankle-clonus. 


Deep. 


By sudden complete flex- 
ion of foot, by pressing 
hand against sole. 


Clonic contractions of 
tendo achillis, depend- 
ent upon alternate con- 
traction and relaxation 
of anterior tibial and 
calf muscles. 


As in knee-jerk. 


A rgyl 1-Robertson . 




See Robertson, Argyll. 






Biceps: 


Deep. 


Tapping tendon of biceps. 


Contraction of biceps 
muscle. 


Same cases as increased 
knee-jerk. 


Bulbo-cavernous. 


Superficial. 


See Virile. 






Chin. 


Deep 


See Jaw. 






Cilio-spinal. 


Superficial. 


By irritation of the skin of 
the neck. 


Pupillary dilatation. 




Corneal. 


Superficial. 


Same as Eyelid-closure. 






Cremasteric. 


Superficial. 


Stimulation of skin on 
front and inner aspect 
of thigh. 


Retraction of testicle on 
same side. 


Shows integrity of cord be- 
tween the first and second 
lumbar pairs of nerves. 


Crossed. 


Deep. 


Stimulation of one side of 
body. 


Reflex on opposite side of 
body. 




Deep. 




Reflexes developed by percussion of tendons or bones. 


Dorsal. 


Superficial. 


Same as Erector spina;. 






Elbow-jerk. 










Epigastric. 


Superficial. 


Stimulation of skin in fifth 
or sixth intercostal space 
near axilla. 


Dimpling in the epigas- 
trium, due to contrac- 
tion of the highest fibers 
of the rectus abdominis 
muscle. 


Shows integrity of cord 
from fourth to seventh 
dorsal nerves. 


Erector spina?. 


Superficial. 


Stimulation of skin along 
border of erector spinse 
muscle. 


Local contraction of these 
muscles. 


Integrity of dorsal region 
of cord. 


Eyelid-closure. 


Superficial. 


Irritation of conjunctiva. 


Closure of lid. 




Front-tap. 


See Tendo achillis. 








Gluteal. 


Superficial. 


Firm sudden stroking of 
skin over buttock. 


Contraction of glutei. 


Shows integrity of cord 
at fourth and fifth lum- 
bar nerves. 


Interscapular. 


Superficial. 


See Scapular. 






Iris-contraction. 


Superficial. 


See Pupillary. 






Jaw-jerk, or jaw-clonus. 


Superficial. 


Downward stroke with a 
hammer on the lower 
jaw hanging passively 
or gently supported by 
the hand. 


Clonic movements of infe- 
rior maxilla. 

♦ 


Rarely present in health. 


Knee-jerk. 


Deep. 


By striking patellar tendon 
after rendering it tense 
by flexing the knee at 
right angle. 


Contraction of quadriceps 
muscle, foot jerked for- 
ward. 


Normal in health. Absent 
in locomotor ataxia, de- 
structive lesions of lower 
part of cord, alcoholic 
paraplegia, affections of 
the anterior gray cornua, 
infantile paralysis, me- 
ningitis, diphtheric 
paralysis, atrophic palsy, 
pseudo-hyper troph ic 


Laryngeal. 


Superficial. 


Irritation of fauces, larynx, 
etc. 


Cough. 


Lumbar. 


Superficial. 


Same as Erector spintx. 




Nasal. 


Superficial. , 


Irritation of Schneiderian 
membrane. 


Sneezing. 


diabetes, etc. Increased 
in diseases of the pyram- 
idal tracts, in spinal 
irritability, tumors of 
brain, cerebro-spinal 
sclerosis, lateral sclero- 
sis, after epileptic seiz- 
ures or unilateral convul- 
sions. 


Obliquus. 


Superficial. 


Irritation of skin below 
Poupart's ligament. 


Contraction of fibers of 
external oblique in 
females; corresponds to 
cremasteric in males, 
although it can also be 
caused in males. 



REFLEXES 1246 REFLEXES 

TABLE OF REFLEXES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Deep or 

Superficial. 


How Obtained. 


Effect Produced. 


Significance. 


Palatal. 


Superficial. 


Irritation. 


Swallowing. 




Palmar. 


Superficial. 


Tickling of palm. 


Contraction of digital 
flexors. 


Shows that cervical region 
of cord is normal. 


Patellar. 


Deep. 


Same as Knee-jerk. 






Patellar, Paradoxic. 


Superficial. 


Percussing patellar tendon 
with the patient in the 
dorsal decubitus. 


Contraction of the adduc- 
tor, but not of the quad- 
riceps muscle. If the 
patient be in the sitting 
posture the normal re- 
flex is elicited. 


Spinal concussion. 


Penis-percussion. 


Superficial. 


See Virile. 






Periosteal. 


Deep. 


Tapping the bones of the 
forearm or leg. 


Sharp contractions of the 
muscles. 


Indicates disease of the 
spinal cord (a m y o- 
trophic lateral sclerosis). 


Peroneal. 


Superficial. 


Stroke oh peroneal mus- 
cles when tense or when 
the foot is turned in- 
ward . 


Reflex movements. 




Pharyngeal. 


Superficial. 


Irritation. 


Swallowing. 




Plantar. 


Superficial. 


Stroking sole of foot. 


Contraction of toes. 


Muscular exertion. 


Platysma. 


Superficial. 


Pinching the platysma 
myoides muscle. 


Dilatation of pupil 




Pupillary. 




Exposure of retina to 
light. 


Contraction of iris. 


Absent in basal meningitis, 
etc. 


Paradoxic. 




Stimulation of retina by 
light. 


Dilatation of pupil. 


In rare abnormal states. 


Paradoxic Patellar. 


See Patellar, Par 


adoxic. 






Reinforced. 


Any reflex is heightened by coincident muscular exertion of other parts than those being tested or by 
mental distraction. 


Robertson, Argyll. 




Light and accommodation. 


Pupil reacts in accom- 
modation, but not to 
light. 


Locomotor ataxia. 


Scapular. 


Superficial. 


Irritation of interscapular 
region. 


Contraction of scapular 
muscles. 


Shows integrity of cord be- 
tween upper two or three 
dorsal and lower two ot- 
three cervical nerves. 


Skin. 


Superficial 


See Platysma. 






Sole. 




Same as Plantar. 






Spinal. 


Those reflex actions emanating from centers in the spinal cord. 


Superficial. 




Such as are developed from irritation of the skin. 


Tendoachillis, or front- 
tap contraction. 


Superficial. 


By striking muscles on 
anterior part of leg, 
while in extension, the 
foot being extended by 
the hand upon the sole. 


Reflex contraction of 
gastrocnemius. 


Considered by Gowers as 
a delicate test of height- 
ened spinal irritability. 


Tendon. 




See Myotatic Irritability. 






Toe (great). 


Superficial. 


Strong flexion of great toe 


Involuntary flexion of foot, 
then flexion of leg, and, 
lastly, flexion of the 
thigh on the pelvis. 


Met with in cases in which 
the knee-jerk and other 
tendo n-r e fl e x e s are 
strongly developed. 


Virile. 


Superficial. 


Sharp percussion of back 
of penis, the sheath 
having been made tense. 


Retraction pf bulbo- 
cavernous portion. 


Occurs in health. 


Wrist-clonus. 


Deep. 


By pressing hand back- 
ward, causing extreme 
extension. 


A series of jerking move- 
ments of the hand. 


In the late rigidity of 
hemiplegia. 






REFLEXA 



i-247 



REGIO 



Reflexa (re-fleks' -ah) [L.]. See Decidua reflexa. 

Refiexed {re-flekst') [reflectere, to bend back]. In bi- 
ology, curved abruptly backward. Applied to sepals, 
petals, etc. 

Reflexio (re-fieks'-e-o) [L.]. See Reflection. R. pal- 
pebrarum. See Ectropion. 

Reflexogenic (re-fieks-o-jen' ' -ik)[refiexus , reflex ; yewav, 
to produce]. Causing or increasing a tendency to 
reflex action ; producing reflexes. 

Reflexometer (refleks-om'-et-er) [reflexus, reflex; fitr- 
pov, a measure]. An instrument used to measure the 
force required to produce myotatic movement. 

Reflux (re'-fluks) [refluxus ; re, back ; fluere, to flow]. 
Any return of a current by reversal along its former 
course. 

Refoulement (ra-fool'-mon(g)) [Fr.]. A forcing back. 
R.dii sacrum en arriere, a backward inclination of 
the sacrum that marks one of the changes in the pelvis 
of girls at puberty. 

Refracted (re-frak' -ted) [refractus, p. p. of refrangere, 
break back or up]. In biology, bent suddenly, so as 
to appear broken at the bend. 

Refraction (re-frak' -shun) [refractio ; re, up or back ; 
f ranger e, to break]. The deviation of light from a 
straight line in passing obliquely from one transparent 
medium to another of different density. R., Angle of, 
the angle formed by a refracted ray of light with the per- 
pendicular at the point of refraction. R., Atomic, 
the product of the refractive index of the constituent 
elements of a compound and their atomic weights. 
R., Coefficient of, the quotient of the sine of 
the angle of refraction into the sine of the angle of 
incidence. R., Double, the power possessed, e. g., 
by Iceland spar, of dividing a ray of light and thus pro- 
ducing a double image of an object. R., Dynamic, 
the static refraction of the eye, plus that of the accom- 
modative apparatus. R., Errors of, departures from 
the power of producing a normal or well-defined image 
upon the retina, because of ametropia. R. of the 
Eye, the influence of the ocular media upon a cone or 
beam of light, whereby a normal or emmetropic eye 
produces a proper image of the object upon the retina. 
R. -image. See Image. R., Index of, the re- 
fractive power of any substance as compared with air. 
R., Molecular, the molecular weight of a compound. 
The molecular refraction of a liquid carbon compound 
is equal to the sum of the atomic refractions. R., 
Static, that of the eye with paralyzed accommoda- 
tion. 

Refractionist (re-frak' 's/iun-ist) [refrangere, to break 
up]. One who corrects errors of ocular refraction, or 
ametropia. 

Refractive [re-frak 1 '-tiv) [refrangere, to break up]. 
Tending to refract. Capable of being turned from a 
straight line. R. Equivalent. See Refractive 
Power, Specific. R. Index. Same as Refraction, In- 
dex of, q. v. R. Power, the measure of influence 
which a transparent body exercises on the light which 
passes through it. R. Power, Specific, an almost 
constant quantity representative of the relation between 
the coefficient of refraction, the temperature, and the 
specific gravity of a given fluid. 

Refractometer (re-frak-tom' -et-er) [refrangere, to break 
up; fihpov, measure]. I. An instrument for measur- 
ing the refraction of the eye. 2. An instrument for 
the determination of the refractive indices of liquids. 

Refractory (re-frak' -tor-e) [refrangere, to break up]. I. 
Resisting treatment. 2. Resisting the action of heat ; 
slow to melt. 

Refracture (re-frak' -tur) [refrangere, to break up]. 
The re-breaking of fractured bones that have joined 
by faulty or improper union. 



Refrangibility (re-fran-jib-il'-it-e) [L. , refrangere, to 
refract]. In optics, capability of being bent away 
from a straight line ; a property shown by a ray of 
light in passing obliquely from one transparent medium 
into another of different density. 

Refresh (re-fresh') [L., re, again; friscus, new]. In 
surgery, to restore the character of a fresh wound ; as 
to refresh the edges of a fissure before closing it. 

Refreshing (refresh' -ing) [re, again ; friscus, fresh]. 
Tending to refresh ; invigorating ; reviving. R. Ac- 
tion (of the electric current). The restoration of 
excitability after fatigue by the effect of voltaic alter- 
natives. 

Refrigerant (re-frij' -er-ant) [refrigerans, making cool]. 
A medicine or agent having cooling properties, or 
lowering bodily temperature. 

Refrigerated (re-frij' -er-a-ted) [refrigerare , to make 
cool again]. Cooled ; made cool. R. Meat, meat 
which is kept at a temperature of from 36 to 40 F. 
from the time of slaughter until used. 

Refrigeration (re-frij-er-a' -shun) [refrigeratio, a cool- 
ing again]. The act of lowering the temperature of 
a body, by conducting away its heat to a surrounding 
cooling substance. 

Refrigeratory (re-frij' -er-a-tor-e) [L. , refrigeratorius]. 
A condenser. Also, a vessel filled with ice or with 
cold water for maintaining a low temperature. 

Refuse (ref'-uz) [L., refusus, restored]. Waste from 
manufacturing establishments, and all inorganic waste. 

Refusion (rcfin'-zhitn) [refusio, an overflowing]. The 
act of withdrawing blood from the vessels, freeing it 
from poisonous substances, and passing it back again. 

Regenerate (re -jen'- er- at) [regenerare, to generate 
again]. To generate anew ; to reproduce. 

Regeneration (re-jen-er-a' -shun) [regeneratio ; regen- 
erare, to beget]. 1. The new growth or repair of 
structures or tissues lost by disease or by injury. 2. 
In chemistry, the process of obtaining from the by- 
products or end-products of an operation a substance 
which was employed in the earlier part of the opera- 
tion. R., Cell-processes in, these consist in either 
simple hypertrophy (increase in the size of existing 
cells), or numerical hypertrophy, hyperplasia, increase 
in the number of cells in the tissue. R. after In- 
flammation, repair by multiplication of the tissue- 
cells. R. after Necrosis, repair by absorption of 
dead tissue 'and its replacement by newly formed 
normal tissue. R., Pathologic, the renewal of 
destroyed tissue by a pathologic rather than a physio- 
logic process. 

Regenerative (re-jen'-er-a-tiv) [regenerare, to regener- 
ate]. Tendency to regenerate. R. Inflammation. 
See Inflammation. 

Regenesis (re-jen'-es-is) [regenerare, to generate anew]. 
The state of being reproduced. 

Regime (ra-zhem') [Fr.]. See Regimen. 

Regimen (rej'-im-en) [regimen, guidance]. The 
methodic and systematized use of food, and the sani- 
tary arrangement of surroundings essential to the pre- 
servation of life, both in health and in disease. 

Regina Purple. Same as Rosanilin Violet. 

Regio (re'-je-o) [L.]. See Region. R. aulica, the 
region about the aula and portas (foramina of Monro). 
R. cardiaca, the region of the heart. R. cox- 
arum, the lower, portion of the lumbar region. 
R. germinativa, of Waldeyer, the germ-epithelium 
of the embryo. R. glutea, the region about the 
gluteal muscles. R. subthalamica, the area between 
the ventral face of the thalamus, the body of Luys, and 
the red nucleus. It consists of a fine, felt-like mass of 
fibers, whose relations are so obscure that even their 
boundary is not well determined (zona incerta). 



REGION 



1248 



REGION 



Region [re'-jun) \regio, a region]. One of the arti- 
ficial and conventional divisions of the body, as the 
Abdominal R. See Abdomen, and Pecto7-al R. R., 
Acromial, the parts near the acromion. R., Anal, 
pertaining to the anus. R., Aulic, the area about 
the aula. R., Auricular, the parts near the ear. R., 
Axillary, a region upon the lateral aspect of the thorax, 
extending from the axilla to a line drawn from the 
lower border of the mammary region to that of the 
scapular region. R., Basilar, the region at the base 
of the skull. R., Brachial, the region of the arms. 
R. of Broca, the third left frontal convolution of 
the brain. R., Central Gray, the medullary substance 
of the cerebellar hemispheres. R., Cervical, the 
parts around the 
neck. R., Cil- 
iary. I. The 
zone of the eye- 
ball in which the 
ciliary body is 
situated. 2. The 
part of the eye- 
lid containing 
the cilia. R., 
Clavicular, the 
area about the 
clavicle. R., 
Costal, the 
lateral chest- 
area. R., Dia- 
phragmatic, the 
region of the 
diaphragm. R., 
Epicranial, the 
region above the 
cranium. R., 
Epigastric, the 
region over the 
stomach bound- 
ed laterally by 
two vertical lines 
passing through 
the middle of 
Poupart's liga- 
ment; above by 
a horizontal line 
touching the 
lower margin of 
the sternum, and 
below by a hori- 
zontal line touch- 
ing the lowest 
part of the 
thorax, and in- 
cluding the py- 
loric end and 
middle of stomach, the left lobe of the liver, the 
lobulus spigelii, the pancreas, the duodenum, parts of 
the kidneys, the aorta, vena cava, thoracic duct, semi- 
lunar ganglia. R., Femoral, the parts about the femur. 
R., Fibular, the parts about the fibula. R., Gastric, 
the region over the stomach. R., Gluteal, the 
region of the gluteus muscle. R., Groin, the region 
of the groin. R., Gustatory, the tips, margins, and 
root of the tongue in the neighborhood of the circum- 
vallate papillae ; also the lateral parts of the soft palate 
and the anterior surface of the anterior pillars of the 
fauces. R., Humeral, the parts about the hu- 
merus. R., Hyo-mental. See R. , Supra-hyoid. 
R., Hyo-sternal. See R., Infra-hyoid. R., Hypo- 
chondriac, the region that joins the epigastric re- 
gion laterally. The right hypochondriac region in- 



cludes the surface of the abdomen covering the right 
lobe of the liver, the gall-bladder, the hepatic flexure 
of the colon, and part of the right kidney; the left 
that covering the spleen, the splenic end of the stom- 
ach, the extremity of the pancreas, the splenic flexure 
of the colon, and part of the left kidney. R., Hypo- 
gastric, that part of the abdominal surface between 
a horizontal line drawn through the anterior superior 
crests of the ilia above and on either side by vertical 
lines drawn through the center of Poupart's ligament. 
It overlies the small intestines, the bladder in children 
and in adults when distended, the uterus during preg- 
nancy, sometimes the vermiform appendix, the cecum, 
and the sigmoid flexure of the colon. R., Iliac, the 




Supraclavicular region. 2. Clavicular region. 3. Mammary region. 4. Epigastric region. 5. Umbil 



ical region, 
ac region. 



6. Hypogastric region 
Lumbar region. 11. 



7. Axillary region. 
Inguinal region. 



8. Infra-axillary region. 9 Hypochondri- 



region of the ilium. See also R. , Inguinal. R., Ilio- 
inguinal, the iliac region and the groin conjointly. 
R., Inferior Sternal, the space corresponding to the 
part of the sternum below the lower margin of the 
third costal cartilages. R., Infra-axillary, the space 
between the anterior and posterior axillary lines. R., 
Infra-clavicular, the area circumscribed superiorly 
by the lower border of the clavicle, inferiorly by the 
lower border of the third rib, on one side by a line 
extending from the acromion to the pubic spine, and on 
the other side by the edge of the sternum. R., Infra- 
hyoid, the space below the hyoid bone, between the 
sterno-cleido-mastoidei and the sternum. R., Infra- 
mammary, the space between a line drawn along the 
upper border of the xiphoid cartilage and the margin 
of the false ribs, and between the middle line of the 



REGION 



1249 



REGISTER 



xiphoid cartilage and a vertical line passing through 
the pubic spine. R., Infra-scapular, the region on 
either side of the vertebral column below a horizontal 
line drawn through the inferior angle of each scapula. 
It is called also the Subscapular Region. R., Infra- 
spinous, that included between the spine of the scapula 
and a line passing through the angle of the scapula. 
R., Inguinal, R., Iliac, the right and left inguinal 
or iliac regions are two of the nine abdominal regions. 
The right includes the abdominal surface covering the 
cecum and the cecal appendix, the ureter, and the 
spermatic vessels ; the left that covering the sigmoid 
flexure of the colon, the ureter, and the spermatic ves- 
sels. R., Interscapular, the space between the 




I. Supra-scapular region. 12. Infra-spinous region. 13. Inter- 
scapular region. 14. Infra-scapular region. 15. Lumbar 
region. 16. Sacro-iliac region. 

scapulae. R., Ischio-rectal, the region correspond- 
ing to the posterior part of the pelvic outlet, between 
the ischium and the rectum. R., Jugal, the space 
over the zygoma. R., Laryngotracheal, the parts 
about the larynx and the trachea. R., Lenticu- 
lo-striate, the anterior parts of the lenticular and 
caudate nuclei, and the intervening portion of the 
internal capsule. R., Lenticulo-thalamic, the pos- 
terior part of the lenticular nucleus, the optic thala- 
mus, and the part of the internal capsule which 
intervenes. R., Lingual, the region of the tongue. 
R., Lumbar, the surface of the abdomen between a 
curved line drawn parallel with the cartilage of each 
ninth rib above and a curved line parallel with the iliac 
crests below, and a vertical line through the center of 
Poupart's ligament anteriorly, and the lumbar vertebra? 
79 



of the sternum. R., Perineal, the region of 
perineum. R., Pharyngeal, the parts about 



posteriorly. R., Mammary, the space on the anterior 
surface of the chest between a line drawn through the 
lower border of the third rib, and one drawn through the 
upper border of the xiphoid cartilage. R., Maxillary, 
the parts about the jaws. R., Mesogastric, the 
umbilical and the right and left lumbar regions together. 
R., Middle Cervical, the area between the lower 
jaw, the sternum, and the anterior edges of the sterno- 
cleido-mastoidei. R., Mylo-hyoid. See Mylo-hyoid 
Triangle. R., Nasal, the parts around the nose. 
R., Olfactory, the region of the nasal mucous 
membrane including the ramifications of the olfac- 
tory nerve. R., Orbital, the region of the orbits. 
R., Palatal, the parts about the palate. R., Palpe- 
bral, the region of the eyebrows. R., Parasternal, 
the space between the mid-axillary line and the edge 

the 
the 
pharynx. R., Popliteal. See Popliteal Space. R., 
Precordial, the surface of the chest covering the 
heart. R., Psycho-motor, the cerebral cortex. R., 
Pterygo-maxillary, the parts connecting or lying 
between the pterygoid process of the sphenoid and 
the maxillary bone. R., Pulmo-cardiac, the region 
of the left thorax in which the left lung overlaps the 
heart. R., Pulmo-gastric, the portion of the left 
thorax in which the lung overlaps the stomach. R., 
Pulmo-hepatic, the portion of the right thorax in 
which the lung overlaps the liver. R., Respiratory 
(of the nose), the portion of the nasal passages having 
to do with the act of respiration. R., Sacral, the 
area above the sacrum. R., Scapular, the space 
over either scapula. R., Sternal, the space overlying 
the sternum. R., Sub-auricular, the space immedi 
ately below the ear. R., Sub-maxillary. Same 
as R. , Supra-hyoid. R., Sub-mental, the region 
just beneath the chin. R., Sub-ocular, the anterior 
extremity of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe. R., Sub- 
thalamic, the extension of the tegmentum beneath 
the posterior portion of the optic thalamus. R., 
Superior (of the skull), the space between the 
superior curved line of the occipital bone behind, the 
supra-orbital ridge in front and, laterally, between the 
temporal lines. R., Superior Sternal, the surface cor- 
responding to that portion of the sternal region above 
the lower border of the third rib. R., Supra-clavicular, 
the space above either clavicle. R., Supra-hyoid, the 
space between the upper margin of the hyoid bone, the 
lower border of the inferior maxilla and the sterno- 
cleido-mastoid muscles. R., Supra-mammary. Same 
as R. , Infra- clavicular, 0. 7/. R., Supra-scapular, 
the area above the spine of the scapula. R., Supra- 
spinous, the region corresponding to the supra- 
spinous fossa, q. v. R., Supra-sternal. See Supra- 
sternal Notch. R., Temporo-maxillary, the area 
over the junction of the temporal and maxillary bones. 
R., Thoracic, relating to the entire surface of the 
thorax. R., Umbilical, the surface of the abdomen 
immediately about the umbilicus, bounded as follows : 
above by a horizontal line connecting the cartilages of 
the ninth ribs ; below, by a line joining the crests of 
the ilia, and laterally, by lines passing vertically 
through the center of Poupart's ligament. R., 
Vertebral, relating to the region over the vertebral 
column. 

Regional (re'-jun-al) \regionalis~\. Pertaining to a 
region. R. Anatomy, the anatomic study of a defi- 
nite and limited region of the body that has close 
anatomic, surgical, or pathologic inter-relations of 
parts or functions. 

Register (ref -ist-er) \registrum\. The compass of a 
voice ; also a subdivision of its compass, consisting in 



REGISTRAR 



1250 



REISSNER, CANAL OF 



a series of tones produced in the same way and of a 
like character. 

Registrar {rej'-is-trar) \_registrarius, one who keeps a 
record]. A keeper of records. 

Registrarship [ref ' -is-trar-shif) \registrarius, one who 
keeps a record]. The office of a registrar. 

Registration (rej-is-tra'-shun) \_registratio, a register- 
ing]. The act of recording, as of deaths, births, etc. 

Regius (re'-je-us) \regius, royal]. A descriptive term 
applied to the golden or royal color observed in certain 
forms of jaundice. R. Professor, a royal professor, 
as in one of the English universities. 

Regma (reg'-mah) \_pf/y/ja, a fracture : //., Regmata~\ . 
In biology, a term applied to a fruit like that of the 
geranium, in which the carpels separate elastically from 
the base of the carpophore. 

Regmacarp (i-eg' -mak-arp) [pf/yp.a, a fracture ; Kap-6c, 
fruit]. In biology, a dehiscent fruit. 

Regnauld's Anesthetic or Liquid. A mixture of 
chloroform 4 parts, and methylic alcohol I part. It is 
sometimes used in place of chloroform. See Anesthetic. 

Regnault and Reiset, Method of. A method of in- 
vestigating the changes in the air brought about by 
respiration. The animal is placed in a closed cham- 
ber, and the carbonic acid formed is continually 
removed, the necessary oxygen being supplied in 
measured quantities. 

Regnoli's Operation. See Operations , Table of. 

Regorgement {ra - gorzh' - moii(g)) [Fr.]. An over- 
flowing. R.de la vessie, or R. urinai?'e, involuntary 
urination ; incontinence of urine. 

Regression {re-gresh' -un) \_negressio , regression]. Re- 
trogression. 

Regressive (>-e-gres / -iv) \_regredi, to go back]. Passing 
back ; returning. 

Regressus (re-gres'-tis) \_p. p. of regredi, to go back]. 
In biology, the change of an organ from a higher to a 
lower type. 

Regrowth (re-groth') \_re, again; ME. , growen, to 
grow]. A growing again ; a new or second growth. 

Regular (reg' -u-lar) \_regularis ; regula, a rule]. Ac- 
cording to rule, custom, or normal procedure ; opposed 
to irregular or exceptional. In biology, applied to 
symmetrically disposed parts or organs ; specifically to 
a flower that has all the parts of each floral circle uni- 
form in shape and size. Having normal menstruation. 
R. Physician, one of the school of scientific medicine 
who adheres to no clique, sect, " -pathy," or " -ism." 

Regulator (reg / - u - la - tor) [regulare, to direct]. The 
person or the thing that regulates. R. radii. See 
Supinator longus in Muscles, Table of. 

Regurgitation (i-e-ger-jit-a' -shun) \regurgilatio ; re, 
again ; gurgitare, to engulf]. An eructation, flowing, 




Irregular Pulse of Mitral Regurgitation. 

or throwing back of the contents of a canal or vessel. 

R., Cardiac. See Heart-murmurs. R. of Food, 

a symptom of acid dyspepsia. 
Rehmannia (ra-man'-e-ah). A genus of the Digitalea. 

R. chinensis, a plant the root of which is used in 

China as a tonic and alterative. R. lutea, a plant 

used in the same manner as R. chinensis. 
Reichert's Cartilage. That cartilaginous structure 

which appears in the embryo on the hyoid arch, event- 



ually becoming the styloid process, the stylo-hyoid 
ligaments, and the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone. 
R.'s Membrane, the anterior layer of the cornea, 
also called Bowman' 1 s Membrane. See Me?nbrane. 

Reichmann's Disease. A chronic disease of the 
stomach characterized by a condition of permanent 
gastric hypersecretion, associated with marked dilata- 
tion of the stomach, with thickening of its walls and 
hypertrophy of the glands. It is accompanied by 
violent attacks of pain that are typical of the disease, 
together with vomiting, and is usually followed by the 
formation of a round ulcer on the wall of the stomach. 
See Diseases, Table of. R.'s Test-breakfast, a break- 
fast composed of 30 grams of meat- powder, 2 grams of 
salt, 200 grams of water, I wheaten roll. It is used in 
testing the digestive power of the stomach. 

Reid's Base Line. See Lines, Table of. R.'s Meth- 
od, to determine the position of the fissure of 
Rolando ; a method of cerebral localization ; a base 
line is drawn from the infraorbital ridge through 
the middle of the external auditory meatus. To this 
two perpendicular lines are drawn, one through the de- 
pression in front of the external auditory meatus, and 
the other at the posterior border of the mastoid pro- 
.cess ; a diagonal line from the upper extremity of the 
posterior line, drawn to the junction of the anterior 
line with the fissure of Sylvius, indicates the fissure of 
Rolando. See Treatment, Methods of 

Reil, Ansa of. The lemniscus. See Ansa. R.'s Band, 
a fibrous band extending across the right ventricle of 
the heart from the base of the anterior papillary muscle 
to the septum. It is quite common in man and cor- 
responds to the moderator band of the heart of some 
lower animals. See Moderator. R., Fissure of. 
See Fissures, Table of. R., Island of. See Island 
of Reil. 

Reimplantation (re - im -plan - ta.'- shun) \_reimplantio, 
implant again]. In dental surgery, the replacing of a 
drawn tooth within its socket. 

Reindeer Moss. See Cladonea. 

Re-infection (re-in-fek' '-shun) \re, again ; inficere, to 
infect]. Infection a second time with the same virus 
or contagium. 

Re-inflame [re-in-flam') \_re, again ; inflammare, to 
inflame]. To inflame anew. 

Reinforcement (re-in-fors'-ment) [OF., reinforcer, to 
strengthen]. The act of reinforcing. Any augmen- 
tation of force. R. of Reflexes, increased myotatic 
irritability (or reflex response) when muscular or men- 
tal actions are synchronously carried out, or other 
stimuli are coincidently brought to bear upon other 
parts of the body than that concerned in the reflex arc. 
It has been asserted that the synchronous act of wink- 
ing increases the knee-jerk, or patellar tendon-reflex. 
See Reflexes, Table of. 

Reinfusion (re-in-fu' '-zkun). Same as Refusion, q. v. 

Reinoculation (re-in-ok-u-la 1 '-shun) \_re, again ; inocu- 
lare,to inoculate]. Inoculation a second time. 

Reins (i-dnz) \ren, kidney]. The kidneys ; the loins. 

Reinsch's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Reinversion (re-in-ver* -zhuri) [re, again ; invertere, 
to turn upside down]. The act of reducing an in- 
verted uterus by the application of pressure to the 
fundus. 

Reiset's Method. A method of estimating C0 2 in 
the air. See Ventilation. 

Reissner, Canal of. See Canal. R.'s Membrane, 
an extremely fragile membrane forming the vestibular 
wall of the cochlear duct and separating the duct from 
the scala vestibuli. It begins on the vestibular border 
of the lamina spiralis, about 0.2 mm. inside the free 
edge of the crista, and extends at an angle of about 



REJECTAMENTA 



1251 



RENICARDIAC 



forty-five degrees until it meets the outer bony wall. 
It consists of three layers, a central connective tissue 
stratum, the vestibular endothelium on one side, and 
the epithelium of the cochlear duct on the other. 

Rejectamenta (re-jek-tam-en 1 '-tak) [rejectare, to throw 
away]. Ejecta ; excrement. 

Rejuvenescence (re-ju-ven-es'-ens) \_re, again; juvenes- 
cere, to grow young]. In biology : I. Literally, the 
growing young again ; a renewal of strength and vigor. 
2. A process first described by A. Braun in which 
the whole protoplasm of a vegetative cell is trans- 
formed into a primordial cell, which in time becomes 
invested with a cell-wall and develops a new plant, as 
in (Edogonium. " We may regard the idea of reju- 
venescence as presented by Braun as an extension of 
the idea of metamorphosis, in which extended form it 
is adapted to take in even the results of the cell- 
theory, of the history of development, and of the 
modern knowledge of the cryptogams from the 
idealistic point of view." (Sachs.) 

Relachement (ra-/asA / -mon(gy)J[Fr.~]. Same as Relax- 
ation . 

Relapse (re-laps') [re, again; labi, lapsus, to fall]. 
The return or recurrence of a disease during conva- 
lescence, or shortly afterward. 

Relapsed (re-lapsf) [re, back; labi, to slip]. Re- 
turned ; slipped back. R. Club-foot, the occur- 
rence of deformity after tenotomy, making the condi- 
tion difficult of further treatment. 

Relapsing {re-lap' -sing) \_re, back; labi, to slip]. In 
pathology, returning to a morbid condition from 
which there had been partial or complete recovery. R. 
Fever, or Famine Fever, a specific infectious dis- 
ease caused by the spirocheta of Obermeier, char- 
acterized by definite febrile paroxysms which usu- 
ally last six days, and are followed by a remis- 
sion of about the same length of time, then by a 
second paroxysm, which may be repeated three or 
four times, whence the name relapsing fever. (Osier.) 

Relation (re-la' -shun) [relatio~\. I. Interdependence ; 
mutual influence or connection between organs or 
parts. 2. Connection by consanguinity ; kinship. 

Relaxant (re-laks'-ant) [relaxare, to loosen]. Any 
remedy or agent that diminishes tension. 

Relaxation (re-laks-a'-shun) [relaxatio\ A diminu- 
tion of tension in an organ or a part. Also, a con- 
dition of languor. R. of the Pelvic Joints, in- 
creased mobility and softening of the pelvic joints 
occurring in pregnancy, giving rise to pain in the 
thighs, joints, and lumbar region, and difficulty in 
walking. 

Relaxative (re-laks' -at-iv). Same as Laxative. 

Reliquiae (re-lik'-we-e) [L., leavings, remains, rem- 
nants]. In biology, persistent parts of a flower which 
cover the ripened ovary ; dry and withered leaves 
which remain upon the stems of some plants. Same 
as Induvice. 

Remak, Band of. See Axis-cylinder of Purkinjc. 
R.'s Contractions, so-called diplegic contractions 
occasionally seen in progressive muscular atrophy 
when an electric current is applied. The positive elec- 
trode is placed above and the negative below the fifth 
cervical vertebra, the contractions occurring on the 
side opposite to the anode. R.'s Fibers, non-medul- 
lated, longitudinally fibrillated, sometimes branching 
axis-cylinders, surrounded by a delicate, structure- 
less, elastic neurilemma, or primitive sheath ; abund- 
ant in sympathetic and olfactory nerves, they constitute 
all the nerves of the embryo and of many inverte- 
brates. See Nerve-fibers. R.'s Ganglion, a ganglion 
of nerve-cells in the sinus venosus of the frog's heart. 
See Ganglia, Table of. 



Remasticate (re-mas' -tik-at) [re, again ; masticare,Vo 
chew]. To ruminate ; to chew again. 

Remastication (re-mas-tik-a' -slum) [re, again ; masti- 
care, to chew]. Rumination. 

Remedial (re-me'-de-al) [remedium , a. remedy]. Hav- 
ing the nature of a remedy. 

Remedy (rem'-ed-e) [remedium~\. Any agent or sub- 
stance used in the treatment of disease. It may be 
curative, palliative, or preventive. 

Remex (re'-meks) [remex, a rower: pi. , Remiges~\. In 
biology, one of the remiges or large quill-feathers 
(flight-feathers) of a bird's wing. 

Remigial (re-mi/'-e-al) [remex, a rower]. Of or per- 
taining to a remex. 

Remijia (re-mij' -e-ali) [after Remijo, a Spanish surgeon] . 
A genus of rubiaceous shrubs and trees. R. pedun- 
culata and R. purdiana afford cuprea-bark, and are 
important as sources of quinin and other cinchona 
salts. The genus is closely related to Cinchona. Unof. 

Remiped (rem'-ip-ed) [remus, oar; pes, foot]. In 
biology, having oar-shaped feet. 

Remission (re-mish'-un)[remissio~\. Temporary abate- 
ment or subsidence. The period of diminution of a 
paroxysmal disease, especially that of remittent fever. 

Remittent (re-mit'-ent). Characterized by alternate 
periods of increment and cessation. R. Fever, a 
malarial fever characterized by periods of remission 
and exacerbation, but without periods of complete 
apyrexia. 

Ren [L. : pi., Renes~\. The kidney. R. amyloideus, 
amyloid degeneration of the kidneys. R. mobilis, 
Movable Kidney, q. v. R. unguiformis. See Horse- 
shoe Kidney. 

Renal (re'-nal) [renalis ; ren, a kidney]. Pertaining 
to the kidneys. R. Apoplexy, ischuria, or suppres- 
sion of urine from hemorrhage into the substance 
of the kidney or other renal lesion. R. Calculus, 
any concretion in the kidney. R. Glands, the supra- 
renal capsules. R. Inadequacy, that peculiar condi- 
tion in which the amount of urinary solids, and often 
the quantity of urine itself, is considerably dimin- 
ished. It is probably due to an exhausted condition 
of the epithelial cells of the kidney. R. Storm, Mur- 
chison's term for a peculiar form of neurosal attack 
referred to the kidney,. frequently seen in patients suffer- 
ing from aortic regurgitation. There is sudden excru- 
ciating pain over the region of the kidney, like renal 
colic, but without nausea or retraction of the testicle, 
and with the passage of normal urine. In a few hours 
the pain passes off as suddenly as it appeared. 

Renascence (7'e-nas'-ens) [renascen, new-born]. In 
biology, a new birth, a rejuvenescence. (Same as and 
preferable to renaissance.) 

Renascent (re-nas'-ent) [renascen, p.p. of renasci, be 
born again]. In biology, reproduced, revivified, com- 
ing into being a second time. 

Renculin (ren'-ku-lin) [ren, kidney]. An albuminoid 
reported to have been found in the supra- renal capsules. 

Renculus (ren'-ku-lus). See Reniculus. 

Rendle's Inhaler. See Anesthetic. 

Renealmia (ren-e-al'-me-ah). A genus of zingiberaceous 
plants. R. exaltata, of South America, is emetic, 
diuretic, diaphoretic, and stimulant. The leaves and 
bruised root-stalk are applied externally for rheuma- 
tism. Unof. 

Renicapsular (ren-ik-ap' -su-lar) [ren, kidney ; cap- 
sula, capsule]. Pertaining to a renicapsule. 

Renicapsule (ren-ik-ap' -sill) [ren, kidney;, capsula, 
capsule]. A suprarenal capsule ; an adrenal. 

Renicardiac (ren-ik-ar'-de-ak) [ren, kidney; napiia, 
heart]. Pertaining to the renal and cardiac organs of 
a mollusc. 



RENICULUS 



1252 



REPRODUCTIVE 



Reniculus (ren-ik'-u-lus) [L., dim. of ren, kidney]. A 
lobule of the kidney; renculus. 

Renifleurs {ren'-ifliirz). See Passivism. 

Reniform {ren' - if - orm) [ren, kidney ; forma, form]. 
In biology, kidney-shaped. 

Reniglandular [ren - ig-lan'- du - far). Same as Reni- 
capsalar. 

Renin {ren'-in). See Organotherapy. 

Reniportal (ren-ip-or'-tal) \_ren, kidney; porta, gate]. 
Relating to the portal system of the kidney. 

Renisexual {ren-is-eks' ' -it-al) \_ren, kidney; sexualis, 
sexual]. Both renal and sexual. 

Renitent (ren'-it-ent) [reniti, to resist]. Resisting 
pressure. 

Rennet {ren'-et) [ME., renet, rennet]. The prepared 
inner membrane of the fourth stomach of a calf, or an 
infusion of this membrane. It contains a milk-curdling 
ferment that decomposes the casein. R.-bag, in 
biology, the abomasum, q. v. 

Rennie's Formula. See Alimentation, Rectal. 

Rennin {ren'-in) [ME., renet, rennet]. An enzyme to 
whose action is due the clotting of milk produced upon 
the addition of rennet. Nothing is known as to its 
chemic nature. It is most copiously present in the 
gastric mucous membrane of the calf, but may be ob- 
tained from the walls of the stomach of most animals. 

Renninogen {ren-in'-o-gen) [ME., renet, rennet] . The 
zymogen whence rennin is formed. It exists in the 
cells of the mucous membrane of the stomach. 

Renovation (ren-o-va 1 '-shun) \_renova/io ; renovare, to 
render new]. The repair or renewal of that which 
has been impaired. 

Renuent {ren'-u-ent )\_renuens, nodding back the head]. 
In anatomy, throwing back the head ; applied to cer- 
tain muscles. 

Renule {ren' -ul) [ren, the kidney]. A small kidney. 

Repand {re-pand') [re, back ; pandits, bent, crooked]. 
In biology, applied to a leaf-margin which is toothed 
like the margin of an umbrella. 

Repandodentate {re-pan-do-den' -tat) [repandus, bent 
back; dens, tooth]. In biology, repand and toothed. 

Repandous {re -pan'- dus) [repandus, bent back]. 
Bent upward. 

Reparative {re-par' -at-iv) [reparare, to repair] . Rein- 
stating, or restoring to the normal 

Repatency {re - pa' - ten - se) [re, again ; patens, open]. 
The reopening of a part or vessel. R. of a Vessel, 
after ligation, the reopening of the lumen of a ligated 
vessel from too rapid absorption of the ligature, or 
from slipping of the knot. 

Repel {re-pel') [repellere, to repel]. To drive back; 
to cause resorption. 

Repellent {re-pel' -ent) [repellere, to repel]. Pertain- 
ing to or having the power of acting upon morbid pro- 
cesses to determine or repel them. 

Repent [re' -pent) [repere, to creep]. In biology, 
creeping, i.e. , prostrate and rooting underneath. 

Repercolation [re-per-ko-la' -shun)[re, again ; percolare . 
to percolate]. Renewed or repeated percolation; the 
passage of a percolation over and over again through 
fresh instalments of the same drug. 

Repercussion {re-per-kush' -uir) [re, again ; percutei-e, 
to percuss], I. See Ballottement. 2. A driving in, 
or scattering of a tumor or eruption ; repellent action. 

Repercutient ( re-per-ku' -she-ent)[re, again ; percutere, 
to percuss]. Effecting a repercussion ; pertaining to 
a process or function of rebound, or reaction. 

Repetition {rep - e - tish' - un) [repetere, to seek again, 
repeat]. See Homotopy. 

Replantation {re-plan-ta' -shun) [replantare, to plant 
again]. The act of planting again. R. of the 
Teeth, the replacement of teeth which have been 



extracted or otherwise removed from their cavities ; 
when diseased, the thickened periosteum is scraped off 
before returning such teeth to their sockets. 

Repletion {re-pW -shun) [repletio ; replere, to fill again]. 
The condition of being full. 

Repletory {re-ple' -tor-c) [replere, to fill again]. Per- 
taining to repletion. 

Replicate {rep'-lik-at)[replicare, to fold or bend back]. 
In biology : {a) that mode of vernation in which 
the apex of the leaf is folded backward to the base ; 
{b) applied to wings of insects in which the outer 
part slides or folds back on the base, or is folded 
like a fan. 

Replication {rep - lik - a' - shun) [replicatio ; re, back ; 
plica, a fold]. A refolding or turning back of a part 
so as to form a duplication. 

Replum {rep'-lum) [rephtm, a doorcase]. In biology, 
the frame-like placenta in Cruciferce, certain Papaver- 
acece, etc., across which the septum is drawn and 
which persists after the valves have fallen away in 
dehiscence. 

Repose (re-poz') [re, back ; ponere, to place]. Rest, 
relaxation. To be at rest. 

Reposition {re-po-zish' -un) [repositio\ Return of an 
abnormally placed part to its proper position. Re- 
duction of hernia, dislocation, etc. 

Repositor {re-poz' -it-or) [reponere, to replace]. An 
instrument for putting back a presenting foot or pro- 
lapsed cord in labor ; an instrument used in the re- 
placement of a displaced uterus. 

Repoussoir {ra-poo-swahr') [Fr.]. An instrument for 
extracting the roots of teeth. See Repulsorium. 

Reprise {ra-prez') [Fr. " recovery "]. That part of the 
cry of a child which is heard during the act of inspi- 
ration. The loud inspiration in pertussis. The 
" whoop." 

Reproduce (re-pro-dus') [re, again ; producere, to bring 
forth]. To procreate, or bring forth, offspring. 

Reproduction {re -pro - duk'- shun) [reproductio ; re, 
again ; producere, to produce]. The begetting of other 
individuals similar to the parent organism. In biology : 
{a) sexual or asexual generation . Cf. Abiogenesis , 
Archigenesis, Biogenesis, Fission, Gemmation, Hetero- 
genesis, Homogenesis, Parthenogenesis, Schizogenesis, 
Xenogenesis ; {b) a conscious repetition of perceived 
sensations. R., Asexual, that without sexual inter- 
course. R., Endogenous, internal cell-formation. 
R., Sexual, that by the union of sexually distinct cells. 

Reproductive (re-pro-duk'-tiz>) [reproducere, to repro- 
duce]. Having the functions of, or pertaining to, 
reproduction. R. Function, the power and capabil- 
ity of begetting. R. Organs, the organs employed 
in the procreation of offspring. R. Organs, De- 
velopment of; the Primitive Kidneys or Wolffian 
Ducts or ducts of the pronephros, are the first indi- 
cation of the urinary and generative apparatus in the 
fertilized ovum. They appear at the side of the pro- 
vertebrce from the fifth to the last vertebra. Mai- 
ler's Duct, parallel to the Wolffian duct, unites with 
it to open into the uro-genital sinus, the other end 
opening into the abdominal cavity. The Miillerian 
ducts become the Fallopian tubes, hydatid, uterus, and 
vagina, in the female, and in the male the lower part 
becomes the male uterus or vesicula prostatica and the 
hydatid of Morgagni. The Wolffian body or meso- 
nephros becomes in the female the parovarium (orgar. 
of Rosenmuller), or paroSphoron, and round ligament 
of the uterus ; while in the male there are produced 
from it the vasa elferentia (coni vasculosi), the organ 
of Giraldes and the gubernaculum testis. In the 
female the Wolffian ducts become the chief tube of 
the parovarium and the ducts of Gartner; in the male. 



REPTATION 



1253 



RESINS 



they become the convoluted tubes of the epididymis, 
the vas deferens, and the vesiculse seminalis. See, 
also, Metanephros. R. System, in biology, all the 
organs directly or indirectly concerned in genera- 
tion. 

Reptation (rep - ta' - shun) [reptatio, a creeping]. In 
biology, the act of creeping. 

Reptatorial, Reptatory (rep-ta-to'-re-al, rep'-ta-to-re) 
[reptare, to creep]. In biology, creeping. 

Reptilian Heart. See Cor biloculare. 

Repugnatorial (re-pug-nat-o' '-re-al) [repugnatus, p.p. 
of repugnare, to fight against, oppose]. In biology, 
of use in repelling enemies. R. Pores, the external 
openings of cutaneous glands in certain myriapods,from 
which is discharged a strongly odorous secretion con- 
taining prussic acid. Cf. Stink-glands, under Gland. 

Repullulate [re - pitl' '- u - lat) [re, again; pullulare, to 
sprout]. To grow again. 

Repullulation (re-pul-u-la/ -shun) [re, again ; pullulare, 
to sprout]. The return of a morbid growth. 

Repulsion (re-pul'-shun) [repellere, to repulse]. The 
influence which two bodies exert upon each other when 
they tend to increase the distance between them. R., 
Capillary, repulsion due to the forces causing move- 
ments of liquids in small tubes. 

Repulsorium (re - pul - so r - re - uni) [repellere , to drive 
back]. See Repoussoir. 

Resectio (re-sek' -she-d) [L.]. See Resection. R. sub- 
periostialis, a substitute operation for symphysiotomy 
suggested by Christoforis. Subperiosteal resection of 
the ends of the pubic bones on either side of the pubic 
joint, with the idea of replacement by deposition of 
bone. 

Resection (re-sek' -shun) [resectio; resec are, to cut off] . 
Excision of a portion of bone, nerve, or other struc- 
ture. 

Reserve Air (re-zerv'). See Air. 

Reservoir (rez' ' -er-vwor) [reservoir, a storehouse]. In 
biology, a cell, tissue or organ in which assimilated 
substances are stored up for future use. See Receptac- 
ulum. R. of Pecquet. See Receptacidum chyli and 
Cistern of Pecquet. 

Resident (rez' -id-ent) [residere, to remain behind]. In 
biology, not migratory. R. Physician, House- 
physician, a physician residing in a hospital. 

Residual Air (re-zid' -u-al). See Air. 

Residue (rez'-id-zt) [residuum, a remnant]. That 
which remains after a part has been removed. In 
pharmacy and chemistry, any part remaining after fil- 
tration. See also Radical. 

Residuum (re-zid' -u-uni) . The balance or remainder. 

Resilience (re-zil' -e-ens) [re, back; salire, to leap]. 
The quality of being elastic or resilient. The act of 
springing or leaping back. Healthy reaction. 

Resilient (re-zil' -e-ent) [re, back; salire, to leap]. Re- 
bounding ; elastic. R. Stricture, one that is not per- 
manently dilatable. 

Resin (rez' -in) [L. ; resina ; gen. and pi. , Resina>~\. 
I. Any member of a class of compounds made by 
treating the substances from which they are obtained 
with alcohol and precipitation with water. The pre- 
cipitate constitutes the resin of pharmacy. There are 
four official resinse. 2. Any member of a class of 
oxidized terpenes. Resins either accompany terpenes 
in crude essential oils, or occur as exudations from 
their hardening on exposure to the air. They are 
amorphous, mostly vitreous bodies, insoluble in water. 
They melt at a low heat, are non-volatile, and burn 
quickly with a smoky flame. They are largely used in 
the preparation of varnishes, and several are employed 
in medicine. Resins are divided into (1) true resins, 
(2) gum-resins, and (3) oleo-resins or balsams. The 



true resins are hard, compact products of oxidation, 
made up chiefly of what are termed "resin acids," 
which, admixed with fatty acids, are capable of sapon- 
ifying with alkalies, and yield " resin soaps ; " the 
gum-resins differ from the true resins only in contain- 
ing some gum capable of softening in water ; and the 
oleo-resins include the mixtures of essential oils and 
resin of whatever consistency, and the mixtures of 
benzoic and cinnamic acid, and salts of these acids. 
This last class is much the largest of the three. To 
the first class belong the hard resins, which serve for 
the manufacture of varnishes, such as copal, dammar, 
mastic, sandarach, dragons' blood, gum-lac, and am- 
ber ; to the second class, olibanum or frankincense, 
myrrh, ammoniacum, asafetida, galbanum, and traga- 
canth ; and to the third class, crude turpentine, ben- 
zoin, storax, copaiba, Peru and Tolu balsams. The 
following table (Sadller's Industrial Organic Chemis- 
try) gives the bromin-absorption, the saponification - 
equivalent, and the proportions of potash neutralized 
by the various resins. A classified table of the resins 
is also appended. R.-cell, a cell that secretes resin. 
R., Ceratum, Basilicon Ointment, resin 35, yellow 
wax 15, lard 50 parts. R., Common, Colophony, 
Rosin, the residue after the distillation of the volatile 
oil from turpentine. R.-duct. Same as R. -passage. 
R., Emplastrum, Resin Blaster, Adhesive Plaster, 
resin 14, lead plaster 80, yellow wax 6 parts. R.-flux, 
a disease caused by the fungus Agaricus melleus, which 
attacks conifers, giving rise first to an excessive flow 
of resin, and ultimately to the death of the tree. R.- 
gland, a large cell, or a group of smaller cells, secret- 
ing resin. R. -passage, an intercellular cavity formed 
by masses of tissue becoming separated from each 
other, and whose function it is to secrete resin. R.- 
tube. Same as R. -passage. R., Ung. (B. P.), used 
for the same purpose as the plaster or cerate. 



TABLE OF RESINS. 



I. Copaline or Varnish Resins. 



African Copal. Black Dammar. 
Brazilian Copal. 

Dammar. 

East Indian Dammar. 



Gum Anime. 

Kaurie, or Coudie Resin. 

Lac. 

Mastic. 

Mexican Copal. 

Piney Resin, or White Dammar. 

Sal Dammar. 
Sandarach. 



Conarium slrictum. 
Hymenia, and Trachylobium 

martianum. 
Hopea robusta, H. micrantha, 

Conarium striatum. 
Dammara orientalis, D. aus- 

tralis, D. vitiensis (" Mab- 

radra "), D. obtusa, D. 

moorii, ID. robusta. 

Dammara australis. 

Schleichera trijuga, Croton 
lacciferum, C. draco. 

Pistacia lentiscus. 

Hymenea. 

Vateria indica and V. acum- 
inata. 

Shorea robusta et al. 

Callitris quadrivalvis. 



II. Soft Resins, or Oleo-resins. 



Balsam of Canada. 
Brazilian Elemi. 
Chian Turpentine. 
Frankincense. 



Manila Elemi. 
Mexican Elemi. 
Riga Balsam. 
Tacamahac (American). 
Tacamahac (Curaca). 
Tacamahac (East Indian). 
Turpentine. 

Turpentine (Venetian). 
Wood Oil. 



Abies canadensis. 

Icica icicariba. 

Pistacia terebintkus. 

Pinus halepensis, Boswellia 

carteri, B. frereana, B. 

thusifera. 
Conarium commune. 
Amyris elemifera. 
Pinus cembra. 
Elephrium tomentosum. 
Fagara octandra. 
Calophyllum inophyllum. 
Abies balsamifera, Pinus pal- 

ustris, etc. 
Larix europcza. 
Dipterocarpus turbinatus. 



RESINA 



1254 



RESORCIN 



TABLE- OF RESINS.— Continued. 
III. Fragrant Oleo-resins and Gum-resins. 



Balsam of Gilead, or Mecca 
Balsam. 

Balsam of Peru. 
Balsam of Tolu. 
Bdellium, or Grogul. 
Benzoin. 

Labdanum, or Ladanum. 

Liquid Storax. 

Myrrh. 

Olibanum, or Frankincense. 

Solid Styrax. 

West Indian Balsam. 



Ammoniacum. 
Asafetida. 

Galbanum. 

Opoponax. 

Sagapenum. 

Sarcocol. 



Balsamodendron perryi, B. 
opobalsamum and Amyris 
gileadensis. 

Myrospermum peniiferum. 

Myrospermum toluiferum. 

B alsamodendron roxburghii. 

Styrax benzoin and balsamo- 
dendron Muknl. 

Cistus creticus var. labdanif- 
erus. 

Liquidambar orienlalis. 

Balsamodendron myrrha. 

Boswellia carteri, B. serrata, 
Juniperus lycia. 

Styrax officinalis. 

Clusia multiflora, C. grandi- 
Jiora, C. insignis. 



IV. Fetid Gum-resins. 

Dorema ammoniacum. 
Ferula narthex and F. scoro- 

dosma. 
Ferula galbanifera and F. 

rubricaulis. 
Opoponax chironium. 
Ferula. 
Penea sarcoco/la, P. mucro- 

nata. 



V. Medicinal Resins. 



Balsam of Copaiba. 

Euphorbium. 

Gamboge. 

Guaiacum. 



Copaifera officinalis, C. multi- 

juga, etc. 
Euphorbia resinifera. 
Garcinia. 
Guaiacum officinale. 



VI. Extract-resins. 



Churrus. 
Cubeb Resin. 
Jalap Resin. 
Podophyllum Resin. 
Scammony. 



Cannabis sativa. 
Cubeba officinalis. 
Ipomeajalapa. 
Podophyllum peltatum. 
Convolvulus scammonia. 



Kind of Resin. 


5 z 

a a 

*£* 

Xq 
O a 
MS 


z 
P z 

[1. > 

p 
5-w 


a. 

a, 



W 

<i 

SP 

s 



K 
« 


Hydrobromic 
Acid Formed. 




I6.I 


347-6 


53-5 


Some. 




9-5 


535-5 


60.2 


Much. 




22.3 


256.0 


38.9 


Some. 




12.4 


450.8 


89.9 








Copal (reduced to ^ 


12.9 


433-4 


84-5 


Much. 




'5-2 


1068. 1 


117.9 


Much. 




3-3 


1697.9 


122.2 


Very much. 




15-5 


361-1 


71.6 


Much. 




12.9 


433-4 


108.2 






11.7 


478.6 


124.3 


Much. 


Rosin (refined) 


18.1 


308.6 


112.7 






16.4 


340.6 


96.4 


Very much. 




23.0 


242.7 


5-2 




Shellac (bleached), . . 


18.2 


306.9 


4.6 






21.0 


340.6 


108.5 





Resina (rez-i'-nah) [L.]. A resin. 

Acaroides. 
Resinaceous (rez-in-a' -she-us) [resina, 

the qualities of resin. 



R. lutea. See 
resin]. Having 



Resiniferous (rez-m-if -er-us) [resina, resin ; ferre, to 
bear]. Producing resin. 

Resiniform (rez' -in-if-omi). Same as Resinoid. 

Resinoid (rez 1 '-in-oid ) [resina, a resin ; slSor, like]. 1. 
Resembling a resin. 2. A substance which has some 
of the properties of a resin. Most of the so-called 
resinoids are of indefinite chemic composition ; others 
are impure resins. 

Resinous [rez'-in-us) [resina, a resin]. Having the 
nature of a resin. 

Resistance (re-zis' -ta?is) [resistare, to withstand]. In 
electricity, the opposition offered by a conductor to the 
passage of the current. It is estimated in ohms. See 
Ohm. R., Essential, the resistance to conduction 
within the battery itself. R., Extraordinary, the 
resistance to conduction outside of the battery. 

Resolution (rez-o-lu' '-shun) [resolvere, to resolve]. A 
quick improvement in the course of a febrile disease. 
See Crisis. R. of Anesthesia, the condition when 
muscular and nervous reactions are permanently 
absent. Complete anesthesia. R. of Inflammation, 
the return of tissues implicated in the inflammatory 
process to their normal condition. 

Resolvent (re-zol' -vent) [resolvere, to dissolve]. That 
which causes solution or dissipation of tissue. A 
discutient. 

Resolving (re-zoV -vinq) [resolvere, to dissolve]. Caus- 
ing solution or dissipation of tissue. R. Power, the 
power of a microscopic objective to show small parts. 

Resonance (rez'-o-nans) [re, again; sonare, to sound]. 
The peculiar quality given to sounds by their reverber- 
ation and modification by the resonance-organs, or by 
the morbid conditions of the chest in auscultation. R., 
Amphoric, a variety of tympanitic resonance having a 
metallic quality. R., Bell-metal, a bell-like sound 
heard on auscultation in pneumothorax when the chest 
is percussed with two coins used as plexor and plexime- 
ter. R., Cough, a sound heard on auscultation during 
the act of coughing. R., Cracked-pot, a variety of tym- 
panitic resonance elicited by percussing over a pulmon- 
ary cavity communicating with a bronchus. R.- 
organs, the supra-laryngeal cavities that modify the 
quality of vocal sounds. R., Skodaic. See Skoda's 
Tympany. R., Tympanic, resonance elicited on per- 
cussion over the intestines and over large lung-cavities 
with thin, yielding walls. R., Vesicular, the normal 
pulmonary note. R., Vesiculo-tympanitic, an ad- 
mixture of vesicular and tympanitic resonance. R., 
Vocal, the sound heard on auscultation of the chest 
during ordinary speech. R., Whispering, the sound 
heard on auscultation of the chest during the act of 
whispering. 

Resonant (rez f - - nant) [resonans, resounding]. I. 
Sounding or ringing in the nasal passages. 2. A re- 
sonant or nasal sound. See Consonant. 

Resonator (rez'-o-na-tor) [re, again ; sonare, to sound]. 
An instrument used to intensify sounds. See Reso- 
nance-organs. 

Resopyrin {rez-o-pV -rin\ [resina, resin ; orcin ; irvp, 
fire]. A compound of resorcin and antipyrin. The 
physiologic and therapeutic actions of this body are still 
undetermined. Unof. 

Resorcin (re-zor' '-sin) [resina, resin ; Orctis, Pluto], 
C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 . Resorcinol ; a substance produced from 
different resins, and from umbelliferous gum-resins on 
fusion with caustic potash. It is isomeric with hydro- 
quinone. It crystallizes in colorless rhombic prisms or 
plates, melts at 118 C, and boils at 276° C. It re- 
rembles carbolic acid in many of its properties ; is 
odorless, antiseptic, and a powerful germicide. It is 
valuable chiefly as an antipyretic, in malarial fevers, 
and locally as a lotion in diphtheria. Dose gr. v-xv ; 



RESORCINAL 



1255 



RESPIRATION 



as an antipyretic, gj. It is readily soluble in water, 
alcohol, and ether. In dyeing it yields a tine purple- 
red coloring-matter, and several other dyes of commer- 
cial importance. R. Colors. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Resorcinal (re-zor' -sin-al). See Resorcin. R. Yellow. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Resorcinism (re-zor' -sin-izm) \resina, resin ; Orcus, 
Pluto]. A toxic condition caused by injudicious or ex- 
cessive use of resorcin. 

Resorcinum (re zor'-sin-um) [L. : gen., Resorcini\. 
The official name of resorcin, q. v. 

Resorption (re-sorp 1 ' -skun)\_resorptio ; re, again; sorbere, 
to absorb]. The absorption of morbid deposits, as 
of the products of inflammation, exudations, etc. R., 
Lacunar (of bone), resorption of bone by osteoclasts 
forming and occupying Howship'slacunre. Resorp- 
tions-diabetes (Ger.), a glycosuria due to absorption 
of sugar. 

Kespiratio (res-pe-ra'-she-d) [L.]. Respiration. R. 
difficilis. Synonym of Dyspnea. 

Respiration (res-pe-ra' -shun) \respiratio ; respirare , to 
breathe again]. The inspiration and expiration of air 
through the lungs. In biology, the continuous inter- 
change between the gases of living organisms and the 
gases of the medium in which they live, continuous 
throughout life. This consists in all active cells in plants 
of a constant absorption of the oxygen of the air into 
the tissues, where it causes oxidation of the assimilated 
substances and the release of carbon dioxid. The 
movements of protoplasm are dependent upon respi- 
ration. It is the opposite of assimilation. R., Ab- 
dominal, respiration caused by the contraction of the 
diaphragm and the elasticity of the abdominal walls 
and viscera. It is more common in men than in 
women. R., Aerial, respiration in which the respi- 
ratory membrane receives oxygen and is relieved of 
carbon dioxid by means of atmospheric air. R., 
Amphoric, a blowing respiration engendered in large 
cavities with firm walls. Its peculiar character is 
due to an echo from the walls of the cavity. R., 
Aquatic, respiration in which the respiratory mem- 
brane, the branchial mucosa(gills) ,the skin, etc. , receive 
oxygen and are relieved of carbon dioxid by means of 
water. R., Artificial, artificial production of the 
normal respiratory movements. See Artificial Respi- 
ration. R., Biot's, periodic respirations without 
any variation in the extent of the individual respira- 
tions. It occurs normally during sleep. R., Blood, 
the giving off of carbon dioxid and taking up of 
oxygen by the blood during its passage through the 
lungs. The blood while passing through the capil- 
laries gives up its oxygen to the tissues and takes up 
carbon dioxid. R., Blowing. See R., Bronchial. 
R., Branchial, respiration by means of gills or bran- 
chiae, as in aquatic animals. R., Bronchial, respira- 
tion as heard over the trachea or bronchial tubes in 
health; it is high in pitch, equal in inspiration and 
expiration, blowing in character, especially the ex- 
piratory element, and is marked by a brief pause 
between inspiration and expiration. It is well 
defined only in case of pulmonary consolidation. 
R., Broncho-cavernous, a form intermediate in char- 
acter between bronchial and cavernous respiration. R., 
Broncho-vesicular, respiration having the characters 
of both bronchial and vesicular respiration. It is 
heard over areas of consolidation surrounded by 
patches of healthy lung-tissue. R., Buccal. See 
Mouth-breathing. R., Cavernous, a blowing respi- 
ration of low pitch, circumscribed, alternating with 
gurgling, and derivingits chief characterfrom the nature 
of the cavity in which it is generated. R., Center of, 



the nervous center regulating the act of respiration is 
situated in the floor of the fourth ventricle near the 
point of the calamus. It is automatic in its action. 
R., Cerebral, respiration in which the lips are closed, 
the cheeks distended, the nostrils dilate with each 
expiration, which is attended with a puffing sound ; 
the respirations are irregular. It is observed especi- 
ally in typhus fever and in apoplexy. R., Cheyne- 
Stokes, a peculiar type of breathing in which 
there is a rhythmic increase of the respirations up to a 
certain degree of rapidity, then gradually decreasing 
again to temporary cessation. This pause may be as 
long as half a minute. This form of respiration is 
most commonly seen in the late stages of tuberculous 
meningitis, but it may also be noted in apoplexy, fatty 
degeneration of the heart, and nephritis with uremia. 
R., Clavicular, a form resorted to by singers and in 
which the clavicle is brought into play in the respiratory 
movements, the shoulders being elevated. R., Cogged 
or Cogwheel. See R., Interrupted. R., Costal, respi- 
ration in which the chest-movement predominates over 
the diaphragmatic movement. It is seen especially in 
women , and is supposed to be related to gestation or per- 
haps partially to the mode of dress. R., Costo-inferior, 
respiration in which the elevation and depression (respi- 
ratory movements) are confined chiefly to the lower ribs. 
It is best seen in dogs. R., Costo-superior, respiration 
in which the respiratory movements involve chiefly the 
upper ribs. It is most common in women. R., Cu- 
taneous, the giving off of carbon dioxid and taking 
up of oxygen through the skin. R., Diaphragmatic. 
See R., Abdominal. R., Direct, respiration in which 
the living substance of an organism, as an ameba, 
takes oxygen directly from the surrounding medium 
and returns carbon dioxid directly to it, no respiratory 
blood being present. R., Divided, respiration in which 
there exists a distinct interval between inspiration and 
expiration. It is seen in emphysema as a result cf the 
distention of the air- vesicles and consequent reduction 
in expelling force. R., Exaggerated, an increase in 
intensity, without alteration in character or rhythm of 
the respiratory movements. R., External. See R., 
Blood. R., Extrinsic (of F. Hezvitt), the inspiration 
and immediate expiration of a gas, so that a portion 
that has once been inspired is not inspired again. R., 
Facial, a term applied to all the movements of the 
face during inspiration and expiration. R., Feeble, 
diminution in the intensity, without alteration in the 
character or rhythm of the respiratory movements. 
R., Fetal, the interchange of gases between the fetal 
and the maternal blood through the medium of the pla- 
centa. R., Forced, respiration induced by blowing 
air into the lungs by means of a bellows, or in some 
other way, as in physiologic experiments. R., Harsh. 
See R. , Broncho-vesicular. R., Hissing, an increased 
vesicular murmur causing a hissing sound. R., Hollow. 
See R. , Amphoric. R., Indeterminate, the most pro- 
nounced vesicular grade of broncho-vesicular respira- 
tion. R., Indirect, respiration in which the living sub- 
stance of the organism, as in all the higher animals, 
gets rid of carbon dioxid and obtains oxygen by means 
of a circulating respiratory blood. R., Inner or Inter- 
nal, the taking up of oxygen and giving off of carbon 
dioxid by the body-elements for their own require- 
ments. It occurs in man in the capillary system. R., 
Interrupted, respiration in which either inspira- 
tion or expiration is divided into two or more parts. 
It is most often heard at the apex of the righ.. 
lung, anteriorly. R., Intestinal, the interchange of 
respiratory gases in the mucous membrane of the in- 
testines. R., Intra-uterine, respiration by the fetus 
before delivery. R., Intrinsic (of F. Hewitt), the 



RESPIRATIVE 



1256 



REST 



breathing over and over again of a limited volume of 
gas. R. , Jerking. See R. , Interrupted. R. , Labored, 
respiration in which, owing to lack of ability on 
the part of the ordinary muscles of respiration to 
sufficiently aerate the blood, the auxiliary muscles of 
respiration are called into play. R., Laryngeal, the 
widening of the glottis during inspiration and its nar- 
rowing during expiration. R., Lung. See R., Pul- 
monary. R., Metamorphosing (of Seitz), respira- 
tion in which the first part of the inspiratory sound is 
tubular and the last part cavernous ; a cavernous ele- 
ment is also heard during expiration. It is a certain 
sign of a cavity (Vierordt). R., Muscle, respiration 
by a muscle when in action. R., Nasal, nose-breath- 
ing. R., Nervous. See R., Cerebral. R., Normal, 
respiration as it occurs in a normal individual in a 
state of rest or moderate action. R., Oral. See 
Mouth-breathing. R., Ordinary. See R., Normal. 
R., Organs of, any parts of the body by means of 
which certain constituents of the blood are exchanged 
for those of the surrounding air or water. R., Pha- 
ryngeal (of Garland), rhythmic expansions and con- 
tractions of the pharnyx in connection with other move- 
ments of respiration. The expansion is pre-inspiratory 
and the contraction inspiratory. R., Placental. See 
R., Fetal. R., Puerile. See R., Exaggerated. R. ( 
Pulmonary, respiration in which the interchange of 
gas between the blood and air occurs in the lungs. 
R., Rough, a variety of broncho-vesicular respiration. 
R., Rude. See R. , Rough. R., Senile, the feeble 
respiration of old age. R., Sighing, deep respira- 
tion accompanied with sighing. It is seen in pulmon- 
ary congestion and dyspepsia. R., Stertorous, the 
sound produced by breathing through the nose and 
mouth at the same time, causing vibration of the velum 
pendulum palati between the two currents of air. R., 
Subsibilant (of Laennec), a duli, whistling sound 
heard over the bronchi, and due to an obstruction by 
mucus. R., Superficial. See R., Blood. R., Sup- 
plementary. See R., Exaggerated. R., Thoracic. 
See R. , Costal. R., Tissue. See R., Internal. R., 
To-and-fro. See R., Intrinsic. R., Tracheal, the 
respiratory murmur heard in a normal individual by 
placing a stethoscope over the supra-sternal fossa. 
R., Tranquil. See A'., Normal. R., Tubular. See 
R. , Bronchial. R., Uremic. See R.\ Cheyne- 
Stokes. R., Vaginal, the movements of the vagina 
caused by the movements of the diaphragm in respi- 
ration. R., Ventral. See R., Abdominal. R., 
Vesicular, a soft, gradual, low-pitched inspiration 
immediately followed by a shorter and less distinct ex- 
piration-sound heard over the normal lung during respi- 
ration. R., Vesiculobronchial. See R., Broncho- 
vesicular. R., Wavy. See R., Interrupted. 

Respirative (res-pi' -rat-iv) [ respirare, to respire]. 
Performing respiration. 

Respirator (res-pe-ra' -tor) \_respirare, to respire]. An 
instrument through which one breathes to modify the 
coldness of the air or to exclude its impurities, or for 
the inhalation of volatile medicaments. R. -veil, a 
muffler for women, devised by Lennox Browne. It 
consists of a piece of plain veiling with a double 
thickness of silk gossamer on the lower four inches. 
The part that covers the mouth and nostrils is stiff 
ened with a layer of thin wire gauze, so that the veil 
may stand a little away from the face and be more 
comfortable. 

Respiratorium (res-pe-ra-to' -re-urn) [respirare , to re- 
spire, to breathe out : //. , Respiratoria~\. In biology, 
one of the delicate folds of the integument of the 
aquatic larva; of certain insects, richly supplied with 
minute tracheae. 



Respiratory [res' -pe - ra - to - re) [respiratorius~\. Per- 
taining to respiration. Also, to the murmur heard upon 
auscultation over the lungs of a healthy person during 
ordinary breathing. R. Blood, Huxley's name for 
the fluid present in thepseudo-hemal system of vessels 
of certain invertebrates (Annelida). It contains a dis- 
solved red substance allied to hemoglobin. R. Ca- 
pacity, the capacity of the blood for taking up oxygen 
in the respiratory organs and depositing it in the tissues, 
and of taking up carbon dioxid from the tissues and 
giving it off in the respiratory organs. R. Cavity, the 
same as the thoracic cavity ; also used as a general term 
to describe the air-passages. R. Chamber, a res- 
piratory cavity. R. Filaments, thread-like organs ar- 
ranged in tufts near the head of the larva of the gnat. 
R. Glottis, that part of the glottis between the aryt- 
enoid cartilages. R. Leaflets, the laminated organs 
of respiration of the pulmonary arachnidans. R. 
Murmur, the sound produced by the air entering and 
escaping from the lungs during the respiratory period. 
R. Nerve, one of two nerves involved in respira- 
tion. The external is the posterior thoracic nerve ; 
the internal, the phrenic nerve. R. Nerve (of the 
Face), the facial nerve. R. Nerves (of Bell), the 
Phrenic, Posterior Thoracic, and Facial Nerves. R. 
Orifice, a breathing pore. R. Percussion, Da Costa's 
term for the method of physical examination by noting 
the sound elicited by percussion of the chest while the 
breath is held after a full inspiration, and also after a 
prolonged expiration. R. Periods, the time elapsing 
between the beginning of one inspiration and that of 
the next. R. Pigments, a series of pigments dis- 
covered by McMunn, Moseley, Krukenberg, and 
others in the fluids and tissues of many plants and 
animals. They are capable of existing in a state 
of oxidization and reduction, and play an important 
role in the function of respiration. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. R. Plate. See Respiratorium. R. 
Portion of the Nose, the lower portion of the nasal 
cavity. R. Pulse, the modifications in the pulse pro- 
duced by respiration. R. Quotient, the ratio between 
the amount of oxygen given off by the lungs and that 
taken up by them in the same period of time. R. 
Sac, a sac-like respiratory organ of various animals. 
R. Sound. See R. Murmur. R. Surface, the 
entire surface of pulmonary tissue coming in con- 
tact with the respired air. R. Tract, a term de- 
scriptive of the sum of the air-passages. R. Tubes, 
a term applied to all tubular organs of respiration. 
R. Vesicular Murmur, the normal respiratory mur- 
mur. See Respiration, Normal. 

Respire (re-spir') [re, back ; spirare, to breathe]. To 
breathe. 

Respirometer [res - pi - romf - et - er) [respirare, to take 
breath; /itTpov, measure]. An instrument for as- 
certaining the condition of the respiration. Also 
the apparatus used to supply air to a diver under 
water by supplying compressed oxygen, which is 
made to combine in proper proportion with nitro- 
gen chemically filtered from the air expired from his 
lungs. 

Responsibility (re-spon-sib-if -it-e) [ respondere , to an- 
swer]. In medical jurisprudence, the accountability 
of a person for an act committed. It usually turns 
upon the question as to whether or not the person 
was of sound mind and capable of controlling his 
actions and thoughts. 

Resserrement (res-air-mon(gY) [Fr.]. Constriction; 
constipation. 

Rest [ME., resten, to rest]. Cessation of all motion, labor, 
or action ; to sleep, to lie dormant. R. of Royce, 
an epithelial formation arising either early, during the 



RESTANT 



1257 



RETE 



development of the embryo or accidentally during 
later life and apparently left over from the formation 
of a part or organ. Thus the remains of the cranio- 
pharyngeal, lingual, and neural canals are in adult 
life observed in the lines of old incisions. R.- 
cure, the mode of treatment of patients suffering from 
hysteria and neurasthenia, as suggested by Weir 
Mitchell. It consists in (i) rest, (2) isolation, (3) 
systematic feeding, (4) massage, and (5) electricity. 
The electricity is the least important factor in the sys- 
tem of treatment. The duration of the treatment 
should never be under six weeks, and usually should 
continue for ten or twelve weeks. 

Restant (res' -taut) [Fr. , restant, remain]. In biology, 
remaining ; of leaves, remaining on the plant over 
winter ; of a corolla or calyx, remaining unwithered 
till the fruit ripens. 

Restaurans (res' -taw-ratis) [restaurare, to restore]. 
Restorative, tonic. 

Restibrachial (res-tib-ra'-ke-al) [restis, a rope ; bra- 
chium, an arm]. Pertaining to the restibrachium. 

Restibrachium (res-tib-ra' -ke-uni) [restis, a rope ; bra- 
chium, an arm]. The inferior peduncles of the cere- 
bellum ; the myelobrachium. 

Restiform (res' -tif-orm) [restis, a cord; forma, form]. 
Corded or cord-like. R. Bodies, a descriptive term 
applied to certain cord-like bodies or processes of the 
medulla oblongata. 

Resting (rest'-ing) [ME., resten, to rest]. Ceasing 
from motion; at rest. R.-cell. Same as R. -spore. 
R. -sporangium, in biology, Pringsheim's term for 
peculiar resting-cells formed by the mycele of a few 
fungi (e. g. , Saprolegnia) , in which zoospores are pro- 
duced. R. -spore, in biology, a spore invested with 
a firm cell-wall, which remains dormant for a period, 
often during the whole winter, before it germinates. 
R. -stage, in biology, the period of dormancy in the 
history of a plant or germ. R. -state, in biology, a 
state of suspended activity, the condition of perennial 
plants, bulbs, seeds, and spores during their period of 
dormancy. 

Restis (res'-tis) [L., a cord]. A name given to the resti- 
form body. 

Restitution (res-tit-u' -shun) \_restituere , to set up again]. 
The act of restoring to a previous condition. See 
Rotation. 

Restoration (res-tor-a'-shun) [restaurare, to restore]. 
The renewal of or return to a state of health. 

Restorative (re-stor' -at-iv) [L. , restaitrare, to restore]. 

1. Renewing health and vigor. 2. A medicine, cor- 
dial, or food that is efficacious in restoring one to 
health and vigor. 

Restraint (re-strant') \_restringere, to draw back]. I. 
Hindrance of any action, physical, moral, or mental. 

2. The state of being controlled ; specifically, abridge- 
ment of liberty in the care of the insane. R.-bed 
and R. -chair. See R., Mechanical. R., Mechanical, 
restraining the insane by mechanical means. R., Medi- 
cinal, the use of narcotics and sedatives in quieting the 
insane. 

Restringent (re-strin'-gent) \_restringere, to restrain]. 

An astringent or styptic. 
Resublimation (re-snb-lim-a' -shun) \_re, again ; subli- 

mare, to raise on high]. The process of subliming a 

drug for the second time. 
Resudation (re-su-da'-shun) [re, again ; sudor, sweat ; 

resudare, sweat again]. A renewed sweating; the 

return of sweating as a symptom. 
Resupinate (re-su'-pin-at) [re, again; supinare, to 

bend backward]. Turned in a direction directly 

opposite to the usual one ; as in an ovary with its 

apex directed downward ; inverted; reversed. 



Resupination (re-su-pin-a' -shun) [re, back ; supinare, 
to bend backward]. In biology, a term applied to 
the torsion which the long inferior ovary of most 
orchids undergoes at the time of the opening of 
the flower, which causes the posterior side of the 
Mower to assume an anterior position. 

Resupine (re-sit' -pin) [re, back ; supinus, lying on the 
back]. Lying with the face upward. 

Resurrectionist (rez-ur-ek' -shun-ist) [resurgere, to rise 
again]. Colloquially, one who steals dead bodies 
from the grave as subjects for dissection. 

Resuscitant (re-sus' -it-ant )[resuscitans,p. p. resuscitare, 
to revive again]. The person by whom or the thing 
by which one is resuscitated. 

Resuscitate (re-sus' -it-dt) [resuscitare, to revive]. To 
revive ; to recover from apparent death. 

Resuscitation (re-sus-it-a'-shun) [resuscitatio ; resusci- 
tare, to raise up again]. The bringing to life, or resto- 
ration of one apparently dead from asphyxiation or 
suffocation. 

Resuscitative (re-sus' -it-a-tiv) [resuscitare , to revive]. 
Tending to resuscitate ; reviving. 

Resuscitator (re-sus' -it- a-tor). See Resuscitant. 

Retainment (re-tan' -went). See Retention. 

Retanilla (ra-tan-il'-ah) [Fr., retanille~\. A genus of 
the rhamneae. R. ephedra, R. obcordata, two 
Chilian and Peruvian astringents and tonic styptics. 
Unof. 

Retardation (re-tar-da' '-shun) [retardatio ; re/ardare, 
to delay]. Any hindering or delaying of a func- 
tion. In obstetrics, delay in expelling the fetus. In 
biology, the change of structure during growth accom- 
plished by the subtraction of parts. The opposite of 
acceleration, a. v. 

Retarding (re-tar' -ding) [relardare, to delay]. Hin- 
dering ; delaying. R. Ague, a variety of ague in 
which the paroxysm is postponed to a later hour each 
day. 

Retch [AS., hracan, to cough, Ital., recere, to vomit]. 
To strain at vomiting. To suffer the spasmodic mus- 
cular contractions by which the stomach is emptied 
in vomiting, without discharging any matter. 

Rete (re'-te) [L., a net: pi., Retia~\. Any network or 
decussation and interlacing, especially of capillary 
blood-vessels. R., Acromial, a plexus of arteries on 
the surface of the acromial process, formed by anas- 
tomoses between the acromial branch of the acromio- 
thoracic, the suprascapular, and the anterior and pos- 
terior circumflex. R. articulare cubiti, an arterial 
anastomosis over the elbow. R., Bipolar, applied to 
blood-vessels that unite into larger stems and again 
divide and end in capillaries. R. calcaneum, an 
arterial anastomosis over the os calcis. R., Carpal, 
Anterior, and Posterior, two plexuses of arteries 
formed by the carpal branches of the radius and ulna, 
one in front and the other at the back of the wrist. 
R. carpi dorsale, the posterior carpal arch. R. 
carpi volare, an arterial meshwork made up of 
branches from the radial and ulnar arteries and deep 
palmar arch upon the anterior surface of the carpus. 
R. choroideum, vascular prolongations of the pia. 
R., Epidermal. Same as R. mucosum. R. hal- 
leri, the upper part of the Wolffian body by which 
the communication between the seminiferous tubules 
and the Wolffian duct is established and maintained. 
R. malleolare internum and externum, the net- 
work surrounding the inner and the outer ankle. R. 
malpighii, the layers of epithelial cells above the 
corium. R. mirabile (//. , Retia mirabilia), is seen 
when an artery splits into branches and reunites in a 
trunk, without forming capillaries. R. mirabile 
duplex. See R. mirabile geniinum or conjugatum. 



KETECIOUS 



1258 



RETINA 



R. mirabile [of Galen), a network of vessels formed 
by the intracranial portion of the internal carotid 
artery in some animals. R. mirabile geminum or 
conjugatum, a plexus in which arteries and veins 
are combined. R. mirabile simplex, a network 
involving only veins or arteries. R. mucosum, the 
three lower layers of living cells of the epidermis. 
R. olecrani, the network of vessels around the olec- 
ranon and at the back of the elbow, formed by the 
divisions of the profunda and other arteries. R. patel- 
iare, the plexus of vessels surrounding the patella. 
R. tarseum dorsale, an arterial network upon the 
dorsal surface of the tarsus. R. testis, the network 
of seminal tubules in the corpus highmori of the tes- 
ticle. R., Unipolar, the capillary divisions of blood- 
vessels which do not reunite. R., Vascular (of B. 
Ridge) , a membranous sac, very vascular, which with 
the meconic membrane forms an envelop for the 
meconium of the fetus. R. vasculosum, a net- 
work of blood-vessels. R. vasculosum testis. 
See R. halleri. R. venosum dorsale manus, a 
venous network on the back of the hand. R. venos- 
um dorsale pedis, a venous network on the dorsum 
of the foot. 

Retecious (re-te 1 '-se-us) . Same as Retiform. 

Retene [re' -tin), C 18 H 1S . A hydrocarbon occurring in 
the highest fractions of coal-tar and also a derivative of 
phenanthrene. It occurs in the tar of highly resinous 
pines and in some mineral resins. It is very soluble 
in alcohol and benzene, and crystallizes in leaflets 
with a mother-of-pearl luster ; it melts at 98 C, and 
boils at about 390 C. 

Retention (re-ten' -shun) [retentio ; re, back ; tenere, to 
hold]. The holding back or stoppage of any of the 
natural discharges of the body, as the feces, lochia, 
urine, menstrual flow, etc. R.-cyst, a cyst formed 
by a secretion, the natural outlet being closed. 
R., Hystero-cystic, retention of urine caused by 
pressure from a gravid uterus. R. of Milk. Same 
as Galactoschesis, q. v. R. of Menses : I. Reten- 
tion of menstrual blood due to mechanical interference 
with its outward flow. 2. Postponement of menstrua- 
tion after the proper age for its establishment. R. of 
Placenta, failure of expulsion of a placenta as a result 
of improper or deficient uterine contractions. R. of 
Urine, inability to empty the bladder voluntarily. 

Retentive (re-ten' -tiv) [retinere, to retain]. That 
which holds anything in place. 

Retia (re'-te-ah) [L., plural of Rete']. See Rete. 

Retial (re'-te-al) \_rete, a net]. Relating to, or of the 
nature of, a rete. 

Retiary (re' -te-a-re) [rete, a. net]. Net-like. 

Reticular (ret-ik' -u-lar) [reticulum, a little net]. 
Formed by reticulation ; areolar ; abounding in inter- 
stices. R. Cartilage. Same as yellow elastic car- 
tilage, (]. v. R. Formation, a formation occupying 
the anterior and lateral area of the oblongata dorsad of 
the pyramids and lower olives and extending up into 
the pons. R. Lamina of Kolliker. See Membrane, 
Reticular. R. Layer of the Skin, the deep layer of 
the derma, consisting of strong interlacing bands of 
white and yellow fibrous tissue. 

Reticulare (ret-ik-u-la'-re) {reticularis, like a net]. The 
rete mucosum. See Rete. 

Reticulate (re-tik'-u-lat) [reticulum, a little net]. In 
biology, in the form of network ; said of the veins of 
leaves and the surface-markings of different organs. 

Reticulated (ret-ik' -u-la-ted). Having net-like meshes. 

Reticulation (ret - ik - u - la f - shun) [reticulatus, like a 
net]. The character of being reticulated. 

Reticulose (ret-ik' -u-loz) [reticulum, a net]. Minutely 
oi finely reticulate. 



Reticulum (re-tik'-u-lum) [reticulum , a little net: //., 
Reticula]. 1. A network. 2. In biologv, applied to 
various reticulated structures, e.g., (a) the second divi- 
sion (hood or honey-comb bag) of the complicated 
stomach of a ruminant ; (b) the intracellular or intra- 
nuclear network; (c) the neuroglia; (d) the fibrous 
substance growing at the base of the petioles of certain 
palms, also called mattulla. R. cutaneum, R. mu- 
cosum. See Rete mucosum. R.-Germ (of Von 
Ebner), a network of fibers occasionally seen between 
layers of seminal cells. 

Retiferous (re-tif -er-us) [rete, a net; ferre, to bear]. 
That which has a rete. 

Retiform (re' -tif-orm) [retiformis\ Net-shaped ; re- 
ticulated. R. Tissue. See Animal Tissue. 

Retina (ret'-in-ah) [rete, a net]. The chief and essen- 
tial peripheral organ of vision, the third or internal 
coat or membrane of the eye, made up of the end- 
organs or expansion of the optic nerve within the 
globe. It is composed of ten layers from without in- 
ward, as follows: I. Pigment-cells. 2. Rods and 



1, 1. Layer of 
rods and cones. 

2. Rods. 3. 
Cones. 4. Upper 
portion of rods. 
5. Lower por- 
tion. 6. Point of 
union of these 
two parts. 7, 7. 
Two cells of the 
granular layer. 
8, 8. Two other 
cells of the same 
layer. 9, 9. Still 
two other cells 
of the same 
layer. 10. Cell 
of the layer of 
gray matter with 
which these com- 
municate. 11, 12. 
Other cells of the 
granular layer. 

13. Tripolar cell 
with which these 
are continuous. 

14. A rod contin- 
uous with the 
elements of the 
other layers 15. 
Process by 
which it commu- 
nicateswithacell 
of t h e external 
granular layer. 
16. Process by 
which this cell 
co m mu nicates 
with a cell of the 
internal granu- 
lar layer. 17. 
Process by 
which this cell 
co m m u n icates 
with the layer of 
gray matter. 18. 

Process from the last entering into the fibrous layer. 19. 
A radiating fiber of Miiller. 20. Conoid swelling by which 
this fiber is attached to the internal limiting layer. 21. A 
cone continuous with the other elements of the retina. 22. 
Cell of external granular layer. 23. Intermediary process 
between two cells of the granular layer. 24. Process con- 
necting a cell of the granular layer with a cell of the layer 
of gray matter. 25. Process of cell of layer of gray matter. 
2fi. A radiating fiber. 

cones. 3. External limiting. 4. External granular. 
5. Outer molecular. 6. Internal granular. 7. Inter- 
nal molecular. 8. Ganglionic. 9. Nerve-fiber. 10. 
Internal limiting. R., Central Artery of, a branch 
of the ophthalmic artery that pierces the optic nerve 
in the orbit, branching within the globe, and supply- 
ing the retina. R. , Coarctate, a term used to describe 




Elements of the Retina. 



RETINACULUM 



1259 



RETINITIS 



the morbid condition caused by an effusion of liquid 
between the retina and the choroid. R., De- 
tachment of, disconnection from the choroid. R., 
Epilepsy of, a symptom of migraine or of epilepsy, 
characterized by transient loss of sight. R., Fovea 
centralis of. See Fovea. R., Leopard or Tiger, 



1, I. Lay er of 
rods and cones. 

2. Rods. 3- 
Cones. 4, 4. 
Membrana limi- 
tans externa. 5, 
5. Outer and in- 
ner granular 
layers. 6. Outer 
granular layer. 
7. Inter-granular 
layer. 8. Inner 
granular layer. 
9. Layer of gray 
matter. 10. Gran- 
ular portion of 
this layer, n. 
Cellular portion. 
12, 12. Fibrous 
layer. 13. Mem- 
brana limitans 
interna. 14, 14. 
Radiating fibers 
inserted into this 
membrane. 




Vertical Section of the Retina. 

the appearance of the retina in chronic retinitis pig- 
mentosa. R., Limbus luteus of. See Macula 
lutea. R., Membrana limitans of. See Mem- 
brana limitans. R., Pulsation of. See Pulsation. 
R., Shot-silk Appearance of. See Reflex, Watered- 
silk. R., Sustentacular Fibers of. See Fibevs 
of Midler. 
Retinaculum {ret - in - ak' '- u - luni) \_retinere, to hold 
back: pi. , Retinacula~\. I. A term applied to such 
bands or membranes as hold back an organ or part, as 
the Retinaculum of the ileo-cecal valve. 2. An instru- 
ment at one time used in operations for hernia. 3. In 
biology : (<?) That viscid, discoid portion of the rostellum 
of an orchid which holds the pollen masses in place and 
is removed with them by a visiting insect ; it is also 
called proscolla, and viscid disc ; {/>) the hardened, 
uncinate funiculus of the seeds of many of the Acantha- 
cea ; (c) the little plate or scale which in certain in- 
sects restrains the protrusion of the sting. Retinac- 
ula of Barry, tense filaments running from the 
thickened portion of the cellular membrane lining the 
Graafian follicle to other parts of the membrane. R. 
costse ultimata?. Same as Lumbo-costal Ligament, 
q. v. Retinacula cutis, fibrous bands connecting the 
corium with the underlying fascia. R. ligamenti 
arcuati, the short external lateral ligaments of the 
knee-joint, q. v. Retinacula morgagni, or Retinac- 
ula of the Ileo-cecal Valve, the membranous ridge 
formed by the coming together of the valve-segments 
at each end of the opening between the cecum and the 



ileum. Retinacula ossis brachii, fibrous bands in- 
serted into the neck of the humerus and having their 
origin in the capsule of the humero-scapular articula- 
tion. R. patellae externum, the lateral patellar 
ligaments. R. patellae internum, the ligamentum 
patella; mediate. Retinacula patellae, laterale et 
mediale. See Lateral Patellar Ligaments. R. 
peroneorum inferius, a fibrous band running over 
the peroneal tendons as they pass through the grooves 
on the outer side of the calcaneum. R. peroneorum 
superius, R. tendinum peroneorum. See Liga- 
ment, Extreme Angular (of Ankle). Retinacula val- 
vulae. See Retinacula morgagni. R. of Weit- 
bricht, bands of ligamentous tissue situated on the 
neck of the trochanter of the femur. 

Retinal {ret'-in-al)\_retinalis; rete, a network]. Per- 
taining to the retina. R. Apoplexy, hemorrhage into 
the retina. R. Horizon, a term used by Helmholtz 
to describe the horizontal plane passing through the 
transverse axis of the eyeball. R. Image, the image 
of external objects as reflected on the retina. R. 
Ischemia, anemia of the retina. R. Melanin. See 
Fuscin. R. Purple. Same as Rhodopsin. 

Retinerved (re'-tin-ervd) [rete, net ; nervus, nerve]. 
In biology, reticulate ; netted-veined. 

Retinitis (ret-in-i' '-tis) \_retina, retina ; mc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the retina, classed, according 
to its etiology, into albuminuric, diabetic, leukemic, 
pigmentary (R. pigmentosa), syphilitic, etc., most of 
which are characterized by distinctive ophthalmoscopic 
appearances. R. albuminurica, the form due to 
nephritis, usually chronic. Numerous white spots 
may be seen scattered over the fundus, some having 
an irregular outline, while others are stellated. 
There are also spots of hemorrhagic extravasation. 
R., Central Punctate, a form seen most in the 
aged. A great number of stria? or white spots are 
visible in the fundus. R., Central Relapsing, a 
form of syphilitic retinitis in which there is a gray 
or yellow area in the macular region, or numerous 
small yellowish-white spots and pigment-dots. It is 
a rare form, and is inclined to relapse. R. cere- 
bralis, retinitis due to intracranial inflammation. 
R., Choroido-, a form of syphilitic retinitis with 
cellular infiltration, exudation, atrophy, and prolifera- 
tion of the pigment-epithelium in the choroid, be- 
tween the choroid and retina, and in the retinal layers. 
R. circumpapillaris, a form in which there is 
proliferation of the outer layers of the retina around 
the disc. R., Diabetic, the form of retinitis occur- 
ring in diabetes. R., Diffuse. See R. serosa. R., 
Diffuse Parenchymatous, the parenchymatous 
form affecting the limitans, the externa, the in- 
terna, and the adventitia. R. exsudativa, retinitis 
with parenchymatous exudation. R., Glycosuric. 
Same as R., Diabetic, q. v. R. gravidarum, a form 
occurring in pregnant women and which is similar to 
retinitis albuminurica, and is of grave prognostic im- 
port. R. haemorrhagica, a form in which there 
is swelling of the papilla and opaque infiltration of 
the surrounding retina ; there are distended, dark, and 
tortuous veins, and the arteries are small ; there are 
hemorrhages, linear or irregular and round in appear- 
ance. R. hepatica, a rare form which sometimes 
occurs in cases of parenchymatous hepatitis. R. 
leukaemica, a form characterized by pallor of the 
retinal vessels and optic disc, the boundary of the 
latter being indistinct. Hemorrhages appear at vari- 
ous points of the membrane, while numerous white 
patches and round bodies are visible about the disc in 
the retina. It is a result of systemic anemia. R. 
macularis. Same as R., Central Relapsing, q. v. 



RETINOCHOROIDITIS 



1260 



RETRAHENT 



R. nephritica. See R. albuminurica. R. nycta- 
lopica, a diffuse, streaked opacity of the retina and 
swelling of the disc, with central scotoma or color- 
scotoma, and more or less marked amblyopia. It 
indicates retro-bulbar neuritis. R. paralytica (of 
Klein), retinitis caused by paralysis affecting the 
optic nerve. R., Parenchymatous, a simple chronic 
retinitis affecting the connective tissue of the retina. 
R. pigmentosa, an affection involving all the 
layers of the retina, and consisting in a slowly-pro- 
gressing connective-tissue and pigment-cell prolifera- 
tion of the entire membrane, with wasting of its 
nerve-elements. The disease is most common in 
males, is often hereditary, and begins at a very early 
period of life, and may be congenital. Both eyes 
are attacked simultaneously, though occasionally only 
one suffers. R. postica, inflammation of the ectal 
retinal layer. R., Proliferating, a development 
of connective tissue in the retina, with the formation 
of dense bluish-white masses within the retina, and 
extending into the vitreous humor. R. punctata 
albescens. Same as R., Central Punctate, q. v. R., 
Purulent, a form in which there are small circum- 
scribed white spots near the papilla and in the macular 
region. R., Renal. See R. albuminurica. R., 
Septic. Same as R. , Purulent. R. serosa, a 
form characterized by an infiltration, most marked in 
the nerve-fiber and ganglionic layer of the retina, 
creating opacity, edema, and hyperemia, most marked 
in the veins. R., Simple Syphilitic, a form of 
syphilitic retinitis in which the ophthalmoscope shows 
a gray opacity surrounding the papilla, which is dis- 
colored and cloudy, and the veins darker than normal. 
R. simplex. Same as R. serosa, q. v. R., Solar, 
retinal change from the effect of sunlight. R. sym- 
pathetica, retinitis of sympathetic origin, and attended 
with retinal hyperemia, redness of the disc, engorge- 
ment of the veins, and great disturbance of vision. 
R., Syphilitic, the form occurring in syphilis ; it is 
chronic, diffuse, and a late manifestation of the sys- 
temic disease. 

Retinochoroiditis (ret - in - o - ko - roi - di' - tis) [retina, 
retina; x°P l0V > t ne chorion; e\5oq, like; inc, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the retina and cho- 
roid. See Choroido-retinitis. 

Retinogen (ret' -in-o-jen) [retina, retina; yevvav, to 
produce]. In biology, the ectal of the two layers com- 
posing the ectoderm of the embryonic eye of arthro- 
pods, the ental layer being called the gangliogen. 

Retinoid (rel'-in-oid) [ pr/rivrj, resin; eldog, form]. 
Resin-like, or in the form of a resin. 

Retinol (rtt'-in-ol) [pijTivrj, a resin], C 32 H 16 . Rosinol ; 
a liquid hydrocarbon derived from the destructive 
distillation of resin. It is employed in capsules for 
blennorrhea. It is a good solvent for iodol, aristol, 
camphor, etc. , and is antiseptic, tonic, and cicatrizant. 
Dose tr^viij three or four times daily. Unof. 

Retinophora (ret-in-off'-or-ah) [retina, retina; <f>epeiv, 
bear: //., Retinopkorcs~\. In biology, one of the 
crystalline cone-cells of the arthropodan eye. The 
retinophorse are surrounded by pigment-cells. 

Retinoscopy (ret-in-os'-ko-pe) [retina, retina ; gko-xuv, 
to observe]. A method of estimating the refraction 
of the eye by observation of the movements of the 
retinal images and shadows through the ophthalmo- 
scopic mirror. The method has also been called, and 
very properly, the Fundus-reflex Test; other terms 
are : Keratoscopy , Pupilloscopy, Umbrascopy , Skiascopy, 
Koroscopy, etc. R., Phosphenic, a method of learn- 
ing the condition of the retina when the crystalline 
lens is opaque. It consists in making slight pressure 
on different regions of the closed eye ; if the retina 



is healthy under the region pressed, a luminous circle 
is seen by the patient on the side opposite to the point 
of pressure. 
Retinoskiascopy {ret-in-o-ski-as' -ko-pe). See Retino- 
scopy. 
Retinula (ret-in' -u-lafi) [dim. of retina, retina: //. , 
Retinulce\. In biology, an aggregation of retinal 
cells ; that portion of the whole retina of the com- 
pound eye which belongs to each of the single eyes, 
as in the lateral eyes of scorpions and Limulus, and 
the eyes of Myriapoda. 
Retinular (ret-in' -u-lar) [retinula, a little retina]. In 

biology, of or pertaining to a retinula, q. v. 
Retinulate (ret-in' -u-lat) [retinula, a little retina]. 

In biology, aggregated into retinula:. 
Retiped (re'-tip-ed) [rete, a net ; pes, foot] . Having 

netted tarsi ; said of certain birds. 
Retort (re-tort') [retorquere, to bend back]. A vessel 
employed in distillation, containing the liquid to be 
distilled. 
Retract (re-trakt') [re, back ; trahere, to draw]. To 

draw back ; to contract ; to shorten. 
Retractile (re-trak' -til) [retrahere, to draw back]. 
That which may be drawn back. R. Carcinoma, 
mammary carcinoma with retraction of the nipple. 
Retractility (re-trak-til'-it-e) [retrahere, to draw back]. 
I. Capable of retraction. 2. Of Pajot, a property of 
the uterine tissue by virtue of which the uterus, having 
been emptied of a part of its contents, becomes thicker- 
walled, while its capacity and volume diminish. 
Retraction (re-trak' -shun) [retractio , a drawing back]. 
The shortening of a fractured limb from the broken 
ends slipping past one another. R., Cicatricial, that 
due to cicatrices. See Cicatricial Contraction. R., 
Muscular, post-paralytic atrophy of a muscle. R. of 
the Uterus, a chronic contraction of the uterus by 
which it applies itself closely to its contents without 
any change of contraction and relaxation. R.-ring. 
See Bandl, Ring of. R., Spasmodic, irregular con- 
traction of the uterus. 
Retractor (re-trak' -tor) [retrahere, to draw back]. 1. 
An instrument for withdrawing the lips or edges of a 
wound, or for pulling the soft parts away from the 
place of incision in amputations. 2. A muscle that 
retracts the organ into which it is inserted. R. an- 
gulioris. See Buccinator Muscle, in Muscles, Table of . 
R. bulbi, the retractor muscle of the eyeball present in 
some animals. R.. Emmet's Perineal, a self-retain- 
ing vaginal speculum. R., Eyelid, a metallic instru- 
ment used to hold the eyelids away from the eyeball 
during an examination or operation. R., Minor's 
Trachea, an instrument used as a substitute for trache- 
otomy tubes, consisting in a hollow rod, slightly curved, 
and holding a bent wire retractor by means of a screw 
at each end. R. oculi. See R. bulbi. R., Pilcher's, 
a small pair of blunt hooks on a single delicate stem. 
An instrument used in tracheotomy. R. urethrae 
or urethralis. See Bulbo-cavernous. R. uteri : (I) 
the recto-uterini of both sides considered as one ; (2) 
of Luschka, a uterine fold. R., Rose's, an instru- 
ment used to hold open a tracheotomy-wound ; it con- 
sists in a piece of steel wire bent to form a pair of 
spring hooks. R., Wells's, two wires bent into hooks 
and tied in place about the neck by bands. It is 
advised for the purpose of keeping the wound open 
after tracheotomy. 
Retrad (re' -trad) [retro, backward]. In or toward 

the rear or posterior part. 
Retrahens (re'-trah-henz) [retrahere, to draw back]. 
Drawing back. R. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 
Retrahent (re'-trah-heut) [retrahens, drawing back]. 
Drawing backward ; retracting. 



RETRAL 



1261 



RETROPHARYNGITIS 



Retral (re'-tral) [retro, backward]. Situated toward 

the back ; posterior, caudal. 
Retrenchment [re-trench' -ment) [Fr. , retrenchement]. 

A plastic operation the object of which is to obtain cica- 
tricial contraction by the removal of superfluous tissue. 

Retriment (ret' - ri-ment) [retrimentum, refuse]. 
Dregs ; refuse, or marc. 

Retro- [re'-tro-] [retro, back]. A prefix meaning back- 
ward or behind ; usually relating to place or position. 

Retroaction [re-tro-ak' -shun) [retro, backward; agere, 
to do]. Reverse action. 

Retroanterograde [re-tro-anl' -er-o-grad) [retro, back- 
ward; <7 nterius, before ; gredi, to go]. Reversing the 
order of succession. R. Amnesia, a perversion of the 
memory in which recent events are referred to a far-off 
and past time, while the occurrences of the remote past 
seem recent. 

Retrobuccal [re-tro-buk' -al) [retro, back ; bucca, the 
mouth]. Pertaining to the back part of the mouth, or 
of the cheek. 

Retrobulbar [re-tro-bul'-bar) [retro, back ; bidbus, 
bulb]. Situated or occurring behind the eyeball. 
R. Neuritis, inflammation in the orbital part of the 
optic nerve. R. Perineuritis, inflammation of the 
sheath of the orbital part of the optic nerve. 

Retrocedent [re-tro-se'-dent] [retro, back; cedere, to 
go]. Pertaining to a retrograde condition or action of 
disease ; going back ; disappearing from the surface, 
as an eruption. R. Gout. See Gout. 

Retroceps (re'-tro-seps) [Fr. ]. A variety of obstetric 
forceps used to grasp the fetal head from behind. 

Retrocervical (re-tro-ser'-vik-l) [retro, behind; cervix, 
the neck]. Situated behind the cervix uteri. 

Retrocession [re - tro - sesh' '- ten) [retrocessio~\. Disap- 
pearance from the surface, as of an exanthem. R. of 
Labor, of Charrier, a rare condition in which, after 
labor has begun, but before the membranes are rup- 
tured, the uterine contractions cease, and the cervix, 
formerly a small ring, becomes a canal again. 

Retroclavicularis [re-tro-kla-vik-u-la' -ris) [retro, be- 
hind ; clavicula, the clavicle]. See Stemo-davicu- 
laris posticus. 

Retroclusion [re-tro-klu' -zhwi) [retro, back ; claudere, 
to shut]. A form of acupressure, in which the pin is 
passed first above the artery, twisted a half circle and 
then driven below the artery into the tissues upon the 
side first entered. 

Retrocollic [re-lro-kol'-ik) [retro, back; collis, the nape 
of the neck]. Pertaining to the muscles at the back 
of the neck. R. Spasm, that form of wry-neck in- 
volving the retrocollic muscles. Spasmodic torticollis. 

Retrocopulant [re-tro-kop' -u-lant) [retro, back; copu- 
lans, copulating]. Copulating backward or from 
behind. 

Retrocopulation [re-tro-kop-u-la'-shun) [retro, back- 
ward ; copidare, to copulate]. The act of copulating 
from behind or aversely. 

Retrodeviation [re - tro - de - ve - a'- shun) [retro, back ; 
deviatio, a wandering]. Any backward displacement ; 
a retroflexion or retroversion. 

Retrodisplacement [re-t?-o-dis-plds'-ment ) [retro, back ; 
OF., desplacer, to put out of place]. Displacement 
backward of a part or organ. 

Retro-esophageal [re - tro - e - so -faj' - e - al) [retro, be- 
hind ; olootpayoQ, esophagus]. Located behind the 
esophagus. 

Retroflected [re-tro-flek' -ted). Same as Retroflexed. 

Retroflection [re-tro-Jiek' -shun) . See Retroflexion. 

Retrofiex [re' -tro-fleks) [retro, back ; fie ctere, to turn]. 
Turning back abruptly. 

Retroflexed ( re-tro-flekst') [relro,ba.ck;flectere, bend]. 
Pent backward. 



Retroflexion [re-tro-flek' -shun) [retro, back ; flectere, 
to bend]. Any abrupt displacement, bending or 
changing of normal direction. R. of Uterus. See 
Uterus. 

Retrofract [re' -tro-frakt). Same as Refracted. 

Retrogenerative [re-tro-jen' -er-a-tiv). Same as Retro- 
copulant. 

Retrognathous [re-trog' -na-thus) [retro, backward; 
yvatioQ, jaw]. Retracted jaw. 

Retrograde [re'-tro-grdd, or ret'-ro-grda) [retro, back- 
ward ; gradus, a step]. Receding, or going backward. 
R. Carcinoma, a carcinoma which grows firmer and 
less in size and remains so. R. Metamorphosis, 
katabolic change. 

Retrograde [re'-tro-grdd, or rel'-ro-grdd) [retrogradi, 
go backward]. In biology, (i) showing degeneration 
from a more complex structure or higher function to a 
lower one. 2. Descriptive of animals that walk or 
swim backward. 

Retrography [re'-tro-graf-e) [retro, back ; ypa<pav, to 
write]. Writing backward; a symptom of certain 
nervous diseases. 

Retrogressive [re-tro-gres'-iv) [retrogressus\. Declin- 
ing in strength ; degenerating. In biology, degenera- 
tion, backward metamorphosis, as the transformation 
of bracts into foliage leaves, stamens into petals, sepals 
into bracts, etc. 

Retro-insular [re-tro-in' -su-lar) [retro, behind ; insu- 
la, island]. Situated or occurring behind the in- 
sula, or island of Reil. R. Convolutions, two or 
three convolutions behind the insula and wholly 
within the fissure of Sylvius. 

Retrojection [re-tro-jek'-shun) [retro, back; jectio, a 
throwing]. The washing out of a cavity from within 
outward. 

Retro-lingual [re-tro-lin' -gwal) [retro, back ; lingua, 
tongue]. Relating to that part of the throat back of 
the tongue. Serving to retract the tongue. 

Retro-location [re-tro-lo-ka' -shun) [retro, back ; loca- 
tio, location]. Same as Retro-position, q. v. 

Retro-malleolar [re - tro - mal-e'- o - lar) [retro, back ; 
malleolus, malleolus]. Located back of a malleolus. 

Retromammary [re - tro - mam'- ar - e) [retro, behind ; 
mamma, breast]. Situated or occurring behind a 
mammary gland. 

Retro-maxillary [re - tro - maks'- il - a - re) [retro, back ; 
maxilla, maxilla]. Situated behind the maxilla. 

Retromorphosis [re-ti-o-mor' -fo-sis) [retro, back; /top^r/, 
form]. Katabolism; retrograde metamorphosis ; kata- 
bolic change. 

Retro-nasal [re -tro - na'- sal) [retro, behind; nasus, 
nose]. Situated back of the nose or nasal cavities. 

Retro-ocular [re-tro-ok' -u-lar) [retro, behind ; oculus, 
the eye]. Situated behind the eyeball. Same as 
Retrobulbar. 

Retroperitoneal [re-tro-per-it-on-e' -al) [retro, behind ; 
■nepirovaiov, peritoneum]. Occurring or situated be- 
hind the peritoneum. R. Hernia, hernia of the in- 
testine into the iliac fossa back of the peritoneum. 

Retroperitoneum [re-tro-per-it-on-e' -urn) [retro, behind ; 
■nepiTovatov, peritoneum]. The retro-peritoneal space. 

Retroperitonitis [re-tro-per-it-on-i' -tis) [retro, behind ; 
TcepiTovaiov, peritoneum; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the retroperitoneal structures. 

Retropharyngeal [re-tro-far-in' -je-al ) [retro, behind ; 
<papvy£ , the pharynx]. Situated or occurring behind 
the pharynx. Pertaining to parts situated behind the 
pharynx. R. Abscess, abscess occurring in the tissues 
back of the pharynx. 

Retropharyngitis [re -tro- far- in- ji' -tis) [retro, be- 
hind; (papvy!;, pharynx; trie, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the retropharyngeal tissues. 



RETROPOSED 



1262 



RHABDITE 



Retroposed (re' -tro -pozd) [retro, back; ponere, to 
place]. Displaced backward. 

Retro-position (re-tro-po-zish' -uti) [retro, back ; positio, 
position]. Backward displacement of the uterus with- 
out flexion or version. 

Retropulsion (re - tro - pul' - shun) \_relro, back ; pidsio, 
beating]. I. A driving or turning back, as of the fetal 
head. 2. A running backward ; a disorder of locomo- 
tion sometimes witnessed in paralysis agitans. 

Retrorse (re-trors') [retro, backward ; vertere, turn]. 
In biology, turned backward. 

Retroserrate (re-tro-ser'-at) [retro, back ; serratus, saw- 
shaped]. In biology, furnished with serrations which 
are turned backward, as the sting of a bee. 

Retroserrulate (re-tro-ser'-u-lat) [retro, back ; serru/a, 
a little saw] . Furnished with diminutive retrorse teeth. 

Retrosiphonate (re-tro-si'-fun-at), [retro, back ; ai^uv, 
siphon]. In biology, having the siphon and surround- 
ing partitions directed backward. 

Retrostalsis (re-tro-stal' 'sis) [retro, backward ; arak- 
cr/c, compression]. Reversed peristaltic action ; peri- 
staltic action that tends to drive the intestinal contents 
cephalad instead of caudad. 

Retrosternal {re-tro-ster' '-nal) [retro, back ; aripvov, 
sternum]. Situated or occurring behind the sternum. 

Retrotarsal (re - tro - tar'- sal) [retro, back; rdpaoc, 
tarsus]. Situated' or occurring behind the tarsus. R. 
Fold, the fornix of the conjunctiva. 

Retrotracheal (re-tro-tra' -ke-al) [retro, behind ; rpa- 
Xeia, trachea]. Situated or occurring behind the 
trachea. 

Retro-uterine (re-tro-u' -ter-in) [retro, behind ; uterus, 
uterus]. Behind the uterus. R. Hematocele, a 
blood-tumor behind the uterus in the pouch of 
Douglas. 

Retrovaccination (re-tro-vak-sin-a 1 '-shun)[retro , back ; 
vaccinas, of a cow]. Vaccination with virus from a 
cow that had been inoculated with the virus of small- 
pox from a human subject. 

Retrovaccine (re-tro-vak' -sin) [retro, back ; vaccinus, 
of a cow]. The virus obtained after inoculating a 
cow with human virus. 

Retroversion (re-tro-ver' '-shun) [retro ; versio, a turn- 
ing]. A turning back ; applied especially to such 
organs as the bladder, the womb, etc. R. of Uterus. 
See Uterus. 

Retti (ret'-i) [Hind., ratti\. The seed of Abruspre- 
catorius. See Jequirity. 

Retuse (re-tils') [retustis, blunted, dull]. In biology, 
applied to a leaf or other flattened organ that has a 
broad, shallow sinus at the apex. 

Retzius, Brown Lines of. Fine parallel lines in the 
enamel of a tooth. R., Cavity of. See Cavity, Pre- 
peritoneal. R., Ligament of. See Ligament. R., 
Space of. Same as R. , Cavity of. R., Stripes of. 
See Stripe. R., Veins of, small veins uniting the 
radicles of the portal branches in the intestines and 
mesentery with the inferior vena cava and its branches. 
They include all the retroperitoneal veins and are 
often enormously enlarged in hepatic cirrhosis. 

Reunion (re-unf -yuri) [re, again ; unio, to become 
one]. The joining of parts whose continuity has been 
destroyed. R. of Wound. See Healing. 

Reuss's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Revaccination (re-vak-si7i-a'-shun)[revaccinatio~\. Re- 
newed or repeated vaccination. 

Revalenta (rev-al-en'-tali) [transposed from Ervum 
lens~\. A commercial and proprietary food-prepara- 
tion for invalids, said to be composed principally of 
lentil meal. 

Revealed (re-veld') [re, back; velare, to veil]. In bi- 
ology, not concealed under other parts. 



Reveilleur (ra-velyur') [Fr. ]. The instrument used 
in Baunscheidtism. 

Revellent (re-vel'-ent). See Revulsive. 

Reverdin's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 

Reverie (rev'-er-e) [Fr., reverie']. A state of dreamy 
abstraction ; visionary mental or ideational movement, 
the mind itself, at least so far as volition is concerned, 
being passive. 

Reverse (re-vers') [revertere, to turn back]. In band- 
aging, a half-turn employed to change the direction of 
a bandage. 

Reversion (re-ve/-'-shun) [revertere, to turn back]. In 
biology : I. The appearance of characteristics which 
existed in remote ancestors ; thus many endoparasites 
(Cestoda, Acantliocephala, Rhizocephala) show rever- 
sion to a very low type of digestion, while the Ascidi- 
ans are held by Dohrn, Lankester, and others to be 
degenerate Verlebrata . The loss of eyes by the Cirri- 
pedia, the Peiiellina, and the Lernaodea , when these 
animals become fixed, as well as by various cave-ani- 
mals, may be included as examples of reversion. 2. 
The backward development of plant-organs, as stamens 
into petals, etc. 3. Becoming wild after having been 
domesticated or cultivated. 

Revert (re-vert'). See Latent. 

Revitalization (re-vi-tal-i-za'-shun) [re, again ; vita, 
life]. The act or process of refreshing or revitalizing. 

Revive (re-viv') [re, again; vivere, to live.] To 
return to life after seeming death. 

Revivement (re-vlv'-ment) [revivere, to live again]. 
The act of reviving. 

Revivification (re-viv-ifik-a' -shun) [revivificatio~\. I. 
Restoration to consciousness. 2. The refreshing of 
surfaces by paring before placing them in apposition. 

Reviviscence (re-viv-is' -ens) [reviviscere , inceptive of 
revivere, to revive]. The awakening from a period of 
dormancy ; said of insects after hibernation. 

Re volute (rev'-o-lut) [re, back ; volvere, to roll]. That 
form of vernation or estivation in which the margins 
of the organ are rolled backward. 

Revolver (re-vol'-ver). See A T ose-piece. 

Revomit (re-vom'-it) [re, again; vomere, to vomit]. 
To reject from the stomach. 

Revulsant (re-vul'-sant) [revellere, to push away]. I. 
Revulsive. 2. A medicine or agent that, by irritation, 
draws the blood from a distant part of the body. 

Revulsion (re-vul' -shun) [revulsio\ The reduction 
of morbid action in any part by means of counter- 
irritation. 

Revulsive (re-vul' -siv) [revellere, to turn away]. Cap- 
able of causing revulsion ; applied to therapeutic 
agencies designed to withdraw the blood from or 
counteract the tendencies toward a morbid focus or 
process. 

Revulsor (re-vul' -sor) [revellere, to turn away], I. An 
apparatus for effecting revulsion by means of the alter- 
nate application of heat and cold. 2. A plate or cyl- 
inder set with needles, and used in producing counter- 
irritation. 

Reybard's Suture. An interrupted loop-suture for 
wounds of the intestine. See Suture. 

Rhabarbarin (ra-bar' -bar-in) [rhabarbarum, barbarian 
rhubarb]. Same as Cluysophanic Acid, a. v. 

Rhabarbarum (ra-bar' -bar-ton) [rhabarbarum, barba- 
rian rhubarb]. Rhubarb. 

Rhabdia (rab'-de-ah) [/iri/Moc, a rod]. In biology, the 
great rods lying beneath the crystalline cones of the 
insect's eye. 

Rhabdite (rab'-dit) [pafiftoq, a rod]. In biology, (a) 
one of the spindle-shaped glandular secretions occur- 
ring in the skin of certain invertebrates. They are 
specially characteristic of the Turbcllaria ; (b) one of 



RHA15DITIC 



1263 



RILEBOSCELIA 



the paired appendages of the abdominal sternites form- 
ing the ovipositor of certain insects. 
Rhabditic (rab-dit'-ik) [^d/Mof, a rod]. Pertaining to 

a rhabdite. 
Rhabditis (rab-di'-tis) [pd : 3(hg, a rod]. A genus of 

nematode worms. Abundant especially in decaying 

organic matter, garden earth, etc. Several species 

are parasitic in snails, a few in man. See R. niellyi, 

R. pellio and R. terricola, under Parasites (Animal), 
Table of. 
Rhabdium (rat 1 -de-um) [dim. of pdjSdoc, rod: //. , 

Rhabdia~\. A fiber of striped or voluntary muscle. 
Rhabdocelous (rab-do-se'-lus) [pdpWoc, a rod ; koVKoc , 

hollow]. Having a straight digestive cavity. 
Rhabdoid (rab'-doid) [pa,Moc, a rod ; fidor, form]. In 

biology, an acicular or spindle-shaped body chemically 

related to the plastids, which is found lying diagonally 

across the stalk-cells of the tentacles of Drosera and 

in the mesophyl-cells of Dionea, and tends to grow 

spherical when the part is irritated. Its importance 

is not fully known. 
Rhabdoidal (rab-doi'-dal) \fpafiboeioift, like a rod]. 

Rod-like. 
Rhabdomal (rab'-do-mal) [pd/Mw/za, a bundle of rods]. 

Having the character of a rhabdom. 
Rhabdome (rab'-dom) [pd/3Jup;a, a bundle of rods]. In 

biology, a tubular rod forming the central axis of the 

retinula of the arthropod eye. 
Rhabdomere (rab' '- do - mer) \_'pa{ldoc, a rod; fiepoc, a 

part] . In biology, a rod found in the distal portion of 

each of the retinular cells of the arthropod eye. 
Rhabdomyoma (rab-do-mi-o' -rnali) \pd$&oq, a rod ; 

//5c, a muscle ; ofia, a tumor : //. , Rhabdomyomata~\ . 

A rare form of myoma characterized by the presence 

of striated muscular fiber. 
Rhabdonema (rab-do-ne' '-ma A) [pd/3doc, a rod ; vr//xa, 

a thread]. A genus of parasitic Anguillulida. See 

under Parasites (Animal), Table of. 
Rhabdonemiasis (rab-do-ne- mi' '-as-is) [RAabdonema, 

a genus of parasitic nematode worms ; pd/3(Soc, a rod ; 

vijfia, a thread]. The disease arising from the .pres- 
ence of parasites of the genus RAabdonema. See 

Parasites (Animal}, Table of. 
Rhabdosphere (rab 1 '-do-sfer) [pd/3doc, a rod ; otpalpa, a 

sphere]. A minute spheric body bristling with rhab- 

dolithic rods. 
Rhabdous (rab'-dus) \fpdfi&oc, a rod]. Having the 

character of a rhabdus. 
Rhabdus (rab'-dus) \_pafi6cx;, a rod]. In biology, (a) 

a simple, straight spicule ; (b) the stipe of certain 

fungi . 
Rhachi. See also RacAi. 
Rhachiagra (rak - e - a' - grah) [pd-x^, a spine; aypa, 

pain]. Rheumatism in the muscles of the spine. 
Rhachial (ra'-ke-al) [pd^c, spine]. Pertaining to the 

spine. 
Rhachialgia (ra-ke-al' -je-aA) \pdx^, spine; akyoq, a 

pain]. Any pain in the spine. Spinal irritation. 

R. mesenterica. Same as Tabes mesenterica, q. v. 

R. pictonum. See Metallic Colic. 
Rhachialgitis (rak-e-al-ji'-tis) \_pdxic, spine ; aXyoc, 

pain; trig, inflammation]. Inflammatory rhachialgia. 
Rhachiasmus (ra-ke-az'-mus) \_'pdxiQ, spine]. Spasm 

of the muscles at the back of the neck, as seen in the 

early part of many epileptic attacks. 
Rhachidial (ra-kid'-e-al) \_paxig, spine]. Pertaining 

to a rhachis, or spine. 
Rhachidian (ra-kid'-e-an). Same as RAacAidial. 
Rhachilysis (ra-kil'-is-is) \_pdxiQ, spine ; "Kiiew, to loose]. 

A method of treating lateral curvature of the spine by 

mechanical counteraction of the abnormal curves. 
Rhachio- or Rachio- (ra'-ke-o-) [p&xic, spine]. A 



prefix denoting connection with or relation to the 

spine. 
Rhachiocampsis (ra - ke - o - kamp'- sis) [pd^/f, spine; 

ndfiipK;, a bending]. Curvature of the spine. 
Rhachiochysis (ra-ke-o-ki'-sis) \pdx^, spine; x^ al (t 

a pouring]. An accumulation of water or watery 

substance within the spinal canal. 
Rhachiodynia (ra-ke-o-din'-e-alt) [pd^fc, spine ; b&vvn, 

pain]. Pain in the spinal cord. 
Rhachiokyphosis (ra - ke - o - ki -fo'- sis) \_paxiQ, spine ; 

Kvijxjaig, a bending]. Gibbosity, or hunch of the back. 
Rhachiometer (ra-ke-om' -et-er) [pd^c, spine ; fisrpov, 

a measure]. An instrument used to measure the de- 
gree of spinal deformities. 
Rhachiomyelitis (ra-ke-o-mi-el-i' -tis) [pd^c, spine ; 

fiveMq, marrow; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation 

of the spinal cord. Myelitis. 
Rhachiomyelophthisis (ra - ke - o - mi- el- off ' -tAis-is) 

[pri^/c, spine; /ive'Aog, marrow; ipd'tois, a wasting]. 

See Tabes dorsalis. 
Rhachiomyelos (ra-ke-o-mi' ' -el-os) \_'paxi$, spine ; five- 

Adc, marrow]. See Spinal Cord. 
Rhachio-paralysis (ra-ke-o-par-al' -is-is) [pd^f, spine ; 

■Kapakvau;, paralysis]. Spinal paralysis. 
Rhachiophyma (ra-ke-o-f -mah) \j>ax^, spine ; <j>i)fia, 

a growth]. A spinal tumor. 
Rhachioplegia (ra-ke-o-ple' -je-ali) [pd^ic, spine ; T:\rjyi), 

stroke]. Spinal paralysis. 
Rhachiorrheuma (ra- ke - or- ru'- maA) [pd;ryc, spine ; 

pevfia, a flowing]. Spinal rheumatism. 
Rhachioscolioma (ra-ke-o-sko-le-o 1 ' -maA) \_paxi<;, spine ; 

GKokiujia, a curve]. Lateral distortion and curvature 

of the spine. 
Rhachioscoliosis (ra-ke-o-sko-le-o' -sis) [paxic, spine ; 

gko?ii6<;, okoXluolq, a curving]. The condition and 

progress of curvature of the spine. 
Rhachiostrophosis (ra-ke-o-stro-fo'-sis) [pd^ff, spine ; 

oTpotyoQ, twisted]. Curvature of the spine. 
Rhachiotome (ra'-ke-o-tom) \_pdxic, spine ; tojxoi;, cut- 
ting]. A cutting instrument used in rhachiotomy. 
Rhachiotomy (ra-ke-ot'-o-me) [pd^c, spine ; TO/j.rj, a 

cutting]. An incision into or dissection of the spine. 
Rhachipagus (ra-kip' -a-gus) \_pdx^, spine ; ndyog, 

anything fixed]. A double fetal monstrosity in which 

the twins are joined back to back by any portion of 

fhe spinal column. 
Rhachis (ra'-kis) \pdxi<;\ The spinal column. In 

biology, (a) the main petiole of a compound leaf; (b) 

the axis of inflorescence ; (c) the shaft of a feather ; 

(d) the arched middle area of the dorsal surface of a 

trilobite. 
Rhachischisis (ra-kis'-kis-is) \_'pdxi<;, spine ; cxK uv , to 

cleave]. A cleft in the vertebral column. Same as 

Spina bifida. 
Rhachitae (ra-ki'-te) \pax'^o-^\ • The muscles attached to 

the vertebral column. 
Rhachitic (ra-kit'-ik). See RacAitic. 
Rhachitis. See RacAitis. 

Rhachitome (ra'-kit-om). Same as RAacAiotome, q. v. 
Rhachus (ra'-kus) [pd^oc], A ragged wound. 
Rhacoma (ra-ko'-maA) [pdnog, a rag]. Excoriation, 

rent, or chapping. Also a pendulous, relaxed condi- 
tion of the scrotum. 
Rhacosis (ra-ko'-sis) [pdrac, a rag]. The condition of 

one affected with rhacoma. 
Rhacous (ra'-kus) [pd/coc, a rag]. Wrinkled. Lacer- 
ated. 
Rhaebocrania or Rhebocrania (re- bo- kra'-ne - ak) 

\jiaiQ6q, crooked; upaviov, the skull]. The condition 

of wry-neck. 
Rhaeboscelia, Rhaebosis (re-bo-se'-le-aA, re-bo'-sis) 

\_pai[iog, crooked; mthog, leg]. Crooked-legged. 



RH/ESTOCYTHEMIA 



1264 



RHEGMATOUS 



Rhaestocythemia {res-lo-si-the' -me-ah). See Rhestocy- 
t hernia. 

Rhagades {rag'-ad-ez) \_payac: pi. of Rhagas~\. Rha- 
gadia; linear cracks or fissures in the skin, whether 
due to injury or disease. They are most frequently 
seen on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands 
and feet, at the angles of the mouth, the anus, and the 
flexures. They are painful on movement. 

Rhagadia {rag-a'-de-ah). See Rhagades. 

Rhagadiolus (rag-ad-i' -o-lus) [paydc, a crack]. A 
genus of the Cichoriacece. R. etulis, a variety found 
in southern Europe and which possesses aperient and 
diuretic properties. R. hedypnois, a variety supposed 
to possess aperient properties. 

Rhagas (raS-gas) \pa)d(;, a. rent: pi., Rhagades~\. 
Singular of Rhagades (seldom used in the singular). 

Rhagite (rag' -it) \_'payac, a crack]. A hydrous arseniate 
of bismuth occurring in yellow or yellowish-green 
crystals. 

Rhagon {rag' -on) \_pa%, a grape]. In biology, a type 
of sponge-structure characterized by the grape-like ar- 
rangement of the spheric chambers. Also called 
Dyssycus. Cf. Ascon, Lencoti, Sycon. 

Rhagonate {rag 1 '-o-nat) [pd£, a grape]. Having the 
character of a rhagon ; rhagose. 

Rhagose (rag'-oz) [pd^, a grape]. Racemose ; ar- 
ranged like a bunch of grapes. 

Rhamma {ram' -all) \_pa/npa]. Suture, a. v. 

Rhamnegin {ram' -ne-jin) [pd//voc], C 12 H 10 O 5 . A glu- 
cosid derived from buckthorn -berries. 

Rhamnetin (ram-ne 1 -tin) . See Rhamnin. 

Rhamnin (ram'-nin) [pd/ivoc, the buckthorn]. A yel- 
low, neutral, crystalline substance found in buckthorn. 
It contains rhamnetin, a valuable yellow coloring- 
matter. 

Rhamnite {ram' -nit) [pd/ivor, the buckthorn], C 6 H u O s . 
Pentaoxyhexane. Its aldehyd is rhamnose. 

Rhamnocathartin {ram' ' -no-kath-art' '-in)[_'pduvoc, buck- 
thorn ; naOapTiKor, purging]. A yellow, amorphous, 
translucent substance ; a bitter principle contained in 
the berries of Rhamnus cathartica. 

Rhamnose {ram'-noz) [pa.fj.voc, the buckthorn], C 6 H 12 - 
5 . Isodulcite or methyl ' arabinose ; oneof the glucoses. 
It results upon decomposing different glucosids (quer- 
citrin, xanthorhamnin, Iesperidin) with dilute H 2 S0 4 . 
It forms large, vitreous crystals containing one molecule 
of water, and melting at 93 C. It reduces alkaline 
copper solutions, but is not fermented by yeast. See 
Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Rhamnotannic Acid, Rhamnotannin {ram-no-tan' - 
ik, ram-no-tan' -in) [pdfivoc, buckthorn ; tannin, tan- 
nin]. An astringent, amorphous, neutral greenish- 
yellow mass, probably an impure coloring-matter 
derived from some variety of Rhamnus. 

Rhamnoxanthin {ram-no-zan' -thin) [pd/zvoc, buck- 
thorn; %av06c, yellow]. See Frangulin. 

Rhamnus {ram' -mis) [pd/ivor, buckthorn]. One of a 
genus of polypetalous shrubs and trees. R. alaternus, 
a plant indigenous to northern Africa and the south of 
Europe, of which the leaves are astringent and the 
fruits bitter and purgative. R. alpinus, Alpine buck- 
thorn. The fruits and bark are purgative. R. baccse, 
the berries of R. catharticus. R. californica, Cali- 
fornia buckthorn, the bark of which has strong purga- 
tive properties. R. carolinianus, a shrub or small 
tree with purple berries, found in the southern United 
States. R. cathartica, or catharticus, common buck- 
thorn ; purging thorn : harts - thorn ; rain - berry ; 
thornway ; thorn ; a shrub indigenous to Europe, Asia, 
and northern Africa ; it is cultivated in the United 
States. The berries are actively purgative. They are 
usually given in a syrupy vehicle to counteract their irri- 



tant effect. R. catharticae "ructus, the berries of R. 
cathartica. R. crocea, California mountain holly ; 
an extract of the bark is used in medicine as a mild 
laxative and tonic. R. ellipticus, a species used in 
medicine as an antisyphilitic. R. frangula, dogwood ; 
alder (United States and Br. Ph.). The bark only is 
official and occurs in thin quills, grayish-brown ex- 
ternally, and rough ; internally, smooth and yellowish 
in color. It is a laxative, but too irritant to prove 
of much value in medicine. The berries have been 
used as a cathartic. R. frangula?, Extractum, an 
aqueous or alcoholic extract of the bark of R. 
frangula. R. lineatus, a species indigenous to 
China. The root is used in medicine and has diuretic 
properties. R. lycioides, a Spanish variety. A de- 
coction of the berries is used as an external applica- 
tion in rheumatic joint-enlargements. R. pumilus, 
dwarf buckthorn ; a variety having mild purgative 
properties, the fruit and bark being used. R. purshi- 
ana, or purshianus, California buckthorn ; a small 
tree which grows in California. The bitter bark consti- 
tutes cascara sagrada — official in the Br. Ph. as Rhamni 
purshiani cortex. It contains three resins ; tannic, 
malic, and oxalic acids ; a neutral, crystallizable prin- 
ciple, and an essential oil. It is used as a laxative, 
and is especially valuable in that it exerts a pro- 
tracted influence upon the gastrointestinal tract. R. 
sanguinea, or sanguineus, used in the treatment of 
itch ; a Spanish variety. R. saxatilis, rock buck- 
thorn ; the berries and a portion of the bark are said 
to be purgative. Rhamni, Succus, the expressed juice 
of the fruit of R. catharticus. R. virgatus, a variety 
found in Hindostan. The fruit is used as a purgative. 
R. wightii, an Asiatic variety. The bark is akin in 
its action to cascara sagrada. See Buckthorn, Cas- 
cara sagrada. 

Rhamphoid (ram'-foid) [pdu<poc,a curved beak; ildoc, 
like]. Beak-shaped. 

Rhamphos (ram'-fos) [pa/MJior, a beak]. A rostrum. 

Rhamphotheca (ram-fo-lhe'-kah) \_'pau<poc, a curved 
beak ; di/nr/, a sheath]. In biology, the entire horny 
integument of the beak of a bird. Cf. dertrotheca, 
gnathotheca, rhinotheca. 

Rhanter {rant' -er) \_'pavTrjp, sprinkle]. The inner 
canthus, q. v. 

Rhaphagra {rafa'-grah) [pa0^, a seam ; a) pa, a seiz- 
ure]. Pain in the cranial sutures. 

Rhaphanedon {rafan'-ed-on) [pa<pavT]66v~\ . A trans- 
verse fracture. 

Rhaphania {rafa'-ne-ah) \_'pd<pavoc, the radish]. Pois- 
oning by the black radish, strawberries, or ergot. R. 
marsitica, pellagra, so named because it was thought 
to be due to using maize as a food. 

Rhaphe (ra'-fe). See Raphe. 

Rhaphides {ra'-fid-ez). See Raphis. 

Rhaphiostixis (ra-fe-o-stiks'-is) [patpic, a needle ; otitic, 
a piercing]. Same as Acupuncture, q. v. 

Rhaphis (ra'-fis). See Raphis. 

Rhaphosymp'hysis (ra-fo-sim'-fis-is) [paipi], a seam ; 
avpcbvaiQ, a symphysis]. Ossification of a suture. 

Rhapontic {ra-pon'-tik) [rhaponticum]. Rhubarb. 

Rhatany {rat'-an-e). See Krameria. 

Rhea {re' -ah). Synonym of Ramie-fiber, q. v. 

Rheadin (re'-ad-in). An insoluble crystalline alkaloid 
of opium. 

Rhegma {reg'-mah) [pijyua: pi., Rhcgmata\ A rent, 
rupture, or puncture of the walls of a vessel or of the 
containing membrane of a tissue, as, for example, the 
coats of the eye, the walls of the peritoneum. Also, 
the bursting of an abscess. 

Rhegmatous (rcg'-mal-us) \_p>/}na, a rent]. In a rent 
or ruptured condition. 



RHEIC ACID 



1265 



RHEUMATISM 



Rheic Acid (re'-i&)[ftijov, rhubarb], C 20 H 1( .O 9 . An amor- 
phous red powder. Synonym of Chrysophanic Acid. 

Rhein (re* -in) [pijov, rhubarb]. I. The precipitate 
from a tincture of Rheum palmatum; it is cathartic, 
. tonic, cholagogue, and antiseptic. Dose I to 4 grains. 
Unof. 2. Same as Chrysdrobin. 

Rheinic Acid (re-in'-ik). See Acid, CkrysopRanic. 

Rhembasmus (rem-baz' '-mus) [pi/ifiecv, to wander]. 
Mental distraction, or wandering. 

Rhenchos [ren'-kos] [peynecv, to snore]. Synonym of 
Snoring. 

Rheocord (re'-o-kord) [pelv , flow ; x°P^ii a cord]. An 
instrument serving to graduate the strength of the gal- 
vanic current. See Rheostat. 

Rheometer (re-om'-et-er) [peoc, current; pirpov, a 
measure]. A device for ascertaining the electromotive 
force or voltage of a given current. A galvanometer. 
Also, an instrument for measuring the amount of fluid 
(e. g. , blood) passing through a canal or vessel. See 
Stro?nu!ir. 

Rheometric [re-o-mef '-rik) [pr/or , current ; /jirpov, 
measure]. Pertaining to the rheometer. 

Rheometry (re-om' -et-re) \pioc, current ; pirpov, meas- 
ure]. The measurement of electric currents ; gal- 
vanometry. 

'RJazomolor(re-o-mo' -tor) [peiv, to flow ; motor, a mover]. 
An apparatus used to generate an electric current. 

Rheonone (re'-o-non) [peor, a current]. An instru- 
ment constructed by von Fleischl to measure the exact 
effect of nerve-irritation. 

Rheophore (re'-o-for) \pkoc, current; (pepeiv, to carry]. 
Any conducting substance leading from the poles of 
a galvanic battery, coil, or dynamo. Practically the 
terminals or electrodes which the patient receiving the 
current grasps in his hands, or which are applied to his 
body. 

Rheoscope (re'-o-skop) \_'pioc, current ; oK.o—eiv, to ex- 
amine]. An instrument for demonstrating the exist- 
ence of an electric current. R., Physiologic, or 
Rheoscopic Limb, a moist conductor placed upon a 
sensitive nerve-muscle preparation. 

Rheoscopic (re-o-skop'-ik) [pijof, current ; ano-eiv, to 
view]. Pertaining to the rheoscope. 

Rheostat (>-e' -o-stat) \_'ptoc, current ; la-avai, to stand] . 
An instrument for the measurement or comparison of 
the resistance of an electric current. When a battery- 
current of absolute uniformity of electromotive force 
is required, a rheostat is usually introduced within the 
circuit in order to effect such uniformity. R., Water, 
a rheostat the resistance of which is obtained by means 
of a mass of water of fixed dimensions. 

Rheostatic (re-o-stat'-ik) \pioc, current ; laravai, to 
stand]. Pertaining to the rheostat. 

Rheostatics (re-o-stal'-iks) \_'peoc, current ; iGravai, to 
stand]. The statics of fluids. 

Rheotannic Acid (re-o-tan'-ih) ['pijov, rhubarb ; tannin, 
tannin], C 26 H 2( .O u . A reddish or yellowish-brown 
powder obtained from rhubarb. 

Rheotome (re'-o-tom) \_pioc, current ; TE/iveiv, to cut]. 
An instrument for breaking and making the Faradic 
current. 

Rheotrope (re'-o-trop) [peiv, to flow : rpkimv, to turn]. 
A device for periodically reversing the direction of 
an electric current. 

Rheotropism {re-of -ro-pizm) [petv, to flow ; rp£Tre/.v, 
to turn]. In biology, Jonsson's term applied to the 
effect produced by a current of water upon the direction 
of plant-growth. The phenomenon is called positive 
rheotropism when the plant grows with the current ; 
negative rheotropism when the plant grows against it. 

Rhestocythemia, or Rhasstocythaemia (res-to-si-lhc'- 
me-ah ) \_paiaroc, destroyed; kvtoc, cell ; a\ua, blood]. 
80 



A condition related to the presence of the products of 
degeneration of red blood-corpuscles contained in 
cells within the liver and spleen and perhaps other 
organs. 

Rhetoranche (ret-ort-ang-ke) [pijrupa, a public speaker; 
a-yaeiv, to press tight]. Synonym of Pharyngitis, 
Follicular. 

Rheum (re'-tim) [pijov, rhubarb]. Rhubarb. The root 
of R. officinale, the Chinese variety being commonly 
used. It contains several active extractives, and is a 
popular tonic astringent, and in large doses purgative. 
R., Ext. Dose gr. x-xv. R., Ext., Fid. Dose 
3ss-ij. R., Infus. (B. P.) Dose ifj-ij. R., Pil., 
each containing rhubarb gr. iij, soap gr. j. Dose j-iij. 
R., Pil., Comp., each contains rhubarb gr. ij, aloes 
gr. jss, myrrh gr. j, oil of peppermint gr. T ' ff . Dose 
ij-iv. R., Pulv., Comp., rhubarb 25, magnesia 65, 
ginger 10. Dose %j. R. et sodae., Mist., sod. bicarb. 
3.5, fid. ext. rhubarb 1.5, fld. ext. ipecac. 3, glycerin 
35, spt. peppermint 3.5, water q.s. ad. 1000 parts. Dose 
3'J~o'J- R-» Syr., fld. ext. of rhubarb 100, spt. cin- 
namon 4, potassium carbonate 10, glycerin 50, water 
50, syrup q. s. 1000 parts. Dose 3J-Jss. R., Syr., 
Aromat., arom. tinct. of rhubarb 15, syrup 85. Dose 
3J-3 ss. R., Tinct., rhubarb 12, cardamom 2, dil. al- 
cohol ad 100 parts. Dosegj-gss. R., Tinct., Aro- 
mat., rhubarb 20, cinnamon 4, cloves 4, nutmeg 2, dil. 
alcohol ad 1 00 parts. Dose 3 j-iij. R., Tinct., Dulcis, 
rhubarb 8, licorice 4, anise 4, cardamom I, dil. alcohol 
adiooparts. Dose ^ ss— ij . R.,Vinum, rhubarb 10, cal- 
amus 1 stronger white wine ad 1 00 parts. Dose 3J-^ ss. 

Rheum (rum) [pevfia, flow]. Any catarrhal discharge, 
or watery flux ; the fluid of such a discharge. [Old.] 
R.-salt, a vulgar term for chronic eczema. 

Rheuma (ru'-mah). Same as Rheum. R. epidemi- 
cum. Synonym of Influenza. R. ventris. Syn- 
onym of Dysentery. 

Rheumarthritis [rum-arth-ri' -tis) \_pevpa, a flowing ; 
apflpov, a joint; ltlc, inflammation]. A synonym of 
Acute Articular Rheumatism. 

Rheumarthrosis (ru-mar-thro' -sis) [pev/ja, flow; ap6- 
pov, a joint]. Rheumatism of the joints. 

Rheumatalgia (ru-mat-al'-je-ah ) \_pevpa, flux ; a/lyor, 
pain]. Rheumatic pain. 

Rheumatic (ru-mat'-ik ) [pevfiariicdc] . Relating to, of 
the nature of, or affected with, rheumatism. R. An- 
esthesia, anesthesia associated with rheumatism. R. 
Apoplexy, the stupor or coma sometimes present in 
the course of acute rheumatism. R. Diathesis, the 
condition of body tending to the development of rheu- 
matism. R. Fever. Synonym of Rheumatism. R. 
Gout. Synonym of Rheumatoid Arthritis. 

Rheumatism (rum'-at-izm) \_'pevfiaTiofi6c~]. Rheumatic 
Fever; a disease characterized by severe, fitful, and 
shifting lancinating pains in the joints, and in the 
muscles, with fever, and inflammatory swelling of the 
affected parts. It may be acute or chronic. Acute 
rheumatism is a self-limited affection lasting, untreated, 
for about six weeks. It is characterized by elevation 
of temperature, acid perspiration, and pain, redness 
and swelling of various large joints, often with effu- 
sion. Inflammation of the serous membranes, particu- 
larly of the endocardium, is a common association. 
There is a great tendency to relapses. The blood 
contains an excess of fibrin, and is said to contain 
an excess of lactic acid. To this latter cause, also to 
cold and to microorganisms, has been ascribed the ori- 
gin of the affection. Subcutaneous nodules form 
frequently in connection with the fibrous structures, 
such as tendons, fasciae, etc. The disease is most 
frequent in young persons under twenty-five years 
of age and in those who show a strong hereditary 



RHEUMATISMAL 



1266 



RHINENCEFHAL 



tendency. Chronic rheumatism appears rather in mid- 
dle and late life than in the young. Stiffness, pain 
and deformity are the most prominent symptoms. R., 
Apoplectic, rheumatism complicated with apoplexy 
due to cerebral congestion. R., Articular. See Rheu- 
matism. R., Blennorrhagic. See R., Gonorrheal. 
R., Cerebral, rheumatism associated with well-marked 
cerebral symptoms. R., Diaphragmatic, rheumatism 
of the diaphragm. R., Encephalic. Synonym of R. , 
Cerebral. R., Epidemic Muscular, muscular rheu- 
matism occurring in an epidemic form. R., Gonor- 
rheal, Gonorrheal Synovitis; Urethral Rheumatism ; 
arthritis associated with urethritis. It is probably 
a metastatic infection and attacks the wrist, ankle, or 
knee by preference. It is most common in men, and 
is sometimes attended with endocardial involvement. 
R., Gouty. Synonym of Rheumatoid Arthritis. R. 
of the Gullet, a functional condition of the esophagus 
causing painful deglutition. R. of the Heart, an af- 
fection of the heart occurring in the course of rheu- 
matism. Also a synonym of Angina pectoris. R., 
Heberden's, rheumatism of small joints, with the 
formation of nodosities. R., Hemorrhagic, rheuma- 
tism with a tendency to hemorrhage. R., Infectious, 
articular manifestations of a general infection. R., 
Muscular, that form affecting single muscles or groups 
of muscles. R., Neuralgic, muscular rheumatism 
which is truly a neuralgia of the sensory nerves of 
a muscle. R., Nodular. See Arthritis deformans. 
R., Periosteal, a variety of periostitis common in 
syphilitics. R., Puerperal, a variety of rheumatism 
supposed to originate from some disorder of the uro- 
genital tract in pregnant, lying-in or menstruating 
women, as does gonorrheal rheumatism. R.-root. 
See Jeffersonia diphylla. R., Scarlatinal, a rheuma- 
toid affection occurring occasionally in the course of 
scarlet fever and which may lead to suppurative 
arthritis. R., Scorbutic, an enlargement of the joints 
in a person suffering from scurvy. R., Spinal, a mild 
form of spinal meningitis. R. of the Spine. A 
synonym of Spondylitis deformans. R. of the Supe- 
rior Portion of the Spinal Cord. .Synonym of 
Tetany. R., Synovial, a rheumatic affection of the 
synovial membranes usually leading to large serous effu- 
sions. R., Syphilitic. Synonym of R., Periostea/. 
R., Urethral. Synonym of R. , Gonorrheal. R. of 
the Uterus, a true rheumatism of the uterine muscle, 
but, according to some authorities, a neuralgia of the 
uterus. R., Venereal. Synonym of R. , Gonorrheal. 
R., Vertebro-meningeal. Synonym of R., Spinal. 
R., Visceral, rheumatism affecting the viscera. 

Rheumatismal (ru-mat-iz' '-n/al). Same as Rheumatic. 

Rheumatismus {ru-mat-iz' -mus) [L.]. See Rheuma- 
tism. R. calidus. Synonym of Acute Articular Rheu- 
matism. R. cervicis. Synonym of Torticollis. R. 
colli. Synonym of Torticollis. R. cordis, rheuma- 
tism of the heart. R. coxae. Synonym of Coxal- 
gia. R. dorsi, rheumatism of the spinal muscles 
and ligaments. R. febricosus. Synonym of Rheu- 
matic Fever. R. febrilis exanthematicus. Syn- 
onym of Dengue. R. flatuosus. Synonym of Em- 
physema. R. lumborum muscularis. Synonym of 
Lumbago. R. muscularis. Synonym of Muscular 
Rheumatism. R. nodosus. Synonym of Rheuma- 
toid Arthritis. R. odontalgicus. Synonym of Odon- 
talgia. R. pectoris. Synonym of Pleurodynia. 

Rheumatocolica (rum' -at-o-kol' -ik-ah) [pev/ia, a flux ; 
kgj/Ukoc, pertaining to the colon]. Rheumatic colic. 

Rheumatodynia (riim-at-o-din' -e-ah) [pevfia, a flux ; 
bd'vvri, pain]. A dull rheumatic pain. 

Rheumatoid (rum'-at-oid) [pevfia, a flux; fMor, re- 
semblance]. Resembling rheumatism. R. Arthritis, 



a disease of the joints characterized by chronic inflam- 
matory and degenerative changes involving the struc- 
ture of the various articulations and resulting in rigid- 
ity and deformity. 

Rheumatoidal (ru-mat-oi'-dal). Same as Rheuma- 
toid. 

Rheumatokelis (ru-mat-o-ke' -lis) [pcvpa, a flux ; Ktpuc, 
a spot]. A term applied by Fuchs to purpura occur- 
ring in conjunction with rheumatism. 

Rheumatophthisis (ru-mat-off ' -this-is) [pevfia, a flux ; 
<j>tiiai<;, wasting]. Atrophy the result of rheuma- 
tism. 

Rheumato-pneumonia (ru - mal-o - nu - mo'-ne-ah ) 
pevpa, a flux ; Trvevfiovia, pneumonia]. Pneumonia 
dependent upon rheumatism. 

Rheumatopyra (ru-mat-o-pi' '-rah) [pev/na, flux ; nvp, 
fire]. Rheumatic fever. 

Rheumic (ru'-mik) [pevfia, flux]. Allied to rheu- 
matism. A term applied to a diathesis which gives 
rise to cutaneous eruptions. R. Acid, C 20 H ]6 O 9 , an 
acid formed by treating rheotannic acid with dilute 
acids. 

Rheumin (re - urn'- in). Synonym of Acid, Chryso- 
phanic. 

Rheumoparotiditis (ru-mo-par-o-tid-i'-tis) [ptvjia, a 
flux ; Trapurie, the parotid gland; trie, inflammation]. 
Rheumatic parotiditis. 

Rheumophthalmia (ru-moff-thal 1 ' -me-ah) [pevua, flux ; 
b<pdakpia, ophthalmia]. Rheumatic ophthalmia. 

Rheumotylus (ru - mo ' - til - us) [pev/xa, flux; riAor, 
a knob]. A callus the result of rheumatism. 

Rheumy (ru' -me) [pevfia, flux]. Affected by or caus- 
ing rheum. 

Rheusis (ru'-sis) [pevai{\. A flow. Especially applied 
to a discharge from the genitals of the female. 

Rhexis (reks'-is) [p'/f^c, rupture]. Rupture of any 
organ. 

Rhicnosis (rik-no'-sis) [piKvoc, shriveled]. A wrink- 
ling of the skin, the result of muscular atrophy. 

Rhigolene (rig' -o-len) [p'cyog, cold]. A product of 
petroleum obtained by repeated distillation. It is 
used as a spray to produce local anesthesia in minor 
surgical operations, as in the use of the actual cautery. 
It acts by chilling the part to which it is applied. 
Unof. 

Rhigos (ri'-gos) [pixtiv, to shiver]. Synonym of 
Rigor. 

Rhinacanthus (ri-na-kan' -thus) [pic, nose ; anavdoc, 
a canthus]. The leaves and root of the Asiatic plant, 
R. communis, with properties due to rhinocan/hin, a 
substance resembling hydroquinone. It is a local 
remedy for parasitic skin-diseases. Unof. 

Rhinaesthesia (ri-nes-the'-ze-ah). See Rhinesthesia. 

Rhinaeus (ri-ne'-us) [p/f, the nose]. Synonym of 
Compressor naris. See Muscles, Table of. 

Rhinal (ri'-nal) [pic, nose]. Pertaining to the nose. 

Rhinalgia (ri -nal'-je-ah) [pic (gen. pivoc), nose; 
dAyoc, pain]. Pain in the nose. 

Rhinanchone (ri-nan'-ko-ne) [pic, the nose ; ayx6vri, 
strangulation]. Painful constriction of the nasal pas- 
sages. 

Rhinantralgia (ri-nan-tral' -je-ali) [p/c, the nose ; 
avrpov, a cavity ; dAyor, pain]. Pain in the cavities 
of the nose. 

Rhinarium (ri-na'-re-um) [pic, nose: //. , Rhinaria\ 
I. A small nose. 2. In biology, a portion of the 
front part of the cephalic exoskeleton of certain insects 
(Neui-optera, Coleoptera). 

Rhinelcos (ri-nel'-kos) [pic, the nose; cIkoc, an ulcer]. 
A nasal ulcer. 

Rhinencephal (ri - nen'-sef- al). Same as Rhineu- 
cephalon. 



RH1NENCEPHALIA 



1267 



RHINOLITHIASIS 



Rhinencephalia {ri-nen-sef-a'-le-ah) [pig, the nose; 
kyKefaXog, the brain]. A monstrosity with an ex- 
treme elongation of the nose. 

Rhinencephalic {ri-nen-sefal' -ik) [pig, nose ; iynktya- 
mk, brain]. I. Pertaining to or of the nature of a 
rhinencephalus. 2. Pertaining to the rhinencepha- 
lon. 

Rhinencephalon {ri-nen-sef ' -al-on) [pig, nose ; iyKcipa- 
Aog, brain]. The olfactory lobe or segment of the 
brain. 

Rhinencephalous {ri-nen-sef -al-us) [pig, nose ; eyne- 
(paXog, brain]. Same as Rhinencephalic. 

Rhinencephalus {ri-nen-sef' -al-us). See Rhinocepha- 
lus. 

Rhinenchysia {ri-nen-kV -ze-ah) [ pig, the nose ; hyxvaig , 
a pouring in]. Douching of the nasal passages. 

Rhinenchyta {ri-nen'-kit-ah) [pig, the nose; eyxvrog, 
poured in]. A nasal syringe. 

Rhinenchytous {ri-nen'-kit-us) [pig, nose ; iyxvrog , 
poured in]. Pertaining to nasal injections. 

Rhinenchytum {ri-nen' -kit-um) [pig, nose ; hyx^iv, to 
pour in]. A liquid used in nasal douching. 

Rhinesthesia, Rhinesthesis {ri-nes-the' '-ze-ah, ri-nes'- 
t/ie-sis) [pig, nose ; aiaBt/aig, sensation]. The sense 
of smell. 

Rhineurynter {ri-nu-rin' -ter) [pig, nose ; Evp'uveiv, to 
dilate]. An instrument consisting of a bag or sac, to 
be inflated after insertion into the nostril. 

Rhiniatry {ri-ni f -at-re) [pig, the nose ; 'carpet, a medi- 
cal treatment]. Synonym of Rliinology. 

Rhinic {rin'-ik) [pig, nose]. Pertaining to the nose. 

Rhinion {rin f -e-on) [piviov, a small nose]. In crani- 
ometry, the lower point of the suture between the nasal 
bones. See Craniometric Points. 

Rhinismus {ri-niz'-mus) [pig, nose]. A nasal quality 
of voice. 

Rhinitis (ri-nV-tis) [pig, the nose ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane. R., 
Acute, acute nasal catarrh ; coryza ; the so-called 
"cold in the head." It is marked by chilliness, 
sneezing, profuse mucous discharge, and a feeling of 
stuffiness in the nose. R. caseosa, a rare affection 
of the nose characterized by occlusion of the nasal 
fossae, extreme fetor, and the discharge of a gelatin- 
ous mass from time to time from the nares and choanae. 
This mass is composed of an amorphous substance 
containing a great number of white corpuscles and 
fatty cells and crystals of stearin. R. catarrhalis. 
See Coryza. R., Chronic Atrophic, ozena; a 
chronic inflammation, with subsequent atrophy of the 
mucous membrane of the nose, accompanied by the 
formation of dry crusts and by a very offensive odor. 
This disease is most frequently seen in anemic young 
women. R., Chronic Catarrhal. Synonym of R. , 
Chronic Hypertrophic. R., Chronic Hypertrophic, 
chronic nasal catarrh , a chronic inflammatory condi- 
tion of the mucous membrane of the nose, with profuse 
watery or muco-purulent discharge and an hypertro- 
phied condition of the nasal mucous membrane. It fol- 
lows repeated acute coryzas. R., Cirrhotic. Synonym 
of R., Atrophic. R., Fetid Atrophic. See R., 
Chronic Atrophic. R. Fibrinous, a rare form of 
rhinitis, with development of false membrane in the 
nose. R., Pruriginous. Synonym of Hay-fever. 
R., Pseudo-membranous, a rhinitis in which an 
opaque exudate covers the inflamed area. R., Scle- 
rotic. See Ozena. R. sicca. See Atrophic Catarrh. 
R., Simple, the stage of rhinitis preceding hypertro- 
phic or atrophic changes. R. sympathetica, a term 
descriptive of reflex neuroses of the nasal passages. 
R. ulcerosa. Synonym of Ozena. R., Vaso- 
motor. Synonym of Hay-fever. 



Rhino- {ri'-no-) [pig, piv6g, nose]. A prefix denoting 
relation to or connection with the nose. 

Rhinoblennorrhea {ri-no-blen-or-e' -ah) [pig, the nose ; 
pXivva, mucus ; poia, a flowing] . Synonym of Rhi- 
norrhea. 

Rhinobyon {ri-no' -be-on) [pig, nose ; (3veiv, to stop]. 
A nasal plug or tampon. 

Rhinocace [ri-nok'-as-e) [pig, nose ; iaiKog, evil]. Fetid 
ulceration of the nose. 

Rhinocarcinoma (ri-no-kar-sin-o' -mah) [pig, the nose ; 
napnivufia, carcinoma]. Nasal carcinoma. 

Rhino-catarrhus {ri-no-kat-ar' -rus) [pig, the nose ; 
Karappog, catarrh]. Synonym of Coryza. 

Rhinocaul {ri'-no-katul) [pig, the nose; Kav7i.6g, a 
stalk]. The crus, peduncle, or support of the olfac- 
tory bulb. 

Rhinocele, Rhinoccele (rt v - no -sel), or Rhinoccelia 
{ri-tio-se'-le-a) [pig, nose ; noikia, hollow]. The hol- 
low, or ventricle, of the rhinencephalon ; in man it is 
very small, or quite obliterated. 

Rhinocephalus {ri-no-sef '-al-us) [pig, nose ; ne^aXij, 
head]. A cyclocephalic monster, the nose resembling 
a tube or trunk, the eyes fused in the median line and 
below the nose. 

Rhinocereal (ri-no-se'-re-al). Synonym of Pug-nose. 

Rhinocleisis \ri-no-kli' -sis) [p(?,nose; nXelaLg, fasten- 
ing]. Nasal obstruction. 

Rhinocnesmus {ri-nok-nez' -rnus) [pig, the nose ; avrja- 
fiog, an itching]. Itching of the nose. 

Rhinodacryolithus {ri-no-dak-re-o-lith 1 '-us) [pig, the 
nose; daicpvov, a tear; Aidog, a stone], A lacrymal 
stone in the nasal duct. 

Rhinoderma {ri-no-der' -mah) . Synonym of Keratosis 
pilaris. 

Rhinodynia [ri-no-din'-e-ah) [pig, nose ; bdvvTj, pain]. 
Any pain in the nose. 

Rhinogramma {ri-no-gram 1 '-ah) [pig, nose ; ypa/n/ua, a 
line]. The nasal line. 

Rhinolalia {ri - no - la' '- le - ah) [pig, the nose; XaAid, 
speech]. Synonym of Dyslalia nasalis. R. aperta, 
naso-palatine dyslalia, the nasal fossa and nasopharyn- 
geal cavity communicating with the pharynx. R. 
clausa, naso-palatine dyslalia caused by a separation 
of the nasal fossa or naso-pharyngeal cavity from the 
pharynx. 

Rhino-laryngitis [ri-no-lar-in-ji 1 '-tis) [pig, the nose ; 
Aapvy!;, the larynx ; irtg, inflammation]. Simulta- 
neous inflammation of the mucosa of the nose and 
the larynx. 

Rhinolaryngology (ri-no-lar-in-gol' -o-je) [pig, nose ; 
Xapvyt;, larynx ; Xdyog, science]. The science of the 
anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nose and the 
larynx. 

Rhinolerema {ri-no-ler' '-e-mah) [pig, the nose ; A7/pi)fj.a, 
silly talk]. Same as Rhinoleresis. 

Rhinoleresis (ri-no-ler-e'-sis) [pig, nose ; Ar/pqoig, folly]. 
Perverted olfactory sense. 

Rhinolethrum {ri-no-leth' -rum) [pig, the nose ; oAedpog, 
destruction]. Destruction of the nose. 

Rhinolith (ri' -no-lith) [pig, nose; Aidog, stone]. A 
nasal calculus. Cozzolini makes a distinction between 
true rhinoliths, in which the calcareous deposit becomes 
formed around a nucleus of mucus or of blood, and 
false rhinoliths, the more common, in which a foreign 
body, such as a cherry-stone, a bead, or the like, has 
formed the nucleus. The former are rarely found be- 
fore the fortieth year of age ; the latter may be found 
at any age, the foreign body often having been inserted 
in play during childhood. 

Rhinolithiasis {ri-no-lith-i' '-as-is) [pig, nose; Xidog, 
stone]. The condition and progress of calculus of the 
nasal fossa. 



RHINOLOGIC 



1268 



RHIZOCARP1C 



Rhinologic (ri-no-loj'-ik) [pig, nose; Xoyog, science]. 
Pertaining to rhinology. 

Rhinologist (ri-nol'-o-Jist) [pig, nose ; Xoyog, science]. 
A specialist in the treatment of nasal diseases. 

Rhinology (ri-nol'-o-je) [pig, nose; Myog, science]. 
The science of the anatomy, functions, and diseases of 
the nose. 

Rhinometer (ri-nom'-et-er) [pig, nose; pirpov, mea- 
sure]. An instrument for aiding in the diagnosis of 
obstructive diseases of the naso-pharynx. 

Rhinommectome (ri-nom-mek 1 ' -tome) [pig, the nose ; 
bfi/ia, the eye ; tKroprj, a cutting out]. Excision of 
the inner canthus of the eye. 

Rhinonecrosis (ri-no-ne-kro'-sis) [p/f, nose; vinpugig, 
death]. Necrotic disease of the nasal bones. 

Rhinopharyngitis (ri - no -far- in -ji'- lis) [pis, nose ; 
(fiapvy^, pharynx ; mg, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the nose and pharynx, or of the naso-pharynx. 

Rhino-pharynx (ri-no-far' -ingks). See Naso-pharynx. 

Rhinophonia (ri-no-fo'-ne-ah)[pig, nose ; cpuvi/, sound]. 
A nasal tone in speaking. 

Rhinophore (ri' -no-for) [pig, piv, nose ; <f>£peiv, to 
bear]. In biology, one of the posterior pair of tenta- 
cles of certain molluscs, possibly olfactory in function. 
Any external olfactory organ. 

Rhinophyma (ri-nof -mah) [pig, nose ; fiifia, tumor : 
pi., Rhinophyma.td\. A hypertrophic form of rosacea 
confined to the nose, perinasal portions of the cheeks 
and forehead, and the lobes of the ears, and marked 
by a new growth of vessels and connective tissue and 
chronically enlarged glands, producing a bulbous and 
knotted organ. It is usually seen in advanced alco- 
holism. 

Rhinoplastic (ri-no-plas'-tih) [pig, nose ; irXaaaEiv, to 
mold]. Pertaining to or having the character of 
rhinoplasty. R. Operation, a surgical operation for 
creating an artificial nose or reconstructing a nose par- 
tially destroyed. 

Rhinoplasty (ri' ' -no-plas-te) [pig, nose ; nXaaaeiv, to 
mold]. A plastic operation upon the nose, to replace 
lost tissue. R., English, Syme's operation, in which 
flaps are taken from the cheek. R., German, v. 
Graefe's modification of the Tagliacotian rhinoplasty. 
The entire operation is done at a single sitting. 
R. of v. Graefe, R. , German, q. v. R., Hetero- 
plastic, rhinoplasty in which the tissues are re- 
moved from some person other than the one operated 
upon. R., Indian, an operation originating in India, 
in which the flap is taken from the forehead. R., 
Italian. Synonym of R. , Tagliacotian. R., Langen- 
beck's, a modification of the Indian method, in which 
the periosteum is included in the frontal flap. See 
Operations, Table of. R., Osteoplastic, rhinoplasty 
with transplantation of a cartilaginous flap to re- 
place the septum nasi. R., Periosteal. See R. , 
Langenbeck's. R. of Post, a modified Tagliacotian 
rhinoplasty, in which the flap is taken from the finger 
of the patient. R. of Syme, English rhinoplasty, 
q. v. R., Tagliacotian, rhinoplasty as performed by 
Tagliacozzi. The flap is taken from the skin of the arm. 
R. of Wood, rhinoplasty in which an inverted flap 
from the upper lip is elongated by detaching the 
mucous from the cutaneous surface from the root of 
the flap to its free border. This defect is covered with 
lateral flaps from the cheeks. 

Rhinopolypus (ri-no-pol'-ip-us) [pig, nose; irohvTrvg, 
polypus]. Polypus of the nose. 

Rhinoptia (ri-nop'-she-ah) [pig, the nose ; d-rrrdg, seen]. 
Internal strabismus. 

Rhinorrhagia (rl-nor-a* -je-aK) [pig, nose; prjyvvvai, to 
burst forth]. Copious hemorrhage from the nose. 

Rhinorrhaphy (ri-nor' -a-fe) [pig, nose; ^a<pr/, suture]. 



Reduction of the tissue of the nose by section, and 
by suturing the edges of the wound. 

Rhinorrhea (ri-)ior-e'-ah) [pig, nose; poia, a flow]. A 
mucous discharge from the nostrils. 

Rhinorrheal (ri-nor-e'-al) [pig, nose ; poia, a flow]. 
Relating to or of the nature of rhinorrhea. 

Rhinoscleroma (ri-no-skle-ro' -?nah)[pig, nose ; on\t]p6g,. 
hard ; bp.a, tumor]. A granulation new-growth of 
almost stony hardness, affecting the anterior naies and 
adjacent parts. The disease commences in the mucous 
membrane of the anterior nares and adjoining skin. 
The lesions consist of flattish, isolated, or coalescent 
nodules or raised plaques, imbedded in the cutis vera. 
Their growth is slow, and recurrence takes place if re- 
moval is attempted. The cause of the affection is not 
certainly known, but it is thought by some to be due 
to a bacillus which is nearly always present. 

Rhinoscope (ri' -no-shop) [pig, nose ; cuoneiv, to ob- 
serve]. An instrument for examination of the cavities 
of the nose. 

Rhinoscopic (ri-no-shop'-ih) [pig, nose ; aKowelv, to 
view]. Pertaining to the rhinoscope, or to rhinoscopy. 

Rhinoscopy (ri-nos'-ko-pe) [pig, the nose ; aicoirtiv, to 
observe]. Examination of the nasal fossae by means 
of the rhinoscope ; that of the anterior nares is termed 
anterior rhinoscopy ; that of the posterior nares, pos- 
terior rhinoscopy. 

Rhinosis (ri-no'-sis). Synonym of Rhicnosis. 

Rhinostegnosis (ri-no-steg-?io'-sis) [pig, nose ; OTey- 
vuaig, obstruction]. Nasal obstruction. 

Rhinostenose (ri-nos-te'-noz). A synonym of Rhinitis 
atrophica. 

Rhinotheca (ri-no-the'-kah) [pig, nose ; df/icq, a sheath : 
//., Rhinothec<f\. In biologv, a portion of the in- 
tegument of the upper mandible of a bird. 

Rhinothecal (ri - no -the'- kal) [pig, nose; 6r/ta}, a 
sheath]. Pertaining to the rhinotheca. 

Rhinothrix (ri' -no-thriks) [pig, nose; dpi!;, hair; pi., 
Rhinotrichcs~\. A hair growing in the nostril. 

Rhipidium (ri-pid'-e-um) [ptmSiov, dim. of pnrig, a 
fan: pi. , Rhipidia~\. In biology, Eichler's term for 
a fan-shaped cymose inflorescence, occurring in mono- 
cotyledons, in which the successive branches are in 
the same plane, each from the back of the preceding. 
The Fdchel of Buchenau. 

Rhipidura (rip-id' -u-rah) [pnrig, a fan; ovpa, tail]. 
The posterior pair of pleopoda and the telson, when 
these parts are developed as in the Macrura. 

Rhiptasmus (rip-taz' -mus) [p/TrratT/zdc]. Synonym of 
Ballismns. 

Rhis (ris) [p'f]. Synonym of Nose. 

Rhizagra (riz-a'-grah) [pi^a, root; aypa, seizure]. An 
instrument for extracting the roots of teeth. 

Rhizanthous (ri-zan' -thus) [pi(a, root ; ardog, flower]. 
In biology, flowering from the root. 

Rhizantoicous (ri-zan-toi' -has) [pi^a, root; a vti, op- 
posite ; okoc, dwelling]. In biology, applied to 
mosses that bear both organs of reproduction on the 
same plant, the antheridium on a short branch con- 
nected with the archegonium by the rhizome. 

Rhizias (riz'-e-as) [piC,iag~\. A medicine made from 
roots. 

Rhizina (ri-zi'-nah) [piS,a, a root : //. , Rhizina]. Same 
as Rhizoid. 

Rhizine (ri'-zin) [pi(a, root]. Same as Rhizoid. 

Rhizinous (ri-zi'-nus) [p/fa, root]. In biology, having 
rhizoids. 

Rhizo- (ri'-zo-) [pi£a, a root]. A prefix denoting con- 
nection with or relation to a root. 

Rhizocarpic (ri-zo-kar'-pik) [pi£,a, root ; napirdg, fruit]. 
In biology, having the stem annual, but the root per- 
ennial. 



RHIZOCARPOUS 



1269 



RHODOMEL 



Rhizocarpous (ri - zo - kar' - pus) [piC,a, root; napnoc, 
fruit]. In biology, a term sometimes applied to her- 
baceous plants whose roots live on from year to year. 

Rhizocaul (ri'-zo-kaivl) \_'pi-C,a, root; Kav'kbc, stalk]. In 
biology, the portion of a polyp by which it is fastened 
to its support. 

Rhizocephalous (ri-zo-sef'-al-us) \_'piC,a, root; netpaTit/, 
head]. In biology, rooted by the head. 

Rhizodontropy (ri-zo-don' -tro-pe) [_pi£a, root ; bSoi'C, 
tooth; rpo-//, turn, pivot]. The pivoting of an arti- 
ficial crown upon the root of a tooth. 

Rhizodontrypy (ri-zo-don' -trifi-e') [_pi£a, root ; bdovc, 
tooth; rpbTTij, hole]. The surgical puncture of the 
root of a tooth. 

Rhizogen (ri'-zo-jen) [p/fa, root; yevi/c, producing]. 
A plant parasitic upon the roots of another plant. A 
part or organ from which roots or root-hairs grow. 

Rhizogenic (ri-zo-jen'-ik) \_'piZ,a, a root ; ysvi/r, produc- 
ing]. In biology, root-producing. A term applied 
to the cells in the pericambium, just in front of a 
xylem ray of a fibro-vascular bundle, and which give 
origin to root-branches. 

Rhizography (ri-zog' '-ra-fe) \jii r a, root ; ypd<j>eiv, to 
write]. A descriptive treatise on the roots of plants. 

Rhizoid (ri'-zoid) \_'pi£,a, root ; eidoc, form]. In biol- 
ogy, slender, root-like filaments, the organs of attach- 
ment in many cryptogams ; like a root. 

Rhizoma (ri-zo'-mah) [pi^uifia: pi. , Rhizomata\ Same 
as Rhizome. 

Rhizomania (ri-zo-ma' -ne-ah) [p('C a > a root; pav'ia, 
madness]. In biology, an unusual or abnormal devel- 
opment of adventitious roots. 

Rhizomatoid (ri-zo'-inat-oid) [pii^upa, a mass of roots; 
eiSor, resemblance] . Resembling a rhizome. 

Rhizome (ri'-zom) \_'pii,a, root]. In biology, a prostrate 
or subterranean stem, having roots at its nodes and a 
bud or shoot at its apex. 

Rhizomorph (ri' '-zo-morf) [p%a, root ; popipr/, form]. 
In biology, the long, fiocculent mycelium of several 
species of Agaricus. 

Rhizomorphoid (ri-zo-mor'-foid) [pi r a, root ; pop(j)i/, 
form ; euhg, form]. Having the form of a root. 

Rhizomorphous (ri-zo-mor'-fus) [_pi^a, root; popart, 
form]. In biology, in shape andappearance like a root. 

Rhizonychia (ri-zo-nik'-e-ah) \_pii,a, a root ; bvv^, the 
nail]. The root of the nail. 

Rhizonychial (ri-zo-nik' -e-al) [_pi£a, root ; ovvf, nail]. 
Pertaining to a rhizonychium. 

Rhizonychium (ri-zo-nik' -e-um) \_'piC,a, root ; bvvS, , a 
claw : pi. , Rhizonichia\, In biology, the claw-bearing 
phalanx of a digit. 

Rhizophagous (ri-zoff' -ag-us) \pil,oyayoc, eating roots]. 
Root-eating. 

Rhizophora (ri-zoff f -or-aK) \piC,a, a root ; <j>opoc, a bear- 
ing]. Mangrove. In its several varieties it is used 
medicinally. 

Rhizophore (ri' -zo-for) [p<C a ) a ro °t ; <t>opng, bear]. In 
Selaginella a leafless shoot, which grows downward 
and from the end of which the true roots originate as 
soon as it penetrates the ground. 

Rhizophorous (ri-zoff' -or-us) [pKa, root ; <p£peiv, to 
bear]. In biology, root-bearing. 

Rhizophyto-alopecia (ri-zoff -it-o-al-o-pe' '-se-aJi) \_'pi r a, 
a root; <j>vrbv, a plant ; aAumaia, alopecia]. Synonym 
of Trichomycosis circinata. 

Rhizopod (ri'-zo-pod) \_f>Ka, root; Trove, foot]. A 
member of the Rhizopoda, a sub-class of Protozoa or 
animalcules. Locomotion and ingestion of food take 
place by means of pseudopodia, which at times fuse 
and form a reticulum. 

Rhizopodium (ri-zo-po'-de-uni) \j>i r a, a root; Tzovg, 
foot]. In biology, the mycelium of fungi. 



Rhizotaxis [ri-zo-taks' -is) [pl(,(i, root ; ra^ic, order]. In 
biology, the arrangement of roots. Cf. also Phyllo- 
taxis. 

Rhizotaxy (ri'-zo-taks-e). Same as Rhizotaxis. 

Rhodacne (rod-ak'-ne) \_p65ov, a rose ; anvtj, acne] 
Synonym of Acne rosacea. 

Rhodalose (ro'-dal-oz) [pbSov, rose; u/c, salt]. Sul- 
phate of cobalt. 

Rhodamin (ro' -dam-in) ['p6Sov, rose ; amin~\. A violet- 
red, magnificently fluorescent dyestuff, analogous in 
constitution to the fluoresceins. 

Rhodanic (ro-dan'-ih) \_'p65ov, rose]. Denoting an acid 
which produces a red salt with persalts of iron. R. 
Acid. See Acid. 

Rhodelseon, Rhodelaeum (ro-del-e'-on, ro-del-e' -um) 
[pofiov, a rose ; h\au>v, oil]. The oil of rose. 

Rhodeorrhetin (ro-de-or-re' -tin). Synonym of Con- 
vohmlin. 

Rhodic Acid (ro'-dic) [podior, rosy], Rh0 2 . A flaky 
powder ; the precipitate of a solution of rhodium ses- 
quioxid by nitric acid. 

Rhodinacne (ro - din - ak' '- ne) [podov, a rose; aicvTj, 
acne]. Synonym of Acne rosacea. 

Rhodinon (ro' -din-on) \_p6fiivov~\. Oil of roses. 

Rhodiochlorid (ro-de-o-klo'-?-~id) [pd&oc, rosy ; xkopoc, 
green]. A double chlorid of rhodium and one of the 
alkali metals. 

Rhodionitrite (ro-de-o-ni' -trlt) \p6b~Lac, rosy ; nitrum, 
niter]. A combination of rhodium nitrite with the 
nitrite of some other element or radicle. 

Rhodis (ro'-dis) [pudiog, rosy]. An ointment or pow- 
der made from roses. 

Rhodium (rd'-de-zun) \_'p6Sio<;, rosy]. A rare metal 
(symbol, Rh. ; 'at. wt. , 103) of the platinum group. 
Its medicinal qualities are little known. See Ele- 
ments, Table of. R., Oil of: (1) a fragrant oil de- 
rived from the root-wood of Convolvulus scoparius and 
C. ftoridus of the Canaries; (2) a factitious compound 
which commercially replaces the preceding for the most 
part ; (3) an oil from Amyris balsamifera, a West 
Indian tree. The foregoing oils are mainly used by 
veterinarians. 

Rhodizite (ro' -diz-if) \_'po6iZeiv, be like a rose]. A rare 
borate of aluminum and potassium ; it occurs in mi- 
nute isomeric crystals. 

Rhodochrosite (ro-do-kro'-sit) ['podov, rose ; xpuair, a 
coloring]. Native protocarbonate of manganese, a 
delicate, rose-red color, occurring in rhombohedral 
crystals. 

Rhododendron (ro - do - den'- droit) \_'podofiev6pov, the 
oleander]. A large genus of shrubs of the order 
evicacese and species rhodoreae. R. campanulatum, 
the bell-flowered rhododendron. The leaves are used 
as an errhine. R. chrysanthum, a variety of 
Eastern Siberia. The leaves and flowering branches 
are used in rheumatism and gout. They are stimulant, 
diaphoretic, and diuretic, and in large doses narcotic. 
R. cinnabarinum, an East Indian variety — poisonous. 
R. dahuricum, Dahurian rhododendron. The leaves 
are used in gout and rheumatism. R. maximum, 
American great laurel. The leaves are sometimes 
used in rheumatism and gout. R. officinale. 
Synonym of R. chrysanthum. R. ponticum, pontic 
rhododendron of Asia Minor, Armenia, and Spain. It 
is used in gout and rheumatism. R., Tinctura, made 
by treating I part of the leaves of R. chrysanthum 
with 3 parts each of brandy and white wine for two 
weeks, and filtering. 

Rhodomel (ro'-do-mel) \_'p6Sov, rose ; psli, honey]. 
Synonym of Mel roses. R. cydoniatum, a mixture 
consisting of 7 parts of honey, 30 parts of honey of 
roses, and 180 parts of quince-seed mucilage. 



RHODOMYCES 



1270 



RHUS 



Rhodomyces [ro-do-mi' -sez) \_po&ov, rose ; fivKr/c, a 
fungus]. A fungus resembling the Oidium albicans, 
R. kochii, a fungus appearing as a delicate pink 
mold and producing enormous numbers of conidia. 
It is sometimes found in the gastric juice in pyrosis. 

Rhodon {ro'-dou) [pd(W]. I. The rose. 2. The vulva. 

Rhodonite {ro' -do-nlt) [p6Sov, rose]. Native silicate 
of manganese. It occurs in masses, and is occasionally 
found in distinct crystals of a fine rose-red or pinkish 
hue. 

Rhodophan {ro' -do-fan) [_'p65ov, rose ; <pavi]g, appear- 
ing]. In biology, a red lipochrome pigment found by 
Kiihne and others in the retinal cones of fishes, rep- 
tiles, and birds. Cf. Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Rhodophyl, Rhodophyll {rcZ-do-fil) [pddeoc, red ; (jtiil- 
'Aov, a leaf]. A name given by Schiitt to the com- 
pound pigment of the Red Alga. Cf. Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Rhodophyllous (ro-do-fiP '-us) [pdrffoc, red ; <j>vA~Aov, a 
leaf]. In biology, containing rhodophyl. 

Rhodopsin {ro-dop'-sin) \_p66ov, rose ; wi/>, eye]. Visual 
purple, a retinal substance the color of which is pre- 
served by darkness, but bleached by daylight ; it is 
found in the outer segment of the rods. 

Rhodorrhiza {ro-dor-i'-zah) \_'p66ov, a rose; pi^a, a 
root]. Synonym of Convolvulus. 

Rhodosaccharum {ro - do - sak' '- ar - um) [podov, rose ; 
aaxxapov, sugar]. Synonym of Syrupus rosarum. 

Rhodospermin {ro-do-sper' -mm) \po&ov, rose ; antppia, 
seed]. Crystalloids of an albuminous substance found 
in the Floridea, forming the rhodophyl, or red coloring- 
matter. Cf. Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Rhodotannic Acid (ro-do-tan'-ih) \_p6S0v, rose; tan- 
nin, tannin], C u H 6 7 . A tannin derived from the 
leaves of Rhododendron fumigineum. 

Rhodymenia palmata {ro-di-me' '-ne-ah) \_p66ov, rose ; 
vjirjv, a membrane]. A marine Alga (Scotch, Dulse ; 
Irish, Dillesk), parasitic on littoral Fuci, Laminarice, 
etc. It contains a mucilage which is used in scrofula. 
Its value is probably dependent upon contained iodin. 
It is largely used as food in the west of Ireland, also 
in the Mediterranean regions, where it forms a com- 
mon ingredient of soups. 

Rhoea (re' -ah) [potd]. Synonym of Leukorrhea. 

Rhceadic Acid [re-ad'-ik) \poiaq, a kind of poppy]. 
See Papaveric Acid. 

Rhceadin {re' - ad - in) \poidc, a kind of poppy], 
C 21 H 21 N0 6 . A crystallizable alkaloid obtained from 
Papaver rhosas. 

Rhoeagenin {re-aj' -en-in) \fpoiaq, a kind of poppy], 
C 21 H 21 NO B . A base isomeric with rhceadin found 
in acidified solutions of rhceadin. 

Rhcebdesis {reb-de'-sis) \_poi(lSr]oi(;~\. Absorption ; re- 
sorption. 

Rhoezus (re'-zus) [potior]. A purring auscultatory 
sound. 

Rhogmos {rog'-mos) [p«^<5f]. Zee Snoring. 

Rhombo-atloideus {rom-bo-at-lo-id'-e-us) [p<5/i/?oc, a 
rhomb; arlac, the atlas]. An anomalous muscle 
arising from the spinal processes of the lower cervical 
and upper dorsal vertebra; and having its insertion in 
the transverse process of the atlas. 

Rhombocele, Rhombocoele {rom'- bo- sel) [pd///3or, 
rhomb; koIXtj, cavity]. Sa.mea.sR/10mboccelia. 

Rhombocoslia {rom- bo- se'- le- ah) [pd/(/3oc, rhomb ; 
KotAia, hollow]. The sinus rhomboidalis ; a dilata- 
tion of the cavity of the spinal cord in the sacral 
region of birds. 

Rhombogen {rom' '-bo-Jen) [pofiflog, rhomb ; yevijg, pro- 
ducing]. In biology, one of the early embryonic 
stages of a nematode worm; to be distinguished from 
the ncmatotren. 



Rhombohedral {rom - bo - he' '- dral) \_p6fifioc, rhomb ; 
iripa, base]. Of the shape of a rhombohedron. R. 
Carbonates, the isomorphous group of the native 
carbonates of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, 
zinc, and the intermediate compounds, as the double 
carbonate of calcium and magnesium, etc. 

Rhomboid, Rhomboidal {rom'- boid, rom - boi' '- dal) 
[p6/i(3og, a rhomb; sldog, resemblance]. Having a 
shape similar to that of a rhomb. A quadrilateral 
with opposite sides equal and parallel, and oblique 
angles. R. Fossa, the fourth ventricle of the brain. 
R. Impression. See Impression. R. Ligament. 
See Ligament. R. Sinus. See Rhoruboccelia. 

Rhomboideus {rom-bo-id'-e-us). See Muscles, Table of. 

Rhoncal (rong'-kal) \_poyxog, a snoring]. Relating 
toarhonchus. R. Fremitus. See Fremitus. 

Rhonchial {rotig'-ke-al). Same as Rhoncal. 

Rhoncus {rong' -kus) \_poyxoc, snore]. A rattling or 
musical sound produced in the throat or bronchial 
tubes during respiration. Rhonchi may be sonorous 
or sibilant, the former being loud, low-pitched, and 
snoring, and the latter high-pitched and whistling. 
Rhonchi are especially marked during the early stages 
of acute bronchitis, when the mucous membrane is 
swollen and thickened, but has not begun to secrete 
mucus ; also in the spasm of the bronchial tubes in 
asthma and in the chronic bronchitis of emphysema. 

Rhoodes {roo'-dez) [powdoc, like a stream]. Of fevers, 
associated with fluid discharges. 

Rhopal Nich {ro' -pal-nitch ). See Antra rhopalaria. 

Rhopalismus {ro-pal-iz'-mus) \p6iraAot), club]. Pria- 
pism ; also plica polonica. 

Rhopalium (ro-pdl'-e-um) \_ponaAov, a club ; //., Rho- 
palia~\. In biology, the so-called sense-club of an 
acraspede Afedusa ; a compound sense-organ of which 
the auditory organ is the principal factor ; it is at the 
same time a metamorphosed tentacle into which a 
hollow process of the gastric system penetrates. 

Rhopalocephalus carcinomatosus {ro-pal-o-sef'-al- 
tis kar-sin-o-mat' o-sus). A name given to a parasitic 
organism found by Korotneff in the cells of carcinomata. 
The formation of pearls is attributed to it. See Para- 
sites {Animal), Table of . 

Rhopalosis {ro-pal-o'-sis) \j>6-a"Aov, club]. Plica po- 
lonica. 

Rhophesis {ro-fe'-sis) [_po(pelv, to gulp down]. Sip- 
ping ; absorption. 

Rhophetic {ro-fet'-ik) [pcKpi/Tinoc]. An absorbent 
medicine. 

Rhosaton {ro'-zat-on) [pdOTircu'] . A purgative confec- 
tion of roses. Cf. Actius. 

Rhotacism {ro' '- tas - izm) [porani^eiv, to use the r 
sound]. 1. The substitution of some other speech- 
sound for that of the letter r/ more correctly, the too 
frequent or too strong utterance of the r sound ; the 
use of the r sound in place of some other speech - 
sound. 

Rhothones {ro-tho' -nez) [ptiflouEc] . The nasal cavi- 
ties. 

Rhubarb {ru'-barb) \_prjov~\. See Rheum. 

Rhubarbaric Acid, Rhubarbarin {ru-bar'-bar-ik, ru- 
bar'-bar-in). Synonym of Acid, Chrysophanic. 

Rhus {rus) [potJC, sumac]. In biology, a genus of the 
order Anacardiacea, of which the sumachs are the best 
known. R. aromatica, Sweet Sumach ; the bark of 
the root is an astringent, acting upon the urethral 
canal. It is useful in cystitis, incontinence of urine, 
and diabetes. Dose of the fid. ext. TTLxv-xx. Unof. 
R. coriaria, Elm-leaved Sumach, the dried leaves 
and fruit are used in dyeing and tanning and contain 
gallo-tannic acid. The berries are used as a con- 
diment and contain binoxalate of calcium. They 



RHUSIN 



1271 



RIBGRASS 



have been used in the East in cholera. R. cotinus, 
Purple-fringed Sumach, indigenous to Southern 
Europe. The bark [cortex cotini) is used as an 
antiperiodic. The leaves [folia cotini) are used 
in the form of a gargle in sore-throat. R. -dermati- 
tis, a form of inflammation of the skin, the result of 
poisoning produced by the poison-oak and other species 
of sumach. R. diversiloba, the hiedra of California ; 
the poison-oak ; a high grade of cutaneous irritation 
results from contact with it. R. glabra, Smooth 
Sumach, the fruit of R. glabra. Its properties are 
due to tannic acid and potassium and calcium 
malates. The diluted juice is a pleasant, astringent 
drink in catarrhal affections of the stomach and 
bowels. Dose of the fid. ext. 3J-ij. R. glab., 
Ext., Fid., a gargle for sore-throat. R. perniciosa, 
a variety which has been used in the treatment 
of scorpion-bites. R. -poisoning. See Dermatitis 
venenata. R. pumila, Dwarf Sumach, found in 
North Carolina. It is probably the most poisonous 
variety. R. radicans, Poison-vine, found in Canada 
and the United States. The juice of the berries is 
very poisonous. R. toxicodendron, Poison-oak, 
the fresh leaves of the poison-oak, R. toxicodendron, 
and the poison-ivy, R. radicans. Locally applied, 
it causes swelling and a vesicular eruption upon the 
skin and mucous membranes. It is recommended 
in certain affections of the skin, in rheumatism, 
and locally in erysipelas and eczema. It is a 
favorite remedy with homeopathic practitioners. An 
unof. tinct. contains fresh leaves I, alcohol 2 parts. 
Dose TTl j fl -ij. R. venenata, Poison-ash, a highly 
poisonous shrub found in North America and Japan. 
R. venicifera, Japan lacquer-tree ; it is used chiefly 
in the preparation of varnish, and is highly poi- 
sonous. 

Rhusin [ru'-sin) [pnvg, sumac]. A precipitate from a 
tincture of the root-bark of Sumach, Rhus glabra ; 
it is tonic, astringent, and antiseptic. Dose I to 2 
grains. Unof. 

Rhusma [rus'-mah) [Turkish]. A depilatory of orpi- 
ment, lime, and water, used to remove superfluous 
human hair. 

Rhyas [r/'-as) \_pe~tv, to flow]. Synonym of Discharge. 

Rhynchanthera [rin - kan' '- /her - ah) [/>yy;foc, snout; 
av8r/pog, blooming]. A genus of melastomaceous 
herbs. R. grandiflora, a West Indian species ; the 
flowers are used as a sedative expectorant in chronic 
cough. 

Rhynchodont [ring'-ko-dont) ['pvyxoc, snout ; bSnhr, 
tooth]. In biology, having a toothed beak. 

Rhynchosia (ring-ko'-ze-ah) \_pvyxoc, a snout], A 
genus of plants of the tribe Phaseolece. R. divers' - 
folia, a variety used as an expectorant in spasmodic 
cough. 

Rhyostomaturia [ri-o-sto-mat-u' -re-ah) \_pva$, fluid ; 
orofia, the mouth; ovpov, urine]. Excretion of the 
urinary constituents by the salivary glands. 

Rhypia [rip'-e-ali). Synonym of Rupia. 

Rhypophobia [ri-po-fo 1 '-be-ah) ['ph-iruc, filth ; <po(ieiv, to 
fear]. A better form of the word Rupophobia. A 
morbid dread of dirt. 

Rhyptic [rip'-tik) [pVnTindg ; pvttteiv, to cleanse]. De- 
tergent ; cleansing ; cathartic. 

Rhypus [rip' -us) [pi,'7ror] . Dirt ; sordes. 

Rhysema [rl-se'-mah) \jnxyqfia\. Wrinkle. 

Rhysis- [ri'-sis-) \j>eiv, to flow]. Synonym of Dis- 
charge, 

Rhythm (rirhm) \_pvf)/i6c']. Action or function recur- 
ring at regular intervals or according to some system- 
atic plan or type, as the rhythm of the heart, of res- 
piration, etc. 



Rhythmic [rith'-mik) [piMfing, rhythm]. Pertaining 
to or having the quality of rhythm. 

Rhytidosis cornea? \_pwie, a wrinkle]. Wrinkling of 
the cornea. 

Rib [rib) [ME., rib, rib]. I. In anatomy, a rib is a 
long, flat, curved bone, with an ectal and an ental broad 
smooth surface, cephalic rounded border, and a caudal 
sharp one. Within the greater part of the length of the 
lower border there exists a groove for the intercostal 
blood-vessels. The dorsal end is the head, and 
this presents two articular facets (separated by 
the intervertebral ridge) which articulate with corre- 
sponding facets of a contiguous pair of vertebras. Slightly 
ventral, just beyond a slight constriction, the neck, 
is the tubercle, upon which is a facet for articulation 
with the transverse process of the lower of the two 



Ribs of Left Side, 

Posterior 

Aspect. 

1-12. Anterior ex- 
tremities of 12 
ribs of left side. 
13, 13. Internal 
surface. 14,14. 
External surface. 
15. Head of 1st 
rib. 16. Head of 
2d rib. 17. Head 
of 3d rib. 18, 18. 
Heads of ribs 
from 4tb to 9th. 
19. Head of 10th 
rib. 20, 20. Heads 
of nth and 12th 
ribs. 2i,2i- Necks 
of ribs. 22. Tuber- 
cle of 1st rib. 23. 
Articular facet of 
tubercle of 2d rib. 
24, 24. Articular 
facets of tubercles 
of ribs from 3d to 
9th. 25. Articu- 
lar facet for tu- 
bercle of 10th rib. 
26. 2$. Angles of 
ribs. 



vertebne united by the head of the rib. Externally to 
the tubercle is a rough mark called the angle, at which 
point the rib is directed abruptly ventrad. The 
ventral portion is more compressed and is continuous 
with the costal cartilage. The ribs successively in- 
crease in length from the first to the eighth and then 
decrease to the last. They number twelve pairs, form- 
ing a series of narrow arches on each side of the trunk 
extending from the thoracic vertebrae to the sternum. 
The seven superior or sternal ribs are attached to both 
the spine and the sternum. The remaining five are 
called asternal ribs. Three of these are attached 
dorsally to the spine, and ventrally by costal carti- 
lages to the cartilages of adjacent ribs. The two 
last are free at their anterior extremities, and are 
called free ribs. 2. A primary or principal vein of a 
leaf. 

Ribbail's Bandage. See Bandage. 

Ribes, Ganglion of. See Ganglia, Table of. 

Ribesin [ri-be' -zin) \_ribesium, currant]. The juice of 
the black currant [Ribes nigrum), used for staining 
microscopic sections. 

Ribgrass [rib' -gras). See Plantago, Plantain. 




RIBLET 



1272 



RIDGE 



Riblet (rib' -let) [ME., rib, rib]. Any pleurapophysis 
not developed into a rib and not destined to be so de- 
veloped ; a costal process of a vertebra 

Rice (rls). See Oryza. R.-seed Bodies, peculiar 
small, white bodies resembling grains of rice, found 
in the so-called ganglia occurring on tendons. R.- 
water Evacuations. See Oryza. 

Richard's Styptic Collodion. A solution of tannin 
in collodion. 

Richardson's Bellows. An instrument for injecting 
vapors into the middle ear. R.'s Mixture. See 
Anesthetic. R.'s Neutral Blue Fluid, a fluid for in- 
jecting tissues. Dissolve 0.648 gm. of ferrous sulphate 
in 15 c.c. of glycerin ; and 2.07 gms. of potassium ferro- 
cyanid in a liter of water, to which 15 c.c. of glycerin 
have been added. Mix the two solutions gradually ; 
then add 30 c.c. of alcohol and 120 c.c. of water. 
R.'s Test. See Death, Signs of. 

Richet's Bandage. See Bandage. 

Richter's Collyrium. A mixture of rose-water and the 
white of egg beaten to a froth. R.'s Hernia, 
Parietal Enterocele, Partial Enterocele, Littre's Hernia. 
Strangulated enterocele in which only part of the cir- 
cumference of the gut is constricted. See Diseases, 
Table of. 

Ricin (ri'-sin) [ricinus, a genus of the euphorbiace<z\. 
The toxalbumin of the castor-oil bean ; a vegetable 
albuminoid employed in the study of immunity. A 
dose of J^ gr. by the skin, or T 9 j gr. by the stomach 
is toxic. It induces multiple hemorrhages of the 
intestines and stomach, and appears to break down 
the blood-corpuscles. Unof. 

Ricinelaidic (ris-in-el-a-id'-ik) [ricinus, castor-oil]. 
Derived from castor-oil. R. Acid, an acid derived 
from and isomeric with ricinoleic acid. 

Ricinic (ris-in'-ik) \_ricinns, castor-oil]. Pertaining to 
or having the properties of castor-beans or castor-oil. 
Also applied to an acid derived from castor-oil. See 
Ricinus. 

Ricinine (ri'-sin-in) \_ricinus, castor-oil]. A crystalline 
substance obtained from castor-oil. 

Ricinoleic Acid (ri-sin-o-le' '-ik). See Acid. 

Ricinus (ris'-in-us) [ L. ]. A genus of apetalous 
euphorbiaceous plants. R. communis, the only 
species is the well-known castor-oil plant, indige- 
nous in America and Asia. The height is from 4 to 
14 feet; the leaves are alternate, peltate, palmately 
seven-lobed or nine-lobed ; the flowers are monecious 
and apetalous. The fruit is a grooved, rather triangular 
tricoccous capsule, generally spinescent, with a single 
oval or elliptic seed enclosed in each cell. The embryo 
has foliaceous, heart-shaped cotyledons, is straight, 
white, and imbedded in an oily albumin, having a 
bland and slightly acrid taste. The seeds are chiefly 
used in the manufacture of oleum ricini, castor-oil. 
They are first crushed and freed from their cover- 
ings, then kiln-dried and subjected to powerful 
pressure. The oil is heated with water to remove 
albuminous matters. The yield is 38 to 45 per cent., 
by cold pressure 25 to 30 per cent. The oil prepared 
by the latter method requires no further purification. 
It is viscid, nearly transparent, pale greenish-yellow or 
almost colorless. The specific gravity varies between 
.950 and .960. The oil is partly soluble in petroleum 
benzine, but is more soluble in absolute alcohol, 
ether, and glacial acetic acid in all proportions. 
When fresh, it has a neutral reaction to test- 
paper, and is composed of several fats. The solid 
fatty acid is related to palmitic acid, the liquid one 
is ricinoleic acid. The acrid principle to which its 
purgative properties are due has not been isolated. 
Tuson claimed, in 1864, to have discovered an alka- 



loid, ricinin. The oil is used medicinally to over- 
come constipation or to cure diarrhea due to the 
presence of irritating substances. The dose for an 
adult is from half an ounce to an ounce. R., Olei, 
Mist. (B.P.), castor-oil, oil of lemon, oil of cloves, 
potash, syrup, orange-flower water. Dose ^ss-ij. 

Rickets (rih'-ets) [pax^i spine]. The common name 
for Rachitis; it is a constitutional disease of child- 
hood, characterized by increased cell-growth of 
the bones, with deficiency of earthy matter, resulting 
in deformities, and with abnormal changes in the 
spleen and liver. See Rachitis. 

Rickety (rik'-et-e) [pa^tc, spine]. Affected with, or 
distorted by, rickets. R. Rosary, the beaded con- 
dition of the ribs in rickets. See Rachitis. 

Rictal (rik'-tal) [ringi, to gape]. Pertaining or re- 
lating to rictus. 

Rictus (rik'-tus) [L. , from ringi, to gape]. A fissure 
or cleft ; a gaping, as of the mouth ; the gape of a 
bird. See Risits sardonicus. R. lupinus, cleft 
palate. 

Rider (ri'-der) [ME., ridere, a rider] . One who 
rides, especially one who rides on horseback. R.s' 
Bone, an osseous formation in the adductor muscles 
of the leg, from long-continued pressure of the leg 
against the saddle. See Exercise - bones. R.s' 
Bursa, an enlarged bursa, produced in the same way 
as the riders' bone. R. Garbage - furnace, a 
form of furnace with two chambers, the foremost 
of which is the combustion-chamber in which the 
garbage to be destroyed is placed, and the rear one 
the receiving-tank. 

Ridge (rij) [ME., rigge, the back of a man or beast]. 
An extended elevation or crest. Rs., Bicipital, the 
borders of the bicipital groove of the humerus. Rs., 
Condylar, the ridges ascending from the condyles of 
the humerus. Rs., Dorsal. See Rs., Medullary. R., 
Genital, the germ-ridge in front of and internal to 
the Wolffian body, from which the internal reproduc- 
tive organs are developed. R., Gluteal, the ante- 
rior intertrochanteric line. R., Interosseous (of the 
fibula), the ridge on the fibula which gives attachment 
to the interosseous membrane. R., Intervertebral, 
a crest on the vertebral end of a rib dividing the ar- 
ticular surface into two portions. R., Lambdoidal, 
the lambdoid crest. Rs., Lateral (of the blastoderm) , 
two ridges on the posterior end of the embryonic 
shield that coalesce and close the primitive groove. 
R., Maxillary, dental crest ; a ridge of vascular 
fibrous tissue along the alveolar processes of the max- 
illary bones of the fetus. Rs., Medullary, the lami- 
nae dorsales, or longitudinal elevations of the epiblast, 
which coalesce and close in the medullary or neural 
tube. R., Mylo-hyoid, the ridge on the inner sur- 
face of the inferior maxilla for the attachment of the 
mylo-hyoid muscle. R., Neural, neural crest; the 
ridge of epibla=tic cells on the superior margin of the 
medullary groove, from which the dorsal nerves of 
the embryo are developed. Rs., Occipital, the supe- 
rior and inferior curved lines of the occipital bone. 
Rs., Palatine, one longitudinal and several transverse 
corrugations of the mucosa of the hard palate. R., 
Parietal, the ridge on the parietal bone ; a con- 
tinuation of the temporal ridge. Rs., Pectoral, the 
bicipital ridges of the humerus. R., Pterotic, a 
ridge on the upper and external portion of the auditory 
capsule. R., Pterygoid, the infra-temporal crest or 
ridge on the external surface of the greater wing of the 
sphenoid bone. Rs. of the Skin, the delicate ridges 
of the skin which intersect at various angles, and 
correspond to the rows of papillee of the corium. R., 
Superciliary, the arched ridge of the frontal bone 



RIDGES FOOD 



1273 



RING 



corresponding to the eyebrow. Rs., Supracondyloid. 
See Rs. , Condylar. R., Temporal, the ridge extend- 
ing from the external angular process of the frontal 
bone upward and backward across the frontal and 
parietal bones, curving downward, and terminating 
in the posterior root of the zygomatic process. R., 
Wolffian, germ-epithelium. See R., Genital. 

Ridge's Food. A farinaceous food for infants. Its 
composition is: Water, 9.23; fat, 0.63 ; grape-sugar, 
2. 40; cane-sugar, 2. 20; starch, 77.96; soluble carbo- 
hydrates, 5.19; albuminoids, 9.24; ash, 0.60. 

Ridgel (rij'-el) [origin uncertain]. A male animal 
having one testicle removed or wanting. 

Ridgeling (rij'-ling). See Ridgel. 

Ridgil (rij'-i'l). See Ridgel. 

Riding of Bones. In surgery, the displacement of 
the fractured ends of bones which are forced past 
each other by muscular contraction, instead of remain- 
ing end to end. 

Riding-hag. Incubus ; nightmare. 

Riegel's Syndrome. Respiratory disturbance simulat- 
ing asthma, combined with tachycardia. R.'s Test- 
meal, a test-meal consisting of 400 grams broth, 50 
grams scraped beef, 60 grams white bread. 

Riga's Disease. See Aphtlue, Cachectic, and Diseases, 
Table of. 

Riggs' Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Right (rlt) [ME., right, right]. Belonging to or 
located upon that side which, with mammals contains 
less of the heart and is on the east when the face is 
toward the north ; dextral. R. -brained, having the 
speech-center in the right instead of the left hemisphere. 
R. Hand. See Dexter. R. -handed, using the right 
hand with more freedom and effect than the left. R.- 
handedness, the condition of being right-handed. 

Rigiditas (rij-id' -it-as) [L.] Stiffness; rigidity. R. 
articulorum , spurious ankylosis. 

Rigidity [rij-id' -it-e) [rigidus, stiff]. Stiffness; inflexi- 
bility; immobility; tonic contraction of muscles. R., 
Anatomic (of the cervix uteri'), rigidity in which the 
cervix, though neither edematous nor tender, is not 
wholly effaced in labor, but retains its length and dilates 
only to a certain extent, beyond which the contrac- 
tions of the uterus are without effect. R., Cadav- 
eric, rigor mortis. R., Cerebellar, rigidity of the 
spinal muscles, due to tumor of the middle lobe of 
the cerebellum. The head is drawn backward, the 
spine curved, and the arms and legs made rigid (H. 
Jackson). R., Hemiplegic, spastic rigidity of the 
paralyzed limbs in hemiplegia. R., Muscular. See 
Thomsen' s Disease. R., Pathologic [of the cervix 
uteri), rigidity due to organic disease or cicatricial 
contraction. R., Post-mortem, rigor mortis. R., 
Spasmodic (of the cervix uteri), rigidity due to spas- 
modic contraction of the cervix. 

Rigor (ri'-gor) [rigor, cold]. Coldness, stiffness, or 
rigidity. In the plural, chills, shivering. R. cadav- 
erosus. See R. mortis. R. maxillae inferioris, 
trismus. R. mortis : I. The muscular rigidity that 
occurs a short time after death, due to chemic changes 
resulting in the production of myosin. 2. The rigor 
due to changes occurring in a muscle that has lost its 
irritability, in which its acidity is increased and its 
electric currents are absent. R. nervorum, R. 
nervosus. See Tetanus. 

Rima (ri'-mah) [rima, crack, cleft: //., Rim<z\. In bi- 
ology: 1. A chink, cleft, or fissure. 2. The chief part 
of the great transverse fissure of the brain. It is a line 
of interruption of the nervous parietes of the paracele, 
beginning at the dorsal end of the porta, and extending 
to near the tip of the medicorun. R. ad infundibulum, 
the anterior aperture of the third ventricle of the brain. 



R., Anterior, the calamus scriptorius (Monro). Rimae 
cascae hepatis, the hepatic fissures lodging the 
branches of the portal vein. R. cerebri transversa, 
the transverse fissure of the cerebrum. R. clunium, 
the cleft of the nates. Rimae cutis, the normal fur- 
rows of the skin. R. glottidis, the cleft between the 
true vocal bands; the glottis. R. glutaea. See A'. 
clunium. R. helicis, an anomalous cleft in the in- 
ferior anterior portion of the helix. R. labiorum. 
See R. oris. R. laryngis. See R. glottidis. R. 
oris, the line formed by the junction of the lips. R. 
palpebrarum, the palpebral fissure. R. pudendi, 
the fissure between the labia majora. R. pudendi 
connivens, the fissure between the labia majora when 
they completely conceal the nymphre. R. transversa 
cerebelli, the sulcus between the peduncles of the 
cerebellum. R. ventriculi laryngis, the aperture 
of the ventricle of the larynx. R. vocalis. See R. 
glottidis. R. vulvae. See R. pudendi. 

Rimiform (ri'-miform) [rima, a chink ; forma, form]. 
In biology, possessing a longitudinal chink or furrow. 

Rimose (ri'-moz) [rimosus, full of chinks]. In biol- 
ogy, full of crevices or furrows. 

Rimous (ri'-mus) \_rima, a cleft]. Having cracks, 
clefts, or fissures. 

Rimula (rim'-u-laK) [L. , dim. of rima, a crack: pi. , 
Rimula~\. A fissure; applied especially to the ventral 
mesal fissure of the spinal cord ; an interfoliar cleft of 
the cerebellum. 

Rimule {rim' -u/)[rimula, dim. of rima, a cleft]. Any 
minute cleft, crack, or fissure. 

Rinar (ri'-nar). Limatura ; filings. 

Rind (rind) [ME. , rind, crust]. In biology, an outer 
coat, skin, or integument. Cortex. 

Rinderpest (rin'-der-pest) [Ger. , "cattle-pest"]. An 
acute infectious disease of cattle, appearing occasion- 
ally among sheep, and communicable to other rumi- 
nants. It is called also cattle-plague. Cf. Bacillus 
septicemia; hemorrhagica:, under Bacteria, Synonym- 
atic Table of. 

Rindfleisch's Granule-cells. Eosinophile leukocytes 
with granulations. 

Ring [ME., ring, ring]. A circular opening or aper- 
ture ; the structure surrounding a circular opening. 
See Annulus. Rs., Abbe's, rings of catgut, used in 
the establishment of an artificial communication be- 
tween one part of the bowel and another, or between 
the bowel and the stomach. R., Abdominal, the 
internal or external abdominal ring. R., Annual, one 
of the successive circles of wood produced yearly in 
exogenous trunks. R., Antimonial, a ring pro- 
duced when volatilized antimony impinges on a glass 
surface. Rs., Apposition. See Rs., Abbe's. R., 
Arsenical, a ring produced when fumes of arsenic 
impinge on a glass surface. R., Bandl's, an annular 
muscular thickening of the uterus during labor between 
the contractile portion of the organ and the relaxed 
attenuated portion below ; the true os uteri internum 
of Bandl. R.-bone, a bony callus or exostosis, the 
result of inflammation on one or both pastern-bones 
of a horse. It may extend to the interphalangeal 
joints and cause immobility and lameness. R. -canal : 
(a) the circumesophageal canal of the water-vascular 
system of Echmodertns ; (b) the annular enterocele 
of Ccelenterates. R., Contraction. See R., Bandl's. 
R., Crural. See R., Femoral. R., Femoral, the ab- 
dominal opening of the femoral canal. Rs., Fibrous 
(of the Heart) , the fibrous bands surrounding the arterial 
and auriculo-ventricular orifices of the heart, and to 
which the muscular fibers are attached. R. -finger, 
the fourth digit or third finger. R. -infiltration (of the 
Cornea), an infiltration of cells, circular in shape, in the 



RINGED 



1274 



RIZIFORM 



laminae of the cornea, sometimes following perforating 
septic wounds of the cornea. R., Inguinal. See R. , 
Abdominal. R., Lowe's, a bright violet ring seen 
on looking through a solution of chromic chlorid. R., 
Marsh's. See R. , Arsenical. R., Maxwell's, a 
faintly defined halo around the fovea when the eye 
rests on a homogeneous blue surface. R., Miiller's, a 
muscular ring observed in an advanced stage of gesta- 
tion, situated where the canal of the cervix joins the 
cavity of the body of the uterus. R. -muscle of 
Muller. See Muscles, Table of. R., Omphalic. 
See R., Umbilical. R. -scotoma. See Scotoma. R., 
Spermatorrhea, a metallic ring furnished with sharp 
points, to be worn during sleep to prevent seminal 
emissions. R., Tracheal, a tracheal cartilage. R., 
Tympanic, an osseous ring forming part of the tem- 
poral bone at the time of birth, and which de- 
velops into the tympanic plate. R., Umbilical, the 
ray-like aperture of the abdominal wall by which the 
umbilical cord communicates with the fetal system, 
and through which, in extra-uterine life, the urachus 
and the remains of the umbilical vessels pass to the 
umbilicus. R.-worm, a general term for vegetable 
parasitic diseases of the skin characterized by circinate 
lesions. R.-worm of the Beard, sycosis parasitica. 
R.-worm of the Body, tinea circinata. R.-worm, 
Burmese, a cutaneous affection occvirring in Burmah, 
resembling, and probably identical with, the form 
of tinea circinata called eczema marginatum. R.- 
worm, Chinese, ringworm due to Tinea imbri- 
cala. R.-worm, Honeycomb, favus. R.-worm of 
the scalp, tinea tonsurans. R.-worm of the Thighs 
and Genitalia, eczema marginatum. R.-worm, 
Tokelan, ring-worm due to Tinea imbricata. 

Ringed (fingd) [ME., ring, ring]. In biology, marked 
with rings. R. Hair, a very rare form of canities, 
in which the hairs are white or colored in rings or 
bands. 

Ringent {rin'-jent) \ringi, gape, open-mouthed]. In 
biology, irregularly gaping ; applied to a bilabiate 
corolla when the throat is wide open or gaping ; oppo- 
site of personate. 

Rinmann's Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Rinne's Test. This consists in applying a vibrating tun- 
ing-fork with moderate pressure first over the mastoid 
process, leaving it there until the patient seems no 
longer to hear the sound, and then as quickly as pos- 
sible bringing it immediately in front of the external 
meatus, avoiding all contact with the head or ear. 
If the patient then is able to hear the sound of the 
tuning-fork once more, it indicates that the conduction 
through the air is better than through the bone, and 
vice versa. 

Rinolite (ri' -no-lit). See Rhinolith. 

Riolan, Bouquet of. See Bouquet. R., Meso- 
colic Arch of, the arch of mesentery attached to the 
transverse meso-colon. R.'s Muscle. See Muscles, 
Table of. R.'s Nosegay. See Nosegay and Bou- 
quet. 

Ripa {ri' -pali) \_ripa, a bank]. The line formed by the 
reflection of the endyma upon any plexus or tela of the 
brain. 

Riparial, Riparious {ri-pa'-re-al, ri-pa'-re-us) [ripa, 
the bank of a stream or body of water]. Living on 
or associated with, or pertaining to the shore. 

Ripault Sign. See Death. 

Ripe (rip) [ME., ripe, ripe]. Mature. 

Ripening (rip'-en-ing) [ME., ripe, ripe]. Becoming 
mature. R. of Cataract. See Cataract. R. of 
Cream, the allowing of cream to sour before churning, 
whereby a larger amount of butter is obtained. The 
process is attended with a multiplication of bacteria, 



the proper temperature for ripening being that at which 
the bacteria best multiply. It is attended with the 
production of lactic acid and various decomposition- 
processes. 
Risidontrophy (riz-id-on'-tro-fe) [ptfa, a root]. The 

operation of drilling the root of a tooth. 
Rising (ri'-zing) [ME., risen, to rise]. A popular 
term for an inflammatory swelling. R. of the Lights, 
a popular term for pleurisy and for croup. 
Risipola lombarda (riz-ip-o' -lah lorn-bar' -dah). Syn- 
onym of Pellagra. 
Risorius (ri-zo' -re-us) [ridere, to laugh]. The upper 
portion of the P/atys/na myoides. It controls certain 
motions of the lips and adjacent parts in laughing. 
See Muscles, Table of. 
Ristorum (ris-to'-rum) [L.]. A nutritive preparation 

of egg-yolk. 
Risus (ri'-zus) [L.]. A grin or laugh. R. sardoni- 
cus, an involuntary sardonic or convulsive grin or 
drawing down of the angles of the mouth in certain 
spasmodic or tetanic conditions. 
Ritgen's Method. A method of manual delivery of 
the fetal head. It consists in lifting the head upward 
and forward through the vulva, between the pains, by 
pressure made with the tips of the fingers upon the 
perineum behind the anus close to the extremity of 
the coccyx. 
Ritter's Disease. See Dermatitis exfoliativa neona- 
torum and Diseases, Table of. R.'s Law of Contrac- 
tion, " a nerve is stimulated both at the moment of 
the occurrence and that of the disappearance of elec- 
trotonus : (i) When the current is closed, the stimula- 
tion occurs only at the kathode, i.e., at the moment 
when the kathelectrotonus takes place ; (2) when the 
current is opened, stimulation occurs only at the anode, 
i. e., at the moment when the anelectrotonus dis- 
appears." (Landois and Stirling. ) R.'s Opening 
Tetanus. See Tetanus. R.'s Tetanus, a temporary 
tetanic state caused by sending a constant current of 
electricity to a nerve and then suddenly interrupting it. 
R.-Valli Law, "If a nerve be separated from its 
center, or if the center die, the excitability of the 
nerve is at first increased; the excitability then 
falls until it disappears entirely. This process takes 
place more rapidly in the central than in the peripheral 
part of the nerve, so that the peripheral end of a 
nerve separated from its center remains excitable for a 
longer time than the central end." (Landois and 
Stirling.) See Law. 
Rivallie's Paste. A caustic made by adding concen- 
trated nitric acid to lint. 
Riverius, Salt of. An old name for normal potassic 

citrate. 
Rivini, or Rivinus, Canal of. See R., Ducts of. R., 
Ducts of, the excretory ducts of the sublingual 
gland. R., Foramen of, an opening in the tympanum, 
of doubtful existence. R., Glands of, the sublingual 
glands. R., Notch of, a notch in the osseous tym- 
panic ring, filled by Shrapnell's Membrane. R., Seg- 
ment of, an opening in the upper and anterior part of 
the annulus tympanicus. 
Rivolta's Disease. Synonym of Actinomycosis. 
Rivose (ri'-voz) \_rivus, a stream, channel, groove]. In 
biology, marked with furrows that are sinuate rather 
than parallel. 
Rivulose (riv'-n-loz) \_rivulus, a small stream]. In bi- 
ology, marked with small sinuate lines. 
Rivus (ri'-vus) [L. ," a stream: fl.,Rivi\. Anyone 
of the smaller conduits of the subarachnoidean space. 
R. lacrymalis. See Palpebra. 
Riziform (riz'-if-orm). Having an appearance resem- 
bling grains of rice. 



RlZ/.Ol.l-ESMARCH OPERATION 



1275 



ROLLE, PLANE OF 



Rizzoli-Esmarch Operation. An operation for the 
relief of ankylosis of the lower jaw, consisting in mak- 
ing a section of the ramus. See Operations, Table of. 

Roads, Animal. See Zoocurrent. 

Roaring (ror'-ing) [ME., roren, to roar]. A disease 
of horses that causes them to make a singular noise in 
breathing under exertion. The disease is due to paral- 
ysis and wasting of certain laryngeal muscles, usually 
of the left side, resulting in a narrowing of the 
glottis. 

Roasting (rosf ' -ing) [ME. , rosten, to roast]. The ap- 
plication of heat to a degree less than that of car- 
bonization, as the roasting of coffee ; torrefaction. 

Rob, Robb [Arab.]. A confection made of fruit-juice, 
especially of that of the mulberry. 

Roberts' Macula. See Macula. R. Pelvis, the 
ankylosed transversely contracted pelvis. See Pelvis. 
R. Reagent, to five volumes of filtered saturated 
solution of magnesium sulphate add one volume of 
strong nitric acid ; it is used to obviate the objections 
to nitric acid in Heller's test. Proceed as in Heller's 
test. R. Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Robertson's Pupil. See Pupil. 

Robin's Fluid. A fluid used in the microscopic study 
of the blood. It consists of distilled water containing 
one per cent, of chlorid of sodium, and one-half of 
one per cent, of bichlorid of mercury. 

Robin's Gelatin Vehicle. A warm, flowing mass for 
injecting tissues. One part of gelatin is soaked in 
seven, eight, nine, or ten parts of water, according to 
the consistency of the mass desired, and when soft is 
melted on a water-bath. This vehicle is then com- 
bined with any of the coloring-matters employed in in- 
jecting tissues in the proportion of one part color to 
three parts vehicle. Filter through flannel before in- 
jecting. R.'s Rye. See Hair-cap Moss. 

Robinia (ro - bin' - e - ah) [after Jean Robin, the royal 
gardener at Paris (1550- 1629)]. A genus of legumi- 
nous shrubs indigenous in North America. R. 
amara, of China, is used as a stomachic tonic. R. 
pseudacacia, the locust tree of North America. 
Various parts of it are used by eclectic physi- 
cians. The bark is said to be emetic and cathar- 
tic, the flowers antispasmodic. Cases of poisoning 
from chewing the root are recorded in which the 
symptoms resembled those of belladonna-intoxica- 
tion. 

Robinin (ro' -bin-in) [after Robin, a French gardener], 

C 2 5 H 20°16- A glu 

of the locust-tree. 

Robinson's Ointment. An ointment used in treating 
eczema of the beard. It consists of diachylon and 
zinc-oxid ointments, each 3" ss ; ammoniated-mercury 
ointment, 3 iij ; bismuth subnitrate, 3 iss. R.'s 
Patent Barley, a farinaceous food for infants. Its 
composition is : water, 10. 10 ; fat, 0.97; grape-sugar, 
3.08; cane-sugar, 0.90 ; starch, 77.76 ; soluble carbo- 
hydrates, 4. II; albuminoids, 5.13; gum, cellulose, 
etc., 1.93 ; ash, 1.93. 

Robiquet's Paste. A caustic paste consisting of equal 
parts of zinc chlorid and flour with gutta-percha. It 
is firm and tenacious. 

Robor (ro'-bor) [L.]. Strength. 

Roborant (?-o' -bo-rant) \_robur, an oak ; also strength]. 
Tonic. Strengthening. . 

Robur (ro'-bur). See Robor. 

Roburite (ro'-bu-rit) [robur, strength]. An explosive 
composed of dinitrobenzene, chloronitrobenzene, and 
ammonium nitrate. Its fumes, when inhaled by 
miners, cause headache, vertigo, vomiting, etc. 

Robust (ro - bust' ) [robustus; robus, robur, an oak- 
tree]. Strong; vigorous. 



to or derived from 
a dibasic acid ob- 
and Lccanora tar- 



Roccella, Rocella (rok-sel' -ah , ro-sel'-ah). A genus 
of lichens. R. tinctoria, litmus-plant, archil ; a spe- 
cies growing in the Canary Islands, Africa, and Europe. 
It yields litmus. 

Roccellic (rok-sel' -ik). Related 
Roccella. R. Acid, C 17 H 32 4 , 
tained from Roccella tinctoria 
tarea, 

Roccellin (rok-sel' -in). A dye consisting of the 
sodium salt of /3-naphthalazonaphthalinsulphonic acid. 
See Orseillin. 

Roche's Embrocation. An embrocation containing 
amber-oil. 

Rochelle Salt (ro-shel'-sawlt). See Potassium. 

Rock (rok) [ME., rocke, rock]. A mass of stone. 
R. -candy. See Saccharum. R. -fever. See Medi- 
terranean Fever. R.-oil. See Petroleum. R.- 
rose. See Helianthemum. R. -tripe. See Gyro- 
phora. R.-weed. See Fucus. 

Rockdale System. See Sewage, Disposal of. 

Rocky Mountain Fever. A form of typhoid fever 
occurring at high altitudes; mountain fever. 

Rod [ME., rod, rod]. I. One of numerous slender 
rod-like or bacillary structures, as in the retina. 2. A 
shoot or slender stem of any woody plant. Rs., 
Acoustic. See Rs. of Cord. Rs., Auditory. See 
Rs. of Corti. R. -bacterium, any member of the 
genus bacillus. Rs. of Corti. See Corti. R. -epi- 
thelium, the striated cells lining certain structures, as 
the ducts of the salivary glands 
and the convoluted portions of 
the uriniferous tubules of the 
kidney. Rs. of Heidenhain, 
the rod-like cells of the renal 
tubules. See Rs. , Intracellular. 
Rs., Intracellular, the fibrillrc 
of rod-like cells. Rs. of Kcenig. 
See Kamig. Rs., Muscle : 1. 
sarcous elements of the contrac- 
tile disc of a muscle-fiber. 2. 
The rod-shaped elements form- 
ing the non-contractile part of a 
muscle-fiber (Schafer). Rs. of 
the Retina, cylindric bodies 
found in the layer of rods and 
cones of the retina. 

Rodent (ro'-dent) \rodere, to gnaw]. Eating; gnaw- 
ing. R. Cancer. See R. Ulcer. R. Ulcer, Jacob's 
ulcer; cancroid ulcer; ulcus excedens ; noli me tan- 
gere ; a carcinomatous ulceration of the skin, generally 
held to be a form of epithelioma, occurring usually in 
the eyelid or the side of the nose, and frequently per- 
sisting for years before developing malignancy. 

Rodostrophone (ro-dos'-tro-fon). An instrument for 
transmitting articular sounds from the skull of one 
person directly to that of another. 

Rodrigues' Aneurysm. See Aneurysm and Diseases, 
Table of. 

Rcederer's Obliquity. See Obliquity. 

Rokitansky's Disease. Acute yellow atrophy of the 
liver. See Diseases, Table of. R.'s Theory, a theory 
of inflammation in which it is supposed that the first 
step in the inflammatory process is a sweating out of a 
fluid from the blood-vessels, and that in this fluid cells 
are formed. 

Rolando, Arciform Fibers of. White fibers curving 
around the lower border of the olivary body and 
around the sides of the medulla. R., Column of. 
See Column. R., Fissure of. See Fissures, Table 
of. R., Funicle of. See Funiculus. R., Nucleus 
of. See Nucleus. R., Tubercle of. See Tubercle. 

Rolle, Plane of. See Plane. 




Rod -epithelium 
from the Urinife- 
rous Tubules. 

1. On the flat with 
interlocking proces- 
ses. 2. On edge, 
showing rodded 
character of outer 
portion. (From Stir- 
ling.) 



ROLLER 



1276 



ROSACEOUS 



Roller {ro'-ler) [ME., rolle, a roll]. A long strip of 
cloth varying from one to six inches or more in width, 
made, for convenience, into a cylindric roll. 

Rollet, Delomorphous Cells of. See Delomorphous. 

Roman Ocher. Same as Other. R. Theory, of 
Marchiafava and Celli, as to the nature of the crescentic 
forms of the parasites found in the blood of malarial 
patients. According to this theory, the crescents are 
sterile forms and do not reproduce new bodies. Man- 
naberg's theory considers them as conjugation-forms, or 
syzygies. See Syzygies. R. White. Same as White 
Lead. 

Romberg's Sign or Symptom. The increased inco- 
ordination of movement in tabes caused by placing the 
feet in juxtaposition and closing the eyes. It is also 
called the Brack- Romberg Symptom. See Signs and 
Symptoms, Table of. 

Romershausen's Eye-water. A wash frequently 
employed in chronic ophthalmic catarrh. It is a mix- 
ture of fennel water and tincture of fennel. 

Rontgen Rays. See X-Rays. 

Root [ME., roote, root]. The place of origin of 
a nerve ; the proximal and cutaneous end of a hair ; 
the intra-alveolar portion of a tooth. The base of an 
organ. See Radix. In biology, the descending axis 
of a plant, originating in the radicle of the embryo. 
It fixes the plant in the soil and absorbs nutrition. It 
differs from a stem in producing no buds or branches. 
Rs., Aerial or Adventitious, those springing from 
the stem above ground for climbing or bracing pur- 
poses, e.g., ivy, corn. R., Anterior {of the auditory 
nerve), the root of the auditory nerve arising from the 
large-celled auditory nucleus. R., Anterior [of the 
zygoma), a ridge passing from the temporal portion of 
the zygoma to the squamous portion of the temporal 
bone. R., Antero-lateral {of the optic tract), thai 
strand of fibers arising from the optic thalamus and 
passing through the geniculate body. R., Ascend- 
ing {of the auditory nerve) , those fibers of the auditory 
nerve which arise from the median line of the oblongata 
(Roller). R., Ascending {of the fifth nerve), those 
fibers of the sensory root of the fifth nerve which have 
their origin in a group of cells in the gelatinous sub- 
stance of the medulla. R., Brazil, an old name for 
Ipecac. R.-cap, a mass of tissue that covers like a 
helmet the growing-point "of every root. R., Deep 
{of the auditory nerve). See R. , Anterior {of the 
auditory nerve). R., Descending {of the fifth nerve), 
those fibers of the motor root of the fifth nerve having 
their origin in the gray substance of the aqueduct of 
Sylvius. R., External {of the olfactory nerve), those 
fibers of the olfactory nerve which have their origin 
in the insula. R. -fillings, fillings of different ma- 
terials inserted into the pulp-canals of the teeth. R.- 
form, applied to that form of an insect, if it has two 
forms, which it assumes when infesting roots, as in 
Phylloxera vastalrix, the grape-vine pest. R., Gray 
{of Ike olfactory nerve) . See R. , Middle {of t lie olfactory 
nerve). R. -hairs, slender filaments growing from the 
epidermis of the younger roots which increase the power 
of absorption. R., Inferior Auditory, the posterior of 
the two roots which unite to form the auditory nerve. 
R.-leaf. Same as radicle leaf ; apparently springing 
from the root, but really from a short stem. R. -louse. 
See Phylloxera and Schizoneura. R.-neck (Collet), the 
point of union between the root and the stem of a plant, 
or where the radicle and the plumule of the embryo unite. 
R. -parasite, a plant parasitic upon the root of another. 
R. -pressure, in biology, a force exerted in plants by 
which the water absorbed from the soil by the roots in 
greater quantity than required drives the sap up the 
stem. R. -sheath, the thick layer of tissue covering 



the radicle of grasses, etc., and which is ruptured on 
germination ; it is called also Coleorhiza. R. -sheath 
{of hair), the epithelium of the hair-follicle. R.- 
stock, in biology, (i) a rhizome; (2) a cormus or 
rhizocaulus. R. -symptoms (of Cowers), in com- 
pression of the spinal cord. The functions of the 
nerve-roots are interfered with at the level of the mor- 
bid process. A second class of coexistent symptoms 
are denominated by Cowers as Cord-symplo?ns, and 
consist in interference with the function of the cord 
itself. R. -trimmer, an instrument for shaping and 
reducing the roots of natural teeth in crown and bridge 
work. R.-zone, a name given to the columns of 
Burdach in the spinal cord. 

Rootlet [Dan., rod, a root]. A little root. 

Roquefort Cheese. See Cheese. 

Rorulent {ro' -ru-lenf) \_rorulentus, full of dew]. In 
biology, covered with a powdery bloom. 

Rosa {ro'-zah) [L,.,gen.,ros<£~\. A genus of the family 
rosacea, the rose. R. Acidum, Infus. (B. P.) Dose 
§j-ij. R., Aqua, pale rose 40, water 200 parts, 
mixed and distilled. R., Aq., Ung., cold cream ; 
oil of almond 50, spermaceti, white wax aa 10, rose- 
water 30 parts. A useful emollient. R. Caninae 
Confectio (B. P.) Dose 3J-ij. R. canina, the dog- 
rose, a European plant four to eight feet high. Rosae 
caninae, Fructus. Hips. These are the enlarged calyx- 
tubes, not the fruit. They have a sweet, acidulous, 
rather astringent taste, and are inodorous. For medic- 
inal use, the fleshy calyx-tube is employed, the akenes 
being removed. The pulp contains malic and citric 
acids. Confectio rosae caninae, prepared from hips. 
R. centifolia, pale rose ; hundred-leaved rose, prob- 
ably a native of Western Asia, but cultivated in all 
countries. The petals alone are used, and are roundish 
obovate, pink in color, having a delicious odor, due to 
a volatile oil, and a sweetish, rather bitter and astrin- 
gent taste. The chief constituents are tannin, fat, 
resin, sugar, mucilage, a bitter principle, malates, tan- 
nates, phosphates, and a coloring-matter. The petals 
are used in the distillation of Aqua rosa, and dried in 
preparing Syrupus sarsaparillce comp. R., Confectio, 
red rose 8, sugar 64, honey 12, rose-water 16 parts. 
A basis for pills. R.,Damascena. See Attar of Rose. 
R., Ext., Fid. Dose TTLv- 3 ij . R. gallica, red 
rose ; rose rouge. A native of Southern Europe and 
the Levant, but extensively cultivated. The buds are 
collected, the petals cut off near the base and rapidly 
dried. The chemic constituents are nearly identical 
with those of pale rose. Confectio rosae, red rose 8 
parts, sugar 64, honey 12, rose-water 16 parts. Used 
as a basis for pills. Infus. rosae acidum, dried red 
rose petals broken up l / z troy-ounce, diluted sulphuric 
acid 1 fluidram, boiling distilled water 10 fluid- 
ounces. Infuse in a covered vessel for half an hour 
and strain. Extr. rosae fluid., red rose in No. 30 
powder 100 gm. , glycerin 10 gm., dilute alcohol to 
make 100 c. c. Pack the mixture in a percolator, 
and add enough of the menstruum to saturate the 
powder and leave a stratum above. Used in gargles 
and mouth-washes. Syrupus rosae, made from the 
fluid extract. Mel rosae, honey of rose. Red rose 
in No. 140 powder 8 parts, clarified honey 92 parts, 
dilute alcohol, a sufficient quantity to make 200 parts. 
R. solis (" Rose of the sun "), a cordial or liqueur, 
flavored with cassia bark and orange- flower. Cf. 
Rosoglio. 

Rosacea {ro-za'-se-ak). See Acne rosacea. 

Rosaceous {ro-za'-she-us) \_rosa, a rose]. Rose-like; 
rose-red. In biology, a term descriptive of flowers 
that have five spreading, clawless, or short-clawed pet- 
als, as the flowers of the apple, rose, etc. 



ROSANILIN 



1277 



ROSOGLIO 



Rosanilin (ro-zan'-il-in) [rosa, rose ; anilin'], C 2CI H 21 - 
N 3 0. A derivative of anilin. It crystallizes from 
alcohol and hot water in colorless needles or plates. 
It reddens on exposure, and when heated suffers 
decomposition. Its salts are employed as dyes. R.- 
blue ; Triphenyl rosanilin, Spirit-blue. An anilin- 
blue derived from coal-tar, used for dyeing, and solu- 
ble in spirit (alcohol). It is prepared by heating 
rosanilin with an excess of anilin and some benzoic 
acid. It gives a very pure blue to silks. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. R. -violet. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Rosary (yo'-zar-e) [rosa, a rose]. A rope suspended 
from the ceiling of a room, and strung with blocks a 
foot or eighteen inches apart. It is used in gymnastic 
training. In biology, applied to the string of eggs of 
certain batrachians [Alytes obstetricans). R., Rachi- 
tic. See Rachitis. 

Rose (roz) [rosa, a rose]. I. A flower of a plant of 
the genus Rosa. 2. A synonym in Scotland for Ery- 
sipelas. 3. A tetronerythrin pigment around the eyes 
of certain birds. R. des Alpes. Same as Daphnin. 
R. -anilin. See Azalein. R., Bengale. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. R. -catarrh. See Hay-fever. 
R.-cold. See Hay-fever. R. -fever, a condition 
resembling hay-fever, in which the emanations from 
the rose are the exciting cause. R.-lake. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. R. -madder. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. R.-pink, a chromatic crimson-pink color. 
R. -pearl. See Celluloid. R.-rash. See Erythema 
and Roseola. R. -ringed, having a collar of rose-red 
feathers. R. -sickness. See Pelade, Pellagra. R.- 
vinegar, an infusion of rose-leaves in vinegar. It is 
used as a local application in headache. R. -water, 
water tinctured with oil of roses by distillation. R.- 
wood, the wood of several varieties of tropical plants, 
notably the Dalbergia. 

Rosein (ro'-ze-in). See Fuchsin and Magenta. 

Rosellin (ro-zel'-in). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Rosemary {roz' -ma-re). See Rosmarinus. 

Rosen's Liniment. A liniment composed of oil of nut- 
meg, spirit of juniper, and oil of cloves. 

Rosenbach's Bacilli. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. R.'s Sign. Absence of movement of the 
abdominal muscles in inflammatory intestinal disease. 
See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Rosenmiiller, Accessory Gland of. See Gland 
of Rosenmiiller. R., Body of. See Parovarium. 
R.'s Fossa. See Fossa. R.'s Glands. See Gland. 
R.'s Organ, the parovarium, q. v. 

Rosenstrehl's Green. Same as Manganese Green. 

Rosenthal, Canal of. See Canal. R.'s Hyperacid 
Vomiting. See Rossbacli s Disease. R.'s Paste, a 
paste used in treating sycosis. It consists of tannic 
acid, 75 grains ; precipitated sulphur, i)/ 2 drams ; 
powdered starch and zinc oxid, each I )/ z drams ; vas- 
elin, \y 2 ounces. M. S. To be used at night. R.'s 
Test, a test for commencing vertebral disease, made 
by pressing one pole of a faradic battery in contact 
with the front of the body, and passing the other pole 
along the spine. If disease exists, pain will be felt. 

Roseola (ro - ze' '- - lah) [roseits, rosy]. Rose-rash, or 
erythema. The name is also given to other diseases, 
such as Rubella, or German measles. See Ery- 
thema. R. aestivalis. See Erythema roseola. R. 
annulata. See Erythema roseola. R. autumnalis. 
See Erythema roseola. R., Balsamic. See Erythema. 
R. cholerica, an eruption which often appears upon 
the ninth day of an attack of cholera. R., Circinal, 
a form with ring-shaped eruptions. R. circinata. 
Synonym of Pityriasis rosea. R., Epidemic. See 
Rotheln, also Rubeola. R. febrilis, a name given to 



the Erythema roseola occurring in malaria. R., 
Herpetic, R., Miliary, a form attended with the for- 
mation of vesicles. R. infantilis. See Erythema 
roseola. R., Rheumatic, the reddish eruption that 
appears in rheumatism. R., Secondary, R., Symp- 
tomatic, roseola occurring as a secondary symptom 
of other disorder. R., Syphilitic, Syphilitic Ex- 
anthem; Erythematous Syphilid; Macular Syphilid ; 
the earliest of the skin-manifestations of syphilis. 
It arises usually six or seven weeks from the first 
appearance of the initial lesion. It is a diffuse mot- 
tling or marbling of the skin in spots the size of 
the finger-tip, or smaller, with ill-defined and irregular 
borders. The color at first is a bright rose-pink, dis- 
appearing on pressure, but it soon becomes purplish 
or yellow. Favorite seats are the front of the trunk, 
flank, back, and flexor surfaces of limbs. It lasts 
from one to four weeks. R. typhosa, the typhoid rash. 
R. vaccina, an erythematous eruption appearing from 
the third to the eighteenth day after vaccination, 
analogous to that seen sometimes at the onset of vari- 
ola. The eruption consists of red maculae, at times 
reaching the size of the palm, commencing usually 
upon the arms, and thence spreading at times all over 
the body. 

Roseolar (ro-ze'-o-lar) \_roseus, rosy]. Pertaining to or 
exhibiting roseola. 

Roseoloid (ro-ze'-o-loid). Same as Roseolous. 

Roseolous (ro-ze'-o-lus) [roseits, rosy]. Having the 
character of roseola. 

Roseous (ro'-ze-us) [roseits, rosy]. Rose-colored. 

Roser's Method. The dependent position of the head 
in operations on the respiratory passages, to prevent 
blood flowing into the trachea. R.'s Line. See 
Line. R.'s Position. See Position. R.'s Theory 
of Inflammation. See under Theory. 

Roser-Nelaton Line. A synonym of Nelaton's Line. 
See Lines, Table of. 

Roset, Rosette (ro-zet'). See Karyokinesis. 

Rosewood-oil. " A pale-yellow, viscid, volatile oil, 
having an odor resembling that of sandal-wood or 
rosewood, and obtained by distillation with water from 
a kind of rosewood" (Cent. Diet.). 

Rosin ( roz'- in ) [a variation of resin]. .See Resina, 
and Colophony Resin. R. -grease. See R. -oil. R.- 
oil, a violet-blue fluorescent liquid, varying in specific 
gravity from .98 to 1. 1, obtained by dry distillation 
from colophony resin. It is largely used as a lubri- 
cant, especially for machinery and wagon-wheels. It 
is used in the condition of "rosin-grease" (made by 
stirring rosin-oil with milk of lime), and largely as a 
substitute for linseed-oil in the manufacture of printers' 
ink. R. -plant. Same as R.-weed. R. -soap, a soap 
made of rosin and soda or potash. R.-weed, Compass 
Plant. The plant Silphium laciniatum secretes an 
oleo-resin commonly used as a chewing-gum. Tonic, 
alterative, and emetic. Dose of fid. ext. gss-j. Unof. 

Rosinol (roz / -in-ol). See Retinol. 

Rosmal (roz'-mal). A commercial name for liquid 
storax. 

Rosmarinus (roz-ma-ri'-nus) [ros, dew ; marinus, 
marine: gen., Rosmarini]. Rosemary. The leaves 
of R. officinalis. Its properties are due to a volatile 
oil and a resinous principle. It is somewhat useful as 
an external stimulant in liniments and lotions. R., 
Oleum, the volatile oil. Dose Tt\J-v. R., Spiritus. 
(B. P.) Dose TT\J-v. 

Rosoglio or Rosolio (ro-sol'-yo) [Ital.]. I. A kind of 
red wine. 2. A cordial highly popular in the Mediter 
ranean region. The plant called sundew (Drosera) 
is believed to be used in making some brands of this 
liqueur. 



ROSOLENE 



1278 



ROUND 



Rosolene (roz'-o-len) [rosin, a variation of resin; 
oleum, oil]. The oily distillate of colophony. 

Rosolic (ro-zol'-ik) [ME., rose, rose]. Relating to 
rosanilin. R. Acid. See Acid and Aurin. R. Blue. 
Same as Azulin. 

Rossalia, Rossania (ros-a'-le-ah, ros-a'-ne-ah). Syn- 
onym of Scarlatina. 

Rossbach's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Rostel (ros'-tel) \_roslellum, a "little beak]. Same as 
Rostellum. 

Rostellar (ros-tel'-ar) [rostellum, a little beak]. Per- 
taining to a rostellum. 

Rostellate (ros-tel'-dt) [rostellum, a little beak]. Hav- 
ing a small rostrum. 

Rostelliform (ros-tel' '-if-orm) [rostellum, a rostellum ; 
fori7ia, form]. Having the form of a rostel. 

Rostellum U'os-tel' -uni) [dim. of rostrum, a beak : //. , 
Rostella]. In biology: (a) A little beak ; the hook- 
bearing or spine-bearing portion of the head of certain 
worms ; (6) A peculiar viscid modification of the upper 
stigma of the three confluent styles in many orchids, 
which holds the retinaculum or disc to which the 
pollen-masses are attached. 

Rostral (ros'-tral) [rostrum, beak]. I. Pertaining to 
or resembling a rostrum. 2. See Cephalic. 

Rostrate (ros'-trdt) [rostrum, a beak]. In biology, 
furnished with a beak, or a beak-like process or ex- 
tension. 

Rostriferous (ros-trif '-er-tis) [rostrum, beak ; ferre, to 
bear]. Having a beak or rostrum. 

Rostriform (ros'- trif- orm) [rostrum, beak; forma, 
form]. Shaped like a rostrum. 

Rostroid (ros'-troid). Same as Rostriform. 

Rostrular (ros'- tru - lar) [rostrulum, a small beak]. 
Pertaining to a rostrulum. 

Rostrulate (ros'- tru- /at) [rostru/um, a small beak]. 
In biology, provided with a rostrulum. 

Rostrulum (ros'-tru-lum) [dim. of rostrum, a beak, 
snout: //. , Rostrula]. In biology, a term for the 
peculiar mouth-parts of fleas. 

Rostrum (ros'-trum) [L. , the beak (of a bird): //. , 
Rostrums or Rostra"]. A projection or ridge, as the 
rostrum of the sphenoid or of the corpus callosum. 
The ventral continuation of the genu of the callosum. 
In biology, a beak or snout or proboscis ; a beak-like 
structure. 

Rosula (roz'-u-lali) [dim. of rosa, a rose]. A roset. 

Rosular (roz'-u-lar). Same as /Postdate. 

Rosulate (roz'-u-ldt) [rosa, a rose]. In biology, hav- 
ing the leaves arranged in the form of a roset. 

Rosy (ro'-ze) [ME., rose, rose]. Blushing; like a rose. 
R. -colored, having a rosy color. R.-drop, acne 
rosacea; grog-blossoms; brandy-face. See Rosacea. 

Rot [ME., rot, rot]. To suffer putrefactive fer- 
mentation. In biology : (a) Loosely applied to 
various processes of organic disintegration, dissolu- 
tion, decomposition, or decay ; (b) A disease of sheep 
due to the fluke, Fasciola hepatica ; also called water- 
rot , fluke-rot , bane, pourriture, cachexie aquease, Egel- 
seuche, Leberkrankheit, Faule. R., Dry, a form of 
decomposition of wood-tissue due to chemic or fun- 
goid change. R., Potato. See Mildew. 

Rotate (ro'-tat) [rotare, to revolve]. Wheel-shape. 
In dentistry, the term implies the turning of a tooth 
on its axis. R. -plane, in biology, wheel-shaped and 
flat. 

Rotating (ro-taf-ting) [rotare, to revolve]. Revolving. 
R. Devices, appliances, either single or double, for 
correcting torsion of single-rooted teeth. 

Rotation (ro-ta'-shun) [rotare, to rotate]. I. Turning 
with a circular motion. That movement in a joint 
by which the bone rotates on its own axis, as in the 



atlas and axis, also the hip-ioint and the shoulder- 
joint. 2. A Swedish rotatory movement, by which 
the different joints are brought into motion within 
their natural limits. The aim is to lengthen and 
shorten the veins, so as to produce a sucking of their 
contents, thus stimulating the circulation and assisting 
the heart in its action. R. of Protoplasm, applied to 
the movement of the whole mass of protoplasm in 
a cell revolving on its own axis and carrying with 
it the grains and granules contained in it. Cf. Cyclosis. 
R. -stage of Labor, one of the stages of labor, con- 
sisting in a rotatory movement of the fetal head or 
other presenting part, whereby it is accommodated to 
the birth-canal. It may be internal, occurring before 
the birth of the presenting part, or external, occurring 
afterward. 

Rotator (ro-ta'-tor) [rotare, to turn]. Any mechanical 
device that produces rotation. Also, the name of sev- 
eral muscles that turn the parts to which they are 
attached. 

Roth, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table 
of. 

Rothein (ro'-te-in). Same as Phenyl-brown. 

Rotheln (rdt'-eln). See Rubeola. 

Rotiferous (ro - tif- er - us) [rota, a wheel; ferre, to 
bear]. In biology, having a wheel. 

Rotiform (ro' -tif orm) [rota, a wheel ; forma, form]. 
Shaped like a wheel ; rotate. 

Rotten (rot'-n) [ME., roten, rotten]. The state re- 
sulting from natural decomposition. 

Rotterin (rot'-er-in) [after Rotter, of Munich]. A 
soluble, non-toxic antiseptic introduced by Rotter, of 
Munich. 

Rottlera (rot-le'-rah). See A'amala. 

Rotula (rot' -u-la/i) [L., dim. of rota, wheel: //. , Rot- 
uhe]. Any small, circular body. The patella or 
knee-cap. In biology, a radial piece in the oral skel- 
eton of certain echinoderms. 

Rotulad (rot'-u-lad) [rotula, a little wheel]. Toward 
the rotular aspect. 

Rotular (rot' -u-lar) [rotula, a little wheel]. Of or per- 
taining to the rotula, or to the patella, e. g., the patel- 
lar aspect of a limb ; opposed to popliteal. 

Rotulen (rot'-u-len) [rotula, a little wheel]. Belonging 
to the rotula in itself. 

Rotuliform (rot' ' - u - lif- orm) [rotula, a little wheel ; 
forma, a form]. Shaped like a rotula. 

Rotund (ro-tund') [rota, a wheel]. In biology, hav- 
ing a rounded outline. 

Rotundate (ro-tun'-ddt) [rotundus, round]. Rounded 
off. 

Rotundifolious (ro-tun-dif-o' -le-us) [rotundus, round ; 
folium, leaf]. In biology, having round leaves. 

Roubain Blue. Same as Coupler's Blue. 

Roucou (roo'-koo). Same as Annotto. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Rouge (rooz/i) [Fr.]. A dye made from the safflower, 
Carthamus tinctorius, used as a cosmetic. Also, any 
cosmetic for producing a flush of the skin. Also, the 
form of ferric oxid known as crocus martis and colco- 
thar, used for polishing glass. R., Vegetal. Same 
as Cartha7nin. 

Rouge's Operation. See Operations, Table of 

Rouget, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table. 

Roulet, Roulette (roo-/ct')[¥r., a "roller"]. A roller, 
or light wheel, used in some forms of massage, and in 
the application of labile currents of electricity. 

Round [ME., round, round]. In anatomy, applied to 
various parts having a nearly circular section. R. Fora- 
men, a foramen of the sphenoid bone transmitting 
the second or superior maxillary branch of the fifth 
pair of nerves. R. -headed, having a round head. 



ROUNDEL 



1279 



RUBRESERIN 



R. Ligaments of the Uterus, a name given to two 
cords originating in the superior lateral parts of the 
uterus and terminating in the areolar tissue of the 
groins and labia. R. -shouldered, having the shoul- 
ders drooped. R. Ulcer, a name given to simple 
ulcer of the stomach. R. Window of the Ear. See 
Fenestra rotunda. R.-worm, ascaris lumbricoides. 
See Thread-worms. 

Roundel (rown'-det) [ME., roundel, anything round 
and flat]. The bone button removed by the trephine. 

Rounder (rown'-der). See Rounding: 

Rounding [rown/ -ding) [ME., round, round]. A term 
given to that propensity manifested by certain hypo- 
chondriac individuals to run the round of all the free 
dispensaries in a vicinity. Such patients are termed 
" rounders ." 

Roup (roof). A contagious disease of poultry, charac- 
terized by offensive breath, discharge from the nostrils, 
and swollen face and eyes. It is probably tuberculous 
in nature, and is very commonly fatal. 

Rousseau's Laudanum. See Laudanum. 

Roussel's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Roussillon (roo-se-yon(g) r ) [Fr.]. A sweet red wine, 
used as a substitute for port. It contains from II to 
16 per cent, of alcohol. 

Roussin's Fluid. A fluid used in the microscopy of the 
blood. It consists of glycerin three parts, sulphuric 
acid one part, with water sufficient to reduce the specific 
gravity to 1. 028. 

Royal (roi'-al) [ME. , roial, royal]. Pertaining to a 
king; kingly. R. Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus 
of. R. Fern. See Buckhorn Fern. R. Green. 
Same as Sclnueinfurth Green. R. Suture, a form of 
suture used in the treatment of hernia. See Suture. 

Rubber (rub'-er) [origin uncertain]. Caoutchouc; 
india-rubber. R.-dam, or Coffer-dam, Barnum's, 
consists of a small piece of sheet-rubber, or rubber 
cloth, about six inches wide and from six to ten inches 
long, used for preventing the saliva and breath from 
interfering with the operation of filling teeth. It is 
secured by ligatures and clamps. R.-dam Clamps, 
flexible steel clamps to prevent the rubber-dam from 
being forced off the tooth by movements of the lips and 
tongue, and also useful in forcing the rubber higher 
up on the tooth, and pressing it aside to facilitate 
access to the cavity. See Clamp. R.-dam Holder, 
consists of an elastic ribbon, attached to two oval 
plates, upon which spring catches are adjusted to 
hold the rubber. R.-dam Punch, an instrument 
used for perforating the rubber-dam for the reception 
of the teeth. R.-dam Weights, small weights of 
metal intended to be suspended from the free ends or 
borders of the dam, to keep it out of the way of the 
operator. R., Hard. See Vulcanite. R., India, or 
R., Indian, Caoutchouc, q.v. Also, see Vulcanite 
Base. 

Rubbers (rub'-ers). See Scab. 

Rubbing (rub'-ing). One of the methods of carrying 
out massage See Massage. 

Rubedo (ru-be'-do) [ruber, red]. Any diffused red- 
ness of the skin ; blushing. 

Rubefacient (ru-be-fa' -se-ent ) [ruber, red ; facere, to 
make]. I. Causing redness of the skin. 2. A 
medicine or agent that by irritation of the ends of 
the nerve-filaments of the skin causes distention of the 
capillaries and reddening of the skin. 

Rubefaction (ru-be-fak' -shun) [rubefacere, to make 
red]. Redness of the skin produced by a rubefacient. 

Rubella (ru-bel'-ah) [dim. of ruber, red]. A synonym 
of Rubeola, q. v., Rotheln, or German Measles, This 
term is also vaguely applied to other somewhat similar 
affections attended with slight eruptions. 



Ruben's Madder. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Rubeola (ru-be'-o-laJl) [rubeus, red]. Rotheln ; Rubella, 
or German Measles; French Measles; an acute, specific, 
exanthematous, contagious disease of childhood, char- 
acterized by enlargement of the superficial lymphatic 
glands, especially those of the neck, by catarrhal symp- 
toms, and by an eruption appearing first upon the face 
and scalp, and consisting of small rose-colored spots. It 
is followed by a slight, branny desquamation. The 
period of incubation is usually eleven or twelve days. 
The term rubeola was formerly used synonymously 
with measles. See Exanthemata, Table of. R. 
confluens. See Scarlet Fever. R. maligna. Syno- 
nym of Black Measles. R. nigra, R. scorbutica, 
black measles. R. notha, an anomalous form of 
measles, with a papular eruption, the papula; not being 
arranged in crescentic clusters, being less obvious, and 
not appearing at all, or showing themselves but imper- 
fectly, on the limbs. The patches are of dusky hue, 
and there is no distinct sore-throat, but considerable 
constitutional disturbance. R. scarlatinosa. See 
Scarlatina. R. vulgaris. See Measles. 

Rubeolar (ru-be'-o-lar) [rubeus, red]. Of the nature 
of or pertaining to rubeola. 

Rubeoloid (ru-be'-o-loid) [rubeus, red; elSog, like]. 
Resembling rubeola. 

Rubescence (ru-bes'-ens) [rubescere, to become red]. 
Blushing ; redness of countenance or complexion. 

Rubescent (ru-bes'-ent ) [rubere, to be red]. Blush- 
ing ; becoming red. 

Rubiacin (ru-bi'- as -in). See Pigments, Conspectus 
of. 

Rubicund \ru' -bik-und) [rubicundus, very red]. Rud- 
dy ; inclined to redness. 

Rubidin {ru' -bid-in). See Orseillin. 

Rubidium (ru-bid' -e-um) [rubidus, red]. Rb = 85.3 ; 
quantivalence I. One of the rare alkaline metals, 
resembling potassium in physical and chemic proper- 
ties. See Elements, Table of. R.-alum, an alum 
much resembling potash-alum, but less soluble in 
water. In Europe alum prepared from the mineral, 
bepidolite, sometimes contains a considerable propor- 
tion of rubidium-alum. Unof. R. -ammonium 
Bromid, RbBr(NH 4 Br) 4 , a double salt of rubidium, 
introduced as a substitute for potassium bromid. It 
is a white, crystalline powder, having a cooling, saline 
taste, and is readily soluble in water. It is used as a 
hypnotic and sedative, with special recommendation 
in the treatment of epilepsy. Dose I to 2 drams, 
in divided doses, best given in mixture with syrups 
flavored with lemon or orange. It has not been 
adopted generally, although endorsed by good author- 
ities, and it is comparatively little known. R. Bro- 
mid, a serviceable but expensive substitute for po- 
tassium bromid. Unof. R. Chlorid, unof., lowers 
the pulse-rate and raises the arterial tension. Dose 
gr. ij-v. 

Rubiginose (ru-bif -in-oz) [rubiginosus,rus,ty~\. Brown- 
red. 

Rubiginous (ric-bij' -in-us) [rubiginosus~\. Rust-col- 
ored. 

Rubigo (ru-bi' -go). See Rust. 

Rubijervin (ru-bij-er'-vin) [rubeus, red ; jerva, green 
hellebore root], C 26 H 43 N0 2 . An alkaloid of Vera- 
trum album. 

Rubin. Same as Fuchsin. 

Rubini's Tincture of Camphor. See Camphor. 

Rubor (ru'-bor). [L.] The redness or discoloration 
due to inflammation. 

Rubores (ru-bor'-ez). Synonym of Scarlatina. 

Rubreserin (ru-bres'-er-in). A product of the decom 
position of physostigmin. 



RUBRICOSE 



1280 



RUNNER 



Rubricose (i-u' -brik-oz) [rubricosus, full of red earth]. 
In biology, marked with red. 

Rubula (j-u'-bu-lah). See Frambasia. 

Rubus (ru'-bus) [L. , gen., Rubi\. Blackberry. The 
bark of several species of Rubus. It contains about 
10 per cent, of tannic acid, to which its properties are 
mainly due. It is useful in the summer complaints of 
children. Dose gr. xv-xxx. R. chamaemorus, the 
cloud-berry. It is used in Russia as a diuretic and 
sudorific, the berries, leaves, and flowers being em- 
ployed in infusion or extract. Unof. R., Ext., Fid. 
Dose tt\,x-^j. R. idseus, Raspberry, the fruit of 
several species of tubus. It contains various fruit-acids, 
flavors, etc. It is used as a flavor for svrups. R. id., 
Syr., contains the clarified juice of the fruit with sugar 
q. s. R., Syr., fid. ext. rubus 25, syrup 75 parts. Dose 
3J-3J. R., Syr., Aromat., unof., contains the root- 
bark with cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, etc. Each fluid- 
ounce contains gr. xxx of the drug. 

Ructamen {ruk-ta' -men) [L. , //., Ructamina'j. A 
ructation. 

Ructation [ruk-ta' '-shun) \ructatio\. An eructation or 
belching of wind. 

Ructus {ruk'-tus) [L.]. A belching of wind from the 
stomach. R. hystericus, hysteric belching, the gas 
escaping with a loud, sobbing, gurgling noise. 

Rudbeckia {rud-bek'-e-ah) [after Olaus Rudbeck, a 
Swedish botanist]. A genus of composite-flowered 
plants, chiefly North American ; cone-flowers. R. 
laciniata, and R. purpurea, are diuretic and altera- 
tive. See Thimbleweed. Unof. 

Ruddy (rud'-e) [ME., ruddy, ruddy]. Of a red color, 
reddish. 

Ruderal (ru'-der-al) [rudus, rubbish, stones broken 
small and mixed with lime]. In biology, growing 
among rubbish. 

Rudiment (ru / -dim-ent) [rudimentum, a beginning]. 
In biology, a part or organ in a primary stage, or 
aborted or remaining as a functionless trace of some- 
thing once important to the organism. Cf. Anlage, 
and Proton. 

Rudimentary [ru-dim-en' -ta-re) [rudimentum, a rudi- 
ment]. In an undeveloped or unfinished state. R. 
Organ, one whose development was arrested before 
reaching a state of normal growth. 

Rue (ru). See Rut a. 

Rufescent (i-u-fes'-ent). Developing a reddish-brown 
color. Rufous. 

Ruficarmin [ru - fik - ar 1 '- miii) [rufus, red ; carmiit]. 
A bright-red substance obtained by heating carmin and 
water. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Ruficoccin (ru-fik-ok'-sin). A brick-red animal color- 
ing-matter obtained from carmic acid by heating with 
concentrated H 2 S0 4 to 120 C. (248 F.). It is solu- 
ble in alcohol with a yellow fluorescence. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. 

Rufigallic Acid [ru-fig-al 1 '-its). See Acid. 

Rufous {ru'-fus) [rufus, red]. Reddish-brown. 

Ruga (ru'-gah) [L., a wrinkle: //. , Ruga"]. I. A 
wrinkle, furrow, crease, or ridge, as, e. g., in the mu- 
cosa of the stomach, vagina, etc. 2. A fold of pia 
on the ental surface of the piarachnoid. 

Rugine [ru'-gin, or ru'-zhen) [Fr.]. A surgeon's rasp, 
or scraper. 

Rugitus (ru-gi'-tus). See Bombus. 

Rugose [ru'-goz) [ruga, a wrinkle]. Applied to a sur- 
face that is rough or wrinkled. 

Rugosity (ru-gos f -it-e) [rugositas, the state of being 
wrinkled]. A condition of being in folds, or wrinkles. 
Roughness. 

Rugous (ru'-gus). Same as Rugose. 

Ruhmkorff Coil. See Coil. 



Rule (;-«/) [ME., rule, rule]. A formula or general 
proposition. R., Goodell's. See Lazv, Goodell's. R. 
of Ready Practice. See Law, Goodell's. 

Rum [abbreviation of rumbullion]. A spirit obtained 
in the West Indies and the U. S. from the molasses 

• of the sugar-cane by fermentation and distillation. 
When new, it is white and transparent, and has, when 
freshly distilled, an unpleasant odor, due to oils con- 
tained. These are removed by treatment with charcoal 
and lime. Cf. Bay-rum. R. -blossom, a pimple on 
the nose caused by excessive drinking ; rum-bud ; acne 
rosacea. R.-bud. See R. -blossom. 

Rumbling (rum'-bling). See Borborvgmus. 

Rumen [ru'-men) [rumen, the throat, or gullet]. In 
biology, (a) the first compartment of the complicated 
stomach of a ruminant, also called the paunch, plain 
tripe, and farding-bag (see Farding-bag) ; (b) the cud 
of a ruminant. 

Rumex (ru'-meks) [L., gen., Rumicis~\. Yellow Dock. 
The root of R. crispus and other species of R. Its 
properties are due to tannin, calcium oxalate, and chrys- 
ophanic acid. It is astringent and tonic and is useful 
in combination with the iodids. Dose gr. xv-^j. 
R., Decoct., contains t ^j of the dried root to Oj of 
water. Dose jfj-ij. R., Fid. Ext. Dose n^xv-ijj. 

Rumicin [ru'- mis -in). Synonym of Acid, Chryso- 
phanic. 

Rumin (ru'-min) [rumex, sorrel]. A precipitate from 
a tincture of the root of Yellow Dock, Rumex cris- 
pus ; resolvent, anti-scorbutic, mildly astringent, and 
laxative. Dose 3 grains. Unof. 

Ruminant [ru'-min-ant) [rutnina re, to chew the cud]. 
In biology, chewing the cud ; specifically applied to one 
of the best defined and most closely united of any of 
the groups of Mammalia (the Pecora or Cotylophora), 
the complicated stomach of which is characteristic,, 
consisting of four well-defined compartments known as 
(1) the rumen, or paunch; (2) the reticulum, or 
honey-comb bag; (3) the psalteriwn, or manyplics ; 
(4) the abomasum,ox reed. 

Ruminate [ru'-min-dt) [ruminare, to chew the cud]. 
In biology, (a) to chew the cud ; (b) applied to the 
albumin of certain seeds, when channeled or perfor- 
ated with holes through which the inner coat penetrates, 
as in the nutmeg. 

Ruminatio (ru-min-a' '-she-o). See Rumination. 

Rumination [ru-min-a 1 'shun) [ruminare , to chew the 
cud]. I. Merycismus ; a remarkable and rare condi- 
tion in which patients regurgitate and chew the cud, 
like ruminants. It occurs in neurasthenic or hysteric 
persons, epileptics, and idiots. It may be hereditary. 
Certain persons have the power of returning food from 
the stomach to the mouth at will. 2. In biology, the 
return of ingesta — the cud — to the mouth from the 
paunch, and its remastication. Among certain of the- 
lower animals this function is normal. 

Rump [ME. , rumpe, rump]. The end of the backbone ; 
the buttocks, or nates. R.-bone, the sacrum. 

Run [ME., rinnen, to run]. In pathology, to dis- 
charge pus or purulent matter from a diseased part. 
R. -around. See Paronychia. 

Runcinate (run / -sin-at) [runcina, a plane]. In biol- 
ogy, a modification of a pinnatifid leaf, in which the 
points of the large central lobes are reflected, e.g. r 
in the dandelion. 

Runge's Method. A method of dressing the umbilical 
cord. The stump is powdered with a mixture of 
boric acid and starch, one part to three. 

Runner (run'-er) [AS., ryne, course, path]. In biol- 
ogy, (a) a stem or branch, like that of the strawberry, 
that creeps along the ground, rooting at intervals; (b) 
a cursorial animal. 



RUNNING 



1281 



RYPIA 



Running (run'-ing) [ME., rinnen, to run]. Moving 
quickly. R. Amuck. See Amuck. R. Scall. 
Synonym of Eczema. 

Runt [E. dialect.]. A dwarf. 

Rupestrine (ru-pes' -trin) \rupes, a rock]. In biology, 
living or growing upon or among rocks. 

Rupia (ru' -pe-ah) [pb-ac, tilth]. A term used to de- 
note a variety of pustular syphiloderm characterized 
by the formation of large, dirty-brown, stratified, conic 
crusts, like limpet shells. R. escharotica. See 
Dermatitis gangrenosa infantum. 

Rupial (ru'-pe-al) \_pv-oc-, filth]. Resembling rupia. 

Rupophobia (ru - po-fo'- be- ah) [pi>~or, filth ; 0o/3oc, 
fear]. Insane dread of filth. See Mysopliobia. 

Ruptorium (rup-to' -re-urn) \_ruptio, a breaking]. An 
apparatus for the breaking of continuity. 

Rupture (rup'-tur) \ruptura; rhexis ; rumpere, to 
break] . Breakage or laceration of the walls or con- 
tinuity of an organ, especially of a viscus. Also, the 
popular name for hernia. 

Ruptured (rup' '-turd) [ruptura ; rumpere, to break]. 
Burst ; affected with hernia. 

Rusconi, Anus of. See Protostoma. 

Ruscus (>'us'-kus) \_ruscum, butchers' broom]. A genus 
of monocotyledonous plants. R. aculeatus, the 
butchers' broom or knee-holly of Europe. The rhi- 
zome is diuretic. R. hypophyllum and R. hypo- 
glossum have similar qualities. Unof. 

Rusma (rus'-mah). See Rhusma. 

Russel and West's Method. See Urea. 

Russian [rush' -an) [Russ. , Rossuja, Russia]. Per- 
taining to Russia. R. Bath. See Bath. R. Dis- 
ease. Synonym of Influenza. R. Glue. See Glue. 
R. Pest. Synonym of Influenza. Russo-Polish 
Fever. Synonym of Typhus Fever. 

Russow's Potash-alcohol. An alcoholic solution of 
potassium hydrate employed in vegetable histology as a 
solvent of suberin and other substances incrusting the 
cell- wall. 

Rust [ME., r«i/, rust]. I. The oxids, hydrates, and 
carbonates collecting on the surfaces of metals exposed 
to moist air. 2. In biology, a disease common on 
cereals, causing masses of rust-like dust to break out 
from the tissues of the plant. It is caused by fungi 
of the class Uredinea>. R., Apple, R., Quince, 
Rcestelid aurantiaca, Pk. ; R. trans formans, Ell. ; 
Aicidium piratuin, S. R., Bean, R., Pea, Uredo 
appendiculata . R., Beet, Uromyces beta, Kiihn. R., 
Blackberry, and R., Raspberry, Aicidium (Caoma) 
niteus, S. R. of Carnation-pinks, Uromyces cary- 
ophyllinus. R., Celery, Puccinia bullata. R., 
Clover, Uromyces trifolii, Abb. R., Corn, Puccin- 
ium sorghi, S. P. maydis, Berenger. R., Elder, 
Aicidium sambuci, Schw. R. Flax., Melampsora 
lini, Desm. R., Hollyhock, Puccinia malva cearum, 



Mont. R., Oat, R., Wheat, Puccinia gra minis, 
P. ; P. coronata ; Puccinia rub/go vera, D. C. R., 
Peach, R., Plum, R., Cherry, Puccinia pruni spi- 
nosce, P. R., Pear, Gymnosporangium nidus avis, 
Thaxter ; Aicidium cancellation, Gmel. R., Rose, 
Phragmidium subcorticum. R., Strawberry, Ramu- 
laria fragariic, Pk. R., Sugar-cane, Uromyces 
Kiilniii. 3. The " brusone," "white blast," or 
"water weevil," (Lissorhoptrus simplex, Say), a 
coleopterous enemy of the rice-plant. 

Rust's Disease. See Malum. R.'s Disinfectant, 
a mixture of camphor and myrrh, each seven parts, 
powdered charcoal and styrax, each 30 parts, and oil 
of turpentine sufficient to make an ointment. 

Rusty (rus'-te) [ME., rust, rust]. Of the nature or 
appearance of rust. R. Expectoration, the common 
name for the usual form of expectoration in croupous 
pneumonia, due to the presence of a small amount of 
blood in the sputa. 

Ruta (ru'-tah) \_L.,gen. rutaf\. Rue. The leaves of R. 
graveolens, which furnish oil of rue by distillation. 
R., Oleum is irritant, rubefacient, and vesicatory. In- 
ternally, it is an efficient emmenagogue. Dose n\j-v, 
in mucilage. 

Ruthenic, Ruthenious (ru-then'-ik, ru-then' '-e-us) 
\_Ruthenia,a. province of Russia]. Containing ruthe- 
nium as a radicle. 

Ruthenium (ru-the'-ne-itm) \_Ruthenia, a province of 
Russia]. A rare metal of the platinum group. Sym- 
bol. Ru ; atomic weight, 103. 5. Little is known of 
its medicinal properties. See Elements, Table of. 

Rutherford's Solution. A decalcifying and hardening 
solution for tissue-specimens : chromic acid I grm., 
water 200 c.c; then add 2 c.c. nitric acid. 

Rutic (ru'-tik) [ruta, rue]. Obtained from rue. 

Rutidosis (ru-tid-o' -sis) \_pvTidcooic ; pvric, a wrinkle]. 
A contraction or puckering of the cornea that precedes 
death. 

Rutin (ru' -tin) \_ruta, rue]. A crystalline neutral sub- 
stance obtained from the leaves of rue. 

Rutting (rut'-ing) [ME. , rut, rut]. The stage of sexual 
excitement in female animals coincident with the 
rupture of ovisacs. 

Rutulin (rut'-u-lin). A substance obtained from salicin 
and sulphuric acid. 

Rutyl (ru'-fil). Synonym of Cupryl. 

Ruysch, Membrane of. See Membrane. 

Ruyschiana (ru-s/ie-an'-ah). See Membrane. 

Rye (r'l) [ME., rye, rye]. The popular name of the 
grain Secale cereale, one of the Graminacea. R.- 
asthma, a form of hay-fever occurring at the time of 
the floweringof rye. R., Ergot of. See Ergot. R., 
Spurred. Same as Ergot. 

Rypia (ri' -pe-ah). See Rupia. 



81 



1282 



SACCHARIN 



S. The chemic symbol of sulphur. Letter of " S " 
Curve, of Pleurisy ; the upper line of dulness of a 
pleural effusion is said to be curved like the letter " S." 
S. romanum, the sigmoid flexure of the colon, a, 
the symbol of one-thousandth of a second. A micro- 
second. 

Sabadilla (sab-ad-il'-ali). See Cebadilla. 

Sabadillin (sab-ad-iV -in) \cevadilld\, C 20 H 26 N 2 O 5 . A 
colorless, crystalline alkaloid obtained from cevadilla- 
seed. 

Sabal (sa / -bal ) . See Sazu Palmetto. 

Sabalol (sa'-bal-ol). A substance prepared from the 
active principles of the Saw Palmetto (Serenoa serru- 
lata). 

Sabatier's Suture. See Suture. 

Sabatrin (sab' ' -at-rin) \_cevadilla~\, C 5l H 86 N 2 O n . An 
alkaloid found in cevadilla-seed. 

Sabbatia (sab-a' -she-ah) [after Liberatus Sabbati, an 
Italian botanist]. The herb S. campestris, of value 
in the sick headache of indigestion. Dose of the fid. 
ext. TTycv- 3J. Unof. S. angularis is a good bitter 
tonic and appetizer. Other plants of this genus have 
similar properties, especially S. chloroides. They have 
the medicinal virtues of the gentians, to which they 
are nearly related. S. eliotti is known as quinin- 
flower. S. paniculata is used for the same purposes 
as S. angularis. 

Sabina (sa-bi'-nah) [L. , gen., sabin<z~\. Savine. The 
tops of Juniper us S. ; its properties are mainly due to 
a volatile oil which resembles turpentine, but is more 
irritant. In large doses it produces violent purging 
and vomiting. It is used as an em'menagogue. Ex- 
ternally, it is useful to prolong the discharge from blis- 
ters and to stimulate ulcers to cicatrization. S., Cera- 
tum, fld. ext. savine 25, resin cerate 90 parts. S., 
Fid. Ext. Dose TT\v-xv. S., Ol., the volatile oil. 
Dose rt\j-v. S., Tinct. (B. P.) Dose m_xx-^j. 

Sabulose (sab / -u-loz) [sabulum, sand]. In biology, 
growing in sand. 

Sabulosity (sab-u-los' -it-e) \_sabulum, sand]. Sandi- 
ness ; grittiness. 

Sabulous (sab' -u-lus) [sabulum, sand]. Gritty ; sandy. 
Growing in sandy or gravelly places. Pertaining to 
the sandy deposit sometimes found in urine. Also, to 
the gritty matter called brain-sand, found in the 
pineal gland and in psammoma. See Acervulus. 

Saburra (sab-ur'-ah) [coarse sand]. Foulness of the 
stomach, or of the tongue or teeth ; sordes. 

Saburral (sab-ur'-al) [saburra, coarse sand]. Pertain- 
ing to or affected with saburra. 

Saburration (sab-ur-a' -shun) [saburra, coarse sand]. 
The use of the sand-bath ; ammofherapy, or arena- 
tion. In biology, the act of rolling in the sand, as 
practised by poultry. 

Sac (sale) [saccus, a bag]. The bag-like bulging or 
covering of a natural cavity, hernia, cyst, or tumor. 
S., Air, the air-cells of the lung. S., Allantoid. 
Synonym of Allantoic. S., Amniotic, the amnion. 
Ss., Auditory, the rudimentary organs of hearing of 
the embryo of certain vertebrates. S., Dental. See 
Dental Sac. S., Embryonic, the sac-like stage of 
the embryo, which it presents early in its develop- 
ment, just after the abdominal plates have closed. 
S., Fetal. See S., Gestation. S., Gestation, the 
sac enclosing the embryo in ectopic pregnancy. S., 
Hernial, the peritoneal covering of a hernia. S., 
Lacrymal, the dilated upper portion of the lac- 
rymal duct. Ss., Latex, milk-sacs, spaces con- 



taining the latex of plants. S., Omental, the sac 
formed between the ascending and descending por- 
tions of the great omentum. S., Peritoneal, the cavity 
formed by the peritoneal serous membrane. S , 
Pleural, the cavity formed by the pleura. S., 
Vitelline, the sac enclosing the vitellus or yolk in 
the embryo. S., Yolk. See Umbilical Vesicle. 

Sacatra (sak '- a- trah). A person of seven-eighths 
black and one-eighth white blood. 

Saccade (sak-ahd') [F., saccade, pull, draw]. The in- 
voluntary jerk of deglutition. 

Saccaneurysma (sak-an-u-riz' -mah) [oukkoc, bag; 
evpvveiv, to dilate]. A sacculated aneurysm. 

Saccate, or Saccated (sak' -at, sak'-a-ted) [saccus, sac 
or pouch]. Sac-shaped or contained in a membranous 
envelop. Encysted ; pouched ; furnished with a sac. 

Saccharate (sak'-ar-at) [saccharum, sugar]. 1. Hav- 
ing or containing sugar. 2. A compound of saccharic 
acid and a base. 3. A compound of cane-sugar with 
a base. S. of Iron (Ferrum oxydatum sacchar- 
atum solubile, Ger. Ph.). A compound of cane-sugar 
and iron, important as an antidote for arsenic. S. of 
Lead, a salt of saccharic acid and lead, used in form- 
ing the nitro-saccharate of lead, which has been 
vaunted as a safe and effective solvent of urinary cal- 
culus. S. of Lime, a compound of cane-sugar with 
lime. A syrup charged with it has been recom- 
mended as a cure for chronic rheumatism. A solu- 
tion of this compound is a good antidote in carbolic- 
acid poisoning. 

Saccharated (sak'-ar-a-ted) [nanxapov, sugar]. Con- 
taining sugar. S. Carbonate of Iron, a greenish- 
gray powder containing sulphate of iron. S. Iodid 
of Iron, iodid of iron with milk-sugar. S. Pepsin, 
milk-sugar with pepsin from the stomach of the hog. 
S. Tar, a mixture of tar (4 parts) and sugar (96 
parts), a soluble medium for medicinal adminis- 
tration. 

Saccharephidrosis (sak-ar - ef-id- ro'- sis) [aanxapov, 
sugar; k^iSpuaig, ephidrosis]. A form of hyperidrosis 
characterized by the excretion of sugar in sweat. 

Saccharic (sak-ar'-ik) [aaK.xa.pov, sugar]. Pertaining 
to or obtained from sugar. S. Acid. See Acid. 

Saccharid (sak'-ar-id) [odnxapov, sugar]. A com- 
pound of a base with sugar. A sucrate. See Casein 
Saccharid. 

Sacchariferous (sak - ar - if' '- er - its) [oanxapov, sugar; 
ferre, to carry]. Containing sugar. 

Saccharification (sak - ar -if '-ik - a'- shun) [aaaxapov, 
sugar; facere, to make]. Sugar-forming. The act of 
converting into sugar. 

Saccharimeter (sak-ar-im'-et-er). See Saccharometer. 

Saccharimetry (sak-ar-im' -et-re) [oanxapov , sugar ; 
phpav, measure] . The operation or art of ascertain- 
ing the amount or proportion of sugar in solution in 
any liquid. 

Saccharin (sak'-ar-in) [aanxapov. sugar], C fi H,- 

co 

<n^ >NH. 1. A benzol -sulphonicimid derived from 

coal-tar, occurring as six-sided, colorless tablets, melt- 
ing at 224 C. It is 280 times sweeter than cane- 
sugar. It is used as a substitute for sugar in diabetes, 
and is recommended for use in the treatment of cor- 
pulency and gout. It is also antiseptic, and has been 
found useful in erysipelas, septic fever, and gonorrhea. 
Dose, gr. 3^". See Glusidum. 2. C 6 H ]0 O 5 . The 
anhydrid of monobasic saccharic acid. It is soluble 
in 18 parts of water, forms large crystals, having a bit- 



SACCHARINE 



1283 



SACRAL 



ter and salty taste, melts at l6o° C, is dextrorotatory 
and non-fermentable. 

Saccharine (sak' -ar-iti) [aaKxapov, sugar]. Having 
the nature of or containing sugar. An old term for 
oxalic acid. 

Saccharinin (sak-ar'-iu-in). Synonym of Saccharin 
(1st def.). 

Saccharobiose (sak - ar - o' - be - oz) [aaKxapov, sugar]. 
Synonym of Saccharose. The name has been given 
on account of the property possessed by saccharose of 
giving rise, when hydrated, to two carbohydrated 
molecules. C 19 H 22 O n -|- H 20 = 2C 6 H 12 6 . 

Saccharocolloid (sak-ar-o-kol'-oid) [aduxapov, sugar ; 
ku'/'/m, glue ; eidoc, like]. Any member of that group 
of carbohydrates to which starch, pectin, and gum 
belong, which are amorphous, crystallize with difficulty, 
and diffuse through animal membranes very slowly. 

Saccharogalactorrhea (sak-ar-o-gal-ak-tor-e' -afi) [oan- 
Xapov, sugar ; ydlia, milk ; poia, a flow]. The excre- 
tion of an excess of sugar with the milk. 

Saccharogen (sak'-ar-o-jen) [aanxapov, sugar ; ysvvav, 
to produce]. A material found in milk, and convert- 
ible into lactose. A glucosid. 

Saccharoid (sak'-ar-oid ') [cdi<xapov, sugar; eidoc, like]. 
Resembling loaf-sugar. 

Saccharometer (sak-ar-om' ' -et-er) [aduxapov, sugar ; 
pk-pov, measure]. An apparatus for determining the 
amount of sugar in solutions, either in the form of a 
hydrometer which indicates the strength in sugar by 
the specific gravity of the solution ; or of a polarimeter, 
which indicates the strength in sugar by the number 
of degrees of rotation of the plane of polarization. S., 
Fermentation, an instrument for collecting and esti- 
mating the percentage of carbon dioxid evolved in the 
fermentation of saccharine urine. 

Saccharomyces (sak-ar-o-mi' -sez) [aa.Kxa.pov, sugar ; 
pvurjc, fungus : pi. , Saccharomycetes\ . A genus of uni- 
cellular vegetable organisms, of which the yeast-plant 
is a common example. S. albicans, the same (Rees) 
as the Oidiuni albicans of Robin ; the fungus of thrush. 
S. apiculatus, a fungus-ferment found upon goose- 
berries, etc. S. capillitii, a form found on the human 
scalp and supposed to cause Pityriasis capitis. S. 
cerevisise, the ferment of beer-yeast. S. conglom- 
erate, found in grape-must when fermentation is 
nearly over. S. coprogenus, a form observed in 
human feces. S. ellipsoideus, the common ferment 
of wine. S. exiguus, found in the last stages of the 
fermentation of beer. S. glutinis, a species forming 
a rose-colored coating on gelatin or potatoes. S. gut- 
tulatus, occurs in the digestive tract of various ani- 
mals. S. mesentericus, destroys fruit acids. S. 
minor, according to Engel, the fungus of bakers' 
yeast. S. mycoderma (Grawitz),same as S. albicans. 
S. pasteurianus, a form closely allied to S. ellipsoideus. 
S. psoriasis, occurs in the human scalp, around the 
hairs. S. reessi, probably a variety of S. ellipsoideus. 
S. sphaericus, found on fermenting tomatoes. S. 
tyricola, found in fermenting cheese. It resembles 
S. minor. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Saccharon (sak'-ar-on) [aduxapov, sugar], C 6 H g O g . 
The lactone of saccharonic acid. 

Saccharonic Acid (sak-ar-on'-ik). See Acid. 

Saccharorrhea (sak-ar-or-e' '-all) [aduxapov, sugar ; poia, 
flow]. The secretion of saccharine fluid. S. cutanea. 
See Saccharephidrosis . S. lactea. See Saccharogalac- 
torrhea. S. pulmonalis, the exudation of sweetish 
sputa. S. urinosa. See Diabetes mellitus. 

Saccharose (sak'-ar-oz) [aduxapov, sugar], C ]9 H, 2 O n . 
Cane-sugar ; it occurs in the juice of many plants, 
chiefly in sugar-cane, in some varieties of maple, and 
in beet roots (10-20 per cent.). The syrupy mother 



liquid from the sugar is called molasses. Saccharose 
crystallizes in large monoclinic prisms, ofasp.gr. 1. 606. 
Its aqueous solution is levorotatory. Cane-sugar melts 
at 160 ; at 190-200 it changes into a brown non- 
crystallizable mass called caramel, used in coloring 
liquids. It is not directly fermentable and does not 
reduce alkaline copper-solutions. The ordinary pure 
sugar of commerce. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Saccharous (sak'-ar-us). Same as Saccharine . 

Saccharum (sak-ar'-um) [aduxapov, sugar; gen., sac- 
chari], C I2 H 22 O u . Cane-sugar. The soluble crystal- 
line substance occurring naturally in the juice of the 
sugar-cane, S. officiuarum; maize, Zea mays; the sugar- 
beet, Beta vulgaris, and the sugar-maple, Acer saccha- 
rinum. In pharmacy, in the form of syrups, it is 
used mainly as a vehicle, and in a solid state as a pro- 
tective coating for pills and troches. See, also, Glu- 
cose, Lactose, and Levulose. S. album, white or pure 
crystallized sugar. S. canadense, Maple-sugar, ob- 
tained from Acer saccharinum. S. candidum, Rock- 
candy. S. lactis, Sugar of Milk. S. purificatum, 
pure white sugar. 

Saccharure (sak'-ar-ilr) [aduxapov, sugar]. A pre- 
paration obtained by saturating sugar with a tincture, 
then drying, and pulverizing. 

Saccholactic Acid (sak-o-lak'-tik). Synonym of Acid, 
Alucic. 

Sacciferous (sak - sij "' '- er - us} \_saccus, sack ; ferre,Xa 
bear]. In biology, having a sac ; saccate. 

Sacciform (sak' '- sif '- orm) \_saccus, a pouch; forma, 
form]. Resembling a sac ; saccate. S. Disease of 
the Anus, distention and inflammation of the pouches 
of the rectum. 

Saccular (sak' '-u-lar) [saccus, sac]. Sac-shaped. S. 
Aneurysm, a saccular dilatation of an artery, com- 
municating with the latter by a narrow neck. 

Sacculate (sak' -u-lat) \_saccus, a bag]. Having small, 
sac-like projections. 

Sacculated (sak'-zi-la-ted) [sacats, sac]. Encysted. 
Divided into little sacs. 

Sacculation (sak-u-la'-shun) [saccus, sac] . A sac-like 
formation ; a sac, or set of sacs ; as the sacculation of 
the colon, or of the uterus in rare cases. 

Saccule, Sacculus (sak'-ul, sak'-u-lus) [dim. saccus, 
sac]. A small sac. S. communis, oblongus, or 
semiovalis, the utricle. S. laryngis, the laryngeal 
pouch between the superior vocal bands and the inner 
surface of the thyroid cartilage. S. mucosus, the 
bursa of the rectus femoris muscle. S. of the Vesti- 
bule, the smaller of two vestibular sacs of the mem- 
branous labyrinth of the ear. 

Saccus (sak' -us). Synonym of Sac. S. vitellinus. 
See Sac, Vitelline. 

Sacer (sa'-ser) [L.]. Sacred. S. ignis, erysipelas. 
S. morbus, epilepsy. 

Sachet (sash-a') [saccus, a sac]. A small bag of per- 
fumed or medicated substances. S. resolutif [Fr.], 
a sachet of equal parts of sal ammoniac, iron sulphate, 
and calcium sulphate. 

Sachse's Solution and Test. A solution for testing 
for sugar in the urine. It consists of 18 grams of red 
iodid of mercury, 25 grams of potassium iodid, and 
80 grams of potassium hydrate in water, diluted to one 
liter. 

Sachs's Theory of Inflammation. See Theory. 

Sack (sak) [siccus, dry]. An old name for dry Spanish 
and Canary wine ; sherry. Synonym of Sac. 

Sacrad (sa'-krad) [sacrum, the sacrum]. Toward the 
sacral aspect. 

Sacral (sa'-kral) [sacrum, sacrum]. Pertaining to the 
sacrum. S. Bone. See Sacrum. S. Canal. See 
Canal. S. Cornua. See Cornu. S. Flexure, the 



SACRALGIA 



1284 



SjEPIMENTUM 



curve of the rectum in front of the sacrum. S. Fora- 
men. See Foramen. S. Groove. See Groove. S. 
Index, the sacral breadth multiplied by loo, and 
divided by the sacral length. S. Nerves. See 
Nerves. S. Plexus. See /'/exits. 
Sacralgia (sa-kral' -je-alt) [sacrum, sacrum; aTiyoc, 

pain] . Pain in the sacrum ; hieralgia. 
Sacrarthrocace (sak-rar-lhrok' -as-e). See Sacro-iliac 
Disease. 

Sacred (sa'-kred) [ME., sacren, to render holy]. 
Hallowed ; holy. S. Bark. See Cascara Sagrada. 
S. Malady. Synonym of Epilepsy. 

Sacren (sa'-kren) [sacrum, sacrum]. Belonging to the 
sacrum in itself. 

Sacrifical (sa-krif -ik-al) [sacrificare, to sacrifice]. 
Employed in sacrifice. S. Operation, an operation 
in which some organ (as an ovary), is sacrificed or 
destroyed for the general good of the patient. 

Sacriplex (sa' -krip-leks) [sacrum, sacrum; plexus, 
plexus]. The sacral plexus of nerves. 

Sacriplexal (sa-krip-leks' -al) [sac rum, sacrum; plexus, 
plexus]. Pertaining to the sacriplex. 

Sacro- (sa'-kro-) [sacrum, sacrum]. A prefix denoting 
connection with or relation to the sacrum. 

Sacro-caudal (sa- kro - haw'- dal) [sacrum, sacrum ; 
cauda, tail]. In biology, pertaining to the sacrum 
and the tail. 

Sacrococcygeal (sa' -kro-kok-sij' -e-a/) [sacrum, sacrum ; 
KOiiKvt;, coccyx]. Pertaining jointly to the sacrum and 
the coccyx. 

Sacrocostal (sa-kro-kos'-tal) [sacrum, sacrum; cos/a, 
rib]. Connected with the sacrum and having the 
character of a rib. 

Sacro-cotyloid (sa-kro-kot' -il-oid) [sacrum, sacrum; 
Ko~vA?]6i)v, cotyledon; thhg, like]. Pertaining to the 
sacrum and the acetabulum. 

Sacro-coxalgia (sa-kro-koks-al' -je-ah). See Sacro-iliac 
Disease. 

Sacro-coxitis (sa-kro-koks-i' '-lis) . See Sacro-iliac Dis- 
ease. 

Sacro-iliac (sa-hro-il'-e-ak) [sacrum, sacrum ; ilium, 
ilium]. Pertaining to the sacrum and the ilium. S. 
Disease, sacro-coxitis ; sacrarthrocace ; sacro-coxalgia; 
an inflammation of the sacro-iliac joint, characterized 
by pain and tenderness, with swelling over the line of 
the sacro-iliac junction. The limb on the diseased 
side is usually extended, elongated from downward 
displacement of the os innominatum, wasted, and 
sometimes edematous. The hip is deformed. Suppu- 
ration may occur at a late period of the disease. The 
affection occurs in early life, and is probably tubercu- 
lous in nature. 

Sacro-ischiatic (sa-kro-is-ke-af -ik) [sacrum, sacrum ; 
laxiov, ischium]. Pertaining both to the sacrum and 
the ischium. 

Sacrolumbal (sa-kro-lum'-bal) [sacrum, sacrum ; lum- 
bus, loin]. Sacrolumbar ; pertaining to both the 
sacrum and the loins. 

Sacrolumbalis (sa - kro- lum - ba' - lis). See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Sacrolumbar (sa-kro-lum' -bar) [sacrum, sacrum ; lum- 
bus, loin]. Pertaining conjointly to the sacrum and 
the loins. S. Angle, the angle formed by the articu- 
lation of the sacrum and the last lumbar vertebra. 

Sacro-median (sa - kro - me'- de - an) [sacrum, sacrum ; 
medius, middle]. Running along the median line of 
the sacrum. 

Sacro-pubic (sa-kro-pu'-bik) [sacrum, sacrum ; pubes, 
pubis]. Pertaining to the sacrum and the os pubis. 

Sacro-rectal (sa-kro-rek' -tal) [sacrum, sacrum; rectum, 
rectum]. Pertaining to both sacrum and rectum. 

Sacro-sciatic (sa-kro-si-at'-ik). Synonym of Sacro- 



ischiatic. S. Foramen. See Foramen. S. Notches. 
See Ischiatic. 

Sacro-spinal (sa-kro-spi'-nal) [sacrum, sacrum; spina, 
spine]. Pertaining to the sacrum and the spine. 

Sacrospinalis (sa - kro - spi - na'- lis) [sacrum, sacrum ; 
spina, spine]. The erector spina; muscle. 

Sacro-vertebral (sa-kro-ver' -te-bral) [sacrum, sacrum ; 
vertebra, vertebra]. Pertaining conjointly to the sa- 
crum and the vertebrae. 

Sacrum (sa'-krum) [sacer, sacred]. A curved, triangu- 
lar bone composed of five united bones, which are 



,i,i,i. Bodies of sacral 
vertebrae, with trans- 
verse lines of union. 
2, 2, 2, 2. Anterior sa- 
cral foramina. 3. Base. 
4. Auricular surface of 
lateral aspect. 5. Its 
inferior portion. 6. 
Articular surface of 
base. 7. Notch for 
formation of last lum- 
bar intervertebral fora- 
men. 8. Superior ar- 
ticular process of first 
sacral vertebra. 9. 
Apex of sacrum. 10 
Cornu. 11. Notch for 
transmission of fifth 
sacral nerve. 
Sacrum, Anterior Aspect. 

really vertebras, situated between the last lumbar ver- 
tebra above, the coccyx below, and the two ilia on 



, 1, 1, 1. Spinous pro- 
cesses of sacral verte- 
brse. 2, 2. Sacral 
groove. 3,3,3,3. Pos- 
terior sacral foramina. 
4,4,4,4. Articular pro- 
cesses, united. 5, % 5, 
5. Transverse pro- 
cesses. 6, 6. Cribri- 
form fossa. 7, 7. 
Auricular surface. 8, 
8. Superior artieular 
processes of first sa- 
cral vertebra. 9. Supe- 
rior orifice of sacral 
canal 10. Groove rep- 
resenting inferior ori- 
fice. 11. 11. Cornua. 
12. Apex. 





Sacrum, Posterior Aspect. 



either side, and forming the posterior boundary of the 
pelvis. S., Ala of. See Ala. 

Saddle (sad'-l) [ME , sadel, saddle]. A contrivance 
secured on the back of a horse or other animal to 
serve as a seat for a rider. S.-bags, a pair of leathern 
cases, formerly, and still locally, carried by physicians 
upon the saddle, and containing their medicines and 
instruments. S. -joint, an articulation concave in one 
direction and convex in the opposite. S.-nose, one 
of which the bridge is deep or wanting. A nose in 
which there has been a collapse of the bridge from 
necrosis of the nasal bones. 

Sadism, Sadismus (sa'-dizm, sa-diz'-mus) [from the 
Marquis de Sade, author of obscene books]. Sexual 
perversion which leads to rape, with circumstances of 
great violence and inhuman cruelty. 

Sadist (sa'-dist) [from the Marquis de Sade~\. One af 
fected with sadism, q.v. 

Saemisch's Ulcer. An acute serpiginous, or creeping 
ulcer of purulent keratitis. It is due to local infection. 
Infectious ulcer of the cornea. See Diseases, Table of. 

Saepimentum (se-pe-men'-tum) [sccpire, to fence]. I. 
The tissue enclosing the three umbilical vessels. 2. 
Pons varolii. 



S.EPTOMETER 



1285 



SALACETOL 



Saeptometer [sep-tom'-et-er). See Septometer. 

Saeptum (sep'-lum). See Septum. 

Safflower (saf'-low-er). See Carthamus. S. Carmin. 
Same as Carthamin. 

Saffranin (saf ' -ran-in). See Pigments, Conspectus of 

Saffrol [saf '-rot). See Safrol. 

Saffron (saf'-ron) [ME., saffron, saffron]. See Crocus. 
S., American. See Carthamus. S., Meadow. See 
Colchicum. S. Substitute. Same as Victoria Yellow. 
S.-tea. See Carthamus. S. -yellow. Same as Alar- 
tins' s Yello?u. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Safranin (saf '-ran-in) [Er. , saf ran, saffron], C ]S H !8 N 4 . 
A coal-tar color used in dyeing and staining, obtained 
by oxidizing a mixture of amido-azotolueiie and tolui- 
din. It gives yellowish-red shades on wool, silk, 
and cotton, and is fairly fast to light. It is used 
in "histology to stain karyokinetic figures. Physio- 
logically, it is very poisonous, producing death, if in 
sufficient dose, by respiratory paralysis. The saf 
ranins are diamido-derivatives of hypothetic phenyl- 
phenazonium. They are produced upon oxidizing 
a mixture of an indoamin and a primary amin. They 
are strong bases. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Safraninophile or Saphranophile (safran-in' -o-fil, sa- 
frati'-o-fil) [Fr., safran, saffron ; (piXelv, to love]. In 
bacteriology, or histology, applied to microbes or 
histologic elements that show a peculiar affinity for 
safranin. Cf. Eosinophile. 

Safrene (saf'-ren) [Fr. , safran, saffron], C 10 H 16 . A 
hydrocarbon obtained from sassafras. 

Safrol (saf'-rol) [Fr. , safran, saffron; oleum, oil], 
C 10 H 10 O 2 . The stearoptene of the oil of sassafras. 
When the oil is chilled, it separates as a white crys- 
talline mass, melting at -f- 8° C. It is used in head- 
ache, neuralgia, and subacute rheumatism. Its dose 
is TTlx-xx. It is also employed for perfuming soaps. 

Safrosin (saf'-ro-sin) [Fr., safran, saffron], C 20 H 8 Br- 
( N0. 2 ) 2 5 . A coloring-matter used in the arts for 
dyeing silk or wool scarlet. It occurs chiefly as a 
sodium salt. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Safrosin (saf'-ro-sin) . Same as Daphnin. 

Sagapenum (sag-ap-e'-uum ) [aayam/vov']. A fetid 
gum-resin, believed to be the concrete juice of Ferula 
persica. It has the general properties of asafetida, 
but is now little used. Unof. 

Sage (saf) [ME., sage, sage]. See Salvia. S., Moun- 
tain. See Sierra salvia. S. -brush. See Serra 
salvia; also Eurotia. 

Sage-femme (sahzh-fam') [Fr. , literally a wise woman]. 
A midwife. 

Sagitta (saj-it'-ah) [sagitta, an arrow, a bolt]. In 
biology, (a) the sagittal suture ; (b) an otolith in the 
ear of a fish. 

Sagittal (saj'-it-al) [sagitta, an arrow]. Pertaining to 
the antero-posterior median plane of the body, the 
meson, or to planes parallel with it. S. Furrow, a 
channel extending along the median line of the inner 
surface of the vault of the cranium. S. Nucleus, 
that of the oculo-motor nerve. S. Plane, the median 
plane of the body. S. Section. See Section. S. 
Sinus, the longitudinal sinus. S. Suture, the suture 
uniting the parietal bones. 

Sagittate (saj'-it-dt) [sagitta, an arrow]. In biology, 
shaped like the head of an arrow, with the basal lobes 
pointing downward when applied to leaves. 

Sagittocyst (saj' -it-o-sist ) \_sagitta, an arrow ; cystus, 
a bag, a pouch]. In biology, applied to certain glan- 
dular cutaneous cells in turbellarian worms ; they con- 
tain the so-called rods or rhabdites ; also called rod- 
cells or rhabdite-cells. 

Sago (sa'-go) [Malay, sagu, sago]. The starchy fecula 
obtained from the pith of Sagus lo?vis and several 



species of palms and cycads. It is an excellent food 
for invalids when completely softened by long boiling. 
S. Spleen, a spleen presenting on section the appear- 
ance of sago-grains, as a result of amyloid degenera- 
tion. The apparent grains represent the degenerated 
Malpighian bodies. S. -grain, a vesicular granulation 
of the eyelid, seen in granular ophthalmia. 

Sailors' Colic. See Colic. 

Saint Agatha's Disease. Mammitis. S. Aignon's 
Disease, tinea or favus. S. Andrew's Cross, the 
herb or shrub Ascyrum crux andrea of N. America, 
a discutient remedy. Unof. S. Anthony's Dance. 
Synonym of Chorea. S. Anthony's Fire. See 
Erysipelas. S. Apollonia's Disease, toothache. 
S. Avertin's Disease, epilepsy. S. Avidius' 
Disease, deafness. S. Blasius' Disease, quinsy. 
S. Clair's Disease, ophthalmia, or sore eyes. S. 
Dymphna's Disease, insanity. S. Erasmus' 
Disease, colic. S. Fiacre's Disease, hemorrhoids, 
or condylomata. S. Francis' Fire, erysipelas. S. 
Germain Tea, the species laxantes (N. F. ) ; a mixture 
of elder flowers, senna, fennel, anise, and potassium 
bitartrate ; a useful aperient. S. Gervasius' Disease, 
rheumatism. S. Giles' Disease, carcinoma or leprosy. 
S. Guy's Dance. Synonym of Chorea. S. Helena 
Tea, a plant of the island of St. Helena, Beatsonia 
portulacifolia, a local substitute for tea. Unof. S. 
Hilaire (Geoffroy), Angle of. See Angle. S. 
Hubert's Disease, hydrophobia. S. Ignatius' 
Bean. See Ignatia. S. Jacob's Oil. See Aconitum.- 
S. Job's Disease, syphilis. S. John Long's Lini- 
ment. See Linimentum. S. John's Dance. 
Synonym of Chorea. S. John's Evil. See Epilepsy. 
S. John's Wort. See Hypericum and Johnswort. 
S. Kilda Cold ; Strangers' 1 Cold; a form of influenza 
in the Hebrides, supposed to be due to the presence of 
strangers on the arrival of a ship. S. Lazarus' Dis- 
ease, leprosy. S. Main's Disease, the itch. S. 
Martin's Evil, drunkenness. S. Mary's Thistle. 
See Cardims. S. Mathurin's Disease, insanity, 
idiocy or epilepsy. S. Modestus' Dance. Syno- 
nym of Chorea. S. Robert's Herb, the Geranium 
robertianum. S. Valentine's Disease, epilepsy. 
S. Vitus' Dance. Synonym of Chorea. S. With's 
Dance. Synonym of Chorea. S. Zachary's Dis- 
ease, dumbness. 

Sake (sah'-ke) [Jap.]. Japanese rice-beer or other al- 
coholic beverage. 

Sakitlakar (sak-it-lak'-ar) . Synonym of Palmus. 

Sal [sal, salt]. Salt ; a term applied to various crystal- 
line substances. S. aeratus, potassic bicarbonate. S. 
alembroth. See Ale/nbroth, and Listerian Method. 
S. ammoniac. See Ammonium.. S. carolinum, 
Carlsbad salts. S. communis, common salt. See 
Sodium. S. cornus cervi, hartshorn ; same as Am- 
monia. See Ammonium. S. de duobus, potassic 
sulphate. S. epsom, magnesium sulphate. See Mag- 
nesium. S. glauberi, sodium sulphate. See Sodium. 
S. kissingense, Kissengen salts. S. mirabile, sodium 
sulphate. S. polychrest, S. polychrestum, potassic 
sulphas cum sulphure. S. seignetti, potassium and 
sodium tartrate. S.-soda. Crystallized sodium car- 
bonate. S. vichyanum, Vichy salt. S. volatilis, a 
name applied to various preparations of ammonium 
carbonate used as smelling-salts. 

Salaam Convulsion. See Eclampsia nutans, and 
Spasmus nutans. 

Salabreda (sal-ab-re'-dali). Brittle gum, q. v. 

Salacetol (sal-as' -et-bl) [salix, willow; acetum, vine- 
gar]. The salicylic acid ester of acetone-alcohol. It 
is proposed as a substitute for sodium salicylate and 
salol. It has been recommended as an intestinal and 



SALACIOUS 



1286 



SALIVARY 



genitourinary antiseptic, and for the treatment of 
acute or chronic rheumatism. Dose, 30-45 grains. 

Salacious (sa-la'-se-us) [salax, lustful]. Lustful. 

Salacity (set-las' '-it-e) [salax, lustful]. Lustful or ve- 
nereal desire. 

Salad Oil (sal' -ad oil). See Oleutn Oliva. 

Salamandrin (sal-am-an' -drift) . See Leukomains, Table 
of. 

Salap (sal'-ap). Synonym of Salep. 

Salbromalid (sal-bro' '-mal-id) . See Antinei~vin. 

Salempien (sal-em' -pe-en). See Serempion. 

Salep (sal'-ep) [Ar., sahleb, salep']. A drug chiefly 
used in India and the Levant, consisting of the dried 
bulbs of various species of Orchis, q. v. A mucilagi- 
nous and nutritious drink is made of it, which is con- 
sidered to be an analeptic, aphrodisiac, and nervine. 
Unof. 

Saleratus (sal-er-a' '-tus) [sal, aeratus, aerated salt]. 
Properly, sal-aeratus. Potassium bicarbonate ; also, 
sodium bicarbonate. 

Salicin (sal'-is-in) [salix, willow], C 13 H 18 O r The 
glucosid of saligenin ; it occurs in the bark and leaves 
of willows and some poplars. It forms shining crys- 
tals, that dissolve easily in hot water and alcohol, and 
melt at 198 C. Its taste is bitter. It possesses tonic 
properties, and is used as a substitute for salicylic acid 
in the treatment of rheumatism. 

Salicinum (sal-is-i'-num). Official name of Salicin. 

Salicol (sal'-ik-ol). Synonym of Carbolic Acid. 

Salicyl (sal'-is-il) [salix, willow], C 7 H 6 2 . The hypo- 
thetic radicle of salicylic acid. S. Orange, S. Yellow. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Salicylage (sal' '-is-il- aj ') [salix, willow]. Preservation 
of articles of diet by the use of salicylic acid. 

Salicylamid (sal-is-il'-am-id) [salix, willow; amid], 
C 5 H 4 (OH)CONH 2 . A tasteless compound produced 
by treating methyl salicylate with an alcoholic solution 
of ammonia. It is used like salicylic acid. 

Salicylate (sal-is' -il-at) [salix, willow]. Any salt of 
salicylic acid. The salicylates of ammonium, atropin, 
bismuth, caffein, cinchonidin, lithium, methyl, physo- 
stigmin, quinin, and sodium, etc. , have been employed 
in medicine, especially in rheumatic affections. 

Salicylic (sal- is - il'-i/c) [salix, willow]. Containing 
salicyl or pertaining to it. Derived from the willow. 
S. Acid. See Acid, Salicylic, and Salix. S. Acid 
Colors. See Pigments, Conspectus of. S. Aldehyd. 
See Aldehyd. 

Salicylism (sal'- is - il- izvt) [salix, willow]. A toxic 
condition, produced by the injudicious or excessive use 
of salicylic acid or its salts. 

Salicyluric Acid (sal-is-il-u'-rik) [salix, willow ; ovpov, 
urine]. An acid found in the urine after the adminis- 
tration of salicylic acid. It is a compound of the latter 
with glycol. 

Salifiable (sal-if-i' -a-bl) [sal, salt ; fieri, to become]. 
Forming a salt by union with an acid. 

Saligenin (sal-ij' -en-in) [salix, willow ; yevvav, to pro- 
duce], C.H 8 2 . A substance formed by the action 
of sodium amalgam upon salicylic aldehyd or in the 
decomposition of salicin with dilute acids or ferments. 
It consists of pearly tables, soluble in hot water, 
alcohol and ether, and melting at 82° C. 

Salimeter (sal-im'-et-er) [sal, salt; /icrpov, measure]. 
An hydrometer for ascertaining the strength of saline 
solutions. 

Salinaphtol (sal-in-af'-tol). See Belol. 

Saline (sa'-len or sa'-itn) [sal, salt]. Salty. In biology, 
growing in a salt-marsh or by the sea-shore. S. Solu- 
tion, a 0.6 per cent, solution of sodium chlorid. 

Salines (sa'-lens) [sal, salt]. Salts of the alkalies or 
of magnesium, used as hydragogue cathartics. Mag- 



nesium sulphate and citrate, sodium sulphate and 
Rochelle salts are examples. 

Salinometer (sal-in-om' -et-er). Synonym of Salimeter. 

Salipyrin (sal - ip- i' - rin) [salix, willow; Trip, fire], 
CjJi^NjO.CjHgOj. A white powder, the salicylate 
of antipyrin, consisting of 57.7 parts of salicylic acid, 
and 42.3 parts of antipyrin. It is readily soluble in 
water and has been recommended as an analgesic. and 
antipyretic in doses of gr. xv-xxx. 

Salirrhetin (sal- ir- ret'- in) [salix, willow; pqrcvt/, 
resin], C u H u 3 . An amorphous, resinous powder, 
produced by treating saligenin with acids. 

Salisbury Method. A method of treating obesity. 
It consists in restricting the diet absolutely for a time 
to large quantities of rump-steak, cod-fish and hot 
water. It is thought by the advocates of this method 
that an excess of albuminates favors the reduction of 
obesity by promoting the oxidation and combustion of 
the excess of deposited fat. 

Saliva (sa-li'-va) [L.]. The mixed secretion of the 
parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands, and the 
small mucous glands of the mouth. Physiologically, 
three kinds of secretion may be distinguished : a serous 
from the parotid, a mucous from the mucous glands, 
and a mixed secretion from the submaxillary and the 
sublingual. Mixed saliva is opalescent, tasteless, alka- 
line and has a specific gravity of 1004-1009. The daily 
quantity secreted is approximately 1500 c. c. (Bid- 
der and Schmidt.) Saliva contains serum-albumin, 
globulin, mucin, urea, an amylolytic ferment called 
ptyalin, and a proteolytic and a lipolytic ferment ; also, 
salts, among which is potassium sulphocyanid, de- 
rived especially from the parotid gland. Among 
formed elements are epithelial cells, salivary corpus- 
cles and bacteria. The functions of saliva are phys- 
ical and chemic. Its physical functions are to moisten 
the food and lubricate the bolus, to dissolve cer- 
tain substances, and to facilitate tasting and aid in deglu- 
tition and articulation. Its chemic action depends upon 
its ferments, the most important of which is pytalin. 
This converts starch into dextrin and sugar. The 
proteolytic and lipolytic ferments are not important. 
It is possible that any other fermentation save the 
amylolytic is due to bacteria. S., Chorda, that pro- 
duced by stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve. 
S., Ganglionic, that produced by irritating the sub- 
maxillary glands. 

Salival (sa-li'-val) [saliva, spittle]. Same as Salivary. 

Salivant (sal'-iv-ant) [saliva, saliva]. Stimulating the 
secretion of saliva. 

Salivary (sal'-iv-a-re) [saliva, saliva]. Pertaining to 




Human Submaxillary Gland. 
On the right are groups of mucous, and on the left, groups of 
serous alveoli. X 300. {-From Stirling:) 



saliva or to its secretion. 
lith ; odontia incrustans ; 



S. Calculus, Odonto- 
tartar of the teeth, an 



SALIVATE 



1287 



SALOPHEN 



earthy concretion found upon the teeth and in the 
mouths of the salivary ducts. S. Corpuscles, pale, 




Small Lobule of Submaxillary Gland. 
D. Duct of the Lobule. (From Stirling.) 




Submaxillary Gland, Dog. 
Showing duct communicating with an alveolus by a narrow 
ductule. The alveoli containing mucous cells and dense 
demilunes. X 300. {From Stirling.) 

spheric, nucleated bodies found in the saliva. S. Di- 
astase. Same as Ptyalin. S. Digestion, the con- 
version of starches 
into dextrin and 
sugar by the ac- 
tion of saliva. S. 
Fistula, an ab- 
normal opening 
com municating 
with a salivary 





Transverse Section 
of a Salivary 
Duct. 

S h o wi n g only the 
"rodded" epithe- 
lium lining it. X300. 
(From Stirling. ) 



A Dissection of the Side of the 
Face, showing the Salivary 
Glands. 

a. Sublingual gland, b. Submaxil- 
lary gland with its ducts open- 
ing on the floor of the mouth be- 
neath the tongue at d. c. Parotid 
gland and its duct, which opens on 
the inner side of the cheek. 



duct. S. Glands, the glands, six in number, situated 
on each side of the mouth, which secrete the saliva. 
See Parotid, Submaxillary , and Sublingual. 
Salivate (saF-iv-dt) \_salivare, to spit out]. To purge 
by the salivary glands. To bring about an undue 
discharge of saliva. 



Salivatio (sal-iv-a' -ske-d) [L.]. Salivation. S. mer« 
curialis. Synonym of Stomatitis, Mercurial. 

Salivation (sal-iv-a' -shun) [saliva, saliva]. An exces- 
sive secretion of saliva. It may be produced by cer- 
tain poisons, by such drugs as mercury and pilocarpin, 
or by nervous disturbances. 

Salivin (sal'-iv-in). Same as Ptyalin. 

Salivous (sa-li'-vus) [saliva, spittle]. Of or pertaining 
to saliva. 

Salix (sa'-liks) [L. ]. The bark of the common white 
willow, S. alba. Its properties are due to a constitu- 
ent, salicin, C 13 H 18 7 , which is tonic and antiseptic. It 
is useful as an antipyretic in rheumatic fever. Dose 
of the glucosid gr. x-gij. Lithium Salicylate, 2Li- 
C 7 H 5 3 .H 2 0. Dose gr. v-^j. Sodium Salicy- 
late, 2NaC.H 5 3 .H 2 0, properties like those of the 
acid, though less irritant. Dose gr. v-^j. Salicylic 
Acid, HC»H 5 3 , a derivative of Salix, a powerful anti- 
pyretic in rheumatic fever, and locally in eczema and 
indolent ulcers ; and also an antiseptic. Dose gr. 
v-xxx. Ung. acid, salicyl. (B. P.) Used in chronic 
deep-seated skin diseases. 

Salkowski - Ludwig Method. A method for the 
estimation of uric acid in solution. When an 
ammoniacal solution of nitrate of silver is added to 
a solution of uric acid, to which a mixture of magne- 
sium chlorid and ammonium chlorid has been pre- 
viously added, the uric acid is precipitated as a mag- 
nesio-silver salt.. This is collected, washed, and de- 
composed by sodium or potassium sulphid, whereupon 
the uric acid passes again into solution as a urate of 
the alkali. On the addition of an excess of HC1 to 
this solution the urate is decomposed, uric acid separ- 
ates out and is collected and weighed. 

Salkowski's Mixture. See Camerer's Method. 

Sallow (sal'-o) [ME., salo7U, sallow]. Having a yel- 
lowish color, as the complexion or skin. 

Salmon-disease. A disease of salmon and other fishes, 
due to the fungus, Saprolegnia ferox. S. -louse. 
Caligus piscinits, a crustacean parasitic upon the salmon 
and other fishes. S. -patch. See Keratitis, Inter- 
stitial. 

Salocoll (sal'-o-kol) [salix, willow]. A chemic com- 
bination of phenocoll and salicylic acid ; in other 
words, the salicylate of phenocoll. It is a white 
powder ; odorless and tasteless ; only slightly soluble 
in cold water. Salocoll is said to be a reliable anti- 
pyretic, anti-neuralgic, and anti-rheumatic, combining 
the favorable actions of its constituents, and as a rule, 
free from the by-effects common to the new anti- 
pyretics. The dose is from 15 to 30 grains, in powder 
or in capsules, to be repeated three or four times per 
day. 

Salol (sal'-ol) [salix, willow], C ]3 H 10 O 3 . Salicylic 
Phenol Ester ; or Phenyl Salicylate. A white , odor- 
less, crystalline substance, melting at 43 C. It is used 
as an intestinal antiseptic, and as a substitute for sali- 
cylic acid, being less irritating to the stomach. Dose 
gr. ij-xv! It is decomposed in the intestines into 
salicylic acid and phenol. On this account it has been 
employed to test the motor power of the stomach. A 
few grains are given in capsule and the urine tested at 
intervals for the decomposition-products of salicylic 
acid. 

Saloop (sa-loop') [see Salep\ A drink prepared from 
salep ; also from sassafras bark and herbs. It is re- 
garded as a cure for drunkenness. Unof. 

Salophen (sal'-o-fen) [salix, willow], 

B 4< -COO.C B H 4 .N^CO.CH 3 C 15 H 13 N0 4 . 
A derivative of salicylic acid, of value in acute artic- 
ular rheumatism. Dose gr. lx-xc daily. Unof. 



SALPHONIC TEST FOR PROTEIDS 



1288 



SALTATORY 



Salphonic Test for Proteids. See Tests, Table of. 

Salpingectomy (sal - pin - jeW - to - me) [aaAniyi;, tube; 
inTOfiij, excision]. Excision of an oviduct. 

Salpingemphraxis {sal - pin - jem - fraks' - is) [caAmyg, 
tube; tpqpa ijic, obstruction]. Closure of the Eustach- 
ian tube. 

Salpinges (sal-pin' -jez). Plural of Salpinx. 

Salpingian, or Salpingic (sal-pin' -je-an, sal-pin' '-jik) 
[odXiuyi;, tube]. Pertaining to a Eustachian or Fallo- 
pian tube. 

Salpingitic (sal-ping-jit' -ik) [oaA-rriy!;, tube ; trig, in- 
flammation]. Pertaining to, or affected with, salping- 
itis. 

Salpingitis (sal-ping-ji' -tis) [cra/lmyf , tube ; itic, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the Eustachian tube, or 
of the Fallopian tube. 

Salpingocyesis (sal-ping-go-si-e' -sis) [aaAiuyi; , tube ; 
Kvqocc, pregnancy]. Tubal pregnancy. 

Salpingo-mallearis, Salpingo-malleus (sal-ping-go- 
mal-e-a'-ris, sal-ping-go-mal' -e-us). The tensor tym- 
pani muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Salpingo-nasal (sal-ping-go-na'-zal) [aaAiriy^, tube ; 
nasus, nose]. Pertaining to the Eustachian tube and 
the nose. 

Salpingo-oophorectomy (sal-pi ' ng-go-o-o-for-ek' -to-?ne) 
[caAmy^, tube ; <lov, egg ; (popor, bearing; eKTopi/, ex- 
cision]. Excision of an oviduct and an ovary. 

Salpingo - oophoritis (sal-ping-go-o-o-for-i' -tis) [cra/t- 
Tuyl; , tube ; cjov, egg; (popog, bearing ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of an oviduct and an ovary. 

Salpingo-palatal (sal-ping-go-pal'-at-al) [ aaMtiy^ , 
tube ; palatum, palate ]. Pertaining to the Eustach- 
ian tube and the palate. S. Fold, a fold of mucosa 
covering the levator palati muscle. 

Salpingo-pharyngeal (sal-ping-go-far-in' -je-al) \jsaX- 
niyt; , tube ; (papvy^, pharynx]. Pertaining to both the 
Eustachian tube and the pharynx. 

Salpingo-pharyngeus ( sal -ping -go -far - in -je' - us) 
[<jd/,7r(j'f , tube ; <j>6.pvyi-, pharynx]. A muscular bundle 
passing from the Eustachian tube downward to the 
constrictors of the pharynx. 

Salpingorrhaphy (sal-ping-gor' -a-fe) [oaArnyt; , tube ; 
pcupij, suture]. Suture of the Fallopian tube. 

Salpingo-staphylinus (sal- ping -go - staf- il- i'- nus) 
[oaA-rtiyi;. tube ; cra.pvXi/, uvula]. The abductor 
muscle of the Eustachian tube. S. internus. Syn- 
onym of Levator palati. See Muscles, Table of. 

Salpingostenochoria ( sal - ping - go - ste - no-ko' -re-ah) 
[aaX-niy^ , tube ; ore vor, narrow ; jopn, space ]. Ste- 
nosis or stricture of the Eustachian tube. 

Salpingostomy (sal-ping-gos' -to-me) [ aaAniyi, tube ; 
uropa, mouth]. Establishment of a fistula of a Fal- 
lopian tube. 

Salpingotomy (sal -ping -got'- o- me) [ctaX-my!-, tube; 
Topi], a cutting]. The surgical division or excision 
of a Fallopian tube. 

Salpingysterocyesis (sal -ping -gis - ter - o - si- e' - sis) 
[naATziyi, tube; vorepa, womb; Kvr/oif, gestation]. 
Interstitial pregnancy. 

Salpinx (sal'-pinks) \oakmy!;, tube]. A tube, espe- 
cially the Eustachian or the Fallopian tube. 

Salsilago (sal-sil-a'-go) [sal, salt]. Salty liquid. 

Salsuginose (sal-su' -jin-oz) [salsugo, saltness]. In bi- 
ology, growing in brackish soil, or in situations liable 
to an overflow of salt water. 

Salt [sal, salt]. A common name for sodium chlorid. 
See Sodium. In chemistry, a substance produced 
by the union of a base or radicle acting as such with 
an acid. See also Sal. S., Acid, a salt formed 
from a dibasic or polybasic acid in which only a por- 
tion of the replaceable hydrogen atoms has been re- 
placed by the base. This salt, therefore, has acid 



properties. S., Bakers', sodium bicarbonate. S., 
Basic, a compound formed by the union of a normal 
salt with a basic oxid or hydroxid. S., Bay, sodium 
chlorid ; also the sea-salt obtained by the evaporation 
of sea- water by solar heat. S., Bitter, magnesium 
sulphate. S.-cake, crude sodium sulphate obtained 
in the manufacture of sodium carbonate by what is 
known as Leblanc's process. S., Cheltenham, a 
mixture, in equal proportions, of magnesium sulphate, 
sodium sulphate, and sodium chlorid, or of similar 
salts. S., Common, sodium chlorid. S., Diuretic, 
potassium acetate. S., Double, one in which the 
hydrogen atoms of an acid are replaced by two metals. 
S., Epsom, magnesium sulphate. S. -flour, finely 
crystalline potassium nitrate. S. Frog, a frog from 
whose vascular system all blood has been artificially 
removed and replaced by normal salt-solution. Also 
known as Cohuiheim^ s Frog. S., Glaser's Poly- 
chrest, potassium sulphate. S., Glauber'6, sodium 
sulphate. S., Halogen, S., Haloid, any salt of the 
halogen elements, bromin, chlorin, fluorin, iodin. S., 
Hornberg's Sedative, boric acid. S., Lemery's, 
potassium sulphate. S., Marine Epsom, magnesium 
chlorid. S., Martial Sea, iron chlorid. S., Micro- 
cosmic, NaHNH 4 P0 4 .4H 2 0, a reagent in blow-pipe 
analysis. S., Monsel's, subsulphate of iron, used 
chiefly in solution as a styptic. S., Neutral, one 
formed by the replacement of all of the hydrogen 
atoms of an acid by a base or a radicle. S., Normal. 
Synonym of S., A T eutral. S., Oxy-, S., Oxygen, a 
salt of an oxy-acid, i.e., one containing oxygen. 
S., Purgative. Synonym of S., Epsom. S. Rheum, 
a form of chronic eczema. S. of Riverius, neutral 
potassium citrate. S., Rochelle, sodium and potas- 
sium tartrate. S., Rock, native sodium chlorid, oc- 
curring in crystalline masses ; also the large crystals 
of sodium chlorid obtained in its manufacture from 
sea-water. S., Schlippe's, sodium sulphantimoniate. 
S., Sea, the sodium chlorid obtained by the evapora- 
tion of sea-water. It is not perfectly pure. S., Seda- 
tive, boric acid. S., Seidlitz, magnesium sulphate. 
S. of Seignette, sodium and potassium tartrate. S., 
Smelling, any pungent, irritant salt which when in- 
haled usually acts reflexly as a respiratory or circula- 
tory stimulant. Ammonium carbonate is generally 
used. S. -solution, a solution of sodium chlorid 
in distilled water. One containing from 0.6 to 0.75 
per cent, of sodium chlorid is known as a normal 
or physiologic salt-solution, and on account of its un- 
irritating character is much used in physiologic experi- 
ments on living tissues. In medicine, it has been 
employed to restore to the system the fluids lost by 
severe hemorrhage or profuse diarrheal discharges. 
Infusions of salt-solution are made either into the 
subcutaneous tissues or into a vein ; sometimes also 
into the rectum. S., Table, sodium chlorid. S., 
Wall, calcium nitrate. The name has been given to 
it because it is found on the walls of stables and similar 
places over which urine flows. S.-wort. See Glaux. 

Saltation (sal- ta'- shun) [saltare, to dance]. The 
dancing or leaping sometimes noticed in chorea. 

Saltatorial (sal-tat-o'-rc-al) [saltare, to dance, to leap]. 
Applied to such animals as progress by leaping. 

Saltatoric (sal-tat-or'-ih) [saltare, to dance]. Pertain- 
ing to dancing or leaping. S. Cramp or Spasm, a 
clonic spasm which sometimes attacks a patient when 
he attempts to stand, causing him to leap or jump. It 
is rare and transient, and is quite distinct from the 
condition known as palmus. See Palmus. 

Saltatory (sal - tat - or'- e). Synonym of Saltatoric. S. 
Theory of Evolution, in biology, that form of the 
doctrine of evolution which holds that the evolution of 



SALTER, LINES OF 



1289 



SANGUINARIA 



species is frequently marked by abrupt variations. Cf. 
Niatism. 

Salter, Incremental Lines of. Lines due to want 
of uniformity in the calcification of the outer zone of 
dentine. See Lines, Table of. S.'s Swing, a 
movable suspension -cradle for a fractured leg. 

Saltpeter (sawll-pe' '-ter) [sal, salt ; ire-pa, rock]. Na- 
tive potassium nitrate. See Potassium. S., Chile, 
sodium nitrate. S., Lead, lead nitrate. S., Lime, 
calcium nitrate. S., Lye, the liquor obtained by 
treating saltpeter with water. 

Salts (sawlts) [sal, salt]. A popular name for Epsom 
salt, or magnesium sulphate. See also Glauber's 
Salt, Rochelle Salt, etc. under Salt. 

Saltus (sal'-tus) [L.]. I. A leap. 2. Vulva. 

Salubrious (sa-lu'-bre-us) [salus, health]. Healthful ; 
applied especially to telluric and atmospheric condi- 
tions. 

Salubrity (sa - lu'- brit - e) [salubrifas, healthfulness]. 
The state or character of being wholesome. 

Salufer (sal'-u-fer) [salus, health; ferre, to bring]. 
Sodium silico-fluorid, recommended as an antiseptic 
and deodorant. Unof. 

Salumin (sal '- u - min) [salix, willow; aluminum~\. 
Aluminum salicylate. It is employed in the treatment 
of diseases of the nose and throat. 

Salutary (sal'-u-ta-re) [salus, health]. Promotive of 
health. 

Salutiferous (sal-u-tif -er-us) [salutifer, health-bring- 
ing; ferre, to bear]. Medicinal ; health-bearing. 

Salvatella (sal-vat-el' -ah) or Vena salvatella [salva- 
tus, from salvare, to save]. The vein on the back of 
the little finger. See Vein. 

Salve (sahv) [ME. , salve, salve]. Ointment. S.-bug, 
a sailor's name for various parasitic crustaceans or 
" fish-lice," one of which, Caligus curtus, lives upon 
the common cod-fish. These crustaceans are made 
into salves by mariners. Unof. S., Deshler's, com- 
pound resin cerate. 

Salver-shaped (sal'-ver-shapt) \salva, a plate]. In 
biology, applied to corollas having a slender tube, 
spreading suddenly into a flat limb, as a phlox. 

Salvia (sal'-ve-ah) [L.]. Sage. The leaves of 5. offici- 
nalis, common garden sage. Its properties are due to 
tannin, a resin and a volatile oil. It is tonic, stimu- 
lant, and astringent. 

Salviol (sal'-ve-ol) [salvia, sage; oleum, oil], C 10 H 16 O. 
A liquid substance obtained from oil of sage. 

Salvioli, Micrococcus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Samadera or Samandura (sam-ad-e' -rah or sa-man'- 
du-rah). [E. Ind.] A genus of old-world trees of 
the simarubaceous type. S. indica produces a bitter, 
febrifugal bark. Unof. 

Samara (sa-mar'-ah or sam'-ar-ah) [samara, also sa- 
mera, the fruit of the elm]. In biology, an indehis- 
cent dry fruit provided with a wing-like appendage, 
as the fruits of the ash and elm. 

Samariform (sam-ar' -if-orm) [samara, the seed of an 
elm ; forma, form]. In biology, having the form of 
a samara. 

Samaritan (sa-mar'-it-an) [2a//ap£rn?f, a Samaritan]. 

1. A benevolent person, or benefactor of the helpless. 

2. Devoted to charitable work or to the service of the 
helpless, as a S. Hospital. S.'s Balsam, a mixture 
of wine and oil, formerly used in treating wounds. 
S. Schools, schools established for the instruction of 
the general public in the means of giving prompt 
succor to the wounded and injured before the arrival 
of the physician. In England these schools are 
known as ambulance-classes. 

Samaritanism (sa-mar'-it-an-izm) ['Za/iapei.Tr/c, a Sa- 



maritan]. Active philanthropy ; devotion to the re- 
lief of suffering. 

Samarium (sam-a' -re-um) [L.]. A metallic element 
belonging to the didymium group. Symbol Sm ; 
atomic weight 150. 

Samaroid (sam'-ar-oid). Same as Samariform. 

Sambucus (sam-bu'-kus) [L..,gen. , Sambuci~\. Elder. 
The flowers of S. canadensis and S. nigra (B. P.) ; 
stimulant and diaphoretic. The inner bark of Sa?n- 
bucus is cathartic. Dose gr. xxx-t^j in hot infusion. 
S. Aqua (B. P.) Dose f j-ij. 

Sampsuchine (samp' -su-kin) [ad/xi>i>X"C, marjoram]. 
An old name for marjoram. 

Samshu (sam'-shu) [Chinese]. An alcoholic drink dis- 
tilled in China from rice or millet, or both. 

Samuel's Theory of Inflammation. See Theory. 

Sanable (san'-a-bl) [sanare, to heal]. Curable. 

Sanation (san-a' '-shun) [sanare, to heal]. The process 
of healing ; cure. 

Sanative (san'-at-iv) [sanare, to heal]. Promoting 
health. 

Sanatol (san'-at-ol). The trade name of a disinfectant 
said to consist of sulphuric acid, esters of phenol, and 
its homologues. 

Sanatorium (san-at-o' -re-um) [sanare, to heal]. An 
establishment for the treatment of the sick ; especially 
a private hospital. See Sanitarium. 

Sanatory (san'-at-or-e) [sanare, to heal]. Curative. 

Sand [ME., sand, sand] . Fine, rounded, polished graini 
of silicic oxid. S.-bath, a vessel containing dry sea- 
sand in which a substance requiring a slowly-rising 
and uniform temperature may be heated. See Bath ; 
also, Ammotherapy, Saburration, Psammism. S., 
Brain. See Acervulus. S. -crack, a crack or 
fissure in the hoof of a horse, extending from the 
coronet toward the sole, and due to a diseased condi- 
tion of the horn-secreting membrane. S.-flea. See 
Chigoe. S. -lobster. See Buckle-shell. 

Sandalwood (san'-dal-iuud). See Santa lum album. 

Sandarac (san'-dar-ak) [aavfiapaKq~\. A white, trans- 
parent resin, produced by Callitris i/uadrivalvis, a tree 
of North Africa, and by other species. It is now sel- 
dom used in medicine. S., German, the resin of the 
common juniper. 

Sane (sdn) [sanus, whole]. I. Mentally sound; of a 
sound mind. 2. Healthy, free from disease. 

Saneness (sdn'-nes). Same as Sanity. 

Sanford's Mixture. See Anesthetic. 

Sangaree (sang-ga-re') [Sp., sangria~\. A sweetened 
and flavored drink, consisting essentially of diluted 
wine or porter. 

Sanger's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Sang-mele (sang-ma-la'). See Mulatto. 

Sangrado (sang-gra' -do) [sanguis, bloody]. A term 
sometimes applied to a physician who employs blood- 
letting extensively. From Le Sage's novel of "Gil 
Bias," in which a Doctor Sangrado treats all diseases 
by blood-letting. 

Sanguicolous (sang-gwik'-o-lus)[sanguis, blood ; colere, 
to inhabit]. Living in the blood, as a parasite. 

Sanguiferous (san-gtvif ' -er-us) [sanguis, blood ; ferre, 
to carry]. Carrying, or conveying, blood. 

Sanguification (sang-gwifik-a' -shun) [sanguis, blood ; 
facere, to make]. The formation of blood; hemato- 
genesis. Conversion into blood, as of the elements 
absorbed from the intestines. 

Sanguifluous (sang-gwif -lu-us)[sanguis, blood ;fluere, 
to flow]. Running with blood. 

Sanguigenous (sang-gwif -en-us)[sanguis, blood ; yvvqc, 
producing]. Producing blood. 

Sanguinaria (sang-gwin-a'-re-ah) [sanguis, blood]. 
Blood-root. The rhizome of S. canadensis. Its 



SANGUINARIN 



1290 



SANTORINI, CANAL OF 



properties are due to an alkaloid, sanguinarin, C n H I5 - 
N0 4 . In large doses it causes vomiting and purging. 
Toxic doses cause convulsions, and then paralysis ; 
death results from failure of respiration. It is used as 
an expectorant in chronic bronchitis. S., Acetum, 
vinegar of sanguinaria ; sanguinaiia 10, dil. acetic acid 
90. Dose T1\,x— xxx ; as an emetic 3 ij-,^ ss. S., Kxt., 
Fid. . Dose ffij-v as an expectorant, rt^x-lx as an 
emetic. S., Tinct., 15 per cent, strong. Dose V\_v- 
3J as an expectorant, 3 j-iij as an emetic. Sanguin- 
arin, the alkaloid, unof. Dose gr. xV~i > as an eme tic 
gr. ]/ 2 -). Sanguinarin Nitrate. Unof. Expecto- 
rant. Dose gr. y^-j. 

Sanguinarin [sang-gwin* -ar-iri) [sanguis, blood]. I. 
The alkaloid of sanguinaria. 2. The precipitate from 
a tincture of the root of Sanguinaria canadensis ; 
emetic, stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue, antiseptic, 
errhine, antiperiodic, etc. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof. 

Sanguine (saztg'-giuizt) [sanguis, bloody]. I. Bloody. 
2. Hopeful. S. Temperament, a hopeful, active, 
energetic disposition. 

Sanguineous (sazzg-gwin' -e-zts) [sanguis, blood]. Per- 
taining to the blood. Bloody ; blood-red. S. Cyst, 
a cyst containing blood-stained fluid. 

Sanguinicolous [sang-gwin-ik'-o-lus) . Same as San- 
guicolous. 

Sanguinification (sazzg-givizz-if-ik-a'-shttzi). See San- 
guification . 

Sanguinity (sazzg-gwizz'-it-e) [sanguis, blood]. The 
quality of likeness or dissimilarity between parents, a 
certain degree of the latter being most favorable for 
the production of well-organized offspring. "Parents 
who are more similar (Consanguine), or more dis- 
similar (Exsanguine), will probably have inferior 
offspring" (Mercier). 

Sanguinivorous (saztg-gwin-iv> '-or-zts) [sangztis, blood ; 
vorare, to devour]. Same as Sanguivorous. 

Sanguinol ( sang'-gwin- 0/) [sazzgztis, blood ; oleunz, 
oil]. A hematinic constituted of the iron combina- 
tions found in plants and animals. It consists of 
evaporated blood and hemoglobin in liquid form, and 
is free from the intermediate products of the degenera- 
tion of albuminous bodies. It consists of natural 
blood-salts 46 parts, oxyhemoglobin 10 parts, and pep- 
tonized muscle-albumin 44 parts. 

Sanguinolent (sazzg-gwizz'- o-lezzt) [sazzgztis, blood]. 
Having the appearance of blood; tinged with blood. 

Sanguinous (saizg' -gzmn-zts). Same as Sangtiinaiy. 

Sanguis (sang' -gwis) [L.]. Blood. 

Sanguisuction (sazzg-gwis-ztk 1 '-shun) [sangztis, blood ; 
suctus, p.p. of sztgere, suck]. The abstraction of blood 
by suction, as by a leech or other parasite. 

Sanguisuga (sazzg-givi-su' -gah) [sazzgztis, blood ; sztgere, 
to suck]. A blood-sucker. A leech. S. medici- 
nalis or officinalis, a leech. 

Sanguisugent (sazzg- gwis -zt'-jezzt) [sazzgztis, blood ; 
sugere, to suck]. Bloodsucking. 

Sanguivorous (sazzg-gzviv'-or-us) [sangztis, blood; 
vorare, to devour]. F'eeding on blood, as a leech. 

Sanicle (sazi'-ik-l) [sanicziluzzz, sanicle]. Any plant 
of the genus Saizicztla. S. europoea, of the old 
world, and S. marilandica, of America, are con- 
sidered to be antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and stimu- 
lant. Unof. 

Sanies ( sa'- zze - ez ) [L. ]. The thin, fetid, greenish, 
sero-purulent fluid discharged from ulcers, wounds, 
and fistulas. 

Sanious (sa'-zze-zts) [sanies']. Pertaining to or resem- 
bling sanies. S. Pus. See Pus. 

Sanitarian ( sazz - it- a'- re-azt) [sazzitas, health]. One 
skilled in sanitary science. 

Sanitarium (sazz - it - a'- z-c - ztztz) [sanitas, health]. A 



health-station. A place or institution where the con- 
ditions are such as especially to promote health and 
vigor. The word is often incorrectly employed for san- 
atorium, which is a hospital or place for curing those 
who are sick. A sanitarium may be used as a sanato- 
rium but it is not necessarily the same thing. 

Sanitary (sazz' -it-a-z-e) [sanitas, health]. Pertaining 
to health, or preventing disease ; not. as often used , per- 
taining to the cure of disease. S. Science, the science 
which includes a consideration of all that can be done 
for the prevention of disease and the promotion of the 
public health. 

Sanitas (sazz' -it-as) [L.]. Health. Also a proprietary 
antiseptic solution, containing hydrogen dioxid, cam- 
phor, and camphoric acid. 

Sanitation (san-it-a'-s/iztzz) [sanitas, health]. The 
application or enforcement of sanitary rules or laws. 

Sanity (san'-zt-e) [sazzitas ; sazzzts, sound]. Soundness 
of mind. 

Sansom's Inhaler. See Azzesthetic. 

Sanson-Purkinje's Images. See Pur kinje- Sanson. 

Santalin (sazz'-tal-izz) [sazttaluzzz, sandalwood], C ]5 H 14 - 
O s . 1. The coloring-matter of red sandalwood, ob- 
tained by evaporating the alcoholic infusion to dryness. 
It is a red resin, fusible at 2 1 2° F. , and is very soluble 
in acetic acid as well as in alcohol, essential oils, and 
alkaline lyes. See Pigzzzezzts, Cozzspectus of. 2. C u - 
H ]2 4 . The active principle of Red Saztzzders. It 
crystallizes in minute red prisms soluble in alcohol and 
ether. 

Santalum (sazz'- tal-ztzzz) [L.]. Pterocazpi ligziztm 
(B. P.) White Sandalwood. The wood of a species 
of S. aibztzzi and S. citriztztzzz, or yellow sandalwood. 
It yields oil of santal, an astringent oil, useful in 
chronic bronchitis and gonorrhea. It is often adulter- 
ated with oil of cedar. Dose of the volatile oil TTLx- 
xxx, in emulsion or capsule; of the fid. ext., unof., 
alcoholic, Jjj-iij. S. rubrum, Red Saunders, the 
wood of Pterocazpzts sazztolizzzts, imparts a brilliant-red 
color to ether and alcohol. 

Santonic Acid (sazz-tozz'-ik) [ccivtovikov, wormwood], 
C ]5 H 20 O 4 . An acid obtained by treating santonin with 
alkalies. 

Santonica ( sazz - tozz'- ik - ah) [cavTovmov, wormwood]. 
Levant Wormseed. The flower-heads of Artezztisia 
maritima, the properties of which are due to a crystal- 
line principle, santonin, C ]5 H 18 3 . The flower-heads 
yield about 2 per cent, of santonin, which is a very ef- 
ficient anthelmintic against the round-worm, Ascaris 
lumbricoides. In large doses it produces yellow vision, 
and gives a yellow color to the urine. In toxic doses 
it causes headache, vertigo, sometimes convulsions, and 
death by respiratory paralysis. Santonini, Troch. 
(B. P.) Each contains gr. ss of the active principle. 
Dose ij-x. Sodii santoninas, 2NaC,-H ig 4 7H 2 0, 
colorless rhombic crystals. Dose gr. ij-x. This pre- 
paration is much less effective as a vermifuge than 
santonin, and is also much more poisonous. Sodii 
sant. Troch., each contains gr. j of the preceding. 
Dose ij— x. 

Santonin, Santoninum (sazz'-to-tzin, sazz-to-zzi'-zzuzzi) 
[sazztozzizzztzzt, gezz. , Sazztozzizti ; (U. S. P. )] , Cj B H, g O s . 
The active principle of wormseed ; it crystallizes in 
shining prisms, and melts at 170 C. It is odorless, 
insoluble in cold water, and an active poison. It is 
one of the most efficacous vermifuges for round- 
worms. Dose gr. % to gr. ij. See Santonica. 

Santoninate (sazz-tozz'-izz-dt) [rravroviKdv, wormwood]. 
Any salt of santoninic acid. See Sazztozzica. 

Santoninic Acid (sazz-to-nin'-ik). See Acid. 

Santorini, Canal of. See Canal. S., Cartilages of. 
See Cartilasre. S., Duct of. See Duct. S, Fis- 



SAT 



1291 



SARCINA 



sure of. See Fissures, Table of '. S.'s Muscles. See 

Muscles, Table of. S.'s Tubercles, the cornicula 
laryngis. 

Sap [sapa, must, new wine boiled]. The nutritive 
fluid which circulates by endosmosis in plants. S.- 
cavity, in biology, one of the sacs in the leaves of 
plants, filled with sap. S. -green. Same as Blad- 
der-green. S.-wood. See Alburnum. 

Saphena (sa-fe' '-nah)[oa(p7ivi/c , manifest : //. , Sapheu<r~\. 
A name given two large veins of the leg — the internal 
or long, and the external, or short saphena. 

Saphenal (sa-fe'-nal). Same as Saphenous. 

Sapheno-tibial {sa-fe' -no-tib'-e-at) [naibi/ri/c, manifest; 
tibia, tibia]. Pertaining to the tibial and the saphen- 
ous veins. S. Vein, a vein that runs from the long 
saphenous to one of the tibial veins. 

Saphenous {sa-fe'-nus) [o-ayr/vr/c, manifest]. Pertain- 
ing to the saphena veins. S. Nerves. See Nerves, 
Table of. S. Opening, an opening in the fascia lata 
at the upper part of the thigh anteriorly, the external 
terminus of the femoral canal, where a complete fem- 
oral hernia emerges and becomes subcutaneous. S. 
Veins. See Saphena. 

Sapid [sap' -id) [sapere, to taste]. Capable of being 
tasted. 

Sapientia {sa-pe-en' -she-ah) [L. ]. Wisdom. Sapiential 
dentes, the posterior or third molar teeth. 

Sapo (sa'-po) [L.,gen., Saponis~\. (Sapo duris, B. P.) 
I. Soap. 2. Of the U. S. Ph., castile soap, one made 
from olive-oil by treating it with sodium hydroxid. 
S. alba, olive-oil soap, castile soap. S. animalis, 
curd soap. Unof. Prepared from animal fat and soda. 
S. calcis, lime soap. See Linimentum calcis. S. 
durus, hard soap, made with olive-oil and soda. S. 
emplastrum, soap-plaster, has soap io, lead-plaster 
90 parts. S. fuscus, brown soap. S. fuscum, 
emplast. (B. P. ), curd soap, yellow wax, olive-oil, 
oxid of lead, vinegar. S., Liniment., soap 7, cam- 
phor 45, oil of rosemary I, alcohol 75, water q.s. 
S. medicatus, made from almond-oil and soda. 
S. mollis. Unof. Made from olive -oil and potash. 
S. mollis, Lin., tincture of green soap. S. plumbi 
oxidi, lead-soap. See Lead-plaster. S. viridis (S. 
mollis, B.P. ), green soap, soft, and usually brown in 
color. S. viridis, Tinct., green soap 65, oil of lav- 
ender 2, alcohol q. s. ad 100 parts. Similar to 
opodeldoc. 

Sapo-carbol {sap'-o-kar'-bol) [sapo, soap]. A tar-oil- 
soap solution. A disinfectant of unknown composi- 
tion and uncertain activity. 

Saponaceous (sap-o-na' -se-zcs) [sapo, soap]. Having 
the nature of soap. 

Saponaria {sap-o-na'-re-ah). See Soapwort. 

Saponic Acid {sap-on'-ik). Synonym of Sapogenin. 

Saponification {sap - on - if '- ik - a ' '-shun) [sapo, soap; 
facere, to make]. I. Conversion into soap. 2. The 
process of decomposing a neutral fat into glycerin and 
a fatty acid by the action of an alkali, which combines 
with the fatty acid, forming a soap. S. Equivalent, 
a term used to indicate the number of grams of an 
oil saponified by one equivalent in grams of an alkali. 
S., Fermentation, saponification brought about by 
the action of a ferment. 

Saponiment [sap-on' -im-ent) [sapo, soap]. A term 
denoting a medicinal compound of soap. 

Saponin {sap' -o-nin) [sapo, soap], C 32 H 64 0, 8 . A glu- 
cosid contained in the roots of Saponaria officinalis 
and other plants ; a white, amorphous powder, provok- 
ing sneezing, and in aqueous solution forming a strong 
lather. Dose gr. -^-\. 

Saporific {sap-o-rif'-ik) [sapor, savor ; facere, to make]. 
Producing taste, flavor, or relish. 



Saporous {sap'-o-rus) [sapor, savor]. Having flavor 
or taste. 

Sapotoxin {sap-o-toks'-in) [sapo, soap ; to^ihov, poi- 
son], C lv H 30 O 10 . An active protoplasmic poison ob- 
tained from saponin. It is a glucosid. 

Sappey's Accessory Portal System. Numerous 
small vessels formed around the liver and gall-blad- 
der, in the suspensory ligament, and in the gastro- 
epiploic omentum, in cases of hepatic cirrhosis. It is 
for the purpose of compensatory circulation. 

Sapphism, or Sapphismus {saf'-izm, saf-iz'-mus) 
[from Xair(po), Sappho, a Greek poetess]. Tribadism. 
The unnatural passion of one woman for another. 

Sapremia {sap-re' -me-ah) [oaTvpdc, putrid ; at/ia, blood]. 
A febrile condition due to introduction into the blood 
of the products of putrefaction. 

Sapremic {sap-re' -mik) [aairp6c, putrid ; ai/ia, blood]. 
Affected with, of the nature of, or pertaining to, sap- 
remia. 

Saprin {sap'-rin) [oanpot;, rotten], A non-poisonous 
ptomain, the product of bacterial decomposition of 
flesh. 

Saprodontia {sap-ro-don' -she-ah) [aairpoi;, rotten, cari- 
ous ; boubc, tooth]. Caries or rottenness of the teeth. 

Saprogenic {sap-ro-jen'-ik) [aarrp6c, rotten ; yivvav, to 
beget]. Causing putrefaction; caused by putrefac- 
tion. 

Saprogenous {sap-roj' -en-ns) [oairpoc, rotten ; yevvav, 
to beget]. Arising in decaying matter. 

Saprol {sap'-rol) [aairpdr, putrid]. A mixture of crude 
cresols, to which considerable quantities of pyridin are 
attached, with carbohydrates. It is probably derived 
in the process of refining petroleum, and is used for 
coarse disinfection. 

Saprophilous {sap-roff ' -il-us) [omrpdc, rotten ; tpiXelv, 
to love]. Infesting decaying matter. 

Saprophyte {sap'-ro-fit ) [aairpdr, putrid ; </>vt6v, a 
plant]. In biology, a chlorophylless plant which 
derives its sustenance from decaying organic matters. 

Saprophytic {sap-ro-fif -ik) [aairpoi;, rotten ; tpvrov, 
plant]. In biology, growing on or in decaying organic 
matter. 

Saprophytism {sap'-ro-f-tizm) [aairpdc, rotten ; <j>vr6v, 
plant]. The quality of being saprophytic. 

Sapropyra (sap-ro-pi'-rah) [acnrp6r, putrid; irvp, fire]. 
1. Malignant typhus, or putrid fever. 2. Any fever 
due to putrid infection. 

Saprostomous {sap -ros'-to- mus) [aairpAr, putrid; 
ardfia, mouth]. Having a fetid breath. 

Saprotyphus {sap-ro-ti' -fits) [aairpdr, putrid; rixpor, 
stupor]. Malignant or putrid typhoid fever. 

Saraca indica {sar'-ak-a in'-dik-ah) [L.]. Asak ; 
Jasundi. The bark is reputed as an astringent uterine 
sedative, useful in menorrhagia. Dose of the fid. ext. 
tTLxv-^j. Unof. 

Sarapus (sar'-ap-us) [aaipetv, to sweep ; Trove, foot]. A 
flat-footed person. 

Sarcepiplocele [sar-sep-ip'-lo-sel) [aapi;, flesh ; eiriir- 
7001', omentum ; kt/Aij, tumor]. An omental hernia 
with sarcocele, or with great thickening of the omen- 
tum. 

Sarchydrocele (sar-ki'-dro-sel). Synonym of Hydro- 
sarcocele. 

Sarcin {sar'-sin) [aap%, flesh], C 5 H 4 N 4 0. Hypoxan- 
thin, a constant attendant of xanthin in the animal 
organism. It crystallizes in needles, not very soluble 
in water, but dissolved by alkalies and acids. 

Sarcina (sar-si'-nah) [L., a bundle]. A genus of 
Schizo/uyceles, or bacteria, having spheric or ovoid 
cells dividing in three directions, thus producing cubic 
masses of greater or less size. See Bacteria, Synonym ■ 
atic Table of. 



SARCINIC 



1292 



SARCOMA 



Sarcinic {sar-sin' -ik) [oapntvoc; , of flesh]. Pertaining 
to or caused by sarcinse. 

Sarcitis (sar-si'-tis) [tfdpf, flesh; irtc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of fleshy tissue ; especially inflammation 
of muscle. 

Sarco- (sar'-ko-) [odpE, flesh]. A prefix to denote con- 
nection with or relation to flesh. 

Sarco-adenoma (sar' -ko-ad-en-o'-mak) '[oapi;, flesh; 
afiijv, gland ; b/ja, tumor]. A fleshy glandular tumor. 

Sarcobasis (sar-kob'-as-is) [oapi; , flesh ; /3d<j(c, a step, 
foot]. See Carcerule, 

§3LTz6b\a.%\.{sar'-ko-blast) [rap?, flesh; ^AaoToc, germ]. 
In biology, a protoplasmic germinal mass. 

Sarcoblastic (sar-ko-blas'-lik) [oapi;, blast ; ji'AaoToc, 
sprout]. Of the nature of a sarcoblast. 

Sarcocarp (sar'-ko-karp) [oapi, flesh ; /capTrdc, fruit]. 
In biology, a fleshy, succulent mesocarp. 

Sarcocele (sar'-ko-sel) [cdpf, flesh; i<i/'A//, a tumor]. 
A solid or fleshy tumor of the testicle. S. of the 
Egyptians, elephantiasis of the scrotum. S., Malig- 
nant, any malignant tumor of the testicle. 

Sarcocol, Sarcocolla (sar'-ko-kol, sar - ko - kol' - all) 
[oapi, flesh ; noAla, glue: named from it's .vulnerary 
power], i. A gum-like drug, much used in India 
and Arabia, supposed to be the product of some 
species of Astragalus. 2. An African resin with 
purgative qualities, the product of various plants of 
the genera Pencea and Sarcocolla. It is acrid and 
nauseous. Unof. 

Sarcocollin (sar-ko-kol'-in) [crdpf, flesh ; KoAAa, glue], 
G^HjdOjq. A brownish, sweetish substance obtained 
from sarcocolla. 

Sarcocoptes (sar-kok-op'-tez) [crdpf, flesh ; kottteiv, to 
cut]. A preferable term for sarcoptes. 

Sarcocystidia (sar-ko-sis-tid'-e-a/i) [oapi, flesh ; nvonc, 
cyst]. A sub-class of the sporozoa. Sarcocystis 
miescheri is a parasite found in pork and beef ; it is 
very common, but it is not known to be injurious 
to butchers' meat. See also Parasites [Animal), 
Table of. 

Sarcode (sar'-kod) [aapnuSijc, flesh-like]. In biology, 
a term applied by Dujardin to the protoplasm of cells. 
Cf. Protoplasm. 

Sarcoderm (sar'-ko-derm) [oapi, flesh ; tiepua, skin]. 
In biology, a fleshy layer in the coat of certain seeds. 

Sarcodic (sar-kod' -ik) [oapi, flesh; e/doc, like]. Of 
the nature of sarcode. 

Sarcodous (sar'-ko-dus). Synonym of Sarcodic. 

Sarcodyctium (sar-ko-dik'-te-um) [<rdp£, flesh]. In 
biology, a protoplasmic network on the surface of the 
calymma of certain Radio/aria. Cf. Sarcomatrix. 

Sarcoepiplocele (sar-ko-e-pip'-lo-sel). Synonym of 
Sarcepiplocele. 

Sarcogenic (sar-ko-jen 1 '-ik) [oapi, flesh ; ytwav, to 
beget]. Producing flesh or muscle. 

Sarcoglia (sar-kog' '-le-aK) [oapi, flesh; yAia, glue]. 
Sarcoplasm ; a protoplasmic substance containing 
the granules and nuclei composing the eminence of 
Doyere, or the point of entrance of a motor nerve 
into muscular fiber. 

Sarcohydrocele (sar-ko-hi'-dro-sel) [oapi, flesh ; iidup, 
water; ni/?.!/, tumor]. A sarcocele complicated with 
hydrocele of the tunica vaginalis. 

Sarcoid (sar'-koid) [cdpf, flesh ; siiSoc, shape]. Re- 
sembling or having the nature of flesh. 

Sarcolactic Acid (sar-ko-lak'-tik). See Acid. 

Sarcolemma (sar-ko-lem'-ah) [cap!-, flesh; Ae/ipa, 
husk: pi. , Sarcolemmata~\. The membrane that 
envelops a muscle-fiber. 

Sarcolemmic, Sarcolemmous (sar-ko-lem'-ik, sar-ko- 
lem'-us) [ irdpf, flesh ; Aeij/ia, covering]. Pertaining 
to or of the nature of sarcolemma. 



Sarcolobe (sar'-ko-lob) [oapi;, flesh; Ao(S6c, a lobe]. 
In biology, a fleshy cotyledon. 

Sarcologic (sar-ko-lof ' -ik) [oapi, flesh ; Aoyoc, science]. 
Pertaining to sarcology. 

Sarcologist {sar - kol'- o -jist) [oapi, flesh; /.d;oc, 
science]. One versed in sarcology. 

Sarcology (sar-kol'-o-Je) [oapi, flesh ; A6yoc, science]. 
(<7) The doctrine that each part nourishes a part, as 
held by the ancients, and revived in modern organo- 
therapy, (b) That part of anatomy treating of the 
soft tissues. 

Sarcolyte (sar'- ko - III) [oapi;, flesh; A'veiv, to dis- 
solve]. A cell which is actively concerned in effect- 
ing the retrograde metamorphosis of soft tissues. 

Sarcoma (sar-ko'-mah) [oapi, flesh ; b/ia, tumor : pi., Sar- 
comata^. A connective-tissue tumor in which the cells 
so predominate in number, and often also in size, that 
the intercellular substance becomes a secondary ele- 
ment. It may also be defined as a tumor made up of 
embryonal connective tissue. Sarcomata are malignant 
tumors, the small-celled forms and those of soft con- 
sistency excelling in this respect. They appear, as a 
rule, at an earlier age than carcinoma. The problem 
of their causation is not solved : in many instances it 
is possible to trace a history of injury. It is probable, 
however, that the trauma merely acts as a predispos- 
ing cause. To the naked eye sarcomata appear, as the 
etymology of the word indicates, flesh-like. Micro- 
scopically, the picture varies with the variety of tumor, 
and whether it is a round-cell, a spindle-cell, or a giant- 
cell sarcoma, or one of the other derivative forms. 
Sarcomata are well supplied with blood, which, how- 
ever, is not contained in true vessels, but in spaces 
lined by endothelium. They are often combined 
with other new-growths, especially with the so-called 
mixed tumors and with certain congenital neoplasms, 
as the rhabdomyoma. The most frequent seats of 
sarcoma are the connective-tissue of the skin, peri- 
osteum, intermuscular septa, tendons, subserous con- 
nective-tissue, and the eye. The following are the 
chief varieties: S., Alveolar, one in which alveolar 
spaces are filled with sarcoma-cells. The walls of those 
spaces are formed by embryonal tissue. The growth 
resembles carcinoma. S., Angio-, one in which the 
vessel-walls have been conerted into sarcomatous 
tissue. S., Angio-lithic. Synonym of Psammoma. 
S., Chloromatous, a round-celled sarcoma found in 
the periosteum of the skull. It has a greenish color. 
S., Cylindromatous, a sarcoma traversed by cylin- 
ders of myxomatous tissue. If the myxomatous degen- 
eration affects the walls of the blood-vessels, the tumor 
is termed Angiosarcoma myxomatodes. S., Encepha- 
loid, a soft, rapidly growing sarcoma, usually of the 
round-cell variety. S., Endotheliomatous, a sarcoma 
formed by the multiplication of the endothelial cells 
of lymphatic spaces. S., Fascicular, S., Fascicu- 
lated. Synonyms of S., Spindle-celled. S., Gelat- 
inous. Synonym of S., Myxo-. S., Giant-celled, 
one containing giant- cells as a prominent feature. It 
is comparatively benign. S., Lympho-, a round- 
celled sarcoma in which the cells are held in a reticu- 
lum. S., Medullary. Synonym of 5. , Encephaloid. 
S., Melano-, S., Melanotic, a sarcoma, usually spin- 
dle-celled, in which the cells contain a pigment, mela- 
nin. It is a very malignant tumor, occurring most often 
in the eye, with a tendency to metastasis to the liver, 
intestinal tract, skin, etc. S., Mixed-celled. 
Synonym of S. , Polymorphous. S., Myeloid. Syn- 
onym of 5., Giant-celled. S., Myxo-, one which in 
part has undergone myxomatous degeneration. S., 
Nest-celled. Synonym of Psammoma. S.. Net- 
celled. Synonym of S., Myxo. S., Ossifying, S., 



SARCOMA TOSIS 



1293 



SARRACENIA 



Osteo-, S., Osteoid, one which has a tendency to the 
formation of bony tissue. S., Pigmented. Synonym 
of S., Melanotic. S., Plexiform, an angio-sarcoma 
presenting an intricate interlacing of vessels covered 
by sarcomatous tissue. S., Polymorphous, one con- 
taining several varieties of cells, as in the 6'. , Giant- 
celled. S., Pulpy. Synonym of S., Encephaloid. 
S., Round-celled, one made up of round cells. There 
are two varieties, the small round-celled and the large 
round-celled sarcoma. The latter contains spindle- 
cells and sometimes giant cells, but the dominant feat- 
ure is large round-cells. S., Spindle-celled, one 
made up of spindle-cells. Also known as a Recurrent 
Fibroid. 

Sarcomatosis (jar - ko - mat - o' - sis) [irripf, flesh; bua, 
tumor]. The formation of multiple sarcomatous 
growths. S. generalis. Synonym of Granuloma 
fungoides. 

Sarcomatous (sar - ko'- mat - us) [cnpf, flesh; bpa, 
tumor]. Like or having the nature of sarcoma. 

Sarcomatrix (sar-ko-ma' -trik) [oapKuua, a fleshy ex- 
crescence ; pr/rr/p, mother]. A protoplasmic layer on 
the exterior of the capsular membrane in certain Radio- 
laria. Cf. Sarcodyctiiim. 

Sarcome (sar'-kom). Same as Sarcoma. 

Sarcomere (sar'-ko-mer) [crapf, flesh ; pepbc, a part]. 
In biology, one of the segments into which a sarco- 
style or muscle-fibril appears to be divided by transverse 
septa. A sarcous element. 

Sarcomoscheocele (sar-ko-mos' -ke-o-sel) [oapl;, flesh ; 
doxeov, scrotum ; ki/'At], tumor]. A fleshy scrotal 
tumor. 

Sarcomphalocele, Sarcomphalon (sar-kom-fal'-o-sel, 
sar-kom'-fal-on) [cap!;, flesh; bp<paA6g, navel; nr/Ai), 
tumor]. A fleshy tumor at the umbilicus. 

Sarcopeptone (sar-ko-pep' -ton) [crapf , flesh ; irewreiv, 
to digest]. A trade name for certain proprietary 
predigested meat-extracts. 

Sarcophaga (sar-koff '' '-a-gah). Synonym of Sarcophila. 

Sarcophagal (sar-koff '-ag-al). Same as Sarcophagous. 

Sarcophagous (sar-koff ' -ag-us) [cdpf , flesh ; Qayelv, to 
eat]. Flesh-eating. 

Sarcophagus (sar-koff ' -ag-us) [cap!;, flesh ; fayelv, to 
eat]. Coffin; tomb. 

Sarcophagy (sar-koff '-aj-e) [crapf, flesh ; <f>ayeiv, to 
eat]. The habit of eating flesh. 

Sarcophila (sar - koff ' - il - ah) [aap^, flesh ; tju'Aelv, to 
love]. See Parasites, Table of. 

Sarcophilous (sar-koff '-il-us) [uopf , flesh ; (piXelv, to 
love]. Fond of flesh as food ; sarcophagous. 

Sarcophyia (sar-ko-fi'-e-ah) \_aapKo<pvelv, to produce 
flesh]. Sarcoma; also fungous granulations. 

Sarcophyma (sar-ko-fi'-mah) [oap£, flesh ; (pvpa, a 
tumor]. A fleshy tumor. 

Sarcophyte (sar'-ko-flt). Synonym of Bioplast. 

Sarcoplasm, Sarcoplasma (sar'- ko-plazm, sar-ko- 
plaz'-mah ) [crapf, flesh ; -rrAdaaeiv, to mold] . The 
hyaline or finely granular interfibrillar material of 
muscle-tissue. 

Sarcoplast (sar'-ko-plast ) [ffdpf , flesh ; -rrXaaaeiv, to 
form]. I. A cell that develops into a muscular fiber. 
2. Same as Sarcolyte. 

Sarcopoietic (sar-ko-poi-ef -ik) [cap!;, flesh ; -rroielv, to 
make]. Producing flesh or muscle. 

Sarcopsylla (sar-kop-sil'-ah) [ffdpf, flesh ; lpvAAa, flea]. 
A genus of siphonapterous or aphanipterous insects. 
See Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Sarcopterygium (sar- ko - ter - ij'-e - um). Synonym of 
Pterygium carnosum. 

Sarcoptes (sar-kop'-tez) [ffdpf, flesh; k6ttteiv, to cut]. 
A genus of acarids, including the itch-mite. See 
Parasites, Table of. S. scabiei. See Scabies. 



Sarcoptic (sar-kop'-tik) \_oapt; , flesh ; n6nTeiv, to cut]. 
Due to or caused by sarcoptes. 

Sarcoptid (sar-kop'-tid) [aap!;, flesh; kSttteiv, to cut]. 
Any acaridan, or mite, of the family Sarcoptida;, to 
which the genus Sarcoptes belongs. 

Sarcoseptum (sar-ko-sep' -turn) \jsapi, flesh; septum, a 
partition: //. , Sarcosepta\ In biology, an ordinary 
septum of a Cnidarian, lying between two sklerosepta. 

Sarcosin (sar' -ko-sin) [capij, flesh], C 3 H 7 N0 2 . Methyl- 
glycocoll ; a substance produced when creatin and 
caffein are heated with baryta ; it crystallizes in rhom- 
bic prisms that dissolve readily in water, but with 
difficulty in alcohol. It melts at from2lo° to 220° C. 

Sarcosis (sar-ko'-sis) [oapl;, flesh]. I. The condition 
of one affected with sarcoma ; sarcomatosis. 2. The 
formation of flesh or muscle-tissue. 

Sarcosperm (sar'- ko - sperm) [trapf , flesh ; ankppa, 
seed]. Same as Sarcoderm. 

Sarcosporidia (sar-ko-spo' -rid-e-ah) [oap!;, flesh ; airbpa, 
seed]. Utriculiform psorosperms frequently found in 
the muscles of cattle, sheep, swine, and other mam- 
mals. Cf.Afiesc/ier's Tubes, Raiuey's Tubes, Sarcocystis 
miescheri, under Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Sarcostosis (sar-ko-sto'-sis) [crapj, flesh ; barioi', bone]. 
Bone-formation in muscular tissues. 

Sarcostroma (sar-ko-stro' -mah) \papi-, flesh ; orpu/ja, 
a covering]. A thick, fleshy, false membrane. 

Sarcostyle (sar'-ko-stll) [cdpf, flesh; gtv'aoc, a pillar]. 
In biology : (a) One of the fine longitudinal elements 
running from end to end in a striated muscle-fiber ; a 
muscle-fibril; a muscle-column, (b) The name given 
by Hlncks to the sarcode mass contained in the chitinous 
(sarcotheca) lasso-cell of a Cnidarian. 

Sarcotheca (sar - ko -the'- kali) \_oap!;, flesh; Oi/nr/, a 
sheath://., Sarcothecaf\ . In biology, the name ap- 
plied by Hincks to the chitinous cups of a thread-cell 
or lasso-cell of the Cnidaria. 

Sarco-therapeutics ( sar'- ko - ther - ap - u'- tiks ) \pap^, 
flesh ; Hepawela, treatment]. The treatment of disease 
by means of animal extracts or substances. See Or- 
ganotherapy. 

Sarcothlasia, Sarcothlasis (sar - koth - la'-ze - ah, sar- 
koth'-las-is) \oap%, flesh; OAaatc, a crushing]. Con- 
tusion of the soft tissues. 

Sarcothlasma (sar-koth-laz' -mah). Synonym of Sar- 
cothlasis. 

Sarcotic (sar-kot'-ik) \papi, flesh]. Producing flesh. 
Also, pertaining to sarcosis. 

Sarcotome (sar'-ko-tdm) \oap^, flesh ; rout], a cutting]. 
A surgical instrument for the division of soft tissues. 

Sarcous (sar'-kus) [aap!;, flesh]. Fleshy. Pertaining 
to muscles. S. Elements, the dark prisms of the 
ultimate fibrillse of striped muscle- fibers, formerly re- 
garded by Bowman as the units of muscular tissue. 
A sarcoma. 

Sardiasis, Sardoniasis (sar-di'-as-is, sar-do-ni' -as-is). 
Synonym of Risus sardonicus. 

Sardonic (sar-don'-ik) [SaptSo, Sardinia]. Resembling 
the grimace produced by eating a certain Sardinian 
plant. See Risus sardonicus. 

Sarkin (sar'-kin). See Sarcin and Hypoxanthin. 

Sarment (sar' -ment)\_sarmentiun , twigs, light branches]. 
In biology, a long, slender stolon or branch. 

Sarothrum (sa-ro 1 ' -thrum) \_aapov, a broom : //. Saro- 
thra~\. In biology, the comb-like or brush-like hairs 
of the corbiculum or pollen-basket of a bee. 

Sarracenia (sar-a-se' -ne-ah) [after Dr. Sarrazin, of 
Quebec]. A genus of American insectivorous plants, 
e.g., side-saddle flower, or pitcher-plant, remarkable 
for their trumpet-shaped leaves. S. purpurea, S. 
flava, and S. variolaris are said to afford roots ser- 
viceable in dyspepsia and gout. S. purpurea, and S. 



SARRACENIN 



1294 



SATYROM.ANIAC 



violaris have been vaunted as a cure for smallpox. 
They are diuretic, diaphoretic, and stimulant. Dose 
of the fid. ext. gtt. xxv. See also, Trumpet-plant. 

Sarracenin (sar-a-se.' -niri) [after Dr. Sarrazin, of Que- 
bec]. A substance, perhaps an alkaloid, found in 
Sarracenia purpurea. 

Sarrazin (sar'-az-in). Same as Buckwheat. 

Sarsa (sar'-sah). Same as Sarsaparilla. 

Sarsaparilla (sar-sap-ar-il'-ah) [origin obscure]. Sar- 
sae Radix (B. P.) The root of Smilax officinalis, 
and several other species of the Smilax family, native 
to tropical America. It contains an essential oil and 
several extractive principles, and is diuretic, tonic and 
alterative. It has mild alterative properties and is a 
good vehicle for potassium iodid. It is used somewhat 
in tertiary syphilis, scrofula and similar diseases. S,, 
Comp., Fid. Ext., sarsaparilla 75, licorice root 12, 
sassafras bark 10, mezereum 3, glycerin 10, water and 
alcohol q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose gss-j. S., Comp., 
Syr., fid. ext. sarsaparilla 20, fid. ext. glycyrrhiza 1.5, 
fid. ext. senna 1.5, sugar 65, oil of sassafras, oil of 
anise, and oil of gaultheria, each I c.c, water q. s. 
Dose. 3J-J;ss. S., Decoct. (B. P.) Dose Jij-x. S., 
Decoctum, Comp., sarsaparilla 10, sassafras, guaiac 
wood, licorice root aa 2, mezereum I, water ad 100 
parts. Dose Jfj-iv. S., Ext., Liq. (B.P.) Dose 
^ss-iv. S., Fid. Ext. Dose ^ss-j. S., Hood's, 
a proprietary nostrum composed of comp. ext. sarsap., 
taraxacum, podophyllum and juniper in about the pro- 
portion of their dosage. S., Indian. See Hemides- 
mus. S., Syr., unof., consists of a mixture of the oils 
of gaultheria and sassafras with syrup ad lib. Used as 
a flavoring for soda water. 

Sartian Disease. An endemic rheumatic affection of 
the tropics, characterized by red indurated spots that 
finally ulcerate. 

Sarticrureus (sar-lik-ru-re'-us) [sartor, a tailor ; cru- 
rcrns, crureus]. The sartorius muscle. 

Sartorius (sar-to 1 '-re-ui) [sartor, tailor]. See Muscle. 

Sassa Gum. A gum resembling tragacanth ; the pro- 
duct of Albizzia fasligiata, an African tree. 

Sassafras (sas' -a-fras) [Sp., sasafras, sassafras]. The 
root-bark of S. officinalis. Its properties are due to a 
volatile oil. S., Australian. See Atherosperma 

. moschata. It is aromatic and stimulant diaphoretic. 
S., Infus., unof., " sassafras tea." Dose ad libitum. 
See Salvop. S., Medulla, the pith of the sassafras 
stem, useful with 98 per cent, water as a demulcent 
drink ; used also as a collyrium. S. Oil, the volatile 
oil. Dose Try-v. A constituent of sarsaparilla syrup. 

Sassaparilla (sas - ap - ar - il'-ali). Synonym of Sarsa- 
parilla. 

Sassolin (sas'-o-lin) [It., Sasso, a town near Florence]. 
A native boric acid. See Boron. 

Sassy Bark (sas'-e bark). See Casca. 

Satanophobia [sa-tan-o-fo'-be-ali) [Zarav, Satan ; </>6(3oc, 
fear]. Morbid fear of the devil. 

Satellite (sat' -el-it) [safeties, an attendant]. In anat- 
omy, the vein accompanying an artery. 

Satiety (sa-ti' -e-te) [satis, enough]. Fulness beyond 
desire. 

Satin White. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Satterthwaite's Method. See Artificial Respiration. 

Saturable (sat'-u-ra-bl) [saturabilis, saturable]. Cap- 
able of saturation. 

Saturant (sat' -u-rant) [saturare, to saturate]. Saturat- 
ing. 

Saturate (sat'-u-rdt) [saturare, to saturate]. Filling 
to excess. 

Saturated (sat'-u-ra-ted) [saturare, to fill full], I. A 
qualification applied to compounds constituted ac- 
cording to the general formula C X. )M + ., (in which 



X represents the valences directly joined to C). Such 
compounds are known as paraffins. 2. Of a liquid, 
containing in solution all of a substance that it can 
dissolve. 3. Of solids, completely permeated with 
fluid. S. Solution. See Saturated, 2d definition. 
Saturation (sat-u-ra' -shun) [saturare, to satisfy]. I. A 
term used to denote that a fluid holds as much of a solu- 
ble substance as it can dissolve. 2. Also a term denot- 
ing that an atom, molecule, or radicle has combined 
with all the atoms, molecules, or radicles it can hold. 
The complete satisfaction or neutralization of valency 
in any molecule, so that further combination can occur 
only by increasing the valency of some atoms, or releas- 
ing some atom or molecule from the compound. Thus, 
carbon, is saturated with 4 monad or 2 dyad atoms, 
H 

as H-C-H, or O = C = O. S. of the Atmos- 

1 

H 
phere, that condition in which any reduction of tem- 
perature will be followed by a precipitation of the aque- 
ous vapor mingled with the atmosphere. S. -point, the 
temperature at which the atmosphere contains as 
much moisture as it can possibly hold, in the form of 
vapor. 

Satureia (sat-u-re' -e-ah). See Summer Savory. 

Saturn Cinnabar. Same as Minium. 

Saturnine (sat' -er-nln) [Saturnus, a Roman deity; the 
alchemic symbol of lead]. I. Pertaining to lead or 
produced by lead. 2. Of gloomy nature. S. Amau- 
rosis. See Saturnism . S. Arthralgia. See Satui-n- 
ism. S. Cerebritis. See Encephalitis send S. Enceph- 
alopathy. S. Colic. See Colic. S. Encephalitis, 
inflammation of the brain, arising from lead-poisoning. 
S. Encephalopathy, a sudden outburst of grave cere- 
bral symptoms: convulsions, coma, delirium, head- 
ache, sometimes amaurosis. It is often fatal, but at 
the autopsy, the brain usually shows no lesions. S. 
Paralysis, paralysis from lead-poisoning. S. Poi- 
soning, lead-poisoning. S. Red. Same as Minium. 

Saturnism or Saturnismus (sat' -er-nizm, sat-er-niz' - 
mus) [Saturnus, a Roman deity ; the alchemic term 
for lead]. Lead-poisoning; plumbism. A chronic 
form of poisoning due to the more or less prolonged 
ingestion of small quantities of lead. It is most com- 
mon in those whose occupation exposes them to con- 
tact with salts of the metal, such as painters, glaziers, 
workers in white-lead works, etc. Drinking-water and 
foods may also convey the poison to the system ; so 
may cosmetics impregnated with lead; indeed, the 
sources of poisoning are manifold and often very 
curious. The forms of chronic lead-poisoning maybe 
grouped as follows : I. Lead-colic, the most frequent. 
The pain is centered about the umbilicus, the abdomen 
retracted, constipation obstinate, the pulse corded. 2. 
Lead-palsy, wrist-drop or drop-wrist. This is a paral- 
ysis of the extensor muscles of both forearms ; it 
may be associated with sensory disturbances. Par- 
alysis of the ocular and the laryngeal muscles has also 
been observed. 3. Saturnine encephalopathy, a. v. 4. 
Saturnine arthralgia . A painful affection of the joints, 
especially the knee, rarely the others. Objective signs 
are usually absent. The disease may resemble chronic 
gout. 5. Chronic contracted kidney. 6. Amblyopia 
due to atrophy of the optic nerve. The general 
symptoms of lead-poisoning are a marked anemia and 
cachexia, and a blue line at the edge of the gums. 

Satyriasis (sat-ir-i'-as-is) [oarvpor, a satyr]. I. Ex- 
cessive venereal desire. 2. Leprosy. 

Satyromania (sat-ir-o-ma' -ne-ah). Same as Satyriasis. 

Satyromaniac {sat-ir-o-ma' -ne-ak) [aarvpor, satyr; 
fiavia, madness]. One who is affected with satyriasis. 



SAUNDERS 



1295 



SCALA 



Saunders (sahn'-derz). See Santalum rubrum. 

Sauriasis (saw-ri'-a-sis). Same as Ichthyosis. 

Sauriderma (saw-rid-er' -mah) [aabpa, lizard; dipfia, 
skin]. Ichthyosis. 

Sauriosis [saw-ri-t/sis). See Ichthyosis sauroderma. 

Sauroderma (saw-ro-der' '-mail). See Sauriderma. 

Saurognathism [saw - rog 1 '- na - thizm) [aa'vpa, lizard; 
yvaOoc, jaw]. In biology, having a lizard-like jaw ; 
with the halves of the vomer distinct, as in certain birds. 

Saururus [saw-rid -rus) [aavpoc, lizard ; obpa, tail]. A 
genus of apetalous plants. S. cernuus, lizard-tail, 
or breast-weed. AN. American water-plant ; the root, 
bruised or boiled, is discutient and emollient, and is 
said to relieve pleurodynia. Unof. 

Sausage (saw'-sdj) [ME., saucige, sausage]. An arti- 
cle of food consisting mainly of minced meat with 
seasoning. S. -poison. See Allantotoxicon. S.- 
poisoning. See Botulismus and Allantiasis. 

Sauterne (so-tern') [Sauteme, a place in France]. A 
certain white wine. 

Savanna (sa-van'-ah) [Sp., sdvana, a. sheet]. A tree- 
less plain. S. -flower, yellow nightshade. The 
leaves of Urechites suberecta, a highly poisonous West 
Indian plant. It resembles aconite in action. Its 
properties are not fully known. Unof. 

Savelieff' s Method. See Sputum, Methods of Exam- 
ination. 

Savigny's Tubules. The very fine branched and 
ampullated tubules ramifying over the wall of the in- 
testine in nearly all the Tunicata, functioning as a pan- 
creas. 

Savine (sav'-in). See Sabina. 

Saviotti's Canals. Fine passages between the secret- 
ing cells of the pancreas. They are now believed to 
be formed artificially. 

Savor (sa'-vor) \_savor, taste]. The taste or odor of a 
substance. 

Savory (sa'-vo-re) [savor, odor, or flavor]. Having a 
pleasant odor or flavor. See Summer Savory. 

Savory and Moore's Food. A Liebig's food for in- 
fants. Its composition is: Water, 8.34; fat, 0.40; 
grape-sugar, 20.41 ; cane-sugar, 9.08; starch, 36.36 ; 
soluble carbohydrates, 44.83 ; albuminoids, 9.63 ; 
cellulose, gum, etc., 0.44; ash, 0.89. 

Saw [ME., sawe, saw]. An instrument for cutting bone. 
It consists of a thin blade with sharp teeth on one 
edge. S., Amputating, one especially devised for 
amputations. S.-box. See Macrotome. S., Butch- 
er's, one which allows the blade to be fixed at any 
angle. S., Chain, one in which the teeth are set in 
links movable upon each other. The saw is moved 
by pulling alternately upon one and the other handle. 
S., Crown. See Trephine. S.-dust, small particles 
of wood, produced by sawing. Saw-dust was form- 
erly used in surgery, in preparing pads for fractured 
bones, and as a dressing for wounds. S., Hemp, a 
cord slipped over the part to be excised, and drawn 
back and forth till it cuts through the tissue ; it is of 
service in embryotomy and in amputations of deep- 
seated parts. S., Hey's, a rigid disc with saw-teeth and 
handle, for enlarging an opening. S. Palmetto, the 
fruit of Serenoa serrulata, sedative, nutritive and 
tonic. Dose of the fid. ext. Jss-ij. Unof. S., Skull, 
the trephine. S.-wort. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Sawing (saw 1 '-ing). See Sciage. 

Sawyer's Cramp. See Cramp. 

Saxatile (salts' -at-il) [saxum, a rock]. In biology, 
growing upon or among rocks. 

Saxifrage (sales' '-if-raj) [saxum, a rock ; frangere, to 
break]. Any plant of the genus Saxifraga, including 
many species of herbs, to some of which doubtful 
medicinal properties are ascribed. 



Saxigenous (saks-ij' -en-us) [saxum, rock ; yevi/c, pro- 
duced]. In biology, growing on rocks. 

Saxolinum (saks-o-ld -mini) [saxum, rock ; oleum, oil]. 
Synonym of Petrolatum. 

Saxony Blue. Same as Indigo Blue. S. Green. 
Same as Rinmanii ' s Green. 

Sayre's Apparatus, S.'s Jacket. A jacket of plaster- 
of- Paris molded to support the spine in certain diseases 
of the vertebral column. S.'s Method. See Treat- 
ment, Methods of. S.'s Shoe, the high shoe used in 
hip-joint disease. S.'s Sign or Test. See Signs and 
Symptoms, Table of. 

Scab (skab) [scabere, to scratch]. I. The crust formed 
by the desiccation of the secretions of an ulcer or 
wound. 2. In biology : (a) Psoroptic scabies of 
domestic animals, also called, Shab, Ray, Rubbers, 
Rdude, Kratze, Scliabe, Grind (Ger. ) ; Rogne, 7ac, 
Gall epizootique (Fr. ) ; Rogna, Scabbia (Ital.) ; Sarna 
(Sp.); Tschesotka (Rus.) ; Riih (Hung.); Shab 
(Dan.) ; Scabb, (Swed.) ; Maracane (Guayana) ; Car- 
racha (Peru) ; a dermatosis due to the presence of 
Psoroptes communis , var. equi, bovis, ovis, caprce, 
cuniculi. See under Parasites (Animal), Table 
of. (b) A diseased condition of plants produced 
by a parasitic fungus, and characterized by a 
scabby appearance ; e.g., Apple-scab, Fusicladium 
dendriticum, Fuckel. Pear-scab, Fusicladium pyri- 
num, Fuckel. Potato-scab, Oospora scabies, Spongo- 
spora solani, Fusarium diplosporum, C. E. Wheat- 
scab, Fusarium culmorum. Orange-scab, Clado- 
sporium herbarum,Y\^., Fusarium sarcochroum, Sacc. 
S. -weavers. Synonym of Scabies. 

Scabbed (skabd) [scabere, to scratch]. Mangy, affected 
with scabies. 

Scabby (skab'-e). Same as Scabbed. 

Scaberulous (ska - ber' - u - lus) [scaber, rough]. In 
biology, slightly roughened. 

Scabies (ska'-be-ez) [scabere, to scratch] . Itch; a para- 
sitic skin-disease, caused by an animal parasite, the 
Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, or itch-mite. See 
Parasites (Animal), Table of. The acarus, burrow- 
ing in the epidermis, irritates the skin, causing vari- 
ous inflammatory lesions, such as papules, vesicles, 
and pustules, accompanied by intense itching. The 
scratching resorted to to relieve this itching produces 
the long scratch-marks so commonly seen in itch. 
The insect shows a marked predilection for certain 
localities, as between the fingers, the flexor surface 
of the wrists, the axillae, and the buttocks. S. nor- 
wegica. See Itch, A T orway, and Sarcoptes scabiei, var. 
liipi, under Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Scabiola (ska-bi'-o-lali). Synonym of Scabies. 

Scabiophobia (ska-be-o-fo' -be-ah) [scabies, itch ; <p6poc, 
fear] . Morbid or insane fear of scabies. 

Scabious (ska'-be-us) [scabiosus, rough, scabby]. I. 
Scabby or scaly. 2. As a noun, any plant of the 
genus Scabiosa ; popularly regarded as useful in skin- 
diseases and gout, and as vulneraries. Unof. 

Scabrate (ska' -brat). Same as Scabrous. 

Scabrid (ska' -brid) [scaber, rough]. In biology, 
slightly rough. 

Scabrities (ska-brif ' -e-ez) [scaber, rough]. Roughness ; 
scabbiness. S. unguium, abnormal thickening of 
the finger nails. 

Scabrous (ska'-brus) [scaber, rough] . In biology, 
rough or harsh to the touch, with points or hairs. 
Applied to leaves, etc. 

Scala [ska'-lah) [L. ]. A stair-case or ladder. S., 
Collateral. Synonym of Canal, Cochlear. S. of 
Lowenberg. Synonym of Canal, Cochlear. S. media, 
the space between the membrane of Reissner and the 
basilar membrane ; containing the essential peripheral 



SCALARIFORM 



1296 



SCAPHOLUNAR 



organs of hearing. S., Posterior Cochleal. Synonym 
of S. tympani. S., Superior Cochlear. S.vestibuli. 
S. tympani, the canal lying below the osseous 
lamina and the basilar membrane of the internal ear. 
S. vestibuli, the canal bounded by the osseous 
lamina and the membrane of Reissner. See Ear. 

Scalariform (ska-lar' '-if-orm) [scalaria, a ladder ; 
forma, form]. In biology, shaped like a ladder. 
Applied to ducts or vessels on which the markings are 
so placed as to resemble the rounds and spaces of a 
ladder. 

Scald (skawld) [ME. , scalden, to scald]. I. The burn 
caused by hot liquids or vapors. 2. A scabby skin- 
disease, especially of the scalp. S.-head. See 
Favus. 

Scale (skal) [ME., scale, a scale]. Of fishes, any one 
of the small semi-opaque laminae of modified epidermis 
covering the surface of the body. 2. An exfoliated 
shell of bone. 3. The semi-opaque laminae of horny 
epidermis occurring upon the skin in various skin-dis- 
eases. See Squama. Ss., Hair, the imbricated plate- 
like cells forming the cortical portion of a hair. 

Scale \_scala, ladder]. A series of marks placed at regu- 
lar distances from each other and used as standards 
in measuring. S., Centigrade, S., Fahrenheit, S., 
Reaumur. See Thermometer. 

Scalene (ska'-len) \onaA!]v6g, uneven]. Of a figure 
having unequal sides. 

Scalenus (ska-le'-nus). See Muscles, Table of. 

Scaler (ska'-ler) [ME., scale, scale]. In dentistry, an 
instrument for removing the tartar from the teeth. 

Scalesiasis (ska-le-si'-as-is). Synonym of Measles. 

Scaling [ska' -ling) [ME., scale, scale]. Desquamating; 
producing scales. S. the Teeth, an old name for 
the operation, in dentistry, which consists in the re- 
moval of salivary calculus, commonly called tartar, 
from the teeth. See Salivary Calculus. 

Scall (skmvl) [ME., skalle, a scab]. P'avus, impetigo, 
psoriasis, eczema, or other skin-disease. [Old.] S., 
Dry, psoriasis, scabies. S., Moist, eczema. 

Scalled {skawld) [ME., skalle, a scab]. Affected with 
scall. 

Scalma (skal' -mail) [OHG., scalmo, pestilence]. A 
contagious and infectious febrile disease of the horse, 
with local lesions of the bronchi, trachea, and larynx, 
which produce cough. It is further characterized by 
great irritability of temper. It is rarely fatal, except 
from complications. 

Scalp (skalp) [ME., scalp, the top of the head]. The 
integumentary covering of the cranium. S., Hairy, 
that portion of the scalp usually covered by hair. 

Scalpel (skal-pel') \scalpelhwi, a little knife]. A small 
knife, having a blade somewhat wider than a bistoury, 
the cutting edge being convex. 

Scalpellum (skal-pel 1 ' -um) [L., a surgical knife]. In 
biology, one of the lancet-like organs of the promus- 
cis of certain insects (ffemiptera). 

Scalper (skal'-per) [L.]. See Scalprum. 

Scalping (skal'-ping). See Gerdv's Operation in 
Table of Operations. 

Scalpriform (skaF -priform) [scalprum , a knife, chisel ; 
forma, form]. In biology, chisel-shaped; applied to 
the incisor teeth of rodents and some other mammals. 

Scalprum (skal' -prum) \_scalpere, to scrape]. A toothed 
raspatory used in trephining and in removing carious 
bone. 

Scaly (ska'-le) [ME., scale, scale]. Covered with or 
having scales. S. Tetter. See Psoriasis. 

Scammonin (skam'- -nin) [anauuuvia, scammony], 
C. M H 5B Ifi . A glucosid found in scammony. It may 
be identical with jalapin. 

Scammonium, Scammoneum, Scammony (skam-o'- 



ne-um, skam'-o-ne) [ana/ifiuvia, scammony : gen.. Scam- 
monii~\. A purgative gum-resin, the dried juice of the 
root of Convolvulus scammonia, a South-western Asiatic 
plant. It is generally given in combination with other 
drugs. Its properties are due to an active principle, 
jalapin. A drastic cathartic. Dose gr. v-x. S., 
Confectio (B. P.) Dose gr. x-xx. S., Mist. (B. P.) 
Dose Jss-ij. S., Pil., Comp. (B. P.) Dose gr. v. 
S., Pulv., Comp. (B. P.), contains scammony, ginger, 
and jalap. Dose gr. x-xx. S., Resina. Dose gr. 
iij-viij. 

Scandent (skan'-dent) \_scandere, climb]. In biology, 
climbing. Applied to stems that climb by means of 
organs modified for the purpose. 

Scandium (skan' -de-um) [Scandia, Scandinavia]. A 
metal belonging to the aluminum group. Symbol 
Sc ; atomic weight 44. See Elements, Table of. 

Scanning {skan' -ing) \_scandere, to climb]. A peculiar, 
slow, and measured form of speech, met with in vari- 
ous nervous affections, chiefly in multiple sclerosis. 

Scansorius (skan-so'-re-us). See Muscles, Table of. 

Scape (skap) [cruaTToc, a shaft, a staff]. In biology, a 
leafless, radical peduncle. 

Scapel (skap' -el) \_scapellus, dim. of scapits, scape]. In 
biology, the neck or caulicle of the germinating 
embryo. 

Scapha (ska'-fah) [ciiap/, trough]. A trough. 

Scaphidium (ska-fid' -e-um) [cuaipidiov, a small tub or 
skiff]. In biology, the receptacle of the spores in 
certain algas. 

Scaphion (skaf-e-011) [pwiMpiov, dim. oianatyr], a trough]. 
Synonym of Cranium. 

Scaphium (ska' -fe-um) \_aad(piov, a bowl, a basin : pi., 
Scapkia~\. In biology: (a) the carina or keel of a 
papilionaceous flower ; (/') an unpaired appendage of 
lepidopterous insects. 

Scaphocephaly (skafo-sefal'-ik). See Scaphocepha- 
lous. 

Scaphocephalism (skafo-sef'-al-izm). See Scapho- 
cephaly. 

Scaphocephalous (skafo-sef'-al-us) [cuafr/, a skiff; 
ne<pa?.i/, head]. Characterized by a boat-shaped ap- 
pearance of the cranium, arising from ossification of 
the sagittal suture in infancy. 

Scaphocephalus (skaf- ■ sef- al- us) [cmatyTi, a skiff; 
KEipaXi], head]. A boat-shaped appearance of the 
cranium, due to a premature union of the sagittal 
suture, or abnormal development. 

Scaphocephaly (skaf-o-sef -al-e) [anacpr), boat ; Ke<f>adi/, 
head]. The condition of having a boat-shaped skull. 

Scaphocerite (ska-fos'-er-it) [ckchjhic, a bowl ; Ktpar, a 
horn]. In biology, the scale-like appendage of the 
second pair of antennae of a crustacean. 

Scaphocuboid (skaf-o-ku'-boid) [cuafr], boat; Kvfiog, 
cube ; elfior, like]. Pertaining to the scaphoid and 
cuboid bones. 

Scaphognathite (ska-fog' -na-thit) \pnatyoc, a bowl, 
boat ; yvadog, jaw]. In biology, the scale-like appen- 
dage of the second maxilla of a crustacean. 

Scaphoid (skaf'-oid) \_csKa<j>r], boat; eldog, like]. Boat- 
shaped. S. Abdomen, the sunken appearance of the 
belly, seen in meningitis and in great emaciation from 
wasting diseases. S. Bone, a name given to a boat- 
shaped bone of the tarsus and also to one of the carpus. 
S. Fossa. See Fossa. 

Scaphoideum (ska -foi'- de - um) [L.]. The scaphoid 
bone of the wrist or ankle. 

Scaphoido-cuneiform Amputation. See Chopart's 
Amputation and Forbes's Amputation, in Operations , 
Table of 

Scapho\unar(skaf-o-lu'-nar)[(7Kaip!/, boat; luna, moon]. 
Pertaining to the scaphoid and semilunar bones. 



SCAPHULA 



1297 



SCARLET 




Scaphula {skaf -u-lah) [ana<p?/, boat]. The fossa nav- 

icularis. 
Scapiform ( ska'- pif- orm) [scapus, a. stalk ; forma, 

form]. In biology, scape-like. 
Scapula {skap' -u-lah) [L.]. The large, flat, triangular 

bone forming the back of the shoulder and belonging 



Scapula. Postero- 
external Aspect. 

i. Supraspinous fossa. 
2. Infra-spi no u s 
fossa. 3. Superior 
or coracoid border. 

4. Coracoid or su- 
prascapular notch. 

5. Axillary or exter- 
nal border. 6. An- 
terior angle and 
glenoid cavity. 7. 
Inferior angle. 8. 
Rough impression 
for long head of 
triceps. 9. Internal 
or spinal or verte- 
bral border. 10. 
Spine. 11. Smooth 
surface over which 
trapezius muscle 
glides. 12. Acro- 
mion. 13. Base of 
spine. 14. Coracoid 
process. 



to the shoulder-girdle. The shoulder-blade. See 
Bones, Table of. 

Scapulacromial {skap-u-lak-ro' -me-al) [scapula, shoul- 
der-blade ; anpuiiiov, acromion]. Pertaining to the 
acromion process of the scapula. 

Scapulalgia {skap-u-lal' '-je-ali) [scapula, the shoulder- 
blade ; a/.yoc, pain]. Pain in the neighborhood of the 
shoulder-blade. 

Scapular {skap'-u-lar) [scapula, the shoulder-blade]. 
Pertaining to the shoulder-blade. S. Arch, the 
pectoral arch or shoulder-girth. S. Line, a vertical 
line drawn on the back through the inferior angle of 
the scapula. S. Point, a tender point developed in 
neuralgia of the brachial plexus and situated at the in- 
ferior angle of the scapula. S. Reflex. See Reflexes, 
Table of. S. Region, the region in and about the 
scapula. In biology, a well-defined longitudinal area 
of feathers lying along the back and over the shoulder- 
blade of a bird {regio scapularis) . 

Scapulary {skap' - u - la - re) [scapula, scapula]. A 
shoulder-bandage. 

Scapulated {skap' - u - la - ted) [scapula, the shoulder- 
blades]. In biology, having the feathers of the scap- 
ular region well marked, as in Corvus scapulatus, the 
scapulated crow. 

Scapulen [skap' '- u - hit) [scapula, the shoulder-blade]. 
Belonging to the scapula in itself. 

Scapulet, Scapulette {skap' -u- let') [scapula, the 
shoulder]. In biology, one of the leaf-like append- 
ages of the manubrium of certain Cnidaria. 

Scapulo- [skap' - u - lo -) [scapula, scapula]. A prefix 
denoting relation to the shoulder or scapula. 

Scapulo-clavicular {skap' -u-lo- kla-vik' -u-lar) [scapula, 
scapula; clavis, key]. Pertaining to the scapula and 
the clavicle. 

Scapulo-coracoid {skap' - u - lo - ko' - rak - oid) [scapula, 
scapula ; aupa!;, raven ; eMoc, like]. Pertaining to 
the scapula and the coracoid process. 

Scapulodynia {skap -u-lo -din'- e - all). Synonym of 
Scapulalgia . 

Scapulo-humeral {skap'- u-lo ■ hu'- me?-- al) [scapula, 
scapula; humerus, humerus]. Pertaining to the scap- 
ula and the humerus. S. amputation, removal of 
the arm at the shoulder-joint. 
82 



Scapulo-radial {skap'-u-lo-ra'-de-al) [scapula , scapula ; 
radius, ray]. Pertaining to both scapula and radius. 

Scapulo-ulnar {skap' -u-lo-ul' -nar) [scapula, scapula ; 
ulna, ulna]. Pertaining to both scapula and ulna. 

Scapulo-vertebral {skap'- u-lo- ver' - te - bra/ ) [scapula, 
scapula; vertebra, vertebra]. Pertaining to the scap- 
ula and the spine. 

Scapus {ska' -pus) [scapus, a shaft, stem: pi. , Scapi~\. 
In biology, the scape of a flower, a feather, or an 
antenna. S. penis, the body of the penis. S. pili, 
the hair-shaft. 

Scar {skar) [ea^apa, scab, scar]. I. See Cicatrix. 2. 
In biology, the mark left on the stem when the leaf 
falls away, or on the seed when it separates from the 
funiculus. 

Scardamygmus {skar ■ dam - ig' - mus) [aKap6afivy/j.6c~J. 
Winking. 

Scarenzio's Treatment. The treatment of syphilis by 
the hypodermatic injection of calomel. S.'s Method. 
See Treatment, Methods of. 

Scarfskin {skarf'-skin) [Sw., skarf a scarf; ME., skin, 
skin]. The epidermis or cuticle. 

Scarification {skar-ifik-a' -shun) [scarificare, to scar- 
ify]. The operation of making numerous small, su- 
perficial incisions or punctures, forgiving vent to serum 
or blood or gases. 

Scarificator {skar' -if-ik-a-tor) [scarificare, to scarify]. 
An instrument used in scarification. It consists of a 
number of small lancets, operated by a spring, so that 
a number of slight incisions are made synchronously. 

Scarious or Scariose {ska'-re-us, ska'-re-oz) [scaria, a 
thorny shrub]. Dry, thin, and membranous. Applied 
to parts of flowers, etc. 

Scarlatina {skar-lat-e' -nah) [scarlatinus, scarlet]. See 
Scarlet Fever. S. anginosa, S. cynanchica, scarlet 
fever with angina. S. gastrica, scarlet fever compli- 
cated with gastro-enteritis. S. gravior, malignant 
scarlet fever. S. haemorrhagica, scarlet fever, or 
more usually septic fever with hemorrhagic spots. S. 
laevis, mild scarlet fever. S. latens, scarlet fever 
without eruption. S. maligna, malignant scarlet 
fever. S. papulosa, scarlet fever in which there are 
prominent papules, due to involvement of the hair- 
follicles. S. pruriginosa. Synonym of Urticaria. 
S. puerperalis. See Scarlet Fever, Puerperal. S. 
pustulosa, scarlet fever with a pustular eruption. S. 
rheumatica. Synonym of Dengue. S. septica, a 
grave form of scarlet fever characterized by symptoms 
of septic intoxication. S. simplex, mild scarlet fever. 
S. sine angina, scarlet fever without throat-symp- 
toms. S. sine eruptione, S. sine exanthemate, 
scarlet fever without the rash. S. traumatica, the 
eruption similar to that of scarlet fever, accompanied 
by febrile symptoms, which sometimes follows wounds 
or surgical operations. S. typhosa, malignant scarlet 
fever, with grave nervous symptoms. S. urticata, 
urticaria. 

Scarlatinal {skar - lat' - in - al, skar-lat-e' -nal) [scarla- 
tinus, scarlet]. Pertaining to scarlatina. S. An- 
gina, the throat-affection produced by scarlet fever. 
S. Nephritis, the acute catarrhal nephritis that arises 
in the course of or during the convalescence from 
scarlet fever. S. Tongue, the " strawberry " tongue 
of scarlet fever. 

Scarlatiniform {skar-lat-in'-iform). Synonym of Scar- 
latinoid. 

Scarlatinoid {skar- lat' - in - oid ) [scarlatinus , scarlet ; 
£«5oc, like]. Resembling scarlatina. 

Scarlatinous {skar - lat' - in - us) [scarlatinus, scarlet]. 
Having the nature of or pertaining to scarlatina. 

Scarlet {skar' -let ) [ana.p7.aTov, scarlet]. A highly chro- 
matic and brilliant-red color. S. -faced, having a 



SCARPA'S APLATISSEMENT 



1298 



SCHEELIZATION 



very red face. S. Fever, an acute, specific, epidemic, 
contagious disease, characterized by a scarlet flush 
spreading progressively from the face over the body, 
ending on about the seventh day in desquamation of 
the cuticle. The fever is not high in the simple cases, 
but may rise to a very high point in the graver cases. 
The tongue is the characteristic " strawberry tongue," 
with prominent papillae, and there is a red, swollen, 
and inflamed condition of the tonsils, uvula, and soft 
palate, upon which a soft, white film may be deposited. 
Acute nephritis and suppurative otitis are frequent 
complications or sequela;. In a small proportion of 
the cases the patient will undergo a relapse, and pass 
through a second attack of the disease of varying 
severity. One attack of the disease protects against 
a second attack, but not quite to the same extent as 
in measles. The disease is most frequent in children 
near the age of five years, and after this period the 
liability to contract the disease diminishes rapidly. 
See Exanthemata, Table of. S. Ocher. Same as 
Ocher. 

Scarpa's Aplatissement. A form of ligature used by 
Scarpa for the purpose of arresting the circulation tem- 
porarily by mechanical pressure without lacerating the 
tissues of the vessel. S.'s Fascia, the deep layer of 
the superficial abdominal fascia. S., Foramen of. 
See Foramina, Table of. S.'s Ganglion. See Gang- 
lia, Table of. S.'s Hiatus, the helicotrema, or open- 
ing between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. 
S.'s Ligature. See Ligature. S.'s Liquor, the 
endolymph. S.'s Nerve. See Nerves, Table of. 
S.'s Shoe, a shoe for club-foot. S.'s Triangle. See 
Triangle. 

Scatacratia (skat-ak-ra' '-slie-ah). See Scoracratia. 

Scatalogia (skat- al - o' -je- ah) \_CKwp, anaroc, dung; 
a/xryia, senselessness]. Insanity characterized by 
great filthiness. 

Scatol (ska'-tol). See Skatol. 

Scatologia, Scatology (skat-o-lo'-je-ah, skat-ol' -o-je) 
[oK&p, aaarOc, dung; Mynr, learning]. The science 
or study of excreta. 

Scatologic (skat-ol-oj'-ik) [auup, ona-dc, dung ; Myog, 
science]. Pertaining to scatologia. 

Scatomancy (skat'-o-man-se). Same as Scatoscopv. 

Scatophagia (skat-o-fa'-je-ah) [anup, csko.toc, dung; 
<payelv, to eat]. Same as Coprophagia. 

Scatoscopy {ska- tos' - ko-pe) [oKup, onardc, dung; 
dKOTTdv, to inspect]. Inspection of the excreta. 

Scattered (skat'-erd) [ME., scateren, to scatter]. In 
biology, few, or without regularity of arrangement. 

Scatula (skat'-u-lah) [L. , aparallepiped : pl.,Scatula r \. 
An oblong flat box for powders or pills. 

Scavenger (skav r -en-jer) [ME., scavager, scavenger]. 
One who cleans ; specifically one who cleans the streets, 
etc., of a city. S. -cells, a name applied to certain 
lymph-cells of the brain. In general paralysis and 
chronic alcoholism they are said to become highly de- 
veloped, but have individually only a brief existence, 
their growth and decay leading to a degradation of the 
tissue. S. -service, collectively, those employed to 
clean the streets of a city by scraping or sweeping to- 
gether and carrying off the filth or other waste pro- 
ducts. 

Scavenging (skav'-en-jing) [ME., scavager, a scaven- 
ger]. Removal of the waste products, as the cleansing 
of out-houses, sewers, etc. 

Scelalgia (se-lal'-je-ah) [outlets, leg ; alyor, pain]. Pain 
in a leg. S. puerperarum. Synonym of Phlegmasia 
alba dolens. 

Sceleteuma (sel-et-u'-mah) [miWuv, to dry up]. Syn- 
onym of Mummification. 

Sceleton (sel'-et-on). Synonym of Skeleton. 



Scelocambosis (se-lo-kam-bo'-sis)\_GKt?.oc, leg ; Kaprrrav, 
to bend]. Curvature of a leg or of the legs ; genu 
varum. 

Scelodesmus (se - lo - dez'- mus) \_GK.k~hoc, leg ; deofidc, 
band], I. A bandage for the knee. 2. Gout in the 
knee. 

Scelodidymus (se-lo-did' -im-us). Synonym of Ischio- 
pagus. 

Scelometer (se-lom'-et-er) [onidoc, leg ; fikrpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for measuring the lower limbs 
in fractures or dislocations. 

Sceloncia, Sceloncus (se- Ion' - se - ah, se- Ion' '- kits) 
[oni'toc, leg; bynoc, tumor]. Swelling of the leg; 
phlegmasia alba dolens. 

Scelotyrbe (sel-o-ter' -be) [antloc, leg ; Tvpfiq, vacilla- 
tion]. Weakness, or indecision in stepping, often 
due to a palsied condition. S. pituitosa. Synonym 
of Enteritis, Pseudo-membranous. 

Scempsis (semp'-sis). Synonym of Decubitus. 

Scenotheoria (sen-o-the-o'-re-ah) [<tk?/w)c, tent ; deup'ta, 
theory]. The cell-doctrine. 

Scent (sent) [ME., senten, to smell]. An effluvium 
from any body capable of affecting the olfactory sense ; 
odor, fragrance. S.-bag. Same as S. -organ. S.- 
gland, an odoriferous gland, or one secreting an odor- 
iferous substance. S. -organ. See Osmeterium. S.- 
pore, the orifice of a scent-gland. S. -vesicle, a 
vesicle containing odoriferous matter. 

Schacher's Ganglion. The ophthalmic ganglion. 
See Ganglia, Table of. 

Schachowa, Spiral Tubule of. The spiral portion of 
a uriniferous tubule. 

Schadonophan (ska-don' -o-fan) [u^dduv, the larva of 
some insects; (paiveiv, to appear]. In biology, the 
name applied by Henking to a larval stage of certain 
acaridans. 

Schsefer's Dumb-bells. Dark, dumb-bell shaped 
structures, imbedded in a light intermediate sub- 
stance, and which, according to Schaefer, constitute 
the basis of striated muscular tissue. 

Schaller's Method. A method of preparing carminic 
acid. The aqueous extract of cochineal is precipi- 
tated with plumbic acetate acidulated with acetic 
acid ; the precipitate is decomposed with hydrogen 
sulphid, and filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to 
dryness on a water-bath, and the residue dissolved in 
absolute alcohol ; this solution is allowed to evapor- 
ate, when the crystals of carminic acid separate. 
They are washed with cold water to remove impuri- 
ties, the water dissolving only the carminic acid. 

Schallphotismen (shahl-fo-tiz' -men). See Audition 
colorei. 

Scharling and Pettenkofer, Method of. A method 
of investigating the changes in the air brought about 
by respiration. The animal is placed in a chamber 
through which atmospheric air is passed, and the 
change in the composition in the air after passing 
through the chamber is determined. 

Schatz's Method. A method of performing external 
version in face-presentation. See Treatment, Methods 

of 

Schede's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Scheelate (shel'-at). Synonym of Tungstate. 

Scheele's Green. The arsenite of copper. See Cop- 
per and Rinmann's Green. 

Scheelization (she-liz-a'-shun) [after Scheele, a chem- 
ist]. A method of improving wines, that consists in 
the addition of glycerin to the finished wine, so as to 
improve the sweet taste without injuring its keeping 
qualities. The limits of the addition of glycerin lie 
between one and three liters to the hectoliter of 



SCHEINER'S EXPERIMENT 



1299 



SCHIZOPHYTA 




Scheiner's Experiment. 



Scheiner's Experiment or Test. A method of illus- 
trating refrac- 
tion and ac- 
commodation 
of the eye by 
two pin-holes in 
a card placed at 
a less distance 
apart than the 
diameter of 
the pupil. If 
the eye is em- 
metropic, or if 
in accurate ac- 
commodation 
the two sets of rays passing through the pin-holes 
unite at c and form a single image. In a myopic eye 
the focus of the rays is at /, q, and in an hyperopic 
eye at m, n, and the object appears double: The same 
doubling of the image occurs when accommodating for 
a point beyond or nearer than the object. 

Schema (ske'-mah) [cr^ua, form]. I. A simple de- 
sign to illustrate a complex mechanism. 2. An out- 
line of a subject. 

Schematic (ske-mat'-ik) \pxw a , form]. Pertaining to 
or of the nature of a schema. S. Eye, one showing 
the proportions of a normal or typical eye. 

Scheroma (ske-ro'-mah) [<J,x F p6g, dry] . Xerophthalmia. 

Scheurlen's Bacillus. A bacillus thought to be spe- 
cially connected with carcinoma, but not peculiar to 
it. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Schias (ski' -as). Synonym of Ischias. 

Schidacedon, Schidacedum (skid-as-e' -don, skid-as-e' - 
dum) [oxiSaKl^Eiv, to splinter]. A longitudinal frac- 
ture of a bone. 

Schiefferdecker's Fluid. A fluid for dissociating nerve- 
tissues. It consists of methyl alcohol 5 c.c. , glycerin 
50 c.c, distilled water 100 c.c. Allow the tissues to 
remain in this for several days. It is specially useful 
for staining the retina and the central nervous system. 
It is best prepared fresh. 

Schiff s Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Schimper's Theory. See Theory. 

Schindalamus, Schindalmus (skin-dal' -atn-us, skin- 
dal'-mus~\. Synonym of Schidacedon. 

Schindylesis (skin-dil-e' '-sis) [axivSvlr/aic, a cleavage]. 
Articulation by the reception of a plate of one bone 
into a fissure of another ; a variety of synarthrosis. 

Schindyletic (skin-dil-et'-ik) [a xi.vdv'A,T]CiiQ , cleavage]. 
Pertaining to, or of the nature of, schindylesis. 

Schinus (ski'-nus). See Pepper Tree. 

Schirrus (skir'-us). Synonym of Scirrkus. 

Schistaceous (skis-ta'-se-us) [ox&i-v, to cleave]. In 
biology, slate-gray ; bluish-gray. 

Schisto- (skis' -to-) [ct^'otoc, cloven]. A prefix denoting 
a fissure or cleaving. 

Schistocelia, Schistoccelia (skis-to-se'-le-ah) \cx L0T ^t 
cloven; notkla, cavity]. Abdominal fissure. 

Schistocelus, Schistoccelus (skis-to-se'-lus) \jjkiot6c, 
cloven; aoiXia, cavity]. A monster exhibiting schisto- 
celia. 

Schistocephalus (skis-to-sef -al-us) [<?;t;«7r<5c, cleft ; ne(p- 
aXri, head]. A monster with a fissure of the skull. 

Schistocormus (skis-to-kor'-mus) [ax^Toc, cleft ; Kop- 
fidc, trunk]. A monstrosity having a cleft thorax, 
neck, or abdominal wall. 

Schistocystis (skis-to-sis'-tis) [axi-OTdc, cleft ; /ciiernc, 
bladder]. Fissure of the bladder. 

Schistoglossia (skis-to-glos' -e-ali) [<t^(ot(5c, cleft; yXaa- 
aa, tongue]. Cleft tongue. 

Schistomelia (skis-to-me' -le-ah)\_ax^'6c, cloven ; jieloc, 
limb] . The condition of schistomelus. 



Schistomelus (skis -torn' - el - us) [<j;t''c™c, cleft ; p-kloq, 
limb]. A monstrosity with a cleft lower extremity. 

Schistoprosopus (skis-to-pro-so' -pus) [tr^cr-dc, cleft ; 
■npoGw-oi), face]. A monster with " Cleft- face." A 
cavity in the middle of the face due to a failure of de- 
velopment of the first branchial arch and the fronto- 
nasal plate. 

Schistorrhachis (skis-tor' -a-kis) \ox<-ot6c;, cleft ; pa%ic, 
spine]. A condition of fissured spine, the canal con- 
taining two channels. Also, spina bifida. 

Schistosomia (skis-to-so'-me-ah)[_ax lOT ^^ cloven ; auiia, 
body]. The condition of a schistosomus. 

Schistosomus (skis-to-so'-?nus) [a^ffroc, cleft; cuua, a 
body. A variety of single autositic monsters of the 
species celosoma in which there is a lateral or median 
eventration extending the whole length of the abdomen, 
with the lower extremities absent or very imperfect. 

Schistosternia (skis -to- ster'- ne - ah) [o^crrdc, cloven ; 
arkpvov, sternum]. Sternal fissure. Synonym of 
Sch istothorax. 

Schistothorax (skis-to-tho'-raks) \px^OT6q, cleft ; dupai;, 
chest]. Fissure of the sternum or chest. 

Schistotrachelus (skis-to-tra' -kel-us) [oxiotoc, cleft ; 
Tpax'foc, neck]. Fissured neck or cervix. 

Schizoblepharia (skiz - o - blef- a'- re - ah) [cr^ew, to 
split; pKifyapav, eyelid]. Fissure of the eyelid. 

Schizocarp (skiz' -o-karp) \pxi r uv, cleave, split ; nap- 
Tidc, a fruit]. In biology, a pericarp that dehisces 
into two or more one-seeded indehiscent mericarps. 

Schizocarpic (skiz-o-kar'-pik) [ox'&w, to cleave ; nap- 
Trdc, fruit]. Resembling a schizocarp. 

Schizocarpous (skiz- - kar' - pus~\. Same as Schizo- 
carpic. 

Schizocele, Schizoccele (skiz'-o-sel) \pxK uv i cleave, 
split; KoiXia, a cavity]. In biology, a type of body- 
cavity distinguished by its being formed by a simple 
splitting of the mesoderm. Cf. Enterocele, Epicele. 

Schizodinic (skiz-o-din'-ik) [ff xt^siv, cleave, split ; c>dlc, 
travail]. In biology, the bringing forth of genital 
products by rupture, as in certain molluscs. Cf. Idio- 
dinic, Porodinic. 

Schizogenesis (skiz-o-jen'-es-is) \_axK elv , cleave, split ; 
ykveoiq, production]. In biology, reproduction by 
fission. 

Schizogenetic (skiz-o-fen-et'-ik) \pxK ilv i split, cleave ; 
yevfc, produced]. Same as Schizogenic. 

Schizogenic (skiz-o-jen' -ik)\_ax'&Lv, split, cleave ; yevr/c, 
produced]. In biology, formed by the separation of 
parts, as certain cavities or intercellular spaces. Cf. 
Lysigenous, Protogenic, Hysterogenic. 

Schizogenous (skiz-oj' -en-us). Same as Schizogenic. 

Schizognathism (skiz-og' -na-thizm) [<xj/£«v, to cleave ; 
yvadnr, jaw]. Cleavage of the jaw. 

Schizognathous (skiz - og' - na - thus) [axK^v, cleave, 
split ; yvaBoq, jaw]. In biology, applied to such birds 
as have the maxillo-palatine bones separated. 

Schizogony (skiz-og' -o-ne) \gxK ew > to cleave, split ; 
yovia, generation]. Same as Schizogenesis. 

Schizomycetes ( skiz - - mi - se' - tez ) \_axKsiv, cleave, 
split; fivarjc, pi. /ivktjtec, a fungus]. In biology, an 
order of Fungi ; the so-called Fission-fungi or Bac- 
teria, q. v. 

Schizomycosis (skiz-o-mi-ko' -sis) \oj^JC,tv», to split ; 
fivKTjc, fungus]. A disease due to schizomycetes. 

Schizoneura ( skiz - o - nu' - rah ) [ oxK siv, to cleave ; 
vevpov, nerve]. A genus of plant-lice. S. lanigera, 
the root-louse of the apple. 

Schizopelmous (skiz-o-pel' -mus) \_ax'i&i.v, to cleave, 
split ; TT£?i : ua, the sole of the foot] . Same as Mono- 
pelmous. 

Schizophyta (skiz-o-f -tah) [_ax'iZsiv, to split; fvTou, 
plant]. Dried but viable schizomycetes. 



SCHIZORHINAL 



1300 



SCHWEIZER'S REAGENT 



Schizorhinal (skiz - o - ri' '- tin/) [<7£('C«v, cleave, split ; 
pig, nose]. In biology, applied to birds in which the 
posterior margin of the osseous nares has a distinctly 
slit-like, triangular form, instead of being simply con- 
cave. In most of these forms the line joining the 
posterior extremities of the nostrils passes behind 
instead of in front of the ends of the nasal pro- 
cesses of the prsemaxillEe. Cf. Holorhinal. 

Schizothecal (skiz-o-the'-kal) [ff£(fen>, cleave, split ; 
6r/K>/, case]. In biology, applied to such birds as 
have the tarsal envelop (podotheca) scaled or reticu- 
lated, as distinguished from holothecal. 

Schizothorax [skiz-o-tho' -raks). Synonym of Schisto- 
tliorax. 

Schizotrichia (skiz-o-trik' -e-ali) [oxiijeiv, to split ; Opi^, 
hair]. Splitting of the hair. 

Schlemm, Canal of. A flattened annular channel 
within the sclera and close to the corneal juncture. It 
is also called the circular venous sinus, and is the out- 
let whereby the aqueous humor finds its way into the 
general circulation. S., Ligament of. See Ligament. 

Schleich Anesthesia, or Infiltration - Anesthesia. 
Local insensibility induced by the injection into the 
subcutaneous tissues of dilute solutions of sodium 
chlorid, morphin, and cocain. Tropacocain in I per 
cent, solution has also been employed. S. Method 
(general anesthesia), the administration of small doses 
of a mixture of chloroform 45 parts, petroleum ether 
15 parts, sulphuric ether 180 parts. 

Schmiedel's Ganglion. The inferior carotid ganglion. 

Schmerzfreude (schmartz' -froy' -de) [Ger. , Painjoy\ 
A rare symptom of hysteria, in which pain or normally 
painful operations seem to the patient pleasant. 

Schmidt, Arrow-markings of. Certain lines occasion- 
ally seen upon the axis-cylinders of nerves and supposed 
to be masses of protoplasm by some and connective 
tissue by others. S., Incisures of, minute fissures in 
the medullary sheaths of nerves, separating the seg- 
ments of Lautermann. S.'s Nodes. See Node. S.'s 
Test. See Birth. 

Schneiderian Membrane. The pituitary membrane. 
The nasal mucosa. 

Schnitzer Green. Same as Mittler 's Green. 

Scholeciasis [sho-le-si'-as-is). A term proposed by Hope 
(1840) for the diseased condition caused by the pres- 
ence of the larvfe of lepidopterous insects. 

Schorl's Method. A method of percussion by which 
the diffusion of sound along the ribs is prevented. 
Three fingers are pressed toward the chest, and the 
second phalanx of the third finger is used for percus- 
sion. 

Scholler's Method. A method of inducing premature 
labor. It consists in inserting a tampon of charpie 
into the vagina, and allowing it to remain until the 
pains commence. 

Schonlein's Disease. Peliosis rheumatica ; a peculiar 
affection characterized by multiple arthritis, and an erup- 
tion which varies greatly in character, and is sometimes 
purpuric, but more commonly associated with urticaria 
or with erythema exsudativum. 

Schott Method. A system of gymnastic exercises and 
mineral baths employed in heart disease and chronic 
rheumatism. 

Schrager's Lines. A coarse striation, concentric with 
the outline of the pulp-cavity, produced by the den- 
tinal tubules in cross-section. See Lines, Table of. 

Schreiner's Base. See Spermin. 

Schroder's Method. See Artificial Respiration. 

Schroth's Cure. A painful form of treatment of pleu- 
ral effusion, consisting in an entire abstinence from 
drinking for some days, though fluid is allowed at in- 
tervals during the existence of the effusion. 



Schrotter's Catheters. See Catheter. 

Schultze, Cells of. See Cell, Olfactory. S.'s Fold, 
a falciform fold of the amnion extending from the in- 
sertion of the cord in the placenta to the remains of 
the umbilical vesicle. S.'s Granules or Granule- 
masses, minute particles in the blood, produced by 
the breaking up of the blood-platelets ; also called 
granules of Max Schultze. S.'s Macerating Fluid, 
a fluid employed to dissolve cutin and to dissociate 
plant-cells. It consists of potassium chlorate 3 grains, 
nitric acid 2 drams. Keep the sections in this, cold, 
for a fortnight. After careful washing in alcohol the 
preparations may be placed on the slide in glycerin, 
and the cells easily separated with needles, in conse- 
quence of the solution of the middle lamellx. S.'s 
Method. See Artificial Respiration. S.'s Reagent, 
a solution for use in laboratories. It is prepared as 
follows : Iodin is dissolved to saturation in a solution 
of zinc chlorid, sp. gr. 1.8, to which 6 parts of potas- 
sium iodid have been added. Cross and Bevan recom- 
mend the following : Zinc is dissolved to saturation in 
HO, and the solution evaporated to sp. gr. 2.0; to 90 
parts of this solution are added 6 parts of potassium 
iodid dissolved in 10 parts of water, and in this solu- 
tion iodin is finally dissolved to saturation. 

Schuster's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Schwalbe's Convolution. See Convolutions, Table 
of. S., Fissures of. See Fissures, Table of. S.'s 
Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Schwann, Sheath of. The neurilemma of a nerve- 
fiber, a delicate, connective-tissue membrane, investing 
the white substance. See Neurilemma. S.'s Theory 
of Inflammation. Same as Rokitansky's Theory. 
See Theory. S., White Matter or Substance of, a 
coat of myelin deposited within the neurilemma, and 
surrounding the axis-cylinder of a medullated nerve- 
fiber. It contains cerebrin and lecithin and some fatty 
matter, is semi-fluid, homogeneous, bright, and refrac- 
tive. The medullary sheath. Cf. Myelin. 

Schweigger-Seidel's Acid Carmin. See Stains, 
Table of. 

Schweinerothlauf {shwi-neh-rdt'-lowf) [Ger.]; Roitget 
du pore [Fr. ]. Hog-erysipelas. An infectious disease 
of hogs, characterized by fever and the appearance, on 
neck, chest, and belly, of reddish or brownish spots. 
Intestinal hemorrhages are sometimes present. One- 
half of the animals affected die. The lesions con- 
sist in a hemorrhagic infiltration of the intestinal 
mucosa, swelling and ulceration of the follicles, tume- 
faction of the mesenteric glands, and petechise of 
the serous membranes. The blood and organs con- 
tain a bacillus which is considered the cause of the 
disease. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Koch, under 
Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Schweinfurth Blue, S. Green. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Schweininger Cure. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Schweizer's Reagent. A solution o. hydrated cupric 
oxid in ammonia, for use in chemic and physiologic 
laboratories. This reagent is prepared as follows : 
Oxyhydrate of copper is carefully precipitated from the 
sulphate by a dilute solution of ammonia ; the clear 
green precipitate, separated and washed, is added 
while still moist to strong ammonia, in which, on 
slightly warming, it is dissolved. Upon cooling, crys- 
tals of sub-sulphate of copper and ammonia fall to the 
bottom. The filtered liquid contains only the am- 
moniacal cupric oxid in solution. It must be kept in 
bottles of dark glass, or in the dark. It can also be 
prepared bv digesting copper turnings in an open bot- 
tle with liquor ammonii of the Pharmacopeia. As it 
is very easily decomposed by light, it is perhaps best 



SCHWELLE 



1301 



SCISSORS 



prepared fresh when required. This reagent has the 
power of dissolving pure cellulose. It is lit for use 
only so long as it rapidly dissolves cotton-wool. 
(Strasburger. ) This reagent possesses its chief interest 
from the fact that it is the only liquid known in which 
cellulose appears to dissolve without essential change 
in composition. It has a limited application in the 
discrimination of the fibers used in the arts. 

Schwelle {shwel'-eK) [Ger. , " threshold"]. The thresh- 
old, or limen, of any sensation ; nerve-excitation 
which just fails of producing a sensation. 

Schwendener's Theory. See Schwendenerism. 

Schwendenerism (shwen' '-den-er-izm) [Schwendener, a 
German botanist, born 1829]. A theory suggested by 
De Bary, but avowed by Schwendener, that lichens 
consist of fungi parasitic upon algns. 

Schwimmer's Ointment. An ointment for applica- 
tion to smallpox pustules to prevent pitting. It con- 
sists of carbolic acid 15 grains, olive-oil one dram, 
prepared chalk sufficient to make half an ounce. 
This is applied on pieces of clean soft linen. 

Sciage (se-ahsk') [Fr., "sawing"]. A to-and-fro saw- 
ing movement in massage, practised with the ulnar 
border, or with the dorsum of the hand. 

Sciatic (si-at'-ik) [lax'Lov, ischium]. Pertaining to the 
ischium. S. Nerve. See Nerve. S. Notch. See 
Notch. S. Spine, a triangular eminence on the 
dorsal border of the body of the ischium. Sciatic 
Scoliosis. See Scoliosis. 

Sciatica ( si-at'-ik-ak') \_Sciaticus, pertaining to the 
ischium]. Pain in the course of the sciatic nerve. 
This may be confined to the proximal half of the thigh, 
or follow out the entire course of the nerve and its 
branches. The pain is constant and gnawing, subject 
to exacerbations, and occurs most commonly in adults 
of middle age. 

Science (si'-ens)\_scire, to know]. Systematized knowl- 
edge of the order of nature. " Science is that knowl- 
edge which enables us to demonstrate, so far as our 
limited faculties permit, that the appearances which 
we recognize in the world around us are dependent 
in definite ways on certain properties of matter ; 
science is that knowledge which enables or tends to en- 
able us to assign to its true place in the series of events 
constituting the universe, any and every thing which 
we can perceive." (E. Ray Lankester. ) S., Chris- 
tian, a method of treating disease upon principles simi- 
lar to those upon which faith-cure rests. 

Scientific (si-en-tif -ik) \_scientia, knowledge ; facere, 
to make]. Relating to science. That which is based 
upon science. 

Scientist (si'-en-list) [scientia, science]. A savant; 
one versed in science. 

Scieropia (si-er-o'-pe-ah) [aitcepog, shady; uip, eye]. 
Defective vision in which all objects appear dark. 

Scilla (sil' -ah) [L., gen., Scilla]. Squill. The bulb 
of .5. maritima or Urginea maritima, found near the 
Mediterranean Sea. Its properties are due to a gluco- 
sid, scillitoxin, and several other principles. It acts 
like digitalis upon the circulation. In large doses it 
causes vomiting and purging. It is diuretic and ex- 
pectorant. In cases of nephritis it should be used with 
caution, as it may prove irritant to the kidneys. Dose 
gr. j-iv. S., Acetum, "vinegar of squill," 10 per 
cent, in strength. Dose n^x-^j. S., Fid. Ext. 
DosernJ-v. S., Oxymel (B. P.'). Dose^ss-j. S., 
Pil., Comp. (B. P.) Dose gr. v-x. S.| Syr., has 
of vinegar of squill, 45, sugar 80, water q s. . Dose 
3 ss— ij . S., Syr., Comp., fld. ext. squill and fid. ext. 
senega, each 80, tartar emetic 2, precipitated calcium 
phosphate 10, sugar 750, water q. s. Dose TT[y-^], for 
children as an emetic ; TTLx-xxx, for adults as an ex- 



pectorant. Commonly known as Coxe's Hive Mixture. 
S., Tinct., 15 per cent. Dose tt^v— xxx. 

Scillin (si/' -in) [aKi'A'/a, squill]. An inactive substance 
obtained from squills. 

Scillipikrin (sil - //> - ik'- rin) [aidXAa, squill ; rrmpog, 
bitter]. A yellowish-white, amorphous, hygroscopic 
powder obtained from squills. 

Scillitin (sil-it'-in) [oKikXa, squill]. A white or yel- 
lowish resinous substance, the bitter principle of squill. 

Scillitoxin (sil - it - oks' - hi) \oKiXka, squill; roijiKuv, 
poison]. An amorphous light-brown, bitter, active 
principle of scilla. It is soluble in alcohol, insoluble 
in ether and water, and a cardiac poison somewhat 
resembling digitalis. 

Scillocephalous (sil - - sef - al - us) [aniX/.a, squill; 
ne<pa'Ar'/, head] . Affected with scillocephalus. 

Scillocephalus (sil-o-sef'-al-tis) [cr/a'A/uz, squill ; necfiaXr/, 
head]. 1. Congenital deformity of the head, in 
which it is small and conically pointed, or squill- 
shaped. 2. A person with a squill-shaped head, 
usually an idiot. 

Scillopicrin (sil-o-pik'-rin). See Scillipicrin. 

Scillotoxin (sil-o-toks'-in). See Scillitoxin. 

Scinde Boil. See Delhi Boil. 

Scintillation (sin-til-a'-shun) \scintillare, to sparkle]. 
An emission of sparks. Also a subjective visual sen- 
sation as of sparks. 

Scion (si' -on) [ME., OF., sion, a shoot, twig]. A twig 
or young shoot. 

Sciopticon (si-op' -tik- on) \_oki&, a shade ; otttikoc, per- 
taining to sight]. A form of magic lantern. 

Scirrhencanthis (skir-en-kan'-this) [aiuppog, hard; iv, 
in; K&vdog, canthus]. Scirrhus of the lacrymal gland. 

Scirrhoblepharoncus (skir-o-blef-ar-ong' -kus) [oiappor, 
hard ; P'Aetpapov, eyelid ; byttoc, tumor]. A hard tumor 
of the eyelid. 

Scirrhocele (skir'-o-sel) [onippSg, hard; K.ij\r), tumor]. 
Scirrhous tumor of the testicle. 

Scirrhoid (skir'-oid) [atappog, hard ; eldog, like]. Re- 
sembling a scirrhus. 

Scirrhoma (skir-o'-mah) [aKip'pog, hard ; it/ia, tumor]. 
Scirrhous tumor. S. caminariorum, chimney-sweeps' 
carcinoma. 

Scirrhophthalmia (skir-off-thal' -me-ah) \aKipp6q, hard ; 
btpdaX/iog, eye]. Scirrhus of the eyeball. 

Scirrhosarca (skir-o-sar' -kah) [oKLp'pbq, hard ; oap^, 
flesh]. The hardening of the flesh of new-born infants ; 
sclerema of infants. 

Scirrhosis (skir-o'-sis) [cKip'pog, hard]. The formation 
of a scirrhous carcinoma. 

Scirrhous (shir'-us) [aiappoc, hard]. Pertaining to, or 
of the nature of, scirrhus or hard carcinoma. S. Car- 
cinoma. See Scirrhus. 

Scirrhus, or Scirrus (skir'-us or sir' -lis) \oKip'poq, an 
induration]. A scirrhous or hard carcinoma. 

Scission (sizh'-un) [scindere, to cut]. A cutting 01 
splitting of anything ; fission. 

Scissiparity (sis-ip-ar'-it-e) \scissus, p.p. of scindere, 
cut, divide ; parere, to bring forth] . In biology, gen- 
eration by fission ; schizogenesis. 

Scissor-leg (siz'-or-leg). Same as Cross-leg. 

Scissors (siz'-ors) [scindere, to cut]. An instrument 
with crossed, closing blades for cutting. The blades 
may be straight, Angular, or curved. S., Artery, a 
scissors, one blade of which is probe-pointed, for intro- 
duction into a duct or canal. S., Canalicular, delicate 
scissors, one blade of which is probe-pointed, used in 
slitting the lacrymal canal. S., Cannula, scissors for 
slitting any canal or tube longitudinally. S., Crani- 
otomy, a strong S-shaped instrument used in craniot- 
omy for perforating the skull and cutting away por- 
tions of bone. S., Iris, one having flat blades which 



SCISSURA 



1302 



SCLERODERMOID 



are bent in such a manner that they may be applied to 
the eyeball. Also, scissors used in iridectomy. S., 
Perforator. See S., Craniotomy. S., Skin-grafting, 
an instrument consisting of a forceps and a scissors, the 
former for seizing a small piece of skin, and the latter 
for cutting it off. S., Uvula, one designed for re- 
moval of the uvula. S., de Wecker's, a peculiar 
modification of iris-scissors. 

Scissura (siz-u'-rah) \_scindere, to cut]. A fissure, rent, 
or cleavage. S. longitudinalis, the longitudinal fis- 
sure of the brain. 

Sclera (skle'-rah \[anA.Tip6g, hard]. The sclerotic coat of 
the eye; the firm, tough, white, outer membrane of 
the eyeball, continuous with the sheath of the optic 
nerve behind and with the cornea in front. S. testis, 
the tunica albuginea of the testis. 

Scleral (skle'-ral) [cr/i/bypoc, hard]. Pertaining to the 
sclera. S. Extraction. See Extraction. 

Scleratitis (skle-ral-i'-tis). Same as Sclerotitis. 

Sclerectasia (skle-rek-ta' -ze-ah) \_CKkrip6q, hard ; ek- 
raoic, extension] Staphyloma of the sclera. S. 
posterioris, posterior staphyloma. 

Sclerectasis (skle-rek'-tas-is). See Sclerectasia. 

Sclerectomy [skle-rek 1 -to-me) [cr/c/l?/pdf, hard ; ektojit), 
excision]. I. Excision of a portion of the sclera. 2. 
The excision of the sclerosed and ankylosed conductors 
of sound in chronic catarrhal otitis media. 

Sclerema (skle-re' -mail) [oKA!]p6g, hard]. Sclerosis, or 
hardening, especially of the skin. S. adultorum, a 
synonym of Scleroderma. S. neonatorum, Sclero- 
derma neonatorum ; Induratio tela: cellulose? ; a disease 
found only in premature infants ; it is characterized by 
a hardening of the skin, beginning in the legs, and 
spreading, usually sparing breasts and belly. Jaundice 
or a hemorrhagic condition may be present ; the tem- 
perature is very low, 95°, and the condition is apt to 
end fatally. The pathology of the disease is not posi- 
tively known. By some the disease is believed to 
consist in a solidification of the subcutaneous fat, 
which in infants contains more palmitic and stearic 
acids than in the adult, and relatively less oleic acid. 

Sclerencephalia (skle-ren-sef-a' -le-ah) [tre^df, hard; 
iyneipaXog, brain]. Sclerosis of brain-tissue. 

Sclerenchyma (skle - reng'- kim - ah) \_GK\-np6c, hard; 
eyxvfia, an infusion]. In biology, hard bast, or bast- 
fibers. Used by some in a more extended sense, to 
include all lignified fibrous cells or cell-derivatives. 

Sclerenchymatous (skle - reng - kim'- at - us) [anAr/pd*;, 
hard; eyxv/ia, an infusion]. Having the character 
of sclerenchyma. 

Sclerenchyme (skle-reng'-kini) . Same as Sclerenchyma. 

Sclererythrin (skle-rer' -ith-rin) \p<d:r)p6<;, hard ; ipv- 
dpoc;, red]. A red substance obtained from ergot. 

Scleriasis (skle-ri'-as-is) [_aiOiT]p6c, hard]. Induration; 
sclerema ; scleroderma. 

Scleriritomy (skle-rir-if '-o-me) \pKhnp6q, hard, sclera ; 
To/ir/, a cutting]. Incision of the conjunctiva, sclera, 
and iris, followed by excision of a piece of the iris and 
anterior capsule, in staphyloma of the cornea and 
secondary glaucoma. 

Sclerite (skle'-rit) [anWrjpdc, rough]. In biology, a 
separate or definite element in the exoskeleton of an 
arthropod. 

Scleritic (skle-rit'-ik) [<jK?.r/p6r, hard]. Sclerous. 

Scleritis (skle-ri'-tis). See Sclerotitis. 

Sclero- (skle'-ro-) [cr/i^pdr, hard]. A prefix denoting 
hardness or induration, or connection with the sclera. 

Sclerobase (sk/e'-ro-bas) [an?.r/p6r, hard ; ftaaig, base]. 
In biology, the cornified or calcified axial connective 
tissue of an actinozoan zoanthodeme. The hard endo- 
skeletal portion of a colony of coral polyps, as the 
precious red coral. 



Sclerobasic (skle-ro-ba'-zik) [_aKAijp6c, hard; jSdair, 
base]. Pertaining to a sclerobase. 

Scleroblast (skle'-ro-blasl) [onAripoi;, hard ; pA.aurog, a 
germ]. In biology, a spicule-cell in sponges. 

Scleroblastic (skle-ro-blas'-tik) \aKknpbq, hard; fikaa- 
tuc, germ]. Forming sclerous tissue. 

Sclerobronchiorrhoncus (skle-ro-brong-ke-or-ong'-kus) 
\ptd.rip6q, hard ; fipoyxoQ, bronchus; ph/Ktiv, to snore]. 
A dry bronchial rhonchus. 

Sclero-cataracta {skle - ro - kat - ar - ak'- tali) [aK.}.T]p6(;, 
hard; narapaKTiig, cataract]. A hard cataract. 

Sclero-choroiditis (skle-ro-ko-roid-i'-tis)\anAT]pdc, hard ; 
Xopioeidf/c, choroid; trie, inflammation]. Conjoined 
inflammation of the choroid and the sclerotic coat 
of the eye. 

Sclero-conjunctival (skle-ro-kon-jungk-ti' -vol) [anAri- 
pog, hard; conjunctiva, conjunctiva]. Pertaining con- 
jointly to the sclerotic coat of the eye and the con- 
junctiva. 

Sclero-corneal (skle -ro- kor'- 71c - al) \_ai0.tip6q , hard ; 
comeus, horny]. Pertaining conjointly to the sclerotic 
coat and the cornea of the eye. 

Sclerocrissorrhonchus (skle -ro - kris -or- rong' - kus) 
[onAJipoQ, hard ; Kviaaav, to crackle ; piyneiv, to snore]. 
A dry crackling rale. 

Sclerocrystallin (skle-ro- kris' -tal-lin) \_ai0.rjpdg, hard ; 
Kpvara/XKoc, clear ice], C.H 7 3 + H 2 0. A colorless 
substance derived from ergot. 

Sclerodactylia, Sclerodactyly ( skle-ro-dak-til' -e-ah, 
skle-ro-dak'-til-e) [tr/cA^pdc, hard ; 6aK.Tv7~.og, finger]. 
A dystrophy, thus far met with in women only, and 
characterized by a symmetric involvement of the 
fingers, which become deformed, shortened, and 
atrophied. The skin thickens and becomes of a waxy 
color, and occasionally is pigmented. 

Scleroderm (skle'- ro - derm) [oKAr/pog, hard; dkpjia, 
skin]. In biology, the calcareous skeleton of a 
madrepore coral. 

Scleroderma (skle-ro-der' -mali) \_ai0.rip6q, hard ; dkpfia, 
skin]. Scleroderm ia ; sclerema; scleriasis; hide- 
bound skin ; dermato-sclerosis ; hide-bound disease. A 
rare affection of the skin, characterized in general by 
infiltration of its substance, followed by shrinking or 
contraction and impairment of the secreting appara- 
tus, resulting in a characteristic stiffness and harden- 
ing of the integument, occurring in diffuse and sym- 
metric forms, and spreading more or less rapidly 
over the surface of the body, involving especially 
the scalp, face, neck, chest, and upper limbs. Itch- 
ing may or may not be present. The etiology is 
obscure, but the disease is evidently of nervous 
origin. S., Circumscribed. See Morphea.'' S. 
diffusa, a form confined to a particular area. S. 
localis, morphea ; circumscribed scleroderma. S. 
neonatorum. See Sclerema neonatorum. 

Sclerodermatous (skle-ro-der' -mat-its) [aiO.ripdg, hard ; 
Sip/ia, skin]. Having a hard outer covering. 

Sclerodermia (skle-ro-der' -me-ah). See Scleroderma. 

Sclerodermic (skle-ro-der' -mi k). Same as Scleroderm- 
atous. 

Sclerodermite (skle-ro-der' -tint) [ctk?.?;/ioc, hard ; dep/ia, 
skin]. In biology, a calcareous or chitinous exo- 
skeletal element or sclerite of an arthropod. 

Sclerodermitic (skle - ro - der - mil'- ik) [anh/poc, hard; 
Sippa, skin; trig, inflammation]. Of the nature of 
or affected with sclerodermitis. 

Sclerodermitis (skle - ro - der - mi'- tis) [oaXijpoi;, hard ; 
dip/ia, skin ; trie, inflammation]. An inflammatory 
skin-affection, with induration of the structures of the 
skin. 

Sclerodermous (skle-ro-der' -mus). Same as Scleroder- 
matous. 



SCLEROGEN 



1303 



SCLEROTIC 



Sclerogen (skle' '-ro-jeti) [otiAr/pog , hard ; ytvi/g, pro- 
ducing]. In biology, a name for the hard matter de- 
posited in sclerotic or stone-cells. 

Sclerogenous (skle-roj f -en-its) [oK/.r/pug, hard, rough ; 
ysvi/Q, producing]. In biology, producing hard, cal- 
careous, silicious, or chitinous tissue. S. Method, a 
method of treating tuberculous joint-disease, by intersti- 
tial injections of zinc chlorid. 

Sclerohymenitis (skle-ro-hi-men-i'-tis). Synonym of 
Sclerotitis. 

Sclerohystera (skle-ro-his' -ter-ah). Synonym of Scle- 
rystera. 

Scleroid (skle'-roid) \_mchjp6g, hard; el<fog, form]. In 
biology, hard or bony in texture. 

Sclero-iodin (skle-ro-i' -o-din) \piikrip6g, hard ; <<j<S?/c, 
violet]. A brownish coloring-matter found in ergot. 

Sclero- iritis (skle-ro-i-ri'-tis) [onArjpog, hard ; Ipcg, iris ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the sclera and 
the iris. 

Sclero-keratitis (skle-ro-ker-at-i' -tis) [_ai0.i]p6g, hard ; 
Ktpag, horn; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the sclera and the cornea. 

Scleroma (skle-ro' -?nah) \_GnAijpog, hard]. Abnormal 
hardness or induration of a part. A neoplasm that 
forms in the nose and larynx particularly, and which is 
characterized by its density. A bacillus has been found 
which is believed to be the cause of the condition. S. 
adultorum. Synonym of Scleroderma. 

Scleromeninx (skle-ro- me' -n inks) \_ait)irip6g, hard; fiijv- 
iy^, membrane]. The dura mater. 

Scleromucin (skle-ro-mu 1 '-sin) \_oKAr/pdg, hard ; mucus, 
mucus] . A gummy substance obtained from ergot, and 
said to be one of its active principles. 

Scleronyxis (skle-ro-niks' -is) [onXripog, hard ; vb^ig, a 

• pricking]. Puncture of the sclerotic. 

Scleroophoritis (skle- ro-o-for-i' -tis) \_aKArjpog, hard ; udv, 
egg; <popog, bearing; trig, inflammation]. Sclerosis 
of the ovary. 

Scleropathia [skle-ro-pa' -the-ah). See Sclerosis. 

Sclerophthalmia (skle-roff-lhal' -me-ah) [cmlrjpdg, hard ; 
6<pda'Ap.6g, eye]. Xerophthalmia. 

Sclerophthalmus (skle-roff-thal' -mus) [Gufo/pog, hard ; 
bipdaXpdg, eye]. Staphyloma of the sclera. 

Sclerorrhonchus (skle-ror-rong'-kus). See Sclerobron- 
chorrhonchus. 

Sclerosal (skle-ro' -zal) [anAtjpog, hard]. Of the nature 
of sclerosis. 

Sclerosarcoma (skle-ro-sar-ko'-mah) \oK7i-qpog, hard; 
ciipf, flesh; bfia, tumor]. A hard, fleshy tumor, es- 
pecially of the gums. 

Sclerose (skle'-roz) [aKAijpdg, hard]. To affect with 
sclerosis ; to become affected with sclerosis. 

Sclerose en plaques (skla-rdz' on plak). Synonym of 
Sclerosis, Multiple. 

Sclerosed (skle'-rozd) \cnilrjp6g , hard]. Affected with 
sclerosis ; rendered abnormally hard. S. Arteries, 
arteries whose coats are thickened. 

Sclerosis (skle-ro' '-sis) [anA.ripog, hard]. I. A process 
which consists essentially in an overgrowth of the con- 
nective tissue of an organ. The term is applied chiefly 
to the nervous system and the arteries. 2. In biology, 
the hardening of a plant cell-wall by the formation of 
lignin ; the induration of a normally soft tissue. S., 
Amyotrophic Lateral, a combination of chronic ante- 
rior poliomyelitis with lateral sclerosis. The symptoms 
are in the main wasting of the muscles and a spastic 
condition of the limbs, with exaggeration of the re- 
flexes. The disease is prone to end fatally by in- 
volvement of the medulla oblongata. S., Annular, 
a chronic myelitis, in which the sclerosis extends about 
the cord like a ring. S., Arterio-. See Endarteri- 
tis. S., Atrophic, sclerosis with atrophy. S., 



Cerebro-spinal. See Charcot' 's Disease. S. Com- 
bined, simultaneous sclerosis of the posterior and 
the lateral columns of the spinal cord. S., corii. 
Synonym of Scleroderma. S. dermatis. Synonym 
of Scleroderma. S., Diffuse, when the sclerosis ex- 
tends through a large part of the brain and cord. S., 
Disseminated. See Charcot' s Disease. S., Focal, 
one confined to a particular region of the brain or 
cord. S., General, a connective-tissue hyperplasia 
affecting an entire organ. S., Initial, the syphilitic 
chancre. S., Insular. See Charcots Disease. S., 
Lateral. See Charcot ' s Disease. S., Lobar, sclero- 
sis of a lobe of the brain. S. of the Lung. Synonym 
of Pneumonia , Interstitial. S., Miliary, small sclero- 
tic patches such as have been observed in the spinal 
cord in some cases of pernicious anemia. S., Multiloc- 
ular. See Sclerosis, Disseminated. S., Multiple. 
See Charcot s Disease. S. ossium. Synonym of Ostei- 
tis, Condensing. S., Posterior Spinal, locomotor 
ataxia ; tabes dorsalis, q. v. S., Postero-lateral. See 
Friedreich 's Ataxia. S., Progressive Muscular. 
Synonym of Pseudohypertrophic Muscular Paralysis. 
S., Renal. Synonym of Nephritis, Interstitial. 
S., Syphilitic Arterio-, the arterial sclerosis due 
to syphilis. It affects chiefly the intima, but also 
the adventitia. It occurs as a diffuse form, as in 
the brain; also in distinctly localized lesions, as in 
the chancre. 

Scleroskeletal (skle - ro - skel' - et - al) [ovc/U/poc, hard ; 
GtieTit-ov, a dry body]. Pertaining to a sclero- 
skeleton. 

Scleroskeleton (skle - ro - skel'- et - on) [aicA.r/pog, hard ; 
OK&ETdv, a dry body]. In biology, skeletal parts or 
ossifications other than the bones of the main endo- 
skeleton, as sesamoid bones, ossified tendons, mar- 
supial bones, etc. 

Sclerostenosis (skle -ro-ste-no'- sis) \_aK>j]p6g, hard; 
arkyuaig, constriction]. I. Sclerosis with constric- 
tion. 2. Also, synonym of Scleroderma. 

Sclerosteous (skle-ros' -te-us) \on7irip6g, hard ; bcrenv, 
bone]. A bony formation resulting from osseous de- 
posit in a tendon. 

Sclerostoma (skle-ros' -to-mah) \_GK>a)p6g, hard ; aropa, 
mouth]. A genus of nematoid worms. See Parasites 
(Animal) , Table of. 

Sclerotal (skle-ro' -tal) [aiO-Tipog, hard]. In biology, 
one of a circlet of bones about the eyeball of certain 
birds ; an eye-bone. 

Sclerote (skle' -rot). Same as Sclerotium. 

Sclerothrix (skle' -ro-thriks) [anAripog, hard ; Spil- , hair]. 
Abnormal hardness of the hair. 

Scleroth's Cure. The treatment of pleuritic effusions 
by diet, i. e., the withdrawal of fluids for the purpose 
of causing absorption of the effusion. 

Sclerotic (skle-rot'-ik) [<jK?ir/p6g, hard]. I. Hard, in- 
durated ; pertaining to the outer coat of the eye. 2. 
Related to or derived from ergot. S. Arteritis. See 
Arteriosclerosis and Endarteritis. S. Coat. See 
Sclerotica. S. Endocarditis, a hyperplasia of the 
fibrillar layer of the endocardium. It may be a regen- 
erative process following infarcts, abscesses, or wounds 
of the heart which implicate the endocardium ; it may 
be a termination of acute endocarditis ; it may (and 
this is the commonest form) be a chronic inflammation 
from the beginning, occurring as a part of a general vas- 
cular sclerosis. The last form affects especially the 
valves, and leads either to insufficiency or to obstruc- 
tion of the valvular orifice. In the early stages it 
presents itself as a slight thickening ; this increases in 
extent ; the new tissue undergoes fatty degeneration 
(atheroma) ; eventually calcareous matter and. occa- 
sionally, cholesterin are deposited. S. Myocarditis, a 



SCLEROTICA 



1304 



SCOOP 



hyperplasia of the connective tissue of the myocardium. 
It may be a reparative process following wounds, in- 
farcts, or abscess of the heart-wall, or it may be a diffuse 
chronic process, the heart participating in a general 
vascular sclerosis. S. Parenchyma, in biology, hard- 
ened parenchyma, as the grit-cells of pears. 

Sclerotica (skle-rof '-ik-ah) [<7K/l?/poc, hard]. The sclera 
or sclerotic coat of the eye ; the firm, tough, white, 
outer membrane of the eyeball, continuous with 
the sheath of the optic nerve behind and with the 
cornea in front. 

Scleroticectomy [skle-rot-ik-ek' -to-me) [oKAripoc, hard ; 
kuTo/iri, excision]. The removal of a part of the 
sclera. 

Scleroticitis [skle-rot-ik-f -tis). Synonym of Sclerotitis. 

Sclerotico-choroiditis [skle - rot'- ik-o-ko-roi-di'-tis). 
Synonym of . Sclero-choroiditis . 

Scleroticonyxis (skle-rof -ik-o-niks'-is). See Sclero- 
nyxis. 

Scleroticotomy (skle-rot-ik-of '-o-me) [anJ.ripdg, hard ; 
-0/j.rj, a cutting]. Incision of the sclerotic. 

Sclerotinic (skle-ro-tin'-ik). Same as Sclerotic, second 
definition. S. Acid. See Acid, Sclerotinic. 

Sclerotis (skle-ro'-tis) \_OKA)jp6r, hard]. The ergot of 
rye, q. v. 

Sclerotitic [skle-ro-tif-ik) \_aKkrjp6c, hard ; ltlc, inflam- 
mation]. Affected with sclerotitis. 

Sclerotitis (skle-ro-ti' '-tis) [onAr/por, hard, sclera; ltiq, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the sclerotica. 

Sclerotium [skle ro' -she-urn) [oK7^p6g, hard: pi. , Scle- 
rotid]. In biology: (a) a thick mass of hyphae felted 
together, constituting a resting-stage in the develop- 
ment of some fungi, and acting as a store of reserve 
material; (b) the hypnocyst of mycetozoa. 

Sclerotized (skle' -ro-fized). Same as Sclerosed. 

Sclerotome (skle' -ro-tom) [onAypoi;, hard ; re/iveiv, to 
cut]. I. A knife used in sclerotomy. 2. In biology, 
a hard tissue separating successive myotomes in certain 
of the lower vertebrates. 

Sclerotomia [skle-ro-to' -me-ah) \cnCknp6q, hard ; To/tfj, 
a cutting]. The excision of a portion of the sclera 
for the purpose of forming an artificial pupil. 

Sclerotomy [skle-rof -o-me) \tsK\iip6c, hard; rkfxvtiv, 
to cut]. The operation of incising the sclera, and 
also the choroid and retina. S., Anterior, the 
making of an incision through the sclera anterior 
to the ciliary body and most of the iris, and entering 
the anterior chamber ; it is done in glaucoma. S. , 
Posterior, sclerotomy done by an incision through 
the sclera behind the ciliary body, and entering the 
vitreous chamber. 

Sclerotonyxis ( skle -ro-to- niks'- is ) \piCAripbq, hard ; 
vv^ic, a pricking] . An operation for cataract formerly 
practised, in which a broad needle was introduced 
into the sclera, behind the ciliary region, passed 
between the iris and the lens, and the latter depressed 
into the vitreous. 

Sclerotrichia [skle-ro-trik' -e-ah) \_aKAr/p6r, dry ; flp/f, 
hair] . A harsh and dry state of the hair. 

Sclerous (skle'-rus) [oKArjpoq, hard]. Hard; indurated. 

Scleroxanthin [skle - ro - zan'- thin) [cuOiyjpbq, hard; 
SjavSoq, yellow]. A crystalline substance derived from 
Ergot. 

Sclerymen (skle-ri' -men) . See Sclera. 

Sclerymenitis [skle-ri-men-i'-tis). See Sclerotitis. 

Sclerysma, Sclerysmus [skle-riz'-mah, skle-riz'-mus). 
See Sclerosis. 

Sclerystera (skle- ris'-ter- ah) \oKArfp6c, hard; vcrepa, 
womb]. Induration in malignant disease of the 
uterus. 

Scobiform [sko'- bif- orm) \scobis, saw-dust, filings ; 
forma, form]. In biology, resembling saw-dust. 



Scoleciasis, Scolecicis [sko-les-i'-as-is, sko-les-is'-is). 
See Helminthiasis, also Scholeciasis. 

Scoleciform [sko-les' -if-orm) [onoiA?/i, a worm ; forma, 
form]. Having the form or character of a scolex. 

Scolecite (sko' -les-it) \_ck6/j/^, a worm]. In biology, a 
name given by Tulasne to the vermiform carpogonium 
of the fungus Ascobohis. It is a branch of the my- 
celium, consisting of a row of short cells. Woronin's 
" vermiform body." 

Scolecoid [sko'-le-koid) [oncoXt/noetdi/i;, worm -like]. Ver- 
miform. 

Scolecology (sko-le-kol'-o-je). See Helminthology. 

Scolecophagous [sko-le-kof'-ag-us) [cvai?^, worm ; 
(jiayelv, to eat]. In biology, worm-eating. 

Scolesis [sko-le'-sis). See Scoliosis. 

Scolex (sko'-leks) [cnuki]!;, a worm]. In biology, the 
knot-like head of a cestode worm, which by budding 
gives rise to the proglottides of the chain. See Tania. 

Scolices (sko-le'-sez). Plural of Scolex, q. v. 

Scolioma (sko-le-o' -mah) [ciwAiu{ia~\. Curvature of the 
spine. See Scoliosis. 

Scoliometer, Scoliosometer (sko-le-om'-et-er, sko-le-o- 
som'-et-er) \okoAwc, bent ; fierpov, measure]. An in- 
strument for measuring the extent of a scoliosis. 

Scolioneirosis [sko-le-o-ni-ro' -sis) \okoAl6c, bent ; ovil- 
poc, a dream]. Oppressive, disagreeable dreaming. 

Scolio-rachitic [sko - le - o - rak - it'- ik) \gkoAioc, bent ; 
pd^ig, spine; iric, inflammation]. Spinal deformity 
as a result of rickets. 

Scoliosis [sko-le-o' -sis) [okoAioq, curved]. Any morbid 
distortion or curvature of the spine, especially a lateral 
curvature. S., Cicatricial, scoliosis due to cicatricial 
contraction, such as occurs after costal necrosis. S., 
Empyematic, that due to empyema. S., Habit, sco- 
liosis as a result of faulty posture. S., Inflamma- 
tory, scoliosis due to caries of the vertebrae. S., 
Myopathic, a form due to paresis of the muscles of 
the spine. S., Osteopathic, spinal curvature caused 
by disease of the vertebrae. S., Paralytic, the same as 
S., Myopathic. S., Rachitic, spinal curvature due to 
rachitis. S., Rheumatic, temporary scoliosis caused 
by rheumatism of the muscles of the spine. S., Sciat- 
ic, scoliosis in sciatica with the convexity toward 
the affected side. Frequently there is compensatory 
curvature higher up, and the leg is slightly flexed and 
supported on the toe. S., Static, scoliosis as a result 
of inequality in the length of the lower limbs. 

Scoliosometer [sko-le-os-om' -e-ter) \gkoAioc, curved ; 
fihpav, measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
amount of deformity in scoliosis. 

Scoliotic (sko-le-ot'-ik) [trra/Udc, curved]. Pertaining 
to or marked by scoliosis. 

Scolopophore (sko-lo' -po-for) [o7iO/ot/\ anything pointed, 
a rod, stake ; <pepen>, bear] . In biology, the long, 
slender, stretched tube which conceals the terminal 
rod of the peripheral auditory nerve-fiber in certain 
arthropods. When grouped they form the peculiar 
chordotonal organs, q. v. 

Scolopsia (sko-lop' -se-ah) [o7c<5/\oi/>, anything pointed]. 
A suture between two bones having reciprocal move- 
ment. 

Scolymus [skol'-im-us) [aKOAvfioq]. A genus of the 
Composite. S. hispanicus, golden thistle, Spanish 
oyster-plant ; the root was formerly used as a diuretic. 
S. maculatus, spotted golden thistle of the Mediter- 
ranean regions. 

Scoop (sl'np) [ME., scope, a scoop]. In surgery, an 
instrument resembling a spoon, for the extraction of 
foreign bodies from the softer tissues or from passages 
or cavities. S., Ear, an instrument having a slender 
handle and a small, shallow bowl, used in removing 
epidermal scales or cerumen from the external audi- 



SCOOPERS' PNEUMONIA 



1305 



SCOTOPSIA 



tory canal. S. -extraction, an operation for cataract 
in which the lens is removed by means of a lens- 
scoop, or spoon, passed / behind and lifted out with 
the lens. S., Leroy d'Etiolle's, a scoop resembling 
a lithotrite in shape, and used in removing urethral 
calculi. S., Lithotomy, an instrument used to re- 
move calculi in the operation of lithotomy. S., Pla- 
cental, a scoop or curet furnished with a long handle, 
and used to detach adherent portions of the pla- 
centa. S., Schaffer's Throat, an instrument for the 
throat, made so that it can be introduced closed, and 
then opened by means of a rod sliding within a hol- 
low stem. 

Scoopers' Pneumonia. The chronic form of pneu- 
monia occurring in grain-scoopers from exposure to 
cold and dust. 

Scopa (sko'-pah) [scopa, twigs, shoots, a broom] . See 
Sarothrum. 

Scoparin (sko'-par-in) [scopa, a broom]. A diuretic 
principle obtained from scoparius. See Scoparius. 

Scoparius isko-pa' -re-us) [scopa, a broom: gen., Sco- 
parii~\. Broom. The tops of the common broom- 
plant, Cvtisus scoparius. Its properties are due to a 
neutral principle, scoparin, C 21 H 22 O 10 , and an alkaloid, 
sparte'in. It is diuretic and laxative ; in large doses 
cathartic and emetic. It is a favorite remedy in car- 
diac dropsy and kidney-complaints. Dose of an ^j 
to Oj decoction, ^j ; of scoparin, gr. v-x ; of the 
fluid extract gtt. xxx. S., Decoct. (B. P.) Dose 
gj-iij. S., Succus (B. P.) Dose 3J-ij. 

-scope (skop) [ono-elv, to examine]. A suffix, signify- 
ing to see or examine ; usually forming a part of the 
name of some instrument. 

Scopolein, or Scopolin (sko-po'-le-in, sko'-po-Hn) [after 
Scopoli, an Austrian naturalist] . An alkaloid extrac- 
tive of Scopolia japonica. It is a powerful mydriatic, 
whose effects are more rapid and more lasting than 
those of atropin, and are neutralized by those of eserin. 
It is recommended in keratitis and corneal ulcers. 
Unof. It is said by some to be a natural mixture of 
hyoscin, hyoscyamin, and atropin. 

Scopoletin (sko-pol' -et-in) [after Scopoli, an Austrian 
naturalist], C 10 H s O 4 . A fluorescent, crystalline sub- 
stance obtained from the root of Scopolia japonica and 
Scopolia atropoides. 

Scopolia (sko-po'-le-ah) [after Scopoli, an Austrian na- 
turalist]. A genus of the Hyoscyamecz. S. Atropoides. 
See S. carniolica. S. carniolica, the rhizome of a 
European solanaceous plant, of use as an efficient 
anhydrotic, checking sweating without producing dry- 
ness of the mouth or dilatation of the pupil. Also a 
local anesthetic. Dose of the fluid extract, tt\j-iij. 
Unof. S. japonica, of Asia, has in general the pro- 
perties of belladonna, for which it is substituted in 
Japanese practice. See Scopolein. 

Scoptula [skop' -tu-lah) See Scopula. 

Scopula (skop'-u-lah) [dim. of scopa, a broom]. See 
Sarothrum. 

Scopulate (skop'-u-lat) [scopula, a little broom]. In 
biology, broom-shaped. 

Scopuliform (skop'-u-lif-orni). Same as Scopulate. 

Scoracratia (sko-rak-ra' -she-ah) [ovcwp, feces ; aaparia, 
want of control]. Involuntary evacuation of the 
bowels. 

Scorax (sko'-raks). A gum obtained from the olive- 
tree. 

Scorbutic (skor-bu'-tik) [scorbutus, scurvy]. Pertain- 
ing to, affected with, or of the nature of scorbutus. 
S. Cancer. Synonym for Cancrum oris. 

Scorbutus ( skor-bu'-tus) [ L.]. See Scurvy. S. 
alpinus. See Pellagra. S. nauticus. See Scurvy. 

Scordein (skor'-de-in) [amp&tov, a garlicky plant]. An 



aromatic substance of a yellow color found in Teu- 
crium scordium. 

Scordinema (skor-din-e'-maK). See Pandiculation. 

Scordium (skor' -de-um) [aubp&iov, a garlicky plant]. 
The Tcucrium scordium. Aqua scordii, a mixture 
of one part of scordium and three parts of water, 
reduced one-fourth by distillation. Aqua scordii 
composita, a preparation containing 1 1 parts 
each of scordium, Cretan dittany, spikenard, and the 
roots of Virginia snakeroot, sweet flag, and angelica, 
4 parts each of opium and saffron, 6 each of cinna- 
mon, cardamom, and cloves, and 360 of brandy. 
Extractum scordii, a preparation made by infusing 
I part of scordium in 4 parts of boiling water, pour- 
ing off the infusion, repeating the process with a like 
volume of water, mixing the two infusions, and 
evaporating. Syrupus scordii, a preparation made 
by digesting 32 parts of scordium in 1000 of aqua 
scordii, and adding to the filtered liquid twice its 
weight of sugar. Tinctura scordii, a filtered infu- 
sion of 1 part of scordium in 4 parts of alcohol. 

Scorodolasarum (skor-o-do-las' -ar-um) . See Asafetida. 

Scorpioid (skor'-pe-oid) [aKopnloq, a scorpion; tifSoc, 
form]. In biology, curved like the tail of a scorpion. 
Applied to certain cymes, like those of the forget-me- 
not and heliotrope. 

Scorteum (skor'-te-um). Synonym of Scrotum. 

Scorzonera (skor-zo-ne'-rah) [It. ," black bark "]. A 
genus of composite plants of many (Old World) species. 
S. hispanica, S. deliciosa, S. tuberosa, and other 
species are cultivated for their esculent roots, which 
also are called scorzonera. S. humilis is diaphoretic 
and stimulant. Unof. 

Scotasma (sko-taz' '-mak) . See Scotoma. 

Scotasmus (sko-taz' -mus) [ovaSroc, darkness]. Dim- 
ness of vision. See Coligo. 

Scotch (skoch) [a contraction of Scottish"]. Pertaining 
to Scotland. S. Fiddle, the itch. S. Method. See 
Anesthetic. S. Pine, Pinus sylvestris. 

Scotodia (sko-to'-de-ah). See Amblyopia. 

Scotodinia (sko-to-din'-e-ah) [ir/cdroc, darkness ; dlvog, 
a whirl]. Giddiness, with the appearance of black 
spots before the eyes. 

Scotograph (sko'-to-graf) [ir/coroc, darkness ; ypaipsiv, 
to write]. An instrument for aiding the blind to write. 

Scotoma (sko-to' -mah) [aKoru/ia ; okotociv, to darken : 
pi. , Scotomata~\. A fixed spot or space in the field of 
vision corresponding to some abnormality in the retina 
or optic centers of the brain. S., Absolute, a 
scotoma in which perception of light is entirely absent. 
S., Central, a scotoma limited to the region of 
the macula lutea, or its immediate vicinity. S., 
Color, color - blindness limited to a part of the 
visual field, and which may exist without interruption 
of the field for white light. S., Flittering, a scotoma 
with serrated margins extending peripherally and pro- 
ducing a large defect in the visual field. S., Negative, 
a defect due to the destruction of the retinal center, and 
which is not noticeable to the patient. S., Positive, 
a scotoma perceptible to the patient as a dark spot 
before his eyes. S., Relative, a scotoma within 
which perception of light is only partially impaired. 
S., Ring, zones of scotoma surrounding the center of 
the visual field. S., Scintillating. See S., Flitter- 
ing. 

Scotome (sko'-tom) [anoroc, darkness]. A scotoma. 

Scotometer (sko-tom' -et-er) [okotoc;, darkness ; fisrpni', 
measure]. An instrument for detecting, locating, and 
measuring scotomata. 

Scotomy (skot'-o-me) [ovcordc, darkness]. Imperfect 
vision, with giddiness. 

Scotopsia (sko-top'-se-ah). See Myiodesopsia. 



SCOTOS 



1306 



SCROFULODERMA 



Scotos [sko'-tos). See Scotodinia. 

Scotoscopia (sko - to - sko' - pe - ah) [bkot6q, darkness; 
aKOTTEiv, to inspect]. See Retinoscopy. 

Scott-Battam's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Scott's Dressing. " A method of treating fungous 
arthritis consisting in rubbing on compound mercury 
ointment and then applying pitch-plaster spread on 
leather." 

Scour [skowr) [ME., sconren, to scour]. Diarrhea, as 
in cattle. 

Scourge (skerj) [ME., scourge, scourge]. I. Any 
severe epidemic disease of a fatal character. 2. To 
strike the skin with light withes or with knotted cords 
in order to produce counter-irritation. 

Scourging [skerj' -ing) [ME., scourge, scourge]. A 
beating or flagellation. S. Mania, a religious mania 
of the 13th and 14th centuries characterized by the 
self-flagellation of the persons affected. 

Scouring {skowr'-ing) [ME., scouren, to scour]. Purg- 
ing; also, diarrhea. S. Rush, the stalks of Equi- 
setum hyemale. Diuretic and astringent. Dose of 
fld. ext. ir^xx— !jj. Unof. See Equisetiun. 

Scrape (skrdp) [ME. , scrapien, to scrape]. Galipot; 
a white viscid resin obtained from fir-trees ; an inferior 
sort of turpentine. 

Scraper (skra'-per) [ME., scrapien, to scrape]. An 
instrument used to produce an abrasion. S., Tongue, 
an instrument used to remove accumulations of exfoli- 
ated epithelium and other foreign material from the 
tongue. 

Scrat (skrat) [ME., scrat, a monster]. An hermaphro- 
dite. 

Scratched (skracht) [ME., scrat~\. Excoriated. S. 
Skin, a group of lesions directly and indirectly due to 
the constant irritation of the nails, and, as a whole, a 
symptom of prurigo, urticaria, scabies, and other pru- 
ritic diseases. 

Scratches (skrach'-es) [from ME., scrat"]. I. Excori- 
ations produced by the nails in scratching. 2. Grease ; 
an eczematous inflammation of the feet of the horse. 
S., Ohio, prairie itch. 

Screable (skre'-a-bl) \_screare, to hawk]. That which 
may be spit out. 

Screaming Fits. See Convulsions, Infantile. 

Screation (skre-a'-shun) \_screare, to hawk]. The act 
of spitting. 

Screatus [skre-a' -tus) [L., a "hawking."]. I. Ex- 
cretion. 2. Agnew's term for a singular neurosis of 
the nasal passages, characterized by paroxysms of 
short, noisy inspirations or snortings, " as though an 
effort were being made to draw into the pharynx some 
worrying secretion from the back of the nose." 
The paroxysms last for two or three minutes, are fre- 
quent in occurrence, and are utterly independent of 
the patient's volition. The patient is exhausted and 
becomes emaciated from the excessive wear. The 
condition is often due to some local irritation, and 
is, as a rule, amenable to treatment. 

Screw (skru) [Dan., skrue, a screw]. A cylindric rod 
on the surface of which is a projecting fillet or thread, 
passing spirally around at a constant angle to its axis. 
This fits into a hollow cylinder with its surface spirally 
grooved to correspond with the thread on the screw, 
which moves within it backward and forward in the 
direction of its length. S. -driver Teeth, peculiar 
teeth occurring in the subjects of hereditary syphilis. 
S.-hook, an instrument devised by Elsberg for the re- 
moval of foreign bodies from the ear. S., Micrometer, 
a screw with a very slight pitch for the measurement of 
very minute spaces and motions, as in the fine adjust- 
ment of microscopes. S., Oral, a screw of hard 
rubber or bone for insertion between the teeth to 



separate the jaws. S., Pancoast's, a screw for 
drilling the fragments in ununited fracture. 

Scriptulus [skript -tu-lus). See Scruple. 

Scriveners' Cramp, or Palsy. See Paralysis, 
Writers'. 

Scrobe (skrob) [scrobis, a ditch, a trench]. In biology, 
a groove for the reception of the basal joint of the 
antenna, occurring at the side of the rostrum in cer- 
tain beetles. S., Mandibular, a groove in the side 
of the mandible in certain insects. 

Scrobicula (skro-bik'-u-lah) [L.]. In biology, a 
smooth space surrounding a tubercle on the test of a 
sea-urchin. 

Scrobicular (skro-bik'-u-lar)\_scrobiculus, a little ditch]. 
Pertaining to scrobiculae. 

Scrobiculate {skro-bik 1 '-u-ldt) [scrobiculus, a little ditch 
or trench]. In biology, pitted or grooved. Possess- 
ing minute or shallow depressions. 

Scrobiculus (skro-bik'-u-lus) [L.]. A small pit or 
furrow. S. cordis. See Anticardium. S. variolas, 
a scar made by a small-pox pustule. 

Scrofula (skrof'-u-lah) [dim. of scrofa, a sow]. Tu- 
berculous adenitis. A morbid condition, usually con- 
stitutional, and frequently hereditary, characterized by 
glandular tumors, having a tendency to suppuration, 
and leaving indolent ulcers very stubborn to treatment. 
It is now generally accepted as a manifestation of 
tuberculosis. The term is gradually falling into dis- 
use. S., Benign, a condition characterized by in- 
flammation, not endangering life, as lupus erythema- 
tosus. S., Fixed Primitive, a condition in which 
the symptoms presented at the onset of the disease are 
maintained to its close. S. fugax. See S. , Fugitive. 
S., Fugitive, suppurative cervical adenitis with 
eczema capitis (Cullen). S., Ganglionic, scrofulous 
adenitis. S., Malignant, lymphadenoma. S. mes- 
enterica, tabes mesenterica. S. moluccana. See 
Yaws. S., Mucous, an old term for a supposed 
scrofula of the mucous membranes. S., Phagedenic, 
of Bazin, a scrofula with a marked tendency to 
phagedenic ulceration. S., Primitive, a term formerly 
applied to scrofula in its early stage. S., Pulmonary, 
pulmonary tuberculosis. S., Quaternary, visceral 
tuberculosis. S., Senile, a condition occurring in ad- 
vanced age, and characterized by strumous ulcers, 
which are apt to develop into rodent ulcer or epitheli- 
oma. S., Visceral, the same as quaternary scrofula. 

Scrofulelcosis (skrof-u-lel-ko'-sis) [scrofula, scrofula ; 
eXKwtJir, ulceration]. Scrofulous ulceration. 

Scrofulide (skrof'-zt-lid) [scrofula, scrofula]. See 
Scrofuloderma. S. boutonneuse benigne, of Bazin, 
prurigo. S.s malignes, of Bazin, lupus erythemato- 
sus and lupus vulgaris. S. tuberculeuse, lupus vul- 
garis. 

Scrofulism (skrof'-u-lizm) [scrofula, scrofula]. The 
scrofulous diathesis or condition. 

Scrofuloderm (skrof -u-lo-derm) [scrofula, scrofula; 
depfia, skin]. See Scrofuloderma. S., Large Pus- 
tular, ecthyma scrofulosum. S., Small Pustular. 
See Lichen scrofulosus. 

Scrofuloderma [skrof u-lo-der' '-mah) [scrofula, scrof- 
ula ; Sepfia, the skin]. A term applied to the various 
forms of suppurating dermatitis. The lesions most 
commonly occur in the skin of the face and neck, over 
caseating and softening lymphatic glands. S. gum- 
matosum. See S. tuberculosum. S. papulosum. 
See Lichen scrofulosus. S. squamosum, a furfura- 
ceous exfoliation of the epidermis occurring in scrofu- 
lous subjects. S. tuberculosum, a condition charac- 
terized by cellular infiltrations, forming nodes and 
having a tendency to ulcerate. The lesions begin as 
hard, rounded, subcutaneous nodules, freely movable 



SCROFULOME 



1307 



SCUTELLIPLANTAR 



beneath the skin. Later the skin is implicated, be- 
comes adherent and violaceous, and the tumors soften, 
with obvious fluctuation (S. gummatosum). They 
may then be absorbed or evacuated spontaneously, in 
which case they cicatrize slowly or form spreading 
ulcers with thin, red, undermined edges, uneven bases, 
and pale, pus-covered, unhealthy granulations, some- 
times associated with numerous deep sinuses (S. ulcer- 
osuni). S. ulcerosum, granuloma fungoides. See 
S. tuberculosum. S. verrucosum, tuberculosis ver- 
rucosa cutis (Riehl and Paltauf ) ; lupus verrucosus 

' and verruca necrogenica (Unna). 

Scrofulome (skrof ' -u-lom) [scrofula, scrofula ; b/xa, 
tumor]. A tumor of a supposed scrofulous nature or 
origin. 

Scrofulonychia (skrofu-lo-nik' -e-ah) [scrofula, scrof- 
ula ; bn%, nail]. Onychia maligna. 

Scrofulophyma (skrof u-lo-fi' -mah) [scrofula, scrofula; 
cpvfia, growth]. Scrofuloderma tuberculosum. S. 
diffusum, elephantiasis scrofulosa. 

Scrofulosis (skrof u-lo' -sis) [scrofula, scrofula ; vbaog, 
disease]. A scrofulous condition, disease, or diathe- 
sis. S. erethica. Scrofulosis with a tendency to 
suppurative adenitis. S. torpidus, scrofulosis, as it 
is manifested by the puffy face with thick nose and 
lips, slender limbs, and prominent abdomen, and 
also other characteristic features of the facies scrofu- 
losus. 

Scrofulous (skrof ' -u-lus) [scrofula, scrofula]. Having 
the nature of scrofula. Affected with scrofula. S. 
pneumonia, secondary inflammatory processes in the 
lungs occurring in pulmonary scrofula. S. teeth, 
teeth similar in some respects to those of syphilis, 
but distinguished by a muddy- white color; they are 
large, rough, and irregular; their lingual surfaces are 
indented ; the arch is broad, and the teeth regular in 
arrangement. 

Scrofulousness (skrof ' -u-lus-nes) [scrofula, scrofula]. 
The scrofulous character or condition. 

Scroll (skrol) [ME., scrolle, scroll]. A roll of paper, 
or anything folded so as to resemble a roll. Ss., 
Olfactory, the turbinate bones. 

Scrophula (skrof '-u-lali). See Scrofula. 

Scrophularia (skrofu-la'-re-ah) [scrofula, scrofula]. 
A genus of flowering plants called figworts ; the 
type of the important order of Scrophulariacea. 
There are some 120 species. S. nodosa, of Europe 
and North America, has been much used in the 
treatment of scrofula, piles, and ulcers. Unof. S. 
officinalis, S. vulgaris. See S. nodosa. 

Scrophulelcosis. See Scrofulelcosis. 

Scrophulophyma. See Scrofulophyma. 

Scrotal (skro'-tal) [scrotum, scrotum]. Pertaining to 
the scrotum. S. Hernia, protrusion of the gut 
through the external ring and into the scrotum ; 
oscheocele. 

Scrotiform (skro'-tif-orm) [scrotum, scrotum ; forma, 
form]. In biology, shaped like a purse or pouch 
with two compartments, as the pod of shepherd's 
purse (Capsella). 

Scrotitis (skro-ti' -tis) [scrotum, scrotum ; ens, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the scrotum. 

Scrotocele (skro'-to-sel) [scrotum, scrotum; Kifkr), 
tumor]. Same as Scrotal Hernia. 

Scrotum (skro'-tum) [L.]. The pouch containing the 
testicles, consisting of a thin, brownish skin marked 
by numerous rugae, and beneath which are the dartos, 
the spermatic fascia, the cremasteric fascia, the infun- 
dibuliform fascia, and the parietal tunica vaginalis. S. 
cordis, the pericardium. S. lapillosum, multiple 
calcareous atheroma of the scrotum. 

Scrubgrass (skrub'-gras). See Scouring Rusk. 



Scruff (skri/f) [origin obscure]. A popular name for 
the nape, or back of the neck. 

Scruple (skru'-pl) [scrupulum, a scruple]. In Apothe- 
caries' weight, 20 grains. Represented by the sign ►) . 

Scrupulosity (skru-pu-los'-it-e) [scrupulosus, exact]. An 
over-precision, or morbid conscientiousness as to 
one's thoughts, words, and deeds. It is somewhat 
common among insane persons of a certain type. 

Scull (skul). See Skull. S.-cap. See Skull and 
Scutellaria. 

Scultetus, Bandage of. See Bandage. 

Scurf (skcrf) [ME. , scurf scurf ]. The bran-like ex- 
foliation of the epidermis, especially from the scalp. 
It is popularly known as " dandruff" or " dandriff. " 
S.-skin, the epidermis. 

Scurvy (sker'-ve) [ME. , scurvy\ . A disease observed 
both on land and at sea among persons who have been 
deprived of wholesome diet for any length of time ; 
it is characterized by spongy gums, extravasations of 
blood, livid, indurated patches of skin, hemorrhages 
from the mucosa, fetor of the breath, and painful 
contractions of the muscles. It is aggravated by want 
of cleanliness and by a diet of fat, salt meat. It soon 
disappears under a vegetable diet, vegetable acids, etc. 
S. of the Alps. See Pellagra. S., Button, a disease 
which prevailed among the peasantry of Ireland, in 
1814. It was described as an eruption of "convex 
tubercles, varying from the size of a split pea to that 
of a shilling," having "an appearance somewhat like 
the surface of a raspberry," and exuding "a white, 
tenacious matter which formed thin, yellow crusts " 
(Carmichael). S. -grass, plants of the genus Cockle- 
aria ; spoonwort. Common scurvy-grass, Cochlearia 
officinalis, is stimulant, diuretic, and antiscorbutic. It 
is administered in an infusion made of one part of the 
herb in 12 parts of water, evaporated one-half by 
heating. Dose t ^ij. S., Land, scurvy affecting 
landsmen. See Purpura hemorrhagica. S., Nor- 
wegian. See Radesyge. S. Rickets, a form of 
scurvy associated with rickets occurring in young 
infants improperly fed. It appears especially in those 
cases in which there is a lack of fresh milk in the 
diet. 

Scutate (sku'-tat) [scutum, a shield]. In biology, 
shaped like a buckler. 

Scute (skill) [scutum, a shield]. In biology, a scale or 
plate, a scutum, q. v. 

Scutellar (sku-tel' -ar) [scutellum, a little shield]. Of 
or pertaining to a scutellum. 

Scutellaria (sku-tel-a'-re-ah) [scutellum, a little shield]. 
A genus of labiate plants. Skull-cap, the leaves and 
twigs of S. lateriflora, have reputed properties as a 
tonic nervine, in tremors, chorea, hysteria, etc. Dose 
of the fid. ext. 3 ss-ij. S. galericulata is considered 
astringent and febrifuge, as is also S. integrifolia. 
All unof. 

Scutellarin (sku-tel-a'-rin) [scutellum, a little shield]. 
A precipitate from a tincture of Scutellaria lateriflora ; 
nervine, tonic, diuretic, and antispasmodic. Dose 
gr. j-ij. Unof. 

Scutellate (sku'-tel-at ) [scutellum, a little shield]. In 
biology : (a) provided withscutellaor transverse scales, 
as the feet of certain birds ; (b) plate-shaped. 

Scutelliform (sku-tel' -if-orm) [scutellum, & little shield ; 
forma, form]. Scutellate. 

Scutelligerous (sku-tel-ij'-er-us) [scutellum, a little 
shield; gerere, to carry]. In biology, provided with 
a scutellum. 

Scutelliplantar (sku-tel-ip-lan' -tar) [scutellum, a little 
shield ; planta, the sole of the foot]. In biology, 
applied to certain birds in which the planta or back of 
the tarsus is provided with transverse scales. 



SCUTELLUM 



1308 



SEAT 



Scutellum (sku-teV -urri) [dim. of scutum, a shield : //. , 
Scutella]. I. Scutulum ; the characteristic " plate " 
of Tinea favosa. It shows a typical central depres- 
sion with raised edges (cupped), is usually marked 
with concentric lines, and may be as large as a split 
pea. It is whitish or pale-yellow in the center, vivid- 
yellow at the periphery. 2. In biology: (a) (i) In 
lichens a sessile shield-shaped apothecium ; (2) in 
Graminetz, the cotyledon that envelops the embryo 
and is modified to absorb the reserve materials and 
convey the nutriment to the embryo; (b) (1) one of 
the sclerites composing the tergum of an insect ; (2) 
one of the plates of the tarsus of certain birds. 

Scutia (scu'-te-ah) [scutum, a. shield]. A genus of the 
Rhamnea. A shrub growing in Asia ; the leaves, 
made into an ointment, are used as an oxytocic in 
India. 

Scutiform (sku'-tiform) \_scutum, a shield]. Shield- 
shaped. S. Leaf, the first-formed leaf or cotyledon 
in Salvinia, so named from its peculiar shape. 

Scutigerous (sku-tij' -er-us) [scutum, shield; gerere, to 
carry]. In biology, provided with a scute. 

Scutiped (sku'-tip-ed) [scutum, a shield ;pes, foot]. In 
biology, a bird with scaled tarsi. 

Scuto-auricularis (sku-to-aw-rik-u-la'-ris) [scutum, 
shield; auricula, ear]. A muscle attached to the 
scutiform cartilage of the ear. 

Scutulatio (sku-tu-la'-she-o) [scutum, a shield]. A 
cutaneous disease of new-born infants. See Ichthyosis 
congenita and Ichthyosis sebacea. 

Scutulum (sku'-tu-lum). See Scutellum. 

Scutum (sku'-ium) [scutum, a long shield : //. , Scuta~\. 
I. An exoskeletal scale or plate. 2. The thyroid car- 
tilage. S. cordis, the sternum. S. genu, the patella. 
S. pectoris, the thorax. S. thoracis, the sternum. 
S. tympanicum, the semilunar plate of bone separ- 
ating the attic of the tympanum from the outer mastoid 
cells. 

Scybala (sib'-al-ah). Plural of Scybalum, q. v. 

Scybalous (sib'-al-us) [oabfia'Aov, fecal matter]. Of the 
nature of a scybalum. 

Scybalum {sib' -al-um) [oKvfiaXov, fecal matter]. Ab- 
normally hard fecal matter that has aggregated into 
lumps. 

Scyllite (sil'-it) [oKvjiaAov, fecal matter], C fi H ]2 O fi . A 
glucose obtained from the intestines, kidney, liver, 
etc., of the hag-fish, skate, and shark. 

Scyphistoma (si-fs' '-to-mah) or Scyphostoma, (si-fos'- 
to-mah) [okv<j>oc, a cup; arofta, mouth: pi. , Scyphis- 
tomata, Scyphoslomatal. In biology, the hydra-tube 
stage in the development of Medusa. It arises from the 
scyphula, and gives rise to the free-swimming medusa 
by the tearing away of the larger portion of the 
body. The remaining stem can, however, become 
regenerated into a complete attached medusa (mono- 
disc strobila) ; or the stem of the scyphistoma may be- 
come regenerated into a new scyphistoma before the 
first medusa has detached itself; and when this regen- 
erative process continues without the medusre at once 
fully detaching themselves we have a polydisc strobila, 
a temporary animal stock. The whole process is called 
strobilation, q. v. 

Scyphula (sif -u-lali) [scyphulus, dim. of scyphus, a 
cup]. In biology, a stage in the development of the 
acraspede Medusa, in which the primitive larva re- 
sembles an attached coral-like animal. It later 
develops into an attached young Medusa, the Scyphis- 
toma, q. v. 

Scyphus [si' -/us) [ok'v&oc, a drinking-cup]. A cup, or 
structure having the shape of a cup. S. auditorius, 
S. cochleae, S. vieussenii, the infundibulum of the 
cochlea. S. lapideus in oculo, a cup-shaped con- 



cretion in the eye, probably identical with what is 
known as ossification of the choroid. 

Scyros (si'-ros.) Synonym of Callosity. 

Scytalis {sit'-al-is) [okvtci'/.tj, a staff]. A phalanx of the 
fingers. 

Scythian Disease (sith'-e-an dis-ez'). Atrophy of the 
male generative organs, with consequent loss of phys- 
ical power, masculinity, etc. It is an attendant or 
result of sexual perversion, its victims adopting the 
dress and manners of women. It prevails locally in 
the Caucasus (as in the time of Herodotus), and is 
common as far eastward as Alaska. 

Scythrospasmus (si-thro-spaz'-mus) [ointOpdc, angry ; 
ottoo/joc, spasm]. A heavy or fatigued expression, 
regarded as an evil symptom in grave disease. 

Scytitis (si-ti'-tis) [okvtoc, skin ; inc , inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the skin ; dermatitis. 

Scytoblastema (si-lo-blas-le'-mah) [okvtoc, skin ; /3Ad<7- 
rt/fia, germ]. The primitive or embryonic stage of 
the development of the skin. 

Scytoblastesis (si-to-blas-te' -sis) [okvtoc, skin ; /3/ldcr- 
rr/fia, germ]. The condition and progress of scyto- 
blastema. 

Scytomorphosis (si-to-mor-fo' -sis) [okvtoc, skin ; fidpcf)- 
001c, shaping]. An abnormal development of the 
skin. 

Scytonemin (si-to-ne'-min) [okvtoc, skin, hide; vf/fta, 
a thread]. A deep yellow or brown pigment coloring 
the filament-sheath in many of the Scytonemacea. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Sea (se) [ME., see, sea]. The ocean. S.-moss. See 
Carragheen. S. -sickness, the nausea and vomiting 
affecting persons at sea, or those who are subjected to 
any undulatory motion like that of a vessel. S.- 
tangle, the stem of Laminaria digitata, a marine 
plant. The dried stem, introduced into a moist canal or 
hollow organ, swells and dilates the cavity. See Tent. 
S. -water bath. See Bath. S. -weed, any marine plant 
of the order Alga. S.-weed bath, a bath in sea- 
water charged with an infusion of some medicinal sea- 
weed. S. -wrack. See Fucus vesiculosus. 

Seal (sel) [ME., seel, seal]. A body of water, or 
other material, placed in the trap of a house-drain 
for the purpose of preventing the ingress of sewer- 
air. 

Sealing (se'-ling) [ME., seelen, to seal]. The exclusion 
of air from a wound during the process of healing. 
S.-wax, a product manufactured from shellac, to which 
have been added Venice turpentine to make it more 
fusible and less brittle, and some mineral coloring- 
matter, usually vermilion. For black sealing-wax the 
best ivory-black is used ; for golden-color wax, " mo- 
saic gold " (stannic sulphid) ; for green wax, pow- 
dered verdigris, and for the commoner varieties earthy 
materials. 

Seam [sent). See Suture and Raphe. 

Searcher (serch'-er) [WE., serchen, to search]. An 
instrument used for the detection of stone in the 
bladder. 

Searching (serch'-ing) [ME., serchen, to search]. 
Probing ; sounding. The operation of exploring the 
bladder by means of a metallic sound, for the purpose 
of detecting the presence or absence of calculi. S. 
Ocular. See Ocular. 

Seamstress's Cramp. See Cramp. 

Seaside Grape. West Indian kino, from Coccoloba 
tivifera. 

Seasoning (se'-zn-ing) [Fr., saisonner, to have a good 
flavor]. Adding a higher relish to food ; acclimatiz- 
ing. S. Fever, the febrile symptoms occurring dur- 
ing the process of acclimatization 

Seat (set) [M~E., sele, seat]. Breech ; nates. S.-bone, 



SEB 



1309 



SEBORRHEA 



the ischium. S.-worm, thread-worm. See Oxyuris, 
under Parasites [Animal) , Table of. 

Seb [seb). Gold of the alchemists ; also alum. 

Sebaceous [se-ba'-shus) [sebum, suet, fat]. Pertaining 
to fat or suet, 
and especial- 
ly to the seba- \ \ jj /y 
ceous glands 
of the corium 
of the skin. 
S. Cyst, 
wen, athe- 
roma, stea- 
toma; a cystic 
tumor vary- 
ing in size 
from a millet- 
see d to an 



orange, 
ated in 
skin 



situ- 

the 

or sub- 




Large Sebaceous Gland. 
. Hair in its follicle. 2,3,4,5. Lobules of 
the gland. 6. Excretory duct traversed 
by the hair. 



Pertaining to or 



cutaneous tis- 
sue. It occurs 
most fre- 
quently on 
the scalp, 
face, back, 
and scrotum, 
and may be 
single or mul- 
tiple. S. Flux. See Seborrhea. 
Sebacic (se-ba'-sik) \_sebum, fat], 
derived from sebum. S. Acid, 

p tr r\ p tt •CUUrl 

, ~10 n I8 , ~'4 — 8 ^^COOH 
a dibasic acid obtained by dry distillation of oleic 
acid and by the action of sodium hydroxid on castor- 
oil. 

Sebacin {se-ba r -sin) [sebum, fat]. I. A hydrocarbon 
obtained by distilling calcium sebate with an excess of 
calcium carbonate. 2. An unctuous substance found 
in the fruit of Myristica sebifera. 

Sebadilla [seb-ad-il'-ali). See Cevadilla. 

Sebastomania (se-bas-to-ma* '-rie-ali) [oefiaaTdg, revered ; 
fiavia, madness]. Religious insanity. 

Sebate (se'-bat) [sebum, fat]. A salt of sebacic 
acid. 

Sebel. See Pannus oculi. 

Sebesten (se-bes' -ten) [Ar. sebestan, the fruit sebesten]. 
A tree of Asia, Cordia myxa L. ; also, C. obliqua ; also 
their edible fruits, called sebesten plums. The latter, 
dried, have been much used for their demulcent 
qualities. Unof. 

Sebic (se'-bik). See Sebacic. 

Sebiferous (se-bif -er-us) [sebum, fat ; ferre, to bear]. 
Same as Sebiparous. 

Sebiparous {se-bip' -ar-us) [sebum, fat ; parere, to pro- 
duce] . Forming or producing sweat. 

Sebolith [seb' -o-litli) [sebum, tat; XWoc, stone]. A cal- 
culus, or hard concretion, in a sebaceous gland. 

Seborrhagia [seb-or-a' '-je-ah). See Seborrhea. 

Seborrhea, Seborrhcea {seb-or-e f -ah) [sebum, suet; pdla, 
a flow]. Sebaceous flux ; stearrhea ; seborrhagia ; stea- 
torrhea ; a disorder of the secretory organs of the skin, 
in which there is an alteration and increase of sebaceous 
secretion, and, according to some, an involvement of 
the sweat-coils, as well as of the sebaceous glands. It 
is characterized by the formation of an oily, waxy, or 
scaly accumulation on the surface. S. adiposa. See 
S. oleosa. S. amianthacea, S. capillitii, S. capitis, 
seborrhea of the scalp. See S. sicca and Alopecia 
furfuracea. S. cerea, the waxy form of S. sicca. It 



is the vernix caseosa of the new-born. It occurs at 
almost any age after birth, and includes the accumu- 
lation of smegma beneath the prepuce. At puberty 
and onward it is seen most commonly on the scalp, 
where it forms dirty-looking, yellowish or greenish- 
brown, or even black, plates or crusts of fat and epi- 
thelium. It leads to atrophy of the hair. S. con- 
gestiva, lupus erythematosus of Hebra ; it is the early 
stage of lupus erythematosus. S. corporis, S. papu- 
losa seu lichenoides, a papular, ringed, serpiginous 
eruption, confined to the trunk, and characterized by 
slight scaliness and marked greasiness, and frequently 
associated with S. capitis. It is popularly known 
as "flannel rash." Its synonyms are: Lichen cir- 
cinatus, L. circumscriptus, L. annulatus serpigi- 
nosus, L. gyratus. S. crustosa. See S. sicca. S. 
dermatitis. See S. corporis, S. eczema, S. eczemi- 
fvrmis, S. psoriasiformis , the various forms resem- 
bling ordinary dermatitis, and comprised under the 
general term, S. dermatitis. S. eczema of Unna. 
See 6'. dermatitis. S. eczematoid, seborrhea asso- 
ciated with active inflammation of the scalp. The 
margin of the affected area is well defined, and there 
is abundant formation of flaky, fatty scales. This 
acute condition is due to some depressing influence, 
mental or physical. S. faciei, a common sequel of 
variola and other exanthemata, and often associated 
with rosacea. It affects chiefly the forehead, super- 
ciliary regions, and sides of the nose and cheeks. The 
scales are often greenish or blackish. S. fluida. See 
S. oleosa. S. furfuracea seu pityriasiformis, the 
scaly form of S. sicca. It constitutes the condition 
known as scurf or dandruff, and is the alopecia pity- 
rodes of Pincus. S. genitalium, the accumulation of 
smegma beneath the prepuce, about the clitoris, and 
between the labia and the nymphse. S. lichenoides. 
See 5. corporis. S. localis, circumscribed seborrhea, 
as when it occurs on the face only. S. nasi, sebor- 
rhea attended with the formation of yellow crusts on 
the tip of the nose (S. flavescens). S. nigra, S. ni- 
gricans, seborrhea with the formation of dark-colored 
crusts, the coloration being usually from dirt. See 
Chromidrosis. S. oleosa, a variety in which there is 
an excess of oily secretion on the surface. The face 
has a greasy appearance and feel ; the complexion is 
generally thick and muddy-looking. It occurs usually 
in young adults. S. papulosa. See 5. corporis. S. 
psoriasiformis, one of the least common forms of 
seborrhea, consisting of well-defined bright-red patches, 
with scanty, scaly, and fatty crusts. The individual 
patches may coalesce and cover a considerable area. 
The eruption is chiefly met with in the axilla and on 
the trunk. S. sicca, the commonest form of the dis- 
ease, characterized by fine greasy or branny scales ; 
the underlying skin is pale and leaden. There are no 
subjective symptoms. It is one of the chief causes of 
premature baldness. S. squamosa (seu sicca) neo- 
natorum, ichthyosis congenita; regarded by Hebra 
as a general seborrhea. The entire surface of the 
body is covered with fatty, thick, epidermic plates, 
firmly adherent to the skin, and broken by deep rha- 
gades extending down into the corium. Owing to the 
stiffness and contraction of the skin, the eyes cannot 
be completely opened or closed, the lips are retracted, 
the nose and ears are atrophied, and the toes contracted 
and cramped. If not born dead, the subject soon suc- 
cumbs from starvation and depression of temperature. 
S. syphilitica, 5. capitis when associated with syphilit- 
ic lesions of the scalp. S. tabescentium, a form of 
S. furfuracea, occurring in diabetes and chronic wast- 
ing diseases. S. universalis, Pityriasis tabescentium ; 
a variety occurring only at the end of wasting dis- 



SElil M 



1310 



SECTOR 



eases, as diabetes mellitus. It consists in a universal, 
branny desquamation, especially over the trunk and 
extremities. 

Sebum (se'-bum) [L.]. The secretion of the sebaceous 
glands. See also Sevum. S. palpebrale, Lema : the 
dried glandular secretion of the eyelids. S. praepu- 
tiale, S. praeputii, smegma prseputii. 

Sec (sek) [Fr.]. Dry; said of bloodless surgical opera- 
tions. 

Secale (sek-a'-le) [L.]. Rye. S. cereale, common 
rye ; rye-flour furnishes a nutritious bread. Alone 
or mixed with bran it is used as an absorbent and 
emollient application, and as a mush it is said to be 
laxative. Carbonized Rye is used in tooth-powders. 
S. cornutum. See Ergot. S. farina, rye-meal. 

Secalin (sek'-al-in). See Trimethylamin. 

Secamone {sek-am-o' -ne) [L.]. A genus of the Seca- 
monece. S. emetica, a shrub of India ; the root con- 
tains an acrid, emetic principle. 

Secernment, Secerning (se-sern'-ment, se-sern' -ing) 
\_secemere, to separate]. Secreting; applied to the 
function of a gland or a follicle. 

Secessio, Secessus (se-sesh'-e-o, se-ses'-us). Defeca- 
tion. 

Secohm (sek'-oni) [secundus, following ; ohm']. A 
unit of electric self-induction. 

Second (sek'-und) \_secundus, next]. Next after the 
first. S. Intention. See Healing. S. -sight. See 
Clairvoyance. 

Secondaries (sek'-un-da-rez) [secundus, second]. A 
name sometimes applied to the secondary symptoms 
of syphilis, in contradistinction from the primaries. 

Secondary (sek'-nn-da-re) \_secundarius~\. I. Follow- 
ing, succeeding to a first. Subordinate in order of 
time or development ; an induced or faradic electric 
current. 2. In chemistry, a hydrocarbon having a 
substituted radicle attached to a carbon atom which is 
attached to two other carbon atoms. S. Amputa- 
tion, consecutive amputation, or amputation done after 
the subsidence of inflammatory symptoms. S. Cata- 
ract. See Cataract. S. Dentine, dentine formed at a 
later period than the rest of the dentine ; when the 
pulp, for example, is converted into solid material and 
no pulp-cavity remains the material so formed is called 
" secondary dentine." S. Hemorrhage. See Hemor- 
rhage, Consecutive. S. Syphilis. See Syphilis. S. 
Tertiary, those diatomic alcohols in which one mole- 
cule of hydroxyl is attached to a carbon atom which 
is attached to two other carbon atoms, and the other 
molecule of hydroxyl is attached to a carbon atom 
itself connected with three other carbon atoms. 

Secreta (se-kre' -tah) \secernere,\.o separate]. The sub- 
stances secreted by a gland, follicle, or other organ; 
products of secretion. . 

Secreting (se-kre' '-ting) \secernere, to separate]. Ef- 
fecting secretion]. S. Fringes, synovial fringes. 

Secretion ( se - kre'-shitn ) \_secretio : pi. , Secretiones~\. 
The natural function of certain organs of the body, 
mainly the glands and follicles. It consists in the 
separation and elaboration of fluid or semi-fluid sub- 
stances differing according to the organ in which they 
are secreted. Also, the substance secreted. S., Anti- 
lyric, the saliva secreted by a submaxillary gland with 
intact nerves, as distinguished from that which flows 
from a gland which has had its nerves divided (Lang- 
ley). S., Menstrual, menstrual blood. S., Paralytic, 
the abnormal discharge from a gland after section of 
its motor nerve. S., Sebaceous, sebum. S., In- 
ternal, the secretion of an organ that is not excreted 
or discharged, as, e.g. , glycogen. 

Secretitious {se - kre -tish'-us) [secretio, a secretion]. 
Of the nature of a secretion. 



Secretodermatosis (se-kre-to-der-mat-o' -sis) \secretio, 
a secretion ; dhpfia, skin ; vocroc, disease]. An affec- 
tion of the secretory apparatus of the skin. 

Secreto-motor (se-kre' -to-mo' -tor) \_secretio, a secretion ; 
motor, a mover]. Applied to nerves intermediating the 
function of secretion. 

Secretory (se' '-kre-tor-e) \_secernere , to separate]. Per- 
forming secretion ; applied to those glands or organs 
that form or produce secretions. S. Fibers, cen- 
trifugal nerve-fibers exciting secretion. 

Secretum (se-kre' -turn). See Secretion. 

Sectio (sek'-she-o) [L.]. Section. S. abdominis. See 
Laparotomy and Celiotomy . S. agrippina, Cesarean 
section. S. alta, high or supra-pubic section in lithot- 
omy. S. alta subpubica, transverse section beneath 
the pubic arch in lithotomy. S. anatomica, a dissec- 
tion. S.bilateralis, bilateral cystotomy. S. cadav- 
eris, an autopsy. S. caesarea, Cesarean section. S. 
corneae, keratotomy. S. fistularum, section of the 
tissues between the two openings of a complete anal 
fistula. S. fraenuli praeputii, division of the preputial 
frenum for the relief of penile curvature and premature 
seminal emissions. S. franconiana, suprapubic cys- 
totomy. S. hypogastrica, suprapubic cystotomy. 
S. lateralis, lateral cystotomy. S. lecatiana, lithot- 
omy done partly by incision and partly by dilatation 
(Le Cat). S. legalis, a post-mortem examination 
made by order or consent of the law. S. mediana, 
median lithotomy. S. musculorum, myotomy. S. 
nervorum, neurotomy. S. postrolandica, a tran- 
section of the brain at the posterior margin of the 
postcentral gyrus. S. praerolandica, a transverse 
section of the brain at the anterior margin of the pre- 
central gyrus. S. rectovesicalis, rectal cystotomy. 
S. renalis, nephrotomy. S. rolandica, a transverse 
section of the cerebrum passing through the fissure of 
Rolando. S. tendinum, tenotomy. S. urethralis, 
urethrotomy. S. vaginalis, elytrotomy. S.vagino- 
vesicalis, colpocystotomy. S. ventralis, suprapubic 
cystotomy. S. vesicae felleae, cholecystotomy. S. 
vesicalis, cystotomy. 

Section (sek'-shun) [secare, to cut]. Division by cut- 
ting; also, the condition made thereby; dissec- 
tion ; post-mortem examination ; a cut or thin slice 
made for histologic or anatomic study. S., Ab- 
dominal. See Celiotomy. S., Cesarean. See Cesa- 
rean Operation. S., Frontal, a longisection serving 
to divide the body into equal or unequal dorsal and 
ventral parts. It is, therefore, approximately parallel 
with the dorsal and ventral aspect of the body. See 
also Sagittal and Transection ; also Position and Di- 
rection, Table of Intrinsic Terms. S., Longitudinal. 
See Longisection and S., Frontal. S., Optic, the 
appearance resulting from microscopic examination of 
transparent or nearly transparent objects, when some 
plane below the upper surface of the object is in focus. 
S., Sagittal, a longisection parallel with the sagittal 
suture, and hence with the meson or median plane of 
the body, and serving to divide the body into equal or 
unequal right and left parts. See also Medisection, 
Frontal, and Transection ; also Position and Direction, 
Table of Intrinsic Terms. Ss., Segmentation. See 
Segmentation. Ss., Serial, the arrangement, con- 
secutively, of microscopic sections in the order in 
which they are cut. S., Sigaultian. See Symphysi- 
otomy. S., Transverse. See Transection. 

Sector (sek'-tor) \secare, to cut]. An area of a circle 
included between two radii and an arc. Ss., Cranio- 
metric, sectors in circles having the punctum alae 
vomeris as a center. The frontal sector is that bounded 
by a radius to the punctum naso-frontale, and one 
which, if prolonged, would pass through the punctum 



SECTORIAL 



1311 



SEGMENT 



bregmatis ; the maxillary sector is that bounded by 
a radius to the punctum naso-frontale and one passing 
through the punctum spina; nasalis posterioris ; the 
medullar)' sector is that included between a radius to 
the punctum foraminis magni anterius and one passing 
through the punctum foraminis magni posterius ; the 
nasal sector is that bounded by a radius to the punctum 
spina; nasalis anterioris and one which, if prolonged, 
would pass through the punctum naso-frontale ; the oc- 
cipital sector is included between a radius to the punctum 
occipitale and one to the punctum protuberantia; occipi- 
talis ; the palatine sector is contained between a radius 
to the punctum spina; nasalis posterioris and one pass- 
ing through the punctum preemaxillare ; the parietal 
sector is included between a radius to the punctum breg- 
matis and one passing through the punctum occipitalis ; 
the premaxillary sector is that bounded by a radius 
to the punctum prremaxillare and one to the punc- 
tum spina; nasalis anterioris : the sector for the cavum 
naso-pharyngeum is contained between a radius termi- 
nated by the punctum foraminis magni anterius and one 
to the punctum spina; nasalis posterioris (Lissauer). 

Sectorial (sek-to'-re-al) [sextor, a sector]. Carnassial. 

Secund (sek' -und ') \_secundus, following]. In biology, 
arranged on one side of a stem or axis. 

Secundina (se-kun' -de-nah) [L.]. Something follow- 
ing. S. cerebri, the pia mater. 

Secundine or Secundines (se-kun' -din) \_secundince~\. 
In biology: (a) the "after-birth," or that which 
remains in the uterus after the expulsion of the fetus. 
It includes the placenta, part of the umbilicus, and 
the membranes of the ovum ; (b) the inner coat of 
an ovule ; also called the mesosperm. 

Secundum artem (se-kun' -dum ar'-tem) [L. , "ac- 
cording to art" ]. In the approved, professional, or 
official manner ( used in writing prescriptions, as a 
direction to the apothecary). 

Securiform (se-ku'-riform) \securis, an ax ; forma, 
form]. In biology, ax-shaped. 

Secus (se'-kus) [L.]. Sex. 

Sedan Black. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Sedans (se'-danz) [L. : pi., Sedantia~\. Sedative; a 
sedative medicine. See Liquor sedans. 

Sedation (se-da' '-shun) \_sedatio~]. A condition of quiet 
and tranquillity, especially when following excessive 
functional activity. 

Sedative (sed'-at-iv) \_sedare, to soothe]. I. Soothing or 
tranquilizing. 2. An agent that exerts a soothing effect 
by lowering functional activity. S. Salt, boric acid. 

Sedentaria (sed-en-ta' -re-ah) [L.]. Plural of Seden- 
tarius, sedentary. S. ossa, the ischia and os coccygis, 
the bones on which the body rests while in a sitting 
posture. 

Sedentary (sed' -en-ta-re) \sedentarius ; sedere, to sit]. 
Occupied in sitting; sitting at one's work. Pertaining 
to the habit of sitting. 

Sedes (se'-dez) [L.J. Anus; stools. S. cruentae, 
bloody stools. S. lactescentes, celiac flux. S. pro- 
cidua, prolapse of the anus. 

Sedigitate, Sedigitated (se-dij' -it-at, se-dij' -it-a-ted) 
\_sedigitus ; sex, six; digitus, digit]. Having six 
fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot. 

Sedilia (se-dil'-e-ah) \_sedile, a seat]. The nates. 

Sediment (sed'-im-enf) [sedimentum : pi., Sedimenta~\. 
That which settles to the bottom of a liquid. S., 
Urinary, the solid constituents of urine, organic and 
inorganic, which are deposited on standing. See 
Urinary. 

Sedimentation (sed-im-en-ta' -shun) \_sedimentum, sedi- 
ment]. The process of producing rapid deposition of 
the sediment of urine or sewage by means of centrifu- 
gal or other apparatus. 



Sedlitz (sed'-litz). See Seidli/z. 

Sedum (se'-du///) [L., houseleek]. A. genus of crassu- 
laceous plants. Stonecrop, wall-pepper, creeping lack, 
gold-dust. S. acre, a moss-like creeping plant indig- 
enous to Europe, and naturalized in some places in 
North America. The expressed juice is emetic, pur- 
gative, and also capable of vesication. It was formerly 
used as a remedy for scrofula, and administered inter- 
nally in decoction, while externally the bruised fresh 
plant was applied. Unof. S. telephium, Live-for-ever, 
a species of salad indigenous to Europe, and introduced 
in the United States. The root and herb were for- 
merly official as radix et herba telephii. 

See's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. 

See-saw Eczema, a form of eczema alternating with 
some other disease. 

Seed (sed) [AS., sad, seed, sowing], (a) A fertilized 
ovule or ovum, as the egg of the silkworm-moth. 
[" Naked seeds meant to all botanists up to the time 
of A. L. de Tussieu and J. Gartner (1788) dry inde- 
hiscent fruits," Sachs] ; (£>) seminal fluid ; sperm or 
milt ; (c) offspring, as young oysters. S.-coat, in 
biology, the testa or exterior coat of the seed. Cf. 
Priniine, Secundine. S.-lac. See Lac. 

Seedy-toe (se'-de-to) [Fr. , fourmiliere~\. The English 
common name for an affection of the hoof of Equida. 
More frequent in the ass and mule than in the horse. 
It is held to be due to the fungus, Achorion kerato- 
phagus, q. v. (Ercolani.) 

Seegen's Dietetic Regimen. A regimen for diabetics, 
consisting of meats of all kinds, eggs, corn, vegetables, 
cheese, and gluten bread. 

Seemann and Hehner's Method. A method of esti- 
mating the amount of acids in the stomach. It con- 
sists in neutralizing the gastric contents by titrating 
with NaOH, evaporating to dryness, and carefully in- 
cinerating. The ash is extracted with water, and the 
alkali present in the extract is estimated by titrating 
with an acid; the difference between the amount of 
alkali added and the amount of alkali found gives the 
amount which must have combined with HC1, the 
lactic and volatile acids being decomposed during in- 
cineration. 

Seessel's Pocket or Pouch. See Pouch. 

Segestor (se -jes'-tor) \se, self; gerere, to carry]. A 
proprietary embalming fluid, introduced into the ves- 
sels of the cadaver by a syringe ; so called because it 
has the alleged property of finding its way to all parts 
of the dead organism. 

Segment (seg'-ment) \_segmentu?n ; secare, to cut]. I. 
A small piece cut from the periphery of anything. 2. 
A natural division, resulting from segmentation ; one 
of a series of homologous parts, as a myotome ; the 
part of a limb between two consecutive joints. A 
subdivision, ring, lobe, somite, or metamere of any 
cleft or articulated body. S. of Bandl. See 
BandPs Ring. S., Interannular, the portion of 
a nerve included between two consecutive nodes 
of Ranvier. S., Intermediate (of a cilium), the 
isotropous, delicately striated portion of a cilium 
between the cilium proper and its pedicle. S., 
Lower (of the uterus) , all that portion of the uterus 
situated below the ring of Bandl. Ss., Medullary, 
the incisures of Schmidt and Lautermann, or oblique 
markings in the medullary sheath of a nerve-fiber. 
S., Primitive, Minot's word for a primitive division 
of the vertebrate celom. The protovertebra, meso- 
blastic somite, mesomere, metamere, Ursegment, [/>■■ 
■wirbel, of authors. S., Pubic (of the pelvic floor) ; this 
" consists of what extends from the symphysis pubis 
to the anterior vaginal wall, inclusive of the latter, 
and is chiefly made up of bladder." (D. B. Hart.) 



SEGMENTAL 



1312 



SELENIUM 



S., Rivinian {of the tympanic ring), that portion of 
the temporal bone between the two points of attach- 
ment of its tympanic portion to its squamous portion. 
S., Sacral (of the pelvic floor), that portion which 
" extends from the sacrum to the posterior vaginal 
wall." (D.B.Hart.) S., Schmidt-Lautermann's, 
the elongated pieces making up the medullary sub- 
stmce of nerve-fibers, several pieces being included 
within each internode. 

Segmental (seg - men'- tal) [tegmentum, a segment]. 
Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a segment ; made up 
of segments. S. Duct, the duct of the pronephros, 
a. v. S. Organs. See Nephridia. S. Sense- 
organs, a series of organs formed by the temporary 
or permanent union of the sensory ganglia ; the ear, 
eye, and nose possibly belong to this class ; the 
branchial sense-organs of Beard, and the ganglionic 
sense-organs of Minot. 

Segmentation (seg-men-ta' -shiai) [segmen/um, a piece 
cut off ]. In biology, the process of cleavage or divi- 
sion. In embryology, the term is restricted by usage 
" to the production of cells up to the period of devel- 
opment when the two primitive germ- layers are clearly 
differentiated and the first trace of organs is beginning 
to appear." (Minot.) Merogenesis. S. -cavity, the 
central space in the blastula stage of the segmentation 
of an ovum. S. -cells, homogeneous indifferent cells 
formed by the repeated division of the fecundated 
egg-cell, and which compose first of all the solid 
mulberry germ. (Hasckel.) S., Centro-lecithal, a 
form of segmentation in which the spheres enclose a 
central nutritive yolk. S., Complete, holoblastic 
segmentation. S., Direct, amitosis, or direct cell- 
division. S., Discoidal, a form of segmentation in 
which the germinal disc alone is involved. S., Du- 
plicative, segmentation peculiar to the gonococcus, 
marked by an interval between the two segments. 
S., Free, cleavage of zymoplasts. S., Germ, seg- 
mentation of the impregnated ovum, or of the first 
embryonic segmentation-sphere, or blastosphere. S., 
Holoblastic, segmentation in which all the con- 
tents of the ovum undergo cleavage. S., Incomplete, 
S., Meroblastic, segmentation in which only a por- 
tion of the contents of the ovum, the formative yolk, 
undergoes cleavage, the other portion, or food-yolk, 
being a reserve store of food for the developing 
embryo. S., Metameric, division of the embryo into 
metameres. S. -nucleus. See under A T ucleus. S., 
Partial. See S., Incomplete. S., Protovertebral, 
division of the mesoblast on each side of the notochord 
into somites, or protovertebrae. S., Regular, seg- 
mentation in which the spheres are equal in size and 
symmetrically arranged. S. -sphere, one of the cells 
of an ovum during the early stages of segmentation. 
See Blastosphere and Morula. S., Total. See S., 
Holoblastic. S., Unequal, a variety of segmentation, 
in which, after cleavage of the ovum into four equal 
segments, the spheres of one pole are smaller and 
more numerous than those of the other. 

Segmentellum (seg-men-tel' -um) [segmentum, a seg- 
ment]. A blastula. 

Segnitia, Segnities (seg-nish'-e-ah, seg-nish'-e-ez) [L.]. 
Torpor ; sluggishness, as of the bowels ; languor. 

Segond, Angles of. See Angle. 

Segregate (seg' -re-gat) [segregare ; se, by one's self ; 
grex, a flock]. To separate or set apart; separated 
from each other. S. Fecundity. See Homo- 
gamy- 

Seguin's Signal-symptom. The warning of the be- 
ginning of the epileptic attack, consisting in affection 
of the muscle or muscles habitually first involved in the 
epileptic convulsion. 



Seiage (sa'-ahzh) [Fr. ]. In massage, a pressing with 
a to-and-fro movement, similar to the action of a saw. 
It is practised with the ulnar border of the hand, or 
the palmar side of the hand. 

Seidlitz Powder (sed'-litz). Pulvis effervescens com- 
positus. See Potassium. 

Seignette Salt. Potassium and sodium tartrate, KNaC,- 
H 4 O b + 4H 2 0. It crystallizes in large prisms with 
hemihedral faces. See Rochelle Salt. 

Seiler's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Seirospore (si' - ro - spor) [oupa, garment; arropd, 
seed]. In biology, a special organ of non-sexual 
propagation occurring in some genera of Alga (Cera- 
miacece) . 

Seizure (sez'-ur) [ME., seisen, to seize]. The sudden 
onset of a disease or an attack. In surgery, the 
grasping of a part to be operated upon. 

Sejugous (se-ju' -gits') [sex, six ; jugum, a yoke]. In 
biology, having six pairs of leaflets. 

Sel [L.]. Salt. S. alembroth, a solution of mercuric 
chlorid and ammonium chlorid, each gr. x,in distilled 
water, Oj (Imperial). S. amarum, S. amer, mag- 
nesium sulphate. S. ammonia, S. ammoniac, S. 
ammoniacum, ammonium chlorid. S. ammoniac 
martial, ammonio-chlorid of iron. S. ammoniacal 
nitreux, ammonium nitrate. S. de Chrestien, gold 
and sodium chlorid. S. commune, S. culinare, 
sodium chlorid. S. digestif, potassium chlorid. S. 
digestif de Vichy, sodium bicarbonate. S. d'Epsom, 
magnesium sulphate. S. de Figuier. See S. de 
Chrestien. S. de Glauber, sodium sulphate. S. de 
Perse, sodium borate. S. de saturne, lead acetate. 
S. secret de Glauber, ammonium sulphate. S. de 
Seidlitz, magnesium sulphate. S. de Seignette, 
potassium and sodium tartrate. S. de soude, sodium 
carbonate. S. vegetale, potassium tartrate. 

Selection (se-lek' -shun) \selectus, p.p. of seligere, to 
choose]. In biology, the process of choosing from 
a number. S., Artificial, the artificial choice, 
definitely planned, of such forms of animals or plants 
as will by differentiation develop and reproduce 
given or desired characteristics. S., Natural, *' the 
preservation of favorable individual differences and 
variations and the destruction of those which are in- 
jurious " (Darwin " Survival of the fttest"). S., 
Physiologic, " the selection of those varieties, the 
individuals of which are fertile among themselves, but 
sterile or less fertile with other varieties and with the 
parent stock. This has been called segregate fecundity 
by Gulick, and homogamy by Romanes " (De Var- 
igny). S., Sexual, the selection by females, among 
varying and competing males, of the strongest or most 
attractive. 

Selene (se-le'-ne) \_as7iijvr), moon]. The white spot some- 
times occurring on the finger-nails. Cf. Lunula. 

Seleniasis (sel-en-i'-as-is) [aM/vr], moon]. Lunacy; 
epilepsy ; somnambulism. 

Seleniasmus (sel-en-i-az'-mus). See Seleniasis. 

Selenic (se-lcn'-ik) [ae'/Jjvrj, the moon]. A compound 
containing selenium combined directly with three 
atoms of oxygen. S. Acid, H 2 Se0 4 , a dibasic acid, 
resembling sulphuric acid in its properties. 

Selenid (sel' -en-Id) \_aeKr)vr), the moon]. A compound 
containing selenium. 

Selenion (se-len'-e-on). See Selenium. 

Selenite (sel'- en -It) \ptki]vq, moon]. I. A salt of 
selenous acid. 2. A translucent form of calcium 
sulphate. 

Selenium (se-le'-ne-uni) \pOirjvrj, moon]. Se = 79.4 ; 
usually bivalent, sometimes quadrivalent or hexavalent. 
A rare element, resembling sulphur in its properties. 
See Elements, Table of. 



SELENODONT 



1313 



SEMICUPIUM 



Selenodont (sel-en' -o-dont) [oeXrjW), the moon ; odotif, 
tooth]. In biology, applied to such animals as have 
molar teeth with crescentic ridges on the crowns. 

Selenoplegia (sel-en-o-ple f -je-ah) [aeXrjvri, moon ; ■k\t)- 
yij, stroke]. A kind of apoplexy said to be caused 
by exposure to the moon's rays. 

Selenoplexia (sel-en-o-pleks 1 '-e-ah). See Selenoplegia. 

Selenotropic (sel-en-o-trop' -ik) [cskf)vri, the moon ; 
Tpitreiv, to turn]. In biology, turning toward the 
moon ; applied to growing parts of plants which are in- 
fluenced in their direction of growth by the influence 
of the moon. 

Self [ME., self, self]. Same; identical; own; per- 
sonal. S. -abuse. See Masturbation. S. -differ- 
entiation, the theory that cells control themselves ; 
that is to say, the fate of the cells is determined by 
forces situated within them, and not by external in- 
fluences ; a conception first propounded by His, and 
later demonstrated by Roux, Pfliiger, Born, Weis- 
mann, and others. S. -digestion. See Autodigestion. 
S. -fertilization, in biology, fertilization of a flower 
by its own pollen. S.-heal, Prunella vulgaris ; heal- 
all ; a perennial herb growing in North America, 
Europe, and Asia. S.-incasement, a condition in 
which the small intestine is inclosed, as in a pouch, 
between the layers of the mesentery (J. S. Thatcher). 
S. -infection, the spread of infectious material from a 
circumscribed area to others or to the entire organism. 
S. -inflation, a process suggested by H. R. Silvester, 
by which a person in danger of drowning is to render 
himself buoyant. After having made a puncture in 
the mucous membrane of the mouth, at the reflection 
of the cheek from the lower jaw, air is to be forced 
into the subcutaneous tissue of the neck by vigorous 
blowing efforts, with the mouth and nose closed. S.- 
limited, a term applied to certain diseases, which even 
without treatment run a definite course within a given 
time. S. -pollution. See Self-abuse. S.-repos- 
itor, Pneumatic, a curved and bulbous glass tube 
used at bed-time for the reposition of the displaced 
uterus, the instrument being used by the patient, and 
operated by air-pressure. S. -suggestion. See Auto- 
suggestion. S. -suspension, suspension of the body 
for the purpose of stretching or making extension 
on the vertebral column. See Suspension. S.-s., 
Axillo-cephalic, suspension by the axillae and the 
head. S.-s., Cephalic, suspension by the head. 

Selinum (se-li'-num) [ceTiivov, a kind of parsley]. I. 
Carum petroselinum of the ancients. 2. A genus of 
perennial herbs belonging to>the Umbellifem. 

Sella (seV -ah) [L.]. A seat; a part having a shape 
like a seat or saddle. S. turcica (Turkish saddle), 
the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone, lodging the 
pituitary body. 

Sellanders, Sellenders (sel'-ati-derz, sel r -en-derz) 
[origin obscure]. A kind of eczema occurring on 
the tarsus of the horse. See Mallenders. 

Selliform (sel'-iform) [sella, a saddle; forma, form]. 
In biology, saddle-shaped. 

Selters, Seltzer (sel'-ters, selts'-er) [German]. I. A 
place in Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, where there are 
gaseous springs containing chiefly carbonates and 
sulphates. 2. An abbreviated name for seltzer water, 
an acid-soda mineral water; the term is also applied 
to artificial seltzer water. 

Selza Water. See Seltzer. 

Sematic (se-maf ' -ik) [arjfia, a sign, mark, token]. In 
biology, applied to colors in mimicry, used as signals 
or warnings for repelling enemies by the indication of 
some unpleasant or dangerous quality. Cf. Aposematic , 
Episematic, Allosematic. 

Semeiography (se-me-og' -ra-fe) [arjfielov, sign ; ypcupeiv, 

83 



to write]. A descriptive treatise on the symptoms of 
disease. 

Semeiology (se-me-ol'-o-je) [arjfinov, sign ; 'Aoyor, dis- 
course]. Same as Symptomatology. 

Semeiosis (se-me-o'-sis) [crr/fielov, sign]. The study of 
symptoms as indications of disease. 

Semeiotic (se-me-of -ik) [rjijiielov , sign]. Pertaining to 
semeiotics, or to symptoms. 

Semeiotics (se-me-of '-iks) [oti/ielov, sign]. The science 
of symptomatology. 

Semelincident (sem-el-in' '-sid-ent) [semel, once ; incid- 
ere, to happen]. Happening only once ; a qualifica- 
tion applied to certain diseases which, as a rule, occur 
but once in the same individual, as, e. g., small- 
pox. 

Semen (se'-men) [serere, to sow: gen., seminis']. The 
fecundating fluid of the male, chiefly secreted by the 
testicles, composed of the liquor seminis, the seminal 
granules, and spermatozoa. For testing for semen in 
medico-legal examinations, see Lassaigne' s Test, in 
Tests, Table of. S. contra, worm-seed. See Santonica. 
S. multiplex. Same as Sporiderm. 

Semester (se-mes' -ter) [semeslris, half yearly ; sex, six ; 
mensis, month]. A period of six months. 

Semi- (sem'-e-) [semi, one-half]. A prefix to denote 
the half of anything. 

Semiacid (sem-e-as'-id) [semi, half; acidum, acid]. 
Half acid. 

Semiadherent (sem - e - ad-he'- rent) [semi, half ; ad- 
harere, to adhere]. In biology, having the lower 
half adherent, as a seed. 

Semiaquatic ( se in - e - a - kwat'- ik ) [semi, half ; aqua, 
water]. In biology, growing, or living close to the 
water, and having the capacity for existence either 
within it or out of it. 

Semiarticulate (sem-e-ar-tik'-u-lat) [semi, half ; artic- 
ulus, a joint]. Loose-jointed. 

Semibulb (sem'-e-bulb) [semibulbus, half bulb]. Either 
half of the bulbus vestibuli of the corpus spongiosum 
of the clitoris. 

Semicartilaginous (sem-ik-ar-til-aj' -in-us) [semi, half; 
cartilago, gristle]. Gristly ; partially cartilaginous. 

Semi-castration [sem- e- kas-tra'- shun) [semi, half; 
castrare, to cut]. The removal of one testicle. 

Semicaudate (sem-ik-atu' '-dat ) [semi, half ; cauda, 
tail]. In biology, having a rudimentary tail. 

Semicell (sem'-is-el) [semi, half ; ce/la, a small room]. 
In biology, one of the halves into which a cell is nearly 
divided by constriction in the middle, as in Desmi- 
diaceee. Called also half-cell. 

Semicephalus (sem-is-ef -al-us). See Anencephalus. 

Semicircular (sem-e-sir' -kit-lar) [semi, half; circulus, 
a circle]. Having the form of a half-circle. S. 
Canals. See Canal. 

Semicircumference (sem-e-sir-kum' -fer-ens)[semi , half; 
circumfere, to carry around]. Half the circumference 
of a circle. 

Semiconscious (sem-ik-on'-shus) [semi, half ; conscius, 
knowing]. Half-conscious; partially conscious. 

Semicordate (sem - e- kor'- dat) [semi, half; cor, a 
heart]. Having the form of a lateral half of a heart. 

Semicorneous (sem-ik-or 1 -ne-us) [semi, half; corneus, 
horny] . Partly horny. 

Semicostiferous (sem - ik - os - tif- er - us) [semi, half ; 
costa, rib ; ferre, to bear]. Having a costal demi- 
facet. 

Semicretin (sem-e-kre'-tin) [semi, half; cretin]. A 
person having a form of cretinism in which the rudi- 
ments of language have been developed. Intellection 
reaches only to the most ordinary bodily wants. 

Semicupium (sem-e-ku'-pe-um) [semi, half; cupa, tub]. 
A half-bath, hip-bath, or sitz-bath. 



SEMIFLEXION 



1314 



SEMPER'S METHOD 



Semiflexion (sem-e-flek'-shuri) [semi, half; flexion, a 
flexion]. A posture half-way between flexion and 
extension. 

Semi-floret (sem-if-lo'-ret) [semi, half; flos, flower]. 
In biology, a ligulate floret in Composite. 

Semi-flosculous, Semi-flosculose (sem-if-los' -ku-lus, 
sem-if-los'-ku-loz) [semi, half; flosculus, a little 
flower]. In biology, having all the florets ligulate in 
a head of Composites . 

Semi-globose (sem-e-glo'-boz) [semi, half; globus, a 
ball] . Hemispheric. 

Semilunar (sem-e-lu' -nar) [semi, half; tuna, moon]. 
Resembling a half-moon in shape. S. Bone, one of 
the carpal bones. S. Cartilages, two interarticulating 
cartilages of the knee. S. Fold, the conjunctival 
folding at the inner canthus. S. Ganglia. See 
Ganglia. S. Notch, a notch in the scapula through 
which the supra-scapular nerve passes. S. Space of 
Traube, that portion of the left inferior anterior 
thoracic region corresponding to the tympanitic reson- 
ance of the stomach. S. Valves. See Valves. 

Semiluxation [sem-e-luks-a'-shun) [semi, half ; Iuxus,2l 
luxation]. Subluxation. 

Semimembranosus (sem - e - mem-bra-no' -sus). See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Semimembranous (sezn-e-mem' -bra-nus) [semi, half ; 
membranosus, like a membrane]. Formed partly of 
membrane. 

Semi-metal (sem-e-met'-al). See Metalloid. 

Semi-molecule {sem-e-mol'-e-kiil) [semi, half; mole- 
cule']. A radicle having in composition one-half the 
molecules it had in the free state. 

Semi-mute (sem'-e-mut) [semi,hal{; mute~\. A person 
whose speech is imperfect by reason of impairment of 
the hearing. One who has lost his hearing by acci- 
dent or disease after having acquired the use of articulate 
speech. Semi-mutes differ from deaf-mutes in having 
the ability to express themselves orally, and in their 
natural mode of thought, which is in words and not 
in gestures. 

Semina [sem' -in- all). Plural of Semen, q. v. 

Seminal [sem'-in-al) [semen, seed]. Pertaining to the 
semen. S. Cells. See Cell. S. Granules. See 
Granules. S. Tubes. See Tube. S. Vesicles. 
See Vesiculce seminales. 

Semination {sent -in- a' -shun) [seminatio, a sowing]. 
The intromission of semen into the uterus. In biology, 
the production of seeds ; also their dissemination. 

Seminervosus (sem-in-er-vo' -sus). See Semitendinosus. 

Seminiferous [sem-vn-if '-er-ui) [semen, seed; ferre, 
to carry]. Carrying semen. S. Scale, in botany, 
the scale bearing the ovules in Coniferce. S. Tubules, 
the small, convoluted canaliculi of the testicles. (See 
illustration in adjacent column). 

Seminific ( sem-in-if -ik ) [semen, semen ; facere, to 
make] . Producing semen. 

Seminulum [sem -in' -u- him) [dim. of semen, seed]. A 
little seed ; a spore. 

Seminuria {sem -in- u'- re- ah) [semen, seed; ovpov, 
urine]. The presence of semen in the urine. 

Semiology (se-me-ol'-o-je). See Semeiology. 

Semiotic \se-me-ot' ik). See Semeiotic. 

Semiovate {sem-e-o' -vat) [semi, half; ovum, ovum]. 
Having the form of a lateral half of the longitudinal 
section of an egg. The qualification may be applied 
to either flat or solid bodies. 

Semioxidized ( sem - e- oks'- id - izd) [semi, half ; of it , 
sharp]. Containing half the amount of oxygen for 
complete oxidization. 

Semipalmate [sem - e - pal' -mat) [semi, half; palma, 
palm]. Having the toes or fingers half- webbed. 

Semiplegia [sem-ip-le'-je-ali). See Hemiplegia. 



Semiplume (sem'-ip-lum) [semi, half; pluma, a small, 
soft feather]. In biology, a feather having a penna- 
ceous rhachis and a plumulaceous web. 

Semipronation [sem-ip-ro-na'-shun) [semi, half; pro- 
natus, prone]. The assumption of a semiprone, or 
partly prone position ; an attitude of semisupination. 

Semiprone [sem' -ip-ron) [semi, half; promts, bent]. 
Half prone. S. Posture. Set Postures, Table of. 

Semiptosis (sem-ip-to'-sis) [semi, half; tttugmj, a fall- 
ing] . Partial ptosis. 

Semipupa (sem-ip-u' -pah) [semi, half; pupa, pupa: 
//. , Semipitpi£\. Same as Pseudopupa or Propupa. 

Semisideratio (sem-is-id-er-a'-she-o). Synonym of 
Hemiplegia. 

Semispeculum (sem-is-pek' -u-lum) [semi, half; specu- 
lum, a mirror]. An instrument for inspecting the 
bladder in lithotomy. 

Semispinalis {sem-is-pi-na'-lis). See Muscles, Table of. 

Semissis (sem-is'-is) [L.]. One-half. 

Semisulcus ( sem - is- ul'- kus ) [semi, half ; sulcus, a 
sulcus]. A name of various grooves, forming sinuses 
in the cranial bones. 

Semisupination (sem-is-u-pin-a'-shun) [semi, half; 
supinare, to bend backward]. The assumption of a 
position half-way between supination and pronation. 

Semita (sem'-it-ah) [semita, a narrow way, a path : //. , 
Semita:']. In biology, an ambulacra-like area bearing 
clubbed spines, in spatangoid sea-urchins. 

Semitendinosus (sem-it-en-din-o' -sus). See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Semitendinous {sem-it-en' -din-us) [semi, half ; tendo, 
a tendon]. Partially tendinous. 

Semitertian (sem-it-er' -shan) [semi, half; tertius, third]. 
Partly tertian and partly quotidian (applied to intermit- 
tent fevers). 

Semolina [sem-o- le'-nah). See Semolino. 




Transverse Section of Seminiferous Tubule from 
Human Testicle. 

a. Membrana propria, b. Zone of parietal cells, c. Mother- 
cells undergoing division, d. Daughter-cells, or spermato- 
blasts, e. Partially-developed spermatozoa f. Surround- 
ing inter-tubular connective tissue. (After Piersot. ) 

Semolino {sem-o-le'-no) [It.]. A kind of coarse flour 
or grits prepared from hard wheat. 

Semper's Method. A method of making dry prepara- 
tions for exhibition or class-room purposes. It is 
especially adapted for the preservation and exhibition 
of dissections. The animal, e.g., a mouse, is dis- 
sected so as to show the desired organs. It is then 
hardened by chromic acid ; after hardening, it is re- 
moved and thoroughly washed in water. It is then 



SKMPERVIRENT 



1315 



SENSITIVIZATION 



transferred from one to another of a series of alcohols, 
until it reaches 96 per cent, to 98 per cent., the object 
being to remove all the water. From the strong 
alcohol it is transferred to spirit of turpentine, where 
it remains until thoroughly impregnated, after which it 
is simply dried in the air, when it will be found to have 
a soft kid-like texture, not easily broken. The various 
organs can now be painted suitable colors and the pre- 
paration labeled for use. 

Sempervirent (sem-per-vi'-rent^semper, always; virere, 
to be green]. Evergreen. 

Senary (sen'-ar-e) [senarius, consisting of six each]. 
In sixes. 

Seneca Snake-root. See Senega. S. Oil, Petroleum 
(so-called because found near Lake Seneca). 

Senecin (sen'-es-in) [senecio, groundsel]. A precipi- 
tate from a tincture of Senecio gracilis ; diaphoretic, 
emmenagogue, febrifuge, pectoral, tonic. Dose I to 
3 grains. 

Senecio (se-ne'-se-o) \senex, an old man]. Groundsel, 
a genus of composite-flowered plants, said to contain 
960 species, many of them medicinal. S. aureus. 
See Life-root. S. gracilis, a slender species, gener- 
ally regarded as a variety of S. aureus. S. jacobasa, 
ragwort, or ragweed, tonic and astringent. 

Senectus (se-nek' -ius) [senex, old]. Old age. 

Senega (sen'-e-ga) [L. ; gen., Senegce\. The root of 
Polygala senega (called also Seneca snake-root), with 
properties due to a glucosid, senegin (or polygalin), 
CjjH^O^. It is expectorant and diuretic ; in large 
doses a gastro-intestinal irritant, and is useful in bron- 
chitis, asthenic pneumonia, asthma, etc. S., Ab- 
stractum. Dose gr. v-x. Unof. S., Ext., Fid. 
Dose n^x-xx. S., Infus. (B. P.) Dose g j-ij. S., 
Syr., contains fid. ext. senega 200, ammonia-water 5, 
sugar 700, water q. s. Dose 3J-1J. S., Tinct. 
(E. P.) Dose 3 j-ij. 

Senegal-root (sen'-e-gal-rut). The root of Cocctihis 
bakis. 

Senegin (sen / -e-gin) [senega, senega]. An amorphous 
glucosid obtained from Senega. It is soluble in water, 
making a frothy solution, and is sternutatory. It con- 
tains sapogenin and sugar. 

Senescence [se-nes' -ens) [senex, old]. The condition 
or time of growing old. Senility. 

Senile (se'-nil) [senilis, old]. Pertaining to or having 
the nature of old age. Arcus senilis. See Arcus. 
S. Chorea. See Paralysis agitans. S. Gangrene. 
See Gangrene. 

Senility (se-nil'-it-e) [senex, old]. The weakness and 
decrepitude characteristic of old age. 

S:nn's Bone-plates. [After Nicholas Senn, surgeon.] 
Plates of decalcified bone used in intestinal anasto- 
mosis. S.'s Test, the introduction of hydrogen-gas 
into the bowel through the rectum, for the detection 
and localization of an abnormal opening. 

Senna (sen'-ah) [Ar., sena, senna]. The leaflets of 
Cassia acutifolia and C. angustifolia. Senna contains a 
complex glucosid, cathartic acid (C ]80 H I9 . 2 N 2 SO 8 . 2 ), and 
other extractives. It is an excellent cathartic for 
children and infants. S., American. See Cassia 
marilandica. S., Confectio, senna 10, oil of corian- 
der 5, cassia fistula 16, tamarind 10, prune 7, fig 12, 
sugar 55, water q. s. Dose Jjj— ij. Known as " Tamar 
Indien " and " Tropical Fruit Laxative." S., Ext., 
Fid. Dose gj. S., Infus., (B. P.) Dose gj-ij. 
S., Infus., Comp., " black draught," senna 6, manna, 
magnesium sulphate aa 12, fennel 2, water 100 parts. 
Dose ^j-iij. S., Mist., Comp. (B. P.) Dose 
§j— ij. S., Syr., senna 250, oil of coriander 5, alcohol 
150, sugar 700, water q. s. Dose 3 ss— ij. S., Tinct. 
(B. P.) Dose 5J-iv. 



Sennacrol (sen' -ak-rol )[Ar . , sena, senna ; acris, sharp]. 
A bitter principle obtained from senna. 

Sennapicrin [sen-ap-ik' -rin) [Ar., sena, senna ; -run/me, 
bitter]. An insoluble bitter principle obtained from 
senna. 

Sennine (sen'-iu) [after Nicholas Semi, surgeon]. A 
proprietary preparation described as a chemically pure 
product of boric acid and phenol. It is a fine, white 
powder, odorless, slightly astringent, and of sweetish 
taste. It is antiseptic, antizymotic, bactericidal, deo- 
dorant, and disinfectant. 

Senocular (sen-ok'-u-lar) [sex, six ; oculus, an eye]. 
In biology, having six eyes. 

Sensation (sen-sa' -shun) [sensatio ; sentire, to feel]. 
The cognizance or perception of an impression com- 
ing from an external source by means of the peripheral 
organs of sensation. 

Sense (sens) [sensus ; sentire, to feel]. The faculty of 
the nervous system whereby impressions of the ex- 
ternal world are received by the mind. Organs of 
the Senses are those of touch, taste, smell, hearing, 
and sMght. S.-body, a peripheral sense-organ. S.- 
capsule, the hollow cup-like receptacle of a peripheral 
sense-organ. S.-club. See Rhopalium. S. -epithe- 
lium, a tract of epithelium having some specialized 
function of sensation. S. -filament, the thread-like 
peripheral termination of a sensory nerve-fiber. S.- 
organ, the peripheral termination of a sensory nerve. 
S. -scale. See Squama rhopalaris. S.-seta, the 
bristle-like termination of a peripheral sensory nerve- 
fiber. S. -shock, a condition observed in hysteric 
women and overworked men, and occurring at the 
moment of waking from sleep. A sensation like 
an aura rises from the feet or hands, and, passing 
upward to the head, disappears in the sense of a blow 
or shock, or of a bursting in the head. It is of no 
serious significance. S. -sinus, one of the antra- 
rhopalaria ; a hollow containing a compound sense- 
organ, or rhopalia, q. v. 

Sensibility (sen-sib-il'-it-e) [sensibilitas\ The capa- 
bility of receiving and transmitting impressions, and 
of being conscious of them. S., Organic, the capa- 
bility of transmitting and receiving impressions with- 
out being conscious of them (Bichat). S., Range 
of. See Pechner's Law. S., Transference or 
Externalization of. See Sensitivication. 

Sensible (sen'-sib-l) [sensibilis~\. Perceptible by the 
senses ; capable of receiving an impression through 
the senses. Endowed with the sense of feeling. 

Sensiferous (sen-sif -er-us) [sensus, sense ; ferre, to 
bear]. Conveying a sensation, or sense-impression. 

Sensigenous ( sen-si j'-en-us ) [sensus, sense ; gignere, 
to produce]. In biology, giving rise to a sensory 
impulse. 

Sensitive (sen' -sit-iv) [sensitivus~\. Capable of feeling ; 
reacting to stimulus. S. Dentine, a hypersensitive 
condition of the dental structure of the teeth, due to 
distal irritation of the tubular fibrils. 

Sensitiveness (sen' -sit-iv-nes) [sentire, to perceive]. 
In biology, responsive to external stimulus or irrita- 
tion. 

Sensitivity (sen - sit - iv' - it - e) [sensitivus, sensitive]. 
Acuteness of the perception, or discrimination of 
sensations ; capacity of receiving sense-impressions. 

Sensitivization (sen-sit-iv-iz-a' -shun) [sensitivus , sensi- 
tive]. A phenomenon, real or supposed, occurring 
during hypnotic sleep, in which by action upon 
objects or strata of the atmosphere these are seem- 
ingly endowed with power to affect the patient as if 
he himself were acted upon. This condition is 
called also Externalization of Sensation, Transfer- 
ence of Sensibility, etc. 



SENSORIAL 



1316 



SEPTOCHEM1A 



Sensorial (sen-so'-re-al) [sensorium, the organ of sen- 
sation]. Pertaining to the sensorium or to sensory im- 
pressions. 

Sensori-digestive (sen' -so-re-dl-jes' -tlv) [sensorlus, sen- 
sory ; digestivus, digestive]. Pertaining to or con- 
cerned in sensation and digestion. 

Sensori-motor (sen'-so-re-mo'-tor) [sensus, feeling; 
motor, mover]. Concerned in the phenomena of feel- 
ing and muscular contraction ; both sensory and motor. 
S. Centers, sensory centers which are also motor, or 
are intimately associated with the motor centers. 

Sensorium (sen-so'.-re-uni) [L.]. The common center 
of sensations. More especially that part of the brain 
that is the seat of sensation, in distinction from the 
centers of thought and motion. The mechanism of 
sensation considered in toto. 

Sensori-volitional {sen' 'so-riv-o-lish' '-un-al) \_sensus, 
sense; volltlo, willing]. Pertaining to or concerned 
in sensation and volition. 

Sensory (sen' -so-re) [sentire, to feel]. Pertaining to 
or conveying sense or sensation ; having the quality 
of sensation. S. Aphasia. See Aphasia. S. Nerves, 
those that convey sensations or impressions from the pe- 
riphery to their proper centers, being afferent in func- 
tion, in distinction from motor nerves, which are effer- 
ent. Also, the nerves of the special senses. S. Nerve- 
fiber, a centripetal nerve-fiber conveying sensory im- 
pulses. The fibers of this kind may be : (i) General, 
conveying to the nerve-centers in the brain impulses 
of an indeterminate or general character ; or (2) 
Special, conveying to the nerve-centers in the brain 
impulses that cause visual, auditory, gustatory, olfac- 
tory, tactile, or thermal sensations. 

Sensualism (sen'-su-al-lzm) [sensus, sense]. The con- 
dition or character of one who is controlled by the 
animal passions. 

Sensus (sen'-sus) [L.]. Sense; feeling. S. com- 
munis, the state of the consciousness or sense of nor- 
mal sensations at any one time. See Ccnesthesia. 

Sentient (sen'-she-ent) [sentire, sentiens, to feel]. 
Having sensation ; conscious of feeling. 

Sentisection (sen-tls-eh' '-shun) [sentire, to feel ; sectio, 
section]. Painful vivisection ; vivisection of an ani- 
mal not under the influence of anesthetics. 

Sepal (sep'-al) [sepalum, sepal]. I. One of the leaflets 
or divisions of the calyx of a flower. 2. In the anat- 
omy of the lower animals, certain thin, leaf-like 
organs are also called sepals. 

Sepalody (sep'-al-o-de) [sepal, fr. separ, different, sep- 
arate]. Reversion of petals into sepals. 

Separating and Closing. Certain concentric Swedish 
movements intended to develop the chest and other 
parts of the body. 

Separator (sep' '-ar-a-tor). An instrument for separating 
the teeth. 

Separatorium (sep-ar-a-to' -re-uni) [separare, to sepa- 
rate]. In pharmacy, a strainer. In surgery, an instru- 
ment for separating the pericranium from the skull. 

Sepia (se'-pe-ah) [rjr/irin, the cuttle-fish]. I. The ink or 
black secretion of the common cuttle-fish ; used as a 
pigment. 2. See Sepiost. 

Sepicolous (sep-lk'-o-lus) [sepes, a hedge ; colere, to in- 
habit]. In biology, growing in hedge-rows. 

Sepiost (se'-pe-ost) [ctjtcui, the cuttle-fish ; oareov, bone] . 
In biology, the endoskeleton of the cuttle-fish (Sepia) ; 
cuttle-fish bone, sepium, is sometimes prescribed as 
an antacid and used in dentifrices. 

Sepium (se'-pe-um) [ai/iuov, the bone of the cuttle-fish]. 
Same as Sepiost. 

Sepometer (se-pom'-et-er) [aijiveiv, to putrefy ; iilrpov, 
measure]. An apparatus for detecting organic im- 
purities in the air. 



Sepsin (sep' -sin) [oi/ttciv, to make rotten]. A poisonous, 
nitrogenous, crystallizable substance obtained by Berg- 
mann and Schmiedeberg (lS6b) from the yeast of 
putrefying beer. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Sepsis (sep' -sis) [or/i/^f]. A toxic or putrefactive condi- 
tion. Infection by pathogenic germs. Decay. 

Septa (sep' -tali). Plural of Septum. 

Septal (sep'-tal) [septum, septum]. Pertaining to a 
septum. S. Gland. See under Gland. 

Septan (sep' -tan) [septem, seven]. Recurring on the 
seventh day. A malarial fever in which the par- 
oxysms occur every seventh day. 

Septate (sep' -tat) [septum, a fence]. Possessing septa 
or partitions. 

Septemia, Septaemia (sep-te'-me-ah). See Septicemia. 

Septenate (sep' -ten at) [septenl, seven apiece]. In 
biology, having seven parts or the parts in sevens. 

Septic (sep'-tlk) [rji/~Tin6g ; orjireiv, to putrefy]. Re- 
lating to putrefaction. S. Infection, infection with 
pathogenic microorganisms. S. Intoxication, absorp- 
tion of septic matter. S. Pestilence. Synonym of 
the Plague, q. v. 

Septicemia, Septicaemia (sep-tls-e' -me-ali) [crjTzrdc, 
putrid ; at/ia. blood]. A condition induced by the ab- 
sorption of septic products. Pyemia is septicemia plus 
the formation of secondary or embolic abscesses. S., 
Phlebitic. See Pyemia. 

Septicemic or Septicaemic (sep-tls-e' ' -mik) [aij--6c, 
putrid; ai/xa, blood]. Of the nature of, affected with, 
or pertaining to, septicemia. 

Septicidal (sep-tls-l'-dal) [septum, a fence ; cadere, cut]. 
In biology, applied to that form of capsular dehiscence 
in which the opening takes place along the line of junc- 
tion of the carpels. Cf. Locullcldal. 

Septicin (sep'-tis-in) [otjtz -6$, putrid]. A ptomain re- 
sembling quinin and obtained from decaying flesh. 
See Ptomains , Table of. 

Septicity (sep-tls'-it-e) [oi/nroc, putrid]. Septic quality. 

Septico-pyemia (sep-tik-o-pi-e' -me ah) [g!]ttt6<;, putrid ; 
ttvov, pus ; cu/ua, blood]. The condition of combined 
septicemia and pyemia; septic and purulent infec- 
tion. S., Spontaneous, Leube's term for a form of 
pyemia which comes on without obvious cause, or is 
perhaps preceded by a fall or a slight skin-wound, and 
is attended with pain and tenderness in joints and 
muscles, ecchymosis of the conjunctiva, vesicles in the 
skin containing blood, high temperature, swelling of 
the spleen, albuminous urine, delirium, cramps, invol- 
untary discharges and coma. It is called cryptogenetic 
septicemia by Jiirgensen. 

Septiferous (sep-tlf'-er-us) [septum, a fence ; ferre, to 
bear]. In biology, having a septum. Same as Sep- 
tate. 

Septifolious (sep-tif-o' -le-us) [septem, seven ; folium, a 
leaf]. In biology, having seven leaves. 

Septiform (sep' -ti form) [septum, an inclosure ; forma, 
form]. Having the form or function of a septum. 

Septifragal (sep-tif'-ra-gal) [septum, an inclosure; 
frangere, to break]. In biology, applied to that form 
of capsular dehiscence in which the opening takes 
place lengthwise along the middle of £ach carpel. 

Septile (sep' -til) [septum, an inclosure]. In biology, 
pertaining to septa. 

Septin (sep'-tln) [<jr/--6r , putrid]. A poisonous sub- 
stance developed as the ultimate product of putrid fer- 
mentation of organic matter. According to Rich- 
ardson, a contagious principle derived from any ani- 
mal secretion. 

Septivalent (sep - ti-''- a I - cut) [septem, seven ; -salens, 
valere, to be worth]. Having an atomicity of seven. 

Septochemia (sep-to-ke' -me-ah) [of/if'tg, sepsis ; %i}/zeia, 
chemistry]. Septic action. 



SEPTODIARRHEA 



1317 



SERO- 



Septodiarrhea (sep-to-di-ar-et '-ah) [o>npic, sepsis; di- 
arrhea]. Septic diarrhea. 

Septodysenteria (sep-to-dis-en-ter^-e-ah) [ov/i/j/c, sepsis ; 
dysentery]. Septic dysentery. 

Septometer [sep-tom' '-et-er) [septum, septum, or <T//irr<ic, 
putrid ; fierpov, measure], I. An instrument for deter- 
mining the thickness of the nasal septum. 2. An 
apparatus for determining organic impurities in the air. 

Septon (sep' -ton) [ov/i/vc, sepsis]. A hypothetic fer- 
ment supposed to cause a contagious disease. 

Septonasal (sep-to-na'-zal) [septum, septum; nasus, 
nose]. Pertaining to the nasal septum. 

Septo-pneuma (sep-to-nu 1 '-mah\ [overdo, putrid ; Ttvev- 
fia, air]. A microorganism said to have been found 
in cemetery-air, and to cause typhoid symptoms in the 
living. 

Sepfopyra (sep-to-pi'-ra/i). Synonym of Septic emia. 

Septulate (sep' '-tu-ldt)[sep/ulum, a little partition]. In 
biology: I. Having a small septum or septa; 2. 
Having imperfect or false septa. 

Septulum (sep' -tii-lum) [L. : //. , Septula]. A small 
septum. 

Septum (sept -turn) [sepire, to hem in : //., Septa]. A 
lamina or division-wall of bone, cartilage, or mem- 
brane ; a partition, as the membrane or wall which 
separates adjacent loculi in an ovary. S. auricu- 
larum, the septum between the two auricles of the 
heart. S. cerebelli, the falcula. S. cerebri, the 
falx. S. cordis, the wall between the two sides 
of the heart. S. crurale, the layer of areolar tissue 
closing the femoral ring. S. linguae, the vertical 
mesal partition of the tongue, which divides the mus- 
cular tissue into two halves. S. lucidum, that between 
the lateral ventricles of the brain. S. of the Nose, that 
between the two nasal fossae. S., Pectiniform, that 
between the lateral portions of the corpora cavernosa 
of the penis. S., Recto-vaginal, the tissue forming 
the partition between the rectum and the vagina. S. 
scroti, the septum dividing the scrotum into two 
cavities for the two testes. S., Subarachnoid. See 
Space, Subarachnoid. S. of the Tongue, a vertical 
layer of fibrous tissue extending the entire length 
and depth of the middle line of the tongue. S. 
transversum, the diaphragm, and also the tentorium 
cerebelli. S. ventriculorum, the septum between the 
two ventricles of the heart. 

Septuplet (sep'-tu-plet) [septem, seven]. One of seven 
offspring born from a single gestation. 

Sepulture (sep' - ul - tur) [sepultura ; sepelire, to en- 
tomb]. The disposal of the dead by burial. 

Sequel (se'-kzvel). See Sequela. 

Sequela (se-kwel'-ah) [L. : //. , Sequela-, that which fol- 
lows] . The consequence or abnormal condition follow- 
ing an injury or the abatement of a disease ; any diseased 
or abnormal condition that follows an attack of disease 
or an injury. 

Sequence (se'-kwens) \_sequentia]. I. The order of oc- 
currence, as of symptoms. 2. A sequela. 

Sequential (se-kwen'-shal) [sequentia]. Occurring as 
a sequence, as sequential insanity. 

Sequestral (se-kwes'-tral) \sequestrum, sequestrum]. 
Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a sequestrum. 

Sequestration (se-kwes-tra' -shu>i) \_sequestratio, a se- 
questration]. I. The formation of a sequestrum. 2. 
The isolation or seclusion of lunatics or of persons 
suffering from contagious disease. 

Sequestrectomy (se-kwes-lrek' -to-me) [sequestrum, se- 
questrum ; enTofii/, excision]. Excision of a seques- 
trum. 

Sequestrotomy (se-kives-trotf -o-me) [sequestrum, se- 
questrum ; Tofiij, section]. A cutting operation for 
the removal of a sequestrum. 



Sequestrum (se-kwes' -trum) [sequestrate, to separate; 
//., Sequestra]. A detached or dead piece of bone 
within a cavity, abscess, or wound. S., Primary, 
that entirely detached and demanding removal. S., 
Secondary, one that is partially detached, and that 
unless very loose may be pushed into place. S., 
Tertiary, cracked or partially detached and remain- 
ing firmly in place. 

Seralbumin (ser-al' -bu-min) [serum, serum ; albumen, 
albumin]. Serum-albumin; the albumin found in the 
blood, in distinction from that of the egg, oval- 
bumin. 

Serempion (se-rein'-pe-on) [W. Ind.]. A form of 
epidemic measles encountered in the West Indies, 
and causing great mortality, especially among 
children. 

Serene-drop (se-ren'-drop). See Gutta serena. 

Serial (se'-re-al) [series, a. succession]. Following in 
regular order ; occurring in rows. S. Sections, ana- 
tomic or microscopic sections made in consecutive or- 
der. S. Symmetry, in biology, the resemblance of 
metameres, as distinguished from bilateral symmetry, 
the resemblance of parameres, or radial symmetry, the 
resemblance of actinomeres. 

Seriate (se'-re-dt) [seriare, to arrange in a series]. In 
biology, to arrange in a series or connected sequence. 

Sericeous (se-ris'-e-us) [cTjpiKoq, silken]. With a pubes- 
cence of very fine, silky hair. 

Sericeps (ser' -is-eps) [or/pinoc, silken ; forceps, forceps]. 
A device made of loops of ribbon, used in place of 
the forceps in making traction upon the fetal head. 

Sericin (ser'-is-in) [nrjpinoc, silken]. Silk gelatin. 

Sericission (ser-is-is/i'-un) [orjpwoc, silken ; scindere, to 
cut]. The cutting of tissues by means of a thread. 

Sericterium (ser - ik - le' '- ri - um) [or/pinoc; , silken : pi. , 
Sericteria]. In biology, the spinning-gland, or silk- 
gland, of an insect. 

Sericulture (ser' -ik-ul-chur) [or/ptKoc, silken ; ctdtura, 
culture]. The rearing of silk-worms for their silk. 

Sericum (ser'-ik-zim) [ar/p/Koc, silken]. Silk (q. v.). 
Sericum was formerly much prescribed as a cordial, 
tonic, nervine, and as a restorative of the memory, 
reason, and reproductive power. It was an ingredient 
of various electuaries. 

Series (se'-re-ez) [L.]. A succession or chain of simi- 
lar parts, or activities. S. dentium, a row of teeth. 
S., Numbering Parts in, the rule almost univer- 
sally followed is to commence with the part at the 
proximal, or at the cephalic aspect, e. g. , the most 
cephalic vertebra (atlas) is number one. The shoulder- 
girdle is the proximal segment of the pectoral limb. 

Serifluxus (se-rif- Inks'- us) [serum, serum ; fluxus, 
flow: pi. , serifluxus]. Any serous or watery dis- 
charge, or a disease characterized by such a dis- 
charge. 

Serin (ser'-in), CH 2 (OH).CH(NH 2 ).C0 2 H. Amido- 
glycerol, obtained by boiling serecin with dilute sul- 
phuric acid, H. 2 S0 4 . It forms hard crystals, soluble in 
water, but insoluble in alcohol and ether. 

Seringos (ser-in'-gds). A form of suppurative dysen- 
tery, peculiar to South Africa. 

Serious (se'-re-us) [serins, grave]. Applied to such 
morbid conditions or symptoms as indicate a grave 
prognosis. 

Sero- (se'-ro-) [serum, serum]. A prefix denoting 
connection with or relation to serum. S. -cystic, con- 
taining cysts filled with serum. S. -fibrinous, con- 
stituted of both serum and fibrin. S. -gelatinous, 
having the nature of both serum and gelatin. S.- 
purulent, pertaining to or being of the nature of a com- 
bination of serum and pus. S.-pus, a fluid which con- 
sists of serum and pus. S. -sanguineous, having 



SERODERMATOSIS 



1318 



SESAME 



the nature of both serum and blood. S. -synovial, 
having the characters of both serum and synovia. 

Serodermatosis (se-ro-der-mat-o' -sis) [serum, serum ; 
depfxa, skin ; voooc, disease]. A skin-disease charac- 
terized by serous effusion into the tissues of the skin. 

Serodermitis (se-ro-der-mi' -lis) [serum, serum ; depict, 
skin ; trie, inflammation]. An inflammatory skin- 
affection attended with serous effusion. 

Sero-lactescent (se - ro - lak - tes'- ent ) [serum, serum ; 
lactis, milk]. Having the characters of both serum 
and milk. The secretion of Montgomery's glands is 
said to be serolactescent. 

Serolin (ser r -o-lin) [serum, serum; oleum, oil]. A 
fatty constituent of blood occurring in small amount, 
and the nature of which is undetermined. 

Sero-mucous (se-ro-mu' '-kus) [serum, serum ; mucus, 
mucus]. Having the nature of or containing both 
serum and mucus. 

Serophthisis (se-roff'-this-is) [serum, serum ; tydiotc, a 
wasting]. An insufficient proportion of serum in the 
blood. S., Endemic Pernicious. Synonym of 
Beriberi. 

Sero-pneumothorax (se-ro-nu-mo-tho'-raks) [serum, 
serum; irvev/ia, air; 6upa^, thorax]. Pleurisy with 
serous effusion, associated with pneumothorax. 

Serosa (se-ro'-sah) [serum, serum]. The delicate mem- 
brane of connective tissue, lining closed cavities of 
the body. A serous membrane. 

Sero-serous (se-ro-se' -rus) [serum, serum]. Pertain- 
ing jointly to two or more serous membranes. 

Serosity (se-ros' -it-e) [serum, serum]. The quality of 
being serous ; a serous fluid not the true secretion of 
serous membranes. 

Sero-sublimate Gauze {se-ro-sub'-lim-at gawz). See 
Listerian Method. 

Sero-synovitis (se-ro-si-no-vi' -tis~) [serum, serum ; 
synovitis']. A synovitis accompanied or marked by 
an increase of the synovial fluid of the joint. 

Sero-therapy {se-ro-ther' -ap-e)[serum, serum ; depenttia, 
therapy]. The whey-cure. See, also, Serum-therapy. 

Serotina (ser-o-ti'-nah). The portion of the decidua 
that eventually becomes the site of the placenta. See 
Decidua serotina. 

Serotinous (ser-of '-in-us) [serotinus, late]. In biology, 
coming late, or comparatively late in the season. 

Serous (se'-rus) [serum, serum] . Pertaining to, charac- 
terized by, or of the nature of serum. S. Gland, a 




Resting Serous Gland, Rabbit. (From Stirling.) 

gland secreting serum. See Salivary Gland. S. 
Membrane. See Membrane. 

Serpens (ser'-penz) [L.]. Serpentine, sinuous ; creep- 
ing. S., Ulcus, a fistulous ulcer ; a sinuous ulcer of 
the cornea. 

Serpentaria [ser-pen-ta' '-re-aK) [L.]. Virginia Snake- 



root. The roots of Aristolochia serpentaria, and A. 
reticulata. Its properties are due to a volatile oil, a 
camphor- resin, and a bitter extractive. It is a stimu- 
lant, tonic, and diaphoretic, promoting appetite and di- 
gestion. It is used mainly as a vehicle for other medi- 
cines. S., Ext., Fid. Dose tt\_x-xxx. S., Infus. 
(B. P.) Dose 3J-ij. S., Tinct., 10 per cent, in 
strength. Dose 3 ss-ij . 

Serpentine (ser' -pen-ten) [serpens, serpent]. Sinuous. 
Having a snake-like form or movement. 

Serpent-poison (ser' '-pent-poi 1 '-zn). See Echidnin. 

Serpiginous (ser-pif '-in-us) [serpigo, ringworm]. Re- 
sembling serpigo. Also, applied to such skin diseases 
as move or creep progressively from one part to an- 
other. S. Ulcer, one that changes its seat, or seems 
to creep from one part to another. 

Serpigo (ser-pi'-go) [L.]. Ringworm. See Tinea. 

Serra (scr'-ah) [L., a saw]. In biology, a saw or saw- 
like structure. S. salvia, mountain sage, an herb of 
the U. S., introduced as a substitute for quinin in the 
treatment of periodic fevers. Also of service in 
rheumatism, scarlet fever, and diphtheria. Dose of 
the fluid extract gj-ij. Unof. 

Serrate (ser'-dt) [serra, a saw]. Provided with sharp 
teeth or projections directed forward like the teeth 
of a hand-saw. 

Serratiform (ser-at'-if-orm) [serra, a saw; forma, a 
form]. Same as serrated. 

Serration (ser-a'-shun) [serra, a saw]. In biology, the 
state or condition of being serrate. A tooth of a 
serrate border ; a set of serrate processes. 

Serratus (ser-a'-tus). See Muscles, Table of. 

Serre-fine (sdr-fen') [Fr.]. A small suture used in 
accurate apposition of the lips of a wound. 

Serre-nosud [Fr.]. An instrument used in ligation. 

Serres, Angle of. See Angle. S., Glands of. See 
Gland. 

Serriped (ser' ' -ip-ed ') [serra, a saw ; pes, foot]. In 
biology, having serrated feet, as certain insects. 

Serrula (ser'-u-lah) [dim. of serra, a saw : pi. , Serru- 
lce\. In biology, one of the paired appendages placed 
on either side of the copula of the Mud fish (Amid) 
and covered by the operculum. 

Serrulate (ser'-u-lat) [serrula, dim. of serra, a saw]. 
Minutely notched or serrated. 

Sertoli's Cells. The cells in the testicles which give 
origin to the spermatoblasts. S.'s column, the long 
column or supporting cell holding the spermatozoa 
together and formed by the breakdown of a mass of 
daughter-cells in the seminiferous tubules ; identical 
with Merkel's Stiitzzellen, La Vallette's Spermatogonien, 
and Swaen and Masquelin's Cellules folliculaires. 

Serum (se'-rum). The yellowish fluid separating from 
the blood after the coagulation of the fibrin. See 
Blood. S. -albumin, a native albumin or proteid 
constituent of the human body, especially of the 
blood, differing from egg-albumin in several re- 
spects. It is changeable into syntonin or acid-albu- 
min by dilute hydrochloric acid, and by dilute alka- 
lies into alkali-albuminate. S. -globulin. See Para- 
globulin. S. lactis, whey. S. -lutein, the pig- 
ment contained in the serum from the blood of most 
animals. Serum-lutein is bleached by the action of 
light. S. -therapy : I. The treatment of disease (as 
tetanus) by injections of sterilized blood-serum from 
immune animals. 2. See Whey-cure. 

Serumuria (se-rum-u'-re-ah). See Albuminuria . 

Sesame (ses'-am-e). See Sesamum. S., Oleum, 
Benne Oil, a fixed oil expressed from the seeds of 
Sesamum indicum, or Benne plant. It resembles 
olive-oil in composition and properties and is em- 
ployed mainly as a hair-oil. 



SESAMOID 



1319 



SHACKLE 



Sesamoid (scs'-nm-oid) [afjoafiov, a grain; eMoc, 
form]. Resembling a grain. S. Bones, small bones 
(cartilaginous in early life) developed in tendons 
submitted to much pressure. 

Sesamoiditis (ses-am-oi-di' -tis) [ar/aauor, a grain ; euloc, 
like; trie, inflammation]. Inflammatory disease of 
the sesamoid bones of the fetlock of the horse. 

Sesamum (ses'-am-um) [ai/aaaov; .gen., Sesa?ni~\. A 
genus of old-world plants, chiefly African. S. orient- 
ale (or S. indicum) is widely cultivated for the oil 
of its seeds ; called also benni, til, etc. See Sesami, 
Oleum. 

Sesqui- (ses'-kwe-) [L. , one and one-half]. A prefix 
denoting one and one-half. 

Sesquialter (ses-kwe-al'-ter) [sesqui, one-half more ; 
alter, another]. In biology, a large spot with a 
smaller one in the center; a sesquiocellus. 

Sesquibasic (ses-kwe-ba' -zifc) [sesqui- , one-half more ; 
(lactic, base]. Applied to salts formed from a tribasic 
acid by the replacement of three atoms of hydrogen 
by two of a basic element or radicle. 

Sesquiocellus (ses-kwe-o-sel'-us) [sesqui, one-half more ; 
ocellus, a little eye: //. , Sesquiocelli\ In biology, a 
large spot with a smaller one in the center of it ; a 
sesquialter. 

Sesquioxid (ses-kzve-oks'-id) [sesqui-, one-half more; 
of if, acid]. A compound of oxygen and another 
element, containing three parts of oxygen to two of 
the other element. S. of Iron, ferric oxid, a salt of 
iron having the composition Fe 2 3 . 

Sesquisalt {ses' -kwe-sawlt) [sesqui; WE., salt, salt]. 
A salt which contains one and one-half times as much 
of a given radicle as a protosalt. 

Sessile (ses'-il) [sessilis, sedere, to sit]. Attached by a 
broad base ; not pedunculated ; e. g. , a sessile tumor. 
In biology, not stalked ; inserted directly on the axis, 
as when a leaf-blade is attached directly to a stem. 
S.-eyed, in biology, having eyes without stalks. 

Seta (se'-ta/i) [seta, a bristle: //., Setce\. In biology, 
a stiff, stout, bristle-like appendage ; a chseta, vibrissa. 

Setaceous (se-ta 1 '-se-us) [seta, a hair, a bristle]. In 
biology, bristly, bristling, bristle-shaped. 

Setaceum {se-ta' -se-wii). See Seton. 

Setiform (se'-tiform) [seta, a bristle ; forma, form]. 
Bristle-like in shape. 

Setigerous, or Setiferous (se-tij' -er-us , se-tif -er-us) 
[seta, bristle; gerere or ferre, to bear]. In biology, 
bearing bristles or stiff hairs. 

Setiparous (se-tip'-ar-us) [seta, a bristle ; parere, to 
bear]. In biology, producing bristles or setae, e.g., 
certain glands. 

Setireme (se' ' -tir-em) [seta, a bristle ; remus, an oar]. 
In biology, applied to the leg of an aquatic insect or 
other animal when beset with setee. 

Seton (se'-ton) [seta, a bristle]. I. A thread, or skein 
drawn through a fold of the skin, so as to maintain an 
issue. 2. A sinus kept from healing by the introduc- 
tion and drawing through it of a thread. S. -needle, 
a needle used in passing a seton through the skin. 

Setschenow's Inhibitory Center. A hypothetic cere- 
bral mechanism for the inhibition of reflex movements. 
It is supposed to be located in the corpora quadrigem- 
ina and the oblongata. 

Setula (set' -u-lah) [dim. of seta, a bristle : pi. , Setulrz"]. 
A diminutive bristle. 

Seven (sev'-n) [ME., seven, seven]. A numeral. S.- 
bark, the plant Hydrangea arborescens. See Hydran- 
gea. See also Nine-bark. S. -day Fever. Synonym 
of Relapsing Fever. S. -days' Disease. Synonym 
of Trismus. 

Sevum (se'-vum) [L.: gen., Seui\. Suet. The adipose 
tissue or fat from the abdomen of the sheep, strained 



and clarified. It is soluble in benzine and ether, and 
consists mainly of stearin, with a small percentage of 
palmitin and olein.r It is used in the preparation of 
ointments and liniments. 

Sewage (su'-dj) [ME., sewer, a canal]. The hetero- 
geneous substances constituting the excreta and waste 
matter of domestic economy and the contents of drains. 
It consists mainly of putrescent animal and vegetable 
tissues, fecal matter, and urine — the latter in a state of 
ammoniacal fermentation — mixed with water or dis- 
solved in it. In the process of fermentation, marsh- 
gas, ammonia, hydrogen sulphid, and other gases are 
freely given oft", and as these are more or less soluble 
in water, an ordinary water-trap only partially prevents 
their passage. In addition, the constituents of the 
solution are such as to form an excellent culture-fluid 
for numerous pathogenic microbes, especially those 
constituting the contagium of cholera, typhoid fever, 
and similar diseases. S. -farming, use of sewage as 
a manure. S. -fungus. See Beggiatoa alba under 
Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of . 

Sewer (su'-er) [ME., sewer, a canal]. A canal for the 
removal of sewage. S.-air Throat, acute tonsillitis. 
S.-gas, the mixture of air, vapors, and gases, which 
emanates from sewers. It varies greatly in respect to 
its pathogenic qualities. S.-g. Pneumonia. See 
Pneumonia. 

Sewerage (su'-er-aj) [WE., sewer, a. canal]. The col- 
lection and removal of sewage. 

Sewing Spasm. See Spasm. 

Sex- [seks) [L.]. A numeral used as a prefix, meaning 
six. 

Sex [seks) [series, also secus, sex]. In biology, the 
state or condition of being either male or female. See 
Law, Kof acker-Sadler' ' s. 

Sexdigital, Sexdigitate (seks-dij'-it-al, seks-dij ' -it-at) 
[sex, six ; digitus, a finger]. Having six fingers or 
six toes. 

Sexdigitism [seks-dij' -it-izm) [sex, six; digitus, finger]. 
The condition of having six digits on a hand or foot. 

Sexiferous (seks-if '-er-us) [sex, six ; ferre, to bear]. 
Having sexual organs. 

Sextan (seks' -tan) [sex, six]. A malarial fever in 
which the paroxysms occur every sixth day. 

Sextuplet (seks-tup'-let) [sex, six]. One of six off- 
spring from a single gestation. 

Sexual (seks'-u-al) [sexus, sex]. Pertaining to sex. 
S. Bondage, the dependence of one person upon 
another of the opposite sex that is abnormal but not 
perverse. S. Diseases, diseases of the sexual organs. 
S. Intercourse, copulation. S. Inversion, a variety 
of sexual perversion in which there is an abnormal 
liking for a person of the same, instead of for one of 
the opposite sex. S. Metamorphosis, a variety of 
sexual perversion in which the individual has the 
tastes and feelings and assumes the dress and habits 
of the opposite sex. S. Selection. See Evolution. 

Sexualia (seks-u-a' -le-ah). See Gonades. 

Sexuality (seks-u-al' -it-e) [sexus, sex]. The collective 
differences which in an individual make one male or 
female. 

Sexually (seks'-u-al-e)[sexus,sexj. In a sexual manner. 

Sexvalent (seks-va' -lent) [sex, six ; valere, to be worth] . 
Having an atomicity of six. 

Shab (shab). See Scab. 

Shackle (s/iak'-l) [ME., schakkyl, shackle]. Some- 
thing that hinders or confines. S. -joint, a variety ot 
articulation formed by passing a bony ring of one 
part through a perforation of another part. It is seen 
in the exoskeleton of some fishes. S.-vein, a vein 
of the horse, probably the median antebrachial, from 
which blood was formerly abstracted. 



SHADOW 



1320 



SHELL 



Shadow (shad'-o) [ME., schadowe, shadow]. A 
phantom-cell, or skeletonized blood-cell, formed by 
the removal of the hemoglobin from a red cor- 
puscle. S.-test. See Retinoscopy. 

Shaft [ME., shaft, shaft]. The trunk of any columnar 
mass, especially the diaphysis of a long bone. 

Shakes [shaks) [ME., shaken, to shake]. A popular 
designation for Ague. 

Shaking (sha'-king) [ME., shaken, to shake]. A 
passive Swedish movement used in the treatment of 
nervous affections. S. Cure, the treatment of disease 
by a shaking or vibratory movement, advocated by 
Charcot in paralysis agitans, by means of a vibrating 
arm-chair. S. Palsy. See Paralysis agitans. 

Shale [skat) [G. , schale, a scale]. Clay with a fissile 
structure. S. Naphtha. See Photogene. S. Oil. 
See Benzine. 

Shampoo (sham-poo') [Hind. ,tshampna, shampoo]. I. 
Synonym of Massage. 2. To lather, rub, or wash the 
head. 

Shampooing [shampoo' -ing) [shampoo]. The per- 
formance of massage with the application of a liniment 
or other medicinal substance, and also in connection 
with the Turkish bath. 

Shank [ME., shanke, the bone of the leg]. The leg 
from the knee to the ankle ; the tibia or shin-bone. 

Shark [icdpxapoc, jagged]. One of a large group of 
sea-fishes constituting the order, Squalid^. S.-oil, 
an oil prepared from the livers of various species of 
shark. It is the lightest of the fixed oils, the specific 
gravity ranging from .865 to .876. It is used in the 
adulteration of cod-liver oil and for tanning. 

Sharpey's Perforating Fibers. Transverse or perpen- 
dicular periosteal fibers, most numerous in the superfi- 
cial lamellae of spongy bones ; they are also present 




Sharpey's Perforating Fibers. (From Stirling.) 

in the interstitial lamellae of other bones, transfixing 
the lamellae. Kolliker recognized a smaller, soft, 
uncalcified, and a larger, partly calcified, variety. 

Shavegrass (shdv'-gras). See Scouring Rush. 

Shaven-beard Appearance. A peculiar appearance 
of the enlarged intestinal glands in typhoid fever. 
They are dark-red or reddish-gray in color, and marked 
with fine white striations. 

Shearing (shir' -nig) [ME., sheren, to clip]. I. The 
overlapping of the cranial bones of the fetus during its 
passage through the pelvis. 2. In biology, the result 
of attrition of the incisorial region of the lower jaw 
against the front of the upper jaw in aged persons who 
have lost their teeth. Shearing takes place in propor- 
tion as the upper jaw at its anterior arc is beaked, and 
when present the articular surface of the condyloid 
process is invariably at the anterior part. (Harrison 
Allen.) 

Shears (sherz) [ME., sheres, shears]. A large pair of 
scissors. S., Bandage. Strong shears for cutting 
bandages, usually bent at an angle. 

Sheath (sheth) [ME., shethe, sheath]. An envelop; 
a covering. In anatomy, applied to the coverings of 
arteries, muscles, nerves, fascia, etc. S., Arach- 



noidean, a delicate partition lying between the pial 
sheath and the dural sheath of the optic nerve. S., 
Axis-cylinder. See Huxley's Layer. S., Capil- 
lary, or S., Circumvascular, a wide lymphatic 
tube surrounding some of the smallest blood-vessels. 
S., Cellular. See Epineuriuiu. S., Cortical, the 
bast-bundles. S., Dentinal, the structure lining the 
dentinal canals. S., Dural, a strong fibrous mem- 
brane forming the external investment of the optic 
nerve. See Dura. S., Femoral. See Femoral. 
S., Fibril, a sheath formed of connective-tissue 
fibrils and surrounding individual nerve-fibers. S. 
of Henle, an attenuated extension of the peri- 
neurium investing the fibers composing funiculi of a 
nerve-trunk ; it consists of a delicate fibrous en- 
velop lined with endothelial plates, which in some 
cases alone represent the entire sheath. S., Hux- 
ley's. See Huxley's Layer. S.. Lamellar. See 
Perineurium. S., Leaf. See Vagina. S. of 
Mauthner, a protoplasmic investing membrane be- 
neath the neurilemma and the nodes of Ranvier, 
passing inward to separate the myelin from the axis- 
cylinder. S., Medullary, the myelin-sheath sur- 
rounding the axis-cylinder. S., Myelin. Medul- 
lary Sheath and Neurilemma. S., Nerve. See 
Perineurium. S., Neumann's. See S. , Dentinal. 
S., Perivascular. See S., Capillary. S., Pial, 
the extension of the pia which closely invests the 
surface of the optic nerve. See Pia. S., Primi- 
tive. See Neurilemma. S., Root. See Root- 
sheath. S. of Schwann. See Neurilemma. S., 
Synovial, a synovial membrane which lines the 
cavity attached to a bone and through which a 
tendon glides. S., Tangential, the fibro-cellular 
sheath surrounding the carotids. 

Shed [ME., sheden, to shed]. To throw off. 

Shedding (shed' -ing) [ME., sheden, to shed]. Throw- 
ing off. S. Teeth, the teeth of the first dentition ; the 
term is also applied to the loss of the first or temporary 
set of teeth. 

Sheep (ship) [ME., sheep, sheep]. A ruminant mam- 
mal of the family Bovidcs and genus Ovis. S.-bug. 
See Argas tholozani in Parasites (Animal), Table of. 
S. -cough. See Hoose. Also Strongylus filaria, Ru- 
dolphi, under Parasites (Animal), Table of. S. Gad- 
fly. See Oestrits ovis, L., under Parasites (Animal), 
Table of . S. -laurel. See Kalmia. S. -louse. See 
Tricliodectis sphtzrocephalus, Nitzsch, in Parasites (Ani- 
mal), Table of. S.-pest, the sheep-tick. S.-pox, 
a contagious pustular disease of sheep similar to cow- 
pox. See Ovulation. S. -sorrel, the leaves of com- 
mon sorrel, Rumex acetosella. Their acidity is due 
to potassium oxalate and tartrate. They are refrige- 
rant and diuretic, and are useful as an antiscorbutic. 
Dose of the infusion ad lib., of the fid. ext. 3J-ij. 
Unof. S.-tick. See Melophagus ovinus, under Para- 
sites (Animal), Table of. S.s' Wool, a fine grade 
of Bahama and Florida sponge. S.s'-wool Fat. 
See Saint and Lanolin. 

Sheet (shet) [ME., shete, sheet]. A large piece of 
linen or cotton used as bed-clothing. S.-bath. See 
Bath. S., Draw, a sheet so folded as to be placed, 
or removed, from beneath the patient with the least 
inconvenience. 

Sheffield Grinders' Rot. Synonym of Pneumonokoni- 
osis. 

Shell (shel) [AS., seel; D., schel, shell]. In biology: 
I. A hard, bony, calcareous, chitinous or silicious 
outer covering ; a scale, husk, test, lorica, carapace, 
elytron. 2. A thin or hollow structure, as the outer 
ear. S. -follicle, the integumentary sac containing 
the primitive shell of a mollusc. S. -gland, (a) the 



SHELLAC 



1321 



SIAGONAGRA 



shell-secreting gland of a mollusc ; (/') a coiled tubu- 
lar gland lying in the shell-fold or in the cephalo- 
thoracic carapace, opening near the posterior maxilire 
of a crustacean ; it is widely distributed among Ento- 
mostraca. It acts as a renal organ. S., Hearing, a 
small concave plate used to concentrate the sound- 
waves in the ear. 

Shellac (shel'-ak) . See Lac. S. Cement. See 
Cement. 

Shells (shek) [ME., schelle, shell]. Tinted spectacles, 
for protection of the eyes. Coquilles. 

Shepherd's Purse. The Capsella bursa pastoris. A 
common herb possessing tonic and stimulant and ac- 
tive diuretic properties. Dose of the fluid extract 
rnjcv-^j. Unof. 

Sheringham Valve. See Ventilation. 

Sherry Wine (sher'-e). See Vinitm xericum. 

Sherwood Oil. See Petroleum Ether. 

Shield (sheld) [ME., sheeld, shield]. I. A protective 
structure or apparatus. 2. In biology, a protective 
plate, scute, lorica, or carapace. S., Nipple, a protec- 
tive covering for sore nipples. S. -shaped, same as 
Scutate or Peltate. S., Sims', an instrument used in 
the application of wire sutures. 

Shifting-type, Foerster's. See Foerster's. 

Shima-mushi (ski-mah-tnttsh' -e) [Jap.]. A Japanese 
febrile disease supposed to be due to the bite of an 
insect. 

Shin [ME., shinne, shin]. The anterior margin of 
the tibia or fore-part of the leg. S.-bone, the tibia. 

Shingles (shing'-gles). A name for herpes zoster. 

Ship Fever. Synonym of Typhus Fever, q. v. 

Shiver (shiv'-er) [ME., chiveren, to shiver]. A tremor 
or shaking of the body. It may arise from a sense 
of coldness, but it is often concomitant with or symptom- 
atic of fevers, especially those of an infectious nature. 

Shock (shok) [ME., schok, a shock]. The depression 
or grave effect produced by severe injuries, operations, 
or strong emotion. A relaxation or abolition of the 
sustaining and controlling influence which the nervous 
system exercises over the vital organic functions of the 
body. It is the result of a profound impression made 
on the cerebro-spinal axis, either directly through the 
agency of an afferent nerve, or through the circulatory 
medium. S., Deferred, that curious condition in 
which the manifestations of shock, due not to severe 
bodily injury but to purely mental causes, develop 
after the lapse of some time from the occurrence. This 
variety of shock may be even more profound than 
that produced by bodily injury. S., Discharging, 
a shock produced by a discharge of electricity. S., 
Electric, the physiologic effect produced upon an 
organism by the opening or closing of an electric cir- 
cuit in which it is included. S., Epigastric, the 
result of a blow upon the epigastrium. S., Erethismic, 
a form of shock attended with symptoms of excitement. 
S., Fetal, the sensation produced by movements of 
the fetus in utero. S., Railway, the mental impres- 
sion produced by a railway accident. S., Secondary, 
or Insidious, a second attack occurring after the first. 
S., Sexual, shock caused by rape or coitus. S., 
Torpid, shock in which marked depression is a 
prominent symptom. S., Traumatic, shock due to 
traumatism. 

Shoddy (shod'-e) [E. dial]. A material made from 
fragments of cast-off woolen clothing torn into fibers 
and re-spun into yarn. It is looser in texture than 
mungo, which is made from remains of finer fragments, 
such as old dress-coats, tailors' clippings, etc. S. 
Fever or Disease, a febrile condition caused by the 
inhalation of the dust arising in making " shoddy " 
yarns and fabrics. It is characterized by feverishness, 



headache, nausea, dryness of the mouth, dyspnea, 
cough, and expectoration. See Fever. 

Shoe (shu) [ME., shoo, shoe]. A covering for the foot, 
S., Club-foot, a shoe provided with braces for the 
correction of talipes. S. -salesmen's Disease, 
one of the occupation-neuroses, characterized by a 
paradoxic paralysis of muscles (anterior tibial) that are 
placed in extreme relaxation by the movements which 
caused and intensified the paralysis. It is produced 
by sitting on the heels while engaged in fitting shoes, 
the feet being sharply Hexed on the legs and the legs 
on the thigh. Degenerative changes take place in the 
muscles or nerve-endings. S., Sayre's. See Sayre. 
S.-and-stocking Position. See Position. S.-boil, 
in farriery, an enlargement at the point of the elbow, 
the result of pressure of the heels upon the spot. It 
is also called capped elbow. 

Shone's System. See Sewage, Disposal of. 

Short [ME., short, short]. Neither long nor tall. S. 
Breath. Synonym of Dyspnea. S. Circuit, a cir- 
cuit in which an electric current encounters an ab- 
normally small resistance. S. -sight. See Myopia. 

Shortening {short' -en-ing) [ME., short, short]. The 
process of making short. 

Shot [ME., shot, a shot]. A projectile, especially a 
ball or bullet ; anything thrown forth. S.-gun 
Prescription, one with many ingredients, written 
with the expectation that some one may prove cura- 
tive. S.-gun Quarantine, the extemporized and 
unauthorized establishment of a cordon against a place 
suspected of being the seat of an epidemic of a com- 
municable disease. S.-silk. See Retina. 

Shoulder (shol'-der) [ME., scholdre, shoulder]. The 
popular designation for the scapuloclavicular articu- 
lation and adjacent parts. S. -blade, the scapula. 
S. -girdle. See Girdle. 

Show (sho) [ME., schewe, a show]. A sanguino-serous 
discharge from the birth-canal prior to labor ; the first 
appearance of a menstrual flow. 

Shower (shau'-er) [ME., shour, shower]. A light fall 
of rain. S.-bath. See Bath. S.-bath, Electric. 
See Electric Shower-bath . 

Shrapnell's Membrane, the membrana flaccida ; the 
skin-layer of the membrana tympani, with the mucosa 
of the attic. See Membrane. 

Shreds [ME. , shrede, a. shred]. Patches of filmy ma- 
terial passed with the fecal discharges in some cases of 
enteritis and diarrhea. They may be composed of 
false membrane, of actual sloughs from the intestinal 
mucosa, or of flakes of hardened mucus. 

Shrivel (sln-iv'-l) [origin obscure]. To shrink in bulk 
and become wrinkled. 

Shriveled (shriv'-ld) [origin obscure]. Contracted into 
wrinkles ; corrugated. 

Shrub (shrub) [AS., scrob, a shrub]. I. A low, branch- 
ing, woody plant ; a bush. 2. [Arab., sharab~\. A 
drink, or cordial made of fruit-juice, often with the 
addition of rum ; as currant, or raspberry shrub. 

Shudder (shud'-er) [ME., schuderen, to shudder]. A 
convulsive but momentary tremor, caused usually by 
fright, disgust, or nervous shock. 

Shunt [ME., schunf\. In electricity, a conductor of 
low resistance, joining two points in an electric current, 
and completing a path through which the current will 
pass. 

Shurly-Gibbes Treatment. See Treatment, Methods 
of. 

Shuttle Pulse (shut' -I). See Corrigan's Pulse. 

Siagon (si'-ag-on) \_aiayuv, a little jaw]. In biology, 
the mandible of a crustacean. 

Siagonagra (si-ag-on-a' -grah) [oiayuv, jaw-bone ; aypa, 
seizure]. Gouty pain in the maxilla. 



SIAGONANTRITIS 



1322 



SIEVE 



Siagonantritis (si-ag-on-an-tri' '-its) [aiayoiv, the jaw- 
bone ; avrpov, antrum]. Inflammation within the 
antrum of Highmore. 

Siagonopod (si-ag-on' -o-pod) [aiayov, a little jaw; ttov<;, 
foot]. In biology, the maxilla of a crustacean. 

Sialaden (si-al' -ad-en) [aiakov, saliva; adi/v, a gland]. 
A salivary gland. 

Sialadenitis (si-al-ad-en-i'-tis) [aiaXov, saliva; adi/v, 
gland ; itic, inflammation] . Inflammation of a sali- 
vary gland. 

Sialadenoncus (si-al-ad-en-ong 1 -kits) [aiakov, saliva ; 
aSrjv, gland; oynoc, a tumor]. A tumor of a salivary 
gland. 

Sialagogue (si-al' -ag-og). See Ptyalagogue. 

Sialaporia (si-al-ap-o' -re-ali) [aiakov, spittle]. De- 
ficiency in the amount of saliva. 

Sialin (si'-al-in). Same as Ptyalin. 

Sialism, Sialismus (si'-al-izm, si-al-iz'-mus). See 
Ptyalism. 

Sialisterium (si-al-is-te' -re-um) [aiakiarr/piov, a bridle- 
bit : //. , Sia lister ia'j. In biology, one of the salivary 
glands of an insect. 

Sialocinetic (si-al-o-sin-et' -ik) [aiakov, spittle ; laveacg, 
motion]. Stimulating the flow of saliva. 

Sialodes (si-al-o'-dez) [aiakov, saliva; aSog, like]. 
Like saliva. 

Sialodochitis (si-al-o-do-kV-tis) [aia/.ov, spittle; 6ox>/, 
receptacle; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
salivary ducts. S. fibrinosa, inflammation of a 
salivary duct obstructed by a fibrinous exudate. 

Sialodochium {si-al - o- do'-ke - urn) [aiakov, saliva; 
Soxsiov, receptacle]. A salivary duct. 

Sialogogic (si-al-o-goj'-ik) [aiakov, spittle ; ayaryoc, 
leading]. I. A sialogogue. 2. Promoting a flow of 
saliva. 

Sialogogue (si-aV -o-gog) [aiakov, spittle; ayuyoc, lead- 
ing]. A ptyalogogue ; a drug producing a flow of 
saliva. 

Sialoid (si'-al-oid) [aiakov, spittle ; eUoc, like]. Per- 
taining to, or like saliva. 

Sialolith, Sialolithus (si'-al-o-lith, si-al-o-lith' -us) 
[aiakov, spittle ; kidoQ, stone]. A salivary calculus. 

Sialo-lithiasis (si-al-o-lith-i' -as-is) [aiakov, spittle ; 
kiOog, stone]. The presence of salivary calculi. 

Sialoncus (si-al-ong'-his) [aiakov, spittle ; ojkoc, a 
tumor]. A tumor under the tongue, arising from the 
obstruction of the duct of a salivary gland by calculus 
or other cause. 

Sialorrhea (si-al-or-e'-a) [aiakov, spittle ; poia, flow]. 
Salivation. S., Pancreatic, a flow ■ of pancreatic 
juice. 

Sialoschesis (si-al-os'-kes-is) [aiakov, spittle ; ax^aiq, 
holding]. Suppression of the secretion of saliva. 

Sialostenosis (si-al-o-ste-no' -sis) [aiakov, spittle ; are- 
voq, narrow]. Occlusion of a salivary duct. 

Sialosyrinx (si-al-o-si'-ringks) [aiakov, saliva ; avpryg, 
tube]. 1. A salivary fistula. 2. A syringe for 
washing out the salivary ducts. 3. A drainage-tube 
for the salivary ducts. 

Sialozemia (si-al-o-ze' ' -me-ah) [aiakov, spittle ; £i)/J.ia, 
loss]. Loss of saliva. 

Siam Disease. See Fever, Yellow. 

Sibbens (sib'-enz) [Gael., subhan, raspberries]. A 
disease formerly endemic in the Scotch highlands, by 
some identified with syphilis, by others with yaws. 

Siberian Plague {si-be'-re-an plag). See Plague. 

Sibi (sim'-be) [Fiji]. A Fiji term for elephantiasis or 
a tumor of the leg or arm. 

Sibilant (sib' ' -il-ant) [sibilare, to hiss]. Articulating 
with a hissing sound. Also, the nature of certain 
wheezy sounds observed in auscultation. S. Rale. 
See Rale. 



Sibilismus, Sibilus (sib-il-iz'-mus, sib'-il-us) [sibilare, 
to hiss]. A hissing sound. 

Siccant, Siccative (sik'-ant, sik'-at-iv) [siccare, to 
dry]. 1. Drying; tending to make dry. 2. A drying 
agent or medicine. 

Siccate (sik' -at) [siccare, to dry]. In biology, to dry, as 
plants for a herbarium. 

Sicchasia (sik-a'-ze-ah) [aiK%aiveiv, to feel disgust]. 
Morbid loathing of food. 

Siccus (sik'-us) [L.]. Dry. 

Sick (sik) [ME., sik, sick]. 111. Not well. In Eng- 
land the term commonly means nauseated, or " sick at 
the stomach." " S. Time," popularly used for the 
period of menstruation. S. -headache, headache 
with anorexia, nausea, vomiting, etc. Migraine. S.- 
list, a list of persons, especially in military or naval 
service, who are disabled by sickness. S. -report, a 
sick-list. S.-room, a room occupied by one who is 
sick. S. -stomach. Synonym of Aausea, and of 
Milk-sickness. 

Sickle-germs (sik'-l-jermz). A falciform stage in the 
development of Coccidia. 

Sickliness (sik' -le-nes) [ME., sik, sick]. Predisposi- 
tion to easily contract disease; insalubrity of climate. 

Sickly (sik'-le) [ME., sik, sick]. Predisposed to dis- 
ease. Unhealthy. 

Sickness (sik'-nes) [ME., siknesse, sickness]. Nausea. 
Also, a general term including all morbid conditions, 
also menstruation. S., African Sleeping. Set Afri- 
can Lethargy. S., Bleeding, hemophilia. S., Fall- 
ing, epilepsy. S., Gall, remittent fever. S., Green, 
chlorosis. S., Hungarian, remittent fever. S., 
Milk, a form of poisoning due to the ingestion of dis- 
eased milk or meat. S., Miners'. See Ankylostomi- 
asis. S., Monthly. See Menstruation. S., Morn- 
ing. See Morning Sickness. S., Mountain, a 
sensation of nausea, with impeded respiration and 
irregular heart's action, due to the rarefied air of high 
altitudes. S., Sea, nausea, with vomiting and often 
extreme weakness, caused by unaccustomed motion. 
Naupathia. 

Side (s'ld) [ME., side, side]. A lateral half of the 
body or of any bilateral organ. S.-bone : I. The 
hip-bone. 2. The disease or disordered condition in 
horses which causes the lateral cartilages above the 
heels to ossify. 3. An abnormal ossification of the 
lateral elastic cartilage in a horse's foot. S. -saddle 
Flower. See Sarracenia . 

Sideration (sid-er-a' -shun) [sideratio, blight produced 
by the stars]. I. Apoplexy. 2. Gangrene. 3. 
Lightning-stroke. [Obs.] 

Siderine Yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Siderodromophobia (sid-er-o-dro-mo-fo' -be-ah ) [aicSi/poc, 
iron; Sp6/uog, way; ipo^og, fear]. Morbid dread of 
traveling by railway. 

Siderophilous (sid-er-off -il-us) [aidz/pog, iron ; </>i?.etv, 
to love]. Applied to cells that show a tendency to 
take up iron, e.g., the red blood-corpuscles. 

Siderosis (sid-er'-o-sis) [aifir/poc, iron]. The pigmenta- 
tion of the lymphatic glands, liver, and kidneys, so 
called from the presence of iron in the pigment. 

Siegle's Speculum. An apparatus for pneumatically 
testing the mobility of the membrana tympani. 

Sielon (si'-el-on). See Saliva. 

Sienna (se-en'-ah). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Sierra salvia. See Serra salvia. 

Sieve (siv) [ME., sive, sieve]. A vessel with a reticu- 
lated bottom, used for the separation of pulverized 
from coarse substances. The gauge of the sieve is 
usually expressed in the number of meshes per square 
inch. S. -cells, long cells of tubular or prismatic 
form constituting an essential element in fibro-vascular 



SIEWER'S TEST 



1323 



SIGNS 



bundles of the inner bark of exogenous stems. They 
are peculiar in the possession of circumscribed panels, 
with tine perforations, which allow of communication 
between contiguous cells. S.-disc. See S. -plate. S.- 
hypha ; a hypha in which sieve-plates occur. S.- 
plates, the perforated panels of sieve-cells occur- 
ring at the points of contact of sieve-cells. S. -pores, 
the perforations in the panels of sieve-cells. S. -tis- 
sue, a cellular tissue made up of thin-\yalled cells 
which possess areas with sieve-like markings. The 
tissue is characteristic of the phloem. S. -tubes. See 
S. -cells. S. -vessel. See S. -cells. 

Siewer's Test. See Tests, Tabic of. 

Sig (sig). I. Abbreviation for signa, " label it," or 
for " signetnr, "let it be labeled." 2. A colloquial 
name for urine. 

Sigault's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Sigh [si) [ME., sighen, to sigh]. A peculiar pro- 
longed and deep respiration ; suspirium. 

Sighing (si'-ing) [ME. , sig/ien, to sigh]. I. The act 
of giving forth a sigh. 2. A deep respiration accom- 
panied by sighs. 3. Characterized by sighs. 

Sight (sit) [ME. , sight, sight]. That sense by which 
the image of an object projected upon the retina is 
conveyed to the mind. S., Day. See He?neralopia . 
S., Depraved. See Paropsis. S., Long. See Hy- 
peropia. S., Mouse. See Myopia. S., Night. See 
Nyctalopia. S., Old. See Presbyopia. S., Short. 
See Myopia. S., Skew. See Dysopia. S., Weak. 
See Asthenopia. 

Sigillate (sij r -il-dt) [sigillum, a. seal]. In biology, 
marked as if with a seal. 

Sigmatism, Sigmatismus (sig'-mat-izm, sig-mat-iz'- 



mus) [sigma, the Greek letter j (d)]. I. Defective 
utterance of the sound of .y. 2. Too frequent use of 
the s sound in speech. See Lisping. 

Sigmoid (sig' -moid) \_aiyua, letter s; door, likeness]. 
Bearing a resemblance to the shape of the letter 
sigma ; curved in two directions. S. Catheter, one 
shaped like an S, for passing into the female bladder. 
S. Cavities, a name applied to the depressions on 
the head of the ulna ; the greater is a depression 
formed by the olecranon and coronoid process for ar- 
ticulation with the humerus ; the lesser, on the outer 
side of the coronoid process, is for articulation with the 
radius. S. Flexure, the bend in the colon between 
the descending portion and the rectum. S. Gyrus, 
the S-shaped cerebral fold about and behind the 
cruciate fissure in Carnivora. S. Mesocolon, the 
fold of the peritoneum attaching the sigmoid flexure 
of the colon to the left iliac fossa. S. Notch. See 
Notch. S. Valves, the cardiac semilunar valves. 

Sigmoiditis (sig-moi-di' -lis) \_oiyfia, sigma ; elSug, like ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the sigmoid 
flexure of the colon. 

Sigmoidostomy ( sig-moi-dos'-to-me) [ aiyua, sigma ; 
ordfta, mouth]. The creation of an artificial anus in 
the sigmoid flexure of the colon. 

Sign (sin) \_signwn, a mark or device]. In pathology, 
any diagnostic symptom. In pharmacy, a conven- 
tional character implying a direction or order. A 
table of Eponymic Signs and Symptoms is appended. 
See Ataxia, Signs of; Death, Signs of, etc. S. -lan- 
guage, the method of intercommunication employed 
by deaf-mutes, in which ideas are communicated by 
means of signs. 



TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES. 



Name. 


Description. 


How Elicited. 


Disease Present in. 


Significance. 


Abadie's sign. 


Spasm of the levator palpebrae 
superioris muscle. 


Inspection. 


Exophthalmic goiter. 


Said to be pathogno- 
monic (?). 


Allis's sign. 


Relaxation of the fascia be- 
tween the crest of the ilium 
and the trochanter major. 


Inspection. 


Fracture of the neck of 
the femur. 




Argyll- Robertson 
pupil. 


A pupil that acts in accom- 
modation but not to light. 


Usual tests for accommo- 
dation and light. 


Locomotor ataxia. 




Baccelli's sign 
{aphonic pectori- 
loquy) . 


Reverberation of the whis- 
pered voice, heard through 
the chest-wall. 


Whispered voice of patient 
auscultated through the 
chest. 


Pleural effusion. 




Baruch's sign. 


The resistance of the rectal 
temperature to a bath of 75 
for fifteen minutes with fric- 
tion. 


Immersion in bath of 75 F. 


Typhoid fever. 




Biermer's change 
of sound. 


See GerhardV s change of 
sound (in this table). 








Bouillaud.Tinte- 
ment metallique 
of. 


A peculiar clink sometimes 
heard to the right of the 
apex-beat of the heart. 


Auscultation. 1 Cardiac hypertrophy. 




Brach -Romberg 
symptom. 


See Romberg's symptom. 




B r wn-Sequard's 
paralysis. 


Hemiparaplegia with hemi- 
anesthesia of opposite side. 




Lesion of lateral half 
of spinal cord. 




Burton's sign. 


Blue line at junction of teeth 
with gums. 


Visual examination. 


Chronic lead-poisoning. 




Chey ne -Stokes' 
respiration. 


A succession of respirations 
becoming progressively 
shorter and more shallow, 
then an intermission of vary- 
ing duration, followed by pro- 
gressive increase in depth 
and length of respirations. 




In various affections in 
which the brain is im- 
plicated. Cerebral 
edema. Uremia. 


Approaching deaih. 



SIGNS 1324 SIGNS 

TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES. — Continued. 



Name. 


Description. 


How Elicited. 


Disease Present in. 


Significance. 


Chvostek's sign. 


Sudden spasm of one side of 
the face. 


A slight tap upon the side 
ofthe face. 


Post-operative tetany. 




Clark's (Alonzo) 
sign. 


Obliteration ofthe hepatic dul- 
ness due to tympanitic dis- 
tention ofthe abdomen. 


Percussion. 


Appendicitis and other 
peritoneal inflamma- 
tions. 


The presence ofthe in- 
flated bowel, ot of gas 
between the liver and 
the abdominal or the 
thoracic wall. 


Corrigan's line. 


A purple line at the junction 
ofthe teeth with the gums. 


Visual examination. 


Chronic copper-poison- 
ing. 




Corrigan's pulse. 


A forcible pulse-wave, which 
quickly recedes. 


By the finger or sphygmo- 
graph over a superfical 
artery. 


Aortic insufficiency. 


Regurgitation of blood 
at the aortic orifice. 


Dalrymple's sign. 


Abnormal widening ofthe pal- 
pebral aperture. 


Visual examination. 


Exophthalmic goiter. 




Davidsohn's sign. 


Reflection of light through the 
pupil in translumination. 


Electric light in the 
mouth. 




Health. 


Drummond's whiff. 


A whiff heard at the open 
mouth, during expiration, 
proceeding from the glottis. 


Auscultatiou. 


Aortic aneurysm. 




Duroziez's mur- 
mur. 


A double murmur occasionally 
heard in the femoral artery. 


Auscultation. 


Aortic incompetency. 


Escape of blood past 
imperfectly closed 
aortic valve. 


Farre's tubercles. 


Superficial masses felt pro- 
jecting beneath the capsule 
of the liver. 


Palpation. 


Carcinoma ofthe liver. 




Filipovitch's sign. 


A saffron-like coloration of all 
the prominent parts of palms 
of hands and soles of feet. 


Inspection. 


Typhoid fever. 


Doubtful. Blood and 
circulatory changes. 


Fisher's brain-mur- 
mur. 


A systolic murmur over the 
anterior fontanel or in the 
temporal region of infants. 


Auscultation. 


Rickets and other con- 
ditions. 




Flint's murmur. 


A second murmur frequently 
heard at the apex ; it has a 
rumbling quality and maybe 
presystolic, and is probably- 
produced at the mitral orifice. 


Auscultation. 


Aortic incompetency. 


Improper passage of 
the blood. 


Fcerster's shifting 
type. 


Variations in the field of 
vision. 


Perimetric limits differ ac- 
cording as they are deter- 
mined by moving the 
disc from the center out- 
ward or from without to 
the center. 


Anesthesia of the ret- 
ina, traumatic neuro- 
ses, etc. 




Friedreich's respi- 
ratory change of 
sound. 


The pitch of the percussion- 
note becomes increased at 
the height of a deep inspira- 
tion. 


On percussion. 


Pulmonary tuberculosis 
and other conditions. 


Excavation ; increased 
tension. 


Friedreich's sign. 


Diastolic collapse ofthe cervi- 
cal veins. 


Palpation. Inspection. 


Adherent pericardium. 




Garel's sign. 


Absence of luminous percep- 
tion on the affected side of 
the walls and sinuses about 
the mouth — antrum of High- 
more. 


Electric transillumination. 


Disease ofthe antrum. 




Gerhardt's change 
of sound. 


A change of percussion-note 
according to the patient's 
position, whether upright, 
lying on the back, or on the 
side. Due to changes in the 
form of the air-space and 
fluid-contents of the thoracic 
cavity. 


Percussion in the differ- 
ent positions. 


Pneumothorax, pulmo- 
nary tuberculosis. 




Graefe's sign. 


Failure of the upper lid to 
follow the eyeball in glancing 
downward. 


By having the patient al- 
ternately rotate the eyes 
up and down. 


Exophthalmic goiter. 


Intraorbital pressure. 


Grancher's sign. 


The expiratory murmur equals 
in pitch that of the inspira- 
tory. 


Auscultation. 


Pulmonary condensa- 
tion. 


Obstruction to expired 
air. 


Gubler's tumor. 


A prominence seen on the 
dorsum ofthe carpus. 


By flexing carpus. 


Wrist-drop of chronic 
lead-poisoning. 


Probably some effusion 
into the synovial sacs. 



SIGNS 1325 SIGNS 

TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Description. 


How Elicited. 


Disease Present in. 


Significance. 


Guyon's sign. 


Renal ballottement. 


Palpation. 


Floating kidney. 




Heberden's nodos- 
ities. 


Hard nodules, usually on the 
distal joints of the fingers. 


Palpation. 


Rheumatoid arthritis, 
usually in advanced 
life. 




Hegar's. 


A softening of the lower uter- 
ine segment. 


By forefinger in the rec- 
tum and the thumb in the 
vagina, with pressure 
from above. 


Pregnancy. 


Pregnancy. 


Hicks' (Braxton). 


Intermittent uterine contrac- 
tions. Begins to be appar- 
ent at end of third month. 
May also be produced by 
any tumor that distends 
uterus. 


Palpation. 


Pregnancy. 


Almost a positive sign 
of pregnancy. 


Hippocratic facies. 


That of agony, as in impend- 
ing dissolution. 


By involuntary contrac- 
tion of the facial muscles. 


In peritonitis and fatal 
diseases. 


Approaching death. 


Hippocratic fi n - 
gers. 


Clubbing of the finger-tips, 
with incurvation of the nails. 


Inspection. 


Pulmonary tuberculosa 
and other wasting 
diseases. 


Emaciation. 


Hippocratic suc- 
cussion. 


Splashing sound. 


By shaking body of pa- 
tient. 


Pyopneumothorax. 


Air and fluid in the 
pleural cavity. 


Hutchinson's 
patch. 


Dull-red coloration of the cor- 
nea. 


Ciliary injection. 


Interstitial keratitis 


Syphilis. 


Hutchinson's teeth. 


Upper central permanent in- 
cisor teeth are peg-shaped, 
and notched on the cutting 
edge. 


Inspection. 


Inherited syphilis. 


Inherited syphilis. 


Hutchinson's trio 
of symptoms. 


Notched teeth, interstitial ker- 
atitis and otitis. 


Inspection. 


Inherited syphilis. 


Inherited syphilis. 


Jaccoud's sign. 


Prominence of the aorta in the 
suprasternal notch. 


Inspection. 


Leukemia (and pseudo- 
leukemia^. 




Jacquemin's sign. 


Violet color of the mucous 
membrane of vagina; appears 
about the fourth week of ges- 
tation. 


Inspection. 


Pregnancy. 


Venous congestion. 


Jadelot's lines. 


Various lines on the face of 
infants. 


Inspection. 


Various diseased con- 
ditions. 




Jorisenne's. 


Pulse does not become accel- 
erated on changing from 
the horizontal to the erect 
position. 


Change of position as de- 
scribed. 


Pregnancy. 


Pregnancy. 


Keen's. 


Increased diameter through 
the leg at the malleoli. 


Measurement. 


Fracture of fibula 
(Pott's). 


Solution of the tibio- 
fibular articulation. 


Kiister's. 


Presence of a cystic tumor in 
the median line anterior to 
the uterus. 


Palpation and inspection. 


Ovarian dermoids. 


Needs further confir- 
mation. 


Laennec's perles. 


Rounded gelatinous masses. 


Expectorated. 


Bronchial asthma. 


Mucous molds of the 
smaller bronchial 
tubes. 


Laennec's rale. 


A modified subcrepitant rale. 


Auscultation. 


Pulmonary emphy- 
sema. 


Mucous in the bron- 
chioles. 


Mannkopf 's symp- 
tom. 


Increase in the frequency of 
the pulse. 


By pressure on peripheral 
points. 


Pain (not present in 
simulated pain). 


True pain. 


Oliver's sign. 


Tracheal tugging. 


By grasping the larynx be- 
tween the thumb and fin- 
ger and pressing up- 
ward. 


Aneurysm of the aorta. 


Transmitted impulse. 


Palmo-plantar. 


See Filipovitch's. 








Parkinson's facies. 


Face expressionless, " wood- 
en ; " movements of the lips 
slow; eyebrows elevated. 
The whole expression is im- 
mobile and mask-like. 


Inspection. 


Paralysis agitans. 





SIGNS 1326 SIGNS 

TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Description. 


How Elicited. 


Disease Present in. | Significance. 


Parkinson's mask. 


See Parkinson' s fades. 








Parrot's nodes. 


Osteophytes of the skull. 


Palpation. 


Of syphilitic origin. 


Inherited syphilis. 


Parrot's sign. 


Dilatation of the pupil. 


By pinching the skin of the 
neck. 


Meningitis. 




Paul's sign. 


A feeble apex-beat, with a for- 
cible impulse over the body 
of the heart. 


Palpation. 


Pericarditis. 


Pericardial adhesions. 


Porter's sign. 


See Oliver's sign and tra- 


cheat tugging. 






Pott's boss. 


Projecting spinous process. 


Palpation. 


Pott's disease. 


Vertebral caries. 


Quincke's pulse 
(symptom). 


Blanching of the finger-nails 
at each diastole of the heart. 


Inspection. 


Aortic insufficiency. 


Very marked regurgi- 
tation. 


Raynaud's phe- 
nomena. 


A white and cold condition of 
the fingers, alternating with 
burning heat and redness. 




Raynaud's disease, q. v. 


Vaso-motor disturb- 
ance. 


Ritter's tetanus. 


Tetanus of a muscle. 


By suddenly breaking the 
circuit while a strong 
constant current is pass- 
ing through a nerve. 




Health. 


Ritter-Rollet phe- 
nomenon. 


Flexion of the foot by gentle 
electric stimulation. Exten- 
sion of the foot by energetic 
stimulation. 


Voltaic or faradic stimu- 
lation. 






Romberg's symp- 
tom. 


Swaying of the body. 


By standing patient with 
feet close together and 
with eyes closed. 


Locomotor ataxia. 


Disturbance of equilib- 
rium. Static incoor- 
dination. 


Rosenbach's sign. 


Abolition of abdominal reflex. 




In inflammatory intesti- 
nal diseases. 




Rosenthal's hyper- 
acid vomiting. 


The vomiting of very acid ma- 
terial. 




Exaggerated secretion 
of HC1 in the gastric 
juice. 


Rossbach's disease. 


Seguin's signal 
symptom. 


The contraction of one mus- 
cle or group of muscles, pre- 
ceding the epileptic attack. 


Involuntary. 


Epilepsy. 




Skeer's symptom. 


A small circle that forms in 
the iris near the pupil in both 
eyes simultaneously. 


Inspection. 


Tuberculous menin- 
gitis. 


Considered pathogno- 
monic. 


Skoda's consonat- 
ing rales. 


Bronchial rales heard through 
consolidated pulmonary tis- 
sue. 


Auscultation. 


Pneumonia. 


Mucus in the bronchial 
tubes, surrounded by 
consolidated struct- 
ure. 


Skoda's resonance, 
sign or tympany. 


A tympanitic note on percus- 
sion. 


By percussing the chest 
above a large pleural ef- 
fusion or above the line 
of consolidation in pneu- 
monia. 


Heard when a pleural 
effusion extends up to 
the 4th rib or above. 


Vicarious action of the 
portion of lung not in- 
volved (apex or upper 
lobe). 


Stairs-sign. 


Difficulty in descending stairs. 


Attempt to descend stairs. 


Early symptom of loco- 
motor ataxia. 


Incoordination. 


Stellwag's symp- 
tom. 


Apparent widening of the pal- 
pebral aperture. 


Retraction of upper eve- 
lid. 


Exophthalmic goiter. 




Stokes' sign. 


Violent throbbing in the abdo- 
men to the right of the um- 
bilicus. 


Palpation. 


Acute enteritis. 




Tache cerfibraie or 
Tache m6ning- 
eale. 


The appearance of a red line. 


By drawing the finger-nail 
over the skin. 


Tuberculous menin- 
gitis, acute fevers, and 
other conditions. 


Supposed at one time 
to be pathognomonic 
of tuberculous men- 
ingitis. 


Tarnier's sign. 


The effacement of the angle 
between the upper and lower 
uterine segments. 


Digital examination. 


Pregnancy. 


Inevitable abortion. 


Trousseau's phe- 
nomenon or sign. 


Muscular spasm, which con- 
tinues as long as pressure is 
applied. 


Pressure on the larger ar- 
teries or on the nerve- 
trunk. 


Tetany. 


Heightened neuro- 
muscular irritability. 


Trousseau's spots. 


See Tache cerebrate. 









SIGNA 1327 SIGNATURE 

TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Description. 


How Elicited. 


Disease Present in. 


Significance. 


Valleix's points. 


Tender spots along the course 
of a nerve. 


Pressure. 


Neuralgia. 




Wallerian degen- 
eration. 


Degeneration of nerves after 
separation from their trophic 
centers. 




Injuries to nerves. 


Loss of trophic in- 
fluence. 


Weber's symptom. 


Paralysis of the oculo-motor 
nerve of one side and hemi- 
plegia of the opposite side. 








Wernicke's symp- 
tom. 


The condition of the pupillary 
reaction. 


By throwing a ray of light 
on the blind half of the 
retina. 


Hemianopsia. 


If reaction is present, it 
would indicate a cen- 
tral trouble ; if absent, 
a lesion of the path 
between the retina 
and the geniculate 
bodies may be in- 
ferred. 


Westphal's foot- 
phenomenon. 


Ankle-clonus. 


By suddenly flexing foot 
on leg. 


Lateral sclerosis. 


Indicates disease of the 
pyramidal tracts. 


Westphai's para- 
doxic contrac- 
tion. 


The tonic contraction of a 
muscle caused by the passive 
approximation of its extrem- 
ities. Best known in the 
tibialis anticus. 


In anterior tibial, by rapid 
dorsal flexion of the foot. 


Paralysis agitans (West- 
phal), and sclerosis of 
the postero-lateral col- 
umns of the cord. 


Always indicates dis- 
ease. 


Westphal's sign. 


Abolition of the knee-jerk. 


Percussion over the quadri- 
ceps tendon. 


Locomotor ataxia, de- 
structive lesions of 
lower part of cord , pe- 
ripheral neuritis, etc. 




Westphal-Erb 
symptom. 


Same as IVestphal s. 








Williams' tracheal 
tone. 


A dull tympanitic resonance, 
becoming higher pitched on 
opening the mouth. 


Percussion. 


Pleural effusion. 


Arises from the vibra- 
tion of air in a large 
bronchus surrounded 
by compressed lung. 


Wintrich's sign. 


Change in the pitch when the 
mouth is opened and closed. 


Percussion. 


Tuberculosis pulmon- 
alis. 


Pulmonary cavity. 


Zenker's degenera- 
tion. 


A degeneration of the muscu- 
larfibers, causing them to be- 
come brittle and easily 
broken on forcible contrac- 
tion. 




High or continued 
fevers. 





Signa (sig'-nah) [signare, to make a sign]. In 
prescription-writing, a conventional term meaning 
"mark." It designates the physician's directions 
to the patient concerning the medicine prescribed. 

Signal (sig'-nal) \signutn, a sign]. A sign. S., 
Marcel Duprez', the interruption of an electric 
current produced by a tuning-fork of loo vibrations 
per second. 

Signatura (sig-nat-u' '-rah) [ L. ]. I. Signature. 2. 
A characteristic mark. 3. The directions showing 
how medicines are to be taken. 

Signature (sig' -na-tur) \_signare, to sign, mark]. In 
biology, a characteristic, distinguishing, or significant 
mark or appearance. Ss., Doctrine of, a system of 
discovering the medicinal uses of a plant or mineral 
from something in its external appearance (color, 
shape, or markings) that resembled the disease it 
would cure. Accordingly, the stony seeds of grom- 
well (Lithospermum officinale) were held good for 
gravel, the knotty tubes of Scrophnlaria for scrofu- 
lous glands, while the scaly pappus of Scabiosa showed 
it to be a specific in leprous diseases ; the spotted 
leaves of Pulmonaria, that it was a sovereign remedy 
for tuberculous lungs, and the growth of Saxifrage 



in the fissures of rocks that it would disintegrate 
stone in the bladder ; Turmeric and Celandine were 
recommended for jaundice on account of their color ; 
Liverwort for torpidity of the liver; Euphrasy, 
being marked with an eye, was good for sore eyes ; 
Orchis, resembling a testis, was good as an aphro- 
disiac ; Dock-root was yellow, and therefore good for 
jaundice. Many plants still possess common names 
based on this doctrine, e.g., Backwort {Symphytum 
officinale); Bladder-herb (Physalis alkekengi); 
Blood-root {Potentilla tormentilla ) ; Breakstone 
(Saxifraga sp., Pimpinella saxifraga); Bruisewort 
(Bellis perennis); Burstwort (Herniaria glabra); 
Cancerwort (Linaria spuria, L. elatine); Chafe- 
weed (Gnaphalium sylvaticum) ; Colickwort (Al- 
chemilla arvensis) ; Dropwort (Spiraea filipendula) ; 
Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) ; Felonwort (Sola- 
num dulcamara ) ; Gallwort ( Linaria vulgaris) ; 
Goutweed ( ALgopodium podagraria ) ; Jaundice 
Tree (Berberis vulgaris); Milkwort (Polygala vul- 
garis); Nailwort ( Draba verna ) ; Navelwort 
(Cotyledon umbilicus) ; Neckweed (Cannabis sativa) ; 
Open-arse ( Mespilus germanica ) ; Palsywort 
(Primula veris) ; Pestilence-wort (Petasites vul- 



SIGNUM 



1328 



SIMS' DEPRESSOR 



garis); Quinseywort (Asperula cynanchica) ; Share- 
wort (Pallenis spinosa ) ; Spleenwort ( Asplenium 
celerach) ; Stitchwort (Stellaria holostea) ; Tetter- 
berry {Bryonia dioica) ; Throatwort (Campanula 
trachelium) ; Toothwort ( Lathraa squamaria ) ; 
Uvulawort. See Throatwort. 

Signum (sig'-num) [L.]. A mark, sign, or indication. 

Siguatera (sig-wah-te'-rah) [Sp.]. The name given by- 
Spanish colonists to a complex of symptoms that 
resulted from eating poisonous fishes indigenous to cer- 
tain hot countries. 

Sikimin (sik'-im-in) [sikkim, a region of the Hima- 
laya]. A poisonous principle derived from Illicium 
religiosum. Unof. 

Silent Region of the Brain and Cord. The gray 
matter of the cord. 

Silex (si'-leks) [L.]. See Silica. 

Silica Quartz (sil'-ik-ah kworts) [silex, flint]. The 
oxid of silicon, Si0 2 . It occurs in nature in the mineral 
form, of which sea-sand is a familiar example. 

Silicate (sil'-ik-dt) [silex, flint]. A salt of silicic 
acid. 

Silicic (sil-is'-ik) [silex, flint]. Containing silicon. 

Silicide (sil'-is-id) [silex, flint]. A combination of sil- 
icon with another element. 

Silicious, Siliceous (sil-is/i'-us) [silex, flint]. Having 
the nature of or containing silicon. 

Silicium (sil-ish'-e-um). See Silicon. 

Silicle (sil'-ik-l) [silicula, a little husk or pod]. In 
biology, a short pod not over three times longer than 
broad, e.g., that of the Shepherd's Purse (Capsella 
bursa-pastoris) . 

Silicol (sil'-ik-ol) [silex, flint]. An alcohol from a sil- 
icon or silicon-carbon radicle. 

Silicon (sil' -ik-on) [silex, flint] , Si — 28 ; quantivalence 
IV. One, of the elements, and, next to oxygen, the 
most abundant, forming about one-fourth of the crust 
of the globe. See Elements, Table of. In medicine, 
it is used in the form of an alkaline silicate chiefly. 
See Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium; also Taba- 
sheer. Some forms are used in dentifrices, and 
others in pharmacy. S. hydrid, a colorless inflam- 
mable gas. 

Silicosis (sil-ik-o'-sis). See Chalicosis. 

Silicula (sil-ik'-u-lak) [L.]. Same as Silicle. 

Silicular (sil-ik'-u-lar) [silicula, a silicle]. In biology, 
having the shape or appearance of a silicle. 

Silicule (sil'-ik-ul). Same as Silicle. 

Siliculose (sil-ik' '-u-loz) [silicula, a little husk]. In 
biology, the same as Silicular. 

Silicyl (sil'-is-il) [silex, flint]. A radicle containing 
silicon directly combined with a trivalent radicle. 

Siliqua (sil-ik' -7oah)[siliqua , ahusk, pod : //., Siliquaf\. 
Same as Silique. 

Silique (sil-ek') [siliqua, a husk, pod]. In biology, the 
slender, two-valved capsule of some Cruciferce. It is 
divided into cells by a false partition stretched between 
two opposite parietal placentae, and which often per- 
sists after the valves have fallen away. 

Silk [ME., silk, silk]. The simplest and most perfect 
of the textile fibers. It differs from all other fibers in 
that it is found in nature as a continuous fine thread. 
Silk is the product of the silk- worm (Bombyx mori), 
and is simply the fiber that the worm spins around it- 
self for protection when entering the pupa or chrysalis 
state. The silk-fiber consists, to the extent of rather 
more than half its weight, of fibroin, C ls H 2 . t N 5 B , a 
nitrogenous principle. Covering this is the silk-glue, 
or sericin, C 15 H 25 N s O R . The most important physical 
properties of the siik-fiber are its luster, strength, and 
avidity for moisture. Besides the true silk, we have 
several so-called " wild silks," the most important of 



which is the Tussur silk, the product of the larva of 
the moth, Antheraa mylitta, found in India. The 
cocoons are much larger than those of the true silk- 
worm, are egg-shaped, and of a silvery drab color. The 
cocoon is very firm and hard, and the silk is of a drab 
color. It is used for the buff-colored Indian silks, 
and latterly largely in the manufacture of silk plush. 
Other wild silks are the Eria silk of India, the Muga 
silk of Assam, the Atlas or Fagara silk of China, and 
the Yamamai silk of Japan. Silk has been used as a 
hemostatic. See Sericum. S., Epispastic, silk con- 
taining some vesicant. S. Floss, Dentists', un- 
twisted filaments of fine silk, prepared expressly for 
the purpose of cleaning the surfaces of the teeth, and 
used by some dentists for finishing the surfaces of fill- 
ings in the sides of teeth. S. -grass. See Pineapple 
Fiber. S., Saddler's, a heavy silk used by saddlers, and 
to some extent in surgery. S.-weed. See A/ilk-weed. 
S. -worm, the larva of the silk-moth. S.-worm Gut, 
the thread drawn from a silk-worm killed when ready 
to spin the cocoon. 

Sillonneur (sil- on-ur') [Fr.]. A three-bladed scalpel 
used by ophthalmologists. 

Sillyhow (sil'-e-hcnv) [E. dia.]. The caul which some- 
times covers the head of the new-born child. 

Silphium (sil'-fe-um) [ailvtyiov, a plant so called on ac- 
count of its resinous juice]. An umbelliferous plant, 
Thapsia silp/iium, Viviani, so highly esteemed among 
the ancients for its juice, which according to Pliny was 
a remedy for sixty diseases, internal and external, that 
it was sold for its weight in silver, and figured largely 
on the coins of Cyrene, its native home. The Greeks 
called it silphium, from silphi, its African name ; the 
Romans laserpitium. 

Silphology (sil -fol'- o-je) [a'lkyrj, an insect; /'-d}of, 
science]. The morphology and development of 
larva. 

Silver (sil'-ver). See Argentum and Elements, Table 
of. S., Coin, an alloy consisting of nine parts silver to 
one of copper. S. Fir. See Abies. S. -fork Defor- 
mity, a peculiar displacement of the wrist and hand in 
fracture of the lower extremity of the radius. S., Ster- 
ling, an alloy consisting of 925 parts silver to 75 parts 
copper. S. White. Same as White Lead. 

Simaba (sim-a'-bah) [native name in Guiana]. A 
genus of simarubaceous tropical trees. S. cedron, 
S. ferruginea, S. floribunda, etc., have exceedingly 
bitter barks, and are tonic and febrifuge. Unof. 

Simaruba (sim-ar-u'-bah) [native name in Guiana]. I. 
A genus of tropical American trees, the type of the 
order Simarubacea. S. amara, S. glauca, S. offi- 
cinalis, S. medicinalis, and others have barks with 
tonic properties. Unof. 

Similar (sim'-il-ar) [L.]. Having the same charac- 
teristics. 

Simon's Position. See Postures, Table of. S.'s 
Triangles. See Triangles, Table of. 

Simple (sim'-pl) [simplex, simple]. 1. Not complex ; 
consisting of a single ingredient ; not compound. 
2. Wanting in intellect. 3. A medicinal plant. 

Simpler, Simplist (sim'-pler, sim'-plist). An herb- 
doctor. 

Simpler's Joy. The common vervain, q. v. 

Simples (sim'-ph) [simplex, simple]. A common 
term for herbs having a medicinal value. 

Simplist (sim'-plist). See Simpler. 

Simpson's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Sims' Depressor. An instrument for holding back 
the wall of the vagina in examination of that cavity. 
S. Feeder, an instrument for aiding in the suture of 
tissues. S. Posture or Position. See Postures, 
Table of. S. Speculum. See Speculum. 



SIMULATION 



1329 



SINUS 



Simulation (sim-u-la'-skun) [simulatio ; simulare, to 

feign]. In medicine, the feigning or counterfeiting 
of disease. The pretence of a malingerer. 

Simulo {sim'-u-lo). The fruit of certain species of 
Capparis, especially C. coriacea, of Peru; it is re- 
commended as a cure for epilepsy, and possesses anti- 
scorbutic and stimulant properties. Dose of the 
tincture 5 ss-iij ; of the fluid extract -jj-iij. Unof. 

Sinalbin (sin-al'-bin). A neutral crystalline glucosid 
found in white mustard, soluble in cold water. 

Sinamin (sin'-am-in), C 3 H 5 CN. Allyl cyanamid, a 
substance obtained from crude oil of mustard. 

Sinapeleum (sin-ap-el-e' -urn) [oivaxi, mustard ; iXaiov, 
oil]. Mustard-oil. 

Sinapin (sin'-ap-in) [aivairi, mustard], C 16 H 23 N0 3 . A 
substance that occurs as a sulpho-cyanate in white 
mustard. Free sinapin is soluble and decomposable. 

Sinapis (sin'-a-pis) [aivaKi, mustard]. Mustard. The 
seeds of S. alba, white mustard, and 5. nigra, black 
mustard. They contain a ferment, myrosin, and a crys- 
talline substance, which, when moistened, unite to form 
a volatile oil of allyl sulpho-cyanid. Locally the seeds 
act as a powerful rubefacient ; internally, as a stomachic 
stimulant ; in large doses as an emetic. Sinapis is 
much used locally in the form of the well-known " mus- 
tard-plaster." S., Cataplasma (B. P.), mustard- 
poultice, contains mustard, linseed meal, and water. 
S., Charta, mustard-paper, consists of black mustard 
mixed with a solution of India-rubber and spread on 
paper. S., Liniment., Comp., contains oil of mus- 
tard 3, fid. ext. mezereum 20, camphor 6, castor-oil 
15, alcohol q. s. S., Ol., the volatile oil. Dose 

Sinapiscopy (sin-ap-is' -ko-pe) [aivairi, mustard ; okottsIv, 
to view]. The use of mustard as a test of sensory dis- 
turbances, analogous to a similar use of metalloscopy. 

Sinapism (sin'-ap-izm) [aivaKLO/xug ; aivam, mustard]. 
A mustard-plaster. 

Sincaline (sin'-kal-eii). Same as Cholin. 

Sincipital (sin-sip' -it-al) [sinciput, the head]. Pertain- 
ing to the sinciput. 

Sinciput (sin'-sip-ut) \_semi, half; caput, head]. The 
superior and anterior part of the head. Also, the top 
of the head ; the bregma. 

Sindon (sin'-doti) [oivSuv, linen]. A pledget or 
dossil. 

Sinew (sin' -it) [ME., sinewe, sinew]. Tendinous or 
ligamentous tissue. S. -shrunk, having some of the 
sinews wasted ; said of horses or mules. The condi- 
tion is mainly caused by overwork. 

Singultus (sing-gul'-tus). See Hiccough. 

Sinigrin (sin'-ig-rin) [aiva-xi, mustard]. A crystalline, 
bitter-tasting, inodorous glucosid of black mustard, 
soluble in water, but not in alcohol or ether. 

Sinistrad (sin' -is-trad) [sinister, the left hand]. To- 
ward the left. 

Sinistral (sin'-is-tral) [sinister, left]. At or in the di- 
rection of the left side of the body. See the opposite, 
dextral; also Position and Direction, Table of . 

Sinistren (sin'-is-tren) [sinister, left]. Belonging to 
the sinistral side in itself. 

Sinistrin (sin'-is-trin) \_sinister, left]. A dextrin-like 
substance found in squills. 

Sinistrocerebral (sin' -is-tro-ser' -e-bral) [sinister, left; 
cerebrum, cerebrum] . Occurring or situated in the 
left hemisphere of the brain. 

Sinistrorse (sin' -is-trors) [sinister, left; vertere, turn]. 
In biology, turning from right to left ; said of a plant 
climbing in an opposite direction from the sun. 

Sinual (sin'-u-al) [sinus, a curve]. Possessing the 
characteristics of a sinus. 

Sinuate (sin'-u-dt) [sinuare, to curve, swell out in 



curves]. In biology, wavy, or winding in and out. 
Applied to the margins of leaves and other flattened 
organs. 

Sinuation (sin-u-a'-sliuii) [sinuatus, from sinuare, to 
bend]. I. The state of being sinuate. 2. A cerebral 
gyre. 

Sinu-auricular (siu-u-a:c>-nh'-u-lar) [sinus, a curve; 
auricula, auricle]. In biology, pertaining to the sinus 
venosus and the auricle. 

Sinuose (sin'-u-oz). Same as Sinuous. 

Sinuosity (siu-u-os'-it-e) [sinuare, to bend]. Anfrac- 
tuosity ; the state of being sinuous or bent. 

Sinuous (sin'-u-us) [sinuosus ; sinus, a curve]. Wavy ; 
applied especially to tortuous fistula; and sinuses. 

Sinus (si'-nus) [sinus, a curve, fold, hollow: //., Sinus 
or Sinuses]. A hollow or excavation, a cavity, re- 
cess, pocket, dilatation, or channel in a bone or other 
structure. The term is applied also to an abnor- 
mal pathway or canal, usually the result of ulceration. 
S. acusticus internus. See Canal, Internal Audi- 
tory. S., Air, any one of the cavities within 
bones, containing air, especially those communicat- 
ing with the nasal passages. S. alae parvae. See 
S. , Spheno-parietal. S. amplus ureteris, the pelvis 
of the kidney. S. ampullaceus. See Ampulla os- 
sea. S., Anterior. See Lateral Ventricle. S. of 
Aorta. See S. of Valsalva. S., Aortic. See S. of 
Valsalva. S. aritii. See Lacrvmal Fossa. S. arteri- 
osus. See S. pulmonalis. S. atlantis, a depression 
for the passage of vessels and nerves on the upper sur- 
face of the posterior part of the arch of the atlas. S. 
auditorius, the cavity of the tympanum. S., Basi- 
lar. See 5., Transverse. S. basilaris anterior. 
See 5. , Transverse. S. of Breschet, the spheno- 
parietal sinus. S. bulbi. See S. bulbi urethra. S. 
bulbi rhachidici. See Fourth Ventricle. S. bulbi 
urethrae, a dilatation of the bulb of the urethra. S. 
canalis vertebralis, any of the spinal veins. S. 
caroticus, S. carotidien. See S. , Cavernous. S. 
cavernosus. See S. , Cavernous. S., Cavernous, a 
large sinus extending from the sphenoid fissure to the 
apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, com- 
municating behind with the inferior and superior petro- 
sal sinuses and receiving the ophthalmic vein in front. 
S. cavi cranii. See S. , Cranial. S. choroidien, 
See S., Straight. S. circulaire de Ridley. See S.. 
Circular. S. circulaire du trou occipital. See 5. 
circitlaris foraminis magni. S., Circular, a venous 
sinus surrounding the hypophysis, communicating 
on each side with the cavernous sinus. S., Circular 
(of the placenta), a plexus of veins in the maternal 
portion of the placenta in communication with the 
utero-placental sinus. S. circularis. See S. , Circu- 
lar. S.circularis foraminis magni (sen occipitalis). 
A venous plexus surrounding the posterior margin of 
the foramen magnum. S. circularis iridis. See 
Canal of Schlemm. S., Clinoid. See S. , Circular. 
S. cochlea?, a vein in the aqueduct of the cochlea 
opening into the internal jugular vein. S. du cceur. 
See Atrium. S. columnar vertebralis, the anterior 
longitudinal spinal veins. S. communis. See 
Utricle (2d def.). S. communis venarum cardi- 
acarum fseu cordis). See S., Coronary (of the heart). 
S. condylorum anterior. See Fossa intercondyloidea 
anterior. S., Confluence. See Torcular herophili. 
S. cordis. See Atrium. S. coronaire du placenta. 
See S., Circular (of the placenta). S. coronarius. 
See S., Coronary (of the heart). S., Coronary (of 
the heart), a vein in the transverse groove between 
the left auricle and the left ventricle of the heart on 
its posterior aspect ; it is by some regarded as a dila- 
tation of the great cardiac vein into which it opens. 



SINUS 



1330 



SINUS 



S. of Coronary Vein. See S., Coronary (of the heart). 
S. coronoideus. See S., Circular. S. du corps 
calleux. See Callosal Fissure. S. costales. See 
Incisures costales. S. costarii. See Fovea articulares 
laterales. S. coxae. See Acetabulum. S., Cranial, 
one of certain venous channels between the folds of 
the dura lined with a continuation of the tunica intima 
of the veins. S. craniens. See S., Cranial. S. 
of Cuvier. See Ducts of Cuvier. S., Diploic, 
channels containing veins which traverse the diploe 
of cranial bones. S. ductus lactiferi. See Ampulla 
ductus lactiferi. S. durae matris. See S. , Cranial. 
S. ellipticus. See S., Circular. S. epididymidis, 
the furrow between the posterior surface of the epi- 
didymis and the testicle. S., Ethmoid. See Etlimoid 
Cells. S. ethmoidales. See Ethmoid Cells. S. of the 
External Meatus, a space at 
the bottom of the external audi- 
tory canal between the concave 
inferior wall of the osseous 
meatus and the membrana tym- 
pani. S. falciformis inferior. 
See S. , Inferior longitudinal. 
S. falciformis superior (seu 
triangularis). See S., Superior 
longitudinal. S. fossae basi- 
laris. See S. , Transverse. S. 
fraenuli, the depression at the 
side of the frenum of the penis. 
S., Frontal, an irregular cavity 
in the frontal bone, underlying 
the prominence at the root of 
the nose, and over the superior 
orbital margin, extending up- 
ward and outward between the 
two tables of the bone, separated 
from its fellow of the opposite 
side by a thin septum, and com- 
municating with the nose by the 
infundibulum. S., Galactopho- 
rous. See Ampulla ductus lac- 
tiferi. S. genae pituitarius 
(highmori). See Alaxillary 
Antrum. S., Genital, the cleft 
of the vulva. S., Genito- 
urinary. See S., Urogenital. S. 
Great (of the aorta), a dilatation 
generally found on the right side 
of the ascending portion of the 
aorta. S. of Highmore. See 
Maxillary Antrum. S. hippo- 
campi inferior. See Hippocam- 
pus Major. S., Inferior In- 
tercavernous, the lower of the 
two veins sometimes replacing 

the single sinus intercavernosus anterior. S., Infe- 
rior Longitudinal, a venous sinus which extends 
along the posterior half of the lower border of 
the falx cerebri and terminates in the straight sinus 
near the anterior margin of the tentorium. S., In- 
ferior Petrosal, a large venous sinus arising from the 
cavernous, running along the lower margin of the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone, and joining the 
lateral sinus, to form the internal jugular vein. S. in- 
tercavernosus anterior, the anterior half of the circu- 
lar sinus. S. intercavernosus posterior, the poste- 
rior half of the circular sinus. S., Intercavernous, 
the anterior and posterior halves of the circular sinus. 
S., Internal. See S., Straight. S. jugularis spurius. 
See S., Petro-squamous. S. of the Jugular Vein, the 
bulbi vena jugularis (distinguished as inferior, interims, 
and superior). S. of Kidney, the prolongation inward 



of the hilum of the kidney. S. lacrimales. See Cells, 
Anterior Ethmoid. S. lacrimalis. See S., Lacrymal. 
S., Lacrymal, a small pouch formed by a fold of skin 
at the inner angle of the eye in the deer and some 
other quadrupeds. It can be opened or shut at will, 
has no connection with the lacrymal passages, and 
contains a gland which secretes a viscid substance re- 
sembling the cerumen of the ear. S., Lacteal. See 
Ampulla ductus lactiferi. S. lacteus lactiferus. See 
Ampulla ductus lactiferi. S. lactiferi secundarii, 
dilatations of the milk-ducts in addition to the ampulla. 
S.laiteux. See Ampulla ductus lactiferi. S. laryn- 
gis (of Morgagni). See Ventricle of the Larynx. 
S. of the Larynx. See Ventricle of the Larynx. S., 
Lateral, a venous sinus which begins at the torcular 
and runs horizontally on the inner surface of the 




Medisection of Brain, Showing Important Sinuses. 
Falx cerebri. 2,2. Its convex border, with the great longitudinal sinus. 3. Its concave 
border. 4, 4. Inferior longitudinal sinus. 5. Base of falx cerebri. 6. Straight sinus. 
7. Apex of falx cerebri. 8. Right half of the tentorium, seen from below. 9. Right 
lateral sinus. 10. Superior petrosal sinus. 11. Inferior petrosal sinus. 12. Posterior 
occipital sinus. 13. Falx cerebelli. 14. Optic nerve. 15. Motor oculi. 16. Pathetic. 17. 
Trigeminus. 18. Abducens. 19. Facial and auditory nerves. 20. Glosso-pharyngeal, 
pneumogastric and spinal accessory nerves. 21. Hypoglossal nerve 22. First cer- 
vical nerve. 23. Second cervical nerve. 24, 24. Upper extremity of ligamentum 
denticulatum. 

occipital bone to the base of the petrous portion 
of the temporal bone, where it unites with the inferior 
petrosal sinus to form the internal jugular vein. S. 
laterales seu superioris. See Lacuna laterales seu 
superioris. S. lateralis. See S., Lateral. S. longi- 
tudinales columnae vertebralis, the longitudinal 
spinal veins. S. longitudinalis cerebri. See 5. , Supe- 
rior- Longitudinal. S. longitudinalis inferior (seu 
minor). See S., Inferior Longitudinal. S. longi- 
tudinalis superior. See S., Superior Longitudinal. 
S. lunatus radii, the semilunar cavity of the radius. 
S. lunatus ulnae. See Sigmoid Cavity, Lesser. S., 
Lymph, small spaces scattered throughout the par- 
enchyma of a lymphatic gland, between the pulp of the 
gland and the trabecular or dilatations of the lymphatic 
vessels. S. maieri, an anomalous dilatation into 
which both canaliculi lacrimales open. S. of the 



SINUS 



1331 



SINUS 



Mammary Gland. See Ampulla ductus lactiferi. S., 
Marginal, a variety of the occipital sinus opening 
into the transverse. S., Marginal (of the placenta). 
See 6"., Circular [of the placenta). S. marginalis. 
See S. , Marginal. S., Mastoid. See Mastoid Cells. 
S. mastoideus. See Mastoid Cells. S. max- 
illaris. See Maxillary Antrum. S., Maxillary. 
See Maxillary Antrum. S. maximus. See Olec- 
ranon Fossa and S., Great [of the aorta). S. maxi- 
mus aortae. See S., Great (of the aorta). S. 
maximus cubitalis (seu humeri). See Olecranoti 
Fossa. S., median saeptum. See S., Superior Longi- 
tudinal. S., Median, Superior. See S. , Superior 
Longitudinal. S. medianus. See 1 'estibular Sac- 
cule. S. mediastinocostalis (pleura), the part of 
the pleura where the costal and mediastinal portions 
unitebehind the sternum. S. mediastinophrenicus, 
the part of the pleura where the mediastinal and dia- 
phragmatic portions unite. S. of Morgagni, the in- 
terval between the upper border of the superior con- 
strictor muscle and the basilar process of the occipital 
bone. See Lacuna morgagni, S. of Valsalva, and 
Ventricle of the Larynx. S. mucosi urethras. See 
Lacuna morgagni. S. muliebris. See Vagina. 
S. nasi accessorii, the various air-sinuses connected 
with the nose. S. obliquus. See S. , Straight. S., 
Occipital, a small venous sinus in the attached mar- 
gin of the falx cerebelli, opening into the torcular 
herophili. See S., Lateral. S. occipitalis, S. 
occipitalis posterior. See S., Occipital. S. occip- 
italis anterior. See S., Transverse. S. occipit- 
alis transversus. See S., Transverse. S. opertus 
minor. See Occipital Fissure. S. ophthalmicus. 
See S., Cavernous. S. ophthalmopetrosus, an 
anomalous opening into the transverse sinus. S. 
palatinus. See Ethmoid Cells, Posterior. S. 
parieto-occipitalis. See Occipital Fissure. S. 
pedis, the internal sinus between the astragalus 
and the os calcis. S. pericardiacocostalis, the 
left mediastinocostal sinus. S. pericardii. See S. 
transversus pericardii. S. perpendicularis. See 
S., Straight. S., Petit's. See. S.. of Valsalva. S. 
petrobasilaris. See S. , Superior Petrosal. S. 
petro-occipitalis inferior, a vein uniting the cav- 
ernous sinus and the circellus venosus hypoglossi. 
S., Petro-occipitalis superior. See S., Superior 
Petrosal. S., Petrosal, venous sinuses along the 
borders of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. 
S., Petroso-squamous. See S., Petrosquamous. 
S. petro-squamous, a venous sinus running along the 
petro-squamous suture, and opening into the transverse 
sinus ; it is believed to be a relic of a fetal communica- 
tion with the internal jugular vein. S. petrosus 
inferior. See S., Inferior Petrosal. S. petrosus 
medius, an anomalous communication between the 
inferior and superior petrosal sinuses. S. petrosus 
profundus. See S. , Inferior Petrosal. S. petrosus 
superficialis (seu superior) . See S., Superior Petrosal. 
S., Pharyngo-laryngeal. See Fossa laryngophary?i- 
gea. S. pharyngolaryngei. See Fossa laryngo- 
pharyngea. S. phrenicocostalis, the part of the pleura 
where the costal and diaphragmatic portions join. S. 
phrenicomediastinalis. See S. mediastinophreni- 
calis. S., Pilo-nidal. See Foveola coccygea. S. 
pituitarius frontis. See S., Frontal. S., Placen- 
tal. See S., Utero-placental. S. pleurae, the spaces 
in the pleural sac, along the lower and inferior por- 
tions of the lung, which the lung does not occupy. 
S. pocularis. See Uterus masculinus. S. of the 
Portal Vein, an enlargement of the portal vein near 
the right end of the transverse fissure of the liver. S., 
Posterior Basilar. See S., Occipital. S., Posterior 



Ethmoid. See Ethmoid Cells, Posterior. S., Pos- 
terior Occipital. See S., Occipital. S. primus et 
secundus (of Galen), the transverse sinus. S., 
Prostatic. See Uterus masculinus. S. prostaticus. 
See Uterus masculinus. S. protuberantiae annu- 
laris, the basilar groove of the pons. S. pulmon- 
alis, the atrium of the left auricle. S., Pulmonary. 
See S. pulmonalis. S., Pyramidal (of the lar- 
ynx). See Fossa laryngopharyngea. S. pyriformis. 
See Fossa laryngopharyngea and Fossa, Hyoid. 
S. quartus. I. The fourth ventricle of the brain. 2. 
(Of Galen). See S., Straight. S. quartus aortae. 
See S., Great (of the aorta). S. quintus, the fifth 
ventricle of the brain. S. ad radicem linguae (Mor- 
gagni). See Foramen cacum (of 'the tongue). S. rectus. 
See S., Straight. S. renalis. See S. of the Kidney 
and Hilum of the Kidney. S. reuniens. See Meatus 
venosus. S. Rhomboidal, S. Rhomboid : I. A dila- 
tation in the sacral region of the central canal of the 
spinal cord of birds. 2. The fourth ventricle of the 
brain. S. rhomboidalis, the fourth ventricle of the 
brain. S. rhomboidalis lumbalis, the expansion 
of the central canal of the spinal cord near the 
lumbar enlargement. S., rhomboideus, the fourth 
ventricle of the brain. S., Ridley's. See S., Circular. 
S. saepti (lucidi), the fifth ventricle of the brain. S. 
sagittalis superior. See S. , Superior Longitudinal. 
S. secundus. See S. , Superior Petrosal. S. of the 
Seminiferous Tubules. See Corpus highmori. S. 
semiovalis. See Fovea hemielliptica. S. Septimus 
(of Guidi), the superior longitudinal sinus. S. sig- 
moideus. See S., Lateral. S. speculi, the fifth ven- 
tricle of i k: brain. S., Sphenoid, air-sinuses which 
occupy tht ody of the sphenoid bone and communi- 
cate with me nasal cavity. S., Sphenoparietal, a 
vein uniting the cavernous sinus and a meningeal 
vein. S. sphenoparietalis. See S. , Sphenopa- 
rietal. S. squamopetrosus. SetS.,Pet?-osqua?nous. 
S., Straight (of the tentorium), a sinus which is con- 
tinuous with the inferior longitudinal sinus and, run- 
ning along the junction of the falx cerebri and ten- 
torium, is continuous with the lateral sinus. S. subar- 
achnoidalis. See Subarachnoid Space. S. sulci- 
formis. See Fossula sulciformis. S. sulciformis 
(Morgagni), the Aditus ad aquaductum sylvii. S., 
Superior Longitudinal, a triangular canal which 
runs along the upper edge of the falx cerebri, 
beginning in front at the crista galli and terminating 
at the torcular. It is received into a median 
groove in the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones. 
S., Superior Petrosal, a venous canal running in 
a groove in the petrous portion of the temporal bone 
extending from the posterior part of the cavernous 
sinus to the lateral sinus on the mastoid portion of 
the temporal bone. S., Tarsal, the passage between 
the tarsal bones occupied by the intertarsal ligament. 
S. tentorii. See S., Straight. S. tentorii lateralis. 
See S., Superior Petrosal. S. tentorii lateralis 
(seu posterior). See S., Lateral. S. tentorii me- 
dius. See S., Straight. S. tentorii medius (seu 
posterior). See S., Straight. S., Terminal. I. See 
S. terminalis. 2. Of Toldt, sinus-like spaces near the 
hilum of a lymph-gland. S. terminalis, a vein that 
encircles the vascular area of the blastoderm, and 
empties either by one trunk, the anterior vitelline 
vein, into the left vitelline vein, or by two trunks into 
both vitelline veins. S. tertius, the third ventricle 
of the brain. S., Transverse : I. A sinus uniting 
the inferior petrosal sinuses. 2. A venous network 
in the dura over the basilar process of the occipital 
bone. It opens into the inferior petrosal and the 
anterior spinal veins. S. transversus. See S., 



SIFHILIS 



1332 



SITOPHOBIA 



Transverse . S. transversus pericardii, an opening 
connecting the prolongation of the pericardium which 
covers the pulmonary artery and the aorta with that 
covering the auricles. S. triangularis. See S., 
Superior Longitudinal. S. tuberculi (ossis meta- 
carpi), a depression upon the external surface of a 
metacarpal bone just above its distal articular sur- 
face. S. tympani. See Sulcus tympani. S. of 
the Urethra. See Bulbi urethra. S., Urino-genital, 
S., Urogenital: I. The canal or duct into which, 
in the embryo, the Wolffian ducts and the bladder 
empty, and which opens into the cloaca. 2. In com- 
parative anatomy, the common receptacle of the geni- 
tal and urinary ducts. S. urino-genitalis, S. uro- 
genitalis. See S. , Urino-genital. S., Uterine, the 
veins of the uterus when in a state of dilatation due 
to the enlargement of the organ, as in pregnancy. S., 
Utero-placental, slanting venous channels which is- 
sue from the placenta at its uterine surface by piercing 
the decidua serotina, and serve to convey the maternal 
blood from the intervillous lacunas back into the 
uterine veins. S. of the Uterus. See S. , Uterine. 
S. of Valsalva, dilatations of the aorta and pul- 
monary artery opposite the segments of the aortic 
and pulmonary valves. S. valsalvae. See 5. of 
Valsalva. S., Valvular. See S. of Valsalva. S. 
of a Vein, a pouch-like enlargement of a vein on the 
cardiac side of its valves. S. venae coronariae (magna 
proprius). See S., Coronary (of the heart). S. venae 
jugularis. See S. of the Jugular Vein. S. venae 
porta;, the sinus of the portal vein. S. venarum 
cavarum, the right auricle of the heart. S. venosi 
durae matris. See S. , Cranial. S. venosus, the 
canal of Schlemm. See S., Venous. S. venosus 
anterior. See Vena mediana medulla spinalis anterior. 
S. venosus cordis. See Atrium. S. venosus 
corneae. See Canal of Schlemm. S. venosus hovii, 
a ring-like anastomosis of the venae vorticosae. S. 
venosus iridis. See Canal of Schlemm. S., Venous, 
one conveying venous blood. See also Meatus venosus. 
S., Vertebral, veins within the bodies of the vertebrae. 
S. vesicas urinariae. See Pecessus vesica urinaria. 

Siphilis (sif'-il-is). See Syphilis. 

Sipho (si'-fo) [ysixpuv, tube]. A syringe. 

Siphon (si'-fon) [criQuv, a tube]. I. A tube bent at an 
angle one arm of which is longer than the other, for 
the purpose of transferring a liquid from one vessel to 
another. Trocars and aspirating instruments con- 
structed on this principle are called S. -trocars and 
S. -aspirators. 2. In biology, a tubular organ for the 
passage of some fluid, as the inhalent and exhalent 
siphons of certain molluscs, or the sucking-tube of 
various parasitic arthropods. 

Siphonage (si'-fon-af) [aKpuv, a siphon]. The action 
of a siphon, whether in drainage of wounds or in 
house-plumbing. 

Siphonal (si'-fon-al) [olpuv, a tube]. Pertaining to or 
resembling a siphon. 

Siphonate (si' -f on- at) [oicfiuv, tube]. In biology, pro- 
vided with a siphon. 

Siphonet (si'-fon-et) [aifyuv, a tube]. In biology, one 
of the pair of excretory tubes on the upper surface of 
the abdomen of a plant-louse (Aphis). It exudes 
honey-dew. 

Siphoniferous (si'-fon-if'-er-tis) \_rji<puv, tube ; ferre,\a 
bear]. Provided with siphons. 

Siphoniform (si' -fon-if-orm)[<ji<p(jv, tube ; forma, form]. 
Shaped like a siphon. 

Siphonium (si-fo'-ne-um) [o!(t>uv, a tube, pipe: //. , 
Siphonia\ In biology, a special bony tube in some 
birds, which conducts the air from the tympanum to 
the articular piece of the mandible. 



Siphonoma (si - fon - o'- mah) [_oi<pu>v, siphon ; 6/ia, 
tumor]. A peritoneal cylindroma, sometimes called 
Jfe?ile's tubular tumor. 
Siphonoplax (si-fon' -o-plaks) \jsi(puv, a tube, pipe ; Tr/ldf , 
a plate]. In biology, one of the calcareous plates which 
form a tube about the siphons of boring molluscs 
(Pholadida). 

Siphosome (si'-fo-som) \oi<puv, a tube ; cuua, the body]. 
In biology, that portion of a siphonophoran stock de- 
voted to obtaining food ; the feeding-polyps. See 
Nectosome. 

Siphuncle (si' -fung-kl) \a\<t>wv, a tube]. In biology, a 
small siphon, as the siphonet or honey-tube of a plant- 
louse, or the funnel of a cephalopod. 

Siphuncular (si-fung' -ku-lar) [<ji<p(jv, siphon]. Per- 
taining to a siphuncle. 

Siphunculate (si-fung' -hu-ldt) [aicjiuv, tube]. In biol- 
ogy, provided with a siphuncle. 

Siphunculus (si-fung' -ku-lus). Same as Siphuncle. See 
Syringe. 

Siren (si'-ren) [oeipi/v, a mythic being who enticed by 
her singing]. I. An instrument for studying the 
qualities and properties of musical sounds. 2. Same 
as Sirenomelus. 

Sirenomelia (si- ren- o - me'- le - ah). Same as Siren- 
omelus. 

Sirenomelus (si-ren-om' -el-us) \_aeipi/v, mermaid ; fiiTioc, 
limb]. A form of single autositic monster of the 
species symelus, in which the lower extremities are 
intimately fused, without the trace of a foot, or, at 
most, with but a single toe. 

Siret's Disinfectant. A disinfecting mixture contain- 
ing copperas loo parts, zinc sulphate 50 parts, saw- 
dust 40 parts, coal-tar 5 parts, and rapeseed-oil 5 
parts. 

Siriasis (sir-i'-as-is) [ aelpioc, the dog-star]. An old 
name for a supposed attack of sideration, resembling 
sunstroke, and caused by the influence of the dog- 
star. 

Sirloin (sir' -loin) [Fr. , surlonge, a sirloin]. The muscu- 
lar mass from the loin of animals, particularly cattle. 

Siro (si' -ro) [L. ]. See Comedo. An old name for cer- 
tain parasites. See Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Sirup (sir' -up). See Syrup. 

Sisal Hemp (se'-sal). See Hemp. 

Sister (sis'-ter) [ME., sister, sister]. A female relative 
in the first degree of descent. S. -cells, cells pro- 
duced by the fission or gemmation of any given 
mother-cell ; daughter-cells. 

Sit [ME., sitten, to sit]. To occupy a seat. 

Site (sit) [situs, place]. Situation. S., Placental, 
the area to which the placenta is attached. 

Sitfast. In farriery, a piece of dead tissue in the skin 
which would be thrown off but that it has formed firm 
connections with the fibrous skin beneath, or with the 
deeper tissues, and is thus bound in its place as a 
persistent source of irritation. 

Sitiology (sit-e-ol'-o-je) \_airiov, nourishment; ~A6yoc, 
a treatise]. The science of nourishment or dietetics. 

Sitiomania (sit-e-o-ma' -ne-ah). See Sitomania. 

Sitiophobia (sit-e-o-fo'-be-ah) [ oiriov, food; <p6floc, 
dread], A form of insanity marked by abhorrence 
of food. 

Sitis morbosa (si'-tis-mor-bo'-sah) [morbid thirst]. 
Synonym of Polydipsia. 

Sitology (si-tol'-o-je). See Sitiology. 

Sitomania (si-to-ma' -ne-ah) [ry'in^, food ; fiavia, mad- 
ness]. A mania occurring periodically, characterized 
by loss of volition and an overwhelming desire to 
partake of food to an unlimited extent. 

Sitophobia (si-to-fo' -be-ah) \g~itoc, food; tyofioc, fear]. 
Morbid or insane aversion to food. 



SITUS 



1333 



SKIN 



Situs (si'-fus) [sittts, site]. A position. S. viscerum 
inversus, an anomaly in which the organs or viscera 
of the body are changed from the normal to the 
opposite side of the body. 

Sitzbath (sits'-batk) [Ger. , site, a seat ; bath']. A hip- 
bath or half-bath ; a bath taken in a sitting posture ; 
semicupium. 

Sivvens (siv'-enz). Same as Sibbens. 

Size (siz) [ME., sise, size]. Extent or volume. S.- 
glue. See Glue. 

Sizy (si' -ze) [siza, glue]. Viscous, like glue or size. 

Sizygium \si-zig f -e-uni). See Syzygy. 

Skatol (skat'-ol) [a/carof, gen. of cKup, dung, dirt], C 9 - 
H U N. The principal aromatic product of the decomposi- 
tion of albumin in the intestinal canal. It resembles 
indol, crystallizes in brilliant, white plates, and pos- 
sesses an intense fecal odor. It fuses at 93.5° C. , 
and is soluble with difficulty in water. Warmed with 
dilute hydrochloric acid or nitric acid it gives a violet 
color. Its vapor-density is 65.2. Serum-albumin 
digested with pancreas and water at 36 C. for from 
six to ten days yields skatol on distillation ; two and 
a half kilograms of albumin give one gram of skatol. 

Skatophagia (skat-o-fa'-je-ah). See Scatophagia. 

Skatoxyl (skat- oks'-il) \_CKo>p (ovcar-), dung; b^vg, 
acid]. A product of the oxidation of skatol. It is 
obtained from the urine in cases of disease of the 
large intestine. 

Skeer's Symptom. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Skein (skdti) [ME., skeyne, skein]. I. A fixed length 
of any thread or yarn of silk or other material, doubled 
again and again and knotted. 2. A synonym of 
Spirem. S., Close. See Spirem. S., Loose, the 
thickened chromatin fibrils resulting from a loosening 
of the spirem or close skein in mitotic cell-division. 

Skeletins (skel' -et-ins) [okeAetov, skeleton]. A name 
given to a number of insoluble epithelial products 
found chiefly in invertebrates. The group includes 
chitin, conchiolin, cornein, spongin, fibroin, and silk. 

Skeletization (skel-et-iz-a' -shwi) [aKiXerdv, skeleton]. 
Removal of the soft parts and leaving only the skele- 
ton. 

Skeletography (skel-et-og' '-ra-fe) [aneAerbv, skeleton ; 
ypaQeiv, to write]. A description of the skeleton. 

Skeletology (skel-et-ol' '-o-j'e) [aKeAertiv, skeleton ; Ad-yog, 
science]. The sum of knowledge concerning the 
skeleton. See Osteology. 

Skeleton (skel' -et-oii) [oneAeTdv, a dried body, a skele- 
ton]. In biology, the supporting or inclosing structure 
for sustaining or protecting the soft parts of an organ- 
ism. Cf. Endoskeleton, Exoskeleton, Dermoskeleton, 
Scleroskeleton, Splanchnoskeleton. S., Cartilaginous, 
the cartilaginous development from which the bony 
skeleton is formed through ossification. 

Skeletonize (skel' '-et-on-iz) \_gkeaet6v, skeleton]. To 
remove all the soft parts, leaving only the skeleton. 

Skelos (ske'-los) [cvceAof, the leg: //., Skelea"]. In bi- 
ology, the vertebrate hind limb taken as a whole ; it 
includes the meros or thigh, the cms or leg, and the 
pes or foot. Cf. Armus. 

Skene's Glands. See Gland. S.'s Instillation- 
tube, a tube or pipet used for making applications of 
drugs to the interior of the uterus. S.'s Tubes, 
minute tubular outgrowths from the rudiments of the 
Wolffian ducts, corresponding to the vesiculse semi- 
nales in the male. 

Skew Muscles. Triangular-shaped or quadrilateral- 
shaped muscles, the plane of whose line of origin 
intersects that of the insertion. 

Skiagram (ski'-ag-ram) \_nnia, shadow ; ypapfia, a 
writing]. The finished printed X-ray picture. 

Skiagraph (ski'-ag-raf). See Skiagram. 



Skiagraphy (ski-ag 1 '-ra-fe) [aula, shadow ; ypcupeiv, to 
write]. Photography by the X-Rays. Skotography, 
Skiography, Radiography, Electrography, Electro-skia- 
graphy, Rontography, and the New Photography, are 
names that have been used to designate the method. 

Skiascopy (ski-as' -ko-pe). See Ketinoscopy. 



Head. 




Bony Skeleton. 

Skin [ME., skin, skin]. The external protective mem- 
branous covering of the body. Also the chief organ of 
touch. It is composed of three layers, the epidermis, 
or scarf-skin, the cutis (derma), or true skin, and the 
rete miicosum, which gives the color to the skin. S.- 
bone, an ossification of the skin. S. -bound, affected 
with sclerema, q. v. See also Scleroderma. S., 
Bronzed. See Addison'' s Disease. S. -disease, a 
disease of the cutaneous surface. A classification of 
skin-diseases is appended. S., Fish. See Ichthyosis. 
S., Glossy, a neurotic dermatosis in which the skin 
becomes smooth and glossy. S., Goldbeaters', a 
thin, tenacious sheet from the cecum of cattle, occa- 



SKIN 



1334 



SKIN 



sionally used as a surgical dressing. S., Goose. See 
Cutis anserina. S. -graft, a graft, q. v. S. -grafting, 
the application of minute pieces of the outer layers of 
healthy skin to a granulating surface for the purpose 
of hastening its cicatrization. See Dermatoplasty. S., 






». 




Section Perpendicularly Through the Healthy Skin. 

a. Epidermis, or scarfskin. b. Retemueosum.or retemalpighii. 
c. Papillary layer, d. Derma, corium, or true skin. e. Pan- 
niculitis adiposus, or fatty tissue, f, g, h. Sweat-gland and 
duct, z, k. Hair, with its follicle and papilla. /. Sebaceous 
gland. 

Piebald. See Vitiligo. S. -planting. Same as S.- 
grafting. S., Scale. See Icthyosis. S. -trans- 
plantation, or S. -transportation. Same as Derma- 
toplasty. 

SKIN-DISEASES, CROCKER'S CLASSIFICATION OF. 

Class I. — Hyperemi/E — Congestions. 

Most Prominent Primary Lesion. 

Erythema simplex Erythema. 

" ab igne " and pigmenta- 

tion. 
" pernioj ........ " 

intertrigo, ....... " 

" fugax, " 

" roseola, " 

" scarlatiniforme " 

Class II. — Exudationes — Inflammations. 

Most Prominent Primary Lesion. 
Erythema exsudativum multiforme, Erythema. 

iris " and vesicles. 

nodosum, . " 

induratum, " and brawny 

swelling. 
Peliosis rheumatica, " and hemor- 

rhages. 

Pellagra " 

Acrodynia, " 

Urticaria, Wheals. 

Prurigo Lenticular papules. 

Eczema Multiform lesions. 

Dermatitis repens Epidermic denudation and 

fluid exudation. 

Impetigo contagiosa Vesicles and pustules. 

Furunculus Phlegmons. 

Carbunculus " 



Pompholyx, Bullae and vesicles. 

Herpes zoster, Grouped vesicles. 

" facialis, ........ " " 

" progenitalis " " 

Pemphigus, Bullae. 

Hydroa Grouped bullae. 

Impetigo herpetiformis, " pustules 

Psoriasis, Scaly crusts on red base. 

Ptyriasis rubra Diffuse redness with large 

scales. 

" rosea, Patches, with fine scales. 

" rubra pilaris, Papules, " " " 

Lichen ruber, " acuminale. 

" planus, " flat. 

" scrofulosus " minute, convex. 

" pilaris, " follicular. 

Conglomerative pustular folliculi- Pustules en plaques, aggre- 

tis, gated. 

Dermatitis Multiform lesions. 

Class III.— Hemorrhagic— Hemorrhages. 
Purpura, Blood-extravasation. 

Class IV. — Hypertrophi/E— Hypertrophies. 
Parts Affected. 

Ichthyosis Epidermis and papillae. 

Keratosis pilaris Hair-follicles. 

Verruca, Epidermis and papillae. 

Clavus, . " " "• 

Cornu cutaneum, " " 

Callositas, Epidermis. 

Tylosis " 

Scleroderma Corium. 

Sclerema neonatorum " 

CEdema " " 

Elephantiasis, The whole skin. 

Lentigo Pigment. 

Chloasma " 

Acanthosis nigricans " with papillary 

growths. 
Naevus pigmentosus, " neoplasm. 

Class V. — Atrophic— Atrophies. 

Parts Affected. 

Albinism, Pigment-deficiency. 

Leukoderma, " disturbance. 

Atrophoderma (or xeroderma) pig- 
mentosum, . . Corium. 

Atrophoderma albidum, " 

" senile " 

" striatum et macu- 

latum " 

" neuriticum, .... " 

Perforating ulcer, " 

Morvan's disease, Sensory nerves. 

Analgesic whitlows. 
Ainhum, Corium? 



Class VI.— Neoplasmata- 

Darier's disease 

Molluscum contagiosum, 

Xanthoma, 

Colloid 

Lupus vulgaris, 

" erythematosus, 

Scrofuloderma, 

Tuberculosis 

Syphilis 

Lepra, 

Rhinoscleroma, 

Keloid ' 

Fibroma, 

Myoma, 

Neuroma, 

Naevus vascularis, 

Telangiectasis 

Angioma serpiginosum, 

Angiokeratoma, 

Lymphangiectodes, 

Lymphangioma tuberosum multi- 
plex 

Carcinoma 

Paget's disease 

Epithelioma, 

Rodent ulcer 

Sarcoma, 

Mycosis fungoides 

Yaws 

Verruga peruana 

Furunculus orientalis 

Phagedaena tropica , 



New-growths. 

General Character. 
Crusted papules. 

Degenerative. 



Infiltrating. 



Benign. 



• Malignant. 



SKINNINESS 



1335 



SKULL 



Class VII.— Neuroses- 



Hyperesthesia. 
Dermatalgia. 



-Sensory Diseases. 
Pruritus. 
Anesthesia. 



Class VIII.— Morbi Appendicium— Diseases of the 
Appendages. 

Most Prominent Primary Lesion 

A. Sweat-glands. 

Hyperidrosis Excessive secretion. 

Bromidrosis, 1 

Chromidrosis, . . I Altered quality. 

Phosphorescent sweat, ^ 

Uridrosis J 

Anidrosis Secretion absent. 

Miliaria crystallina (Sudamina), Retained secretion. 

" vesiculosa, Inflammation. 

" papulosa, 

B. Sebaceous Glands. 

Seborrhea, Excessive secretion. 

Seborrheic dermatitis, Multiform. 

Sebaceous cysts, Retention. 

Milium, 

Comedones, " 

Acne vulgaris, Inflammation. 

" rosacea 

" varioliformis, 

Adenoma sebaceum, Papular neoplasms. 

C. Hair-follicles. 

Hirsuties Excessive growth. 

Atrophy Defective " 

Alopecia, Baldness. 

" areata " in patches. 

Concretiones Growths on the hair- 
shaft. • a 

Sycosis, Inflammation. Q 

Dermatitis papillaris capillitii, . " and keloid. <jq 

12 

D. Nails. g£ 
Pterygium, Overlapping of nail- F L 

fold. 19tl- 

Onychia, Inflammation in matrix. i 

Paronychia around ma- 2Q_r 

trix. nA r ~ 

Atrophy, Defective growth. *' x 

Onychogryphosis, Overgrowth. 

Onycho-mycosis Fungus-growth in the 

nail. 



Class IX. — Parasiti — Parasites. 

A. Vegetable. Parts Affected. 
Favus, Hair and skin. 

f tonsurans, . Hair. 

Idecalvans, . " 
circinata, . Skin, 
barbae, . . Hair, 
imbricata, . Skin, 
versicolor, . " 

Erythrasma " 

Pinta, " 

Fungus-foot of India, ..... " and deeper tissues. 

B. Animal. 

Scabies, Acarus. 

Demodex folliculorum " 

f capitis, "I 

Pediculosis, < corporis > Insect. 

t pubis, J 

Dracunculus medinensis, . . . . 1 Filaria or thread- 
Filiaria sanguinis hominis, . . . ( worms. 
Cysticercus eellulosae cutis, . . Taenia, or tape-worm em- 
bryo. 

Skinniness {skin' -e-nes) [ME., skin, skin]. Lean- 
ness. 

Skinny (skin'-e) [ME., skin, skin]. I. Cutaneous. 
2. Emaciated. 

Skleriasis (skle-ri f -as-is). See Scleroderma. 

Skleroseptum [skle-ro-sep' -turn) [cvc/^poc, hard ; sep- 
tum, fence, partition : //., Sklerosepta\. In biology, 
one of the radially arranged, perpendicular cal- 
careous ridges arising from the foot-plate of a stone 
coral (Hexacorallia, Madi-eporaria) , also called star- 
ridges. Cf. Sarcosepta. 



Skoda, Consonating Rales of. Bronchial rales heard 
through the consolidated pulmonary tissue of pneu- 
monia. S.'s Resonance Sign or Tympany, a 
tympanitic note heard above the line of fluid in a 
pericardial effusion, or above the line of consolidation 
in pneumonia. It is almost as tympanitic as the abdo- 
men. See Bruit skodique. 

Skodaic Resonance. See Skoda s Resonance. 

Skodaic Tympany (sko'-da-ik tim' ' -pan-e). See Skoda' s 
Resonance. 

Skoliosometer (sko-le-o-som' '-et-er) \_anokt6c, curved ; 
fiirpov, measure]. See Scoliosometer. 

Skopophobia (sko-po-fo' -be-ah) [okottoc, a spy ; (pojSoc, 
fear]. Insane dread of spies. 

Skull (skit/ ) [ME., skulle, skull]. The superior expan- 
sion of the vertebral column, the protective bony 




Base of Skull. 



i. Median suture of palatine vault. 2. Inferior orifice of an- 
terior palatine canal. 3, 3. Inferior openings of posterior 
palatine canals. 4. Posterior border of palatine vault ; pos- 
terior nasal spine. 5. Posterior border of nasal septum. 6. 
Hamular process of internal pterygoid plate of sphenoid 
bone. 7. Internal pterygoid plate. 8. External pterygoid 
plate. 9. Scaphoid fossa. 10. Oval or inferior maxillary 
foramen, n Foramen spinosum. 12. Foramen lacerum 
medium. 13. Zvgomatic arch. 14. Sphenooccipital suture. 
15. Glenoid cavity. 16. External auditory canal. 17 Mas- 
toid process. 18, 18. Styloid process and stylo-mastoid fora- 
men. 19. Inferior orifice of carotid canal. 20. Foramen 
lacerum posterius. 21, 2r. Occipital condyles. 22. Basilar 
process. 23. Foramen magnum. 24. External occipital 
crest. 25,25. Inferior curved lines of occipital bone. 

covering or container of the brain and organs of the 
special senses, consisting of the cranium and face. 
The cranium is made up of 8 bones. — the occipital, 2 
parietal, the frontal, 2 temporal, the sphenoid, and the 
ethmoid. The face is composed of 14 bones — nasal, 
superior maxillary, lacrymal, malar, palate, inferior tur- 
binated, two each, and vomer and inferior maxillary, one 
each. S. -cap, the dome of the skull. See Scutellaria. 
S., Landmarks of, the eminences, chiefly the frontal 



SKUNK 



1336 



SMALL 



and parietal, the 2 temporal ridges, the sutures, and 
the craniometric points, q. v. S., Natiform, a skull 




Lateral Aspf.ct of Skull. 

I. Frontal bone. 2. Parietal bone. 3. Occipital bone. 4. Tem- 
poral bone. 5. Greater wing of sphenoid bone. 6. Lamb- 
doid suture. 7. Occipito-parietal suture. 8. Squamo-parietal 
suture. 9. Masto-parietal suture. 10. Spheno-parietal su- 
ture. 11. Spheno-temporal suture. 12. Spheno-frontal suture. 
J 3. J3- Temporal ridge. 14. Malar bone. 15. Fronto-malar 
suture. 16. Malo-temporal suture. 17. Malo-maxillary su- 
ture. 18. Superior maxillary bone. 19. Infraorbital foramen. 
20. Nasal bone. 21. Naso-maxillary suture. 22. Naso-frontal 
suture. 23. Lacrymal groove, at the bottom of which may 
be seen the suture between the lacrymal and the superior 
maxillary bones 24. Nasal eminence. 25. Inferior maxil- 
lary bone. 26. Mental foramen. 27. Angle of lower jaw. 
28. Coronoid process. 29. Condyle. 30. Neck of condyle. 
31. External auditory canal. 32. Styloid process. 33. Mas- 
toid process. 34. Masto-occipital suture. 

covered with osteophytes. S.-roof, the roof of the 
skull ; skull-cap. 

Skunk. See Mephitis. S.-bush. See Garrya. S. 
Cabbage, the root of Symplocarpus fa'tidns, a stimu- 
lant, antispasmodic, and narcotic. Dose of the fid. 
ext. Tti x-xl. Unof. 

Slag [S\v., slagg, dross]. The earthy matter separated, 
in a more or less completely fused and vitrified condi- 
tion, during the reduction of a metal from its ore. 

Slaver (slav r -er) [ME., slaver, slaver]. Drivel; 
saliva, especially such as is involuntarily discharged. 

Sleek (slek) [ME.,j&fo, smooth]. Smooth; glossy, 
as the skin. 

Sleep (slip) [ME., slepen, to sleep]. The state of 
rest and recuperation of the bodily and mental vol- 
untary powers. The consciousness may also be 
inactive or dreaming, i. e., without the guidance and 
data of the will and lower centers, and hence illogi- 
cally functional. S. -drunkenness. See Somno- 
lentia. S. -epilepsy. See Narcolepsy. S., Hyp- 
notic, S., Magnetic, S., Mesmeric, sleep produced 
by hypnotism. S. -paralysis, paralysis produced by 
pressure during sleep. S., Paroxysmal. See Nar- 
colepsy. S. -walking. See Somnambulism. 

Sleeping (sLp'-ing) [ME., slepen, to sleep]. Resting 
in slumber. S. -dropsy, a singular disorder seen only 
on the Atlantic coast of Africa, and characterized by 
daily paroxysms of somnolence, tending to become 
more and more continuous and profound until merged 
in fatal coma. Its onset is gradual, commencing with 
a slight frontal headache. Itmay persist forfrom three 
months to a year or more, and always ends fatally. 
It is also called African Lethargy, and is said by some 
to be only one of the manifestations of Jilariasis. See 



Narcolepsy. S. -sickness. See African Lethargy, 
Narcolepsy, Nelavan , and Filariasis. 

Sleeplessness (slep'-les-nes). See Lnsomnia. 

Sleepy (sle'-pe) [ME, slepen, to sleep] . Inclined to 
sleep. S. -disease. See Hypnopathy. S. Stag- 
gers, a symptom in the horse, resulting from a variety 
of brain-affections, characterized by more or less 
drowsiness or coma associated with a staggering gait. 
See Staggers. 

Slender Lobe of the Cerebellum. See Lobe. 

Slick (slik). Same as Sleek. 

Slide (i/ii/)[ME., sliden, to slide]. A small, rectangular 
slab of clear glass for the mounting, preservation, and 
ready examination of microscopic objects. The slides 
may vary in size ; for ordinary work the most common 
dimensions are 26 X 7° millimeters, or I X 3 inches. 

Slime (slim) [AS., slim, slime]. In biology, a viscid 
secretion of the cutaneous glands of various animals. 
Mucus. S. -fungus. Same as S.-mold. S. -gland, 

(a) one of the modified leg-glands, with ducts emerging 
at the ends of the oral papillae in the Protracheata ; 

(b) one of the glands furnishing the viscid mucus- 
like substance of snails, fishes, etc. S.-mold. See 
Myxomycetes. 

Sling [ME., slinge, a sling]. A swinging bandage and 
carriage for supporting a fractured limb. S. of the 
Lenticular Nucleus, a tract of nerve-fibers which 
enter the lenticular nucleus by passing beneath the 
optic thalamus. 

Slink (slingk) [origin obscure]. To bear young or cast 
prematurely ; said of a female beast ; to miscarry. 
S. Meat, the meat of calves or lambs that have been 
cast prematurely. 

Slinking (slingk' -big) [origin obscure]. Abortion in 
cows or other beasts. 

Slip (slip) [MD.D., slippen, slip, escape]. 1. A male 
fowl which has been unsuccessfully caponized. 2. A 
scion or cutting of a plant made for grafting or rooting. 
3. Same as Slide. 

Slippery Elm. See Ulmus, and Fremontia. 

Slit [ME., slit, a slit]. A narrow opening ; a visceral 
cleft ; the separation between the labia ; the vulvar 
cleft. S., Genito-urinary, S., Urino-genital, S., 
Uro-genital, the urogenital opening. S. of the 
Micro-spectroscope, the spectral ocular, in place of 
an ordinary diaphragm , has two movable knife edges so 
arranged that a slit-like opening of greater or less width 
and length may be obtained by the use of screws for 
that purpose. 

Sloid, Sloyd (sloid) [Sw. , slojd, slight, skill]. A sys- 
tem of manual training taught in elementary schools ; 
it is of Swedish origin. 

Slop [ME., sloppe, a pool]. A general term for liquid 
foods used in the course of acute diseases and during 
convalescence. 

Slough (sluf) [ME. , slouh, the skin of a snake]. A 
term applied to the separating and dying particles of 
tissue in suppurative and ulcerative processes. As a 
verb, to separate or die in consequence of gangrene ; 
said of tissues. 

Sloughing (shtf'-ing) [M~E., sloith, the skin of a snake]. 
Gangrenous. 

Slows (sloa). Synonym of Milk-sickness. 

Sludge (sluj) [AS., slog, mud]. Sewage-deposit. 

Slumber (shan'-ber) [ME., slumberen, to slumber]. 
I. To sleep lightly. 2. Light sleep. 

Small (smawl) [ME., small, not large]. Little in 
size; diminutive. S.-pox. See Variola. S.-pox, 
Abortive, variola in which but few pustules are present ; 
these rapidly disappear. S.-pox., Bastard. See 
Varicella. S.-pox, Confluent. See Variola con- 
fiuens. S.-pox, Crystalline. See Varicella. S.- 



SMALTS 



133" 



SOAP 



pox, False. See Varicella. S.-pox, Hemorrhagic. 
See Variola. S.-pox, Ichorous. SetVaricella. S.- 
pox, Malignant. See Variola. S.-pox, Modified. 
See Varioloid. S.-pox, Ovine. See Sheep-pox. S.- 
pox, Spurious. See Varicella. S. Red Granular 
Kidney. See Bright' 's Disease. S. White Kidney. 
See Bright' s Disease. 

Smalts [smawltz). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Smart [ME. , smerten, to smart]. I. To feel a pun- 
gent pain. 2. A sharp, quick, active pain. S.- 
weed. See Polygonum hydropiperoides. 

Smead-Dowd System. See Ventilation. 

Smear-cultures (smer). See Culture. 

Smectic (smek'-tik). Same as Detergent. 

Smegma (smeg' '-mail) [oiirp/ua, a cleansing substance]. 
The sebaceous accretions upon the skin. S. em- 
bryonum. See Vernix. S. of Prepuce, the case- 
ous substance secreted by the follicles of the prepuce. 

Smegmatic (smeg-mat'-ik) [afii/yfia, a cleansing sub- 
stance]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, smegma. 

Smegmatorrhea (smeg-mat-or-e'-ah ). Synonym of 
Seborrhea. 

Smell (smel) [ME., smellen, to smell]. The percep- 
tion of an odor by means of the olfactory organ. 
S. -hollows, elliptic pits on the antennae of bees 
having olfactory functions. 

Smelling (smel' -ing) [WE., smellen, to smell]. The 
sense of smell ; olfaction. S. -bottle, a small bottle 
containing smelling-salts. S. -salts, a popular name 
applied to various preparations of ammonium car- 
bonate flavored with aromatic substances. S. -salts, 
English, carbonate of ammonium impregnated with 
ethereal oils, such as oil of lavender or bergamot. 

Smelting (smelt' -ing) [ME., smelten, to smelt]. The 
treatment of ore by which it is subjected to intense 
heat for the purpose of separating the contained metal. 

Smilacin (smi'-las-in) [oiu'/.a.:, the yew]. The precipi- 
tate from a tincture of the root of sarsaparilla, Smilax 
officinalis, alterant, detergent, diaphoretic, and stimu- 
lant. Dose 2 to 5 grains. Unof. 

Smilax (smi'-laks). See Sarsaparilla, China-root, 
Bamboo-brier. 

Smith, Bacillus of, S., Spirillum of. See Bacteria, 
Synonymatic Table of. 

Smith's Method. See Treatment , Methods of. 

Smiths' Cramp or Spasm. See Spasm. 

Smoke (smbk) [ME., smoken, to smoke]. To emit 
a vapor or exhalation while burning. S. -rockets, an 
inflammable substance used in making the smoke-test 
for sewer-gas. S.-test, a method for finding defects 
in drains by means of smoke. 

Smoker (smo'-ker) [ME., smoken, to smoke]. One 
who uses tobacco. S.s' Cancer. See Ca?icer. S.s' 
Dyspepsia. See Dyspepsia. S.s' Patch, a chronic 
inflammation of a small spot of the mucous membrane 
of the mouth arising from an irritation produced by 
the pipe. It varies in size from a quarter to a half of 
an inch in diameter, and is smooth and red in appear- 
ance. S.s' Sore-throat, the condition of catarrh of 
the pharynx and larynx, with hoarseness, common in 
habitual smokers. S.s' Vertigo. See Vertigo. 

Smooth Sumach. See Rhus glabra. 

Smother (smuth'-er) [ME., smothren, to suffocate]. 
To suffocate ; to stifle. 

Smothering (smuth' ' -er-ing) [ME., smothren, to suffo- 
cate]. Exclusion of air from the respiratory organs, 
as by covering the mouth and nostrils. 

Smut [AS., smitta, a spot]. I. A foul spot; the foul- 
ing matter itself. 2. A parasitic disease of plants, 
caused by fungi of the order Ustilaginea, the first 
exact researches concerning which were published 
about 1850 by the brothers Tulasne. S. of Broom 



Corn, Ustilago sorghi (L.K.), Passerini. S., Covered, 
of Barley, Ustilago hordei (P.), Kell and Swingle. 
S. of Indian Corn, Ustilago may, lis (I). C). S., 
Naked, of Barley, Vitiligo inula (Jensen), Kell and 
Swingle. S. of Oats, Ustilago avencs (IV), Jensen, 
var. Levis, Kell and Swingle. S. of Rye, Ustilago oc- 
culta (Walls), Rabh. S. of Wheat, Bunt, or Stinking 
Smut, Tilletia fastens, Trelease; Title tia tritici (Bjerk), 
Wint. The disease is spread by spores of these fungi 
adhering to the sound grains before they are planted, 
or by spores in the soil. 

Smyrna (smir'-nali). Synonym of Myrrh . 

Snake (snak) [ME,,: snake, a snake]. A serpent. S.- 
head. See Bahnony. S.-root, Black. See Cimici- 
fuga. S.-root, Canada. See Asarum. S.-root 
Seneca. See Senega. S.-root Virginia. See Ser- 
pentaria. S. -stone. See Madstone. S.-weed. See 
Bistort. 

Snap-finger. See Spring-finger. 

Snare (sneir) [ME., snare, snare]. A light or small 
ecraseur, or wire loop, used in removing polypi and 
small excrescences. 

Snarling Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Sneering Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Sneeze (snez) [ME., snesen, to sneeze]. To expel the 
breath audibly and spasmodically through the nose for 
the removal of mucus or foreign bodies. S. -cough, 
a peculiar explosive sound produced by an attempt on 
the part of the patient to sneeze and cough at the 
same time. It is due to an irritation of the lower and 
posterior portions of the nasal cavities. S.-wort. 
See Achillea. 

Sneezing (snez' -ing) [ME., snesen, to sneeze]. Ster- 
nutation. 

Snellen's Types. See Test-types. 

Sniffles (snif'-lz). See Snuffles. 

Snore (snor) [ME., snoren, to snore]. I. To breathe 
through the nose in such a manner as to cause a vibra- 
tion of the uvula and soft palate, thereby producing a 
rough, audible tone. 2. The sound so produced. 

Snoring (snor' -ing). See Stertor. 

Snort [ME., snorteu, to snore]. To snore loudly. 

Snout (snozut) [ME., snoute, snout]. The nose of an 
animal. See Muzzle. 

Snow (sno) [ME., snow, snow]. The aqueous vapor 
of the atmosphere precipitated in a frozen form. S.- 
blindness. See Blindness. S.-shoe Disease, pain 
in the feet following a long march on snow-shoes. S.- 
white. Same as Zinc White. 

Snow's Inhaler. See Anesthetic. 

Snub-nose (snub'-noz). See Pug-nose. 

Snuff (snuf) [ME. , snuffen, to snuff]. I. Powdered 
tobacco, variously perfumed and mixed, used for in- 
halation into the nostrils. 2. A medicated powder to 
be insufflated into the nostrils. 3. To inhale ; to smell. 
S.-box, Anatomist's, the Foveola radialis. 

Snuffle (snuf'-fl) [LG. , snuffeln, to snuffle]. To 
breathe hard through the nose. As a plural noun, a 
popular name for a catarrhal discharge from the nose in 
infancy. It is not infrequently symptomatic of syphilis. 

Soap (sop) [ME., sope, soap]. A chemic compound 
made by the union of certain fatty acids with a salifi- 
able base. It is used for washing and cleansing pur- 
poses. See Sapo. A table is appended showing the 
composition of the chief soaps of pharmacy, as ana- 
lyzed by M. Dechan. S. -balls, balls made of starch 
and soap. S.-bark. See Quillaia. S., Black. See 
Sapo viridis. S., Castile, soap made from olive-oil. 
S., Cocoanut-oil, soap made from cocoanut-oil. It 
is soluble in hard water. S., Glassmakers', native 
dioxid of manganese. S., Green. See Sapo viridis. 
S., Hard, soap prepared by means of soda alkali; 



SOBBING 



1338 



SOEMMERING' S BONE 



soda soap. S. -liniment. See Linimentum saponis. 
S., Petroleum, a soap made by heating together 
5 parts of petroleum, 4 of white wax, 5 of alcohol, 
and 10 of hard soap. S., Soft, soap made by means 
of potash alkali ; potash soap S., Taxidermists', a 
soap made by mixing 32 parts each of grated olive-oil 
soap, arsenious acid and boiling water, 12 of potassium 
carbonate, 4 of unslaked lime, and I of camphor. S., 
Tincture of Green. See Sapo viridis. S.-wort, 
Bouncing Bet, the root of Saponaria officinalis. Its 
properties are due to an extractive, saponin. It is a 
paralyzant to the peripheral nerve-endings and the 
respiratory centers, and is a useful alterative in syph- 
ilitic and scrofulous complaints. Dose of the fid. ext. 
rr\xv- 3 j . Unof. 













Q 


£ 








w 


j 






Z 


< 




z 




a 


< 


< 




< c/i 


S 








u 




a- 




<A D 




a 


a , 


Variety. 


< 
> 

f- 
< 


a 3 

z< 

3 « 

2 



u 


< 
a 
w 

A 



w 


in 


3 U! 

J 


z 


a 

h 

< 


a X 
3 O 

c -i 

Z^ 


Hard Soap (Sapo 
durus). 


81.5 


9.92 


.08 


.00 


.28 


0.20 


10.65 


0.50 


White Castile Soap 
(S. Cast. alb.). 


76.7 


9.14 


.09 


.00 


•36 


0.90 


13-25 


O.60 


Mottled Castile 
Soap. 


68.1 


8.9 


■19 


■15 


.63 


0.80 


21.70 


I.30 


Tallow Soap {Sapo 
animalis). 


78.3 


9-37 


.28 


.00 


•47 


0.40 


12.50 


1. 10 


Soft Soap (Sapo 
mollis). 


48.5 


12.6 


•38 


• 17 


•93 


1. 00 


39-5° 


1.60 



Sobbing [sob'-ing) [ME., sobben, to sob]. Convulsive 

inspirations due to contraction of the diaphragm and 

spasmodic closure of the glottis. The sound produced 

is characteristic. 
Soboliferous (sob-o-lif ' -er-us) \soboles, a shoot ; ferre, 

to bear]. Bearing vigorous shoots. 
Socaloin (so-kaV -o-iii) \_Socotra, an island in the Indian 

Ocean; alorj, aloes], C 15 H 16 0,. The aloin derived 

from socotrine aloes. 
Socia [so'-se-aJC) [L. ]. One accompanying. S. par- 

otidis, an occasional small, separate lobe, or exclave, 

of the parotid gland. 
Social (so'-skal) [socius, a companion]. In biology, 

gregarious, growing near, or together. S. Evil, 

prostitution. 
Society Screw. The screw at the lower end of the draw- 
tube or body-tube of a microscope for receiving the 

objective. 
Socin's Antiseptic Paste. See Paste. 
Sociology (so-se-ol' -o-je) [socius, a fellow-being ; loyog, 

a treatise]. A treatise on the mutual relations of 

people and of social organization. 
Sock (sok) [ME., socke, a sock]. A short-legged stock- 
ing. Ss., Neapolitan, socks containing mercurial 

ointment, which are to be worn continuously for the 

purposes of inunction. 
Socket [sok'-et) [ME., soket, a socket]. Theconcavity 

or excavation of an articulation. 
Socle (so'-fcl) [soccus, a light shoe]. In biology, the 

supporting structure of the sense-organs of certain 

worms. See Pedalia. 
Soda (so'-dah) [L.], Na 2 0. The oxid of the metal 

sodium. Also, popularly, almost any salt of sodium. 

See Sodium. S.-ash, a substance produced in the 



manufacture of sodium carbonate. S., Baking, so- 
dium bicarbonate. S., Caustic, sodium hydroxid, 
a strongly alkaline base with a great affinity for water. 
S. -powder, a baking-powder. S., Washing, so- 
dium carbonate. S. -waste, a by-product in the manu- 
facture of sodium carbonate. S. -water, the so-called 
soda-water sold by druggists and confectioners con- 
sists of filtered water impregnated or aerated with 
carbon dioxid. It contains no soda. 

Sodium (so'-de-um) \_soda, soda ; gen., Sodii~\. Na = 
23; quantivalence I ; sp. gr. 0.972. A metal of the 
alkaline group, characterized by its strong affinity for 
oxygen. It has a silver- white luster, and is softer 
than lead. It decomposes water, forming sodium 
hydrate. The action of the sodium-salts is similar to 
that of potassium-compounds. See Elements, Table of. 
S. acetas, NaC 2 H 3 2 .3H 2 0, diuretic, a good saline 
draught. Dose gr. xx-^j. S. -amalgam, a compound 
of sodium and mercury. S. arsenias, Na 2 H AsO + , used 
in preparing liquor sodii arseniatis. S. benzoas, 
NaC 7 H 5 2 . Dose gr. x-xxx. S. bicarbonas, HNa- 
C0 3 , "saleratus," "baking-soda;" antacid; 20 gr. 
neutralize 16.7 gr. of citric acid or 17.8 gr. tartaric 
acid. Effervescent. It is much used for the aeration 
of bread. Dose gr. x-^j. S. bicarb., Troch., each 
contains gr. iij of the salt. S. bicarb, venalis, com- 
mercial bicarbonate. S. bisulphis, NaHS0 3 , sodium 
bisulphite. S. boras, Na,B. 2 T , borax. S. bromidum 
(B. P.), NaBr. Dose gr. x-xxx. S. carbonas, 
Na 2 C0 3 , antacid; 20 gr. neutralize 9.7 gr. citric, or 
10.5 gr. tartaric acid. Effervescent. Dose gr. v-xxx. 
S. carb., exsiccatus, the carbonate dried until it loses 
50 per cent, of its weight. S. chloras, NaC10 3 , the 
basis of an agreeable gargle. Dose gr. v-xx. S. 
chloridum, NaCl, common salt. Dose gr. x-izj. 
S. ethylas, C 2 H 5 NaO, caustic alcohol, unof., in con- 
tact with water breaks into caustic soda and alcohol ; 
S. formas, NaCH0 2 .H.,0, used in the form of par- 
enchymatous injections in surgical tuberculosis. Dose 
gr. ss-iij. S. hydras, Na(HO), "caustic soda," very 
alkaline and powerfully escharotic. S. hypophosphis, 
NaPH 2 2 , used in preparing syrupus hypophosphitum. 
S. hyposulphis, Na 2 S 2 O 3 -f5H 2 0, an antiseptic salt. 
S. iodidum, Nal. Dose gr. iij - x. Sodas, Liq., solu- 
tion of soda. Dose W\y- 3 ss ; contains 56 parts 
of the hydrate in 944 of distilled water. S. nit- 
ras, NaN0 3 , "cubic niter," " Chili saltpeter. " S. 
nitris, NaN0 2 , used in preparing sweet spirit of niter. 
S. phosphas, Na 2 HP0 4 , sodium orthophosphate. 
S. pyrophosphas, Na 2 P 2 0-, sodium pyrophosphate. 
S. salicylas, NaC 7 H 5 3 , sodium salicylate. Dose 
gr. x-xv. S. santonas, Na 2 C 15 H 18 4 , a vermifuge 
for threadworms. Dose gr. v. S. sulphas, Na 2 SO^, 
" Glauber's Salt," a mild purgative. Dose gr. v-xx; 
as a purgative ^ss-j. S. sulphis, Na 2 S0 3 , sodium 
sulphite. S. sulphocarbolas, NaC 6 H 5 S0 4 2H 2 0. 
Dose gr. x-xv. S. valerianas, NaC 5 H 9 6 2 . Dose 
gr. j-y. 

Sodomist, Sodomite (sod'-om-ist, sod'-om-it) [26<5o/ia, 
Sodom]. One guilty of sodomy. 

Sodomy (sod'-om-e) \fZ66ofia, Sodom, a former city of 
Asia]. Sexual connection by the anus. S., Mastur- 
bating, a name proposed for intromission of objects 
into the rectum to produce sexual excitement. 

Scemmering's Bone. The marginal process of the 
malar bone. S.'s Crystalline Swelling, an annular 
swelling behind the iris, due to proliferation of the 
cells of the capsule after cataract-operation. S., 
Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. S., Gan- 
glion of, the substantia nigra of the thalamus. S., 
Nerve of. See Nerves, Table of. S., Yellow Spot 
of. See Macula lutea. 



SOFT 



1339 



SOLUBLE 



Soft [ME. , soft, soft]. Yielding readily to pressure; 
not hard. S. Palate. See Palate. 

Softening {sof'-en-ing) [ME., soft, soft]. The act of 
becoming less cohesive, firm, or resistant. S., Acute 
Gastric, a disease of childhood in which the stomach 
and intestines are said to undergo softening. It is 
probably a post-mortem phenomenon. S., Anemic, 
disintegration and liquefaction of the brain-substance 
from lack of blood -supply. S. of the Bones, 
osteomalacia. S. of the Brain, a disease of the 
cerebral tissue dependent upon inflammation or blood- 
failure, the symptoms varying according to the part 
affected, but consisting in loss of function, partial 
or complete. According to the appearances present- 
ing the softening has been distinguished as red, yellow, 
or white. See General Paralysis of the Insane. S. 
Colliquative, the name applied to that condition in 
which the affected tissues liquefy. S., Esophageal, 
softening of the lower portion of the esophagus due 
to the solvent action of the gastric juice. S. of the 
Heart, myomalacia cordis, a softening of the cardiac 
muscle consequent on arterial anemia. S., Hemor- 
rhagic, the softening of parts involved in a hemor- 
rhage. S., Mucoid, myxomatous degeneration. S., 
Red, or Yellow {of the brain), when hemorrhage 
accompanies the ischemic softening, and the products 
of disintegration of the blood mingle with the nerve- 
substance, giving it a red or yellow hue. S. of the 
Spinal Cord, various stages in myelitis known by the 
terms gray, green, red, while, and yellow softening. 
S. of the Stomach, gastromalacia, consequent upon 
highly acid contents with a feeble circulation in the 
walls, but usually a post-mortem phenomenon. See 
Auto-digestion. S. of a Thrombus, may be simple 
or red, puriform or yellow, the latter resulting in the 
extremely unfavorable condition of Thrombophlebitis. 
S., White [of the brain), when the ischemia is un- 
accompanied with hemorrhage. 

Soil [ME., soile, soil]. The ground ; earth. S. -dis- 
eases, those diseases produced by emanations from a 
decomposing organic soil, or arising from imperfect 
drainage of decaying animal matter. S.-pipe, the 
main discharge-pipe of a system of house-plumbing ; 
usually an upright, hollow cylinder of iron. 

Sola {so' la) [Beng., sola, the sola]. A plant of tropical 
regions, sEschynomene aspera. Its pith-like wood is 
largely manufactured into pith helmets, or sun-hats, 
especially in India. 

Solanidin (so-lan'-id-in). See Solanin. 

Solanin [sol' -an -in) [solatium, the nightshade]. A 
glucosid found in Bittersweet. It is composed of 
sugar and another substance, solanidin. It is a poison- 
ous narcotic. Dose gr. 3^-iv. Unof. Set Bittersweet. 

Solanoid (sol' -an-oid) [solanum, nightshade; eidoc, 
like]. Of a potato-like texture, as a solanoid car- 
cinoma. 

Solanum {so-la' -num) [L.]. A genus of the family of 
Solanacea. The tomato, potato, jurubeba, and black 
nightshade belong to this genus. See also Bitter- 
sweet. 

Solar {so'-lar) \_solaris, of the sun]. Pertaining to or 
resembling the sun. S. Ganglion. See Ganglia, 
Table of. S. Oil, an oily liquid produced from tar-oil 
by rectification and employed as an illuminant. S. 
Plexus. See Plexus. 

Solarium {so-la' '-re-utn) [solaris, solar; sol, sun]. A 
room enclosed with glass, and arranged for the ad- 
ministration of sun-baths. 

Solayre's Obliquity. See Obliquity. 

Soldaini's Reagent and Test. A reagent for testing 
for sugar in the urine. It consists of a solution of 
cupric carbonate in potassium dicarbonate. It is 



made by dropping into a saturated solution of potas- 
sium dicarbonate iron water, very gradually and with 
constant shaking, a saturated solution of cupric sul- 
phate until it ceases to be redissolved ; filter, and pre- 
serve in bottles. In testing add 2 c.c. to 4 c.c. of 
urine and heat. A yellow precipitate indicates glu- 
cose. 

Sole (sol) [ME., sole, sole]. The plantar surface of 
the foot. S. -leather. See Leather. S. -plate, (a) 
the name given by Boas to the palmar side of claws 
and hoofs, as distinguished from the volar side (Sohlen- 
horn) ; (b) the flattened nucleated mass of soft, 
faintly granular protoplasm closely applied to the sur- 
face of a voluntary muscle to receive the ultimate 
fibrillse of the medul'iated nerve-fibers composing its 
motor supply. It forms part of the motor disc or end- 
plate. S. -reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. 

Solea (so'-le-ah). See Sole. 

Solearis (so-le-a' -ris). Synonym of Soleus. 

Solen (so'-len) \aulrjv, a channel]. I. A channel. 2. 
The central canal of the spinal cord. 

Solenochalasis {so-len-o-kal-a' -sis) [auAr/v, channel ; 
Xa^aariKOQ, making supple]. Dilatation of a tubular 
organ. 

Solenostegnosis (so-len-o-steg-no'-sis) \_auX?/v, a chan- 
nel ; ortyvexne, stenosis]. Constriction of a tubular 
organ. 

Soleus {so-le'-us). See Muscles, Table of. 

Solid (wl'-id) \_solidus, solid]. A substance the mole- 
cules of which are in a condition of strong mutual 
attraction. S. Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 
S. Ocular. See Ocular. S.Violet. Same as Gatlo- 
cyanin. 

Solidago (sol-id-a' -go) \_solidus, solid : gen., Solidaginis~\. 
Golden-rod, a genus of some 100 species of composite- 
flowered plants, mostly American. S. odora is car- 
minative, diaphoretic, stimulant, diuretic, and ant- 
emetic. S. rigida is tonic and astringent. S. vir- 
gaurea, of both continents, is astringent, tonic, and 
vulnerary. 

Solidarity (sol-id-ar'-it-e) \solidus, solid]. The unitary 
nature of the relations of the various parts of an organ- 
ism, whereby all individual parts are subordinated to 
the welfare of the whole. 

Solidification (sol - id - if - ik - a' - shun) \_solidus, solid; 
facere, to make]. The act of becoming solid, or of 
possessing molecular attraction. 

Solidism {sol' -id-izm) [solidus, solid]. The theory that 
diseases depend upon alterations in the solids of the 
body. 

Solidist (sol'-id-ist) \_solidus, solid]. The name given to 
one opposed to the doctrines of the humoralists. 

Solitarius {sol-it-a' -re-us) [L.]. Single, solitary. 

Solitary {sol' -it-a-re) [solitarius, solitary]. Marked by 
solitude; single. S. Bundle, a strand of nerve-fibers 
in the medulla. S. Follicles, certain minute glands 
found in the mucous membrane of the intestines. S. 
Glands. See Gland. S. Kidney, Rokitansky's 
term for the single mass produced by the congenital fu- 
sion of the two kidneys. 

Solium (so'-le-um). See Tania solium. 

Solomon's Seal (sol'-o-monz-sel). The root of Conval- 
laria polygonatum, a tonic, mucilaginous and slightly 
astringent. It was formerly a popular domestic remedy 
for rheumatism and gout, and is externally employed 
in contusions. Dose of fid. ext. Jjj-ij. Unof. 

Soluble {sol'-u-bl) [solubilis, soluble]. That which 
may enter into solution. Capable of being dissolved. 
S. Albumin. See Native Albumin. S. Blue. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. S. Eosin. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. S. Glass, the silicate of sodium, 
potassium, or magnesium. A viscid liquid that hard- 



SOLUTE 



1340 



SOMATOPLEURA 



ens into a firm varnish when applied to bandages 
and dressings. S. Primrose. Same as Erytkro- 
sin. S. Starch (C c H 10 O 5 ). Amylodextrin ; a sub- 
stance obtained by heating starch paste to 40 C. 
on a water-bath and digesting with a small amount of 
saliva. The solution loses its opalescent appearance 
and becomes limpid and clear, like water. It is dex- 
trorotatory and does not reduce Fehling's fluid. S. 
Stool, feces of semi-solid consistency. 

Solute (so-luf) \jolvere, to set free]. In biology: (a) 
free; not adhering or adnate ; (b) soluble. 

Solutio (so-lii' -she-o) [L.]. A solution. 

Solution {so-luf -shun) [solutio, a solution]. The over- 
coming of cohesion in the molecules of a solid by 
means of a liquid menstruum and their diffusion among 
those of the liquid. The infusion of the molecules of 
a gaseous or of a liquid substance among those of a 
liquid ; a liquid in which a solid has been dissolved; " a 
homogeneous mixture exerting an osmotic pressure." 
S., Arsenical, Liquor potassii arsenitis. S., Bur- 
nett's, an aqueous solution of zinc chlorid. S., Centi- 
normal, a solution T -J- 5 of the strength of a normal 
solution. S. of Contiguity, the separation of two 
parts normally in contact. S. of Continuity, division 
of a tissue by traumatism, inflammation, or disease. 
S., Decinormal, a solution T ' ff of the strength of 
a normal solution. S., Dobell's, a solution contain- 
ing 2 drams of borax, 1 of sodium bicarbonate, 45 grains 
of carbolic acid, I oz. of glycerin, and water to make I 
pint. S., Donovan's, a solution of the iodids of arsenic 
and mercury. S., Fehling's, a solution of cupric sul- 
phate, potassium tartrate, and sodium hydrate in water. 
It is used in testing for sugar. See Tests, Table of. 
S., Fowler's. Liquor potassii arsenitis. S., Kop- 
peschaar's, a decinormal bromin volumetric solution. 
It is employed to test the strength of carbolic acid. 
S., Labarraque's, a solution of chlorinated soda. 
S., Lugol's, a solution of iodin and potassium iodid 
in water. S., Magendie's, a solution of 16 grains of 
sulphate of morphin in I oz. of water. S., Mayer's, 
decinormal mercuric potassium iodid volumetric solu- 
tion. S., Monsel's, Liquor ferri subsulphatis. S., 
Normal, a standard solution containing in each liter 
an amount of the reagent sufficient to exactly replace 
or combine with one gram of hydrogen. S., Normal 
Saline, a solution of 75 parts of sodium chlorid in 
10,000 of water. S., Saturated, a solution in which 
no more of the molecules of the solid can be diffused 
through the menstruum. See also Liquor. S., Semi- 
normal, a solution having y z the strength of a normal 
solution. S., Standard, a solution containing definite 
quantities of chemicals whose exact reactions are 
known. S., Standardized, one made of standard 
strength. S., Vlemingkx's, a solution of quicklime 
and flowers of sulphur in water. It is useful in 
seborrhea. S., Volhard's, decinormal potassium 
sulphocyanate volumetric solution. S., Volumetric. 
See S. , Standard. 

Solutol (sol'-u-tol) [solvere, to dissolve]. An alkaline 
solution of cresol in sodium cresol. It is prepared by 
adding cresol to an excess of caustic soda and then 
adding more cresol. It is used as a disinfectant. 

Solvent (sol' -vent) [solvere, to dissolve]. A liquid 
menstruum for effecting solution or overcoming molec- 
ular cohesion. Water is the chief solvent for crystal- 
line substances and salts, alcohol for gums and resins, 
and ether, chloroform, and benzine for fats. 

Solveol (sol'-ve-ol). A neutral solution of cresol in 
sodium cresol ; it is disinfectant and makes a clear 
mixture with water: 0.3 per cent, solutions may be 
used for asepsis; 0.5 percent, solutions for antisepsis. 

Solvine (sol'-vin) [solvere, to dissolve]. One of a 



number of liquids obtained from certain oils, by the 
action of concentrated sulphuric acid. They are 
blood-poisons, dissolving the red corpuscles. See 
Sulphoricineolic Acid. 

Soma (so' -mali) [au/ua, the body: //. , Somata~\. In 
biology, the body alone, considered without the limbs. 

Somacule (so'-mak-ul) [dim. of aijfia, the body]. 
Foster's term for a physiologic unit corresponding to, 
but greatly more complex than, the chemic molecule, 
any division of which will interfere with its physiologic 
specificity. 

Somascesis (so-mas-se'-sis). See Gymnastics. 

Somatic (so-mat' -ik) [ucj/iariKoc ; cufia, body]. Per- 
taining to the body or organism as a whole. S. Cavity, 
the body-cavity or perivisceral cavity. S. Cells, un- 
differentiated body-cells or parenchyma-cells. S. 
Death, the final cessation of all vital activities in the 
body at large. SeeDeatli. S. Mesoderm, the upper 
orouterleaf of the mesoderm (Hautfaserblatt) separated 
by the ccelomic fissure from the lower or inner leaf. 
(Darmfaserblatt). S. Musculature, the muscles of 
the outer wall of the body-cavity or somatopleure, as 
distinguished from those of the splanchnopleure, the 
splanchnic musculature. 

Somatoblast (so-mat' -o-blast) [uufia, body ; /3Aaor<5c,a 
germ]. Any plastidule from which cell-material (in 
contradistinction to nuclear material) is built up or 
developed. 

Somatocyst (so-mat' -o-sist) [aufia, the body ; Krariq, 
bladder]. In biology, a pneumatophore formed by 
inflation of the stem or body, as in some Siphono- 
phora (Physalia). 

Somatociidymus ( so-mat-o-did' -im-us ) [acifia, body ; 
6i6vjiog, twin]. A double monster having the trunks 
united. 

Somato-etiologic (so-maf -o-e-te-o-loj' -ik) [aaua, body ; 
airia, cause; ?6yoc, science]. Relating to some men- 
tal disturbance caused by physical disease. 

Somatogenic (so-mat-o-jen' -ik) [oufia, the body ; yevqg, 
produced]. Pertaining to somatogeny. 

Somatogeny (so-mat-oj'-en-e) [aa/na, body; ytvvav, 
to produce] . The acquirement of bodily characters, 
especially the acquirement of characters due to the en- 
vironment. 

Somatologic (so-mat-o-loj' -ik) [au/xa, body ; \6yor, 
science]. Pertaining to somatology. 

Somatology (so-mat-ol'-o-je) [<rw//a, body ; Z6yoc, 
science]. The study of anatomy and physiology, or 
of organized bodies ; biology, apart from psychology. 

Somatome (so'-mat-om) [au/^ia, body; rofiij, section]. 
In biology, a transverse segment of an organized body; 
a somite ormetamere, actual or ideal. Goodsir's term 
for one of the primitive segments of a vertebrate ; 
"primitive vertebra ' ' ( Urwirbel). Cf. Jlfetasom atonies. 

Somatomegaly (so - mat - o - meg'- al- e) [au/ia, body ; 
ueyalrj, large]. Gigantism. 

Somatomic (so-mat-om'-ik) [cdfia, body ; ra/ne'tv, to 
cut]. Pertaining to a somatome. 

Somatopagus (so-mat-o-pa' -gus) [auua, body ; Trayog, 
fixed]. A double monstrosity having two trunks. 

Somatoplasm (so' - mat -0 - plazni) [auua, the body; 
Tr?M<T/ia, anything formed]. In biology, the proto- 
plasm of the body-cells ; Weismann's term for that 
form of living matter which composes the mass of the 
body, and which is the subject of death, as distin- 
guished from germ-plasm, which composes the repro- 
ductive cells and is possessed of potential immortality. 
See Heredity. 

Somatopleura (so-mat-o-plu'- rah) [aiiiua, the body; 
ir?.evfia, the side: //., Somatopleural- In biology, 
the body-wall, composed of the somatic mesoderm 
and the ectoderm. 



SOMATOPLEURAL 



1341 



SORBINOSE 



Somatopleural (so - mat - o - plu' '- ral) [oa/ia, body; 
ixXsvpa, side]. Pertaining to a somatopleura. 

Somatopleure (so'- mat - b - plUr). Same as Somato- 
pleura. 

Somatopleuric (so-mat-o-plu'-rik). Same as Somato- 
pleural. 

Somatose (so'-mat-oz) [aufia, body]. A proprietary 
albumose food-product. 

Somatotomy (so - mat - of- o - me) [au/ia, body ; TOfir/, 
section]. Anatomy: dissection. 

Somatotridymus (so-mat-o-trid' -im-us) [auua, body ; 
rpi&ufiog, triple]. A monster with three trunks or 
bodies. 

Somatotropic (so-mat-o-trop'-ih) [ocj/ia, body ; rpeireiv, 
to turn]. In biology, exhibiting somatotropism. 

Somatotropism (so-mat-ot'-ro-pizm) [osjiia, the body ; 
-phzeiv, to turn]. In biology, the influence of the 
attraction of gravitation on growing organs in plants. 

Sombrerite (som-bra'-rlt) [Sp., sombrero, a sounding- 
board]. An impure calcium phosphate, a source of 
phosphorus, found in West Indian guano. 

Somital (so'-mil-al). Same as So?nitic. 

Somite (so' -nut) [ca/ia, the body]. In biology, one of 
the segments, arthromeres, diarthromeres, or meta- 
meres of an articulated organism. 

Somitic (so-mit'-ik) [aujia, the body]. In biology, re- 
sembling or pertaining to a somite. 

Somnal (som'-nal) [somnus, sleep], 

^i 2 , ~ n \NH.CO.OC 2 H. 
A hypnotic formed by the union of chloral, alcohol 
and urethan. It acts like chloral, but is more pleasant. 
Dose TTi^xxx. 

Somnambulism (som - nam'- bu - lizm) [somnus, sleep ; 
ambulare, to walk]. The condition of half-sleep, in 
which the senses are but partially suspended ; also 
termed sleep-walking. Also, the type of hypnotic sleep, 
in which the subject is possessed of all his senses, often 
having the appearance of one awake, but whose will 
and consciousness are under the control of the oper- 
ator. Charcot calls this simply somnambulism, 
which constitutes the third type of the hypnotic state. 
The second he calls catalepsy, produced by the gong 
suddenly sounded or the electric light suddenly brought 
before the subject's eyes ; the eyes are wide open and 
the muscles acquire the curious waxy condition desig- 
nated as flexibilitas eerea. The subject seems to have 
no mental communication with the outside world. This 
latter characteristic also distinguishes lethargy, or the 
first type of the hypnotic state, in which there is un- 
consciousness, irresponsiveness of the senses to stim- 
ulation, and a fixed position of certain muscles. See, 
also, Hypnotism. 

Somniation (som-ne-a' '-shun) \_somniatio~\. Dreaming. 

Somnifacient (som - nif '- a 1 '- se - ent) [somnus, sleep; 
facere, to make]. I. Narcotic or soporific. 2. A 
medicine producing sleep ; a hypnotic. 

Somniferin (som-nij "' '-er-in) [somnus, sleep ; ferre, to 
bear]. I. A morphin-ether discovered by Bombelon, 
said to be stronger than morphin, and without bad ef- 
fects or influence upon the heart. 2. An alkaloid de- 
rived from Withania somnifera, asolanaceous plant of 
Asia and the Mediterranean region. It is said to be 
narcotic. Unof. 

Somniferous, Somnific (som-nif'-er-us, som-nif'-ik) 
[somnus, sleep; ferre~\. Producing sleep. 

Somnific (som-nif'-ik) [somnus, sleep]. Causing 
sleep. 

Somnifugous (som-nif '-u-gus) [somnus, sleep ; fugere, 
to flee]. Driving away sleep. 

Somniloquence, Somniloquism, Somniloquy (som- 
nil' ' -o-kwens, som-nil' ' -o-kwizm, som-nil' -o-kwe) [som- 



nus, sleep; loqui, to talk]. The act of talking in 
one's sleep. 

Somnium (som'-ne-um). See Dream. 

Somnolence (so///'- /10 - lens) [somnolentia ; somnus, 
sleep]. A condition of drowsiness or sleep. 

Somnolent (som' '-no-lent) [soi//nolentus~\. Inclined to 
sleep. 

Somnolentia (som-no-len' '-she-ah) [L.]. Sleep-drunken- 
ness ; a condition of incomplete sleep in which a part 
of the faculties are abnormally excited, while the 
others are in repose. 

Somnovigil (som-no-vij'-il). See Coma-vigil. 

Somnus (som'-nus). See Hypnosis. 

Sonde (sond) [Fr.]. See Sound. 

Sonitus (so/i'-it-us). See Tinnitus. 

Sonometer (so-nom'-et-er) [sonus, a sound ; n'erpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for determining the pitch 
of a sound, and also for determining its relation to a 
chord. 

Sonora (so-no'-ra!/). Gum. The gum of the creasote 
plant, Larrea mexicana. 

Sonorous (so - no'- rus) [sonus, sound]. Ringing; 
capable of producing a musical sound. 

Sonstadt's Solution. A solution used to test the 
specific gravity of gems. It consists of 3720 grains of 
red iodid of mercury and 2830 grains of iodid of po- 
tassium in 15^ drams of distilled water. 

Sonus (so'-nus). See Sound. 

Soor (Sdr) [G.]. See Thrush. 

Soot [ME., soot, soot]. A complex carbon deposit 
of wood-smoke ; an old-time remedy in certain 
diseases. S. -cancer. See Chimney-sweeps'' Cancer. 

Sophistication (so-fis-tik-a'- shun) [aofiaTiKog, deceit- 
ful]. The adulteration or imitation of a substance. 

Sophomania (so/- - ma'- ne - ah) [aofoc , wise ; jiavia, 
madness]. Insanity in which the patient believes 
himself to excel in wisdom. 

Sophora (so-fo' -rah) [Arab.]. A genus of leguminous 
trees, shrubs, and herbs, mostly growing in warm re- 
gions. S. sericea (see Loco) is a poisonous plant of 
the U. S. ; its seeds contain sophorin. S. speciosa, 
a tree of Texas, also yields sophorin. 

Sophorin (so-fo'-rin) [Arab.]. A paralyzant, poisonous 
alkaloid which exists in the seeds of some species of 
Sophora. 

Sophronistae dentes (sof-ro-nis'-te den'-tez). Wisdom- 
teeth, or dentes sapientiae. 

Sopient (so'-pe-ent) [sopor, sleep]. Sedative, soporific. 

Sopor (so'-por) [L.J. Sleep, especially the profound 
sleep symptomatic of a morbid condition. 

Soporifacient (so-por-if-a' -se-ent) [sopor, sleep ; facere, 
to make]. A drug producing sleep ; a hypnotic. 

Soporiferous (so-por-if ' -er-us) [sopor, sleep ; ferre, to 
bear]. Producing or causing sleep. 

Soporific (so-por-if '-ik) [sopor, sleep; facere, to make]. 
1. Narcotic; inducing sleep. 2. A medicine or agent 
which induces sleep ; a hypnotic. 

Soporose, Soporous (so'-por-oz, so'-por-us) [sopor, 
sleep]. Sleepy; partaking of the nature of sound 
sleep. 

Sora (so' -rah). Synonym of Urticaria. 

Sorbefacient (sor - be - fa' - se - ent) [sorbere, to suck; 
facere, to make]. I. Promoting absorption. 2. A 
medicine or agent that induces absorption. 

Sorbic (sor'-bik) [sorbus, the sorb-tree]. Pertaining to 
or derived from the mountain ash. S. Acid. See 
Acid. 

Sorbin (so?-' -bin). See Sorbinose. 

Sorbinose (sor'-bin-oz) [sorbus, the sorb-tree], C 6 H ]2 6 . 
Sorbin, a ketone alcohol, found in mountain-ash ber- 
ries, and consisting of large crystals, which possess a 
very sweet taste. It reduces alkaline copper-solutions, 



SORBITE 



1342 



SOUND 



but is incapable of fermentation under the influence of 
yeast. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 

Sorbite (sor' -bit) [sorbus, the sorb-tree], C 6 H H 6 -\- 
H 2 0. A hexahydric alcohol occurring in mountain- 
ash berries, forming small crystals which dissolve 
readily in water. They melt at 110° C. Sorbite cor- 
responds, in all probability, to grape-sugar. 

Sorbose (sor'-boz). Same as Sorbinose. 

Sordes (sor'-dez) [sordere, to be foul]. Filth. Pus or 
suppuration. Also, any filthy or morbid secretion or 
deposition, especially the crusts that accumulate on the 
teeth and lips in low fevers. S. aurium, cerumen. 
S. capitis. See Scabies capitis. S., Dental, the col- 
lection of matter found upon the teeth in some diseases. 

Sordid (sor'-did) \sordere, to bedirty]. In biology, dull 
or dirty in hue. 

Sore (sor) [ME., sore, sore]. I. Any ulcer, chafe, or 
wound; a sensitive, inflamed spot. 2. Painful. S., 
Bed-. See Bed-sore. S.-eyed, affected with oph- 
thalmia or blepharitis. S., Fungating, a soft chancre 
with abundant granulations. S., Hard. Synonym 
of Chancre. S. -heels. See Horse-pox. S., Hun- 
terian, a tine or hard chancre. S., Indurated, S., 
Infecting. Synonyms of Chancre. S. -mouth, 
stomatitis. S. -mouth, Nursing, that produced by 
nursing. S., Oriental, a general term for any one of 
a number of suppurative sores of the Orient. S., Soft, 
a chancroid. S. -throat, a popular name embracing 
almost every inflammation or morbid affection of the 
throat. S. -throat, Clergymen's, chronic follicular 
pharyngitis. S. -throat, Gouty, a pharyngitis due to 
gout. S. -throat, Hospital, chronic pharyngitis. S.- 
throat, Malignant, S. -throat, Putrid, pharyngitis 
attended with ulceration. S. -throat, Rheumatic, 
pharyngitis due to rheumatism. S. -throat, Ulcer- 
ated, pharyngitis attended with ulceration. S., 
Veneral, a chancroid. 

Sorediate (so-re'-de-at) [awpoc, a heap] . In biology, 
bearing soredia. 

Sorediferous (sor-e-dif'-er-us) [ffwpdc, a heap ; fe?-re, to 
bear]. In biology, bearing soredia. 

Soredium (so-re' -de-um) [aupoc , a heap ; iSiov, a dim. 
suffix: pi., Soredia']. In biology, one or more algal 
cells wrapped in hyphfe and discharged from the fronds 
of lichens, serving the purposes of vegetative propa- 
gation. 

Sorghum (sor' -gum) \sorgum, sorghum] . A variety of 
sugar-cane, S. saccharatum , of the family Graminacea. 
Also a syrup made from the expressed inspissated 
juice of the same. 

Soroche (so-ro'-ke) [Sp.]. Mountain sickness. 

Sorophore (so'-ro-for) \oup6c, a heap; (popoc, bear]. 
In biology, the cushion lying along the ventral edge 
of the sporocarp of Marsilea, which at germination 
becomes detached at one end, and exposed in the 
form of a cord, bearing the sori in two rows. 

Sororiation (sor-or-e-a' -shun) \_soror, a sister]. The 
development which takes place in the female breasts 
at puberty. 

Sorose (so'-rdz) \_oup6c, a heap]. In biology, bearing 
a sortts or a sorosis. 

Sorosis (so-ro'-sis) [aupdc, a heap]. In biology, a fruit 
like that of the mulberry, which consists of a collec- 
tion of small, fleshy fruits, the product of a compact 
flower- cluster. 

Sorrel (sor' -el) [ME. , sore/, sorrel]. See Sheep-sorrel. 
S.-tree. See Sourwood. 

Sorts (sortz) [ME., sort, sort]. In the drug-trade, 
refuse or culls ; the poorest grade of any drug. 

Sorus (so'-rus) [uupoc, a heap : //. , Sori], The name 
applied to the fruit-dot or collection of sporangia of 
the ferns. 



Sosibious (so-sib' -e-us) \cuC,uv, to save; [3io<;, life]. 
Able to preserve life. 

Soteriology (so-te-re-ol'-o-je). Synonym of Hygiene. 

Soudan Brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. S. 
Red. Same as A'aphthalin-red. 

Souffle (soo'fl) [Fr.]. A blowing sound. See Murmur. 
S., Cardiac. See Heart-murmur. S., Fetal, an in- 
constant murmur heard during pregnancy, and sup- 
posed to be due to the compression of the umbilical 
cord. S., Funic or Funicular, a hissing sound, 
synchronous with the fetal heart-sounds, heard over 
the abdomen of a pregnant woman. S., Splenic, a 
sound said to be audible over the spleen in cases of 
malaria, leukemia and biliary calculus. S., Umbili- 
cal. See S., Funic. S., Uterine, the proper term 
for what was formerly called the Placental Souffle, a 
sound heard in the latter months of pregnancy, and 
caused by the entrance of blood into the dilated ar- 
teries of the uterus. 

Soul (sol) [ME., soule, soul]. The moral and emo- 
tional part of man's nature. S. -blindness. See 
Blindness, Psychic, and Apraxia. S., Spinal, a sup- 
posititious consciousness present in the spinal cord. 

Sound (sownd) [ME., sownde, sound]. The sensation 
produced upon the auditory nerve by aerial vibrations. 
See Hearing. Also, an instrument for insertion into 
the bladder to test for calculus. S., Anasarcous, a 
moist bubbling sometimes heard on auscultation when 
the skin is edematous. S., Bandbox, the resonant 
percussion-note sometimes heard in emphysema. S., 
Bellocq's. See Bellocfs cannula. S., Bellows, an 
endocardial murmur which sounds like a bellows. 
See Bellows. S., Blowing, a blowing murmur. 
S., Bottle. See Amphoric Murmur. S., Bronchial, 
the large, harsh sound of bronchial respiration. 
Ss., Cardiac. See S., Heart. S., Cracked-pot, 
a form of tympanitic resonance indicative of a cavity. 
S., Esophageal, a long flexible sound for examina- 
tion of the esophagus. Ss., Fetal Heart-, the sounds 
produced by the beating of the fetal heart, best heard 
near the umbilicus of the mother. S., Flapping, 
the clap made by the closure of the cardiac valves. 
Ss., Friction-, the sounds produced by the rubbing 
of one rough surface upon another. S., Funicu- 
lar Bellows. See Souffle. Ss., Heart-, the two 
sounds heard over the cardiac area. The first, dull 
and prolonged, is said to sound like lubb, and is 
isochronous with the systole of the ventricles. The 
second, sharp and short, is said to sound like dup, 
and is isochronous with the closure of the semilunar 
valves. S., Hollow. See Amphoric Percussion. S., 
Kettle-singing, a chest-sound sometimes heard in 
incipient pulmonary tuberculosis. It resembles water 
boiling in a kettle. S., Lacrymal, a fine sound for 
exploring or dilating the lacrymal canal. S., Metallic 
Heart-. See Metallic Murmur. S., Metamorphos- 
ing Breath-, a sound due to the passage of air through 
a narrow opening into and out of a pulmonary cavity. 
S., Muscle-, the sound heard through the stethoscope 
when placed over a muscle in the state of contrac- 
tion; sussurus. S., Osseous, a high-pitched intense 
auscultatory sound having a slightly metallic timbre. 
S., Pulmonary, the respiratory murmur. S., Respira- 
tory, respiratory murmur. S., Sawing, a cardiac 
murmur resembling the sound produced by sawing. 
S. -shadow, the interference with a sound-wave 
caused by an object being placed between the ear and 
the source of sound. S., Subjective. See Phonism. 
S., To-and-fro, the friction-sound of pericarditis 
and pleuritis. S., Tubular, the sound of tracheal 
respiration. S., Urethral, an elongated steel instru- 
ment, usually slightly conical, for examination and 



SOUR 



1343 



SPAGIRIC 



dilatation of the urethra. S., Uterine, a graduated 
probe for measurement of the uterine cavity. 

Sour [sozvr)[M.K., sour, sour]. Having an acid taste ; 
fermented. S. Dough. See Leaven. S.-wood, sorrel- 
tree ; the leaves of Oxydendron arboreum ; they 
are tonic, refrigerant and diuretic, and of reputed 
value in dropsy. Dose of the fid. ext. TTLxxx-gij. 
Unof. 

Souring (sowr'-ing) [ME. , sour, sour]. A disease of 
wine due to the conversion of the alcohol into acetic 
acid. It is caused by the formation in the wine of 
the vinegar plant. 

Southern (suth'-ern) [ME., southerne, southern]. Per- 
taining to the south. S. Vanilla. See Liatris odora- 
tissima. S.-wood. See Arte mis ia. 

Southey's Drainage-tubes. Small tubes employed 
for draining away the fluid from limbs that are the seat 
of extensive anasarca. It is said that large amounts 
of fluid can thus be drained away in a comparatively 
short time, and that there is but slight risk of erysipe- 
las or other inflammatory process being set up around 
the puncture. 

Soy Bean, or Soya Bean (soi' or soi' '-yah) [Jap.]. A 
kind of bean, the seed of Glycine soja (also referred to 
as Soja hispida and Dolichos sinensis), a plant of Japan 
and China and India. Diabetic bread, biscuits, and 
cakes are prepared from its flour, which contains no 
starch. The sauce called soy\s also made from this bean. 

Soyka's Plates. Dishes employed in the cultivation 
of bacteria. They are similar to Petri's capsules, but 
differ from them in having from eight to ten depres- 
sions ground in the lower plate, which resemble the 
" wells " in hollow slides. 

Sozal (so'-zal) [cro^eiv, to protect]. An astringent 
organic salt of aluminum, used as an antiseptic. 

Sozin (so'-zin) [o6&w, save, keep]. In biology, a de- 
fensive proteid which occurs naturally in a normal 
animal ; one of the two provisional classes into which 
Hankin divides Alexins or defensive proteids. See 
Proteids, Defensive, and Toxosozin. 

Sozodont (so' -zo-dont) [aoCeiv, to protect; bSovg, tooth]. 
A dentrifice supposed to be prepared mainly of Castile 
soap and alcohol. 

Sozoiodol (so-zo-i' ' -o-dol) [gu^eiv, to save ; iudqg, like a 
violet], C 6 H 2 (HS0 3 )I. 2 .OH. A combination of sul- 
phur, iodin, and carbolic acid. It is useful as an an- 
tiseptic. 

Sozolic Acid {so-zo'-lik). See Aseptol. 

Space {spas) [MF,., space, space; spaiium, space]. A 
name given for purposes of description to sundry en- 
closed or semi-enclosed places within or about the 
body. S., Anterior Perforated, a triangular space 
at the mesal side of the Sylvian fissure. S., Arach- 
noid. See S., Subarachnoid, andi, Subdural. S., 
Axillary, the axilla. S., Bregmatic, the anterior 
fontanel. S., Circumlental, the interspace between 
the ciliary body and the equator of the lens. Ss., 
Circumvascular Lymph-, channels surrounding the 
blood-vessels and communicating with lymphatic ves- 
sels. S., Corneal, that between the corneal layers. 
S., Douglas's. See Douglas'' s Pouch. S., Epidural 
(of the spinal canal), a lymph-space between the spinal 
dura and the periosteum lining the canal. S. -feelings, 
Hering's term for the perceptions or inferences of 
space-relations resulting from the retinal image. S. 
of Fontana, one of the intercommunicating cavities 
in the spongy tissue occupying the angle between the 
cornea and the iris. S., Haversian or Medullary, in 
the cancellous tissue of bone. S. of His. See S., Cir- 
cumvascular Lymph-. Ss., Intercellular, cavities 
formed by the splitting or separation of the walls of ad- 
joining cells. S., Intercostal, the space between two 



contiguous ribs. S., Intercrural. See S., Interpedun- 
cular. Ss., Interfascicular, spaces between the bun- 
dles in fibrous tissue. S., Interglobular, an apparent, 
irregular space in the interglobular substance of the 
dentine. S., Intermesoblastic, the cavity between 
the visceral and parietal laminae of the mesoblastic 
plates of the embryo. Ss., Intermetatarsal, spaces 
between the metatarsal bones. S., Interosseous, 
the space between two parallel bones. S., Interpa- 
rietal. See S., Virchow-Robin. S., Interpeduncular, 
a diamond-shaped depression at the base of the brain, 
lying between the optic tracts and the crura cerebri. 
S., Intertunical. See S., Virchow-Robin. S., Inter- 
vaginal (of the optic nerve). See S., Subvaginal. 
S., Investing. See Lymph-sinus. S., Ischio- 
rectal. See Ischio - rectal Fossa. S., Lacunar. 
See Lacuna. S., Lymph, a sinus or space through 
which lymph passes. S., Marrow. See Medul- 
lary Cavity. S., Mediastinal, the cavum medi- 
astinum. S., Pelvirectal, the same as the Ischio- 
rectal Possa, a. v. Ss., Pericellular, lymph-spaces 
in the brain. S., Perichoroidal, a lymph-space 
between the sclera and the choroid. S., Perigas- 
tric, the cavity surrounding the stomach and other 
viscera. Ss., Perineurial, lymph-spaces between the 
lamellae of the perineurium. S., Perivascular. See 
S., Circumvascular Lymph-. S., Perivitelline. See 
S., Yolk. Ss., Placental Blood-, the intervillous 
lacunae of the placenta. Ss., Pleuro-peritoneal. 
See S., Intermesoblastic. S., Poiseuille's. See S., 
Lymph-. S., Popliteal, a lozenge-shaped space at 
the back of the knee and thigh. S., Posterior Per- 
forated, the depression just behind the albicantia at 
the base of the brain. S., Posterior Triangular, the 
space lying above the clavicle and between the sterno- 
cleido-mastoid and the trapezius muscle and the occi- 
put. S., Prevesical, a space lying immediately above 
the pubis and between the transversalis fascia and the 
posterior surface of the rectus abdominis. S., Re- 
troperitoneal, the space lying behind the peritoneum, 
but in front of the spinal column and the lumbar mus- 
cles. S., Semilunar, of Traube. See Semilunar. 
S. -sense, the faculty by which the form of objects is 
recognized. S., Subarachnoid, the space between 
the arachnoid and the pia proper. It contains the 
cerebrospinal fluid. S., Subdural, the space between 
the dura and the arachnoid. Normally it contains 
only a capillary layer of fluid. S., Subvaginal, a 
lymph-space within the sheath of the optic nerve. 
S. of Tenon, a lymph-space between the sclera and 
the fascia of Tenon. S., Traube's, a semilunar 
tympanitic space overlying the stomach. See Semi- 
lunar. S., Utero-rectal. See Douglas's Pouch. 
S., Utero-vesical, the utero-vesical fossa. S., Vir- 
chow - Robin, an adventitious lymph - space found 
between the coats of the cerebral capillaries. S., 
Visual, the visual field. S., Yolk, the space formed 
by the retraction of the vitellus from the zona pel- 
lucida. 

Spadiceous (spa- dish 1 '-us) [ o-ddi%, a palm branch]. 
In biology, bearing a spadix. 

Spadicose (spa' -dik-oz) [anddi!;, a palm branch]. In 
biology, spadiceous. 

Spadix (spa'-diks) [<T7rd&f , a palm branch : pi. , Spa- 
dices]. In biology, a fleshy spike, commonly en- 
veloped in a spathe. 

Spaeth and Braun, Iodoform-bacillus of. A medi- 
cated bacillus for use in puerperal fever. It consists 
of iodoform 20 grams, gum arabic, glycerin, and pure 
starch each 2 grams, made into three suppositories. 
One is introduced into the uterine cavity. 

Spagiric (spaj-ir'-ik) [ arraeiv, to stretch or rend; 



SPAGIRISM 



1344 



SPASMOTOXIN 



ayeipeiv, to collect]. Pertaining to the obsolete 
cheniic, or Paracelsian, school of medicine. 

Spagirism ( spaj' -e-rizm ) \_anaeiv, to stretch; ayeipeiv, 
to collect]. The Paracelsian, or spagiric school, or 
doctrine, of medicine. 

Spagirist (spaj'-e-rist) \onaeiv, to stretch ; ayeipeiv, to 
collect] . A Paracelsian ; a physician of the obso- 
lete alchemistic school. 

Spamenorrhea ( spa-men-or-e' -ah ) [anavii;, scarcity ; 
fiqv, month ; poia, flow ]. Scantiness of menstruation. 

Span (span) [pirav, draw out ; spatium, space, exten- 
sion] . The distance between the tip of the thumb 
and the little finger outstretched. 

Spanemia, Spanaemia (span-e' -me-ah). See Anemia. 

Spanemic, Spanaemic (span-e'-mik). See Anemic. 

Spanipelagic (span-ip-el-aj'-ih) [arravdc, scarce, rare; 
Tre'Xayinoc, pertaining to the open sea]. In biology, 
applied to such marine organisms as only rarely come 
to the surface, living mostly in the ocean-depths. Cf. 
Plankton. 

Spanish (span'-ish) [ME. , Spainisc, Spanish] . Per- 
taining to Spain. S. Black. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. S. Brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 
S. Catarrh. Synonym of Influetiza. S. Fly. See 
Cantharis. S. Needle. See Bidens. S. Red. 
Same as Venetian Red. S. White. Same as Bismutk 
White. S. Windlass. See Garrot. 

Spanopogon (span-o-po' -gon) \onavic, scarcity ; n&yuv, 
the beard]. A man having little or no beard. 

Sparadrap (spar'-a-drap) \_sparadrapum : pi. , Spara- 
drapa]. A waxed cloth; also a plaster, spread upon 
cotton, linen, silk, leather, paper, or the like. 

Sparagmatodes (spar-ag-mat-o'-dez) [air apay/ia, a piece 
torn off; eldoc, like]. Afflicted with convulsions or 
cramps. 

Sparagmos (spa?--ag'-mos) [anapay/udc, a tearing]. A 
cramp ; a choking sensation. 

Sparagmus (spar-ag'-miis) \_OTrapa/j.6c, a tearing : pi. , 
Sparagmi~\. A severe convulsion; a laceration, 
or tearing. 

Sparallium (spar-al' -e-um) [L. ]. An old name for a 
vaginal clyster. 

Spare (spar) [AS., spier, sparing]. Lean ; thin. 

Sparganosis (spar-gan-o' -sis) [onapyavuoic, a swath- 
ing]. Same as Spargosis. 

Spargosis (spar-go / -sis) [airapyuaic ; oirapyaeiv, to be 
distended]. A term loosely applied to enlargement 
of the breasts ; distention of a secretory organ ; the 
swathing of a child's head in cloth ; elephantiasis, q. v. 

Spartein (spar-te' -in) \oirapTov, Spanish broom], C 15 - 
H 26 N 2 . A volatile liquid alkaloid not containing 
oxygen. It occurs in Sarothamnus scoparius (see 
Scoparius) , and is a colorless, thick oil, boiling at 31 1° 
C. It is narcotic. It stimulates the action of the 
vagus, and acts more quickly than digitalis, but not as 
powerfully. It is an uncertain diuretic and cardiac 
tonic, but is often efficacious when digitalis fails. 
Dose gr. 53— i 

Spartium (spar' '-(e-um) [awaprov, Spanish broom]. A 
genus of leguminous plants. S. junceum, Spanish 
broom, a leguminous Old-world shrub. In small doses 
its seeds are diuretic and tonic ; in larger doses, cath- 
artic and emetic. 

Spasm (spasm) [pTraaaoc, a convulsion]. Convulsive 
muscular contraction, local or general, voluntary or 
involuntary. S., Bell's, convulsive facial tic. S., 
Bronchial, asthma. S., Clonic, alternate muscular 
contraction and relaxation. S., Cynic. See Spasmus 
cynicus. S., Drivers', one of the so-called profes- 
sional neuroses. It consists of cramp-like pains 
in the arms of drivers upon taking the reins in the 
hands. S., Facial, a peculiar clonic contraction 



of the muscles supplied by the facial nerve, at times 
confined to the muscles surrounding the eye, or else 
involving one entire side of the face. It is usually 
reflex in origin, and due to carious teeth or other local 
irritation. S., Fixed, permanent or continuous tetanic 
rigidity of one or more muscles. S. of the Glottis. 
See Laryngismus stridulus. S., Habit-, half-volun- 
tary spasmodic movements, the result of habit, some- 
times called Habit-chorea. S., Histrionic, a con- 
dition in which local involuntary twitchings of the 
face, acquired in childhood, persist during adult life, 
and are increased by emotional causes. S., Inspira- 
tory, a spasmodic contraction of nearly all the inspi- 
ratory muscles. S., Lingual. See Aplitho?igia. 
S., Mobile, slow, irregular movements depending upon 
hemiplegia. S., Perineal. See Vaginodynia. S., 
Phonetic (of the glottis), spastic aphonia consisting of 
a spasm of the glottis, with elevation, resulting in in- 
terference with respiration. S., Salaam, clonic spasm 
of the muscles of the leg, causing jumping movements. 
S., Sewing, an affection of tailors, seamstresses, and 
shoemakers, in which clonic and tonic spasms attack 
the muscles of the hands on attempting to use them in 
the regular work. S., Smiths', a spasm that occurs 
in those engaged in pen-blade manufacturing, saw- 
straightening, razor-blade striking, scissors-making, 
file-forging, etc. It consists in spasmodic movements 
of the arm used, and finally paralysis. See Hemiplegia, 
Hephestic. S., Spinal Accessory. See Tic rotatoire. 
S., Synclonic, tremulous agitation. S., Tonic, per- 
sisting rigidity of contraction. See, also, Carpopedal, 
Histrionic , Nictitating , Nodding, Saltatorial, Tetanic, 
etc. S., Winking. See Spasmus nictitans. S., 
Writers', writers' cramp, q. v. 

Spasmatic (spaz-mat'-ik) [ff-dcr/i.oc, spasm]. Pertaining 
to spasm ; also, one in convulsions. 

Spasmi (spas' -mi) \_pl, Spasmus']. Spasms. 

Spasmo- (spas' -mo-) \_o~aofiog, spasm]. A prefix to 
denote connection with, or relation to, spasm. 

Spasmodermia (spas-mo-der' -rne-ah) \_p~acjidq, spasm; 
6ipfia, skin]. A spasmodic skin-affection. 

Spasmodic (spas-mod' -ik) [anacfi66rj^']. Pertaining to, 
or characterized by, convulsion or a spasm. S. Chol- 
era. Synonym of Cholera morbus. S. Colic. See 
Cramp Colic. S. Croup. See Laryngismus stridulus. 
S. Dorsal Tabes. See Charcot's Disease. S. Dys- 
menorrhea. Same as Dysmenorrhea, Idiopathic. S. 
Neurosis. See Neurosis. S. Spinal Paralysis. See 
Lateral Sclerosis, Primary. S. Tabes dorsalis. 
See Paraplegia, Infantile Spasmodic and Lateral 
Sclerosis, Primary. S. Theory of Inflammation. 
See Theoiy. S. Torticollis. See Tic rotatoire. 

Spasmodyspnea [spas' - mo - disp -ne- ah) [cnracy/dc, 
spasm ; dyspnea]. Spasmodic difficulty of breathing. 

Spasmolipopyria (spaz-mo-lip-op-i' -re-ah) \pnraapbc, 
spasm; Xe'nreiv, to leave; irvp, fever], A disease in 
which death takes place from convulsions, there beingno 
fever present. It is supposed to be a form of yellow fever. 

Spasmologic (spas-mo-lo/'-ih) [airaauor, spasm ; /Idyoc, 
science]. Pertaining to spasmology. 

Spasmology (spaz-mol'-o-je) \_a-rvaap6g, spasm ; Aayoc, 
a treatise]. The sum of scientific knowledge of the 
nature and causes of convulsions. 

Spasmolygmus (spaz-mo-lig'-mus). See Hiccough. 

Spasmophilia (spas - mo -fil'- e - ah) [airac/idc, spasm ; 
ipiAeeiv, to love]. A morbid ease or tendency of 
being thrown into spasms. 

Spasmorthopnea (spas - mor - thop- ne' - ah) [p-aa/ioc, 
spasm ; bpdog, straight ; nveiv, to breathe]. Spasmodic 
orthopnea. 

Spasmotoxin (spaz-mo-toks' -in) [a~ncrp6c, spasm ; roit- 
kov, poison]. A ptomain-base of composition yet 



SPASMOTRACHEOCVNANCHE 



1345 



SPECIFIC 



undetermined, obtained by Brieger from cultures of the 
tetanus-germ, together with other unnamed toxins, one 
of which induced complete tetanus, with salivation 
and lacrymation. Spasmotoxin induces in animals 
violent clonic and tonic convulsions. See Ptomains, 
Table of. 

Spasmotracheocynanche (spaz' -mo-tra' -ke-o-sin-ang' - 
ke). Synonym of Asthma. 

Spasmous (spaz' -mus) [a~~ i oauc', spasm] . Having the 
nature of a spasm. 

Spasmus (spas' -m us) [a-aouoc, spasm]. A spasm. 
S. bronchialis. Synonym of Bronchial Asthma. 
S. cynicus, spasmodic contraction of muscles on both 
sides of the mouth, giving a grinning expression. S. 
intestinorum. Synonym of E/nteralgia. S. muscu- 
laris. Synonym of Cramp. S. nictitans, spasmodic 
action of the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle, causing 
a winking-like movement of the lid. S. nutans, 
salaam convulsions, nodding spasm. S. oculi. Syn- 
onym of Nystagmus. S. ventriculi. Synonym of 
Enteralgia and of Gastrodynia. 

Spastic (spas' -tik) [a-aoTiaoc ; oiraeiv, to draw] . Per- 
taining to or characterized by spasms. Drawn out 
of shape or contracted by disease ; applied especi- 
ally to a muscle. S. Anemia, anemia with abnormal 
smallness of the arteries. S. Diplegia. See Para- 
plegia, Infantile Spasmodic. S. Paralysis. See 
Paralysis. 

Spasticity (spas-tis'-if-e) \jjkciotik6c ; mrativ, to draw]. 
The quality of being spastic ; the state of, or tending 
toward, spasm. 

Spatha (spa'-thah) [airaOq, a broad, flat blade : //., 
Spathce\. Same as Spathe. 

Spathaceous (spa-tha'- se-us) [airadtj, a broad, flat 
blade]. Furnished with a spathe, or resembling a 
spathe. 

Spathal (spa' -thai) [oxadt], a broad, flat blade]. In 
biology, inclosed in or furnished with a spathe. 

Spathe (spath) [_a-a.Hr], a broad, flat blade]. In bi- 
ology, a peculiar bract, often large and colored, which 
subtends or encloses a spadix. 

Spathed (spathd ) . Same as Spathaceous. 

Spathella (spa-thel'-ah) [arraOii, a blade]. In biology, 
(a) one of the glumes of a grass ; (b) see Spa/hilla. 

Spathilla (spa-thil' -ah) [dim. of spatha, a spathe]. In 
biology, a diminutive spathe. In the palms spathillse 
surround separate parts of the inflorescence. 

Spatile (spat-il'-e) [a-ari'/,r/_] . Loose liquid feces. 

Spatium (spa' -she- um). See Space. 

Spatula (spat'-u-lah). A flexible steel blade used for 
spreading ointments, dispensing medicines, and other 
purposes in the manipulation of medicines. S., 
Tongue, a tongue-depressor. 

Spatular \spat' -u-lar) \_spatula, a spatula]. Like a 
spatula. 

Spatulate (spat'-u-lat ) [spatula, a blade]. In biology, 
resembling an old-fashioned spatula in outline. Ap- 
plied to leaves and other flattened organs. 

Spatule (spat' -ul) [spatula, a blade]. In biology, a 
structure having a spatulate shape. 

Spatuliform (spat'-u-lif-orm). Same as Spatulate. 

Spatuligerous (spat - u - lij' - er - us) [spatula, spatula; 
gerere, to bear]. In biology, provided with a spatula. 

Spavin (spav'-in) [ME., spaveyne, spavin]. A disease 
of horses affecting the hock-joint, or joint of the hind 
leg between the knee and the fetlock. S., Blood, a 
dilatation of the vein that runs along the inside of 
the hock of ahorse, forming a soft swelling. S., Bog, 
an encysted tumor on the inside of the hock of a 
horse, containing gelatinous matter. S., Bone, a 
disease of the bones at the hock-joint. S., High, an 
enlargement on the upper and inner part of the hock. 
85 



Spawn [ME., spawnen, to spawn]. In biology: I. Ap- 
plied to aggregates of young animals during their early 
stages. 2. To produce or lay eggs, e.g. a fish. 

Spay (spa) [o-aduv, a eunuch]. To castrate. To 
remove the ovaries of a female. 

Speak (spek) [ME., spcken, to speak]. To use articu- 
late utterance. 

Speakers' Cramp. See Dysphonia spastica. 

Spearmint (sper' -mint). See Mentha viridis. S., 
Oil of, a colorless oil obtained from Mentha viridis by 
distillation. 

Specialist (spesh'-al-ist) [specialis, particular, special]. 
One, especially a physician or surgeon, who limits his 
practice to certain specified diseases, or to the diseases 
of a single organ or class. 

Speciality, Specialty (spesh-e-al'-it-e, spesh' -al-te) 
[species, species]. The particular branch pursued by 
a specialist. 

Specialization (spesh-al-iz-a' '-shun) [specialis, particu- 
lar, special]. In biology, the modification of simple 
homogeneous tissues into special organs or parts 
adapted to the localization of function. See Differen- 
tia/ion. 

Species (spe'-shez) [species, species]. I. That which may 
be distinguished by its characteristics. Also, in biol- 
ogy, a group of things having a number of common 
characteristics ; one of the constituent groups of a genus. 
" The smallest group to which distinctive and invari- 
able characters can be assigned." (Huxley.) " An 
assemblage of individuals which differ from each 
other by very small or trifling and inconstant charac- 
ters, of much less value than those in which they 
differ from any other assemblage of individuals." 
(J. L. Le Conte.) 2. A name in German and French 
pharmacy, and in the National Formulary, for certain 
mixtures of herbs, used in making decoctions and 
infusions. S. -cycle, in biology, the entire series of 
forms exhibiting or illustrating all the phases in the 
life-history of a species. S. emollientes, a mixture 
of the leaves of althea and mallow, of the leaves and 
branches of the melilot, of matricaria and flaxseed, in 
equal parts ; used as an emollient cataplasm ; it is 
official in Germany and is given in the National 
Formulary. S. laxantes. See Saint Germain Tea. 
S., Morphologic, one of " such living beings as con- 
stantly resemble one another so closely that it is im- 
possible to draw any line of demarcation between 
them, while they differ only in such characters as are 
associated with sex." (Huxley.) S., Nascent, an 
incipient species; a form undergoing modification. 
S., Origin of, a term employed by naturalists to 
denote the evolution of differentiated groups or spe- 
cies from groups of individuals characterized by gen- 
eral similarity or by homogeneity of structure. S. 
pectoralis. See Breast-tea, German. 

Specific (spe-sif'-ik) [species, species; facere, to make]. 
Of or pertaining to a species ; that which distinguishes 
a thing or makes it of the species of which it is. Also, 
a medicine which has a selective curative influence 
on an individual disease. S. Conduction-resistance, 
the special conduction -resistance dependent upon the 
molecular properties of the conducting material. S. 
Diseases, those supposed to be directly the result of 
the action of a distinct contagium, virus, or microbe ; 
especially applied to syphilis. S. Gravity. See 
Gravity. S. Heat, the amount of heat given off or 
absorbed by a definite weight (1 lb or I kilo) in 
undergoing a measured change of temperature (l° C. 
or 1° F.). S. Intensity, a term used in vital statistics 
to represent the number living at any age divided by 
the number dying at that age. It is highest at about 
14 years of age. S. Names, the last term of an onym 



SPECIFICITY 



1346 



SPECTRUM 



in binomial nomenclature. S. Rotatory Power, 
the angle of rotation which a layer of unit-thick- 
ness would give to a certain light-ray. S. Stain, a 
pigment used in microscopy, having a peculiar affinity 
for certain histologic elements. The chief are : 
Anilin Chlorid, Acid Fuchsin, Congo Red, Gold Chlo- 
rid, Iodin, Methyl-violet, Nigrosin, Osmic Acid, Phlo- 
roglucin, Rose Bengale, Safranin, Silver Nitrate, 
Victoria Blue. See Stain, Plasmatic Stain, Nuclear 
Stain, and Table of Stains. S. Warmth, that amount 
of warmth which is necessary to warm one gram of a 
given substance one degree. According to Adam- 
kiewicz, the specific warmth of muscle is even greater 
than that of water, although it has been assumed 
that the specific warmth of water is greater than that 
of any other known substance, with the exception of 
hydrogen. 

Specificity {spes-if-is' -it-e) [species, species ; facere, to 
make] . The quality of being specific, or of accom- 
plishing a determinate function and not another. The 
qualities giving an organ or tissue a distinct character. 

Specillum (spe-sil'-um) [h.:pl., Specilla~\. A probe, 
especially one of silver, armed with a button-shaped 
head, for exploring wounds, fistula;, etc. 

Specimen (spes' -im-en) [L.]. An example ; an ex- 
hibit. S., Living, sometimes applied to a patient ex- 
hibited before an audience. . 

Spectacles (spek'-tak-h) [spectaculum, a show] . Framed 
or mounted lenses for the correction of optical or 
muscular defects of the eye. See Lens. The differ- 
ence between the old and new systems of numbering 
lenses is shown in the annexed Table, from Landolt. 

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE INCH AND THE 
METRIC SYSTEMS OF NUMBERING SPECTACLE- 
LENSES. (From Landolt.) 



Inch System. 


M 


ETRIC 


Systkm. 


u 

c . 


distance in 
lish inches. 
x of refrac- 
= 1-53- 


c 

G w 
1/5 oj 

=5 £ 


•0 

<D C/l 




C 

=5 5 


1.5 

-a •— 


spon ding 
of the inch 
m. Indexof 
ction = i.53. 




— M_ c 




> £ 


1-8 

B - v 




_ M 


iy <v c3 




6 


rt s ^ r\ 






° 




^-* tn u 


2 


(* 


tL, 


W 


&""" 


h 


d, 


U 


72 


67.9 


1724 


0.58 


0.25 


4 000 


I57-48 


166.94 


6o 


56.6 


1437 


0.695 


0.5 


2000 


78.74 


83.46 


48 


45-3 


1 150 


0.87 


0.75 


1333 


52.5 


55-63 


42 


39-6 


IOO5 


0.99 


1. 


1000 


39-37 


41-73 


36 


34- 


863 


1. 16 


1-25 


800 


31-5 


33-39 


3° 


28.3 


718 


1-39 


1-5 


666 


26.22 


27.79 


24 


22.6 


574 


1-74 


1-75 


571 


22.48 


23.83 


20 


18.8 


477 


2.09 


2. 


500 


19.69 


20.87 


18 


17- 


431 


2-31 


2.25 


444 


17.48 


18.53 


J6 


15- 


381 


2.6 


2-5 


400 


15-75 


16.69 


15 


14. 1 


358 


2.79 


3- 


333 


13-17 


13-9 


14 


13-2 


335 


2.98 


3-5 


286 


11.26 


11.94 


13 


12.2 


312 


3.20 


4- 


25° 


9.84 


10.43 


12 


"•3 


287 


3-48 


4-5 


222 


8.74 


9.26 


II 


10.3 


261 


3-82 


5- 


200 


7.87 


8.35 


10 


9-4 


239 


4.18 


5-5 


182 


7.16 


7.6 


9 


8.5 


216 


4-63 


6. 


166 


6-54 


6-93 


8 


7-5 


190 


5-25 


7- 


143 


5-63 


5-97 


7 , 


6.6 


167 


5-96 


8. 


125 


4.92 


5.22 


6]4 


6.13 


155 


6.42 


9- 


in 


4-37 


4-63 


6 


5-6 


142 


7- 


10. 


100 


3-94 


4-17 


5% 


5-2 


132 


7-57 


II. 


91 


3-58 


3-8 


5 , 


4-7 


119 


8.4 


12. 


83 


3-27 


3-46 


A'A 


4.2 


106 


9.4 


'3- 


77 


3-03 


3.21 


4 ' 


3-8 


96 


10.4 


14. 


71 


2.8 


2.96 


3 l A 


3-3 


84 


11.9 


15- 


67 


2.64 


2.S 


3 1 /* 


3-1 


79 


12.7 


16. 


62 


2.44 


2.59 


3 , 


2.8 


71 


14.0 


17- 


59 


2.32 


2.46 


*K 


2.6 


66 


I5-I 


IS. 


55 


2.17 


2.29 


2bi 


2.36 


60 


16.7 


20. 


5° 


1.97 


I.09 


2'X 


2.1 


53 


1S.7 










2 


1.88 


48 


20.94 











S., Bifocal. See Bifocal. S., Orthoscopic. See 
Orthoscopic. S., Pantoscopic, a synonym of S., 
Bifocal, q. v. S., Periscopic. See Periscopic. S., 
Prismatic, spectacles with prismatic lenses, either 
alone or combined with spheric or cylindric lenses. 
S., Protective, lenses, usually tinted, to shield the 
eyes from light, dust, heat, etc. 

Spectra (spek'-tra) plural of Spectrum, q. v. 

Spectral (spek'-tral) {spectrum, specter]. Pertaining 
to a spectrum. ' S. Ocular. See Ocular. 

Spectro-colorimeter (spek' -tro-kul-or-im' -et-er) [spec- 
trum, spectrum ; color, color; /ui rpov, measure]. An 
apparatus for the isolation of a single spectral color. 
It is used for the detection of color-blindness. 

Spectrology (spek-trol'-o-je) \_spectrum, spectrum; 
/.oyoc, science]. The science of spectrum-analysis. 

Spectrometer (spek-trom' '-et-er) [spectrum, spectrum ; 
pzrpov, measure]. An instrument for the determina- 
tion of the refractive indices of liquids. 

Spectrometry (spek-trom' -et-re) [spectrum, spectrum ; 
pkrpov, measure]. The measurement of the spectrum, 
or the observational use of the spectrometer. 

Spectro-microscope (spek' -tro-mi' -kro-skop). See Mi- 
cro-spectroscope. 

Spectrophotometer (spek' -tro-fo-tom' -et-er) [spectrum, 
spectrum; 0uroc, light; fikrpov, measure] . An ap- 
paratus for determining the amount of color in spec- 
trum-analysis. 

Spectro-polarimeter [spek' -tro-po-lar-im' -et-er) [spec- 
trum, spectrum; polus, pole; fikrpov, measure]. An 
instrument in which a spectroscope and polarizing ap- 
paratus are combined for the purpose of determining 
the concentration of solutions of substances that rotate 
the plane of polarized light. 

Spectroscope (spek' - tro - skop) [spectrum, an image; 
GKoneiv, to see]. An instrument for the production 
and examination of the spectrum. Henoque's analy- 
seur chrotnatique is a modified spectroscope by means 
of which the spectrum of the blood in living tissues, 
as the nail or palm, may be analyzed. Hyperemia, it 
is said, may be definitely measured, and the change 
which the blood undergoes in the tissues observed 
and timed. 

Spectroscopic (spek-tro-skop'-ik) [spectrum, spectrum ; 
aaoTreiv, to view]. Pertaining to the spectroscope. 
S. Ocular. See Ocular. 

Spectroscopy (spek-tros'-ko-pe) [spectrum, spectrum ; 
OKoneiv, to see]. The use of the spectroscope, as in 
chemic analysis. 

Spectrum (spek'-trum) [L. : pi. , Spectra']. The band 
of ether-waves from a radiant body, having passed 
through a prism, or having been reflected from a 
diffraction-grating, and thereby arranged regularly, 
according to their wave-lengths. S., Absorption, a 
spectrum which contains dark lines or bands. These 
are produced in a continuous spectrum by the absorp- 
tion of incandescent vapors, through which the light 
has passed, as in the solar atmosphere. S. -analysis, 
determination of the nature of bodies by the charac- 
ter of their spectra. S., Auditory. See Pkonism, 
Photism. S., Comparison, the arrangement side by 
side of the spectra of two different substances. A 
prism is placed just below the slit of the spectroscope, 
so that light entering from a mirror at the side 
of the drum shall be totally reflected in a vertical 
direction, and thus parallel with the rays from the 
microscope. S., Complementary, a spectrum de- 
rived from bodies which change in chemic or molec- 
ular constitution before reaching a sufficiently high 
temperature to become luminous. S., Continuous, 
a spectrum without sudden variations of hue, in which 
the various rainbow or spectral colors merge gradually 



SPECULUM 



1347 



SPERMATIC 



into one another. S., Double. See S., Compari- 
son. S., Line, the spectrum resulting from incandes- 
cent gas. It consists not of the various rainbow 
colors, but of sharp, narrow, bright lines, the color 
depending on the substance ; all the rest of the spec- 
trum is dark. S., Normal, a spectrum in which the 
red color occupies about the same space as the blue 
and the violet. S., Solar, the spectrum of sunlight. 
It contains many dark lines, the greater part of which 
can be identified in the spectra of known terrestrial 
substances. The presence in the sun's atmosphere of 
thirty-six elements has been established. ( Row- 
land, 1891.) 

Speculum (spek'- u-lum) [L. : //., Specula or Specu- 
lums~\. An instrument for examining the ear, nose, 
and other cavities ; also, an instrument for dilating 
parts. In biology, see Ocellus. S., Sims', a peculiar 
form of vaginal speculum, sometimes called duckbill 
speculum. 

Spedalskhed (sped-als'-ked). A Skandinavian term for 
leprosy. 

Speech (spech) [ME. , speche, speech]. Vocal sounds 
conveying ideas. S. -center. See Center. S., Dis- 
orders of; three principal classes of speech-disorders 
may be made : — I. Those in which speech is entirely 
absent, a. Mutism? an inability to utter articulate 
sound, secondary to a lesion of the auditory apparatus. 
b. Anarthria, inability to utter articulate sound, due 
to a cerebral lesion, c. Alalia, inability to utter 
articulate sound, due to paralysis of the vocal mechan- 
ism, d. Apthongia, temporary inability to speak, due 
to spasm of the hypoglossus. II. Those in which 
speech is impaired or made difficult through an extra- 
cerebral lesion, Dyslalia, q. v. a. Aphonia, loss 
of the power of intonation, the faculty of articulation 
being preserved, b. Stammering, Stuttering, a 
hesitancy in pronunciation due to a want of prompti- 
tude in the vocal mechanism, c. Lalling, the im- 
perfect pronunciation of letters or words, as by 
children or inebriated persons. It is due to a want of 
precision in the vocal mechanism. It includes: I. 
Slurring, thickness of speech. 2. Mogilalia, the 
inability to articulate some single letter. Rkotacism, 
Sigmatacism, Lambdacism, Iotacism, and Gammacism, 
are subclasses due to the omission or defective pro- 
nunciation of R, S, L,J, and A'and G, respectively. 
3. Paralalia, the production of a distinctly different 
sound from that desired or the substitution of one letter 
for another. Pararkotacism, Parasigmatacism , Para- 
lambdacism, Paraiotacism, and Paragammacism, are 
the substitution of other distinct sounds for R, S, L, 
J, and A'and G, respectively. When Th is substituted 
for S it is called Lisping. 4. Rhinolalia, defects of 
articulation caused by increase or decrease of the nasal 
resonance. III. Those in which speech is impaired 
or made difficult by a central lesion, a. Bradylalia, 
or Bradyphasia, an abnormal slowness of speech 
due to pathologic cause, b. Logorrhea, excessive 
volubility of speech. The unmeaning volubility 
in certain forms of insanity is called Verbig- 
eration, c. Echolalia, the echo-like repetition 
of words just heard, without attempt to attach 
meanings to them. d. Embololalia, or EMbolo- 
phrasia, the frequent interpolation into speech of a 
useless or meaningless word or syllable. I. Ango- 
phrasia, hemming and hawing. 2. Logospasmus chorei- 
formis, the spasmodic interpolation of a word ; a sub- 
variety when the word is of a disreputable or dirty 
character is called Coprolalia, e. Aphasia, q. v. 

Spelter (spel'-ter) [origin obscure]. Crude zinc. 

Spend [Med. Lat. , spendere, Lat. , dispendere, to lay out, 
'to expend]. Vulgarly, to ejaculate the semen. 



Spent [spendere, to spend]. Exhausted; impotent. S. 
Acid, a battery-acid that has become too weak for effi- 
cient action. 

Sperm, Sperma (sper' -mail) [arrep^a, seed]. The 
semen, or seed. Sperm-ball, a spheric cluster of sper- 
matozoa. S. -blastoderm, a blastodermic layer of 
formative spermatozoa. S.-blastula, a spheric blas- 
tula whose surface is a sperm-blastoderm. S.-cell, a 
spermatozoon. S. -morula, a spermatic morula. S.- 
nucleus, the nucleus of a spermatozoon. S.-oil, an 
oil procured from the deposits in the head of the 
sperm-whale. In the living animal, the solid sperma- 
ceti is held in solution in the liquid sperm-oil ; when 
the liquid becomes cold the spermaceti separates out. 
The oil is very limpid, relatively free from odor, and 
burns well in lamps ; specific gravity 0.875. I' ' s used 
as a lubricant on account of its low cold-test and its 
viscosity, and also as an illuminant. S.-rope, a string 
of spermatozoa. 

Spermaceti (sper - mas - e / - te) [cnrsp/ia, seed ; /c?/roc, 
whale], C 16 H 31 2 .C 16 H M . Cetylpalmitic ester ; a sub- 
stance that occurs in the oil from peculiar cavities in 
the heads of sperm-whales ; upon standing and cool- 
ing, it separates as a white, crystalline mass, which 
can be purified by pressure and by recrystallization 
from alcohol. It occurs then in waxy, shining needles 
or leaflets, melting at 49 C. Its specific gravity is 
0.943 at 1 5 C. ; its melting-point is from 43 to 49 C. 
It is only slightly soluble in ether, chloroform, and 
carbon disulphid. It is used in the manufacture of 
candles and in pharmaceutic preparations. See 
Cetaceum. 

Spermacrasia (sper - mak - ra'- ze - ak) [airep/ia, seed ; 
acrasia~\. Imperfection of the semen. 

Spermagone (sper' -mag-on) [avrepfia, seed ; yoveia, 
generation]. Same as Spermogone. 

Spermagonium (sper-mag-o'-?ie-um) [oirep/ia, seed: 
-yoveia, generation: pi., Spermagonia\. Same as Sper 
mogonium. 

Spermalist (sper'-mal-ist). Same as Spermist. 

Spermangium (sper-?nan' -je-uni) \_07vep/xa, seed ; ay- 
yelov, vessel : pi. , Spermangia"]. In biology, a spore- 
case or conceptacle. 

Spermaphyte (sper'-maf-it) [a-epfia, seed ; tpvrov, 
plant] . Same as Spermophyte. 

Spermarium (sper-ma 1 ' -re-um) [o-tp/ia, se"d : //. , 
Spermaria~\. In biology, a spermary, q. v. 

Spermary (sper' -ma-re) \_airkpfia, seed]. The analogue 
in the male of the ovary; i. e., the organ generating 
the sperm-cells ; in the higher animals, called the 
testis, or testicle. 

Spermatanergia (sper-mat-an-u7-' -je-ali) \airepp.a, seed ; 
anergid]. Sterility in the male. 

Spermatemphraxis (sper-mat-em-fraks'-is) [onepiia, 
seed; ifiApa^ic, obstruction] . Obstructive spermatocele 
of the tubules. 

Spermatheca (sper - math - e' - kd) [airepfta, seed; Of/nri, 
a case: pi. , Spermatheci?]. In biology, a receptacle 
for spermatozoa ; specifically, a globular pouch con- 
nected with the oviduct of the queen-bee, and which 
receives and becomes the depository of the millions of 
spermatozoa ejaculated during the marital flight. 

Spermathecal (sper-math-e'-kal) [ant p/ia, seed; Bt/kti, 
a case]. Pertaining to a spermatheca. , 

Spermatic (sper - mat' - ik) [<T7T£p/zar//cdc]. Pertaining 
to the semen. S. Artery, a branch of the aorta sup- 
plying the testicle. S. Canal. See Inguinal Canal. 
S. Cones. See Cone. S. Cord, the cord of arteries, 
veins, lymphatics, nerves and the excretory duct of the 
testicle passing from the testicle to the internal abdom- 
inal ring. S. Crystals, a variety of crystals formed in 
seminal fluid after prolonged standing. See under 



SPERMATID 



1348 



SPERMATOPHORE 



Spermin. S. Gelatin, a gelatinous substance found 
in the sperinogonia of certain cryptogams. S. Rete. 
See Rete testis. 

Spermatid (sper' -mat-id) [airippa, seed]. A seminal 
cell. 

Spermatin {sper' -mat-in) [aneppa, seed]. The odor- 
ous, mucilaginous matter found in semen. Its nature 
is unknown. 

Spermatis (sper' -mat-is) [aneppa, seed]. A spermatic 
vein. 

Spermatischesis [sper- mat -is'- ke- sis). Synonym of 
Aspermatism. 

Spermatism (sper' - mat - izm) [aneppa, seed]. I. A 
discharge of semen. 2. The theory that the fetus is 
the direct development of the male element or sper- 
matozoon. 

Spermatismus (sper-mat-iz' -mas) [a-eppa, seed]. The 
emission of semen. 

Spermatist (sper'-mat-ist). Same as Sperviist. 

Spermatids (sper-mat-i' -tis) [airippa, seed; trig, in- 
flammation]. Same as Funiculitis. 

Spermatium (sper - ma'- she - urn) [aireppa, seed : //., 
Spermatia\ In biology, one of the rod-shaped 
bodies, supposed to be male gametes, found in the 
spermogonia of certain fungi. 

Spermato- (sper'-mat-o-) [antppa, seed]. A prefix to 
denote connection with the semen. 

Spermatoal (sper-mat-o'-al) [onkppa, seed ; (A6i>, an 
egg]. Pertaining to a spermatoon. 

Spermatoblast (sper' -mat-o-blast ) [airippa, seed ; /3/Uzer- 
roc, bud, sprout]. In biology, one of the nuclei of 
daughter-cells, produced by mother-cells, and derived 
by cell-division from spermatogenic cells. The sper- 
matoblasts are originally round, but soon elongate, be- 
come pyriform, and give rise directly to spermato- 
zoids. Cf. Spermatogenetic cells. 

Spermatoblast^ (sper-mat-o-blas' -tik) [airippa, seed ; 
f3'Aaarog, germ]. Pertaining to spermatoblasts. 

Spermatocele (sper'-mat-o-sel) [aneppa, seed ; ktjXtj, 
tumor]. A spermatic cyst or encysted hydrocele of 
the testicle or epididymis. 

Spermatoclemma (sper-mat-o-klem'-ah)[anippa,seed ; 
KAtppa, a stealing: pi., Spermatoclemmata~\. Invol- 
untary emission of semen during waking. A synonym 
of Pollution. 

Spermatocratia (sper -mat-o-kra'-she-ah). Synonym 
of Spermatorrhea. 

Spermatocyst (sper' -mat-o-sist ) [anippa, seed ; kvg- 
ti.q, cyst]. A seminal vesicle ; a pathologic cyst 
containing spermatozoa. 

Spermatocystic (sper - mat - o - sis' - tik) [airippa, seed; 
Kvaric, cyst]. Pertaining to a spermatocyst. 

Spermatocystidium (sper-mat-o-sis-tid'-e-um) [airippa, 
seed; kvgtlq, bladder : pi. , Spermatocystidia~\. Same 
as Antheridiitm. 

Spermatocystidorrhagia (sper-mat-o-sis-tid-or-a'-je-ah) 
[airippa, seed ; nvartc, cyst ; pijywvai, to burst forth]. 
Hemorrhage from the seminal vesicles. 

Spermato-cystitis (sper-mat-o-sis-ti'-tis)[airippa, seed ; 
KVOTiq, cyst ; irir, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the vesiculre seminales. 

Spermatocytal (s/<er-mat-o-si'-tal)[airippa,seed ; kL'toc, 
a cell]. Pertaining to a spermatocyte. 

Spermatocyte (sper' -mat-o-sit) [airippa, seed; k/toc, 
cell]. The germinal cell from which the spermato- 
zoon develops. Cf. also, Cell, seminal, Cell, spermato- 
genetic, and Seminiferous Tubule. 

Spermatogem (sper -mat' -o-jeni) [a-ippa, seed ; gemma, 
a bud]. See Spermosphere. 

Spermatogemma (sper-mat-o-jem' -ah) [airippa, seed ; 
gemma, bud]. In biology, a tissue formed of sper- 
matocytes :, a spermatoblast. 



Spermatogenesis (sper-mat-o-jen' -es-is) [airippa, seed ; 
yeveoiQ, origin]. In biology, the formation of sper- 
matozoa. 




Tubules of Testis of Rat, showing spermatogenesis. 
A. Less advanced stage. B. and C. More advanced stages. 
A. and B. Transverse section. C. Longitudinal section. 
X 300. (From Stirling.") 

Spermatogenetic (sper-mat-ofen-et'-ih) [airippa, seed ; 
yiveair, genesis]. Pertaining to spermatogenesis. S. 
Cell, one of two kinds of cells forming a layer next 
the basement-membrane of the seminiferous tubules ; 
they produce mother-cells, which in turn produce 
daughter-cells, the nuclei of which constitute the sper- 
matoblasts and give rise to spermatozoa. Cf. Spermato- 
blast. 

Spermatogenous (sper-mat-of -en-us) [a-ippa, seed ; 
yevi/r, producing]. Producing spermatozoa. 

Spermatogeny (sper-mat-of '-en-e) [airippa, seed ; y?vi/c, 
producing] . In biology, the same as Spermatogenesis. 

Spermatogonia (sper-mat-o-go'-ne-ah). See Gonepoiesis. 

Spermatogonium (sper-mat-o-go'-ne-um)[a~ippa,seed ; 
yovrj, generation: pi., Spermatogonia^. In biology, a 
formative seminal cell or mass of spermatoblasts ; a 
pycnidium. 

Spermatoid (sper'-mat-oid). See Spermatozoon. 

Spermatolepsis (sper - mat - - lep'- sis) . Synonym of 
Pollutioti . 

Spermatologic (sper - mat - - loj' - ik) [airippa, seed; 
/lojoc, science]. Pertaining to spermatology. 

Spermatologist (sper - mat - ol'- -jist) [airippa, seed ; 
loyoc, science]. One versed in spermatology. 

Spermatology (sper-mat-ol' -o-je) [a-ippa, seed ; a6joc, 
a treatise] . The sum of what is known regarding the 
origin, nature, qualities and characteristics of the 
seminal fluid. 

Spermatomere (sper'- mat - - mer) [a-ippa, sperm ; 
pepor, share]. Any one of the portions into which a 
pronucleus of the fertilized ovum may divide. 

Spermatoon (sper-mat-o'-on) [airippa, seed; (iov, egg]. 
The nucleus of a sperm-cell or spermatozoon. 

Spermatopathy (sper-mat-op'-a/li-e) [airippa, sperm ; 
iraOoc, disease]. Disease of the sperm-cells or of their 
secreting mechanism. 

Spermatophobia (sper-mat-o-fo' -be-ah) [airippa, sperm ; 
(j>6(3nr, fear]. False spermatorrhea; morbid dread of 
spermatorrhea. 

Spermatophoral (sper-mat-off'-o-ral) [airippa, seed; 
(pkpeiv, to bear]. Pertaining to a spermatophore. 

Spermatophore (sper'-mat-o-for) [airippa, seed ; cpipeiv. 



SPERM ATOPHOROUS 



1349 



SPERMOLOGY 



to bear]. In biology, a receptacle of seminal pro- 
ducts, common among invertebrates. 

Spermatophorous (sptr-mat-off' '-or-its) [oKipfia, seed ; 
(pkpsiv, to bear]. Bearing seed or spermatozoa. 

Spermatophthora (sper- mat- off' -tho-rak)[_a-epfia, seed; 
otiopd, decay]. Weakness or inferiority of the semen. 

Spermatoplania (sper-mat-o-pla' -ne-ah) \axipp.a, seed; 
-'Aavij, a wandering]. A supposed metastasis of the 
semen. 

Spermatopoietic (sper-mat-o-poi-ef -ik) \_a-xkppa, semen ; 
ttoieuv, to make]. The production or secretion of 
semen. 

Spermatorrhea (sper-mat-or-e' -ah) \pirkp\ia, semen ; 
poia, a flow]. Involuntary discharge of semen with- 
out sexual excitement. S. dormientum, a nocturnal 
emission of semen. S., False, when spermatozoids 
are not in the fluid ; called, also, prostatorrhea. S., 
True, when spermatozoids are present. 

Spermatoschesis (sper-mat-os' -kes-is) [psirtpfj-a, semen ; 
GX eai S> suppression]. Suppression of the seminal 
fluid. 

Spermatosis (sper-mat-o'-sis). See Gonepoiesis. 

Spermatosome (sper'-mat-o-som). See Spermatozoon. 

Spermatosphere (sper'-mat-o-sfer). ^^Spermatoblast. 

Spermatospore [sper' -mat-o-spor) [oxipua, seed ; otto- 
pog, a sowing]. In biology, a primitive cell giving 
rise by division to spermatoblasts. 

Spermatotheca (sper- mat- o- the' '- kali) [axkp/xa, seed; 
drjurj, a case]. Same as Spermatheca. 

Spermatovum (sper-mat-o' -vum) [cKepfia, seed; ovum, 
egg: //., Spermatova~\. In biology, an impregnated 
ovum. 

Spermatozemia (sper-mat-o-ze'-me-ah). See Sperma- 
torrhea. 

Spermatozoal, Spermatozoan (sper-mat-o-zo'-al, sper- 
mat-o-zo'-an) \_axipp.a, seed ; C,ipov, animal]. Pertain- 
ing to a spermatozoon. 

Spermatozoid or Spermatozooid (sper-mat-o-zo' '-id, 
sper-mat-o-zo'-oid). Same as Spermatozoon. 

Spermatozoon (sper- mat- o-zo'- on) [aireppa, semen; 
C,Cmv, animal: //. , Spermatozoa]. The detached, in- 



M* 




Spermatozoa. 

. Human (X 400), the head seen from the side. 2. On edge. 
k. Head. m. Middle piece, f. Tail. e. Terminal filament. 
3. From the mouse. 4. From bothriocephalus latus. 5. 
From the deer. 6. From the mole. 7. From the green 
woodpecker. 8. From the black swan. 9. From a cross 
between a goldfinch and a canary. 10. From cobitis. 
(Landois.) 

dependently mobile cilium of an enlarged epithelial 
cell of the seminal tubules. The essential element 
of fecundation of the semen. 



Spermaturia (sper-mat-u' '-re-aK) \_nxipiia, seed ; ovpov, 
urine]. The presence of semen in the urine. 

Spermic (sper'-mik). Same as Spermatic. 

Spermidium (sper-mid' '-e-um) \a-tppa, seed : pl.,Sper- 
midia\. See Achenium. 

Spermiduct (sper'-mid-ukt ) \_a~kpfia, seed ; ductus, a 
duct]. A duct for the passage of semen ; the vas 
deferens. 

Spermin (sper' -min) [a-kppa, seed], C 2 H 5 N. A non- 
poisonous alkaloid obtained from sputum, human se- 
men, the organs of leukemic patients, and alcoholic ana- 
tomic preparations. " Charcot's Crystals," " Charcot- 
Leyden Crystals," or " Charcot-Neumann crystals," 
are said to be simply phosphate of spermin. Such 
crystals hava been found in the sputa of emphysema 
associated with catarrh, in the bronchial discharges of 
acute bronchitis, in the blood and spleen of leukemic 
and anemic patients, in the normal marrow of bones, 
and in human semen. These crystals are said to be 
identical with "spermatic crystals" a variety of crys- 
tals formed in seminal fluid after prolonged standing. 
According to Fiirbringer they are probably formed by 
the action of semen on the prostatic secretion. As 
these crystals are found almost constantly, after death, 
in the fluid of the prostate, and not within the con- 
tents of the seminal vesicles, they are more appropri- 
ately termed prostatic crystals. (Piersol.) Sper- 
min seems to have a very wide distribution in certain 
diseases, especially leukemia. See also Piperazin. 

Spermism (sper'-mizm) \_anepjia, seed]. In biology, 
the theory that the animal is the result of the develop- 
ment of a spermatozoon, the ovum acting only as an 
accessory matrix. 

Spermist (sper' -mist) [o-epfia, seed] . A believer in 
spermism. 

Spermoblast (sper' -mo-blast). See Spermatoblast. 

Spermoblastic (sper-mo-blas' -tih). Same as Spermato- 
blastic. 

Spermobole (sper-mob'-o-le). See Spermatismus. 

Spermocarp (sper' -mo-karp) [oxkpua, seed ; Kapnoc, 
fruit]. In biology, an antheridium. 

Spermococcus (sper-mo-kok' -us) [airtpfia, seed ; kokkoc, 
berry]. The head of the spermatozoon without its 
protoplasmic sheath ; the nucleus of a spermule. 

Spermoderm (sper' -mo-derm) [oTrep^a, seed ; dip/ia, 
skin]. In biology, the same as Episperm ; the outer 
covering of the seed. 

Spermogenous (sper-moj' -en-us) \_mrkpfia, seed; yewav, 
to produce]. Active in the formation of spermato- 
zoa. 

Spermogone (sper 1 '- mo - gon) \pTrkpf.in, seed; yovac, 
producing]. Same as Spermogonium . 

Spermogoniferous (sper-mo-gon-if'-er-us) [oTrepfia, 
seed; >oi'<5c, producing; ferre, to bear]. In biology, 
producing spermogonia. 

Spermogonium (sper-mo-go' -ne-um) [anepfia, seed; 
yovSg, producing ; pi., Spermogonia]. In biology, a 
receptacle in which spermatia are developed. See 
Peridium. 

Spermogonous (sper-mog' -o-nits) [o—epfia, seed ; yovoq, 
bearing]. In biology, resembling spermogonia. 

Spermolith (sper'-mo-lith) \a~ipu,a, semen; X'Soq, a 
stone]. A calculus in the spermatic duct or vesiculae 
seminales. 

Spermologic (sper - mo - lof- ifc) \a~kppa, seed ; Xoyoq, 
science]. Pertaining to spermology. 

Spermologist (sper-mol'-o-jist) [oTTepfia, seed ; "k6yoc, 
science]. One versed in spermology. 

Spermology (sper-mol'-o-je) \_cnepfia, seed; \6yoq, 
science]. In biology : I. Same as sperviatology. 2. 
That branch of science which treats of the seeds of 
plants. 



SPERMONEURALGIA 



1350 



SPHENIC 



Spermoneuralgia (sper-mo-nu-ral'-je-ah)\pTxkpjLa, seed ; 
vevpov, nerve ; aAyog, pain]. Neuralgia of the testicles 
and spermatic cord. 

Spermonucleus (sper - mo - nu' - Me - us) \o~ipfia, seed; 
nucleus, a little nut, kernel: //., Spermonuclei~\. 
In biology, the male pronucleus. 

Spermophlebectasia (sper-mo-fteb-ek-ta' ' -ze-ah) [airkpfia, 
seed ; (p\iip, vein ; enraaic, distention]. Varicosity of 
the spermatic vein. 

Spermophore (sper'-mo-for). Same as Spermophorum. 

Spermophorum (sper-moff ' -o-rum) \o~kppa, seed ; 
(pepeiv, to bear: //. , Spermophora~\. In biology, a 
seminal vesicle; a spermatophore. 

Spermophyte {sper'- mo - fit) [airepfia, seed ; tpvrov, 
plant]. In biology, a phanerogam, a plant bearing 
seeds, in distinction from one that produces spores. 

Spermophytic [sper-nw-fif '-ik) \a-nkpjm, seed; qvtov, 
plant]. Pertaining to a spermophyte. 

Spermoplasm, Spermoplasma (sper'-mo-plazm, sper- 
mo-plaz'-mah) [ankpfia, seed; irXaajM, anything 
molded]. In biology, the substance of a spermule. 

Spermorrhagia (sper-mor-a' -j'e-ah) . See Spermator- 
rhea. 

Spermorrhea (sper-mor-e'-ah). See Spermatorrhea. 

Spermosphere (sper'-mo-sfer) [aTTip/ia, seed ; a<pat.pa, 
sphere]. In biology, a mass of spermatoblasts, or 
incipient spermatozoa. 

Spermospore (sper'-mo-spor). See Spermatophore. 

Spermotheca (sper-mo-the'-kah) [pircpfia, seed ; dijKi], 
a case]. In biology, a pericarp. 

Spermous [sper' -mus). Same as Spermatic. 

Spermovarian (sper-mo-va'-re-an) [oirepfia, seed; 
ovum, an egg]. Pertaining to a spermovarium. 

Spermovarium (sper-mo-va'-re-um) [a-nepua, a seed; 
ovum, an egg: pi. , Spermovaria~]. See Uvotestis. 

Spermovary (sper-mo' -va-re). Same as Spermovarium. 

Spermovum (sper-mo' -vum) \oit£pp.a, seed ; ovum, an 
egg: //. , Spermova~\. In biology, same as Spermat- 
ovuin. 

Spermozoon (sper-mo-zo'-on). See Spermatozoon. 

Spermule (sper' -mill) [empfia, seed]. In biology, a 
spermatozoon, or male generative element. 

Spermulum (sper'-mu-lum). Same as Spermule. 

Sphacel (sfas'-el). Same as Sphacelus. 

Sphacela (sfas'-el-ah) [otyanAoq, gangrene: pi., Spha- 
cela']. In biology, a hollow chamber, filled with 
a mucilaginous or watery substance and oospheres, de- 
veloped from the apical cells in certain marine Alga 
(Sphacelariacea) . 

Sphacelate, Sphacelated (sfas'-el-at, sfas' -el-a-ted) 
[<T0«w/loc, dead]. Necrosed; gangrenous; morti- 
fied. 

Sphacelation (sfas-el-a' -shim) \c(paiie/\oc, dead] . Ne- 
crosis. 

Sphacele (sfas'-el). Same as Sphacela. 

Sphacelinic Acid (sfas-el-in'-ik). See Ergot. 

Sphacelism (sfas'-el-izm) [cr0a/cE/loc, dead]. The con- 
dition of being affected with sphacelus. 

Sphacelium (sfa - se'- le - 11711) \_a0aneXlCeiv, to destroy, 
mortify]. The Claviceps purpurea, or the first stage of 
the formation of ergot. 

Sphaceloderma (sfas-el-o-der' -mali) [otyciKeloc, dead ; 
6epp.a, skin] . Raynaud' s Disease ; Symmetrical Gan- 
grene ; Gangrene of the Skin. A rare disease charac- 
terized by a local stagnation occurring at the periphery 
of the circulation, producing symmetrically distributed 
gangrenous spots on the body. The essential factor in 
the disease is a vaso-motor spasm of the capillaries of 
the extremities. The disease occurs in three well- 
defined grades, which are, in the order of severity, 
local syncope, local asphyxia, and local gangrene. 
The so-called "deadjinger,' ' frequently seen in females, 



is an example of the first grade. The affected part is 
cold, dead- white, and bloodless; this is but tempo- 
rary, and is followed by a period of reaction. In the 
second form of the disease the affected parts become 
cold and cyanotic, while in the third form a true 
gangrene of the affected parts takes place. Pain is 
the most prominent symptom of the disease, which 
usually attacks children or adults under thirty years of 
age. Women of the neurotic temperament are more 
liable to be affected, and especially does it occur after 
some sudden mental shock. See Dermatitis gan- 
grenosa. Dermatitis gangraenosa infantum, a 
gangrenous eruption following certain pustular erup- 
tions in children. Diabetic Gangrene, a serpiginous 
form of gangrene occurring in advanced cases of 
diabetes, and consisting of patches forming on the skin 
of the limbs. 

Sphaceloid (sfas'-el-oid) [<T0d/ce/oc , dead]. Resembling 
a sphacelus or gangrenous part. 

Sphacelous (sfas'-el-us) [ofdiie/iog, dead]. Pertaining 
to sphacelus ; gangrenous ; necrosed. 

Sphacelus (sfas'-el-us) [otpane't.m;, gangrene]. The 
disorganized or dead part of a limb or organ affected 
with gangrene. Formerly any excessive pain or agita- 
tion. See Gangrene. 

Sphaeraesthesia (sfe-res-the'-ze-ah). See Sphere sthesia. 

Sphaeraphide (sfe-raf'-id) \_c<j>a'ipa, sphere; patyic, 
needle]. In biology, one of a cluster of needle- 
shaped crystals arranged in spheric masses and found 
in ferns and other plants. The term is extended to 
include other crystalline masses having a somewhat 
rounded shape ; a spherocrystal. 

Sphaerenchyma (sfe - reng'- him - ah). See Spheren- 
chyma. 

Sphaeridium (sfe-rid' -e-um) \_a<f>alpa, a ball : pi. , Spha- 
ridia~\. In biology, one of the minute spheroid 
bodies described by Loven as resting upon the ara- 
bulacral plates, especially upon those nearest the 
mouth, in all the Echinidea, except Cidaris. It is 
possibly auditory in function. 

Sphaerobacterium (sfe-ro-bak-te' -re-um). See Sphero- 
bacterium. 

Sphasroid (sfe'-roid). See Spheroid. 

Sphaeroma (sfe-ro'-mah). See Spheroma. 

Sphseromere (sfe'-ro-mer). See Spheromere. 

Sphaerometer (sfe-rom'-et-er). See Spherometer. 

Sphaerospore (sfe'-ro-spor). Same as Spkerospore. 

Sphaerula (sfc'-ru-lah) \_o<pa~ipa, a ball, a sphere: //. , 
Sph(Bi~ula\ In biology, a form of special asexual 
reproductive bud, developed in fresh-water sponges at 
certain seasons at the expense of the parent animal 
and usually associated with the decay of the latter. 

Sphage (sfa/) [otyayi), the throat]. The throat; the 
anterior portion of the neck. 

Sphagiasmus (sfa-je-az'-mus) [ocfxiyiaapdc; ; o<j>a-)i/, 
throat ]. Epileptic spasm of the muscles of the neck. 

Sphagitis (sfa-ji'-tis) [ocpayi/, the throat; trie, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the jugular vein. 

Sphagnicolous (sfag-nik'-o-lus) \_c(j>ayvoc, moss ; colere, 
to inhabit]. In biology, growing among mosses. 

Sphagnous (sfag'-nus) [oyayvoc, moss]. In biology, 
pertaining to mosses. 

Sphagnum (sfag'-num). See Muskeg Moss. 

Sphalerocarpium (sfal -er-o- kar'-pe - urn) [a(f>a?.epoc, 
slippery, uncertain ; Kap-6c, fruit : //. , Sphalerocarpia] . 
In biology, a naked seed, surrounded, except at the 
apex, by a fleshy cup or aril. It is produced by the 
yew (Taxtis baccata) and other members of the 
Taxacea. 

Sphenencephalus (sfe-nen-sef -al-us). See Spheno- 
cephalus. 

Sphenic (sfe'-nik) [rr^r/r;, wedge]. Wedge-like. 



SPHENION 



1351 



SPHERESTHESIA 



Sphenion (sfe'-ne-on) \noi/r, wedge]. The apex of 
the sphenoid angle of the parietal bone on the surface 
of the skull. See Craniometric Points. 

Spheno- (sfe' -no-) [ow/r, wedge]. A prefix used to 
denote connection with the sphenoid bone, or to indi- 
cate a wedge-like shape. 

Spheno-basilar (sfe' -no-ba' -zil-ar) [oipi/v, wedge; jidcig, 
base]. Pertaining conjointly to the sphenoid bone and 
the basilar portion of the occipital bone. S. Groove, 
the depression on the body of the sphenoid bone and 
the basilar portion of the occipital bone, upon which 
the pons rests. 

Sphenoccipital (sfe-nok-sip' '-it-al) [crc^v, wedge ; occi- 
put, occiput]. Pertaining to the sphenoid and the 
occiptal bone ; spheno-basilar. 

Sphenocephalia (sfe - no - sef- a'- le - ah) [<J<pr/v, wedge ; 
/cE0a/>i/?, head]. The condition of a sphenocephalus. 

Sphenocephalus (sfe - no - sef- al- us) [rj<pi/v, wedge ; 
KeQaTirj, head]. A variety of single autositic monsters 
of the species otocephalus, in which the two eyes are 
well separated ; the ears are united under the head ; 
the jaws and mouth are distinct ; and the sphenoid 
is altered in shape, so that it is analogous in form 
to what is found normally in birds. 

Spheno-ethmoid (sfe' '-no-eth' -moid) \_afrjv, wedge ; 
rjtipog, sieve ; eldog, like]. Belonging or relating to 
both the sphenoid and ethmoid bones. 

Spheno-frontal (sfe'-no-frun'-tal) [a^r/v, wedge; 
frons, forehead]. Belonging or relating to both the 
sphenoid and frontal bones. 

Sphenoid (sfe'-noid) [ctbijv, wedge; elSoc, likeness]. 
Cuneiform. Relating or pertaining to the sphenoid bone. 
S. Bone, one of the cranial bones at the anterior base 
of the skull, articulating with all the other bones of 
the head. S. Fontanel, the membranous interspace 
at the junction of the squamous and coronal sutures of 
the fetal skull. S. Sinus. See Sinus.. 

Sphenoides (sfe-noi' -dez) [<7(pr/v, wedge ; eldog like] . 
The sphenoid bone. 

Sphenoido-auricular (sfe-noi' -do-aw-rik' -u-laf) [a&yv, 
wedge; auriculus, auricle]. Pertaining to the sphe- 
noid and binauricular diameters of the skull. S.-a. In- 
dex, the ratio of the minimum sphenoid diameter of 
the skull with the binauricular diameter, the latter 
being taken as loo. 

Sphenoido-frontal (sfe-noi' -do-f run' -tal)\c<^r}v, wedge; 
frons, forehead]. Pertaining to the sphenoid and fron- 
tal diameters of the skull. S.-f. Index, the relation 
between the minimum sphenoid diameter of the skull 
and the minimum frontal diameter taken as loo. 

Sphenoido - parietal (sfe-noi' -do-par-i' et-al) [atyfiv, 
wedge ; paries, wall] . Belonging or relating to the 
sphenoid and parietal diameters of the skull. S.-p. 
Index, the relation between the minimum sphenoid 
diameter of the skull and the maximum frontal 
diameter taken as ioo. 

Spheno-malar (sfe' -no-ma' -lar) [G(pi/v, wedge ; mala, the 
cheek]. Pertaining to the sphenoid and malar bones. 

Spheno-maxillary (sfe' -no-ma ks' -il-a-re) [o<pijv, wedge ; 
maxilla, maxilla]. Pertaining conjointly to the sphe- 
noid and maxillary bones. S.-m. Fossa. StejFossa. 

Sphenometer (sfe' -nom' -et-er) [otyijv, wedge ; perpov, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the wedge to 
be removed in osteotomy for curvature. 

Spheno-occipital (sfe' -no-ok-sip' -it-al) [acbijv, wedge; 
occiput, occiput]. Belonging or relating to both the 
sphenoid and occipital bones. 

Spheno-orbital (sfe'-no-or' -bit-al) [otpi/v, wedge ; or- 
bita, orbit]. Belonging or relating to both the sphe- 
noid bone and the orbit. 

Spheno-palatine (sfe' -no-pal' -at-in) \_o<pr/v, wedge ; pal- 
atum, palate]. Pertaining conjointly to the sphenoid 



bone and the palate. S.-p. Foramen, the spheno- 
palatine notch converted into a foramen by articula- 
tion with the sphenoidal turbinated bone. S.-p. 
Ganglion. See Ganglion. S.-p. Notch, a deep 
notch separating the orbital and sphenoid processes of 
the palate bone. See Notch. 

Spheno-parietal (sfe'- no -par- i'- el - al) \_mpi/v, wedge ; 
paries, wall]. Belonging or relating to both the sphe- 
noid and parietal bones. 

Spheno-petrosal (sfe'- no -pe- tro'- sal) [a<pr/v, wedge ; 
Trirpa, rock]. Pertaining conjointly to the sphenoid 
bone and the petrous portion of the temporal bone. 

Sphenopharyngeus (sfe-no-far-in-je'-us). See Mus- 
cles, Table of . 

Spheno-pterygoid (sfe 1 '-no-ter 1 '-ig-oid) [ff^'/v, wedge; 
rrrfpnj, wing; Eldog, like]. Pertaining to the body 
of the sphenoid bone and to the pterygoid process. 

Sphenorbital (sfe -nor'- bit- al) [a<pi/v, wedge; orbita, 
orbit]. See Spheno-orbital. 

Sphenosis (sfe-no'-sis) \_o~tyrjv, wedge]. The wedging 
of the fetus in the pelvis. 

Spheno -squamosal, Spheno-squamous(jr/i ,/ -«<?-.f/£wa- 
mo'-sal, sfe' -no-skwa' -mus) [oipi/v, wedge ; squama, 
scale]. Belonging or relating to both the sphenoid 
bone and the squamous portion of the temporal bone. 

Spheno-temporal (sfe' -no-tem' -po-ral) [vipi/v, wedge; 
tempora, the temple ; temporal~\. Pertaining con- 
jointly to the sphenoid and temporal bones. 

Sphenotic (sfe-no' -tik) [ap/'/v, wedge ; ore, ear]. Per- 
taining to the sphenoid bone and the otic capsule. 

Sphenotresia (sfe-no-tre' -ze-ali) \_o(f>riv, wedge ; rpijoig, 
perforation]. A variety of craniotomy in which the 
basal portion of the fetal skull is perforated. 

Sphenotribe (sfe'-no-tnb) \g($>t)v, wedge ; rpij3ea>, to 
rub]. The instrument used in performing spheno- 
tresia. 

Spheno-turbinal, Spheno-turbinate (sfe-no-ter' -bin- 
al, sfe-no-ter' -bin at) [_G(pr/v, wedge; turbo, a scroll]. 

1. Pertaining to the sphenoid and turbinate bones. 2. 
One of the sphenoidal spongy bones situated cephalad 
of the body of the sphenoid. 

Spheno-vomerine (sfe' -no-vo' -mer-bi) \a$i]v, wedge ; 

vomer, vomer]. Pertaining to the sphenoid bone and 

the vomer. 
Spheral (sfe'-ral) \_c<pa7pa, sphere]. Like a sphere. 
Sphere (sfer) [Gfyaipa, sphere]. I. A ball or globe. 

2. A space. S. of Attraction, a clear spot in the 
cell-plasma, outside of and close to the nucleus of an 
ovum undergoing mitosis. It contains the centrosoma 
of Boveri, and is the center of the formation of the 
amphiasters in karyokinesis, q. v. S. -crystal. Same 
as Spha>raphide. S., Embryonic. See 5. , Segmenta- 
tion-. S. -Granule, a large granular corpuscle found 
in serous exudations. S., Hearing, the area in the 
brain which is supposed to be the seat of hearing. It is 
in the temporal lobe. S., Motor, a region in the central 
nervous system which, when stimulated, gives rise to 
motion. S., Protoplasmic Primordial. See S., 
Segmentation-. S., Segmentation-, a nucleated cell 
derived from division of the vitellus in the process 
of segmentation. S., Sensory, a sensory area of the 
central nervous system. S., Vitelline, S., Yolk-, the 
mulberry-like mass of cells that results from the fission 
of the substance of the ovum after fertilization. S., 
Yeast-, in biology, an aggregation of certain sprouting 
forms of the genus Mucor. 

Spherenchyma (sfe - reng' - him - ah) [afyalpa, a ball; 

h/Xvpa, an infusion]. In biology, applied to a form 

of parenchyma in which the cells are globular. 
Spheresthesia (sfe-res-the' -ze-ah) [oipaipa, globe ; alcflr/- 

aic, sensation]. Perverted feeling, as of the contact 

of a ball or globe-shaped body. 



SPHERIC 



1352 



SPHYGMOID 



Spheric, Spherical (sfe'-rik, sfe'-rik-al). Having 
the shape of or pertaining to a sphere. S. Aber- 
ration. See Aberration. S. Homology, in biology, 
\\ ilder's term for the topical relation between the 
morphically identical, converging spheromeres of a 
radiate animal. 

Spheriform (sfe 1 '-rif-orm) [_a<paipa, sphere; forma, 
form]. Spheric. 

Spheriocarcinoma (sfe -re-o- kar- sin - o' - malt) [o(paipa, 
sphere; mpnivupa, carcinoma]. A carcinoma having 
a spheric shape. 

Spherobacteria (sfe-ro-bak-te' -re-ak) [o<j>a~ipa, sphere ; 
/3attTr/ptov, a rod]. In Conn's classification a genus 
of unicellular microbes, round or oval, stationary, and 
devoid of cilia or flagella. The micrococci. 

Spherocerebrin (sfe - ro - ser'- e - brin) [fffalpa, a ball ; 
cerebrum, cerebrum]. A nitrogenized substance oc- 
curring in brain-tissue among a group of cerebrina- 
cides. 

Spherocrystal (sfe - ro - kris'- tal) [apaipa, sphere; 
Kpiiara/jLog, crystal]. Same as spharaphide. 

Spheroid (sfe'-roid) [atyalpa, sphere; eidoc, like]. 
Having the form of a sphere. A solid resembling 
a sphere. S., Oblate, one in which the polar axis is 
less than the equatorial diameter. S., Prolate, one 
in which the polar axis exceeds the equatorial diame- 
ter. 

Spheroma (sfe-ro'-mah) [otyaipa, sphere; opa, tumor]. 
Any spheric-shaped tumor or protuberance. 

Spheromere (sfe' ' -ro-mer) \_o<j>alpa, a ball ; pepoc, a 
part]. In biology, an actinomere, q. v. 

Spherometer (sfe-rom' '-et-er) [atyaipa, sphere ; ptrpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for determining the de- 
gree of curvature of optic lenses and of the tools for 
their grinding. 

Spherosiderite (sfe-ro-sid' -er-lt) . Carbonate of iron 
in spheroidal masses, occurring in trap. 

Spherosome (sfe' - ro - som) [_aij>alpa, sphere; aupa, 
body]. In biology, the body-wall of a radiated 
animal ; suggested by L. Agassiz in place of perisome. 

Spherospore (sfe'-ro-spor) [otyalpa, a sphere ; a-opog, 
a seed]. In biology, Agassiz' name for a tetra- 
spore. 

Spherular (sfe'-ru-lar) [dim. of otpalpa, a sphere]. 
Resembling a spherule. 

Spherulate (sfe' -ru-lat) [dim. of a<palpa, sphere]. In 
biology, studded with spherules. 

Spherule (sfe'-rul) [a<j>alpa, sphere] . A globule. S., 
Segment. See Sphere, Segmentation. 

Sphincter (sfingk' -ter) [o<p<.yitT>/p ; atyiyytiv, to squeeze] . 
A muscle surrounding and closing an orifice. S. 
ani. S. vaginae. See Muscles, Table of. S. of the 
Pupil. See Iris. S., Third, of the rectum, a dupli- 
cature of mucosa projecting well into the lumen of 
the gut from the right side, forming rather more than 
a semicircle, and involving more of the ventral than 
of the dorsal wall. It is also called Kohlrauscti 's 
Fold. 

Sphincteralgia (sfingk-ter-al' -je-ah) [apryKTTjp , sphinc- 
ter ; a\yoc, pain]. Pain in the sphincter ani muscle, 
or about the anus. 

Sphincterate (sfingk'- ter - at) [atpiyKri/p, sphincter]. 
Provided with a sphincter. 

Sphincterectomy (sfingk - ter - ek'- to - me) [o<ptyKTT]p, 
sphincter; ZKToprj, excision]. Oblique blepharotomy ; 
Stellwag's operation for the dilatation of the palpebral 
fissure, or for blepharospasm. 

Sphincterial, Sphincteric (sfingk-te' '-re-al, sfingk-ter'- 
ik) \_a<f>iyKTi/p, sphincter]. Pertaining to a sphincter 
or to its function. 

Sphincterismus (sfingk-ter-iz'-mus) [a<piyKT//p, sphinc- 
ter]. A spasmodic contraction of the sphincter ani 



muscle, usually attendant upon fissure or ulcer of the 
anus, but occasionally occurring independently of such 
lesion. 

Sphincterolysis (sfingk-ter-ol' -is-is) [afiytiTT/p , sphinc- 
ter; 'Avoir, solution]. The operation of freeing the 
iris in anterior synechia. 

Sphincteroplasty (sfingk' - ter - o - plas' - te) [cHpivKT/'/p, 
sphincter; ir'/.daaeiv, to form]. The formation of an 
artificial sphincter by plastic operation. 

Sphincterotomy (sfingk-ter-of -o-me) [<7<f>iyKTr/p, sphinc- 
ter; Topij, section]. The surgical cutting of a sphinc- 
ter. 

Sphingoin (sphing' '-go-in) [acptyyetv, to bind]. An 
alkaloid derived fiom cerebral tissue. 

Sphingo-myelin (sfing-go-mi' -el-in) \_a<j>'i-jyuv, to bind ; 
/uve'Aoc, marrow]. A brain-phosphatid allied to my- 
elin. It is capable of being decomposed into neurin 
and a substance which is convertible into sphingosin. 

Sphingosin (.fin' -go-sin) [cnp'iyyeiv, to bind]. An alka- 
loidal cerebroside occurring in brain-tissue. 

Sphingostearic Acid (sfing-go-ste-ar'-ik). See Acid. 

Sphinxis (sfingks'-is). See Constriction. 

Sphrigosis (sfrig-o'-sis) [c<j>piyav, to be full and vigor- 
ous]. In biology, excessive growth of wood, stem, 
and leaves in plants. 

Sphygmic, Sphygmical (sfig'-mik, sfig'-mik-al) \ofvy- 
piKoc ; a(pvy/j6g, pulse]. Pertaining to the pulse ; 
pulsatile. 

Sphygmochronograph (sfig-mo - kro'-no-graf). See 
Sphygmograph . 

Sphygmodic (sfig-mo' -dik) [afvypo^, pulse]. Like the 
pulse ; throbbing. 

Sphygmogram (sfig'-mo-gram)[oejvyp6t;, pulse ; ypdppa, 
a writing]. The tracing made by the sphygmo- 
graph. Called, also, Pulse-tracing, Pulse-curve, and 
Arteriogram. 

Sphygmograph (sfig' -mo-graf) \_o<j>vy pot; , pulse ; ypd- 
(petv, to write]. An instrument for recording graphic- 




Marey's Sphygmograph. 
A. Steel spring. B. First lever. C. Writing lever. C. Its 
free writing end. D. Screw for bringing B in contact with C. 
G. Slide with smoked paper. H. Clockwork. L. Screw 
for increasing the pressure. M. Dial, indicating the pres- 
sure. K, K. Straps for fixing the instrument to the arm and 
the arm to the double inclined plane or support. 

ally the differential features of the pulse in health and 
disease. 

Sphygmographic (sfig- mo-graf '-ik) [atyvypot;, pulse ; 
ypd<peiv, to write]. Pertaining to the sphygmograph. 

Sphygmography ( sfig- moo'- ra-fe) [afvypoQ, pulse; 
ypaferv, to write]. A description of the pulse, its 
pathologic variations and their significance. 

Sphygmoid (sfig' -moid) \a<f>vyp6c, pulse; firSnc, re- 
semblance]. Resembling or having the nature of 
continuous pulsation. 



SPHYGMOLOGY 



1353 



SPILOPLANIA 



Sphygmology (sfig-mol' '-o-je) [afyvyfioc, pulse ; \6yoc , 
treatise]. The sum of what is known regarding the 
pulse. 

Sphygmomanometer ( sfig - mo - man - om ' - et - er ) 
[<s<pvyfj.6g, pulse; fiavoc, rare ; fie rpov, measure]. An 
instrument for measuring the tension of the blood- 
current. See Blood-pressure. 

Sphygmometer (sfig- mom' -et-er). See Sphygmograph. 

Sphygmophone (sfig' -mo -fo n) [o<f>vyfi6g, pulse ; <pu>vi/, 
sound]. I. A sphygmograph that marks each pulse- 
wave by sounding. 2. An apparatus in which a mi- 
crophone is employed for the medical examination of 
the pulse. 

Sphygmoscope (sfig' '-mo-skdp)[<j(pvyfi6c, pulse ; gkotteIv, 
to examine]. An instrument for showing mechani- 
cally the movements of the heart or the pulsations of 
a blood-vessel. S., Gas-, makes registration by a gas- 
jet. 

Sphygmoscopy (sfig-mos'-ko-pe) [ofyvypot;, pulse ; csko- 
tteiv, to observe]. The art of tracing the pulse-curve 
by the sphygmoscope. 

Sphygmo-systole (sfig-mo-sis' -to-le) [afvyfior, pulse ; 
cvarokri, contraction]. The influence of the cardiac 
systole upon the pulse. 

Sphygmotechny (sfig'- mo - tek - ne) [d(j>vyu6g, pulse ; 
rexw/, art]. The art of diagnosis and prognosis by 
means of the pulse. 

Sphygmotonometer (sfig-mo-to-nom' -et-er) [atpvyfidc, 
pulse; tovo<;, tone; fierpov, measure]. An instru- 
ment for use in estimating the elasticity of the arterial 
walls. 

Sphygmous (sfig'-mus) [otyvyfioc, pulse]. Pertaining 
to or having the nature of a pulse. 

Sphygmus (sfig'-mus) [a<pvypog, pulse]. The pulse; a 
pulsation. 

Sphyrotomy (sfi-rot'-o-me) [otpitpa, -malleus ; rofirj, a cut- 
ting]. An operation consisting in the removal of the 
malleus or its handle, together with a portion of the 
membrana tympani. 

Sphyxis (sfiks'-is). See Pulsation. 

Spica (spi'-kah) [L.]. I. A spike or spur. 2. A spiral 
bandage with reversed turns. S. -bandage. See 
Bandage. 

Spicate (spi'-kat ) \_spica, a spike]. In biology, arranged 
in the form of a spike ; spurred. 

Spice (spis) [NIE.., spice, spice]. An aromatic vegetable 
substance used for flavoring ; a condiment. S. -berry, a 
popular name for Gaultheriaprocumbens. S. -plaster. 
See Emplastrum aromaticum. S.-poultice, a poul- 
tice made from the mixture of a variety of spices. S.- 
wood. See Fever Bush. 

Spiced (splst) [ME., spice, spice]. Flavored by means 
of spice. 

Spiciferous (spi-sifi'-er-us) \_spica, a spike ; fierre, to 
bear] . In biology, bearing spikes. 

Spiciform (spi'-siform) [spica, spike ; forma, form]. 
Having the form of a spica. 

Spicose, Spicous (spi'-koz, spi'-kus) [spica, spike]. 
In biology, having spikes. 

Spicula (spik'-u-lah) [dim. of spica, a spike: pi. , 
Spicula\. A small spike-shaped bone or fragment of 
bone. 

Spicular (spik' -u-lar) [spicula, a spicule]. Having the 
form of a spicule. 

Spiculate (spik'-u-lat) [dim. of spica, a spike]. Hav- 
ing the shape of, or covered with spicules. 

Spicule (spik' -ill) [dim. of spica, a spike]. A needle- 
shaped body; a spike. S., Bony, a needle-shaped 
bone or fragment of bone. S. -sheath, in biology, 
the investment of a sponge-spicule. 

Spiculiferous (spik-u-lif'-er-us) [spicula, spicule ; fierre, 
to bear]. Having spicula. 



Spiculiform (spik' ti-liforin) [spicula, spicule; forma, 
form]. Having the form of a spicule. 

Spiculigenous (spik - u - lij' - en - us) [spicula, spicule ; 
yevr/s, producing]. Producing spicules. 

Spiculigerous (spik - u - lij' - er - us) [spicula, spicule; 
gerere, to bear]. Same as Spiculiferous. 

Spiculose, Spiculous (spik' -u-loz, spik' -u-lus) [spicula, 
spicule]. Having spicules. 

Spiculum (spik'-u-lum) [spiculum, a little sharp point : 
//. , Spicula]. In biology, a spicule, or spicular 
organ, as the spiculum amoris or copulatory organ of 
certain worms and molluscs. 

Spider (spi'-der) [ME., spither, a spider]. An arthro- 
pod of the class Arachnida. S. Cancer. See Acne 
rosacea. S. -cells ; in biology : (a) Bacilli the fla- 
gella of which are present in such numbers as to give 
the microbes the appearance of minute spiders. See 
Bacillus typhi abdominalis, under Bacteria, Synonym- 
atic Table of; (b) the characteristic cells of the neu- 
roglia. They have numerous long and delicate pro- 
longations. See also Deite^ Cells. S. Nevus. See 
Acne rosacea. Ss'. Web (tela aranea), formerly 
much used as a hemostatic, and also in some systemic 
diseases ; used also as a moxa, with the blow-pipe. 

Spigel's Line. See Lines, Table of. 

Spigelia (spi-je'-le-ah) [after Adrian van der Spiegel, a 
Belgian physician]. Pink-root. The roots of S. 
marilandica. A popular vermifuge, generally admin 
istered with senna. In large doses an uncertain 
cathartic. Dose gr. xx-3 ij. S., Ext., Fid. Dose for a 
child TTVx-xx ; for an adult 3 j— ij - S-, Infus., Comp., 
" worm-tea," " pink and senna," unof. ; spigelia 15, 
senna, fennel aa 10, manna 30, water 500. Dose 
t ^jss-v. S. anthelmia , of tropical America, has simi- 
lar properties. 

Spigelian Lobe (spi-je'-le-an) [after Adrian van der 
Spiegel, a Belgian physician]. The lobe of the liver 
projecting from the back part of the under surface of 
the right lobe. 

Spigelin (spi-je'-lin) [after Adrian van der Spiegel, a 
Belgian physician]. An alkaloid said to exist in the 
anthelmintic species of Spigelia, of which it appears to 
be an active principle. 

Spigelius, Line of. 'Hat Lines, Table of. S.,Lobulus 
of. See Spigelian Lobe. 

Spike (spik) [spica, a spike, ear of corn]. I. In biology, 
that form of indeterminate anthotaxy in which the 
flowers are sessile, or nearly so, and arranged on a 
lengthened axis. 2. A sharp point. 3. S. -lavender, 
a plant, Lavandula spica ; it yields oil of spike. 

Spiked (spikt). See Spicate. 

Spikelet (spi'-klet) [spica, a spike, ear of corn]. In 
biology, a small or secondary spike ; applied to the 
inflorescence of grasses. 

Spikenard (spik'-nard) [ME., spikenard, spikenard]. 
Nard. A name given to the rhizome of various 
species of valerian, and especially to Nardostachys 
jatamansi, formerly much used in medicine, now 
used in washes and unguents, chiefly in the Orient. 
Unof. It is not to be confounded with American 
spikenard, Aralia racemosa. 

Spillman's Soap. A soap used in treating syphilis. 
It is made of pure olive-oil and caustic potash, with 
which is incorporated 50 per cent, of mercury. It is 
neutral in reaction and causes no irritation. A por- 
tion of the body is lathered with the soap, and after 
drying it is covered with thin paper or some suitable 
garment. After 24 hours the part is washed off and 
dusted with rice-powder. 

Spiloma (spi-lo' -mah) . See Ncevus vasczilaris. 

Spiloplania (spi-lo-pla' -ne-ah) [aniXoc, a stain ; Ttlav?/, 
wandering]. A condition characterized by transient 



SPILOPLAXIA 



1354 



SPINAL 



or wandering maculae of the skin. Also, a synonym 
of Elephantiasis gracorum. 

Spiloplaxia (spi-lo-plaks' -e-ah) [tra-i/ioc, spot; 7r/ldf, a 
broad surface]. A condition marked by the large red 
spots symptomatic of elephantiasis ; seen also in some 
cases of pellagra. 

Spilosis poliosis. Synonym of Canities. 

Spilus [spi'-lus) [anitoQ, a spot]. A mole or colored 
mark on the skin ; nevus. 

Spina (spi'-nah) [L. , the backbone]. I. A thorn. 2. 
The spine. S. bifida, a hernia of the spinal mem- 
branes through a cleft or abnormality of the lower 
part of the vertebral column ; called, also, Hydror- 
rhacliitis. S. cervina. Same as Buckthorn. S. 
helicis. See Crista helicis. S. suprameatum, an 
elevation just above the superior angle of the mastoid 
process of the temporal bone. It appears to be the 
posterior part of the zygomatic line. It is an import- 
ant guide in the operation of opening the mastoid. 
S. ventosa, a rarefying form of osteitis in which the 
bone is eroded or destroyed, and the subperiosteal 
tissue and osseous marrow contain numerous small 
cells with transuded red blood-corpuscles. It is fre- 
quently a result of syphilis. 

Spinal (spi'-nal) [spina, spine]. Pertaining to the 
spine. S. Accessory Nerve. See Nerve. S. 
Accessory Spasm. See Tic rotatoire. S. Bulb, 



r™ pf 




ar 



a. 



\ 
of 



Transection of the Spinal Cord in the Cervical 
Region. 
A. Ventral gray column, a. Ventral white column. /. Lat- 
eral white column, ac. Ventral commissure, ar. Ventral 
roots, af. Ventral median fissure, it. Intermediolateral 
gray column, vc. Vesicular column of Clarke. P. Dorsal 
gray column, p. Dorsal-external white column, pm. Dor- 
sal-median column, pc. Dorsal commissure, cc. Central 
canal. /><-. Dorsal roots, pf. Dorsal-median fissure, ae 
and at. External and internal ventral vesicular columns. 
sg. Substantia gelatinosa. (Sevan Lewis.) 

the oblongata. S. Canal. See Canal, Vertebral. S. 
Centers, motor centers situated in the spine. The 
principal are the cilio-spinal, connected with the dilata- 
tion of the pupil ; the auro-spinal ; the vesico-spinal ; 
the erection-center; the ejaculatory center; the par- 
turition, and numerous vasomotor centers. S. Col- 



umn, the vertebral column, composed of 33 vertebras. 
S. Cord, the myelon, or medulla spinalis; the neural 
structure occupying the vertebral canal and extending 
from the atlas to the first lumbar vertebra, and termi- 
nating in the filum terminate. It is the great conduct- 




Transection of the Spinal Cord in the Thoracic 
Region. (Sevan Lewis.) 

ing medium of nervous impulses both afferent and 
efferent and within itself from side to side, and is the 
great organ of reflexes. It consists of white matter 
externally and gray matter internally. Fissures, the 



/— 




.il 



Transection of the Spinal Cord in the Lumbar 
Region. (Sevan Lewis.) 

ventral median, dorsal median, and two lateral, 
divide each half of the cord into four Columns, a 
ventral, lateral, dorsal, and dorsal median. In the 
Ventral Columi^lie the uncrossed, ventral, or direct 



SPINAL 



1355 



SPINAL 



TABLE SHOWING THE LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION IN THE DIFFERENT 
SEGMENTS OF THE SPINAL CORD. 

{After Starr.) 



Seg- 
ment. 


Muscles. 


Reflex. 


Sensation. 


II and 

III C. 


Sterno - mastoid ; trapezius ; 
scaleni and neck; diaphragm. 


Hypochondrium (?). Sudden inspiration induced by 
sudden pressure beneath the lower border of ribs. 


Back of the head to the vertex. 
The neck. 


IV c. 


Diaphragm; deltoid ; biceps; Pupil. Fourth to 7th cervical. Dilatation of the pupil 
coraco-brachialis; supinator induced by irritation of neck, 
longus ; rhomboid ; supra- 
spinatus and infra-spinatus. 


The neck, upper part of the 
shoulder, and outer part of 
the arm. 


vc. 


Deltoid ; biceps ; coraco-bra- 
chialis; supinator longus; 
supinator b r e v i s ; rhom- 
boid ; teres minor ; pector- 
alis (clavicular part) ; ser- 
ratus magnus. 


Scapular. Fifth cervical to 1st dorsal. Irritation of 
skin over the scapula induces contraction of the 
scapular muscles. Supinator longus. Tapping its 
tendon at wrist induces flexion of forearm. 


Back of the shoulder and arm. 
Outer side of the arm and 
forearm, front and back. 


VI c. 


Biceps; brachialis anticus; 
pectoralis (clavicular part) ; 
serratus magnus; triceps; 
extensors of wrist and 
fingers; pronators. 


Triceps. Sixth to 7th cervical. Tapping elbow-tendon 
induces extension of forearm. Posterior wrist. 
Sixth to 8th cervical. Tapping tendons causes ex- 
tension of hand. 


Outer side of the forearm, 
front, and back. Outer half 
of the hand. 


VII c. 


Triceps (long head) ; exten- 
sors of wrist and fingers ; 
pronators of wrist ; flexors 
of wrist; subscapular; pec- 
toralis (costal part) ; latissi- 
mus dorsi ; teres major. 


Anterior wrist. Tapping anterior tendons causes 
flexion of wrist. Palmar. 7th cervical to 1st dorsal. 
Stroking palm causes closure of fingers. 


Inner side and hack of arm 
and forearm. Radial half of 
the hand. 


VIII c. 


Flexors of wrist and fingers ; 
intrinsic muscles of hand. 




Forearm and hand, inner half. 


I T. 


Extensors of thumb ; intrinsic 
hand-muscles ; thenar and 
hypothenar eminences. 




Forearm, inner half. Ulnar 
distribution to the hand. 


II to XII 
T. 


Muscles of back and abdo- 
men ; erectores spinas. 


Epigastric. Fourth to 7th thoracic. Tickling mam- 
mary region causes retraction of the epigastrium. 
Abdominal. Seventh to nth thoracic. Stroking 
side of abdomen causes retraction of belly. 


Skin of chest and abdomen, in 
bands running around and 
downward, corresponding to 
spinal nerve. Upper gluteal 
region. 


I L. 


Ilio-psoas ; sartorius ; muscles 
of abdomen. 


Cremasteric. First to 3d lumbar. Stroking inner thigh 
causes retraction of scrotum. 


Skin over the groin and front 
of the scrotum. 


II L. 


Ilio-psoas; sartorius; flexors 
of knee (Remak) ; quadri- 
ceps femoris. 


Patella tendon. Striking tendon causes extension of 
leg. 


Outer side of the thigh. 


Ill L. 


Quadriceps femoris ; inner ro- 
tators of thigh; abductors 
of thigh. 




Front and inner side of the 
thigh. 


IV L. 


Abductors of thigh ; adductors 
of thigh ; flexors of knee 
(Ferrier) ; tibialis anticus. 


Gluteal. Fourth to 5th lumbar. Stroking buttock 
causes dimpling in fold of buttock. 


Inner side of thigh and leg, to 
the ankle. Inner side of the 
foot. 


VL. 


Outward rotators of thigh ; 
flexors of knee (Ferrier) ; 
flexors of ankle ; extensors 
of toes. 


1 


Back of the thigh and leg, and 
outer part of the foot. 


I to II S. 


Flexors of ankle ; long flexors 
of toes; peronei ; intrinsic 
muscles of foot ; perineal 
muscles. 


Plantar. Tickling sole of foot causes flexion of toes 
and retraction of leg. Foot-reflex. Achilles' ten- 
don. Over-extension of foot causes rapid flexion ; 
ankle-clonus. Bladder and rectal centers. 


Back of thigh. Leg and foot, 
outer side. Skin over sa- 
crum. Anus. Perineum. 
Genitals. 



pyramidal tract and the ventral ground bundle of 
fibers. In the Dorsal Column are Goll's Column 
(postero-median, postero-internal) and the funiculus 
cuneatus (Burdach's Column, posterior radicular zone, 
or postero-external column). In the Lateral Col- 
umn are the anterolateral tract, the lateral mixed 
paths (lateral limiting tract), the lateral or crossed 
pyramidal tract, and the direct cerebellar tract. S. 
Cord, Degeneration of ; injury of certain parts of 
the brain causes descending secondary degeneration of 



certain parts of the cord bearing centrifugal impulses, 
and whose trophic centers lie in the motor areas of the 
brain. Ascending secondary degeneration follows in- 
jury of the cord in those fibers conducting impulses in 
a centripetal direction, the trophic centers being prob- 
ably in the spinal ganglia of the dorsal roots. See 
Wallerian Law. S. Epilepsy, Brown-Sequard'sname 
for ankle-clonus. See also Epilepsy. S. Foramina. 
See Foramina, Table of. S. Ganglia. See Gang- 
lia, Table of. S. Gutter, the depression on either 



SPINALIS 



1356 



SPINE 



side of the spinous processes of the vertebral column. 
S. Incurvation. See Lordosis. S. Irritation. See 
Neurasthenia, Spinal. S. Localization, the deter- 
mination of the functions of the various portions of the 
spinal cord. S. Marrow, the spinal cord itself within 
the vertebral canal. S. Nerves, the 31 pairs of 
nerves arising from the cord are grouped into pairs 
each, Cervical 8, Dorsal 12, Lumbar 5, Sacral 5, Coc- 
cygeal I. Each arises by two roots, a dorsal (gan- 




Superior or Cervical 
Segment of Spinal 
Cord. 



Middle or Dorsal Inferior Portion of 
Portion of Cord. Cord and Cauda 
Equina. 



I. Floor of fourth ventricle 2. Superior cerebellar peduncle. 3. Middle 
cerebellar peduncle. 4. Inferior cerebellar peduncle. 5. Enlargement at 
upper extremity of postero-median column. 6. Glosso-pharyngeal 
nerve. 7. Vagus. 8. Spinal accessory. 9, 9, 9, 9. Ligamentum denticu- 
latum. 10, io, 10, 10. Posterior roots of spinal nerves, n, II, 11, 11. 
Postero-lateral fissure. 12, 12, 12, 12. Ganglia of posterior roots. 13, 13. 
Anterior roots. 14. Division of united roots into anterior and posterior 
nerves. 15. Terminal extremity of cord. 16, 16. Filum terminale. 17, 
17. Cauda equina. I, VIII. Cervical nerves. I, XII. Dorsal nerves. 
I, V. Lumbar nerves. I, V. Sacral nerves. 

gliated) root, and a ventral (anterior, non-gangliated) 
root. On the dorsal root is the spinal ganglion. 
Beyond the ganglion the two roots unite to form, in the 
spinal canal, the mixed trunk of a spinal nerve. 
The ventral roots supply efferent fibers to all the 
voluntary muscles of the trunk and extremities, to 
the smooth muscular fibers of the bladder, ureter, 
uterus, etc., vasomotor, inhibitory, secretory, and 
trophic fibers. The dorsal roots intermediate sen- 
sory and tactile impulses. S. Point. See Point 
apophysaire and Craniometric Points. S. Reflexes.- 
See Peflexes, Table of. S. System, the spinal cord 
and nerves considered as a whole. 

Spinalis {spi-na/ -lis). See Muscles, Table of. 

Spinate (spi'-nat) \_spinatus, having spines]. Armed 
with spines or thorn-shaped processes. 

Spindle (spin'-dl) [ME., spindle, spindle]. A taper- 
ing rod or pin. A body having a fusiform shape. 



S., Achromatic, S., Cleavage, S., Karyokinetic, 
S., Nuclear, S., Segmentation, the double, cone- 
like appearance of the nucleus during certain stages 
of karyokinesis. S. -cataract, a form of cataract 
characterized by a spindle-shaped opacity extending 
from the posterior surface of the anterior portion of 
the capsule to the anterior surface of the posterior 
portion of the capsule, with a central dilatation. S.- 
cell, a fusiform cell. S. -celled, having fusiform 
cells, a form of cell typical of certain mor- 
bid growths, especially sarcoma ; fuso- 
cellular. S. -legged, having long, thin 
legs. S.-oils. See Lubricating Oils. S.- 
shanked. Same as S. -legged. S. -shaped, 
shaped like a spindle. Fusiform. 
Spine {spin) \_spina, a thorn, a prickle]. In 
biology, (a) a sharp-pointed dermal out- 
growth; (b) a point or process of a bone; 
a sharp, hard, stiff bone or ossicle ; (c) a 
back-bone or spinal column, so called from 
its spinous processes. S.-ache, pain in 
or about the spine. S., Cauda equina 
of. See Cauda equina. S., Cleft, or 
Cloven. See Spina bifida. S., Cruciate. 
See S. of Tibia. S., Ethmoid, the spine 
on top of the sphenoid bone. S., Filum 
terminale of. See Filum terminale. S., 
Frontal. See Frontal Crest. S., Hemal, 
the part that closes in the hemal arch of a 
typical vertebra. Ss., Iliac, there are four 
of these : the anterior inferior is the emi- 
nence immediately above the acetabulum ; 
the anterior superior is the anterior termi- 
nation of the crest ; the posterior inferior is 
a slight eminence upon the margin imme- 
diately above the great sciatic notch ; the 
posterior superior is the posterior extremity 
of the crest. S., Irritable. See Spinal 
Lrritation. S., Ischiatic. See S. of 1st Il- 
ium. S. of Ischium, a pointed eminence 
on the posterior border of the body of the 
ischium. It is the lower border of the 
great sciatic notch. S., Mental. See 
Genial Tubercles. Ss., Nasal, there are 
three of these : the anterior, or nasal spine 
of the superior maxillary , is the inferior 
sharp edge of the nasal crest of this bone ; 
the posterior, or nasal spine of the palate 
bone, is the prominence upon the posterior 
margin of the palatal plate of the palate 
bone ; the third, or common nasal spine, 
is the sharp process projecting from the mid- 
dle of the inferior surface of the frontal 
bone. S., Neural, the part that closes in 
the neural arch of the typical vertebra. S., Occipital, 
External, the external occipital crest. S., Palatine. 
See S., Nasal. S., Pharyngeal, the ridge on the 
under surface of the basilar process of the occipital 
bone. S. of the Pubes, the prominent tubercle on 
the upper border of the body of the pubes. S., 
Pubic. See S. of the Pubes. S., Railway, the 
designation given to a series of nervous symptoms 
developed from shock produced by a railway accident 
or from the concussion produced by constant travel. 
S. of the Scapula, the plate of bone crossing the 
dorsum of the scapula and dividing it into two un- 
equal parts. S., Sciatic. See 5. of Ischium. S., 
Sphenoid, the spinous process of the greater wing 
of the sphenoid bone. S. of the Sphenoid. See 
S., Sphenoid, and S., Ethmoid. S. of the Tibia, 
the elevation upon the upper surface of the tibia 
between its two articulating surfaces. S., Typhoid, 



SPINESCENT 



1357 



SPIROCHETA 



acute inflammation of one or more vertebra following 
typhoid fever. 

Spinescent (spi-nes* -ent) [spinescere, to grow thorny]. 
In biology, coarse, harsh, or spiny. 

Spinicerebral (spin-is-er' -e-bral). See Cerebrospinal. 

Spiniferous (spi-nif'-er-us) [spina, spine ; ferre, to 
bear]. Bearing spines. 

Spiniform (spi' '-nif-orni) [spina, a thorn ; forma, form]. 
In biology, spine-like. 

Spinigerous (spi-nij' -er-us). Same as Spiniferous. 

Spinirector (spi - ne -rek'- tor) [spina, spine; erector, 
erector]. The erector spinas muscle. 

Spinitis (spi-ni'-tis). See Myelitis. 

Spinobulbar (spi-no-bul' -bar) [spina, spine ; bulbns, the 
oblongata]. Pertaining jointly to the spinal cord and 
the, oblongata. 

Spinola (spi-no'-lah). See Spina bifida. 

Spinometer (spi-nom'-et-er). Same as Scoliosometer. 

Spinose (spi'-uoz) [spinosus, full of thorns]. In bi- 
ology, possessing thorns ; or shaped like a thorn. 

Spinous (spi'-nus) [spina, spine]. Pertaining to the 
spine ; spiny or spiniform. S. Process, the apophy- 
sis or prominence at the posterior part of each ver- 
tebra. 

Spintherism, Spintherismus (spin' '- ther - izm, spin- 
ther-iz'-mus) [cTrwdepi^eiv, to emit sparks]. Syn- 
chisis scintillans ; the illusory sensation of sparks 
dancing before the eyes. 

Spintheroma (spin- titer - o'- mail) [cs-ivfli/p, spark]. 
Photopsia due to the presence of cholesterin-crystals. 

Spintheropia (spin-ther-o' -pe-ah) [arvcvdr/p, spark ; bxp, 
sight]. Same as Spintherism. 

Spinula (spin' -u-lah) [spinula, dim. of spina, a spine : 
pi. , Spinulcz~\. In biology, a little hook or spine. 

Spinulate (spin' -u-lat) [spinula, a little spine]. Pro- 
vided with a spinula. 

Spinule (spin' -ill). Same as Spinula. 

Spinulose, Spinulous (sfiin'-u-loz, spin'-u-lus) [spina, 
spine]. Spiny; having spines. 

Spiny (spi'-ne) [spina, spine] . Full of spines. S. 
Clotbur, the herb Xanthiitm spinosum, reported to be 
a specific in hydrophobia. Its properties have not 
been investigated. Unof. 

Spira (spi' -rah) [L. , a spire]. A convolution of the 
brain ; a spiral. 

Spiracle (spi'-rak-l) [spiraculum, a breathing-hole]. In 
biology, a respiratory aperture. 

Spiraculum (spi - rak'- u - lum) [L. , a breathing-hole : 
//. , Spiracula~\. In biology, a spiracle. 

Spiraea (spi-re'-ali). See Hardhack and Queen of the 
Meadow. 

Spiral (spi'-ral) [spiralis; spira, a spire]. A curve 
with constantly increasing diameters ; wound like the 
threads of a screw. S. Bandage. See Bandage. 
S. Canal. See Cochlea. S., Cheese, the Spirillum 
tyrogenum. Ss., Curschmann's, a form of curled and 
tufted fibrous exudate, seen in the sputum of asthma, 
pneumonia, etc. They are held to be pathognomonic 
of exudative bronchiolitis. See Ss., Leyden's. S. 
Duct, a duct whose wall has a spiral thickening on its 
inner surface. S., Finkler and Prior's. See Spiril- 
lum. S. Ganglion. See Ganglion. S. Groove. 
See Sulcus spiralis. S., Herxheimer's, peculiar 
fibers in the epidermis and the epithelium of certain 
mucous membranes. Eddowes thinks them to be of 
a fibrinous nature. S. Lamina. See Lamina. S. 
Layer, the middle of the three layers of the tracheal 
tube of an insect. Ss., Leyden's, a mesh of delicate 
fibers usually arranged in spiral form, which are found 
in the sputum and are the result of desquamative catar- 
rhal inflammation. S. Tendency. See under 
Theory. S. Tubes of Kidney. See Tubuli uriniferi. 



S. Vessel, a tubular structure formed by the endwise 
coalescence of elongated cells with spiral layers of 
thickening in their walls. 

Spiration (spi-ra'-sliun). See Respiration. 

Spire (spir) [spira, a coil, twist]. In biology, a conic, 
tapering structure, a sprout, a stalk, or the exserted 
whorls of the shell of a spiral gasteropod mollusc. 

Spirem (spi'-rem) [spira, a coil, a twist]. In biology, 
the " close skein," or "mother-skein " of chromatin- 
fibrils in a cell undergoing mitotic division. The first 
stage in karyokinesis. 

Spiricle (spi'-rik-l) [spira, a coil]. In biology, a coiled 
thread found in the hairs on some seeds ; they uncoil 
when dampened and give rise to a motion which tends 
to bury the seed in the soil. 

Spiriferous (spi-rif'-er-us) [spira, a coil ; ferre, to 
bear]. Spired; having a spire. 

Spirillum (spi-ril'-um) [spirillum, a curled hair]. A 
genus of bacteria whose elements are curved, often 
forming a spiral of several turns. See Bacteria, Syn- 
onymatic Table of. S. Fever. See Relapsing Fever. 

Spirit (spir'-it) [spiritus, spirit]. In pharmacy, an al- 
coholic or hydro-alcoholic solution of a volatile sub- 
stance. It is prepared either by solution or by distilla- 
tion. See Spiritus. S.-blue, S. -brown, S. -colors. 
See Pigments, Colors, and Dyestuffs. S. Diphenyl- 
amin-blue. Same as Bavarian Blue. S.-eosin. 
Same as Primrose. S. of Mindererus. See Am- 
monium. S. -proof, any liquor containing at least 49 
per cent, of absolute alcohol. S., Rectified, spirit 
free from fusel-oil, and containing at least 85 per cent, 
absolute alcohol. S., Rum, a spirit distilled from fer- 
mented alcohol. S. -vinegar. See Vinegar. S. -violet. 
Same as Rosanilin-violet. S. of Wine. See Spiritus. 
S. -yellow. Same as Anilin-yelloiv. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Spiritism (spir'-ii-izm). See Spiritualism. 

Spiritous (spir'-it-us) [spiritus, spirit]. Alcoholic. 

Spiritualism (spir'-it-u-al-izm) [spiritus, spirit]. The 
theory of an immaterial entity underlying or causing 
organic phenomena, as opposed to materialism, which 
last explains such phenomena by the operation of 
mechanical forces. The term has been incorrectly 
used for Spiritism, or " necromancy by the supposed 
evocation of the spirits of the dead." 

Spirituous (spir'-it-u-us) [spiritus, spirit]. Pertaining 
to alcoholic liquors. 

Spiritus (spir'-it-us) [L.]. Spirit. In pharmacy, an 
alcoholic mixture obtained by the distillation of wine, 
or fermented saccharine mixtures. Good spirit should 
contain not less than 40 per cent, of absolute alcohol. 
There are 25 official spirit/'. S. frumenti, whiskey, 
spirit obtained by the distillation of fermented grain 
(mainly corn or rye). It should contain 44-50 per 
cent, of alcohol. S. juniperi, gin or whiskey (rye or 

. barley) with which juniper-berries and hops have been 
distilled. S. odoratus, cologne-water, consists of 
alcohol 800, water 158, acetic ether 2, oil of berga- 
mont 16, oils of lemon and rosemary aa 8, oils of lav- 
ender-flowers and orange-flowers aa 4 parts. S. rec- 
tor, in biology, a force exerted by the aggregate of an 
organism over its parts, constraining newly integrated 
atoms to take a definite form. See Nisus formativus. 
S. vini gallici, or Spirit of Wine, brandy : a liquor 
obtained by the distillation of wine. It should contain 
39-47 per cent, of alcohol. 

Spirobacterium (spi-ro-bak-te' re-urn) [spira, a spiral ; 
ftanrr/p/ov, bacteriu»i\. A schizomycete in the form 
of spiral filaments. 

Spirocheta (spi-ro-ke' -tali) [spira, a coil ; X anr l' a 
bristle]. In biology, a genus of Schizomycetes, char- 
acterized by flexible, spiral filaments. But one species 



SPIROCOLON 



1358 



SPLANCHNOPLEURE 



is known, S. obermeieri. See under Bacteria, Syno- 
nymatic Table of. S. evansi, Steel. Not a bacterium 
at all, but an infusorian, Trypanosoma evansi (Evans), 
Balbiani, the cause of the epizootic pernicious anemia 
in horses, mules, and camels, called Surra, q. v. See 
Parasites , Animal, Table of. 

Spirocolon (spi-ro-ko'-lon). A form of syphilis at one 
time prevalent in Greece. 

Spirograph (spi'-ro-graf) [spirare, to breathe ; ypaipr], 
a record]. An instrument for registering the move- 
ments of respiration. 

Spirographin (spi-ro-graf'-in) [cntnipa, coil ; ypatyuv, 
to write]. A substance obtained from the cartilage 
and skeletal tissues of the worm, Spirographis. 

Spiroid (spi'-roid) [spira, spire]. Resembling a screw ; 
having spiral convolutions. 

Spiroloculine {spi-ro-lok' -u-lin) \_spira, a coil ; loculus, 
3. little box or cell]. In biology, characterized by 
spirally arranged loculi. 

Spirometer (spi- 

rom'-et-er) \_spi- > • • ' 

rare, to breathe; 
fitrpov, a meas- 
ure]. An in- 
strument used 
to measure the 
quantity of air 
exhaled. 

Spirometric (spi- 
ro - met' - rik ) 
\_sp ir are, to 
breathe ; fie- 
rpov, measure]. 
Pertaining t o 
the spirome- 
ter. 

Spirometry [spi- 
rom'-et-re) [spi- 
rare, to breathe; 
fierpov, meas- 
ure]. The esti- 
mation of the 
amount of air 
used in respira- 

lon, or o le scheme of Hutchinson's Spirom- 
quantity 01 air eter. 

which the lungs can contain. 

Spirophore [spi' -ro-for) [spirare, to breathe ; (fispeiv, to 
carry]. An instrument for use in artificial respiration. 

Spiroscope (spi'-ro-skop). See Spirometer. 

Spirozooid (spi-ro-zo'-oid) [spira, a coil, spire; r o>nv, 
an animal ; et<5oc, form]. In biology, a defensive zooid 
of certain hydrozoans, consisting of a long, slender, 
spirally coiling filament provided with lasso-cells. 

Spirulate (spi'-ru-lat) [spira, a coil, spire]. Spiral in 
form or arrangement. 

Spissate (spis'-at). See Inspissate. 

Spissitude (spis'-it-iid) [spissitudo, spissare, to thicken]. 
The state of being thick. 

Spit [ME., spitten, to spit]. I. To eject sputum from 
the mouth. 2. Saliva. 3. In biology, a frothy se- 
cretion produced by certain insects as a means of 
protection. 

Spithameous (spitk-am-e'-us) [oTrtda/i?/, a span]. In 
biology, span-high. 

Spitting {spiff -ing) [ME., spitten., to spit]. The act 
of expectorating. S. of Blood. See Hemoptysis. 

Spittle (spit'-l). Same as Sputum or Saliva. 

Spittoon. See Cuspidor. 

Spitzka-Lissauer, Column of. See Column. 

Spix, Angles of. In craniometry, those angles formed : 
(1) between the alveolo-nasal line and the coronal 




line ; (2) between the alveolo-nasal line and the naso- 
basilarline. S., Horizontal Plane of, in craniometry, 
the alveolo-condylean plane. 

Splanchna (splangk' - nak ) [cx'/.ay xva, viscera]. 1. 
The intestines. 2. The viscera. 

Splanchnapophyseal (splangk-nap-off-iz'-e-al) [oir'kay- 
Xva, viscera ; a-oqvaic, apophysis]. Pertaining to a 
splanchnapophysis. 

Splanchnapophysis (splangk-nap-off'-is-is) [aizTiayxva, 
viscera; a.-6tpvoic, apophysis]. An apophysis or out- 
growth of a vertebra on the opposite side of a verte- 
bral axis from a neurapophysis, and inclosing some 
viscus. 

Splanchnectopia (splank - nek - to' '- pe - ah) [cn7Ay%va, 
viscera ; ektottoq, displaced]. The abnormal position 
or dislocation of a viscus. 

Splanchnemphraxis (splangk-nem-fraks' '-is) [airlayx- 
va, viscera; tt/Mppagic, obstruction]. Obstruction of 
the intestine. 

Splanchneurysma (splangk - nu - riz' - mah) [oirMyxva, 
viscera ; avevpvcfia, aneurysm]. Distention of the 
intestines. 

Splanchnic { splangk' - nik) [c-Tiayxvindc ; anAayxva, 
viscera]. Pertaining to the viscera. 

Splanchnoblast {splangk' -no-blast) [mr?iayxva, the 
viscera; pXaaroc, a germ]. In biology, an Anlage, 
proton, or incipient rudiment destined to take part in 
the formation of the viscera ; one of the " histoblasts " 
of Kunckel and Herculais. Cf. Neuroblast and Imag- 
inal Disc. 

Splanchnocele (splangk' -no-sel)[cirlayxva,\he viscera ; 
koIIoc, hollow]. I. A protrusion of any abdominal 
viscus. 2. In biology, Hajek's name for that part 
of the celom which persists in the adult, and gives 
rise tothe pericardial, pleural, and abdominal cavities; 
the ventral celom, or pleuro-peritoneal space. It ap- 
pears as a narrow fissure in the parietal zone of the 
mesoblast. 

Splanchnodiastasis (splangk-no-di-as' -las-is) [aiv'Ka.yx- 
va, viscera; Siaaraaic, diastasis]. Displacement or 
separation of the viscera. 

Splanchnodyne (splangk' -no-din) [arrXdyxva, viscera ; 
o6vv7], pain]. Intestinal pain. 

Splanchnographic (splangk-no-graf '-ik) [cwMyxva, 
viscera ; ypaipe.iv, to write] . Pertaining to splanchnog- 
raphy. 

Splanchnography (splangk-nog'-ra-fe). See Splanch- 
nology. 

Splanchnolith (splangk' -no-lith) [a~7,dyx va > viscera; 
Xidoc, a stone]. Calculus of a viscus. 

Splanchnolithiasis (splangk-no-lith-i' -as-is) [cirAdyxva, 
viscera ; HOoc, stone]. The condition of calculus 
of the intestine. 

Splanchnology (splangk-no-loj'-ik) [oTr7ayxva, vis- 
cera; Xoyoc, science]. Pertaining to splanchnology. 

Splanchnologist (splangk-nol' -o-jist) [a-Aa/iXva, vis- 
cera ; /loyoc, science]. One versed in splanchnology. 

Splanchnology (splangk-nol' -o-je) [cnz'kayxva, viscera; 
76yor, treatise]. The sum of what is known of the 
nature and functions of the viscera. 

Splanchnon (splangk' - non) [anldyxvov, viscus]. A 
viscus. See Splanchna. 

Splanchnopathy (splangk-nop' -ath-e) [mrMyxva, vis- 
cera; iraOoc, disease] . Disease of viscera. 

Splanchnopleura (splangk - no - pin'- rail) [oirTiayxva, 
viscera; 7T7evpa, the side]. In biology, the wall of 
the alimentary tract of a vertebrate, formed by the 
splanchnic mesoderm and the entoderm. 

Splanchnopleural (splangk -no- plu'- ral) [anlayxva, 
viscera; TrXevpa, side]. Pertaining to the splanch- 
nopleura. 

Splanchnopleure (splangk'- no - plur) [airXayxva, the 



SPLANCHNOPLEURIC 



1359 



SPLENIZATION 



viscera; nTXevpa, the side]. Same as Splanchno- 
pleura. 

Splanchnopleuric [splangk - iio-ptu'- rik). Same as 
Spla n ch n opleu ra I. 

Splanchnoptosis [splangk-nop-to' -sis) [o-Aayuva, vis- 
cera ; TTTciaic, a falling] . A condition of relaxation 
of the abdominal viscera ; it includes gastroptosis, 
enteroptosis, nephroptosis, less commonly hepatoptosis 
and splenoptosis. 

Splanchnosclerosis [splangk-no-skle-ro'-sis) \_a~\ayx- 
va, viscera ; anTi'/pot;, hard] . Visceral induration. 

Splanchnoscopy [splangk-nos / -ko-pe) [o-Adyxva, vis- 
cera; oko-uv, to examine]. Exploration and examina- 
tion of the viscera. 

Splanchnoskeleton [splangk-no-skel' -et-on) \air\ayxva, 
viscera ; okeAetov, skeleton]. In biology, that 
portion of the skeleton specially related to the viscera. 

Splanchnosympathy [splangk-no-sim' -path-e) [ajr'Adyx- 
va, viscera; av/nradeia, sympathy]. The reflex actions 
among the viscera themselves and between the vis- 
cera and other organs. 

Splanchnotomic [splangk-no-tom' -ik) [o-rrAayxva, vis- 
cera ; rkfivuv, to cut]. Pertaining to splanchnotomy. 

Splanchnotomy [splangk - not'- o - me) [crrMyxva, vis- 
cera ; reuveiv, to cut]. Dissection, or anatomy, of the 
viscera. 

Splashing [splash/ -ing) [origin obscure]. Making a 
plashing sound. S. Fremitus, a noise heard in suc- 
cussion in some cases of pleural effusion ; it may be 
simulated by the presence of fluid in a distended 
stomach. 

Splay {spla) [ME., splayen, to splay]. To dislocate, as a 
horse's shoulder. S.-foot. See Talipes. S. -mouth, 
a wide mouth. 

Spledget [splej'-et). A pledget, or cloth, used in 
dressing a sore or wound. [Old.] 

Spleen [splen) [anAr/v, spleen]. I. One of the ab- 
dominal viscera, situated just below the diaphragm 
upon the left side ; its function is not certainly deter- 
mined, though probably hematopoietic. 2. Melan- 
choly ; low spirits ; hypochondriasis ; ill-temper ; sur- 
liness. S., Accessory, a loose portion of splenic 
tissue in the neighborhood of the spleen. S., Bacon, 
a uniformly lardaceous spleen. S., Floating. See 
S., Wandering. S., Indian, an indurated spleen 
sometimes found in Anglo-Indians. S., Lardaceous, 
an enlargement of the spleen due to waxy degenera- 
tion. S.-pulp, the proper tissue of the spleen. S., 
Sago-, a spleen of which the Malpighian follicles are 
the seat of amyloid change. S. -sick, splenetic. S., 
Wandering. See Wandering Spleen. S., Waxy. 
See S., Lardaceous. S.-wort. See Filix and 
Asplenium. 

Spleeny (sple'-ne) \_anAr]v, spleen]. Hypochondriacal ; 
melancholy; ill-tempered ; perverse. 

Splen- [splen-) \_auAr]v, spleen]. A prefix used to 
denote connection with or relation to the spleen. 

Splenadenoma [splen-ad-en-o' -mah) \_<jtt\t]v, spleen ; 
aftijv, gland ; baa, tumor] . Splenic lymphadenoma. 

Splenalgia [splen - al'-je - ah) [ottAt/v, spleen ; aAyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the spleen. 

Splenalgic [splen-al' '-jik) \_air7ijv, spleen ; aAyoc, pain]. 
Affected with splenalgia. 

Splenalgy [splen-al' -je) . Same as Splenalgia. 

Splenauxe (splen-awks' '-e) \otzAtjv, spleen ; av^r/, in- 
crease]. Enlargement of the spleen. 

Splencular [splen' '-ku-lar) \_uk'atjv, spleen]. Pertain- 
ing to a splenculus. 

Splenculus [splen' -ku-lus) [nrrAryv, spleen : //. , Splen- 
culi~\. A supplementary spleen; an exclave of the 
spleen. 

Splendid Line of Haller. See Lines, Table of. 



Splenechos, Splenechus [splen- e'-kos, splen- e'-kus) 

\_a-KAijv, spleen ; r/xoc, sound]. The percussion-sound 
obtained over the spleen. 

Splenectasis [splen-ek' -tas-is) \airAijv, spleen ; Enraaic, 
enlargement]. Enlargement of the spleen. 

Splenectomist [splen-ek' -to-mist) [on'Ai/v, spleen ; in- 
TO/ur/, excision] . A surgeon who performs splenectomy. 

Splenectomy [splen-ek' -to-me) [aTVAr/v, spleen ; kiiropi/, 
excision]. Excision of the spleen. 

Splenectopia, Splenectopy (splen-ek- to' -pe-ah, splen- 
ek' -to-pe) [o-'aj/v, spleen ; ektokoc, dislocated]. Dis- 
placement of the spleen. 

Splenelcosis (splen-el-ko' -sis) [arzAr/v, spleen ; eAkuoic, 
ulceration]. Ulceration of the spleen. 

Splenelcus [splen-el'-kus) [ok'/i/v, spleen ; eAkoo, ulcer]. 
An ulcer upon the spleen. 

Splenemia, Splenaemia [splen- e'- me -all) [anAijv, 
spleen; at/ia, blood]. Splenic leukemia. 

Splenemphraxis (splen-emfraks' -is) [anAr/v, spleen ; 
e/u<bpa£tc, obstruction]. Congestion of the spleen from 
any cause. 

Splenepatitis [splen-ep-at-i' -tis) \_a-Aijv, spleen ; fj-rrap, 
liver; ltlc, inflammation]. Inflammation involving 
both liver and spleen. 

Splenetic [splen-ef -ik) \_gkAtjv, spleen]. Splenic. Per- 
taining to the spleen ; ill-humored ; fretful ; hypochon- 
driacal. 

Splenial [sple'-ne-al) [airAijviov , bandage]. I. Serving 
as a bandage or splint. 2. Pertaining to the splenium 
or to the splenius. 

Splenic [splen' -ik) [onAriviK.6q~\ . Pertaining to or affect- 
ing the spleen. S. Fever. See Anthrax. S. Pulp. 
See Pulp. 

Splenicogastric [splen - ik - -gas' - trik) [air^ojviKoq, 
splenic; yaarrjp, stomach]. Belonging or pertaining 
to both the spleen and the stomach. 

Splenicopancreatic [splen-ik-o-pan-kre-af -ik) [anATivi- 
k6c, splenic; naynpeac, pancreas]. Belonging or per- 
taining to both the spleen and the pancreas. 

Splenicterus [splen-ik' -ter-us) \an'Arjv, spleen ; "ucrepoc, 
jaundice]. Inflammation of the spleen associated 
with jaundice. 

Spleniculus [splen-ik' -11- lus). See Splenculus. 

Splenicus [splen' -ik-us) [cr-irAr/v, spleen]. I. Splenic. 
2. A drug acting upon the spleen. 

Splenification [splen -if- ik - a'- shim) [o—Xip, spleen; 
facere, to make]. In pathology, the conversion, dur- 
ing certain diseases, of the substance of the lungs or of 
the liver into tissue resembling that of the spleen. 

Spleniserrate [splen - is -er'- at ) [ oirATjviov, bandage ; 
serra, saw]. Pertaining to the splenius and serrate 
muscles. 

Splenisis [splen-is' -is) [oTr7J]v, spleen ]. A degenera- 
tion of the lung sometimes found in yellow fever. 
The lung contains dark-brown spots having a color 
and consistency resembling those of the spleen. 

Splenitis [splen-i'-tis ) [ a~AT)v, spleen ; ltlc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the spleen. 

Splenium ( sple'- ne - um ) [onAriviov, bandage]. The 
rounded caudal extremity of the callosum. It repre- 
sents a flexion of the callosal sheet upon itself, so 
that there is a dorsal lamina, a ventral lamina, and a 
caudal connecting portion. The thick fold or pad at 
the posterior end of the corpus callosum. 

Splenius [sple'-ne-us) [on/J/vi.ov, bandage]. The pos- 
terior mastoid muscle ; it is in two parts — the splenius 
capitis and the splenius colli. See Muscles, Table of. 

Splenization (splen-iz-a'-shun) [ottAt/v, spleen]. A 
condition of the lungs during the first or second 
stage of pneumonia, in which period the tissue 
of the lungs resembles that of the spleen. S.. 
Hypostatic, hypostatic pneumonia. 



SPLENO- 



1360 



SPONDYLARTHRITIS 



Spleno- (splen'-o-). Same as Splen-. 

Splenocele (splen' -o-sel) [on'Ai/v, spleen ; nifA?), hernia]. 

Hernia of the spleen. 
Spleno-colic (splen-o-kol'-ik) \pn\rjv, spleen ; ko'aov, 

colon]. Pertaining conjointly to the spleen and the 

colon. S.-c. Ligaments, a peritoneal fold between 

the spleen and the mesocolon. 
Splenodynia [splu-o-din'-e-ah) \_a-A?jv, spleen ; bdvvr/, 

pain]. Pain in the spleen. 
Splenography (splen-o-graf'-ik) [anA-i/v, spleen ; ypa- 

<petv, to write]. Pertaining to splenography. 
Splenography (splen-og' '-ra-fe) [o-kaijv, spleen ; ypafyuv, 

to write] . The descriptive anatomy of the spleen. 
Splenohemia (splen-o-he' ' -me-ali) [an'Ayv, spleen ; al/ia, 

the blood]. Congestion of the spleen. Hyperemia 

of the spleen. 
Splenoid (splen' -oid) [cnzAyv, spleen ; eidoc, resem- 
blance] . Resembling the spleen. 
Splenokeratosis (splen-o-ker-at-o' -sis) \onAbv, spleen ; 

Kipag, wax]. Splenic induration. 
Splenologic (splen - o - loj> '- ik) \_anArjv, spleen; AcSyof, 

science] . Pertaining to splenology. 
Splenology (splen - ol'- o -je) [ar'Ai/v, spleen ; Aoyoq, 

science]. The sum of what is known of the splenic 

structure, function, and diseases. 
Splenolymphoma (splen-o-lim-fo'-mah). See Splen- 

adenoma. 
Splenoma (splen-o'-mah) \onAijv, spleen ; o/ua, tumor J. 

Tumor of the spleen. 
Splenomalaoia (sple-no-mal-a' -se-ah) [anAi/v, spleen ; 

fiaAaitia, softness]. Softening of the tissue of the 

spleen. 
Splenomegalia (splen-o-meg-a' -le-ah) [anArjv, spleen ; 

fteyas, large]. Idiopathic hypertrophy of the spleen ; 

an essential hypersplenia. Simple enlargement of the 

spleen apart from leukemia, or cachexia ; by some 

it is considered merely as Hodgkin's disease of exclu- 
sively splenic type, while others (Debove and Gran- 

cher) hold it to be a special disease. 
Splenomegaly (splen-o-meg'-al-e). See Splenomegalia. 
Splenoncus (splen-ong' -kus). See Splenoma. 
Splenoparectasis (splen-o-par-ek'-tas-is)[a-Aijv, spleen ; 

iKTaaig, distention]. Enlargement of the spleen. 
Splenopathy (splen-op' -ath-e) [anTiijv, spleen ; iraOor, 

disease]. Disease of the spleen. 
Splenophlegmone (splen-o-fleg' -mon-e) [_a-n2,r/v, spleen ; 

(pAe.yp.ovij, inflammation]. Phlegmonous inflammation 

of the spleen. 
Splenophraxia, Splenophraxis (splen- o-fraks'- e - ah, 

sple-no-fraks' -is). See Splenemphraxis. 
Spleno-phrenic (splen-o-fren'-ik) [a-A/jr, spleen ; (j>pr/v, 

diaphragm]. Pertaining to the spleen and the dia- 
phragm. S.-p. Ligament, a peritoneal fold between 

the spleen and the diaphragm. 
Splenophthisis (splen - off'- this - is) [uttA'/'/v, spleen ; 

fO/aic, wasting]. Atrophy of the spleen. 
Splenopneumonia (splen - o - nu - mo' - ne - ah) [o-xh'/v, 

spleen ; ttvev/ujv, lung]. Pneumonia with spleniza- 

tion of the lung. 
Splenorrhagia (splen - or - a'-je - ah) [ow'/i/v, spleen ; 

prjyvvvai , to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the 

spleen. 
Splenotomic (splen-o-tom'-ik) \p~Aiiv, spleen ; re/iveiv, 

to cut]. Pertaining to splenotomy. 
Splenotomy (splen-ot'-o-me) \_G-'Aiiv, spleen ; repvciv, 

to cut]. Incision or dissection of the spleen. 
Spleno-typhoid (splen :- o- ti' -fold) [awTJ/v, spleen; 

r'r<poc, stupor]. Typhoid fever with splenic compli- 
cation. 
Splent (splen/) [ME., splenle, splint]. An exostosis 

occurring on the inner surface of the metacarpal bone 

of the horse. 



Splenypertrophia (splen - i - per - tro' -fe - ah) \otxAt[v, 
spleen; inrcp, over; Tpo<j>?/, nourishment]. Hyper- 
trophy of the spleen. 

Splint [ME., splinte, splint]. I. A piece of wood, 
metal, or other material for keeping the ends of a 
fractured bone in permanent apposition during the pro- 
cess of contact while healing. 2. See Splent. S., 
Agnew's (for hip-joint disease), a long splint with a 
perineal band (fitted closely against the tuber ischii) 
and a foot-piece ; used after the disappearance of 
acute symptoms, and designed to support the weight 
of the trunk. S., Anchor, a splint used for fracture 
of the jaw. Metal loops fit over the teeth, and 
are held in contact by a rod and nut. S. -bandage, 
an immovable bandage. S., Bavarian, coarse flannel 
is cut to fit the part, and stitched over the limb. A 
thick paste of plaster-of- Paris is rubbed upon the cloth 
to secure immobility. S., Bond's (for fracture of 
the lower end of the radius), a thin, wooden splint, 
with sole-leather edges an inch high, and a curved 
block to rest in the palm of the hand. A pasteboard 
splint is used on the back of the forearm, both reaching 
from below the elbow to almost the distal ends of the 
metacarpal bones. S. -bone, the fibula. S., Bracketed, 
a splint consisting of two pieces of wood or metal joined 
by brackets. S., Levis's, a perforated metal splint 
extending from below the elbow almost to the distal 
ends of the metacarpal bones. It is hollowed to fit 
the arm and palm, and the metacarpal joints are flexed 
over it. 

Splinter (splin'-ter) [ME., splinteren, to split]. See 
Sequestrum. Applied, also, popularly to a bit of wood 
or other material that pierces the skin. S.-bone, the 
fibula ; a term applied to one of the two small bones 
extending from the knee to the fetlock of the horse, 
behind the shank-bone. 

Split [origin obscure]. A longitudinal fissure. S. 
Pelvis, congenital non-union of the bones of the 
pubes at the symphysis. 

Spodiomyelitis (spo-de-o-mi-el- i'-tis [o-nudi6<;, gray ; 
fiveAog, marrow ; irtc, inflammation]. An acute inflam- 
mation in the anterior cornua of the spinal cord, in 
which the larger multipolar ganglion-cells are de- 
stroyed ; it occurs usually in children during their 
period of first dentition. See Poliomyelitis, Acute 
Anterior. 

Spodium (spo'-de-ztm) \_a-066c, ashes]. An old term 
for animal charcoal. 

Spodogenous (spo-doj' -en-us) [atrodoc, ashes ; yevvav, 
to produce]. Arising from debris, or from the waste 
matters of the economy. 

Spokebone (spok'-bon). See Radius. 

Spoliative (spo'-le-a-tiv) [spoliare, to plunder]. Dimin- 
ishing ; applied to venesection practised for the purpose 
of diminishing the mass of blood. 

Spondias (spon'-de-at) [anm/fiiac;, a tree]. Hog-plum; 
a genus of trees of ihe order Anacardiacea, growing 
in China, the West Indies, tropical South America, and 
the islands of the Pacific. The trees bear an edible 
fruit, which is aperient and refrigerant ; the leaves are 
mildly anodyne and diaphoretic, and the root and 
bark possess astringent properties. The seeds are 
poisonous. 

Spondle, Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. 

Spondles (spon'-dls) [cs-ovAv/ac, a vertebra]. The ver- 
tebra;. 

Spondyl- (spon'-di/-) \_a-6vSv7oc, vertebra]. A prefix 
used to denote connection with one or more vertebra. 

Spondylalgia (spon-dil-al'-je-ah) [cnrovtivAoc , vertebra ; 
a'/yiK, pain]. Pain referred to a vertebra. 

Spondylarthritis (spon-dil-ar-thri'-tis) [ottovSvAoc, ver- 
tebra ; apdpov, joint ; trie, inflammation]. Inflamma- 



SPONDVLAKTHkOCACE 



1361 



SPONGINBLAST 



tion at a vertebral articulation. S. synovialis, in- 
flammation of the synovial membranes of the articular 
processes of the vertebrae (II Liter) . 
Spondylarthrocace \spon-dtl-ar-throk f -as-e)\cnz6v6vKog, 
vertebra; apdpov, joint ; Kaidj, evil]. Caries of a ver- 
tebra. 
Spondylexarthrosis ( spon-dil-eks-ar-thro r -sis) \c-6y- 
dv/.uc, a vertebra ; sf, out ; apOpov, joint]. Dislocation 
of a vertebra. 

Spondylitis (spon-dil-i' -tis) \on6v8vkos, a vertebra ; trie, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of one or more vertebra ; 
Pott's disease. S. cervicalis, arthritis of one or more 
cervical vertebra;. S. deformans, chronic inflamma- 
tion of the vertebras, of a gouty or rheumatic nature, 
terminating in ankylosis and deformity. S. tuber- 
culosa, tuberculous spondylitis. See Pott's Disease 
in Diseases, Table of. 

Spondylizema (spon-dil-i-ze' -maK)\pi:(n>Svko^, vertebra ; 
i&fia,, a subsiding]. Pelvic obstruction caused by par- 
tial or total loss of a vertebra, in consequence of which 
the vertebrae above overhang the brim of the pelvis. 
See Spondylolisthesis. 

Spondylocace ( spoil - dil- ok f - as-e). See Spondylar- 
throcace. 

Spondylodynia {spon-dil-o-din'-e-ah) \_okov6v1oc, ver- 
tebra ; 06'vvrj, pain]. Pain in a vertebra. 

Spondylolisthesis ( spon-dil-ol-is-the'-sis) [ o~6vSv\oc, 
vertebra; bliaOijaic, a slipping]. Deformity of the 
spinal column produced by the gliding forward of the 
lumbar vertebrae in such a manner that they over- 
hang the brim and obstruct the inlet of the pelvis; 
especially the separation of the last lumbar vertebra 
from, and its slipping forward on, the sacrum. 

Spondylolisthetic (spon-dil-o-lis-thet' -ik) [(j-6vdv\oc , 
vertebra; oAtaffijair, a slipping]. Pertaining to, or of 
the nature of spondylolisthesis. 

Spondylomyelitis (spon-dil-o-mi-el-i' '-tis) See Spondy- 
litis. 

Spondylopathia (spoti-dil-o-pa'-the-ah). See Spon- 
dylopathy. 

Spondylopathy (spon-dil-op'-ath-e) \_an6vdvAoc , ver- 
tebra ; -ados, a suffering ]. Any disease of the ver- 
tebrae. 

Spondyloptosis ( spon-dil-op-to' -sis ) . See Spondylo- 
listhesis. 

Spondylopyosis ( spon-dil-o-pi-o' ' -sis) \_gtv6vSva.os, ver- 
tebra ; -vov, pus]. Suppurative inflammation of one 
or more vertebra?. 

Spondyloschisis (spon-dil-os' ' -kis-is) [ ctt6v6v7ioq, ver- 
tebra]. Deficient ossification in the arch of the fifth 
lumbar vertebra ; this is said to be one of the causes 
of spondylolisthesis. The condition may affect one 
or both sides of the vertebrae. 

Spondylotomy (spon-dil-ot'-o-me) \_otv6v6vaoc , vertebra ; 
rofii/, section]. Section of a vertebra in embryotomy; 
section of a vertebra in correcting a deformity. Cf. 
Rachiotomy. 

Spondylous (spon'-dil-us) [ -6vdv\oc, vertebra]. Ver- 
tebral ; like a vertebra. 

Spondylus (^spon'-dil-us) \_ctt6v5v~Aoc, vertebra]. A 
vertebra. 

Sponge (spun/) [andyyoc, any spongy substance]. In 
biology, a cceienterate animal of the class Porifera. 
The sponge of commerce belongs to the order Cera- 
spongia, having a skeleton of horn-fibers (spongin), 
without proper spicules. S. -animalcule, a sponge- 
cell. S., Antiseptic, a sponge that has been rendered 
destructive of germs. S., Burnt, sponge-charcoal made 
from fine sponges cleansed and burned, then powdered, 
and sifted through a No. 100 silk sieve. S., Com- 
pressed, a fine sponge, cleansed, exposed to pres- 
sure, and dried. It is used particularly as " sponge - 
86 



tents " in gynecology, and in the treatment of masti- 
tis. S., Fine Levant [Euspongia officinalis moilis- 
sii/ia), this is the finest sponge of commerce ; it is ob- 
tained from the Adriatic Sea, the Eastern Mediterranean 
Sea, and the Red Sea. S. -graft. See Graft. S. -graft- 
ing, a method of promoting the repair of chronic ulcers 
and other solutions of continuity rebellious to ordinary 
treatment by the application of pieces of sponge covered 
with oil-silk. Speedy cicatrization follows as a rule. S., 
Grass, the Honey-comb Sponge (Spongia cerebri- 
formis), a poor quality of sponge from Florida and 
the Bahamas. S. -holder, an instrument, consisting 
of a rod, which serves as the handle, furnished at the 
distal end with a device for clasping a sponge. S.- 
holder, Finger, a sponge-holder having a thimble at 
one end ; it is used within the throat. S., Horse, 
Venetian Bath-sponge, Gerbis Sort (Hippospongia 
equina), the coarsest of all the Mediterranean sponges. 
It is obtained along the Mediterranean coast. S., 
Levant. See S. , Fine Levant. S. -method of Vol- 
tolini, the removal of soft tumors from the vocal 
bands, by means of a small sponge firmly attached to 
a suitable handle, introduced into the glottis, and 
roughly moved up and down. S., Prepared, a sponge 
rendered soft and elastic, and suitable for surgical uses 
by soaking in cold water and separation of the cal- 
careous matter. S., Sheepswool (Spongia gossypina), 
the finest and toughest of the sponges from the 
Bahamas and the Florida Keys. S.-tent. See Tent. 
S., Turkey. See Fine Levant. S., Vegetable, the 
fibrous network of the fruit of Luffa cegyptiaca ; it 
is used as a sponge-brush and flesh-brush. S., 
Waxed, a fine sponge, which, after being cleansed, is 
soaked in melted yellow wax, and then exposed to 
pressure in a warm press ; it is used to make sponge- 
tents. S., Worsted, a substitute for sponge in 
surgery. Cut up coarse, white " four-ply fingering ' ' 
worsted into lengths of about two meters ; tie up a 
large handful of these in a double thickness of or- 
dinary "unprepared gauze," boil them for an hour 
or more, and put away for use in a 1-20 carbolic 
lotion. S., Zimocca (Euspongia zimocca), the flat, 
tough sponge of commerce, obtained from the 
Adriatic, about the Greek Islands, and the coast of 
Barbary. 

Spongia (spon'-je-ah). See Sponge. Carbo spongiae. 
See Sponge, Burnt. Pulvis spongiae ustae. See 
Sponge, Burnt. S. cerata. See S. , Waxed. S. Com- 
pressa. See Sponge Compressed. S. cynorrhodontis, 
S. cynosbati, bedegar; an excrescence occurring on 
various species of the wild-rose, due to the puncture 
of cynips ros3e. S. fluviatilis, small sponges found 
on stones and on water-plants in streams, ponds, and 
marshy places. S. lacustris, a Russian variety used 
by homeopaths in the preparation of a tincture. S. 
officinalis. See S. pra-parata. S. praeparata. See 
Sponge, Compressed, and S., Prepared. S. Usitatis- 
sima, sponges with fine pores cleansed and pressed. 
S. usta. See Carbo spongia: . 

Spongiform (spttn'-j/form) [andyyoc, sponge ; forma, a 
form]. Resembling or having the physical characters 
of a sponge. 

Spongin (spun'-jin) [o-oyyta, also o-ir6yyoc, sponge]. 
In biology, the horny substance forming the skeletal 
fibers of the ceratose sponges. It resembles silk 
in chemic composition, but differs from it in being 
insoluble in an ammoniacal solution of copper sul- 
phate (cuproso-ammo7iium sulphate). It is also called 
spongiatin. 

Sponginblast (spun' '-Jin-blast) [oiroyyia, sponge; 
piaarbc, a germ]. In biology, a spongin-secreting 
cell. 



SPONGIOBLAST 



1362 



SPORE 



Spongioblast (spun' -je-o-b last) [anoyyog, a sponge ; 
(i^aarbg, a germ]. In biology, a variety of cell 
derived from the invaginated ectoderm forming the 




mm 

Portion of Wall of Neural Tube, 

Exhibiting germ-cells (g) among the differentiating spongio 
blasts. (From Piersoi, after His.) 

neural tube. The spongioblasts are especially con- 
cerned in the production of the neuroglia-cells. Cf. 
Neuroblasts. 

Spongiole (spun' -je-ol) \_spongiola , a little sponge]. In 
biology, a name formerly applied to the spongy tissue 
of the root-tip, on account of its supposed property of 
sucking up moisture like a sponge. 

Spongiolin (spun'-je-o-lin). See Spongin. 

Spongiopiline (spun' -je-o-pi' -lin) [onoyyiov, dim. of 
owdyyog, sponge; vilog, felt]. Felted or woven 
cloth, into which tufts of sponge are incorporated ; one 
side is coated with rubber ; it is a good substitute for 
a cataplasm. 

Spongioplasm (spun' - je - o - plazm) \_aiz6yyog, sponge; 
n/taofia, anything formed or molded]. In biology, 
the extremely fine, elastic, protoplasmic threads form- 
ing the intracellular reticulum, and containing between 
them the clear, homogeneous, active hyaloplasm, q. v. 
"In muscle-fibers the spongioplasm is regularly 
arranged, consisting of parallel filaments which run 
longitudinally and are bound by transverse filaments 
at regular intervals in a plane at right angles to the 
longitudinal axis." (Lang.) 

Spongiosa (spun-je-o' -sah) [onoyyog, sponge]. Cancel- 
lous tissue. 

Spongiose (spun' -je-oz) [ondyyog, sponge]. Full of 
pores, like a sponge. 

Spongoblast (spung' -go-blast). Same as Spongioblast. 

Spongoid (spun' -gold) [ondyyog, sponge; eldog, resem- 
bling]. Resembling sponge. 

Spongomere (spzing'-go-mer) [orrdyyog, a sponge ; fi'epog, 
a part] . In biology, the upper portion of a sponge, 
characterized by the presence of chambers lined with 
collar-cells. Cf. Hypomere. 

Spongos, Spongus (spun' -gos, spun'-gus). See Sponge. 

Spongy (spun'-je) [airdyyog, sponge]. Having the 
texture of sponge ; very porous. S. Bones, bones 
having a porous, reticulated structure, especially the 
turbinated bones of the nose, and the sphenoid and 
ethmoid bones. S. Portion of the Urethra. See 
Urethra. 

Spontaneity (spon-tan-e'-it-e) \_spons, will, abl. sponte, 
of one's own accord]. In biology, variation in struc- 
ture or function attributable to some innate or heredi- 
tary condition of the organism and not to its environ- 
ment ; purposeless, or uncalled-for activity. 

Spontaneous (spon-ta' -ne-us) \spons, will]. Voluntary, 
or without extraneous impulse ; instinctive ; automatic. 



S. Ankle-clonus, a rhythmic movement of the leg 
and foot, corresponding to ankle-clonus, but occurring 
spontaneously. S. Combustion. See Combustion. 
S. Cretinism. See Cretinism. S. Evolution. 
See Evolution. S. Generation. See Abio- 
genesis. S. Version. See Version. 
Spool-worm. Synonym of Oxyuris vermicu- 
laris. See under Parasites (Animal), Table of. 
Spoon [ME., spoon, spoon]. A utensil consist- 
ing of an oval or circular bowl and a handle ; 
a spoon-shaped instrument ; a curet. S.-saw, 
a spoon-shaped instrument or curet with ser- 
rated edges, used for scraping away fungous 
growths. S. -nail, a condition of the nail in 
which it is thinned and concave from side to 
side, with the edges everted, and with hollow- 
ing to a less degree antero-posteriorly. It has 
been observed in some wasting diseases. 
Spora (spo'-rah) [L.]. See Spore. 
Sporaceous (spor-a'-shus) [spora, spore]. Con- 
sisting of or convertible into spores. 
Sporadic (spor-ad' -ik) [o-opadtnog, scattered]. 
Scattered. Applied to diseases, or cases of 
disease, that may spread, but which are not epi- 
demic. S. Cholera, a synonym of Cholera morbus. 
Sporadicity (spor - ad - is' - it - e) [cs-xopadinog, scattered]. 

The quality of being sporadic. 
Sporangidium (spor - an - jid' - e - um) [o-rropog, spore]. 

The theca or capsule of mosses. 
Sporangiferous (spor - an - jif - er - us) [anopog, spore ; 

ferre, to bear]. Bearing sporangia. 
Sporangiform (spor-an' -jf-orm) [mvopog, spore ; forma, 

form]. Having the form of a sporangium. 
Sporangioid (spor - an' - je - oid ) [anopog, spore ; eldog, 

like]. Sporangiform. 
Sporangiole (spor - an' - je - ol) \cir6pog, spore; ayyelov, 
vessel]. A capsule containing spores. Same as Spo- 
rangium. 
Sporangiophore (spor- an'-je - o -for). See Sporangio- 

phorum. 
Sporangiophorum (spor-an-je-off' -or-um) [oTrdpog, seed ; 
ayyelov, vessel ; (pepeiv, to bear: pi., Sporangiophora~\. 
In biology, the stalk or receptacle of a sporangium, 
including the leaf-like organ which bears the spores in 
Equisetacea, and the axis of the sporangia of certain 
ferns. 
Sporangiospore (spor-an' -je -o-spor) [cnropog, seed ; ay- 
yelov, vessel; anopog, seed]. In biology, one of the 
spores of a slime-mold (Myxomycetes). 
Sporangium (spor-an' -je-um) [cndpog, seed ; ayyelov, 
vessel: //. , Sporangia]. In biology, a capsule pro- 
ducing or enclosing spores. Cf. Macrosporangium, 
Microsporangium , Oosporangium , Zoosporangium. 
Sporation (spor- a' -shun) [anopog, seed]. See Sporula- 

tion. 
Spore (spor) [onopa, seed, produce, offspring]. I. In 
biology, one of the free, motile or non-motile repro- 
ductive bodies of a cryptogam, which arise by ordinary 
processes of vegetation and not directly by a union of 
sexual elements. In some cases its first stage is that 
of a naked primordial mass of protoplasm (zoospore) ; 
rarely it is multicellular, composed of merispores or 
breaking up into sporids (polyspore). 2. In animals, 
any germ or reproductive element less organized than a 
true cell ; also, any spermatic or ovulary cell ; also, 
the germ of a disease. Cf. , Accidiospone, Androspore, 
Ascospore, Auxospore, Basidiospore, Bispore, Carpo- 
spore, Chlamydospore, Clinospore, Macrospore, Mega- 
spore, Merispore, Microspore, Oospore, Polyspore, Proto- 
spore, Pseudospore, Pycnidiospore, Kesting-spore, 
Spor id, Stylospore, Swarmspore, Teleutospore, Telra- 
spore, Uredospore , Zoospore, Zygospoi-e. S. -capsule, 



SPORID 



1363 



SPOROZOA 



a spore-case. S.-case, the sporangium or covering of a 
spore. S.-cell, a spore. S., Compound, a spore that 
produces secondary spores. S., Daughter, a spore 
produced in a mother-cell. S. -formation, the origina- 
tion of spores. S. -group. Same as Sporidesm. S., 
Inactive, a non-motile fertile cell. S., Mother-, a 
mother-cell. S., Naked, a gymnospore. S. -plasm, 
the protoplasm of a sporangium. S., Primary, a 
spore the germination of which produces a prothallium ; 
a protospore. S.-sac, the sac lining the cavity of the 
sporangium of mosses. See Sporangium. S., Sec- 
ondary, a merispore. Cf. S. Compound. S., Swarm, 
a spore endowed with the power of locomotion. 

Sporid (spor' -id) [crn-dpor, seed]. See Sporidium. 

Sporidesm (spor' '- id - ezm) [c/rdpoc, seed; diofi?i, a 
bundle]. In biology, a septate or compound spore. 

Sporidiferous (spor-id-if -er-us) [<T7rdpoc, spore ; ferre, 
to bear]. Bearing sporidia. 

Sporidiola (spor-id-e-o' -lak). See Sporule. 

Sporidiolum (spor-id-i' -o-luni) [dim. of sporidium , from 
ciropoc, seed: //., Sporidiola']. In biology, a sper- 
maiium. 

Sporidium (spor-id'-e-um) [cndpor, seed ; idiov, a dim. : 
pi. , Sporidia]. In biology, a spore borne upon a 
promycelium. 

Sporiferous {spor -if '-er-us) \o~opa, spore; ferre, 
bear]. In biology, spore-bearing. 

Sporiparity (spor-ip-ar' -it-e) \a-6poq, spore ; parere, to 
bear]. Reproduction by means of spores. 

Sporiparous (spor-ip' '-ar-us) [oTropd, spore ; parere, to 
produce]. In biology, reproducing by means of spores. 

Sporoblast (spor'- o - blast ) \_aw6pog, seed ; /3/laordc, 
germ]. In biology, one of the four round bodies 
produced by the process of endogenous cell-formation 
in a Coccidium. Pfeiffer and Wolters refer to these 
as sporogonia, while Neumann broadens the applica- 
tion of the word " sporovlast" to make it include the 
" spore" as well as the "sporoblast ' ' of other authorities. 
Cf. Sporophore. 

Sporocarp (spor' -o-karp) \p~6poq, seed; K.ap-6q, fruit]. 
See Sporocarpium. 

Sporocarpium (spor - o - kar' - pe - um) [<T7rdpof, seed ; 
KapTrdg, fruit : //., Sporocarpia]. In biology, the 
fructification resulting from the conjugation of two 
sexual elements of identical structure, as found in the 
ascomycetous fungi ; also, the structure inclosing the 
sporangia in heterosporous ferns. 

Sporocladium (spor - o - kla' - de - um) \jjiv6poi;, spore; 
/cAdtfoc, a branch]. In certain Alga a branch pro- 
ducing spores. 

Sporocyst (spor' -o-sist ) [<77rdpoc, seed ; Kvang, a bag 
or pouch]. In biology : (a) a certain larval stage of 
fluke-worms (trematodd), which gives rise to new germs 
called redia, q. v. ; (b) used by Wolters as equivalent 
to macrospore and microspore of gregarines ; (c) the 
mother-cell of a spore ; a sporocyte. 

Sporocystic (spor-o-sis'-tik) \_onopog, seed ; Kvcriq, a 
bag or pouch]. In biology, of or pertaining to a 
sporocyst. 

Sporocyte (spor' '- o - sit) \_cnr6pot;, spore; nvrog, a 
hollow]. In biology, the mother-cell of a spore; a 
sporocyst. 

Sporoderm ( spor' - o - derm ) [ffTrdpoc, seed; 6eppa, 
skin]. In biology, the coat of a spore, including 
exospore and endospore. Cf. Spermoderm. 

Sporoduct (spor'-o-dukt ) [wrcdpog, spore ; ducere, to 
lead]. A passage through which spores are con- 
ducted. 

Sporogen (spor'-o-jen) \p-6poq , seed ; ytvr/q, produc- 
ing]. In biology, an organism which reproduces by 
means of spores. 

Sporogenesis (spor-o-jen' -es-is ) [oTrdpoc, seed ; yevcaig, 



generation]. In biology, spore-formation or repro- 
duction by spores. 

Sporogenous (spor-oj' -en-its') [airopoi;, seed; yevi/q, pro- 
ducing]. In biology, spore-producing. 

Sporogone (spor'-o-gon). Same as Sporogonium. 

Sporogonium (spor-o-go' -ne-um) [<77rdpoc, seed ; yovij, 
generation: pi. , Sporogonia]. In biology, the non- 
sexual generation of a moss, proceeding from the fer- 
tilized oosphore ; cf. Sporophyte, Sporocarp; also 
called Sporogone. 

Sporogony (spor-og' -o-ne) . Same as Sporogenesis. 

Sporoid (spor'-oid) \_a-6poq, spore; dtSoc, like]. 
Sporular. 

Sporologist (spor - ol' - o - jist) [crjrdpoc, spore; Xdyoq, 
science]. A botanist. 

Sporont (spo'-roni) [andpog, seed; iiv (ovt-) being]. 
In biology, a gregarine without an epimerite, as distin- 
guished from a cephalont. 

Sporophore (spor'-o-fbr) \_an6poq, seed ; <f>epeiv, to bear]. 
In biology : (a) that portion of a fungus thallus 
specialized for the bearing of propagative bodies ; a 
special hypha ; (b) Pfeiffer's name for the protoplas- 
mic material of a Coccidium which remains after the 
formation of the sporoblasts. It is the Theilungs- 
korper of German authors and the reliquat de segmen- 
tation of Raillietet Lucet. Wolters, however, employs 
the term sporophore in speaking of the noyau de reli- 
quat, a small portion of protoplasm which is left un- 
used in the macrospores and microspores of the Gregar- 
ina after the formation of the falciform bodies. 

Sporophoric (spor - o -fo'- rik) [c/rdpof , spore ; <pepetv, 
to bear]. Having the character of a sporophore. 

Sporophorous (spor-opf'-or-us) [orrdpoc, spore ; tykpetv, 
to bear]. Spore-bearing. 

Sporophyl, Sporophyll, Sporophyllum (spor' -of I, 
spor-o-fil' -um) [o-n-dpor, seed ; fybXkov, leaf ] . In 
biology, the modified leaf which bears the spores, or 
receptacles holding the spores, in many of the vascular 
cryptogams ; the fertile leaf. 

Sporophyte (spor'-o-flt) [cnrdpcx;, seed; <j>vrov, plant]. 
In biology, the non-sexual generation of one of the 
vascular cryptogams and higher cellular cryptogams. 
It is often of great size and extended length of life, 
and is that which is commonly known as the fern, club- 
moss, etc. On it are produced, without any process of 
fertilization, the spores. 

Sporophytic (spor-o-fit'-ik) [oTrdpoc, spore ; <pvr6v, a 
plant]. Resembling a sphorophyte. 

Sporos (spor'-os) [cnopoc;, spore] . Semen. 

Sporosac (spor'-o-sak) [a-aopoq, seed ; cannot;, a bag, a 
sack]. In biology: (a) one of the medusiform repro- 
ductive buds of certain Hydrozoa (Tubularice , Cam- 
panularia). They are Medusa which have undergone 
retrograde formation, without oral-opening tentacles 
or sense-organs ; (b) a sporocyst. 

Sporostegium ( spor - o -ste' -je - um ) [ <x7rdpoc, seed ; 
areyew, cover, roof] . In biology, the oosporangium or 
fructification of the Characea ; the Chara-fruit. 

Sporotrichium (spor-o-trik' -e-um) \_an6po$, spore ; dpi!;, 
hair]. A genus of hyphomycetous Fungi. S. der- 
matodes, a whitish mold that infests Arundo donax 
in Provence and contact with which causes the maladie 
des cannes, a dermatitis of the face, genitalia, etc. It 
is common among basket-makers and others handling 
the reeds. 

Sporous (spo'-rus) [pndpoc, spore]. Pertaining to a 
spore. 

Sporozoa (spor-o-zo' -ah)\atropa, seed ; C,£)ov, an animal]. 
A class of parasitic Protozoa including five orders : 
the Gregarinidia, parasitic in various worms and 
arthropods ; the Coccidiidia, or oviform psorosperms, 
parasitic in the hepatic and intestinal epithelium of 



SPOROZOOID 



1364 



SPUTUM 



various mammals, including man ; the Sarcosporidia, 
or tubuliform psorosperms, parasitic in the muscles of 
various animals. See Sarcocystis miescheri under 
Parasites (Animal), Table of; the Myxosporidia, 
the psorosperms of fishes ; the Microsporidia, or 
the psorosperms of articulates. See Pebrine and 
Microsporidia . 

Sporozooid (spor-o-zo'-oid) [ffjropdc, seed; zooid, ani- 
mal-like]. In biology: (a) one of the two "sickle- 
cells" or "falciform bodies" produced by every 
spore of the true Coccidia. The small portion of the 
spore-plasma remaining unused is called the noyau 
de reliquat or reliqnat de differentiation, or Restkbr- 
per ; (b) any oospore. 

Sporozoon (spor-o-zo' '-on) [ tnropd, seed ; C,(i>ov, an 
animal: //. , Sporozoa\ In biology, a member of the 
Sporozoa . 

Sport (sport) [ME., sport, sport]. A branch bearing 
foliage, blossoms, and. fruit unlike those of the parent 
plant. 

Sporular (spor'-ic-lar) [andpog, spore]. Having the 
character of a sporule. 

Sporulate (spor'-u-ldt) \an6poc, spore]. I. To form 
spores. 2. To convert into spores. 

Sporulation (spor-u-la' -shun) [psKopoc;, spore]. The 
production of spores or sporules; sporation. 

Sporule (spor'-ul) [oTrdpoc, seed]. A term applied 
to a minute spore ; also sometimes to minute granules 
within a spore. 

Sporuliferous (spor-u-lif -er-us) [psnopoc, spore ; ferre, 
to bear]. Bearing sporules. 

Sporuloid (spor'-u-loid) [anopoc, spore; eidoc, like]. 
Sporular. 

Spot [ME., spot, spot]. See Macula and Spilus. Ss., 
Acoustic. See Macula. S., Blind (of Mariotte). 
The entrance of the optic nerve, where the rods and 
cones are absent. S., Corneal, an opacity of the 
cornea ; leukoma. Ss., Cribriform. See Macula 
cribrosa. S. -disease. See Pebrine. S., Embryonic, 
the nucleolus of the ovum. S., Germinal, S., Germ. 
See S., Embryonic. S., Hectic, the bright flush on 
the cheek of a person suffering from hectic fever. Ss., 
Lenticular, ephelides ; the exanthem of typhoid 
fever. S., Light (on the membrana tympani), a cone 
of light on the anterior and inferior part of the tym- 
panic membrane, with its apex directed inward. S., 
Mariotte's, the optic disc. S., Milk, a spot found 
post-mortem on the external surface of the visceral layer 
of the pericardium, usually over the right ventricle ; 
it varies from a half to one inch in diameter, and is 
of common occurrence in persons who have passed 
middle life. S., Mothers', mothers' mark; nevus. 
Ss., Rose, the typhoid rash. S., Sommerring's. 
See Macula lutea. Ss., Sun. See Lentigo. S. of 
Wagner, the macula germinativa. S., Wine, port- 
wine mark ; strawberry mark. S., Yellow. See 
Macula lutea. 

Spotted (spot'-ed) [ME., spot, spot]. Marked with 
macula?. S. Fever. See Fever, Cerebro-spinal. S. 
Sickness. See Pinta Disease. 

Spotting (spot'-ing) [ME., spot, spot]. A disease of 
plants in which small black spots appear, and beneath 
which the tissues decay. 

Sprain (spran) [OP'., espreindre, to press]. Injury and 
consequent soreness from strain of a muscle, tendon, or 
ligament by too great traction upon it. S. -fracture, 
separation of a tendon, with detachment of a small shell 
of bone. S., Riders', a sprain of the adductor longus 
muscle of the thigh, resulting from a sudden effort on the 
part of the horseman to maintain his seat or equilibrium, 
owing to "shying" or other unexpected movement 
of his horse. 



Spray (spra) [Ger. , spreiden, to spread]. A liquid 
blown into minute particles by a strong current of air or 
steam. S., Listerian Steam, a carbolized spray 
from a steam atomizer, formerly used at surgical 
operations. S. -producer, an atomizer. 

Spread (spred) [ME., spreden, to spread]. To scat- 
ter; to disperse ; to distribute over a surface. S. of 
Dividers, the space including the image between the 
points of the dividers. This is measured in deter- 
mining the magnification of a simple microscope. 

Spreio (spri'-o). Written also Sprue. A popular 
term for thrush. 

Spring [ME., spring, spring]. The first of the four 
seasons of the year; also, a device having resiliency. 
S. Conjunctivitis. See Vernal. S. Fever. See 
Eonoszes. S. -finger, a condition in which there is 
an obstruction to flexion and extension of one or more 
fingers at a certain stage of these movements. It is 
due to injuries or may result from inflammation of the 
tendinous sheaths.' S.-halt, an involuntary convul- 
sive movement of the muscles of either hind leg in the 
horse, by which the leg is suddenly and unduly raised 
from the ground and lowered again with unnatural 
force. S. -ligament, the inferior calcaneoscaphoid 
ligament of the sole of the foot. S.-nail, a hang- 
nail. S. Ophthalmia. See Vernal. S.-worm. 
See Oxyuris vermicularis under Parasites (Animal), 
Table of. 

Sprout (sprowf) [D., spruite, a sprout]. A young root 
or stem from a seed ; a quickly-grown branch. S.- 
chain, a chaplet of cells formed by that mode of 
multiplication in which the parent-cell sends out a 
small process, which increases in size and is gradually 
separated by the formation of a septum at the point 
of junction. 

Spruce (sprits). The name of certain species of 
Abies, or fir. S.-beer, a beverage made by boiling 
four ounces each of pimenta, ginger, and hops, and a 
half-pint of essence of spruce in three gallons of 
water for about ten minutes, straining, adding one 
pint of yeast, six gallons of molasses, and eleven 
gallons of water, and leaving it to ferment for 
twenty-four hours. S.-gum, a resinous exudate ob- 
tained from Abies alba and Abies nigra. 

Sprue (spru). Synonym of Thrush. 

Sprung Knee. In the horse an alteration in the 
direction and articulation of the bones which form the 
various carpal joints, so that instead of forming a 
vertical line from the distal end of the forearm to the 
cannon-bone, the knee (wrist) is more or less bent 
forward. 

Spumescent, Spumose (spu - mes' - ent, spu' - moz) 
\_spuma, froth, foam]. Appearing like froth. 

Spunk (spungk). See Agaricus. 

Spur (sper) [ME., spure, spur]. A sharp point, or pro- 
jection. The angle made by any branch with the 
main blood-vessel. In biology, a pointed spine-like 
outgrowth, either of the integument or a projecting 
appendage. S.-gall, a callous and hairless place on 
the side of a horse, caused by the use of a spur. 

Spurge (sperj) [ME., sporgen, spurge]. A general 
name for plants of the genus Euphorbia. 

Spurious (spu' -re-us) \spurius, false]. Not legitimate ; 
bastard. S. Hydrocephalus. See Diarrhea, Acute 
Inflammatory. S. Labor. See False Pains. S. 
Melanosis. See Miners' Phthisis. S. Pregnancy. 
See Pseudocyesis. 

Spurred (sperd) [ME., spure, spur]. In biology, 
having spurs. S. Rye. See Ergot. 

Sputa (spu' -tah). Plural of -Sputum, q. v. 

Sputum (spu' -turn) \_spuere, to spit]. The secretion 
ejected from the mouth in spitting. It consists nor- 



SPYROKOLON 



1365 



SQUIRTING CUCUMBER 



roally of saliva and mucus from the nasal fossre and the 
fauces. In disease it may be purulent, muco-purulent, 
fibrinous, nummular, bloody, and may contain the debris 
of suppuration of any part finding an outlet through 
the mouth. Certain diseases, especially pneumonia 
and pulmonary tuberculosis, are marked by the specific 
character of their sputa. Microscopically, in diseased 
conditions, there are found various materials, as fol- 
lows : blood, oil-globules, pus-corpuscles, granular 
debris, fragments of lung-tissue, bacteria, Curschmann's 
spirals, and Charcot-Leyden crystals. S., Black-pig- 
mented, sputum having a black color from inhaled par- 
ticles of carbon. S., Cavernous, nummular sputum, 
from a pulmonary cavity. S. coctum, opaque, yellow- 
ish or greenish, viscid, generally partially confluent, 
though occasionally nummulated, sputum of the later 
stages of acute bronchitis. S. crudum, scanty, viscid 
expectoration in the early stages of acute bronchitis. S., 
Egg-yolk, sputum having a yellow color. S., Globu- 
lar, spheric masses of sputum of the later stages of 
bronchitis ; yellow in color, and consisting of epithe- 
lium, pus-corpuscles, mucus, etc. S., Green, bloody 
sputum in which oxidation of the hemoglobin has taken 
place; it is seen in pneumonia. S., Icteric, sputum 
tinged green or yellow, due to the presence of bile- 
pigment ; it is observed in icterus. S., Nummular, 
heavy, round, coin-like masses of sputum, such as 
occurs in pulmonary tuberculosis. S., Prune-juice, 
S., Rusty, the typical, dark-colored sputum of the 
third stage of pneumonia ; the color is due to the 
admixture of blood. S. puriforme, sputum having 
the appearance of pus. S. rotunda. See S., Num- 
mular. S. tuberculosum, a purulent or muco- 
purulent sputum containing tubercle-bacilli, occurring 
in pulmonary tuberculosis and in caseous pneumonia. 
S., Yellow, sputum having a yellow color, due to the 
presence of fungi ; the term is also applied to sputum 
rendered yellow by oxidation of the contained hemo- 
globin. 

Spyrokolon [spi-ro-ko' '-Ion) [literally, pustules on the 
nates] . A form of syphilis which has been more or 
less prevalent throughout Greece. It begins usually 
on the nates or scrotum and genitals as an eruption 
of pustules, which spreads to various parts of the 
body. No ordinary primary lesion can be dis- 
covered. 

Squalor {skwol'-or, or skwa' -lor) [L.]. Filth. Dis- 
order and uncleanliness. 

Squama (skiva'-mah) [L. : pi. , Squama:]. Scale; a 
dry, laminated exfoliation of the epidermis ; it is usu- 
ally the result of an inflammation, but may be due to 
preternatural dryness of the skin, or follow an acute 
hyperemia. Scales may be small and branny or very 
large and thin, and of a silvery-white or yellowish 
color. S. rhopalaris, the sense-scale, or covering of 
the rhopal niche in acraspede Medusa. 

Squamate {skwa' -mat) [squama, a scale]. Scaly, or 
scale-like. 

Squamation {skwa-ma' -shun) [squama, a scale]. The 
state of being squamate. 

Squame {skwam) [squama, a scale]. In biology, a 
scale. 

Squamella [skwa-mel' -ah) [L., dim. of squama~\. A 
very small scale. 

Squamellate (skwa-mel'-at ) [squama, scale]. Same as 
Squamulate. 

Squamelliferous (skwa-mel-if -er-us) [squama, scale ; 
ferre, to bear]. Furnished with squamellse. 

Squamiferous (skwa-mif '-er-us) [squama, scale ; ferre, 
to bear]. Provided with squamae. 

Squamiflorous {skwa-miflor'-us) [squama, scale; 
flos, flower]. Having flowers like scales. 



Squamiform (skwa' -mif-orm) [squama, scale ; forma, 
form]. Squamate. 

Squamigerous (skwa-mij' -er-us). Same as Squamifer- 
ous. 

Squamo-cellular [skwa-mo-sel' -u-lar) [squama, scale ; 
cellula, a small cell]. Flat-celled. 

Squamoid {skwa' -moid) [squama, scale ; A5oe, like]. 
Resembling a squama. 

Squamomastoid {skwa-mo-mas' -toid) [squama, scale ; 
mastoid]. Pertaining to the squamous and mastoid 
portions of the temporal bone. 

Squamoparietal (sliwa-mo-par-i' -et-al) [squama, scale ; 
paries, wall]. Pertaining to the squamosal and parietal 
bones. 

Squamopetrosal (skwa-mo-pe-tro' -zal) [squama, scale ; 
Tverpa, rock]. Pertaining to the squamous and petrous 
portions of the temporal bone. 

Squamosal (skiva-mo' -zal). See Squamous. 

Squamose (skwa'-moz) [squama, scale]. Scaly. 

Squamosphenoid {skwa-mo-sfe 1 '-noid) [squama, scale ; 
sphenoid]. Pertaining to the squamous portion of the 
temporal bone and to the sphenoid bone. 

Squamotemporal [skwa-mo-teni'-po-ral) [squama, 
scale ; temporal ] . Squamosal. 

Squamotympanic {skwa-mo-tim-pan'-ik) [squama, 
scale ; tympanic]. Pertaining to the squamosal and 
tympanic bones. 

Squamous (skwa'-mus) [squamosus, scaly]. Scaly. 
Characterized by thickened laminae of morbid cuticle. 
A term applied to an order of cutaneous diseases dis- 
tinguished by desquamation. It is applied also to cer- 
tain parts of bones having a scale-like appearance. S. 
Suture, the suture between the squamous portion of the 
temporal bone and the frontal and parietal bones. 

Squamozygomatic (skwa-mo-zi-go-maf -ik) [squama, 
scale ; zygomatic]. Pertaining to the squamous and 
zygomatic portions of the temporal bone. 

Squamula (skwa'-mu-lah) [L.j. A minute scale. 

Squamulate (skwa'-mu-ldt) [squamula, a little scale]. 
Having little scales. 

Squamule (skwa'-miil) [squainula, a little scale]. A 
squamula. 

Squamuliform {skwa' ' -mu-liform) [squamida, a little 
scale ; forma, form] . Having the form of a squamula. 

Squamulose {skwa' '-mu-loz) [squamula, a small scale]. 
Covered with minute scales. 

Square Cap. A variety of provisional head-dressing. 
A handkerchief is folded so that the edge of one side 
is three inches in advance of that of the other. The 
long side is placed next to the head, allowing it to 
hang down some distance in front of the face. The 
ends of the short side are drawn down and tied under 
the chin ; then the ends of the long side are drawn 
downward and forward, folded back, and tied behind 
over the back of the neck. 

Squarra {skwar' -ah) [eaxapa, a scab]. A rough crust 
of tinea. S. tondens, alopecia areata. 

Squarrose {skwar' '-oz) [squarrosus, scurfy, scaly]. In 
biology, applied to stems or other organs that are 
roughened with closely arranged bracts or other spread- 
ing processes. 

Squarrous (skwar'-ns) [lox&pa, a scab]. Scurfy; hav- 
ing crusts or scabs. 

Squaw-root. See Caulophyllum. 

Squibb's Diarrhea-mixture. See Opii, Tinct., Comp. 

Squill {skwil). See Scilla. 

Squinancy (skwin'-an-se). See Quinsy. 

Squint (skwint) [origin obscure]. See Strabismus. 
S.-hook, a hook for picking up the tendon in an 
operation for strabismus. 

Squirrhus (skwir' -us). See Scirrhus. 

Squirting Cucumber. See Elaterium. 



SRINT 



1366 



STALAGMOMETER 



Srint [Hungarian]. A disease characterized by inflam- 
matory swellings in the mouth, throat, or anus. It is 
endemic in Hungary. 

Stab-culture, a culture in which the inoculating point is 
thrust into a tube of agar, or other suitable solid culture- 
material ; it is used for the propagation of anaerobic 
schizomycetes ; it is also called Stichcultur, Stick- 
culture or Thrust-culture. 

Stabile (sta'-bil) \_stabilis~\. Not moving; permanent; 
in electrotherapeutics, opposed to labile, the electrode 
being held continually upon one point. 

Stable-fly (sta'-blfli). See Stomoxys calcitrans in 
Parasites (Animal), Table of 

Stachys (sta'-kis) [cra^uc, woundwort]. A genus of 
labiate plants, including motherwort, a perennial herb 
"growing in Europe, Asia, and North America. It is 
said to possess tonic and diuretic properties, and to 
be a vascular stimulant. S.palustris. Hedge-nettle; 
it grows in marshy places in Europe and North 
America. 

Stachytarpha, Stachytarpheta (stak-it-ar'-fah, stak- 
it-ar'-fe-tah) \araxvQ, a spike ; rapcpewc, thick]. A 
genus of the Verbenacecs. Bastard vervain ; an aromatic 
shrub growing in the West Indies and South America. 
The leaves and root are said to be tonic, stimulant, 
diuretic, and anthelmintic. The leaves are known as 
Brazilian tea, and in Europe are used to adulterate tea. 

Stactometer (stak-tom' '-et-er) [ora/crdc, a dropping ; 
fiETpov, a measure]. An instrument for measuring 
drops. 

Stadium (sta'-de-tim) [L.]. Stage or period. S. 
acmes, the height of a disease ; crisis. S. augmenti, 
the period in which there is increase in the intensity 
of the disease. S. caloris, the period during which 
there is fever ; the hot stage. S. contagii, the pro- 
dromal stage of an infectious disease. S. convales- 
centiae, the period of recovery from disease. S. 
decrementi, defervescence of a febrile disease ; the 
period in which there is a decrease in the severity of 
the disease. S. decrustationis, the stage of an exan- 
thematous disease in which the lesions form crusts. S. 
desquamationis, the period of desquamation in an 
exanthematous fever. S. eruptionis, that period of an 
exanthematous fever in which the exanthem appears. 
S. exsiccationis. See S. decrustationis. S. flores- 
centiae, the stage in an eruptive fever in which the 
exanthem develops. S. incubationis. See Stage, 
Latent. S. maniacale, the last stage of excitement 
in mania, after which the nervous manifestations gradu- 
ally subside. S. nervosum, the paroxysmal stage of 
a disease. S. prodromorum, in eruptive fevers, the 
stage prior to the appearance of the eruption. S. 
staseos. See S. acmes. S. suppurationis, the period 
in the course of .variola in which suppuration oc- 
curs. S. ultimum, the final stage of a febrile affec- 
tion. 

Staff (staf) [MY.. , staff, staff]. An instrument used 
in lithotomy for passing into the bladder through the 
urethra. S.-tree. See Celastrus. 

Staffordshire Knot. See Knot. 

Stage (staj) [ME., stage, stage]. I. A definite period 
of a disease characterized by certain symptoms ; a 
condition in the course of a disease. 2. The horizontal 
plate projecting from the pillar of a microscope, for 
supporting the slide or object. S., Algid, a condition 
characterized by subnormal temperature, feeble, flicker- 
ing pulse, secondary nervous manifestations, etc. It 
occurs in cholera and other diseases marked by exhaust- 
ing intestinal discharges. S., Amphibolic, the stage 
of a disease intervening between its height and its de- 
cline. S. , Asphyxial, the preliminary stage of Asiatic 
cholera, marked by extreme thirst, muscular cramps, 



etc., due to loss of water from the blood. S., Cold, 
the initial stage, rigor or chill of an attack of a malarial 
paroxysm. S., Expulsive (of labor), the stage which 
begins when dilatation of the cervix uteri is complete. 
See Labor. S., First (of labor), that stage in which 
the molding of the fetal head and the dilatation of the 
cervix are effected. See Labor. S., Flexion (of labor), 
the expulsive stage up to the period in which extrusion 
of the head occurs. S., Hot, the second or pyrexial 
stage of a malarial paroxysm. S., Infective, that 
period of an eruptive fever during which it is 
infectious. S., Initial, the prodromal stage of 
an eruptive fever. S. of Invasion, the period 
in the course of a disease in which the system 
comes under the influence of the morbific agent. S. 
of Latency, the incubation-period of an infectious 
disease, or that period intervening between the en- 
trance of the virus and the manifestation of the symp- 
toms to which it gives rise. S., Latent. See S. of 
Latency. S., Placental (of labor), the period oc- 
cupied by the expulsion of the placenta and fetal 
membranes. S., Pre-eruptive, the period of an erup- 
tive fever following infection and prior to the ap- 
pearance of the eruption. S., Pyrogenetic, the 
stage of invasion in febrile diseases. S., Second 
(of labor). See S., Expulsive. S., Sweating, the 
third or terminal stage of a malarial paroxysm. S., 
Third (of labor). See S., Placental. 

Staggers (stag'-erz) [MD., staggeren, to stagger]. One 
of the various forms of functional and organic disease 
of the brain and spinal cord in domestic animals, es- 
pecially horses arid cattle. Enzootic cerebritis of 
horses, sheep, etc., blind-staggers, louping-ill, gid, 
sturdy, turnside, stavers. See Ccenurus cerebralis, under 
Parasites (Animal), Table of. See, also, Loco and 
Grass-staggers. S., Blind, staggers due to cerebral 
disease. S.-bush, Andromeda mariana ; a plant 
allied to the mountain laurel, growing in the seaboard 
States of North America. S. -"Grass, Loco, or Loco 
Disease, a. v., produced by eating various so-called 
loco- weeds, e. g. , Amaryllis atamasco, Astragalus 
mollio-sinus, A. hornii, Oxytropis lamberti, etc. S., 
Mad, S., Sleepy, staggers due to inflammation of 
the cerebral envelops. S., Stomach, staggers due to 
cerebral disturbance dependent on gastric disorder. 

Stagmodeopsoriasis(stag-mo-de-op-so-ri / -as-is)[aTayf/a, 
a dropping ; elSoc, like ; ijxopiaaig, psoriasis]. Psoriasis 
in which the lesions ' ' look like drops of mortar on 
the skin ;" psoriasis guttata. 

Stagnation (stag-na'-shun) \_stagnare, to settle]. A 
cessation of motion. In pathology, a cessation of 
motion in any fluid ; stasis. 

Stahl's Ear. See Ear, Deformities of S.'s Theory. 
See Animism. 

Stain (stan) [by apheresis from distain, dis, priv. ; tingere, 
to color]. 1. A discoloration. 2. A pigment employed 
in microscopy to render visible minute and transparent 
elements or to produce certain microchemic reactions. 
See Nuclear Stain, Plasmatic Stain, Specif c Stain, 
also Stains, Table of, page 1367. 

Stainable (sta'-na-bl) [ME., steinen, to stain]. Cap- 
able of being stained. 

" Stairs " Sign. A sign in locomotor ataxy, consisting 
in a difficulty in descending stairs. It is an early 
symptom of the disease. 

Staircase (star'-kas) [ME., staire, stair; case~\. A 
continuous series of responses to nerve-stimuli, varying 
from a minimal intensity to a maximum intensity. 
(Romanes.) See Summation. 

Stalagmometer (stal-ag- mom' -et-er) \cra'Kayu6q, a 
dropping; fierpov, a measure]. A contrivance for 
measuring the size of drops. 



STAINS, ETC. 



1367 



CEMENTS AND VARNISHES 



TABLE OF STAINS, 

FLUIDS FOR FIXING AND HARDENING, MEDIA FOR EXAMINATION AND PRESERVA- 
TION, ETC., AND METHODS EMPLOYED IN BIOLOGIC INVESTIGATION. 



PAGE 

Bleaching fluids 1367 

Cell mounts 1367 

Cements and varnishes 1367 

Cleaning slides and covers 1368 

Clearing agents 1368 

Corrosion methods, 1369 

Cover-glass preparations, 1369 

Cytologic methods 1369 



INDEX. 

Decalcifying fluids 1371 

Decolorizing, etc., solutions, .... 1372 

Dissociating fluids 1372 

Embedding, 1373 

Embryologic methods, 1375 

Examination of blood 1376 

Examination and preservation 

media, 1377 



PAGE 

Fixatives, 1380 

Fixing and hardening fluids, .... 1381 

Injection masses 1384 

Staining of con. and other tissues, . . 1386 

Staining of microorganisms 1387 

Staining of nerve-tissues, 1392 

Staining reagents, 1397 

Zoologic methods 1405 



BLEACHING FLUIDS. 
These are used to dissolve and decolorize organic pig- 
ments in tissues containing them, and to overcome 
the staining of objects treated with osmic acid. 
Chloroform, combined with nitric acid, will clear 
strongly pigmented chitin. Grenadier's Mixture. 
For the eyes of Arthropods and other animals. Mix 
I part of glycerin with 2 parts of 80 per cent, alcohol, 
and add 2 or 3 drops of hydrochloric acid. This fluid 
dissolves pigment, while at the same time a stain is 
formed which, in the course of from 12 to 24 hours, 
colors the nuclei. The object may be previously 
stained with borax-carmin. The carmin does not wash 
out as rapidly as the pigment, but the decolorization 
must be watched. Hydrogen Dioxid (Hyd?'ogen 
Peroxid, Oxygenated Water). The sections, fast- 
ened on slides, are placed in a 10-volume, or 2 per 
cent, solution. The melanin is reduced to a pale- 
yellow color in from 6 to 48 hours, according to the 
amount of pigment present and the light to which the 
specimen is exposed (strong sunlight materially hastens 
the process). If the treatment is continued longer 
the coloring-matter can be entirely removed, and by 
watching the process a little carefully the decoloriza- 
tion can be stopped at any point before absolute re- 
moval. Practically it has been found to be of advant- 
age to leave sufficient color to mark the position of the 
pigment-cells. The liquid does no appreciable injury 
to the structural elements. See also Ponchef s Mixture. 
Javelle Water. See Corrosion-fluids , Eau de Javelle. 
Labarraque's Solution. See Corrosion-fluids , Eau 
de Labarraque. Mayer's Chlorin-solution. To 
remove the staining that occurs as a result of treat- 
ment with osmic acid. The specimen is put in from 
70 to 90 per cent, alcohol ; the bottom of the vessel 
is then covered with crystals of potassium chlorate, 
and a few drops of strong hydrochloric acid are added 
by means of a pipet. The appearance of a green color 
indicates the evolution of chlorin, which should be 
diffused through the alcohol by shaking the vessel. 
Objects are bleached in half a day. Nitric acid may 
be used instead of hydrochloric, in which case the 
bleaching agent is the freed oxygen. Marsh gener- 
ates chlorin in a small bottle, and conveys it by means 
of glass tubing to the bottom of a bottle containing the 
sections in water. Pouchet's Mixture. Treat the 
tissue with glycerin to which hydrogen dioxid has 
been added — 5 or 6 drops to from 5 to 10 c.c. of gly- 
cerin. Osmium preparations may be bleached in 
this mixture. The same author recommends creasote 
as a solvent and decolorizer for granular animal pig- 
ments. Sargent's Chlorin-solution. For bleach- 
ing insects, and suitable only for the preparation of 
the hard parts. The solution consists of 2 grams of 
potassium chlorate, 10 drops of hydrochloric acid, 



and water, 30 c.c. Soak the objects for two days and 
then wash thoroughly. 

CELL-MOUNTS. 

Balsam-paraffin for Cells {Julien). This substance 
consists of paraffin saturated with balsam -cement, and 
is prepared as follows : Reduce commercial Canada 
balsam to a wax-like consistence by slow evaporation 
in a shallow tin pan over a low flame. Test by cool- 
ing a few drops from time to time. Melt slowly a 
quarter of a pound of paraffin, with a melting-point 
above 45 C. (113° F.), add a lump of the balsam- 
cement about the size of a marble, and then digest at 
gentle heat, stirring frequently, for about an hour. 
The appearance of a slight, yellow tinge indicates the 
saturation of the paraffin by the balsam. When it is 
desired to prepare a cell, the balsam-paraffin is cau- 
tiously heated to the melting-point in a shallow porce- 
lain capsule. These paraffin cells are suitable for 
dry or liquid mounts, excepting for the latter when 
Canada balsam, dammar, or oils are used as preserva- 
tives. The great advantage of the balsam-paraffin is 
its chemic indifference to the reagents employed in 
the preservation-media. Paper-cell Method {Lee). 
By means of a punch cut out a ring of paper, one 
mm. in breadth and about one mm. smaller in 
diameter than the cover-glass. Moisten this paper 
circlet with the mounting-fluid and center it on the 
slide. Fill the cell thus formed with the mounting- 
fluid ; place the object in it ; put on the cover ; fill the 
annular space between the paper and the margin of 
the cover with glycerin-jelly, and as soon as this has 
set turn a ring of Bell's cement on it. For Mounting- 
media. See under Mounting. 

CEMENTS AND VARNISHES. 

These substances are chiefly used for sealing fluid 
mounts, to prevent the admission of air and evapora- 
tion of the liquid. Before applying a cement, all fluid 
mounts should be ringed with glycerin-jelly, to avert 
" running in." Amber Varnish. Fuse 6 lbs. of clear, 
pale amber, add 2 gallons of hot clarified linseed-oil, 
boil until the mixture " strings," and when partially 
cooled add about 4 gallons of turpentine. Behrens 
recommends this cement for its extreme tenacity. 
Apathy's Cement. Heat together, in a porcelain 
capsule, equal parts of hard paraffin (6o° C. melting- 
point) and Canada balsam, until the mixture assumes 
a golden tint and no longer emits vapors of turpentine. 
On cooling, this forms a firm mass, which for use is 
warmed, and applied with a glass rod. This cement 
is suitable for closing glycerin mounts. Asphalt 
Varnish. This is one of the best media, used either 
as a cement or as a varnish. Kitton advises asphalt 



STAINS, ETC. 



1368 



CLEARING AGENTS 



dissolved in benzol and a small quantity of gold size. 
Bell's Cement. Useful as a cement and varnish. It 
is soluble in ether and chloroform, and resists the 
action of cedar-oil. Its composition is unknown. 
Brunswick or Japan Black. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. Equal parts of this substance and gold 
size, with a little Canada balsam, may be used. 
It works easily and dries quickly. Colophonium 
and Wax. To 2 parts of melted wax add, piece- 
meal, from 7 to 9 parts of colophonium ; filter and 
cool. For use, melt by placing the vessel contain- 
ing the mass in hot water. This cement is imper- 
vious to water, glycerin, and caustic potash. Gold 
Size. An excellent cement when of good quality. 
Kitton's White-lead Cement. Rub together 
thoroughly, with a little turpentine, equal parts of 
powdered white lead, red lead, and litharge ; then 
mix with gold size. The cement should be thin enough 
to work with a brush, and must be made as required. 
Marine Glue. That known in commerce as G K4 is 
the best. It is soluble in ether, naphtha, and potassium 
hydroxid, and is used for securing glass cells to slides. 
Sealing-wax Varnish. Cover coarsely powdered 
sealing-wax with alcohol, and digest at a gentle heat. 
Useful only as a varnish. Shellac Varnish (Beale). 
Break shellac in small pieces, and shake in a bottle 
with alcohol until a thick solution is obtained. The 
addition of 20 drops of castor-oil to the ounce is said 
to improve this varnish, which is useful chiefly for 
protecting balsam mounts from the action of cedar-oil. 
The addition of Venice turpentine renders it less brittle. 
Stieda's White-zinc Cement. Rub up zinc oxid 
with turpentine, and for every gram add eight grams of 
a thick, syrupy solution of dammar in turpentine. This 
makes a white cement like Ziegler's, the composition 
of which is unknown. Cinnabar, in place and in 
double the quantity of the zinc, will give a red cement. 
Tolu-balsam Cement (Camoy). A superior cement, 
consisting of tolu balsam 2 parts, Canada balsam I 
part, and a saturated solution of shellac in chloroform 
2 parts, with the addition of enough chloroform to 
give the mixture a syrupy consistence. Turpentine 
{Parker). Dissolve true Venice turpentine in enough 
alcohol to make a solution that will pass through a 
filter. After filtering, evaporate about one-fourth of 
the whole on a sand-bath. Test it by dropping a little 
in cold water, and if on removing it from the water it 
is hard and gives a vitreous fracture, evaporation has 
proceeded far enough. Csoker uses common resinous 
turpentine, which he melts in small pieces over a water- 
bath. When cool, the resulting mass should be dark- 
brown and brittle. This cement is used for closing 
glycerin mounts, and is applied by means of a wire 
bent at right angles, the short arm being just the length 
of the side of the cover-glass, which should be square ; 
the wire is heated in a spirit-lamp, plunged into the 
cement, and brought down flat on the slide at the mar- 
gin of the cover. The turpentine distributes itself 
evenly and hardens immediately. This is a safe and 
valuable medium and fixes rapidly. 

CLEANING OF SLIDES AND COVERS. 
Strong nitric acid, water, alcohol, and ether are recom- 
mended by Behrens, to be used in the order named. 
James treats slides that have been used with a mixture 
of equal parts of benzine, turpentine, and alcohol. 
For slides on which are balsam-mounted objects the 
balsam should first be removed by xylol, turpentine, or 
other solvent. Gibbes' (ffeneage) Method. Place 
the covers in concentrated sulphuric acid for an hour 
or two hours ; wash until the drainings give no acid 
reaction, first with methylated spirit, then with absolute 



alcohol, and wipe dry with an old silk handkerchief. 
Potassium Bichromate and Sulphuric Acid. Potas- 
sium bichromate 200 grams ; water 1000 c.c. ; sulphuric 
acid 1000 c.c. Dissolve the bichromate in the water 
with the aid of heat. Pour the solution into a bottle 
that has been warmed and surrounded by a wet towel. 
Add slowly and at intervals the sulphuric acid. This 
mixture is corrosive and must be kept in glass vessels. 
It may be used more than once, but when the color 
changes markedly from that seen in the first mixture, 
it should be thrown away. Seller's Solution. Po- 
tassium bichromate 25 gm. ; sulphuric acid 75 c.c. ; 
water 325 c.c. Place the slides and covers in the 
solution for a few hours, then rinse well with water, 
and dry with a soft, linen cloth. Slides and covers 
that have been used are treated as follows : The 
covers are put into a mixture of equal parts of 
alcohol and hydrochloric acid, and in a few days 
are transferred to the bichromate solution, and treated 
like new ones. The slides are scraped with a knife, 
to free them from the mounting-medium, and are 
then put into the bichromate mixture. Sulphuric 
and Nitric Acid Mixture. Nitric acid 200 c.c; 
sulphuric acid 300 c.c. 

CLEARING AGENTS. 
Liquids used to render microscopic preparations trans- 
parent, to rid them of alcohol, and to facilitate pene- 
tration of the mounting-media. Those chiefly employed 
are essential oils. Anilin-oil. An important medium, 
because of its ability to clear watery objects ; it will 
even clear aqueous media without the interven- 
tion of alcohol, which sometimes renders it valuable 
as a penetrating medium prior to paraffin embedding. 
It is also used for clearing celloidin sections. Berga- 
mot-oil. Clears 95 percent, alcohol preparations, also 
celloidin or collodion sections, and does not extract 
anilin dyes. It is one of the least refractive of the 
clearing agents. Carbolic Acid. A concentrated 
solution in alcohol clears instantaneously even very 
watery preparations. It is a good medium for celloid- 
in sections, but should not be used for soft objects to 
be mounted in balsam, as they are apt to shrink by 
osmosis in the latter medium. Gage employs a mix- 
ture of melted carbolic acid, 40 c. c. , and turpentine , 60 
c.c. Carbolic Acid and Xylol. A mixture of one part 
of carbolic acid and three parts of xylol is used to clarify 
celloidin sections, which may be taken from 70 per 
cent, alcohol, and do not require further dehydration. 
A layer of previously heated copper sulphate in the 
bottom of the bottle will keep the mixture free from 
water. Cedar-oil. This agent clears readily tissues 
in 95 per cent, alcohol, and does not extract anilin 
colors. Five or six hours are required to clear celloid- 
in sections. When of good quality the oil has a 
light-yellow color. Chloroform is deficient in pene- 
trating power, and requires a long time to clear an 
object of any size. It may be used for celloidin and 
paraffin sections. Clove-oil. New oil is pale ; the 
tint deepens with age. Long immersion in this 
medium renders tissues brittle, sometimes an advantage 
in making minute dissections, as is also its tendency to 
form very convex drops. If desired, these properties 
may be counteracted by mixing it with bergamot-oil. 
As this oil is a solvent of celloidin, it cannot be used 
for clearing celloidin sections. New oil extracts 
anilin colors more rapidly than old. This agent has the 
highest index of refraction of all the usual clearing 
agents, and is one of the most important. Creasote. 
The properties of this agent are similar to those of 
carbolic acid. Beechwood creasote is a good clearing 
medium for celloidin sections. Lavender-oil has 



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1369 



CYTOLOGIC METHODS 



the same properties and is used in the same way 
as clove-oil. Naphtha clears paraffin or celloidin 
sections, but is too volatile for a general clearing 
agent. Oil of Origanum. Ninety -five per cent, 
alcohol preparations are quickly cleared, also celloidin 
sections. For the latter, Oleum origani crelici should 
be used. Anilin colors are somewhat extracted by 
this agent. Sandal-wood Oil. Ninety-five per 
cent, alcohol preparations are cleared rapidly, celloidin 
sections more slowly, by this agent. Anilin colors are 
not affected by it. Toluol clears paraffin and cel- 
loidin sections, and is sometimes used as a penetration- 
fluid before the paraffin bath. Turpentine. This 
agent has a low index of refraction, and, used for al- 
cohol objects, causes contraction and alters the struc- 
ture of cells. It is much used for paraffin sections, 
as it possesses the property of dissolving the par- 
affin and clearing the section at the same time. Xylol 
is used for paraffin and celloidin sections. It causes 
shrinkage if the sections are not thoroughly dehy- 
drated. 

CORROSION-METHODS. 
Boiling or prolonged soaking in strong solution of Caustic 
Soda will remove the soft parts from skeletal struc- 
tures. Caustic potash may be used in the same way. 
Kau de Javelle [Potassium Hypochlorite). Rub up 
20 gm. of chlorinated lime in 100 c.c. of distilled 
water ; dissolve 20 gm. of potassium carbonate in 100 
c.c. of distilled water; mix, and after one hour filter. 
This solution is particularly recommended for prepar- 
ing the skeleton of siliceous sponges and that of 
similar structures. In the study of the iris, choroid, 
and other pigmented organs, Altmann recommends 
Javelle water. Fat, especially when previously treated 
with osmic acid, resists the action of this fluid. The 
tissue impregnated with fat is hardened in osmic acid, 
and treated with Javelle water, which destroys every- 
thing but the fat, which remains as an osmium-stained 
mold of the tissue-spaces. Eau de Labarraque. [So- 
dium Hypochlorite) . Twenty grams of chlorinated lime 
are rubbed up in 100 c.c. of distilled water and mixed 
with 40 gm. of crystallized sodium carbonate dissolved 
in the same quantity of water. Let the mixture stand 
for an hour, and filter. This is used in the same way 
as Javelle water. With the aid of heat, chitin is dis- 
solved in either of the solutions in a short time (Loos). 
Chitinous structures, macerated for 24 hours or more in 
these solutions diluted with 4 to 6 volumes of water, 
become soft and transparent, and permeable to stain- 
ing fluids, aqueous or alcoholic. This method is es- 
pecially applicable to Nematoda and their ova. Hyrtl's 
Corrosion-method. Commercial mastic varnish is 
gradually evaporated over a spirit-lamp, or by other 
means, until it is of such a hardness that it cannot be 
indented with the finger, and with difficulty with the 
finger nail. The varnish should never be heated to 
boiling. By means of a glass rod, allow a drop of 
hot varnish to fall in cold water ; if this cannot be 
flattened out between the fingers when cold, and only 
with difficulty after warming in the palm of the hand 
or on the tongue, it is sufficiently evaporated. To six 
parts of hardened varnish add one part of white bees- 
wax. To color the injection-mass, five colors are re- 
commended : For red mass, cinnabar ; for blue, cobalt 
or ultramarine ; for yellow, light or dark chrome-yel- 
low ; for green, emerald green; for white, carbonate 
of lead. The latter holds more poorly than the others, 
becoming somewhat brownish after heating. To 24 
ounces of the mass, add from 16 to 20 drams of the 
color : a little more than this for the blue and green. 
The colors should be rubbed up evenly in a mortar, 



with enough of the fluid varnish to give a syrupy con- 
sistency, and this mixture poured slowly into the 
heated mass, while constantly stirring with a small 
wooden spatula. The mass is warmed, preparatory 
to injection, over an ordinary spirit-lamp, to a tempera- 
ture just short of boiling, and should be constantly 
stirred. The method of injecting the varnish mass 
diflers in no way from that of ordinary injections. For 
corroding away the fleshy parenchyma, concentrated 
hydrochloric acid is used. The organ is placed in a 
glass jar, of a depth at least two inches greater than 
the diameter of the organ. It is first rinsed with cold 
water, and then the cold acid poured over it in suffi- 
cient quantity to float it. The greater the amount of 
acid, the quicker the corrosion. From two to ten 
days will be required for corrosion, according to the 
size and density of the organ. A fine spray or jet of 
water is then played upon the organ, and the corroded 
flesh carefully washed away. The preparation is then 
laid for two or three hours in clean water and then 
dried and mounted. Noll's Method: Place a piece 
of sponge on a slide, and treat it with a few drops of 
eau de Javelle ; the soft parts will dissolve in 20 to 30 
minutes ; remove any precipitates by cautious treatment 
with acetic acid, wash several times in alcohol, treat 
with oil of cloves, and mount in balsam. In Wood's 
Metal Corrosion Method, the organ to be injected 
is placed in water of a temperature to keep the metal 
used in a fluid condition, and the liquid metal is injected 
by ordinary methods. The injected organ is then placed 
in cold, running water until the flesh has macerated 
away, when the cast is cleaned with a brush. 



COVER-GLASS PREPARATIONS. 
Such preparations are usually made in examining blood, 
sputum, or other fluid or semi-fluid substance. In the 
case of sputum a tiny mass is placed on a cover-glass, 
another is pressed gently down upon this, and the two 
glasses are separated by sliding one over the other, the 
object being to secure a thin, even film on each glass. 
The film may also be spread with the edge of a cover- 
glass or with a platinum spatula. The preparations 
are then left to dry in air, or they may be dried by 
exposing them to a temperature of 120 for twenty 
minutes, or by passing them quickly thrice through 
the flame of a spirit-lamp or Bunsen burner. When 
dry, they are ready to stain. To obtain a cover-glass 
preparation of blood, cleanse the finger, prick the 
pad, wipe off the first drop of blood that exudes, touch 
the apex of the second drop with a cover-glass, spread 
in the manner described, and dry in air. 



CYTOLOGIC METHODS. 
Cell-structure may be studied in living cells, in fresh, 
unhardened cells, and in hardened tissue in sections. 
Accessory Nuclei. Fix the tissue in Flemming's solu- 
tion for I hour, then place it for 24 hours in Flemming's 
fluid diluted 3 or 4 times ; wash thoroughly, harden 
in alcohols of increasing strength. Stain for 24 hours 
with hematoxylin according to Apathy's modification 
of Heidenhain's method; keep in the dark. Decol- 
orize in a 1 per cent, alcoholic solution of potassium 
bichromate prepared just before using (by mixing 70 
c.c. of strong alcohol with 30 c.c. of a stock solution 
of potassium bichromate 10 parts, distilled water 300 
parts). The decolorizing mixture should be put in a 
dark-colored glass bottle, and the tissue left in for from 
12 to 24 hours, according as a light or dark stain is 
desired. Pass into 70 per cent, alcohol — also in a dark 
bottle, and after one or more days dehydrate in abso- 



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CYTOLOGIC METHODS 



lute alcohol. Infiltrate with thick cedar-oil, embed in 
paraffin which is overheated, and section. (Gustav 
Plainer, Arch. f. mikr. Anat., 1889, Bd. 33, Heft I.) 
Achromatin and Plasma Stains. Foremost among 
these is the Ehrlich-Biondi fluid, which is used by 
Heidenhain as follows : Dilute 6 parts of the staining 
fluid with 400 parts of water. Fill two beakers with 
distilled water, and add to each a few drops of the 
diluted staining solution. To one beaker add, with 
continual agitation, drop by drop, a I : 500 solution of 
acetic acid, until a crimson color appears. The con- 
tents of the two beakers are to serve as controls. The 
dilute solution first prepared is now acidified with dilute 
acetic acid, added drop by drop, with continual agita- 
tion, and from time to time a few drops are added to a 
beaker of distilled water, until a crimson tint is ob- 
tained corresponding to that of the test-beaker, when 
the staining bath is ready. Treat sections for two 
hours with o. I per cent, acetic acid, then for 10 to 15 
minutes with official tincture of iodin, rinse in alcohol, 
and place in the stain for from 12 to 18 hours. 
Altmann's Granules, Alt matin's (J?.) Method. The 
tissue is fixed in osmic acid and stained with cyanin. 
The granules then appear in chains of a violet color. 
The substance between the granules stains readily with 
hematoxylin or carmin, but not with cyanin, and vice 
versa. (" Die Structur des Zellkernes," Arch. v. Du 
B. Reymond, Anat. Abth. , 1889. ) Chromatin Stains. 
Of these the foremost in importance, for fresh tissues, 
is methyl-green, which may be used alone or in the 
Ehrlich-Biondi mixture (see Staining Reagents) ; also 
Bismarck-brown in dilute glycerin, or in aqueous solu- 
tion with acetic acid. For osmium objects, Mayer's hem- 
alum. For sections of hardened tissues, Bohmer's hema- 
toxylin, the finer heraate'in stains, safranin, gentian-vio- 
let, Victoria-blue, and other anilins, used according to 
the indirect method. Babes stains in safranin, as fol- 
lows : A supersaturated solution of safranin in water 
is warmed to 6o° C. and filtered warm. On cooling it 
becomes turbid through the formation of small crystals. 
Place the sections in a watch-glassful of this turbid 
solution, and warm for a few seconds (until the liquid 
clears) ; after one minute wash in water and treat with 
alcohol and turpentine in the usual way. Do not 
clear in clove-oil. Ehrlich's Granules and Gran- 
ular Cells {Mastzelleti). See Staining of the Blood. 
Fresh Cells. Tease out a piece of living tissue in a 
drop of a solution of methyl-green containing 0.75 per 
cent, of acetic acid; then expose for 15 minutes to 
vapor of osmic acid, by inverting the slide over the 
mouth of a bottle containing a small quantity of a one 
per cent, solution ; remove when the cells are brown ; 
add a drop of solution of Ripart and Petit, and cover. 
Scrapings from the freshly-cut surface of a recently ex- 
cised liver or lymphatic gland, having been treated with 
I to 2 per cent, acetic acid, may be stained with fuch- 
sin added in sufficient quantity to a 2 per cent, acetic 
acid to saturate it. This renders the nuclei visible (v. 
Kahlden). Segmenting ova of Echinodermata may be 
stained on the slide by placing a drop of safranin at the 
edge of the cover-glass. When the ova are dark, the 
excess of stain is removed by means of bibulous paper, 
and one per cent, acetic acid is allowed to flow under 
the cover. Karyokinesis. I. Place small pieces of 
tissue hardened in strong Flemming's solution in an 
alcoholic solution of safranin (2 gm. to 6oc.c ) for from 
24 to 48 hours. Wash for a few minutes in water, and 
carry to acidulated absolute alcohol (10 drops of acetic 
acid to 100 c.c.) for from ]/ z to I minute. When thick 
clouds of color are no longer given off, carry to abso- 
lute alcohol. After I or 2 minutes, clear and mount. 
2. Baumgarten' s Method. This method may be em- 



ployed conjointly with a stain for bacteria. Harden the 
tissue for several weeks in a dilute solution of chro- 
mic acid ; stain for from 5 to 10 minutes in a concen- 
trated alcoholic solution of fuchsin ; rinse quickly in 
absolute alcohol ; stain for from 5 to 10 minutes in 
an aqueous solution of methylene-blue. In exam- 
ining for bacteria also, stain first for 24 hours in anilin- 
water methyl-violet (decolorize with dilute acid if 
staining for tubercle-bacilli) ; then follow with fuchsin 
and methylene-blue, as indicated. 3. Benda's Method. 
Fix in Flemming's fluid, imbed in paraffin, and stain 
the sections as follows : Place for 24 hours in a concen- 
trated solution of neutral copper acetate, kept at a 
temperature of 40 C. Wash well with water, and 
stain to a dark-gray tint in aqueous hematoxylin solu- 
tion. Decolorize in 0.2 per cent, hydrochloric acid, 
until of a light-yellow, and then neutralize the acid by 
returning the sections to the copper solution, in which 
they should remain until they acquire a grayish-blue 
tint. Wash, dehydrate, and mount in balsam. 4. 
Bizzozero- Vassale Method. Fix in absolute alcohol. 
Stain 10 minutes in Ehrlich's gentian-violet solution; 
wash quickly in absolute alcohol ; transfer to Gram's 
solution for two minutes, then pass into absolute alco- 
hol for 30 seconds ; o. I per cent, chromic acid, 30 to 40 
seconds; absolute alcohol, 20 to 30 seconds; o. I per 
cent, chromic acid, 30 seconds ; absolute alcohol, 30 
seconds ; oil of cloves ; renew the last until no more 
color is given off. Treat with xylol, and mount in 
xylol-balsam. 5. Gram's Method. This is the same as 
for bacteria. The resting nuclei are either wholly or par- 
tially decolorized, while the dividing nuclei retain the 
dye. 6. Mitosis in the Amnion. Kill the pregnant ani- 
mal, and place the uterus in a saturated watery solu- 
tion of picric acid, opening the organ and the mem- 
branes under the fluid. Harden for 24 hours, wash 
in alcohol, and harden in alcohols, beginning with 70 
per cent. Tinge a small part of the membrane in 
Ehrlich's acid hematoxylin diluted one-half. 7. 
Mitosis in Lieberkuhn' s Glands. Harden a section of 
small intestine in mercuric chlorid, and stain with acid 
fuchsin and methyl-green. The resting nuclei will be 
blue and those in active mitosis green. 8. Mitosis in 
the Vermiform Appendix. Fix in Flemming's solution, 
Fol's solution, or absolute alcohol ; stain 5 to 10 min- 
utes in the following mixture : gentian-violet, I gm. ; 
absolute alcohol, 15 c.c. ; anilin-oil, 3 c.c. ; water, 80 
c.c. Wash in absolute alcohol; immerse 30 to 40 
seconds in I per cent, chromic acid, then for the 
same length of time in absolute alcohol ; repeat the 
chromic acid and absolute alcohol to remove all excess 
of dye ; clear, and mount in balsam. Living Cells. 
Young larvae of Amphibia are the best objects for the 
study of cells intra vitam. Place the larvae of Sala- 
mandra in a watch-glassful of water containing 5 to 10 
drops of a solution of I part curare in 100 parts each 
of water and glycerin. Half to one hour's immersion 
is required for curarization. It is not necessary to wait 
until the larvae are motionless ; they may be removed 
as soon as their movements have become slow. The 
gills and the caudal " fin " may then be studied. The 
tail may be excised from the living animal and studied 
for some time in one per cent, salt-solution or other in- 
different medium. The adult animal offers for study 
the thin, transparent bladder. Larvae may be bred from 
adults, if well fed with aquatic worms, and supplied 
with a vessel of water. The larvae will be deposited 
in the water. The cytoplasm of living cells may be 
stained with methylene-blue, dahlia, or gentian-violet, 
dissolved in water or in an indifferent liquid. Micro- 
chemic Reactions. I. Chromatin is distinguished 
from lecithins and albuminoids by treating fresh cells 



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1371 



DECALCIFYING FLUIDS 



with o.l per cent, hydrochloric acid, in which it is in- 
soluble ; the lecithins and albuminoids are dissolved 
out. Methyl-green is a test for chromatin, as it stains 
nothing else in the nucleus. 2. Glycogen in Leukocytes. 
Treat with I per cent, solution of iodin, containing 
2 gm. of potassium iodid, a preparation of frogs' blood. 
The white corpuscles are killed, and many stained yel- 
low. In some of them mahogany-colored granules of 
stained glycogen are seen. 3. Glycogen in Liver- 
cells. Harden the liver of a well-fed frog in osmic 
acid, make a thin section and wash it with iodin, and the 
granules of glycogen in the hepatic protoplasm will 
be colored brown. 4. Tizsoni's Reaction for Iron. 
Harden the spleen, kidney, or liver of a young animal 
in alcohol. Place the sections in a freshly prepared so- 
lution of 3 c.c. of I : 12 potassium ferricyanid, 90 c.c. 
of water, and 1.5 c.c. of 25 per cent, hydrochloric acid. 
Particles of free iron are colored blue. Spermato- 
logic Methods. Tease fresh material on a slide, 
fix with a strong solution of potassium permanganate, 
and stain with gentian-violet or dahlia. For aqueous 
mounts, use Ripart and Petit's solution or one of 
Pacini's mercurial fluids. Sections of the hemaphrodite 
gland of Lamellibranchiata may be stained for from 2 
to 3 hours in a mixture of equal parts of a concentrated 
alcoholic solution of methyl-green and safranin diluted 
with 8 volumes of water ; wash out in alcohol 5 to 10 
minutes, and mount in balsam. Nuclei of ova are 
red; heads of spermatozoa, bluish-green. Watase's 
Method for Differentiating Sexual Cells. The 
sexual cells are fixed in Auerbach's fluid or simply in a 
saturated aqueous solution of sublimate, and the pieces 
embedded in paraffin. The sections are fixed to the 
slide with dilute alcohol or distilled water. Saturated 
solution of anilin-oil in water is added to alcohol until 
the latter is 20 per cent, in strength ; with this 
menstruum one per cent, solution of cyanin /?/? is 
made for a blue stain ; and the same strength solution 
of chromotrop RR for a red stain ; or for a more 
powerful red stain, use erythrosin in one per cent, 
solution. For contrast-staining it is immaterial which 
solution, cyanin or chromotrop, is used first ; erythrosin 
must be used before the blue stain. Stain quickly, 
and wash in 50 per cent, alcohol. The nucleus of 
the ovum becomes red, while that of the spermatozoon 
becomes blue, showing the former to be erythrophilous, 
the latter cyanophilous. 

DECALCIFYING FLUIDS. 
These fluids usually consist of an acid, combined with 
a hardening agent, to prevent swelling of the tissue. 
The specimen should be previously fixed by any 
of the usual methods, tested from time to time with 
a needle or razor, and when the process of decalci- 
fication is complete should be washed in water and 
placed in 67 per cent, alcohol, gradually increasing the 
strength to 82 per cent. Bayerls' Fluid. Chromic 
acid, I part; hydrochloric acid, I part; water, 100 
parts. Von Ebner's Fluid prevents swelling of the 
tissue. It has the following composition : Hydrochloric 
acid, 2.5 c.c, alcohol, 500 c.c, distilled water, 100 
c.c, sodium chlorid, 2.5 grams. Use a large volume 
of the fluid and renew it frequently. If it be desired to 
examine the fibrillar structure of bone, mount the sec- 
tions in 10 per cent, sodium chlorid solution ; other- 
wise the ordinary mounting-media may be employed. 
Fol's Fluid. Nitric acid, 3 c.c, one per cent. 
chromic acid, 70 c.c, water, 100 c.c. Let the tissues 
remain in this fluid for two weeks, renewing it every 
other day. Wash thoroughly and preserve in 90 per 
cent, alcohol. Gage's Fluid. This agent answers 
well for the preparation of small salamanders, etc, 



for sectioning. It consists of 67 per cent, alcohol, 
100 c.c, and pure nitric acid, 3 c.c. More rapid in 
action, and recommended for the decalcification of 
teeth, is a fluid composed of nitric acid, 5 c.c, satu- 
rated aqueous solution of alum, 100 c.c, and water, 
100 c.c It should be renewed every two days. 
Haug's Phloroglucin Fluid. One of the most 
rapid decalcifying agents, and without injurious action 
on the tissue-elements, with the exception of blood. 
It is prepared as follows : Warm slowly and care- 
fully one gram of phloroglucin in 10 c.c of pure 
nitric acid, and to the resulting ruby-colored solu- 
tion add 50 c.c. of distilled water. If a larger quan- 
tity is desired, add nitric acid and water to the fore- 
going proportion until the volume measures 300 c.c. , 
the limit of the protective influence of the phloro- 
glucin. Previously to being brought into this fluid, 
the tissues should be well fixed. Fetal bones and those 
of lower vertebrates are decalcified in half an hour. 
Older and harder bones require several hours. When 
decalcification is completed, wash in running water for 
two days. The sections stain well. Another formula, 
useful for teeth when rapid action is not necessary, 
consists of phloroglucin, I gram, nitric acid, 5 c.c, 
95 per cent, alcohol, 70 c.c, distilled water, 30 c.c. 
The function of the phloroglucin is to protect the 
organic tissue-elements against the action of the acid. 
Hydrochloric Acid. A rapid decalcifying agent, 
usually employed in combination with chromic acid or 
alcohol. A 10 per cent, solution of sodium chlorid in 
3 per cent, hydrochloric acid is recommended. Hydro- 
chloric acid and glycerin, 5 c.c. of the acid to 95 
c.c. of the glycerin, constitute a good mixture for 
softening teeth. Mayer's Desilicification Method. 
A process for removing siliceous parts from sponges, 
etc. Place the object in alcohol in a vessel of gutta- 
percha or glass coated internally with paraffin. Hy- 
drofluoric acid is then added, drop by drop, care being 
taken to avoid the fumes, which attack mucous mem- 
branes with great energy. Contact with the acid causes 
wounds that heal with difficulty. Small pieces of sponge 
are freed from silica in a few hours or a day, and the 
tissues do not suffer. (A dangerous method.) Nitric 
Acid. An efficacious agent, which causes no swelling, 
and does not attack the tissue-elements. One per cent, 
and 10 per cent, solutions are used, the latter for large, 
hard bones, the former for young bones. The speci- 
mens should previously have been fixed in absolute 
alcohol, and the decalcifying fluid changed daily. 
They must be removed as soon as decalcification is 
complete, or they will become discolored. They are 
then washed in running water for two hours, and pre- 
served in alcohol, which should be renewed in a few 
days. Pereny's Fluid, is recommended for rapid 
action and preservation of the tissue-elements. It is 
composed of 10 per cent, nitric acid, 4 parts, absolute 
alcohol and one-half per cent, chromic acid, each, 3 
parts. Phosphoric Acid. A 10 to 15 per cent, 
solution is recommended for young bones. Picric 
Acid. A saturated watery solution is employed, to 
which a few crystals of the acid are added to keep 
it saturated. The tissue is suspended in the fluid, 
and when soft is washed and preserved in alcohol. 
Young bone is usually decalcified in a fortnight. 
Thoma's Fluid. This consists of 95 per cent, 
alcohol and pure nitric acid, in the proportion of one 
c.c. of the latter to 25 c.c. of the former. Fix the 
tissue in 95 per cent, alcohol ; then place it for several 
days in the decalcifying fluid, shaking and renewing it 
frequently. When this has been done, wash in alcohol, 
and place it in a jar containing an excess of precipitated 
calcium carbonate ; renew and shake until every trace 



STAINS, ETC. 



1372 



DISSOCIATING FLUIDS 



of acid is removed from the tissue. Waldeyer's 
Chlorpalladium Fluid. Palladium chlorid, one ctg., 
and hydrochloric acid, ioooc.c. After decalcification, 
wash the tissue thoroughly in water, and place succes- 
sively in 30, 60, and 90 per cent, alcohol. 

DECOLORIZING, DIFFERENTIATING, AND 
MORDANTING SOLUTIONS. 
Acid Alcohol. Hydrochloric acid I c.c. , absolute al- 
cohol 70C.C, water 30 c.c. Acidulated Glycerin. 
See Examination and Preservation Media. Acidu- 
lated Water. Distilled water 1000 c.c, hydrochloric 
acid I c.c. Anilin-water (Ehrlich). Shake up 3 
c.c. of anilin-oil with 97 c.c. of distilled water, and 
filter. The filtrate should be clear. Used as a mor- 
dant for anilin dyes. It does not keep well, and 
should be freshly prepared. Gram's Solution. 
Iodin I part, potassium iodid 2 parts, distilled water 
300 parts. This solution gives a reaction with tissues 
which have undergone amyloid degeneration. It is 
much used in the staining of microorganisms by 
Gram's method. Lithia Water. Saturated aqueous 
solution of lithium carbonate I c.c. ,and distilled water 
30 c.c, used as an intermediate agent in staining mi- 
croorganisms. Lee frier's Mordant Solutions. I. 
Ten c.c. of a 20 per cent, solution of tannin, 5 c.c. of a 
cold saturated solution of ferrous sulphate, I c.c. of an 
aqueous or alcoholic solution of fuchsin (or I c.c. of an 
alcoholic solution of methyl- violet). 2. One percent, 
solution of caustic soda. 3. Sulphuric-acid solution 
of such strength that I c.c. will be completely neutral- 
ized by I c.c. of I per cent, caustic-soda solution. 
Nitric Acid. Pure nitric acid 10 c.c, distilled water 
30 c.c. Used in the process of staining microorgan- 
isms. Pal's Solution. Oxalic acid I gm., potassium 
sulphate I gm . , distilled water 200 c. c. Used in staining 
nerve-tissues after treatment with potassium permanga- 
nate. Potassium Permanganate. In one per cent, 
solution, used as a mordant for anilin dyes. In one- 
quarter per cent, solution it is used to differentiate 
tissues after staining with hematoxylin. Sul- 
phanilic and Nitric Acid Solution. Saturated solu- 
tion of sulphanilic acid 30 c.c. , nitric acid (sp. gr. 
1.42) 10 c.c. Used in the process of staining micro- 
organisms. Sulphuric Acid Solutions, (a) Sul- 
phuric acid (sp.gr. 1.84) 10 c.c. , distilled water 30 
c.c. (b) Sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1. 84) 10 c.c, alcohol 
(90 per cent.) 90 c.c. Used in the process of staining 
microorganisms. Toluidin Water. Toluidin 10 
c.c, distilled water 90 c.c. Mix, agitate, and filter. 
Used for the same purpose as anilin-water, and may 
be substituted for it. Weigert's Differentiating 
Fluid. Borax 2 gm., potassium ferricyanid 2.5 gm. , 
distilled water 200 c.c. Used after Weigert's 
hematoxylin. 

DISSOCIATING FLUIDS. 
These fluids soften and dissolve the interstitial material 
of tissues, and facilitate the separation of their histo- 
logic elements. I. Macerating Fluids. One-third 
Alcohol. See Fixing Fluids. This is particularly 
recommended by Ranvier for epithelia. Thin advises 
one- fourth alcohol for dissociating the retina. Ammo- 
nium and Potassium Sulphocyanid. A 10 per 
cent, solution of either of these salts is recommended 
by Stirling as a dissociating medium for epithelium. 
Small pieces are macerated for 24 to 48 hours, and 
may then be stained with eosin, fuchsin, or picrocar- 
min. The fibers of a crystalline lens dissociated in 
either of these fluids become beaded or moniliform. 
Ammonium Chromate. A 5 per cent, solution is used 



for dissociating the " rodded " cells of the renal tu- 
bules, cells of the salivary glands, Purkinje's fibers of 
the heart, etc. It acts in 24 to 36 hours, and the 
tissues must be well washed for preservation. Artifi- 
cial Iodized Serum. See Examination atid Preser- 
vation Media. Artificial Saliva. Calberla's form- 
ula : potassium chlorid 0.4 gm., sodium chlorid 0.3 
gm. , sodium phosphate and calcium chlorid, each 0.2 
gm., in 100 parts of water saturated with carbon di- 
oxid ; of this solution one volume is combined with 
one volume of water and half a volume of MUller's 
fluid. This mixture is recommended particularly for 
dissociation of the developing muscle and nerve of 
Ophidia and Amphibia. The tissue-elements are iso- 
lated by teasing and shaking, and the preparation is 
mounted in concentrated potassium-acetate solution. 
Baryta Water. A 50 per cent, solution is useful for 
dissociating white fibrous tissue, e. g., tendon. Beale's 
Fluid. The mucus expressed from the gastric glands 
cf the pig is rapidly dried on glass plates, powdered, 
and preserved in a stoppered bottle. Dissolve the 
powder in distilled water or glycerin, and filter the 
solution. Tissues are digested several hours in this 
fluid at a temperature of 37 C. Eight-tenths of a 
grain of the powder will dissolve 100 grains of coagu- 
lated white of egg. The powder retains its proper- 
ties for years. Brock's Medium. For the nervous 
system of Mollusca : equal parts of 10 per cent, potas- 
sium-bichromate solution and the visceral fluid of 
the animal. Caustic Potash, Caustic Soda. Strong 
solutions, 35 to 50 per cent., should be employed; 
they do not greatly mar the forms of cells, while weak 
solutions destroy them. The tissue may be treated 
on the slide. Weak solutions may be employed for 
dissociating the cells of hair, nails, and epidermis. 
Professor and Mrs. Gage {Proceedings Am. Soc. 
Microscopists, 1 889) have found that preparations 
treated with these alkalies can be permanently pre- 
served by displacing the alkali with from 50 per 
cent, to 60 per cent, of potassium acetate and then 
mounting in glycerin or glycerin-jelly. Chloral. A 
mild, macerating medium in 2 to 5 per cent, solution. 
It preserves delicate elements admirably, and is recom- 
mended by Landowsky [Archiv. f. mik. Anat., 1876, 
p. 359) for salivary glands; by Hickson for the retinae 
of Arthropods. Bela Haller's Mixture. One part 
glacial acetic acid, I part glycerin, 2 parts water. 
Recommended for the central nervous system of 
Mollusca. Maceration is complete in 30 to 40 minutes. 
Hertwig's Liquid, for the nervous system of Medusa. 
A mixture of equal parts of 0.05 per cent, osmic acid 
ando. 2 percent, acetic acid. For Actina: 0.04 per cent, 
osmic acid is used ; both the solutions are made in sea- 
water, and the washing out is done in o. 2 per cent, acetic 
acid. Iodized Serum. See Examination and Preser- 
vation Media. It is used in the study of fresh tissue, 
especially medullated nerve-fiber. A tiny fragment is 
placed in 4 or 5 c.c. of weak serum in a closed vessel, 
and allowed to soak for a day or more, fresh iodin be- 
ing added as often as the serum becomes pale. When 
sufficiently macerated, the tissue is teased or pressed 
out and mounted. Landois' Fluid. Dissolve in 
100 c.c. of distilled water 5 gm. each of neutral am- 
monium chromate, potassium phosphate, and sodium 
sulphate. This fluid is especially useful for the cen- 
tral nervous system, and small pieces must lie in it 
from one to five days. Mobius' Media. I. One 
part of sea- water and 4 to 6 parts of 0.5 per cent, so- 
lution of potassium bichromate. 2. For Lamelli- 
branchiata : one per cent, each of osmic and acetic 
acids, and 0.25 per cent, of chromic acid dissolved in 
sea- water. Miiller's Solution. See Fixing Fluids. 



STAINS, ETC. 



1373 



EMBEDDING 



Nitric Acid. Twenty per cent, solution is a useful 
medium for the maceration of muscle. After 24 hours' 
treatment, the isolated fibers may generally be obtained 
by shaking the tissue with water in a test-tube. Ni- 
tric Acid and Glycerin. A mixture of glycerin 50 
c.c, nitric acid I c.c, and water 150 c.c, is recom- 
mended for isolating the elements of nerve tissue. 
Nitric Acid and Potassium Chlorate, Kuhne's 
Method. Mix in a watch-glass one part of potassium 
chlorate with four of nitric acid, and in this immerse 
a fragment of muscle for half an hour, and then shake 
it with water in a test-tube to separate the fibers. 
Oxalic Acid. Maceration for several days in a 
concentrated solution has been found useful in the 
examination of nerve-endings. Potassium Perman- 
ganate. See Fixing Fluids. Salt-solution. A 10 
per. cent, solution of sodium chlorid is a valuable mac- 
erating agent for white fibrous and other tissue. 
Schiefferdecker's Methyl Mixture. Methyl alcohol 
5 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c. , distilled water 100 c.c. Used 
for dissociating the retina and other nerve-tissues. 
Macerate the perfectly fresh tissues for several days. 
Sulphuric Acid. Recommended by Max Schultze for 
isolating the fibers of the crystalline lens. Macerate 
for 24 hours in 30 c.c. of water containing 4 to 5 drops 
of pure sulphuric acid, and then agitate. Very dilute 
sulphuric acid is stated by Odenius to be the best 
medium for the examination of nerve-endings in tac- 
tile hairs. Hot sulphuric acid is used to dissociate 
horny epidermic structures — hair, nails, horn. II. 
Digestion Fluids. Bickfalvi's Fluid. One gram 
of dried gastric mucosa is mixed with 20 c.c. of 0.5 
percent, hydrochloric acid, put into an incubator 3 to 4 
hours, and then filtered. The tissue should not remain 
in the solution for more than a half to one hour. 
Briicke's Fluid. This consists of glycerinated extract 
of pigs' stomach I volume, 0.2 per cent, hydrochloric 
acid 3 volumes, and a few crystals of thymol. Kuhne's 
Fluid. Trypsin is obtained by extracting the pancreas 
of an ox with ether and alcohol, and evaporating to dry- 
ness ; one part is then heated for 3 to 4 hours, at a 
temperature of 40 C, with 5 to 10 parts of a o. I per 
cent, solution of salicylic acid, the solution pressed 
through linen, and filtered when cold. Kuskow's 
Fluid. Pepsin one part, dissolved in 3 per cent, oxalic 
acid, 200 parts. The solution should be freshly made, 
and objects macerated in it 10 to 40 minutes at the 
ordinary temperature. Schiefferdecker's Pancre- 
atin Fluid. A saturated solution of pancreatin in 
cold distilled water is made and filtered. Pieces of 
epidermis are macerated in it for 3 to 4 hours, at about 
the body-temperature. The forms of the prickle-cells 
are clearly shown, and the nuclei are preserved. 

EMBEDDING. 
Embedding methods are divided into two classes, ac- 
cording to the end which it is intended to accomplish : 
1, simple embedding; 2, interstitial embedding, or 
infiltration. Simple Embedding consists in sur- 
rounding objects which are too small or too delicate 
to be firmly held by the fingers or by instruments 
with some plastic substance which gives them firm 
support without injurious pressure, and thus allows 
of the cutting of thin sections without distortion. 
Among the materials used are: (1) Moist Paper. 
Strips of printing paper softened in water are rolled 
around the object, which, thus wrapped, is firmly 
pressed into the microtome-cylinder. (2) Paraffin 
Infiltration and Embedding. The initial step in this 
process consists in the infiltration of the object with a 
clearing agent ; that is, by some substance which is a 
solvent of paraffin. It is then immersed in melted par- 



affin until it is thoroughly saturated. The paraffin 
should be kept just at the melting-point and should be 
renewed if the object is large. The duration of the 
bath depends on the size of the object. When this 
second step in the process is completed, embed in 
paraffin, as in simple embedding. To prevent crys- 
tallization of the paraffin, the embedded object should 
be quickly cooled, which may be done by floating it 
in the containing receptacle on cold water. When 
chloroform is the clarifying agent, the subsequent 
treatment differs from the foregoing, and is as fol- 
lows : The object is saturated with absolute alcohol, 
then brought into chloroform (containing a little 
ether to prevent the object from floating), and then 
penetrated; the chloroform and the object are gradu- 
ally warmed to the melting-point of the paraffin used, 
small pieces of paraffin being added during the warm- 
ing. When bubbles are no longer given off from the 
object, the chloroform has been entirely displaced by 
the paraffin, and the object is ready to embed (Gies- 
brecht) . A little tray or box is made of paper, and some 
melted paraffin is poured into it ; as soon as the mass 
has cooled sufficiently to support the object this is 
placed on its surface. More melted paraffin is poured 
on until the object is enclosed. Boxes may be con- 
structed by placing pieces of type-metal upon a 
plate of glass which has been wetted with glycerin 
and gently warmed. In such a box the paraffin may 
be kept in a liquid state by warming over a spirit 
lamp, thus allowing small objects to be placed in any 
desired position by means of a heated needle under 
a dissecting microscope. Small objects may be em- 
bedded in the following manner: A hole is melted in 
the end of a cylinder of paraffin by means of a piece 
of wire which has been heated in the flame of a 
spirit-lamp. The object is then pushed into the 
melted paraffin and placed in the desired position. 
The Watch-glass Method, which is unequaled for 
small objects, is as follows : Melt paraffin in a 
watch-glass, place the object in it, and allow it to 
cool ; then cut out a block containing the object, 
or the whole mass of paraffin may be turned out by 
rapidly warming the bottom of the watch-glass. (3) 
Pith. A cylinder of pith is halved longitudinally, a cav- 
ity corresponding to the object to be embedded is made 
by scooping out the inner face of either half-cylinder 
and the object is placed between them. The cylinder 
is then pushed into a microtome well and moistened 
with alcohol, so that the pith may swell and firmly 
enclose the object. Heidenhaiti ' s Modified Method. 
Fix the object in a supersaturated solution of corrosive 
sublimate made in a one-half per cent, solution of com- 
mon salt. After one-half hour's immersion, transfer to 
95 per cent, alcohol, where it should remain 24 hours. 
Clear in bergamot-oil and embed in paraffin. Sec- 
tion, remove paraffin by xylol or benzine, and place 
in 95 per cent, alcohol. Then treat 15 minutes with 
pure tincture of iodin, to remove the excess of 
corrosive sublimate, and place again in 95 per cent, 
alcohol. The sections are now ready for staining. 
Interstitial Embedding. Practically, this is a pro- 
cess of hardening. The natural cavities of the 
object are filled with the embedding mass, and each 
separate anatomic element surrounded with the 
supporting substance, thus securing firmness and at 
the same time ensuring natural relations of all structu- 
ral details. The materials mainly used are Paraffin, 
for small sections, and Celloidin, or collodion, for large 
sections. Embedding Masses. The most gener- 
ally useful is pure paraffin, melting at 45° C. Soap 
Masses are very penetrating, and have the advan- 
tage of being transparent and of cutting better than 



STAINS, ETC. 



1374 



EMBEDDING 



paraffin. A transparent soap is prepared as follows : 
25 gin. of shavings of sodium stearate soap, and 100 
c. c. of 96 per cent, alcohol .are heated in a retort 
over a water-bath until the soap is dissolved, and then 
filtered. The filtrate should be transparent. If a 
drop poured into a watch-glass solidifies into a white 
mass, add water in small quantities until the tested 
drop remains pellucid. Gelatin Masses are used 
for tissues that have not been dehydrated. The objects 
are prepared by penetration with water, instead of 
alcohol or a clearing agent. After the mass is cooled, 
it may sometimes be cut at once, but it is usually neces- 
sary to harden it, which may be done by freezing or 
by treating for a few days with 90 per cent, alcohol or 
with chromic acid, or for a few minutes with absolute 
alcohol. Brunotti's Cold Gelatin. Dissolve with 
heat 20 gm. of gelatin in 200 c.c. of distilled water, 
filter, and add 30 c.c. of glacial acetic acid and 
I gm. of corrosive sublimate. Soak the object in a 
small quantity diluted with two or three volumes of 
water, embed in the undiluted mass, and harden 
in alcohol. This process does not require heat. 
Gerlach's Gelatin. Gelatin 40 gm. , saturated 
solution of arsenious acid 200 c.c, glycerin 120 c. c. 
Clarify with white of egg. Objects are prepared for 
embedding by a bath of one-third glycerin. Klebs' 
Gelatin {Glycerin- jelly). A concentrated solution of 
isinglass mixed with half its volume of glycerin. 
Celloidin is stated to be a preparation of pure py- 
roxylin. It is non-explosive, and is soluble in ether 
and alcohol. Collodion, prepared by dissolving gun- 
cotton or soluble cotton in equal parts of 95 per cent, 
alcohol and sulphuric ether, is in every way as good as 
celloidin and considerably cheaper. Celloidin should 
be used in thin (2 per cent.) and in thick (6 per cent.) 
solutions. The object is thoroughly dehydrated in 
absolute alcohol, placed in a mixture of equal parts 
of ether and alcohol for 12 to 24 hours, or longer 
if the object be large. It is then placed for 24 hours 
in a thin solution of celloidin, 8 gm. in 100 c.c. 
each of alcohol and ether, and transferred from this 
to a thick solution of celloidin, 8 gm. in 50 c.c. each 
of alcohol and ether. . Select a cork or piece of soft, 
dry wood, and dip it in the thick celloidin solution ; 
when dry, place the prepared tissue upon it and drop 
the thick celloidin solution upon this with a pipet 
until it is embedded in a jelly-like mass. Blocks or 
cylinders of glass or vulcanized fiber serve better than 
cork as they sink in the liquids used. Harden in 
90 per cent, alcohol, and preserve in 70 per cent, 
alcohol. When making sections, keep the knife and 
section wet with alcohol. Apathy advises previous 
smearing of the knife with vaselin, as it cuts better 
and is protected from the alcohol. Use bergamot-oil 
to clear. Sections may be kept in from 60 per cent, to 
80 per cent, alcohol. Fisk's Castor-oil and Oil of 
Thyme Method. The mixture consists of red oil 
of thyme 3 parts, castor-oil I part, and is used only 
with collodion-embedded objects. The castor-oil 
makes the collodion slightly flexile, so that the sections 
do not move so readily on the slide, when the balsam 
is applied. There is no true action as a fixative, for 
the collodion is not dissolved in any way, only softened 
and toughened. The edge of the knife is preserved 
for a longer time. The castor-oil gives more "body" 
to the mixture, making a good lubricator, and floats 
the sections readily. Very thin sections can be ob- 
tained by absorbing the oil and coating the object with 
a thin layer of I per cent, collodion before cutting 
each section. This coating is also useful if there is 
any tendency for the section to crumble or tear. The 
mixture is highly antiseptic, and specimens may be left 



in it indefinitely, to advantage and without shrinking. 
If the objects have been stained in toto, the process is 
very short. If section-staining is desired, the sections 
after their transfer to the slide, should have as much 
of the superfluous oil removed as possible and a few 
drops of ether-alcohol (equal parts of each) are 
poured over them to fasten them to the slide. The 
sections are then put into 95 per cent, alcohol to dis- 
solve out any oil that may be left, and passed through 
from 70 per cent, to 35 per cent, alcohol, to water, 
stained, carried back through the same grades and 
mounted as usual. This is one of the best and most 
useful of methods. Von Koch's Copal Method. 
The object is dehydrated in alcohol, placed in a thin 
solution of copal in chloroform, made by triturating 
small fragments of copal in a mortar with fine sand, 
pouring on chloroform, and filtering. The solution 
is slowly evaporated by heating. When concentrated 
enough to draw out into threads that are brittle, the 
object is removed and allowed to dry. Sections are 
cut by means of a fine saw, rubbed smooth on one 
side and with the smooth side down, are cemented on a 
slide. When the cement has hardened, the sections are 
rubbed until they are of the requisite thinness, washed 
in water, and mounted in balsam. This method is 
used for the study of hard and soft structures in their 
natural relations. Kultschizky's Celloidin-parafnn 
Method. After the object is taken from the ether-and- 
alcohol bath it is put into celloidin-solution for 24 hours, 
then into origanum-oil, then into a mixture of origanum- 
oil and paraffin which has been heated to 40° C, and 
finally into melted paraffin. The method is especially 
adapted for delicate specimens. Ryder uses chloro- 
form instead of oil of origanum. Joliet's Gum- 
and-glycerin Method. Pure gum arabic is dis- 
solved in water to the consistency of a thick syrup. 
To a little of this solution in a watch-glass add 6 to 
10 drops of glycerin, and mix. Embed the object, 
previously soaked in glycerin, in the mass in the 
watch-glass and leave to dry for several days. Cut 
dry, dissolve the gum from the sections in water, and 
mount in glycerin. This mass has the advantage of 
being transparent. Photoxylin. A substance having 
the appearance of cotton-wool and chemically closely 
allied to celloidin. It dissolves in a mixture of ether 
and alcohol, equal parts, and is used in the same 
way as celloidin. It has the advantage of forming 
a mass that remains transparent. Syrup - and- 
gum Congelation-mass. Hardened brain-tissue, 
previously soaked in water, is well soaked in a syrup 
made of double refined sugar 2 ounces, water I 
fluid-ounce. Wash the superfluous syrup from the 
surface and put into ordinary mucilage an hour before 
cutting. Embed in the freezing microtome and float 
the sections into water (Hamilton). Cole advises 4 
parts of syrup and 5 parts of gum for the brain, 
spinal cord, retina, and all tissues liable to tear 
easily. The gum is made by dissolving 4 ounces of 
gum acacia in 6 ounces of water ; the syrup, by 
boiling 1 pound of loaf-sugar in I pint of water. 
Add 5 gr. of carbolic acid to each ounce of the 
medium. 
Collodionization of Sections. It sometimes happens 
that objects, such, for example, as ova, are too delicate 
and too easily broken to be cut in the ordinary way ; 
it is necessary to cover the exposed surface before 
cutting each section with a thin layer of collodion or 
celloidin. The collodion should be of such consist- 
ency, from ]/ 2 per cent, to I per cent, solution, that, 
when applied in a thin layer to a surface of paraffin, 
it will dry in two or three seconds without leaving a 
shiny surface. 



STAINS, ETC. 



1375 



EMBRYOLOGIC METHODS 



EMBRVOLOGIC METHODS. 
Artificial Fecundation. This practice can be easily 
carried out with the Amphibia anura, Teleostea, 
Cyclostomata, Echinodermata and many Vermes 
and Ceelenterata. In the Amphibia, the ova should 
be extracted from the uterus, placed in a watch- 
glass, and treated with water in which the testes or 
vasa deferentia of the male have been teased. The 
spermatozoa of fish rapidly lose their vitality in water, 
hence, the milt must be added immediately to the 
spawned ova, then a little water added, and the whole 
placed in a suitable hatching apparatus with running 
water. Artificial fecundation of Invertebrates is per- 
formed in a like manner, and can sometimes be ac- 
complished under the microscope. The penetration 
of the spermatozoon and some of the subsequent 
changes can thus be observed. Amphibia. Ova of 
amphibia are covered with thick coats of albumin, 
which must be removed in their preparation for section- 
cutting. Whitman places the fixed eggs in a 10 per 
cent, solution of sodium hypochlorite, diluted with 5 
or 6 volumes of water, until they can be shaken free. 
Blochmann recommends eau de Javelle (see Bleach- 
ing Fluids), diluted three or four times with water, 
and agitates the eggs, previously fixed in Flemming's 
solution (see Fixing Fluids) , for from 15 to 30 minutes. 
Preserve the ova in alcohol. Axolotl. These ova 
have an albuminous layer separated from the yolk by 
a liquid which is not coagulated by reagents. Place 
them for a few hours in picrosulphuric acid, then 
pierce the inner chorion, and gently press out the ova. 
Harden in alcohol. Stain in the mass with borax - 
carmin or Henneguy's acetic acid alum-carmin, and 
embed in paraffin or celloidin. Collodionize the sec- 
tions. Rana. Place the ova in water heated to 90 - 
96 C. for 5 to 10 minutes. Incise the albuminous 
coverings, and remove the ova under water. Place them 
in 0.5 per cent, osmic-acid solution or in alcohols of 
70, 80, and 90 per cent. Salamandra, Fix in 
warm, platinum-chlorid solution (0.25 to 0.3 per cent.) 
for 3 to 24 hours, according to the size of the embryo. 
Wash in water, and pass through successive alcohols. 
Stain sections on the slide. Triton. Incise the sev- 
eral concentric coats of albumin which surround the 
ovum ; remove, and place it in Kleinenberg's fixing 
solution (see Fixing Fluids) . Or, put the eggs in a 
solution of acetic acid 2 per cent., chromic acid 0.5 
per cent. , and after ten hours incise the membranes 
and turn the embryos out. Finally, pass through suc- 
cessive alcohols. Aves. Superficial Exammation. 
During the first 48 hours of incubation of the egg 
(hen's) the blastoderm is always uppermost. To open 
the egg, place it in a dish and cover it with a 0.75 per 
cent, sodium-chlorid solution at a temperature of 38 
C. Break the shell at the broad end over the air- 
chamber, to keep this end from tilting up. The shell 
is then filed through at one point, and the opening ■ 
enlarged with forceps. Remove the upper half of the 
shell, bit by bit. Then remove the shell-membrane 
in the long axis of the egg, and the yolk and embryo 
will come into view. A quicker but less satisfactory 
method is to break the egg across and pour the yolk 
and white into the sodium-chlorid solution. Maintain 
the salt-solution during the period of examination at 38 
C. over a sand-bath. Duval's Orientation Method. To 
obtain sections of any desired direction of the ova of 
Aves, before the development of the primitive streak, 
Duval proceeds as follows. During incubation the 
embryo is generally lying on the yolk, so that the large 
end of the egg is to its left, and the small end to its 
right; hence, the position of the blastoderm can be 
marked out. Construct a triangular, bottomless box 



from a strip of paper 5 mm. wide and 50 mm. long ; 
lay this on the yolk enclosing the cicatricula in such a 
position that the base corresponds to the anterior region 
of the embryo. By means of a pipet fill the paper 
triangle with 0.3 per cent, osmic-acid solution. When 
the preparation becomes dark, place the whole egg in 
a weak chromic-acid solution, remove the white, and 
place the rest in a fresh chromic-acid solution for sev- 
eral days ; a black triangle will mark the position of 
the cicatricula, and may be cut out with scissors and 
scalpel. Examination of an Opaque Object. Place 
the blastoderm on a slide, and dry just sufficiently to 
make its edges adhere to the glass ; immerse in a 
solution of picric acid for two or three hours, and ex- 
amine with a simple lens. Examination and Pre- 
servation in toto. Open the egg in salt-solution, 
pierce the blastoderm at the outer margin of the vas- 
cular area with a fine scissors, and carry the incision 
completely around. Then place the excised blasto- 
derm in a watch-glass, and remove the vitelline mem- 
brane by gentle shaking with a needle. The blasto- 
derm can then be placed on a slide, surrounded by a 
ring of putty, covered with salt-solution and a cover- 
glass, and examined under the microscope. Keep 
the slide at about 38 C. Permanent preparations of 
embryos in toto, up to about 50 hours, may be made 
by treatment with osmic acid, I percent. After sepa- 
ration of the vitelline membrane, hold a drop of the 
acid, by means of a pipet in contact with the em- 
bryo for 15 or 20 minutes. Then mount in a cell in bal- 
sam. Development of the Blood-vessels. Obtain 
blastoderms of 30 or 40 hours, immerse in gold chlorid, 
0.5 per cent., for I minute, wash in distilled water, 
mount in glycerin, and examine. This method renders 
the nuclei and protoplasmic processes distinct. Or, 
immerse the blastoderm in I per cent, solution of potas- 
sium bichromate for I day, and mount in glycerin. 
Or, use a 0.5 per cent, solution of osmic acid for from 
]/2 to 1 hour, then place in absolute alcohol for I day, 
and mount in glycerin. Gerlack's Window Method. 
Remove the shell at the small end of the egg, with- 
draw a little white with a pipet ; the blastoderm 
will change its position and appear under the win- 
dow thus made. Paint the margins of the window 
with gum-mucilage, and build a small, circular wall 
of cotton-wool on it, cover with a cover-glass, 
and ring with gum. The progress of development 
can be followed thus to the fifth day. Prepara- 
tion. During the first 24 hours of incubation the blas- 
toderm can be separated from the yolk only with ex- 
treme difficulty, so that they must be fixed together. 
Open the egg in salt-solution, then lift so that the blas- 
toderm is above the surface of the fluid, and treat it 
with a fixing solution dropped from a pipet ; then 
remove it by a circular incision about its margins, free 
the vitelline membrane, and place the blastoderm in a 
hardening fluid. Dehydrate in absolute alcohol, clear 
in chloroform, and embed in paraffin. Segmentation. 
To observe this process, it is necessary to obtain the 
eggs from the oviduct of the hen. The yolk must be 
hardened as a whole, preferably in chromic acid. 
Fol's Method for Reconstruction of Embryos from 
Sections. Before cutting sections of the object, 
make an outline drawing of it, under the magnifica- 
tion to be employed for the reconstructed drawing, and 
in a plane perpendicular to that of the intended sec- 
tions. Then cut the sections, and make drawings of 
all under the same magnification used for the sagittal 
drawing. Trace over the sagittal drawing a series of 
equidistant parallel lines corresponding to the sections 
cut. (If the sections are j^ mm. thick and the draw- 
ing is magnified 100 times, the lines should be I mm. 



STAINS, ETC. 



1376 



EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD 



aparf.) The outline drawing is now to be filled in 
with the details of the drawings of the sections. This 
is accomplished as follows : A piece of glass, of the 
size of the intended drawing, is coated with gelatin 
and ruled with a series of close, parallel lines with 
differently colored inks, the colors recurring in regular 
order. Cut the plate in two equal parts on a line per- 
pendicular to the ruled lines. Lay one plate on the 
outline drawing so that its cut edge covers the line cor- 
responding to the first section to be filled in, then lay 
the other plate on the drawing of the sections in such 
a position that the limit of the drawing corresponds to 
the same colored lines that cover the limits of the out- 
line drawing. Trace on the plate that covers the draw- 
ing of the section the outline of the internal organs. 
Lay it against its fellow on the outline drawing, making 
the lines correspond. Mark off the outlines of the 
internal organs. Repeat this operation for each sec- 
tion and connect the series of dots so made and the 
drawing is completed. Another method of recon- 
structing objects from microscopic sections is that 
suggested by Born. By the aid of the camera, the 
outlines of the sections are transferred to wax plates, 
which are then cut out so as to correspond, in out- 
lines as well as dimensions, to the sections equally 
magnified in all three directions. With plates thus 
prepared, it is only necessary to put them together in 
the proper order to obtain a complete model. Mam- 
malia. For the study of the early stages, the ova must 
be obtained from the tubs (of a rabbit or other small 
animal) several hours after copulation. Dissect out the 
tuba? and cornua of the female, allow them to cool, and 
wait for the muscular contraction to cease. Dissect off 
all the peritoneal investment, and slit the tuba? open 
longitudinally. The folds of the tubal mucosa are 
spread out by means of needles and forceps, and the 
ova searched for by means of a magnifying glass. The 
ova are best examined in the peritoneal fluid of the 
mother or in the aqueous humor, blood-serum, or ar- 
tificial serum. Kolliker injects Muller's fluid or a weak 
osmic-acid solution into the oviduct, and collects the 
fluid that runs out in a series of watch-glasses, which 
are examined for the ova under the microscope. Dur- 
ing the fourth, fifth, and sixth days after copulation 
the ova are free in the uterine cornua, and are easily 
visible to the eye, and may be obtained in a like 
manner as from the tubse. When the ova become fixed 
in the uterus they are easily distinguished by the pecu- 
liar aspect of the cornua in which there are small eleva- 
tions at the site of each ovum. To obtain the ova it 
is necessary to incise the cornua transversely into as 
many segments as there are eminences, care being 
taken to have the ova in the center of the segments. 
The segments are then fixed to the bottom of a dis- 
secting dish by pins, with the mesometrial surface 
downward. Fill the dissecting dish with serum, 
Muller's fluid, or Kleinenberg's picro-sulphuric-acid, 
or nitric-acid solution. The ovular eminence is then 
incised longitudinally and the ova carefully freed. 
Preparations. To make permanent preparations of 
the various stages of fecundation and segmentation, 
the living ovum is placed in a I per cent, solution of 
osmic acid, on a slide, then into Muller's or Kleinen- 
berg's solution. In an hour the solution is changed 
and the whole is placed in a moist chamber for two or 
three days. It is then treated with increasing strengths 
of glycerin, and mounted in pure glycerin, acidulated 
with formic acid ; or ova may be stained with picro- 
carmin after treatment with osmic acid and careful 
washing. To demonstrate the blastoderm cells, treat 
the living ova in a ^ per cent, solution of argentic 
nitrate for y 2 to 3 minutes, then place in distilled water 



and expose to the light. These specimens cannot be 
rendered permanent ; they ultimately become black. 
The blastodermic vesicle can be opened with a fine 
needle after 3 days, and the blastoderm washed, 
stained, and mounted in glycerin or balsam, or pre- 
pared with gold chlorid. For embryonic areas and 
the more advanced embryos, place ova in a 0.5 per 
cent, osmic-acid solution until quite dark (about I 
hour), then treat with successive alcohols for several 
hours. For sections, Kolliker fixes the ova in osmic 
acid, and v. Beneden treats them for 24 hours with I 
per cent, chromic-acid solution, washes thoroughly, and 
carries them through successive alcohols. Piersol re- 
commends Kleinenberg's solution or, for young stages, 
Altmann's 3 per cent, nitric acid. Stain small em- 
bryos with borax-carmin or Delafield's hematoxylin 
(see Staining Reagents), and for larger ones Henne- 
guy's acetic acid alum-carmin gives the best results. 
For sections, embed in paraffin and mount in balsam. 

EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD. 
Alkalinized Urine. Used in the enumeration of blood- 
corpuscles. Saturate a quantity of urine with borax, 
filter, and dilute until its sp. gr. is 1020. The contour 
of the • cells remains unchanged in this medium. 
Auerbach's Method for Amphibian Red Blood-cor- 
puscles. By fixing the blood-film on the cover-glass by 
means of a saturated solution of picric acid or a mix- 
ture of o. I too. 25 per cent, solution of corrosive sublim- 
ate, 1 per cent, solution of boric acid, I percent, sodium 
chlorid, or 2 per cent, to 10 per cent, ammonium chro- 
mate, certain differentiations of the corpuscle are pos- 
sible. With picric-acid fixation and subsequent stain- 
ing with eosin and anilin-blue, the cell-wall stains blue, 
while the adjacent protoplasm within stains red. The 
protoplasm may further be separated into a cortical and a 
medullary layer, the former containing the hemoglobin. 
In picric-acid preparations the cortical layer shows a 
beautiful network, while the medullary part is clear, 
like a large hole. In sublimate preparations the med- 
ullary part has dark granules. Blood-platelets. 
Ligate the finger and prick the pad. Wipe off the 
first blood that exudes, and touch the apex of the 
second drop with the cover-glass; drop it gently on 
the slide, do not press it on, and platelets will have 
their faces, not their edges, presented to view. Stir- 
ling recommends that the finger be pricked through a 
drop of normal saline solution containing methyl-vio- 
let (0.75 cm. in 1000 c.c.). The colorless corpuscles 
are stained light-blue, the platelets dark-violet or dark- 
blue. Ehrlich's Methods. Elirlich's Granules. 
Dry a cover-glass preparation of blood for several 
hours at 120 C. , or rapidly over the flame of a Bun- 
sen-burner. Stain I hour or longer in eosin-glycerin ; 
wash in water, dry, and mount in balsam. Or, stain in 
glycerin, 30 c.c, and 2 gm. each of aurantia, indulin, 
and eosin. If the eosin-indulin-glycerin solution be 
used the J-granulations are purplish-red and the 
nuclei bluish-black. I. Oxyphilous, or Eosinophil- 
ous Grannies. Cover-glass preparations of blood are 
fixed by dry heat, as indicated, or by chemic reagents, 
corrosive sublimate, or osmic acid. The preparation 
is then floated on a I per cent, aqueous solution of 
eosin, a quarter to one minute. A trace of acetic 
acid added to the fluid causes the specimen to over- 
stain rapidly, and the excess of dye is removed from 
all parts of the cells, except the oxyphilous granules, by 
dipping the cover-glass into a very dilute solution of 
sodium carbonate. 2. Neutrophile Granules. These 
are the e-granulations of Ehrlich. They are stained 
only by neutral dyes, e. g. , acid fuchsin, fuchsin-S, 
methylene-blue. 3. Basophilous Granules. These are 



STAINS, ETC. 



13^ 



EXAMINATION MEDIA 



best stained with Leefrler's methylene-blue. If the 
specimen has been stained with eosin, and the excess 
washed out, a second or two suffices for the methylene- 
blue stain. Both oxyphilous and basophilous granules 
may be stained in the same specimen by preceding 
the blue stain with eosin. Ekrlich's " Mastzellen." 
I. In blood these cells are stained by a mixture com- 
posed of water, loo c.c, absolute alcohol, saturated 
with dahlia, 50. c.c, glacial acetic acid 10 to 12.5 c.c. 
The leukocytes are stained blue, the granules have a 
" metachromic red-violet tint," and correspond to the 
y-granulations. 2. In tissues : a small piece of fresh 
tissue, or a section previously hardened in alcohol, is 
placed in a watch-glass containing anilin-water and 
20 to 30 drops of a concentrated alcoholic solution of 
dahlia or gentian. Heat until vapor begins to arise, 
stain 24 hours, wash in acid-alcohol until nearly de- 
colorized, dehydrate in absolute alcohol, clear, and 
mount. Nuclei of the cells are red, the granules in 
the protoplasm of the granular cells blue. The tissue 
may also be stained with lithium-carmin. Fixing of 
Blood. Garlinski ' s Modification of Cattle's Sublimate 
Method. A small pipet is filled with the indifferent 
fluid used in counting blood-corpuscles. A drop of 
blood is drawn into the pipet, where it mixes with 
the indifferent fluid. A little of this mixture is placed 
on a slide, and a concentrated watery solution of corro- 
sive sublimate poured upon it. After a few minutes 
the morphologic elements of the blood become attached 
to the glass without alteration of form. The specimen 
is then washed with water, treated for some minutes 
with absolute alcohol, and again washed with water, 
when it is ready for staining. (Grtindziige der allg. 
Pathologie d. Zelle. S. AI. Lnkjanotv, Leipzig, i8qi.) 
Garlinski's Method. Stain for 2 minutes in Bohm- 
er's hematoxylin ; wash in I per cent, aqueous solution 
of alum and distilled water ; then stain in I per 
cent, aqueous solution of nigrosin for a few seconds ; 
wash and stain in I per cent, aqueous solution of rose 
bengal 5 minutes ; wash and stain in anilin-yellow, 
I per cent, alcoholic watery solution, 5 minutes. 
Wash, dehydrate, mount in balsam. Cell-protoplasm 
is yellow ; nuclei are blue or green ; any parasites in 
the corpuscles are stained by the rose bengal. 
Hayem's Solution. Used for fixing blood-corpuscles 
of both animals and man. Dissolve in 200 c.c. of dis- 
tilled water, 0.5 gm. of corrosive sublimate, 5 gm. of 
sodium sulphate, and I gm. of sodium chlorid. Run 
directly from a blood-vessel 1 part of blood to 100 of 
the fluid. The corpuscles will be fixed in about 24 
hours. Decant the supernatant fluid, and wash the 
corpuscles in water to remove the salts. Hemin 
Crystals. Place a particle of dried blood on a slide, 
add a crystal of common salt and two drops of acetic 
acid, heat over the flame of a spirit-lamp until it steams, 
and allow it to cool. The crystals may be preserved 
by removing the acid and mounting them in glycerin- 
jelly or balsam. Leukocytes. A cover-glass prepa- 
ration of blood is floated on a solution of eosin, 
washed and floated on a solution of hematoxylin, 
washed, dehydrated, and mounted. Methylene-blue 
or methyl -violet may be used in place of the 
hematoxylin. Martinotti and Resigotti's Method. 
Harden small pieces of tissue in absolute alcohol, 
and color the sections in a watery solution of safra- 
nin-O ; decolorize in 2 parts of a I per cent, solution 
of chromic acid to 8 or 9 parts of alcohol. Wash 
in absolute alcohol, clear in oil of bergamot, and 
mount in balsam. Only the fibrils of the nuclei are 
stained. Rollett's Method of Preparing Hemo- 
globin Crystals. Defibrinated blood is placed in a plat- 
inum capsule on a freezing mixture, frozen, and then 
87 



thawed. The lake-colored blood is then poured into a 
plate until it forms a stratum not more than l l / 2 mm. in 
thickness and allowed to evaporated slowly in a cool 
place. Sectioning Blood. l.Biondi's Method. Fix two 
drops of blood in 5 c.c. of 2 per cent, osmic-acid solu- 
tion from one to 24 hours, and then mix the blood and 
osmium solution with agar-agar jelly melted at 35 to 
37 C. When cool, harden in 85 per cent, alcohol. 
After a few days, or when the mass has acquired suffi- 
cient consistence, embed in paraffin. The sections are 
treated according to the usual methods, and may be 
stained with methyl-green, methylene-blue, fuchsin, or 
safranin ; also, double-stained with methyl-green and 
eosin. 2. Fad's Method. Coagulated blood or small 
pieces of hematopoietic organs are fixed in a solution of 
2 gm. of corrosive sublimate in 100 gm. of Midler's 
fluid. The Latter fixes the hemoglobin, the sublimate 
fixes structures of protoplasm and nuclei. Embed 
in paraffin, section, and stain I to 3 minutes in a mix- 
ture of Bohmer's hematoxylin 25 gm., I per cent, 
aqueous alcoholic solution of safranin 20 gm. , and 
distilled water 100 gm. Wash in water, then in a 
weak alcoholic solution of picric acid, dehydrate, and 
mount in balsam. Weigert's Method for Fibrin. 
Make celloidin sections, and stain one minute in Weig- 
ert's fibrin stain : 5 per cent, solution of gentian-vio- 
let 4.4 c.c, 96 per cent, alcohol 6 c.c, anilin-oil I 
c.c. Dry with unsized printing paper, and add a drop 
of Gram's solution saturated with iodin. Most of the 
stained parts are decolorized. Remove the iodin with 
printing paper; clear in equal parts of anilin-oil and 
xylol, renewing it until all the water is removed. The 
water gives the section a white appearance. Dry with 
filter-paper, wash well with xylol, and mount in xylol- 
balsam. Zenker's Method. For red blood-corpuscles 
in tissues. The tissue is taken as fresh as possible, 
placed in Miiller's fluid for 24 hours, in which it turns 
yellow. Longer immersion is detrimental. Wash 
about two hours in running water ; harden in 50, 70, 
and 96 per cent., and, lastly, in absolute alcohol. 
Embed in paraffin. Celloidin sections do not stain as 
well. Stain on the slide in the Ehrlich-Biondi triple 
mixture (see Staining Reagents) for 24 hours ; rinse 
half a minute in running water, and decolorize in 96 
per cent, alcohol, until clouds of color no longer appear ; 
dehydrate in absolute alcohol. The red blood-corpus- 
cles appear a brilliant golden-yellow ; the nuclei of all 
cells have a violet or green tinge ; the chromatin net- 
work and nucleoli are invisible. Weigert's fibrin stain 
may be used in the same way, but not after prolonged 
immersion in Miiller's fluid. (Viirh. Arch., 1894, 
Bd. 135. Folge xiii, Bd. v.) 



EXAMINATION AND PRESERVATION 
MEDIA. 
Indifferent liquids, glycerin, and resinous preparations 
used in examining, preserving, and mounting tissues 
and organisms. I. Indifferent Liquids. Media 
having a composition and density similar to that of the 
plasma which constitutes the natural habitat during 
life of the object they are intended to preserve, and 
therefore, supposed to have no action on the tissues. 
To be " indifferent," these liquids must possess such a 
density and such a proportion of crystalloids and col- 
loids as will reduce osmotic processes to a minimum. 
Alum Sea-water. A saturated solution of alum in sea- 
water is useful for the study and preservation of the tis- 
sues of marine organisms. Aqueous Humor. This 
may be obtained from a freshly excised ox's eyeball. 
Puncture the cornea with a slender, triangular knife, 
and collect the aqueous humor as it exudes. If only a 
small quantity is desired, puncture the excised eye of a 



STAINS, ETC. 



1378 



EXAMINATION MEDIA 



frog with a fine capillary pipet. Blood-serum. The 
blood is allowed to clot, and in a day or two the serum 
is poured ori, and any red corpuscles removed from it 
by means of a centrifugal apparatus. This fluid does 
not keep, and must be fresh for use. Iodin is some- 
times added, forming iodized serum. Chloral. One, 
2.5, and 5 per cent, aqueous solutions are recommended 
by Munson, Brady, and Landowsky respectively. 
Frey's Artificial Iodized Serum. To a filtered 
mixture of white of egg 15 gm. , sodium chlorid 0.2 
gm., distilled water 135 c.c, add 3 c.c. of tincture of 
iodin. Filter through flannel, and add a little iodin to 
the filtrate. Fruit-juice requires no preparation 
beyond filtering. It may be iodized. Iodized 
Serum. To the fresh amniotic liquid of a sheep or cow 
add iodin crystals. Keep the solution in a stoppered 
bottle and shake frequently. It should acquire a dark- 
brown color. Kronecker's Artificial Serum. Sod- 
ium chlorid 6 gm., sodium hydroxid 0.06 gm. , distilled 
water 1000 c.c. Normal Salt-solution. Sodium 
chlorid from 6 to 7.5 gm., distilled water 1000 c.c. 
Used in the study of living structures. Physiologic 
Salt-solution. See Normal Salt-solution. Syrup. A 
good medium for examining fresh structures, and pre- 
pared by dissolving equal parts of loaf-sugar in water 
by boiling. The addition of I per cent, of carbolic 
acid or chloral will preserve it from mold. Water. 
Structures fixed in osmic or chromic acid, or a solution 
of a metallic salt, may be examined in water, which 
lias the advantage of having a low index of refraction. 
A little thymol will preserve it from mold. White 
of Egg needs only to be filtered to prepare it for 
use. It may be iodized. II. Glycerin and Other 
Fluid Media. Acidulated Glycerin. Glycerin 
50 c.c, glacial acetic acid or formic acid I c.c, dis- 
tilled water 50 c.c. Used after staining in borax or 
lithium-carmin, previous to mounting in glycerin. 
Beale's Glycerin-jelly. Equal parts of pure glycerin 
and gelatin, soaked, melted, and clarified. Brandt's 
Glycerin-jelly. Melted gelatin I part, and glycerin 
1.5 parts. Filter through spun glass, and add a few 
drops of carbolic acid to the filtrate. For mounting, 
melt a little on the slide, having previously soaked the 
object for a short time in the medium warmed by gentle 
heat. Calberla's Liquid. One part each of glycerin, 
alcohol, and water. A valuable examination fluid. 
For very delicate objects, Lee recommends the same 
formula, with two parts of water instead of one. 
Calcium Chlorid. A 50 per cent, or saturated solu- 
tion is used. The addition of a little camphor will 
preserve it. As this salt is very hygroscopic, the mount 
need not be closed at once. Carbolic Acid. A I per 
cent, solution is used as a mounting-medium. Car- 
noy's Solutions. I . A concentrated aqueous solution 
of methyl-green containing I per cent, of acetic acid 
and o. 1 per cent, of osmic acid, used in the study and 
preservation of fresh tissues. It has a selective action 
on nuclei. 2. Powdered tannin 0.5 gm., water 100 
c.c. Castor-oil. Recommended by Grenadier, on 
account of its low refractive index, for certain delicate 
tissues (sections of eyes of Cephalopods), on the sup- 
position that it would augment visibility for the more 
refractive elements of these tissues. Copper Acetate. 
A solution of I gm. of copper acetate and 4 gm. of 
mercuric chlorid in 250 c.c. of glycerin and I c.c. of 
glacial acetic acid is used in preserving and mounting 
green algre. Creasote. As a mounting-medium, a 5 
percent, aqueous solution is used. Deane's Glycerin- 
jelly. Dissolve 30 gm. of gelatin in 60 gm. of 
water, and add 120 gm. of glycerin. This must be 
used warm. Fabre-Domergue Glucose Medium. 
Dissolve glucose in warm water and dilute to 25 of 



the areometer (sp. gr. 1. 1968). To 1000 parts of this 
solution add 200 parts of methyl-alcohol, 100 parts of 
glycerin, and camphor to saturation. Neutralize by the 
addition of a little potash or soda. This medium is 
said to preserve, unchanged, nearly all animal pig- 
ments. Farrant's Solution [Hamilton). Make a 
saturated solution of arsenious acid in water by boiling, 
let it stand twenty-four hours, and filter. Then to equal 
quantities of water, glycerin, and arsenious acid solu- 
tion add picked gum arabic until a thick, syrupy fluid 
is obtained. In about a week, filter slowly through 
frequently changed filter-paper. Fol's Glycerin-jel- 
lies. 1. Melt together one volume of Beale's jelly and 
one volume of water, and add 2 to 5 per cent, of car- 
bolic acid. 2. Gelatin 30 parts, water 70 parts, gly- 
cerin, 100 parts, alcoholic solution of camphor 5 parts. 
3. Gelatin 20 parts, water 150 parts, glycerin 100 
parts, alcoholic solution of camphor 15 parts. Gage's 
Fluid. Mercuric chlorid o. 5 gm. , salt 4 gm. , white of 
egg 15 c.c, water 200 c.c Mix thoroughly and filter. 
Used in the study of ciliated cells and red blood-cor- 
puscles. Gannal's Solution. A preserving medium 
consisting of aluminum acetate I part, and water 10 
parts. Gilson's Fluid. Mercuric chlorid 0.15 gm., 
15 per cent, acetic acid 2 c.c, 60 per cent, alcohol 60 
c.c, and water and glycerin each 30 c.c. An admir- 
able medium for the study of fine cellular detail in 
well-fixed tissues. Glycerin. As a medium for ex- 
amination and mounting, glycerin is usually diluted with 
water, which lowers its index of refraction, often an 
advantage from an optic point of view, on account of 
the increased visibility it gives to many structures. On 
the other hand, undiluted glycerin has the advantage 
of being a more efficacious preservative. Objects 
mounted in glycerin should be subjected to a prolonged 
preliminary soaking in glycerin of gradually increasing 
strength ; if done on the slide, and treated with fresh 
glycerin daily, the edges of the cover-glass should be 
luted to make the preparation air-tight, glycerin being 
so hygroscopic as to rapidly diminish in strength when 
exposed to air. To facilitate the removal of the cover- 
glass, warm the slide gently ; this treatment will also 
counteract the shrinking action of glycerin on delicate 
tissue-elements and restore them to their normal con- 
tourand dimensions. Glycerin, being a solvent of cal- 
cium carbonate, is not a suitable medium for the pre- 
paration of calcareous structures. By dissolving in 
glycerin cadmium chlorid, chloral, and certain other 
substances, its index of refraction may be raised to 
about that of crown-glass, which greatly augments its 
clearing action, and allows the full aperture of homo- 
geneous objectives to be brought to hear on the object. 
A saturated solution of zinc sulphocarbolate in glycerin 
will raise its index of refraction from 1 .46 to 1. 501, and 
is prepared by taking equal parts by weight of Price's 
glycerin and zinc sulphocarbolate, and boiling for an 
hour or more. Filter while hot. Glycerin and Al- 
cohol. Useful for bringing delicate objects gradually 
from weak into pure glycerin. Glycerin I part, 
alcohol I part, water 2 parts. Glycerin-jelly. Soak 
in 150 c.c. of distilled water, 25 gms. of gelatin for 
two hours, and add 3 c.c. of carbolic acid and 175 
c.c. of glycerin ; heat for fifteen minutes and filter 
through spun glass. Wrap the cork of the bottle in 
which the jelly is preserved in linen dipped in dilute 
carbolic acid. For use, melt it in hot water, place a 
drop on the section, upon which gently press a cover- 
glass. Glycerin and Gum. Useful when the arseni- 
ous acid of Farrant's medium is objectionable. Take 
chloroform-water (1 : 200) 200 c.c, gum acacia 130 
gm., and glycerin 100 c.c. Dissolve the gum in the 
chloroform- water, with frequent stirring and without 



STAINS, ETC. 



1379 



EXAMINATION MEDIA 



heat ; add the glycerin. Mix and filter through the best 
Swedish tiller-paper, on which has been deposited a 
thin layer of talc. Glycerin and Formic Acid. 
This is especially used for picrocarmin preparations, 
and is made by adding formic acid to dilute glycerin — 

1 per cent. Goadby's Fluids. First formula : Bay- 
salt (coarse sea-salt) 5 iv, alum 5 ij, mercuric chlorid 

2 grs., boiling water I qt. This fluid, diluted with an 
equal volume of water, is recommended by Schultze for 
preserving Medusa, Echinodermata, Entomostraca, 
Polythalmia , Polycystina, and Annelid Larva. lie ad- 
vises the subsequent use of glycerin to secure trans- 
parency. Second formula : Bay-salt, ^ viij, mercuric 
chlorid gr. 2, water I qt. The absence of the alum 
renders this fluid suitable for the preservation of objects 
containing calcium carbonate. Hantsch's Liquid. 
Glycerin I part, alcohol 3 parts, water 2 parts. Hart- 
ing's Fluid. One part of mercuric chlorid to 200 to 
400 of water. It is recommended for preserving blood- 
corpuscles, nerve-tissue and muscle-tissue, etc. 
Hayem's Mounting-media. These are solutions of 
gum with chloral, for objects stained with carmin or 
hematoxylin, and of gum with potassium acetate, for 
objects stained with anilin colors, and are prepared as 
follows : Fill a tall 60 c.c. glass two-thirds full with gum 
arabic, and add either a solution of chloral containing 5 
to 10 per cent, of glycerin or of potassium or ammonium 
acetate. The gum with frequent shaking dissolves in a 
few days, and the resulting syrupy fluid is then filtered. 
Iodin. Liquor iodi (Br. Ph.) 100 c.c, distilled water 
300 c.c, glycerin 200 c.c, gum arabic 260 gms. Mix 
and dissolve without heat ; filter through Swedish paper 
coated with a thin layer of talc. Used in mounting tis- 
sues stained with iodin. Jaeger's Liquid. Glycerin and 
alcohol each I part, sea-water 10 parts. Kaiser's Gly- 
cerin-jelly. Soak one part of gelatin for 2 hours in 6 
parts of distilled water, then add 7 gm. of glycerin and 

1 gm. of carbolic acid for every 100 gm. of the mix- 
ture. Warm for 10 to 15 minutes, stirring constantly 
until the flakes produced by the acid have disappeared. 
Filter while warm through spun glass laid wet in the 
filter. For use it must be warmed. Klein's Dammar 
Lac. Dissolve in 2 02. of turpentine, 1)4 ° z - of gum 
dammar, and filter. Dissolve y^ oz. of gum mastic in 

2 oz. of chloroform, and filter. Mix the two solutions 
and filter again. Langerhans' Gum and Gly- 
cerin. A modification of Farrant's medium. Gum 
arabic 5 parts, in water 5 parts ; after 12 hours add 
glycerin 5 parts, and 5 per cent, aqueous solution of 
carbolic acid 10 parts. Used in preserving marine 

' animals. Lawrence's Glycerin-jelly. Soak a 
quantity of Nelson's gelatin for 2 or 3 hours in cold 
water. Decant the superfluous water, and melt the 
gelatin by the aid of heat. To 8 parts of the gelatin, 
when it has cooled, but is still fluid, add I part of 
white of egg ; boil until the albumin coagulates and the 
gelatin is clear ; filter through flannel, and to 8 parts 
of the filtrate add 6 parts of a mixture of I part of 
glycerin and 2 parts of camphor- water. Levulose. 
This substance is non-crystallizable, and is recom- 
mended as a preservative of carmin and anilin stains 
(hematoxylin partially fades in it). Objects may be 
brought into it from water. The index of refraction is 
somewhat higher than that of glycerin. May's Fluid. 
Glycerin 60 c.c, I per cent, arsenic acid 10 c.c, 
methyl-alcohol 10 c.c, water 20 c.c. Methyl-green. 
See Camoy's Sohition. Meyer's Salicylic Vinegar. 
A solution of one part of salicylic acid in 100 parts of 
pyroligneous acid. For Larva, Nematodes, etc., add 
1 part of the salicylic vinegar to 10 parts of glycerin 
diluted with twice its volume of water ; for Infusoria, 
add 1 part of the vinegar to 10 parts of glycerin diluted 



with four times its volume of water. Noll's Sali- 
cylic Vinegar and Gum. A mixture of equal parts 
of Meyer's dilute fluid and Farrant's medium. This 
mixture does not become turbid and does not dry up. 
It is an admirable medium for delicate Crustacea and 
their larva?. Owen's Fluid. Mercuric chlorid 0.014 
gm., alum 79 gm., salt 137 gm., water 1680 
gms. Used for preserving soft-bodied animals. 
Pacini's Fluids. (a) Mercuric chlorid I part, 
sodium chlorid 2 parts, water 200 parts. Especially 
useful for the blood-corpuscles of cold-blooded animals. 
[6) Solution a plus two parts of mercuric chlorid. For 
the examination of the blood-corpuscles of warm- 
blooded animals. (c) Mercuric chlorid I part, acetic 
acid 2 parts, water 300 parts. For the examination of the 
nuclei of animal tissues, (d) Mercuric chlorid I part, 
sodium chlorid 2 parts, glycerin (25 Beaume) 13 parts, 
water 113 parts. Let the mixture remain undisturbed 
2 months ; then take for use I part, dilute it with 3 
parts of water, and filter. This fluid is recommended 
as a preservative of all delicate tissues, (e) Mercuric 
chlorid I part, acetic acid 2 parts, glycerin (25° 
Beaume) 43 parts, water 1 15 parts. This mixture is used 
for the same purposes as the preceding. It is said to 
preserve the white but to destroy the red corpuscles of 
the blood. (/) One part of mercuric chlorid in 200 
of water. This fluid has been used to remove the 
salt or acid, when necessary, from objects preserved in 
the preceding fluids. Modifications of the foregoing so- 
lutions : a. Sublimate I part, sodium chlorid 2 parts, 
water 100 parts. Used for the more vascular tissues of 
warm-blooded animals, b. Solution a diluted with an 
equal volume of water ; for similar tissues of cold- 
blooded animals, c. One part each of sublimate and 
salt in 300 parts of water ; for pus-corpuscles, d. One 
part of sublimate in 300 parts of water ; for blood- 
corpuscles, e. One part each of corrosive sublimate and 
acetic acid in 300 parts of water ; for demonstrating 
the nuclei in epithelia, connective tissue, and pus-cor- 
puscles, f. Solution e plus 2 parts of acetic acid ; for 
ligaments, muscles, and nerves, g. Solution e plus 4 
parts of acetic acid; for glandular tissues, h. Corrosive 
sublimate I part, phosphoric acid I part, water 30 parts ; 
for cartilaginous tissues. Picrocarmin. Recom- 
mended by Ranvier as a medium for the examination 
of fresh tissues. Carnoy finds that cells live in it for 
a time, but finally become gorged with water and de- 
teriorate. Potassium Acetate. A mounting-fluid 
for sections stained with anilin dyes. Dissolve by 
gentle heat 250 gm. of potassium acetate in 100 c.c. 
of distilled water. A nearly saturated solution is also 
employed. Let a drop flow under the cover-glass, and 
in 24 hours close the mount. Ripart and Petit's Fluid. 
A preserving medium for delicate, fresh tissues. Its 
fixing action is enhanced by the addition of a drop of 
osmic-acid or corrosive-sublimate solution, and it may 
be used in combination with methyl-green. It is pre- 
pared by dissolving 0.2 gm. each of copper acetate 
and crystallized copper chlorid in glacial acetic acid 
0.5 gm., camphor- water and distilled water each 50 
c.c. Seaman's Glycerin-jelly. Dissolve 10 parts 
of gelatin in water to the consistency of stiff jelly at 
the temperature of the room ; add I part of glycerin 
and a little camphor-water. Filter through muslin, 
and add a little alcohol. Stephenson's Mercuric 
Iodid and Potassium Iodid. A saturated solution of 
these substances has an index of 1. 680, the highest of 
any known aqueous fluid. Tissues are well preserved 
in this medium, but a precipitate forms in it which ruins 
the preparations. III. Resinous Media. Canada 
Balsam. Evaporate the balsam in a water-bath to 
dryness, and dissolve in an equal volume of xylol, 



STAINS, ETC. 



1380 



FIXATIVES 



benzol, toluol, chloroform, or turpentine. Filter 
through paper and keep in a " capped " bottle. If it 
gets too thick, dilute by adding more of the solvent 
employed. Colophonium. A solution in turpentine 
is recommended by Kleinenberg. This medium sets 
very slowly, and so affords ample time for arranging 
objects in it. Alcohol must not be used as a solvent, as 
in time it throws down a precipitate. Dammar. The 
menstrua are the same as for Canada balsam, and the 
solutions are prepared in the same way. A solution in 
a mixture of benzol and turpentine is recommended by 
Flemming and Pfitzner. Oil of Cedar. This medium 
soon sets hard enough to hold the cover in place, and 
so obviates the necessity of sealing the mount, except 
for immersion-work. See Clearing Agents. Seller's 
Alcohol Balsam. Evaporate Canadabalsam todryness 
in a water-bath ; dissolve while warm in warm absolute 
alcohol, and filter through absorbent cotton. Venice 
Turpentine. Vosseler recommends this medium as 
possessing certain advantages over Canada balsam and 
dammar. The turpentine is mixed with an equal 
volume of 96 per cent, alcohol, allowed to stand in a 
warm place for three weeks, and then decanted. Sec- 
tions may be mounted in this medium without previous 
clearing in an essential oil, and it is said that stains 
are permanent in it. Its index of refraction being 
lower than that of the media already named, it gives 
better definition to the delicate details. Xylol-bal- 
sam. See Canada Balsam. 

FIXATIVES. 
To facilitate the staining and mounting of sections, 
various preparations are used to cause them to adhere 
to the slide. The following include the more import- 
ant fixatives and methods of procedure. I. Aqueous 
Sections. Fol's Gelatin Method. Dissolve 4 
gm. of gelatin in 20 c.c. of glacial acetic acid by 
means of the water-bath and agitation. Add to 5 
c.c. of this solution 70 c.c. of 70 per cent, alcohol 
and 1 to 2 c.c. of 5 per cent, aqueous solution of 
chrome-alum. Pour this preparation on the slide and 
allow it to dry. Immerse the slide in water contain- 
ing the sections, arrange them on it, and remove it. 
This method is applicable to sections made under 
water. II. Celloidin Sections. Apathy's Oil 
of Bergamot Method. Cut the sections with a 
knife anointed with vaselin and wetted with 95 per 
cent, alcohol and float them on bergamot-oil. Before 
they sink, push each one, by means of a needle, into 
place on a piece of tracing paper dipped in the oil. 
When the desired number are in position, the paper is 
drained, dried on the under side with blotting-paper, 
turned over, and gently pressed down on the slide. 
Remove the paper by rolling it up from one end ; the 
sections remain adherent to the slide. The remain- 
ing bergamot-oil may be removed by cigaret-paper. 
Apathy's Series -on- the- Knife Method. The 
knife is evenly rubbed with yellow vaselin and moist- 
ened with 70 to 90 per cent, alcohol. The sections 
as they are cut, are drawn with a needle to a dry 
part of the blade, and arranged in rows, so that the 
celloidin of one section overlaps that of the next. 
When a series has been completed, the sections are 
dried by laying blotting-paper upon them and then 
painted over with the thickest celloidin solution used 
for embedding. This is allowed to evaporate for five 
minutes in air, and then wetted with 70 per cent, alcohol, 
which hardens the celloidin into a continuous lamella 
which can be readily detached by means of a scalpel. 
Pregl's Acetone-celloidin Method [Sternberg). 
When not embedded in paraffin, the sections, com- 
pletely dehydrated, are taken out of absolute alcohol 



on a thin cover-glass, upon which they are extended ; 
a piece of filter-paper is applied to the side of the 
cover-glass to absorb the alcohol, and before the sec- 
tion is completely dry a drop of acetone-celloidin is 
placed upon it by means of a glass rod. The cover- 
glass is now moved about in the air to promote rapid 
evaporation of the alcohol, and then placed in water. 
The sections remain attached to it. The acetone-cel- 
loidin solution is prepared by adding celloidin in 
small, dry pieces to acetone until a concentrated solu- 
tion is obtained. A large drop of this added to 5 
c.c. of absolute alcohol makes a suitable solution for 
use. This must be kept in a glass-stoppered bottle, 
and be frequently renewed, as it absorbs moisture 
from the air. The acetone obtained from dealers must 
be dehydrated by adding red-hot copper sulphate. 
Summers' Ether Method. After placing the sec- 
tions in 95 per cent, alcohol for a minute or two, ar- 
range them on the slide and pour over them ether 
vapor from a bottle partly full of liquid ether. This 
softens the celloidin and makes it perfectly transpar- 
ent. The slide may now be placed in 95 per cent, 
alcohol, and the sections will be firmly fixed to it. 
Weigert's Method. This method consists in holding 
the series between two adherent films of celloidin. 
A glass plate of sufficient size to accommodate the 
sections, cleansed with ether and alcohol, is coated 
with a thin film of celloidin and left to dry. The 
sections, as they are cut, are taken off on a strip of 
tissue-paper which has been laid upon a piece of blot- 
ting paper wet with 80 per cent, alcohol. When the 
series is complete the tissue-paper is lifted and turned, 
section-side down, on the celloidin film on the glass 
plate ; the tissue-paper is then removed, and any re- 
maining alcohol absorbed with bibulous paper. An- 
other film of celloidin is then poured over the sections, 
and after a short exposure to the air, the plate is im- 
mersed in water, section-side up. In a short time the 
film enclosing the sections will become detached and 
float to the surface. Remove it on tissue paper, and 
stain, either whole or in parts, in the usual way. The 
plate, with the adherent films, may, if desired, be pre- 
served in 80 per cent, alcohol. III. Paraffin Sec- 
tions. Flogel's Gum Method. To a filtered solu- 
tion of 1 part of gum arabic in 20 parts of water, add a 
little alcohol to prevent mold. Pour this preparation 
over perfectly clean slides, and drain. Sections yj^ 
mm. in thickness may be placed on the wet gum sur- 
face and floated to the proper position — a good method, 
when the slide is not subsequently treated with aqueous 
solutions. Frenzel's Gum Method. To a thin mu- 
cilage of gum arabic dissolved in water add an aqueous 
solution of chrome-alum, and then a little glycerin and 
a trace of alcohol. Put a little of the preparation on 
the slide, place the sections in position, and heat for 
15 minutes at a temperature of 30 to 45 C, which 
renders the gum insoluble. This gum has the ad- 
vantage of not reacting to the majority of staining 
fluids. Safranin and fuchsin should be avoided. 
Gaule's Methods. Moisten the slides with water or 
dilute alcohol, place the sections in position, re- 
move the surplus fluid by means of bibulous paper, 
and dry in a thermostat at 5°° C. for 24 hours. 
Sections so treated are then heated for a moment 
above the melting-point of paraffin, which fixes them 
securely to the slide. Gaule's xylol method is as 
follows : Place the sections on a slide moistened with 
alcohol ; warm slightly, cover, and run under a mix- 
ture of equal parts of Canada balsam and xylol. Or, 
refill the cell daily as the xylol evaporates, and com- 
plete with xylol-balsam. Mayer's Albumen Method. 
Mix equal volumes of fresh filtered white of egg and 



STAINS, ETC. 



1381 



FIXING AND HARDENING FLUIDS 



glycerin, and add a little thymol as a preservative. 
Faint a thin, even film on the slide ; on this arrange 
the sections, and warm just enough to coagulate the 
albumen (70 C). A very useful fixative for sections 
that are to be stained on the slide. Acids, alkalies, 
and picrocarmin must be avoided, as they dissolve the 
albumen. Ohlmacker's Modification. Apply a thin, 
smooth layer of Mayer's albumen to the slide, and on 
this drop a little distilled water, which will diffuse 
evenly over the albumen. Arrange the sections in 
position, and heat gently over a spirit-flame until they 
flatten out, being careful not to melt the paraffin. 
Drain off the water, dry the slide with bibulous paper, 
and evaporate the remaining moisture in an oven at 
a temperature below the melting-point of paraffin. 
Obregia's Method. Coat slides with a solution pre- 
pared as follows : Mix 30 c. c. of a syrupy solution 
of confectioners' sugar, made with distilled water, 
20 c. c. of absolute alcohol, and 10 c. c. of a clear, 
syrupy solution of pure dextrin in distilled water ; 
put them aside to dry. After 2 or 3 days, when the 
surface is just sticky to the moistened finger, arrange 
the sections in position, and heat for a few minutes; 
remove the paraffin with xylol, wash with alcohol, and 
then cover with a 3 per cent, solution of photoxylin in 
a mixture of equal parts of absolute alcohol and ether. 
Leave the slides to evaporate in the horizontal posi- 
tion, cut the sheet of collodion into ribbons, float them 
off in water, and proceed as in Weigert's method. 
Schallibaum's Collodion Method. Shake up one 
part of collodion with 3 to 4 parts of clove-oil. Ap- 
ply this mixture thinly on the slide ; place the sections 
in position, warm over a spirit-lamp until the oil col- 
lects in drops between the sections and the paraffin is 
melted ; then hold the slide to the lips, blow upon it 
vigorously, and the paraffin and oil will be scattered, 
leaving the sections dry and securely fixed. This 
method is recommended for stained sections. The 
Shellac Method. A filtered solution of bleached, 
white shellac in absolute alcohol is spread over the 
slide with a glass rod. When dry, apply a very thin 
layer of creasote, which gives a sticky surface for the 
sections, then heat on a water-bath for 15 minutes at 
the melting-point of paraffin, allow the slide to cool, 
and the sections will be fixed. 

FIXING AND HARDENING FLUIDS. 
Reagents used to preserve the structural elements of 
tissues. Their action consists in the rapid coagulation 
of certain constituents of tissue — albuminoids, gelatin, 
mucin — by which their histologic and cytologic details 
are fixed in the form and attitude they normally had 
in life, and are also hardened so as to resist any change 
of form from the action of other reagents with which 
they may subsequently be treated. Acetic Acid. A 
valuable fixative of wide application, and especially 
useful for fixing very contractile objects, such as are 
found in the Vermes and Ccelenterata. Pour a liberal 
quantity of glacial acetic acid over the organism, and 
in five or six minutes wash in 50 per cent, alcohol, 
changing it frequently and gradually increasing the 
strength. Acidulated Alcohol. Used for the pre- 
paration of marine animals which are to be preserved 
in alcohol. It is a mixture of 97 volumes of go per 
cent, alcohol (in which is dissolved a little picric acid) 
and 3 volumes of pure hydrochloric acid. The acid 
facilitates penetration by preventing the precipitation 
of the salts of sea- water. After penetration, the or- 
ganism is washed in go per cent, alcohol until the 
yellow stain of the picric acid no longer appears. 
Alcohol. An excellent fixing medium, suitable for 
all tissues, except those of the central nervous 



system and those undergoing fatty infiltration or 
degeneration. It is also used to harden and preserve 
objects that have been fixed in other fluids. As a 
preservative it is not without defects, as it alters the 
structure of tissues by continuously dehydrating their 
albuminoids. Toluol, ether, and xylol are recom- 
mended as substitutes (A'ultschitzky). As a fixing 
agent alcohol is usually employed in gradually increas- 
ing strengths, beginning with 50 or 70 percent. Abso- 
lute Alcohol. One of the most penetrating fixing 
agents, which has the advantage of preserving the 
structure of glands and of nuclei. It should be em- 
ployed in large quantities. Hydration may be pre- 
vented by suspending in the alcohol strips of gelatin 
(Lowrie). After fixation, preserve the object in go 
per cent, alcohol. Mayer recommends boiling abso- 
lute alcohol for fixing certain Arthropoda. Absolute 
alcohol is prepared in Ranvier's laboratory by add- 
ing anhydrous copper sulphate to g5 per cent, alcohol. 
Pulverized copper sulphate is heated to red heat, in 
order to drive off the water of crystallization ; when 
cool, the white powder is placed in a wide-mouthed 
bottle, holding about a liter, and three-fourths full of 
alcohol. The bottle is quickly closed and the whole 
shaken. After standing a day or more — with occasional 
shakings — it is decanted, treated with fresh copper sul- 
phate, and the operation repeated until the copper sul- 
phate no longer shows a blue color on contact with the 
alcohol. As a test, a drop of the alcohol thus dehy- 
drated may be mixed with a drop of turpentine on a glass 
slide and examined under the microscope; if no particles 
of water are to be seen, the alcohol is absolute enough 
for all practical purposes. Methylated Spirit contains 
a little methyl-alcohol, and is nearly as strong as abso- 
lute (ethyl) alcohol, and its strength may be increased 
by placing in it some well-dried potassium carbonate, 
which absorbs any water present in it. "One-third 
Alcohol" (Ranvier's Alcohol). This classic reagent 
consists of two parts of water and one part of alcohol 
of 36 Beaume, which contains nearly 8g.6 per cent, 
absolute alcohol. It is a very mild fixative, and is 
chiefly used for extemporaneous and dissociation pre- 
parations. Rectified Spirit contains 84 per cent, of 
alcohol and 16 per cent, of water. Altmann's 
Nitric Acid. Particularly useful for preserving 
mitotic figures, nuclei, embryonic tissues, and the 
retina. A 3 per cent, pure acid is used, the solution 
having a sp. gr. of 1.02. Immersion for a quarter to 
half an hour is sufficient for blastoderms and small 
embryos ; two to four hours are required for fixing 
larger objects. Wash out thoroughly and harden in 
strong alcohol. Any staining process may be used. 
Broca's Fluid. Used for the preservation of brain- 
tissue. It consists of zinc chlorid, 10 grams, and 
alcohol, go per cent., 100 c.c. After two or three 
days, transfer the tissue to g5 per cent, alcohol. 
Carnoy's Fluid. One of the most penetrating and 
rapid of fixatives, applicable to tissues in general, and 
useful for the study of karyokinesis in the ova of 
Ascaris. First formula : glacial acetic acid I part, abso- 
lute alcohol 3 parts. Second formula : glacial acetic acid 
1 part, absolute alcohol 6 parts, chloroform 3 parts. 
The chloroform is said to render the action of the mix- 
ture more rapid. Chromic Acid. Used in aqueous or 
alcoholic solution in strengths varying from o. I to 2 per 
cent. Weaker solutions are used for nerve-tissue. 
Wash out several hours in running water. If the 
object be preserved in alcohol, it must be protected 
from the light, or a precipitate will be thrown down on 
its surface. The brownish-green color of objects 
fixed in chromic acid may be removed by treating 
them with hydrogen dioxid. A 0.02 per cent, solu- 



STAINS, ETC. 



1382 



FIXING AND HARDENING FLUIDS 



tion is recommended for macerating nerve-tissue and 
non-striated muscle-tissue, a cube of 5 mm. requiring 
about 24 hours' immersion in 10 c.c. of the medium 
(Ranvier). Copper Sulphate. Recommended by 
Bedot for the preparation of delicate pelagic animals. 
A large volume of a 15 or 20 per cent, solution is 
added to the sea-water containing the animals. Fix- 
ation occurs in a few minutes. A few drops of nitric 
acid are added, and the whole is left for 4 or 5 hours. 
The animals are then hardened in a large volume of 
Flemming's fluid, in which they should remain for 
24 hours, and are preserved in alcohol. Corrosive 
Sublimate. A most excellent reagent, gener- 
ally applicable, useful particularly for fixing glands 
and glandular structures. Saturated aqueous and 
alcoholic solutions are usually employed. The tissues 
turn white when fixed. All the corrosive sublimate 
must be washed out in alcohol, or the sections will be 
sprinkled with crystals of the salt. The hardening is 
completed in alcohol. Glass, wood, or platinum 
should be used in manipulating objects immersed in this 
reagent. Sections may be stained with any of the usual 
reagents. Cox's Sublimate Solution. A combined 
hardening and impregnating fluid, consisting of 5 per 
cent, solutions of potassium bichromate and mercuric 
chlorideach 20 parts .potassium chromate 16 parts, water 
30or40 parts. The reaction should be only slightly acid. 
The pieces are left in this solution two or three months, 
then cut with a freezing-microtome. The sections are 
put in 5 per cent, solution of sodium carbonate for an 
hour or two, washed in water, then in oil, and covered 
by a rapidly drying resin, like sandarac. This coating 
maybe covered by castor-oil, and the cover-glass pressed 
down. The preparations are not permanent in balsam 
or dammar. Davidoff's Fixing Fluid. This is a 
mixture of a saturated solution of corrosive sublimate 
75 c.c. and glacial acetic acid 25 c.c. It is useful 
for ova, which should remain in it for a half to one 
hour; then wash in water and transfer to alcohol, 
gradually increasing its strength. Delafield's Fluid. 
A fixing agent suitable for tissues having delicate 
structural elements. It has the following composi- 
tion : 1 per cent, osmic acid solution 10 c.c, 0.2 
per cent, chromic acid solution 100 c.c, 95 per cent, 
alcohol 100 c.c, acetic acid I c.c. Erlicki's Fluid. 
One of the best hardening agents for large objects, 
and more rapid in its action than Midler's fluid. It is 
composed of potassium bichromate 2.5 parts, copper 
sulphate I part, water 100 parts. The formation of 
mold is prevented by adding a little camphor or 
naphthalene. Ferric Chlorid. Objects are fixed for 
a short time in a dilute alcoholic solution, washed in 
alcohol, and stained in pyrogallol. This process is 
recommended as a general zoologic method, but 
chiefly for Infusoria and other ciliated organisms, and 
for its selective action on nerve end-organs. Fish's 
(P. A.) Liquid. This is found to preserve the shape, 
to harden, and to differentiate brain-substance. It con- 
tains alcohol (95 per cent.) 200 c.c, water 800 c.c, 
glycerin 75 c.c, zinc chlorid 50 gm. The alcohol 
and water should be mixed first, so as to get a 
strength of 22. per cent., as determined by the alco- 
ometer. More alcohol maybe required, but the entire 
quantity of dilute alcohol should not exceed 1000 c.c. 
Then add the glycerin and zinc until the specific 
gravity of the mixture is 1.04. When the brain is 
introduced, it should rest just at the surface, and the 
vessel should be deep enough to prevent it touching 
the bottom. Cotton may be laid over the top if any 
part projects. It is well also to inject the fluid into 
the cavities and blood-vessels daily for a week. 
After a few days the brain will sink, when, without 



removing it from the liquid, the pia is stripped 
oft. Half of the liquid is now replaced by alcohol 
and the brain is steadied with cotton. After 2 days 
half of the lighter liquid is replaced by alcohol, 
and in 2 or 3 days more pure alcohol is used. 
Flemming's Fluid. 1st Formula : Chromic acid 
0.2 gm., glacial acetic acid o. I c.c, water 100 c.c. 
This is especially recommended for fixing the achro- 
matic spindle-fibers in nuclei. 2d Formula : One per 
cent, chromic acid 45 c.c, 2 per cent, osmic acid 
12 c.c, glacial acetic acid 3 c.c. This fixes small 
pieces (2-3 mm. thick) in from a few to twenty-four 
hours, and is useful for fixing the figures in cell-division 
and for many other purposes. A weaker solution is 
also used : One per cent, osmic and glacial acetic 
acids each 10 c.c, one per cent, chromic acid 25 
c. c, water 100 c.c. The second formula is the one 
generally known as Flemming' 's Fluid. Fol's Fluid. 
A modification of Flemming's fluid. It contains less 
osmic acid. To 2 c.c. of I per cent, osmic acid add 
25 c.c. of 1 per cent, chromic acid, 5 c.c of 2 per 
cent, glacial acetic acid, and 68 c.c. of water. 
Giacomini's Method of Preservation of the Brain 
consists of two stages. In the first stage the fresh 
organ, still enveloped in its membranes, is immersed in 
a saturated solution of zinc chlorid. In this it floats 
with a little of its surface above the fluid ; and so, 
while its form is not interfered with by pressure, it 
must be turned two or three times a day, in order that 
all parts may be uniformly acted on. If the subject 
has been dead for some time, 600 grams of the solu- 
tion may be injected through the carotids under slight 
pressure, so as to give a firmness to the somewhat soft- 
ish brain before its removal. After 48 hours, the sur- 
face is hard enough to have the membranes removed. 
Let this be done without taking the organ out of the 
solution, or, if it be taken out, let it be put into water 
immediately, so that it may the less lose its form by 
pressure. After having been cleaned, let it remain in 
the solution till, as the hardening proceeds, it begins 
to sink no longer, and then remove it. At this stage 
it will be firm, slightly diminished in volume, the fis- 
sures a little opened, and the color whitish, unless the 
membranes have been left on too long, in which case 
the course of the large vessels will be stained of a 
rusty color from the blood pigment. It is now im- 
mersed in alcohol of commerce for not less than 10 or 
12 days, but it may be for an indefinite period ; here 
it sinks, and so must be often turned, to avoid deform- 
ity by pressure on the bottom of the vessel, and it is 
well to renew the spirit 2 or 3 times — the oftener, the 
sooner the process is finished. After this immersion 
the consistence is greater, the size a little less, and the 
convolutions somewhat closer together. In the second 
stage the organ is immersed in glycerin of commerce, 
or with 1 per cent, of carbolic acid added. When first 
put in it floats, with some of its upper surface above the 
surface of the glycerin, but gradually becoming heavier 
as the alcohol evaporates, and glvcerin is imbibed, it 
sinks more and more deeply till it is just level with the 
liquid — then it is to be taken out. In this part of the 
process, neither surface, color, consistence, nor volume 
is altered, but it becomes heavier. A brain should gain 
from 150 to 200 grams in from twenty to thirty days, 
according to its volume. Now set aside for several 
days, till the surface is dry, and then cover it with 
several layers of gum mastic varnish, or, better still, 
marine glue, diluted with a little alcohol. This varnish 
is not to prevent evaporation — the glycerin does that — 
but is simply as a protective against dust and injury. 
Hermann's Fluid. A modification of Flemming's 
fluid. Platinum chlorid is used instead of chromic 



STAINS, ETC. 



1383 



FIXING AND HARDENING FLUIDS 



acid ; in other respects the formula? are alike. 
Iodin. A good and rapid fixing agent for delicate 
tissues. Lugol's solution may be used, of which the 
formula is as follows : Iodin 4 parts, potassium 
iodid 6 parts, water 100 parts. Ranvier recommends 
a saturated solution of iodin in a saturated aqueous 
solution of potassium iodid, filtered, and diluted to a 
brown-sherry color. Johnson's {Lindsay) Fluid. 
Potassium bichromate, 2.5 percent., 65 parts; 2 per 
cent, osmic acid 15 parts, 2 per cent, platinum 
chlorid 15 parts, acetic or formic acid 5 parts. Ten 
parts of a 5 per cent, solution of uranium nitrate may 
be added ; this will prevent the tendency of the osmic 
acid to blacken and will give a delicate chestnut-brown 
tint. Klein's Fluid. This should be freshly pre- 
pared and kept in the dark. It is made by mixing 2 
parts of 6 per cent, chromic acid with 1 part of methyl- 
ated spirit. For hardening the intestine Klein recom- 
mends a 5 per cent, solution of neutral ammonium chro- 
mate. Kleinenberg's Fluid. Picro-sulphuric Acid. 
This reagent is especially adapted for fixing embryonic 
tissue and soft pathologic structures, as sarcoma and 
myxoma. It is prepared as follows : to loo c.c. of a 
saturated aqueous solution of picric acid add 2 c.c of 
strong sulphuric acid ; after an hour filter, and to the 
filtrate add 300 c.c. of distilled water. A few hours 
to several days are required for fixation. Wash in 
warm alcohol to remove the acid. Kolossow's 
Fluid. Recommended for its great penetrating 
power. It consists of a 0.5 per cent, solution of 
osmium in a 2 or 3 per cent, solution of uranium 
nitrate or acetate. Kultschitzky's Fluid fixes tis- 
sues without causing the precipitation of the albu- 
minoids, so likely to occur in solutions containing 
chromic acid. It is prepared by adding in excess 
finely powdered potassium bichromate and copper sul- 
phate to 50 per cent, alcohol, and placing in the dark 
for 24 hours. At the moment of using, add a few 
drops of acetic acid, 5 or 6 to 100 c.c. Fix objects 
for 12 to 24 hours in the dark, then treat with strong 
alcohol, and they are ready for sectioning. Lang's 
Sublimate Solution. Used for fixing Planaria. Its 
composition is as follows : mercuric chlorid 5 grams, 
sodium chlorid 6 grams, acetic acid 5 c.c, water, 
100 c.c. The Planaria are placed on their backs and 
the fluid poured over them. After half an hour they 
are placed in 70 per cent., then in go per cent., and 
then in absolute alcohol. They are sufficiently 
hardened in two days. Lemon-juice. Recom- 
mended by Van Gehucten as a fixative for nuclei. It 
should be fresh and filtered. Fix for five minutes, and 
wash out in water. Mercuric Chlorid. See Cor- 
rosive Sublimate. Merkel's Fluid. A delicate 
reagent, used for hardening fish ova, and consisting of 
equal volumes of 1. 4 percent, chromic-acid and 1.4 
per cent, platinum-chlorid solutions. Several hours 
or days may be required for penetration. Prick the 
ova and wash in alcohol of 50 to 70 per cent. A few 
hours' immersion in this fluid will, it is claimed, 
effectually prevent blackening of objects fixed in osmic 
acid. Muller's Fluid. This agent is very exten- 
sively used, as it penetrates well and hardens evenly. 
It has the following composition: potassium bichro- 
mate 2.5 parts, sodium sulphate I part, water 100 
parts. The addition of a little camphor, chloral, 
thymol, or naphthalene will prevent the formation of 
mold. The time required for hardening depends on 
the size of the object. This fluid diluted to 0.2 per 
cent, is used as a macerating agent. Osmic Acid. 
An aqueous solution is used in strengths varying from 
0.05 to 2 per cent. The time required for fixing de- 
pends on the object and the strength of the solution, 



and varies from a few seconds for Infusoria in a o. 5 per 
cent, solution to 24 hours for tactile corpuscles in a I 
per cent, solution. The osmium must be thoroughly 
removed by washing in water, as any remaining in the 
tissue in time over-colors it. Solutions of osmic acid 
must be protected from the light at all times. Patty 
tissue should have the fat dissolved out by alcohol be- 
fore immersion in osmic-acid solutions, or it may after- 
ward be decolorized by turpentine. For delicate 
membranes osmic acid may also be employed in the 
form of vapor. As a macerating agent for the cortex 
cerebri (Rindfleisch), a o. I per cent, solution is used, 
and may be followed by dissociation in glycerin. A 

1 or 2 per cent, solution is the best fixing agent for 
blood. Palladium Chlorid. Recommended by 
Cattaneo as the best fixative for Infusoria. It is pre- 
pared by dissolving 10 grams in one liter of water 
containing 5 or 6 drops of hydrochloric acid. One or 

2 minutes' immersion will suffice for the fixation of 
small objects. It is an impregnation reagent, and 
colors certain tissue-elements in various tones of brown. 
According to Schultze, it has a special faculty for 
penetrating tissues rich in connective tissue, and gives 
a better consistence than chromic acid or Muller's 
fluid. Paladino' s Palladium Chlorid. Used to de- 
monstrate the axis-cylinders in peripheral nerves. 
After hardening in potassium - bichromate solution 
place the tissue in a o. I per cent, solution of palladium 
chlorid, to which a little hydrochloric acid has been 
added ; in 2 or 3 days transfer to a 4 per cent, solution 
of potassium iodid for I to 2 hours. Dehydrate and 
embed in paraffin. Perenyi's Fluid. An important 
embryologic reagent. It produces perfect fixation of 
segmentation-spheres and nuclei, and has the advantage 
that fuchsin, eosin, picrocarmin, and other stains may 
be dissolved in it. It is composed of 10 per cent, nitric 
acid 4 parts, absolute alcohol and 0.5 per cent, 
chromic acid each 3 parts. Picro-nitric Acid. 
Mayer 's formula. Water 100 c.c, nitric acid (25 
per cent. N 2 5 ) 5 c.c, and as much picric acid as will 
dissolve in the mixture. The properties of this fluid 
are similar to those of picro-sulphuric acid, and it has 
the advantage of not crystallizing lime-salts in tissues 
containing them. Eight c.c. of 25 per cent, hydro- 
chloric acid may be substituted for the nitric acid, the 
mixture possessing the same properties and being 
known as picro-hydrochloric acid. Picric Acid. A 
fixing agent of great penetration, and, therefore, espe- 
cially suitable for the preparation of chitinous structures. 
A saturated solution is employed. The time required 
for fixation varies from a minute to a day, and depends 
on the size of the object. Wash out in alcohol and stain 
in alcoholic solutions. Platinum Chlorid (Pal/l). 
Objects are placed in an aqueous solution, I : 300, for 
24 hours, then washed with water and hardened in 
alcohol. Safranin or Delafield's hematoxylin may be 
used to stain. This reagent is valuable in the study 
of karyokinesis. It renders Pfitzner's granules and 
the longitudinal division of the elements plainly 
visible. Potassium Permanganate {Du Plessis). 
Useful for the study of isolated and very contractile 
cells, as spermatozoa. It is said to kill more rapidly 
than any other agent, 2 per cent, osmic acid not 
excepted. A saturated aqueous solution is used. 
It is also used for washing out over-staining with 
carmin, and in I per cent, solution as a mordant 
for anilin dyes (Henneguy}, and for reducing silver 
impregnations. Rabl's Fluid. Especially useful 
for the study of mitosis and nuclei generally. It 
must be freshly prepared at the moment of using, 
and consists of 200 c.c. of 0.33 per cent, chromic 
acid and 4 or 5 drops of formic acid. Fix for 12 to 24 



STAINS, ETC. 



1384 



INJECTION MASSES 



hours, wash thoroughly in water, and harden in alcohol 
of gradually increasing strength. Sections may be 
stained in hematoxylin or safranin. Silver Nitrate. 
Used in the study of epithelia. Solutions of 0.5 to 2 
per cent, are employed, and fix rapidly. Wash out in 
distilled water. Weak solutions do not interfere with 
subsequent staining. 

INJECTION-MASSES. 
These are composed of a dye combined with some 
suitable substance, technically termed, respectively, 
the coloring-mass and the vehicle, and are used for in- 
jecting gland-tubes and blood-vessels. I. Aqueous 
Masses. Emery's Carmin. Add, with continual 
stirring, acetic acid to a 10 per cent, ammoniacal solu- 
tion of carmin until the color of the fluid is blood-red 
from incipient precipitation of the dye. The 
clear solution is poured off and injected cold, and the 
specimens are thrown at once in strong alcohol to fix 
the carmin. This fluid is for the injection of fishes. 
Letellier's Ammonium Vanadate and Tannin. 
Make a solution of ammonium vanadate in warm 
water and of tannin in hot water. For use, mix the 
two solutions according to the tint desired. The walls 
of vessels are stained black. Miiller's Berlin 
Blue. Precipitate a strong solution of Berlin blue 
with 90 per cent, alcohol. The fluid is neutral and 
the precipitate finely divided. Taguchi's Indian 
Ink. Rub up on a hone Japanese or Chinese ink, 
until a fluid is obtained that does not run when 
dropped on thin blotting-paper or form a gray circle 
round the drop. Inject until the preparation appears 
black, and then put it into some hardening fluid, not 
pure water. This is useful for Invertebrata, lymphat- 
ics, and juice-canals. II. Celloidin Masses. 
Schiefferdecker's Masses. For corrosion- prepara- 
tions. I. Place pulverized asphalt in a closed vessel 
with ether for twenty-four hours, and shake occasion- 
ally. Pour off the ether into another vessel, and dis- 
solve in it small pieces of celloidin until the solution 
is like the thicker fatty oils. The undissolved asphalt 
may be used to color fresh ether. 2. Vesuvianin- 
brown. Dissolve celloidin in concentrated solu- 
tion of vesuvianin in absolute alcohol. This color is 
not fast. 3. Opaque Blue. Add pulverized Berlin 
blue to celloidin dissolved in equal parts of absolute 
alcohol and ether. 4. Opaque Red. Rub up in a 
mortar pulverized cinnabar with a little absolute 
alcohol, and add the paste to celloidin dissolved in 
equal parts of absolute alcohol and ether. Too much 
pigment will make the injection brittle. Strain the 
mass through flannel wet with ether. Clear the syringes 
and nozzles with ether to free them from grease. 
Corrosion of the Preparations. Throw the injected 
organs into unrectified hydrochloric acid, and let them 
remain in it until all the soft parts are destroyed, 
changing the acid occasionally, if necessary. Wash 
under a slow stream of water, leave for some weeks 
in water, rinse, and put in glycerin or in equal 
volumes of glycerin, alcohol, and water. Artificial 
gastric juice is also excellent for corrosion. III. Gela- 
tin Masses. Brucke's Blue Mass. Take a 10 per 
cent, solution of potassium ferrocyanid, and precipitate 
it with so much of a dilute solution of iron sesqui- 
chlorid that the weight of the dry chlorid employed 
shall be ^ or \ that of the ferrocyanid. Wash the 
precipitale on a filter with the filtrate until only a 
clear-yellow liquid runs off, then wash with water 
until the water begins to be blue. Dry the precipitate, 
press it between blotting-paper in a press, break the 
mass in pieces and dry in the air. Carter's Carmin 
Mass. Rub up 4 gm. of carmin in a little water in 



a mortar, and add enough water to bring the measure 
up to 45 c.c. Add 8 c.c. of strong ammonia, and 
stir until the carmin is dissolved. Glacial acetic acid, 
6 c.c, is then added, drop by drop, with continuous 
stirring, and finally the gelatin, 60 c.c. of a I : 6 solu- 
tion in water. Fearnley' ' s Modification : Cut up 7 
gm. of Coignet's gelatin, and soak it in 50 c.c. of 
water 4 to 5 hours. Rub up in a mortar with a little 
water 3 gm. of carmin, and add 6 c.c. of strong am- 
monia ; after standing for 2 hours, pour it in a bottle, 
rinsing the mortar with 30 c.c. of water. Place the 
gelatin and unabsorbed water on a water-bath to melt. 
Add about 6 c.c. of glacial acetic acid to the carmin 
solution (stop the acid when the color changes to 
crimson), and stir it into the gelatin. Cover the mass 
with methylated spirit, and keep it in a cool place. 
For use, dissolve it on a water-bath, and filter through 
fine flannel wrung out of hot water. Fol's Blue 
Mass. A Modification of Thiersch'' s Formula, a. 
To 120 c.c. of a cold saturated solution of iron sul- 
phate add 300 c.c. of warm gelatin solution, b. To 
600 c.c. of the gelatin solution add 240 c.c. of a 
saturated solution of oxalic acid, and then 240 c.c. of a 
cold saturated solution of potassium ferricyanid. Pour 
the first mixture gradually into the second, shaking 
vigorously, and warm for fifteen minutes over a boiling 
water-bath. When the mass has set, press it through 
netting into strings, wash in running water, and dry 
on prepared paper, without remelting. For use, swell 
the strings in cold water, and warm with enough oxalic 
acid for complete solution. Fol's Brown Mass. 
Soak 500 gm. of gelatin in 2 liters of water in which 
140 gm. of salt have been dissolved. Melt the mass 
over a water-bath and add, gradually, with vigorous 
shaking, 300 gm. of silver nitrate in a liter of water. 
Press the mass out through netting, stir it up, in clear 
daylight, with a mixture of I ]/i liters of a cold saturated 
solution of potassium oxalate and 500 c.c. of a cold 
saturated solution of iron sulphate. When the whole 
mass is black, wash for several hours, remelt, and 
pour on paper. Fol's Carmin Mass. Soak in 
water for a couple of hours one kilog. of Simeon's 
photographic gelatin, pour off the water,melt the gelatin 
over a water- bath, and add one liter of a solution of 
carmin made as follows : Dilute a strong solution of 
ammonia with 3 or 4 parts of water and add 
carmin to saturation, removing the excess by filtration 
just before adding the liquid to the gelatin. Add to 
the mass enough acetic acid to turn the dark-purple 
color to a blood-red hue, and when firm, cut it in 
pieces. Tie up the pieces in fine netting, and com- 
press them with the hand under water acidulated with 
o. I per cent, of acetic acid. The mass is driven out 
in fine strings, which are washed for several hours in 
a sieve in running water, then remelted, and poured 
on large sheets of parchment-paper soaked with paraf- 
fin, and dried in an airy place. Separate the mass 
from the paper and cut into long strips. For use, 
soak them a few minutes in water and melt them over 
a water-bath. Frey's White Mass. Place 125 to 
185 gm. of a cold saturated solution of barium chlorate 
in a tall, glass cylinder, and add sulphuric acid very 
carefully, drop by drop. Allow the precipitate to 
settle for twelve hours ; then decant almost all of the 
supernatant liquid. The remaining mucilaginous mass, 
containing the precipitate, is to be mixed with an equal 
part of concentrated gelatin solution. Injected organs 
may be preserved in chromic acid. Hoyer's Blue 
Mass. The filtered and washed precipitate of soluble 
Berlin blue is placed in a little water on a Graham's 
dialyzer, and the external water changed until the 
solution begins to pass through the parchment. After 



STAINS, ETC. 



1385 



INJECTION MASSES 



diluting, pass the solution through filter-paper. For 
injection the fluid may be used pure. It may also be 
combined with gelatin as follows : Warm the solution 
almost to boiling, and gradually add a warm, thin 
solution of gelatin until coagulation begins ; then 
strain through wet flannel. Hoyer's Lead-chromate 
Mass. Filter through flannel I volume of a solu- 
tion of gelatin, I : 4, and add I volume of a cold, 
saturated solution of potassium bichromate ; warm the 
mixture almost to boiling, and add, gradually, I 
volume of a cold, saturated solution of neutral lead 
acetate, also warmed. Cool the mass to the body-tem- 
perature and inject at once. It flows so freely that 
even the lymphatics may be injected, and its intense 
color gives the vessels unusual distinctness. If the 
solution of lead acetate is added to a hot bichromate 
solution, an orange-red precipitate is obtained; if both 
the solutions are cold when mixed, the precipitate is 
bright-yellow. Hoyer's Silver-nitrate Yellow 
Mass. Mix with an equal volume of a 4 per cent, solu- 
tion of silver nitrate a concentrated solution of gelatin, 
heat, and add a small quantity of an aqueous solution 
of pyrogallic acid, which reduces the silver in a few 
seconds. Add chloral and glycerin as in Hoyer's 
formula for carmin gelatin. The mass is brown in 
the larger vessels and yellow in the capillaries. It 
does not change in alcohol, chromic or acetic acid, or 
potassium bichromate. Neutralization of a Car- 
min Mass. Ville's Method. The traces of acid 
mechanically retained in commercial gelatin are elim- 
inated by placing it in a stop-cock funnel and wash- 
ing for an hour or more with running water. To test 
the reaction of the coloring-mass, moisten a strip of 
dichroic litmus-paper in distilled water, and hold as 
closely as possible to the injection-mass (which is kept 
melted on a water-bath) ; it becomes blue at first, but 
as the acid is added the reaction is less evident, and 
when the change of color appears very slowly, the 
addition of the acid should cease. Dichroic Litmus- 
paper is prepared as follows : A tincture obtained by 
decoction of cake-litmus is slightly acidified with an ex- 
cess of sulphuric acid, then heated and agitated with 
an excess of precipitated barium carbonate and 
filtered. The solution is exposed to the air in wide 
vessels until the blue color has given place to a red- 
dish tint, when strips of white, unsized paper are dipped 
into it and dried in the shade on stretched threads, in 
a place free from ammonia vapor. Ranvier's Blue 
Mass. Soak 5 gm. of Coignet's gelatin for one 
hour in distilled water, wash it, and place it in a beaker 
on a water-bath; when it is dissolved add 125 c.c. of 
a saturated aqueous solution of Briicke's blue, pre- 
viously heated on a water-bath, and stir vigorously 
with a glass rod, which should show no granules when 
withdrawn. Filter through flannel. The precipitate 
thrown down by the gelatin disappears if the heating 
be continued. Ranvier's Carmin Mass. Mix in 
a stoppered bottle 2 to 5 gm. of pure carmin with a 
little distilled water ; add ammonia, drop by drop, 
until the liquid is transparent, and shake. Place 5 
gm. of Coignet's gelatin in distilled water for one 
hour, wash it in water, and heat it in a beaker over a 
water-bath. When the gelatin is dissolved, add, stir- 
ring briskly, the solution of carmin. Make a solu- 
tion of 2 parts of distilled water to I part of glacial 
acetic acid, and pour it, drop by drop, into the mass, 
stirring with a glass rod. Stop adding the acid when 
the ammoniacal odor disappears and there is a faint 
acid scent. Filter the mass through new flannel. 
IV. Glycerin Masses. These are used cold. The 
addition of amyl nitrite to the mass just before using 
is advised, to counteract its tendency to stimulate con- 



traction of the arteries. The animal may also be 
anesthetized with a mixture of ether and amyl nitrite. 
Beale's Acid Blue Mass. Dissolve 0.5 gm. of po- 
tassium ferrocyanid in 30 c.c. of glycerin, and 10 drops 
of tincture of iron sesquichlorid in 30 c.c. of glycerin, 
and add the latter solution, drop by drop, to the 
former. Then add 30 c.c. of water and 3 drops of 
strong hydrochloric acid. If desired, 8 c.c. of alcohol 
may be added. This is said to be an admirable 
formula. Beale's Blue Mass. Dissolve 1.8 gm. 
of potassium ferrocyanid in 30 c.c. each of water and 
glycerin. Add to 30 c.c. of water 4 c.c. of tincture 
of ferric chlorid. Gradually, and with agitation, add 
the iron solution to the potassium solution. Then add 
slowly 30 c.c. of alcohol and 60 c.c. of water, the mix- 
ture being constantly shaken. Injected specimens 
should be preserved in acidulated glycerin, or the color 
may fade. Beale's Carmin Mass. Dissolve in a 
little water, with about 5 drops of ammonia, 0.4 gm. 
of carmin, and add 15 c.c. of glycerin; then add 
gradually, with agitation, another 15 c.c. of glycerin 
with 8 or 10 drops of acetic acid or hydrochloric acid. 
Test with blue litmus paper and add acid until the 
reaction is decidedly acid. Add another 15 c.c. 
of glycerin, 5 c.c. of alcohol, and 25 c.c. of water. 
Robin's Cold-flowing Masses. I . Carmin. Rub 
up 3 gm. of carmin in a mortar with a little water 
and enough ammonia to dissolve the carmin, add 50 
c.c. of glycerin, and filter. Adda 10 per cent, solu- 
tion of acetic acid in glycerin, drop by drop, until a 
slightly acid reaction is obtained. 2. Prussian Blue, 
(a) Potassium ferrocyanid (sat. sol.) 90 c.c, gly- 
cerin 50c. c. ; (b) liquor ferri perchloridi, 8o°, 3 c.c, 
glycerin 50 c.c. Mix a with b slowly. 3. Green. 
A saturated solution of potassium arsenite 80 c.c, and 
glycerin 50 c.c, is mixed with a saturated solution of 
copper sulphate 40 c.c, and glycerin 50 cc 4. 
Mahogany-red. (a) Potassium ferrocyanid (concent, 
sol.) 20 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c; {b) copper sulphate 
(concent, sol.) 35 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c. Mix a and 
b slowly, with agitation, and add to the vehicle at the 
moment of injecting. 5. Yellow, {a) Cadmium sul- 
phate (sat. sol.) 40 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c; (b) sodium 
sulphid (sat. sol.) 30 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c. Mix a 
with b, with constant shaking. V. Vehicles and 
Other Masses. Bjeloussow's Gum Arabic Mass. 
Make a saturated solution of borax in water, and a 
syrupy solution of gum arabic Mix the two, using 2 
parts of the latter to I part of the former. Rub up 
the mass with distilled water, added gradually, and 
press through a fine cloth, repeating this until the mass 
is free from clots. It should coagulate in alcohol, and 
swell to twice its original volume. It must not be 
combined with cadmium or cobalt. Cold-blooded 
animals may be injected while alive. Cadmium 
Mass. a. Forty c.c. of a saturated solution of 
cadmium sulphate and 50 c.c. of glycerin, b. Thirty 
c.c. of a saturated solution of sodium sulphid and 50 
c.c. of glycerin. Mix the two solutions with agitation 
and combine with 3 volumes of vehicle. Copper 
Ferrocyanid Mass. a. Twenty c.c. of a strong 
solution of potassium ferrocyanid and 50 c.c. of gly- 
cerin, b. Thirty-five c.c. of a strong solution of 
copper sulphate and 50 c.c. of glycerin. Mix the 
solutions, with agitation. Combine with 3 volumes of 
vehicle at the moment of using. Fol's Metagelatin 
Vehicle. To a solution of gelatin add a slight pro- 
portion of ammonia, and after heating several hours 
the mixture no longer coagulates on cooling. This 
vehicle may be thinned by the addition of weak 
alcohol, and coloring masses added. Its advantage is 
that it obviates the necessity of warm injections. The 



STAINS, ETC. 



1386 



STAINING OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES. 



injected preparations are thrown into strong alcohol or 
chromic acid, which sets the mass. Hoyer's Oil- 
color Masses. Mix with 30 parts of lavender, fen- 
nel, thyme, or rosemary oil, 5 parts of artists' Berlin 
blue oil-color, rubbed up with 5 parts of thickened 
linseed-oil. Let the mixture stand 24 hours in a closed 
vessel ; then decant. Shake before using. This is 
useful for injecting the vessels of the spleen and other 
structures difficult of injection. Hoyer's Shellac 
Mass. Place in a wide-necked flask a quantity of good 
shellac, with enough 80 per cent, alcohol to cover it. 
After 24 hours, warm it on a water-bath, to complete 
the solution ; cool, dilute with alcohol to a thin syrupy 
consistence, and strain through thick muslin. Color 
the solution with anilins in filtered concentrated alco- 
holic solution. Cinnabar may be used for corrosion- 
preparations. Berlin blue and yellow arsenic sulphid 
are useful ; both yield a green color. The pigments 
should be rubbed to fine powder with water, and 
alcohol added. When the mixture has settled, pour 
off the dilute and add strong alcohol. By shaking 
the flask the coarser particles settle ; pour off the fluid 
containing the finer ones, add it to the shellac solution, 
and strain through muslin. Hydrochloric acid does 
not attack this solution ; hence it is useful for corrosion - 
preparations. Joseph's White-of-egg Mass. Take 
filtered white-of-egg and dilute it with I to 5 per cent, 
of carmin solution. This mass remains liquid when 
cold. It coagulates when immersed in dilute nitric, 
chromic, or osmic acid, is transparent, and indifferent 
to reagents. It is useful for Invertebrates. Robin's 
Gelatin Vehicles. I. Soak I part of " colle de 
Paris" gelatin in 10 parts of cold water; heat 
in a water-bath, and add 2 per cent, of chloral as a 
preservative. 2. Dissolve in a water-bath 5ogm.,of 
"colle de Paris" gelatin in 300 gm. of water con- 
taining a little arsenious acid ; add a few drops of car- 
bolic acid and 150 gm. of glycerin. This does not 
keep as well as the pure gelatin vehicle. Scheele's 
Green Mass. a. Eighty c.c. of a saturated solution 
of potassium arseniate and 50 c.c. of glycerin. b. 
Forty c.c. of a saturated solution of copper sulphate 
and 50 c.c. of glycerin. Combine the two solutions 
with three volumes of the vehicle. 

STAINING OF CONNECTIVE AND OTHER 
TISSUES. 
Areolar Tissue. Inject hypodermatically into the sub- 
cutaneous tissue of a dog or rabbit a I : 1000 solution 
of silver nitrate. With a pair of curved scissors snip 
off a little of the edematous tissue, and stain with 
picrocarmin for from 10 to 12 hours in a moist cham- 
ber. The fibrous and cellular elements are then brought 
into view by treating with glycerin slightly acidulated 
with formic acid. Bile-capillaries. Golgi's Method. 
Fix small cubes of liver 3 to 4 days in a mixture of 4 
parts of a 3 per cent, solution of potassium bichromate 
and 1 part of a I per cent, osmic acid ; then place in a 
0.75 per cent, solution of silver nitrate for two days, 
wash in distilled water, and harden in alcohol. Sec- 
tion and mount in balsam. The capillaries appear as 
a black network on a yellow ground. Bone. I. 
Flemming's Method. Soak sections of decalcified 
bone in water, and place in a drop of water on a glass 
plate ; remove the excess of water with bibulous paper 
and cover with another glass plate to prevent rolling ; 
place the whole in a dish and cover with alcohol. In 
half an hour the sections will be fixed and flat. Place 
in absolute alcohol. To mount, wash in fresh alcohol, 
then in ether ; place the sections on glass, cover with two 
thicknesses of blotting-paper and a glass plate, and dry 
for a day in the air or in an oven. Put a drop of melted 



balsam on a slide and another drop on a cover-glass ; 
place the section on the slide, cover, put on a clip, 
and warm. 2. White' 's Method. Suitable for osseous 
or dental tissue. Sections ground moderately thin are 
soaked in ether for 24 hours, then placed for 2 or 3 
days in a thin solution of collodion stained with fuch- 
sin, then hardened in alcohol, ground to the requisite 
thinness between two plates of ground glass, with 
water and pumice powder, and mounted, dry, in thick 
balsam. The stained collodion is prepared by dissolv- 
ing fuchsin in methylated spirit and adding the ether 
and pyroxylin. 3. Vivanle's Method. Place very 
small pieces of young bone for 8 days in Miiller's 
fluid, then in the osmium-bichromate mixture, then in 
silver solution. After impregnation decalcify for 20 
days in von Ebner's fluid ; then wash in water, place in 
a solution of sodium carbonate, and embed in paraffin. 
Cartilage. I. Rammer's Method. Place sections of 
fresh cartilage for 24 to 48 hours in a few c.c. of 
Ranvier's purpurin solution (see Staining Reagents), 
wash in water, and mount in glycerin. The nuclei are 
stained, the matrix remaining almost colorless. 2. Rub 
the cartilaginous end of the freshly excised femur of a 
frog with a stick of silver nitrate, and expose to sun- 
light. Section, and mount in Farrant's solution. The 
matrix is stained brown, and the apparently empty 
spaces contain the cells, which are too transparent to 
be readily seen. Columnar Cells. Wash a piece 
of the mucosa of the small intestine of a cat in dis- 
tilled water, place for 10 minutes in 0.5 per cent, 
silver-nitrate solution, and silver in the usual way. 
Harden in alcohol, detach the epithelium, mount in 
glycerin. A view is obtained of the free ends of the 
cells with the cement-substance between them as " sil- 
ver lines," and also of the open mouths of the goblet- 
cells. Cornea. Klein's Method. Remove from a 
living cornea, by brushing, the conjunctival epithelium, 
and rub the corneal surface with a stick of silver 
nitrate ; in half an hour detach the cornea, and 
examine it in distilled water. Negative images of the 
corneal cells are thus obtained. To obtain positive 
images, treat according to Ranvier's gold chlorid 
lemon-juice method (see Staining Reagents, Metallic 
Stains). Rolletf s Method. Immerse a fresh cornea 
in aqueous humor, place it in a moist chamber, and ex- 
pose to the action of iodin vapor ; when brown, peel 
off the epithelium and examine. A good method, the 
result being almost equal to that of the gold method. 
Corpuscles of Grandy. Remove the skin and pa- 
pillae from the margins of the fresh beak of a duck, and 
put pieces into 50 per cent, formic acid for 20 minutes, 
or until transparent ; remove the corneous layer of 
epithelium, rinse in water, and treat with gold chlorid, 
according to Pritchard's method (see Staining Reagents, 
Metallic Stai}is). The same method may be used for 
the corpuscles of Herbst. Elastic Tissue. I. Mar- 
tinotti's Method. Fix for 3 weeks in 2 per cent, chromic 
acid, wash, and stain 48 hours in 5 per cent. Pfitzner's 
safranin solution (see Staining Reagents). The elastic 
fibers appear of an intense black, the other tissues show- 
ing the usual tints of safranin staining. 2. Unna's Orcein 
Method. Dissolve o. I gm. of orcein (Griibler) in 20 
gm. of 95 per cent, alcohol and 5 gm. of water; dis- 
solve o. 1 gm. of strong hydrochloric acid in a like mix- 
ture of alcohol and water. Take a number of watch- 
glasses, and pour 10 drops of the stain in each ; add 
5 drops of the acid mixture to the first glass, 6 to the 
next, and so on, increasing the proportion by one drop, 
until all are acidulated. In each glass place 1 or 
2 sections, and stain 12 hours. Examine in a drop 
of glycerin ; the elastic fibers appear a shiny brown on a 
lighter ground. Epithelium. A'roiiiaver's Method. 



STAINS, ETC. 



1387 



STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS 



Stain sections of skin hardened in Muller's fluid for 5 
minutes in a mixture of equal parts of anilin- water and 
concentrated aqueous solution of methyl-violet ; wash 
in water, immerse for a few seconds in Gram's solution, 
wash again in water, dry with filter-paper, and differ- 
entiate in a mixture of I part of anilin to 2 parts 
of xylol, and then place in pure xylol. This 
process demonstrates the " intra-cellular and inter- 
cellular fibrils " of epithelia. Mi/rophanoui 's Method. 
For the study of prickle-cells and intercellular canals. 
Wash the tail of an axolotl larva in distilled water ; im- 
merse it for an hour in 0.25 per cent, gold-chlorid so- 
lution containing one drop of hydrochloric acid to about 
5 c.c. ; wash, and reduce in a mixture of I part formic 
acid and 6 parts water. Goblet-cells. Scrape the 
mucous surface of the stomacli of a frog after hardening 
for 24 hours in dilute alcohol, and press the scrapings 
between two cover-glasses. Allow the film adhering to 
each glass to dry, and then stain with the Ehrlich-Biondi 
fluid. Inner Ear. Open the cochlea in F"lemming's 
solution, and fix 4 or 5 hours ; decalcify, if necessary, 
in I percent, palladium-chlorid solution. Make paraffin 
sections and stain with Renaut's eosin-hematoxylin, or 
with safranin. Isolated Mucous and Demilune 
Cells. Place small fragments of the fresh submaxillary 
gland of a dog in 5 per cent, ammonium chromate for 
4 to 6 days ; then tease a small piece in the same fluid. 
Each isolated mucous cell has its fibrillar network, 
a spheric nucleus embedded in protoplasm, and what 
was the attached end of the cell prolonged into a 
process. " Mastzellen." Schiefferdecker' ' s Method. 
Place a piece of the mesentery of a rat in a solution of 
gentian-violet in anilin-water for 24 hours ; rinse in 
water, decolorize in acid alcohol, rinse again in water, 
counterstain with carmin, and mount in balsam. The 
nuclei appear red, the granules blue. See Staining of 
Blood, Ehrlich' 's "Mastzellen." Pacinian Corpus- 
cles. Harden a piece of skin in alcohol or osmic acid. 
Stain sections in picrocarmin, safranin, or hematoxy- 
lin, or stain in the mass with borax-carmin. Plasma- 
cells. I. Nordmann's Method. Stain sections in a 
solution of vesuvin containing 4 or 5 per cent, of hydro- 
chloric acid ; after a few minutes' immersion, remove 
and dehydrate in absolute alcohol. 2. (Juno's Method. 
Add 10 to 15 drops of a solution of methylene-blue I 
part, caustic potash 0.05 parts, in distilled water 100 
parts, to a watch-glassful of anilin-water; stain sections 
of tissue hardened in alcohol for several hours ; dehy- 
drate in absolute alcohol, differentiate in cresol, rinse 
in xylol, and mount in balsam. Red Marrow. I. 
Expose a cover-glass preparation of red marrow to os- 
mium vapor for one or two minutes, stain in picrocar- 
min, and mount in glycerin. 2. Stain a cover-glass pre- 
paration for 24 hours in the Ehrlich-Biondi mixture, and 
mount in xylol-balsam. Retina. I. Remove the lens 
and the vitreous body, and inject into the cavity of the 
eye a mixture of equal parts of acetic acid and osmic 
acid, 2 per cent. ; 3 minutes are required to fix. Wash 
in alcohol for 15 minutes, and place for 2 hours in 
Johnson's bichromate and platinic mixture (see Fixing 
Fluids) ; wash in running water, suspend for 2 days in 
a large volume of 2.5 per cent, potassium-bichromate 
solution, and pass through successive alcohols, beginning 
with 20 per cent, and ending with absolute. Stain in 
the Ehrlich-Biondi mixture, adding to it one-third of 
20 per cent, solution of nigrosin. The nuclear cells 
appear pale-brown, the nucleoli a deeper-brown. The 
Miiller fiber layers, the molecular layers, and the rods 
are stained a beautiful green. 2. (a) Kill in the dark a 
frog that has been kept in darkness 36 hours, and 
harden the eye in alcohol, (b) Kill another frog kept 
in direct sunlight for a few hours, and harden the retina 



in alcohol. Make sections, and stain with picrocar- 
min. The pigment-cells covering the rods of the 
retina in a are retracted, while those in are pushed 
out between the segments of the rods. Pin the excised 
eyeball of a triton (without opening the bulb) to a cork, 
and expose to osmium vapor for 10 minutes. Then di- 
vide it by an equatorial incision, and place the posterior 
pole in one-third alcohol for from 6 to 10 hours, and 
then for the same length of time in picrocarmin ; 
harden in osmic acid, embed and cut in soft paraffin. 
Salivary Glands. I. Heidenhain's Method. Harden 
small pieces for I hour in 75 per cent, alcohol, 5 hours 
in absolute alcohol, 24 hours in a fresh supply of abso- 
lute alcohol. Stain 6 to 8 hours in 10 c.c. of a I per 
cent, aqueous solution of hematoxylin, and differentiate 
6 to 8 hours in I per cent, solution of potassium bichro- 
mate. Embed in paraffin. The nuclei appear bluish- 
black, the cell-substance steel-gray, and the demilunes 
very distinct. 2. Schiefferdecker 's Method. Stain sec- 
tions, hardened as described, for half an hour in a watch- 
glassful of alcohol, to which a few drops of a 5 per cent, 
alkaline alcoholic solution of eosin have been added ; 
"then place them for a few minutes in a I per cent, aque- 
ous solution of anilin-green ; dehydrate and mount. 
Tactile Corpuscles. Impregnate pieces of skin with 
gold chlorid, according to Lowit's method (see Stain- 
ing Reagents, Metallic Stains), harden in alcohol, sec- 
tion, and stain in picrocarmin, hematoxylin, or purpu- 
rin. Tendon. I. Take the tendon of the anterior 
and superior insertion of the gemini muscles of a rabbit, 
remove as far as possible the adherent muscle-fibers, 
treat according to Ranvier's formic-acid-gold method 
(see Staining Reagents, Metallic Stains) ; after reduc- 
tion of the metal scrape with a fine scalpel, to remove 
the muscle-tissue that masks the corpuscles of Golgi, 
which this method is intended to demonstrate. 2. 
Harden a rat's tail, denuded of integument, for 3 hours 
in 5 per cent, corrosive-sublimate solution, and wash 
well in alcohol. Stain in bulk in borax-carmin, de- 
calcify in dilute hydrochloric acid, embed in paraf- 
fin, and make transverse sections. Terminal Discs 
in Tongue of Frog. Curarize or etherize the frog, 
and inject through the abdominal vein a solution of 
methylene-blue I part in 800 parts of 0.6 percent, salt- 
solution, and secure access of air to the mouth. Good 
results are also obtained by simply pouring the stain into 
the mouth. Test for Non-striped Muscle. Fix 
the tissue in a mixture of 10 volumes of 90 per cent, 
alcohol and I volume of formic acid ; wash, and stain 
for 24 hours in alum-carmin. The connective-tissue 
cells are swollen and unstained. The cytoplasm of the 
muscle-cells appears red. 

STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS. 
I. General Methods. Ahrens' Method for Bacteria 
in Milk or Fatly Substances. Dilute the milk 
with an equal quantity of water or, in case of denser 
substances, with a larger volume. Spread on a cover- 
glass, and fix by heating after it has become dry. Stain 
for 5 minutes in 12 or 15 drops of methyl-blue to which 
3 or 4 drops of chloroform have been added. Then re- 
move, and allow the chloroform to evaporate ; wash in 
water ; mount. Bizzozero's Method, for microorgan- 
isms in the vermiform appendix. Stain the preparation 
in a gentian-violet solution, wash in absolute alcohol for 
half a minute, transfer to Gram's solution for two min- 
utes ; then wash alternately in I per cent, chromic 
acid and absolute alcohol, allowing the preparation to 
remain half an hour or more in each fluid ; repeat the 
chromic acid and alcohol, clear, and mount. The surplus 
stain must be well removed by the alcohol. Ehrlich- 
Weigert Method. Float the cover-glass (film-surface 



STAINS, ETC. 



1388 



STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS 



downward) upon a watch-glassful of Ehrlich-Weigert's 
anilin-methyl-violet stain ; heat the watch-glass gently 
until the fluid begins to steam ; let it cool for 3 to 5 
minutes ; decolorize in I part nitric acid and 3 parts 
water, and then in 60 per cent, alcohol for I or 2 
seconds; wash in water; counterstain with a saturated 
aqueous solution of Bismarck-brown ; wash, dry, and 
mount. Anilin-gentian-violet or anilin-fuchsin may be 
used instead of anilin-methyl-violet. Sections of tissue 
should not be heated. Gram's Method. Heat 2 to 
5 minutes, or stain cold 20 to 30 minutes (tubercle- 
bacilli, 12 to 24 hours), in saturated solution of gentian- 
violet anilin-water; rinse quickly in absolute alcohol; 
transfer to Gram's solution (I to \]/ z minutes), in which 
the specimen turns black ; wash in alcohol until the 
black color vanishes and a pale-gray color appears ; 
dry and mount in Canada balsam. The decolorization 
may be hastened by adding 3 per cent, nitric acid 
to the alcohol and then washing in pure alcohol. All 
the tissue-cells are decolorized by this method, while 
the bacteria are stained a deep-blue. The cells may be 
subsequently stained with a watery or alcoholic solution 
of Bismarck-brown 2 to 5 minutes, then washed in 
absolute alcohol until the section is yellowish-brown. 
This method is of diagnostic value, as certain bacteria 
are stained, others decolorized by it. Bacteria stained 
by Gram's method: tubercle-bacillus; Fnenkel-Weich- 
selbaum pneumococcus ; streptococcus pyogenes ; 
streptococcus of erysipelas ; staphylococcus pyogenes 
aureus, albus, citreus, and flavus ; anthrax-bacillus; 
bacillus of hog-erysipelas. Bacteria decolorized by 
Gram's method : Typhoid-bacillus, gonococcus, Fried- 
lander's capsule-bacillus, Koch's comma-bacillus, 
glanders-bacillus, and the spirillum of relapsing fever. 
Botkin advises washing the preparation in plain anilin- 
water before decolorizing in the iodin-solution. Modifi- 
cations of Gram's Method. I. Weigert's. The sec- 
tions, stained with gentian-violet, or methyl-violet, are 
not transferred to alcohol from the iodin-solution, but 
are laid upon slides and covered with anilin-oil. 
This is removed with blotting-paper, and followed 
by xylol and xylol-balsam. The anilin-oil dehydrates 
and differentiates. 2. Kiihne's. (a) A solution is pre- 
pared of 1 gram of Victoria blue in 50 c.c. of 50 
per cent, alcohol, and diluted to half its strength with 
0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of ammonium car- 
bonate. Stain from I to 5 minutes ; decolorize in 
Gram's solution, and treat as in Gram's method, using 
fluorescein (1 gm. to 50 c.c. absolute alcohol) instead 
of alcohol, to extract the stain. (6) Add hydrochloric 
acid (1 drop to 50 gm. water") to a concentrated aque- 
ous solution of violet, and use for staining ; continue as 
in Gram's method. 3. Gilnther's {Sckenk). The 
cover-glass preparation or the section is left for about 

2 minutes in gentian-violet anilin-water. Excess of 
stain is removed with blotting-paper, and the specimen 
brought for 2 minutes into Gram's solution, then into 
pure alcohol for half a minute, exactly 10 seconds into 

3 per cent, hydrochloric acid in alcohol, then directly 
into fresh, plain alcohol, which is changed until no 
more color is extracted from the preparation. Cover- 
glass preparations are dried and mounted ; sections 
cleared in xylol and mounted in xylol-balsam. Tubercle- 
bacilli and lepra-bacilli must remain in the staining fluid 
12 hours. Koch's Method, for bacteria in tissues. 
Stain in aqueous solution of methyl-violet, fuchsin, or 
methylene-blue. Wash in a saturated solution of potas- 
sium carbonate diluted with an equal volume of water. 
The color will be removed from the nuclei of the cells, 
but remains in the bacteria ; dehydrate, clear in cedar- 
oil, and mount in balsam. Kiihne's Carbol-methyl- 
ene-blue Method. The section is placed in the fol- 



lowing solution for about )/ 2 hour: methylene-blue 1.5 
parts, absolute alcohol 10 parts ; triturate in a watch- 
glass and add, gradually, 100 parts of a 5 per cent, solu- 
tion of carbolic acid. After staining, wash the section 
in water; decolorize carefully in hydrochloric acid, 10 
drops to 500 c.c. of water ; immerse at once in a solution 
of lithium (8 drops of saturated solution of lithium car- 
bonate in 10 c.c. of water) ; place in a bath of distilled 
water for a few minutes ; dip into absolute alcohol 
colored by methylene-blue ; dehydrate in anilin-oil that 
contains a little methylene-blue in solution : wash in 
pure anilin-oil (not colored), then in alight fluid ethereal 
oil, as oil of thyme or terebene; clear in xylol; mount 
in balsam. Recommended for staining the bacillus of 
glanders. Kiihne's Dry Method. Sections are stained 
for 10 to 15 minutes in I percent, solution of ammonium 
carbonate mixed with a concentrated aqueous solution 
of methylene-blue; then wash in water, decolorize in 
an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid ; wash in 
water, dry upon the slides, clear in xylol, and mount in 
balsam. Pregl's Substitute for Kiihne's Method. 
The sections, fixed to a slide or cover-glass by Pregl's 
method (see Fixatives) , are stained by dropping Kiihne's 
carbol-methylene-blue solution upon them. Wash in 
water, and place immediately in 50 per cent, alcohol. 
When the sections acquire a pale-blue color with a green- 
ish tinge, dehydrate in absolute alcohol, clear in xylol, and 
mount. Unna's Methods. For the recognition of 
fungi in epidermic scales. I. Place the crust or comedo 
on a slide, add a drop of acetic acid, and rub to a pulp 
by means of another slide laid crosswise upon the first; 
separate the slides, and dry quickly over a spirit-flame. 
Wash out the fat with a few drops of ether and alcohol, 
and stain in two drops of solutions of borax and methyl- 
ene-blue, cover with the other slide, and warm over the 
flame for 10 to 20 seconds ; rinse in water, decolorize in 
glycol 2 to 5 minutes, rinse again in water, then in alcohol, 
dry over the flame, and mount in balsam. 2. Treat sections 
for 5 minutes with an aqueous solution of borax-methyl- 
ene blue, then for 5 minutes with a 5 per cent, solution 
of potassium iodid to which a crystal of iodin has been 
added. Rinse in alcohol until a blue cloud forms ; 
differentiate in creasote for from a few seconds to half an 
hour, according to the intensity of the stain. Carry to 
rectified oil of turpentine. In this the bluish color changes 
to red or brown. Preserve in a solution of colophon- 
ium in oil of turpentine. Weigert's Iodin Method 
{Schenk). Sections are stained in gentian-violet anilin- 
water, rinsed in a solution of common salt, laid upon 
the slides, and dried ; then solution of iodin is dropped 
upon them. After again drying, anilin-oil is poured 
over the sections, renewed several times, and finally 
displaced by xylol. Mount in balsam. II. Special 
Methods. Actinomyces. Select whitish granules 
from the suspected pus by spreading it on a glass plate 
upon a dark background. Prepare cover- glasses as for 
other methods. The preparation may be stained in 
lithium-carmin and then by Weigert's method for 
bacteria. I. IVeigert advises a dark-red solution of 
orseille in absolute alcohol 20 parts, acetic acid 5 parts, 
and water 40 parts. The specimen is left in the stain 
1 hour, then washed in alcohol and counterstained 
in 1 per cent, aqueous solution of gentian-violet. It 
is again washed in alcohol, and mounted. 2. Grant's 
Method, with eosin as a contrast-stain, shows the 
clubs very well. 3. Ehrlich' s Method (Croohs/ianh). 
Sections are placed in alcohol or distilled water, then 
in Ehrlich's logwood for about y z minute, and trans- 
ferred to distilled water; then placed in a large dish of 
tap-water, y z hour or more, till a blue color ap- 
pears. They are next stained in a solution of rubin S. 
and orange, I to 2 minutes; washed in distilled water, 



STAINS, ETC. 



1389 



STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS 



dehydrated, cleared, and mounted. 4. Plaul' 's Method. 
Float sections for 10 minutes in a solution of magenta, 
2 parts, anilin-oil 3 parts, alcohol (sp. gr. 0.830) 20 
parts, distilled water 20 parts (Gibbes). Warm the 
solution to 45 C. Rinse in water, and counterstain 5 
to 10 minutes in concentrated alcoholic solution of 
picric acid. Wash in water for 5 minutes and then in 
alcohol for 15 minutes. Pass through absolute alcohol 
and clove-oil, and mount. The clubs appear red, the 
tissue yellow. Better than the magenta is the Ziehl- 
Neelsen solution. When this is used, remove the picric 
acid by long immersion in alcohol, and counterstain 
with gentian-violet or methylene-blue (Crookshank). 
Amoeba coli. Councilman and Lafleur's Method. 
Sections of tissue hardened in alcohol are stained in 
Lceffler' s methylene-blue. The amebae are colored dark- 
blue. The nuclei are best demonstrated by fixing in 
Flemming's solution and staining with safranin, by 
which method the nucleoli may often be seen (Schenk). 
Cover-glass preparations may also be made. Bacillus 
anthracis. Kuhne' 's Method. Place the section for 5 
minutes in carbolic black-brown solution, rinse in 
lithia-water and then in 90 per cent, alcohol, stain 5 
minutes in carbol-fuchsin, and decolorize in fluorescei'n- 
alcohol. The carbolic black-brown acts as a mordant 
and fixes the red color. Bacillus of Eve and Lin- 
gard. Stains easily by Gram's method and in ordinary 
anilin dyes, but not by Lustgarten's method. Bacillus 
leprae. Stains with the anilin dyes and by Gram's 
method. Double-stained preparations are easily made. 
I. Babes' Method. Stain in a solution of rosanilin 
hydrochlorate in anilin-water ; decolorize in 33 per 
cent, nitric acid. Use methylene-blue as a contrast- 
stain for the nuclei. 2. Baumgarten 's Method (C. 
v. Kahlden). Stain 6 to 7 minutes in a dilute alcoholic 
solution of fuchsin (5 drops of a concentrated solution 
to a watch-glassful of water) ; decolorize x /{ minute in 
nitric acid I part, alcohol 10 parts ; wash in water, 
counterstain in methylene-blue; wash again in water, 
dry, and mount in balsam. Lepra-bacilli appear red 
upon a blue ground. A longer time is necessary for 
staining tubercle-bacilli. 3. Lustgarten' s Method. 
Cover-glass preparations are stained with anilin-water 
fuchsin, or gentian-violet ; decolorized by I per cent, 
sodium hypochlorite ; rinsed in water ; dried ; mounted. 
Bacillus of Lustgarten. I. Lustgarten's Method. 
Place thin sections in Ehrlich-Weigert's gentian-violet 
solution for 12 to 24 hours, or 2 hours at 40 C. Wash 
thoroughly in alcohol ; transfer for 10 seconds to a 1. 5 
per cent, solution of potassium permanganate. A pre- 
cipitate is formed that adheres to the section ; wash in 
a dilute aqueous solution of pure sulphuric acid, then 
in water, and if not decolorized return to the potassium- 
permanganate solution and repeat the process. When 
decolorized, dehydrate and mount in balsam. Cover- 
glass preparations are washed off in water instead of in 
alcohol. Tubercle-bacilli and lepra-bacilli may be 
stained in the same way. 2. De Giacomini's Method. 
Leave sections 24 hours in anilin-water-fuchsin ; wash in 
water; decolorize in feme chlorid, first in a dilute, then 
in a saturated solution. Counterstain with Bismarck 
brown. Stain cover-glass preparations for a few 
minutes in the heated solution. Bacillus mallei. 
This bacillus stains in aqueous solutions of anilin colors, 
and best when the solution is feebly alkaline. I. Add 
to 3 c.c. of a 1 : 10,000 solution of caustic potash I c.c. 
of a saturated alcoholic solution of an anilin color ; or 
the anilin-water-fuchsin or methyl-violet solution of 
Ehrlich may be used, diluting it at the moment of using 
with an equal quantity of a 1 : 10,000 solution of caustic 
potash (Sternberg). 2. Lceffler advises for cover-glass 
preparations, heating for 5 minutes in Ehrlich's solu- 



tion, then decolorizing in I per cent, solution of acetic 
acid to which tropeolin has been added to give it the 
yellow color of Rhine wine, and washing quickly in 
distilled water. 3. For sections, Lceffler advises his 
alkaline methylene-blue ; deco'lorizes in a mixture of 
distilled water 10 c.c. , strong sulphuric acid 2 drops, 
5 per cent, oxalic acid I drop. Sections are left in 
this about 5 seconds. 4. iYoniewicz's Method (Schenk). 
Sections are transferred from alcohol to alkaline 
methylene-blue for 2 to 5 minutes, rinsed in water, and 
decolorized in a mixture of 0.5 per cent, acetic acid 75 
parts and 0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of tropeolin 
OO 25 parts. Thin sections are only dipped quickly into 
the solution ; thick sections remain 2 to 5 seconds. 
Wash with water ; spread upon the slide, dry in air or 
over a flame, clear in xylol, and mount in balsam. The 
bacilli appear black on a blue ground. 5. Schiitz's 
Method. Sections or cover-glass preparations are placed 
for several hours in an aqueous solution of methylene- 
blue, then washed in weak acetic acid (0.5 c.c. to 100 
c.c), dehydrated in alcohol, cleared in cedar-oil, and 
mounted in balsam (after Squire). Bacillus tetani 
may be stained by Gram's method. For double stain- 
ing of bacilli and spores, the method of Ziehl may be em- 
ployed. Bacillus tuberculosis. I. Arens' Chloroform 
Metliod (Schenk). Three drops of absolute alcohol are 
dropped in a watch-glass upon a crystal of fuchsin the 
size of a millet-seed, and 2 to 3 c.c. of chloroform are 
added. This solution becomes turbid and then clears 
When clear, the cover glass preparation is laid in it for 
from 4 to 6 minutes, until the chloroform is evaporated, 
then decolorized in concentrated alcohol to which hydro- 
chloric acid (3 drops to a watch-glassful) has been added, 
rinsed in water, and counterstained with dilute methyl- 
ene-blue. 2. Czaplewski's Methods, (a) After staining in 
warm Ziehl's solution, drain, and immerse 6 or 10 times 
in as aturated alcoholic solution of fluorescein containing 
an excess of methylene-blue. Counterstain in a saturated 
solution of methylene-blue, and wash quickly in water. 
(b) Stain the cover-glass preparation in carbol-fuchsin, 
heating it until clouds of vapor arise. The following 
solution is then dropped upon the slide, held ob- 
liquely, until the surface is cleared : hydrochloric 
acid and sodium chlorid each 2.5 parts, dissolved in 
distilled water 100 parts ; then add 500 parts of alcohol. 
The slide is then washed with water, dried in air, and 
treated with a drop of some immersion-oil that can 
be removed by xylol. (Arbeiten aus dem Path. 
Anat. Institut zu Tubingen, 1892, Bd. I, Heft 
3. Also Monatschr. f. prakt. Derm. XVII, No. 4.) 
3. Ehrlich's Method (Schenk) for tubercle-bacilli 
in pus. Spread the pus very thinly ; place the 
cover-glass for I to 2 hours in cold anilin-fuchsin ; 
decolorize with nitric acid I part, and sulphanil-nitric 
acid, saturated solution, 3 to 6 parts. The after-stain 
is methylene-blue. 4. Fmnkel's Method (Schenk). 
The cover-glass is stained with anilin-water-fuchsin, 
transferred to a fluid consisting of a saturated solution 
of methylene-blue in 50 parts of water, 30 of alcohol, 
and 20 of nitric acid. When the preparation appears 
blue, it is washed in alcohol and acetic acid or in pure 
water. 5. Friedlcinder' s Method. Place upon the dried 
film-surface of the cover-glass 3 or 4 drops of 
carbol-fuchsin, heat until vapor arises, wash in dis- 
tilled water, drain, and add a few drops of a decolor- 
izing solution (pure nitric acid 5 c.c. to 80 per cent. 
alcohol 100 c.c); decolorization takes place quickly. 
Wash in water, counter-stain about 5 minutes with 
methylene-blue, without heat; wash; dry and mount. 
6. Gabbct' 's Modification of Frankel's Method. Stain 
in Ziehl's carbol fuchsin for about 2 minutes, without 
heating; wash in water; stain in 25 per cent, sul- 



STAINS, ETC. 



1390 



STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS 



phuric acid ioo c. c. and methylene-blue 2 c. c. , for 
I or 2 minutes ; wash in water ; dry and mount. In 
the case of sections, dehydrate with alcohol ; clear and 
mount. A good and quick method. 7. Gibbes' Method 
(Schenk). Two grams of fuchsin and one of methylene- 
blue are slowly introduced into a solution of 3 c. c. of 
anilin-oil in 15 c.c. of absolute alcohol. When they 
are completely dissolved, 15 c.c. of water are added. 
A few drops are heated in a test-tube and poured into 
a watch-glass. In this the cover-glass is laid for 5 
minutes, then washed in alcohol until no more color is 
given off. The bacilli appear red on a blue ground. If 
desired, stain further with a concentrated aqueous solu- 
tion of eosin. 8. Giintker's Method [Schenk). Stain 
with warm anilin-water-fuchsin ; carry the cover-glass, 
with the prepared side up, into alcohol acidulated with 
hydrochloric acid, 3 : 100 ; move about for a moment 
and rinse in water. With a pipet, let a few drops' of a 
dilute alcoholic solution of methylene-biue fall upon the 
cover-glass ; wash in water, dry, pass three times over 
the flame, and mount in xylol-balsam. 9. Kaatzer' s 
Method. Float the cover-glass preparation for 24 
hours in a supersaturated alcoholic solution of gentian- 
violet, or, if warmed to 8o° C, for 3 minutes. De- 
colorize in a solution of 90 per cent, alcohol 100 
c.c, water 20 c.c, strong hydrochloric acid 20 
drops. Rinse in 90 per cent, alcohol, after-stain for 2 
minutes in concentrated aqueous solution of vesuvin, 
wash in distilled water, dry, and mount in balsam. 
10. Koch's Original Me/hod [Sternberg). Stain sec- 
tions or cover-glass preparations in Koch's methylene- 
blue solution, containing caustic potash, for 20 to 24 
hours, or, if heated to 40 C, for y z to I hour ; then 
in an aqueous solution of vesuvin for 2 minutes. 
Wash out excess of stain in water. Dry the cover- 
glass preparation in air and mount. Dehydrate the 
sections in absolute alcohol, clear in cedar-oil, mount 
in balsam. The bacilli are stained blue and the 
tissues brown. This method has been superseded by 
the Koch-Ehrlich Method. 11. Koch-Ehrlich Method 
[Schenk). Stain the cover-glass preparation for 24 
hours at the temperature of the room, or for 15 minutes 
with heat, in anilin-water alcoholic solution of fuchsin, 
gentian-violet, or methyl-violet (prepared by adding to 
anilin-water enough of a concentrated alcoholic solu- 
tion of the dye to produce opalescence ) . Then 
immerse the preparation in ^3 P er cent, nitric acid, 
and when it assumes a yellow-green tint transfer to 70 
per cent, alcohol. Counterstain I to 5 minutes in 
methylene-blue, malachite-green, or picric acid for fuch- 
sin, in Bismarck brown for gentian-violet or methyl- 
violet. Wash in water, dry, and mount in balsam. 
Prolonged action of the nitric acid will decolorize the 
bacilli. 12. Pfuhl- Petri: s Method (Schenk). Prepara- 
tions are stained in 10 c.c. of an alcoholic solution of 
fuchsin in 100 c.c. of water, decolorized in glacial 
acetic acid, washed in water, dried, and mounted in 
balsam. 13. Pittion's Method (Schenk). The pre- 
pared cover-glass is dipped for a minute into a mixture 
of an alcoholic fuchsin-solution I part, and 3 per cent, 
ammonia 10 parts, rinsed in water, carried to a con- 
centrated solution of anilin-green in alcohol 50 c.c, 
water 30 c.c, nitric acid 20 c.c. for ^ of a minute, 
rinsed, dried, and mounted. 14. Peeves' (J. E.) 
Method. A carbolized, double stain, used for either 
tissue or cover-glass preparations, is made as fol- 
lows: Dissolve 2.5 gm. of rosanilin hydrochlorate and 
1.5 gm. of methylene-blue in 20 c.c. of absolute alco- 
hol and 3 c.c. of anilin-oil ; agitate thoroughly, and 
gradually add 30 c.c. of 5 per cent, carbolized water. 
Filter a little of the stain into a watch-glass, heat it 
gently until it steams ; drop enough of the hot stain on 



the cover-glass preparation to flood it, and cover it with a 
bell-glass for 5 to 10 minutes. Wash and decolorize in 
alcohol, dry, and mount in xylol-balsam. Fifteen to 
twenty minutes are required to stain sections ; otherwise 
the procedure is the same as for cover-glass preparations. 
15. Tubercle-bacilli in Milk (Schenk). Place a drop of 
the milk upon a cover-glass, add 2 or 3 drops of a I per 
cent, solution of sodium carbonate, and mix well with a 
platinum needle; then warm carefully until complete 
evaporation has taken place. A thin film of soap 
remains, and is stained like an ordinary cover-glass 
preparation. China's Method. Stain for from io 
minutes to several hours in polychromic methylene-blue 
(Griibler), wash in water, and treat with a 2,3 per cent, 
aqueous solution of tannic acid 2 to 5 minutes. Wash 
thoroughly and transfer to absolute alcohol, gold- 
orange alcohol, or to 25 per cent, nitric acid; follow 
with dilute alcohol, water, and absolute alcohol. Clear 
in bergamot-oil. This process double-stains tubercle- 
bacilli and leprosy-bacilli. 16. Weichselbaum' s modifica- 
tion of the Ziehl-A r eelsen Method (Schenk). The red- 
stained cover-glass preparations are transferred directly 
to an alcoholic methylene-blue solution, in which they 
remain until they show a homogeneous blue color. They 
are then rinsed in water, dried, and mounted in balsam. 
17. Ziehl-Neelsen Method. Float the cover-glass pre- 
paration upon Ziehl's carbol-fuchsin, heat till vapor 
arises (about 3 to 5 minutes), wash in water, and de- 
colorize in 15 per cent, nitric or 5 per cent, sulphuric 
acid, then in 60 to 80 per cent, alcohol to remove the 
remnant of color. Wash well, dry, and mount in 
balsam. In the case of tissue-sections, stain cold for 
15 minutes and decolorize as detailed ; upon removal 
from the alcohol, counterstain with methylene-blue ; 
wash, dehydrate, clear, and mount. Bacillus typhi 
abdominalis. Stains with anilin dyes, but is easily 
decolorized. Does not stain by Gram's method. Cover- 
glass preparations stain well with aqueous solutions, 
especially fuchsin. They are to be rinsed in water, 
not in alcohol. Gaffky?s Method for sections of 
tissues : Harden the tissue in alcohol, place sec- 
tions for 20 to 24 hours in a deep-blue solution made 
by adding a saturated alcoholic solution of methylene- 
blue to distilled water, wash in distilled water, de- 
hydrate in absolute alcohol, and clear in turpentine 
and balsam. The best stains for Ihe typhoid-bacillus 
are Lceffler's methylene-blue and Ziehl's carbol-fuchsin. 
The sections must remain in the dye at least 12 hours. 
Baumgarten recommends Ehrlich's stain for tubercle- 
bacilli. In this case a very dilute solution of acetic 
acid is used for rinsing. The flagella may be shown by 
Loeffler's method. By leaving the specimens for several 
days in Ehrlich's anilin-water fuchsin the spores may 
be stained. Spores also appear if the stain is heated 
and then extracted by nitric acid. Counterstain 
with methylene-blue. Coccidium oviforme. Gibbes' 
Method. Sections of rabbit's liver, hardened in alco- 
hol, are stained in a filtered solution of rosanilin sul- 
phate, 2 gm., in 100 c.c. of a solution of anilin-oil 
2 c.c, cologne 10 c.c, distilled water 88 c.c. Ten 
minutes are required to stain. After washing in 
water and then in alcohol, the sections are differen- 
tiated in a solution of iodin-green, I gm. in 100 c.c of 
the foregoing anilin-oil solution. When the red color has 
changed to a dull-purple, the substitution has proceeded 
far enough. It is well to make an examination in 
distilled water from time to time. Flagella. The 
first successful method was that of Koch, who used a 
concentrated aqueous solution of hematoxylin, and 
then transferred the cover-glass to a 5 per cent, solu- 
tion of chromic acid or to Midler's fluid. The flagella 
were stained brown-black. I. Crookshank stains with 



STAINS, ETC. 



1391 



STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS 



a drop of a saturated solution of gentian-violet in abso- 
lute alcohol. Before evaporation takes place rinse 
with water, dry, and mount in balsam. 2. Lceffler's 
Method (Sternberg). A small quantity of a pure 
culture is suspended in a few drops of distilled water. 
Small drops of water are distributed upon clean glass 
covers by means of a platinum-wire loop, and are sowed 
with bacilli from the tirst drop. The little drops are 
spread out by the platinum wire, allowed to dry in the 
air, then passed through the flame in the usual way. 
Care must be taken not to overheat. Lceffler's mordant 
(No. I) is placed upon the cover-glass so as to fully cover 
it as an arched drop. The cover-glass is then heated 
until steam begins to arise ; too much heat produces 
a precipitate. The mordant is left for ^ to I minute 
upon the cover-glass and gently moved about. Wash 
in- distilled water, then in absolute alcohol to remove 
all remnants of the mordant. Drop the staining solu- 
tion (preferably neutral saturated anilin-water fuch- 
sin) so as to fully cover the glass, and heat till vapor 
begins to be given off; wash, dry, mount. 3. 
Trenkmann 's Method (Schenh). A few drops of 
boiled water are placed upon a slide, and a small drop 
of the culture added and intermixed. Of this mixture 
a droplet is spread upon a cover-glass, dried in air, 
laid, without heating, in a 2 per cent, solution of 
tannin and 0.5 per cent, hydrochloric acid, in which it 
is allowed to remain for from 6 to 12 hours. It is then 
washed in water and placed in iodin- water for half an 
hour, washed, and carried to a weak solution of anilin- 
oil gentian-violet for half an hour, again washed, then 
dried, and mounted. Gonococcus. The gonococci 
are seen in the pus-cells grouped around the nucleus. 
Watery solutions of anilin dyes, preferably methylene- 
blue, stain the cocci intensely. Gram's method decol- 
orizes them. I. Sckiltz stains for 5 or 10 minutes in a 
saturated solution of methylene-blue in 5 per cent, car- 
bolic-acid water and differentiates for 3 seconds in 
acetic acid 5 parts, water 20 parts, washes in water, 
and counterstains in a dilute solution of safranin. 
2. Czenzynski 's solution of methylene-blue and eosin 
stains the cocci blue and the pus-cells pink. 3. 
Neisser stains for 2 or 3 minutes in a concentrated alco- 
holic solution of eosin, slightly warmed ; removes the 
excess with filter-paper, and counterstains in a concen- 
trated alcoholic methylene-blue solution for from a quarter 
to half a minute. The cocci appear blue, the cells red. 
Influenza-bacillus ( of Pfeiffer and Canon). 
Canon 's Method of staining it in blood : Spread the 
blood upon cover-glasses in the usual way. When 
dry, place the covers in absolute alcohol for 5 minutes 
and then transfer them to Czenzynski' s staining solu- 
tion. In this they remain for from 3 to 6 hours in 
an incubating oven at 37 C, when they are washed, 
dried, and mounted. The bacillus also stains well in 
Loeffler's methylene-blue, with heat, and in dilute 
Ziehl's solution. It does not stain by Gram's method. 
Koch's Comma-bacillus. Stains easily in diluted 
alcoholic or concentrated solutions of anilin dyes ; if 
cold, in about 10 minutes ; if heated, more quickly 
and more deeply. Gram's method is not applicable. For 
sections use fuchsin or methylene-blue. I. Koch's 
Method. Stain sections well hardened in absolute 
alcohol for 24 hours in strong aqueous solution of 
methylene-blue. If the staining fluid be warmed, 
less time is necessary (Crookshank). 2. Nicati and 
Rietsch's Method (Crookshank). A small quantity of 
the stools or of the scrapings of the intestinal mucosa is 
spread and dried upon a slide, steeped for a few seconds 
in corrosive sublimate solution or in I per cent, osmic 
acid, and stained in fuchsin-anilin solution. 3. Babes' 
Method. Place sections for 24 hours in aqueous solution 



of fuchsin ; wash in distilled water faintly acidulated with 
acetic acid or in I per cent, corrosive-sublimate solution ; 
carry them quickly through alcohol and oil of cloves. 
Phagocytes. Sections of a Peyer's patch, hardened 
in absolute alcohol and embedded in paraffin, are 
stained first with alum-carmin, and then with gentian- 
violet by Gram's method. The bacilli are stained a 
deep bluish-violet. Plasmodium malarise. A 
minute drop of blood from the finger-end is spread 
upon cover-glasses and the film fixed by heat in the 
usual way, or by placing the covers in a mixture of 
equal parts of absolute alcohol and ether. Czenzyns- 
ki' s solution may be used to stain, the red cor- 
puscles taking up the eosin, the malarial organisms the 
methylene-blue. Plehn recommends methylene-blue, 
concentrated aqueous solution 60 parts, eosin 0.5 per 
cent, solution in 75 per cent, alcohol 20 parts, 20 per 
cent, potassium-hydroxid solution 12 parts. Stain for 
5 or 6 minutes and wash in water. Pneumo-bacil- 
lus of Friedlander. Friedlander' 's Method. Stain for 
24 hours in warm, concentrated alcoholic solution of 
gentian-violet 50 parts, distilled water 100 parts, glacial 
acetic acid 10 parts ; then wash in I per cent, acetic- 
acid, dehydrate in alcohol, dry or clear, and mount. 
The capsule is pale-blue, the center deep-blue. For 
cover-glass preparations Friedlander advises the follow- 
ing : place in acetic acid for a few minutes; displace 
the acid by blowing upon the preparation through 
a pipet ; stain a few seconds in a saturated solution 
of anilin-water gentian -violet ; rinse in water; dry with 
filter-paper; mount in balsam. Pneumococcus of 
Fraenkel, Klebs, Eberth, and Weichselbaum. 
This may be stained by Gram's method. Methods to 
demonstrate the capsules. I. Ribbert places the pre- 
paration for a few minutes in a hot, saturated solution 
of dahlia-violet in water 100 parts, alcohol 50 parts, 
glacial acetic acid 12.5 parts. Staining takes place 
rapidly ; wash quickly in water. The capsules appear 
light-blue, the cocci dark-blue. An overstain makes 
the capsules also dark-blue. 2. Roux stains for a few 
seconds in an aqueous solution of methyl-violet, and, 
without washing, counterstains for the same length of 
time in Lceffler's alkaline methylene-blue. 3. C. v. A'ahl- 
den stains for some hours in a I per cent, solution of 
fuchsin in 5 per cent, carbolic acid. The capsule appears 
pale-red, the coccus deep-red. Protozoa in Carcin- 
oma. Russell's Method. Stain sections for 10 minutes in 
a saturated solution of fuchsin in 20 per cent, carbolic 
acid, wash in water, then in absolute alcohol, and stain 
for 5 minutes in a I per cent, solution of iodin-green 
in 2 per cent, carbolic acid ; dehydrate in absolute 
alcohol, clear in clove-oil, and mount in balsam. 
The " parasites " are red or purple, the tissue-cells 
blue. Spirochaetse obermeieri. Stain with Lceffler's 
solution or any of the common basic anilin dyes. 
Giinther's Method. Air-dried cover-glasses are placed 
in 5 per cent, acetic acid for 10 seconds, removed, and 
the acid displaced by blowing upon the preparation 
through a glass tube and then holding it for a moment, 
film-surface downward, over strong ammonia just pre- 
viously shaken. Then stain in gentian-violet anilin- 
water or in an aqueous solution of other anilin dyes, and 
proceed as usual. The acetic acid bleaches the red 
blood-corpuscles. Spores. Spores are more resistant 
to the action of stains than other parts of bacteria. I. 
Giinther's Method. Float the prepared cover-glass on 
a solution of anilin-water fuchsin or gentian-violet 
heated to boiling, and remove from the flame for a 
minute. Repeat this process 5 times and then wash 
in a 3 per cent, solution of acetic acid in alcohol, and 
afterward in water. 2. Moller's Method (Sternberg). 
Dry the cover-glass preparation in air, pass it thrice 



STAINS, ETC. 



1392 



STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE 



through a spirit-flame, or place it for 2 minutes in 
absolute alcohol. Treat with chloroform for 2 minutes, 
rinse in water, and carry to 5 per cent, chromic acid 
for 1 or 2 minutes, and wash in water. Pour a few 
drops of carbol-fuchsin upon the preparation and heat 
to boiling (which occurs in about a minute) ; drain and 
decolorize in 5 P er cent, sulphuric acid, wash thor- 
oughly in water, and counterstain for half a minute with 
methylene-blue or malachite-green in aqueous solution. 
The spores are stained dark-red, the protoplasm of the 
bacilli blue or green, according to the after-stain used. 
3. Neisser 's Metlwd {Sternberg}. Pass the cover- 
glass preparation three times through the flame of a 
Bunsen burner, float upon a solution of anilin-fuchsin, 
and heat to near the boiling-point for I hour ; wash in 
water, and decolorize in hydrochloric acid 25 parts, 
and alcohol 75 parts. Counterstain in a saturated aque- 
ous solution of methylene-blue. The spores are stained 
red, the protoplasm of the bacilli blue. Prolonged 
action of the hydrochloric-acid solution will decolorize 
the spores as well as the bacilli. 4. Place the slide or 
cover-glass, with the culture dried upon it, in a hot- 
air oven for I hour at 120° C, or for 15 minutes at 
180 C, or the cover-glass may be passed 8 or 10 
times through the flame of a Bunsen burner. Stain 
in an aqueous solution of a basic anilin dye. The 
spores alone are stained [Sternberg). Streptococcus 
erysipelatosus (Fehleisen) may be stained with 
the usual anilin dyes and by Gram's method. III. 
Preliminary Methods. Biedert's Method. Used 
in examining sputa which contain few tubercle-bacilli. 
Mix 15 c.c. of the sputa with from 75 to 100 c.c. of 
water and a few drops of potassium or sodium hydroxid 
solution. Boil until the sputa are thin. Place in 
a conical glass vessel and after two days pour off the 
supernatant liquid. Stain the precipitated sediment. 
Kaatzer's Method. Mix the sputa with from a I to 
a 3 per cent, solution of caustic soda or potash. This 
disoives the cells and mucus, but preserves the elastic 
fibers and bacteria. Stain the sediment. Clear the 
preparation with a dilute solution of acetic acid. 
Kiihne's Method. This method is used to over- 
come the viscidity of sputum and to facilitate the 
spreading of a thin and even film on the cover-glass. 
It consists in adding to the sputa an equal volume 
of a saturated solution of borax. A concentrated 
aqueous solution of ammonium carbonate will reduce 
the consistency of less viscid sputa. Mtihlhausen's 
Method. This method is used to render sputa less 
viscid. It consists in adding to the sputum from 6 to 
8 times its volume of a 2 per cent, solution of caustic 
potash. Preserving Sputum. Savelieff's Method. 
This is a process for preserving sputum for purposes 
of subsequent examination. Let the patient expecto- 
rate in a receptacle containing 95 per cent, alcohol, in 
which the sputum may remain for several months, 
and in which it is hardened by dehydration and 
coagulation. A few drops of caustic-potash solution 
added to a small lump of the hardened sputum on a 
slide will liquefy it in a few minutes, and from this 
the cover-glass preparations are made. When dry, 
fix the film by passing the cover-glass thrice through 
the flame of a spirit-lamp, wash in water to remove 
the potash, and then stain according to any of the 
given methods. Sectioning Sputum. Gabritschews- 
ky's Method. Place the denser portions of freshly 
expectorated sputum in Miiller's fluid, or some other 
hardening reagent, and then embed in celloidin. Stain 
the sections in safranin, alum-carmin or hematoxylin- 
eosin. Aronson and Philip treat the sputum first with 
corrosive sublimate, and, according to Schmidt, it may 
be embedded in paraffin as well as celloidin. 



STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE. 
Adamkiewicz's Method. Wash sections of spinal cord 
in water, then in water acidulated with nitric acid, and 
stain in a concentrated solution of safranin. Treat with 
alcohol and clove-oil until no more color is given off; 
wash in water, then in water acidulated with acetic 
acid, stain in methylene-blue, and clear as before. This 
process is said to demonstrate the " chromoleptic zones" 
which surround the gray matter. The myelin (" ery- 
throphilous substance " of Adamkiewicz) appears red, 
the nuclei of nerves, neuroglia, and vessels appear violet. 
This method is of value in the study of degenerative 
changes, as the erythrophilous substance of pathologic 
nerves does not take the stain. Alt's Method. 
Adapted to the study of peripheral axis-cylinders. 
Stain for two hours in a solution of Congo red in abso- 
lute alcohol ; wash out in alcohol. Axis-cylinders 
of, Centric Fibers {Bevan W. Lezuis). Remove the 
myelin from sections by prolonged immersion in water, 
and then stain with anilin blue-black. The axis-cylin- 
ders appear as slightly wavy, swollen bands. Ciaccio's 
Method. This method is especially suitable for the ter- 
minations of nerves in muscles and in the cornea. Place 
small pieces of tissue, about 2 mm. cubes, for 5 min- 
utes in the fresh, filtered juice of a lemon ; wash, and 
place for from ^ to I hour in a I per cent, solution of 
gold and cadmium chlorids in the dark ; wash, and 
carry to a I per cent, solution of formic acid for 24 hours 
in the dark, then for 12 hours in sunlight; lastly, 
for 24 hours in pure formic acid; wash, tease, 
and mount in glycerin. Dausac's [A. Michel) 
Method. Very minute pieces of tissue are fixed 
in a watery solution of picric acid, chromic acid, and 
nitric acid (the proportions are not given) for from I to 2 
hours; washed in water for from ^ to I hour; em- 
bedded in celloidin, cut, and placed in 90 per cent, al- 
cohol. The sections are now transferred to Ehrlich's 
fluid for from 2 to 5 minutes, rinsed in water, and placed 
for from 2 to 5 minutes in a I per cent, solution of potas- 
sio-gold chlorid ; rinsed in formic acid for I minute, car- 
ried to a caustic-soda solution, I : 6, rinsed in water, and 
placed in a 10 per cent, solution of lithium carbonate for 
]/ z hour. From this they are brought into a 10 per cent, 
solution of potassium iodid for from 2 to 3 minutes, and 
are then reduced for 10 minutes in a strong solution of 
sodium thiosulphate. The axis -cylinders are stained a 
black- violet ; the remaining tissue is faintly colored. 
Platinum chlorid or palladium chlorid gives the same 
result. Dausac recommends this method also for fibrin 
and elastic fibers. Exner's Method. A small piece 
of the cortex cerebri, not exceeding I cubic centimeter 
in size, is placed in a relatively large volume of I per 
cent, osmic acid, which should be renewed every 2 days. 
After from 5 to 10 days, wash with water, treat with alco- 
hol, and embed. Treat sections on the slide with strong 
ammonia, which clears the tissue, and reveals the medul- 
lated fibers stained black. Pieces of tissue, as fresh as 
possible, not over ]/ 2 cm. in thickness, are placed in a I 
per cent, solution of osmic acid, the quantity of which 
must be at least 10 times the volume of the tissue, and 
which should be renewed in 2 days. In 5 or 6 days 
wash in water and embed. The sections are placed on 
the slide in glycerin to which a drop of ammonia has 
been added (strong ammonia and water I : 50). The 
medullated fibers appear gray or black. The preparation 
is not permanent. Free Nerve-endings in the Skin. 
Place small cubes of the skin of the palmar surface of 
the fingers or toes, all adipose tissue being removed, in 
boiled gold chlorid and formic acid after this mixture 
has cooled. In an hour, transfer the tissues to slightly 
acidulated water and expose to sunlight until the gold 
is reduced. Harden in alcohol, section, and mount in 



STAINS, ETC. 



1393 



STAINING OF NERVE TISSUE 



formic glycerin. Freud's Method. Wash sections 
of tissue hardened in Erlicki's Huid with water, and 
place them for from 3 to 5 hours in a I per cent, 
gold-chlorid solution. Wash with water and treat for 3 
minutes with a solution of caustic soda, I part, in water, 
5 or 6 parts. Drain, but do not wash, and place in a 
10 per cent, solution of potassium iodid. Remove in 
from 5 to 15 minutes, wash in water, dehydrate, and 
mount. Impregnation of axis-cylinders is obtained by 
this process. Gerlach's Method. Harden pieces of 
spinal cord for from 15 to 20 days in I or 2 per cent, 
ammonium bichromate. Make thin sections, and im- 
merse them in a solution of potassio-gold chlorid 1 part, 
water 10,000 parts, slightly acidulated with hydrochloric 
acid. In from 10 to 12 hours, wash in hydrochloric acid, 
I : 3000, and bring into a mixture of hydrochloric acid I 
part, and 60 per cent, alcohol 1000 parts, then for a few 
minutes into absolute alcohol. Clear and mount. Golgi's 
Gold Method. To demonstrate motor nerve-endings. 
Treat the tissue for I or 2 minutes in a o. 5 per cent, solu- 
tion of arsenic acid, and then for from 15 to 20 minutes 
with a 0.5 per cent, solution of potassio-gold chlorid, and 
reduce in the sunlight in a I per cent, solution of arsenic 
acid. I. Fiec/isig's Modification. Harden in a 2 per 
cent, aqueous solution of potassium chromate, and im- 
pregnate with a i per cent, solution of corrosive sublimate, 
weeks or months, according to the size of the specimen. 
Place the sections in 96 per cent, alcohol. Stain for from 
3 to 8 days at 35° C. in the following : pure extract of 
Japanese redwood I gm., absolute alcohol 10 c.c, dis- 
tilled water 900 c.c, and 5 c.c. each of saturated 
solutions of tartaric acid and sodium sulphate. Each 
section is then placed in 3 c.c. of a 0.2 per cent, solution 
of potassium permanganate until the purple color of the 
fluid has faded out ; then decolorize in Pal's solution. 
When the yellow color has vanished, carry into a mix- 
ture of a I per cent, potassio-gold chlorid solution 5 
drops, and absolute alcohol 20 c.c. After the precipi- 
tate of sublimate has turned black and the red tissue has 
become blue, wash quickly in distilled water 20 c.c. and 
a 5 per cent, solution of potassium cyanid I drop. De- 
hydrate in absolute alcohol, and clear in lavender-oil. 
The nerve-fibers are stained red, the ganglion-cells, with 
their processes, black. 2. Kiiline ' s Modification. Used 
for nerve-endings. Instead of using Golgi's gold solu- 
tion, place the tissue in the following: I per cent, 
potassio-gold chlorid 12 c.c, 2 per cent, osmic acid 3 
c.c, 5 per cent, arsenic acid 60 c.c. From this bring 
it into I per cent, arsenic acid, and reduce in sunlight. 
The tissue may be preserved in May's fluid. (See Ex- 
amination and Presentation Media). Golgi's Silver 
Methods. I. Soak pieces of perfectly fresh spinal 
cord in a 2 per cent, potassium bichromate solution, for 
from 8 to 15 days in summer and for about one month 
in winter. Wash them, and put them into a 0.75 per 
cent, solution of silver nitrate; in warm weather the 
reaction will be complete in 2 or 3 days, in from 8 to 10 
days in winter. Dehydrate in alcohol, section if ne- 
cessary, clear in oil of turpentine, tease in turpentine, 
and mount in dammar. The preparations are then ex- 
posed to diffused daylight or to direct sunlight, to effect 
secondary impregnation. By this method may be de- 
monstrated the chain of conical funnels, set one within 
the other, and embracing the axis-cylinder with their 
narrow apertures. Somewhat greater precision of re- 
action is obtained by interstitial injection of the fresh 
tissue with osmic acid before placing in the bichromate 
solution. 2. For the study of peripheral nerves, the 
process is modified as follows : Immerse pieces of nerve 
in the bichromate solution for from 4 hours to 2 days ; 
transfer them to the silver bath, in which they should 
remain for from 12 to 24 hours. Wash with successive 
88 



alcohols, tease in alcohol, dehydrate, clear with tur- 
pentine, and mount in dammar. Reduce in direct sun- 
light. The preparations are permanent, but the results 
are not so fine as in the following method. 3. Place 
a piece of fresh nerve in a mixture of 10 parts of a 2 
per cent, solution of potassium bichromate and 2 parts 
of a 1 per cent, solution of osmic acid ; after an hour's 
immersion, cut into lengths of from l / 2 to I cm., and 
return to the solution, lour hours after the first immer- 
sion, begin to add pieces of silver nitrate to the bath, 
and, from time to time, transfer pieces of nerve, so as 
to ensure the proper duration of immersion for some of 
the pieces. The duration of the silver bath should not 
be less than 8 hours, and may be indefinitely prolonged. 
The strength of the silver solution should be 0.5 per 
cent. I. Obregia's Modification. The sections are 
transferred from absolute alcohol (after they have been 
in sublimate or silver solution) directly into 10 c.c. of 
absolute alcohol containing 8 or 10 drops of a I per 
cent, solution of gold chlorid. The latter should be 
made half an hour before and exposed to diffuse light. 
The specimens in the solution are kept in the dark for 
from 15 to 30 minutes, then washed rapidly in 25 per 
cent, alcohol, then in water, and for 5 or 10 minutes (not 
longer) in 10 per cent, solution of sodium sulphid. They 
are again washed in water, and stained with carmin, 
hematoxylin, or Weigert's stain, and mounted in balsam. 
2. Ramon y CajaP s Modification. Small pieces of 
brain are fixed for from 12 to 24 hours, in the dark, in 
potassium bichromate 3 parts, osmic acid, I per cent., 
25 parts, water 100 parts. An abundant quantity of 
the fluid should be used, and changed several times 
during the first day. Embryonic tissue requires from 
12 to 24 hours' immersion, adult tissue from 2 to 3 
days. After hardening, which must not be excessive, 
wash in a 0.25 per cent, solution of silver nitrate, for 
15 minutes, and then place in a 0.75 per cent, solution 
of silver nitrate containing I drop of formic acid to each 
100 c.c. [Van Gehncliten). The tissue may be left in 
the silver bath for from 36 to 48 hours. The silver 
will be thrown down as a very fine precipitate of silver 
bichromate. 3. Sa/a's Modification. Place the tissue 
for 4 or 5 days in a 2 per cent, solution of potassium 
bichromate, for from 24 to 30 hours in 8 parts of the 
bichromate solution and 2 of the osmium solution, then 
in a silver bath of 0.75 per cent, strength. Wash with 
water, fix to a cork with gum, harden in alcohol for a 
few hours, and cut without embedding. 4. Seln-vaW s 
Modification. Prior to bringing the tissues into the 
silver bath, put them into a 10 per cent, solution of 
gelatin in water; they may be embedded in the gelatin 
in a paper tray, with the aid of a little heat, and thus 
brought into the silver solution. The gelatin is re- 
moved by warm water saturated with silver chromate. 
This process prevents the formation of the precipitate 
that frequently occurs at the margins of the preparation 
in Golgi's method. Samassa holds that the precipita- 
tion may be prevented by preserving the preparation 
without' a cover. Fick and Huber recommend that the 
use of an aqueous fluid be avoided and that the section 
be mounted without a cover, or that the cover be raised 
from contact with the slide by means of wax feet, or 
that the balsam be rendered anhydrous (by heating it 
on the slide with the specimen) and the cover put on 
in the usual way. 5. Van Gehncliten 7 s Modification. 
This process is like that of Ramon y Cajal, with this 
difference : I c.c. of formic acid is added to each 100 
c.c. of the silver bath, to assist its action. Twenty- 
four hours' immersion is sufficient. The tissue is then 
washed, treated for 15 minutes with alcohol, then for 
the same time with absolute alcohol, and for the 
same time with celloidin solution, after which it is 



STAINS, ETC. 



1394 



STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE 



hardened for 15 minutes in 70 per cent, alcohol, cut, 
and mounted in the usual way. Golgi's Sublimate 
Method. Harden the tissue for from 15 to 20 days in 
Miiller's fluid, and pass it directly into a 0.25 or 0.5 
per cent, solution of mercuric chlorid, which should be 
renewed until it no longer turns yellow. After at least 
10 days' immersion in this solution, sections are cut on a 
freezing microtome, washed thoroughly in water, dehy- 
drated, cleared, and mounted. The nerve-cells, with 
their processes and nuclei, are brought out prominently. 
Pal's modification of this method consists in after-treat- 
ment of the sections with a weak solution of sodium 
sulphid. Hoyer's Method. For corneal nerves. Im- 
merse cornea; for from yi, to 5 hours, according to size, 
in an acidulated 0.5 per cent, solution of potassio-gold 
chlorid. To demonstrate the intra-epithelial ramifications 
of nerves, reduce for from 16 to 24 hours by exposure in 
distilled water containing 2 drops of pyrogallic-acid de- 
veloping solution, such as is used in photography ; or, 
instead, the cornese may be placed in a warm, concen- 
trated solution of tartaric acid at the temperature of an 
incubating oven until the gold is reduced. Isolated 
Neuroglia Cells. Make an interstitial injection of 
I per cent, osmic acid into the white matter of the 
spinal cord. Tease a piece, and stain it with picro- 
carmin. Jakimovitch's Method. Used to demon- 
strate Frohmann's lines and Ranvier's crosses. Place 
small pieces of nerve, in the dark, in a I per cent, silver- 
nitrate solution ; continue the immersion for 48 hours, 
and renew the solution frequently. Wash in water, and 
expose to light for from 5 to 7 days in I part each of 
formic acid and amyl-alcohol in 100 parts of water. 
Tease, and mount in glycerin. Joseph's (M.) 
Method. Used to demonstrate Frohmann's lines and 
Ranvier's crosses. Place the fresh nerve in I per cent, 
silver nitrate and 10 per cent, nitric acid mixture 
diluted with water. After several hours, transfer to a 
weak solution of potassium bichromate, and thence 
pass through solutions of increasing concentration until 
it is hardened. It may then be teased and mounted. 
Kaiser's Method. Stain celloidin sections of spinal 
cord in a solution of I part naphthylamin-brown 
(Griibler), alcohol 100 parts, water 200 parts. Wash 
with alcohol and clear with origanum-oil. Chromo- 
philous ganglion-cells appear dark-brown ; chromo- 
phobous cells, light on a dark ground. Korybutt- 
Daszkiewicz's Method. For the study of the cen- 
tral nervous system. Secure sections to the slide by 
means of distilled water. Stain for I minute in Bohm- 
er's hematoxylin, and wash in a I per cent, solution of 
alum and distilled water ; stain for I minute in a I per 
cent, aqueous solution of nigrosin, and wash in water ; 
stain for from 15 to 20 seconds in a 0.5 per cent, 
alcoholic, watery solution of eosin, and wash for a few 
minutes in distilled water; transfer to absolute alcohol ; 
stain for 20 minutes in a o. 5 per cent, alcoholic, watery 
solution of safranin ; wash well in alcohol ; clear, but 
not in clove-oil, and mount in balsam. Kupffer's 
Method. A nerve is stretched on a cork, and treated 
for 24 hours with 0.5 per cent, osmic acid ; then 
washed in water for 2 hours, and stained for from 24 
to 28 hours in a saturated, aqueous solution of acid 
fuchsin. After this it is washed out for from 6 to 12 
hours (not more in any case) in absolute alcohol, and 
cleared in clove-oil, embedded in paraffin, and cut. 
The axis-cylinder appears as a bundle of red fibrils 
floating in an albuminous liquid. Magini's Method. 
Used to demonstrate the finer structure of ganglion-cells 
and their processes. Harden cubes of from 2 to 3 cm. 
for from 2 to 3 months in Miiller's fluid, wash well 
with distilled water, and bring for 10 days into from a 
0.5 to a 1 per cent, solution of zinc chlorid, which 



should be changed daily, until it does not become 
yellower than bichromate solution. Section, wash 
quickly with alcohol, clear partially with creasote, 
and mount in dammar. Marchi's Method. Used to 
demonstrate early degeneration of nerves, prior to 
sclerosis. After hardening in Miiller's fluid, place 
the tissue in a large quantity of a mixture of Miil- 
ler's fluid 2 parts, I per cent, osmic acid I part. 
The degenerated fibers are stained black, the 
normal are yellow or uncolored. Martinotti's 
Method. Stain for 2 or 3 hours or days in a sat- 
urated solution of nigrosin in a saturated solution of 
picric acid in alcohol ; wash out in a mixture of I part 
formic acid and 2 parts alcohol, until the gray sub- 
stance appears to the unaided eye differentiated from 
the white. This method is of value in the study 
of pathologic tissue. May's Methods. I. Forperiph- 
eral nerves and ganglia, macerate pieces of muscle in 
0.5 per cent, arsenic acid, and when swollen place for 
20 minutes in solution of I per cent, potassio-gold 
chlorid 4 c.c, 2 per cent, osmic acid I ex., 0.5 per 
cent, arsenic acid 20 c.c. Then wash in water, and 
expose to sunlight for 3 hours in a I per cent, solu- 
tion of arsenic acid, kept at 45 C. in a water-bath. 
Clear in a mixture of glycerin 40 c.c, water 20 c.c, 
25 per cent, hydrochloric acid I c.c. 2. Treat asmall 
piece of muscle for 12 hours with water containing 2 
per cent, of glacial acetic acid, and transfer to a freshly 
made solution of 0.5 per cent, potassio-gold chlorid I 
c.c, 2 per cent, osmic acid, I c.c, 2 per cent, glacial 
acetic acid 50 c.c. After from 2 to 3 hours bring into 
acidulated glycerin, and when the tissue is transparent 
examine in glycerin or Farrant's solution. Modifi- 
cations of Weigert's Method. 1. Benda' s Modi- 
fication. Small pieces of nervous tissue are placed for 
3 days or more in a saturated solution of picric acid, 
washed in water, and the hardening continued in alco- 
hol. Embedding in paraffin is best. Thin sections are 
placed in a concentrated solution of iron sulphate, washed 
repeatedly, and put into a I per cent, solution of hem- 
atoxylin until deep-black in color (about 10 minutes). 
They are bleached in a solution of chromic acid, I : 2000, 
washed, dehydrated, and mounted. The fibers and the 
intimate structure of the cells are well brought out. 
2. Berkley's Modification. Small pieces are fixed in 
Flemming's solution for from 24 to 30 hours, at a tem- 
perature of 25 C, then transferred directly into absolute 
alcohol, which is changed twice during the following 24 
hours, and then placed from 12 to 24 hours in celloidin. 
Thin sections should be cut, washed in water, and put 
into a saturated solution of copper acetate over night, in 
a covered vessel. If necessary to be rapidly done, the 
sections may be heated over a water-bath to between 35° 
and 40 C. for 25 minutes, and then allowed to cool. 
After washing in water the sections are stained in a 
hematoxylin solution, prepared as follows: 5° c - c - of 
water are boiled in a flask and 2 c.c. of a saturated solu- 
tion of lithium carbonate added ; boil a little longer, and 
add 1.5 or 2 c.c. of a 10 per cent, solution of hematoxylin 
in absolute alcohol. The flask is then shaken, corked, 
and allowed to cool. The solution improves in a day 
or two, but may be used at once. After staining, the 
sections are washed and put into Weigert's borax and 
potassium ferrocyanid solution, which may be diluted 
one-third. The decolorizing ought to be complete in 
from 1 to 3 minutes. Then wash several times in water, 
then in alcohol, and mount in xylol-balsam. The 
medullated nerves appear blue-black, the glia substance 
yellowish, the nerve-cells unstained. 3. Breglia's Mod- 
ification. Mordant sections for from 10 to 15 minutes in 
a mixture of 15 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol and from 3 to 
7 c.c. of a saturated aqueous solution of neutral copper 



STAINS, ETC. 



1395 



STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE 



acetate ; then bring them for from 5 to 10 minutes into I 
part of a saturated aqueous solution of lithium-carbonate 
and 3 parts of water. Stain for from IS 1024 hours in 
Japanese red-wood solution (see formula in Flechsig's 
method) and differentiate in \\ ngert b decolorizing mix- 
ture. 4. jF/cscA's Modification. Celloidin or other sections 
are put for a few minutes or more in a 0.5 per cent, 
chromic-acid solution, then rinsed in water, and brought 
into the stain. Decolorize in the usual way. This method 
has the advantage of staining more rapidly and producing 
better differentiation of the nerve-cells, especially in the 
peripheral ganglia, and also of giving differentiation of 
the medulla of central and peripheral nerves. 5. 
Haug s Modification. Small segments of fresh cord 
are put for 2 days into a saturated, aqueous solution of 
neutral copper acetate, then for from a day to a day and a 
half into a 5 per cent, or a saturated solution of potassium 
bichromate; rinsed in water, and placed in 70 per cent, 
alcohol, for from 36 to 48 hours, in the dark ; then treated 
for the same period with absolute alcohol, in the dark, 
and embedded. Treat paraffin sections with alcohol, then 
water, and stain for from 15 to 30 minutes in a well- 
ripened mixture of 1 part hematoxylin, I partammonium- 
alum, 30 parts alcohol, 300 parts water. Rinse in water, 
differentiate in acid alcohol until a red color appears, wash 
with water until they turn blue or bluish-gray, counter- 
stain, if desired, by momentary immersion in a neutral 
carmin solution, and mount. 6. Hill's Modification. 
Pieces of nervous tissue are put in from a 2 to a 2.5 per 
cent, solution of potassium bichromate for 6 weeks ; then 
washed daily in 30 per cent, alcohol until the fluid re- 
mains clear; then fully hardened in strong alcohol. Wash 
in water small pieces and put them in solution of car- 
min and alum prepared thus : Boil for 3 hours, in water 
in which carmin and potash-alum have been placed, 
and restore the water lost by evaporation. Both car- 
min and alum should be in excess. Filter when cold. 
After 2 days put the pieces for 24 hours in a half-satu- 
rated solution of copper acetate, then into hematoxylin 
for 8 hours at 40° C. Decolorize in Weigert's decol- 
orizing fluid. The nerve-cells and non-medullated 
fibers are rendered susceptible of staining by the alum- 
carmin. 7. Kultschitzky' s Modification. Harden for 
one or two months in Erlicki's solution, embed in celloi- 
din and photoxylin, and cut. Stain sections for from I 
to 24 hours in hematoxylin 1 gm., dissolved in a little 
alcohol and added to 100 c.c. of 2 per cent, acetic acid. 
Wash out in a saturated solution of sodium or lithium car- 
bonate. A finer differentiation is obtained by decoloriz- 
ing in a lithium-carbonate solution containing 10 per cent, 
of potassium ferricyanid. 8. Lissaiter's Modification. 
A rapid method which gives good results with cerebral 
tissue even when it is imperfectly hardened. Place 
sections that have been hardened in Miiller's fluid in a 
I per cent, solution of chromic acid, and heat until 
bubbles begin to form ; rinse in water, place in Weig- 
ert's hematoxylin, and heat again till bubbles begin to 
form. Differentiate by Pal's method. 9. Par s Mod- 
ification. After staining in the hematoxylin solution, 
the sections are washed in water, to which, if they are 
not stained a deep-blue, a trace of lithium carbonate is 
added. They are next placed in a 0.25 per cent, solu- 
tion of potassium permanganate for half a minute, 
rinsed in water, and then brought into a decolorizing 
solution composed of I part each of chemically pure 
oxalic acid and potassium sulphite, and 200 parts of 
distilled water. In a few seconds the gray substance is 
decolorized, the white remaining blue. Wash well in 
water, and double-stain with eosin or picrocarmin. 10. 
Rossi 1 s Modification. Harden in a solution of I gm. of 
chromic acid and 5 gm. of copper acetate in 100 c.c. 
of water. Dehydrate, and embed in celloidin. Stain 



for 2 hours in hematoxylin (7 or 8 drops of a$ percent., 
alcoholic solution to 30 c.c. of alcohol). Differentiate in 
acid alcohol, wash out for 20 minutes in water, dehy- 
drate, and mount. Double-stain if desired in borax-car- 
min. 11. Schafer s Modification. Harden the tissue for 
from 4 to 6 weeks, and put the sections in Marchi's fluid 
(1 part of a I percent, osmic-acid and 2 parts of a 3 per 
cent, potassium-bichromate solution). Wash quickly in 
water, and stain in hematoxylin I gm., acetic acid 2 c.c, 
water 100 c.c. Differentiate by Pal's method. This 
method is applicable when sections have been too long in 
alcohol. 12. VasaW s Modification. From alcohol the 
sections are transferred to a solution of hematoxylin I gm. 
to 100 c.c. of water, and decolorized by the aid of heat. 
After from 3 to 5 minutes they are put into a saturated, 
filtered solution of copper acetate and left for the same 
length of time, when they become black. They are washed 
in water and placed in a solution of borax 2 parts, potas- 
sium ferricyanid 2.5 parts, and water 300 parts, in which 
the degenerated areas, the cells, and the neuroglia be- 
come decolorized, the medullated fibers remaining dark. 
After decolorization, wash in water, dehydrate, clear, 
and mount. Counterstaining by picro-carmin or alum- 
carmin may be practised. 13. Walter's Modification. 
I. Stain sections in a solution of 2 gm. of hematoxylin 
in a little alcohol and 100 c.c. of 2 per cent, acetic acid 
at 45° C. for 24 hours. Dip them in Miiller's fluid, and 
differentiate by Pal's method. This is an intense myelin 
stain; medullated fibers appear blue-black, ganglion-cells 
yellow, the ground light. Or, sections of tissue hardened 
in Miiller's fluid and cut in celloidin are mordanted for 
24 hours in a mixture of 2 parts of 10 per cent, vanadium 
chlorid and 8 parts of 8 per cent, aluminum acetate ; 
then washed for 5 or 10 minutes in water, and stained 
in the foregoing solution of hematoxylin and differenti- 
ated with Weigert's decolorizing fluid. This is a myelin 
stain, with a splendid differentiation of the processes 
of Purkinje's cells. Monti's Copper Method. Small 
pieces of nervous tissue are hardened in a 2 or 3 per cent, 
solution of potassium bichromate or Miiller's fluid until 
they are quite firm. They are then immersed in a mix- 
ture of equal parts of copper sulphate and Miiller's fluid. 
A reaction takes place which stains the nerve-cells a red- 
dish color in direct, or a blackish -yellow color in trans- 
mitted light. Nerves and Nerve-cells in a Frog's 
Heart. Find the sinus venosus, and ligate the inferior 
and two superior venae cavse opening into it ; make an 
incision into one of the aorta;, and into it tie a fine, 
glass cannula. Inject normal saline solution to wash out 
the cavities of the heart. Distend the cavities with 2 
per cent, gold chlorid 4 parts and formic acid I part, pre- 
viously boiled together and cooled. Ligate the other 
aorta, adjust a ligature below the cannula, cut out the 
heart, and place it for from a ]/ z to I hour in 5 c.c. of the 
gold mixture. Open the auricles, wash the heart in water, 
and expose it to light in distilled water 50 c.c, con- 
taining 3 drops of acetic acid. Reduction of the gold 
takes place in from 3 to 4 days. Examine the auricular 
septum in glycerin, for pyriform nerve-cells with straight 
and spiral nerve-processes. A 2 per cent, solution of 
osmic acid, used in place of the gold solution, brings the 
nerve-fibers into prominence. Nigrosin Method. For 
axis-cylinders. Stain sections for from 5 to 10 minutes 
in concentrated aqueous solution of nigrosin, decolorize 
in dilute, then in absolute alcohol, and clear in origanum- 
oil. Nikiforoff's Modification of Adamkiewicz's 
Method. Harden in a chrome-salt and transfer directly 
to alcohol. Section, and place in alcohol. From the al- 
cohol sections are brought for 24 hours into a concentrated 
aqueous solution of safranin, or anilin-water safranin, or 
in 5 per cent, carbolic acid and safranin. Differentiate in 
alcohol until the gray is distinguishable from the white 



STAINS, ETC. 



1396 



STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE 



substance. Transfer to a o. I per cent gold-chlorid solu- 
tion until the gray matter shows a violet tinge, wash 
carefully in water, place in absolute alcohol. When the 
rosy-violet of the gray substance forms a distinct contrast 
to the red medullary substance carry to clove-oil, then 
to xylol or toluol, and mount in balsam. Nissl's 
Method. Treat bichromate objects with 95 per cent, 
alcohol ; then stain for 72 hours in an aqueous solution 
of Congo red, 5 : 400 ; wash out for from 5 to 10 minutes 
in 95 per cent, alcohol ; treat for 6 hours with a 3 per 
cent, solution of nitric acid in alcohol ; dehydrate for 5 
minutes in alcohol, clear in clove-oil and mount in 
balsam. A specific stain for axis-cylinders. Paladino's 
Method. For axis-cylinders. Pieces not more than 
from 5 to 8 mm. in thickness, hardened in potassium bi- 
chromate , chromic acid, or corrosive sublimate, are put for 
two days into a large quantity (200 c.c. for each piece) of 
a 0.1 per cent, aqueous solution of palladium chlorid. 
Then place them for 24 hours in a I per cent, solution of 
potassium iodid, using a relatively small volume, or the 
palladium iodid formed in the tissues may be extracted. 
After from I to 2 hours, dehydrate and embed in paraffin 
by the chloroform method. Medulla, axis-cylinders, and 
cell-processes are stained brown. Platner's Method. 
Small, fresh nerves are fixed and hardened for several 
days in I part of ferric-chlorid solution and 3 or 4 of 
water or alcohol, washed out in water or alcohol until the 
washings no longer give the reaction for iron with potas- 
sium rhodanid, and stained for several days or weeks in a 
concentrated solution of dinitroso-resorcin in 75 per cent, 
alcohol; then dehydrated, embedded, and sectioned. 
A specific reaction for the neurokeratin network of 
medullated nerves is obtained by this method. Rehm's 
Method. For axis-cylinders. Stain sections for a few 
minutes in a concentrated aqueous solution of Congo red, 
wash in alcohol, treat for 10 minutes, until they become 
blue, with acid alcohol, clear with origanum-oil, and 
mount. This gives a clear axis-cylinder stain with con- 
siderable other detail. Or, alcohol-hardened sections 
may be stained for I or 2 days in a 0.5 per cent, aqueous 
solution of hematoxylin, washed out in an aqueous solu- 
tion of lithium carbonate until no more color is given off, 
then dehydrated, and mounted. Counterstain for a few 
minutes in a o.I per cent, aqueous solution of Bismarck 
brown. Axis-cylinders, cells, and processes appear gray- 
black. Sahli's Methods. I. Sections of nerve-tissue 
hardened in Miiller's fluid are stained for a few minutes 
or hours in a liquid prepared as follows : Mix 24 parts of 
a saturated aqueous solution of methylene-blue, 16 parts 
of a 5 per cent, solution of borax, and 40 parts of water ; 
let the mixture stand a day, and filter. Wash sections 
in water or alcohol until the gray matter can be distin- 
guished from the white, clear in cedar-oil, mount in 
balsam. Nerve-tubes and nuclei of neuroglia appear 
blue, ganglion-cells greenish. Micrococci, if present, 
are stained. 2. Sections hardened as detailed, and 
washed for from 5 to 10 minutes in water, may be stained 
for several hours in a concentrated aqueous solution of 
methylene-blue. When they have acquired a deep-blue 
color, rinse in water, and stain for 5 minutes in a satur- 
ated, aqueous solution of acid fuchsin. Rinse in 
alcohol, and differentiate in a liberal quantity of 
water. The axis-cylinders appear red, the rnyelin- 
sheaths blue. A still finer differentiation is obtained by 
rinsing in alcohol containing from 0.1 to I per cent, 
of a potassium-hydroxid solution, and then differen- 
tiating in water. Clear with cedar-oil, mount in balsam 
dissolved in cedar-oil. Schmaus' Method. For 
axis-cylinders in the spinal cord. After hardening in 
Miiller's fluid, stain sections for from 15 to 20 minutes in 
the following solution : sodium carminate I gm., uranium 
nitrate 0.5 gm., water 100 c.c, heat for half an hour, 



and, when cold, filter. Wash out in water. Another 
stain that may be used is a 0.25 per cent, solution of 
English blue-black in 50 per cent, alcohol, to which a 
little picric acid has been added. V. Thanhoffer's 
Methods. For multipolar nerve-cells. Press fresh 
tissue between two cover-glasses, separate these, and 
let them dry in air. Float them on a concentrated 
aqueous solution of methylene-blue for several hours. 
Wash in water, pass through alcohol and clearing fluid, 
or dry in air. Mount in balsam (that is not dissolved 
in chloroform). Or, place fresh tissue for 3 or 4 days in 
Landois' fluid ; then stain in bulk for from 24 to 48 
hours in equal parts of strong ammoniacal carmin and 
methylene-blue solutions. Upson's Gold Methods. 
1. Harden the tissue in Miiller's fluid for from 2 to 5 
months ; then wash in water, and place for 2 days in 50 
per cent, and then for 2 months in 95 per cent, alcohol. 
Embed in celloidin, and treat the sections with 80 per 
cent, alcohol for a few days before staining. The sec- 
tion to be stained is first rinsed in water, then transferred 
to a I per cent, aqueous solution of gold chlorid for 
from 10 to 30 minutes, washed in water, immersed 
for y^ a minute in a 10 per cent, solution of sodium 
hydroxid, again washed in water, and then placed 
in a reducing fluid consisting of 5 c.c. of sulphurous 
acid, from 5 to 10 drops of a 5 per cent, tincture of 
iodin, and I drop of a 37 per cent, solution of ferric 
chlorid. When the sections assume a red color, they 
should be removed from this fluid, and washed, 
dehydrated, and mounted in the usual way. 2. Place 
the sections, soon after cutting, in a I per cent, gold- 
chlorid solution for y z an hour ; wash in water, and 
immerse for y z a minute in a 15 per cent, solution of 
sodium hydroxid, to which add, at the time of using, a 
trace of chromic acid. Wash again, and place in a re- 
ducing fluid consisting of 15 drops of solution of stannic 
chlorid, I or 2 gm., in 30 c.c. of a I per cent, tincture 
of iodin, distilled water 3 c.c, 3 drops of a 5 per cent, 
solution of iron phosphate, and 3 c.c. of sulphurous 
acid. 3. For axis-cylinders and nerve-cells. Harden 
in the dark in a solution of potassium bichromate for 4 
months, increasing the strength from I to 2.5 per cent. 
Wash and transfer to alcohol, increasing in strength from 
50 to 95 per cent. Section, free or embedded, dehy- 
drate, and put sections in a I per cent, gold-chlorid solu- 
tion with 2 per cent, of hydrochloric acid added. Wash, 
transfer on filter-paper to 10 per cent, solution of potash 
5 c.c, containing a trace of potassium ferricyanid. 
After l / z a minute, wash, and transfer to the follow- 
ing : sulphurous acid 5 c.c; 3 per cent, tincture of 
iodin from 10 to 15 drops ; mix, and add solution of 
ferric chlorid I drop. When the section has become rose- 
colored, wash, dehydrate, clear, and mount. 4. Sec- 
tions made as detailed are placed in a I per cent, gold- 
chlorid solution 5 c.c, saturated solution of ammonium 
vanadate 10 drops, hydrochloric acid 3 drops. Remove 
after 2 hours' immersion, wash in distilled water, and 
place for from y z to I minute in a mixture of a 10 per 
cent, caustic-potash solution 5 drops, 10 per cent, potas- 
sium-permanganate solution 10 drops, and a trace of 
ammonium vanadate ; rinse in distilled water, and treat 
until they become red with the following freshly pre- 
pared reducing mixture : 3 per cent, tincture of iodin 
to which has been added 15 drops of tin chlorid, 3 c.c. 
of distilled water, from 3 to 5 drops of a saturated solu- 
tion of iron phosphate, and sulphurous acid 3 c.c. A 
precipitate will be thrown down when these solutions 
are mixed, and at the instant that this occurs the sections 
should be put into it. The remaining treatment is as in 
the other methods. Van Gieson's Picro-acid-fuch- 
sin Method. Harden small pieces of nerve-tissue in 
Miiller's fluid or alcohol, or both, and embed in celloidin. 



STAINS, ETC. 



1397 



STAINING REAGENTS 



The sections are stained rather deeply in Delafield's 
hematoxylin, washed in water, and then placed for a few 
minutes in a solution of picric acid and acid fuchsin, made 
by adding to a saturated aqueous solution of picric acid 
a saturated aqueous solution of Griibler's acid fuchsin, 
drop by drop, until a garnet color appears ; they are 
again washed in water, then dehydrated in alcohol, 
cleared in oil of origanum, and mounted in balsam. 
The ganglion-cells, neuroglia, blood-vessels, and scle- 
rosed areas are stained garnet, the axis-cylinders red, 
and the myelin yellow. This stain is well adapted to 
all tissues in which picrocarmin is used. Weigert's 
Method. This method depends on the production in 
the tissues of a chromium or copper lake, in consequence 
of which hematoxylin acquires the property of staining 
the myelin of nerves in a specific way. The steps of 
the process are as follows : The tissue is hardened in 
Muller's or Erlicki's fluid, and, when it has acquired a 
brown coloration, is embedded by infiltration with cel- 
loidin, and placed for I or 2 days in a saturated solution 
of neutral copper acetate diluted with I volume of 
water and kept at the temperature of an incubating oven. 
In this the tissue becomes green and the celloidin 
bluish-green, and the change of color indicates that the 
mordantage is complete. Preserve in 80 per cent, alco- 
hol. Stain sections in Weigert's hematoxylin (see Stain- 
ing Reagents). The time required varies according to 
the tissue : for the spinal cord and the medullary layers 
of the brain 2 hours, for the cortical layers of the brain 24 
hours ; rinse in water, and differentiate in a solution of 
borax 2 parts, potassium ferricyanid 2.5 parts, water 200 
parts, y z to several hours being necessary. Wash in 
water, dehydrate, and mount in balsam. The nuclei 
may be demonstrated by previous staining in alum-car- 
min. Weigert's New Method. See Weigert's 
Method without Decolorizing. Weigert's Method 
without Decolorizing. Tissues hardened in Muller's 
fluid and alcohol are embedded in celloidin, and then 
put into a mixture of equal parts of a 10 per cent, solu- 
tion of sodium-potassium tartrate and a cold saturated 
solution of copper acetate, which is kept at from 38 to 
40 C. They are next placed in a half-saturated solution 
of copper acetate at the same temperature for 48 hours. 
The blocks, rinsed in water, may be kept in 80 per cent, 
alcohol and cut at any time. The staining fluid is com- 
posed of I part of an alcoholic hematoxylin solution ( I 
to 10), and 9 parts of a saturated solution of lithium car- 
bonate ; this fluid is to be freshly made. Stain for from 4 
to 12 hours; wash, dehydrate in 90 percent, alcohol, 
and clearin anilin-xylol (2 to I), then in pure xylol, and 
mount in xylol-balsam. The advantage of the method 
is the clearness with which the fine medullated fibers are 
distinguished from the cells and other parts, and it is less 
tedious than the old method. Wolters' Method. 
Harden either peripheral or central nervous tissue in 
Kultschitzky's fluid, and follow by alcohol. Embed in 
celloidin or paraffin. Mordant sections 24 hours in the 
vanadium-chlorid and aluminum-acetate mixture used in 
Wolters' modification of Weigert's method ; wash for 10 
minutes in water and stain for 24 hours in the hematoxy- 
lin solution used in Wolters' modification of Weigert's 
method. Wash out in acid alcohol until the sections 
acquire a light blue-red color. Remove the acid in 
pure alcohol, dehydrate, clear in oil of origanum, and 
mount. Besides the axis-cylinders, which are sharply 
stained, all the tissue-elements are colored. Ziehen's 
Method. Pieces of nerve-tissue are put for 5 weeks 
in a mixture of equal parts of I per cent, solutions of 
gold chlorid and corrosive sublimate. The sections are 
put in 0.25 per cent, solution of iodin. The nerve-fibers, 
medullated and non-medullated, the nerve- cells, and 
the neurolgia-cells are colored blue. 



STAINING REAGENTS. 
The stains employed in microscopic anatomy (histology) are 
divided into two groups, according to their selective ac- 
tion on the tissues : the histologic, or plasmatic stains, 
and the cytologic, or nuclear stains. The substances 
chiefly used are the coal-tar or anilin dyes, carmin, 
hematoxylin, gold and silver. I. Anilin Stains. 
These are classified by Ehrlich as acid, basic, and neu- 
tral. The basic dyes are excellent nuclear stains, and 
are most used. Some of them have special affinities for 
certain tissues, and are of the utmost value in bacterio- 
logic research. They are further classified as plas- 
matic stains, and, according to the method of staining, 
as direct and indirect nuclear stains. The indirect, 
or " Flemming " Method, which is suitable only for 
sections, consists in overstating all the tissue-elements 
in a strong solution of the dye, and then decolorizing. 
As the nuclei have the strongest affinity for these stains, 
they resist the washing-out process longest, and still 
retain the color when it has been yielded up by the 
ground-substance. The washing-out is usually done in 
alcohol, but in some instances may be effected by stain- 
ing with another anilin, which displaces the first in 
the ground -substance ; this process is known as sub- 
stitution. The initials attached to the names of anilin 
dyes indicate a certain tint of a color and its depth or 
intensity ; as, cyanin B, which means cyanin of a pecu- 
liar shade of blue, cyanin BB meaning a deeper shade 
of the same blue, and so on. The initials may also sig- 
nify chemic change ; as, fuchsin S, which denotes sul- 
phonation of the dye. Acid Fuchsin. A diffuse 
stain, having a special affinity for axis-cylinders. A 
solution of 2 gm. in 40 c.c. of 90 per cent alcohol and 
160 c.c. of distilled water is employed. Wash out in 90 
per cent, alcohol. Weigert stains sections of tissue 
hardened in Muller's fluid in a saturated aqueous solution 
of acid fuchsin for from I to 24 hours, then rinses them 
quickly in water, immerses for a few minutes in a satur- 
ated solution of potassium hydroxid I part, alcohol 10 
parts. Wash thoroughly to remove the alkali, dehydrate, 
clear, and mount. This process differentiates the finer 
nerve-fibrils in the spinal cord. Acid Rubin. See 
Acid Fuchsin. Anilin Blue-black. See Nigrosin. 
Anilin Brown. Sections are stained in a saturated 
solution of anilin brown in equal parts of water and 
glycerin, and washed and preserved in glycerin. This 
stain is used especially in microphotography. Anilin 
Red. See Fuchsin. Artificial Indigo. See Nigro- 
sin. Bengalin. See A r igrosin. Benzopurpurin. 
A dark-red, plasmatic stain, affording a good contrast 
to hematoxylin and other blue nuclear stains. Sections 
are stained for from 2 to 5 minutes in a solution contain- 
ing o. 25 gm. of purpurin to 20 c. c. of 90 per cent, 
alcohol and 80 c. c. of distilled water. Bismarck 
Brown. A direct and indirect nuclear stain. A solu- 
tion of 0.5 gm. in 20 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol and 
80 c.c. of distilled water gives a good nuclear stain. 
The addition of carbolic acid is advised. This dye has 
also the property of staining certain cellular elements 
during life. Blackley Blue. See Nigrosin. Chro- 
motrop. See, under Cytologic Methods, Watase's 
Method for Differentiating Sexual Cells. Congo 
Red. An acid stain used in the study of the central 
nervous system. Stain for 2 or 3 minutes in a 2 per cent, 
aqueous solution. Corallin. See Fuchsin. Cyanin 
(Quinolein Blue). A plasmatic dye. It stains fatty 
matters a deep-blue, other tissues a pale-blue. Dissolve 
1 gm. in 90 per cent, alcohol, and then dilute with 
water. A weak solution should be used ; a very weak 
solution, I : 500,000, in the medium that constitutes 
the native habitat of the organism, stains Infusoria intra 
vitam. Dahlia-violet. A nuclear stain, recom- 



STAINS, ETC. 



1398 



STAINING REAGENTS 



mended for demonstrating the granules in Ehrlich's 
Mastzellen. Tissues hardened in alcohol are stained 
for several hours in a solution of dahlia-violet 2 gm., in 
90 per cent, alcohol 25 c.c. , distilled water 70 c.c. , 
glacial acetic acid 5 c.c. Wash in alcohol until near- 
ly colorless. Deltapurpurin. See Benzopurpurin. 
Dinitroso-resorcin. See Staining of Nerve-tissue, 
Plainer' s Method. Eosin. Stains rapidly and gives 
a beautiful, diffuse, rosy hue. It is one of the best con- 
trast-stains with hematoxylin. Make a 5 per cent, aque- 
ous solution, and dilute as required. It is also a spe- 
cific stain for red blood-corpuscles (to which it gives a 
copper color), for certain leukocytes, and for the giant- 
cells of leprosy and tubercle. Erythrosin. See Eosin. 
Fuchsin. Dissolve I gm. of fuchsin in 15 c.c. of dis- 
tilled water, and 50 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol, and 
add 100 c.c. of glycerin. This solution is used for 
staining blood-corpuscles. Carbol-fuchsin : fuchsin 
I gm. , carbolic acid 5 gm. , alcohol 10 gm., distilled 
water 100 gm. Gentian-violet. A nuclear stain, 
prepared by dissolving 0.5 gm. of the dye in 80 c.c. of 
distilled water, 20 c.c. of 90 percent, alcohol, and gla- 
cial acetic acid I c.c. Stains in 5 minutes. Dissolved 
in indifferent media it may be used for staining intra 
vitam, and in acid solutions colors the nuclei of fresh 
tissues. It may be used according to Gram's method. 
Hoffmann's Blue. A nuclear stain for sieve areas. 
Dissolve 1 gm. of Hoffmann's blue in 20 c.c. of 90 per 
cent, alcohol and 80 c.c. of distilled water, and add 0.5 
c.c. of glacial acetic acid. Let sections remain in the 
solution for about 10 minutes. Indulin. See Nigro- 
sin. Iodin-green. See Methyl-green. Magenta. 
See Fuchsin. Manchester Brown. See Bistftarck 
Brown. Metanil-yellow. A plasmatic stain with a 
special affinity for connective tissues. It is also used 
to differentiate certain preparations (Griesbach). 
Methylene-blue. An important reagent, which gives 
a specific stain for lymph-spaces and intercellular ce- 
ment, closely resembling gold and silver impregnation, 
for medullated nerves, and for plasma-cells. It also 
stains intra vitam, and is a specific reagent for the axis- 
cylinders of sensory nerves in living animals (Ehrlich). 
Small and permeable aquatic organisms may be stained 
during life by adding to the water containing them 
enough of the dye to give it a very pale tint. Nerve- 
tissue may be stained by injecting the dye into the vas- 
cular system of a living, narcotized animal, or by re- 
moving the organ and immersing it in the solution. 
From one-half to I per cent, solutions in physiologic salt- 
solution are employed for this purpose. The color is 
not permanent, but may be fixed by ammonium picrate. 
Parker fixes the color by dehydrating in a solution of 
mercuric chlorid, I gm., in methylal 5 c.c. ; washing in 
a mixture of 2 parts of the methylal and sublimate solu- 
tion, 1 part pure methylal, 3 parts xylol. The object 
is then placed in xylol for 4 or 5 days, when it is ready 
to mount or embed. Mayer's albumen should not be 
used to fix sections to the slide, as it discharges the 
color. A solution of 0.25 gm. in 90 per cent, alcohol, 
20 c.c, and distilled water, 80 c.c, is used for tissue- 
staining. One per cent, and saturated alcoholic (15 
gms. to 100 c.c.) solutions are used for staining micro- 
organisms. Dogiel's Methylene-blue and Ammo- 
nium Picrate. Stain for 10 minutes in a 4 per cent, 
solution of methylene-blue in normal salt-solution; soak 
for Yi an hour or more in a saturated solution of ammo- 
nium picrate, wash in fresh ammonium picrate, and ex- 
amine in dilute glycerin. This process is used to demon- 
strate epithelia and lymph-spaces, and has the effect of 
negative impregnation with silver nitrate. A positive 
image is obtained by a short bath in the stain, a negative 
image by from 15 to 30 minutes' immersion. Striking 



images of the cruciform figures in the nodes of Ranvier 
in medullated nerves are obtained by this reagent (S. 
Mayer). Methyl-green. This is chiefly used as a nu- 
clear stain for fresh or recently fixed tissues ; it is also a 
reagent for amyloid degeneration (Heschl), giving a 
violet color. Use 0.5 gm. of methyl-green in 20 c.c. of 
90 per cent, alcohol, 80 c.c. of distilled water, and I 
c.c. of acetic acid. Stain the tissue for 5 minutes, wash 
in acidulated water, differentiate in 90 per cent, alcohol, 
and dehydrate. The nuclein reaction depends on the 
presence of the acetic acid. Arnold recommends a di- 
lute solution of methyl-green containing 0.6 per cent, 
sodium chlorid for staining cells and nuclei. Bizzoz- 
ero has observed that the elements of blood and pus, 
also ciliated epithelium and spermatozoa, do not stain 
with methyl-green if the cells are highly alkaline : if 
the alkalinity is diminished they are dyed violet ; if the 
cells are acid, they are colored green. Carnoy regards 
methyl-green as the best stain for nucleoli. Methyl- 
violet. A good chromatin stain. Dissolve 0.5 gm. 
in 200 c.c. of distilled water and 5 c.c. of glacial acetic 
acid. Stain sections for 20 minutes, wash in distilled 
water, and then in equal parts of glycerin and water. 
Mount in Farrant's medium. This is also a reagent 
for tissues undergoing amyloid degeneration. The 
amyloid substance stains pink. Naphthylamin- 
brown. See Staining of Nerve-tissue, Kaiser's 
Method. Nigrosin (Anilin Blue-black). A plas- 
matic stain having a special affinity for ganglion-cells, 
and much used in the study of the central nervous sys- 
tem. Dissolve 2 gm. in 100 c.c. of distilled water, 
and stain sections for from 10 to 15 minutes. Orange. 
A plasmatic dye used for counter-staining. Dissolve 2 
gm. in 20 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol and 80 c.c. of 
water. Stain for 10 minutes and wash out in alcohol. 
Phenylene-brown. See Bismarck Brown. Quino- 
le'fn. See Cyanin. Rubin, Rosei'n. See Fuchsin. 
Rosanilin Acetate, Sulphate, and Hydrochlorate. 
See Fuchsin. Rose-bengal. Take of rose-bengal 
1 gm., 90 per cent, alcohol 20 c.c, and distilled water 
80 c.c. This solution is especially useful for demon- 
strating the beginning of amyloid degeneration ; it stains 
the tissues bright-red. It is also recommended for 
staining the spinal cord and as a contrast-stain. Sa- 
franin. Pfitzner's formula : safranin (Griibler's) I 
part, absolute alcohol 100 parts, water 200 parts. 
Flemming uses a concentrated alcoholic solution diluted 
y z with water. Babes' formula : (a) equal parts 
of a concentrated alcoholic and a concentrated aqueous 
solution ; (b) water 100 parts, anilin-oil 2 parts, safranin 
in excess. The latter may be used according to the 
method of Gram,' and is recommended for the demon- 
stration of mitotic figures. Solferino. See Fuchsin. 
Spiller's Purple. Rub up in a mortar 2 gm. of Spil- 
ler's purple, No. I, with 10 c.c. of alcohol, and add 
100 c.c. of distilled water. It is used as a double stain, 
and for the fibrin in coagulated blood. If the section is 
to be mounted in balsam, use cedar-oil to clarify it. 
Vesuvin. See Bismarck Brown. Victoria Blue. 
A beautiful nuclear stain. Use a saturated aqueous so- 
lution, or 0.25 gm., in 20 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol 
and 80 c.c. of distilled water. Chromatin and nucleoli 
are stained blue, cytoplasm greenish-blue, or not at 
all. As clove-oil washes out the color, clear in cedar- 
oil. This stain has a special affinity for elastic fibers ; 
fixation in Flemming's fluid or other chrom-osmium 
mixture is necessary to secure this reaction. II. Car- 
min and Cochineal. These dyes give nuclear re- 
actions, and are chiefly used for staining in the mass. 
Acetic-acid Carmin. To boiling 45 per cent, 
acetic acid add carmin until no more will dissolve, and 
filter. For use, dilute to I per cent. The concentrated 



STAINS, ETC. 



1399 



STAINING REAGENTS 



solution fixes and stains at the same time, and is a val- 
uable reagent for the study of fresh objects. It is a 
pure nuclear stain. Acetic-acid Alum-carmin. 
Boil an excess of carmin in a saturated potash-alum 
solution , when cool, add io per cent, of glacial acetic 
acid, and filter after several days For use, add enough 
of the filtrate to distilled water to give it a deep-rose 
tint, stain for from 24 to 48 hours, and wash for 2 hours 
in distilled water. Dehydrate in alcohol. This solution 
has great penetration, and stains the deeper tissue-layers 
as admirably as the more superficial ones. Beale's 
Carmin. Dissolve 0.6 gm. of carmin in 2 c.c. of 
strong ammonia ; boil for a few seconds, and stand aside 
uncovered for an hour, or until the excess of ammonia 
has evaporated. Then add 60 c.c. each of glycerin and 
water and 15 c.c. of alcohol ; filter, stand aside to settle, 
and decant. Csokor's Alum-cochineal. A nuclear 
and diffuse stain. Nuclei are stained violet, and other tis- 
sues different tones of red. It is composed of powdered 
cochineal I gm., and calcined alum I gm., water 100 
c.c, carbolic acid 0.5 c.c. Delage's Osmium-car- 
min has the staining properties of carmin and the 
fixing properties of osmium, and so stains and fixes 
tissues at the same time. It is prepared by evaporating 
on a water-bath a strong ammonium-carmin, until red 
clouds on its surface indicate that the excess of ammonia 
has disappeared ; and when cool, adding an equal volume 
of a I per cent, solution of osmic acid. Filter under a 
bell-jar. As the reagent soon loses its fixing properties, 
the acid and carmin should be mixed at the time of 
using. It is said to rival gold chlorid in bringing out the 
more minute tissue-elements. De la Rue's Cochineal. 
Exhaust cochineal in boiling water, precipitate the 
extract with lead acetate slightly acidulated with acetic 
acid, being careful not to use an excess of the lead. 
Wash the precipitate with distilled water until the wash- 
water ceases to give a precipitate with mercuric chlorid ; 
then decompose it with hydrogen sulphid, filter, and 
evaporate the filtrate to a syrupy consistence on a water- 
bath. Dry, and exhaust the dark-purple product with 
alcohol, which dissolves out the carminic acid. Frey's 
Carmin. Dissolve in 30 c.c. of distilled water 0.3 
gm. of carmin, adding ammonia, drop by drop, until 
the solution is complete. Then add 30 c.c. of glycerin 
and 4 c.c. of alcohol ; shake, and keep in a stoppered 
bottle. Grenadier's Alcoholic Borax-carmin. Dis- 
solve 4 gm of borax in iooc.c. of distilled water; add 
3 gm of carmin, warm, and dilute with 100 c.c. of 
70 per cent, alcohol. Filter before using, and transfer 
the tissue from the stain directly into alcohol acidulated 
with from 4 to 6 drops of hydrochloric acid, in which it 
should remain until it acquires a bright, transparent ap- 
pearance. This solution is used for staining in bulk, 
and gives a splendid color. Grenadier's Alum-car- 
min. Dissolve 5 gms. of ammonium-alum in 100 c.c. 
of distilled water, adding I gm. of carmin, cooling, 
filtering, and bringing up to 100 c.c. by adding water. 
This solution is not suitable for calcareous structures, 
but is otherwise an admirable reagent. Grenacher's 
Borax-carmin. Heat to boiling carmin 0.5 gm., borax 
2 gm. in 100 c.c. of distilled water, and while hot add, 
drop by drop, about 17 c.c. of acetic acid, or until the 
color turns from purple to red. After 24 hours decant, 
filter, and add 0.5 c c. of carbolic acid. Hamann's 
Acid Carmin. Dissolve 30 gm. of carmin in 200 c.c. 
of strong ammonia ; add acetic acid until the fluid he- 
roines neutral, or is only slightly acid. Allow it to 
stand for from 2 to 5 weeks, and filter. Haug's Alum 
Borax-carmin. Take I gm. each of carmin and 
borax, 2 gm. of ammonium-alum, pulverize, and add 100 
c.c. of liquor aluminis acetatis and boil for y 2 an hour; 
decant, and filter after 24 hours. The solution is ready 



for use in I week. Haug's Ammonium Lithium- 
carmin. A permanent solution, recommended for 
preparations which stain with difficulty. Pulverize and 
boil in 100 c.c. of water, carmin I gm. and ammonium 
chlorid 2 gm. ; after cooling add from 0.3 to 0.5 gm. of 
lithium carbonate and, drop by drop, from 15 to 20 c.c. 
of a strong solution of ammonia. This solution stains in 
from 1 to 3 minutes, anil gives a gorgeous strawberry- 
red color. Differentiate in acid alcohol, and follow 
with absolute alcohol. Heidenhain's Neutral Car- 
min. Dissolve I gm. of carmin in 3 c.c. of ammonia, 
and add 96 c.c. each of glycerin and water. Heat on 
a water-bath until the excess of ammonia is driven off, 
or neutralize with acetic acid. Henneguy's Acetic- 
acid Alum-carmin. Boil an excess of carmin in a satu- 
rated solution of potassium-alum, and when cool add 10 
per cent, of glacial acetic acid, and leave the mixture to 
settle for several days ; then remove the sediment by 
filtration, and for use add enough of the solution to dis- 
tilled water to produce a deep-rose tint. Stain for from 
24 to 48 hours, and wash for 2 hours in distilled water. 
Hoyer's Alcoholic Carmin. Heat the carmin in a 
retort with alcohol, acidulated with sulphuric acid, until 
dissolved ; filter, and dilute freely with water. As long 
as a rose-red precipitate forms, add lead acetate to the 
filtrate. As soon as the precipitate is violet, filter, and 
add to the filtrate lead acetate as long as the violet pre- 
cipitate forms; collect it on a filter, wash, and dry it. 
Suspend it in a small quantity of strong alcohol, add 
alcohol strongly acidulated with sulphuric acid until the 
violet precipitate loses its color and becomes intensely 
red. Filter. Two drops of the filtrate added to a watch- 
glass of alcohol make a strong stain. Hoyer's Am- 
monium-carmin. Dissolve 1 gm. of carmin in from I 
to 2 c. c. of strong ammonia and from 6 to 8 c c. of water. 
Heat in a glass vessel on a sand-bath until the large 
bubbles become small, and the purplish color turns to 
bright-red. showing that the free ammonia has evapo- 
rated. Allow the solution to cool and settle, saving the 
bright-red deposit for use again, and add chloral to the 
neutral, dark fluid, which will keep well. Hoyer's 
Neutral Carmin. Dilute ammonium-carmin with from 
4 to 6 times its volume of strong alcohol; collect the 
scarlet-red precipitate which forms on a filter, wash and 
dry it. Dissolve this powder in a solution of neutral 
ammonium picrate. Mayer's Aluminum Carmin- 
ate. Carminic acid I gm., aluminum chlorid 3 gm., 
water 200 c.c, and a few crystals of thymol. Gives a 
blue-violet color, and is a good substitute for alum-car- 
min when the use of alum is contra-indicated. Mayer's 
Cochineal. A nuclear stain, which is red or blue ac- 
cording to the reaction of the tissues, which should pre- 
viously have been hardened in 70 per cent, alcohol. 
Take I gm. of coarsely powdered cochineal and 10 c.c. 
of 70 per cent, alcohol ; digest for several days and 
filter. Let the tissues stain, according to size, for 
from 15 minutes to several days, wash in 70 per 
cent, alcohol, follow by acid alcohol for a light 
yellowish-red stain, or by alkaline water for a deep 
purple-red. New formula : Pulverize in a mortar, 5 
gm. of cochineal, mix with 5 gm. of calcium chlorid 
and 0.5 gm.of aluminum chlorid, add 8 drops of nitric 
acid (sp. gr. 1.20) and iooc.c. of 50 percent, alcohol; 
heat to the boiling-point. Let the mixture stand a 
number of days, shake it frequently, and finally filter. 
The objects must be treated with 50 per cent, alcohol 
before and after staining. Mayer's Carmalum. Take 
1 gm. of carminic acid, 10 gm. of alum, and 200 c.c. 
of distilled water, heat the mixture, and filter, adding 
an antiseptic to keep it clear. The fluid is light-red in 
color, shading toward violet, and is said to have good 
penetrating powers, even in osmium preparations, and 



STAINS, ETC. 



1400 



STAINING REAGENTS 



to be better than alum-carmin for staining in toto. 
Mayer s Paracarmin. Dissolve carminic acid I gra., 
aluminum chlorid 0.5 gm., calcium chlorid 4 gm. in 
100 c.c. of 70 per cent, alcohol, with or without heat. 
Filter, after precipitation, and the solution will have a 
clear-red color. Suitable for staining bulky objects 
with large cavities, such as Salpa. Orth's Carmin 
Stains. Lithium-cartnin. Digest 2.5 gm. of carmin 
in 97.5 c.c. of a saturated solution of lithium carbonate 
and filter. The stain is diffuse, but on treatment with 
acid alcohol becomes restricted to the nuclei. Tissues 
refusing to stain in any other medium do so in this 
fluid. Picrolithium-carmin consists of 1 part of 
lithium carmin and 2 or 3 parts of a saturated solution 
of picric acid. After staining, wash out in acid alcohol. 
Partsch's Cochineal Alum-carmin. Boil powdered 
cochineal in 5 per cent, alum solution, filter, and add a 
little salicylic acid as a preservative. This is said to 
give more delicate differentiation than other alum- 
carmins. Partsch-Grenacher's Alum-carmin. A 
nuclear stain, prepared as follows : Boil for 15 minutes 
2 gm. of pure carmin, No. 40, and 5 gm. of ammonium- 
alum in 200 c.c. of distilled water. Cool, filter, and 
add 2 c.c. of carbolic acid. Ranvier's Carmin. This 
is composed of carmin I gm., ammonia I c.c, water 
100 c.c. Rub up the carmin in a mortar with a little 
water and add the ammonia. When the carmin is all 
dissolved add the rest of the water. If there is an 
excess of ammonia, heat the solution until the carmin 
begins to precipitate. Reeves' [J. E.) Borax-car- 
min. A nuclear stain, consisting of the best No. 40 
carmin 4 gm. , pulverized borax 8 gm. , and carbolized 
water, 2 per cent., 120 c.c. Heat in a porcelain vessel 
to boiling, and, when cool, filter. Stains in from I 
minute to y 2 an hour, according to the character of 
the tissue. A decolorizing and differentiating fluid 
composed of pure hydrochloric acid 10 c.c, 70 per 
cent, alcohol 105 c.c. may be used with this stain. 
After immersion in this fluid the section must be well 
washed with water, to remove the acid, and if desired 
it may now be double-stained in a weak, aqueous solution 
of sodium sulph-indigotate. Rollet's Acid Carmin. 
Boil pulverized carmin in dilute sulphuric acid, filter 
off the red precipitate, and dissolve in water for use. 
Schneider's Acid Carmin. Boil pulverized carmin 
in 45 per cent, acetic acid until no more will dissolve, 
filter, and dilute to I per cent, for use. Schweigger- 
Seidel's Acid Carmin. Add an excess of acetic acid 
to ammonium-carmin, and filter. Sodium Carminate. 
See Staining of Nerve-tissue, Schmaus' Method. 
III. Hematoxylin and Hematein. Solutions of these 
substances are used for staining sections, and also tis 
sues, in toto, especially such as have been fixed in chrom- 
ium and osmium fluids. Bohmer's Hematoxylin. A 
valuable nuclear stain. Dissolve I gm. of hematoxylin 
in 100 c.c. of absolute alcohol. Make a second solu- 
tion of 5 gm. of alum in 100 c.c. of distilled water. 
Add the first solution, drop by drop, to the second, 
until a deep-violet color is obtained. Let the mixture 
stand in an open vessel, exposed to the light, for 
several days. Filter, and add a little thymol to the 
filtrate. Cook's {Alleyer) Hematoxylin. An alum- 
hematoxylin containing copper sulphate. Reduce in 
a mortar 6 grams each of extract of logwood and 
alum and I gram of copper sulphate, and dissolve in 
40 c.c. of water. Filter after 2 days, and add a 
crystal of thymol to the filtrate. Cuccati's Iodin- 
hematoxylin. Dissolve 25 gm. of chemically pure 
potassium iodid in 25 c.c. of distilled water. Pour 
this solution, slowly and with constant agitation, into 
75 c.c. of absolute alcohol, and keep in a well-stoppered 
bottle. Rub up in a mortar 75 eg. of crystallized hem- 



atoxylin with 6 gm. of chemically pure, neutral potash- 
alum, and add 3 c.c. of the iodin-solution ; keep the 
mixture agitated, and gradually add the remainder of the 
solution. Shake for some time, to dissolve the alum, stand 
aside for from 10 to 15 hours, shake again, filter, and 
preserve in a tightly stoppered bottle. Objects should 
be left in the liquid for 10 hours, then washed, dehy- 
drated, and mounted. The solution is said to be a pure 
chromatin stain. Delafield's Hematoxylin. An 
excellent nuclear stain. Dissolve 4 gm. of hematoxy- 
lin in 25 c.c. of absolute alcohol, and add 400 c.c. of 
a saturated, aqueous solution of ammonium-alum. Ex- 
pose to light and air for 3 or 4 days ; filler ; add to the 
filtrate 100 c.c. each of glycerin and methyl-alcohol. 
Ehrlich's Acid Hematoxylin. Used for staining 
sections and in the mass. Dissolve I gm. of hematox- 
ylin in 30 c.c. of alcohol, and add 50 c.c. each of 
glycerin and water, alum in excess, and 4 c.c of gla- 
cial acetic acid. Let the mixture ripen in the light un- 
til it acquires a deep-red color. Objects stained in it 
should be washed in undistilled water. Ehrlich's Am- 
moniated Hematoxylin. Dissolve 2 gm. of hema- 
toxylin and 0.4 gm. of ammonium carbonate in 80 c.c. 
of 90 per cent, alcohol. Expose in an evaporating dish 
for 24 hours, warm, and bring up to 40 c.c. by adding 
50 per cent, alcohol, and then add 2 gm. of ammonium- 
alum, 80 c.c. of distilled water, 100 c.c. of glycerin, 
and 10 c.c. of acetic acid. Dilute I : 10 for use. 
Gage's Hematoxylin. Boil 7.5 gm. of alum in 200 
c.c. of distilled water for about 5 minutes; when cool, 
add enough freshly boiled distilled water to make up 
the loss by evaporation; add 4 gm. of chloral, and then 
o.I gm. of hematoxylin dissolved in 10 c.c. of 95 per 
cent, alcohol. Let the mixture ripen for a week. 
It stains sections in from I to 5 minutes, and if too con- 
centrated may be diluted with freshly distilled water. 
This solution does not readily deteriorate. Hamilton's 
Hematoxylin. A rapid and strong nuclear stain 
of the following composition: hematoxylin 12 gm., 
ammonium-alum 50 gm., glycerin 65 c.c, distilled 
water 130 c.c, carbolic acid 5 c.c. Heat the mix- 
ture to boiling before adding the carbolic acid, and 
expose to sunlight for I month. Haug's Hema- 
toxylin. A nuclear stain, giving good results with 
nervous tissue. Dissolve I gm. of hematoxylin in 10 
c.c. of absolute alcohol, and add to 200 c.c. of an aqueous 
solution of aluminum acetate. Let the solution ripen 
until the violet-black hue becomes brown-black. After 
staining, treat the sections with acid alcohol, and wash 
in water until they appear blue. Heidenhain's Hema- 
toxylin, riace the object to be stained in a ^ P er 
cent, solution of hematoxylin in distilled water for from 
12 to 24 hours, and then for the same length of time in a 
o. 5 per cent, solution of neutral potassium chromate, and 
wash out the excess of this with water, treating further 
as desired. The stain is clear, from black to gray in 
color, rich in detail, and adapted to staining in mass, 
and has the advantage that objects can be decolorized to 
any extent by prolonging the washing in the chromate. 
If instead of this a I per cent, alum solution be used, 
the stain will be blue. Apathy ' s Modification. Make 
a 1 per cent, solution of hematoxylin in 70 or So per 
cent, alcohol. After staining, wash out in a I per cent, 
solution of potassium bichromate in from 70 to 80 per cent, 
alcohol. The mixture should be made freshly and kept 
in the dark while using, as should also the objects while 
being washed, and they should be finished by washing 
in several changes of 70 per cent, alcohol. Iron Hem- 
atoxylin. Sections are treated with a weak aqueous 
solution of ferric acetate, washed in water, and stained 
in 0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of hematoxylin. A 
blue-black or black-brown stain is obtained. This pro- 



STAINS, ETC. 



1401 



STAINING REAGENTS 



cess is recommended by Biitschli for staining sections 
of protozoa I u thick. Another method is as follows: 
Treat sections for from y 2 an hour to 2 or 3 hours with 
from a 1.5 to a 4 per cent, solution of ferric-ammonium 
sulphate ; wash in water, and stain for from I to 12 hours 
in an aqueous solution of hematoxylin , about o. 5 per cent. 
Rinse with water and treat again with the iron solution. 
As soon as differentiation is complete, wash for 1 5 minutes 
in running water, and mount. The results vary accord 
ing to the duration of the treatment with the iron and 
hematoxylin solutions ; short baths give a blue prepara- 
tion, in which the nuclear structures are highly differ- 
entiated ; prolonged baths give black preparations, show- 
ing connective-tissue fibers and red blood-corpuscles 
black, central and polar bodies intensely black, cytoplasm 
sometimes colorless, sometimes gray, in which case cell- 
plates and achromatic spindle-fibers are stained. Micro- 
organisms are sharply stained. Kleinenberg's Hema- 
toxylin. Adapted to staining in the mass. Make a sat- 
urated solution of calcium chloridin 70 per cent, alcohol. 
Shake it, and let it stand ; decant, and add alum in ex- 
cess ; shake again, and, after a day or two, filter. To I 
volume of the filtrate add 8 volumes of a saturated solu- 
tion of alum in 70 per cent, alcohol ; to this mixture 
add, drop by drop, a saturated solution of hematoxylin 
in absolute alcohol, until a purple color appears. It 
becomes darker in time and on exposure to light. It 
should be prepared some months before it is wanted. 
Mallory's Phosphomolybdic-acid Hematoxylin. 
Ten per cent, solution of phospho-molybdic acid I part, 
hematoxylin I part, water 100 parts, chloral from 6 to 10 
parts. Expose to sunlight for a week. Filter before 
using, and save the used portions. Stain sections for from 
iominutes toanhour, wash in 40 to 50 percent, alcohol, 
changing it 2 or 3 times. Dehydrate and mount. If 
the solution does not stain readily, add a little hema- 
toxylin. The stain is blue, and in its general effect 
similar to nigrosin. It is recommended for preparations 
of the central nervous system. Mayer's Ammonium- 
nitrate Hematein. Hemalum 10 c.c, 70 per cent, 
alcohol 10 c.c, ammonium nitrate 5 gm. Dissolve, let 
the solution stand until the excess of alum crystallizes out, 
12 to 24 hours, and filter. Useful for staining small 
objects in toto. Mayer's Hemalum. An excellent 
stain for large objects. It consists of two solutions ; one 
of hematein, or ammonium-hematein, I gm., dissolved 
by the aid of heat in 50 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol ; 
the other of alum 50 grams and distilled water I liter. 
The solutions are mixed, left to cool, and then filtered. 
A crystal of thymol may be added to prevent the for- 
mation of mold. For most purposes it is advisable to 
dilute this stain with water or alum-solution. Hemalum 
plus 2 per cent, glacial acetic acid gives a more precise 
nuclear stain. Mayer's Hemacalcium. Rub together 
in a mortar, very thoroughly, I gm. each of hematein 
or ammonium-hematein and aluminum chlorid, and dis- 
solve in 600 c.c. of 70 per cent, alcohol, to which 10 
c.c. of glacial acetic acid have been added ; then add 50 
grams of calcium chlorid. The color of the fluid is red- 
dish-violet. Objects overstained in it are treated with a 2 
per cent, alcoholic solution of aluminum chlorid or from a 
]/, to a 1 per cent, solution of sodium or potassium acetate 
in absolute alcohol. Clearing with bergamot-oil or clove- 
oil causes early fading. Reeves'(y. .£. ) Hematoxylin. 
To one part of 5 or 10 c.c. of 5 per cent, c^rbol- 
ized water add enough sodium sulphindigotate to 
produce a deep bluish-green color, and 7 parts of 
Delafield's hematoxylin. The mixing should be done 
at the time of using. After staining, which requires from 
*4 to I hour or more, immerse the section in water acid- 
ulated with a few drops of nitric acid, and allow it to re- 
main until it shows a clear, deep, sky-blue color ; wash 



in water and dehydrate for 20 minutes in alcohol. This 
stain differentiates the inclusions in carcinoma-cells — 
chromatin, parasites, etc. Renaut's Glycerin-hema- 
toxylin. To asaturated solution of alum in glycerin add, 
drop by drop, a saturated alcoholic solution of hematoxy- 
lin until the mixture has a deep color. Expose to light 
and air for several weeks, and then filter. Sections may 
be mounted in the stain. Sanfelice's Iodin-hema- 
toxylin. Useful for staining in the mass. Make a solu- 
tion of hematoxylin, o. 7 gm. in absolute alcohol 20 c.c. , 
and pour it, drop by drop, into a solution of alum 0.2 gm. 
and distilled water 60 c.c. Let the mixture stand ex- 
posed to the light for 3 or 4 days ; then add 10 to 15 
drops of tincture of iodin, shake, and let it stand again 
for 3 or 4 days. Tissues are immersed in this fluid for 
from 12 to 24 hours, and then transferred for 24 hours 
to 90 per cent, alcohol acidulated with acetic acid. 
Weigert's Hematoxylin. See Staining of Nerve -tis- 
sue, Weigerf s Method. After using, this stain may be 
regenerated as follows : Add about 5 per cent, of baryta- 
water, shake it well, and let it stand for 24 hours ; then 
pass carbon dioxid through it, let it stand another 24 
hours, and filter [Fanny Berlinerblau). IV. Metallic 
Stains. These are chiefly used in the study of epithelial, 
connective, and nervous tissues, for which they exhibit 
a remarkable selectivity. The results obtained vary ac- 
cording to the method of impregnation, a negative or 
primary impregnation coloring the intercellular sub- 
stance, leaving the cells colorless; a. positive or second- 
ary impregnation staining the cells and not the inter- 
cellular spaces. Ferric Chlorid. After impregnation 
in a solution of ferric chlorid, reduction is effected in 
tannic, gallic, or pyrogallic acid (Polailloii). Another 
method is to fix the preparation in the iron-solution and 
then treat for 24 hours with alcohol containing a trace 
of gallic acid (Fol). Gold Chlorid. Recommended 
for tracing nerve-endings in fresh tissues, and for stain- 
ing connective-tissue and cartilage-cells. Place small 
pieces of tissue, % inch square, in from a 0.5 to a I per 
cent, solution of commercial gold chlorid in distilled 
water. Keep in the dark, and when the tissue has be- 
come yellow, wash in distilled water. Then expose to 
the light in 50 c.c. of water containing 2 drops of 
acetic acid for 48 hours, or until the tissue acquires a 
purple tint. Mount in glycerin. Boiled Gold Chlorid. 
Used in studying the terminations of nerves on sensory 
surfaces. To 4 parts of a I per cent, solution of gold 
chlorid add I part of formic acid, boil, and cool. In this 
place small pieces of fresh tissue for from 10 minutes tc 
I hour; wash in water, and transfer to formic acid, I : 4, 
keeping in the dark, where 'reduction occurs. Colin- 
hei?/^ 's Method. Place fresh tissue in a 0.5 per cent, 
solution of gold chlorid until it is. yellow ; then ex- 
pose it to the light in water acidulated with acetic acid 
until reduction occurs, and mount in acidulated gly- 
cerin. Chrchtschonovitsch' s Method. Place the fresh 
tissue in a 0.5 per cent, solution of auric chlorid for 
from 30 to 45 minutes ; then in distilled water for 24 
hours ; then in a saturated solution of tartaric acid at a 
temperature of 50 C. , until the gold is reduced. Wash 
in water and harden in alcohol. Freud' s Method. Har- 
den the tissue in Miiller's fluid ; stain in equal parts of a 
I per cent, gold chlorid solution and 95 percent, alcohol 
for from 3 to 5 hours ; wash in water, and place in a so- 
lution of caustic soda I c.c, and distilled water 6 c.c, for 
from 2 to 3 minutes. Wash in water and carry to a 10 
per cent, solution of potassium iodid for from 5 to 15 
minutes, wash, dehydrate in alcohol, and mount. Glass 
instruments should be used. This method, when 
successful, gives islolated staining of axis-cylinders. 
Gold Chlorid and Chromic Acid [Kolosson). To 
100 parts of a 1 per cent, solution of gold chlorid add 



STAINS, ETC. 



1402 



STAINING REAGENTS 



I part of hydrochloric acid ; place the tissues in this 
mixture for 2 or 3 hours; wash with water, and keep in 
the dark in chromic acid, ^ or T -J- 7 per cent, for 2 or 3 
days ; then wash thoroughly. Lowit 's Method. Mix 2 
parts of distilled water and I part of formic acid (sp. gr. 
1. 16) ; in this mixture place small pieces of fresh tissue, 
from I to 2 mm. in thickness, for from a y z to I minute, 
or until they become somewhat transparent. Then trans- 
fer to a I per cent, solution of gold chlorid, protecting 
the tissue from the light as much as possible ; in from 15 ' 
to 20 minutes, or when it is yellow, place it in a solu- 
tion of formic acid, I : 3, for 24 hours, keeping it in the 
dark. Then immerse in pure formic acid for 24 hours, 
in the dark, and, finally, wash thoroughly in water. 
Rritchard's Method. After the tissues have been 
treated with a gold-solution, the gold is reduced with 
the following mixture: amyl-alcohol I c.c, formic 
acid I c. c. , water 98 c. c. Remove the tissue from the 
gold-solution, wash it in water, place in the preceding 
mixture for 24 hours in the dark, when it will 
probably have become of a violet color ; if not, 
place it in a fresh quantity of the fluid for 24 hours 
longer. Wash in water and harden in alcohol. Jan- 
vier's Formic-acid Method. Place the tissue in a mix- 
ture of 4 parts of a 1 per cent, solution of gold chlorid 
to I part of formic acid, the mixture having been pre- 
viously boiled and cooled. Allow muscle to remain in 
this solution for 20 minutes, epidermis for from 2 to 4 
hours. The reduction of the gold is accomplished in 
acidulated water by the action of daylight, or in the dark 
in 1 part of formic acid to 4 parts of water. Ranvier ' s 
Lemon-juice Method. Express and filter the juice of a 
lemon, and place the fresh tissue in it for 5 or 10 min- 
utes, when it becomes transparent. Quickly rinse in 
distilled water, and transfer to a I per cent, gold-chlorid 
solution for from 10 minutes to I hour, the time de- 
pending on the tissue. Wash with water, and place 
in 50 c.c. of water acidulated with 2 drops of 
acetic acid ; reduction occurs on exposure to light. 
Via/lanes' Osmic-acid Method. Treat the tissues 
with a 1 per cent, solution of osmic acid until they be- 
gin to turn brown ; then with ^ formic acid for 10 
minutes ; then place them in a solution of gold chlorid, 
I : 5000, in the dark, for 24 hours. Reduce iu the light 
in }£ formic acid. Osmic Acid. Tissues fixed in 
osmic acid and subsequently treated with weak pyro- 
gallic acid are stained greenish-black (Zee). A devel- 
oping mixture of water, alcohol, tannin, and pyrogallic 
acid or a 5 per cent, solution of tannin is used by 
Kolosson. Treatment with oxalic acid I part, in water 
15 parts, gives a Burgundy-red stain to osmium- 
objects, which should be washed in water before they 
are put into the acid (Brosicke). Silver Nitrate. 
Particularly adapted to the study of epithelial and con- 
nective tissues. Make a I percent, solution in distilled 
water, and dilute from 2 to 4 times for use. Very thin 
sections of fresh tissue are washed in distilled water, to 
remove the chlorids, immersed for )/ 2 hour in the solu- 
tion, in the dark, washed in distilled water, and then 
placed in water and exposed to sunlight until brown. 
Fix in a solution of sodium hyposulphite, in the dark, 
and mount in glycerin-jelly. The Hertwig's employ a 
I per cent, solution for marine animals. Tourneux and 
Hermann, in their studies of the epithelia of Inverte- 
brates used a solution of 3 : 1000, in which the tissues 
were left for I hour and then washed in alcohol (36 ) . 
Dekhuysen treats the tissue with a 1. 3 per cent, solution 
of potassium nitrate, then immerses it in 0.25 per cent, 
solution of silver nitrate containing 3 per cent, of nitric 
acid. After from 3 to 6 minutes in the silver-bath, the tis- 
sue is placed for a few minutes in pure 3 per cent, nitric 
acid, then in 96 per cent, alcohol, then in clove-oil, in 



which reduction occurs, in diffused light, in a few min- 
utes. This method is said to give good fixation of tis- 
sues, and to permit the use of a nuclear after-stain with 
hematoxylin, safranin, or methyl-green. The process is 
the same as that employed by Harmer for marine ani- 
mals. Von Recklinghausen effects reduction by washing 
the preparation in normal salt-solution before exposing 
to light in distilled water. Thanhoffer exposes to light 
for a few minutes in water acidulated with acetic acid. 
Krause uses, after washing, a light-red solution of potas- 
sium permanagate, in which reduction occurs very quickly 
even in the dark. Jakimovitch exposes the tissues to 
light in a mixture of formic acid I part, amyl-alcohol I 
part, water 1 00 parts; from 5 to 7 days are required, and 
the mixture must be renewed from time to time. The 
after-blackening is prevented by washing in sodium- 
hyposulphite solution (Legros). V. Other. Organic 
Stains. Grenacher's Purpurin. Dissolve from I 
to 3 per cent, of powdered alum in 50 c.c. of glycerin, 
add a knife-pointful of purpurin, and boil. No alcohol 
should be used. The orange-colored solution should 
stand for 2 or 3 days, and then be filtered. This is a 
nuclear stain which is stable, from 10 to 30 minutes pro- 
ducing a good result. Nuclear Black (Kernschwarz). 
A black liquid of unknown composition, recommended 
by Platner as a cytologic stain. Dilute the liquid some- 
what and wash out in dilute ammonia or a saturated so- 
lution of lithium carbonate diluted with 3 or 4 volumes 
of water. Mitotic figures stain deeply, resting chro- 
matin less deeply, cytoplasm faintly gray. Phloroglu- 
cin. For staining lignified cellulose. Take of phloro- 
glucin 1 gm., 90 per cent, alcohol 20 c.c, distilled 
water 80 c.c. ; treat the sections for 15 minutes, and fol- 
low by strong hydrochloric acid. This gives a stain of 
cherry-red, varying in proportion to the extent of the 
lignification. Ranvier's Purpurin. Boil in a porce- 
lain capsule 200 c.c. of water and I c.c. of alum; 
then add purpurin rubbed up in water, and continue the 
boiling. A saturated solution of purpurin is secured by 
having an undissolved excess in the capsule. Filter the 
hot mixture into a flask containing 60 c.c. of 90 per 
cent, alcohol. This solution does not keep well. 
Wedl's Orseille. French orchilla extract, a sufficient 
quantity, from which the excess of ammonia has been 
removed by warming in a sand-bath, is poured into a 
mixture of 20 c.c. of absolute alcohol, 5 c.c of glacial 
acetic acid, and 40 c.c. of distilled water, the dye being 
added gradually until a dark-reddish fluid is produced. 
This is a protoplasmic stain, the nuclei remaining color- 
less. VI. Combination-stains. These are of two 
kinds. In the one class a pure nuclear stain is com- 
bined with a dye taking effect on the extra-nuclear 
elements ; in the other, a stain giving a reaction with 
all the elements of one tissue is combined with one 
or more stains taking effect on all the elements of 
the other tissues. Alum-carmin and Osmic Acid 
(Zolfan von Roboz). To 5° or 60 gm. of water add 
alum-carmin until the mixture is nearly rose-red ; then 
add 10 drops of a I : 500 solution of osmic acid. Stain 
objects, in the dark, from 24 to 48 hours. A nuclear 
double stain ; resting chromatin and nucleoli appear pur- 
ple, kinetic chromatin red, protoplasm brown. Recom- 
mended for staining Pluteus and similar objects. Alum- 
carmin and Picric Acid. Mix 10 volumes of alum- 
carmin and I of saturated picric-acid solution (Legal). 
Anilin Blue and Safranin (Garbini). Stain sec- 
tions for from 2 to 4 minutes in 0.5 per cent, anilin- 
blae solution, wash in water, then place in a 0.5 per 
cent, lithium-carbonate solution, then in 0.5 per cent, 
hydrochloric acid until a clear, blue color appears. 
Wash again in water, and stain for 10 minutes in I per 
cent, safranin-solution, dehydrate in methyl-alcohol and 



STAINS, ETC. 



1403 



STAINING REAGENTS 



clarify in clove-oil 2 parts and cedar-oil I part. This 
stain is especially recommended for salivary glands ; 
one set of cells is colored red, the other blue ; and for 
the gastric glands, in which the parietal cells stain red, 
the central cells blue, the villous epithelium blue, the 
goblet-cells reddish. In hair-follicles, the sheath of 
Henle colors red, the sheath of Huxley blue. Anilin 
Green and Bismarck Brown (List). Used in 
the same way as methyl-green and Bismarck brown, 
and yields similar results. Anilin Green and Eosin 
{Schiefferdecker,Arch.f. Mik. Anat.,xv, 1S78, p. 30). 
To a watch-glassful of alcohol add a few drops of an 
aqueous solution of eosin, and stain for from J4^ to sev- 
eral hours ; wash in water, and stain for a few minutes 
in a 1 per cent, aqueous solution of anilin green, rinse in 
water, extract in alcohol, and clear in clove-oil. This 
combination has a special affinity for glandular and con- 
nective tissue. Baumgarten's Fuchsin and Methy- 
lene-blue. Sections of tissue fixed in a chromic fluid 
are stained for 24 hours in a solution of from 8 to 10 
drops of a concentrated alcoholic solution of fuchsin in 
a watch-glassful of water. Rinse with alcohol, and 
stain for from 5 to 10 minutes in a concentrated aqueous 
solution of methylene-blue ; wash out in alcohol and 
clear in clove-oil. The nuclei are red, the other ele- 
ments blue. Borax-carmin and Picrocarmin. A 
few drops of picrocarmin added to a watch-glassful of 
Grenadier's alcoholic borax-carmin gives a beautiful 
and precise double stain. Baumgarten's borax-picrocar- 
min is prepared by adding crystals of picric acid to 
Grenadier's solution, until it assumes a bright-red color. 
Carmin and Anilin Blue. Stain with carmin, dehy- 
drate, and stain for a few minutes in an alcoholic solu- 
tion of anilin blue. Clear with turpentine, then treat 
with alcohol, and mount. Carmin and Methyl- 
green (FlescJi). Stain with picrocarmin and follow 
with an aqueous solution of methyl -green. This stain 
gives good differentiation. Chenzynsky's Stain. See 
Czenzyn/ee's Stain. Czenzynke's Double Stain. 
Concentrated aqueous solution of methylene-blue 40 
c.c.,0.5 per cent, solution of eosin in 70 percent, 
alcohol 20 c.c. , distilled water 40 c.c. This is used to 
stain the blood, and colors the red corpuscles red, the 
leukocytes blue ; also for the plasmodium malaria;, the 
gonococcus, and the influenza-bacillus of Pfeiffer and 
Canon. Dahlia and Eosin (Sckieff'erdecker). Use 
in the same way as anilin green and eosin, taking a 
I per cent, solution of dahlia. Ehrlich-Biondi- 
Heidenhain Triple Stain. To 100 c.c. of a saturated 
aqueous solution of orange add, with continual agita- 
tion, 20 c.c. of a saturated, aqueous solution of acid 
fuchsin and 50 c.c. of alike solution of methyl -green ; 
dilute with from 60 to 100 volumes of water. A drop 
on blotting-paper should form a spot bluish-green in the 
center, orange at the periphery ; a red zone outside 
the orange indicates that the mixture contains too much 
fuchsin. From 6 to 24 hours are required to stain. Wash 
out in alcohol and clear in xylol. Chromatic elements 
are colored blue ; cytoplasm, violet or orange-red ; 
caryoplasm the same, but in lighter tones, and all the 
denser protoplasmic elements the same, but darker 
(Gilson). The stain par excellence for photo-micro- 
graphy, except for connective tissue (Lindsay Johnson). 
A slightly acid reaction of the alcohol used for washing 
out will produce a relatively strong coloration by the 
methyl -green, while that by the fuchsin will be rela- 
tively pale; the opposite result will be obtained if the 
alcohol contains a trace of alkali. The addition of 
very dilute acetic acid, until the red tint is markedly in- 
tensified, will restore the energy of the fuchsin, which 
is likely to decline after a time (Heidenhain). Ehrlich- 
Biondi Mixture. See Ehrlich-Biondi- Heidenhain 



Triple Stain. Ehrlich - Westphal Dahlia and 
Carmin. Partsch-Grenacher's carmin solution 100 
c.c, glycerin loo c.c, concentrated alcoholic solu- 
tion of dahlia violet 100 c.c, glacial acetic acid 20 c.c. 
Nuclei are stained red, " Mastzellen " blue-violet. 
Flemming's Safranin, Gentian, and Orange. 
Stain in a strong alcoholic solution of safranin diluted 
with anilin- water ; rinse in distilled water, and wash 
out in absolute alcohol containing o. I per cent, of 
hydrochloric acid ; then stain in a strong, aqueous 
solution of gentian, wash in distilled water, treat with 
a concentrated aqueous solution of orange, and wash in 
absolute alcohol. The orange, by virtue of its acid 
properties, displaces the gentian and the result is a 
double, not a triple, stain. Chromatin and nuclei are 
stained purple-red ; achromatin fibrils gray or violet ; 
" attractive spheres," centrosomes, polar corpuscles, 
and Zzvischenkorper, from reddish-violet or brownish- 
violet to black-brown, according to the intensity of the 
reagent. Gaule's Quadruple Stain. The object, fixed 
in a concentrated solution of corrosive sublimate, is 
stained successively in hematoxylin, nigrosin, eosin, 
and safranin . According to their affinity for the different 
stains, Gaule distinguishes hematoxylophile nucleoli, 
or caryosoma; safranophile nucleoli, or plasmosoma, 
and mixed nucleoli ; and those that react to both 
hematoxylin and safranin. Genevan Double Stain. 
Useful for staining vegetable tissue. Decolorize the 
sections in Javelle water, and then immerse for a few 
seconds in a slightly alcoholic and ammoniacal solu- 
tion of Congo red 2 per cent, and chrysoidin 0.2 per 
cent. A beautiful triple stain is obtained. Hans- 
tein's Rosanilin-violet. Used for staining plant- 
tissues, and composed of fuchsin and methyl-violet, 
each I gm., in 100 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol. It 
stains cellulose cell-walls a faint violet, lignified cell- 
walls red. It is also useful in differentiating the 
histologic details of bast; the fibers stain red, the 
sieve-tubes and parenchyma scarcely at all, the proto- 
plasm bluish-violet, the amyloid substance, gums, and 
nuclei different shades of red, resins blue, tannin, foxy- 
red, or brick-red (Bo-wer). Hematoxylin and Safra- 
nin. Stain feebly with dilute Delafield's hematoxylin 
for about 24 hours, wash in water, then in acid alcohol ; 
then stain in Pfitzner's safranin and wash out in 
absolute alcohol (Rabl). The stains may be combined 
in one mixture, as follows : Bohmer's hematoxylin 25 
c.c, safranin (1 per cent, aqueous and alcoholic solu- 
tion) 20 c.c, distilled water 100 c.c. From I to 3 
minutes are required for staining, and before dehy- 
drating treat the section with a weak alcoholic solution 
of picric acid or orange. This combination is re- 
commended for staining marrow, for the inves- 
tigation of the development of blood (Foa). 
Hematoxylin and Rubin and Orange. Stain in 
Ehrlich's hematoxylin, wash in distilled or acidulated 
water, then in water containing a trace of an alkali, 
and then stain in the rubin and orange (Pringle). Kos- 
sinski's Safranin and Indigo-carmin. Stain 
sections in a saturated aqueous solution of indigo-car- 
min, wash in water, then in alcohol, and stain in a 
0.5 per cent, dilute alcoholic solution of safranin. 
Lowenthal's Sodium Picrocarmin. Dissolve 1 gm. 
of caustic soda in 1000 c.c. of distilled water, add 
10 gm. of carmin, boil, filter, and then add distilled 
water to make 2000 c.c. Add gradually, as long as 
agitation causes the ensuing turbidity to disappear, a 

1 per cent, aqueous solution of picric acid. Merkel's 
Carmin and Indigo-carmin. Solution a. Dissolve 

2 gm. of carmin and 8 gm. of borax in 130 c.c. of 
water, b. Dissolve 8 gm. each of indigo-carmin and 
borax in 130 c.c. of water. When required, mix 



STAINS, ETC. 



1404 



STAINING REAGENTS 



equal volumes of a and b. Sections must remain in 
the mixture for 24 hours, and then be placed for l /i an 
hour in a saturated solution of oxalic acid. Methyl- 
green and Bismarck Brown. Stain in Weigert's 
Bismarck brown for a few minutes, wash, and stain in a 
0.5 percent, aqueous solution of methyl-green. Clear 
with bergamot-oil or xylol [List). Methyl-green 
and Rosanilin Nitrate. Stain for a few minutes in a 
0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of methyl-green, wash, 
and stain for from 10 to 15 minutes in a o. 0001 percent, 
aqueous solution of rosanilin nitrate, and wash out 
rapidly in absolute alcohol. Methyl-green and 
Eosin. Mix 60 parts of methyl-green and I of eosin, 
and dissolve in warm 30 per cent, alcohol. Sections stain 
in from 5 to 10 minutes, and should be quickly washed in 
successive alcohols {Calberld). Stain for a few minutes 
in a mixture of 3 parts of absolute alcohol and I part 
of a 0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of eosin, wash, and 
stain for 5 minutes in a 0.5 per cent, aqueous solution 
of methyl-green (List). Methyl-violet and Eosin. 
(Schiefferdecker). Proceed as for anilin green and 
eosin, using a I per cent, aqueous solution of methyl- 
violet. Orcein. A vegetable dye obtained from tinc- 
torial lichens, which unites in itself the properties of 
basic and acid stains, and also 2 contrast-colors. A 
saturated acetic-acid solution is used. After staining, 
the section is washed in distilled water, immersed in 
alcohol, and quickly transferred to cedar-oil, in which 
it is mounted. Nuclei are colored blue and protoplasm 
red. Pianese Double Stain. Prepare a saturated 
solution of nigrosin in a saturated alcoholic solution of 
picric acid ; mix 2 volumes of this with I volume of 
anilin-water, and evaporate in open air. The crystals 
deposited are dissolved in absolute alcohol, and from 
this solution green crystals are obtained soluble in 
alcohol, ether, and water. For tissues, make a 2 per 
cent, solution in alcohol, for microorganisms, in water. 
Stain sections first in lithium-carmin, treat with acid 
alcohol, wash, and immerse in an alcoholic solution of 
picro-nigrosin until they assume a brown hue. Decolor- 
ize in oxalic acid. Nuclei are stained red, plasma dark- 
yellow ; cartilage yellow ; connective tissue pale-green ; 
elastic fibers violet. Picro-lithium-carmin. See 
Orth's carmin stains. Ranvier's Ammonium-picro- 
carmin. Dissolve I gm. of carmin in 3 c.c. of stronger 
ammonia and 5 c.c. of distilled water by gentle heat, 
then add 200 c.c. of a saturated, aqueous solution of 
picric acid, boil, and filter. This stain is valuable for 
complex tissues, like skin. Ranvier's Picrocarmin. 
This gives a double stain without the use of an acid or 
an alkali. Add a saturated, ammoniacal solution of car- 
min to a saturated, aqueous solution of picric acid until 
precipitation just appears, mix well, and leave protected 
from dust, in shallow vessels, to crystallize. When the 
bulk is reduced to y^, decant the liquid, filter, and evap- 
orate it to dryness on a water-bath. Dissolve the residue 
and the crystalline deposit in water, filter, and evaporate 
to dryness. A I per cent, solution of the resulting brown 
powder yields a good stain. Renaut's Eosin-hema- 
toxylin. Concentrated aqueous solution of potassium 
eosin 30 c.c, saturated alcoholic solution of hematoxylin 
40 c.c, saturated solution of potassium-alum in glycerin 
(sp. gr. I.26) 130 c.c. Mix, and stand aside for 5 or 6 
weeks in a vessel covered with a sheet of perforated 
paper, until the alcohol is evaporated, and then filter. 
This reagent stains slowly. Objects may be mounted 
in the solution diluted with from I to 2 volumes of 
glycerin ; the tissues gradually absorb the colors, leaving 
the medium colorless. This solution has a selective 
action on the cells of salivary and gastric glands ; 
mucous cells become pale-blue, salivary ferment-cells 
rose-colored. Safranin and Indigo-carmin {Kossins- 



ki). Sections are stained for from 10 to 20 minutes 
in a saturated solution of indigo-carmin, and, after wash- 
ing in water and then alcohol, are stained in a 0.5 per 
cent, solution of safranin in dilute alcohol. The same 
author also recommends safranin and nigrosin, and 
stains first in a o. I per cent, aqueous solution of nigrosin 
for 3 to 5 minutes. Stbhr's Picro-carmin. Dissolve 
1 gm. of carmin in 50 c.c. of water and 5 c.c. of liquor 
ammonise, then add 50 c.c. of a saturated solution of 
picric acid. Leave the mixture for 2 or 3 days in a 
large, flat evaporating dish, then filter, and add a drop 
of chloroform to the filtrate to preserve it. Weigert's 
Picrocarmin. In a vessel protected from evaporation 
soak for 24 hours 2 gm. of carmin in 4 gm. of ammonia. 
Add 200 gm. of a concentrated solution of picric acid, 
and put the whole away for 24 hours more. Acetic acid 
is then added until the first precipitate appears. After 
another 24 hours, a precipitate will be formed that can 
only be partially removed by filtration. Now add 
ammonia, drop by drop, at intervals of 24 hours, until 
the solution becomes clear. If it stains too yellow, add 
acetic acid ; if too red, a little ammonia. VII. Stains 
for Microorganisms. Balmer-Franzel's Anilin 
Gentian-violet. Gentian- violet 2 gm., anilin-water 
100 c.c. Filter before using. Borofuchsin. This con- 
sists of equal parts of boric acid and fuchsin dissolved in 
dilute alcohol. Carbolic Black-brown. Black-brown 

1 gm. , absolute alcohol 10 c c , aqueous solution of car- 
bolic acid 100 c.c. Dissolve the dye in the alcohol, and 
add the carbolic acid. Cose and Simon's Gentian- 
violet. Gentian-violet 2 gm.,goper cent, alcohol 5 c.c. , 
anilin-water 100 c.c. Ehrlich's Anilin Gentian- 
violet. Five c.c. of a saturated alcoholic solution of 
gentian-violet and ioocc. of anilin-water. Ehrlich- 
Weigert's Solutions. I. Anilin-water 100 c.c, con- 
centrated alcoholic solution of fuchsin 11 c.c, absolute 
alcohol 10 c.c. Methyl-violet may be substituted for 
the fuchsin. Keeps about 2 weeks. 2. Saturated alco- 
holic solution of methyl-violet 11 c.c, anilin-water 100 
c.c, absolute alcohol 10 c.c. Fraenkel's Polychro- 
matic Stain, a. Fuchsin-solution. b. Ninety per 
cent, alcohol 50 c.c, distilled water 30 c.c, nitric acid 
20 c.c, methylene-blue as much as will dissolve ; filter. 
c. Alcohol 70 c.c, nitric acid 30 c.c, Bismarck brown 
as much as will dissolve. Stain tubercle-bacilli prepar- 
ations in solution a, then in b. The bacilli will appear 
red and the nuclei and other bactetia blue. If a blue 
stain is used first the specimen may be counterstained 
in solution c, the nuclei then being brown. Fried- 
lander's Fuchsin. Fuchsin I gm., glacial acetic acid 

2 c c , 90 per cent, alcohol 5 c.c. , distilled water 100 c. c. 
Friedlander's Gentian-violet. See Staining of 
Microorganisms, Pneitmo-bacillus of Friedlander. 
Fuchsin. {Concentrated Alcoholic") Fuchsin 25 gm., 
absolute alcohol 100 c.c. {Aqueous.} Fuchsin I gm., 
90 per cent, alcohol 20 c.c, distilled water 80 c.c. 
Gentian- violet. 1. {Concentrated Alcoholic.') Gen- 
tian-violet 25 gm., absolute alcohol 100 c.c. 2. {Aque- 
ous. ) Gentian-violet I gm. , 90 per cent, alcohol 20 c.c. , 
distilled water 80 c.c. Gibbes' Double Stain. (See 
Staining of Microorganisms, Gibbes' Method. ) Gibbes' 
Magenta. Fuchsin (magenta) 2 gm. , anilin-oil 3 gm., 
90 per cent, alcohol 20 c.c, distilled water 20 c.c. 
Gold Orange. See Staining of Microorganisms, 
Uhna's Method. Koch's Differentiating or Poly- 
chromatic Stain, a. Koch's methylene-blue solution. 
b. Aqueous solution of Bismarck brown. Preparations 
of tubercle-bacilli are stained first in a, then in b. The 
blue of the nuclei and other bacteria is changed to 
brown, while the tubercle-bacilli retain the blue color. 
Koch's Methylene-blue. Saturated alcoholic methy- 
lene-blue solution 1 c.c, iopercent. solution of caustic 



STAINS, ETC. 



1405 



ZOOLOGIC METHODS 



potash 0.2 c.c. , distilled water 200 c.c. Kiihne's 
Carbolic Methylene-blue. Methylene-blue 1.5 gm. , 
absolute alcohol ioc.c, 5 percent, aqueous solution of 
carbolic acid 100 c.c. Rub up the dye in the alcohol, 
and add, slowly, the carbolic acid. Deteriorates with 
age. Kiihne's Methyl-violet. Methyl-violet 1 gin., 
distilled water 90 c.c, alcohol 100 c.c. When using 
add 1 drop of nitric acid to each 50 c.c. of the stain. 
Loeffler's Methylene-blue. Thirty c.c. of a concen- 
trated alcoholic methylene-blue solution are added to 
100 c.c of a solution of caustic potash (0.01 : 100). 
Filter before using. Methyl-violet. I. {Alcoholic.) 
Methyl-violet 25 gms. , absolute alcohol 100 c.c. 2. 
[Aqueous.) Methyl-violet I gm. , alcohol 20 c.c, dis- 
tilled water 80 c.c. Neelsen or Ziehl-Neelsen 
Carbol-fuchsin. See Fuchsin. Ribbert's Dahlia- 
violet. See Staining of Microorganisms, Pneitmococcus. 
Rindfleisch's Fuchsin. Distilled water, 90 per cent, 
alcohol, nitric acid, each 50 c.c. , and enough fuchsin to 
saturate. Add the fuchsin gradually and stir frequently. 
Used for staining tubercle-bacilli. Sahli's Methyl- 
ene-blue. Distilled water 40 c.c, saturated, aque- 
ous solution of methylene-blue 24 c.c, borax-solu- 
tion (5 per cent.) 16 c.c. Used when anilin-oil 
is not available. Trenkmann's Gentian-violet 
Anilin-water. A drop of a concentrated, alcoholic 
solution of gentian-violet is let fall into a test-glass 
and 10 c.c. of water are added. Half of this is then 
poured away and the glass filled with anilin-water; a 
solution is thus obtained that remains clear and stains 
the bacteria deeply, but the ground very slightly. Cover- 
glasses should remain about ^ an hour in the staining 
fluid. Watson Cheyne's Contrast-stain. Saturated 
alcoholic solution of methylene-blue 20 c.c, distilled 
water 100 c.c, formic acid (sp. gr. 1.2) I c.c. Used 
after staining in fuchsin anilin-water. Place sections 
in the solution for from I to 2 hours. Weigert's 
Differentiating Stain. A. Aqueous solution of gen- 
tian-violet ; B. acidulated {acetic acid) picro-carmin. 
Stain sections in A, then in B. The blue of the nuclei 
will be altered to red and the bacteria will remain 
blue. Weigert's Gentian-violet. Gentian-violet 2 
gm. , ammonium hydroxid 0.5 c.c, distilled water 90 
c.c. , absolute alcohol 10 c.c. ; mix and filter. Ziehl's 
Fuchsin. Filtered, saturated, aqueous solution of 
carbolic acid 90 parts, saturated alcoholic solution of 
fuchsin 10 parts. Used for staining the typhoid- 
bacillus. Ziehl's or Ziehl-Neelsen's Solution. 
See Staining of Microorganisms, Ki'thne 's Fuchsin. 

ZOOLOGIC METHODS. 
Annelids. The blood-vessels of annelids may be 
demonstrated by treating them for 2 or 3 hours with 
aqua regia (2 parts of hydrochloric acid to 4 parts of 
nitric acid). The animals should be laid open before 
being put into the mixture. The vessel-walls appear 
black on a yellow ground. The nerves may be brought 
to view by staining with methylene-blue (see Staining 
Reagents). Ehler's fluid (see Fixing Fluids) is 
recommended for fixing and hardening. The intestine 
of Lu?nbricus may be cleansed by putting the animal 
into a tall glass jar filled with scraps of moistened blot- 
ting-paper ; they gradually evacuate the earthy contents 
of the gut and fill it with paper {Kiikenthal ). Coffee- 
grounds may be used instead of paper, and are said to 
cut better when embedded. The animals may be nar- 
cotized by exposing them for ^ an hour to the vapor 
of chloroform ; if exposed for a longer period they will 
die in a state of extension. Eyes of Arthropods. 
Hicksori 's Method. Remove the posterior wall of 
the head of a fly, and expose the rest to osmium- 
vapor for 20 minutes ; wash in 60 per cent. 



alcohol, harden in absolute alcohol, and make 
sections. Fix sections to the slide with Mayer's albu- 
min (see Fixatives), remove the paraffin with turpen- 
tine, wash with absolute alcohol, and decolorize by 
inverting the slide over a capsule containing 90 per 
cent, alcohol to which a few drops of nitric acid have 
been added ; wash with pure alcohol. Parker ' s 
Method. For the eye of llomarus. Make paraffin 
sections and fix them to the slide with Schallibaum's 
collodion, treat with alcohol, then with water, and then 
for y 2 a minute with a o. 1 per cent, caustic-potash 
solution ; wash thoroughly, and stain for 3 hours in 
Weigert's hematoxylin (see Staining Reagents) at a 
temperature of 5°° C. ; wash, dehydrate, and mount in 
balsam. Eyes of Gastropods. Carriere's Method. 
Excise the eye and a part of the tentacle ; expose them 
to osmium vapor for a few minutes, and prepare sections 
in the usual way. Fix the sections to the slide with 
Schallibaum's collodion (see Fixatives), decolorize 
with very dilute Javelle water, stain with picro-carmin, 
and mount in dammar. Gelatin Casts. A method for 
making anatomic models, etc., from a combination of 
gelatin 2 oz., glycerin 4 oz., the best Irish glue 4 oz., 
and boiled linseed-oil % oz. Soften the glue in 60 per 
cent, alcohol, melt it, stir in the glycerin and oil, and 
add a few drops of carbolic acid. This mixture has 
the merit of resisting ordinary temperature-changes, 
and models made of it are not softened by heat or 
rendered brittle by cold. In making a cast, melt the 
mixture and pour it into the mold, which should be 
previously wanned. If it is desired to color the casts, 
dry or tube colors may be used, and should be well 
mixed with the glycerin before being added to the glue 
(J. W. Scollick). Infusoria. Asa mechanical means 
of slowing the movements of minute organisms, 
Eismond directs that a drop of a thick, aqueous solu- 
tion of cherry-tree gum be added to the water con- 
taining them, and an intra vitam stain may be 
obtained by adding methylene-blue to the gum-solution. 
Jensen prepares a solution of 3 gm. of gelatin in 100 
c.c. of water, which is a jelly at the ordinary tempera- 
ture ; for use it is warmed, and a drop of it is mixed in 
a watch-glass with a drop of water containing the 
organisms. This method inhibits movement while 
preserving life, and is recommended for vivisection. 
Living Infusoria may be stained in very dilute solutions 
of cyanin, methylene-blue, and other anilins, in the 
medium that constitutes their natural habitat. They 
may also be examined in a colored medium which does 
not stain them, but which simply serves as a dark back- 
ground. For this purpose a solution of anilin black is 
recommended ; the organisms will live in this for several 
weeks. Cattaneo fixes the organisms for a few minutes 
in a 0.33 per cent, aqueous solution of palladium chlorid, 
or with the double chlorid of gold and cadmium, which 
demonstrates the nuclei better than the palladium. 
Brass treats protozoa that are opaque through accumula- 
tion of nutritive material for a few minutes with 
Kleinenberg's fluid and then with boiling water ; from 
this they are brought into water containing a little 
ammonia. To stain, neutralize the ammonia by adding 
acetic acid, and bring into borax-carmin ; wash, and 
•mount in dilute glycerin. The method of Certes is as 
follows : Expose the organisms to osmium-vapor for 
from 10 to 30 minutes, cover, and remove the excess 
of liquid with bibulous paper. Prepare a solution of 
picrocarmin, I part, in I part each of water and 
glycerin, and place a little of this stain at the edge of 
the cover-glass; place the slide in a moist chamber, 
and when the water has evaporated and the glycerin 
taken its place, strong glycerin is added and gradually 
substituted for the dilute. The organisms thus prepared 



STAINS, ETC. 



1406 



STANDSTILL 



are fixed in their natural forms, and the nuclear struc- 
tures clearly brought out by the picrocarmin. Larvae of 
Echinodermata. Platens larvae are placed for 2 or 3 
minutes in a cold, saturated solution of corrosive subli- 
mate, then washed in water and stained with Mayer's 
cochineal (see Staining Reagents). The stain should be 
diluted so as to possess a barely perceptible tinge of 
color, and the objects left in it from 12 to 24 hours. 
They are then mounted in balsam or oil of cloves (Bar- 
rios). This method is equally applicable to other forms. 
Medusae. Van Beneden' s Method. This consists in 
pouring glacial acetic acid over the organisms, and after 
5 or 6 minutes washing them in alcohol, changing it 
frequently, and gradually increasing its strength. It is 
said that the tentacles may be kept from rolling up by 
imparting a swirling motion to the fixing fluid, putting 
in but one medusa at a time, and keeping up the vortex 
motion until the animal is fixed. The Herlwigs' 
Method. For the study of the nervous system. The 
organisms are treated with a mixture of equal parts of 
0.05 per cent, osmic acid and 0.2 per cent, acetic acid, 
and after 2 or 3 minutes washed in 0.1 per cent, 
acetic acid until every trace' of osmic acid is removed. 
They are then placed in o. I per cent, acetic acid for 
24 hours, washed in water, stained with Beale's carmin, 
and mounted in glycerin. Nerve and Muscle of 
Arthropods. Place a number of Milnesium tarai 
gradum in a test-tube containing water from which the 
air has been expelled by boiling. Cover the surface of 
the water with a drop of oil, so as to exclude the air. 
After 24 hours or more the animals will be found fixed 
and extended in a cataleptic state, and they can then be 
examined in boiled water. They are quite transparent 
in this condition, and the nervous and muscular systems 
stand out distinctly. Porifera. Small sponges may 
be fixed by the usual reagents, preferably by osmic acid, 
and should be immediately transferred to absolute 
alcohol and stained with an alcoholic solution— Mayer's 
cochineal solution is recommended (see Staining 
Reagents). Sections may be made by decalcifying in 
alcohol acidified with hydrochloric acid, and then 
embedding in paraffin in the usual way. Rotifers. The 
living animal may be examined after quieting with warm 
water or a 2 per cent, solution of cocain hydrochlorate. 
For permanent preservation Rousselet recommends 
the following process. Place the animals in a trough 
containing water, and narcotize them by adding cocain 
of 1 or 2 per cent, strength ; watch them under the 
microscope until the cilia cease to vibrate, and then 
fix them in Flemming's strong solution, which should 
be introduced into the trough by means of a pipet. 
After 15 minutes wash them in several changes of 
distilled water, and mount in distilled water containing 
a little Flemming's solution, about 8 drops to 30 c.c. of 
water. Sarcolemma of Insects. To demonstrate 
the two lamellae of the sarcolemma, digest muscle of 
an insect in artificial gastric juice for from y£ to 
I hour, at the temperature of the room in summer, 
and examine in gastric juice. Siphonophora. 
Bedof s Method. Add to the sea-water containing the 
animals a considerable quantity of from 15 to 20 per 
cent, solution of copper sulphate ; this fixes them in a 
few minutes. Add a few drops of nitric acid, and after 
from 4 to 5 hours add Flemming's solution in the 
proportion of 2 parts to I of the sulphate solution. 
After 24 hours, a few drops of a 25 per cent, alcohol are 
introduced by means of a pipet in such a manner as 
to disturb the colony as little as possible ; alcohol of 
gradually increasing strength, up to 70 per cent., is 
cautiously added during the next 14 days, and 90 per 
cent, alcohol is used for preservation. This method has 
the advantage of preserving the specimens with all 



their swimming-bells and polyps in situ. Trematodes. 
Fisher's Method. These forms may be preserved 
entire as follows : Treat Opisthotrema cochleare with 
absolute alcohol, then stain with hematoxylin or picro- 
carmin, clear in clove-oil, and mount in balsam. 
Trichinae. Examination of the living parasite. 
Place a piece of trichinized muscle about the size of a 
cherry-stone in a bottle containing 3 gr. of pepsin, 2 
dr. of water, and 2 drops of hydrochloric acid ; keep 
at 98° F. for about 3 hours, shaking occasionally. 
When the flesh and cysts are dissolved, pour the fluid 
into a conical glass and let it settle. The trichinae 
are then drawn off with a pipet, placed on a slide 
with water, and examined on a warm stage (Barnes). 
Stalaxis {stal-aks'-is). Synonym of Staxis. 
Stalk (stawh) [ME., stalken\. Any lengthened sup- 
port to an organ. 
Stallion {stal'-yon) [ME., stalyone, stallion]. The 

male of the horse. 
Stamen (sta'-men) [orr/fiuv, a thread as spun, the warp 
in the loom : pi. , Stamens~\. In biology, the pollen- 
bearing organ of the flower, when complete con- 
sisting of a stalk or filament and a pollen-sac or anther. 
Stamina {stand -in-ah) [orijfiuv] . Natural strength 

of constitution. Vigor. Inherent force. 
Staminal {stand -in-al) [cTT/fiuv, a thread]. Pertaining 

to a stamen. 
Staminate {stam' -in- at) [arrjfiuv, a thread]. Possessing 
stamens. Applied to flowers which have stamens 
but not pistils. 
Staminidium {statn-in-id'-e-um) [(jt///juv, a thread : 

pi. , Staminidia~\. An Antlieridium. 
Staminiferous {stam-in-if '-er-ns) \_arijnuv, a thread ; 

ferre, to bear]. Bearing stamens. 
Staminigerous [stam-in-ij 1 '-er-us). Same as Staminif- 
erous. 
Staminode {stand -in-od). Same as Staminodium. 
Staminodium {stam-in-o' '-de-uni) [orr//i(jv, a thread ; 
e'tdog, form]. In biology, a stamen-like organ ; a 
rudimentary or aborted stamen ; a parastemon. See 
Lepal. 
Staminody {stand - in- -de) [aTTj/xuv, a thread; eMoc, 
form]. In biology, the conversion of various organs 
of a flower into stamens. 
Stammer {stam'-er) [ME., stameren, to stammer]. To 
utter with hesitation. To articulate only after repeated 
attempts; to stutter. In a wider sense, any speech- 
disturbance is called a slammer. 
Stammers' Cell. See Cell. 

Stanch {stanch, or stawnch) [ME. , staunche, stanch]. 
To check or stop (a flow) ; as to stanch a hemor- 
rhage or a wound. 
Stand [ME., stauden, to stand]. To have an upright 
posture. Also, a frame or a table to place things 
upon. S., Microscope, the tripod or base of the 
microscope with the tube, but without eye-pieces and 
objectives. 
Standard {stan'-dard) [ME., standard ; extendere, to 
spread out]. An established rule or model. A cri- 
terion for comparison. See Vexillum. 
Standardization {stan-dar-diz-a'-shun)['ME., standard, 
standard]. Regulation by a standard ; conformity to 
or use as a standard of comparison ; the bringing of 
a preparation up to a definite standard. 
Standstill {stand'-stil) [ME., standen, to stand; ME., 
stille, still], A state of quiescence dependent upon 
suspended action. S., Expiratory, suspension of 
action at the end of expiration. S., Inspiratory, a 
halt in the respiratory cycle at the end of inspiration 
when the lungs are filled with air. The condition 
can be produced by stimulating the central end of the 
cut vagus. S., Respiratory, suspended respiration. 



STANNIC 



1407 



STAR 



Stannic (start' -ik) [stannum, tin]. Pertaining to stan- 
num. or tin. S. Acid, II.,SnO :) , a gelatinous, white 
precipitate, which, on drying, forms a semi-transparent, 
vitreous mass. It is dibasic. S. Anhydrid, tin oxid. 
S. Hydroxid. See S. Acid. 

Stanniol (stan f -ne-oT) \stannun, tin]. Tin-foil. 

Stannius's Experiments. Experiments showing the 
action of the various cavities of the frog's heart under 
stimulation. 

Stannum (stan'-um) [I..: gen., Stanni\ See Tin. 

Stapedectomy (sta-pe-deiY -to-me)\sta$es, stirrup; EK.Tofj.ij, 
excision]. Surgical removal of the stapes. 

Stapedio-vestibular (sta-pe' ' -de-o-vcs-tib' '-u-lar) [L., 
stapes, stapes; vestibuhan, vestibule]. Relating to 
the stapes and the margin of the fenestra ovalis. 

Stapedius (sta-pe' -de-us). See Muscles, Table of. 

Stapes (sta'-pez) [L., a stirrup]. The stirrup-shaped 
bone of the middle ear articulating with the incus and 
the fenestra ovalis. 

Staphisagria (staf-is-a' -gre-ah) [_ara<plc, dried grape ; 
aypioc, wild : gen., Staphysagria"]. Stavesacre. The 
seed of Delphinium staphisagria. Its properties are due 
to an alkaloid, delphinin, C 22 H. i5 NO B , and other extrac- 
tives. It is a violent emetic, cathartic, and parasiticide. 
It lowers the activity of the heart, producing adyna- 
mia. It is used internally in asthma and rheumatism, 
and externally for itch and lice. S., Ung., unof., I 
part of powdered seeds with 2 each of olive-oil and 
lard. Delphinin. Unof. Dose gr. ^-\. 

Staphisagrin (sta-fis-a'-grin) [oralis, dried grape; 
aypwc, wild]. An amorphous alkaloid obtained from 
Stavesacre. 

Staphylaea (staf-il-e'-ah). Synonym of Staphylea. 

Staphylagrum (staf-il-a'-grum) [oratyvAi], uvula; 
aypeiv, to take hold of]. An old instrument formerly 
used to hold the uvula during amputation of that 
body. 

Staphyle (staf'-il-e) [_ara<pv?J/, a grape]. The uvula. 

Staphyledema (staf- il-e- de'- mah) \_aTa(pvli], uvula ; 
oidr/fia, edema]. Edema of the uvula. Any morbid 
enlargement of the uvula. 

Staphylematoma (stafil-em-at-o' -mah) \_ara(pvlr), the 
palate ; ali/ia, blood]. Hematoma of the palate. 

Staphyleus (staf-il-e'-us) [prayv'Ai], the uvula]. Per- 
taining to the uvula. 

Staphylhematoma (staf- il- hem - at-o'- ma) [oTatyvlrj, 
uvula; atfia, blood; dfia, tumor]. An extravasation 
of blood into the uvula. 

Staphyline (staf'-il-in) [_ryra<j>v?^ , uvula]. Pertaining 
to the uvula or to the entire palate. S. Glands. 
Synonym of Palatine Glands. 

Staphylinopharyngeus (staf- il- in - o -far- in-je'- us) 
[oTatyvAi], uvula; (papvyij, pharynx]. Relating to the 
pharynx and the palate. 

Staphylinotherapeutics (staf- il- in -0- titer -ap-u'-tiks) 
\_a-a<j>v\ij , uvula ; therapeutics^. See Grape-cure. 

Staphylinus (stafil-i'-nus) \_ara(pv/\?/, uvula]. Syno- 
nym of Staphyleus. S. externus, abductor of the 
Eustachian tube. S. internus, elevator of the palate. 
S. medius, azygos uvulse. See Muscles, Table of. 

Staphylion (sta-fl'-e-on) [pra^vAr), uvula]. The mid- 
dle point of the posterior nasal spine. See Cranio- 
metric Points. 

Staphylitis (staf-il-i' -tis) \oTa<pv?.t) , uvula ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the uvula. 

Staphylium (sta-fil' -e-um) \_oTa<bv~/.ij , a bunch of grapes]. 
The mammary nipple. 

Staphylo- (staf'-il-o-) \_ara<pv'Ai/, uvula]. A prefix used 
to denote connection with the uvula. 

Staphylocausticum (stah-il-o-kaws' '-tik-um) [orafv/\q, 
the uvula; KavariKoc, caustic]. A caustic used for 
application to the uvula. 



Staphylococcus (staf-il-o-kok-us) [araQv/Mi, grape; 
kokkuc, a berry]. A micrococcus. Used by Rosenbach 
as a generic name for the pus-cocci described by him. 
" Staphylococci are characterized by the fact that, for 
the most part, the individual cocci in a culture are 
solitary." (Sternberg.) See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Staphylodialysis (stafil-o-di-al'-is-is) [<rra0iM;), uvula ; 
dialvoic, relaxation]. Relaxation of the uvula. 

Staphyloma (stafil-o'-ma/i) [oratpvAi/, grape ; dfia, 
tumor: //. , Staphylomata~\. A giving way or bulging 
of the cornea or sclera of the eye and the formation 
of a tumor. S., Annular, one surrounded on all 
sides by atrophic choroid. S., annulare, S. scle- 
rotica; in the ciliary region extending around the entire 
corneal margin. S., Anterior. See Keratoglobtts. 
S. anticum sclerse. Synonym of S., Ciliary. S., 
Ciliary, one in the region of the ciliary body. S. 
conicum. Synonym of S. pelluciduni. S. cornea, 
a bulging of the cornea, the result of traumatism or 
chronic inflammation, due to a thinning of the mem- 
brane, with or without previous ulceration. The 
cornea is opaque, and, at times, thickened instead 
of thinned. By some the term is restricted in its 
application to a protrusion beginning in prolapse 
of the iris, iridic tissue replacing the cornea. S. 
cornea racemosum, S. cornea; with perforation at 
several points, through which small portions of the 
iris protrude. S., Intercalary, one developing in 
that region of the sclera which is united with the 
periphery of the iris. S. iridis, hernia of the iris. 
S. laterale, staphyloma situated on one side of the 
equator of the eyeball. S. pellucidum, a term for the 
transparent ectasia of the cornea. S., Posterior, bulg- 
ing backward of the sclerotic at the posterior pole of 
the eye. S., Projecting. Synonym of S. pellucidum. 
S. sclerae, a protrusion of the sclerotic at any point in 
its circumference. It is due to long-standing intra- 
ocular inflammation. S. uveae, a protrusion of a por- 
tion of the uveal tract through a perforated sclera. 

Staphylomatic, Staphylomatous (staf-il-o-mat'-ik, 
staf-il-o'-mat-us) [p-oipv'XTj, grape ; 6/ta, tumor]. Per- 
taining to, of the nature of, or affected with, staphy- 
loma. 

Staphyloncus (stafil-ong'-ktts) [araipv/Xtj, uvula ; bynoc, 
tumor]. Swelling of the uvula. 

Staphylo-pharyngorrhaphy (staf-il-ofar-in-gor'-a-fe). 
See Passavattf s Operation in Operations, Table of 

Staphyloplasty (staf- il- -plas - te) [arafyv'/j], uvula ; 
TiXaaaeiv, to mold]. A plastic operation for the 
closure of cleft palate. See Mosetig-Moorhof's, 
Schonbeiri' s, and Trendelenberg ' s Operations, in Opera- 
tions, Table of. 

Staphyloptosis (staf-il-op-to' -sis) [ara<j>v?4, uvula ; tttu- 
(jiq, falling]. Abnormal elongation of the uvula. 

Staphylorrhaphy (staf- il- or'- a -fe) [ara^vArj, uvula ; 
paqi), suture]. Suture of the lips of a cleft palate or 
uvula. See Fergusson' s and Pollock' s Operations, in 
Operations, Table of. 

Staphylotomy (staf'-il-o-tom) \ara.tyv/\?], uvula ; to/i?/, a 
cutting]. A cutting instrument used in staphylotomy. 

Staphylotomy (staf-il-ot'-o-me) [orapvXi/ , uvula ; to/i?/, 
a cutting]. Amputation of the uvula. 

Staphylygroma (stafil-ig-ro'-mah) [rjTatpv?ii/, the uvula ; 
i<yp6c, wet] . Synonym of Staphyledema. 

Star [ME., starre, star]. I. A celestial body appear- 
ing as a luminous point. 2. In biology, applied to 
various radiate structures, granules, cells, groups of 
ceils, or organisms. S. Anise. See Illichim. S.v- 
cells, endothelial cells of vessels, first described by 
Kupffer and regarded as nervous elements on account 
of their shape and thin, elongated processes, but after- 



STARCH 



1408 



STARCH 



ward shown to belong to the endothelial tissues ; they having both hilum and concentric rings invisible in the 

have the power of enclosing various granules ; Kupf- majority of granules. It includes the starches of wheat, 

fer's cells. S., Daughter. See Blaster. S. Grass. barley, rye, chestnut, and acorn, and a variety of 

See Aletris. S. -ridges. See Sclerosepta. Ss. of starches from medicinal plants, such as jalap, rhubarb, 

Verheyen. See Verheyen. senega, etc. IV. The sago-group comprises those 

Starch {starch) [ME., starche~\, C 6 H 10 O 5 . Amylum, starches of which all the granules are truncated at one 

q. v., one of the most widely-spread plant-substances, end. It includes sago, tapioca, and arum, together 

being found in nearly all plants above the fungi, with the starch from belladonna, colchicum, scammony, 

except, perhaps, Monotropa, and in nearly all the podophyllum, canella, aconite, cassia, and cinnamon, 

organs of plants, though not at all seasons. It occurs V. The rice-group. In this group all the starches are 

most abundantly in the seeds, tubers, bulbs, roots, and angular or polygonal in form. It includes oats, rice 

rhizomes, also in the pith, bark, and leaves. Starch is, buckwheat, maize, dari, pepper, as well as ipecacu- 

perhaps, the most important of the heat-givers or force- anha. In addition to the differences in form and 
producers in the food of plant-eating 

animals. The following table, after 

Church and Krocker, gives the quan- J0BI?0/^K $ -m, £$*. ) fS &) <*V? H\ 

tities of starch in ioo lbs. of several wgl:' \ ill^i&!llw ^\ ® rm v~ • (V^ 1 ^4l 

kinds of vegetable products and pre- J^^^^^ft J-^ 1 - Wp^ \2/ ^P^^ 1 ^'^ - - 'f^^'\ 

Sago, tapioca, arrow-root, corn- i^IL ffi ffinrffi r JoeS*!: ^HfeBUg /CiJ$^4c\ : y tyUk </* 

Maile,'. .:::.:::::: \ll -$ '" %$ (,,, \%eW^; td ~, 3^v c3^ c^ 

Buckwheat, without husks, . .44-64 ^H^'-V ^&&0 4or^ && (7~i O ^=^ 

Millet, without husks 64 ^afe*' v *'v_/ ""^ Vi/ 1 *-' 

Scotch oatmeal 63 Potato-starch. Tapioca 

Beans, 36-52 

Peas, 39-51 

Wheaten bread, 48 4^ //v\ . /5*n<S} /a _^_ f=t 

Wheaten bran, 44 %J W W) riLaQ\ ¥1© U 

Oats, whole 37-40 /^v — f?^~ r PVikS- 1 M2K ° 

Lentils 40 &]SjL &J ^ O £© _. 

Potatoes 10-24 ffn Dnu <£> r2v=^\ t**\ ¥$i^3 M^S Q/rz-> /*=vyvv jtt\ o~. 

Starch occurs in peculiar forms /^ >« ^T^Y^&J C© /i\ tfx3/V*^^^iQ r! ^ O cs 

called granules or grains, which in 7a!T< 3 £^ ^r^tC^k J3k ^Skilw»K^" ^STS'° 

shape, size, and markings are often zj\ ^^^JjV^P(Ffc *$ if/^O ^Od"<? %*^ ©5' ^- 

quite characteristic of the different V^ (EIL? % /sT^T Rio Arrow-root. 

plants in which they occur. These %>•*-' /fjyjKC^ t^ C\ \> 

form a white, glistening powder, ^Ka^ ^^ 

insoluble in cold water, but nearly Maize. 

completely dissolved by hot water. 

When heated with water the gran- tf^S^^. rT?**. 'fr*\ / / " v — J g ~~\. /P\^7*V 

ules swell up at 50 C. , burst, par- if^h Wh^^^^/^0iK^ C'VH ^^^^fei^ ' ■ ''^Jts^xI 

tially dissolve, and form starch-paste. ygj&' ||s ^^^"^O^^Tf^^v V^'J tS^ ^W^^^?'^ ^^Sy 

The soluble portion is called granu- ^^^W^m Ife^* ^Slp ^ / ^ $=rj$ fflv^^c^^j 

/dw, the insoluble, starch-cellulose. ^^^^WS^^^-. wJS$$W®L f ■ ' '^r^*^^ /§^i)S y££^ 

Iodin produces a characteristic blue /^Hy^ \^f^ V.? ^i^p£rtn \S^^^-^^ i >Ot .Jr<JI"^, 

coloration with starch. The most ^SpK^^lSlhr (^^ <&\^&r /C^^^M^^'^I/^^^K^ 

complete enumeration and classifica- iO ^^^| ■ >C ^-f Mf/^W uJl J^\^^l\[ a VI 

tion of starches is that of Muter as C^L/£J^E^ V^/^tm!L ^» >fr jl A^^yI^*!^' 

amplified by Allen and Blyth, by 0m£r VT*^? |JlOf%H '-^fe§ ^X-/ VT J 

which they are divided into five jSf^^Ms^ ,_. f^ ^1^^ : ^jfH5lfcfc£>^ 

groups, on the basis of their phys- t^ (jgp J^S f ''|V^P H*-'/v'f 

ical and microscopic differences, as i*^r \^C ssasis^ -^/ 

follows: I. 7%*? potato-group in- Bermuda Arrow-root. Sago of Commerce. 

eludes such oval or ovate starches 

as give a play of colors when examined by polar- marking mentioned, the starch-granules differ in size 

ized light and a selenite plate, and having the hilum according to their different sources, so that under 

and concentric rings clearly visible. It includes the microscope they can be distinguished by the 

tout les mois, or canna arrow-root, potato-starch, mar- measurement of the average diameter of the granule, 

anta, or St. Vincent arrow-root, Natal arrow-root, and This ranges, according to Karmarsch, from .01 to .1S5 

curcuma arrow-root. II. The leguminous starches millimeter, or from .0004 to .0079 inch. See Tests, 

comprise such round or oval starches as give little or Table of. S., Animal. See Glycogen. S.-bath. 

no color with polarized light, have concentric rings all See Bath. S., Corn, a substance that has very small 

but invisible, though becoming apparent in many cases granules, is highly nutritive, and is obtained from In- 

on treating the starch with chromic acid, while the dian corn. S. -enema, an enema consisting of 

hilum is well-marked and cracked or stellate. It in- starch-water. S., Gelatinized, a preparation used as a 

eludes the starches of the bean, pea, and lentil. III. test in the U. S. Ph. S., Hepatic. See Glycogen. 

The wheat-group comprises those round or oval starches S., Hydrated, a paste produced by adding hot water 



STARTIVS LOTION 



1409 



STATURE 



to starch. S., Iceland. Synonym of Lichenin. S. 
Iodid, a compound of starch with iodin. S., Iodized, 
starch that has been acted upon by iodin. S. of the 
Liver. See Glycogen. S. and Opium Clyster, the 
opium-enema. S. -sugar. See Dextrose and Glucose. 

Startin's Lotion. A lotion much used in acute vesic- 
ular eczema. It consists of oxid of zinc ]/ z ounce, 
prepared powdered calamin 4 scruples, glycerin I 
ounce, lime-water 7 ounces. Cheese-cloth cut in 
strips may be dipped into this and bound on the parts 
with a roller. S.'s Mixture. A mixture frequently 
used in the treatment of Acne vulgaris. It consists 
of sulphate of iron 2 grains, sulphate of magnesium 
\ l / 2 drams, dilute sulphuric acid 15 minims, infusion 
of quassia I ounce. This is taken three times a day 
immediately after meals. It acts as an aperient, and 
also corrects the anemia. 

Starvation (s/ar-va'-shun) [Ger., sterben, to die]. I. 
Death from hunger. 2. Severe hunger ; extreme 
suffering from hunger or from cold. Deprivation of 
anything essential to nutrition or the proper discharge 
of the functions of the body. S.-Cure. See Hunger- 
cure ; Fasting. 

Starve (sfarv) [ME., sterven, to die]. To perish from 
lack of food. 

Starwort (star'-wurt). See Aletris. 

Stas's Process. A process for the separation of al- 
kaloids from organic matter in cases of suspected 
poisoning. It is based on the principle that the salts 
of the alkaloids are soluble in water and in ethyl- 
alcohol, but not in ether, amyl-alcohol, benzene, 
chloroform, or acetic ether ; while the uncombined 
alkaloids (or most of them) are nearly insoluble in 
water, but are more or less soluble in ether and the 
other solvents named. 

Stas-Otto Method. A method of extracting the pu- 
trefactive alkaloids from tissues. It depends upon 
the fact that the salts of the alkaloids are soluble in 
water and in alcohol, and generally insoluble in ether, 
while the free alkaloids are soluble in ether, and may 
be removed from alkaline fluids by agitation with 
ether. The method is applied as follows : " Treat the 
mass with twice its weight of pure 90 per cent, alco- 
hol, and from 10 to 30 grains of tartaric or oxalic acid ; 
digest the whole for some time at about 70 C. and 
filter. Evaporate the filtrate at a temperature not ex- 
ceeding 35° C. , either in a strong current of air or 
in vacuo over sulphuric acid. Take up the residue 
with absolute alcohol, filter, and evaporate again at a 
low temperature. Dissolve the residue in water, 
alkalinize with sodium bicarbonate, and agitate with 
ether. After separation, remove the ether and allow 
it to evaporate spontaneously. The residue may be 
further purified by redissolving in water and again ex- 
tracting with ether. The method has been modified 
in some of its details, especially by Selmi and 
Marino-Zuco. S.-Otto Process. See Stas's Pro- 
cess. 

Stasis [stah'-zis) [araa/g ; lardvai, to stand]. A con- 
dition of standstill of the current of any of the fluids 
of the body, but especially of the blood, which con- 
dition forms an early stage of the inflammatory pro- 
cess, with resultant migration of the white corpuscles 
and serous exudation. S., Diffusion, stasis in which 
there occurs diffusion of serum or lymph. S., Ven- 
ous, stasis due to venous congestion. 

Stasobasophobia (sta-zo-ba-zo-fo' -be-ali) [araaic, stand- 
ing ; fiaaic, a step, walk; (pO/Sor;, fear]. A peculiar 
fear in consequence of which the act of walking or 
of standing becomes impossible. Cf. Basophobia. 

State (stdt) \_status ; stare, to stand]. A condition. S. 
Medicine, that department of medical study that 
89 



concerns public health, and is in part occupied with the 
statistics of disease. 

Statement (stdt'-ment) [stare, to stand]. A declara- 
tion. S., Ante-mortem, a declaration made im- 
mediately before death, and which if made with the 
consciousness of impending death is legally held as 
binding as a statement sworn to. 

Static (stat'-ik) [arariKog, causing to stand]. At rest. 
In equilibrium. S. Ataxia. See Ataxia. S. Breeze, 
a method of administration of static electricity, con- 
sisting in the withdrawal of a static charge from a 
patient by means of a pointed electrode. S. Elec- 
tricity. See Electricity. S. Pelvis, the bony pelvis. 
S. Shock, a mode of applying Franklinic electricity, 
placing the patient on an insulated stool, and applying 
one pole of a static machine to this platform, while 
the other pole is applied to the body of the patient 
by the operator. S. Test. See Birth. S. Theory. 
See Goltz. 

Statice (stat'-is-e). See Marsh Rosemary. 

Statics [stat'-iks) [arariK//, the art of weighing]. The 
science relating to forces in a condition of equilibrium. 
See Mechanics. 

Station (sta'-shun) [ L. , statio ; stare, to stand]. 
Standing position, or attitude. 

Stationary (sta'-shun-a-re) [stationarius, pertaining to a 
post]. Not moving. A descriptive term applied to 
diseases that remain in the same locality for a period 
without changing their geographic environment, or 
that persist without growing better or worse. S. Air, 
the amount of air which is constantly in the lungs dur- 
ing normal respiration. 

Statistics [sta-tis' -tiks) [status, a state]. A numerical 
collection of facts relating to any subject. S., Medical, 
that part of medicine pertaining to details of mortality, 
climate, and the geographic distribution of diseases. 
S., Vital. Same as S., Medical. 

Statobathmism (stat-o-bath' -viizni) [ararbg, standing, 
fixed; (iaBjioQ, a step, threshold]. In biology, Cope's 
term for inherited growth-energy which has not been 
interfered with by physical energy ; as distinguished 
from physiobathmism and kinetobathmism. Cf. Bath- 
tnism. 

Statoblast {stat'-o-blast) [crardc, standing ; /S/Wrdc, a 
bud, germ]. In biology, in fresh-water Sponges and 
Bryozoa, a modified gemmule or parthenogenetic 
egg, provided with a protective horny envelop, and 
often with one or more layers of surrounding silicious 
spicules. These are produced on the approach of 
winter or in tropical climates just before the dry season. 
The so-called winter egg. See CEleoblast. 

Statoblastic (stal-o-blas'-tik) [araror, standing ; frkacrbt;, 
germ]. Pertaining to a statoblast. 

Statogenesis [stat - o - gen' '- es - is) [orar6g, standing; 
ytveaic, producing]. Same as Statogeny. 

Statogenetic {stat-o-jen-et' -ik) [craroc, standing ; ytveoir, 
genesis]. Of the nature of or pertaining to statogeny. 

Statogeny (sta-toj' -en-e) [araroc, standing; yzveoiQ, 
producing]. In biology, that department of biology 
which treats of the potential or static forms of energy 
involved in the adaptive processes or structure-modifi- 
cations of living organisms ; a form of ergogeny, as 
distinguished from kinetogeny. 

Statometer [stat-om' -et-er) [ararog, standing; jxirpov, 
measure]. See Exophthalmometer. 

Statosphere (stat'-o-sfer) [ararog, standing, fixed; 
a<pa~tpa, a globe]. In biology, the envelop of the 
statoblast of fresh-water sponges and bryozoans. 

Statospore (stat'-o-spor) [arardg, standing, fixed ; 
airopa, seed]. In biology, a resting spore, or hypno- 
spore. 

Stature (stat'-ur~) [statura, stature]. The height of 



STATUS 



1410 



STEATOMATOUS 



any animal when standing. In quadrupeds, it is 
measured at a point over the shoulders. In man, it is 
the measured distance from the heel to the top of the 
head. 

Status (sla'-lus) [L.]. A condition, with the idea of 
permanence or continuance. A stage in disease in 
which, having reached its height, it remains there for 
a time before convalescence begins. S. arthriticus, 
nervous manifestation of masked gout. S. eclamp- 
ticus, the state of a person in eclampsia. S. epilep- 
ticus, a condition, with rise of temperature, symptoms 
of gravity, and, frequently, death, associated with 
epileptic paroxysms succeeding one another rapidly, 
at intervals of a few minutes or an hour or two. 
S. hystericus, the hysteric state. S. nervosus. 
Synonym of Neurasthenia. S. praesens, the state 
of a case at the time the condition is noted. S. 
typhosus, a condition of low, muttering delirium, 
attended with marked prostration, dull and heavy ex- 
pression, congestion of the facial capillaries, stupor, 
mental sluggishness, heavy, dull eyes, contracted 
pupils, marked subsultus tendinum, slipping down 
into the bed, tongue slowly protruded, tremulous, dry 
and brown, the teeth and mouth covered with sordes ; 
all sensibilities seem blunted ; involuntary discharge 
of feces, incontinence of urine from retention ; the 
pulse is small, feeble, dicrotic ; the heart-sounds are 
very weak, the first sound may be inaudible, the 
second is short and relatively accentuated ; venous 
congestion of the lungs naturally follows unless im- 
provement occurs, pulmonary edema supervenes, 
the urine often becomes scanty and bloody, and the 
patient dies. S. vertiginosus, a condition of pro- 
longed vertigo, in the course of which the patient 
for days or weeks together cannot turn or move in any 
fashion without being seized with the extremest 
vertigo. 

Statuvolence (sta-tu'-vo-lens) [status, state ; volens, 
willing]. Autohypnotism ; voluntary somnambulism 
or clairvoyance ; a trance into which one voluntarily 
enters without aid from another. 

Staub's Fluid. A chloro-albuminous solution of mer- 
cury, used in the treatment of syphilis. It consists of 
the following : Bichlorid of mercury and chlorid of 
ammonium each 20 grains, chlorid of sodium I dram, 
liquor ovi albi and distilled water each 4 ounces. Of 
this 20 minims are injected as a dose. 

Stauroplegia (staw-ro-ple'-je-ah) [aravpoq, cross; 
■n^rjyrj, a stroke]. Crossed hemiplegia, or paralysis 
of the arm on one side and the leg on the opposite 
side. 

Stavers (sta'-vers). See Staggers. 

Stavesacre (stavz'-a-ker). See Staphisagria. 

Stay Knot. See Knot. 

Steam [stem) [ME., steem, steam]. The vapor of 
water ; water in a gaseous state. S. -atomizer. See 
Atomizer. S. -doctor, an old name for a Thompsonian 
physician, from the extensive use of steaming and 
sweating made by that school. S.-tug Murmur, the 
double murmur of aortic obstruction and insufficiency. 
It may be expressed by the word hoo-chee, hoo repre- 
senting the obstructive murmur, and chee the regurgi- 
tant murmur. 

Steapsin (stc-ap'-sin) [arkap, fat]. A diastasic ferment 
which causes fats to combine with an additional mole- 
cule of water and then split into glycerin and their 
corresponding acids. See Ferments. 

Stear (ste / -ar) [arkap, fat]. See Adeps. 

Stearaldehyd (ste-ar-aV -de-hid) [arkap, fat; aldehyd\, 
C lg H 36 0. A substance appearing in tablets having a 
bluish luster; it fuses at 63. 5 C. and boils at 192 C. 

Stearate (ste'-ar-at) [ariap, fat] . A salt of stearic acid. 



Stearerin (ste-ar' -er-in) [arkap, fat] . A fatty substance 
found in the oil of sheeps' wool and which is analogous 
to stearin. 

Stearic [ste-ar' '-ik) [arkap, fat]. A name applied to an 
acid derived from fats and oils. S. Aldehyd, C,-H 35 - 
CHO, a substance bearing the same relation to stearic 
acid that an ordinary aldehyd bears to acetic acid. S. 
Acid. See Acid. 

Steariform (ste-ar' -if-orm) [arkap, fat; forma, form]. 
Having the appearance of or resembling fat. 

Stearin (ste'-ar-in) [arkap, fat], C 3 H 5 G> 3 (C I8 H 35 0. i ) 3 . 
An ether or glycerid formed by the combination of 
stearic acid and glycerin. When crystallized it forms 
white, pearly scales, soft to the touch, but not greasy, 
and odorless and tasteless when pure. It is insoluble 
in water, but soluble in hot alcohol and ether. 

Stearocnote [ste-ar-ok' -not) [arkap, fat; b:<v6g, inactive]. 
An insoluble but fusible solid substance occurring in 
brain-tissue. 

Stearodermia (ste-ar-o-der' -me-ah) [arkap, fat ; <tep/j.a, 
the skin]. An affection of the sebaceous glands of the 
skin. 

Stearol (ste'-ar-ol) [arkap, fat]. A medicament having 
fat as an excipient. 

Stearolic Acid (ste-ar-ol'-ik). See Acid. 

Stearone (ste'-ar-on) [arkap, fat], C 35 H 70 O. A sub- 
stance obtained by the partial decomposition of stearic 
acid. It is a volatile liquid, and seems to be the 
same as stearic acid deprived of two equivalents of 
carbonic acid. 

Stearophanic Acid (ste-ar-o-fan'-ik). Synonym of 
Stearic Acid. 

Stearopten (ste-ar-op' -ten) [arkap, fat; izttjv6c, winged, 
volatile]. Any camphor-like, crystalline substance held 
naturally in solution in a volatile oil. 

Stearoxylic Acid (ste-ar-oks-il'-ik). See Acid. 

Stearrhea, Stearrhcea (ste-ar-e'-ah) [arkap, fat ; poia, 
a flow]. See Seborrhea. S. congestiva. Synonym 
of Seborrhea congestiva. S. flavescens, a seborrhea 
in which the sebaceous matter turns yellow after 
being deposited upon the skin. S. nigricans. See 
C/iromidrosis. S. simplex, ordinary seborrhea. 

Stearyl (ste'-ar-il) [arkap, fat ; vkri, matter], C 18 H 35 0. 
The radicle of stearic acid. 

Steatin (ste'-at-in) [arearivov, pertaining to suet]. I. 
Same as Stearin. 2. Any cerate containing a consid- 
erable proportion of tallow. 

Steatinum (ste - at- i'- mini) [arkanvov, pertaining to 
suet]. A name given to certain pharmaceutic prepara- 
tions similar to cerates. 

Steatite (ste'-at-it). See Talcum. 

Steatocele (ste-at'-o-sel) [arkap, fat ; k/'/'ai/, a tumor], 
A tumor formed by a collection of fatty matter in the 
scrotum. 

Steato-cryptosis (ste -at - o - krip - to'- sis) [arkap , fat ; 
Kpi'Trrr/, a crypt, or sac]. Abnormality of function of 
the sebaceous glands. 

Steatodes (ste - at - 0' '- dez) [arkap, fat; eidoc, resem- 
blance]. Fatty. 

Steatogenous (ste-at-oj'-en-us) [arkap, fat ; yevi/Q, pro- 
duced]. Producing steatosis. 

Steatolysis (ste-at-ol'-is-is) [arkap, fat; \vaic, solution]. 
The emulsifying process by which fats are prepared for 
absorption and assimilation. 

Steatolytic (ste-at-o-lit' -ik) [arkap, fat ; Xvaig, solution]. 
Accomplishing a steatolysis. 

Steatoma (ste-at-o'-mah) [arkap, fat ; bpa, tumor: //. , 
Steatomata~\. A sebaceous encysted tumor ; a lipoma. 
S. melliceris, a sebaceous cyst. S. testiculL 
Synonym of Steatocele. 

Steatomatous (ste-at-o' '-mat-its) [arkap, fat ; b/ia, tu- 
mor]. Pertaining to a steatoma. 



STEATOMYCES 



1411 



STENOPETALOUS 



Steatomyces [ste-at-o-mi' -siz) [areap, fat; fivK'K, a 
mushroom]. A fatty fungous growth. 

Steatopathic (ste-at-o-path'-ik) [arkap, fat ; 7rd0oc, dis- 
ease]. Pertaining to diseases of the sebaceous 
glands. 

Steatopyga, or Steatopygia (ste-at-op* -ig-ah, ste-at-o- 
pi'-ge-ah) [oTtap, fat; itdj;/, buttock]. Hottentot de- 
formity : enormous fatness of the buttock, common 
among the women of some African tribes. 

Steatopygous {ste - at - op' - ig - us) [ariap, fat; rcvyi/, 
buttock]. Characterized by or pertaining to an 
abnormal largeness of the glutei muscles and adjacent 
parts. 

Steatopygy (ste-at-op'-ij-e). See Steatopygia. 

Steatorrhea, Steatorrhcea (ste-at-or-e' -ah) \priap, fat; 
poia, flow]. An increased flow of the secretion of 
the sebaceous follicles. See Seborrhea. S. ami- 
anthaca, a form of seborrhea in which the excess of 
solid constituents gives the appearance of scaliness of 
the skin. See, also, Seborrhea. S. nigricans. Same 
as Seborrhea nigricans. S. simplex, excess of seba- 
ceous excretion of the face. 

Steatosis (ste-at-o' -sis) [ariap, fat]. Fatty degener- 
ation. The condition due to the existence and pro- 
gress of steatoma, or fatty degeneration of a part. 
Also, any abnormal accumulation of fat. 

Steatospongus (ste-at-o-spun' -gus) [ariap, fat ; airoyyoc, 
a sponge]. Synonym of Steatomyces, q. v. 

Steatozoon (ste -at - o - zo'- on) [areap, fat ; r Ciov, an 
animal]. The parasite, Demodex folliculoriim, con- 
tained in comedones. See Parasites (Animal), Table 
of. 

Stechiologic, Stcechiologic, Stoicheiologic (stek-e-o- 
loj'-ik) [ctolx^ov , a first principle ; Xoyog, science]. 
Pertaining to stechiology. 

Stechiology, Stoechiology, Stoicheiology (stek-e-ol'- 
o-je) [arocxeiov, a first principle ; Xoyoc, science]. 
The doctrine of elements. 

Steel (stel) [ME. , steel, steel]. Iron chemically com- 
bined with a certain proportion of carbon. It holds 
an intermediate position between white cast iron and 
wrought iron, partaking of the most valuable quali- 
ties of both. Steel of good quality is fine-grained, 
elastic, and tough. See, also, Ferritin. S. Balsam. 
Synonym of Lin. fcrri nitrici. S.-blue. Same as 
Berlin Blue. S. -grinders' Phthisis. See Pneu- 
monokoniosis. S.-pen Palsy. See Writers' 1 Cramp. 
S. Wine. Synonym of Vinum ferri. 

Stege (ste'-je) [areyoa, roof]. The inner layer of the 
rods of Corti. 

Stegnosis (steg-no' -sis) [areyvuaic, a checking of a dis- 
charge ; a soldering]. Constipation, or costive- 
ness ; the checking of a discharge ; the closing of a 
passage ; stenosis. 

Stegnotic (stcg-not'-ik) [areyvuriKbc~\. Effecting steg- 
nosis. Astringent. 

Steirosis (sti-ro'-sis) [ar£ipuaic~\ . Sterility. 

Stella (stel' -ah) [L., " star"]. A star-shaped bandage ; 
stellate bandage. 

Stellate (stel' -at) [stella, a star]. In biology, star- 
shaped, or with parts radiating from a center, as stel- 
late stigmas, stellate hairs, etc. S. Bandage, one 
that is wound crosswise on the back. S. Fracture, a 
fracture in which there are numerous fissures radiating 
from the central point of injury. It usually occurs in 
flat bones. S. Hair, a hair which divides at the 
end in a star-shaped fashion. S. Laceration, one 
involving the tissues in several directions, as a stellate 
laceration of the cervix uteri. S. Ligament. See 
Ligament. S. Veins, minute venous radicles arranged 
in stellate fashion and located just beneath the capsule 
of the kidney. 



Stelliform (stel' -if-orm) [stella, star ; forma, form]. 
Having the form of a star. 

Stellula (stel'-u-lah) [dim. of Stella, a star]. In anat- 
omy, a plexus of veins in the cortex of the kidney. 
Stellulse Verheynii, a stellate network of veins in 
the outer part of the cortex of the kidney. 

Stellwag's Symptom. Slight retraction of the upper 
lid in exophthalmic goiter, whether complicated or not 
with Graefe's symptom, and giving rise to a widening 
of the palpebral fissure. See Signs and Symptoms , 
Table of 

Stem [ME., stem, stem]. The pedicle of a tumor; 
the shaft of a hair; the supporting stalk of a leaf or 
plant. S., Brain, the brain, less the fissured portion 
of the cerebrum. S.-eelworm. See S. -sickness. S., 
Gland, a gland-duct. S. of Hair. Synonym of 
Hair-shaft. S., Herbaceous, in biology, a stem that 
dies in winter. S. -pessary, a pessary having a stem 
or rod which enters the os uteri. S. -sickness, a 
parasitic disease of clover, due to the presence of the 
stem-eel worm (Tylenchus devastatrix). 

Stemma (stem' -all) [are/up.a, a wreath, a garland: //. , 
Stem»iata~\. In biology: (a) one of the simple eyes 
of an invertebrate; an ocellus; (b) one of the facets 
of a compound eye ; (c) the tubercle giving attach- 
ment to the basal joint of an antenna. 

Stenagma (sten-ag'-mah) [creva r eiv, to sigh]. Syn- 
onym of Sigh. 

Stenagmus (sten-ag'-mus) [areva r uv, to sigh]. Sighing. 

Stench [ME., stench, a smell]. An ill smell; an 
offensive odor. S.-pipe, an upright pipe that reaches 
above the roof of a house ; it is intended to give vent 
to foul vapors that accumulate in waste-pipes, and 
water-closets. S.-trap, in sewerage and plumbing, 
a device for preventing a reflux of foul vapors and 
gases. 

Steno, Duct of. See Duct. 

Steno- (sten'-o-) [arevdg, narrow]. A prefix, denoting 
narrowing or constriction. 

Stenobregmate (slen - o - breg'- mat) [arevor, narrow ; 
Ppeypa, the bregma]. The condition in which the 
upper and fore part of the head is narrow. 

Stenocardia (sten-o-kar' -de-ah) [arevdc;, narrow ; KapSia, 
heart]. Contraction of the heart, or of its orifices ; 
angina pectoris. 

Stenocarpin (sten-o-kar' -pin) [_utev6q, narrow ; Kapnag, 
fruit]. A fraudulent anesthetic and mydriatic, asserted 
to have been obtained from the leaves of Gledits- 
chia triacanthos, the tear-blanket tree. It has been 
proved to be a mixture of cocain and atropin. 

Stenocephalous (sten - o- sef'-al '- us) [arevoq, narrow ; 
Ke<t>a?t.r/, head]. Having a head narrow in one or more 
of its diameters. 

Stenochoria (slen-o-ko' -re-ah) [areyog, narrow ; x<Spof > 
space]. Narrowness, stricture, or partial obstruction. 
Also, contraction of the vagina. S. saccilacrimalis, 
stenosis of the lacrymo-nasal duct. 

Stenocoriasis (sten-o-ko-ri' -as-is) [arevor, narrow ; Kopri, 
pupil]. Narrowing of the pupil. 

Stenocrotaphia, or Stenocrotaphy (sten-ok-ro-ta' '-fe- 
ah, or sten-o-kro'-ta-fe) [arevoc, narrow; Kporafoc, the 
temple]. A narrowing of the temporal region of the 
skull. 

Stenomycteria (sten-o-mik-te' -re-ali) [arevoc: , narrow ; 
fj.VK.T7jp, the nose]. Nasal stenosis. 

Stenon, Duct of. See Duct. 

Stenopeic (sten - o - pe'- ik) [arevoq, narrow ; biralog, 
pierced]. Applied to lenses that allow the passage 
of rays only through a straight, narrow slit. 

Stenopetalous (sten-o-pef -al-us) [arevdc, narrow ; rrera' 
Tiov, a leaf]. In biology, furnished with narrow 
petals. 



STENOPHYLLOUS 



1412 



STEREOSCOPE 



Stenophyllous (sten-of-W -us) [arevdg, narrow ; pr//or, 
a leaf]. In biology, possessing narrow leaves. 

Stenoraic (slcn-o-ra'-ik). See Stenopeic. 

Stenosis (slen-o'-sis) [nrwoc, narrow]. Constriction 
or narrowing of any pore, duct, vessel, or passage. S., 
Aortic, a narrowing of the aortic orifice at the base of 
the heart or a narrowing of the aorta itself. S., Cardiac, 
as a consequence of inflammation of the connective tis- 
sue in the myocardium, the conus arteriosus upon either 
side of the heart may become diminished in diameter, 
with consequent hindrance to the free passage of blood 
from the ventricle into its corresponding artery. This 
constitutes what is called stenosis of the heart. The 
second sound is fully formed and sharply defined, thus 
distinguishing the condition from valvular stenosis. S., 
Cicatricial, stenosis due to a contracted cicatrix. S., 
Granulation, narrowing caused by encroachment or 
contraction of granulations. S., Mitral, stenosis of 
left auriculo-ventricular orifice. S., Post-tracheot- 
omy, stenosis after tracheotomy. S., Sub-aortic. See 
S. , Aortic. 

Stenostegnosis, Stenostenosis (sten - o - steg - no' - sis , 
sten-o-sten-o' -sis) \_Stenononianus , or Slensen; creyi'uoig , 
constriction]. Stenosis of Stensen's duct. 

Stenostomatous (sten-o-sto' -mat-us) \_arevoc, narrow ; 
OTOfia, mouth]. Having a small mouth. 

Stenostomia (slen-o-sto'-me-ah) [arevoc, constriction ; 
aroiin, mouth]. A narrowing or closure of the 
mouth. 

Stenostomy (sten-os'-to-me) \otev6c, narrow ; ard/ia, a 
mouth]'. The contraction of any mouth or aperture. 

Stenothermal [sten-o-ther* '-ma/)[aTtv6c, narrow ; Oipfiov, 
heat]. Capable of sustaining a small range of tem- 
perature. 

Stenothorax (sten-o-tho'-raks) \prtv6c, narrow ; 6upa£, 
thorax]. Having a straight, short thorax. 

Stenotic (sten-vt'-ik) \_arevoc, narrow]. Characterized 
by stenosis -, reduced in size or caliber ; contracted. 

Stensen, Canal of. See Duct. S., Duct of. See 
Duct. S., Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. 
S.'s Experiment, compression of the abdominal 
aorta of an animal, so as to cut off the blood-supply to 
the lumbar region of the spinal cord. It leads to 
rapid paralysis of the posterior portion of the body. 

Stentorin {sten f -to-rin) [crh'rup, a Greek herald]. A 
blue pigment obtained by E. Ray Lankester from in- 
fusorians of the genus Stentor. 

Stephanial, Stephanie {stef- an'- e - a!, stef- an' - ik) 
[a-f<pavoc, a wreath]. Pertaining to the stephanion. 

Stephanion {stef-an' -e-on) \pTityavot;, a wreath ; crown]. 
See Craniometric Points. 

Stepmother's Blessing. A popular term for hang- 
nail. 

Steppage (step'-aj) [ME., steppe, a step]. The 
peculiar gait seen in dorsal tabes, arsenical, alcoholic, 
and other forms of neuritic paralysis. 

Steppe Disease. Synonym of Rinderpest. S. Mur- 
rain. See Rinderpest. 

Stercobilin (ster-ko-bil'-in) \stercus, fecal matter; bills, 
bile]. A coloring-matter found in intestinal excre- 
ment. It is identical with hydrobilirubin. 

Stercoraceous (ster- ko - ra'- sluts) [sfercus, dung]. 
Fecal; having the nature of feces. Applied especially 
to vomiting when fecal matter is mixed with the 
ejected substances. 

Stercoral (ster'-ko-ral). See Stercoraceous. 

Stercoremia (stcr-ko-re' -mc-alt) \sterctts, dung ; ulfia, 
blood]. A condition resulting from arrest of intestinal 
excretion, and absorption of toxic matters formed in 
the intestines. 

Stercorin [sti r'-ko-rin) [slercus, dung]. A fecal ex- 
tractive resembling biliary cholesterin. 



Sterculia (ster-ku' -le-ah) \stercus, dung]. A genus of 
some 85 species of tropical trees. S. urens of India, 
and S. tragacantha of Africa afford some part of the 
gums known as tragacanth. S. acuminata produces 
the kola-nut. See Kola. 

Sterculiaceous {ster - ku - le - a' - shits) \_stercus, excre- 
ment]. Of, or pertaining to, the genus Sterculia. 

Stercus (ster'-kus) \stercus, dung]. Feces. 

Stereoblastula (sler-e-o-blas' -tu-lah) [artptuc, solid; 
(3/iaoTor, a germ: //. , Stereoblastula']. In biology, a 
solid blastula. Also spelled sterroblastula. 

Stereo-chemistry (ster-e-o-kcm' -is-tr.) [ffrepfoc, solid; 
XVpzto., chemistry]. Stereoisomerism ; theoretic ex- 
planations of close isomerisms, by which it is assumed 
that the differences between the various isomers are 
due to the different positions of the same atoms or 
radicles in tri-dimensional representations of the 
molecules. Ordinary structural formula: involve only 
two dimensions, length and breadth, but these are not 
sufficient to explain numerous cases of isomerism now 
known, and a " spatial "or " solid " conception of the 
molecule is necessary. The term allo-isomerism has 
been proposed for these cases. 

Stereocyst (ster'-e-o-sist) [erfpede, solid ; kvotlq, cyst]. 
A hard cyst, or cystic growth. 

Stereogastrula (ster-e-o-gas' -tru-lah) [arepebc, solid ; 
yaaTijp, stomach : //., Stereogastrula]. In biology, a 
solid gastrula. Also spelled Sterrogasfru/a. 

Stereognostic (ster - e - og - 110s' - tlk) [arepedc, solid; 
yv6aic, knowledge]. Pertaining to the cognition of 
solidity, or tri-dimensional forms. 

Stereogram (ster'-e-o-gram) [crepedc, solid ; ypa/ijia, a 
writing]. A stereoscopic picture. 

Stereograph (ster'-e-o-graf). Same as Stereogram. 

Stereographic (ster - e - -graf'-ik) [arepedq, solid; 
ypatpeiv, to write]. Pertaining to stereography. S. 
Dermatoneurosis. See i'rticaria, Factitious. 

Stereography (ster-e-og' -ra-fe) \_orepe6c;, solid ; ypatjieiv, 
to write]. Graphic representation of the skull ; a 
branch of craniometry. 

Stereom (ster'-e-om) [crepeSc, solid]. The strength- 
giving fibers of fibro-vascular tissue. See Jlfestome. 

Stereomonoscope (ster-e-o-mon' -o-skop) [(rreprdc, solid; 
//6vor, single; okotteiv, to view]. An instrument with 
two lenses for producing a single picture giving the 
effect of solidity. 

Stereoneura (ster-e-o-nu' -rah) [<5Tcpe6c , solid ; vevpor, 
nerve]. A term proposed by Wilder for the inverte- 
brates whose nervous axis, when it exists, presents no 
cavity as in the vertebrates or celoneura. 

Stereophantoscope (ster - e - o-fan'-to-skop) [crrepedf, 
solid ; tpavraofiai, to appear]. A panorama-stereo- 
scope using rotating discs in place of pictures. 

Stereophoroscope (ster-e-o-for' -o-skop) [orepedc, solid ; 
<j>epstv, to carry; onoTrelv, to see]. A stereoscopic 
zoetrope ; an instrument for the production of a series of 
images apparently in motion and in stereoscopic relief. 

Stereoplanula (s/o-c-o-plan' -u-lah) [ortpeoc, solid ; 
planula, homplanus, flat]. In biology, a solid planula. 
Also spelled Stcrroplanula. 

Stereoplasm (ster' -e-o-plazm) \_GTtpe6c, solid ; Trl.aa^ia, 
anything formed or molded]. In biology : (a) a secre- 
tion of the basal membrane of certain Actinia, super- 
seding and supplementing the dissepiments. (b\ 
Nasgeli's term for the solid part of protoplasm. See 
Protoplasm. 

Stereoplasma {ster - e ■ ■ plaz'- ??iali) [c-epeog, solid ; 
ir^aapa, something formed or molded]. See Stereo- 
plasm. 

Stereoscope (ster'-c-o-skop) [_a-ep?6c, solid ; ano-e'ir, to 
see]. An instrument by which two similar pictures 
of the same object are made to overlap so that the re- 



STEREOSCOPIC 



1413 



STERTOR 



fleeted images are seen as one, thereby giving the ap- 
pearance of solidity and relief. The stereoscope is 
used in the treatment of strabismus, in which con- 
dition it serves as an excellent means of ocular gym- 
nastics. It is also of service in optometry to nullify 
convergence and diminish accommodation. 

Stereoscopic (ster-e-o-skop' '-ik) [arepeog, solid; okotzuv, 
to view]. Pertaining to stereoscopy. S. Vision, 
binocular vision. See Stereoscope. 

Stereoscopy (ster-e-os'-ko-pe) [orepeoQ, solid ; ono-eiv, 
to view]. The use of the stereoscope. 

Sterigma (ster-ig'-maii)[ar>/pry{ta, a prop, support : //. , 
Sterigmata']. In biology, a stalk or support. 

Sterile (ster'-il) [sterilis, barren]. Not fertile or capable 
of reproducing ; applied mainly to females. Eree 
from microorganisms or spores. 

Sterility (ste-ril'-it-e) [sterilitas~\. The condition of be- 
ing sterile, infertile, or incapable of reproducing. S., 
Facultative, sterility caused by the prevention of 
conception. S., Idiopathic. See Azoospermatism. 
S., Relative, sterility due to other causes than abnor- 
mality of the sexual organs. 

Sterilization {ster-il-iz-a' '-shun) [sterilis, barren]. The 
condition of rendering sterile, infertile, or incapable 
of reproducing. In bacteriology, the destruction by 
heat of the spores or mature forms of bacilli, micro- 
cocci, or other forms of microscopic life. In most in- 
stances a temperature of 100° C. (212 F.) devital- 
izes not only the mature forms, but the spores as well. 
In a few instances this temperature is not fatal to 
either. This, e. g. , is the case with B. tenuis, the 
rods resisting 100 and the spores 115°. S., 
Hueppe's Method of, the repeated exposure to a 
temperature of from 52 to 65° C. S., Intermit- 
tent, a method of sterilization of organic infusions 
introduced by Prof. Tyndall,-in which an interval 
of time is allowed to elapse between the several 
heatings, giving an opportunity for any spores present 
to develop into adult microbes, in which form they 
readily succumb to the action of heat. S.-test, 
Hochenegg's, the surgical dressings are impregnated 
with a mixture composed of 150 parts of a solution of 
aluminum acetate of the Austrian Pharmacopeia, 150 
parts water, and 5 parts of a 21 per cent, paste of 
alizarin. This is a yellowish-brown mixture, but on 
exposure to the temperature of boiling water becomes 
bright-red. 

Sterilizator (ster- il - iz - a' -tor) [sterilis, sterile]. An 
instrument for sterilizing or killing germs by heat, in- 
cluding the exact determination of the degree of heat 
required to effect this in the case of different species. 

Sterilized (ster'-il-lzd) [sterilis, sterile]. Rendered 
sterile. 

Sterilizer (ster' -il-i-zer) . See Sterilizator. 

Sternad (stur' '-nad ') [arepvov, breast-bone]. Toward 
the sternal aspect. 

Sternal (stur'-nal) [arepvov, the breast-bone]. Per- 
taining to the sternum. S. Band. See Band. S. 
Canal. See Canal. 

Sternalgia (stur-nal'-je-ah) [arepvov, breast-bone; 
a'/cyoc, pain]. Pain in the sternum. 

Sternalgic (stur-nal'-jik) [aripvov, breast-bone ; a'/i)oc, 
pain]. Affected with sternalgia. 

Sternalis (slur-na'-lis) [arepvov, breast-bone]. Con- 
nected with the sternum ; sternal. 

Sterneber (stui ' -ne-ber). See Sternebra. 

Sternebra [stur f -ne-brah) [sternum, sternum ; vertebra, 
vertebra] . Any one of the serial segments of the 
sternum. 

Sternebral (stur' -ne-bral ) [sternum, sternum ; vertebra, 
vertebra]. Pertaining to or of the nature of a 
sternebra. 



Sternen (stur'-nen) [sternum, sternum]. Belonging to 
the sternum in itself. 

Sterniform (stur' -nif-orm) [sternum, sternum ; forma, 
form]. Shaped like a sternum. 

Sternite (stur'-uit) [aripvov, breast-bone]. The under 
or ventral sclerite of an abdominal segment. 

Sternitic (slur-nil' -ii) [arepvov, breast-bone]. Pertain- 
ing to a sternite. 

Sterno- (ster'-uo-) [sternum, sternum]. A prefix used 
to denote connection with the sternum. S. -clavicular, 
pertaining jointly to the sternum and the collar-bone. 
S.-cleido-mastoid ; S.-hyoid ; S. -thyroid. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Sterno-abdominalis (stur-no-ab-dom-in-a'-lis) [arep- 
vov, breast-bone ; abdomen, abdomen]. The triangu- 
laris sterni and the transversus abdominis considered as 
a single muscle. 

Sternocostal (slur - no - kos' - tal) [sternum, sternum; 
casta, a rib]. Pertaining conjointly to the sternum and 
the ribs. 

Sternocoxal (stur -no- koks' ' - al) [sternum, sternum; 
coxa, hip]. Pertaining to the sternites and coxae of 
an arthropod. 

Sternofacial (stur- no-fa'- shal) [sternum, sternum; 
fades, face]. Pertaining to the sternum and the face. 

Sternoglossal (stur-no-glos'-al) [arepvov, breast-bone ; 
y'Awaca, tongue]. Pertaining to the sternum and the 
tongue. 

Sternohyoid [stur - no - hi' - old) [sternum, sternum ; 
hyoid\ Pertaining to the sternum and the hyoid bone. 

Sternoid (stur'-noid) [awipvov, breast-bone ; eldoc;, 
resemblance]. Resembling the sternum. 

Sternomaxillary (stur- no - maks' -il- a - re) [sternum, 
sternum ; maxilla, jaw]. Pertaining to the sternum 
and the mandible. 

Sternon (stur' -non). Same as Sternum. 

Sternopagia (stitr-no-pa' -je-ah) [anepvov, breast-bone ; 
7rii/oc, fixed]. The condition of a sternopagus. 

Sternopagus (stur - nop' - ag - us) [sternum, sternum; 
7rri}Y)f, set]. A double monomphalic monstrosity 
united by the sterna. 

Sternoscapular (stur-no-skap' -u-lar) [sternum, ster- 
num ; scapula, scapula]. Pertaining to the sternum 
and the scapula. 

Sternothyroid (stur-no-thi' -roid) [sternum, sternum ; 
tliyroid"]. Pertaining to the sternum and the thyroid 
cartilage. 

Sternotracheal (stur-no-tra'-ke-al) [sternum, sternum ; 
trachea\. Pertaining to the sternum and the trachea. 

Sternotribe (stur' - no - trlb) [arepvov, breast-bone ; 
TpiBetv, to rub]. In biology, touching the heart. 

Sternum (stur' -num) [arepvov, breast-bone]. The flat, 
narrow bone in the median line in the front of the 
chest, composed of three portions, the manubrium, or 
presternum, the gladiolus, and the xiphisternum, or 
ensiform, or xiphoid, appendix. See illustration of 
Thorax, anterior view, page 224. 

Sternutament ( ster-nid -tam-ent ) [sfemutamentum ; 
sternutare, to sneeze]. A substance causing sneezing. 

Sternutation (ster-nu-ta' -shun) [sternutatio, a sneezing] . 
The act of sneezing. 

Sternutatory (ster - nu' - tat - or - e) [sternutare, to 
sneeze]. 1. Provocative of sneezing. 2. An er- 
rhine; a drug or compound that causes sneezing. 

Sterroblastula (ster-o-blas' -tu-lah) [are pedc ,so\\d ; {32.ao- 
rog, a bud, a germ]. See Stereoblastula. 

Sterrogastrula ( ster-o-gas'-tru-lah ) [arepeog, solid ; 
yaarijp, stomach]. See Stereogastrula. 

Sterroplanula ( ster- - plan'-u - lah) [arepebc, solid; 
planula, from planus, flat]. See Stereoplanula . 

Stertor (stur' -tor) [stertere, to snore] . Sonorous breath- 
ing, or snoring. The rasping, rattling sound produced 



STERTOROUS 



1414 



STIGMATA 



when the larynx and the air-passages are obstructed 
with mucus. 

Stertorous (stur' -to-rus) \stertere, to snore]. Breathing 
with a snoring sound. 

Stetharteritis (steth-ar-ter-i' -tis) \arifloc, heart ; aprrjpia, 
artery ; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ar- 
teries of the thorax. 

Stetho- (steth'-o) [arf/Hoc, chest]. A prefix to denote 
connection with or relation to the chest. 

Stethocatharsis (steth-o-kath-ar' -sis). Synonym of Ex- 
pectoration. 

Stethocele (steth' -o-sel). See Pneumonocele. 

Stethocelodyspnea (steth-o-se-lo-disp-ne'-ah) [arf/tioc, 
chest; K?//t], hernia; d'uoirvoia, dyspnea]. Dyspnea 
due to hernia of the lung. 

Stethochysis (steth- ok' -is-is). See Hydrothorax. 

Stethogoniometer (steth-o-go-ne-om' -et-er) \prffioc, 
chest; yuvia, angle; fierpov, measure]. An instru- 
ment for measuring the curvature of the chest. 

Stethograph (steth' -o-graf) [arijtioc, chest ; ypatyeiv, to 
record]. An instrument for recording the respiratory 
movements of the chest-wall. 

Stethographic (steth-o-graf -ik) [prrfioc, chest ; ypd<j>eiv, 
to write]. Pertaining to the stethograph or to steth - 
ography. 

Stethography (s/eth-og'-ra-fe) [arr/doc, chest ; ypaipeiv, 
to write]. The art of recording graphically the move- 
ments of the chest-wall. 

Stethokyrtograph (steth-o-kir' -to-graf) \arrfloc, chest ; 
icvproc, curved ; ypatpeiv, to write]. An apparatus de- 
signed for measuring and recording the dimensions of 
the chest. 

Stethomenia (steth-o-me' -ne-ali) [arijftoc, chest ; fiijv, 
month]. Vicarious menstruation by way of the 
bronchial tubes. 

Stethometer (steth-om' -et-er) \prij6oc , chest ; fierpov, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the amount 
of expansion of the chest and the relative expansibil- 
ity of the two sides. 

Stethometry (steth-om' -et-re) [arfjBoc, chest ; fierpov, 
measure]. The measuring of respiratory movements 
by means of a stethometer. 

Stethomyitis (steth-o-mi-i'-tis) [arijdoq, chest; five, 
muscle; irw, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
muscles of the chest. 

Stethophonometer (steth - o-fo- nom' - et-er) [orf/doc, 
chest; <j>u>vi/, sound; fierpov, measure]. An instru- 
ment to measure the phenomena elicited by auscul- 
tation. 

Stethopolyscopium (steth-o-pol-is-ko' -pe-um) [orfjdnc, 
chest; rco'l'vc, many; OKOTreJv, to view]. A stetho- 
scope having several tubes for the simultaneous use 
of several observers. 

Stethorrheuma (stetk-or-u' -viak) \prifloc, chest ; peii/ua, 
rheum]. Rheumatism of the thorax. 

Stethoscope (steth' -o-skop) \_arffioc, breast; onorzelv, to 
examine]. An instrument for ascertaining the condi- 
tion of the organs of circulation and respiration by 
their sounds. It consists of a hollow tube, one end 
being placed over the locality to lie examined, the 
other at the ear of the examiner. A binaural form of 
the instrument consists of a Y-shaped tube, the flexi- 
ble branches being applied each to an ear of the 
listener. By this means not only are all extraneous 
sounds shut out, but an intensified sound is conveyed 
to the ear. 

Stethoscopic (steth' -o-skop-ik) \arfjdoc, chest ; aKo-nrelv, 
to view]. Pertaining to or detected by means of the 
stethoscope. 

Stethoscopist (steth' - o - shop - ist ) [arifioc, chest ; oko- 
Tretv, to view]. One versed in the use of the stetho- 
scope. 



Stethoscopy (steth-os' -ko-pe) [ori/tinc, chest ; ckotte'iv, to 
view]. Examination of the chest, especially that 
which is performed with the aid of the stethoscope. 

Stethospasm (steth' -o-spazm) [orf/doc, chest ; arcaafiic, 
spasm]. Spasm of the pectoral muscles. 

Stevens' Saline Mixture. A mixture composed of 
sodium chlorid 20 grains, potassium chlorate 7 grains, 
sodium carbonate 30 grains, water 12 fluidrams ; re- 
commended to be taken every half hour in malignant 
cholera. 

Sthenia (sthen'-e-ah) \_cdkvoc, strength]. Normal or 
excessive force or vigor (opposed to asthenia). 

Sthenic (sthen'-ik) [adevoc, strength]. Strong, active. 
S. Fever, synochus ; a form of continued fever 
marked by high bodily temperature, quick and tense 
pulse, and highly colored urine. 

Sthenopyra (sthen-o-pi'-rah) [adevoc, strength ; ~vp, 
fever]. Sthenic fever. 

Stibiacne (stib-e-ak' -ne) [urt[3i, antimony sulphuret ; 
aicvr/, acne]. Acne caused by the use of antimony. 

Stibial (stib'-e-al) [oriQi, antimony sulphuret]. Per- 
taining to stibium, or antimony. 

Stibialism (stib'-e-al-izm) [arifii, antimony sulphuret]. 
Antimonial poisoning. 

Stibium (stib'-e-um). See Antimonium. 

Stichcultur (stick' -kul'-tur) [Ger.]. See Stab-culture. 

Stick (stik) [ME. , stiken, to stick]. I. To pierce with 
a pointed weapon. 2. A slender piece of wood. S.- 
caustic. See Argentum. S.-lac. See Lac. 

Sticking Plaster. See Adhesive Plaster. 

Stictacne (stik-tak'-ne) [ariKroc, punctated ; anvrf, acne]. 
Acne punctata ; acne in which the pustules have a red, 
raised base, with a central black point. 

Stiebel, Canal of. See Canal. 

Stiega, Canal of. See Canal. 

Stiff (stif) [ME., stif, stiff]. Inflexible, unyielding, 
immovable in continuity; applied especially to normally 
movable parts. S. Joint. See Ankylosis. S. Neck. 
See Torticollis. 

Stifle (sfi'-fi) [ME., stifil, to choke]. I. Tochokeup; 
to kill by impeding respiration. 2. The stifle-joint, 
q. v. 3. Disease or other affection of the stifle-bone, 
q. v. S.-bone, the patella of the horse. S. -joint, 
the knee-joint of the horse. 

Stifling (sti'-fing) [ME., stifil, to choke up]. Close ; 
oppressive. S.-bone. Same as Stifle-bone. 

Stigma (stig'-mah) [aHy/ia, point://., Stigmata']. 
A minute cicatrix. In biology, a spot or mark, as (a) 
one of the so-called eye-spots, usually red, in many 
colored Flagellata ; (b) the outer aperture of a tubu- 
lar trachea, in the Antcnnata (Myriapoda and Ilexa- 
poda) ; (c) the external opening of a segmental or- 
gan in the Annelida; see Pscudo-stomata ; (d) that 
part of a pistil which receives the pollen ; (e) the 
spot at which the ovisac ruptures in the escape of an 
ovum into the oviduct. See also, Stigmata. 

Stigmal (stig'-mal) [oriyiia, stigma]. Pertaining to 
a stigma. 

Stigmata, Bakers'. Nodules on the backs of the 
fingers caused by kneading dough. S., Hereditary, 
psychic stigmata "resembling those of an ancestor 
and supposed to be inherited. S., Hysteric, the 
specific, peculiar phenomena or symptoms of hysteria 
— as the anesthesia, hyperesthesia, hysterogenic zones, 
reversal of the color-field, contraction of the visual 
field, the phenomena of transport, amblyopia, im- 
pairment of the sense of hearing, of taste, and of 
the muscular sense, etc. S. maydis. See Zea 
mays. S., Neurasthenic. See 5., Hysteric. S. 
nigra, the black spots caused by the presence of 
grains of gun-powder in the skin. S., Psychic, 
certain mental states characterized by susceptibility to 



STIGMATAL 



1415 



STIP1TIFORM 



particular suggestions. S. rubra, petechia due to 
various causes S., Somatic, the objective signs of 
certain nervous affections. S., Venous, varicose 
veins. 

Stigmatal (slig'-mal-al) [oTiy/ia, stigma]. Stigmatic. 

Stigmatic Istig-mat' -ik) [ariyfia, spot]. Belonging or 
pertaining to a stigma ; characterized by a stigma, or 
by stigmata. 

Stigmatiferous [stig-mat -if -er-us) [ariy/ja, stigma ; 
ferre, to bear]. Bearing stigmata. 

Stigmatiform (stig - mat' - if - orm) [ariyfia, stigma; 
forma, form]. Having the form of a stigma. 

Stigmatism {stig' -mat-ism) [ariyfia, point]. A condi- 
tion of the refractive media of the eye in which rays 
of light from a point are accurately brought to a focus 
on the retina. Synonymous with emmetropia. See, 
also. Astigmatism . 

Stigmatization (stig- mat -iz- a'- shun) [ariyfia, point]. 
The formation of ecchymotic spots upon the body. 

Stigmatodermia (stig- mat - o- der'-me -ah) [ariyfia, a 
prick ; dkpfia, skin].. Disease of the prickle-cell layer 
of the skin. 

Stigmatoid (slig'-mat-oid) [ariyfia, point; cidoc, like]. 
Resembling a stigma. 

Stigmatose (stig'-mat-oz) [ariyfia, stigma]. Marked 
with stigmata. 

Stil de grain. Same as Brown-pink, in Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Stilbene (stil' -ben) [ari2.j3uv, to glitter], C U H 12 . 
Tohiylene, a substance produced by the action of so- 
dium upon bitter-almond oil or benzol chlorid. It 
crystallizes in large monoclinic leaflets or prisms, and 
dissolves easily in hot alcohol, melts at 120° C. , and 
distils at 306 C. 

Stilet, Stilette (sti-letf) [Fr. , dim. of Lat. stilus, a point]. 
The small, sharp-pointed instrument enclosed in the 
cannula. Also, the wire of a flexible catheter. 

Still (stil) [ME., stille, still]. Quiet; at rest. S.- 
born, born lifeless. 

Stillicidium (stil-is-id' -e-uni) \_stilla, a drop ; cadere, to 
fall down]. The flow of a liquid drop by drop. 
Also, the flow of the urine in strangury. S. lacri- 
marum, overflow of tears from obstruction of the 
canaliculus or nasal duct. S. narium, coryza. S. 
sanguinis. See Staxis. S. urinae, dribbling of 
urine. S. uteri. See Menses. S., Virulent, gon- 
orrhea. 

Stilligoute (stil'-ig-oot) [Fr. , stillare, to let fall ; gutta, 
a drop]. A dropper; a pipet that lets a liquid fall in 
drops. 

Stilling, Canal of. See Canal. S.'s Sacral Nu- 
cleus, an island of nerve-cells in the sacral region of 
the spinal cord. See Nucleus. 

Stillingia (stil-in' -je-aK) [after Benjamin Stillingfleet, 
an English botanist]. Queen's Root. The root of 
5. sylvatica, or " queen's delight." Its active prin- 
ciple is not known. It is expectorant, diuretic, and si- 
alogogue, with reputed alterative properties ; in 
larger doses, emetic and cathartic. It is used with 
sarsaparilla as an antisyphilitic in the tertiary stage. It 
is valuable with quinin in intermittent fever. Dose of 
the powd. root gr. x-gj ; of the fid. ext. TTtx-^j ; of 
the tinct., unof. , ^ss-ij; of the decoction (strength 
f>\ toOj), unof., £j-ij. 

Stillingin (stil-in' -jin) [after Benjamin Stillingfleet, an 
English botanist]. A precipitate from a tincture of 
the root of Stillingia sylvatica ; resolvent, stimulant, 
diuretic, antisyphilitic. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof. 

Stilogonidium (sti-lo-go-nid' -e-um) [arv'kog, a pillar ; 
yovrj, generation, seed: //., Stilogonidia~\. In biol- 
ogy, a stalked gonidium, or asexual reproductive body; 
a stylospore. 



Stilus (sti'-lus) [stilus, a point]. I. A more correct 
form of the word Stylus, used as an anatomic term. 
2. A small tube or a bit of wire sometimes retained 
in the obstructed lacrymal duct, with a view to the res- 
toration of its function. 

Stimulant (stim'-u-lant) [stimulus, a goad]. I. Quick- 
ening or increasing some trophic or functional process. 
2. An agent exciting the functions of an organ or 
some process of the economy. S., Cardiac, one that 
increases the heart's action. S., Cerebral, one that 
exalts the action of the cerebrum. S., Cutaneous, one 
that increases the activity of the skin, producing dia- 
phoresis. S., Diffusive, one that has a prompt but 
transient effect. S., Hepatic, one that excites the 
liver. S., Intestinal, one that acts upon the intestinal 
tract. S., Local, one acting directly on the end- 
organs of the sensory nerves of the skin. S., Renal, 
one producing diuresis. S., Spinal, one exciting the 
spinal cord. S., Stomachic, one giving tone to the 
stomach, aiding digestion, etc. S., Vasomotor, one 
exciting the vaso-motor apparatus. 

Stimulate (stim'-u-ldt) [stimulare, to stimulate]. To 
treat with stimulants. To induce increased activity. 

Stimulating (stiiu'-u-la-ting) [stimulare, to stimulate]. 
Having the power to stimulate. 

Stimulation (stim-u-la' -shun) [stimulatio~\. The action 
of a stimulant ; the process of stimulating ; the effect 
of the administration of a stimulant. 

Stimulose (slijid -u-loz) [stimulus, a goad]. Provided 
with stinging needles or hairs. 

Stimulus (stim'-u-lus) [L. : pi. , Stimuli]. Anything 
exciting the animal economy, or any part thereof, to 
increased functional activity. Stimuli, Adequate or 
Homologous, those for whose action the sense- 
organs are specially adapted. S., Chemic, irritation 
caused by a chemic agent. S., Heterologous, 
one acting upon the nervous elements of the sensory 
apparatus along their entire course. S., Homologous, 
a stimulus only acting upon the end-organ. S., 
Mechanical, irritation caused by mechanical means, 
as by pinching or striking. S., Summation of. See 
Summation. 

Sting [ME., stingen, to sting]. I. A minute, punctured, 
and often a poisoned wound, made by the pointed de- 
fensive or offensive organ of some insect, or other 
animal or plant. 2. A sharp-pointed defensive organ 
of reptiles and insects. 

Stinging (sling' -ing) [ME., stingen, to sting]. I. Pro- 
ducing a burning pain. 2. Wounding by means of a 
sting. S.-cell, one of the urticating cells or lasso- 
cells of a Cnidarian. See Cnida, Nematophore, Nema- 
tocyst. 

Stink (stingk) [ME., stinhen, to stink]. 1. To emit a 
strong, offensive smell. 2. A disgusting odor. S.- 
glands. See Gland. S.-trap. See Stench-trap. 

Stinking Smut. See Smut. 

Stipe (st/p) [stipes, a stock, post]. In biology, a stem, 
stalk or support. Cf. , Thecaphore, Gynophore, Antho- 
phore, Gynobase, Gonophore, Carpophore . 

Stipel (sti'-pel) [stipes, a post]. The stipule of a leaf- 
let. 

Stipellate (sli'-pel-dt) [slipella, a stipel]. In biology, 
bearing stipels. 

Stipes (sti'-pez) [stipes, a stock, trunk]. In biology : 
1. A stalk, stern, or stipe. 2. A mesal branch of the 
paroccipital fissure of the brain. 

Stipiform (sti'-piform) [stipes, stock; forma, form]. 
Having the form of a stipe. 

Stipitate (stip'-it-df) [stipes, a stock, trunk] . In bi- 
ology, placed upon a stalk or stipe. 

Stipitiform (stip'-it-iform) [stipes, stock ; forma, form]. 
In biology, stipiform. 



STIPULA 



1416 



STOMACHIC 



Stipula (stip'-u-tah) [stipula, a stalk : pi, Stipula]. In 
biology: I. A pin-feather of a bird. 2. See Stipule. 

Stipulaceous (stf-u-la'-shus). Same as Stipular. 

Stipular, Stipulary [stip'-u-lar, stip'-u-la-re) [stipula, 
a stalk]. Pertaining to a stipule. 

Stipulate (slip 1 '- u - tat) \_slipula, a stalk]. Having 
stipules. 

Stipulation (stip -u- la'- shun) [stipula, a stalk]. In 
biology, the situation and structure of the stipules. 

Stipule (stip'-fd) [stipula, a stalk, stem, blade]. In 
biology, (a) one of the blade-like bodies at the base 
of the petioles of leaves ; (b) Braun's term for the 
unicellular foliar structures arising from the basal 
nodes of Chara, on both the inner and outer sides of 
the leaf ; (c) one of the small leaves or hair-like 
appendages (paraphyllum) found among the true 
leaves of certain mosses ; (d) a pin-feather of a bird. 

Stipuliferous (stip - u - lif '- er - tts) [stipula, a stipule; 
ferre, to bear]. Having stipules. 

Stipuliform (stip'-u-lif-orm) [stipula, stipula ; forma, 
form]. In biology, having the form of a stipula. 

Stipulosus (stip-u-lo'-sus) [stipula, a stipule]. Having 
stipules which are comparatively large. 

Stirling and Brito's Method. A method of preparing 
hemoglobin crystals. Mix a drop of blood with a few 
drops of water on a glass slide and seal the prepara- 
tion. After a few days beautiful crystals are de- 
veloped. 

Stirosis (stc-ro'-sis). Synonym of Sterility. 

Stirp (stu/p) [stirps, a stock, root, race]. In biology, a 
term introduced to express the sum-total of hereditary 
organic units contained in the fertilized ovum. 

Stirpicultural (slur-pik-ul'-tu-ral) [stirps, a race ; cul- 
lura, culture]. Pertaining to stirpiculture. 

Stirpiculture (slur'-pik - ut - tiir) [stirps, stock, race; 
cultura, culture]. The proposed improvement of the 
human species by attention to the laws of breeding. 

Stirps (sturps) [stirps, stock, race, root: pi. , Stirpes]. 
In biology, a race or permanent variety ; a lineage, 
family. 

Stirrup, Stirrup-bone (stir' -zip) [ME., stirop, stirrup]. 
The stapes. 

Stitch [ME., stiche, twinge]. I. A sudden, sharp, 
lancinating pain. 2. See also Suture. 

Stocking, Elastic. A stocking of elastic fibers for the 
compression of a limb affected with varicose veins and 
other diseases. 

Stoechiology (stek-e-ol' -o-je) [otoix&ov, an element ; 
'Aoyoc, a treatise]. The study of the chemic elements 
of the gases, fluids, and solids of the body ; physiologic 
chemistry. See Stechiology . 

Stoerck's Blennorrhea. A form of laryngitis sicca end- 
ing frequently in adhesion between the anterior por- 
tions of the vocal bands. 

Stoicheiology (stoi-ke-ol' -o-je). See Stechiologj' . 

Stokes' Disease. Exophthalmic goiter. See Diseases, 
Table of. S. Expectorant, a preparation used in the 
treatment of bronchitis. It consists of pulverized car- 
bonate of ammonium 16 grains, fluid extract of senega 
and squills each y 2 dram, paregoric 3 drams, syrup 
of tolu sufficient to make two ounces. A dram of 
this is given p. r. n. S. Law. See Law, Angs- 
trom's. S. Liniment. See Linimentum. S. Re- 
agent. A reducing agent employed in the physio- 
logic laboratory. It is a solution of ferrous sulphate 
to which a little tartaric or citric acid has been added 
and then ammonia till the reaction is alkaline. It 
should be freshly made when used. S. Sign, vio- 
lent throbbing in the abdomen in cases of acute enter- 
itis. The throbbing is to be felt to the right of the 
umbilicus, and may occasion much distress. See Signs 
and Symptoms, Table of. 



Stolidity (stol-id'-it-e) [stoliditas]. A term designating 
stupidity of various degrees, even to amentia, or com- 
plete imbecility — oftener, however, signifying merely 
a phlegmatic or immobile temperament. 

Stolon (sto'-tou) [stolo, a shoot, branch]. In biology: 
(a) a slender, prostrate branch, taking root, or bearing 
a bulb at the tip, where it forms one or more new 
plants ; (b) an analogous budding stock in certain com- 
pound animals ; e.g., Social Infusoria, Actinozoa, Hy- 
drozoa, Ascidice. 

Stolonate (sto'-lon-at ) [stolo, a shoot], Stoloniferous. 

Stoloniferous (sto-lon-if ' -er-us) [stolo, a shoot ; ferre, 
to bear] . Producing stolons. 

Stoma (sto'-ma/i) [arojia, mouth]. 1. The mouth. 2. 
In biology : (a) an opening on the surface of a plant, 
especially the leaves, for the passage of gases and 
moisture. "A stoma is formed of an epidermal cell 
which divides into two equal sister-cells by- a wall ver- 
tical to the leaf" (Sachs) ; (b) a mouth, ostium, or 
pore, as the openings in endothelial membranes, 
establishing direct communication between adjacent 
lymph-channels. 

Stomacace (sto-?nak'-as-e) [aro/xa, mouth ; aaKij, evil]. 
Canker of the mouth. Fetor of the mouth with ulcer- 
ated gums ; also, scorbutic sore-mouth. 

Stomach (stum' -ah) [oro/ze^-or] . The most dilated part 
of the alimentary canal, the principal organ of diges- 
tion, situated in the abdomen in the left hypogastric, 
the epigastric, 
and part of the 
right hypochon- 
driac regions, 
above the trans- 
verse colon and 
below the dia- 
phragm. S.- 
ache, pain in 
the stomach or 
abdomen. S.- 
brush, a brush 
designed to be 
introduced into 
the stomach to 
stimulate secre- 
tion. S. -buck- 
et, a small silver 
vessel attached 
to a thread, 
used in obtain- 







Diagram of Wall of the Stomach, 
showing the relative thickness of the 
mucous membrane, a, b, c. and the 
transverse, e, oblique, f, and longitu- 
dinal muscle fibers. 



ing a specimen 

of the contents of the stomach. S. -cough, a reflex 
cough excited by irritation of the stomach or of 
the small intestine. S. -drops. See Hitler Tincture. 
S., Honey-comb. See Reticulum. S., Hour- 
glass, a stomach having an hour-glass shape, due to a 
band of exudation. S.-pump, an instrument for 
withdrawing the contents of the stomach. See Tump. 
S. -staggers, a disease in horses depending on a para- 
lytic affection of the stomach. S. -tooth, a lower 
canine tooth, especially one of the first dentition. S.- 
tube, a flexible tube for irrigation, etc., of the 
stomach. S.-worm, a common intestinal round- 
worm. See Ascaris lumbricoides, under Parasites 
(Animal), Table of. 

Stomachal (stum' -ak-al) [orotiaxog, the stomach]. Per- 
taining to the stomach. 

Stomachalgia (stum-ah-a/'-je-ah) [oro/^a ror , stomach ; 
a?iyoc, pain]. Pain in the stomach. 

Stomachic (sto-mah'-ih) [aroiia roc. stomach], I. Per- 
taining to or stimulating the secretory and digestive 
functions of the stomach. 2. A stimulant exciting 
the functional activity of the stomach. 



STOMACIIOSCOrv 



1417 



STOMOCEPHALUS 



Stomachoscopy (stum-ak-os r -ko-pe) [nrduaxoc;, stom- 
ach; aiumsiv, to view]. Examination of the stomach. 

Stomata (sto'-mat-ah) [pi. of Stoma]. Mouths. 

Stomatal (sto'-mai 'a/ ') [aroua, mouth]. Relating to 
stomata. 

Stomatalgia [sto-mat-al' -je-aJi) [ardfia, mouth ; a/cyoc, 
pain]. Pain in the mouth. 

Stomate (sto'-mat) [ardfia, mouth]. Having stomata. 

Stomatelcia, Stomatelcosis [sto-mat-el' -se-ak, sto-mat- 
el-ko'-sis) [ard/ia, mouth ; eh/toots, ulceration]. Ulcer- 
ation of the mouth. 

Stomatic (sto-mal'-ik) [ardfia, mouth]. Relating or 
belonging to the mouth. 

Stomatiferous (sto-mat-if'-er-us) [ardfia, mouth ; ferre, 
to bear]. In biology, provided with stomata. 

Stomatitis (sto-mat-i'-tis) [ardfia, mouth ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the mouth. S. aphthosa. 
See Aphtha-. S., Aphthous. See Aphtha. S., Catar- 
rhal, the most frequent form and especially encountered 
in infants, when it is often termed " erythema neona- 
torum." The mucous membrane is swollen, and the 
tongue furred ; there is pain on sucking or in older chil- 
dren on chewing, and salivation is present to a more or 
less marked degree. This form of stomatitis is usually 
associated with the exanthemata and other acute dis 
eases. S., Corrosive. See S., Gangrenous. S. 
cremosa. Synonym of Thrush. S. epidemica, an 
acute infectious stomatitis which occurs in epidemics. 
S., Epizootic, aphthae epizoSticse. S., Follicular. 
Synonym of Aphtha. S., Gangrenous. See Cancrum 
oris. S. materna, stomatitis occurring during preg- 
nancy or lactation. S. Mercurial, that arising from 
poisoning by mercury. S. mycosa. See Thrush. 
S. parasitica. Synonym of Thrush. S., Phleg- 
monous. Synonym of S. , Ulcerative. S., Pseudo- 
membranosa. Synonym of Thrush. S., Pultaceous. 
See Aphtha. S., Saturnine, stomatitis due to lead- 
poisoning. S., Scorbutic, stomatitis due to scurvy. 
S., Simple, a simple erythema of the mouth. S., 
Ulcerative, a grave form of catarrhal stomatitis. 
It is characterized by the formation of small ulcers on 
the cheeks, lips, and tongue, with copious salivation, 
pain, fetid breath, slight fever, and at times great 
prostration. S. ulcerosa. Synonym of S. , Ulcerative. 
S., Vesicular. Synonym of Ap/itha. 

Stomatium (sto-ma/ -she-urn). See Stoma. 

Stomatocace (sto-mat-ok'-as-e) [ardfia, mouth ; /c<zkoc, 
evil]. Fetid ulceration of the mouth. 

Stomatocatharsis (sto-mat-o-kath-ar' '-sis). Synonym 
of Salivation. 

Stomatode (sto'-mat-od) [ardfia, mouth; elduc, like]. 
Having a stoma. 

Stomatodendron (sto- mat-o-den' -dron) [crro/za, mouth ; 
dtvdpov, a tree: //. , Stomatodendra~\. In biology, 
one of the branches of a complex tree-like mass sus- 
pended from the middle of the umbrella in the 
Rhizostomida. These branches end in and are 
covered with minute polypites interspersed with 
clavate tentacula. 

Stomatodynia (sto- ?nat-o-din'-e-ah) [ardfia, mouth ; 
bd'vvi], pain]. Pain in the mouth. 

Stomatodysodia (sto-mat-o-dis-o' -de-aK) [ardfia, mouth ; 
dvouid'ia, foul odor] . A foul odor of the breath ; ill- 
smelling breath. 

Stomatogastric (slo-mat-o-gas'-trik) [ardfia, mouth ; 
yaarijp, stomach]. In biology, applied to the nerves ; 
pertaining to the mouth and the stomach. 

Stomatoiatria (sto-mat-o-e-a' -tre-ah) [ardfia, mouth; 
iarpeia, treatment]. The medical treatment of diseases 
of the mouth. 

Stomatologic (sto-mat-o-loj ' -ik) [ard/ia, mouth ; Idyoc, 
science]. Pertaining to stomatology. 



Stomatologist (sto -mat - ol'- o -jist) [ardfia, mouth; 

Xdyoc, science]. One versed in stomatology. 
Stomatology (sto-mat-ol'-o-je) [ardfia, mouth; Myoc, 

learning]. The sum of what is known about the 

mouth. 
Stomatomalacia (sto - mat - o - mal- a'- se - ah) [ardfia, 

mouth; pa'Aania, softening]. Sloughing or softening 

of parts of the mouth. 
Stomatomenia (sto-mat-o-me'-ne-ah) [ardfia, mouth; 

/if/v, month]. Vicarious menstruation by way of the 

mouth. 
Stomatomia (sto-mat-o' ' -me-ah) [ard/ia, mouth ; rtfiveiv, 

to cut]. A general term for the incision of a mouth, 

as of the uterus. 
Stomatomorphous (sto-mat-o-mor' -fus) [nrdua, mouth ; 

fiopcjib, form]. In biology, shaped like a mouth. 
Stomatomycosis (sto-mat-o-mi-ko' -sis) [ardfia, mouth ; 

ftvi<r/c, fungus]. A disease of the oropharynx due to 

the development therein of the O'idium albicans. S. 

oi'dica. See Thrush. 
Stomato-necrosis (sto-mat-o-ne-kro'-sis). Synonym of 

Cancrum oris. 
Stomatonoma [sto-mat-o-no' -mah). Same as Stomacace. 
Stomatopannus {sto- mat- o -pan' -us) [ardfia, mouth; 

iravvvq, thread]. Enlargement of the glands of the 

mouth. 
Stomatopathy {sto -mat -op'- at h -e) [ardfia, mouth; 

7rd(?oc, disease]. Any disease of the mouth. 
Stomatophorous (sto - mat- off'- or - us) [aro/xa, mouth ; 

(pepeiv, to bear]. Having a mouth. 
Stomatophyma {sto - mat- o-Ji'- mah) [ardfia, mouth ; 

fv/xa, growth]. Any enlargement or growth in the 

mouth. 
Stomatoplasty [sto - n/at-o-plas'-tik) [cropa, mouth ; 

■ir/docteiv, to form]. Pertaining to stomatoplasty. 
Stomatoplasty (sto'- mat '- o- plas-te) \ar6jia, mouth; 

ttMooeiv, to form]. Plastic operations upon or about 

the mouth. 
Stomatopoiesis {sto - mat - o -poi - e'- sis) . See Stomato- 
plasty. 
Stomatopyra (sto-mat-o-pi'-rah). See Aphtha. 
Stomatorrhagia (sto-mat-or-a' ' -je-ah) [oroua, mouth ; 

p-qyvvvai, to burst forth]. Copious hemorrhage from 

the mouth. 
Stomatorrhea (slo-mat-or-e'-ah) [orS/ia, mouth ; poia, 

a flow]. A discharge of liquid from the mouth. 
Stomatoscope (sto'-mat-o-shop) [oro/ia, mouth ; okott- 

elv, to inspect]. An instrument to aid in the inspec- 
tion of the mouth. 
Stomatosepsis (sto - mat - o - sep'- sis) [ardjia, mouth ; 

(77/7TOYC, sepsis]. Stomatosis due to septic infection. 
Stomatosis (sto-mat-o' -sis) [ardfia, mouth]. Disease 

of the mouth. 
Stomatospasmus (sto-mat-o-spaz' -mtis). See Trismus. 
Stomatotheca (sto-mat-o-the'-hah) [aropa, mouth ; Bbiai, 

box, chest: //. , Stomatotheca]. In biology, that part 

of a pupa-case which covers the mouth. 
Stomatotyphus (sto - mal - o - ti'-ftis) [aro/ia, mouth ; 

rv<poc, stupor]. A form of typhus in which the be- 
ginning lesions are found in the mouth. 
Stomatous (sto'-mat- us) [aro/ia, mouth]. Provided 

with stomata. 
Stomencephalus (sto -men- sef- al-us). See Stomo- 

cephalus. 
Stomenorrhagia (sto-men-or-a' -je-ah) [aro/ua, mouth ; 

priyvbvai, to burst forth]. Bleeding from the mouth. 
Stomocephalus (sto - mo - sef ' - al - us) [ardfia, mouth; 

Ke<pa?.n, head]. A variety of single autositic monsters 

of the species cyclocephalus, in which there is the same 

deformity as in rhinocephalus or in cyclocephalus, as- 
sociated with a defect of the maxillary bones, so 

that the excess of skin hangs in folds around the 



STOMOD^EUM 



1418 



STRAIN 



mouth, resembling somewhat the proboscis of rhino- 
cephalus. 

Stomodaeum (sto-mo' -de-tern) \pr6j.ia, mouth ; uHa'tnc, 
pertaining to away: //. , Stomod<Ea\. In biology, the 
primitive mouth-cavity of embryos, larva, and young 
transition-stages. That part of the enteric tube formed 
at the oral pole by a depression of the ectoderm connect- 
ing the permanent mouth with the archenteric cavity. 

Stomodseal (sto-mo'-de-al) \_ar6fxa, mouth ; bHalog, by 
the way]. Having the character of a stomodaeum. 

Stomoschisis (sto-mos 1 -kis-is) [oroua, mouth ; oxiotg, 
fissure]. Fissure of the mouth, particularly of the 
soft palate. 

Stomostaurus (sto-mo-s/aw'-rus) \_ar6;ia, mouth ; arav- 
p6c, cross]. In biology, the cross-shaped mouth of 
Medusa. 

Stomostyla (sto-mo-sti' -lah) [aro/ua, mouth; otv'aoc, a 
pillar: //., Slo/nostylie~\ . In biology, one of the oral 
styles of the Antlwmedusa. 

Stomoticous (sto-mot'-ik-us) \a~6p.a, mouth]. Re- 
lating or pertaining to the mouth. 

Stomotosyrinx (sto - mo - to - si'- rinks) [ardfia, mouth ; 
oi'c, the ear; avpvyi;, tube]. The Eustachian tube. 

Stomuria (sto-mu'-re-ah). See Stomaturia . 

Stone (ston) [ME., stoon, stone]. I. A hardened mass 
of mineral matter. 2. An English weight of 14 lbs. 
See also Calculus. S., Blue, copper-sulphate crys- 
tals. S., Break, a member of the genus Saxifrage: , 
so called because of the belief that the hard bulbs 
were of virtue against calculus. See Signatures, 
Doctrine of. S. -crusher. See Lithotrite. S. -fruit, 
the same as Drupe, q. v. S., Gall. See Biliary 
Calculus. S., Liver, a mixture of bitumen and barium 
sulphate. S. -masons' Neurosis, loss of control of 
the hand in the use of the chisel, sometimes observed 
in stone-masons, as a result of over-use. Both spasm 
and weakness are likely to be present, and painful 
points often exist. S.-m. Phthisis. See Grinders' 
Asthma. S.-oil. See Petroleum. S., Philoso- 
pher's, a hypothetic substance believed to transmute 
the baser metals into gold and silver, and to be a 
panacea against all evils as well. S.-pock, S.-pox. 
See Acne vulgaris. S.-root. See Collinsonia cana- 
densis. 

Stool [ME., stool, stool]. The feces. The evacuation 
of the bowels. A chair or seat. Ss., Bilious, the 
discharges in bilious diarrhea, as after large doses of 
calomel. Ss., Caddy, yellow-fever stools which re- 
semble fine, dark, sandy mud. Ss., Fatty, stools in 
which fat is present ; due to pancreatic disease. S., 
Insulated, in electricity, a stool provided with insu- 
lated legs. Ss., Mucous, stools consisting of or con- 
taining mucus. They indicate the existence of intes- 
tinal inflammation. Ss., Pea-soup, the peculiar 
liquid evacuation of typhoid fever. Ss., Rice-water, 
the stools of cholera, in which there is a copious serous 
exudation containing detached epithelium. 

Stop [ME., stoppen, to stop]. To plug up; to hold 
back ; to hinder. S.-cock, a turning cock, con- 
nected with a pipe, for regulating the flow of gases or 
liquids. S. -needle, a lance-pointed needle used in 
the operation of discission, having an enlargement or 
shoulder upon the shank to prevent too deep penetra- 
tion. 

Stoppage (stop'-aj) [ME., stoppen, to stop]. Cessation 
ot flow or action ; closure or stegnosis. 

Stopper, Stopple {stop'-er, stop'-l) [ME., stoppen, to 
stop]. A plug or other closure for a bottle, com- 
monly made of cork, rubber, or glass. S. -Dropper, a 
combination of stopper and medicine pipet in one piece. 

Stopping (stop'-ing). See Filling. 

Storax (sto'-raks). See Sty rax. 



Storesin (sto-rez'-in) [arvpa^, storax]. An amorphous 
resin forming the largest ingredient of storax. 

Stoughton, Stoughton's Elixir (sto'-ton). Tinctura 
absinthii composita; a tincture of wormwood, ger- 
mander, gentian, rhubarb, orange-peel, cascarilla, and 
aloes ; used as a flavor in alcoholic drinks and as a 
general tonic. Unof. 

Stout [stow/) [ME., stout, stout]. I. Hardy, sturdy, 
corpulent. 2. A heavy beer or porter. 

Strabilismus (stra-bil-iz'-mus). See Strabismus. 

Strabismal, Strabismic (stra-biz'-mal, stra-biz'-mik) 
[or pafito /xd c, a squint]. Relating to or affected with 
strabismus. 

Strabismometer (stra -biz- mom'- et-er). See Strabo- 
meter. 

Strabismometry (stra-biz - mom'- ct- re) [arpa^iaiioc, a 
squint ; fihrpov, measure]. The measurement of the 
degree of strabismus. 

Strabismus (stra - biz'- mus) \_arpafliCeiv, to squint]. 
That abnormality of the eyes in which the visual axes 
do not meet at the desired objective point, in conse- 
quence of incoordinate action of the external ocular 
muscles. Stevens has devised the following terms to 
express the deviations of the visual lines in strabis- 
mus : Heterotropia, a general term for deviation of any 
kind ; Hypertropia, for one visual line above another ; 
Esotropia, deviation inward ; Exotropia, deviation 
outward. S., Alternating, when either eye fixes alter- 
nately. S., Apparent, due to a large angle alpha. S., 
Concomitant, the squinting eye has full range of 
movement. S., Constant, when the condition is a per- 
manent one. S., Convergent, when the squinting 
eye is turned to the nasal side. S. deorsumvergens, 
the axis of vision is directed downward. S., Diver- 
gent, when the squinting eye is turned to the temporal 
side. S., Downward, strabismus in which the squint- 
ing eye turns downward below the point of fixation of 
the other eye. S., Dynamic. See Insufficiency \ S., 
External. See S., Divergent. S., Intermittent, that 
disappearing without apparent cause and returning at 
regular intervals. It is usually seen in children, and 
is probably of nervous origin. S., Internal. See S. , 
Convergent. S., Latent. See Insufficiency. S., 
Monocular, or Unilateral, when the same eye always 
deviates. S., Paralytic, due to paralysis of one 'or 
more muscles. S., Periodic, strabismus occurring 
sometimes on fixation for near but not for far points. 
S.. Spastic, strabismus due to a spastic contraction of 
an ocular muscle. It occurs in connection with cen- 
tral nervous disease. S. sursumvergens, the visual 
axis is directed upward. S., Upward, strabismus in 
which the squinting eye turns upward beyond the point 
of fixation of the other eye. 

Strabometer (stra - bom'- et -er) \_0-pafi6c, squinting; 
fierpnv, measure] . An instrument for the measurement 
of the deviation of the eyes in strabismus. 

Straboscopic (stra- bo - shop'- ik) [arpajioc, crooked; 
mcoTreiv, to see]. Pertaining to the appearance of ob- 
jects as seen by one with strabismus. S. Disc, an in- 
strument producing distortion of objects. 

Strabositas (stra-bos'-it-as). See Strabismus. 

Strabotomy (stra-bol'-o-me) \_arpaji6c, crooked ; re/uveiv, 
to cut] . An operation for the correction of strabismus. 
See Tenotomy. 

Straddling Disease. See Quebrabunda. 

Stragular (strag'-u-tar) [stragulu/u, a cover]. Pertain- 
ing to the mantle ; pallial. 

Stragulum (strag'-u-lum) [L.]. The mantle ; the 
pallium. 

Strain (stran) ' [ME., straynen, to strain]. In phar- 
macy, to separate insoluble substances from the liquid 
in which they occur. To filter. In pathology, any 



STRAINER 



1419 



STREPTOBACTERIA 



abnormal tension put on an organ or part. See, also, 
Eye-strain. 

Strainer (stra / -ner\ [ME., streynour, strainer]. In 
pharmacy, a sieve for filtration. 

Strait (strdt) [ME., strait, narrow]. I. Narrow. 2. 
A narrow or constricted place. S. -jacket, a strong 
coat especially designed to prevent injury of self or 
others by the delirious or violent patient ; camisole. 
Ss. of Pelvis. See Pelvis. S. -waistcoat. See S.- 
jacket. 

Stramineous (stra-min 1 -e-tts) [stramen, straw]. Straw- 
colored or straw-like. 

Stramonium (stra-mo' '-ne-um) [L., gen., Stramonii]. 
Thorn-apple. The seeds and leaves of Datura S., 
the well-known Jamestown or "jimson" weed. Its 
properties are due to an alkaloid, daturin, C 1T H., 3 NO :j , 
identical with atropin (see Belladonna'). It has the 
general properties of belladonna, but is more powerful. 
S., Ext. Dose gr. ■/£->£. S., Fid. Ext. Dose 
Tt\J-v. S., Tinct., 15 per cent, strong. Dose n\v- 
xxx. S., Ung., contains of the extract 10, water 5, 
benzoinated lard 85 parts. Daturin, the alkaloid. 
Dose gr. j^j-jV 

Strangalesthesia (stran-gal-es-the' -ze-ah). See Zones- 
thesia. 

Strangalis (strang' '-al-is) [arpayyaXii:]. A small, hard 
induration of the breast. 

Strangers' Cold. See Sain/ Kilda Cold. 

Strangles (strang' -Iz) [arpayyaXri, a halter]. An in- 
fectious catarrh of the upper air-passages, especially 
of the nasal cavity, of the horse, ass, and mule, associ- 
ated with suppuration of the submaxillary and other 
lymphatic glands. 

Strangling (strang' -ling). See Strangulation. 

Strangulate (strang'-u-ldt) \_strangulare , to strangle]. 
Irregularly expanded and contracted. 

Strangulated (strang'- gre- la - ted) [strangulare, to 
strangle]. So compressed that the normal function 
ceases, or is seriously interfered with. S. Hernia. 
See Hernia. 

Strangulatio (strang-gu-la'-ske-o) [L.]. Strangulation. 
S. uterina. Synonym of Hysteria. 

Strangulation (strang-gu-la' -shun) [strangulatio; stran- 
gulare, to choke]. Choking. Constriction produced 
by a ligature, stricture, etc. Pressure round the neck, 
whereby the entrance of air into the lungs is pre- 
vented, the constricting force being either a ligature, 
the hands, or some power other than the weight of 
the body itself. 

Strangury (strang' ' -gu-re)[oTpay^ , a drop ; ovpov, urine]. 
Painful urination, drop by drop. It occurs in poison- 
ing by turpentine and by cantharides, and in inflam- 
matory affections of the bladder and prostate. 

Strap, Strapper (strap' -er) [ME., stropp, strap]. A 
flat thong, or flexible band, often of adhesive plaster. 
Straps of various kinds are much used in surgery. 

Strapping (strap' -ing) [ME., stroppe, strap]. The 
compression of a part (as the mamma, or testis) by 
means of adhesive straps. 

Strassburg's Test. A test for biliary acids in the urine : 
Dip filter-paper into the urine, to which a little cane- 
sugar has been added ; dry the paper and apply a drop 
of sulphuric acid ; a violet color is obtained after a 
short time if biliary acids are present. See Tests, Table 
of. 

Strassburger's Cell-plate. The equatorial plate pro- 
duced in karyokinesis. 

Stratification (strat-if-ik-a' -shun) [stratum, a layer ; 
facere , to make]. Arrangement in layers ; the thicken- 
ing of a cell- wall by successive layers of formed material. 

Stratiform (strat'-if-orm) [stratum, stratum ; forma, 
form]. Formed into a layer. S. Fibro-cartilage. 



Fibro-cartilage that lines those bony grooves through 
which the tendons of muscles pass. See Fibro-cartilage. 

Stratum (stra'-tum) [stratum, a spread for a bed, a 
pavement: //., Strata]- In biology, a layer, lamina, 
or lamella ; a membrane. S. bowmani, the ante- 
rior elastic layer of the cornea. S. cinereum, the 
second layer of the anterior lobes of the corpora quad- 
rigemina, consisting of gray matter and small cells in 
a network of nerves. S. corneum, the epidermis. 
S., Flesh, the Parietal Mesoblast. S. lucidum, one 
of the layers of the skin. S. malpighii. See Pete 
mucosum. S. of Oehl, a translucent layer of the 
epidermis consisting of irregular transparent cells with 
traces of a nucleus. S. opticum, a mass of gray 
matter forming the third layer of the anterior lobes of 
the corpora quadrigemina. S. of Remak, a layer of 
medullated nerve-fibers beneath the first layer of the 
cerebral cortex. S. of Visual Cells, a layer of cells 
in the retina. 

Straw [ME., straw, straw]. The stalk, or stem, of cer- 
tain species of grain. S., In the, in childbed ; lying- 
in ; parturient. S. -berry Mark. Same as Navus 
maternus. S. -berry Tongue, the characteristic 
tongue of scarlet fever. The vessels of the fungiform 
papilla become turgid, causing the papillse to stand 
out as red points, in marked contrast with the thick 
coating of fur on the filiform papillse. 

Streak (strek) [Dan., streg, AS., strica, a streak, a 
line]. In biology, a furrow, line, band, stripe, or 
color-mark. S. -culture. See Culture. S., Germi- 
nal. See S., Primitive. S., Medullary. See Med- 
ullary Groove. S., Primitive, an opaque band ex- 
tending some distance forward from the posterior mar- 
gin of the area pellucida and forming the first notice- 
able sign of incubation in the blastoderm of the am- 
niota. The accumulation of cells lying immediately 
behind the blastopore and representing the fusion of 
the lips of the blastoderm. In amphibia this accumu- 
lation is known as the Anus of Pusconi, q. v. In 
mammals the front end of the primitive streak is 
marked by the Knot of Hensen, q. v. S., Reflex, a 
shining, white streak running along the center of the 
vessels in the retina. It is due to the reflection of the 
light from the anterior surface of the column of blood. 

Streamless (strem'-les) [ME., streem, stream]. Lack- 
ing in electric activity. 

Streblosis (streb-lo'-sis). See Dislocation. 

Street (stret) [ME., streete, street]. Any highway (not 
a turnpike road) , and any public bridge (not being a 
county bridge), and any road, lane, footway, square, 
court, alley, or passage, whether a thoroughfare or 
not. (British Public Health Act, 1876.) 

Stremma (strem'-ah). Synonym- of Sprain. 

Strength [ME., strengthe, strength]. Physical power. 

Strengthen (streng'-then) [ME., strengthen, to streng- 
then]. To make strong. 

Strengthening (streng' -then-ing) [ME., strengthen, 
to strengthen]. Making stronger. S. Plaster, 
emplastrum roborans. See Ferrum. 

Strephotome (stref ' -o-tom) [arpk^av, to twist; Te.fi- 
vuv, to cut]. A cork-screw-like instrument used 
by Spanton to secure union in the operation for 
hernia. 

Strepitus (strep' -it- us) [L. , noise]. A sound ; a noise. 
S. aurium. See Tinnitus aitrium. S. coriaceus, 
an auscultatory sound resembling the creaking of 
leather. S. uteri. See Uterine Souffle. S. uterinus, 
the Uterine Bruit, q. v. 

Strepsis (strep' -sis). See Torsion. 

Streptobacteria (strep - to - bah - te' - re ■ ah) [oTperrToc;, 
twisted; fta/crr/pia, a stick, a staff]. In biology, 
short, rod-shaped bacteria associated in chains. 



STREPTOCOCCUS 



1420 



STRIOLA 



Streptococcus {strep-to-kok' -kus) [oTpewToc , twisted ; 
k6kkoq, a kernel: //. , Streptococci']. A genus of coc- 
caceous schizomycetes, of which the cocci are ar- 
ranged in strings or chaplets. Many of the species 
are believed to be pathogenic. See Bacteria, Syno- 
nymatic Table of. 

Streptostylic {strep-to-sti' '-lik) [<rrp£7rrdf , twisted; crvk6q, 
a pillar]. Having the quadrate bone freely articu- 
lated with the skull, as in ophidian and saurian 
reptiles. 

Streptothrix {strep-toth' -riks) [arpnirrog , twisted ; dpii; , 
the hair]. In biology, a genus of Schizomycetes, the 
cells uniting into simple or branching threads. See 
Cladotlirix, under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Stretch [ME. , strecchen, to stretch]. To draw out to 
full length. S.-walk, a position in walking for phy- 
sical development, with the arms stretched upward. 

Stretcher {strech'-er) [ME., strecchen, to stretch]. A 
portable cot or litter for carrying the sick. 

Stria (stri'-ah) [L. a streak: pi. , Stria:']. A streak or 
line. S., Acoustic, S., Auditory, transverse white 
lines, on the lower part of the floor of the fourth ven- 
tricle, which unite with the auditory nerve-roots. S. 
atrophicse, whitish, cicatricial lines of the skin caused 
by the contractions of skin that have been stretched by 
fat, pregnancy, etc. S., Callosal. See S. longitud- 
inales et laterales. S. Cornea, a narrow, white streak 
interpolated between the thalamus and the caudatum, 
on the ventricular floor. In color it resembles translu- 
cent, bluish horn, owing to a vein which passes along 
and under it. S. gravidarum, the atrophic strias 
observed upon the abdomen in pregnant women. S. of 
Heidenhain. See Rods of Heidenhain. S. longitud- 
inales et laterales, appearances of part of the corpus 
callosum. S., Pineal, the habena or habenula. S. 
of Retzius, brown stripes on a tooth, parallel to its 
edge. They are the indications of enamel-formation. 
S. vascularis, the vascular layer of the cochlea. 
Corpora striata. See Corpus. 

Striate {stri'-af) \_stria, a furrow]. Marked with 
minute ridges or furrows. S. Body. See Corpora 
.stria/a. S. -plicate, in biology, having minute folds 
that form stria;. S. -punctate, having parallel rows 
of spots or dots that form strife. S.-sulcate, in biol- 
ogy, striate with little furrows. 

Striated [stri'-a-ted] [stria, a furrow]. Marked with 
furrows. S.Hair. See Ringed Hair. 

Striation (stri-a'-shun ) [stria, furrow]. An arrange- 
ment of lines. A striated structure. S. of Heiden- 
hain. See Rods of Heidenhain. 

Striatum {stri-a' -tuni) [L.]. Same as Corpus striatum. 

Striature {stri'-at-ur) [striare, to furrow]. I. Mode of 
striation. 2. A stria. 

Strichcultur {strich' -kiil-tiir) [Ger.]. See Culture. 

Strictura {strik-tu'-rali). See Stricture. 

Stricture {strik' -tur) [strictura : stringere, to compress]. 
The abnormal narrowing or contraction of the lumen 
of a canal or duct from external pressure, or as a result 
of inflammatory or other changes. The most con- 
stricted part of the opening through which a hernia 
protrudes. S., Annular, a ring-like obstruction pro- 
duced by a fold of mucous membrane or constriction 
all around the urethra, gut, etc. S., Bridle, a fold 
of mucous membrane forming a crescentic obstruction, 
or perforated in its center; called, also, S., Linear, 
S., Pack-thread, S., Valvular and S., Hour-glass, 
according to the peculiar appearances. S., Cicatri- 
cial, a stricture due to cicatricial tissue. S., Conges- 
tive, a temporary obstruction of the urethra from sub- 
acute prostatitis or other passing inflammation. S.- 
cutter, an instrument for dividing a stricture. S.- 
fever, the constitutional disturbances sometimes the 



result of acute stricture. S., Functional. See S., 
Spasmodic. S., Impermeable, or S., Impassable, 
one not permitting the passage of a bougie or catheter. 
S., Irregular, or S., Tortuous, so named from the 
complications or peculiarities. S., Irritable, one in 
which the passage of the instrument causes great pain. 
S., Organic, narrowing of a canal due to tissue- 
change, to deposits, or to pressure from without. S., 
Permeable or Passable, one permitting the passage 
of an instrument. S., Recurrent or Contractile, one 
in which the constriction returns after dilatation. S., 
Simple, one that produces no interruption of function, 
pain, etc. S., Spasmodic, a stricture due to muscu- 
lar spasm and not to organic change. 

Strictureotome {strik' -tiir-o-tom). See Stricturotovie. 

Strictureotomy (strik-tur-ot' '-o-me) [st>-ictura, strict- 
ure ; ri/iveiv, to cut]. See Slricturotomy. 

Stricturotome {strik' -tii-ro-tom) [strictura, stricture ; 
tejivelv, to cut]. A cutting instrument for use in di- 
viding a stricture. 

Stricturotomy {strik-tur-ot' -o-me) [strictura, stricture ; 
re/xvetv, to cut]. A cutting operation for the relief of 
stricture. 

Stridor (stri' '-dor) [stridere, to make a creaking sound]. 
A peculiar, harsh vibrating sound arising from some ob- 
struction in the throat or larger respiratory tubes. Jt is 
most commonly due to compression of the trachea by 
some extraneous growth, or to spasm or paralysis of 
the vocal bands. S. dentium. See Odontoprisis. 
S., Inspiratory, the sound heard in inspiration 
through a spasmodically closed glottis. S., Laryn- 
geal, stridor due to laryngeal stenosis. S. serrati- 
cus, a sound like that of sharpening a saw, some- 
times produced by expiration through a tracheotomy- 
tube. 

Stridulate {strid'- u - lat ) [stridulus , creaking] . To 
make a stridulous noise, as an insect. 

Stridulation {strid-u-la' -shun) [stridulare , to stridu- 
late]. The act or function of making a stridulous 
sound. 

Stridulous (slrid'-u-lus) [stridere, to make a creaking 
sound]. Making a creaking or grating sound. S., 
Laryngismus. See Laryngismus. 

Striga {stri'-gah) [striga, a swath, furrow : pi. , Striga']. 
In biology : {a) a bristle-like scale ; {b) a streak. 

Strigate {stri' -gat). Same as Slrigose. 

Strigil {strij'-il) [strigilis, a scraper]. A flesh-brush. 

Strigilate {strij'-il-at) [strigilis, a scraper]. Provided 
with a strigilis. 

Strigilation {strij-il-af -shun) [s/rigilatus]. Friction by 
means of a brush. 

Strigilis {strij'-il- is) [strigilis, a scraper : //. , Strigiles]. 
In biology, a comb-like organ on the first tarsal joint 
of the fore leg of the bee, employed to clean the 
antenna; and to clear from the eye-hairs all pollen - 
grains or foreign bodies; the eye-brush, eye-comb. 

Strigilose {strij'-il-6z) [striga, a furrow]. In biology, 
minutely strigose. 

Strigmentum {strig-men' -turn) [L., a scraping]. The 
rolls of dirt and epithelium rubbed off the moist skin. 
S. capitis. See Pityriasis. 

Strigose, Strigous {stri'-goz, stri'-gus) [striga, a fur- 
row]. Covered with bristles; armed with sharp and 
stout hairs. 

Striking {stri'-king). See Black Leg. 

String Method. See Treatment, Methods of. 

Stringhalt {string' -hawlt) [a corruption of Springhalt]. 
A popular name for a nervous affection manifested in 
involuntary, convulsive movements of one or both 
hind legs of a horse. See Springhalt. 

Striola {s/ri'-o-lah) [L. , a little furrow]. A delicate 
stria. 



STRIOLATE 



1421 



STRUCTURE 



Striolate, Striolated [stri'-o-lat, stri'-o- la-ted) [striola, 

a little furrow]. Having striolce. 

Stripe (strip) [ME., stripe, stripe]. A streak; a dis- 
colored mark. Ss. of Retzius, dark lines extending 
more or less parallel to the free surface of the tooth, 
due to inequalities in growth and density of the en- 
amel. 

Striped Maple (strlpt). See Acer. 

Stripping (strip , -ing) [ME. , stripen, to rob]. Uncov- 
ering ; unsheathing. In the plural, the last and rich- 
est milk given at any one milking ; so called because 
it is slowly removed by the milker, who strips the teat 
between the fingers. S. of the Pleura, removal of 
the lining membrane of the thorax of an animal used 
for food, to remove the traces of pleurisy and of tuber- 
culosis. 

Strobic [strob'-ik) [orpdflac, a top]. Resembling or 
pertaining to a top. S. Discs, discs drawn with con- 
centric circles, so as to produce an illusory impression as 
if they were revolving. 

Strobila [strob-i' -lah) [orpo/SUoc, a pine-cone: pi. , 
Strobila\. In biology, a form of development oc- 
curring in the Cnidaria and Cestoda, in which the 
products of asexual generation by a sort of fission re- 
main attached to the proliferating organism or to each 
other. A name given to a tape-worm as a whole. S., 
Monodisc, the simplest form of strobilation, in which 
the disc (Scypkistoma) separates from its peduncle. 
S., Polydisc, that form in which successively formed 
discs remain attached. 

Strobilation [strob-il-a' 'shun) \_a-pofiikoq, a pine-cone]. 
In biology, the formation of zooids, discs or joints 
by metameric division, gemmation, or fission. 

Strobile [strob'-il) [arpofii'koq , a pine-cone], [a) A 
multiple fruit in which the seeds are enclosed by 
prominent scales, as a pine-cone ; (b) a strobila. 

Strobiliferous (sfrob - il - if- er - us) [strobilus, a pine- 
cone ; ferre, to bear]. In biology, producing Strobiles. 

Strobiliform [stro-bil' -if-orm) [strobilus, a pine-cone ; 
forma, form]. Having the form of a strobile. 

Stabilization [strob-il-iz-a' -shun). Same as Strobila- 
tion. 

Strobiloid {stro'-bil-oid) [prpojiiAoc, a pine-cone ; elSoc, 
like]. Like a strobile. 

Strobilophagous {stro-bil-ojf ' -ag-us) [aTpo^iloc, pine- 
cone ; (payelv, to eat]. Living on pine-cones, as abird. 

Stroboscope [stro'-bo-skop). See Zoescope. 

Stroboscopic [stro-bo-skop' -ik) \_o~rp6(loc, a twisting ; 
anoneiv, to view]. I. Pertaining to the stroboscope. 
2. A term applied to a plate used in the study of 
the contractions of striated muscular fiber. 

Stroke [strok) \W&.,strook, a stroke ; stroken, to stroke]. 
I. In pathology, a sudden and severe seizure or fit of 
disease. 2. A popular term for apoplexy. 3. To pass 
the hands gently over the body. S., Apoplectic. See 
Apoplexy. S., Back, of the Heart, the supposed 
" reaction-impulse," or recoil of the ventricles at the 
moment the blood is discharged into the aorta. S., 
Heat. See Hyperpyrexia. S., Paralytic, sudden loss 
of muscular power from lesion of the brain or spinal 
cord. 

Stroma [stro'-mah) [arpCi/ia, a bed: pi. , Stromata~\. 

1. The tissue forming the substratum or framework 
upon which the essential structures of an organ rest. 

2. In biology, a body composed of compactly ar- 
ranged hyphae, on which sporocarps are borne. S.- 
fibrin, Landois' term for fibrin formed directly from 
stroma, as distinguished from plasma-fibrin or that 
formed in the usual way. S. -plexus, a plexus of 
axis-cylinders formed by the corneal nerves. 

Stromatic (stro-inaf -ik) [arpupa, a coverlet]. Re- 
sembling a stroma. 



Stromatiform [stro-mat'-if-orm) [arpupa, stroma; 
forma, form]. Having the form of a stroma. 

Stromatous [s/ro'-mat-us) [arpCipa, stroma]. Pertaining 
to a stroma. 

Strombuliform [strom' -bu-lif-orm) [strombulus, a little 
top; forma, form]. In biology, twisted into a spiral 
form. 

Stromuhr [strom' -ur) [Ger.]. See Rheometer. 

Strongle [strong' -gl) \prpoyyvXoc, globose]. A worm 
of the genus Strongylus. 

Strongyl [stron'-jil). See Strongle. 

Strongylus [stron'-jil- us) [o-poyyv'koc, globose: //. , 
Strongyli"]. A genus of nematode entozoa. See 
Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Strontian Yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Strontium [stron' -she-um) [after Strontian, in Scot- 
land]. A metal somewhat resembling barium in its 
chemic relations. Symbol, Sr. ; at. wt. ,87.37; sp. 
gr., 2.54. See Elements, Table of. S. Bromid, 
a sedative remedy reported to be free from many of 
the objectionable qualities of potassium bromid. S. 
Iodid, S. Lactate, used as a diuretic and as a tenia- 
cide. 

Strophanthein [strop- an'- the - in) [orpo0oc , a cord ; 
avdoc, flower]. An insoluble substance produced by 
the decomposition of strophanthin by acids. 

Strophanthin [strofan'-thin) [orpd^oc, a cord ; avdoc, 
flower], C., H. !4 O 10 . A toxic alkaloid, soluble in water 
and alcohol, derived from strophanthus. 

Strophanthus [strofan' -thus) [aro<poc, twisted ; avdoc, 
flower]. I. A genus of apocynaceous trees and 
shrubs, or climbers, of Africa and Asia, often with 
poisonous seeds. Some 20 species are described. 
2. The seeds of a tropical plant, 6". hispidus, or Kombe, 
yielding an arrow-poison. Its properties are due to stro- 
phanthin, C 20 H :M O 10 , a glucosid, and inein, an alka- 
loid. In medical properties it closely resembles 
digitalis, producing loss of reflex sensibility and 
voluntary motion, but not to the same degree causing 
contraction of the arteries. Dose of the tincture gtt. 
v-x, of strophanthin, dose gr. i\$—$$t hypodermati- 
cally. Unof. 

Strophium (strof'-e-um) [arpoipog, a cord]. A band- 
age. 

Strophocephalus [sfrof-o-sef ' -al-us) \_a-p6q>oc, twisted ; 
KEcbaJrj, head]. A monster having displacement of 
the parts forming the head and face. 

Strophocephaly [strof-o-sef -al-e) [csrpoqoc, twisted ; 
KtfyuXr/, head]. Distortion of the head; the condition 
of having a distorted head. 

Strophos [strof'-os) \_a-p6<poc, a cord]. Synonym of 
Volvulus. 

Strophulus [strof'-u-lus) [crpotyoc, a twisted band]. 
Red Gum; a form of miliaria occurring in infants. 
It generally results from too much wrapping up. S. 
albidus. See Milium. S. confertus. See S. inter- 
tinctus. S. intertinctus, S. confertus, a papular 
dermatitis of more or less acute form, a variety of 
eczema common in infants. S. pruriginosus, an 
eruption, occurring in the young, of erythematous dis- 
seminated papules, accompanied by great itching. S. 
volaticus, an acute skin-disease, a typical erythema 
papulatum, characterized by slight maculae. 

Structural [struk' -tu-ral) [structura, structure]. Per- 
taining to or involving tissue or structure. In biology, 
relating to the form, arrangement, and development 
of parts of organisms. 
Structure [struk' -tur) \_structura ; struere, to build]. 
In biology, the manner or method of the building up, 
arrangement, and formation of the different tissues 
and organs of the body or of a complete organism. 
Also, an organ, a part, or a complete organic body. 



STRUCTURELESS 



1422 



STY LATE 



Structureless (struk 1 '• litr - les) \_structure, structure]. 
Having no histologic differentiation ; amorphous or 
homogeneous ; having no distinctions of internal organ- 
ization and no distinct parts. 

Struma (stru' -mah) [struma, a scrofulous tumor]. 
Scrofula. Also, a scrofulous swelling or tumor ; a 
goiter. Also, Bronchocele. S. lipomatodes aber- 
ratae renis, small, fatty tumors found beneath the 
renal capsule. S. maligna, carcinoma of the thy- 
roid gland. S. pulsans, S. vasculosa, pulsating 
goiter. 

Strumatic, Strumatous [stru-mat'-ik, stru' -mat-us) 
[struma, struma]. Strumous; scrofulous. 

Strumectomy [stru - inch'- to - me) [struma, struma ; 
kiiTo/irj, excision]. Excision of an enlarged or stru- 
mous gland, or of a goiter. 

Strumiferous (stru-mif -er-us) [struma, struma ; ferre, 
to bear]. Strumose. 

Strumiform (stru'-miform) [struma, struma ; forma, 
form]. Having the appearance of struma. 

Strumipriva, Cachexia (stru-mip-re'-vah). See Ca- 
chexia. 

Strumitis (stru-mi'-tis) [struma, struma ; irig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the thyroid gland. 

Strumoderma (stru - mo- der'- ?nali). See Scrofulo- 
derma. 

Strumose (stru' -moz) [struma, struma]. Swollen on 
one side ; possessing a wen-like protuberance. 

Strumosis (stru-mo'-sis). See Slrumositas. 

Strumositas (stru-mos' -it-as) [struma, struma]. The 
tendency toward, or diathesis of, goiter or of scrofula. 

Strumous (stru' -mus) [strumosus\ Scrofulous. Having 
the nature of scrofula. S. Inguinal Lymphadenitis, 
S. Bubo, hyperplastic lymphadenitis of the inguinal 
glands. 

StriimpeH's Disease. Acute primary hemorrhagic 
encephalitis. See Diseases, Table of. 

Strumulose (stru 1 '- mu - loz) [struma, struma]. Fur- 
nished with a small struma. 

Struthin (stru'-thin). See Saponin. 

Struve's Lotion. A lotion recommended as a counter- 
irritant in whooping-cough, and composed of tartar 
emetic ^j, tr. cantharides ^j, water ^ij. S.'s 
Method, a method of preparing hemin crystals. Add 
to a dilute solution of hemoglobin, ammonia, tannic 
acid, and afterward glacial acetic acid until it is acid ; 
a black precipitate of tannate of hematin is thrown 
down. This is isolated, washed, dried on a glass 
slide, two or three drops of glacial acetic acid and a 
granule of ammonium chlorid added ; gentle heat is 
applied, and, on cooling, the crystals appear. 

Strychnin, Strychnina (strik' - nin, strik- ni'-nah) 
[arpi'xvog, strychnin], C 21 H 22 N 2 2 . A poisonous 
alkaloid in the fruit of Strychnos nux vomica and 
found in St. Ignatius' bean. It crystallizes in four- 
sided prisms, melting at 284 C. , and possessing an 
extremely bitter taste. See Nux vomica. 

Strychninism (strik' -nin-izm) [arpv^voc, strychnin]. 
The condition of one under the influence of strychnin 
or nux vomica, or affected by either. 

Strychninization (strik - nin - iz - a'- shun) [arpvxvog, 
strychnin]. The condition produced by large doses 
of strychnin or nu.x vomica. 

Strychninomania (sfrih-nin-o-ma'-ne-ah) [arpv^vor, 
night-shade; uavia, madness]. Delirium from the 
use of strychnin or nux vomica. 

Strychnos (strik'-nos). See Nux vomica. 

Stubb (stub). See Phenanthrene. 

Stuffed Meat. Any veal or lamb upon which or to 
which masses of fat from other animals have been 
affixed for the purpose of giving lean flesh the ap- 
pearance of being in good condition. 



Stultitia (stul-tish'-e-ah) [stullus, a fool]. Foolishness; 
dulness of intellect. 

Stump [ME., stumpe, stump]. The extremity, pedi- 
cle, or basis of the part left after surgical amputa- 
tion, excision, or ablation. S. of Eyeball, the re- 
mainder of the globe after excision of an anterior 
staphyloma or after other capital operation on the 
globe that deprives it of vision. S.-foot. Synonym 
of Club-foot. S., Sugar-loaf, a conic stump due to 
undue retraction of the muscles; called, also, S., 
Conical. S. of Tooth, that part remaining after 
removal or destruction of the corona. 

Stun [AS., stunian, to make a din]. To confuse and 
render one temporarily insensible or unconscious, as 
by a blow. 

Stunt [ME., stunt, dull]. A stunted or undeveloped 
state. See Cram-stunt. 

Stunted (stun'-ted) [ME., stunt, dull]. Undeveloped, 
by reason of underfeeding, overwork, or other un- 
toward condition. 

Stupe (stup) [stupa : gen. and //., Stupte ; aTv-iri], tow]. 
A fomentation. Also, the cloth used. 

Stupefacient, Stupefactive (slu-pe-fa'- shent, stu-pe- 
fak'-tiv) [stupere, to be stunned ; facere, to make] . 
I. Narcotic, or deadening the senses. 2. A narcotic 
agent. 

Stupefaction (stu-pe-fak' -shun) [stupere, to be stunned]. 
Stupor, and the process of reaching it. 

Stupemania (stu-pe-ma'-ne-ah) [stupor, stupor ; fiavia, 
mania]. Mental stupor with insanity. 

Stupeous (stu'-pe-us) [stupa, tow]. In biology, applied 
to the palpi of some insects which are covered with 
loose scales like tow. 

Stupiditas (stu-pid' -it-as) . Synonym of Idiocy. 

Stupor (stu'-por) [L.]. The condition of being but 
partly conscious or sensible. Also, a condition of in- 
sensibility. S., Anergic, acute dementia. S., Delu- 
sional, melancholic dulness of mind, with delusions ; 
it is sometimes a kind of auto-hypnotism. S., Epi- 
leptic, S., Post-convulsive, the stupor following an 
epileptic convulsion. S. formicans, formication. 
S., Lethargic. See Trance. S. melancholicus, 
the stupor found in association with melancholia. 
S. miliaris, paresthesia of the fingers and toes in con- 
nection with miliary fever. S. vigilans, catalepsy. 

Stuporous (stu'-por-us) [stupor, stupor]. In a condi- 
tion of or attended with stupor. S. Insanity. See 
Insanity, Gonfusional. 

Stupose (stu'-pbz) [stupa, tow]. Like tow; covered 
with mats of long hairs, resembling tow. 

Stupration, Stuprum (stu-pra'-shun, stu'-prum) [stu- 
prum, defilement]. Rape. 

Stupulose (stu'-pu-loz) [stupa, tow]. In biology, cov- 
ered with short, fine hairs. 

Sturdy (stur'-de) [ME., sturdy, sturdy]. I. Vigorous; 
hardy. 2. See Gid and Staggers. 

Stutter (stut'-er) [Ger., stottern, to stutter]. To hesi- 
tate or make repeated efforts to articulate a syllable. 
Stuttering is a variety of stammering. See Stammer- 
ing. S. -spasm. See Lalophobia. 

Stycerin (stis'-er-in), C 9 H 12 O a . Phenyl glycerol ; a sub- 
stance obtained from the bromid of cinnamic alcohol 
by long boiling with water. It is a gummy mass, 
easily soluble in water and alcohol. 

Stye (sti). See Hordeolum. 

Stylamblys (sti-lam'-blis) [orb/oc, a pillar ; a.ufi\v<;, 
blunt]. In biology, a small process attached to the 
•inner branch of the pleopod of a crustacean. (Bate.) 

Stylar (sti'-lar) [ffriiAoc, pillar]. Pertaining to or re- 
sembling a style. 

Stylate (sti' -Id/) [stilus, a stake]. Having a persistent 
style. 



STYLE 



1423 



STYRONE 



Style {stil) [otvaoc, pillar]. In biology, that portion of 
the pistil which connects the ovary with the stigma. 
S. -branch, in biology, a division of the style. S., 
Lacrymal. See Lacrymal. 

Stylet {sti-let') [stilus, stake] . A probe ; a probe or 
wire inserted into a catheter or trocar, in order to 
stiffen the instrument or to perforate the tissues. See 
Stilet. 

Styletiform (sti-leP '-if-ortri) \_siilus, stake ; forma, form]. 
Shaped like a stylet. 

Styliferous {sti-lif -er-us) [stilus, stake ;ferre, to bear]. 
In biology, bearing a style. 

Styliform {sti'- lif-orm) [stilus, stake; forma, form]. 
Shaped like a style. 

Styline {sti'-lin) [stilus, stake]. Pertaining or relating 
to a style. 

Styliscus {sti-lis'-kus) [oTv'Aianog, dim. of otvXoc, a 
pillar ://. , Stylisci~\ . I. A slender cylindric tent. 2. 
In biology, the passage leading from the stigma to the 
ovary through the style. 

Stylo- {sti'-lo-) [arvAog, pillar]. A prefix used to denote 
connection with or relation to the styloid process of the 
temporal bone. 

Stylocerite {sti-los' -er-lt) [arvTioc, a pillar; Ktpac, a 
horn]. In biology, a style or large spine on the outer 
margin of the first joint of the first pair of antennae of 
crustaceans (Bate). 

Stylo-glossal {sti-lo-glos'-al) [arv'/.ot;, pillar; yXacaa, 
tongue]. Connected with or relating to the styloid 
process of the temporal bone and the tongue. 

Styloglossus {sti-lo-glos'-its). See Muscles, Table of. 

Stylogonidium {sti-lo-go-nid' -e-um) [otvaoc, a pillar ; 
7 0V V> generation]. In biology, a gonidium formed by 
abstriction on the ends of special branches of the thal- 
lus in certain fungi. 

Stylohyal {sti-lo-hi'-al) [stilus, stile; hyoid~\. One of 
the bones of the hyoid arch of vertebrates. 

Stylohyoid {sti-lo-hi'-oid). See Muscles, Table of, and 
Nerves, Table of. 

Styloid {sti' '-loid)[oTv?ioc, pillar]. Resembling a stylus 
or slender, cylindric column. 

Stylo-mastoid {sti-lo-mas'-toid) [otv'aoc, pillar ; mas- 
toid]. Pertaining conjointly to the styloid and mas- 
toid processes. S.-m. Foramen, a foramen on the 
inferior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal 
bone. It transmits the facial nerve. See Foramina, 
Table of. 

Stylo-maxillary {sti-lo-maks' -il-a-re) [otvAoq, pillar ; 
maxilla, maxilla]. Pertaining to the styloid process 
and the maxilla. 

Stylo-pharyngeus {sti-lo-far-in-je'-us). See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Stylopod {sti'-lo-pod) [arvAoc, a pillar; irovg, foot]. 
Same as Stylopodium. 

Stylopodium {sti-lo-po' '-de-uni) [utvAoc, pillar; ttovq, 
foot : pi. , Stylopodia~\. In biology, a disc-like enlarge- 
ment occurring at the base of the style in some flowers, 
e. g. , Umbelliferce . 

Stylosanthes {sti-lo-san' '-t/iez) [arvXoc, pillar ; avdoc, 
flower]. A genus of leguminous plants including the 
Pencil Flozver ; the herb 5. elatior, which is of repute 
in relieving the irritability of the uterus during gesta- 
tion. Dose of the fld. ext. TTLx-xx. 

Stylospore {sti'-lo-spor) [arvXog, a pillar; o-iropa, seed] . 
Same as Pycnospore. 

Stylosporous (sti-los / -po-rus) [ariAoc, a pillar ; airopa, 
seed]. Of the nature of a stylospore. 

Stylo-staphylin {sti - lo - staf '- il '- in) [otvXoc, pillar; 
GTatpvlij, a bunch of grapes]. Connected with or re- 
lating to the styloid process of the temporal bone and 
the velum palati. 
Stylostegium [sti-lo-ste' -je-uni) [arvAoc;, a pillar ; areyoc, 



cover : pi., Slylostegia~\. In biology, the corona cover- 
ing the style peculiar to asclepiads. 

Stylostemon {sti-lo-ste' -mon) [otvaoq, pillar; arij/iuv, 
stamen]. An epigynous stamen. 

Stylosteophyte {sti-los' -te-o-fit) [arvXoc, pillar ; <j>vr6v, 
plant]. A style-shaped exostosis. 

Stylostixis {sti-lo-stil's'-is). See Acupuncture. 

Stylus {sti' -lies) [stilus, a pen]. A pointed instrument 
formerly used for writing on wax tablets. An instru- 
ment for writing on manifolding paper. In surgery, a 
sound. 

Styma {sti'-mah). See Priapism. 

Stymatosis {sti-mat-o r -sis') [arv[ia, stiffness]. A violent 
erection of the penis attended with hemorrhage. 

Stypage {ste-pahzh') [Fr.]. The production of local 
anesthesia by an application made with a stype. 

Stype {step, or sti' ' -pe) [P'r. ; otv-ki), tow]. A tampon 
or pledget, especially such as is used in producing 
local anesthesia. 

Stypsis {slip' -sis) [otvktikoq, astringent]. I. Consti- 
pation. 2. The use of a styptic. 

Styptic {stip'-tik) [gtvktikoc, astringent] . I . Having 
the property of checking hemorrhage. 2. A medi- 
cine or agent that causes vascular contraction of the 
blood-vessels. A hemostatic. 

Stypticity {stip-tis' -it-e) [arvrrriKog, astringent]. The 
quality of being styptic. 

Styracin {stir' -as-in) [orvpaS,, storax], C 18 H 16 2 . The 
cinnamic ester of cinnamyl-alcohol. A substance 
present in storax. It crystallizes from hot alcohol in 
fine needles, melting at 44 O, and is odorless and 
tasteless. 

Styracol {stir'-ak-ol) {arvpa^, storax], C 5 H 5 .CH : CH.- 
COOC 6 H 4 OCH 3 . The cinnamate of guaiacol, intro- 
duced as a tasteless substitute for guaiacol in gastro- 
intestinal and genito-urinary catarrh. Dose gr. v. 
Unof. 

Styrax {sti'-raks) [anpa^, storax]. Storax. A bal- 
sam obtained from the inner bark of Liquidambar 
orientalis, or oriental sweet gum. It contains a 
volatile oil, styrol, several resins and cinnamic acid. 
It is stimulant, expectorant and antiseptic, acting like 
benzoin and tolu, and is used in bronchial affections 
and catarrh of the urinary passages. Externally it is 
an antiseptic and parasiticide. It is a constituent of 
Friar's balsam. Dose gr. v-xx. 

Styrene {sti'-ren) [arbpa§, storax], C 9 H 10 O. Styryl- 
alcohol, Cinnamyl-alcohol; a substance obtained by 
saponifying styracin, its cinnamic ester, with potas- 
sium hydroxid. It crystallizes in shining needles, is 
sparingly soluble in water, possesses a hyacinth-like 
odor, melts at 33 C, and distils at 250 C. 

Styrogallol {sli-ro- gal'- ol). See Pigments, Conspec- 
tus of. 

Styrol {sti'-rol) [arvpa^, storax], C 8 H 8 . Cinnamene, 
Pkenylethylene. A colorless, strongly refractive liquid 
hydrocarbon, with an odor like that of benzine, and 
obtained by heating styracin with calcium hydrate. It 
boils at 144-145 C.; sp. gr. at 0° C. is 0.925. 

Styrolene {sti'-ro-len). Same as Styrol, q. v. 

Styrone {sti'-ron) [arvpat, storax]. A compound of 
balsam of Peru and styrax. It occurs usually in the 
form of a brown, syrupy liquid, of a pleasantly 
aromatic odor, and a pungent, biting, persistent taste ; 
it also crystallizes. It is antiseptic, deodorant, analgesic, 
and makes a pleasant deodorizer, in solution, used as 
a spray, likewise an agreeable mouth-wash, to neutral- 
ize tobacco and other odors, and is used as an anti- 
septic in dental practice. In from I to 5 per cent, 
solutions it furnishes a strong antiseptic for surgical 
use, dissolved in olive-oil, or mixed with ointment- 
bases ; it has also been recommended in the treatment 



STVRYL-ALCOHOL 



1424 



SUBCREPITANT 



of otorrhea. S. Method, a method of bleaching 
microscopic preparations of parasitic fungi by the use 
of styrone. 

Styryl-alcohol (sti'-ril-al'-ko-hol). See Styrene. 

Sub- [sub, under]. A Latin preposition. Used as a 
prefix it denotes under, beneath, ventrad, lower, or 
moderate in degree. 

Subabdominal (sub-ab-dom'-in-al) [sub, under ; abdo- 
men, abdomen]. Beneath the abdomen. 

Subacetas (sub-as' -et-as). See Sttbacetatc. 

Subacetate (sub - as'- et - at) [sub, under; acetum, 
vinegar]. A basic acetate. 

Subacid (sub -as'- id) [sub, under; acidum, acid]. 
Moderately acid or sour. 

Subacrid (sub - ak' - rid) [sub, under; acer, sharp]. 
Moderately acrid. 

Subacromial (sub- ak-ro'- me- al) [sub, under ; acro- 
mial^. Lying below the acromion. 

Subacuminate (sub-ak-u' -min-at) [sub, under; acumi- 
nate']. Moderately acuminate. 

Subacute (sub' -ak - tit) [sub, under; acutus, sharp]. 
Moderately acute or severe. Also, the stage of a 
disease when it is intermediate between an acute and 
a chronic form. 

Subanal (sub-a'-nal) [sub, under ; anus, anus]. Situ- 
ated below the anus. 

Subanconeal (sub -an- ko-ne' -al) [sub, under; anco- 
neus]. Beneath the anconeus muscle. 

Subanconeus (sub-an-ko-ne' -us). See Muscles, Table of. 

Subapical (sub - a' • pik - al) [sub, under; apex, apex]. 
Beneath the apex. 

Subaponeurotic (sub-ap-on-u-rot'-ik) [sub, under; 
aponeurosis ] . Situated, or occurring beneath an 
aponeurosis. 

Subaqueous (sub - a'- kwe -tis) [ sub, under ; aqua, 
water] . Living beneath the water. 

Subarachnoid (sub-ar-ak'-noid) [sub, under; arach- 
noid]. That lying directly beneath the arachnoid 
membrane, as the subarachnoid space, subarachnoid 
fluid, etc. See Space. 

Subarcuate (sub-ar'-ku-dt) [sub, under; arcus, an arc]. 
Slightly arcuate. 

Subareolar (sub-ar-e'-o-lar) [sub, under ; areola, are- 
ola]. Situated, or occurring beneath the mammary 
areola. 

Subastragalar (stib-as-trag'-al-ar) [sub, under; astrag- 
alus]. Under the astragalus. S. Amputation, a 
partial removal of the foot, in which only the astraga- 
lus is left. 

Subastragaloid (sub-as-trag'-al-oid) [sub. under; as- 
tragalus, astragalus]. Occupying a position beneath 
the astragalus. 

Subastringent (sub-as-trin'-jent) [sub, under ; astrin- 
gens, astringent]. Only slightly astringent. 

Subaural (sub-aw'-ral) [sub, under ; aura, ear]. Be- 
neath the ear. 

Subaxial (sub-ales' -e-al) [sub, under ; axis, axis]. Ly- 
ing below the axis. 

Subaxillary (sub- aks'-il- a -re) [sub, under ; axilla, 
axilla]. Situated below the axilla. 

Subbasal (sitb-ba'-zal) [sub, under; /Jfiffic, base]. Sit- 
uated near the base. 

Subbrachial, Subbrachiate (sub-bra' '-ke-al, sub-bra'- 
ke-at) [sub, under; (ipaxiov, arm]. Under the pec- 
toral muscles. 

Subcalcareous (sub-kal-ka'-re-us) [sub, under ; calx, 
lime]. Somewhat calcareous. 

Subcalcarine (sub-kal' -kar-in) [sub, under ; calcar, the 
calcaneum]. Situated ventrad of the calcarine fissure 
of the brain. 

Subcapsular (sub-kap 1 '-su-Iar) [sub, under ; capsula, 
capsule]. Beneath the capsule. 



Subcarbonas (sub - kar' - bon - as) [sub, under ; carbo, 
charcoal]. See Subcarbonate. 

Subcarbonate (sub - kar'- bon - at ) [sub, under ; carbo, 
charcoal]. A neutral or basic carbonate. 

Subcartilaginous (sub-kar-til-aj'-in-us) [sub, under; 
cartilago, cartilage]. I. Situated beneath cartilage. 
2. Partly cartilaginous. 

Subcaudal (sub-kaw'-dal) [sub, under; cauda, tail]. 
Situated under the tail. 

Subcaudate (sub-kaio' -dat). Same as Subcaudal. 

Subcecal (sub-se'-kal) [sub, under; ccecum, cecum]. 
Lying below the cecum. 

Subcentral (sub - sen' - tral) [sub, under; Kevrpov, 
center]. I. Situated near the center. 2. Ventrad of 
the central fissure of the brain. 

Subcerebellar (sub-ser-e-bel'-ar) [sub, under; cerebel- 
lum, cerebellum]. Situated beneath the cerebellum. 

Subcerebral (sub-ser'-e-bral) [sub, under: cerebrutn, 
cerebrum]. Situated beneath the cerebrum. 

Subchondral (sub - kon' - dral) [sub, under; x° v dp°S> 
cartilage]. Lying beneath cartilage. 

Subchordal (sub-kor'-dal) [sub, under; chorda, cord]. 
Beneath the notochord. 

Subchorionic (sub-ko-re-on' -ik) [sub, under ; xopiov, 
chorion]. Lying beneath the chorion. 

Subchoroidal (sub - ko - raid'- al ) [sub, under ; x°P""'i 
chorion ; e}6or, like]. Situated or occurring under the 
choroid. 

Subchronic (sub-kron' -ik) [sub, under; xpdvoc:, time]. 
More nearly chronic than is indicated by the term 
subacute. 

Subclavian (sub-kla' -ve-an) [sub, under; clavis, collar- 
bone]. Situated under the collar-bone. S. Artery. 
See Arteries, Table of. S. Groove. See Groove. S. 
Triangle. See Triangles, Table of. 

Subclavicular (sub-kla-vik' -u-lar) [sub, under ; clavis, 
collar-bone]. Pertaining to the subclavicular bone or 
the first rib. 

Subclavius (sub-kla' -ve-us). See Muscles, Table of. 

Subcollateral (sub- hoi - at'- er- al) [sub, under; con, 
together ; lateralis, lateral]. Ventrad of the collat- 
eral fissure of the brain. 

Subconchoidal (sub-kong-koi'-dal )[sub, under; K.6yxa, 
shell ; eitioc, like]. Imperfectly conchoidal. 

Subconical (sub-kon'-ik-al) [sub, under; kuvikoc,, coni- 
cal]. Conoidal. 

Subconjunctival (sub-koii-fungk-ti'-val) [sub, under; 
conjunctivus, uniting]. Situated beneath the conjunc- 
tiva. 

Subconsciousness (sub - kon'- shits - ties) [sub, under ; 
consents, knowing] . Imperfect consciousness ; that 
state in which mental processes take place without the 
mind being distinctly conscious of its own activity. 

Subcoracoid (sub-kor'-ak-oid) [sub, under; tiopaz,, a 
crow ; eMoc, like]. Situated below the coracoid pro- 
cess. 

Subcordate (sub - kor' - dat) [sub, under; cor, heart]. 
Having nearly the shape of a heart. 

Subcordiform (sub - kor'- dif- orm) [sub, under; cor, 
heart]. See Subcordate. 

Subcorneous (sub-kor'-ne-tts) [sub, under; corneus. 
horny]. Somewhat horny. 

Subcortical (sub-kor'-tik-al) [sub, under ; cortex, cor- 
tex]. Beneath the cortex. 

Subcosta (sttb-kos'-ta/t) [sub, under ; casta, rib]. The 
subcostal vein of the wing of some insects. 

Subcostal (sub- hos'-tal ) [sub, under; casta, rib]. 
Lying beneath a rib or the ribs. 

Subcranial (sub - kra'- ne - al) [sub, under; upaviov, 
cranium]. Situated below the skull. 

Subcrepitant (sttb-krep' -it-ant) [sub, under ; crepitate, 
to make a crackling noise]. Applied to a sibilant rat- 



SUBCRUREUS 



1425 



SUBILIAC 



tie, or to rales produced by the bubbling of air through 
a slightly viscous liquid, as the mucus of the bronchi. 

Subcrureus (sub-kru-re' -us). See Muscles, Table of. 

Subculture (sub-kul'-lur) [sub, under ; cultura, cul- 
ture]. In bacteriology, a part of a culture set aside 
for special treatment or observation. 

Subcuneus (sub-ku-ne' '-its) [sub, under; cuneus, a 
wedge]. An area of the occipital lobe ventrad of the 
cuneus, and caudad of the collateral fissure. 

Subcutaneous (sub-ku-la'-uc-us) [sub, under ; cutis, 
the skin]. Under the skin. Hypodermatic. 

Subcuticular (sub-ku-tik' -u-lar). See Subepidermal. 

Subcutis (sub-ku'-tis) [sub, under; cutis, skin]. The 
deeper portion or layer of the true skin. 

Subdelirium [sub-de-lir' '-e-um) [sub, under; delirium, 
delirium]. A muttering delirium, with lethargic feat- 
ures. 

Subdental (sub-dcn'-tal) [sub, under ; dens, a tooth]. 
Situated beneath the teeth. 

Subdermal (sub-der'-mal). See Subcutaneous. 

Subdiaphragmatic (sub-di-afrag-maf -ik) [sub, under; 
dtdcppay/ia, diaphragm]. Under the diaphragm. 

Subdivided (sub'-div-i-ded) [sub, under; dividere, to 
divide]. Re-divided; making secondary or smaller 
divisions. 

Subdolichocephalic ( sub-dol-ik- o - sef- al' - ik) [sub, 
under; dolixoc, long; Ke<pa7iij, head]. Somewhat 
dolichocephalic ; having the cephalic index above 75 
and below 77 . 

Subdorsal (sub-dor' -sal) [sub, under; dorsum, back]. 
In biology, situated on the side of the dorsal surface 
of the body. 

Subdural (sub-du'-ral) [sub, under; dura, dura]. Be- 
neath the dura. S. Space, the space between the 
dura and the arachnoid. 

Subectodermal (sub-ek-to-der' -mal)[sub, under; e/crof, 
outside; fikp/ia, skin]. Beneath the ectoderm. 

Subectopic (sub-ek-top' -ik) [sub, under ; Ikto-koc, dis- 
placed]. Almost ectopic; applied to gestation in 
which the ovum is implanted in the lower zone of 
the inner surface of the uterus. 

Subencephaion {sub-en-sef -al-on) [sub, under ; kyuktya- 
Xov, brain]. The oblongata, pons and corpora quad- 
rigemina taken together. 

Subendocardial (sub-en-do-kar'-de-al) [sub, under; 
evfiov, within ; Kapdia, heart]. Beneath the endocar- 
dium. 

Subendothelial (sub - en- do - the'- le- al) [sub, under ; 
evihv, within ; 6r/Xi/, nipple]. Situated or occurring 
under an endothelial structure. 

Subepidermal, Subepidermatic, Subepidermic (sub- 
ep-id-er'-mal, sub-ep-id-er-ftiat'-ik, sub-ep-id'-er-mik ) 
[sub, under; err/, upon; 6e pfia, skin]. Situated be- 
neath the epidermis. 

Subepithelial (sub - ep - ith - e'- le- al) [sub, under ; em, 
upon ; ftrfki], nipple]. Situated, or occurring, under an 
epithelial surface. 

Suber (su'-ber) [L., gen. Suberis~\. Cork. 

Subereous (su-be' -re-us) [suber, cork]. In biology, 
corky. 

Suberic Acid (su-ber'-ik). See Acid. 

Suberiferous (su-ber-if -er-us) [suber, cork ; ferre, to 
bear]. Bearing suberin. 

Suberification (su - ber - if- ik - a'- shu?i) [suber, cork ; 
facere, to make]. Same as Suberization. 

Suberin (su' -ber-in) [suber, cork]. I. Pulverized cork ; 
used as a dressing for wounds. 2. In biology, the 
impure cellulose forming the cellular tissue of cork. 
Its reactions are essentially those of cutin. It forms 
yellowish drops with potassa. 

Suberization (su-ber-iz-a f -shun) [suber, cork]. In biol- 
ogy, the change of a plant-tissue into suberin or cork. 
90 



Suberone (su'-ber-on) [suber, cork], C 7 H 12 0. A liquid 
obtained from cork by boiling it at 180 C. Its odor 
resembles that of peppermint. 

Suberose (sub'-er-oz) [sub, under ; erodere, to gnaw, 
to consume]. In biology, slightly gnawed on the 
margin. 

Subesophageal (sub - e - so -fa/- e - al) [sub, under; 
oiodfayoc, esophagus]. Beneath the esophagus. 

Subfalcial (sub-fal' -se-al) [sub, under; falx, falx]. 
At the free edge of the falx cerebri. 

Subfascial (sub-fash' -e-al) [sub, under ; fascia, fascia]. 
Beneath the fascia. 

Subfebrile (sub-feb'-ril) [sub, under ; febris, fever]. 
Slightly febrile. 

Subfemoralis (subfem-o-ra'-lis). Same as Subcrureus. 

Subfissure (sub-fsh'-ur) [sub, under ; fissura, fissure]. 
A fissure of the brain which is concealed by a super- 
gyre, and invisible until the lips of the superfissure 
are divaricated. 

Subflavous (sub-fa' -rus) [sub, under; flavus, yellow]. 
Somewhat yellow. S. Ligament, the ligament of 
yellowish, elastic material, found between the lam- 
inae of adjacent vertebrae. 

Subfoliar (sub -fo'- le - ar) [sub, under; folium, leaf]. 
Having the character of a subfolium. 

Subfolium (sub-fo' -le-tan) [sub, under; folium, leaf]. 
A leaflet going to make up a part of any folium of 
the cerebellum. 

Subfornical (sub - for' - nik - al ) [sub, under ; fornix, 
fornix]. Beneath the fornix of the brain. 

Subfrontal (sub -frun'- tal) [sub, under ; frons, fore- 
head]. Applied to a fissure and gyre (Broca's) in the 
ventral region of the frontal lobe of the brain. 

Subgelatinous (sub-jel-at'-in-us) [sub, under ; gelatina, 
gelatin]. Partly gelatinous. 

Subgenital (sub -jen'-it-al) [sub, under; genitalis, 
genital]. Situated under the genital organs. S. 
Vestibule (porticus subgenilalis). See Syndemnium. 

Subgerminal (sub-fer'-min-al) [sub, under ; germen, a 
germ]. Situated beneath a germinal structure. 

Subglabrous (sub - gla' - brus) [sub, under; glaber, 
smooth]. In biology, almost devoid of hairs or other 
like covering. 

Subglenoid (sub-gle'-noid). See Infraglenoid. 

Subglossitis (sub -glos-i'-tis) [sub, under; yloaaa, 
tongue; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
tissues under the tongue. See Ranula. 

Subglottic (sub-glot'-ik). See Infraglottic. 

Subgrundation (sub-grun-da' -shun) [Fr. , siibgronda- 
tion~\. The intrusion of one part of a cranial bone 
beneath another. 

Subgular (sub - gu' - lar) [sub, under; gula, throat]. 
Same as Subjugular. 

Subgyre (sitb-jlr') [sub, under ;. yvpoc, gyrus]. A 
gyre that is encroached upon or covered by another or 
supergyre (covering-gyre). 

Subhepatic (sub-he-pat' -ik) [sub, under ; r/Trap, liver]. 
Situated beneath or on the under surface of the liver. 

Subhumeral (sub-ku'-mer-al) [sub, under ; humerus, 
humerus]. Below the humerus. 

Subhymenial (sirit-hi-me'-ne-al) [sub, under ; hymen- 
ium, hymenium]. Below the hymenium. 

Subhyoid (sub-hi'-oid) [sub, under; voetdr/c, hyoid]. 
Beneath the hyoid bone. 

Subicteric (snb-ik-ter'-ik) [sub, under; inTepnq, jaun- 
dice]. Moderately or slightly icteric. 

Subiculum (sub - ik'- u - him) [subex, a layer]. I. In 
biology, the thickened part of the leaf or stem of 
a host bearing the mycelium of a parasitic fungus. 2. 
The uncinate gyrus. 

Subiliac (sub-il'-e-ak) [sub, under; ilium, ilium]. Per- 
taining to the subilium. 



SUBILIUM 



1426 



SUBNORMAL 



Subilium (sub-il'-e-u/n) [sub, under; ilium, ilium]. 
The lowest portion of the ilium. 

Subimaginal [sub-im-aj' '-in-al) [sub, under; imago, 
imago]. Having the character of a subimago. 

Subimago (sub-im-a' '-go) [sub, under ; imago, image: 
pi., Sub images or Subimagines"\, See Pseudimago. 

Subinflammation [sub-in-flam-a* '-shun) [sub, under; 
inftammatio, inflammation]. A slight degree of in- 
flammation. 

Subinflammatory (sub-in-flam'-at-or-e) [sub, under ; 
inflam?natio, a burning]. Of the nature of a slight 
inflammation. 

Subintegumentary ( sub - in - teg -u- men'- tar-e) [sub, 
under; integumentum, integument]. Situated beneath 
the integument. 

Subintestinal (sub-in-tes' '-tin-al) [sub, under ; intesli- 
num, intestine]. Situated beneath the intestines. 

Subintrant (sub-in'-trant) [subintrare, to enter se- 
cretly]. A qualification applied to malarial fevers 
in which a new paroxysm begins before the termina- 
tion of the preceding one. 

Subinvolution {sub-in-vo-lu' -shun) [sub, under ; invo- 
lutio, a rolling up]. Imperfect involution. S., Men- 
strual, subinvolution of the mucous membrane of the 
uterus after menstruation. S. of the Uterus, the in- 
complete contraction of the womb after delivery. 

Subjacent (sub-ja' '-sent) [sub, under ; jacere, to lie]. 
Underlying ; lying beneath. 

Subj ect (sub'-je/cl) [subjicere, to throw or bring under] . I . 
An individual that serves for purposes of experiment 
or study, or that is under observation or treatment. 2. 
In anatomy, a body for dissection. 

Subjective {sub-jek' -tiv) [sub, under ; jacere, to throw]. 
I. Pertaining to the individual himself. 2. Of symp- 
toms, experienced by the patient himself, and not 
amenable to physical exploration. S. Sensations, 
those not caused by external stimuli. 

Subjectivism (sub-jek' -tiv-izm). See Passivism. 

Subjugal (sub -jit'- gal) [sub, under; jugum, yoke]. 
Below the malar bone. 

Sublanceolate (sub-Ian' -se-o-lat) [sub, under ; lanceo- 
la, a little lance]. Somewhat tapering and pointed. 

Sublaryngeal (sub-lar-in' -je-al) [sub, under ; Xapvy^, 
the larynx]. Situated below the larynx. 

Sublatio, Sublation (sub-la' -she-o, subla'-shun) [sub- 
latio, removal]. 1. Removal ; ablation. 2. Depres- 
sion, or couching, of the lens in cataract. S., Retinal, 
detachment of the retina. 

Subligamen (sub - li - ga' - men) [sub, under ; ligare, to 
bind]. A form of truss used in hernia. 

Sublimate (sub'-lim-dt) [sublimare, to lift up high]. 
I . A substance which, under the action of heat, passes 
at once from a solid to a gaseous state, and again con- 
denses in a solid form without intermediate liquefac- 
tion. 2. The product of sublimation. S., Corro- 
sive, mercuric chlorid. See Hydrargyrum. 

Sublimation (sub-lim-a'-shun) [sublimare, to lift up 
high]. The vaporization and condensation of a vola- 
tile solid. The distilled product is called a sublimate. 

Sublime (sub-llm') [sublimare, to lift up high]. I. To 
subject to sublimation. 2. To undergo sublimation. 

Sublimed (sub-hmd') [sublimare, to lift up high]. Dis- 
tilled, prepared, or purified by sublimation. 

Subliminal (sub-lim'-in-al) [sub, under ; limen, thresh- 
old]. Below the threshold of consciousness, or of 
sensation. See Threshold . 

Sublimis (sub'- lim - is) [L.]. Elevated; superficial, 
a qualification applied to certain muscles. 

Sublingua (sub-ling' -gzvak) [sub, under ; lingua, the 
tongue : />/. , Subtingut?~\, In biology, a process of the 
mucous membrane, below the tongue of many Prosimii 
and Chiroptera. 



Sublingual (sub - ling' - gwal) [sub, beneath; lingua, 

tongue]. Lying beneath the tongue. S. Artery. 

See Arteries, Table of. S. Fossa. See Fossa. S. 

Gland. See Glands and Saliva. S. Triangle. See 

Triangles , Table of. 
Sublinguitis (sub- ling -gwi'-tis) [sub, under; lingua, 

tongue; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 

sublingual gland. 
Sublobular (sub-lob'-u-lar) [sub, under; lobulus, a 

lobule]. Situated or occurring beneath a lobule. 

S. Veins, the radicles of the hepatic veins, situated 

at the base of a cluster of lobules. 
Sublumbar (sub-lum' -bar) [sub, under; lumbus, loin]. 

Situated under the loins. 
Subluxation (sub-luks-a' -shun) [sub, under ; luxatio, 

luxation]. Incomplete luxation. 
Submalleolar (sub-mal-e' -o-lar) [sub, under ; malleolus, 

malleolus]. Under the malleoli. S. Amputation, 

removal of the foot at the ankle-joint. 
Submammary (sub-mam' -ar-e) [sub, under; mamma, 

breast]. Situated beneath the breast. 
Submarginal (sub-mar'-jin-al) [sub, under; margo, 

margin]. Situated near the border or margin. 
Submarginate (sub-mar' -jin-at ) [sub, under ; margo, 

margin]. Bordered with a mark which is slightly 

separated from the edge. 
Submaxillary (sub-maks'-il-a-re) [sub, under; maxilla, 

maxilla]. Lying beneath the lower maxilla. S. Fossa. 

See Fossa. S. Gland. See Glands and Saliva. S. 

Triangle. See Triangle. 
Submedial (sub-me'-de-al) [sub, under; medius, mid- 
dle]. Situated beneath or near the middle. 
Submembranous (sub-mem' -bra-nus) [sub, under ; 

membrana, a membrane]. Somewhat membranous. 
Submental (sub-men' -tal) [sub, under; mentum, chin]. 

Situated under the chin. 
Submentum (sub-men' -turn) [sub, under ; mentum, the 

chin : pi. , Submenta~\. In biology, the basal part of 

the labium of an insect, immediately in front of and 

joining the gula. Also applied to the basal part of the 

second maxilla. 
Submerge (sub-merj') [sub, under; mergere, to dip]. 

To immerse. To place under the surface of a liquid. 
Submersion (sub-mer' -shun) [sub, under ; mergere, to 

dip]. The condition of being under the surface of a 

liquid. 
Submetallic (sub-met-al'-ik) [sub, under; metallum, 

metal]. To a certain extent metallic. 
Submissio (sub-mis' -e-o) [L.]. A lowering. S. cor- 
dis, the systole of the heart. 
Submucosa (sub- mu-ko 1 '-sail) [sub, under; mucosus, 

mucous]. The layer of fibrous connective tissue that 

attaches the mucous membrane to the subjacent parts. 
Submucous (sub-mti'-kus) [sub, under ; mucosus, mu- 
cous]. Situated beneath the mucous membrane. 
Submuscular (sub-mus'-ku-lar) [sub, under; muscu- 
lar']. Beneath a muscle. 
Subnarcotic (sub-tiar-kot'-ih) [sub, under ; vapKUTinos, 

narcotic]. Moderately narcotic. 
Subnasal (sub - na'- zal) [sub, under; nasus, nose]. 

Situated beneath the nose. S. Point. See Cranio- 

metric Points. 
Subneural (sub-nu'-ral) [sub, under; vevpov, nerve]. 

Situated under the neuron or under a nerve. S, 

Gland, the homologue in the amphioxus of the 

hypophysis of higher vertebrates. 
Subnitrate (sub-ni'-trat) [sub, under ; nitrum, niter]. 

A basic nitrate. 
Subnodal (sub-no'-dal) [sub, under; nodus, node]. 

Behind or under a node. 
Subnormal (sub-nor'-mal) [sub, under ; norma, rule]. 

Below the normal. 



SUBNUCLEUS 



1427 



SUBSISTENCE 



Subnucleus {sub-nu 1 '-kle-us) [sub, under; nucleus, nu- 
cleus]. Any one of the subdivisions into which a 
group of nerve-cells is divided by the passage through 
it of intersecting nerve-bundles. [Spitzka.] 

Subnude (sub-nud') [sub, under ; nudus, naked]. In 
biology, almost naked or bare of leaves. 

Suboccipital (sub-oh-sip'-it-al) [sub, under; occiput, 
occiput]. Situated beneath the occiput. S. Triangle. 
See Triangles, Table of. 

Suboccipito-bregmatic (sub-ok-sip' -it-o-breg-mat' -ik) 
[sub, under; occiput, occiput ; fSpsy/ja, bregma]. Situ- 
ated in the region extending from the bregma to be- 
neath the occiput. 

Subocellate (sub-os'-el-at) [sub, under ; ocellus, eye]. 
In biology, applied to the spots on the wings of butter- 
flies which resemble ocelli. 

Subocular {sub-ok' -u-lar) [sub, under; oculus, eye]. 
Beneath the eye. 

Subopercular (sub-o-per'-ku-lar) [sub, under; opercu- 
lum, lid]. Pertaining to a suboperculum. 

Suboperculum {sub-o-per' -ku-him) [sub, under ; oper- 
culum, lid]. A gyrus of the brain between the pre- 
sylvian and subsylvian fissures; the orbital operculum. 

Suboptic (sub-op' -tik) [sub, under; onrinbc, from bizav, 
to see]. Same as Suborbital. 

Suboral (sub - o'- ral) [sub, under; os, oris, mouth]. 
Beneath the mouth. 

Suborbicular, Suborbiculate (sub-or-bik' -u-lar, sub-or- 
bik' -u-ldt) [sub, under; orbicularis, orbicular]. Al- 
most orbicular. 

Suborbital (sub-or' -bit-al) [sub, under; orbita, orbit]. 
Beneath the orbit. Synonym of Infraorbital. 

Subordination (sub-or-din-a' -shun) [sub, under ; ordo, 
order]. The condition of being under subjection or 
control ; the condition of organs that depend upon 
or are controlled by other organs. 

Suboxid (sub - oks'- id) [sub, under; b^bc, acid]. An 
oxid containing less oxygen than a protoxid. 

Subpallial (sub-pal' -e-al) [sub, under; pallium, a. man- 
tle]. Beneath the pallium. 

Subparalytic (sub-par-al-if -ik) [sub, under ; napaX- 
vacc, paralysis]. Slightly paralytic. 

Subparietal (sub - par - i' - et - al) [sub, under; paries, 
wall]. Situated beneath the parietal bone, convolu- 
tion, or fissure. 

Subpatellar (sub - pat - el' - ar) [sub, under; patella, 
knee-cap] . Situated beneath or below the patella. 

Subpectinate (sub-pek'-tin-dt) [sub, under ; pecten , a 
comb]. Imperfectly pectinate. 

Subpectoral (sub -pek'- tor - al) [sub, under; pectus, 
chest]. Situated beneath the chest. 

Subpeduncular (sub -pe- dung' -ku-lar) [sitb, under; 
pedunculus, peduncle]. Situated beneath a pe- 
duncle. 

Subpedunculate (sub -pe- dung' -ku-ldt) [sub, under; 
pedunculus, peduncle]. Slightly pedunculated. 

Subpericardial (sub-per-ik-ar'- de-al) [sub, under; 
■Kepi, around ; Kapdia, heart]. Situated beneath the 
pericardium. 

Subperiosteal (sub-per-e-os' -te-al ) [sub, under ; nepi , 
around ; ooteov, bone]. Situated beneath the peri- 
osteum. S. Amputation, the removal of a limb in 
which the immediate covering of the cut end of the 
bone consists of periosteum dissected up in the form 
of flaps before the section is made. 

Subperitoneal (sub -per- it - o - ne ' - al) [sub, under ; 
irspirbvaiov, peritoneum]. Situated beneath the peri- 
toneum. 

Subpetiolar (sub-pet' -e-o-lar) [sub, under ; petiolus, a 
petiole]. Beneath the petiole. 

Subpetiolate (sub-pet' -e-o-ldt) [sub, under ; petiolus, a 
petiole]. Having a very short petiole. 



Subpharyngeal (sub-far-in' -je-al) [sub, under; <papvyt;, 

pharynx]. Beneath the pharynx. 
Subphrenic (sub-fren'-ik). Synonym al Subdiaphrag- 
matic. 
Subpial (sub-pi'-al) [sub, under; pia, pia]. Situated 

or occurring beneath the pia. 
Subpilose (sub -pi'-lbz) [sub, under; pilus, hair]. 

Thinly pilose. 
Subpleural (sub-plu'-ral) [sub, under; nlevpa, side]. 

Situated beneath the pleura. 
Subplexal (sub-pleks' -al) [sub, under ; plexus, plexus] . 

Lying under a plexus of the brain. 
Subpontile (sub-pon'-til) [sub, under; pons, pons]. 

Situated or occurring beneath the pons. 
Subpreputial (sub-pre-pu' -shal) [sub, under ; prapu- 

tium, prepuce]. Beneath the prepuce. 
Subprostatic (sub-pros-tat' -ik) [sub, under ; irpoaTaTtjc, 

prostate] . Beneath the prostate gland. 
Subpubescent (sub-pu-bes' - ent) [sub, under; pubes, 

downy]. Slightly pubescent. 
Subpubic (sub - pu' - bik) [sub, under; pubes, pubis]. 

Situated beneath the pubic arch or symphysis. S. 

Ligament. See Ligament. 
Subpulmonary (sub-pul ' -nio-na-re) [sub, under ; pulmo, 

the lung]. Ventrad of the lungs. 
Subpyramidal (sub-pir-am'-id-al) [sub, under ; pyra- 

mis, pyramid]. Approximately pyramidal. 
Subradular (sub-rad' -u-lar) [sub, under; radula, a 

scraper]. Situated beneath the radula. 
Subramose, Subramous (sub-ra'-moz, sub-ra' -mus) 

[sub, under; ramus, branch]. Slightly ramose. 
Subreniform (sub-ren' -if-orni) [sub, under; ren, kid- 

ney ; forma, form]. Shaped somewhat like a kid- 
ney. 
Subresin (sub - rez' - in) [sub, under; resina, resin]. 

That ingredient of a resin which is soluble in boiling 

alcohol, but is precipitated on cooling. 
Subretinal (sub-ref -in-al) [sub, under; retina, retina]. 

Situated beneath the retina. 
Subsacral (sub-sa'-kral) [sub, under ; sacrum, sacrum]. 

Situated or occurring ventrad of the sacrum. 
Subsalt (sub'-sawlt). Synonym of Salt, Basic. 
Subscapular (sub -skap'- u-lar) [sub, under; scapula, 

the shoulder-blade]. Under the shoulder-blade. S. 

Artery. See Arteries, Table of. S. Nerve. See 

Nerves, Table of. 
Subscapularis (sub-skap-u-la' -ris). See Muscles, Table 

of. 
Subsclerotic (sub-skle-rot'-ik) [sub, under; anXripbc, 

hard]. Beneath the sclerotic. 
Subscriptio (sub-skrip'-she-o) [subscribere, to write 

beneath]. That part of a prescription which contains 

the directions to the pharmacist, indicating how the 

ingredients are to be mixed and prepared. 
Subserous (sub-se'-rus) [sub, under ; serosus, serous]. 

Lying beneath a serous membrane. 
Subsessile (sub-ses'-il) [sub, under; sessilis, sessile]. 

Not quite sessile. 
Subsidence (sicb'-sid-ens, or sub-si'-dens) [sub, under; 

sedere, to sit] . The gradual cessation and disappear- 
ance of an attack of disease. 
Subsigmoid (sub - sig' - moid) [sub, under; c'vyjia, 

sigma ; eldoc, like] . Under the sigmoid cavity or 

flexure. S. Fossa, a fossa bounded in the median 

line by the attached mesentery of the sigmoid flexure, 

and above by the limit of the attachment of the 

mesentery of the descending colon. It may be seen 

by lifting the sigmoid flexure of the large intestine, 

and varies much in size in different individuals. 
Subsistence (sub- sis'- tens) [sub, under; sistere, to 

stand]. That which nourishes or gives support. 

Food. 



SUBSOIL 



1428 



SUBUNGUAL 



Subsoil (sub'-soil) [ sub, under; ME., soile, soil]. 
The undersoil. S. Water, water which has pene- 
trated the soil, and is found immediately above the 
first impervious stratum. 

Subspinous (sub-spi'-uus) [sub, under; spina, spine]. 

1. Situated beneath or ventrad of the spinal column. 

2. Beneath a spine. 

Subspiral (sub-spi'-ral) [sub, under; spira, a coil]. 
Somewhat spiral. 

Subsplenial (sub-sple'-ne-al) [sub, under; OTrlr/vlov, a 
bandage]. Beneath the splenium. 

Substage (sub'-stdj) [sub, under; ME., stage, a stage]. 
The arrangement beneath the stage of a microscope 
for the diaphragms, condenser, illuminator, and other 
accessories. 

Substance (sub' -stmts) [substantia, substance]. I. The 
material of which anything is composed. 2. A tissue. 
See Substantia. S., Adamantine. Synonym of 
Enamel. S., Alible, the portion of the chyme which is 
utilized for nourishing the body. S., Alimentary, 
an article of food. S., Basis, the intercellular or 
ground substance. S., Cell, cell-protoplasm. S., 
Central Gelatinous. Synonym of Substantia gelat- 
inosa. S., Contractile : I. Living protoplasm which 
has the property of contracting. 2. The contractile 
portion of a muscle-fiber. S., Cortical, the peripheral 
portion of an organ, situated just beneath the capsule. 
S., Fibrinoplastic. Synonym of Paraglobulin. S., 
Gelatinous. See Substantia gclatinosa. S., Ger- 
minal. See Germ-plasma. S., Ground, the homo- 
geneous matrix or intercellular substance of a tissue in 
which the cellular elements and fibers are embedded. 
S., Hyaline. Synonym of Cytoblastema. S., Hya- 
loid. Synonym of Vitreous Humor. S., Intercel- 
lular. See S., Ground. S., Interstitial: 1. The 
connective tissue of an organ. 2. Achromatin. S., 
Intertubular, the matrix of dentine in which the 
dentinal canals are placed. S., Intervertebral, the 
intervertebral cartilages. S., Living, protoplasm. 
S., Medullary: I. The part of an organ constituting 
its central in contradistinction to its peripheral or cor- 
tical portion. 2. The tissue forming the medulla, as in 
bone. S., Nuclear: I. See Heredity. 2. Chro- 
matin ; mitome. S., Parietal, the matrix of cartilage. 
S., Proteic. Synonym of Proteid. S., Reticular. 
Synonym of Formation, Reticular. S. of Schwann, 
White, the medullary sheath of a nerve-fiber. S., 
Supporting, a supporting tissue, as the neuroglia and 
connective tissue. 

Substantia (sub-stan'-she-ali) [L.]. Substance. S. 
adamantina dentium, the enamel of the teeth. S. 
cinerea, the gray matter of the nervous system. 
S. ferruginea. Synonym of Locus cozruleus. S. 
filamentosa dentium, a name given by Malpighi to 
the enamel of the teeth. S. fusca. See Locus niger. 
S. gelatinosa rolandi, a jelly-like substance found 
in the spinal cord near the tip of the posterior horn. 
S. grisea, the gray matter of the spinal cord. S. 
hyalina, Leydig's term for the inter-reticular portion 
of protoplasm. S. intermedia, the portion of the 
cerebellar substance situated between the cortical and 
the central gray matter. S. medullaris, the medullary 
substance of the kidney; also, of a hair. S. nigra. 
See Inter calatum. S. opaca, Leydig's term for the 
reticulum of protoplasm. S. ossea dentium, a 
name given by Malpighi to dentine. S. parenchy- 
matosa, parenchyma. S. perforata. See Space, 
Perforated. S. primaria, the medullary portion of the 
central nervous system. S. propria, the true or most 
important tissue of an organ. S. reticularis. 
Synonym of Formation, Reticular. S. rolandi. 
Synonym of S. gelatinosa rolandi. S. rubra (lienis), 



the splenic pulp. S. scemmerringi. Synonym of 
Locus niger. S. striata. Synonym of Enamel. 
S. vasculosa, the pulp of the spleen. 

Substantive Coloring-matter. See Pigments, Colors, 
and Dye-stuffs. 

Substernal (sub-ster'-nal ) [sub, under ; orepvov, breast- 
bone]. Situated or occurring beneath the sternum. 
S. Tenderness, a tenderness to pressure in the lower 
portion of the sternum, sometimes thought to be an 
evidence of constitutional syphilis. 

Substitution (sub-slit-u'-skun) [sztb, under ; statuere, 
to place]. The replacement of one thing by another. 
a. In chemistry, the replacing of one or more elements 
or radicles in a compound by other elements or 
radicles. Substitution is the principal method em- 
ployed in examining the chemic structure of organic 
bodies. It is also called metalepsy. b. In medicine, 
the action of the unaffected hemisphere of the brain 
in taking up the function of the diseased opposite 
hemisphere. In general, the vicarious action of 
organs. In pharmacy, the supplying of another drug 
or compound instead of the one ordered or called for. 

Substratum [sub - stra' '- turn) [sub, under; stratum, a 
layer]. An under layer or stratum. 

Substriate [sub - stri' - at) [sub, under; stria, stria]. 
Having imperfect striae. 

Subsulphate (sub - sul' '- fat) [sub, under; sulphur, 
sulphur]. A basic sulphate. S. of Iron. See Salt, 
MonseP s. 

Subsultus (sub-sul'-tus) [sub, under; saltire, to leap]. 
Any jerking or twitching. S. tendinum, involuntary 
twitching of the muscles, especially of the hands and 
feet, seen in low fevers. 

Subsynovial (sub-si-no' -ve-al) [sub, under; synovia, 
synovia]. Situated within a synovial sac. 

Subtegmen [sub-teg' -men) [subtexere, to weave under]. 
Weft. S. fornicis, in the fornix, the layer of nerve- 
fibers situated beneath the superficial longitudinal 
bundles. 

Subtegumental (sub - teg - u - men'- tal) [sub, under ; 
tegumentum, a cover]. Subcutaneous. 

Subtemporal (sub-tem' -por-al) [sub, under; tempus, 
temple]. Situated beneath the temporal bone or 
muscle or below the temple. 

Subtentacular (sub-ten-tak' -u-lar) [sub, under; tentacu- 
lum, a tentacle]. Beneath the tentacles of a crinoid. 

Subterranean, Subterraneous (sub-ter-a'-ne-an, sub- 
ter-a' -ne-us) [sub, under ; terra, earth]. Situated or 
growing beneath the surface of the earth. 

Subthalamic (sub-thai 1 '-am-ik) [sub, under ; Oakauoc, 
thalamus]. Situated beneath the optic thalamus. 

Subthoracic (sub - tho - ras'- ik) [sub, under ; dapal;, 
thorax]. Situated below the thorax. 

Subtrochanteric (sub - tro - kan - ter'- ik) [sub, under ; 
Tpnxavrr/p, trochanter]. Situated below the tro- 
chanter. S. Amputation, the removal of a leg by 
amputation just below the trochanters. 

Subtrochlear (sub-trok' -le-ar) [sub, under ; rpo^j/U'a, 
pulley]. Beneath the trochlea. 

Subtropical (sub-trop' -ik-al ) [sub, under ; rponmbc, of 
the solstice]. Pertaining to regions almost tropical in 
climate. 

Sububeres (sub ■ u'-ber- lz) [sub, under; libera, the 
breasts]. Children at the breast. Suckling children. 

Subulate (sub'-u-lal) [sitbula, an awl]. In biology, 
awl-shaped. 

Subuliform (sub'-u-lif-orm). Synonym of Subulate. 

Subumbrella (subum-brel' -ah) [sub, under; umbra, 
shade]. In biology, the concave inner surface of the 
umbrella in Medusa:. 

Subungual, Subungial (sub-ung'-gwal, sub-ung' -ge-al) 
[sub, under; unguis, nail]. Situated beneath the nail. 



SUBVAGINAL 



1429 



SUCTION 



Subvaginal (sub-vaj'-in-al). Synonym of Infravagi- 
nal. 

Subvertebral [sub-ver 1 '-te-bral) [sub, under ; vertebra, 
vertebra]. Placed beneath a vertebra. 

Subvirile (sub-rir'-il) [sub, under; virilis, virile]. 
Deficient in virility. 

Subvola (sub-vo'-lak) [sub, under ; vola, the palm of 
the hand]. I. The space between the second and 
fifth fingers. 2. See Hypothenar. 

Subvolution (sub-vo-lu' -shun) [sub, under ; volvere, to 
roll]. A method of treatment recommended by Boerne 
Bettmann for pterygium. The pterygium is gathered 
up by the two branches of a fine forceps serrated at 
the extremities. A knife is passed beneath it close to 
the cornea and the triangular membrane is dissected 
off toward the apex. A suture, with a needle at either 
extremity, is passed through the apex. Both needles 
are introduced from above downward, thus leaving a 
loop of thread on the outer surface. The needles are 
now passed through the base from below outward, the 
points of puncture being the ends of parallel lines 
drawn from the punctures in the apex and just far 
enough back so that when the flap is turned upon it- 
self beneath the base the roll will correspond with 
the corneo-scleral margin. The two extremities of 
the suture are now firmly tied. 

Subzonal (sub-zo'-nal) [sub, under; C,uvr), zone]. 
Situated within the zona pellucida. 

Subzygomatic (sub-zi-go-mat' -ik) [sub, under ; ^vyu/xa, 
zygoma]. Situated below the zygoma. 

Succedaneum (suk-se-da' '-ne-um) [succedere, to take 
the place of]. A medicine that may be substituted 
for another. S., Caput. See Caput. 

Succenturiate {suk - sen - tu' - re- at) [succenturiare ■, to 
receive as a substitute]. Accessory. S. Placenta. 
See Placenta. 

Succi (suk'-i) [L.]. Genitive and plural of Succus, q. v. 

Succiferous (suk-sif -er-us) [succus, juice ; ferre, to 
bear]. Producing sap. 

Succinamic Acid (suk-sin-am' -ik) [succinum , amber], 
C 4 H 7 N0 3 . A crystalline monobasic acid, of pleasant 
acid taste. 

Succinamid (suk-sin'-am-id) [succinum , amber ; amid~\, 
C 4 H s N 2 2 . A substance produced by shaking succinic 
ester with aqueous ammonia. It is a white powder, 
insoluble in water and in alcohol ; it crystallizes from 
hot water in needles. 

Succinate (suk'-sin-dt) [succinum, amber]. A salt of 
succinic acid. S. of Ammonium, a salt sometimes 
prescribed in delirium tremens. 

Succinctum (suk - singk'- turn) . Synonym of Dia- 
phragm. 

Succinic Acid (suk-sin'-ik). See Acid. 

Succinimid (suk - sin' - im - id ) [succinum , amber] , 
C 4 H 5 N0 2 . A crystalline substance produced by gen- 
tle ignition of the anhydrid in a current of dry am- 
monia. It crystallizes from acetone in rhombic octa- 
hedra without any water ; when anhydrous, it melts 
at 126 C. and boils at 288 C. 

Succinin (suk' '-sin-in) [succinum, amber], C-H 10 O 2 . 
1. A dark-brown substance produced when equal parts 
of succinic acid and glycerin are heated together to 
about 230 C. 2. The insoluble portion of amber. 

Succinone (suk' -sin -on) [succinum, amber]. An oily 
liquid obtained in the dry distillation of calcium suc- 
cinate. It has a decided empyreumatic odor. 

Succinum (suk-si' -num) [L. : gen., Succini]. Amber. 
A fossil resin found in the alluvial deposits of Central 
Europe. It is thought to be derived from an extinct 
species of pine. Its properties are due to a volatile 
oil which may be obtained by destructive distillation. 
Succini, OL, is an antispasmodic. It has been used 



in hysteria, etc. Externally, it is employed as a 
rubefacient in rheumatic affections and in bronchitis. 
Dose gtt. v-x. 

Succise (suk-s'iz') [succidere, to cut off]. In biology, 
appearing as if cut off at the lower end. 

Succivorous (suk - siv' '- - rus) [succus, juice ; vorare, 
to devour]. In biology, feeding upon plant-juices. 

Succuba (suk'- u - ball) [sub, under ; cumber; to lie : 
//. , Succubaf\. A female demon formerly believed to 
consort with men in their sleep. Cf. Incubus. 

Succubate (suk'-u-bdt) [succubare, to lie under]. To 
have carnal knowledge of a man. 

Succubous (suk' -u-bus) [succumbere, to lie under]. In 
biology, having the basal margin of each leaf over- 
lapping the apex of the preceding leaf, as distinguished 
from incubous. 

Succubus (silk' -u-bus) [L. : //. , Succubi]. A male 
demon, once considered to be the counterpart of the 
succuba. 

Succulent (suk' -u-lent) [succus, a juice]. In biology, 
thickened and juicy. 

Succursal (suk - w-' - sal) [succursalis, subsidiary]. 
Subsidiary. S. Hospital, or Asylum, a branch pro- 
vincial hospital, usually for mild cases. 

Succus (suk' -us) [L.-.gen. and pi. Succi\ Juice, as S. 
belladonna;, S. conii, S. hyoscyami, S. limonis, 
S. mori, S. scoparii, S. taraxaci, all official in the 
B. P. S. alterans, a proprietary remedy composed of 
roots and herbs and much exploited in the treatment of 
syphilis. It consists as follows : fluid extracts of smilax , 
sarsaparilla, stillingia sylvatica, and kappa minor, each 
2 ounces; extract, phytolaccse decandrae 2 ounces, and 
tinct. xanthoxyli carolin. I ounce. Of this a dram is 
taken in water three times daily, gradually increasing 
the dose to a half-ounce. S. entericus, the intesti- 
nal juice, secreted by the glands that are found em- 
bedded in the intestinal mucosa. It is thin, opales- 
cent, alkaline, and has a specific gravity of 1011. 
Its chief function is probably to act as a diluent. It 
contains an amylolytic and a proteolytic ferment. S. 
gastricus, the gastric juice. S. spissatus, any extract 
prepared by evaporation of the natural juice of a 
plant. 

Succussion (suk-nsh'-un) [succutere, to shake]. The 
shaking of the individual from side to side for the 
purpose of determining the presence of fluid in a cav- 
ity or hollow organ of the body. S. -sound, or 
Splash, the peculiar splashing sound heard in hydro- 
pneumo-thorax or pyo-pneumo-thorax when the pa- 
tient's chest is slightly shaken. It is due to the com- 
bined presence of air and fluid in a closed cavity. It 
was first described by Hippocrates, and hence is also 
known as the Hippocratic Sound. The sound may 
also be obtained in the presence, of a dilated stomach 
partly filled with fluid. 

Suck (suk) [sugere, to draw in]. To take nourishment, 
as a babe, at the breast ; to draw in with the aid of 
the mouth. 

Sucker (suk'-er) [AS., sucan, also sugere, to suck]. In 
biology, an organ adapted for suction ; a sprout, shoot, 
or haustorium. Cf. Propagulum. 

Sucking (suk'-ing) [sugere, to suck]. Giving suck ; 
nursing; drawing with the mouth. S. -bottle, a 
nursing-bottle. S. -stomach, an old and misleading 
term for the honey-sac of the hive-bee. 

Suckle (suk' -I) [sugere, to suck]. To give suck. To 
nurse at the breast. 

Sucrose (su'-kroz). See Saccharum. 

Suction (suk' -shun) [suctio, a sucking]. The act of 
sucking. S. of Cataract, removal, by means of a 
syringe, of the fragments of lens-substance after discis- 



SUCTORIAL 



1430 



SUGAR 






Suctorial (suk - to' '- re - al) \sugere, to suck]. Suitable 

for sucking. 
Sudamen, Sudamina (su-da'-men, su-dam'-in-ah). See 

Miliaria. S. crystallina. See Miliaria crystallina. 
Sudaminal (su-dam 1 -in-al\ \sudare, to sweat]. Of the 

nature of sudamina. 
Sudation (su-da' -sliun) \_sudare, to sweat]. The act 

of sweating. 
Sudatoria (su-dat-o'-re-ah). See Hyperidrosis and Mili- 
aria. 
Sudatorium (su-dat-o' -re-uni) \_sudor, sweat] . A room 

or apartment for the administration of a sweat-bath. 
Sudolorrhea (su-do-lor-e' -ah\ \_sudare, to sweat ; oleum, 

oil; poia, allow]. Synonym of Eczema seborr/iceicum. 
Sudor (su'-dor) [L.]. Sweat. S. anglicus. See 

Miliaria. S. cruentus. Synonym of Hematidro- 

sis. S. nocturnus, night-sweat. S. sabulosus. 

Synonym of Uridrosis crystallina. S. sanguinosus. 

See Hematidrosis. S. urinosus. See Uridrosis. 
Sudoral (sid-dor-al) \sudor, sweat]. Pertaining to 

sweat, or to active diaphoresis. S. Typhoid Fever, 

a form of typhoid fever characterized by chills, fever, 

and sweats, and which may be mistaken for inter- 
mittent fever. 
Sudoriferous (su-dor-if'-er-us') \sudor, sweat; ferre, 

to bear]. Sweat-bearing; sweat-producing. S. 

Glands. See Szveat-glands. 
Sudorific (sit- dor -if- ik) \_sudor, sweat; facere, to 

make]. I. Production of copious sweating. 2. A 

medicine or agent inducing profuse sweating. 
Sudoriparous (su-dor-ip'-ar-us) [sudor, sweat ; parere, 

to beget]. Producing or secreting sweat. S. Glands. 

See Sweat-glands. 
Sudorous (std-dor-us) \_sudorus, sweaty]. Sweaty; of 

the nature of sweat. [Rare.] 
Suet (sid-et). See Tallow and Tallow-oil ; also Sevum. 
Suffocation (suf-o-ka'-shun) \_suffocare, to choke]. 

Interference with the entrance of air into the lungs by 

means other than by external pressure on the trachea ; 

asphyxia. 
Suffocative (suf'-o- ka-tiv') [suffocare, to suffocate]. 

Tending to choke or suffocate. S. Catarrh, Laen- 

nec's term for capillary bronchitis. 
Suffraginis (sic/- raj '-in -is) [suffrago, hock]. The 

large pastern-bone, a very compact bone in the foot 

of a horse, set in an oblique direction downward and 

forward, and extending from the cannon-bone to the 

coronet. 
Suffraginous (sufraf-in-us) \juffrago, hock]. Per- 
taining to the suffrago of the horse. 
Suffrago (suf-ra'-go) [L. : gen., Suffraginis : pi. , 

Suffragines\ The hock of a horse's hind leg, 

whose convexity is backward. It corresponds to the 

human heel. 
Suffrutescent (suf-ru-tes'-ent) [sub, under; frutex, a 

shrub]. In biology, applied to a stem which is 

slightly shrubby at the base only. 
Suffrutex (suf -ru-teks) [sub, under ; frutex, a shrub]. 

In biology, an under-shrub. 
Suffruticose (suf -f rid -tik-oz) [sub, under ; frutex, a 

shrub]. Applied to an under-shrub, or low shrub. 

Same as Suffrutescent. 
Suffumigation (suf-u-mig-a'-shim) [suffumigatzd]. A 

fumigation ; also, a disinfectant used in fumigation. 
Suffumigium (suf-u-mij'-e-um) [L. : //., Suffumigid\. 

A medicinal smoke, vapor, or fumigation. 
Suffusio (sufu'-ze-d) [L.]. Suffusion. S. dimid- 

ians [L., " a halving suffusion "]. Hemicrania with 

hemianopsia. 
Suffusion (suf-u'-zliun) [sub, under; fundere, to 

pour]. I. A spreading or flow of any fluid of the 

body into surrounding tissue ; an extensive superficial 



extravasation of blood. 2. The pouring of water 
upon a patient as a remedial measure. 
Sugar (shoog'-ar) [ME., suger, sugar]. The general 
name of a class of compounds belonging to the group 
of carbohydrates. See Saccharum. Chemically, sugars 
are divided as follows: Cane-sugar, C^H^O,,, the 
ordinary sugar of commerce and pharmacy ; glucose 
(grape-sugar or starch-sugar), C 6 H 12 O e ; lactose, sugar 
of milk ; and inosite, a variety found in certain muscu- 
lar tissues and in the juice of asparagus. Closely allied 
to sugar are starch, cellulose, glycogen, and dextrin, 
a. v. See Carbohydrate. The following table from 
Sadtler's "Industrial Organic Chemistry" contains, 
the composition of a variety of raw cane-sugars and 
beet-sugars : — 



Description 
of Sugar. 


hi 
w 
O 
a, 
u 

w 


a 


u 

j 

O 


| 


X 
< 


a 
a 

h 

< 


Authority. 


Cane , Cuba \ 
(centrif.), . . j 


91.90 


2.98 


2.70 


0.72 


1.70 


j Wigner and 
\ Harland. 


Cane, Cuba ) 
(muscovado), j 


92-35 


3-38 


0.66 


0.77 


2.84 


Wallace. 


Cane, Jamaica, . 


90.40 


3-47 


1-55 


0.36 


4.22 


(Wigner and 
X Harland. 


Cane, Trinidad, 


88.00 


5-14 


I.67 


0.96 


4-23 


J Wigner and 
I Harland. 


Cane, Porto Rico, 


87.50 


4.84 


2.60 


0.81 


4-25 


f Wigner and 
X Harland. 


Cane, St. Vincent, 


92.50 


3.61 


2-45 


0.63 


0.81 


f Wigner and 
X Harland. 


Cane, Demarara, 


90.80 


4.11 


0.77 


1. 12 


3.20 


Wallace. 


Cane, Benares, . 


94-5° 


2.63 


0-39 


1.50 


0.98 


J Wigner and 
X Harland. 


Cane, Unclayed 1 
Manila, ... J 


82.00 


6.79 


3-24 


200 


5-97 


f Wigner and 
X Harland. 


Cane, Concrete, . 


S4.20 


8.45 


1.70 


1. 10 


4-55 


Wallace. 


Cane, Melada, . 


67.00 


11.36 


1-93 


0.91 


18.80 


Wallace. 


Cane, Bastards, . 


68.30 


15.00 


1.20 


1.50 


14.00 


Wallace. 


Palm, East In- 1 
dian, . . . . f 


86.00 


2.19 


2.89 


2.88 


6.04 


f Wigner and 
X Harland. 


Beet, first pro- ) 
duct J 


94-17 




2.14 


1.48 


2.21 


Bodenbender. 


Beet, second \ 
product, . . j 


91.68 




2.49 


2.92 


2.91 


Bodenbender. 



S., Beet, saccharose obtained from the species of Beta, 
especially the common beet, Beta vulgaris. It is now 
employed extensively as a substitute for cane-sugar. S., 
Brown, an impure cane-sugar. S.-cane, Saccharum 
officinarum and other species, a source of saccharose. 
See Sugar. S., Cellulose, sugar derived from cellulose; 
it has the same formula and properties as glucose. 
S., Chestnut, glucose. S. -coated, coated with sugar, 
as some pills. S., Diabetic, glucose. S., Fruit, 
levulose. S., Grape, glucose in the solid state. S., 
Gum, arabinose. S., Honey, glucose. S. -house 
Eczema, an eczema sometimes observed in laborers 
employed in sugar-refineries. S., Invert. See Invert. 
S., Liver, another name for glucose which is derived 
from the liver ; glycogen. S., Manna. Synonym of 
Mannite. S., Maple, saccharose obtained from the 
sugar-maple. See Acer. S. of Milk. See Lactose. 
S.-mite, an acarid of the genus Glyciphagus that 



SUGGESTIBLE 



1431 



SULPHOLEIC ACID 



infests certain unrefined commercial sugar, and is said 
to be a cause of grocers' itch. S., Muscle, inosite. 
S., Refined, purified cane-sugar. S., Starch, 
glucose. S.-teat, a nipple-shaped linen rag con- 
taining a lump of sugar. It is given to an infant to 
quiet it. S., Uncrystallizable, levulose. S. -vine- 
gar. See Vinegar. S., White. Synonym of S., 
Refined. 

Suggestible (sug-jes' -tib-l) [suggerere, to convey, to 
excite]. Amenable to suggestion ; said of hypnotized 
persons. 

Suggestion (sug-jes' '-chun) [suggerere, to lay under]. I. 

. The artificial production of a certain psychic state in 
which the individual experiences such sensations as are 
suggested to him or ceases to experience those which 
he is instructed not to feel. 2. The thing suggested. 
S., Hypnotic. See Hypnotism. S., Post-hypnotic, 
the command to do certain acts given the subject while 
in the somnambulic stage, and which are executed by 
him after his return to his normal condition. S. -ther- 
apy, treatment of disordered states by means of sug- 
gestion. 

Suggillation, Sugillation (suj-il-a 1 -shun) [sugillare, 
to beat black and blue]. An ecchymosis or bruise. 
A diffuse accumulation of blood in the interstices of the 
tissues. 

Suicidal (stt'-is-i-dal) [sui, of himself ; cadere, to kill]. 
Self-destroying; having a tendency to suicide. 

Suicide (su'-is-ld) \_sui, of himself; ccedere, to kill]. 
I. The intentional taking of one's own life; self- 
murder. 2. One who takes his own life. 

Suilla (swil'-ah). Synonym of Scrofula. 

Suint (szvint) [Fr. ]. A soapy substance rich in potash 
and cholesterin, derivable from sheeps' wool. Lanolin, 
agnin, and potash-salts are obtained from it. 

Sukha Pakla (su'-kah pak'-lah). Synonym of Ainhum. 

Sulcate (sul' -hat) [sulcus, a furrow]. In biology, hav- 
ing straight, longitudinal furrows, grooves, or channels; 
fluted. 

Sulcated (sul' '-ka-led ) [sulcus, a furrow] . Grooved or 
furrowed. 

Sulcation (sul-ka' -shun) [sulcus, furrow]. A furrow or 
set of furrows or sulci ; the state or quality of being 
furrowed. 

Sulcature (suV-kat-ur). See Sulcation. 

Sulciform (sul'-siform) [sulcus, a furrow ; forma, 
form]. Like a groove or sulcus. 

Sulciorales (sul-se-o-ra'-lez) [sulcus, a furrow ; oc, the 
mouth]. The oral grooves of the Medusa. S. pala- 
tini, the palatine grooves of Hydropolypcs. 

Sulcus (sul'-kus) [L. : //. , Sulci]. A furrow or groove ; 
applied especially to the fissures of the brain. For 
sub-headings see Fissures. S., Choroid. See 
Schwalbe, Fissure of. S., Harrison's. See Harrison. 
S., Intraparietal, the sulcus dividing the superior 
from the inferior parietal lobule. S., Precentral, a 
fissure situated in front of the fissure of Rolando and 
running nearly parallel with it. S. spiralis, the 
grooved extremity of the lamina spiralis of the cochlea. 
S., Vertical. Same as S., Precentral. 

Sulfate (sul-fdt). See Sulphate. 

Sulfonal (sul'-fo-nal). See SulpJional. 

Sulfur (sul'-fer) [L.]. See Sulphur. 

Sulph- {sulf). SeeSztlpho-. 

Sulph-aldehyd (sulfial' -de-hid) [sulphur, sulphur; 
aldehya]. A substance produced by the action of 
hydrogen sulphid on ethylic aldehyd. It occurs in the 
form of an oleaginous liquid of a repulsive odor, 
solidifying at a temperature slightly below the freezing- 
point. It is a hypnotic, and is said to produce tranquil 
sleep without any phenomena of excitation. 

Sulphamid (sul' -fam-id ) [sulphur, sulphur; amid~\. 



One of several compounds formed by the action of 
sulphuryl chlorid upon the free secondary amins. 

Sulphaminol (sul-fam'-in-dl) [sulphur, sulphur ; amin\, 
C 12 H (| S,NO. Thioxydiphenylamin. An antiseptic 
substance obtained by the action of sulphur on the 
salts of methoxydiphenylamin. It is used by insuffla- 
tion in diseases of the antrum and frontal sinuses. It 
has been used with success by insufflation in the treat- 
ment of laryngeal tuberculosis. Dose in cystitis gr. 
ij-v. 

Sulphanilic Acid (szd-fan-il'-ik) [sulphur, sulphur]. 
See Acid. This is used in Ehrlich's diazo-reaction. 
See Tests, Table of 

Sulpharsin (sul-far' -sin) [sulphur, sulphur ; arsenicum, 
arsenic]. Cacodyl sulphid, a colorless, inflammable 
liquid, with an intensely disagreeable odor. 

Sulphate (suV-faf) [sulphur, sulphur]. A salt of sul- 
phuric acid. Sulphuric acid being dibasic, there are 
acid and basic salts. Ss., Test for, in Urine ; acidify 
with hydrochloric acid ; then add a solution of barium 
chlorid, and if soluble sulphates be present, a white, 
crystalline precipitate falls. Compare with that from 
healthy urine as to abnormality of amount. See Tests, 
Table of. 

Sulphatid (sul'- fat -id) [sulphur, sulphur]. Any 
organic compound, of the type of a phosphatid, in 
which all, or a part, of the phosphorus is replaced by 
sulphur. 

Sulphichthyolic Acid (sulf-ik-the-ol'-ik). See Acid. 

Sulphid (sul' -fid) [sulphiduni]. A direct compound of 
sulphur with an element or radicle. It may be con- 
sidered a salt of hydrogen sulphid. The alkaline sul- 
phids are soluble in water, the others are generally 
insoluble. S., Hydrogen, H 2 S, unof. , a gas having 
the odor of rotten eggs ; highly poisonous. It is used 
as a precipitant for certain metals in solution ; it has 
also been used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Sul- 
phidum, Calcii, CaS, unof., the " hepar sulphuris " 
of homeopathy, used mainly in the preparation of other 
compounds. Locally, a specific for itch. Sulphurata, 
Calx, CaS+CaS0 4 , sulphurated lime, a variable mix- 
ture containing about 36 per cent, of calcium sulphid 
and sulphate. It is used in furunculosis. Dose gr. 
■Jj-4. S., Potassa, prepared by heating 2 parts of 
potassium carbonate with I of sulphur. Narcotic and 
irritant. Dose gr. ij-x. Sulphuris iodidum, I 2 S 2 , 
used in ointment, gr. xxx to §j. 

Sulphins (sul'-fins) [sulphur, sulphur]. One of 
several crystalline compounds resulting from the com- 
bination of the thio-ethers with the iodids, bromids, 
and chlorids of the alcohol radicles at ordinary tem- 
peratures, but more rapidly on the application of 
heat. 

Sulphite (sul'-fil) [sulphis~\. Any salt of sulphurous 
acid. Being a dibasic acid, there are acid and basic 
sulphites. 

Sulpho- (sul' -fo) [sulphur, sulphur]. A prefix denot- 
ing chemic combination with sulphur, or a sulphur 
radicle. 

Sulphocarbamid (sul-fo-kar'-bam-id). SeeThic-ttrea. 

Sulphocarbolate (sul-fo-kar' -bo-lat) [sulphur, sulphur ; 
carbolic]. A salt of sulphocarbolic acid. Sulpho- 
carbolate of Zinc is antiseptic and disinfectant. It 
is used as an intestinal antiseptic ; sometimes also in 
small doses for fetor of the breath. 

Sulphocarbolic Acid (sul-fo-kar-bol'-ik). See Aseptol. 

Sulpholeic Acid, Sulpholinic Acid (sul-fo-le'-ih, sul- 
fo-lin'-ih) [sulphur, sulphur; oleic]. A yellowish, 
neutral liquid prepared by treating vegetable oils with 
sulphuric acid. It is recommended as a good solvent 
and has been used externally instead of vaselin and 
glycerin. 



SULPHOLEIN 



1432 



SUN 



Sulpholein {sul-fo'-le-iii). See Sulphoricineolic Acid. 

Sulphonal (sul'-fo-nal) [sulphur, sulphur], C 7 H I6 S 2 4 . 
Acetone-diethylsulphone. It is soluble in loo parts 
of water at l6° C, in 20 parts at 100° C. , and readily 
soluble in alcohol ; it crystallizes in colorless leaflets or 
plates that melt at 126 C. , and is odorless and taste- 
less ; in doses of from 8 to 45 grains it is used as an 
hypnotic. Unof. 

Sulphone {sul'-fon) [sulphur, sulphur]. One of the 
products of the union of two oxygen atoms with an 
alkyl sulphid. 

Sulphoricinoleic Acid (sul-fo-ri-sin-o-le'-ik). See Acid. 

Sulpho-salt (sul' -fo-saivlt) [sulphur, sulphur ; ME., 
salt, salt]. A salt in which sulphur takes the place 
of oxygen in the acid radicle. 

Sulphoxid (sul-foks'-id) [sulphur, sulphur ; of uc, acid]. 
One of the products of the union of one oxygen atom 
with an alkyl sulphid. 

Sulphur (sul'-fer) [L. : gen., Sulphuris\ Brimstone. 
S = 32 ; quantivalence II, IV, VI. A non-metallic ele- 
ment distinguished by its yellow color and crystalline 
properties. It is one of the acid elements, and unites 
with oxygen to form the most powerful acid radicles. 
It is laxative and diaphoretic, and, long administered, 
causes emaciation and anemia. See Elements, Table 
of. S., Confectio (B.P.). Dose gr. x-gij. S. 
Dioxid, SO, 2 , a colorless gas, of irritating odor, formed 
by the combustion of sulphur, and in the presence of 
moisture acting as a powerful bleaching and disinfect- 
ing agent. S., Flowers of, sublimed sulphur ob- 
tained in the form of light-yellow, powdery flakes. 
S. iodidum, I 2 S 2 , used as an ointment, gr. xxx- 3 j. S. 
iodid, Ung. (15. P.), contains melted and hard par- 
affin and iodid of sulphur. S., Liver of, potassa 
sulphurata, a mixture of potassium trisulphid and 
potassium trisulphate. S. lotum, washed sulphur, 
prepared by digesting sublimed sulphur with water 
of ammonia, and afterward washing. S. praecipita- 
tum, lac sulphur, " milk of sulphur ; " a white, amor- 
phous powder, devoid of taste and odor, prepared 
by decomposing calcium sulphid with hydrochloric 
acid. Dose gr. X-3J. S. rotundum, roll sulphur, 
sublimed sulphur cast into rolls. S. sublimatum, 
sublimed sulphur. Dose gr. x-lx. S., Trochisci 
(B. P.), each contains grs. v of sulphur. Dose I to 6. 
S., Ung., sublimed sulphur 30, benzoinated lard 70 
parts. S., Ung., Alkalinum, washed sulphur 20, 
potassium carbonate 10, water 5, benzoinated lard 65 
parts. 

Sulphurain (sul'-fu-ran). See Glairin. 

Sulphurate (sul'-fu-rat) [sulphur, sulphur]. To im- 
pregnate with sulphur. 

Sulphurated (sul'-fu-ra-ted) [sulphur, sulphur]. A 
term applied to substances which contain or are com- 
bined with sulphur. 

Sulphuration {sul-fu-ra'-shun) [sulphur, sulphur]. 
The act of dressing, anointing, or impregnating with 
sulphur. 

Sulphur-bath. See Bath. 

Sulphuret (sul'-fu-ret) [sulphur, sulphur]. A sulphid. 

Sulphureted [sul'-fu-ret-ed) [sulphur, sulphur]. Hav- 
ing sulphur in combination. S. Hydrogen. See 
Acid, Hydrosulphuric. 

Sulphuretum [sul-fu-re' '-turn) [sulphur, sulphur : gen. , 
Sulphureti~\. A sulphid. 

Sulphuric {sitl-fu'-rik) [sulphur, sulphur]. In chemis- 
try, a technical name given to the anhydrid and de- 
rived acid of sulphur trioxid, S0 3 . See Acid, Sul- 
phuric. S. Acid (Nbrdhauseti), sulphuric acid con- 
taining more or less sulphur trioxid (SO.,). It has a 
specific gravity of 1.860 to 1. 9, and is obtained by the 
distillation of dried ferrous sulphate. 



Sulphuring (sul'-fer-ing) [sulphur, sulphur]. Bleach- 
ing [e.g., dried fruit) with sulphurous acid. 

Sulphurous {sul-fu'-rus, or sul' -fu-rus) [sulphur, sul- 
phur]. Of the nature of sulphur. In chemistry, a 
technical name applied to the acids and anhydrid 
derived from sulphur dioxid, SO.,. See Acid, Sulphu- 
rous. S. -acid Bath. See Bath. 

Sulphydrate (sidfhi'-drdt) [sulphur, sulphur ; vSop, 
water]. One of the so-called salts of sulphydric acid. 
A compound of a metal with the univalent radicle, 
SH. 

Sulphydric (sulfhi'-drik). See Acid, Hydrosulphuric. 
S. Acid. Same as Sulphureted. 

Sumac, Sumach [su'-mak) [Ar., summoq, sumac]. 
The powdered leaves, peduncles, and young branches 
of Rhus coriaria, R. cotinus, and other species of Rhus, 
used in the manufacture of leather. Sumac contains 
from 16 to 24 per cent, of a tannin that seems to be 
identical with gallotannic acid. See Rhus. 

Sumbul {sum'-bul) [Hind., sumbul, spikenard]. Musk- 
root ; the root of Ferula sumbul, which is distin- 
guished by a musk-like odor and a bitter, balsamic 
taste. It contains angelic and valerianic acids, and is 
an excellent nerve-tonic, much used in Russia. It is 
useful as a substitute for musk in nervous affections, 
typhoid fever, etc. Dose gr. xxx-^j. S., Tinctura, 
10 per cent. Dose 3J-iv. S., Tinctura (B.P. ). 
Dose TT\,x-xxx. 

Summation (sum-a' -shun~)[summatio~\. The accumula- 
tion of effects, especially of those of muscular, sensory, 
or mental stimuli. S. of Stimuli, if a stimulus in itself 
insufficient to cause contraction of a muscle be repeat- 
edly applied in proper tempo and strength, contraction 
will finally be produced. Similar summation occurs 
in nervous tissue, and the cardiac contractions exhibit 
a rhythm of increased force, called Staircase or 
Treppe Rhythm. 

Summational (sttm-a'-shun-al) [summatio, a summing 
up]. Produced by summation. S. Tones, supposed 
production of new tones by the summation or addition 
of the number of vibrations of existing tones. 

Summer (sum'-e?-) [ME., somer, summer]. The sea- 
son of greatest heat. Also, applied to things connected 
with that season. S. Catarrh. See Hay-fever. S. 
Complaint. See Cholera infantum. S. Granula- 
tions. See Trachoma. S. Prurigo. See Prurigo 
aestivalis. S. Rash, same as Lichen tropicus. S. 
Savory, the leaves of Satureia hortensis, stimulant, 
carminative, and emmenagogue. Dose of the fid. ext. 
jj-iv. Unof. 

Sun [ME., sunne, sun]. The central body of the 
solar system. S.-bath. See Bath. S.-burn, super- 
ficial inflammation of the skin caused by exposure to 
the sun. Also, the bronzing of the skin from long 
exposure to the sun or heat. S.-dew. See Drosera. 
S. -fever. 1. A name loosely applied to severe forms 
of various fevers of the tropical regions, as dengue. 
2. A synonym for Simple Continued Fever. 3. See 
Insolation. S. -flower, the seeds of the common sun- 
flower, Helianthus annuus. They contain a fixed oil 
and other extractive matters. The oil is not inferior 
in taste to olive-oil. The plant is expectorant and 
diuretic. Dose of the decoction ad lib. ; of the fid. 
ext. 3J-ij. Unof. S. -flower Retina (or Macula ), 
S. -flower Appearance, a rare condition of the 
macular region in which there is some likeness to the 
appearance of the petals of the sunflower. S. -flower, 
Wild. See Grindelia. S.-gold. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. S.-pain, a form of brow-ague appearing 
in the morning and disappearing at night, and aggra- 
vated by sunlight. S.-star. See Solaster. S. -stricken. 
Same as S. -struck. S. -stroke, a popular term forinso- 



SUNN HEMP 



1433 



SUPERPARASITIC 



lation or heatstroke. See Heat-stroke. S. -stroke, 

Electric, an illogical term for the symptoms, some- 
what similar to those of heat-stroke, produced by too 

close and unprotected proximity to the intense light 

emitted in welding metals by electricity. S. -struck, 

overcome by the heat of the sun. S. -yellow. See 

Maize. 
Sunn Hemp. See Hemp. 
Super- (sit' -per-) [L., above or upon]. A prefix denoting 

above, upon, dorsad, upper, or excessive in degree. 
Superabduction (sit-per-ab-duk'-shun) [super, over; 

abduction]. Excessive abduction. 
Superacidity (su-per-as-id'-it-e). See Hyperacidity. 
Superacromial (su-per-ak-ro'-me-al) [super, above; 

acromium\. Situated or occurring above or upon the 

acromion. 
Superacute (su'-per-ak-ftt) [super, over; acutus, 

pointed]. Extremely acute. 
Superalbuminosis (su-per-al-bu-min-o'-sis) [super, 

over; albumen, albumin]. The over-production of 

albumin. 
Superalimentation (su-per-al-un-en-ta' -shun) [super, 

over; alimentation]. Excessive nourishment. 
Superambulacral (su-per-am-bu-la'-kral ) [super, 

above; ambulacrum']. Above the ambulacra. 
Superanal (su-per-a'-nal). Same as Supra-anal. 
Superbus (su-per' '-bus) [L. , superb]. A term applied 

to the rectus oculi superioris muscle, and sometimes to 

the levator menti, because their action gives to the face 

a proud and haughty expression. 
Supercallosal (su-per-kal-o'-sal) [super, over; cal- 

losum]. Situated above or occurring above the cal- 

losum. 
Supercalorinesis (su-per-kal-o-rin-e' -sis) [super, over ; 

calor, heat: pi. , Super calorineses]. Any disease 

caused, by increase of the animal heat. 
Superciliary (su-per-sil' -e-a-re) [super, above ; cilium, 

eyelash]. Pertaining to the eyebrow. S. Ridges, 

the projecting apophyses at the anterior surface of the 

frontal bone. 
Supercilium (su-per-sil 1 -e-um) [L.]. The eyebrow. 
Superconception ( su -per -hon-sep'- shun). Same as 

Superfetation . 
Superdentate (su -per -den' -tat) [super, over; dens, 

tooth]. Having teeth only in the upper jaw. 
Superdistention (su-per-dis-ten' -shun) [super, above ; 

distendere, to distend]. Excessive distention. 
Superextension (su-per-eks-ten' -shun) [super, above ; 

extendere, to extend]. Excessive extension. 
Superfecundation (su-per-fe-kun-da'-shun) [super, 

over; fecundus, fertile]. The fertilization of more 

than one ovum of the same ovulation resulting from 

separate acts of coitus. 
Superfecundity (su-per -fe-kun'-dit-e) [super, over; 

fecundus, fertile]. Superabundant fecundity. 
Superfetate (su-per-fe'-tdt ) [sitperfcetare, to conceive 

anew when already pregnant]. To conceive after a 

prior conception. 
Superfetation (su-per-fe-ta' -shun) [superfcetatio ; super, 

fnrtus]. A supposed fertilization of an ovum when 

there is another from a previous ovulation in utero- 

gestation. This is now considered impossible. 
Superfibrination (su-per-fib-rin-a' -shun) [super, over ; 
fibrin, fibrin]. Excessive formation of fibrin in the 

blood. 
Superficial (su-per-fish'-al) [superficialis ; super, over; 
fades, face]. Confined to the surface. Not extending 

below the surface ; shallow. S. Reflexes. See 

Reflexes, Table of. 
Superficies (su' -per -fish- ez) [L.]. The surface or 

outside. 
Superfissure (su'- per -fish- er) [super, over ; fissura, 



fissure]. The lines of overlapping of a supergyre. 
Also, the lines of junction of two supergyres meeting 
from opposite directions. 

Superflexion (su- per-flek'-shun) [super, over ; flexio, 
a flexion]. Excessive flexion. 

Superfoliation (su-per- fo-le -a'-shun) [super, over; 
folium, leaf]. In biology, excess of leaves. 

Superfrontal (su-per- fruu'-tal) [super, over; frons, 
forehead]. Superior or upper, as a fissure of the 
frontal lobe of the brain. 

Superfunctive (su-per-funk' -tiv) [super, over ; functio, 
function]. Excessive functional activity. 

Supergenual (su-per-jen'-u-al) [super, above ; genu, 
knee]. Situated above the knee. 

Supergyre (su'-per-jir). See Subgyre. 

Superimposed (su-per-im-pozd') [super, over; imposed~\. 
Placed one upon another. 

Superimpregnation (su-per-im-preg-na'-shttn) [super, 
over ; impregnation'] . The development of more than 
one ovule at one time, as in plural pregnancy. 

Superinduce (su-per-in-dus') [super inducer e, to bring 
upon]. To bring on as a complication of a condition 
already existing. 

Superinduced (su-per-in-dust') [super, upon ; inducere, 
to bring in]. Superimposed. S. Segmentation. 
See Homoplasis. 

Superinvolution (su-per-in-vo-lu' -shun) [super, over; 
involutere, to involute]. Hyperin volution ; excessive 
rolling up. 

Superior (su-pe'-re-or) [comparative of superus, high]. 
Higher ; noting the upper of two organs or parts oc- 
cupying a relatively high position. In biology , applied 
to an ovary that is not at all adherent to the calyx. 
Also applied to a calyx whose tube closely adheres to 
the ovary, so that its limb, or spreading portion, 
appears to spring from the top of the latter. S. Bul- 
bar Palsy, ophthalmoplegia externa. S. Vermiform 
Process, the upper part of the median lobe of the 
cerebellum. It is divided into three lobes, the lobulus 
centralis, moniiculus cerebelli, and commissura simplex. 

Superlactation (su-per-lak-ta' -shun) [super, over ; lac, 
milk]. Excess of the secretion of milk. 

Superligula (su-per-lig' -u-lali). See Epiglottis. 

Supermedial (su-per-me'-de-al) [super, over; niedius, 
middle]. Lying above the middle. 

Supernasolabialis (su-per-na-zo-la-be-a'-lis) [super, 
over ; nasus, nose ; labium, lip]. A muscle found in 
many of the lower animals, the analogue of the leva- 
tor labii superioris alreque nasi of man. 

Supernatant (su-per-na' -tant ) [super, over ; natans, 
swimming]. Floating upon the surface of a liquid. 

Supernidation (su-per-nid-a' -shun) [super, over ; nidus, 
nest]. Excessive proliferation of the menstrual 
decidua, resulting sometimes in membranous dysmen- 
orrhea. 

Supernumerary (su-per-nu'-nier-a-re) [super, over ; 
numerus, a number]. More than the usual or normal 
number. 

Supernutrition (su-per - nu -trish'-un) [super, over; 
nutrire, to nourish]. Excessive nourishment. See 
Hypertrophy. 

Superoccipital (su - per- ok - sip'- it- al) [super, over; 
occiput, occiput]. Situated at or near the upper part 
of the occiput. 

Superoxidized (su-per-oks' -id-izd) [super, over ; bt;vc, 
acid]. Having an excess of oxygen above the usual 
amount which satisfies the combining capacities of the 
other elements of a body. 

Superparasite (su-per-par' -as-lt) [super, over ; para- 
site]. In biology, a parasite of parasites. 

Superparasitic [su-per -par -as- it'- ik) [super, over; 
parasite]. Pertaining to superparasitism. 



SUPERPARASITISM 



1434 



SUPRACOMMISSURE 



Superparasitism (su-per-par' -as-i-tizm) [super, over ; 
parasite']. The infestation of parasites by other 
parasites. 

Superposed (su-per-pozd ') [super, over ; ponere, to 
place]. Stationed above anything. 

Superpurgation (su - per - pur - ga' - shun) [super, over; 
purgation]. Over-purgation. A term applied in 
farriery to a diarrhea or flux from the bowels that, 
at times, is induced by and follows the action of a 
physic. It is accompanied by much irritation or even 
inflammation of the bowels, and is always serious. 

Supersacral (su - per - sa' '- kral) [super, over ; sacrum, 
sacrum]. Situated over the sacrum. 

Supersalt (su' -per-sawlt) [super, over; ME., salt, salt]. 
In chemistry, any salt containing an excess of acid. 
An acid, as distinguished from a basic salt. 

Supersaturate (su-per-saf '-u-rdt)[saper, over ; saturare, 
to saturate]. To saturate to excess. 

Supersaturated (su-per-sat'-u-ra-ted) [super, over; 
saturare, to saturate]. A condition in which there is 
more of a substance dissolved in a liquid than would 
suffice to saturate it under ordinary conditions. 

Supersaturation (su-per-sat-ti-ra' -shun) [super, over ; 
saturare, to saturate]. The operation of saturating to 
excess. 

Superscapular (su-per-skap' -u-lar). Same as Supra- 
scapular. 

Supersecretion (su-per-se-kre'-shun) [super, over ; secer- 
nere, to secrete]. Excessive secretion. 

Supersphenoid (su-per-sfen'-oid) [super, over; sphe- 
noid]. Situated cephalad or dorsad of the sphenoid 
bone. 

Supersquamosal (su-per-skwa-mo' '-zal) [super, over ; 
squama, scale]. A bone of the skull of ichthyosaurus, 
behind the postfrontal and postorbital. 

Supertemporal (su-per-tem' -po-ral ) [super, over ; tem- 
poral]. Situated high up in the temporal region. 

Supervenosity (su-per-ve-nos' -it-e) [super, over ; veno- 
sus, venous]. The condition in which the blood has 
become venous to a high degree. 

Supervention (su-per-ven' -shun) [super, over ; venire, 
to come] . That which is added ; an extraneous, or 
unexpected condition added to another, as the super- 
vention of septicemia, or other complication in disease. 

Supervolute (su' ' -per-vo-liit) [super, above ; volvere, to 
roll]. In biology, that form of estivation in which the 
gamophyllous calyx or corolla is both plicate and 
twisted, as in the corollas of stramonium and morning- 
glory. 

Supination (su-pin-a'-shun) [supinatio ; supinus, on 
the back]. The attitude of one lying upon the back ; 
the act of turning or lying upon the back ; the turning 
of the palm of the hand upward. In medicine, the 
condition of being supine. 

Supinator (su'-pin-a-tor). See Muscles, Table of . 

Supine (su'-pin) [supinus, back]. Lying on the back 
face upward, or palm upward. 

Suppage (sup'-aj) [sup, age]. A food that may be 
supplied. 

Suppedaneous (sup - ed - a'- ne - us) [suppedaneus ; sub, 
under; pes, foot]. Pertaining to the sole of the 
foot. 

Supple (sup' -I) [ME., souple, pliant]. Pliant, flexible. 
S.-back, a term applied in the neighborhood of Aber- 
deen to caries of the vertebrre in lambs. 

Supplemental (sup-le-men'-tal) [supplementum]. Ad- 
ditional. S. Air. See Air. S. Bags. See Anes- 
thetic. 

Support (support') [supportare, to carry]. I. The act of 
holding anything in its position. 2. Any appliance 
acting as a supporter. 

Supporter (sup-or' -ter) [supportare, to carry]. An ap- 



paratus intended to aid in supporting a prolapsed 
organ (as the uterus), or a pendulous abdomen. 

Supposititious (sup-oz-it-tsh'-us) [suppositicius, substi- 
tuted]. Spurious; not genuine. S. Children, pre- 
tension by a woman, for purposes of extortion, of 
having given birth to a child. 

Suppositorium (su-poz-it-o' -re-um) [supponere, to place 
under: gen. , Suppositorii ; pi, Suppositoria]. See 
Suppository. 

Suppository (sup-oz' -il-o-re) [suppositorium]. A solid 
medicated compound designed to be introduced into 
the rectum, urethra, or vagina. Its consistency is 
such that while retaining its shape at ordinary tem- 
peratures it readily melts at the temperature of the 
body. The basis of most suppositories is oil of theo- 
broma. For urethral suppositories a mixture of gela- 
tin and glycerin is used. It is generally molded into 
a conic shape, but is sometimes cylindric or spheric. 
There is one official suppository. 

Suppressed (sup-presf) [suppressus, concealed]. Over- 
powered ; subdued. S. Breathing. See Breath- 
sounds. 

Suppression (sup-resh' -un) [suppressio ; sub, under; 
primere, to press]. A condition of being concealed or 
retained ; applied to the natural excreta of the body. 
S. of Menses, the abnormal abstention of the men- 
ses beyond their usual time of appearance. See 
Amenorrhea. S. of Urine, a condition due to a renal 
disorder, with interference with the secretion of urine. 

Suppurant (sup' -u-rant) [suppuratio , suppuration]. 1. 
Suppurating, or promoting suppuration. 2. An agent 
which promotes suppuration. 

Suppuration (sup - u - raf- shun) [suppuratio ; sub, be- 
neath ; ttvov, pus]. The formation of pus. The pro- 
cess following inflammation, whereby the white blood- 
corpuscles or leucocytes, together with other cells, 
become the distinctive corpuscles of pus, and thus 
form an abscess. In this process microorganisms play 
an important role. See, also, Theories of Inflamma- 
tion, under Theory. 

Suppurative (sup' - u - ra - tiv) [suppuratio, a suppura- 
tion]. 1. Promoting suppuration ; producing pus. 
2. An agent, medicine, or application that favors sup- 
puration. 

Supra- (su'-prah) [supra, above]. A prefix signifying 
upon or above. S. -acromial, situated above the 
acromion. S.-anal, above the anus, or above the 
top of the abdomen. S. -axillary, above the axilla; 
above the axil. 

Supra-auricular (su-prah-aw-rik' -u-lar). Situated or 
occurring above the external ear. S. Point. See 
Craniomelric Points. 

Suprabranchial (su-prah-brang' -ke-al) [supra, above ; 
branchiae, gills]. Above the gills. 

Suprabuccal (su-prah-buk'-al) [supra, above ; bucca, 
mouth]. Above the buccal region. 

Supracephalic (su-prah-sefal'-ih) [supra, above ; ue<p- 
aki], head]. Placed on the head. 

Suprachoroid (su - prah - ho' - roid) [supra, above; 
choroid]. Situated above the choroid or the choroid 
plexus. 

Supraciliary (su -prah - si I'- e - a - re). Same as Super- 
ciliary. 

Supraclavicle [su-prah-Mav' -ik-l) [supra, above; 
clavis, key]. In biology, a distinct portion of the 
scapular arch of certain fishes (Dory, Sturgeon). 

Supraclavicular (su -prah - kla - vik' - u - lar) [supra, 
above; clavis, collar-bone]. Above or upon the clav- 
icle. 

Supracommissure (su-prah-kom' -ish-ftr)[supra, above ; 
commissura, commissure]. The commissure of the 
brain just in front of the stalk of the epiphysis. 



SUPRACONDYLAR 



1435 



SUPRASERRATUS 



Supracondylar (su-prah- kon' '- dil- ar) [supra, above; 
condyle] . Situated above the condyles. S. Fora- 
men, ( i ) the posterior condyloid foramen of the 
occipital bone ; (2) a constant foramen in the inner 
condyloid ridge of the humerus. S. Ridges, ridges 
on the shaft of the humerus extending upward from 
the condyles. 

Supracondyloid (su - prah - kon'- dil- oid). Same as 
Supracondylar. 

Supracostal (su-prak-kos' '-tal) [supra, above; costa, 
rib]. Situated above a rib or above the ribs. 

Supradiaphragmatic (su -prah - di - af- rag - mat'- ik) 
[supra, above ; diaphragm] . Situated above the 
diaphragm. 

Supradorsal (su-prah-dor'-sal) [supra, above ; dorsum, 
back]. Dorsal; placed dorsally. 

Supraesophageal {su -prah- e - so -faj'- e - al) [supra, 
above; olao<payoq, esophagus]. Situated above the 
gullet. 

Suprafoliaceous (su-prah-fo-le-a'-shus) [supra, above ; 
folium, leaf]. In biology, inserted upon the stem 
above the axil of a leaf. 

Suprafoliar (su-prah-fo' '-le-ar) [supra, above ; folium, 
leaf]. In biology, growing upon a leaf. 

Supraglottic (su-prah-glot'-ik) [supra, above ; yXorrig, 
glottis]. Situated within the larynx and above the 
vocal bands. 

Suprahyoid (su-prah-hi'-oid) [supra, above; hyoid]. 
Situated above the hyoid bone. 

Supra-iliac (su' -prah-il ' -e-ak) [supra, above ; ilium, 
ilium]. Above or at the upper end of the ilium. 

Supra-ilium (su-prah-il'-e-um) [supra, above; ilium, 
ilium]. A proximal epiphysis of the sacral end of the 
ilium of some animals. 

Supra-intestinal (su-prah-in-test'-tin-al)[supra, above ; 
intestine']. Above the intestine. 

Supralabial (su-prah-la'-be-al) [supra, above ; labium, 
lip]. Pertaining to or situated above the upper lip. 

Supramalleolar \ su-pra-mal-e' -o-lar) [supra, above ; 
malleolus, malleolus]. Above the malleoli. S. Am- 
putation, removal of the leg at the lower portion 
above the malleoli. 

Supramammary (su-prah-mam'-ar-e) [supra, above ; 
mamma, breast]. Above the mamms. 

Supramarginal (su-prah-mar' -jin-al) [supra, above ; 
marginal]. Bounding the Sylvian fissure on the 
upper side, as the supramarginal convolution. 

Supramaxilla (su -prah - maks - il'- ah) [supra, above ; 
maxilla, maxilla]. The supramaxillary bone. 

Supramaxillary (su-prah-maks'-il-a-re) [supra, above ; 
maxilla, maxilla]. Relating to the superior maxilla. 

Supranasal (su - prah - na' - zal) [supra, above; nasus, 
nose]. Above the nose. S. Point. See Cranio- 
metric Points. 

Supraneural (su-prah-md -ral) [supra, above ; veiipov, 
nerve]. Over or above the neural axis. 

Supra-occipital (su-prah-ok-sip' -it-al) [supra, above ; 
occiput, occipital bone]. Situated above the occipital 
bone ; also, the upper part of the occipital bone. 

Supra-orbital (su-prah-or' '-bit-al )[supra , above ; orbita, 
orbit]. Situated above the orbit of the eye. S. Arch 
or Ridge, the curved prominent margin forming the 
upper boundary of the orbit. S. Foramen, a fora- 
men at the inner third of the orbit. It transmits 
the supraorbital artery, vein, and nerve. Sometimes 
it is incomplete, being but a notch or groove, and 
then is called the S. Notch. S. Point. See Cranio- 
metric Points. 

Suprapatellar (su-prah-pat-el' -ar) [supra, above; pa- 
tella, patella]. Over or above the patella. 

Suprapedal (su-prah-ped'-al) [supra, over ; pes, foot]. 
Above the foot. 



Suprapharyngeal (su - prah - far - in'- je - al) [supra, 
above; <j>apvy£, pharynx]. Above the pharynx. 

Supraplex (su'-prak-pleks) [supra, above ; plexus, plex- 
us] . One of the plexuses of the brain of some animals. 

Supraplexal (su -prah - picks' - al) [supra, above; 
plexus, plexus]. Pertaining to the supraplex. 

Suprapontile (su-prah-pon' -til) [supra, above; pons, 
bridge]. Situated or occurring above the pons. 

Suprapromontorence (su -prah -prom - on'- to - reus) 
[supra, above ; promontorence]. The convex emi- 
nence caused by the course of the facial canal over the 
oval window and inferior semicircular canal above. 
Called, also, Petro-mastoidean Canal. 

Suprapubic (su -prah -pit'- bik) [supra, above ; pubis, 
pubis]. Situated or occurring above the pubes, as a 
suprapubic operation. 

Suprapygal (su - prah - pi' '- gal) [supra, above; pyga, 
rump]. Above or over the rump. 

Suprarectus (su-prah-rek' -tus) [supra, above ; rectus, 
straight]. The rectus superior muscle of the eye. 

Suprarenal (su - prah - re'- nal) [supra, above; ren, 
the kidney]. Above the kidney ; applied especially 
to the suprarenal capsules or bodies. S. Bodies 




Transverse Section of the Human Suprarenal Capsule. 
X 50. (From Stirling.) 

a. Zona glomerulosa. b. Z. fasciculata. c. Z. reticularis. 
d. Strands of cells of the medulla, e. Transverse section 
of a nerve, f. Ganglionic cells, g. Transverse section of 
bundles of smooth muscle, h. Transverse section of a vein. 
(. Capsule, j. Cortex, k. Medulla. 

or Capsules, small, flattened, ductless bodies, the ad- 
renals, somewhat glandular in appearance, situated just 
above the kidneys. Their function is not known. 

Suprascapula (su - prah - skap' '- u - lah) [supra, over; 
scapula, scapula]. A bone of the shoulder-girdle in 
certain fishes. 

Suprascapular (su -prah- skap' -u-lar) [supra, above; 
scapula, the shoulder-blade]. Situated above the 
shoulder-blade. S. Notch. See Notch. 

Supraseptal (su-prah-sep'-tal) [supra, above ; septum, 
septum]. Situated above a septum. 

Supraserratus (su -prah - ser - a'- tus) [supra, above ; 
serra, saw]. The serratus posticus superior muscle. 



SUPRASPINAL 



1436 



SURRA 



Supraspinal (su -prah- spi' -nal) [supra, above; spina, 
the spine]. Situated on the spine or above its 
origin. 

Supraspinales (su - prah - spi - na'- lez) . See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Supraspinate (su-prah-spi' -nat). See Supraspinous. 

Supraspinatus (su - prah - spi- na'- tits) [supra, above; 
spina, spine]. A name given to various organs situ- 
ated upon the spine or above its origin. 

Supraspinous (su-prah-spi' -nus) [supra, above ; spina, 
spine]. Situated over the spinous process of a verte- 
bra. S. Fossa, the triangular depression above the 
spine of the shoulder-blade. S. Muscle. See Mus- 
cles, Table of. 

Suprastapedial (su-prah-sta-pe'-de-al) [supra, above ; 
stapes, stapes]. Above the stapes. 

Suprasternal (su-prah-ster' -nal) [supra, above ; orep- 
vov, sternum]. Cephalad of the sternum. 

Supratemporal (su- prah -tern'- po-ral) [supra, over; 
tempus, time]. Over the temporal region. 

Suprathoracic ( su -prah - tho - ras'- ik ) [supra, over ; 
dupai;, thorax]. Above the thorax. 

Supratrochlear ( su-prah-trok'-le-ar ) [supra, above ; 
trochlea, pulley]. Situated or occurring above any 
trochlear part, but particularly above the trochlea of 
the humerus. See Trochlea. 

Supratympanic (su-prah-tim-pan' -ik ) [supra, over ; 
tympanum, tympanum]. Above the tympanum. 

Supravaginal (su-prah-vaj'-in- al) [supra, over; 
vagina, vagina]. Above the vagina. 

Sura (su'-rah) [sura~\. The calf of the leg. The promi- 
nence formed by the gastrocnemius muscle. 

Sural (su'-ral) [suralis ; sura, calf]. Pertaining to the 
calf of the leg. S. Nerve, Superficial, that formed 
by the junction of the external cutaneous of the peroneal 
and the communicantes fibulares. S. Vein, one situ- 
ated just beneath the skin of the calf; it opens into 
the popliteal vein. 

Suralimentation (sur-al-im-en-ta' -shun) [super, over ; 
alimentation]. The method of forced feeding or 
over-alimentation sometimes employed in pulmonary 
tuberculosis and other diseases. 

Suranal (sur-a'-nal). Same as Supra-anal. 

Surcingle (sur'-sin-gl) [super, over; cingulum, a belt]. 
The tail, or narrow end, of the corpus striatum. 

Surculigerous (sur-ku-lij' -er-us) [surculus, a sucker ; 
gerere, to bear]. Producing a sucker. 

Surculose, Surculous (sur'-kti-loz, sur' -ku-lus) [surcu- 
lus, a sucker]. Producing suckers. 

Surculus (sur'-ku-lus) [L., a twig, shoot : //., Surcitli\. 
In biology, a sucker. 

Surcurrent (sur-kur'-enf) [sub, under; currere, to run]. 
In biology, denoting a leafy expansion running up the 
stem. 

Surditas (sur'- dit - as). Synonym of Deafness. S. 
verbalis. See Aphasia. 

Surdity (sur'-dit-e). See Deafness. 

Surdomute (sur' -do-milt) [surdus, deaf; mutus, mute] . 
A deaf and dumb person. 

Surdomutitas (sur-do-mu' -fit-as) [surdus, deaf ; mutus, 
mute]. Deaf-muteness ; deaf-mutism. 

Surdus (sur'-dus). See Deaf 

Suren (su'-ren) [Ger. ]. The old German name for the 
pustules of scabies ; later Sarcoptes were named Suren, 
which was finally Latinized by Hildegard and others 
into surones, suriones. 

Surface (sur' -fas) [Fr. , surface]. I. The exterior of 
a body. 2. The face or faces of a body ; a term fre- 
quently used in anatomy in the description of bones. 
S. -wells, those which obtain their supply from the 
subsoil water. 

Surfeit (sur' -fit) [Fr. , mrfa.it, excessive]. A sense of 



fulness approaching nausea, arising from excess in 
eating or drinking. More than enough. 

Surgeon (sur'-jun) [ME., sourgeon, surgeon]. One 
who practises surgery. See Chirurgeon. S.s' Agario. 
See Agaricus. S. -apothecary, in England, one 
who is licensed to practise by the Royal College of 
Surgeons and by the Apothecaries' Society. S.- 
aurist, an otologist. S. -dentist, a dentist who prac- 
tises the surgical as well as the mechanical parts of his 
profession. S. -general, the title of certain surgeons 
of high rank, chiefly in the military and naval services. 
S. -generalship, the office of a surgeon-general. 
S.-ship, the office of a surgeon. S., Veterinary, 
one who treats diseases of the domestic animals. 

Surgeoncy (sur'-jun -se) [MF.. , sourgeon, surgeon]. 
The office of surgeon, military or naval. 

Surgery (sur'-jer-e) [ME., surgerie, surgery]. See 
Chirurgery. Formerly that branch of medicine con- 
cerned with manual operations under the direction of 
the physician. The scope of the word is now 
widened, and is so bound up with general medicine 
that a strict and succinct definition is impossible. In- 
strumental and manual operative work is still the 
chief idea, and, so far as it is related to diseases com- 
monly or possibly requiring operative procedure, sur- 
gery usually includes the treatment of systemic abnor- 
malities. The term, as limited to a special branch 
of medical science, as obstetric, gynecologic, aural, 
ophthalmic, etc., is growing into disuse, while, at the 
same time, the division of these specialties has nar- 
rowed the field of work of surgery as now commonly 
understood. The surgeon has recouped himself by 
the inclusion in his department of many subjects not 
strictly requiring operative treatment, such as inflam- 
mation, fever, microbiology, syphilis, etc., etc. S., 
Antiseptic, the application of antiseptic methods in 
the treatment of wounds. S., Conservative, meas- 
ures directed to the preservation rather than to the 
removal of a part. S., Military, that pertaining to 
gunshot wounds and other injuries peculiar to military 
life. S., Minor, includes the lesser surgical opera- 
tions, bandaging, the making and application of splints, 
dressings and sutures, counter-irritation, cauterization, 
blood-letting, vaccination, etc. S., Operative, refers 
to the performance of operations. S., Orthopedic, 
the remedy of deformities by manual and instrumental 
measures. S., Plastic, repair of absent or defective 
tissue by transference of tissue from another part or 
person. See Transplantation, Autoplasty, Rhino- 
plasty, etc. S., Railway, deals with injuries received 
on railways. S., Veterinary, the surgery of domestic 
animals. 

Surgical (sur'-jik-al) [ME., surgerie, surgery]. Pertain- 
ing to surgery. S. Fever. See Traumatic Feuer. S. 
Insanity. See Insanitv, Confusional. S. Kidney, 
suppurative disease of the kidney. S. Knot. See 
Knot. S. Sore-throat, sore-throat due to the absorp- 
tion of septic matters in hospitals ; it sometimes at- 
tacks interne surgeons and nurses. S. Tuberculosis, 
tuberculous disease that may be reached by operative 
treatment, e.g., that involving glands, joints, bone, 
and the like. 

Surprise (sur-priz') [ME., surprisen, to surprise]. To 
strike with sudden astonishment ; to come upon sud- 
denly. S. Bath. See Bath. S., Cerebral, instan- 
taneous and temporary stupor caused by mental shock 
or by a sudden lesion of the brain. 

Surra, or Surrah Disease (soor'-rah) [native name in 
India]. The name given by English army veterinary 
surgeons to an epizootic pernicious anemia in horses, 
mules, and camels, associated with the presence of an 
infusorian (Trypanosoma evansi, Balbiani). It has at 






SURROGATE 



1437 



SUTURE 



times incapacitated the English cavalry service in 
India, killing 50 per cent, of the horses. See Para- 
sites [Animal) , Table of. 

Surrogate (sur'-o-gat) [surrogatus, substituted] . Any 
medicine or ingredient used as a substitute for another 
and more expensive ingredient, or one to which there 
is a special objection in any particular case. 

Sursumduction {sur' -sum-duk' -shun) [sursum, upon; 
ducere, to lead]. The power of the two eyes of fusing 
two images when one eye has a prism vertically be- 
fore it. 

Survival (sur-vV -val) [super, over; vivere, to live]. In 
biology, the persistence of an individual or race, after 
the general extinction of related forms. S. of the 
Fittest. See Selection, Natural, and Evolution. 

Susceptible (sus-sep'-tib-l) [suscipere, to undertake]. 
Sensitive to an influence. In pathology, liable to be- 
come affected with a disease. 

Suspended (sus-pen' '-ded ) [suspendere, to hang up] . I . 
Hanging ; applied to an ovule hanging from the ovarian 
wall, or a seed from the summit of a cell. 2. Inter- 
rupted. S. Animation, a term sometimes applied to 
the temporary cessation of the vital functions. It may 
be due to asphyxia, to syncope, or to the trance-like 
condition that closely simulates death, in which the 
patient may remain for some hours or even days. S. 
Matter, undissolved particles diffused throughout a 
liquid. 

Suspension (sus-pen'- shun) \_sitspensio ; sub, under; 
pendere, to hang]. The act or condition of hanging, 
as applied to an organ or part. Also, a mode of 
treatment of certain diseases, especially tabes dorsalis, 
in which the patient is so placed that the whole 
weight of the body hangs upon the neck, the head 
being supported at the chin and the occiput. The 
stretching of the spinal cord sometimes removes the 
morbid process in a manner at present not well under- 
stood ; also, that condition of a finely divided solid in 
which it is held undissolved in a liquid. S. -treat- 
ment. See under Suspension. 

Suspensor (sus-pen' -sor) [suspendere, to suspend]. In 
biology, a term applied to the chain of cells formed 
by division of the germ cell in the embryo-sac previous 
to the formation of the embryo. A Suspensorium. 
See Pro-embryo. 

Suspensorium (sus-pen-so' -re-um) \_sub, under ; pen- 
dere, to hang]. That upon which anything hangs for 
support. S. hepatis, the suspensory ligament of the 
liver. S. testis, the cremaster muscle. S. vesicae, 
the superior false ligament of the urinary bladder. 

Suspensory (sus-pen'-so-re) [sub, under; pendere, to 
hang]. Designed or useful for suspension. Suspend- 
ing. S. Bandage, a supporting bandage for the 
scrotum. S. Ligament. See Ligament and Zona 
ciliaris. S. Ligament of the Lens. See Zonula of 
Zinn. S. Triangle. See Triangle. 

Suspiral (sus' -pir-al) [suspirare, to breathe out]. A 
breathing-hole. 

Suspiration [sus-pi-ra' '-shun) [suspiratio"]. A sigh, 
q. v.; the act of sighing. 

Suspirious (sus-pV -re-us) [suspiriosus~\. Characterized 
by sighing. 

Suspirium (sus-pi' '-re-um) [L,.: pi., Suspiria']. A sigh. 

Sustentacular {sus-ten-tak 1 '-u-lar) [sustentaculum , sus- 
tentare, to support]. Pertaining to or serving as a 
sustentaculum. S. Cells, a name given to certain 
supporting cells in the testicle. S. Tissue, support- 
ing tissue. 

Sustentaculum (sus - ten - tak' '- u - lum) [sustentare, to 
support]. A support. S. lienis, the suspensory 
ligament of the spleen. S. tali, a process of the 
os calcis supporting the astragalus. 



Susurration (sus - it -ra'-shun) [susurratid\. A mur- 
mur, or susurrus. 

Susurrus (su-su / -rus)[L,.']. A soft murmur in aneurysm, 
cardiac diseases, contracting muscle, etc. S. aurium. 
See Tinnitus aurium. 

Sutela (su-te'-lah) [L.]. To sew. See Suture. 

Siitiighin's Method. A method of dressing the 
umbilical cord. The navel, funis, and stump are pow- 
dered with pure gypsum, and the cord is wrapped in 
hygroscopic cotton- wool sprinkled with the same 
powder. The dressing is changed twice daily. The 
cord in a short time becomes mummified. 

Sutura (su-tu' '-rah) [L.]. See Suture. 

Sutural (su'-tu-ral) [sutura, suture]. Pertaining to or 
having the nature of a suture. 

Suture (su'-ticr) [sutura, suture]. I. A line of joining 
or closure ; a seam, raphe. 2. A stitch used in clos- 
ing the lips of a wound. S., Antiseptic, the material 
used has been made aseptic by boiling, or by some 
other germicidal measure. S., Appolito's, a con- 
tinued Gely's suture. S. of Apposition, a super- 
ficial suture, including only the skin, and employed to 
secure accurate apposition of the margins of the latter. 
S. of Approximation, one which is passed deeply 
through the lips of a wound to secure apposition of the 
deeper tissues. S., Base-ball, a continuous suture all 
around the wound. It has been employed in complete 
division of the intestine. S., Be^ard's, a modification 
of S.,Bertrandi's. The needle is threaded with a white 
and a colored thread ; in withdrawing the suture the 
white thread is withdrawn from one end and the 
colored thread from the other. S., Bell's (B.), a 
modification of the glovers' suture, in which the 
needle is passed from within out alternately on the two 
sides of the wound. S., Bertrandi's, a points 
passes; a continuous suture passed through and through, 
back and forth. S., Bishop's, an interrupted in- 
testinal suture introduced on the mucous surface of 
the bowel, and the knots tied alternately on each side 
of the wound. S., Bouisson's (intestinal), five 
pins are passed in and out on each side of the wound, 
which is closed by drawing the pins together by 
sutures introduced in the intervals. S., Bozeman's, 
or Bozeman's Button. See S. , Button. S., 
Breidenbach's, Lembert sutures tied in the lumen of 
the bowel. S., Buried, a suture employed to ap- 
proximate structures in the depths of wounds, the 
superficial tissues being brought together over them. 
Buried sutures are completely covered by skin, and do 
not involve this structure at all. S., Button, the use 
of button-like discs to prevent the thread from cutting 
through the tissues and to bring large masses in 
better apposition. S., Catgut, a suture in which the 
material employed is catgut. S., Circular, one that 
is applied to the entire circumference of a divided 
organ, as the intestine. S., Circumvoluted. See 
S., Twisted. S., Clamp, the shotted suture of Sims. 
S., Clavate. See S., Quilled. S. of Coaptation. See 
S. of Apposition. S., Cobblers', a suture made by 
arming a needle with two threads. S., Compound. 
See S., Quilled. S., Connell's, one for uniting 
intestine after- circular resection. About half the 
lumen of the bowel is united by stitching through all 
the coats of both ends, from the mucous surface, back 
and forth. The remaining- portion is closed by con- 
tinuous sutures, which are passed parallel with the 
margins of the wound and carried across the latter. 
S., Continued, or Glovers', one composed of a 
number of interrupted sutures, which are not cut 
apart. S., Cranial, the line of union of two or more 
cranial bones. There are three sets of cranial 
sutures: those at the base of the skull, those at the 



SUTURE 



1438 



SUTURE 




Suture of Le Dentu. 



Tendon-suture of Le Fort. 



Tendon-suture. (IVolflcr, after Lejars.) 



SUTURE 



1439 



SUTURE 




Sutures for Immediate Gastrostomy. 



Sutures for Immediate Gastrostomy. 



SUTURE 



1440 



SUTURE 



side, and those at the vertex. These are as follows: 
S. , Basilar, the junction between the basilar surface 
of the occipital bone and the posterior surface of the 
body of the sphenoid. S., Coronal (fronto-parietal), 
the union of the frontal with the parietal bones trans- 
versely across the vertex of the skull. S. , Dentate, an 
irregular tooth-suture, as between the parietal bones. 
S., Ethmoido-frontal, the union between the frontal 
and ethmoid bones. S. , Ethmo-lacrymal, the union 
between the lacrymal and ethmoid bones. S., Etluno- 
sphenoid, the union between the sphenoid and ethmoid 
bones. S. , False, any suture in which there is inter- 
locking of the bones without serration. S., Frontal, 
a suture which at birth joins the two frontal bones 
from the vertex to the root of the nose. The bones 
afterward become one by its obliteration. S., Fronto- 
malar, the union between the malar and frontal bones. 
S. , Fronto-maxillary , the union between the superior 
maxillary and frontal bones. S., Fronto-nasal, the 
union between the nasal and frontal bones. S. , Fronto- 
parietal. See Coronal Suture. S., Fronto-sphenoid , 
the union between the alse of the sphenoid bone and 
the frontal bone. S., Fronto-temporal, the union be- 
tween the frontal and temporal bones. S., Infra- 
orbital, a suture sometimes found in the line of the 
infra-orbital canal. S., Intermaxillary, the union be- 
tween the superior maxillary bones. S., Internasal, 
the union between the nasal bones. S. , Interparietal. 
See S. , Sagittal. S., Jugal. See S., Sagittal. S., 
Lambdoid, the union between the two superior borders 
of the occipital bone and the parietal bones. S., 
Lepidoid. See 6". , Squamo-parietal. S. , Longitud- 
inal. See S., Sagittal. S., Masto-occipital. See 
S. , Occipito- mastoid. S., Alasto-parietal. See S. , 
Parieto-mastoid. S. , Maxillo-lacrymal, the union be- 
tween the lacrymal and superior maxillary bones. S. , 
Maxillo-pre maxillary , the union of the premaxillary 
portion of the superior maxillary with the rest of the 
bone. S., Medio-frontal. See S. , Frontal. S., 
Metopic. See S. , Frontal. S. , Naso-maxillary, the 
union between the superior maxillary and nasal bones. 
S. , Neurocentral, the cartilages between the bodies 
of the dorsal vertebras, posterior to the points of 
articulation of the ribs with the main portion. S. , 
Occipital. See S., Lambdoid. S., Occipito-mastoid, 
the union between the mastoid portion of the temporal 
bone and the occipital bone. S. , Occipito-parietal. 
See S., Lambdoid. S., Palatine, the union between 
the palate bones. S., Palatine, Transverse, the union 
between the superior maxilla and the palatine processes 
of the palate bone. S., Parieto-mastoid, the union 
between the mastoid portion of the temporal bone and 
the parietal bone. S., Petro-occipital, the union be- 
tween the occipital bone and the petrous portion of 
the temporal. S. , Petro-sphenoid, the union between 
the ala magna of the sphenoid bone and the petrous 
portion of the temporal. S., Sagittal, the union be- 
tween the medial margins of the parietal bones. S., 
Scaly. See S. , Squamo-parietal. S. , Serrated, a suture 
in which the interlocking indentations and projec- 
tions are finer than those of a dentate suture. S. , 
Splieno-malar, the union between the malar bone and 
the ala magna of the sphenoid. 5. , Spheno-parietal, 
the union between the ala magna of the sphenoid bone 
and the parietal bone. S., Spheno-petrosal. See S., 
Petro-sphenoid. S., Spheno- squamous. See S., 
Squamo-splienoid. S., Spheno-temporal, the union be- 
tween the temporal bones and the sphenoid. S. , 
Squamo-parietal, S. , Squamosal, the union between 
the squamous portion of the temporal bone and the 
parietal bone. S., Squamo-sphenoid, the union be- 
tween the great wing of the sphenoid and the squamous 



portion of the temporal bone. S. , Squamous. See 
S. , Squamo-parietal. S. , Temporo-occipital. See S. , 
Occipito-mastoid. S., Temporo-parietal, the union be- 
tween the parietal and temporal bones, made up of 
the parieto-mastoid and squamosal sutures. S., Trans- 
verse [frontal). See S. , Coronal. S. , True, a union 
between bones by the interlocking of projections and 
indentations. S., Zygomatic, a union between the 
temporal bone and the zygomatic process of the 
superior maxilla. S., Cushing's Right - angled 
Continuous Intestinal, the needle is introduced 
parallel with the wound on the serous surface and 
carried back and forth across the wound in this way. 
S., Czerny's [intestinal), the needle is passed from 
the serous surface through the wound, down to, but 
not including, the mucous membrane, and through the 
wound on the opposite side and out on the serous sur- 
face. S., Czerny-Lembert, the application of Lem- 
bert sutures after the Czerny sutures are in place. S., 
Deep. See S. , Buried. S., Distance, a suture used 
in uniting tendons, nerves, etc. S., Dry, adhesive- 
plaster strips are applied to the lips of the wound, and 
these are drawn together by suturing the selvaged edge 
of the strips. S., Duplay's Tendon. See 5. , Tillaux 
and Duplay's. S., Dupuytren's, a continued Lem- 
bert suture. See Illustration. S., Duverger's, a sut- 
ure of the intestine in which the trachea of a calf is used 
as the basis of support. S., Emmert's, a suture for 
intestinal wounds. It consists of a series of double 
Lembert sutures. See Illustration. S., Furriers'. See 
S., Glovers'. S., Gaillard's, a suture for entropion. 
A threaded needle is passed in the lid near its free 
margin and at the junction of its middle and outer 
thirds and brought out about a thumb's breadth from 
the margin ; the other end of the thread is passed par- 
allel to and near the first, and the ends are tied over a 
roll of lint. A similar suture is passed at the junction 
of the middle and inner thirds. S., Garengeot's, the 
glovers' suture of the intestine, in which the stitches are 
placed farther apart than usual. S. for Gastrostomy, 
a suture is made to surround the proposed opening in 
the stomach, with loops left at convenient intervals. By 
means of a needle supplied with a hook these loops are 
drawn through the abdominal wall around the incision, 
and quills introduced through the loops, after which the 
suture is drawn tight. This approximates the stomach 
firmly to the abdominal wall. See Illustration. S., 
Gely's, an intestinal suture applied by a thread with 
a needle at each end. The wound is closed by a series 
of cross-stitches. See Illustration. S., Glovers', a 
continued suture in which the needle is passed through 
the loop of the preceding stitch each time. S., Gus- 
senbauer's, a figure-of-8 suture for the intestine, in- 
tended to accomplish the same result as the Czerny- 
Lembert suture. S., Halstead's, a plain quilt-suture, 
a modification of Lembert's suture. See Illustration. 
S., Hare-lip, or Twisted, the edges of the wound are 
transfixed with pins and approximation secured by 
twisting or wrapping the ends of the pins with thread. 
See Illustration. S., Harris's, a suture for intestinal 
wounds. The mucous membrane of the distal end 
is denuded with a curet for one or two lines and 
the upper end invaginated, and sutures passed. S., 
Horse-hair, the strong hairs of the mane or tail of 
the horse, prepared as sutures. S., Implanted, 
hare-lip pins are passed through the skin on each 
side of the wound and parallel with it, which is 
then approximated by twisting thread around the ex- 
posed extremities of the pins. S., India-rubber, 
the same as S., Twisted, except that small rubber 
rings are used instead of string. S., Interrupted, 
a series of sutures passed through the margins of 



SUTURE 



1441 



SUZANNE'S GLAND 



the wound, and each of which is knotted. See 
Illustration. S., Jobert's, a suture for intestinal 
wounds. This author has described three different 
forms of suture, which have been called after his 
name. See Illustration. S., Knotted. See 5. , 
Interrupted. S., Lace, a suture in which a small 
curved needle is repeatedly introduced around the 
wound, forming a continuous suture encircling the defi- 
ciency (fistula). S., Lapeyronie's, a modification of 
S., Palfyn's, the thread being passed through the mes- 
entery. S., Lead-plate, a suture the ends of which 
are attached on either side of the wound to lead-plates. 
S., Le Dentu's {tendon). See Illustration. S., 
Ledran's, intestinal sutures passed through the wound 
one-fourth inch apart ; the threads are tied separately 
on each side, forming two bundles. S., Le Fort's 
[tendon). See Illustration. S., Lembert's, an in- 
testinal suture in which the needle is passed trans- 
versely to the wound through the peritoneal and mus- 
cular coats and out again on one side of the wound, 
and then carried across the wound and made to pene- 
trate the two outer coats as before. See Illustration. 
S., Littre's, in cases of gangrene of the intestine, the 
inferior end is obliterated by ligation and the upper 
end is attached to the inguinal ring to form an artificial 
anus. S., Lbffler's, a suture for intestinal wounds. 
Interrupted metallic sutures are crossed once and 
attached to the abdominal wound. S., Loop. See 
S., Interrupted . S., Mansell's, a suture for complete 
transverse section of the intestine. The two ends are 
drawn through a longitudinal slit made for the purpose 
in one end, and the two sections accurately united by 
interrupted sutures ; the invaginated portion is with- 
drawn, and the longitudinal slit closed. S., Mattress, 
a continuous suture which is made back and forth 
through both lips of the wound. S., Metallic-plate. 
See S., Button. S., Nerve, a suture of fine thread 
or catgut uniting the divided ends of a nerve. S., 
Noose. See S., Interrupted. S., Palfyn's, a loop 
of thread is passed through the intestinal wound, and 
the ends of which are then secured to the integument. 
S., Pancoast's. See S., Tongue and Groove. S., Pe- 
tit's, a suture for intestinal wounds. As many stitches 
as are required are passed three lines apart, the ends on 
each side are tied together and then twisted into two 
bundles. S., Pin. See S., Hare-lip. S., Plastic, 
a suture devised by J. Pancoast, and used by him for 
superficial wounds, the extent of the approximated 
surfaces being enlarged to increase the chance of union. 
The cut surface of one lip of the wound is beveled to 
fit into a groove in the other lip. The thread is car- 
ried from without inward, first through the outer lip of 
the groove ; then, the beveled lip, and then the deep lip 
of the groove ; then forming a loop on the deep surface 
of this lip, it is carried again through the same struc- 
tures in inverse order and at a different place. The 
free ends are tied over a little roll of adhesive plaster 
placed on the skin-surface of the grooved lip. S., 
Primary, one that is used to effect immediate closure 
of the wound. S., Primo-secondary, the insertion 
of sutures at the time of operation, then tamponing the 
wound. The tampon is removed in from 12 to 48 hours 
and the sutures tied. S., Quilled, a doubled thread 
is passed and tied over quills or a soft catheter ; usually 
employed as sutures of relaxation. See Illustration. 
S., Quilt, one similar to S. , Mattress. S., Ramdohr, 
invagination of the upper portion of the intestine into 
the lower, followed by suture. S., Rat-tail, a material 
obtained from the rat's tail. S. of Relaxation, one 
that is introduced some distance from the wound-mar- 
gin, carried through its depths, and made to emerge at 
some distance on the opposite side. The intention is to 
91 



relieve the tension of the wound-sutures. S.. Relief. 
See S. of Relaxation. S., Reybard, the employment 
of thin, oval plates of deal carrying threaded sutures, 
to unite the divided intestine. S., Richter's, a 
suture for intestinal wounds. Interrupted metallic 
sutures that are twisted and brought out of the ex- 
ternal wound. S., Rigal's. See S., India Rub- 
ber. S., Ritisch's, a suture for intestinal anas- 
tomosis. The suture is passed through the bowel 
and lumen from side to side, the ends twisted, 
and brought out of the external wound. S., Robin- 
son's, a suture for uniting the ends of a divided 
intestine. A rubber tube is inserted in the proximal 
end and the mucous membrane is denuded for one-half 
inch to receive the proximal end. A row of sutures 
is introduced around the circumference. S., Royal. 
See Royal. S., Sabatier's, the employment of a piece 
of playing-card saturated with turpentine for the ap- 
proximation of intestinal wounds. S., Sailors'. 
See S., Reef. S., Sanger's, in the Cesarean opera- 
tion the insertion of 8 or 10 deep sutures of 
silver wire through the uterine incision, followed by 
20 or more superficial sutures through the peri- 
toneum. S., Secondary, one that is introduced at a 
period subsequent to the operation, as in cases in 
which the wound has been tamponed. S., Sero- 
serous, one that brings two serous surfaces together. 
S., Shotted, both ends of the suture are passed 
through a perforated shot, which is then tightly com- 
pressed. S., Silk-worm Gut, a suture-material 
prepared from the "silk-guts" of the silk-worm. 
S., Simon's, a suture for lacerated perineum involv- 
ing the sphincter ani, in which the rectal mucous mem- 
brane, the vaginal mucous membrane, and the skin 
are sutured separately. S., Sims'. See S. , Clamp. 
S., Spiral. See S., Glovers'. S., Spiroidal, a con- 
tinuous spiral intestinal suture. S. ( Staple, a 
sharpened wire, bent like a staple, is passed through 
both lips of the wound and secured. S., Subcuticu- 
lar, a buried, continuous suture in which the needle is 
passed horizontally into the true skin back and forth 
until the whole wound is closed. S., Sunk. See 5. , 
Buried. S., Superficial, one which includes the 
skin only. S. of Support. See S. of Relaxation. 
S., Symperitoneal, a sero-serous suture of the peri- 
toneum. S., Taylors', the cobbler-stitch used to 
bring together the flaps after amputation of the cervix 
uteri. S. Tendon. See S., Le Dentu's, Le Fort' s, 
and Wolfler's. S., Tobacco-bag. See Stollz's Opera- 
tion in Operations, Table of. S., Tongue and Groove, 
one margin of the wound is beveled on each side and 
a V-shaped section is taken from the thickness of the 
other flap along its free margin, longitudinally, to re- 
ceive the first. This gives a greater extent of raw sur- 
face in apposition. See Illusti ation. S., Triangu- 
lar (of Simon), a suture for laceration of the perineum 
through the sphincter ani ; the skin, vaginal mucous 
membrane, and rectal mucous membrane are separ- 
ately stitched. S., Twisted. See S., Hare-lip. 
S., Uninterrupted. See S., Continuous. S., 
Utero-parietal, suturing of the uterus to the inner 
surface of the abdominal incision after Cesarean sec- 
tion. S., Viscero-parietal, a suture used in the 
operation of stitching a wounded organ to the abdo- 
minal incision. S., Wolfler's, an interrupted intes- 
tinal suture in which the knots of the stitches in the 
mucous membrane are tied in the lumen of the bowel 
in three-fourths of the circumference, and on the out- 
side in the remaining portion. The serous surfaces 
are then united by Lembert sutures. S., Wolfler's 
(tendon). See Illustration. 
Suzanne's Gland. A pea-sized glandular body found 



SVAPNIA 



1442 



SWEDISH 



near the alveolo-lingual sulcus of the mouth close to the 
median line. It is distinct from the sublingual gland. 

Svapnia (svap'-neah). Denarcotized opium. 

Swab (.t;^) [MD., swabber, splash]. A piece of cloth 
or sponge upon the end of a stick, used in feeding 
the sick, making applications to the throat, cleansing 
the mouth and teeth, etc. S. -stick, a rod or shaft, 
one extremity of which is to be wound with cotton. 

Swaddle [szvod'-l) [ME. , swathilen, to swaddle]. To 
swathe ; to wrap in cloths, as a new-born child. 

Swaddling [swod'-ling) [ME., swadling\. The act 
of wrapping in a swaddle. S. -cloth, S. -clout, a 
cloth wrapped about a new-born child. 

Swallow (swol'-d) [ME., swolowen, to swallow]. I. 
To take into the stomach through the throat. The 
cavity of the throat and gullet ; the esophagus. 2. A 
fissirostral oscine passerine bird, of the genus Hirundo. 
S.'s-nest, the nidus hirundinis ; a deep fossa of the 
cerebellum between the commissure of the flocculus 
and uvula. S. -tails, notches on the teeth of a horse. 

Swallowing (swot' -o-ing) [ME., swolowen, to swallow]. 
Taking into the stomach through the throat and 
esophagus. 

Swamp (swomp) [origin obscure]. A piece of low, 
wet, marshy land. S. -apple, a parasitic growth 
found on swamp-azalea. S. -dogwood : I. Button- 
bush. 2. A plant allied to Cornus florida ; Cornus 
sericea. S. -fever, a malarial fever. S.-itch. Same 
as Army Itch. S. -laurel, Kalmia glauca. S. -milk- 
weed, Asclepias incarnata. S. -pine, Finns anstralis ; 
broom-pine. S. -sassafras, magnolia. S. Yellow- 
fever. See Hematuria, Malarial. 

Swan Alley Sore. Synonym of Chancre, Phagedenic. 

Swarm [ME., swarm, a swarm]. A cluster of insects, 
as bees. S.-cell. See Zoospore. S. -spore. See 
Zoospore. 

Swarming [ME., swarmen, to swarm]. I. Moving 
in a swarm. 2. Breeding multitudes. A form of 
endogenous cell-formation noted in certain algae (Con- 
fervacece, Desmidiacece). 

Swarthiness (swawr' -the-nes) [ME., swarty~\. The 
state of being swarthy. 

Swarthy [swawr' -the) [ME., swarthy']. Dark; tawny. 

Swartzia (sivawrt'-se-ah). See Panococco. 

Sweat [swet) [ME., swette, sweat]. The secretion of 
the sudoriferous glands. It consists of a transparent 
and normally colorless, aqueous fluid, holding in solu- 
tion neutral fats, volatile fatty acids, cholesterin, 
traces of albumin and urea, free lactic acid, sodium 
lactate, sodium and potassium chlorids, and traces of 




Section of Part of Coil of a Sweat-gland. 
D. Duct. S. Secretory part. X 300. (From Stirling.) 

alkaline phosphates. S., Bloody, purpura affecting the 
sweat-glands. See Hematidrosis. S., Blue, perspi- 
ration which has a blue color; it is thought by some to 
be due to oxidation of the colorless indican secreted 
in the sweat. S., Cold, perspiration accompanied by 
coldness of the surface of the body. S., Colored. See 



Chromidrosis. S., Critical, the profuse perspiration 
which occurs at the crisis of a febrile disease. S., Dia- 
phoretic. See S., Cold. S. -eczema, eczema sebor- 
rhoicum. S. -glands, the small, lobular, reddish 
bodies situated 
in the true skin 
and subcutan- 
eous areolar tis- 
sue. Each con- 
sists of a con- 
voluted tube 
from which the 
excretory duct 
passes outward 
through the 
skin. In its pas- 
s a g e through 
the epidermis 
the duct is more 
or less spiral. 
S . , Green, 
sweat having a 
bluish or green- 




Transveese Sec- 
t i o n of the 
Secretory 
Part of a 
Sweat - gland 
from the Ax- 
illa. Magnific. 

a. Nuclei of unstri- 
ated muscle. 
{From Stirling.) 




Sweat-glands from the Palm of 
the Hand X 20. 
1. Horny layer of epidermis 2. Rete 
mueosum. 3 Papillary layer. 4. Der- 
ma, or true skin. 5. Subcutaneous 
cellular tissue. 6, S, 9. Sudoriparous, 
or sweat-glands. 



ish color, seen mainly in copper- workers, and due 
to copper taken into the system by the inhalation of 
particles or fumes, or with food and drink (Crocher). 
S. -house, a room or inclosure furnished with appara- 
tus for subjecting the occupant to the sudorific effects 
of steam; achicolum. S., Night, drenching perspira- 
tion occurring at night or whenever the patient sleeps, 
as in the course of pulmonary tuberculosis. S., Phos- 
phorescent, a very rare peculiarity of the sweat, in 
which it becomes phosphorescent; it has been ob- 
served in some cases of miliaria and after eating phos- 
phorescent fish. The phosphorescence is thought to 
be due to bacilli ( Crocke r) . S., Red, a peculiar, red 
perspiration noted in the axillas and genital region, and 
due to microorganisms which have developed in the 
hairs of these warm, moist parts. 

Sweating (swet'-ing) [ME., swette, sweat]. The 
excretion of the contents of the sudoriferous glands 
in sensible quantities. S. Fever, or S. Sickness. 
See Miliaria and Fever, Miliary. S., Morbid, 
hyperidrosis. S., Unilateral, sweating on one side of 
the body, due usually to disease of the nervous system 
and often to the pressure of thoracic growths upon the 
sympathetic. 

Swedish [swe'-disk) [D., Zweedsch, Swedish]. Pertain- 
ing to Sweden. S. Green. Same as Rinmann's 
Green. S. Movements, certain scientific movements 
intended to exercise and develop the human body. 
They were originated by Ling, a Swede, in the early 
part of the nineteenth century. Passive movements 
are such as are applied to the patient without his assist- 
ance ; active movements are performed by the patient ; 



SWEENY 



1443 



SYCOSIS 



concentric movements are performed by the patient, 
while the operator or some other power resists ; ex- 
centric movements are performed by some power out- 
side of the patient while he resists. S. System. 
See Ling's System. 

Sweeny (swe'-ne) [origin obscure]. A wasting, or 
shrinkage, of the shoulder-muscles of the horse, 
generally due to some lameness of the foot or fore- 
leg ; it is also called swinney. 

Sweet (swet) [ME., sivete, sweet]. A quality of taste 
of which sugar and honey furnish examples. S.- 
bread, the true sweet-bread, regarded by gourmets as 
a great delicacy, is the thymus gland of the calf, found 
occasionally persistent, but as a rule only present 
in the fetus and young calf, at the ventral side 
of the trachea, partly without and partly within 
the, chest, between the layers of the anterior 
mediastinum. It is elongated, of a grayish- white 
color, and lobulated on its surface. It is com- 
monly known amongst butchers as the " throat- 
bread." The pancreas is vulgarly termed the 
" gut-bread " or " belly sweet-bread," and is the 
article which would be supplied in the great 
majority of cases by butchers asked for the sweet- 
bread. See Pancreas. S. Centaury. See 
Cacalia. S.-b., Chest, the thymus gland. S. 
Cicely, the root of Osmorrhiza longistylis. An 
aromatic stomachic, carminative, and expectorant. 
Dose of the fid. ext. 3J-ij. Unof. S. Fern, 
the leaves and tops of Comptonia asplenifolia. 
It is astringent, carminative, and alterative. 
Dose of the fid. ext. 5Jss-ij. Unof. S. Flag. 
See Calamus. S. Gale, the bark of Myrica gale. 
Astringent and stimulant. Dose of the fid. ext. 
TTiy-^ss. Unof. S. Gum, the bark of Liquidambar 
styraciflua. Tonic and astringent. A popular domes- 
tic remedy in diarrhea. Dose of the fid. ext. ^ss-j. 
The balsam exuding from the tree is much used as 
a corrigent of fetid breath. Unof. S. Niter, sweet 
spirit of niter, spiritus aatheris nitrosi. S.-oil. See 
Olivce, Oleum. S. -scented Water-lily. See Aym- 
pluea odorata. S. Shrub. See Calycanthns. S. Su- 
mach. See Rims aromatica. S. Wine. See Wines. 

Swell (swel) [ME., sivellen, to swell]. To grow in 
bulk; to puff out. S. -bodies (Schwellkorper), Zuck- 
erkandl's term for the venous plexuses found over the 
turbinated bodies. 

Swelled (sweld) [ME., swellen, to swell]. Swollen. 
S. Head. Synonym of Actinomycosis. 

Swelling {swel'-ing) [ME., swellen, to swell]. Any- 
morbid enlargement, inflation, tumor, or protuber- 
ance. S., Albuminous, cloudy swelling. S., Blen- 
norrhagic [of the knee) , the enlargement of the knee 
which occurs in gonorrheal synovitis. S., Cloudy, 
a swelling of cells due to disturbed nutrition (Vir- 
chow). S., Glassy, amyloid degeneration. S., 
Lacteal, a swelling of the breast due to obstruction 
of the lacteal ducts. S., White, a disease of the 
bones which causes them to dilate as if distended by 
pressure from within. A tumor, usually of the wrist 
or ankle, due to caries ; hydrarthrosis. 

Swertia {s7t>er'-te-ah). See Chirata. 

Swim-bladder, or Swimming-bladder. See Pneu- 
matophore. 

Swimmeret (swim-er-ef ) [AS., swimman, to swim]. 
In biology, one of the abdominal or swimming limbs 
of a crustacean. 

Swimmers' Cramp. See Cramp. 

Swimming-bell (swim'-ing-bel). See Nectophore. 

Swine (swln) [WE.., swine, a pig]. A pig. S. -bread, 
the Tuber cibarium, an edible plant allied to lycoper- 
don or puff-ball. S. -cress, nasturtium, or water- 



cress. S. -fever. See Hog-cholera. S. -plague, an 
infectious disease of swine, appearing in more or less 
extensive epizootics, in which usually most of the 
animals exposed to the infection succumb. It is due 
to specific bacteria, and is localized in the lungs, 
giving rise to pneumonia and pleurisy, with secondary 
involvement of the digestive tract; hence, it is not 
readily distinguished from hog-cholera. See Bacillus 
of Swine-plague, under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table 
"of. S.-pox, a disease of swine characterized by 
inflammatory tubercles on the legs and thighs. 
Swing, Salter's, an apparatus consisting of a cradle 
that moves on wheels along a horizontal bar on an 




Salter's Swing. 

iron framework ; it is used in the treatment of frac- 
tures of the lower extremity. 

Swinney (swin'-e). See Sweeny. 

Swiss Tapeworm. The Bothriocephalus latus. See 
Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Swoon. See Syncope. 

Sycephalus (si-sef -al-us) \_avv, with; KE<j>alr), head]. 
A double monster having two incomplete heads joined 
together. 

Sychnocarpous (sik - no - kar' - pus) [ovxvbc, many; 
icapKor, fruit]. In biology, capable of producing fruit 
many times without perishing. 

Sychnuresis {sik - nu - re f - sis) \avxvoc, long ; ovpov, 
urine]. Preternaturally slow discharge of urine. 

Sycoma (si-ko'-mah) \_gvkciv, a fig: pi., Sycomata']. A 
condyloma, or wart ; a condition characterized by 
warty or fig-like excrescences on the soft tissues of the 
body, as the eyelids, tongue, anus, or genitals. 

Syconium [si-ko' '-ne-nm) [aiinov, a fig: pi. , Syconiai]. 
In biology, the peculiar multiple fruit of the fig, which 
consists of a fleshy, hollow receptacle containing num- 
erous achenium-like fruits. 

Sycosis (si* ko'- sis) [obnov, a fig]. Lichen menti ; 
Sycosis non-parasifica ; Afentagra ; Folliculitis barbce ; 
Ficosis ; Acne mentagra ; an inflammatory, gener- 
ally chronic, disease, which affects the hair-follicles, 
particularly of the beard, and due to microbic infec- 
tion. It is characterized by papules, pustules, and 
tubercles, perforated by hairs, together with infiltration 
of the skin and with crusting. More or less scarring 
and permanent baldness result in long-continued cases. 
S., Bacillogenic, a variety of so-called " non-para- 
sitic" sycosis, ascribed by Tommasoli to the Bacillus 
sycosiferus fostidus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table 
of. S. barbae. Sycosis of the beard. S. capillitii : 

1. Dermatitis papillaris capillitii, of Kaposi; S. 
frambcesiformis, of Hebra ; acne kceloid, of Bazin. 

2. Kerion. 3. Pustular eczema of the scalp. S., 



SYCUM 



1444 



SYMPATHETIC 



Coccogenic, the so-called "non-parasitic" sycosis 
which is caused by an organism belonging to the 
schizomycetes (Unna). S. contagiosa. See S. 
parasitaria. S. frambcesiformis. See Dermatitis 
papillaris capillitii. S., Hypertrophic. See S. , 
Keloid. S., Hyphogenic, S., Hyphomycetous, 
S. parasitaria, of Unna; tinea sycosis, the inflam- 
mation excited by the Trichophyton tonsurans. S., 
Keloid, sycosis in which keloid degeneration occurs 
in the cicatrices resulting from the follicular in- 
flammation (Milton). Also called Ulerythema sycosi- 
forme (Unna). S., Lupoid. See 5., Keloid. S. 
mentagra. See S. barba. S., Non-parasitic, 
sycosis due to the presence of coccogenic organisms. 
See S., Coccogenic. S. non-parasitica. See S., Coc- 
cogenic. S. palpebrae marginalis, sycosis affecting 
the edge of the eyelids. S. parasitaria, S. parasiti- 
ca, barbers' itch ; a disease of the hair-follicles, usu- 
ally affecting the region covered by the beard, and due 
to the presence of the Trichophyton tonsurans. See 
S., Hyphogenic. S., Parasitic. See S. parasitaria. 
S., Schizomycetic. See S., Coccogenic. 

Sycum (si' -hum). See Ficus. 

Sydenham's Chorea. See Chorea and Diseases, Table 
of. S.'s Disease, chorea. S.'s Laudanum. See 
Opii ( Vinum). 

Syderatio (sid-er-a / -s/ie-o). See Sideratio. 

Syfilis (sif'-il is). A mode of spelling Syphilis, a. v. 

Syggignoscism (sig-jig' -no-sizm) [pvv, together; yiy- 
vaaK.eiv, to know]. The agreeing of one mind with 
another mind. A synonym of Hypnotism. 

Syggignosticism (sig-jig-nos' -tis-izm). See Syggig- 
noscism. 

Syllabic Utterance. Scanning speech, observed in in- 
sular sclerosis ; the words are enunciated slowly and 
separately, and there may be a staccato accentuation 
of individual syllables. 

Syllable-stumbling (sil' -ab-l-stum' -bling). A form of 
dysphasia wherein each sound and syllable can be dis- 
tinctly uttered, but the word as a whole is spoken with 
difficulty. It occurs in paretic dementia. 

Syllabus (sil'-ab-us) [aMAa/Joc, a collection]. A com- 
pendium containing the heads of a discourse ; the main 
propositions of a course of lectures ; an abstract. 

Syllepsiology (sil-lep-se-ol'-o-je) \_ouXA7j\pic, a putting 
together; Adyor, science]. The physiology of con- 
ception. 

Syllepsis (sil-ep'-sis) [avKkijipic]. Conception, or im- 
pregnation. 

Sylvester's Method. See Artificial Respiration. 

Sylvestrene (sil-ves'-tren) \_silvestris, belonging to 
a wood], C I0 H 16 . A substance that occurs in Swedish 
and Russian turpentine-oil, and may be obtained pure 
by digesting its hydrochlorid with anilin. It boils at 
175-178 C. 

Sylvestris (sil-ves'-lris). See Silvestris. 

Sylvian ( sil'- ve -an ) [after Sylvius"]. Relating to the 
anatomist Jacques Dubois, Latinized Sylvius (1478- 
1555). S. Artery, the middle cerebral artery, lying 
in the fissure of Sylvius. S. Convolution. See 
Convolutions , Table of. S. Fossa, the depression at 
the side of the fetal cerebrum where the insula is 
subsequently formed. 

Sylvius, Aqueduct of. See Aqueduct. S., Fissure 
of. See Fissures, Tahleof. 

Sym- (sim). An euphonic form of Syn. 

Symbion, Symbiont (sim'- be- on, sim'-be-ont) [avv, 
along with; ftioc, a life]. In biology, either of two 
organisms living in intimate association ; a com- 
mensal. 

Symbiosis (sim- bi - o / - sis) [aro, along with; (Sloe, a. 
life]. In biology, the intimate association of two 



living organisms, not parent and offspring, male and 
female, or parasite and host. Commensalism. 

Symblepharon (sim-blef ' -ar-on) \_ahv, together ; pAetpa- 
pov, the eyelid]. The abnormal adhesion of the eye- 
lids to the eyeball in consequence of burns, wounds, 
etc. S., Anterior, symblepharon of the anterior part 
of the conjunctival sac, in which the adhesion extends 
from the lid to the eyeball in such a manner as to 
admit of the passage of a sound between the two 
parts. S., Posterior, symblepharon of the peripheral 
part of the conjunctival sac. S., Total, symblepharon 
affecting the entire extent of the eyelid. 

Symblepharosis (sim-blef-ar-o' -sis) \_aiw, with ; pXiipa- 
pov, eyelid]. Adhesion of the eyelids to the globe 
of the eye or to each other. 

Symbol (sim'-bol) [GvjifioXov, a pledge]. A sign or 
character denoting an idea. The following are com- 
monly employed in medicine : R , Recipe, take 
of; 3> Scruple; "£ , Dram; f^, Fluidram ; ^ , 
Ounce ; f 3 , Fluidounce ; 11^, Minim. See, also, List 
of Abbreviations, p. x. 

Symboleusis (sim-bo-lu'-sis). Synonym of Consulta- 
tion. 

Symbolism (sim' -bol-izm) \_avfifio\ov , a symbol]. The 
delusional or hallucinational interpretation of all events 
or objects as having a mystic significance ; a habit 
not uncommon in certain forms of insanity. 

Syme's Operation. Amputation at the ankle-joint, the 
malleoli being sawn through, and a flap made with the 
skin of the heel. See Operations, Table of. 

Symele (sim' -el). See Symelus. 

Symelus or Symmelus (sim' - el - us) \ovv, together; 
pDioc, limb]. A species of single autositic monsters 
" characterized by imperfect development of the pelvis 
and lower extremities ; by atresia ant et urethra ; by 
more or less intimate fusion of the lower extremities, 
and by a twisting of the lower limbs so that the femurs 
are united by the external condyles, the legs by the 
fibulae, and the feet, if they exist, by the fibular edge 
and little toes, so that the heels look forward." 

Symmelic (sim-el'-ik) \ovv, together; p.E?>.oc, limb]. 
Characterized by a coalition of the limbs. 

Symmelus (sim'-el-us). See Symelus. 

Symmetric, Symmetrical (sim-et'-rik, sim-et' -rik-al\ 
[avv, together ; fikrpov, a measure] . Pertaining to, 
governed by, or exhibiting symmetry. S. Gangrene. 
See Sphaceloderma. 

Symmetry (sim' -el-re) \_avv, together ; fifrpov, measure]. 
In anatomy, a harmonious correspondence of parts ; 
also the relation of homologous parts at opposite sides 
or ends of the body. In pathology, the theory that 
constitutional diseases affect both lateral halves of the 
body impartially. 

Sympatheoneuritis (sim-path-e-o-nu-ri'-tis) \_ov/nraOeia, 
sympathy; vevpov, nerve; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the sympathetic nerve. 

Sympathetic (sim -path - et'.- ik) [ovuTraOrj-iKog, sympa- 
thetic]. Effecting consentaneous activity or sympa- 
thy. S. Bubo. See Bubo. S. Inflammation, or 
Irritation, affection of an organ arising by reflex ac- 
tion, infection, or other unknown way, synchronous or 
following similar affections of other organs. S. Nerve, 
or Nervous System, a series of ganglia connected by 
commissural fibers, upon each side of the vertebral col- 
umn from the base of the skull to the coccyx. It may 
be also traced into the head. It gives origin also to 
numerous plexuses, ganglia, etc. See Plexus and 
Ganglia ; also p. 848. S. Ophthalmitis, inflamma- 
tion of the uveal tract of an eye arising subsequent to 
some injury or affection of the other eye. The eye first 
affected is called the exciting eye, or excitor, the other 
the sympathizer. The inflammatory period may be 



SYMPATHETICUS 



1445 



SYMPTOMATIC 



preceded by sympathetic irritation, in which there is 
lacrymation, photophobia, etc. Removal of the excitor 
is the treatment usually prescribed. 

Sympatheticus (sim-path-ef -ik-us). See Sympathetic 
Nerve. 

Sympathetiplex (sim-path-et' -ip-leks) [avpiradeta, sym- 
pathy ; plexus, plexus]. A sympathetic plexus. 

Sympathic (sim-path'-ik ). Synonym of Sympathetic. 

Sympathizer (sim'-path-i-zer). See Sympathetic Oph- 
thalmitis. 

Sympathy (sim' -path-e) [avv, together ; ndBoc, suffer- 
ing]. In pathology, the mutual relation between parts 
or organs more or less distant, shown in the transla- 
tion of a morbid condition from an affected to an un- 
affected organ. A meaningless term for the facts of 
reflex neuroses, metastasis, secondary infection, etc. 

Sympelmous (sim-pel 1 '-mus) [avv, together; neApa, the 
sole of the foot]. In biology, having the deep plan- 
tar tendons united. 

Sympetalous (sim-pet' -al-us) [avv, together ; ■keto.aov, 
leaf]. In biology, the same as gamopetalous. 

Sympexion (sim- peks'- e - on) [augmented form of 
Sympexis : pi., Sympexia]. A sympexis. 

Sympexis (sim -peks' -is) [fffywnpfic]. A concretion 
found in the vessels or crypts of certain glands, espe- 
cially the thyroid and lymphatic, the prostate, and 
in the vesiculse seminales. 

Symphora (sim'-for-ah). Synonym of Congestion. 

Symphorema (sim-for-e'-mah) [avv, together ; (popelv, 
to bear]. The state of being congested. 

Symphoresis (sim-fo-re'-sis) [avv, together ; (popelv, to 
bear]. Congestion, or a congestive process. 

Symphoricarpous (sim-for-ik-ar' -pus) [avv, together ; 
(popelv, to bear; Kap-dc, fruit]. In biology, bearing 
clustered fruits. 

Symphyantherous (sim-fe-an' -ther-us) [avv, together ; 
(pveaBai, grow ; avOz/p, flower]. Same as Synantherous. 

Symphycarpous ( sim-fik-ar 1 '-pus) [avptyveiv, to grow 
together; Kap-og, fruit]. In biology, having con- 
fluent fruits. 

Symphynote (sim'-fi-not ) [ovp(pveiv, to grow together ; 
vurov, the back]. In biology, applied to such bivalve 
molluscs (Unio) as have the valves soldered together 
at the hinge. 

Symphyogenesis (sim-fe-o-Jaz'-es-is) [ovfupvecv, to 
grow together; ytveaiq, generation]. In biology, 
the union of previously separated parts. 

Symphyogenetic ( sim -fe - o -Jen - et'- ik) [av/upvetv, to 
grow together; yeveaic, generation]. Pertaining to 
symphyogenesis. 

Symphyostemonous (sim-fe-o-stem' -o-nus) [av/xpiietv, 
to grow together; arr/puv, a thread]. See Monadel- 
phous. 

Symphyseal (simfiz'-e-al) [avptpvatc, symphysis]. Per- 
taining to a symphysis. 

Symphyseotomy (sim-fiz-e-ot'-o-me). See Symphysi- 
otomy. 

Symphysial (sim-fiz'-e-al). Same as Symphyseal. 

Symphysic (simfiz'-ik). Same as Symphyseal. See 
also Teratism. 

Symphysion (sim-fiz'-e-on) [a'vp(pvat(f\. See Cranio- 
metric Points. 

Symphysiotome (sim-fiz' -e-o-tom) [ov/Lupvaic, symphy- 
sis ; rnuf), cutting]. A cutting instrument used in 
pubic symphysiotomy. 

Symphysiotomy (sim-fiz-e-ot'-o-me) [ovtubvoic, sym- 
physis; to/it], a cutting]. The operation of separating 
the bones forming a symphysis by division of the con- 
necting tissues. Synonymous with S., Pubic. 'S., 
Pubic, the operation of cutting through the pubic 
symphysis for the purpose of increasing the conjugate 
diameters of the pelvic canal. 



Symphysis (sim'-fiz-is) [avv, together; (pi-eiv, to grow]. 
The coalescence or junction of bones, usually of sym- 
metric bones in the median line, as S. pubis and S. 
of the Jaw. S., Pubic, the line of union of the 
two pubic bones. S., Sacro-coccygeal, the sacro- 
coccygeal articulation. S., Sacro-iliac, the union 
between the sacrum and the ilium. 

Symphysodactylia (simfiz-o-dak-til' -e-ah). Synonym 
of Syndactylism. 

Symphysopsia (sim-fiz -ops' -e-ah). Synonym of Cy- 
clopia. 

Symphysoskelia (sim-fiz- o-ske'-le-ah) [avv, together ; 
(j>veiv, to grow ; aneAoc, leg]. The condition in 
which the lower extremities are united. 

Symphysotomy (simfiz-ol'-o-me). Synonym of Sym- 
physiotomy. 

Symphytrotomy (sim -fit-rot' -o-me) [a'vp<pvoic, symphy- 
sis ; rj-pov, pelvis; Topi/, section]. Pelvic section 
through the symphysis pubis ; pubic symphysiotomy. 

Sympiesis (sim -pi - e'- sis) [avv, together; nieaic, a 
squeezing]. A pressing together of parts. 

Symplast (sim'-plast). Synonym of Plasmodium. 

Symplectic (sim-plek'-tik) [avv, together ; tzMkslv, to 
twine, weave]. A bone connecting the hyo-man- 
dibular bone above with the quadrate bone below in 
certain vertebrates (fishes) ; also called mesotym- 
panic. 

Symplectomeres (sim-plek' -to-mers) [a'vpirAOKoc, en- 
twined together; pepoc, a part]. In biology, the col- 
lective name applied by Dujardin to sarcode organisms. 

Symplocium (sim-plo' -se-um) [av/nrAoKoc, entwined]. 
In biology, the band of thick-walled cells in the 
sporangium of most ferns ; the annulus. 

Sympode (sim'-pbd). Same as Sympodium. 

Sympodia (sim-po' -de-ah) [avv, together; Trove, foot]. 
The condition in which the lower extremities are 
united. 

Sympodial (sim -po'- de - al) [avv, with; ttovc, foot]. 
Pertaining to a sympodium. 

Sympodium (sim-po' -de-um) [ciw, with ; ttovc, foot : 
pi. , Sympodia~\. In biology, a stem which consists of 
a series of secondary stems or axes which have arisen 
as branches one from another, as in the grape-vine, 
the tomato, the linden, etc. See Pseudaxis. 

Symptom (simp' -torn) [avprcrupa, a coincident happen- 
ing]. That change or phase which occurs synchron- 
ously with a disease and serves to point out its nature 
and location. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. S.- 
complex, the ensemble of symptoms of a disease. 
S., Direct, one depending directly upon disease. 
S., Dissociation. See Dissociation-symptom. S.- 
grouping. Same as S. -complex. S., Indirect, one 
only indirectly due to disease. Ss., Labyrinthine, 
a group of symptoms due to lesion or disease of the 
internal ear. S., Negatively Pathognomonic, one 
which never occurs in a certain disease and therefore 
by its presence shows the absence of that disease. S., 
Objective, one observed by the physician. S., Pas- 
sive. See S., Static. S., Pathognomonic, a symptom 
which exhibits itself only in a certain disease and there- 
fore undeniably proves its presence. Ss., Physical, 
the physical signs of morbid conditions. S., Rosen- 
bach's, loss of the abdominal reflex. S., Static, a 
symptom which indicates the condition in a single 
organ without reference to the rest of the body. S., 
Subjective, that observed only by the patient. Ss., 
Sympathetic, symptoms for which no adequate cause 
can be given other than so-called sympathy. 

Symptomatiatria (simp-to-mat-e-a' -tre-ah) [avfiirrufia, 
symptom ; larpeJn, treatment]. Treatment directed 
solely to the symptoms. 

Symptomatic (simp-to-mat' -ik) [av/j.Tr-upaTCK6c, symp- 



SYMPTOMATIZE 



1446 



SYNCHYSIS 



tomatic~\. Having the nature of a symptom , that which 
may be interpreted as a symptom. That which may be a 
symptom of another affection ; opposed to idiopathic. 
S. Anthrax, an epidemic, infectious disease of cattle, 
also called "Black-leg" and "(Quarter-evil." See 
Bacillus chauvcci in Table of Bacteria, and Black-leg. 
S. Fever, the febrile symptoms of a disease. 

Symptomatize {simp' -to-mat-is) [aifiTrru/ia, symptom]. 
To show symptoms of. 

Symptomatography {simp-to-mat-og' -ra-fe) [av/nrrufia, 
symptom; ypa<j>eiv, to write]. A written or printed 
description of symptoms. 

Symptomatologic {simp-to- mat-o- loj'- ik) [ab/nrTupa, 
symptom; Myog, science]. Pertaining to symptoma- 
tology. 

Symptomatology {simp -to - mat - ol'- o -je) [abuTVTuua, 
symptom; t.dyoc, treatise]. The sum of what is 
known of the nature, purport, and interpretation of 
symptoms. 

Symptomology {simp-to-mol' -o-je). Same as Sympto- 
matology. 

Symptosis {simp-to' -sis) [av/j.ir'nrTeiv, to fall together]. 
Wasting; emaciation; collapse. 

Sympus (sim'-pus) [abv, together; ttovc, foot]. A 
vice of development consisting in coalescence of the 
lower limbs ; a siren monster. There may be but one 
foot {S. monopus), or two (S. dipus), or the feet may 
be represented only by toes {S. apus). 

Syn- {sin-) [abv, together]. A prefix, signifying with 
or together. 

Synacmic {sin- ak'-mik) \pbv, with; ciKfii/, prime]. 
Pertaining to synacmy. 

Synacmy [sin-ak'-me) [abv, with ; aKfii], prime]. In 
biology, having the stamens and pistils ripen at the 
same time, as distinguished from he/eracmy. Cf. pro- 
terandry, and protcrogyny. Also called synanthesis. 

Synactic {sin-ak'-tik) [avvanTinoc, brought together]. 
Accumulative. 

Synadelphus {sin-ad- el'-fus) [abv, with; ade?i<p6c, 
brother], A monster having eight limbs with but one 
head and trunk. 

Synesthesia {sin-es-the 1 '-ze-ah). See Synesthesia. 

Synagogue (sin'-ag-og). Synonym of Contraction. 

Synalgia {sin-al'-je-ah) [abv, together ; akyoc, pain]. 
Pain felt in a distant part from an injury or stimulus 
to another part of the body. 

Synanastomosis {sin - an - as - to - mo'- sis) [abv, with ; 
anastomosis]. The joining of several blood-vessels. 

Synanche {si-nang'-ke). Synonym of Diphtheria. 

Synangium {sin - an -je'- um) [abv, together; ayyelov, 
vessel : //., Synangia\ An arterial axis, or trunk. 

Synanthema {sin-an' -them -ah) [avvavdelv , to blossom 
together]. In dermatology, a group of efflorescences 
on the skin. 

Synantherous {sin - an' - ther - us) [abv, together; an- 
thera, anther ; from avdeiv, to bloom]. In biology, 
the same as syngenesious. Stamens coalescent by their 
anthers. 

Synanthesis {sin - an -the' -sis) [abv, with; avdrjatc, the 
full bloom of a flower]. See Synacmy. 

Synanthous {sin-an' -thus) [abv, with ; avdog, a flower]. 
In biology, {a) exhibiting synanthy ; (/>) having 
flowers and leaves at the same time, as distinguished 
from proteranthons and hysteranthous. 

Synanthrose {sin - an'- thro:) [abv, together; avf)>/p, 
anther], C 12 H J2 O n . A sucrose found in rye and the 
roots of certain plants. It has no action on polarized 
light. 

Synanthy {sin-an' -the)[avv, with ; av<prjp,an anther]. In 
biology, the abnormal coalescence of two or more 
flowers. 

Synaphipod {sin-af -ip-od) [avvatpi/c, continuous, con- 



nected; Kobe, foot]. In biology, Bates' term for the 
palp of a crustacean. 

Synaphymenitis (sin-af-i-men-i'-iis) [avvatyij, connec- 
tion ; bur/v, a membrane; ing, inflammation]. A 
former synonym for conjunctivitis. 

Synaptase {sin-ap'-ldz). See Emitlsin and Amygdalin. 

Synapticula {sin - ap - tik'- u - lah ) [avvanroc, joined 
together: pi. , Synapticula]. In biology, one of the 
cross-bars connecting the septa in certain corals. 

Synarthrodia {sin-ar-thro' -de-ah). See Synarthrosis. 

Synarthrodial {sin - ar - thro'- de - al ) [abv, together ; 
apOpov, a joint]. Of the nature of a synarthrosis; 
belonging to a synarthrosis. 

Synarthrosis {sin-ar-thre'-sis). Synonym of Con- 
gestion. 

Synarthrosis {sin-ar-thro' -sis) [abv, together ; apdpov, 
joint]. A form of articulation in which the bones 
are immovably bound together (without any interven- 
ing synovial cavity). The various forms are : Sutura, 
in which the processes are interlocked ; Schindylesis, 
in which a thin plate of one bone is inserted into a 
cleft of another, and Gomphosis, in which a conic 
process is held by a socket. 

Syncampe {sin-kam'-pe) [ovynauTri/] . A freely movable 
joint. 

Syncanthus {sin-kan' -thus) [abv, with ; navfiog, can- 
thus]. An obsolete term for abnormal union of the 
orbital margin and the ocular conjunctiva. 

Syncarp {sin'-karp) [abv, together; nap-6<;, fruit]. In 
biology, a multiple fruit. 

Syncarpium {sin-kar'-pe-um). Same as Syncarp. 

Syncarpous {sin - har'-pus) [ovv, together ; nap-bc, 
fruit]. Having the character of a syncarp. 

Syncausis {sin- haw' -sis). Synonym of Combustion. 

Syncephalus {sin- sef - al-us) [abv, together; KsQa'Ay, 
head]. A double monstrosity with the two heads 
fused into one. 

Syncerebral {sin-ser'-e-bral) [abv, together ; cerebrum, 
cerebrum]. Pertaining to a syncerebrum. 

Syncerebrum {sin -ser'- e - brum) [abv, together; cere- 
drum, cerebrum]. A compound brain. 

Synchilia, Syncheilia {sin-ki' -le-ah) [abv, together ; 
XelXoc, lip]. Atresia of the lips. 

Synchiral {sin-ki' -ral) [abv, with ; x^Pi hand]. Har- 
rison Allen's term for the movement in which the 
right and left foot of a single pair move together, as 
in the gallop of a horse. 

Synchisis {sin'-kis-is). See Synchysis. 

Synchiton {sin' -kit-on). Synonym of Conjunctiva. 

Synchitonitis {sin- kit ■ on - i'-tis). Synonym of Con- 
junctivitis. 

Synchondrosial {sin-kon- dro'- ze - al) [abv, with; 
XovSpoc, cartilage]. Pertaining to a synchondrosis. 

Synchondrosis {sin- kon-dro' - sis) [abv, together; 
x6vdpoc, a cartilage]. A union by an intervening 
growth of cartilage. S., Pubic. See Symphysis, 
Pubic. S., Sacro-coccygeal. See Symphysis, Sac- 
ro-coccygeal. S., Sacro-iliac. See Symphysis, Sacro- 
iliac. 

Synchondrotomy {sin-kon-drot' -o-me) [abv, together ; 
Xovfipog, cartilage; reuveiv, to cut]. A division 
of the cartilage uniting bones, especially of the sym- 
physis pubis. 

Synchopexia {sin-ko-peks'-e-ah). Same as Tachycardia. 

Synchronism ( sin'-kro - nizm ) [abv, with; jpdroc, 
time]. Concurrence in time of two or more events. 

Synchronous {sin'- kro -tins') [abv, together; xp6 v °C> 
time]. Occurring contemporaneously, or at the same 
interval. 

Synchysis {sin'-kis-is) [ abyxvaic , a mixing together]. 
Synchysis scintillans ; the presence of clouds of bright, 
shining particles in the vitreous humor of the eye. 



SVNCLEISIS 



1447 



SYNENCEPHALIA 



As the eye moves from side to side these particles 
(crystals of tyrosin or cholesterin) look like showers of 
bright, shining gold or silver scales, which move with 
the eye. They occur more frequently in persons 
beyond middle life. 

Syncleisis (sin-Mi* -sis). Synonym of Occlusion. 

Synclinal (sin - kli'- nal) [avv, together; nAiveiv, to 
bend]. Bending or inclining in the same direction. 

Synclisis (sin' -Mis-is). Same as Synclitism. 

Synclitic (sin-klit'-ik) [ovyn'/.iTr/g, leaning together]. 
Exhibiting or characterized by synclitism. 

Synclitism (sin/ -klit-izni) [avyKkirrjc, bending together]. 
A condition marked by parallelism or similarity of 
inclination ; parallelism between the pelvic planes and 
those of the fetal head. 

Synclonus (sin* -Mo-mis') [avv, with ; kAovoc, great agi- 
tation]. A genus of diseases, including those char- 
acterized by tremulous motion. Also, any abnormal, 
tremulous, muscular motion, as that of chorea. S. 
ballismus, paralysis agitans. S. tremens, general 
tremor. 

Syncopal (sin' '- ko - pal) [ovynoiri], a cutting short]. 
Pertaining to, characterized by, or of the nature of 
syncope. 

Syncope (sin'-ko-pe) [avynoirij, a cutting short]. A 
swooning or fainting. A partial or complete temporary 
suspension of the functions of respiration and circula- 
tion. S. anginosa. Synonym of Angina pectoris. 
S., Laryngeal, laryngeal vertigo. S., Local, sudden 
pallor and insensibility of a part. 

Syncopic (sin-kop' -ik) [avyno-i], a cutting short]. Of 
the nature of syncope ; syncopal. 

Syncoptic (sin-kop' -tik) [ovyiw-Tuwg, cut short]. Per- 
taining to, having the nature of, or causing syncope. 

Syncotyledonous (sin-kot-il-e' -do-nus) [avv, together ; 
Korvkr]6i)v , any cup-shaped hollow]. In biology, char- 
terized by coalescent cotyledons. 

Syncranius (sin-kra'-ne-us) [ovv, with; upaviov, skull]. 
The superior maxilla. 

Syncranterian (sing - kran - te' -re - an) [avv, - together ; 
Kpavrr/peg, the wisdom-teeth]. In biology, applied to 
such serpents as have the posterior teeth forming a con- 
tinuous row with the anterior. 

Syncretism (sin f -kre-tizni) [ovyKpT]-iC,eiv, to combine]. 
The blending of various tenets or theories into one. 

Syncrisis (sin'-kris-is) [avynp'iveiv, to coagulate]. Co- 
agulation or solidification of one or more liquids. 

Syncritic (sin-krit'-ik). Synonym of Astringent. 

Syncytial (sin-sit' -e-al ) [avv, together ; kvtoc, a hollow] . 
Pertaining to a syncytium. 

Syncytium {sin - sit'- e - urn) [avv, together ; kvto?, a 
cell : //. , Syncytia']. In biology, a tissue in which 
no cell-boundaries can be recognized ; a mass of 
protoplasm with nuclei scattered throughout. 

Syndactyl (sin-dak' -til) [avv, together; danrvAog, a 
digit]. Having the adjoining fingers or toes bound 
together. 

Syndactylia (sin-dak-til' -e-ah). Same as Syndactylism. 

Syndactylism (sin - dak'- til - izm) [avv, together; 
(ia/c-uAof, finger]. Adhesion between fingers or toes ; 
webbed fingers. 

Syndactylous (sin-dak' -til-us). Same as Syndactyl. 

Syndectomy (sin - dek'- to- me) [ovvaeopoq, ligament; 
i.KTOjj.r), a cutting out]. See Peritomy. 

Syndelphus (sin - del'- fits) [avv, together ; a5e?^6c , 
brother]. A monocephalic double monstrosity with a 
single pelvis, united thoraces, four upper and four 
lower extremities. 

Syndemnium (sin - dent ' - ne - urn) [avv, together ; 
depviov, couch, bed]. A peculiar, remarkable, hollow 
space in the middle of the subumbrella, the " porticus 
subgenitalis," the " subgenital vestibule," found only 



in two families of the Rhizostonue (i. e., Versurida 
and Crambcssidic) . 

Syndendrium (sin - den ' - dre - urn) [avv, together ; 
Sivdpiov, a little tree]. In biology, the thick, flat, 
quadrate disc, suspended from four stout pillars 
(dcudrostyles) and formed of the united trunks of the 
polypi ferous tree of the Rhizostomce. 

Syndesis (sin-de'-sis) [awdelv, to bind together]. The 
state of being bound together. 

Syndesmectopia (sin-dez-mek-lo' -pe-csh) [o'vv&eapoq, a 
bond; (ktuttioc;, out of place]. Ligamentous dis- 
placement. 

Syndesmitis (sin-dez-mi'-tis) [avvSeapog, a ligament ; 
me, inflammation]. Inflammation of one or more 
ligaments. S. catarrhalis. Synonym of Conjuncti- 
vitis, Catarrhal. 

Syndesmodiastasis (sin-dez-mo-di-as' -tas-is) [avvdeo- 
pot;, ligament ; diaoTaoic;, separation]. Separation of 
the ligaments. 

Syndesmodontoid (sin-dez-tno-don'-toid) [ovvaeonoc, 
ligament ; odontoid]. Formed by the transverse liga- 
ment of the atlas and the odontoid process of the axis.- 

Syndesmography (sin-dez-mog' -ra-fe) [a'vvSeapoi;, liga- 
ment; ypd(j>eiv, to write]. The structure and descrip- 
tive anatomy of the ligaments. 

Syndesmology (sin-dez-mol' -o-je) [ovvdeopoc, ligament ; 
?i6yog, treatise]. The sum of what is known regard- 
ing the nature, functions, and diseases of ligaments. 

Syndesmoma (sin-dez-mom'-ah) [ovvdnapog, ligament; 
bpa, tumor]. A new growth containing a large 
amount of connective tissue. 

Syndesmopathia (sin-dez-mopa'-the-ah). Synonym of 
Desmopathy. 

Syndesmosis (sin-dez-mo'-sis) [ovvdeopoc , ligament]. 
The articulation of two or more bones by ligaments. 

Syndesmotic (sin-dez-mot'-ik) [o'vv6eopog, ligament]. 
Bound together. 

Syndesmotomy (sin-dez-mot'-o-me) [o'vv&eapoq, liga- 
ment ; Tkpvscv, to cut]. Dissection or section of the 
ligaments. 

Syndesmus (sin - dez' '- mus) [o'vvoeopoc, ligament]. A 
ligament. 

Syndrome (sin'-drom) [ovv, together; fipopoq, a run- 
ning]. A word denoting the aggregate symptoms 
of a disease. See, also, Symptom-complex. S. of 
Weber, paralysis of the oculo-motor nerves of one 
side (that of the cerebral lesion) and of the members, 
the face, and the hypoglossal nerve of the other side. 
It is usually due to a lesion limited to the inferior and 
inner part of the one cerebral peduncle. 

Syndyasmus (sin-di-az'-mus). Synonym of Copulation. 

Synechia (sin-e-ki' -ah or si-ne'-ke-ak ) [awexeta ; ovv, 
together; ix ei v, to hold: pi. , Synechia]. A morbid 
union of parts. See Iris. Synechias pericardii, 
adhesions of the pericardium. 

Synechotome (sin - ek'- o - torn) [ovvexEtv, to hold to- 
gether ; Tepveiv, to cut]. An instrument for the divi- 
sion of adhesions, particularly of the membrana 
tympani. 

Synechotomy (sin-ek-of -o-me) [avvcx^tv, to hold to- 
gether; Tepveiv, to cut]. The division of synechias 
between the membrana tympani and the inner wall of 
the tympanum. 

Synedral (sin-e'-dral) [avv, together; efipa, seat]. In 
biology, growing upon the angle of the stem. 

Synedrous (sin-e'-drus) [avv, together ; e 6pa, a seat] . 
Same as Syned?-al. 

Synema (sin-e'-mak) [avv, with ; vfjpa, a thread : //. . 
Synemata]. In biology, the column formed by the 
united filaments of monodelphous stamens. 

Synencephalia (sin-en-sef-a' -le-ah) [avv, with ; eyne- 
(pa'/og, the brain]. The condition of a synencephalus. 



SYNENCEPHALOCELE 



1448 



SYNOVITIS 



Synencephalocele {sin-en-sef'-al-o-sll) [abv, with; 
kyuktyaAoQ, brain ; Kt'/'A?/, a tumor]. An encephalocele 
arising from abnormal adhesions, probably the result 
of some intra-uterine inflammation. 

Synencephalus {sin-en-sef'-al-us) [abv, with; iynkty- 
a/toc, brain]. A monster having two bodies with but 
a single head. 

Synenergia {sin-en-ur' -je-ah). See Synergy. 

Synergetic {sin-er-jef -ik) [avvEpybg, working together]. 
Exhibiting synergy ; working together. 

Synergic [sin-ur' -jik) [avvcpybg, working together]. 
Exhibiting or pertaining to synergy. 

Synergida {sin-ur' -jid-ah) [abvepybc, working together : 
//. , Synergidic~\. In biology, a term applied to the 
two cells of the egg-apparatus that are associated with 
the germ-cell in the embryo-sac. 

Synergist {sin' '-ur-jist) [avvepyog, working together]. 
A thing or drug which co-operates with another. 

Synergy {sin'-ur-je) [abv, together ; epyeiv, work: pi., 
Synergies]. In biology, the simultaneous or sympa- 
thetic action of different organs. 

Synesthesia {sin- es -the'-ze -ah) [abv, with; aladr/aic, 
sensation]. A phenomenon consisting in a sensation 
being felt or located in one part of the body, as the 
result of an irritation at some remote or distant point. 

Syneurosis {sin-u-ro'-sis). See Synneurosis. 

Syngenesious {sin-jen-e' '-ze-us) [abv, together; ytvtatq, 
generation]. In biology, a term applied to stamens 
which are united by their anthers. 

Syngenesis {sin - jen'- es - is) [abv, together ; yeveaig, 
generation]. In biology, generation by means of the 
combined qualities of both the male and female re- 
productive bodies, as a doctrine distinguished from 
spermism or the theory of incasement, as well as from 
epigenesis. 

Syngenic {sin-jen'-ik). Synonym of Congenita/. 

Syngignoscism {sin - gig' - no - sizm) [abv, together; 
yiyvuoeiv, to know]. A term proposed as a synonym 
of hypnotism, from a prominent symptom, " the agree- 
ing of one mind with another mind." 

Syngonidium {sing - go - nid' - e - uni) [c'vv, together; 
yovoc, generation, seed]. In biology, an aggregation 
of gonidia. 

Synidrosis {sin-id-ro'-sis) [avv, together ; I6pi>c, sweat]. 
Concurrent sweating. The association of perspiration 
with another condition. 

Synizesis (sin-iz-e'-sis) [avvi(>/aic']. Closure or oblitera- 
tion of the pupil. 

Synkinesis {sin - kin - e'- sis) [avv, together; Kivqaic, 
movement]. Involuntary movement taking place in one 
part of the body synchronously with or in consequence 
of a voluntary or reflex movement in another part. 

Synneurosis {sin-nu-ro' -sis) . See Syndesmosis. 

Synocha {sin'-o-kah). See Synochns. 

Synochal {sin'-o-kal) [avvoxoc, continued]. Pertain- 
ing to synocha. 

Synochoid {sin'-o- koid) [avvoxoc, continued]. Re- 
sembling synochus. 

Synochus {sin' -o - kits) [avvoxoc, continuous: //., 
Synochi~\. A fever continuing at a uniform degree 
for a considerable period. S. anniversaria, a fever 
that returns annually at the same time for several 
years. S. ardens, S. putris, typhoid fever. S. 
scorbutica, a fever caused by scurvy. 

Synocil {sin'-o-sii) [avv, with; cilinm, lash]. In 
biology, a cylindric cr conic bundle of sensory fila- 
ments in certain sponges, possibly having a visual func- 
tion. 

Syncecious, Synecious {sin - e'- skits) [abv, together ; 
oiksIv, to live]. In biology, having male and female 
flowers or organs in one cluster. 

Synonym {sin' -o-nim) [abv, together ; bvoua, a name]. 



A word which can replace another word without altera- 
tion of meaning. In medicine, any variant name by 
which a disease, an organ, or a part of the body may 
be known. 

Synonymatic {sin-on-im-at'-ik) [abv, together; bvopa, 
a name]. A purer form of Synonymic, or synonymical, 
and applied by naturalists to lists of technical names 
or onyms, including the synonyms. 

Synophthalmia {sin -off -thai' -me -ah) [avv, together; 
btpdakp-dg, eye]. A malformation in which the orbits 
form a single, continuous cavity. This condition is 
called, also, Cyclopia. 

Synophthalmos {sin - off - thai'- mos). Synonym of 
Cyclops. 

Synophyty {sin-off' -it-e) [abv, together; $vt6v, plant]. 
In biology, the cohesion of two or more embryos in a 
seed. 

Synopsia {sin - ops'- e- ah) [abv, together; bip, eye]. 
Congenital union of the eyes. 

Synopsis {sin-op' -sis) [avv, together: bipie, a seeing]. 
A classified collation. A general view. 

Synorchism (sin-or'-kizm) [avv, together; bpxic, testi- 
cle]. Adhesion or fusion of the two testicles. 

Synoscheos {sin-os'-ke-os) [abv, with ; baxeoc, scrotum], 
A condition of adherence between the skin of the 
penis and that of the scrotum. 

Synosteography {sin -os-te- og'- ra -fe) [abv, together ; 
bareov, bone; ypdfeiv, to write]. The descriptive 
anatomy of the joints. 

Synosteology {sin-os-te-ol' -o-je) [abv, together ; barkov, 
bone; 2.6yoc, knowledge]. The sum of what is 
known regarding the joints. 

Synosteosis {sin-os-te-o'-sis). See Synostosis. 

Synosteotomy {sin -os-te-ot'-o-me) [abv, together; 
barkov, bone ; ropr/, a cutting]. The dissection of the 
articulations of bones ; anatomy of the joints. 

Synostosed {sin' - os ■ tozd ) [avv, together; barkov, 
bone]. Joined in bony union. 

Synostosis {sin-os-to'-sis) [abv, together ; bariov, bone]. 
Union of fractures or bones by osseous material. 

Synostotic {sin-os-tot'-ik) [abv, together ; barkov, bone]. 
Pertaining to or of the nature of synostosis. 

Synotia {sin- o'- she -ah) [abv, together; ovc, ear]. 
Union of the ears, as in certain monsters. 

Synotus {sin-o'-tus) [abv, together; ovc, ear]. A 
syncephalic monstrosity having the ears fused. 

Synovectomy {sin-o-vek'-to-me). See Arthrectomy. 

Synovia {sin-o' -ve-ah) [avv, with; d>6v, an egg]. The 
lubricating fluid secreted within synovial membranes. 

Synovial ( sin - o'- ve-al) [synovialis ; abv, together ; 
(iov, egg] . Pertaining to the synovia. S. Membrane. 
See Membrane . 

Synovin {sin' -o-viri) [abv, with ; (jov, egg]. The form 
of mucin found in synovia. 

Synoviparous {sin-o-vip'-ar -us) [synovia, synovia ; 
parere, to produce]. Producing or secreting synovia. 

Synovitis {sin-o-vi'-tis) [synovia, synovia ; trie, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a synovial membrane. S., 
Chronic Purulent. Synonym of Fungous Arthri- 
tis. S., Chronic Serous. Synonym of Hydrar- 
throsis. S., Dry, synovitis with little if any exudate. 
S., Exanthematous, synovitis produced by the exan- 
themata. S., Fibrinous. See S. , Dry. S., Fun- 
gous. Synonym of Fungous Arthritis. S., Gonor- 
rheal. Synonym of Rheumatism, Gonorrheal. S., 
Lipomatous, synovitis in which the new-formation 
undergoes fatty degeneration. S., Metritic, a syno- 
vitis secondary to uterine infection. S., Puerperal 
synovitis occurring after childbirth, and due to septic 
infection. S., Purulent, synovitis with suppuration. 
S., Scarlatinal, synovitis occurring in an attack of 
scarlet fever. S., Syphilitic, synovitis due to syph- 



SYNPLAST 



1449 



SYPHILID 



ilitic inflammation. S., Tendinous, inflammation of 
the synovial sheath surrounding a tendon. S., Tu- 
berculous, synovitis with deposits of tubercle. S., 
Urethral. Synonym of Gonorrheal Synovitis. 

Synplast (sin'-plast) [ovv, together; n'kaooeiv, to form, 
mold]. In biology, a unit or group of protoplasts. 

Synsepalous (sin-scp'-al-us) [ovv, together ; sepalum,^ 
sepal]. Same as Gamosepalous. 

Synspermy (sin-sper'-me) [ovv, together; otreppa, 
seed]. In biology, the union of two or more seeds. 

Syntagma [sin-tag' -malt) [ovvraypa, that which is put 
together]. In biology, Pfeiffer's term for a body or 
aggregation of tagmata. See Tagma, 

Syntasis (sin' -tas-is) [ovvraoic ; ovvreivetv, to stretch to- 
gether]. A stretching, or tension. 

Syntatic (sin-tat' -ik) [ovvre'ivuv, to stretch together] . 
Pertaining to or characterized by syntasis. 

Syntaxis (sin-laks'-is) [ovvt&oouv, to arrange]. I. 
Articulation. 2. Reduction, taxis. 3. A suture. 

Syntecopyra (sin- tek- op' '-ir -ah) [ovvrfjuuv, to waste 
away; irvp, fire]. Colliquative fever. 

Syntectic (sin-tek'-tile) [ovvtt/ktikoc]. Pertaining to or 
characterized by syntexis ; wasting. 

Syntenosis (sin-ten-o'-sis) [ovv, together ; revuv, ten- 
don]. Articulation by means of tendons, as in the 
human digits. 

Synteresis (sin-ter-e'-sis) [ovvTt/pr/oir ; ovvr-qptlv, to 
guard with]. Preventive treatment, or hygiene; 
prophylaxis. 

Synteretic (sin-ter-et'-ih) [ovvTripijTiKu^, preservative]. 
Pertaining to prophylaxis, or synteresis ; hygienic ; 
preventive. 

Syntexis (sin-teks'-is) [ovvte^iq; owt^kuv, to melt to- 
gether]. A wasting ; tabes ; phthisis. 

Synthermal (sin-ther'-mal). Same as Isothermal. 

Synthesis (sin' -thesis) [ovvdeoic ; ovv, with; rtdr/vai, 
to place]. In chemistry, the formation, artificially, 
of a compound by combining its proximate parts. 

Synthetic (sin-thet'-ik) [ovv, with; nOi/vai, to place]. 
Pertaining to synthesis. Compounded. 

Synthorax (sin-tho'-raks). Synonym of Thoracopagus. 

Syntonin (sin' - to - nin) [o'vvrovoq, contracted]. An 
acid-albumin obtained by the prolonged action of 
dilute hydrochloric acid upon minced muscle. It is 
also formed in the stomach during digestion. 

Syntrimma, Syntripsis (sin-trim' -ah, sin-trip' -sis). 
Synonym of Comminution. 

Syntrope (sin' -trap) [ovv, together; Tpenc.iv, to turn]. 
One of a set of syntropic parts (opposed to anti- 
trope). 

Syntropic (sin-trop' -ik) [ovv, together; rpeTrew, to turn]. 
Similar, and turned in the same direction (thus the 
ribs of either side are syntropic ; those of opposite sides 
are antitropic). 

Syntropy (sin' -tro-pe) [ovv, together ; rpe-tiv, to turn] . 
In biology, Wilder's term for the morphotropic rela- 
tion between parts upon the same side of a structural 
plane. 

Synulosis (sin-u-lo'- sis) [awoi^uoic ; ovTJ), scar]. 
Cicatrization; cicatrix. 

Synulotic (sin-u - lot'-ik) [ovvov'Autikoc, healing]. 
Promoting cicatrization. 

Synymensis (sin-im-en'-sis). Synonym of Syndesmosis. 

Synzygia (sin-zij' -e-ah) [ov r vyia, a junction ; ovv, to- 
gether ; r vyov, a yoke, any means of joining together]. 
See Syzygy. 

Syphilelcos, Syphilelcus (sif-il-e!'-kos, sif-il-el'-kus) 
[syphilis, syphilis ; cXk6c , ulcer] . Syphilitic ulcer. 
Chancre. 

Syphilelcosis (sif-il-el-ko'-sis) [syphilis, syphilis ; elnoc, 
ulcer]. The condition or progress of syphilitic ulcer- 
ation ; the condition of having a chancre. 



Syphilid, Syphilide (sif'-il-id) [ME., syphilis, syph- 
ilis]. Any disease of the skin Sue to syphilis. S., 
Acneiform, one of the early and rare forms of the 
cutaneous manifestations of syphilis. Its favorite posi- 
tions are the face and shoulders. It is marked by the 
formation of flat pustules, about the eighth of an inch 
in diameter, on a dark-red, raised base, with a narcow 
areola. S., Annular. See Syphiloderma circinatum. 
S., Bullous, a syphilitic skin-ulceration that occurs 
in two forms, the rzipial and " pemphigoid '." They 
differ from the other vesicular and pustular syphilids 
in not being placed on a raised, red base, and the 
areola is often pink, and not the usual raw-ham color. 
S., Circinate. See Syphiloderma circinatum. S., 
Ecthymatous, a form occurring only in the cachectic, 
and characterized by the presence of large pustules, 
which may be superficial or deep, the former occur- 
ring mainly in the early stage, the deep in the third 
period. The lesion commences around a hair-follicle, 
is about a third or a quarter of an inch in diameter, 
dries into a greenish scab on a raised, red base, 
develops slowly, and lasts for a few weeks. It is most 
common on the lower limbs. S., Erythematous. 
See Roseola, Syphilitic. S., Follicular, Miliary 
Syphilid ; Syphilitic Lichen ; a variety of papular 
syphilid in which the hair-follicles are the seat of the 
lesion. The lesion may be large or small. The 
larger occurs in the first six months of the disease, in 
irregular groups of from three or four to twenty, on 
the extensor aspect of the limbs and the back. The 
papules are about the size of a large pin's head or 
millet-seed, bright-red at first, soon changing to 
brownish-red, and crowned with a small scale. They 
appear in crops. The small form is very rare, is most 
common in women, and occurs in the first or second 
year of the disease. The papules are the size of a 
large or small pin's head, pink at first, then fawn- 
colored, thickly crowded together in groups. S., Her- 
petiform. See S., Vesicular. S., Impetiginous, 
Syphilitic Impetigo; small pustules, single or aggre- 
gated, appearing on the scalp, and covered by yellowish - 
gray or brown crusts, forming patches around a single 
hair-group. S., Lenticular, one of the common, early 
eruptions, often following closely upon or mixed up 
with the erythematous lesion. The papules are few 
or many, but not closely packed, and only grouped 
around the mouth and genitals. The usual sites are 
the forehead, lower part of the face, the nape and 
back, the flexor aspect of the limbs, and about the 
genito-anal passages. The lesions are from an eighth 
to half an inch in diameter, distinctly raised, sharply 
defined, flatly convex, of a deep-red tint (though 
they may be pale), firm and smooth. S., Macular. 
See Roseola, Syphilitic. S., Miliary. See S., Follic- 
ular. S., Nodular, Tubercular Syphilid ; convex 
projections of the skin, too large to be called papules. 
They are most common in the tertiary period, but 
may also be an early manifestation. They vary 
from a quarter to a half an inch in diameter, are 
sharply defined, considerably raised, of the character- 
istic coppery color, occasionally breaking down and 
ulcerating, with thick scabs, and much inflammation 
around, accompanied with much pain, and followed by 
white, depressed scars. They are solitary or few on 
the face, limbs, and trunk, but are not grouped, save 
in the tertiary stage. S., Nummular. See Syphilo- 
derma papulo-squamosttm. S., Orbicular. See 
Syphiloderma circinatum. S., Papular, a papular, 
syphilitic eruption on the skin or mucous mem- 
brane. S., Pemphigoid, Syphilitic Pemphigus ; a 
rare eruption in acquired syphilis and occurring almost 
exclusively in the congenital form. It is usually 



SYPHILIDIATRIA 



1450 



SYPHILIS 



limited to the palms and soles, but may be widely 
spread. The contents seldom remain clear long. S., 
Pigmentary, Syphilitic Leukoderma ; most common 
from the sixth to the twelfth month of the disease. It is 
rather a rare condition, but is seen much more fre- 
quently in women than in men, and in brunets than 
in fair women. Its seat is chiefly on the neck, 
especially at the sides and back ; it may occasionally 
be seen on the face, chest, or flank. The lesions are 
irregularly margined, round or oval spots, from an 
eighth to one inch in diameter, well-defined or ill- 
defined, with a yellowish-brown color. They may be 
discrete or confluent. They last from two months to 
several years, or may be permanent. S., Pustular, 
the termination occasionally of the vesicular syphilid. 
The contents become purulent, a crust forms, ulcer- 
ation may go on under it, and a pigmented depression 
or scar is left. S., Rupial, one of the most character- 
istic syphilids occurring in the second and third years 
of the disease, and associated with profound cachexia. 
The lesion is the characteristic stratified, conic, limpet- 
shell crust, which on removal leaves a sharply 
punched-out ulcer, shelving toward the center. These 
lesions are usually few in number, and on the limbs. 
S., Squamous. See Sypliiloderma papulo-squamo- 
sum. S., Tubercular. See S., Nodular. S., 
Varicelliform, a form of vesicular syphilid in 
which the vesicles may be either convex or umbili- 
cated, and their contents cloudy. They are situated 
on a slightly raised plateau, of the usual dull-red 
color. After a few days the vesicles dry into thick, 
adherent crusts of a greenish-black color. The course 
is slow. S., Varioliform, a slight modification of the 
varicelliform, causing the lesion to resemble the vario- 
lous eruption. S., Vesicular, an early skin-eruption 
of syphilis, appearing in the first six months. It may be 
small (very rare) or large. The lesions of the latter 
are grouped (herpetiform syphilid) in irregular, circin- 
ate, or serpiginous forms. The vesicles have a deep-red 
base, rupture at the end of a week, and dry up. They 
are common on the face, limbs, and trunk. 

Syphilidiatria (sif-il-id-e-a' -tre-ali) \_syphilis, syphilis ; 
uiTpe'ia, treatment]. The medicinal treatment of syph- 
ilis. 

Syphilidocolpitis isif-il-id-o-kol-pi' '-lis) [syphilis, syph- 
ilis ; ko/Ittoc, vagina; trig, inflammation]. Syphilitic 
inflammation of the vagina. 

Syphilidography (sif-il-id-og' -ra-fe). See Syphilogra- 
phy. _ 

Syphilidology (sif-il-id-ol'-o-je). See Syphilology. 

Syphilidomania (sif-il-id-o-ma' -ne-ah). See Syphilo- 
mania. 

Syphilidophobia (sif-il-id-o-fo' -be-ah). See Syphilo- 
phobia. 

Syphilidophthalmia [sif-il-id-off-thal' -tne-ah) \_syphilis, 
syphilis: 6<f>Ba7i/idg, eye] . Syphilitic ophthalmia. 

Syphilifer (sif'-il-if-er) \_syphilis, syphilis]. One who 
conveys syphilis. 

Syphiliphobia (sif-il-if-o' '-be-ah). See Syphilophobia. 

Syphilis (sif'-il-is) [syphilis, syphilis]. A chronic, in- 
fectious disease believed to be due to a specific organ- 
ism and characterized by a variety of structural lesions 
of which the chancre, the mucous patch, and the 
gumma are the most distinctive. A bacillus has been 
found in the lesions by Lustgarten and others, but 
whether it is the real cause or not has not been defi- 
nitely determined. The disease is generally acquired 
in sexual congress, hence its earliest manifestations 
appear upon the genital organs, but any abraded surface 
of the body, if brought in contact with the syphilitic 
poison, may give entrance to the infection. The earliest 
lesion of acquired syphilis is the chancre, initial sclero- 



sis, or primary sore, which appears after a period of incu- 
bation varying from two to three weeks. It is usually a 
reddish-brown papule with an ulcerated central spot, and 
has a slight serous or purulent discharge. Taken between 
the fingers, it is found to have a peculiar cartilaginous 
hardness. Microscopically it consists of an accumulation 
of round cells, epithelioid cells, with, perhaps, a giant- 
cell here and there . The blood-vessels present a hyper- 
plasia of the intima, to which in part the induration of 
the chancre is due. Very soon after the appearance of 
the chancre the nearest lymphatic glands become en- 
larged and indurated — the indolent buboes of syphilis. 
The chancre is generally solitary and is not auto-inocu- 
lable. The mucous patch, condyloma latum, moist 
papule, or mucous tubercle is located upon mucous 
membranes, at muco-cutaneous junctions, or where 
two skin-surfaces are' in habitual contact. It is a flat, 
scarcely elevated patch, on mucous membranes gener- 
ally covered by a whitish pellicle. Under the micro- 
scope we find a round-cell infiltration of the upper 
layers of the corium, some of the round cells pene- 
trating between the cells of the epidermis. There is 
also a considerable quantity of fluid exudate, which in- 
filtrates and loosens the epithelial elements. The 
gumma ox gummy tumor is a rounded nodule, varying 
in size from the dimensions of a pea to those of a 
small apple. Its favorite seats are the periosteum of 
flat bones, the membranes of the brain, the liver, 
spleen, and testicle. It is usually soft and contains 
in its interior a gelatinous " gummy ' ' material. Radi- 
ating from and into it are bands of connective tissue ; 
sometimes the latter forms a distinct capsule about 
the gumma. Histologically, it presents a cellular ac- 
cumulation and some new blood-vessels, which, how- 
ever, are inadequate for the nutrition of the newly 
formed tissue, hence its degeneration. In the viscera 
gummata are, as a rule, absorbed, their former sites 
being marked by stellate cicatrices. Another import- 
ant though not distinctive lesion produced by syphilis 
is a diffuse sclerosis of the blood-vessek, especially of 
the parenchymatous organs. The cutaneous eruptions 
have histologically nothing peculiar — they are inflam- 
matory lesions. The clinical course of syphilis is 
generally divided into three stages : the primary, char- 
acterized by the presence of the chancre and the indo- 
lent bubo ; the secondary, by the mucous patch, cu- 
taneous eruptions, sore throat, and general enlargement 
of the lymphatic glands ; the tertiary, by the gumma 
and by severe skin-lesions. Between the appearance 
of the chancre and the secondary manifestations a 
period of six weeks usually elapses. The tertiary phe- 
nomena follow the secondary after a stage of quies- 
cence of variable length. The tertiary lesions are the 
most destructive, but are, fortunately, rarer now than in 
former times. Syphilis also bears an important, but 
as yet obscure, relation to certain diseases of the ner- 
vous system, such as locomotor ataxy and paretic de- 
mentia. Although very wide-spread, syphilis is not 
contagious in the ordinary sense of the word. Infection 
generally proceeds from a chancre or from a mucous 
patch ; it may be conveyed by the blood. One attack 
as a rule confers immunity. S., Benign, syphilis in 
which the symptoms are mild. S. brephotrophica, 
syphilis spread among infants and those engaged in 
their care (Bulkley). S., Congenital, syphilis 
present at birth. S., Constitutional, syphilis charac- 
terized by general manifestations. See S., Secondary. 
S., Cutaneous. See Syphilodervia. S. e coitu 
illicito. See S. pravorzcm. S. e coitu legitimo. 
See S., Marital. S., Encephalic, syphilis of the 
brain. S. endemica. See S. pandcmica. S. 
epidermica. See S. pandemica. S., Equine* 



SYPHILISMUS 



1451 



SYPHILONYCHIA 



an infectious disease of horses characterized by 
inflammatory lesions of the genital organs, enlarge- 
ment of the lymphatic glands, and motor weakness, 
sometimes going on to complete paralysis of the hind 
limbs. The disease may be fatal. S., Extra-genital, 
syphilis in which the hist lesion is situated elsewhere 
than on the genital organs. S., Gonorrheal, a 
chancre of the urethra producing a discharge resemb- 
ling that of gonorrhea. S. hereditaria, S., Heredi- 
tary, S., Inherited, the syphilitic poison can tra- 
verse the placenta in either direction — as a rule, it 
is the mother who infects the child. Abortion 
is frequent, but if a living child is born it will 
develop symptoms of the inherited disease in 
from two weeks to three or four months after birth. 
These symptoms belong in part to the secondary stage, 
;n part are peculiar. A hyperplasia of the connective 
tissue of the lung, liver, spleen, and pancreas is a 
common lesion. In the case of the first-named organ 
the condition is known as white pneumonia. The 
spleen and liver may be greatly enlarged . S. ingenita. 
See S., Hereditary. S. innocentium. Synonym of S. 
insontiitm. S. inson'dum, syphilis of the innocent, 
i. e., syphilis acquired in an innocent manner, or non- 
venereal syphilis. S. insontium sine coitu, non- 
venereal syphilis acquired otherwise than by sexual 
intercourse. S., Intra-uterine, syphilis acquired 
during intra-uterine existence. It is generally con- 
sidered as a form of hereditary syphilis. S. invete- 
rata. Synonym of S., Tertiary. S., Latent, syph- 
ilis in which the symptoms are in abeyance. S., 
Malignant, syphilis characterized by very destructive 
lesions, especially by gummata that appear early and 
degenerate rapidly. S., Marital, syphilis acquired 
in lawful wedlock. S. modificata. Synonym of 
Syphiloid. S., Non-venereal. Synonym of S. 
insontiitm. S. occulta, syphilis appearing in persons 
who give no history of primary or secondary lesions. 
S., ceconomica, a form of syphilis insontium, in which 
the disease is acquired through eating and drinking or 
other household utensils, or by incidental contact with 
syphilitic persons (Bulkley). S. pandemica, syphilis 
which has extended widely after the manner of 
other contagious diseases. It may appear in an 
epidemic or an endemic form. In the former, the 
disease spreads with great rapidity and affects 
many persons ; in the latter, it spreads more slowly 
and limits itself to a tribe or nation for a long time 
(Bulkley). S. pravorum, syphilis acquired in 
illegitimate sexual intercourse. S., Primary, syph- 
ilis during the period intervening between the appear- 
ance of the chancre and that of the secondary phenom- 
ena. S., Secondary, syphilis during the period in 
which the secondary phenomena are present. See 
Syphilis. S. sine coitu, syphilis not acquired by 
sexual contact. S. sporadica, syphilis insontium oc- 
curring in an isolated or sporadic manner (Bulkley). 
S. technica, syphilis acquired in following one's 
occupation, as by physicians, mid wives, nurses. S., 
Tertiary. See Syphilis. S. universalis, syphilis 
affecting the entire body. S., Vaccination, syphilis 
acquired at the time of vaccination by the use of 
vaccine-lymph from a syphilitic subject, or subse- 
quently by the inoculation of the wound. S., Ven- 
ereal, syphilis acquired in illegitimate sexual inter- 
course. S., Visceral, syphilis of the viscera — the 
lesions are either inflammatory or in the form of 
gummata. 

Syphilismus (sif-il-iz'-mus). Synonym of Syphilis. 

Syphilitic (sif-il-it'-ic) [syphilis, syphilis]. Pertaining 
to or affected with syphilis. 

Syphilization (sif-il-iz-a'-shun) [syphilis, syphilis]. In- 



oculation with the pus of a chancre. The term is also 
used to express a sort of immunity against fresh inocu- 
lation of syphilis, from the fact of previous inocula- 
tion. 

Syphilized (sif'-il-tzd) [syphilis, syphilis] . Affected 
with hereditary syphilis. 

Syphiloderma (sif-il-o-der'-mah) [syphilis, syphilis; 
dippa, skin]. Dermatosyphilis ; Syphilis cutanea; a 
term including the various manifestations upon the skin 
due to syphilis. The early lesions are manifold, of a 
reddish-brown, coppery color and leave pigment-stains ; 
they are symmetric, polymorphous, show a tendency 
to circular grouping, seldom itch or cause subjective 
symptoms, and develop slowly. The tertiary rashes are 
always ulcerative and result from the breaking down 
of gummata ; they occur on any part of the body, are 
unsymmetrically distributed, extend centrifugally while 
healing in the center and leave flat, white scars. They 
are usually seen on the palms and soles. S. circina- 
tum, circinate, orbicular, or annular syphilid ; lepra 
syphilitica ; a form of squamous syphilitic skin-eruption 
of the secondary period. It occurs during the first year 
of the disease and may be quite early. The favorite 
positions are the nape and other parts of the neck, fore- 
head , and around the chin and mouth. It occurs in cir- 
cles from half an inch to an inch in diameter, which may 
form gyrate figures with clear centers and sharply de- 
fined, distinctly raised borders, with some scales. S., 
Papulo-squamosum, nummular syphilid ; squamous 
syphilid; syphilitic psoriasis ; a papular skin-eruption 
seen at any period of the first, and occasionally in the 
second year of syphilis, followed by desquamation, 
the scales ranging in size from a quarter to three-quarters 
of an inch in diameter. They are usually scanty and 
dirty-looking, but may be abundant and silvery. The 
lesions are seen all over the body, and may persist for 
months. 

Syphilodermia (sif-il-o-der'-me-ah). Same as Syphilo- 
derma. 

Syphilographer (sif-il-og'-ra-fer} [syphilis, syphilis; 
ypdtpeiv, to write]. One who writes on syphilis. 

Syphilography (sif- il- og'- ra -fe) [syphilis, syphilis ; 
ypatpsiv, to write]. A descriptive treatise on syphilis, 
its forms, distribution, etc. 

Syphiloid (sif'-il-oid) [syphilis, syphilis ; eMoc, resem- 
blance]. An endemic disease of Lithuania, Poland, 
and other regions, and which is probably identical with 
syphilis. Also known as Syphilis modificata. S., 
Canadian, a disease which in some respects resembled 
syphilis, and prevailed in Canada during part of the 
eighteenth century. S. of Courland, a disease ob- 
served at Courland, Russia, having many of the 
symptoms of syphilis. S., Hessian, a form of dis- 
ease resembling syphilis, at one time prevalent in 
Hesse. S., Jutland, a disease resembling syphilis 
observed in Jutland, Denmark. 

Syphilolepis (sif-il-ol'-ep-is) [syphilis, syphilis ; Iett'cc;, 
scale]. A scaly or furfuraceous eruption of syphilitic 
origin. 

Syphilology (sif-il-ol'-o-je) [syphilis, syphilis; \6yoq, 
science]. The sum of knowledge regarding the 
origin, nature, and treatment of sj'philis. 

Syphiloma (sif - il - o' - mah) [syphilis, syphilis; hjia, 
tumor : //. , Syphiiomala~] . A gummatous tumor of 
syphilitic origin. 

Syphilomania (sif-il-o-ma'-ne-ah) [syphilis, syphilis; 
pavia, mania]. The inclination to attribute diseases to 
syphilis. The morbid belief in the presence of syphilis. 

Syphilomatous (sif - il - o' '- mat - us) [syphilis, syphilis; 
opa, tumor]. Pertaining to syphiloma. 

Syphilonychia (sif-il-o-nik'-e-ali) [syphilis, syphilis ; 
owl;, nail]. An onychia of syphilitic origin. S. 



SYPHILOPATHY 



1452 



SYSTEM 



exulcerans, syphilitic onychia with ulceration. S. 
sicca, syphilitic onychia without ulceration. 

Syphilopathy (sif ' -il-op' ' -ath-e)[syphilis, syphilis; nadoc, 
disease]. Any syphilitic disease. 

Syphilopemphis (sif -il-o -pern'- fis) \_syphilis, syphilis; 
Tte/Mjiig, a blister]. Pemphigus of syphilitic origin. 

Syphilophobe (sif ' -il-o-fob) [syphilis, syphilis ; 0o/3oc, 
fear]. One affected with syphilophobia. 

Syphilophobia (sif -il-o- fo'-be-ah) [syphilis, syphilis; 
ipofiot;, dread]. A morbid condition in which the 
patient imagines himself to be diseased with syphilis. 
Also an intense dread of syphilitic infection. 

Syphilophyma (sif -il-o -fi'- mah) [syphilis, syphilis; 
yvfia, growth]. Syphiloma of the skin. 

Syphiloscleroma (sifil-o-skle-ro' -mah). Synonym of 
Chancre. 

Syphilosis (sif -il-o' -sis) [syphilis, syphilis]. Syphilitic 
disease. 

Syphilous (sif'-il-us). Same as Syphilitic. 

Syphionthus (sife-on' -thus) [syphilis, syphilis ; lovdoc, 
an eruption on the face]. The copper-colored erup- 
tions or fawn-colored, furfuraceous patches of syphil- 
itic origin. 

Syphon (si'-fon). Synonym of Siphon. 

Syphonage (si'-fon-dj). See Siphonage. 

Syphonoma (si-fon-o'-mah). Synonym of Siphonoma. 

Syriac Ulcer. Synonym of Diphtheria. 

Syrigmophonia (sir- ig-mo -fo'-ne-ah) [ovpiaoeiv, to 
hiss; i/hjv?), voice]. A piping or whistling state of 
the voice. 

Syrigmus (sir-ig'-mus) [ovpiooeiv, to hiss]. Any sub- 
jective hissing, murmuring or tinkling sound heard 
in the ear. 

Syringe (sir' -in j) [o'vpiyS,, a pipe]. An apparatus for 
the injection of a liquid into a cavity of the body. 

Syringeal (sir- in'-je - al) [ ovpiyi; , a pipe]. Relating 
or belonging to the syrinx. 

SyTingin (sir - in'- jin) [ ovpiyi, tube]. A crystalline 
glucosid obtained from Syringa vulgaris. 

Syringitis (sir-in-ji'-tis) [ovpiyi;, tube ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the Eustachian tube. 

Syringium (si-rin' -je-um) [ovpiyi , a pipe : pi., Syrin- 
gia~\ . In biology, a tubular repugnatorial organ on 
certain caterpillars. 

Syringocele, Syringoccelia (sir-ing' -go-sel, sir-ing-go- 
se'-le-ah) [ovpiyS., lube ; noi'Aia, hollow]. The cavity 
or central canal of the myelon or spinal cord. 

Syringo-cystadenoma (sir-ing' -go-sis-tad-en-o' -mah ) 
[ovpr/S, a pipe; Kharig, a cyst; aSr/v, gland; bpia, 
tumor]. A peculiar disease of the skin that probably 
begins in embryonic sweat-glands. The eruption 
consists in a number of small, round, hard, raised 
papules of the color of the skin, which tend to grow 
larger and become of a bluish-red color. There are 
no subjective symptoms. 

Syringoid (sir-ing' -gold). Synonym of Fistulous. 

Syringomeningocele (sir - ing' -go - men - in' -go - sel) 
[ovpiyi; , pipe ; pfjviy^, membrane ; kt/mj, tumor]. A 
meningocele resembling a syringo-myelocele. 

Syringomyelia (sir-ing' -go-mi-e' -le-ah) [ovpiyi; , tube; 
p.vE/i6c, marrow]. The morbid condition caused by 
the presence of an adventitious cavity in the spinal 
cord or by the dilatation of the central canal. 

Syringomyelitis (sir-ing' -go-mi-el-i' -tis) [ovpiyi, tube ; 
pve/.nc, marrow; trzc, inflammation]. The inflamma- 
tion coincident with or preceding syringomyelus. 

Syringo-myelocele (sir - ing' - go -mi'- el -o- sel) [ovpiyi;, 
tube ; /tve'Aoc, marrow ; Koi?.6g, hollow]. Synonym of 
spina bifida. 

Syringomyelus ( sir-ing' -go-mi' -el-us) [ovpiyi; , tube; 
/ivea6(;, marrow]. An abnormal dilatation of the cen- 
tral canal of the spinal cord in which the central gray 



column is converted into connective tissue, the inte- 
rior softening and forming a cavity. A disease similar 
to this in children is called hydromyelia. 

Syringomyon (sir-ing-go-mi' -on) [ovpiyi-, a pipe ; fivuv, 
a muscle]. In biology, one of the intrinsic muscles 
of the syrinx in birds. 

Syringotome (sir-ing' -go-torn) [ovpiyi, tube ; rifiveiv, 
to cut]. An instrument for incision of a tube or 
fistula; a canaliculus-knife ; it is also used by ana- 
tomists. 

Syringotomy (sir-ing-got' -o-me) [ovpiyi;, tube ; ro/irj, a 
cutting]. The operation of laying open a fistula in 
ano by incision. 

Syrinx (sir' -inks) [ovpiyi, tube : //. , Syringes']. A tube, 
a fistula. In biology, the lower larynx or voice-organ 
of a bird. It is especially developed in the Oscines, or 
singing birds. See Syringe. 

Syrup, Sirup (sir'-up) [siropus, syrup]. A syrup. In 
pharmacy, a concentrated solution of sugar in an 
aqueous fluid. Syrups may be simple (consisting of 
sugar and water only), flavored, or medicated. There 
are thirty-one syrups official in the U. S. Pharma- 
copeia besides 37 in the N. F. S., Eaton's, syrup 
of the phosphates of iron, quinin, and strychnin. 
S., Hive, compound syrup of squills. S., Simple, 
the aqueous solution of sugar without other ingredi- 
ents. 

Syrupy (sir'-up-e) [siropus, syrup]. Of the nature or 
consistence of a syrup. 

Sysoma (si-so' -mah) [o'vv, together ; oijpa, body: pi. , 
Sysomatd]. A double monstrosity with two separate 
heads, but with the bodies fused in more or less inti- 
mate union. 

Sysomic (si-so'-mik) [o'vv, together ; oiiiia, body]. Of 
the nature of a sysoma. 

Syspasia (sis-pa' -ze-ah). Synonym of Convulsion. 

Syssarcosic (sis-ar-ko' -sik) [o'vv, together; oapi;, flesh]. 
Of the nature of or relating to a syssarcosis. 

Syssarcosis (sis-ar-ko' -sis) [altogether; adpS, flesh]. 
The union of bone by the interposition of muscular 
tissue. 

Systalsis (sis-tal'-sis). Synonym of Systole. 

Systaltic (sis-lal' -tik) [ovora2.TiK.6g ; o'vv, with; a-kXkeiv, 
to set]. Pulsatory ; contracting ; having a systole. 

Systasis (sis' -tas-is) [ovoTaai<;~\. Consistency, density. 

System (sis' -tern) [avorr/ua, system]. A methodic ar- 
rangement of parts. A combination of parts into a 
whole. In biology, an assemblage of parts or organs 
of the same or similar tissues. In microscopy, there may 
be found from one to five systems in a single objective. 
Each system may consist of one, two, or three lenses. 
When more than one they are cemented together. 
The systems are called in their order : anterior or 
front, middle, and posterior. S., Anterior, or Front, 
in the microscope, the system of lenses nearest the 
object. S., Brunonian. See Brunonian. ' S., 
Cerebro-spinal, the brain, spinal cord, and their vari- 
ous branches. S., Circulatory, the blood-vessel sys- 
tem. S., Dermoid, Bichat's term for the skin and its 
derivatives. S. -disease, a disease of the cerebro- 
spinal axis affecting a tract of nerve-fibers or nerve-cells 
having common anatomic relations and physiologic 
properties. S., Glandular, the glandular organs of 
the body considered as a whole. S., Human, the 
human body and its organs. S., Ling's. See Ling. 
S., Middle, the lenses of the microscope between the 
anterior and posterior systems. S., Muscular, the 
muscles, their mechanism, etc. S., Nervous, the 
nerves of the body, cerebral, spinal, and ganglionic. 
S., Osseous, the skeleton. S., Posterior, in the 
microscope the system of lenses farthest from the 
object. S., Vascular, the heart and blood-vessels. 






SYSTEMA 



1453 



TABES 



Systema (sis-te'-mali). See System. 

Systematic (sis-tern-aC -ik) [avarijfiaTinoQ, systematic]. 
Methodic ; taxonomic ; classificatory. 

Systematology [sis-tem-at-ol 1 '-o-Je) [ovary/ia, system ; 
?i6yog, science]. The science of arrangement and 
classification. 

Systemic [sis-tern' -ik) [ovary/ia, system]. Having the 
nature of or pertaining to a system. Generalized, or 
pertaining to the whole organism. Applied to the cir- 
culation in the body generally, as distinguished from 
that in the lungs. 

Systemoid (sis'- tern -old) [ovari/jin., system; eldoc, 
form]. A term applied to tumors composed of a num- 
ber of tissues resembling a system of organs ; tera- 
toid. 

Systole (sis'-to-le) [ovgtuA.7], contraction]. The con- 
traction of the heart and arteries. S., Aborted, a 
cardiac systole which, on account of insufficient energy 
or mitral regurgitation, does not increase the arterial 
pressure. S., Anticipated, an aborted systole due 
to an imperfectly filled ventricle. S., Arterial, 
the arterial retraction following cardiac systole. S., 
Auricular, auricular contraction. S., Ventricular, 
the contraction of the ventricles. 

Systolic (sis-tul'-ik) [aboTolrj, systole]. Pertaining to 
systole. 

Systolometer {sis - to - lorn' - et - er) \abarokr), systole ; 
fiirpov, measure] . An instrument for estimating the 



intensity and quality of cardiac sounds and murmurs, 
and the length of the pauses. 

Systremma (sis-trem'-ah) [obcTpepfia, a swelling: //. , 
Systremmata~\. Cramp in the muscles of the leg. 

Systrophe ( sis'- tro -fe ) [avarpotpi] ; abv, together ; 
arpifeiv, to turn]. A wrench, and the subsequent in- 
flammation. In biology, the massing of the chlorophyl- 
bodies of a cell under intense light. Cf. Apostrophe, 
Epistrophe. 

Systylous (sis' -til-its) [<7<>crn,vloc, with columns standing 
close]. In biology, applied (a) to flowers in which 
the styles cohere to form a single column ; (b) to 
mosses in which the lid is fixed to the columella. 

Syzygial (siz-ij'-e-al) [eri-fujoc, yoked together]. Per- 
taining to syzygy. 

Syzygium (si-zij' -e-um) \cvC,vycog, yoked]. A genus 
of E. Indian myrtaceous trees. S. jambolanum 
affords an astringent bark, which is asserted to be use- 
ful in diabetes. Same as Syzygy. Unof. 

Syzygy ( siz'- ij ' - e) [obi^vyoQ, yoked together ; abv, 
together; ^evyvbvai, to yoke, to join: pl.,Syzygies~\. 
In biology : I. A fusion of two bodies, without loss 
of identity. 2. A zygote or conjugate body, formed 
by the union or conjugation of two similar gametes, 
and usually followed by encapsulation and later by 
sporulation ; a syzygium. 

Szydlowski's Method. A method of estimating C0 2 
in the air. See Ventilation. 



T 



T. The abbreviation of Tension, referring to the intra- 
ocular pressure. See Tension. 

T. -bandage. See Bandage. 

T.-bone. See Tau-bone. 

Tabacosis (tab-ak-o'-sis) \tabacum, tobacco]. Zenker's 
term for disease of the lungs arising from inhalation of 
vegetable fibers, especially of cotton. Properly, that 
form of pneumonokoniosis due to the inhalation of 
tobacco-dust. 

Tabacum (tab-ak'-um) [L. : gen., Tabaci~\. Tobacco. 
The dried leaves of Nicotiana tabacui?i, native to 
America. Its properties are mainly due to an alkaloid, 
nicotin, C 10 H U N 2 , which, next to prussic acid, is the 
most rapidly fatal poison known. Tobacco is a powerful 
depressant, nauseant, emetic, diaphoretic, and anti- 
spasmodic ; it is also narcotic and sedative, lowering 
arterial tension. In toxic doses death occurs by par- 
alysis of the respiratory centers. It is used chiefly as 
an antispasmodic, and is said to be effectual in tetanus. 
T., Enema, gr. xx in % viij hot water for each enema. 
T., Ol., obtained by distillation ; violently prisonous. 
T., Vinum, %] to Oj. Dose tt^v-^j. Nicotin, 
the alkaloid, efficient in strychnin-poisoning. Dose 
Tn^jj— Jj and up to rnjj in two hours. Preparations 
unof. 

Tabanid (tab' -an-id) \tabanus, a gad-fly]. Any horse- 
fly or gad-fly of the family Tabanida: , of which the 
genus Tabanus is the type. More than 1300 species 
are known, the females of many of them being 
capable of inflicting a severe and painful bite. See 
under Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Tabasheer (tab' - a - shir) [Hind., tabdsher~\. A cor- 
ruption of Tabixir. An opal-like substance formed 



abnormally in the joints of certain species of bam- 
boos. This is probably the substance called Qcuhis 
miindi, and Lapis mtitabilis by 17th century writers. 
It played a great part in medieval therapeutics as 
a supposed remedy for all sorts of physical and 
mental ills. It is used locally as a tonic, aphrodisiac, 
pectoral, astringent, and anti-spasmodic. Unof. 

Tabatiere anatomique (tab - at'- e -ar an- at- om'- e~k) 
[Fr.]. The depression at the base of the thumb on 
its radial aspect between the second and third extensor 
tendons. 

Tabaxir (tab'-aks-er). See Tabasheer. 

Tabby-cat Striation. Peculiar markings occurring 
on muscles that have undergone extreme fatty 
degeneration. The condition is especially seen in 
the musculi papillares of the heart in pernicious 
anemia. 

Tabebuia (tab-e-bu'-e-ah) [a native Braz. name]. A 
genus of bignoniaceous trees and shrubs of tropical 
America, of some 60 species. T. impetiginosa is 
mucilaginous and highly astringent, and is locally 
valued as a medicine. Unof. 

Tabefaction (tab-e -fak'-shttn) [tabefaeere, to melt]. 
Wasting; emaciation. 

Tabella (ta-bel'-ah) [L. : //., Tabella\. A table. A 
troche. A tablet. 

Tabellary (tab'-el-ar-e). Same as Tabular. 

Tabes (ta'-bez) [L., a wasting]. Formerly used as a 
synonym of wasting, shrinking, or consumption. Now 
used as a synonym of Tabes dorsalis or Locomotor 
Ataxy, a disease dependent upon degeneration and 
sclerosis of the posterior columns of the spinal cord. Its 
most pronounced symptom, incoordination of the 



TABESCENCE 



1454 



TACHVTOMV 



muscles of locomotion, has served to establish the term 
Locomotor AJaxy as the common designation of the 
affection. The anatomic changes consist of atrophy 
and degeneration of the nerve-fibers, with hypertrophy 
of the connective tissue, and extend from the lumbar 
region to the calamus scriptorius. The symptoms are 
numerous, but the chief are "lightning-pains;" un- 
steadiness and incoordination of locomotor and other 
voluntary movements, extending even to the upper ex- 
tremities ; disorders of vision, among others the valu- 
able Argyll- Robertson Pupil, q. v. ; cutaneous anes- 
thesia ; girdle-sense; abolition of the patellar reflex ; 
diminution of sexual desire; peculiar "crises," etc. 
The disease is a very chronic one, but is not always 
progressive. It occurs most frequently in males, and 
usually between the ages of thirty and fifty. The most 
common cause, by some authorities said to be the only 
cause, is syphilis. Other predisposing, exciting or adju- 
vant causes are prolonged exposure to cold and wet, 
alcoholism, mental strain and traumatism of the spine. 
T. coxaria, wasting from hip-joint disease. T. 
ergotica, a toxemia resulting from the use of ergot ; 
its symptomatology closely simulates that of locomotor 
ataxia. T. glandularis. Synonym of T. mesenterica. 
T., Hereditary. See Friedreich'' s Ataxia. T., 
Lacteal. See Hyperlactation. T. mesentericus 
and T. scrofulosa, old terms descriptive of diseases 
of the digestive and assimilative organs, sometimes 
tuberculous, sometimes syphilitic, and attended with 
wasting. T. neurasthenica, neurasthenia with the 
symptoms of locomotor ataxia. T. pulmonalis, pul- 
monary tuberculosis. T. saturnina, the general dis- 
ability due to lead-poisoning. T. scrofulosa. 
Synonym of T. mesenterica. T., Suspension 
Treatment of, see Suspension. T. urinalis. Syn- 
onym of Diabetes mellitus. 

Tabescence (tab-es'-ens) \_tabes, wasting]. Wasting; 
marasmus ; emaciation. 

Tabescent (tab-es / -ent) [tabescere , tabescens, to waste]. 
Wasting, or becoming wasted, or emaciated. 

Tabetic (tab-et'-ik) \_tabes, wasting]. Pertaining to or 
affected with tabes. 

Tabic (tab'-ik) [tabes, wasting]. Affected with tabes; 
of the nature of or pertaining to tabes. 

Tabid (tab' -id) [tabes, wasting]. Wasted, by disease ; 
emaciated ; affected with tabes. 

Tabidness (tab'-id-nes) [tabes, wasting]. The state 
of being reduced by disease. 

Tabific {tab -if ' -ik) [tabes, wasting ; facere, to make]. 
Tending to produce tabes or emaciation. 

Tabitude (tab'- it -ild) [tabes, a wasting]. Emaci- 
ation ; wasting of the body. 

Tablature (tab'-lal-ur) [tabula, a table]. Separation 
into tables, as exemplified in the frontal, parietal, and 
occipital bones. 

Table (ta'-bl) [tabula, a table]. A flat-topped piece 
of furniture. Either one of the two layers, the outer 
and inner, of the cranial bones ; the inner, from its 
brittleness, is also called the vitreous table. T., Bed, 
a small, portable table arranged to go across the bed. 
T., Operating, a table used in surgical operations. 
T. -spoon, T. -spoonful. See Cochleare magnum. 
T., Vitreous (of the skull), the inner cranial table. 

Tablet (tab' -let) [tabula, a table]. I. A lozenge, a 
troche. 2. A table, as of a cranial bone. See Table. 
T. -triturates, in pharmacy, small, disc-shaped bodies, 
prepared by moistening medicated powders with a 
highly volatile liquid, then molding the moistened 
powder, ejecting the tablet, and allowing the liquid to 
evaporate, when the tablets retain their shape. The 
basis of tablet-triturates is mostly finely-powdered 
sugar. They disintegrate in the alimentary canal. 



Tabloid (tab'-loid) [tabula, table; d&oc, like]. A 
tablet-like pharmaceutic preparation ; a flat troche, 



or lozenge. 



Tabula ( tab'-u-lah ). See Table. T. cathamnales, 
the septal plates of Medusa:. 

Tabular (tab' -u-lar) [tabula, table]. Having the form 
of a table. 

Tabulet (tab'- u - let) [tabula, a. table]. A lozenge; 
a tablet. 

Tabum (ta'-bum). Synonym of Ichor. 

Tac (tak) [Fr., rot]. Synonym of Influenza. 

Tacahout (tak' -a-howt) [nat. Indian]. A kind of gall 
produced upon the Tamarisk, q. v. ; astringent. Unof. 

Tacamahac, Tacamahaca (tak'-am-a-hak, tak-am-a- 
hak'-ah) [Mexican]. A resin produced by various 
trees of the genera Bur sera, Protium , and Calophyllum ; 
also, the resin of the buds of Populus balsamifera , the 
Balm of Uilead poplar of N. America. These resins 
are now little used in medicine. Unof. 

Tacca (tak' -ah) [Malay]. A genus of large-leaved ; 
tropical plants. T. pinnatifida, Forst, yields a kind 
of arrow-root. Unof. 

Tache (tahsh) [Fr. ]. A spot, a coloration. T. 
blanches, certain white spots described by Hanot 
as occurring on the liver, especially on its convex sur- 
face, in infectious diseases. Microscopically they 
present a leukocytic infiltration with bacteria. T., 
bleuatre, a spot of a delicate-blue tint, sometimes 
observed on the skin of typhoid-fever patients. The 
spots are of an irregularly rounded form, and from 
three to eight lines in diameter ; not elevated above 
the skin, nor affected by pressure. They are most 
common on abdomen, back, and thighs. They 
usually precede the characteristic eruption of typhoid 
fever. Ts. cerebrales, irregular, red, angio-paralytic 
patches upon the skin, noticed in some cases of epi- 
lepsy ; also, the spot on the blastoderm about the 
end of the first week, which becomes the center of 
embryonic development. T. meningeale, the red 
line made when the finger-nail is drawn over the 
skin. It was thought to be distinctive of meningeal 
irritation, but may be observed in other conditions of 
vaso-motor paresis. 

Tachistoscope (tak-is' -to-skop) [raxi'S, swift ; canne'iv, 
to view]. A form of stereoscope giving rapid im- 
pressions by means of a movable diaphragm. 

Tachometer (tak-om'-et-er). See Hemotachometer. 

Tachycardia (tak-ik-ar' -de-ah) [ro^uc, quick ; napSla, 
heart]. Abnormal paroxysmal rapidity of cardiac 
action. The pulse may rise as high as 200 per minute. 
It is a comparatively rare affection, due to paral- 
ysis of the inhibitory nerve of the heart or to stimula- 
tion of the cardiac accelerator nerves. T., Essen- 
tial Paroxysmal, tachycardia occurring in paroxysms 
and due to functional disturbance of the cardiac 
nerves. T., Paroxysmal, tachycardia occurring peri- 
odically in paroxysms. T. strumosa exophthal- 
mica. See Exophthalmic Goiter. 

Tachygraph (tak'-ig-raf) [raxvc, swift ; ypatpeiv, 'to 
write]." Synonym of Hemotachometer. 

Tachyiatria (tak-e-e-a'-tre-ah) [rap'r, swift; ta-pela, 
treatment]. The art of curing quickly. 

Tachyotomy (tak-e-ot'-o-me) [~ax'vg, swift ; roui/, sec- 
tion]. Rapid dissection. 

Tachyphrasia (tak-if-ra'-ze-ah) [raji'f, swift; <Ppaai<;, 
speech]. Morbid rapidity or volubility of speech. 

Tachypnea (tak-ip-ne'-ah)[raxi'c, swift ; ■Kvoii/, breath]. 
Abnormal frequency of respiration. 

Tachythanatous (tak - ith - an'- at- us) [raxi'C, swift ; 
flavaroq, death]. Rapidly fatal. 

Tachytomy (tak-it'-o-me) [rax'i%, swift ; toixij, a cut- 
ting]. The art of operating quickly. 



TACITURN 



1455 



TALIPES 



Taciturn (tas'-it-itrn) [taciturnus, silent]. Habitually 
silent or reserved. 

Tact (takt) [/actus ; tangere, to touch]. Delicacy of dis- 
crimination, judgment, and act. T., Medical, skill in 
the diagnosis and treatment of disease. See Tactus. 

Tactile (tak'-til) [tactilis~\. Pertaining to the sense of 
touch. T. Cells, cells representing special sensory 
nerve-endings, " found in the deeper layers of the epi- 
dermis, or the adjacent stratum of corium. They are, 
(i) simple, oval, nucleated elements 5-12 fi in size, 
resembling ganglion-cells ; (2) compound, in which 
two or more cells are associated to receive the nerve- 







Tactile Cells, Snout of Pig. 

a. Tactile cells, m. Tactile disc. n. Nerve-fiber. (From 

Stirling. ) 

fiber ; the corpuscles of Grandry and of Merkel found 
respectively in the epidermis of birds and of mammals 
are examples of such structures " (Piersol). T. Cor- 
puscles, special sensory nerve-endings exhibiting 
more complexity of structure 
than compound tactile cells. 
Cf. End-bulbs. T. C. of 
Grandry, see under T. Cells. 
T. C. of Meissner, oval or 
elliptic bodies, 45-140 fi long 
and 35-55 i-L wide, situated 
usually at the apices of the 
papillae of the corium, in the 
skin of the palmar surfaces 
of the fingers and toes. 
Each corpuscle is supplied 
with one or two, sometimes 
three or four, medullated 
nerve-fibers. T. C. of Mer- 
kel, see under T. Cells. T. 
Disc, the flattened terminal 
expansion of the axis cylin- 
der in a special sensory nerve- 
ending, or tactile corpuscle. 
T. Meniscus, a peculiar 
crescentic expansion of a 
nerve-fiber over the ental 
surface of a tactile cell. T. 
Papillae. See Papilla. T. 
Reflexes, reflex movements 
from stimulation of the tactile 
corpuscles. 

Tactus (laid -tits) [tangere, to touch]. Touch. Delicacy 
of tactile sensation. T. eruditus, or T. expertus, 
especial sensitiveness of touch acquired by long ex- 
perience. 

Taedium vitas {te'-de-nm vi'-te) [L.]. Disgust, or 
weariness of life, a symptom witnessed in many cases 
of insanity ; it is sometimes a precursor of suicide. 

Taenia (te'-ne-ah). See Tenia. 

Taeniacide (te'-ne-as-ld). See Teniacide. 




BpN 

Tactile Corpuscle of 
Meissner, from the 
Skin of a Human Toe. 

N. The nerve entering the 
complicated group of tac- 
tile cells composing the 
corpuscle. Bl. Blood- 
vessel accompanying the 
nerve-fiber. (From Pier- 
sol, after Schicffer- 
decker. ) 



Taeniafuge [te'-ne-af-uj). See Teniafuge. 

Taenidium (te-nid' ' -e-um) [raivia, a band, fillet : pi. , 
Tcenidia~\. In biology, the spiral thread of the respi- 
ratory tracheae of an insect. 

Tafia (taf'-e-ah or ta-fe'-ah) [Malay, tafia, rum]. Rum. 

Tag Alder (tag' awl'-der). See Alnus. 

Tagliacotian (tal-e-ak-o'-she-an) [after Tagliacozzi, an 
Italian surgeon]. Pertaining to Tagliacozzi. T. 
Operation, a rhinoplastic operation by which, in case 
of destruction of the natural tissue, a part or the whole 
of a new nose is formed by a flap from the forehead 
or other part. 

Tagma (tag'-mah) [rdyfia, that which has been ordered 
or arranged]. In biology, a general term applied by 
Pfeiffer to all aggregates of molecules. Cf. Inotagmata 
micella, pleon, syntagma. 

Tail (tal) [ME. , tail, tail] . The caudal extremity of an 
animal. Applied to tail-like parts of an organ of the 
human body; e.g., the tail of the epididymis or of 
the pancreas. T. -coverts, the most posterior feathers 
of the body of a bird, or those which immediately 
cover the basal portion of the tail. T.-fold, an em- 
bryonic infolding or hollow, enclosing the hind-gut. 
See Head-fold. 

Tailors' Cramp or Spasm. See Cramp. T.s' Muscle. 
See Sartorins (in Muscles, Table of). 

Taint (tan/) [ME., teint, taint]. An infection, or 
pathogenic influence; as a syphilitic taint. A spot 
or blemish. 

Tait's Knot. A peculiar method of ligating the 
pedicle in the operation of ovariotomy. See Knot, 
Staffordshire. T.'s Law. See Zaw. T.'s Method. 
See Perineorrhaphy. 

Talalgia ( tal - al'-je - ah) [talus, heel; akyoc, pain]. 
Pain in the heel. 

Talc, Talcum (talk) [gen., Talci~\. A silicate of mag- 
nesium, a white, unctuous, neutral powder; sometimes 
used in insufflating-powders, and as a remedy in 
diarrhea. 

Taliacotian (tal-e-ak-o'-she-an). See Tagliacotian. 

Taliped (tal'-ip- ed) [talus, ankle; pes, foot]. A 
person affected with talipes ; club-footed. 

Talipedic (tal-ip-e'-dik) [talus, ankle ; pes, foot]. Be- 
longing or relating to talipes. 

Talipes (tal'-ip-ez) [talus, ankle ; pes, foot] . The" 
deformity commonly called club-foot, depending upon 




Talipes Equinus. Talipes Calca- 
neous. 



Talipes Cavus or 
Arcuatus. 




Talipes Varus. Talipes Equino- Talipes Calcaneo- 

varus. varus. 

contraction of muscles or tendons, either congenital or 



TALIPOMANUS 



1456 



TAPE 



acquired. T. arcuatus. See T. cavus. T. cal- 
caneus, the patient walks upon the heel alone. T. 
cavus, an increased curvature of the arch of the foot. 
T. equinus, the heel is elevated and the weight thrown 
upon the anterior portion of the foot. T. planus, flat- 




Talipes Valgus. 



Talipes Calcaneo- 
valgus. 



Talipes Equino 
valgus. 



foot. T., Spasmodic, non-congenital talipes due to 
muscular spasm. T. valgus ("flat ".or "splay" 
foot), the foot is everted or distorted outward. T. 
varus, the reverse of the last, the foot being bent in- 
ward. Combinations of these occur, called equino- 
varus, equino-valgus, calcaneo-varus, calcaneo-valgus, 
etc. 

Talipomanus (tal-ip-o-ma' ' -nus)[talus , ankle ; pes, foot ; 
manus, hand] . Deformity of the hand, analogous to 
club-foot, club-hand. 

Tallow (tal'-o) [ME., talowe, tallow]. The solid fat 
of neat cattle, consisting mainly of stearic, palmitic, 
and oleic acids. Tallow is the name given to the fat 
extracted from " suet," the solid fat of oxen, sheep, 
and other ruminants. The quality of the tallow varies 
according to the food of the cattle and other circum- 
stances, dry fodder inducing the formation of a hard 
tallow. Its melting-point varies from 115° to 121° F. 
The best qualities are whitish, but tallow has in general a 
yellowish tint. Beef-tallow contains about 66 percent, 
of solid fat and 34 per cent, of olein or tallow-oil ; 
mutton-tallow contains about 70 per cent, of solid fat 
and 30 per cent, of tallow-oil. The oil is used chiefly 
in the manufacture of soaps and the harder tallow for 
candle-making. 

Talo- (ta'-lo) [talus, ankle]. A prefix denoting con- 
nection with or relation to the heel, as talo-calcaneal, 
talo-fibular, talo-tibial, etc. 

Talon (tal'-on) [talus, ankle, heel]. In biology : (1) 
a claw, as of a bird of prey ; (2) a posterior prolonga- 
tion on the sectorial teeth of mammals. T.-toe. 
See Hammer-toe. 

Talpa (tal'-pah) [L.]. 

Talus (ta'-lus) [L.] 
ankle. 

Tamarac (tam'-ar-ak) [Am. Ind.]. The bark of 
Larix americana, a tonic and mild astringent acting 
on mucous membranes. Dose of the fid. ext. gss-j. 
Unof. 

Tamarind (tam'-ar-ind) [Ar. , tamrul Hind, the Indian 
date]. The pulp of the fruit of Tamarindus indica. 
It contains various fruit-acids, sugar, etc. It is laxative 
and refrigerant. It is usually prescribed with other 
laxatives. Dose indefinite. Also the fruit itself and 
the tree that produces it. T. -water, an infusion of 
tamarind in cold water. It is used as a cooling drink 
in fevers. 

Tamar indien. See Senna. 

Tamarindus (tam-ar-in'-dus) [L.]. A genus of old- 
world leguminous trees. T. indica. See Tama- 
rind. 

Tamarisk (tam'-ar-isk) [L.]. A shrub or tree of the 
genus Tamarix. T. gallica and T. articulata yield 
tamarisk galls. See Tacahout. T. mammifera 
affords a kind of manna. Unof. 

Tambor-oil (tam'-bor-oil). A purgative oil from the 



A mole or wen. 
The astragalus. 



Also, the 



seeds of Ompkalea oleifera, a plant of tropical America. 
Unof. 
Tambour (tam'-bor, or lam' -boor) [Fr. , tambour, a 
drum]. A drum-like instrument used in physiologic 
experiments. It consists of a shallow cup of metal 
over which is stretched an elastic membrane 
and from which or to which passes a tube for 
transmitting a current of air. It is set into 
movement by the phenomena under observation. 
Tampon (tam'-pon) [Fr. ]. A portion of cotton, 
sponge, or other material, medicated or not, 
and used to plug the vagina, nose, etc. , in cases 
of hemorrhage or for other therapeutic purpose. 
T., Kite-tail, a tampon consisting of a number 
of pledgets tied at intervals to a string. T., 
Trendelenburg's, an inflatable rubber bag 
surrounding a tracheotomy-tube. It prevents the 
oozing of blood along the sides of the tube. 
Tamponade, Tamponage, Tamponnement (tam- 
pon-ad', tam'-pon-ahj, tarn' -pon-ment) [Fr. , tampon']. 
The act or operation of plugging with a tampon. 
Tamponing (tam-pou'-ing) [Fr., tampon]. The opera- 
tion of using or introducing a tampon. 
Tamus (ta'-mus) [tamnus, wild-grape vine]. A genus 
of dioscoreaceous old-world plants. The pulp of the 
bulb of T. communis (black bryony) is discutient, 
vulnerary, diuretic, and laxative. Unof. 
Tanacetin {tan-as' -e-tin) [OF., lanasie, tansy]. An 
amorphous, hygroscopic, bitter substance derived from 
Tansy, soluble in alcohol and water, but not in 
ether. 
Tanacetum ( tan - as - e'- turn ) [OF., tanasie, tansy]. 
Tansy. The leaves and tops of T. vulgare. It 
contains a volatile oil and a bitter principle and is. 
useful in amenorrhea and as an anthelmintic. T., 
Ext., Fid. Unof. Dose of the fid. ext. rt^x-Si ; 
of an _^j to Oj infus. 3J-ij; of the volatile oil gtt. 
j-iij. All unof. 
Tanalum (tan-al'-um) [tannin, tannin; alum"]. Alumi- 
num tanno-tartrate, employed in the treatment of dis- 
eases of the nose and throat. 
Tangent (tan'-jent) [tangere, to touch]. Touching. 
Tanghin (tang' -gin) [Malagasy"]. A poisonous ex- 
tractive obtained from Madagascar. See Tanghinia. 
Tanghinia (tan-gin' -e-ah)[Malagasy]. The seeds of the 
plant T. venenifera, or ordeal bean, native to Mada- 
gascar. Its properties are due to tanghin, an ex- 
tractive closely resembling curare in its medicinal 
properties. 
Tangle (tang'-gt) [ME., t angel, seaweed]. See 

Laminaria. T.-tent. See Sea-tangle. 
Tannal (tan'-al) [tannin, tannin; alum]. Aluminum 
tannate, employed in the treatment of diseases of the 
nose and throat. 
Tannas (tan' -as). Synonym of Tannate. . 
Tannate (tan' -at) [tannin, tan]. Any salt of tannic 
acid. Tannates of bismuth, iron, lead, quinin, etc., 
are used to some extent as remedies. 
Tannic (tan'-ik) [tannin, tannin]. Obtained from or 
containing tannic acid. T. Acid. See Acid (Tannic). 
Tannin (tan' -in). See Acid (Tannic). 
Tanret's Test (for albumin). The reagent is composed 
of mercuric chlorid 1.35 gms., potassium iodid 3.32. 
gms., acetic acid 20 c.c, distilled water to make 10 00 
c.c. By contact it gives an opacity with all p'roteids. 
See Tests, Table of. 
Tansy (tan'-ze). See Tanacetum. 

Tantalum (tan'-tal-um) [Tantalus, father of Niobe]. 

n properties to antimony and 

at. wt. 192. Its medicinal 

See Elements, Table of. 

tape]. I. A band of linen.. 



A rare metal, allied 
bismuth ; symbol Ta, 
qualities are unknown. 
Tape (tap) [ME., tape, 



TAPEINOCEPHALUS 



1457 



TARSAL 



2. A tape-worm. T.-worm. See Tenia, Bothrio- 
cephalus, and Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Tapeinocephalus (tap-in-o-sef'-al-us) [ranEivoc , low; 
Ketpa'/)/, head]. See Tapinocephaly. 

Tapeinocephaly (tap-in-o-sef'-al-e). See Tapino- 
cephaly. 

Tapesium (ta-pe'-zc-um) [ra-ijc, figured cloth, tapestry: 
pi., Tapes ia~\. In biology, a layer formed of the 
mycelium of a fungus. 

Tapetal (tap'-e-tat) [ra-z/r, carpet]. Pertaining to the 
tapetum. 

Tapetum (ta-pe'-tum) [rd->/r, a mat, or rug], I. The 
layer forming the roof of the posterior and middle cornua 
of the lateral ventricles of the brain ; it is composed of 
fibers from the corpus callosum. 2. In biology, a term 
applied to the lining membrane of the pollen-sac. T. 
cellulosum. See T. fibrosum. T. fibrosum, a shin- 
ing structure in the choroid of the eye. It takes the place 
of the T. cellulosum of the carnivora, the iridescent 
portion of the choroid in these animals. T. lucidum, 
the brilliant, greenish, reflecting layer or membrana 
versicolor of the eyes of many of the lower animals. 
T. nigrum, the pigmentary layer of the retina. See 
Pigmentary Layer. T. ventriculi, a bundle of white 
fibers of the brain uniting the cortex of the frontal 
with that of the occipital lobe. 

Taphephobia, Taphiphobia (tafe-fo' -be-ah) [ratyor, 
burial ; 0d/3oc, fear]. Morbid fear of burial alive. 

Taphrenchyma (tafreng' -kim-ah) [ra^oc, pit; eyxvfta, 
an infusion]. In biology, a vegetal tissue composed 
of pitted ducts. Also called Bothrenchyma and Pitted 
Tissue. 

Tapinocephalic (tap-in- o-sef-al'-ik) [raireivog, low; 
KedxiXij, head]. Affected with tapinocephaly. 

Tapinocephalus (tap-in-o-sef'-al-us) [ra-eivdg, low ; 
KEipalr), head]. A subject of tapinocephaly. 

Tapinocephaly (tap- in- - sef- al-e) [ra^eivoc, low; 
KEtyaTif], head]. Flatness of the top of the cranium. 

Tapinocranius (tap-in-o-kra'-ne-us) [raneivdc, low; 
ttpaviov, skull]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the greatest height of the cranial cavity is from 74.5 to 
82.5 per cent, of its greatest length. 

Tapinopisthius (tap-in-o-pis' -the-us) [raireivog, low ; 
o-lgHev, behind]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which 
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the line 
joining the occipital point and the punctum aire vomeris 
is between 24.5 and 33 . 

Tapioca (fap-e-o'-kah) [Sp.]. A variety of starch ob- 
tained from the cassava or manioc plant, Jatropha 
manihot. It is an excellent food for invalids. 

Tapir Mouth (ta'-per mouth). A separation and 
thickening of the lips, with disease of the orbicularis oris 
muscle, causing the lips to resemble those of the tapir. 
It is sometimes seen in facial muscular atrophy of the 
Landouzy-Dejerine type. 

Tapotement (tap-bf '-mong) [Fr. ]. In massage, the 
percussing manipulation always performed by the 
operator's wrists, the hands striking quickly. There 
are four kinds of percussion : 1 . Clapping, performed 
with the palms of the hands. It is used to act upon 
the skin and the superficial nerves and vessels. 2. 
Hackmg, performed with the ulnar border of the hand. 
It is used around nerve-centers and upon the muscles. 

3. Punctation, performed with the tips of the fingers. 
It is used upon the head and in circles around the 
heart. 4. Beating, performed by the clenched hand. 
It is used upon the glutei, and upon the lower extremi- 
ties over the sciatic nerve. 

Tapping (tap'-ing). See Paracentesis. 

Tap-root (tap' -rut). The main root, or downward 

continuation of the plant-axis. 
Tar (talir) [ME. , tar, tar]. A material obtained by the 
92 



destructive distillation of various substances, particu- 
larly wood and coal. The name is commonly applied 
to wood-tar. See Pix liquida . T.-acne. See Acne 
picealis. T., Coal, a dark, highly complex, semi- 
liquid substance obtained by the destructive distillation 
of coal. T. -colors. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 
T., Gas. See T, Coal. T., Juniper. Synonym 
of Oil of Cade. T., Oil of, a highly complex, 
volatile, oily liquid obtained in the distillation of wood- 
tar. T. -ointment, a mixture of equal parts of tar 
and suet. Unguentum picis liquids. T. -water, an 
infusion containing one part of tar to four of water. 
T., Wood, a thick, shining, black liquid obtained 
by the distillation of the wood of various species 
of conifers. 

Tarantism (tar' - an - tizm) \tarantismus\. A choreic 
affection, largely a play of the imagination and often 
feigned, ascribed to the bite of a tarantula. It is per- 
petuated by force of tradition along certain parts of 
the Mediterranean coast. According to popular 
fancy, the affection was cured by music and dancing. 

Tarantula ( tar -an'- tu- lah ) [Tapag, Tarentum]. A 
species of spider, Lvcosa tarantula, closely resembling 
the trap-door spider, Mygale henzii, with which it is 
often confounded. Its bite is poisonous. See Ta- 
rantism. 

Tarantulism (tar-an' '-tu-lizm). Same as Tarantism. 

Tarassis (tar-as' -is) [rapaoaEiv, to trouble]. Hysteria 
in the male. 

Taraxacerin (tar-aks-as-e'-rin) [Ar. , tarasacon, a kind 
of succory ; cera, wax]. A waxy substance found in 
dandelion. 

Taraxacin (tar-aks' -as-in) [Ar. , tarasacon, a kind of 
succory]. A crystallizable material derivable from 
the common dandelion ; said to be tonic and diuretic. 

Taraxacum (tar-aks' -ak-um) [Ar., tarasacon, a. kind of 
succory: gen., Taraxaci\. Dandelion. The root of 
T. dens leonis. Its properties are due to a bitter ex- 
tractive principle ; it is tonic, diuretic, and aperient. 
It is of reputed use in dyspepsia. T., Decoct. (B.P.) 
Dose 3;ij-iv. T.,Ext. Dose gr. v-xxx. T., Ext., 
Fid. Dose Jjj-iij. T., Succus (B.P.) Dose gj- 

U- 

Taraxis (tar-aks' -is) [rapaijic, trouble]. A slight con- 
junctivitis, or eye-trouble. 

Tardieu's Spots. Ecchymotic stains of the lung- 
tissue indicative of death from asphyxia. 

Tared ( tdrd) [Ar., tarha, that which is thrown away]. 
Allowed for as a tare or deduction ; having the weight 
previously ascertained, as a Tared Piker. The term 
is used in pharmacy and chemistry. 

Tarichentse (tar-ik-en'-te). See Paraschistes. 

Tarinus, Horny Band of. See Band. T., Foramen 
of. See Foramina, Table of. T., Pons of. See 
Pons. T., Space of, the posterior perforated space at 
the base of the brain. 

Tarnier, Sign of. A sign of inevitable abortion. It 
consists in the effacement of the angle between the 
upper and lower uterine segments. This angle always 
exists in the pregnant uterus from an acute anteflexion, 
but as the escaping ovum descends the pressure thus 
produced causes the uterus to straighten out, and the 
angle disappears. 

Tarropetrolin (tar-o-pet' -ro-lin) [ME. , tar, tar; Trerpof, 
sick; oleum, oil]. A compound of wood-tar and 
petroleum, recommended as a salve in various skin- 
diseases. Unof. 

Tarry (lar'-e) [ME., tar, tar]. Of the nature of tar- 
T. Stools. See Melena. 

Tarsal (tar' -sal) [rapaoc, instep]. Pertaining to the 
bones of the instep. T. Amputation, partial re- 
moval of the foot through the tarsus. T. Cartilage, 



TARSALGIA 



1458 



TATTOOING 



the cartilaginous layers in the free edge of each eye- 
lid. T. Cyst. See Chalazion. T. Ophthalmia. 
See Blepharitis. 

Tarsalgia {tar ■ sal'- je- ah) [rapadc;, tarsus; dXyoq, a 
pain]. Any pain, especially one of gouty character, 
in the tarsus. 

Tarsectomy (tar-sek' -to-me) [rapaoq, tarsus ; turo/ii/, 
excision]. Excision of tarsal bones. 

Tarsectopia (tar-sek-to' -pe-ah) [rapadc, tarsus ; cktottoc, 
displaced]. Tarsal displacement. 

Tarsen (tar'-sen) [rapadc, tarsus]. Belonging to the 
tarsus in itself. 

Tarsitis (tars-i'-tis). See Blepharitis. 

Tarso- (tar' -so-) [rapcrdc', tarsus]. A prefix denoting 
connection with or relation to the tarsus, as tarso- 
metatarsal (articulation), etc. 

Tarsocace (tar-sok'-as-e) . Synonym of Podarthrocace. 

Tarsocheiloplastic (tar-so-ki-lo-plas' '-tik) [rapadc, tar- 
sus ; ^etAoc, edge; rtAaaaeiv, to shape]. Pertaining 
to a plastic operation on the edge of the eyelid. 

Tarsoclasis (tar - sok'- las - is) [raptxdc, tarsus ; KAaaic , 
rupture]. Rupture of the tarsal cartilages. 

Tarsomalacia (tar-so-mal-a'-se-ah) [rapffdc, tarsus ; 
fiaXaida, softening]. Softening of the tarsal or palpe- 
bral cartilages. 

Tarsometatarsal (tar-so-met-at-ar 1 -sal) [rapadi;, tarsus; 
metatarsus]. I. Both tarsal and metatarsal ; relating 
to the tarsus and the metatarsus. 2. In biology, 
a bone that unites the metatarsal and the tarsal bones 
in itself. T. Amputation, partial removal of the foot, 
as in L-isfranc's Amputation. 

Tarsophalangeal (tar-so-fa-lan' -je-al) [rapadc, tarsus ; 
(paAay^, phalanx]. Pertaining to the tarsus and the 
phalanges. 

Tarsophyma (tar -so-fi'-mah) [rapadc, tarsus; (j>v/j.a, 
growth]. Any morbid growth or tumor of the 
tarsus. 

Tarsoplasia ( tar - so - pla'- ze - ah) [rapcrdr, tarsus ; 
Tr'AaaaEiv, to form]. Same as Tarsoplasty. 

Tarsoplasty (tar'-so-plas-te) [rapooc;, tarsus ; nldaaeiv, 
to form]. Plastic surgery of the eyelid. 

Tarsorrhaphy (tar - sor'- af - e) [rapcrdc, tarsus ; paipi/, 
suture]. An operation upon the eyelids to diminish 
the palpebral opening, for ectropion, lagophthalmos, 
etc. 

Tarsotarsal (tar - so - tar'- sal) [rapadc, tarsus]. Be- 
tween the tarsal bones ; as an amputation through the 
foot — Chopart's amputation. 

Tarsotibial (tar-so-tib'-e-al). Same as Tibiolarsal. 

Tarsotomy (tar-sof -o-me) [rapadc, tarsus ; rop.ri, sec- 
tion]. I. Operation upon the tarsal cartilage in cases 
of entropion. 2. Operation on the tarsus of the foot. 
T., Cuneiform, removal of a wedge-shaped piece of 
any of the tarsal bones. 

Tarsus (tar'-sus) [rap/yog , tarsus]. The instep, consist- 
ing of the calcaneum, or os calcis, the astragalus, 
cuboid, scaphoid, internal, middle, and external cunei- 
form bones. Also, the cartilage of the eyelid called the 
tarsal cartilage, which properly is dense connective 
tissue forming the support of the lid and giving it 
firmness and shape. In biology, the shank of a bird ; 
the foot of an insect. 

Tartar (tar'-tar) [rdprapov, tartar]. I. Argol. A 
popular name given to the acid potassium tartrate, 
which is a natural product of certain fruits, especially 
the grape, being deposited on the inside of wine- 
casks as a whitish or reddish crystalline crust, the im- 
pure super-tartrate of potassium. 2. The deposit of 
earthy or calcareous matter sometimes seen upon the 
teeth. T., Cream of, purified argol or acid potassium 
tartrate. T. Emetic, the tartrate of antimony and 

. potassium. See Antimony. 



Tartareous (tar-fa?-' -e-us) [rdprapov, tartar]. Having 
a rough, crumbling surface. 

Tartaric (tar-tar' -ih) [rdprapov, tartar]. Having the 
nature of tartar. Also, applied to the acid derived 
from tartar. T. Acid. See Acid, Tartaric. 

Tartarized (tar'-tar-izd) [rdprapov, tartar]. Impreg- 
nated with tartar, or with tartaric acid. T. Antimony, 
tartrate of antimony and potassa. T. Iron, iron tar- 
trate. 

Tartrate (tar'-trat) [rdprapov, tartar]. The generic 
name of salts formed by the action of tartaric acid 
upon a base. T. of Antimony and Potassium. 
See Antimony. T. of Potash and Soda. See 
Potassium. 

Tartrazin (lar-tra'-zin). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Tartronic Acid (tar-tron'-ik). See Acid. 

Tasajos (taz'-azh-o) [Sp. ]. A preserved meat pre- 
pared in South America by cutting the meat in thin 
slices, then dipping it in brine and partially drying. 

Taste (last) [ME., fasten, to taste]. The sense 
by which savors are perceived and discriminated. 
The glosso-pharyngeal nerve and the lingual branch of 
the fifth pair are the nerves mainly connected with this 
sense, of which the tongue is the chief organ. The 
lips, the inside of the cheeks, the palate, and the 
pharynx also receive impressions from sapid substances. 
T., After, a secondary taste perceived after the imme- 
diate taste has ceased. T.-bud, an oval, flask-shaped 
body, embedded in the epithelium of the tongue. It 
consists of an enveloping layer of greatly elongated 
epithelial cells, the cortical or tegmental cells, within 
which is a group of highly specialized neuro-epithelial 
elements, the gustatory cells. It is also called T.-bulb. 
T.-bulb. See T.-bud. T.- 
cell, one of a number of 
peculiarly shaped, flask-like 
bodies found between the 
epithelial cells covering the 
slopes of the circumvallate 
papillae. They are the 
terminal end-organs of the 
gustatory nerve. T. -center, 
the gustatory nervous center. 
Its position is not determ- 
ined. Ferrier places it close 
to that of smell, but even 
the course of the impulse 
is disputed. Gowers be- 
lieves that taste-impressions 
reach the brain solely by the 
roots of the fifth nerve. T.- 
end. See T.-cell. T.-gob- 
lets, flask-like bodies on the 
sides and base of the tongue 
enclosing the gustatory 
cells. See T.-cell. T.- 
pore, the minute canal con- 
necting the interior of a 
taste-bud with the surface 
of the mucous membrane. 

Tasteless (tast'-les) [ME., fasten, to taste]. "Without 
taste. T. Ague-drop, a solution of a soluble salt of 
arsenic, formerly used as a remedy for intermittent 
malarial fevers. 

Tattooing (tat-too' -ing) [Tahitian, tatu, tattooing]. 
The operation of producing permanent colors in the 
skin by the introduction of foreign substances, such as 
carbon, India ink, and vermilion. It is a common 
practice among sailors, the color being introduced 
into the true skin by pricking it with needles. Tat- 
tooing as a Therapeutic Measure, to restore the 
natural color in parts which are pigmented, is occasion- 




Taste-bud from Circum- 
vallate Papilla of a 
Child. 

The oval structure is limit- 
ed to the epithelium (e) 
lining the furrow, en- 
croaching slightly upon 
the adjacent connective 
tissue (/); o, taste-pore 
through which the taste- 
cells communicate with 
the mucous surface. 
(After Pier sol.) 



TAUBENZECKE 



1459 



TECOMA 



ally resorted to. For white, use baryta white, and for 
other colors, the earth-colors (ochers ; yellow, brown, 
red). To assist these cinnabar and ultramarine may 
be used. Mix the colors on a glass plate and impreg- 
nate the needles. Electrolysis followed by tattooing 
is useful in cases of vascular nevi. T. of Cornea, 
an operation to diminish the unpleasant appearance of 
leukoma of the cornea by tattooing the same so as to 
simulate the appearance of the normal pupil and iris. 

Taubenzecke (ton-ben-zek' '-eh) [Ger.]. The German 
name for an insect, Argas reflexa, whose sting produces 
local, and in some cases general edema. See. under 
Parasites (Animal}, Table of. 

Tau-bone (taw'-bon) [rav, a Greek letter T; ME., 
bone, bone]. A T-shaped bone, such as the episternum. 
It is also called T.-bone. 

Taurin (taw' -rin) \taurns, bull], C 2 H 7 NS0 3 . Amido- 
ethyl-sulphonic acid. A decomposition-product of 
bile ; a stable compound that crystallizes in large col- 
orless monoclinic prisms, insoluble in alcohol, but 
readily dissolved by hot water. It melts and decom- 
poses at about 240 C. It occurs in combination with 
cholalic acic and as taurocholic acid in bile. Traces 
are present in the juices of muscles and of the lungs. 

Taurocholic Acid (taw-ro-kol'-ik). See Acid. 

Tautomeric (taw-to-mer'-ik) [ravro, same ; /aipog, part]. 
Exhibiting tautomerism ; a qualification applied to 
compounds to which two different structural formula; 
may be rightly attributed. 

Tautomerism (taw-tom'-er-izm) [ravro, same ; fiepoc;, 
share]. I. The attribution of two different formula; 
to one compound. 2. The quality exhibited by 
those cases in which two structural formula; are possi- 
ble, while but one compound appears to be obtainable. 
It is assumed that in such bodies the formula; are sus- 
ceptible of change from one arrangement to the other. 
The phenomenon has also been called desmotropy. 

Tawed Leather (tawd). See Leather. 

Taxidermic (taks -id - er'- mik) [rrif/c, arrangement; 
Sip/ia, skin]. Belonging to taxidermy. 

Taxidermy (taks' ' -id-er-me) [rdf;c, arrangement ; Hsp/xa, 
skin]. The art of preserving and stuffing the skins of 
animals, so as to represent the appearance, habits and 
attitudes during life. 

Taxinomy (taks-in'-o-me) [rdf (f, arrangement ; v6fioc, 
law]. The science of systematic classification. 

Taxin (taks' -hi) [rdfotr, yew-tree]. The resin of the 
leaves of the yew-tree, Taxits baccata ; also, a poison- 
ous alkaloid reported to have been found in the leaves 
and seeds of the same tree. 

Taxiology (taks-e-ol'-o-je) [ra^ic;, arrangement ; /.oyoc, 
treatise]. The science of classification. 

Taxis (taks'-is) [ra^ic, order ; rdaceiv, to arrange]. 
Arranging. A reduction of a prolapsed structure, as 
a hernia or a uterus, by methodic manipulation without 
instruments. 

Taxodium (taks-o' -de-?an)\jd^oc , yew-tree ; e\dog, form]. 
The common bald or black cypress of the southern U. 
S. and Mexico, said to destroy malarial germs. The 
leaves and seeds are used internally in hepatic diseases. 
Unof. 

Taxonomic ( taks - - nom' -ik} [ ragic, arrangement ; 
v6p.oc, law]. Pertaining to systematic classification. 

Taxonomy (taks-on' -o-me) [rd^ic, orderly arrangement ; 
v6/uoc, a law]. That portion of a science which treats 
of classification and nomenclature. 

Taxus (taks'-tts) \to.^oq, yew-tree]. A genus of cone- 
bearing trees, the yews. T. baccata, the common 
European yew-tree. Its leaves and seeds are poison- 
ous and have sedative qualities. Unof. 

Tay's Choroiditis, a form of central choroiditis seen in 
persons in advanced years. Its course is chronic and 



there occur changes which resemble those observed in 
albuminuric retinitis. 

Taya (ta'-yah) [S. America], A S. American species 
of plants said to be exceedingly poisonous, and to be 
an ingredient of some kinds of curare. 

Tayuya (ta-u'-yah) [S. America]. The root of certain 
South American plants (Dermopliylla peiidulitia, 
Trianospermia Jicifolia, etc. ) used in the treatment of 
syphilis and of certain cutaneous diseases. Dose of 
tinct.,gtt. v-xv. Unof. 

Tea (te) [Chinese ts' a, tea]. Thea. The leaves of 
Camellia thea, a Chinese evergreen shrub. Tea con- 
tains an alkaloid, thein, and tannic acid, boheic acid, 
gallic acid, gluten, coloring- matter, etc. A decoc- 
tion of the leaves is a popular astringent, restorative 
beverage, which produces an exhilarating effect upon 
the nervous system. Its excessive use causes dys- 
pepsia and various nervous derangements. The 
properties of tea are due to thein (C 8 H ]0 N 4 O 2 ), a 
substance identical with caffein and a mild cerebral 
stimulant. Dose of the fid. ext. TTLx-^j. Unof. 
Thein is also given hypodermatically in doses of gr. 
J/£-j several times a day, for the relief of pain. T.- 
berry. See Gaultheria. T.-leaf Eye, a mucopuru- 
lent conjunctivitis caused by the prolonged application 
of tea-leaves to the eye for their supposed therapeutic 
effect in ocular disease — chiefly among the negroes 
of the southern United States. Tea, Substitute for, 
a decoction of pearl-barley. T., Teamsters'. See 
Tepopote. 

Teale's Amputation. A form of amputation in which 
two rectangular flaps are made ; the long flap, folding 
over the end of the bone, is formed of parts free from 
large blood-vessels and nerves, those structures being 
left in the short flap. The length and breadth of the 
long flap are equal, being one-half the circumference 
of the limb at the point of amputation. The short flap 
is one-fourth as long. See Operations, Table of. 

Tears (terz) [ME., teer, tear]. I. The secretion of 
the lacrymal gland. 2. Hardened lumps, or drops, 
of any resinous or gummy drug. 

Teasing (tez'-ing) [ME., tesen, to tease]. The shred- 
ding or arranging of a minute object, with a needle or 
other suitable instrument, with a view of preparing it 
for microscopic study. 

Teat (let) [ME.,/A,a teat]. The nipple: a part of 
the excretory duct of the mammary gland ; the mam- 
milla, or papilla. 

Technic, Technique (tek'-nek) [t£X v V, art]. A syste- 
matic series of manipulative procedures. A formula 
of operation. 

Technical (tek'-nik-al) \tex v7 1, art]. Pertaining to 
any art. 

Tecimocausis (tek-no-kaw' -sis) \jkxvi, art ; navais, a 
burning]. Mechanical cauterization, such as electro- 
cauterization, moxa, etc., in distinction from the cauter- 
ization produced by chemicals. 

Technology (tek-nol' -o-je) [jexvti, art ; /Idyoc, a treat- 
ise]. The science or explanation of the terms used in 
science or art. 

Tecnology (tek-nol' -o-je) \tekvov, child; \byoe, study]. 
The study or scientific knowledge of childhood, its 
hygiene, diseases, etc. 

Tecnotonia (tek-no-to'-ne-ah) \tekvov, child ; ureivetv, 
to kill]. Child-murder. Infanticide. 

Tecoma (tek-o'-mah) [Aztec, teromaxocliitl, the name of 
Solandra gitttata\ A genus of bignoniaceous plants, 
mostly climbers, with showy, trumpet-like flowers. T. 
impetiginosa, the bark is used in lotions for inflamed 
joints. T. ipe, a Brazilian species ; the leaves are used 
in ophthalmia. T. radicans, common in the United 
States ; is said to be vulnerary and sudorific. Leaves 



TECTIFORM 



1460 



TEGMENTUM 



20 in number, are called milk, temporary, or deciduous 

teeth. In the adult the permanent teeth consist of 2 



Incisors. 



Canine. 



Bicuspids. 



Molars. Wisdom-tooth. 



and branches used as dyes. T. subvernicosa, of S 
America, is diuretic ; others are actively astringent. 

Tectiform (tek'-tif-orm) \tec- 
l 'ii'ii, a roof; forma, form]. 
In biology, like a roof or lid. 

Tectocephalic (tek-to-sef-al' '- 
ik) [tectum, a cover; KEcpah'/, 
head]. Pertaining to a roof- 
shaped skull. 

Tectochrysin (tek-lo-kris'-in) 
[ri/cTGW, a carpenter ; xP va "C, 
gold]. A coloring-matter ob- 
tained from Poplar Buds. 

Tectology (tek-tol' -o-je) [tbk- 
toii', a builder; /loyoc, science]. 
In biology, structural morph- 
ology. 

Tectona {tck-to' '-iiah)[T£KTLvvia, 
carpentery]. Teak, a tree of 
the natural order Verbenacea;, 
the East Indian oak. Its 
wood is valuable for ship- 
building. Its leaves are astrin- 
gent and the flowers and 
seeds diuretic. 

Tectorium (tek-to' -re-um) \te- 
gere, to cover : //. , Tectoria~\. 
In biology, a covering, as the The Teeth of an Adult. 

coverts of a bird ; also applied The upper section of the illustration represents the upper set, and the lower the lower set. 
to the membrane of Corti. 




RM. 



Tectorial {tek-to' -re-al) {tectorium, a cover]. Serving 
as a tectorium, or covering. T. Membrane. See 
Membrane of Corti. 

Tectrices ( tek'- 
tris-ez) [tegere, 
cover, conceal]. 
Plural of Tec- 
trix. In biol- 
ogy, the feath- 
ers of the wing- 
coverts or tail- 
coverts of a 
bird, as distin- 
guished from 
r e in ig e s, and 
rectrices. 

Tectrix [tek'- 
triks) [L., a 
cover : pi. , Tec- 
trices~\ . Cover- 
ing or hiding. 
Tectrices, the 
plural, applies 
to the smaller 
feathers that 
cover the quill- 
feathers, wings, 
or tail of a 
bird. 

Tedium vitae 
( te'-de-um vi'- 
te). See Tce- 
diitm. 

Teeth {tetk) [Plu- 
ral of tooth, q. 
v.~\. In man, 
the hard bodies 
which occupy 
the alveolar 
cavities of the upper and lower jaws. They are the 
hardest portions of the body and the principal organs 
of mastication. The first set of teeth in childhood, 




Vertical Section of a Tooth in the 
Jaw. 

E. Enamel D. Dentine. P.M. Perio- 
dontal membrane. P. C. Pulp-cavity. 
C. Cement. B. Bone of the Lower 
Jaw. V. Vein. a. Artery. N. Nerve. 
(From Stirling.) 



incisors, I cuspid or canine, 2 premolars or bicuspids, 
and 3 molars in each lateral half of each jaw. The 
last molar of each half-jaw is cut at an age of from 20- 
25 years, and is therefore called a wisdom-tooth. In 
popular parlance the upper canine teeth are called 
eye-teeth; the lower canines, stomach-teeth. The upper 
central incisors are sometimes called butter-teeth In 
structure the tooth consists of a hard enamel, encasing 
the crown; the dentine, within the enamel, consti- 
tuting the whole of the root and interior of the 
crown ; and the pulp, a bulbous prolongation of 
the mucosa of the gums, which is traversed by blood- 
vessels and nerve-filaments. The dentine of the 
root is surrounded by the cement or crusta petrosa. 
The exposed part of the tooth is the crown, the 
middle part the neck, and the part within the alveoli 
the fang or root. T., Auditory, the tooth-like pro- 
jections on the edge of the limbus lamins spiralis of 
the ear. They extend between the epithelial cells 
and give the limbus an uneven, highly refracting sur- 
face. They are composed of the osteogenous tissue 
of the crista. T., Numbering of the, in number- 
ing the teeth, the incisor next the symphysis menti or 
meson is first, the wisdom-tooth last, or eighth. The 
first incisor is also said to be central, mesal, or 
proximal, and the last or wisdom-tooth, distal. In 
numbering the groups of teeth, as incisors, bicuspids 
or premolars, molars, the one nearest the symphysis is 
number one of the particular group. T., Temporary, 
the teeth of the first dentition ; milk-teeth ; deciduous 
teeth ; also, a provisional set of artificial teeth. 

Teething (te' '-thing) [ME., teethe, to cut the teeth]. 
The development and appearance of the first teeth in 
an infant. Dentition. 

Teetotalism (te-to'-tal-izm) [redup. of total"]. The 
practice of entire abstinence from alcoholic beverages. 

Tegmen (teg'-meii) \_tegmen, a cover : //., Tegmina\ 
In biology, a covering, as the coat of a seed, the 
coverts of a bird, or the elytrum of a beetle. T. tym • 
pani, the roof of the tympanic cavity. 

Tegmentum (teg-men' -turn) \tegere, to cover]. A cov- 
ering. The dorsal portion of the crus cerebri, formed 



TEGMINAL 



1461 



TELLURIUM 



by the deep longitudinal fibers, interlaced with trans- 
verse and arched fibers. In biology, an outer covering, 
as of a bud or a mollusc. 

Tegminal (teg'-miu-al) [tegmen, a covering]. In bi- 
ology, integumentary. 

Tegminalia (leg-miu-a'-le-ah) [tegmen, a covering]. 
Plural of Tegminalium. In biology, the plates of a 
tessellated crinoid or other similarly protected ani- 
mal. 

Tegula (teg'-u-lah) [tegula, a tile: //., Tegula], In 
biology, a sclerite covering the base of the fore-wing 
or the metathoracic spiracle of certain insects. 

Tegumen (teg'-u-men). Same as /(j'Wf«. 

Tegument [teg? -u-menf) [tegere, cover,- conceal] . In 
biology, an enveloping or protective coat ; a tegmen, 
or tegmentum. 

Teichmann's Crystals. See Hemin. 

Teichmann-Neumann Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Teichopsia (ti-kop'-se-ah) [reix°C> wall ; 6i/iif, vision]. 
A temporary amblyopia, with subjective visual images 
like fortification-angles ; probably due to vasomotor 
disturbances of the visual center. 

Teigne [Fr. ]. See Tinea. T. pelade. Synonym of 
Alopecia areata. 

Teinodynia (ti-no-din' '-e-a/i). See Tenodynia. 

Teissier's Method. See Phosphates. 

Tela (te'-lah) [L.]. A web or web-like tissue ; a plexus. 
T. adiposa, adipose tissue. T. araneae. See Spiders' 
Web. T. cellulosa, areolar tissue. T. choroidea, 
the membranous roof of the parts of the third and 
fourth ventricles of the brain. See Diatela and 
Metatela. T. epithelialis, epithelial tissue. T. 
flava, elastic tissue. T. haemelis, lymph-cells and 
blood-corpuscles, and, also, splenic tissue. T. vas- 
culosa, the choroid plexus. 

Telaesthesia (tel-es-the'-ze-ah). See Telepathy. 

Telangiectasia (tel-an-je-ek-ta'-ze-ah) [ri'Aog, end; 
ayyEiov, vessel ; EKraciq, a stretching]. Dilatation of 
capillaries, or of the smaller blood-vessels. 

Telangiectasis (tel-an-je-ek' '-tas-is). See Telangiectasia 
and A'cevus vascularis. T. faciei. See Acne rosacea. 

Telangiectasy (tel-an-je-ek'-tas-e). Same as Telangiec- 
tasia. 

Telangiectatic {tel-an-je-ek-taf -ik) [rklnq, end ; ay- 
yeiov, vessel ; earacuc, a stretching]. Relating to or 
characterized by telangiectasia. T. Warts. See 
A ngioheratoma. 

Telangioma (tel - an -je - o'-mah) [rtZoc, end ; ayyeiov, 
vessel ; ofia, tumor]. A tumor composed of dilated 
capillaries. 

Telangiosis (tel-an-je-o 1 '-sis) [teAoq , end ; ayyeiov, ves- 
sel]. Disease of the capillaries or minute blood- 
vessels. 

Telar (te'-lar) [tela, a web]. Pertaining to a tela; of 
the nature of a tela. 

Telarian (te-la / -re-an) [tela, a web]. In biology, web- 
making or tissue-making, as a spinning spider. 

Teledactyl (tel-e-dak'-til) [~r}Ae, far ; ociktv?mc, finger]. 
A device to avoid stooping when wishing to pick up 
things from the floor (in disease of the spine, injuries, 
etc.). It consists of six spring-forceps at the end of 
a cane, operated by a cord passing to the handle and 
provided with a ring for the index finger. 

Telegony (tel-eg'-o-ne) [tt)\e, afar; yovf), offspring]. 
The influence of a previous husband on the children 
of a subsequent one through the same woman. 

Telegraph (tel'-e-graf) [rijAe, far; ypacpsiv, to write]. 
An electric apparatus for conveying information to a 
distance with great rapidity. T., Muscle, an appara- 
tus for recording the contraction of muscles. 

Telegraphers' Cramp. See Cramp. 

Telekinesis (tel-ek-in-e'-sis) [ttjae, far; Kivriaiq. move- 



ment]. The power claimed for some wonder-workers 
of causing objects to move without touching them. 

Telekinetic (tel-ek-in-ef -ik) [tt/'Ae, far; nivi/aic-, move- 
ment]. Pertaining to or characterized by telekinesis. 

Teleocephalous (tel-e-o-sef -al-us) [teAeoc, complete ; 
ne<pa'Ar), head]. Having the full number of bones in 
the skull. 

Teleology {tel-e-ol'-o-je) [TeAoq, end; Abyoq, treatise]. 
The doctrine of final causes. 

Teleophore [tel' - e -o -for) [teAeoc, complete; (j>6poc, 
bear]. See Gonotheca. 

Teleophyte (te/'-e-o-flt) [tela, a web or tissue; <j>vtov, 
plant]. In biology, a plant exhibiting well differenti- 
ated tissues. 

Teleosis (tel-e-o'-sis) [tcAeoc, TeAeioc, complete]. In 
biology, progressive development. 

Teleozoon (tel-e-o-zo' -on) [tela, a web or tissue ; (fiov, 
an animal : //. , Teleozoa~\. In biology, an animal ex- 
hibiting well differentiated tissues ; a metazoan. 

Telepathic (tel-ep-ath'-ik) [ti/Ae, far; -rrafior, disease]. 
Pertaining to telepathy. 

Telepathist (tel' -ep-ath-ist, or te-lep'-ath-ist) [rf/Arj, far; 
iradoc, disease]. One who is versed in telepathy. 

Telepathy (tel'-ep-ath-e, or te-lep' -ath-e) [ttjae, far ; 
TraOoc, disease]. Formerly an empiric form of treat- 
ment whereby cures were guaranteed by the exhibition 
of the remedy at a distance from the seat of disease. 
The term is now applied to a certain form of clairvoy- 
ance in which one is supposed to become conscious 
by dream or vision of distant events ; the action of 
one mind upon another when the two persons are sun- 
dered by a considerable distance, and there is no 
communication by means of the senses ; thought- 
reading ; thought-transfer. 

Telephone (tel'- ef- on) [ttjAe, far; fuvr/, voice]. An 
apparatus which transmits the human voice or other 
sounds to a great distance. T.-tinnitus, a profes- 
sional neurosis of the auditory mechanism said to be 
caused by constant use of the telephone. 

Telescope (tel'- es - hop) [tt/Xe, far ; gkotze'iv, to exam- 
ine]. An instrument for observing objects situated at 
a great distance, especially the heavenly bodies. T.- 
eye, an abnormalism of the orbit said to be caused by 
the constant use of optic instruments, like the tele- 
scope, microscope, etc. 

Telescopic (tel-es-kop'-ih) [rr/Ae, far; (tkotce'lv, to view]. 
Pertaining to the telescope. T. Catheterism, the 
passage of several catheters, each smaller than the 
one before it, one within another, until one is passed 
through a urethral stricture. 

Telestereoscope (tel-es-ter' -e-o-skop) [r///e,afar; OTepeoc, 
solid ; gkottelv, to view]. An instrument for obtaining 
a stereoscopic view of distant objects, by which such 
objects obtain a relief like that of near objects. 

Teleutogonidium (tel-u'-to-go-nid'-e-inn) [teAevtt), 
completion ; yov6c, generation : pi. , Telentogonidia~\. 
See Teleittospore. 

Teleutospore (tel - u'- to - spor) [teAevtt), completion ; 
OTvopa, seed]. In biology, a peculiar, thick-walled, 
often compound spore, produced by the Uredinea: or 
Rusts late in the season ; a brand-spore ; pseudo- 
spore. 

Telluric (tel-u'-rik) [tellus, earth] . Derived from the 
earth or soil ; as a telluric miasm. 

Tellurism (tel' -u-rizm) [tellus, earth]. Telluric miasm ; 
influence of the soil as a cause of disease. 

Tellurist (tel'-u-rist) [tellus, earth]. One who believes 
in the telluric origin of any disease (e.g., of tetanus). 

Tellurium (tel-u' -re-um) [tellus, the earth]. Te=l28 : 
sp. gr. 6.24, quanti valence II, IV, and VI. A non- 
metallic element of bluish-white color, brittle, brilliant, 
easily fusible, and resembling sulphur in chemic pro- 



TELOBLAST 



1462 



TEMPOROPARIETAL 



perties. None of the preparations are used in medi- 
cine. The element itself, like selenium, imparts an 
extremely fetid odor to the exhalations and excreta of 
the body. See Elements, Table of. 

Teloblast (tel'-o-blast) \re\oc, end; /3Aaffrdr, germ]. A 
segmentation-sphere at the extremity of the germ-band, 
which becomes elongated by cells arising from the 
mesoblast. 

Teloblastic itel-o-blas' -tik) [ri\oq, end ; filaoroc, germ]. 
Pertaining to the teloblast. 

Telodendron (tel-o-den'-dron) [ri/loc, end; &'£v&pav,\xee~\. 
The terminal arborization of an axis-cylinder process. 

Telolecithal (tel - o - les' '- ith - al) [-fAoc, end ; Iwidog, 
yolk]. Having a relatively large mass of food-yolk, 
eccentrically placed ; said of certain meroblastic eggs. 

Telolemma (tel-o-lem'-ali) [re/loc, end ; Xe/z/ia, husk]. 
The membrane covering the eminence of Doyere, or 
the point of entrance of a motor nerve into muscular 
fiber. 

Telomalacia (tel-o-mal-a' -se-ah) [rekoQ, surface ; /xa?.a- 
Kia, softness]. Phlegmonous erysipelas. 

Telopore, (teP-o-por) [rehog, end ; Tropoc, pore]. A 
terminal pore in the embryos of certain insects. 

Telotroch, Telotrocha \tel'- o-trok, tel - of - ro - kali) 
[r'tkoq, end ; rpoxog, a wheel : pi. , Telotrochce~\. A 
chretopod larva in which there is present a preoral and 
a postoral (i. <?., a perianal) ring of cilia; the latter 
sometimes has the form of a perianal patch. Cf. 
Atroclia, Monotrocha, Polytroclia, Nototrocha, Gastero- 
trocha, Amphitrocha, Aclinotrocha, Trochophora. 

Telson {tel'-son) [rkXcov, a limit]. In biology, the 
terminal somite of the pleon of a crustacean. 

Temper [tern' -pet-) \_lemperare, to regulate]. That 
mixture of mental and emotional qualities that pro- 
duces a predominant quality of disposition or character. 
The temper is one of the points to be carefully noted 
in cases of insanity or other central nervous disorder. 
Moderation ; equipoise of mind ; also, as a verb, to 
mingle, modify. 

Temperament (tern' -per- am- ent) \_temperamentum~\. 
A term vaguely applied to the predominance of one 
group or order of constitutional functions over others 
in an individual. The various divisions of tempera- 
ment were based on the former doctrine of the four 
humors of the body — blood, lymph, bile, and atrabilis 
or black bile ; the predominance of any one resulting 
respectively in a sanguine, lymphatic, bilious, or 
melancholic temperament. Although the doctrine of 
the temperaments has long since lost its significance, 
it is generally admitted that an individual may have 
a predisposition to types of mental action not im- 
properly classed as nervous, phlegmatic, lymphatic, 
etc. T., Bilious, that marked by a predominance of 
bile ; persons of this type having sallow complexions, 
dark hair, sluggish circulations. They have great firm- 
ness and endurance. T., Lymphatic, that character- 
ized by fair complexion, light hair, flabby muscles, 
slight force of character, and slightly developed pas- 
sions. T., Nervous, that characterized by great 
activity and sensitiveness of the nervous system. T., 
Sanguineous, that characterized by fair or ruddy com- 
plexion, rapid pulse, a hopeful disposition, and strong 
passions. , 

Temperance [tern' -per-ans) \_temperantia~\. Moderation 
in satisfying desire ; especially as regards the use of 
alcoholic beverages. 

Temperate (tern'- per - at) \temperatus, moderated]. 
Moderate, without excess. T. Zone, the zone of cli- 
mate situated between the isotherms of 30 and 70 . 

Temperature [tern' -per- a -tier) \temperatura~\. The 
degree of intensity of heat or molecular vibration. 
T., Absolute, that reckoned from the absolute zero 



of temperature, estimated at 273° below the zero of 
the Centigrade thermometer. T., Conversion, that 
at which the decomposition of artificially inactive, 
asymmetric compounds takes place. T., Morbid, any 
considerable variation from the normal temperature of 
the body. T., Normal, the temperature of the body 
in a state of health — 98. 6° F., as estimated by the 
clinical thermometer. See Thermometer. T. -spots, 
variations of the heat of the skin, showing a specific 
end-apparatus arranged in a punctated manner con- 
nected with the temperature-sense. Temperature-spots 
are arranged in a linear manner or in chains, usually 
slightly curved. Cold-spots, spots where only the 
sensation of cold will be felt. Hot-spots, where only 
heat will be felt. Both are anesthetic toward pain 
and pressure. The cold-spots are the more abundant. 

Temple (tern' -pi) [tempus, time ; from the throbbing of 
the temporal artery, or from belief that the hair first 
turns gray at this place]. The flat or depressed por- 
tion of the head between the eye and ear and neigh- 
boring parts. 

Templin-oil (tern' -plin-oil) [Templin, a town of Prus- 
sia]. Oil of pine-cones, from Pimis pumilio ; it re- 
sembles ordinary oil of turpentine. 

Temporal (tern' -po-ral) {temporalis ; tempora, temples]. 
Pertaining to the temples. T. Artery. See Artery. T. 
Bone, the bone situated at the side and base of the 
skull. It is divided into a squamous, a mastoid, and a 
petrous portion. T. Diplopia. Same as Homonymous 
Diplopia. T. Fossa. See Fossa. T. Muscle. See 
Muscles, Table of. T. Operculum. See Post-oper- 
culum. T. Ridge. See Ridge. 

Temporarii, Dentes (tem-po-ra'-re-i den'-tez) [L.]. 
The temporary, or milk, teeth. 

Temporary {tem'-po-ra-re) [temporarius, lasting but for 
a time]. Not permanent. T. Stopping, a prepara- 
tion consisting principally of bleached gutta-percha, 
carbonate of lime, and quartz, for filling teeth. T. 
Teeth. See Teeth. 

Temporen {tern' -po-ren) [tempora, the temples]. Be- 
longing to the temporal bone in itself. 

Temporization (tem-po-ris-a'-shun) [tempus, time]. 
The expectant treatment of disease. See Expectant. 

Temporo- (tern' -po-ro-) \_tempits, time]. A prefix de- 
noting connection with the temple, as, e.g., temporo- 
facial, temporo-malar, temporo-occipital, etc. 

Temporo-auricular (tem-po-ro-aw-rik' '-u-lar) [tempus, 
time ; auricularis , of the ear]. Pertaining to the 
temporal and auricular regions of the head. 

Temporo-occipital (tem-por-o-ok-sip' -it-al) [tempus, 
time ; occiput, occiput]. Pertaining to the temple and 
back of the head. 

Temporo-facial {tcm-po-ro-fa'-shal) [tempus, time ; 
fades, face]. The larger of the main branches of the 
facial nerve. 

Temporo-hyoid (tem-po-ro-hi'-oid) [tempus, time; 
hyoid~\. Pertaining to the temporal and hyoid bones. 

Temporo-malar (tem-po-ro-nia'-lar) [tempus, time; 
mala, cheek]. Pertaining to the temporal and malar 
bones, or to the temple and the cheek. 

Temporo-mandibular (tem-po-ro-man-dib'.-zi-lar) [tem- 
pus, time ; mandible\ Pertaining to the temporal 
bone and the mandible. 

Temporo-mastoid (tem-po-ro-mas' -toid) [tempus, time ; 
mastoid]. Pertaining to the temporal and mastoid 
regions of the skull. 

Temporo-maxillary (tem-po-ro-maks'-il-a-i-e) [tempus, 
time; maxilla, maxilla]. Pertaining to the temporal 
region and the upper jaw. 

Temporo-parietal (tem-po-ro-par-i'-et-al) [tempus, 
time ; paries, wall]. Pertaining to the temporal and 
parietal bones. 



TEMPORO-SPHENOID 



1463 



TENNYSIN 



Temporo-sphenoid {tem-po-ro-sfe' '-noid) [lempus, time ; 
sphenoid]. Same as Spkenotemforal. 

Temulence ( /cm'- u - lens ) [ temulentia ]. Inebriety ; 
drunkenness. 

Temulentia (tem-u-len'-she-ah'). Synonym of Alco- 
holism. 

Tenacious [te-na 1 'shus) \tenax, tough]. Having the 
quality of toughness or ability to resist mechanical 
strain or dissolution. 

Tenacity (te-nas'-it-e) [te?iacitas~\. Toughness ; resist- 
ance to fracture or dissolution. 

Tenaculum ( ten - ak'- it - lam ) [tenere, to hold : pi. , 
Tenacula']. I. An instrument, usually hook-shaped, 
for seizing and holding divided vessels, etc. 2. One 
of a pair of processes on the abdomen of certain in- 
sects (Podurida-, spring-tails) serving to hold the elater 
in place. T. -forceps. See Forceps. 

Tenalgia (ten-al'-je-ah) [revuv, tendon; aAj'oc, pain]. 
Same as Tenodynia. 

Tenax (te'-naks) [L.]. Oakum especially prepared for 
surgeons' use. 

Tench's Mouth. The os uteri (os tinea:). T.'s Nose. 
Same as T. Mouth. 

Tendency (ten' -dense) \_tendere, to stretch]. The in- 
clination or aim toward a given state or condition. 

Tender (teu'-der) \_tencr, soft ; Yx.,tendre\ I. Sensitive 
to impressions, especially to touch ; soft, and readily 
yielding to the knife. 2. Delicate, easily destroyed. 

Tenderness (ten' -der-nes) [tener, soft]. The condition 
of abnormal sensitiveness to touch ; soreness. 

Tendinosus (ten-din-o' -sus) [L.]. Same as Semilen- 
dinosns. See Muscles, Table of. 

Tendinous (ten' -din-us) [lendinosus~\. Pertaining to 
or having the nature of tendon. 

Tendo, Tendon (ten'-do, ten'-don) [tendo, tendinis, a 
tendon: pi. , Tendines, Ten- 
dons]. A tendon ; the white, 
glistening, fibrous cord con- 
necting the body of a muscle 
with its point of insertion. 
T. Achillis, the Achilles ten- 
don or common tendon of the 
gastrocnemius and soleus mus- 
cles, the thickest and strongest 
of the body. T. Achillis Re- 
flex. See Reflexes, Table of. 
T. calcaneus. Same as T. 
Achillis. T., Central, the tri- 
foliate aponeurosis in the center 
of the diaphragmatic vault. T., 
Cordiform. See T, Central. 
T., Hamstring. See Ham- 
string. T. -reflex. See Re 
flexes, Table of. T. -spindle, a 
peculiar nerve-ending in tendons described by Golgi 
as being found in the immediate vicinity of the union 
with the muscle, also called Golgi's corpuscle. T. of 
Zinn, the ligament of Zinn. 

Tendophony (ten - doff'- o - ne) [tendo, tendon; <puvi], 
voice]. Auscultatory sounds supposed to be caused by 
the chords tendineae. 

Tendoplasty (ten' ' -do-plas-te) \jendo, tendon ; irXaaaeiv, 
to form]. A plastic operation on tendons. 

Tendo-synovitis (ten' -do-si-no-vi' -tis) [tendo, tendon ; 
synovia, synovia]. The "compound ganglion" of 
older text-books, now recognized as a local tubercu- 
losis. 

Tendotome (ten'-do-tom). See Tenotome. 

Tendo-vaginitis granulosa (ten-do-vaj-in-i'-tis gran- 
u-lo'-sah) [L.]. Hueter's term for tuberculosis of 
tendon-sheaths, the sheaths being filled with granula- 
tion or fungous tissue. 




Tail of 
Rat. 
Tendon-cells seen 
on edge and embrac- 
ing a fiber; bb. On 
the flat, the cells with 
a ridge. 



Tendril (ten'-dril) [tener, soft, delicate]. In biology, 
a leaf, a portion of a leaf, or a branch so modified as 
to serve the purpose of a climbing organ. 

Tenesmic (ie-ncz'-mik) [ren'to/jog ; retVEiv, to strain] 
Of the nature of or affected with tenesmus. 

Tenesmus (te-nez' -mits) [Teivea/jog ; reiveiv, to strain]. 
Rectal or vesical pain, with spasmodic contraction of 
the sphincter ani or sphincter vesica. The painful 
desire to empty the bowels or bladder without the 
evacuation of feces or urine. 

Tenia, Taenia (te'-ne-ah) [raivia, a band, fillet, rib- 
bon]. In biology, a genus of parasitic platode worms 
of the Class Cestoda (tapeworms) and Order Polyzoa. 
They form ribbon-like stocks, composed chiefly of a 
row of consecutive segments progressively increasing 
in size posteriorly (proglottides) and arising by strobila- 
tion from the knob-like head (scolex), which is pro- 
vided with organs of adhesion. Over 300 species are 
recognized, having for their hosts very widely separated 
animals, with correspondingly wide geographic dis- 
tribution. Cf. Parasites (Animal), Table of, also Cys- 
ticercus, Echinococcus, Measles. T. -chain, the chain 
formed by the proglottides or joints of a tapeworm. T.- 
head. See Scolex. T. hippocampi, the corpus fimbri- 
atum of the hippocampus major. See Fimbria. T. 
semicircularis, a whitish band along the caudatum 
forming one of the margins of the rima ; also called 
tenia. T. thalami, the habenaorhabenula. T. tubas, 
the name given by F. B. Robinson to a band forming 
a thickening of the upper border of the perisalpinx or 
peritoneum covering the upper border of the Fallopian 
tube ; being shorter than the tube, it aids in saccula- 
ting it, which is detrimental to the facility of trans- 
mitting ova, leads to ectopic gestation by allowing 
the ovum to slip into portions of the tube which are 
not in the main stream of the menstrual fluid. The 
women possessing this band have usually premenstrual 
pain or tubal colic, and are either sterile or have few 
children. This band is considered a relic of embry- 
onic life. T. violacea, a part of the fourth ven- 
tricle. 

Teniacide, Taeniacide (te'-ne-as-ld) [tania, tapeworm ; 
ccedere,io\i\\Y]. Destructive of tapeworms ; a remedy 
that destroys tapeworms. 

Teniafuge, Taeniafuge (te'-ne-af-uj) [tenia, tape 
worm ; fugare, to drive]. An agent that expels, 
without necessarily killing, tenia. 

Teniasis (te-ni' -as-is) \_tcenia, tenia]. The ensemble of 
symptoms resulting from the presence of tenia in the 
body. 

Teniate (te'-ne-dt) [tania, tapeworm]. Ribbon-like in 
shape. 

Tenicide (ten'-is-id). See Teniacide. 

Tenifuge (ten'-if-uj). See Teniafuge. 

Tenioid (te'-ne-oid) [raivia, a band, ribbon; tlSog, 
form]. In biology, ribbon-like, or resembling a tape- 
worm. 

Teniola (ten-i'-o-lah) [L.]. A small ribbon. T. cin- 
erea. 1. A thin, grayish ridge separating the strife of 
the floor of the fourth ventricle from the cochlear di- 
vision of the acoustic nerve. 2. In biology, one of the 
four ridges developed on the exumbrellar gastric wall 
of certain Medusa (Scyplwpolyps), also called gastral 
teniola, gastric ridges, tenioles. Cf. Phacelli. 

Teniophobia (te -ne - o-fo'- be - ah) [tania, tapeworm; 
0oPot;, dread]. Morbid dread of becoming the host 
of a tapeworm. 

Tennant's Powder. See Powder. 

Tennis-arm. Same as T -elbow. T. -elbow, a strain 
of the elbow, said to be frequent in tennis-players. 

Tennysin (ten'-is-in). A certain alkaloid occurring in 
brain-tissue. 



TENODYNIA 



1464 



TEPID 



Tenodynia (ten - o ■ din'- e - ah) [revuv, tendon ; odbvi/, 
pain]. Pain in a tendon. 

Tenography (len-og'-ra-fe). See Tenontography. 

Tenology (ten-ol'-o-je). See Tenontology. 

Tenon, Capsule of. A fibro-elastic membrane or fascia 
separating the eyeball from the surrounding tissues 
within the orbit. It is covered by a continuous layer 
of endothelial plates, and corresponds to a synovial 
sac, whose lubricated surfaces of contact facilitate the 
movements of the eyeball. (Piersol.) T.'s Mem- 
brane. See T.'s Capsule. T.'s Space, a lymph- 
space separating the sclera from Tenon's capsule. 

Tenonitis (ten - oti - i' - tis) [Tenon, an anatomist ; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of Tenon's capsule. 

Tenontagra (ten -on - ta'- grah ) [revuv, tendon ; ay pa, 
seizure]. Gout in tendons. 

Tenontodynia (ten-on-to-din' -e-ali). See Tenodynia. 

Tenontography ( ten - on - tog'- ra -fe) [revuv, tendon ; 
ypafeiv, to write]. The descriptive anatomy of the 
tendons. 

Tenontology (ten-on-lol'-o-je) [revuv, tendon ; \6yoc, 
treatise]. The sum of what is known regarding the 
nature, etc., of tendons. 

Tenontomia (ten-on-to'-me-ah). Synonym of Tenotomy. 

Tenontophyma (ten - on - to -fi 1 '- mail) [revuv, tendon ; 
tpvua, growth]. A tumor growing on a tendon. 

Tenontophyte (ten -on' -to -fit) [revuv, tendon; (pvrov, 
plant]. A new formation upon a tendon. 

Tenontostoma (ten - on - tos'- to - mail) [revuv, tendon ; 
bareov, bone]. Bony change in a tendon. 

Tenophyte (ten'-o-fif) [revuv, tendon ; (pvrov, growth] . 
An osseous or cartilaginous growth on a tendon. 

Tenorrhaphy (ten - or'- af - e) [revuv, tendon; pa<f>r/, 
suture]. The uniting of a divided tendon by sutures. 

Tenositis (ten-o-si'-tis) [revuv, tendon ; ltiq, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of a tendon. 

Tenostosis ( ten - os - to'- sis ) [revuv, tendon ; bareov, 
bone]. Ossification of a tendon. 

Tenosuture (ten-o-su'-tur). Same as Tenorrhaphy. 

Tenosynitis (ten-o-sin-i'-tis). See Tenosynovitis. 

Tenosynovitis (ten- o- si-no-vi'-tis) [revuv, tendon; 
synovia, synovia; trig, inflammation]. Combined in- 
flammation of a tendon and of its sheath. See 
Thecitis. 

Tenotome (ten'-o-tom) [revuv, tendon ; rofidr, cutting]. 
A tenotomy-knife. 

Tenotomize ( ten - of- o - iiiiz ) [revuv, tendon ; ro/ii/, a 
cutting]. To perform tenotomy. 

Tenotomomania (ten-ot-o- mo-ma' -ne-ah) [revuv, ten- 
don ; rnii//, a cutting ; jiavia, mania]. A morbid de- 
sire to perform tenotomy. 

Tenotomy (ten- of- o - me) [revuv, tendon; re/nveiv, to 
cut]. The operation of cutting a tendon to correct 
deficiencies, inequalities, derangements, or disorders 
due to muscular contractions or imbalance, and for the 
correction of heterophoria or strabismus. See Stra- 
botomy. T., Graduated, cutting a part of the fibers 
of the tendon of an ocular muscle for heterophoria or 
slight degrees of strabismus. T., Tarsal, division of 
the peroneal tendon for the relief of spavin. 

Tension (ten' -shun) [tensio; tendere, to stretch]. In 
physics, that force apparent in mutual repulsion of the 
molecules of gases. It disappears when the repulsion 
is balanced by gravitation. The tendency of electricity 
to overcome resistance. In physiology, the condition 
of an organ when under a strain. T., Elastic, 
stretching by means of an elastic material. T., Intra- 
ocular, the pressure of the intraocular contents upon 
the sclerotic. Abnormal increase of tension is char- 
acteristic of glaucoma. Accurate measurement of 
tension is made by means of instruments called tono- 
meters ; for practical purposes it is estimated by palpa- 



tion with the fingers. The registration of tension is 
indicated by the following terms : Tn. = Tension 
normal ; the varying degrees of subnormality by the 
sign — , prefixed to the figures, I, 2, 3, the last denot- 
ing extreme flaccidity ; hypertension is indicated by 
the sign -)-, prefixed to I, 2, 3, the last indicating the 
extreme hardness of the highest glaucomatous pressure. 
T., Muscular, the state of moderate contraction 
which occurs when muscles are passively stretched. 

Tensor (ten'-sor) [tendere, to stretch]. An organ or 
part whose function is to make tense. T. Muscles. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Tent [tenia, a tent: //. , Tenia"]. An instrument made 
of compressed sponge, laminaria, tupelo, or other ma- 
terial that increases in volume by the absorption of 
water ; it is used chiefly for dilating the cervix of the 
uterus. T., Cornstalk, a tent made of dried cornstalk 
pith. T., Laminaria, a tent made of dried Lam- 
inaria stems. T., Sponge, a tent made of com- 
pressed dry sponge. T.-wine [yinum tinctum, 
colored wine], a Spanish wine of dark-red color. 

Tentacle (ten'-tak-l) [tentare, handle, touch, feel]. In 
biology, loosely applied to any slender, tactile or pre- 
hensile organ, as a feeler, horn, proboscis, antenna, 
vibrissa, ray, or arm. 

Tentacula (ten-tak'-n-lah). Same as Tentacle. 

Tentaculate (ten-tak' -u-lat) [tentaculum, a tentacle]. 
Having tentacles. 

Tentaculicyst (ten - tak'-u- lis -ist) [tentaculum, a ten- 
tacle ; nvarir, a cyst]. In biology, one of the audi- 
tory tentacles of certain Cnidaria. "They are short, 
transformed tentacles in which the solid endodermal 
axis, or the peripheral distal end-cells of the hollow 
tentacle-canal form one or more otoliths." Also spelled 
tentaculocyst. 

Tentaculiferous (ten-tak-u-lif -er-us) [tentaculum, ten- 
tacle ; ferre, to bear]. Bearing tentacles. 

Tentaculiform (ten- tak> '- u - lif- orm) [tentaculum, ten- 
tacle ; forma, form]. Tentacular. 

Tentaculigerous (ten-tak-u-lif '-er-us). Same as Ten- 
taculiferous. 

Tentaculocyst. See Tentaculicyst. 

Tentaculum (ten - tak' - u - lum) [tentare, feel, touch, 
handle: pi. , Tentacula]. In biology, a tentacle. 

Tentigo (ten-ti'-go) [L.]. Lust; satyriasis. T. prava. 
Synonym of Lupus. T. venerea. Synonym of 
Nymphomania. 

Tentorial ( ten - to'- re- al) [tentorium']. Pertaining to 
the tentorium. 

Tentorium (ten-to' -re-uni) [tentorium, a tent: pi., Ten- 
toria]. In biology: (a) the endocranium ; (b) the 
partition between the cerebrum and the cerebellum 
formed by an extension of the dura ; it is sometimes 
ossified. 

Tenuifolious (ten-u-if-o'-le-us) [tenuis, thin ; folium, 
leaf]. In biology, having slender leaves. 

Tephromyelitis (tef-ro-mi-el -i'-tis). Synonym of 
Paralysis, Infantile. See also Poliomyelitis. 

Tephrosia (tef-ro' -ze-ah) [retipor, ashen]. A genus of 
some 125 species of leguminous plants, a few of which 
are N. American. T. apollinea, T. senna, T. 
leptostachya, and other tropical or subtropical species 
have purgative leaves. Unof. T. virginiana (cat- 
gut, hoary pea, goat's rue, turkey-pea, devil's shoe- 
strings) is tonic and anthelmintic. 

Tephrosis (tef-ro' -sis). See Incineration. 

Tephrylometer (tefril-om'-ef-er) [retbpa, ashes; perpnv, 
measure]. A graduated glass tube for measuring the 
thickness of the gray matter of the brain by means of 
the segment or core removed. 

Tepid (tep'-id) [tepidus, warm]. About blood heat. 
T. Bath. See Bath. 



TEITDARIUM 



1465 



TEREBINTHINA 



Tepidarium (tep-id-a'-re-itm) [tepidzis, warm]. A 

warm bath. See Bath. 

Tepopote (te-po'-po-te). Teamsters' Tea. The twigs 
of Ephedra atttisyphilitica, commonly known in the 
Southwestern U. S. as canutillo, or whorehouse tea. 
It is said to be serviceable in venereal diseases. Dose 
of the fid. ext. 3J-ij. Unof. 

Ter- [L. , three times]. A common prefix meaning 
three, or threefold. In chemistry, a prefix joined 
to the names of certain compounds containing three 
acid atoms or radicles. 

Terabdelle (ter -ad'- del) [repeeiv, to bore; (SfidXXeiv, 
suck] . An instrument employed by Damoiseau to 
supersede the leech. 

Teracrylic Acid (ter-ak-ril'-ilt). See Acid. 

Teras (te'-ras) [repac, a monster: pi. , Terata~\. A 
monster. Terata anadidyma, an order of double 
autositic monsters in which there is an upward cleav- 
age of the cerebro-spinal axes. Fusion has occurred 
at the cephalic extremity, with divergence of the 
caudal, and, as the result, a double monster is pro- 
duced, single above and double below. T. anaka- 
tadidyma, an order of double autositic monsters in 
which there is both upward and downward cleavage 
of the cerebro-spinal axes. The two primitive traces 
approach at points in their continuity only, while the 
two extremities diverge. As a result, a double being 
is formed, double above and below, with union be- 
tween. T. katadidyma, an order of double auto- 
sitic monsters in which there is a cleft of the cerebro- 
spinal axes from above downward ; that is, the primi- 
tive traces have fused at their caudal extremity, and 
diverge in varying degrees as they ascend. The 
result is a double being, separated above and joined 
below. 

Teratic (ter-at 1 '-ik) [reparmlic, monstrous]. Of the 
nature of a teratism ; monstrous. 

Teratism (ter'-at-izm) [repac, a wonder, marvel, mon- 
ster]. Any anomaly of conformation, whether con- 
genital or acquired through disease or injury. Gouley 
classifies monstrosities as follows : A. Congenital mon- 
strosities, or vices of primary conformation, grouped as 
follows : I. The ectrogenic. Those monstrosities in 
which are absent or defective certain parts belonging 
to the normal body ; for example, the absence of one 
kidney, of one or both testicles, of the external uro- 
genital organs, etc. 2. The symphysic. Those mon- 
strosities produced by fusion or coalition of organs, 
such as the kidneys. 3. The ceasmic. Those mon- 
strosities in which the parts that should be united re- 
main in their primitive, fissured state, as in hypospadias 
and epispadias. 4. The atresic. Those monstrosities in 
which natural openings are occluded, as in imperforate 
urethra. 5. The hypergenetic . Those monstrosities 
in which certain parts are disproportionately large, 
such as the penis, the testicles, etc. 6. The ectopic. 
Those monstrosities in which one or more than one 
part may be abnormally placed, such as a kidney or 
both kidneys, etc. 7. The hermaphroditic. Those 
monstrosities in which organs of both sexes exist. 
B. Acquired monstrosities, or those that are the out- 
come of disease, of violence, or of operations neces- 
sitated by diseased conditions or injuries. They may 
be grouped as follows: 1. The ectrogenic. Those 
monstrosities caused by the loss of some part from dis- 
ease, injury, or operation. 2. The symphysic. Those 
monstrosities produced by the fusion of parts from 
disease, injury, or operation. 3. The ceasmic. Those 
monstrosities in which a cleft results through disease, 
injury, or operation. 4. Theatresic. Those monstrosities 
in which natural openings are occluded through dis- 
ease, injury, or operation. 5. The hypergenetic. Those 



monstrosities in which certain parts are inordinately 
enlarged through disease. 6. The ectopic. Those 
monstrosities in which a part is displaced through dis- 
ease or injury. Other classifications of monstrosities 
have been given by Ahlfeld, Bischoff, Blumenbach, 
Breschet, Buffon, Fisher, Licetus, Meckel, and Otto. 
See Monstrosities, Table of Classification of, according 
toGeoffroy Saint-Hilaire, altered by Hirst and Piersol, 
under Monster. 

Teratogenic (ter-at-o-Jen' -ik) [repac, monster; yewav, 
to produce]. Giving rise to teratism, or monstrosity. 

Teratogeny (ter-at- of -en -e) [repac, a monster ; yewav, 
to beget]. The formation or bringing forth of mon- 
strosities. 

Teratoid (ter'- at - oid) [repac, monster; eldoc, resem- 
blance]. Resembling a monster, or anomalous organ- 
ization. 

Teratology (ter- at- ol'- o-je) [repac, monster ; loyoc, 
science]. In biology, the science of malformations 
and monstrosities in the vegetable or animal kingdom. 

Teratoma (ter-at-o'-mali) [repac, monster ; opa, tumor : 
//., Teratomata~\. A congenital tumor, which may 
contain various concretions of organic tissue, as teeth, 
hair, and other erratic material. Dermoid cyst. 

Teratomatous (ter-at-o' -mat-us) [repac, monster ; opa, 
tumor]. Of the nature of or resembling a teratoma. 

Teratophobia (ter-at-o-fo' -be-alt) [repac, tumor ; (pdfiog, 
dread]. Morbid fear of monsters, or of deformed or 
peculiar individuals. 

Teratosis (ter-at-o' -sis) [repac, monster]. A congeni- 
tal deformity. 

Terbasic (ter-ba'-zik). Synonym of Tribasic. 

Terbium (tttr'-be-um) [Ytterby, in Sweden]. A sup- 
posed metallic element, as yet not isolated. See Ele- 
ments, Table of. 

Terchlorid (ter-klo' -rid) [ter, three ; ^Awpof, green]. 
Synonym for Trichlorid. 

Terebella (ter-e-bel'-ah) [L. , dim. of terebra: gen., 
Terebella']. A trephine or trepan. 

Terebellum (ter-e-bel' -um) [L.]. An instrument used 
in craniotomy to perforate the skull. 

Terebene ( ter'-e-ben ) [repeftivdoc, terebinth] , C 10 H 16 . 
A hydrocarbon obtained by the oxidation of oil of 
turpentine by means of sulphuric acid. It is soluble 
in alcohol and is recommended for winter cough as an 
expectorant, and for inhalation in bronchitis. Dose 
Tt\v-xx on sugar or suspended in water. 

Terebic Acid (ter-eb'-ik). See Acid. 

Terebilen (ter-eb'-il-en) [repefiivdoc, terebinth]. A cam- 
phoraceous liquid produced by the action of hydro- 
chloric acid upon a terpene or oil of turpentine. 

Terebinth ( ter'- e - bin tit ) [repefiivdoc, terebinth]. I. 
The turpentine tree, Pistacia terebinthus, which yields 
Chian turpentine. 2. Turpentine ; terebinthina. 

Terebinthina (ter- e -bin'- thin -ah) [repejitvdoc, tere- 
binth: gen. , Terebinthincr']. Turpentine. The oleo- 
resin obtained from yellow pine, Pimis australis, and 
other species. Its properties are due to an essential, 
volatile oil, which is the form mainly used. It is 
stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic, and anthelmintic, 
and externally a rubefacient. It is useful in intesti- 
nal hemorrhage, as a cardiac stimulant, and in 
various zymotic fevers, and externally in neuralgia, 
gangrene, and rheumatism. Dose of the oil Tl\v-xv 
(of the oleoresin gr. v-^j). T. canadensis, "bal- 
sam of fir," a liquid oleoresin. Dose gr. v-xxx. 
Turpentine, Chian, clear, yellowish -white turpen- 
tine produced from the Pistacia terebinthus, of re- 
puted benefit in carcinoma. Dose gr. iij-v. T., Con- 
fectio (B.P.). Dose gj-ij. T., Enema (B. P.), con- 
tains oil of turpentine and mucilage of starch. T., 
Liniment., resin cerate 65, oil of turpentine 35 



TEREBINTHINATE 



1466 



TERTIARY 



parts. T., Lin., Aceticum (B.P.), oil of turpentine, 
glacial acetic acid, camphor-liniment. T., Oleum, 
Rectificatum, rectified oil of turpentine. Dose tr^v- 
J ss. T., Ung. (B.P.), oil of turpentine, resin, yellow 
wax, prepared oil. Turpentine, Venice, a solution of 
resin in oil of turpentine. Terebene, prepared by the 
action of sulphuric acid on turpentine. Dose gtt. y. 

Terebinthinate [ter-e-bin'-thin-at) [TepefiivOoc, tere- 
binth]. A member or derivative of the turpentine 
group. 

Terebinthine {ter-e-bin' -thin) [ T£pef3ivftoc, terebinth]. 
Of the nature or having the qualities of turpentine. 

Terebration (ter-e-bra'-shun) \terebrare, to bore]. The 
operation of boring or trephining ; also, a boring pain. 

Teres [te'-rez) [terere, to rub]. A name given to vari- 
ous organs and parts characterized by a round, smooth 
appearance. T. Muscle [major and minor'). See 
Muscles, Table of. See also Ligamentum teres. 

Terete [ter-et') [feres, round, smooth]. In biology, 
nearly cylindric. A term descriptive of certain stems, 
leaves, pistils, etc. 

Teretipronator [te-re-tip-ro-tia' -tor) [L.]. The pro- 
nator radii teres. See Muscles, Table of. 

Teretiscapularis [te-re-tis-kap-u-la'-ris) [L.]. The 
teres major muscle. See Muscles, Table of . 

Tergal [ter' -gal) [tergum, back]. In biology, of or 
pertaining to the dorsal surface or aspect. 

Tergeminate [ter-jem' -in-at) \_ter, thrice ; geminatus, 
doubled]. In biology, having three pairs of parts, 
appendages, or organs. 

Tergite [ter' -jit) [tergum, the back]. In biology, the 
dorsal piece of an arthropodan somite. 

Tergolateral [ter-go-lat'-er-al) [tergum, back; latus, 
side]. Pertaining to the back and the side. 

Tergum (ter'-gum) [tergum, back : pi., Terga]. In 
biology, the back or dorsum, or the dorsal piece of an 
arthropodan somite. 

Terhydrid [ler-hi'-drid) [ter, three; vSup, water]. A 
combination of three atoms of hydrogen with an ele- 
ment or radicle. 

Teriodid [ter-i'-o-did) [ter, three; lodi/c, like a violet]. 
A triiodid. 

Term [repua, a limit]. The time during which any- 
thing lasts ; the time of expected delivery ; monthly 
course. 

Terma [ter'-mah) [rkpjxa, limit]. The lamina termina- 
lis or lamina cinerea of the brain ; the cephalic bound- 
ary of the mesal, encephalic cavities. 

Termatic [ter-maf -ik) [rip/na, limit]. Pertaining to 
the terma ; as the termatic artery. 

Terminal [ter' - min - al) [terminalis ; ripfia, limit]. 
Pertaining to the end ; placed at the end. In the 
plural, a name sometimes applied to the poles of a 
battery or other electric source, or to the ends of the 
conductors or wires connected thereto. T. Artery. 
See Artery. T. Carbon Atoms, those combined 
with three hydrogen atoms. T. Genital Corpuscles, 
Krause's name for the round dilatations terminating 
the nerves in the dermis covering the extremity of the 
penis in horses. T. Neuritis. See Erythromel- 
algia. 

Terminalia [ter-min-a' -le-ah) [L.]. A genus of com- 
bretaceous tropical trees. See Myrobalan. 

Termination [ter-min-a' -shun). I. An ending. 2. 
An issue. T., Nerve, a nerve-ending. 

Terminology [ter-min-ol'-o-je) [terminus, a name; 
loyoc, science]. Nomenclature; a system of techni- 
cal names or terms. 

Terminthus [ter-min' '-thus) [rcpfiivdoc, terebinth-tree]. 
An old name for a carbuncle or sore, said to resemble 
the fruit of the terebinth in its figure and its black-green 
color. 



Ternary [ter' -na-re) [ter, three times]. Pertaining to 
the number three. 

Ternate [ter'-nat) [ternatus, arranged in threes]. In 
biology, applied to radiately compound leaves that have 
three leaflets. 

Teroxid [ter-oks f -id) [ter, three ; o^vc, acid]. A trioxid. 

Terpene [ter'-pen) [a modified form of terebene']. One 
of a number of hydrocarbons analogous to turpentine- 
oil. They have the formula C 10 H 16 or (C 5 H 8 ) n , and 
are contained in the volatile or ethereal oils obtained in 
the distillation of various plants (chiefly Coniferce and 
Citrus species) . The terpenes that have been thus iso- 
lated are very numerous. 

Terpin [ter' -pin) [see Terebene], C 10 H, G (H 2 O) 2 H 2 O. A 
terpin hydrate derived from turpentine. Useful in 
bronchial and pulmonary diseases to loosen and facili- 
tate the expectoration of mucus. Dose gr. v-x. 

Terpinene [ter' -pin-en) [modified from terebene] , C 10 H 16 . 
A substance that results from shaking pinene with 
concentrated H. 2 S0 4 . It occurs already formed in 
cardamom-oil, and is very similar to dipentene ; it 
boils at about 180 C. 

Terpineol, Terpinol [ter-pin'-e-ol, ter'-pin-ol) [terpin ; 
oleum, oil], C 10 H lg O. A substance formed by boiling 
terpin and terpin hydrate with aqueous mineral acids. 
It is a thick liquid, with a peculiar odor, boiling at 
215-218 C. Its uses are similar to those of terpin. 
Dose gr. viij-xv daily. 

Terpinolene [ter - pin' ■ o - len) [terpin; oleum, oil], 
C ]0 H, 5 . A substance produced when terpin hydrate, 
terpineol, and cineol are boiled with dilute H 2 S0 4 . 
It boils at 185-190 C. 

Terra [ter'-ah) [gen., Terra], Earth. T. alba, white 
clay. T. cariosa, rotten-stone. T. japonica. Same 
as Gambler. T., Oleum, petroleum. T. ponderosa, 
baryta or barium sulphate. See Bole, Fullers' 1 Earth, 
Lemnian Earth, Cimolian Earth, etc. T. di sienna. 
Same as Oclier. 

Terracing a Suture. A term indicating the closure of 
a wound by means of the insertion of successive tiers 
of sutures. 

Terrain-cure [ter' -an- fair) [Fr. ]. A therapeutic 
method consisting in mountain-climbing, dietetics, 
etc., for plethora, corpulence, neurasthenia, chlorosis, 
incipient pulmonary tuberculosis. 

Terraline [ter'-al-bi) [terra, earth]. A (proprietary) 
tasteless preparation of petroleum, recommended as a 
substitute for cod-liver oil. 

Terraqueous [ter - a'- kwe - us) [terra, land ; aqua, 
water]. Pertaining to or consisting of both land and 
water. 

Terrene [ter' -en) [terrenus]. Terrestrial. 

Territory [ter' -it-o-re) [territorium, territory]. An ex- 
tent of land. T. of a Cell, the extent of tissue sup- 
posed to be under the influence or control of any 
individual cell. 

Terror [ter' -or) [L. ]. Intense fear. See Night-terrors, 
Day-terrors. 

Tersion [ter'-zhun) [tergere, tersus, to wipe]. The act 
of cleaning by friction, or dry rubbing. 

Tersulphate (ter-sul' -fat) [ter, three ; sulphur, sul- 
phur]. A salt containing three molecules of the sul- 
phuric-acid radicle. 

Tersulphid [ter-sul' -fid) [ter, three ; sulphur, sulphur]. 
Synonym of Trisulphid. 

Tertian [ter'-shan) [tertius, third]. Tertianus : febris 
tertiana. Applied to a variety of intermittent fever the 
paroxysms of which recur every third day. 

Tertiarism (ter'-she-ar-izm) [Fr. , tertiarisme]. Ter- 
tiary syphilis. 

Tertiary [ter'-she-a-re) [tertiarius ; tertius, third]. Third 
in order. T. Syphilis. See Syphilis. T. Union, or 



TERVALENCE 



1467 



TESTILL 



Structure, the union of carbon atoms with three other 
carbon atoms. 

Tervalence (ter-vat '-lens). Synonym of Trivalence. 

Tessellated (tes'-el-a-ted) [tessellatus ; tessera, a square]. 
Formed into little squares. Chequered Having 
quadrangular arrange- 
ment. T. Cells, the flat- 
tened cells of pavement- 
epithelium. 

Tessera (tes'-er-ah) [L.]. 
The cuboid bone. 

Test [teslum , crucible, 
trial]. In chemistry, a 
characteristic reaction 
which distinguishes any 
one body from all others. 
Also, the reagent for pro- 
ducing a test. A Table 
of Tests is appended, see 
pages 146S-1506. In 
biology, a shell or hard, 
outer covering. See Testa. 
T. -breakfast, Ewald's, 
consists of one roll and 
one glass of water or a 
cup of weak tea, without 
milk or sugar. T. -glass, 
a small, glass vessel used 
in the chemic laboratory 
for purposes of experi- 
mentation and investiga- 
tion. T.-meal, a meal 
given in order to test the 
action of the gastric juices. 
T.-m., Jaworski's, the 
whites of two, hard-boiled 
eggs and iooc.c. of water. 
T.-paper, paper impreg- 
nated with a chemic re- 
agent, as litmus, and used 
for detecting the presence 
of certain substances 
or conditions which cause 
a change in the color of 
the paper. See Litmus. 
T.-spoon, a small spoon 
with a spatula-shaped han- 
dle, used in chemic exper- 
iments. T.-tube, a cyl- 
inder of thin glass closed 
at one end, used in various 
chemic procedures. T.- 
types, letters or figures 
of different sizes to test 
acuteness of 




of, passage of the testes through the inguinal canal 

into the scrotum. T., Female, the ovaries. T. mu- 

liebris. See Ovaries. 
Testibrachial (tes-tib-ra'-ke-al) \_testis, testicle; bra- 

chium, arm]. Pertaining to the testibrachium. 

Testibrachium (tes-tib-ra' '-lce-um) [testis, 
testicle; brachium, arm]. The process 
connecting the cerebellum with the tes- 
tis of the brain ; the prepeduncle or 
superior crus of the cerebellum. 
7 Testicle (tes'-tik-l). See Testes. T., 
Displaced, a testicle in an abnormal 
situation, as in the pelvic cavity. T., 
Inverted, a testicle which is so placed 
in the scrotum that the epididymis is 
attached to the anterior part of the 
gland. T., Irritable, neuralgia of the 
testicle, due to some demonstrable path- 
ologic condition in or about the testi- 
cle, or to a spasmodic contraction of the 
cremaster muscle. T., Pulpy, medul- 
lary sarcoma of the testicle. T., 




Left Testicle with Vessels and Duct. 
(After Sappey.) 

1. Spermatic artery. 2 Spermatic veins. 3. 
Branch of spermatic artery. 4. Globus 
major of epididymis. 5. Hydatid of Mor- 
gagni. 6. Outer wall of body of testis. 7. 
Vas deferens, with deferential artery. 8. 
Vein. 9. Vas deferens. 10. Body of epi- 
didymis. 11. Digital fossa. 12. Vessels of 
epididymis. 13. Globus minor. 



Section of the Scrotum and Testicle. 
Diagrammatic. {After Sappey.) 

1. Septum scroti. 2. Mediastinum testis. 
3. Vas deferens. 4. Skin. 5. Dartos. 
6. External spermatic fascia. 7. Cre- 
masteric fascia. 8. Parietal layer of 
tunica vaginalis. 9. Internal spermatic 
fascia and subperitoneal fascia. 10. Cavity 
of tunica vaginalis. 11. Visceral layer 
of tunica vaginalis. 12. Tunica albuginea. 
13. Digital fossa. 14. Epididymis. 



vis ion . 

Those most in use are Snellen's test-types, which, at 
proper distances, subtend an angle of five minutes. 

Testa (tes'-tah) [L.: gen., Testa']. A shell. In biology, 
the outer coat or covering of the seed ; a test. T. 
ovi, egg-shell ; T. prseparata, prepared oyster-shell ; 
both antacid. See Calcium. 

Testaceous (tes - ta' '- situs) [testa, a tile, a shell]. In 
biology : (a) of or pertaining to a shell ; shelly ; (b) 
the color of unglazed pottery, brick-red to orange- 
yellow. 

Testectomy (tes-tek'-to-me) [testis, testis; £KTo/ir/, exci- 
sion]. See Orcliidectomy. 

Testes (test'-ez) [L.]. The two glandular bodies, 
situated in the scrotum, that secrete the semen. They 
lie in the abdominal cavity in early fetal life, and 
descend into the scrotum about the time of birth. T. 
of Brain. See Corpora quadrigemina. T., Descent 



Scrofulous. Synonym of Tuberculous Orchitis. T,, 
Swelled. Synonym of Epididymitis. T., Syphil- 
itic. Synonym of Syphilitic Orchitis. T., Unde- 
scended, the condition in which one or both testicles 
remain in either the pelvis or the inguinal canal. Cf. 
Monorchid, and Cryptorchid. 

Testicond (pes' -tik-ond ) [testis, testicle ; condere, to 
hide]. Having the testes undescended. 

Testicular (tes-tik' -u-lar) [testiculus, a testicle]. Per- 
taining to a testicle. T., Therapy, the therapeutic 
employment of an extract from the testicles. See 
Organotherapy. 

Testiculate (tes-tik' -u-lat) [testiculus, a testicle]. Hav- 
ing testicles, or having the shape of a testicle. 

Testiculus (tes-tik' '-u-lus) [L.: gen. and//. , Testiculi']. 
A testicle. 

Testill (tes'-til) [testa, shell, tile]. See Frustule. 



TESTS 1468 TESTS 

TABLE OF TESTS. 

Abbreviations: R.=Reagent. Vol.=Volume. Sol. —Solution ; soluble. Sat. sol.=Saturated solution. Concent. =Concen- 
trated. Dil.=Diluted. Aq.=Aqueous. P.=Phosphorus Ppt.=Precipitate. Eq. = Equal, c.c =Cubic centimeter. gm.= 
Gram. aa=Of each. HN0 3 .= Nitric acid. HgCl«.=Mercuric chlorid. The small italicized letters a, b, c, d, e, refer to the 
reagents in column III which have corresponding letters prefixed in parenthesis. 



Name. 


Use 


Reagents. Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Acetic-acid test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Acetic acid. 


White ppt. 


To boiled urine add 
few drops R., or add 
R., and then boil 
upper portion of 
liquid in test-tube. 


Avoid excess of R. 


Adamkiewicz' test. 


Albumins and pro- 
teids. 


{a) Strong sulphuric 
acid. (*) Glacial 
acetic acid. 


Violet color and 
fluorescence. 


Add mixture of 1 vol. 
of a and 2 vol. of 6, 
and boil. 




Alfraise's test. 


Iodin. 


Add i drop hydro- 
chloric acid to water 
too, starch i, potass, 
nitrate i. Boil. 


Blue color. 


Add one drop of R. to 
small quantity of 
suspected fluid. 




Alkaline copper 
test. 


Glucose. 


See Trommer' s test. 








Allen's test. 


Carbolic acid. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
{b) Nitric acid. 


Purple-cri ms on 
color. 


Few drops of a to 1 or 
2 drops of liquid ; 
then 1 drop b. 




Allen's test. 


Glucose in urine 
in doubtful 
cases. 


Fehling's solution. 


Turbidity. 


Boil 10 c.c. of R., add 
equal quantity of 
urine; heat; then 
allow to cool. 


No reaction means 
absence of sugar 
or less than j'u 
per cent. 


Allen's test. 


Strychnin. 


(a) Ether. (6) Sulphuric 
acid, (c) Manganese 
dioxid. 


Violet color. 


Extract with a ; let fall 
(drop by drop) into 
warmed porcelain 
capsule; let cool; 
add b and c. 




Allen's test. 


Zinc in solution. 


Potassium ferrocyanid. 


White ppt. 


Few drops of R. to 
boiling solution, 
slightly alkaline. 




Almen's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


2 per cent sol. of tannin 
in dilute alcohol. 


Cloudiness. 


One part R. to 6 of 
urine. 




Almen's test. 


Blood. 


Tr. guaiaci and oil of 
turpentine shaken 
into an emulsion. 


Blue color. 


Add liquid to R. 




Almen's test. 


Blood. 


(a)Tr. guaiaci. (b) 15 
per cent. sol. hydro- 
gen dioxid in ether. 


Blue color. 


Add 2 or 3 drops a to 
liquid ; shake ; add 
20 drops b. 


Other substances 
respond ; ab- 
sence of reaction 
proves absence 
of blood. 


Almgn's test. 


Carbolic acid. 


(a) Ammonia. (b) 
Chlorinated soda. 


Blue color. 


Add a and b to solu- 
tion. 




Almen's test. 


Carbolic acid. 


Mercury 1, nitric acid 
1 ; dilute with twice 
bulk of water. 


Yellow ppt., dis- 
solving with a 
red color. 


5 to 10 drops R. to 20 
c.c. of liquid. 




Almen's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


Caustic soda 8, water 
100. Add sodic 
potassium tartrate 4, 
bismuth subn itrate 2 


Ppt. of metallic bis- 
muth. 


Remove albumin, add 
R. 1 to urine 10. 


Very delicate. 


Almen and Nyland- 
er's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


See A/men's test. 








Alpha-naphthol or 
a-Naphthol test. 


Glucose. 


See Molisch's test. 








Ammoniated-c op - 
per test. 


Glucose. 


See Pavy's test. 








Ammonium - m o - 
lybdenate test. 


Albumin in urine. 


See Jaworowski' s test. 








AndrG's test. 


Quinin. 


(a) Chlorin. (b) Am- 
monia. 


Green color, turn- 
ing blue on satu- 
ration with an 
acid; with excess 
of acid, violet or 
bright-red; turns 
green on addi- 
tion of ammonia. 


Add a and b to solu- 
tion. 





TESTS 1469 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. Application. 


Remarks. 


Andreasch's test. 


Iron. 


{a) Ammonia. (b) Sul- 
phoglycolic acid. 


Dark purplish-red, 
soon fading, but 
restored on 
shaking with 
air. 


Add a and b to liquid. 




Anstie's test. 


Alcohol in urine. 


Potassium bichromate 
I, strong sulphuric 
acid 300. 


Emeral d -green 
color. 


To R. add urine, drop 
by drop. 


Reaction signifies 
presence of toxic 
amount of alcohol. 


Antipyrin-test. 


Antipyrin in urine, 
etc. 


See Ferric-c h 1 r i d 


test. 






Austen and Cham- 
berlain's test. 


Nitric acid. 


Ammonio-sulphate of 
iron 200, water iooo, 
sulphuric acid 20. 


Rose-red color. 


Add R to solution. 




Autenrieth and 
Hinsberg's test. 


Phenacetin. 


Nitric acid. 


Yellow substance, 
crystallizing out 
in needles. 


To finely powdered 
phenacetin add 10 to 
12 per cent. R.; heat 
to boiling. 


Antipyrin and ace- 
tanilid do not 
respond. 


Axenfeld's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


(a) Formic acid. (b) 
Sol. HgCL (1:1000). 


Rose or purple 
color. 


Acidulate with a ; add 
a few drops b. 


Not reliable. 


Bachmeier's test. 


Alkalies. 


Sol. of tannin. 


Red to reddish- 
brown, turning 
into dirty-green. 


Add R. to the liquid. 




Baeyer's test. 


Eosin. 


(a) Sodium-amalgam. 
id) Sol of potass, 
permanganate. 


Opaque- green 
color in reflected 
light. 


Shake substance with 
water and a, heating 
gently; dilute with 
water ; add drop of b 




Bailey's test. 


Nitric acid. 


Cyanhydrargyrate of 
potass, iodid (one 
equivalent each mer- 
curic cyan id and 
potass, iodid). 


Crystal of R. turns 
black; red in 
other acids. 


Introduce crystal of R. 
into liquid. 




Bailey's test. 


Sulphur. 


(a) Sodium carbonate. 
(b) Sol. sodium nitro- 
prussid. 


Blood-red color. 


Heat substance with a, 
dissolve in water, 
and add b. 




Barbsche's test. 


Glycerin. 


(a) Water 20 vol., car- 
bolic acid one drop. 
(b) Sol. ferric chlorid. 


Blue color not 
developed. 


Add to liquid a , then 
one drop b. 




Bareswils' test. 


Glucose. 


Potass, hydrate 60, 
potass, tartrate 40, 
water 200. Mix with 
copper sulphate 65, 
water 500. 


Red precipitate. 


Boil liquid with R. 




Barford's test. 


Glucose. 


Sol. neutral copper 
acetate 200, 38 per 
cent, acetic acid 5. 


Red precipitate. 


Add a few drops R. to 
liquid and boil. 




Barium - chlor i d 
test. 


Ether-sulphuric 
acids in urine. 


(a) Sol. barium chlor- 
id. (b) Hydrochlor- 
ic acid. 


Ppt. of barium sul- 
phate. 


Add a in excess; fil- 
ter ; boil filtrate with 
b. 




Barium - chl or i d 
test. 


Sulphates in urine. 


Barium chlorid (or 
nitrate). 


White precipitate. 


Acidulate urine; add 
R. 


Creamy ppt. : sul- 
phates increased ; 
milky: normal ; 
tianslucent: di- 
minished. 


Barry's test. 


Hydrocyanic acid. 


{a) Acetic acid. (b) 
Silver nitrate. 


Cloudiness. 


Two or three drops of 
sol. acidified with a, 
in watch-glass. 
Cover with another 
watch-glass contain- 
ing 2 or 3 drops b. 




Basham's test. 


Bile-pigment. 


(a) Chloroform. (b) 
Nitric acid. 


Play of colors, 
finally ruby-red. 


Shake liquid with a; 
decant; allow to 
evaporate; add drop 
of*. 


Very delicate. 


Bastelaers test. 


Phosphorus in tis- 
sues and ejecta. 


(a) Ether. (*) Strong 
ammonia, (c) Dil. 
sulphuric acid. 


Pure phosphorus ; 
recognized by its 
properties. 


Dissolve out P. with 
a, by repeated shak- 
ing; allow to evapo- 
rate, adding water 
toward end of evap- 
oration ; warm to 
50 or 6o° C. Shake 
with b; wash with 
c, then with water. 





TESTS 1470 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Bau matin's test. 


Carbohydrates. 


(a) Potass, hydrate. 
(b) Benzoyl chlorid. 


Precipitation of all 
carbohydrates. 


Alkalinize with a, and 
treat with b. 




B a u m a n n and 
Preusse's test. 


Hydroehinon. 




Violet fumes, 
which condense 
as an indigo- 
blue sublimate. 


Heat rapidly in an 
open test-tube. 




Bayer's test. (Syn. 
Drewsen's, Pen- 
zoldt's, Indigo 
test.) 


Acetone in urine. 


Nitrobenzaldehyd in 
water. 


Indigo-blue. 


R. and urine (or dis- 
tillate) eq. vol.; 
make alkaline. 


One part in 2500. 
May dissolve out 
indigo-blue with 
chloroform — ren- 
ders test more 
delicate. 


Becliamps' test. 


Nitrobenzol in oil 
of bitter almonds. 


(a) Iron acetate, {b) 
Chlorinated lime. 


Blue color. 


Distil with a; test dis- 
tillate with b. 




Becquerel's test. 


Glucose. 


See Trommer's test. 








Bedson's test. 


Apomorphin in sol. 
of morphin. 


Sol. potass, hydrate. 


Brown color. 


Boil with R. - 




Beilstein's test. 


Chlorin ; bromin ; 
iodin in organic 
substances. 


Cupric oxid. 


Green or blue 
color. 


Make a bead with R., 
dip into substance ; 
heat in lower part 
of Bunsen flame. 




Bellamy's test. 


Copper ; iron. 


Tincture of logwood. 


Blue color. 


Add R. 




Benzo-purpurin 
test. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid in gastric 
juice. 


See von Jaksch' s test. 








Bernouilly's test. 


Alcohol in essential 
oils. 


Dry potass, acetate. 


Dense solution. 


Add R. 




Berthelot's test. 


Alcohol. 


Benzoyl chlorid. 


Formation of ben- 
zoic ether: char- 
acteristic odor. 


Add R. 




Bertoni and Ray- 
mondi's test. 


Nitrous acid in 
blood. 


(a) Hot alcohol, (b) 
Starch - paste and 
potass, iodid. 


Blue color. 


Dialyze, and evapo- 
rate dialysate to dry- 
ness. Take up with 
a; test with b. 




Berzelius's test. 


Arsenic. 


Charcoal. 


Mirror and alliace- 
ous odor. 


Heat in test-tube with 
R. 




Bettendorff's test. 


Arsenic. 


(a) Fresh stannous 
chlorid in concent, 
hydrochloric acid. 
(b) Tin-foil. 


Brown color or 
brown ppt. 


To liquid containing 
a good deal hydro- 
chloric acid add 
equal vol. a, and 
piece of b. 


Gentle heat accele- 
rates reaction. 


Bill's test. 


Bromids. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(*) Sol. gold chlorid. 


Yellow to dark 
orange-red color. 


Add to liquid 1 drop 
a, then 1 drop b. 




Bismuth-test. 


Glucose. 


See Bcettger' s test. 








Biuret-test. 


Proteids. 


See Ritthausen's test. 








Blachez' test. 


Alcohol in chloro- 
form. 


(a) Potass, hydrate, (b) 
Sol. copper sulphate. 


Precipitate. 


Add small piece a. 
agitate; pour off 
chloroform after 5 
minutes, and shake 
with equal vol. 
water; pour off 
water, and add b. 




Bloxam's test. 


Alkaloids. 


(a) Dil. hydrochloric 
acid, (b) Bromi n- 
water. 


Color-reactions. 


Dissolve in a ; add b, 
drop by drop. 




Blythe's test. 


Lead in potable 
water. 


Alcoholic tincture of 
cochineal. 


Precipitate. 


Add 1 per cent. R. 




Boas's test. 


Hydrochloric acid 
in gastric juice. 


Resorcin 5, sugar 3, 
dil. alcohol 100. 


Red color. 


Add R. to a few drops 
liquid in .evapora- 
ting-dish. 


As delicate as 
Giinzburg's test ; 
not affected by 
free organic 
acids, and only 
slightly by acid- 
albumins. 


lioedeker's test. 


Albumin. 


See Hilger's test. 








Boedeker's test. 


Sulphurous acid. 


Sol. potass, ferrocy- 
anid. 


Purple ppt. 


Add R. to neutral 
liquid 




Boedeker's test. 


Sulphurous acid. 


(a) Sol. zinc sulphate. 
(b) Sodium nitro- 
prussid. 


Rose to dark-red 
color. 


To neutral liquid add 
a and b. 





TESTS 1471 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 



Use. 



Reagents. 



Reaction. 



Application. 



Remarks. 



Bcettcher's test. Glucose. 



See Bee tiger's test. 



Bcettger's test. 



Alcohol. 



Sol. molybdic acid in Blue color, 
sulphuric acid. 



Add R. 



Boettger's test. 



Alkalimetry. 



Alcoholic tincture of Red color is turned 
petals of Coleus Ver- green. 
schaeffeltii. 



Boettger's test. ] Gaseousammonia. 



Alkannin paper. 



Red color turns 
blue. 



Expose strip of R. to 
the gas. 



Bcettger's test. | Ergot in rye-flour 



(a) Ether, (b) Oxalic 
acid. 



Reddish color. 



Heat for several min- 
utes with an equal 
bulk of a and a few 
crystals of b. 



Boettger's test. 



Glucose. 



(a) Bismuth, (b) Strong 
sol. sodium hydrate. 



Black ppt. 



To urine add pinch of Very delicate; al- 
a and a little b; boil. bumin must be 
removed. 



Bcettger's test. 



Hydrogen diox- 
id. 



(a) Cadmium iodid 
st arch -paste, (b) 
Ferrous sulphate. 



Deep ultramarine- 
blue color 



Add a and a little b. 



Boettger's test. 



Boettger's test. 



Hydrogen diox- 
id 



Nitric acid in pot- 
able water. 



Bcettger's test. Nitrous acid. 



Ammoniacal sol. sil- 
ver nitrate (not con- 
taining free ammo- 
nia). 



Cloudiness and re- 
duction of silver. 



(a) Sol. of brucin. | Red to brownish- 
(b) Sulphuric acid. I red color. 



(a) Diluted sulphuric 
acid, (b) Cadmium 
iodid starch-paste. 



Blue color. 



Heat liquid with a few 
drops R. 



Mix 3 drops of water, 
2 of a, and 3 or 4 of b. 



Add a and b. 



Boettger's test. 



Ozone. 



Strip filter-paper Violet color, 
moistened with 
acid-free sol. of gold 
chlorid. 



Expose R. to gas. 



Boettger's test. Ozone. 



Boettger's test. 



Strip filtering paper Brown color, 
dipped into a sol. of 
thallium protoxid. 



Expose R. to gas. 



Safranin. 



Sulphuric acid. 



Blue color. 



Add R. If water is 
added colorbecomes 
green. 



Boettger's test. 



Sulphoey an ates 
(Rhodanates). 



(a)Tr. guaiaci. (6)T>\\. 
sol. copper sulphate. 



Blue color. 



Dip strip filter-pa- 
per in a ; let dry ; 
moisten with b; 
place on it a drop of 
liquid. 



Bcettger's test. Water in ether 



Carbon disulphid 



Milkiness. 



Agitate gently with 
equal bulk R. 



Bolas's test. 



Nitric acid. 



Sulphuric acid 10, sol. 
ferrous sulphate 1. 



Brown zone. 



Heat R., and pour 
liquid cautiously on 
top. 



Borntraeger's test. 



Acidimetry ; alka- 
limetry. 



Concentrated tincture 
orange-peel. 



Colorless with 
acids, lemon-yel- 
low with alka- 
lies. 



Add R., and shake up 
with ether. 



Bouchardat's test. 



Alkaloids. 



Potass. iodo-iodid=io- j Brown ppt. 
din 10, potass, iodid j 
20, water 500. 



Add R. to liquid. 



Bourgoin's test. 



Nitrobenzol in oil 
of bitter almonds 



Sol. potass hydrate. ; Green color. 



Shake 15 drops 
with 8 of R. 



oil 



If 20 drops water 
are added, two 
layers are 
formed, upper 
green, lower 
vellow. 



Bou ssingault's 
test. 



Nitric acid. 



(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(b) Indigo-solution. 



Decolorization. 



Acidify with a, and 
add drop of*. 



Brandberg's test. 



Benzol ; benzine. 



Pitch. 



R. dissol v e s in 
benzol, not in 

benzin. 



Brandes' test. 



Quinin. 



(a) Chlorin-water. (b) Green color. 
Ammonia. 



Treat liquid with 
and b. 



TESTS 1472 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use.' 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks 


Braun's test. 


Glucose. 


[a) Sol. picric acid, (b) 
Sol. sodium hydrate. 


Blood-red color. 


Al k al i n i z e with b, 
warm to go°, add a, 
and boil. 




Brautlecht's test. 


Organic impuri- 
ties in potable 
water. 


(a) Aluminum sul- 
phate i, hydrochlo- 
ric acid i, water 8. 
(b) Ammonia. 


Examine under 
microscope be- 
fore and after 
addition of saf- 
ranin. 


Treat 100 c c. water 
with 5 c.c. a and add 
1 or 2 drops *. Filter 
off ppt., redissolve 
in 10-15 drops di- 
lute acetic acid. 




Brazil-wood test. 


Acidimetry ; alka- 
limetry. 


Sol. of coloring-matter 
of Brazil-wood (Pel- 
tophorum dubium). 


Turns purplish- 
red with alka- 
lies; yellow with 
acids. 






Brieger's test. 


Strychnin. 


Pure chromic acid. 


Violet color. 


Add R. to liquid. 




Brine-test. 


Albumin in urine. 


(a) Saturated sol. so- 
dium chlorid, acidu- 
lated with 5 per 
cent. sol. dilute hy- 
drochloric acid. 


White ring. 


Overlay R. with urine. 


Very delicate. 


Brouardel and 
Boutmy's test. 


P t o m a V n s from 
plant-alkaloids. 


{a) Potass, ferricyanid. 
(b) Ferric chlorid. 


Blue color. 


Apply a, then *. 




Bruecke's test. 


Bile-pigments. 


(a) Nitric acid. (b) 
Sulphuric acid. 


Color-reactions. 


Add a to urine, shake ; 
let b flow to bottom. 




Bruecke's test. 


Glucose. 


Boil fresh bismuth 
subnitrate with po- 
tass, iodid 30, water 
150, and after 10 min- 
utes add 5 c.c. 25 per 
cent. sol. hydrochlo- 
ric acid. 


Reduction. 






Bruecke's test. 


Proteids. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(b) Potassio-mercu- 
ric iodid. 


Precipitate. 


Acidulate with a. and 
add*. 




Bruecke's test. 


Urea. 


(a) Fusel-oil. (b) Sol 
oxalic acid in fusel- 
oil. 


Crystal 1 i n e de- 
posit. 


Heat alcoholic extract 
with a, filter, and 
add b. 




Brunner's test. 


Glucosids. 


Pettenkofer's test for 
bile-acids. 


Red color. 






Buckingham's test. 


Alkaloids. 


Fresh sol. of ammo- 
nium molybdate 8 
grains, in sulphuric 
acid 2 drams ; heat 
till clear. 


Color-reactions. 


Add R. 




Bujwid and Dun- 
ham's reaction. 


Products of bacil- 
lus cholerae asi- 
aticae. 


See Poehl's reaction. 








Burchard's test. 


Cholesterin and 
cholesterin-fats. 


(a) Chloroform. (b) 
Acetic acid anhydrid. 
(c) Sulphuric acid. 


Violet to green 
color. 


Dissolve substance 
in a, add b, and a 
few drops c. 


M d i fi c a t i n of 
Liebermann ' s 
test. 


Cadet's test. 


Arsenic. 


Sodium acetate. 


Kakodyl (charac- 
teristic odor). 


Heat with R. 




Caillan's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


Chloroform. 


Apply tests for glu- 
cose. 


Shake 2 vol. urine 
with one R. ; allow 
to settle ; upper layer 
contains all the glu- 
cose. 




Calcium-carbonate 
test. 


Free acids and 
acid salts in gas- 
tric juice. 


See Leo's test. 








Campani's test. 


Glucose. 


Mix concent, sol. lead 
subacetate with dil. 
sol. copper acetate. 


Yellow to orange- 
red ppt. 


1 

Add R. to sol. 


0.5 per cent, gives 
red, 0.1 per cent, 
yellow color. 


Cappazuoli's test. 


Glucose. 


Sol. copper hvdroxid 
in potass, hydrate. 


Blue color. 


Add R. to liquid. 





TESTS 1473 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Capranica's test. 


Guanin. 


(a) Aq. sol. picric acid. 
(b) Concent, sol. po- 
tass, bichromate, (c) 
Concent, sol. potass, 
ferricyanid. 


With a yellow, 
crystalline ppt ; 
with b orange- 
colored, crystal- 
line ppt. ; with c 
prismatic, yel- 
lowis h-brown 
crystals. 


Add R. to solution. 




Carbolic-acid test. 


Albumin in urine. 


See Mehn's test. 








Caro-Fischer's test. 


Hydrogen sulphid. 


See Fischer's test. 








Carter's test. 


Indican in urine. 


Nitric acid. 


Play of colors as 
in bile-test. 


Overlay acid with 
urine, or allow the 
two to come in con- 
tact on porcelain 
plate. 


Bile gives same 
reaction ; if a 
dee p-b 1 u e or 
purple ppt. 
forms on addi- 
tion of sulphuric 
acid — play of 
colors due to ex- 
cess of indican. 


Casali's test. 


Biliary matter. 


(a) Lead acetate. (&) 
Ammonia, (c) Ether 
and hydrochloric 
acid. 


Yellow, red, violet, 
blue color. 


Precipitate urine with 
a and b and extract 
with c. Let ethereal 
layer evaporate, and 
test with oxidizing 
agents. 




Casamajor's test. 


Glucose. 


Methylic alcohol. 


Cloudiness. 


Shake liquid with R. 




Casoria's test. 


Water in absolute 
alcohol. 


Dehydrated copper 
sulphate. 


R. turns blue. 


Pour liquid over R. 




Chatin and Gaul- 
tier de Claubry's 
test. 


Iodin. 


Nitric acid i, sulphu- 
ric acid 6, starch. 


Bluetovioletcolor. 


AddR. 




Chautard's test A. 


Acetone in urine. 


(a) Aq. sol. magenta. 
(6) Sulphurous acid. 


Violet color. 


To a drop of a, decolor- 
ized by b add urine. 


Delicacy ; 0.01 ace- 
tone ; reaction 
may appear after 
4 or 5 minutes. 


Chautard's test B. 


Acetone. 


{a) Fuchsin 0.25, water 
500. (b) Sulphurous 
acid. 


Red-violet color. 


Add b to a until a is 
decolorized. Add 
mixture to the liquid. 




Chevreul's test. 


Ammonia. 


Hematoxylin-paper. 


Red color turns 
violet. 


Expose paper to 
fumes. 




Chloroform-test. 


Potass, iodid in 
urine, etc. 


(a)Fumingnitric acid. 
(b) Chloroform. 


Violet-red color. 


Add a little a and J^ b\ 
shake. 


Delicate and reli- 
able. 


Cholera-red reac- 
tion. 


Products of bacil- 
lus choleras asi- 
aticae. 


See PoehVs test. 








Cholestol reaction. 


Cholesterin and 
cholesterin-fats. 


See Liebermann' s test. 








Chromic-acid test. 


Albumin in urine 


See Rosenbach' s test. 








Citric-acid test. 


Mucin. 


See Mucin-test. 








Clark's test. 


Creasote; carbolic 
acid. 


{a) Nitric acid. (b) 
Potass, hydrate. 


Creasote, no crys- 
talline ppt. ; car- 
bolic acid, yel- 
low crystals. 


Boil with excess of a 
until red fumes are 
no longer evolved ; 
neutralize with b. 




Claus's test. 


Water in absolute 
alcohol. 


Anthrachinon and so- 
dium amalgam. 


Red color ; abso- 
1 u te alcohol 
causes a green 
color. 


R. is moistened with 
the alcohol. 




Cochineal-test. 


Acidimetry ; alka- 
limetry. 


Cochineal 1 gm., macer- 
ated for four days in 
alcohol 20, water 60 ; 
filtered. 


Turns violet with 
alkalies, yellow- 
ish-red with 
acids. 






Colasanti's test. 


S u 1 p h o-c y a n i c 
acid. 


Sol. of gold chlorid (1 : 
1000-10,000) in potass, 
hydrate, or in sat. 
sol. sodium bicarb. 


Violet color on 
heating, metallic 
gold deposited 
on cooling. 


Warm R. with dilute 
solution of the sub- 
stance. 




Congo-red test. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid 


See Riegel's test. 









93 



TESTS 1474 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Contejean's test. 


Hydrochloric acid 
in gastric juice. 


Cobalt oxid (freshly 
precipitated). 


Blue cobalt chlo- 
rid. 


Evaporate drop of 
liquid on watch- 
glass with R. 




Cotton's test. 


Brucin. 


Sol. sodium sulph-hy- 
drate. 


Violet to green 
color. 


Add excess of R. to 
brucin in nitric acid. 




Cunisset's test. 


Biliary matter in 
urine. 


Chloroform. 


Yellow color. 


Shake urine with R. 




Curdling -ferment 
test. 


Curdling ferment 
in gastric juice. 


(a) rV normal sodium 
hydratesol. (b) Neu- 
tral or amphoteric 
milk. 


Curdling. 


Neutralize 5 to 10 c.c. 
filtered gastric juice 
with a; mix with 
equal quantity of b, 
warm to 37 or 40 C. 


Reaction takes, 
place in 10-15 
min. 


Davy's test. 


Alcohol. 


Molybdic acid I, sul- 
phuric acid 2. 


Blue color. 


Essential oils first 
shaken with water, 
which is separated ; 
urine is distilled. 
Test with R. 




Davy's test. 


Carbolic acid. 


Molybdic acid i; sul- 
phuric acid io. 


Dark olive-green 
to blue and vio- 
let color. 


Add 3 to 4 drops R. to 
1 to 2 drops of liquid. 




Davy's test. 


Strychnin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid. (b) 
Potass, ferricyanid. 


Deep-violet color. 


Add a, then b. 




Day's test. 


Pus. 


Alcoholic sol. of guaiac 
exposed to light until 
it turns green in con- 
tact with potass, 
iodid. 


Blue color. 


To watery sol. of pus 
add a few drops of 
R. 


Inert when applied 
to dried pus. 


Debrunner's test. 


Water in absolute 
alcohol. 


Potass, permanganate. 


Purple discolora- 
tion indicates 
water. 


R. insoluble in absolute 
alcohol, sol. in water. 




Degener's test. 


Alkalimetry. 


Phenacetolin.a brown 
substance obtained 
by heating for seve- 
ral hours carbolic, 
sulphuric, and 
glacial acetic acids 
aa I. 


Alkalies turn it 
red. 






Delff ' s test. 


Caffein. 


Sol. red mercuric oxid 
in potass, iodid. 


Crystalline ppt. 


Add R. to liquid. 


Other alkaloids 
yield amorphous 
ppt. 


Diazobenzol-su 1- 
phuric-acid test. 


Glucose in urine. 


(a) Sol. potass, hydrate. 
(b) Sol. diazobenzol- 
sulphuric acid (i : 50), 
made faintly alkaline 
with a. 


Yellowish -red , 
changing to dark- 
red ; froth car- 
min-red. 


Alkalinize 20 c.c. of 
urine with a; add 
equal volume b. 


Not very reliable. 


Diazo-reaction. 


Aromatic com- 
pounds in urine 
in typhoid fever, 
etc. 


See Ehrlich's test. 








Diphenylamin test. 


Nitric acid. 


(a) Sol. of diphenyl- 
amin. (b) Concent, 
sulphuric acid. 


Deep-blue color at 
zone of contact. 


Add 1 or 2 drops a ; 
pour in b to form 
a layer beneath the 
liquid. 




Donath and Mayr- 
hofer's test. 


Glycerin. 


(a) Carbolic acid, (b) 
Sulphuric acid, (c) 
Ammonia. 


Carmin-red color. 


Evaporate to dryness ; 
heat to 120 C. with 
two drops of a and b. 
Extract with water, 
and add to residue c. 




Donne's test. 


Pus. 


Liquor potassae. 


Tenacious, gelat- 
iniform sub- 
stance, resemb- 
ling white of egg. 


To deposit of pus add 
R. 




Dragendoi ff's test. 


Brucin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid 1, 
water 9. (*) Very 
dilute sol. potass, bi- 
chromate. 


Raspberry-red to 
brownish-orange 
color. 


Dissolve in a, and add 
with a glass rod 
small quantity of b. 




Dragendorff ' s test. 


Carbolic acid in 
urine. 


Petroleum-naphtha. 




Take up with R. and 
test as usual. 




Dragendorff' s test. 


Strychnin. 


Iodic acid. 


Red to reddish- 
brown color. 


Add R. 





TESTS 



1475 
TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Drechsel's test. 


Biliary maUer. 


(a) Syrupy phosphoric 
acid. (£j Cane-sugar. 


Red to reddish- 
brown color. 


Add to concent, liquid 
a and b, and heat on 
a water-bath. 




Drechsel's test. 


Xanthin-bodies. 


Copper chlorid. 


Mud-colored ppt., 
becoming white. 


Add R. toammoniacal 
solution of sub- 
stance. 




Drewsen's test. 


Acetone in urine. 


See Bayer's test. 








Dudley's test. 


Gallic acid. 


Sol. of amnion, picrate. 


Reddish color, 
changing to 
green. 


Add R. 




Dudley's test. 


Glucose. 


Bismuth nitrate, dis- 
solved in a little 
nitric acid; add 
equal bulk acetic 
acid, and dilute to 10 
vol. with water. 


Gray or black ppt. 


Add to urine (rendered 
strongly alkaline by 
sol. of sodium 
hydrate) 1 or 2 drops 
of R., and boil. 




Duflos' test. 


Picrotoxin. 


Potass, bichromate. 


Green color. 


Add sol. R. 




Dus a r t-Blondlot's 
test. 


Phosphorus in 
tissues. 


Alcohol, ether, and 
carbon bisulphid, 
containing y 2 per 
cent, sulphur in sol. 


Place copper phos- 
phid in rtask, 
and proceed as 
in Marsh's test 
for arsenic. 


Treat substance with 
R. , allow to stand 24 
hours, decant, and 
treat residue a 
second and a third 
time in same manner. 
Mix the liquids, filter 
into retort, and warm 
mixture with por- 
tions of metallic cop- 
per, until latter 
remains bright. Al- 
low to stand 24 hours, 
distil off carbon di- 
sulphid mixture, col- 
lect copper on filter, 
wash with alcohol, 
then with ether. 




Earthy-phosphates 
test. 


Earthy phosphates 
in urine. 


Any alkali. 


White ppt. 






Edlefsen's test. 


Naphthalin. 


(a) Sol. calcium chlorid. 
(b) Concent, hydro- 
chloric acid, (c) 
Ether, (d) i per 
cent. aq. sol. resor- 
cin. 


On addition of a 
and b lemon-yel- 
low color ; (/over- 
laid with ethereal 
extract bluish- 
green ; cherry- 
red on addition 

of HNO3. 


Add 3 to 4 drops a and 
a few drops b. Ex- 
tract with c, and 
overlay d with the 
extract, adding a 
little ammonia. 


Reliable but com- 
plicated. 


Edlefsen's test. 


Naphthalin. 


Ammonium or sodium 
hydrate. 


Fluorescence. 


Add a few drops R. 
to liquid. 


Delicate. 


Ehrlich's test. 


Aromatic com- 
pounds in urine 
of typhoid-fever 
patients. 


(a)Sulphanilic acid 5.0, 
hydrochloric acid 50 
c. c, distilled water 
1000. 0. 

(b) Sodium nitrite 0.5, 
distilled water 100. 


Orange-red ring ; 
rose-red foam. 


Mix 40 c.c. of a and 
1 c.c. of b; mix with 
equal quantity of 
urine ; allow am- 
monia to flow down 
the tube. Shake to 
produce the foam. 


Of considerable 
diagnostic value ; 
obtained also in 
carcinoma, septi- 
cemia, and per- 
haps other condi- 
tions. 


Ehrlich's test. 


Bilirubin. 


(a) Dil. acetic acid. 
(b) Sulphanilic acid 
1 gm., hydrochloric 
acid 15 c.c, sodium 
nitrite 0.1 gm. 


Dark color, becom- 
ing violet on 
addition of 
glacial acetic or 
other acid. 


Add equal vol. a, and 
drop by drop b. 




Eiubrodt's test. 


Ammonia. 


(a) Sol. ammon. 
chlorid. (6) Sol. 
potass, hydrate, (c) 
Sol. mercuric 
chlorid. 


White opalescence. 


To 100 c.c. of liquid add 
1 drop each of a, of 
b, and of c. 




Endemann and 
Prochazka's test. 


Copper. 


Hydrobromic acid. 


Rose-red to red- 
dish-brown or 
blackish color. 


To 1 drop liquid add 
1 drop R. ; let evapo- 
rate slowly. 




Eosin-test. 


Acidimetry ; alka- 
limetry. 


Eosin 1 gm. in 30c. c. of : 
water. 


Acids destroy fluo- 
rescence ; alkalies 
restore it. 






Esbach's test. 


Proteids in urine. 


Picric acid 10, citric 
acid 20. Distilled 
water 1000. 


Precipitate ; quan- 
tity indicated on 
graduated tube. 







TESTS 1476 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Eschka's test. 


Mercury. 




White stain. 


Heat substance in cru- 
cible, and condense 
vapor on cold gold 
plate (as lid). 




Everitt's test. 


Opium. 


(a) Sol. ferric chlorid. 
(b) Sol. mercuric 
chlorid. 


Red color with a, 
not altered by b. 


Adda. 




Ewald's test. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid in gastric 
juice. 


Similar to Mohr's test 
B. 








Ewald's test. 


Motor activity of 
stomach. 


See Siewer's test. 








Eyckmann's test. 


Carbolic acid. 


(a) Spirit of nitrous 
ether, (b) Sulphuric 
acid. 


Red color. 


Add to 1 c.c. of liquid 
1 to 3 drops a and an 
equal vol. b. 


Salicylic acid and 
albumin show 
same color, but 
not so intensely. 


Fairthorne's test. 


Chloral. 


(a) Concent, sol. of 
potass, bichromate. 
(b) Nitric acid. 


Blue color. 


Heat with a, then add 
b. 




Fairthorne's test. 


Morphin. 


(a) Sodium hypochlo- 
rite (chlorinated 
soda), (b) Ammonia. 


Dark-red color. 


Add a, then b. 




Fat-test. 


Fat. 


See Osmic-acid test. 








Fehling's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Fehling's sol. (See 
Fehling 's test for 
glucose.) 


Brownish -red or 
mauve color. 


Heat R., and slowly 
add urine. 




Fehling's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


(a) 34.652 gm. crystal- 
lized copper sul- 
phate, water zoo. 
(*) '73 R m - sodic po- 
tassium tartrate, 480 
c.c. sol. sodium hy- 
drate. Mix a and b 
while stirring, and 
dilute to 1000 c.c. 


Ppt. of red cu- 
prous oxid or yel- 
low cuprous hy- 
droxid. 


Dilute 1 c.c. of R. with 
4 c.c. of water, and 
boil. Add urine, drop 
or two at a time, and 
boil. 


Delicacy 0.001 per 
cent. 


Fehling's test. 


Peptone and pro- 
peptone in urine. 


Fehling's sol. (See 
Fehling's test for 
glucose.) 


Rose-colored halo 
above ppt. of 
phosphates. 


Heat 15 c.c. of R. ; add 
filtered urine slowly. 




Fenton's test. 


Tartaric acid. 


(a) Sol. of ferrous chlo- 
rid or ferrous sul- 
phate, (b) Hydrogen 
dioxid. (c) An al- 
kali. 


Violet color. 


Add a, 1 or 2 drops b, 
and excess c. 




Fermentation-test. 


Glucose in urine. 


See Roberts' test. 








Ferric-chlorid test. 


Antipyrin. 


Sol. ferric chlorid. 


Dark-red color. 


Add dilute R. to liquid. 


Unreliable. The 
red color in dia- 
cetic-acid reac- 
tion disappears 
on heating; that 
of antipyrin does 
not. 


Ferric-chlorid test. 


Salicylic-acid com- 
pounds. 


Sol. ferric chlorid. 


Violet-blue color. 


Add R. to liquid ; or 
acidulate with Hf 
SO4, shake with 
ether, and test ether- 
eal extract with R. 


Delicate, especi- 
ally by shaking 
with ether. 
Other substances, 
less common, also 
respond. 


Ferric-chlorid test. 


Tannic acid. 


Ferric chlorid. 


Grayish-green or 
blackish color. 


Add R. 




Filhol's test. 


Alkalies. 


fa) Sol. sodium nitro- 
prussid. (*) Hydro- 
gen sulphid. 


Blue color. 


Treat liquid with a in 
the presence of b. 




Filhol's test. 


Iodin. 


(a) Potass, hydrate. 
(*) Alcohol, (c) Hy- 
drochloric acid, (d) 
Chromic acid, (e) 
Carbon disulphid. 


Violet color of e. 


Extract iodin ; evapo- 
rate to dryness with 
a, take up with b, 
evaporate; dissolve 
in water, add a few 
drops c, then d, 
then e. 





TESTS 1477 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Fischer's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


(a) Phenylhydrazin 
hydrochloric!. (b) 
Sodium acetate. 


Yellow, crystalline 
precipitate. 


Place in test-tube 2 gm. 
a and 1.5 gm. b ; fill 
tube Yi with water, 
and add equal 
quantity urine. 
Stand tube in boiling 
water 15-20 minutes ; 
then in cold water. 


Detects traces 


Fischer's test. 


Hydrogen sulphid. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(b) Paramido-di- 
methylamin sul- 
phate, (c) Dil. sol. 
ferric chlorid. 


Blue color. 


To 50 c.c. liquid add 1 
c. c. a ; then a few 
grains b, and 1 or 2 
drops c. 




Fittig's test. 


Alkalimetry. 


Ethereal sol. mesityl- 
chinon. 


R. is yellow ; alka- 
lies turn itviolet. 


Add liquid to R. 




Fleitmann's test. 


Arsenic. 


(a) Strong potassium 
hydrate, (b) Pure 
zinc, (c) Paper wet 

with silver nitrate. 


Staining of paper 
(c). 


Put a little a and b in 
a test-tube with the 
substance ; clasp c 
over it and boil. 


Marsh's method, 
except that a is 
substituted for 
the acid. 


Fliickiger's test. 


Acetanilid. 


(a) Sol. potass hy- 
drate, (b) Chloro- 
form. 


Disagreeable odor 
of isocyanphenyl. 


Add a and b; shake; 
heat. 




Fliickiger's test. 


Brucin. 


Mercurous nitrate 
(free from excess of 
acid). 


Crimson color. 


An aqueous sol. mixed 
with R. is heated. 




Fliickiger's test. 


Creasote; car- 
bolic acid. 


(a) Sol. ferric chlorid. 
(b) 85 per cent, alco- 
hol. 


Green color. 


Mix a 1 part, creasote 
9, b 5. Green color. 
Add 60 water: 
cloudy-brown i sh 
color. 


Carbolic acid gives 
brown color with 
alcohol, blue with 
water. 


Fliickiger's test. 


Creasote; car- 
bolic acid. 


(a) Ammonia, (b) Bro- 
min-vapor. 


Blue color : car- 
boli c acid; 
brown or dirty- 
green ; creasote. 


Add Yt, vol. a, and ex- 
pose to b. 




Fliickiger's test. 


Digitalin. 


Chloral alcoholate. 


Yellowish-green 
color, turning 
violet, then 
blackish-green 
on heating. 


Dissolve in R. ; then 
heat. 




Fliickiger's test. 


Free mineral 
acids. 


Mixture in sol., of fer- 
rous sulphate, gallic 
acid, sodium ace- 
tate. 


Decolorization. 


Add a drop of R. to 
liquid. 




Fliickiger's test. 


Gallic acid. 


(a) Fresh sol. ferrous 
sulphate 1, water 
iool (*) Sol. sodium 
acetate. 


Violet color. 


Adda: sol colorless; 
then add b. 




Fluorescein test. 


Alkalimetry. 


Fluorescein 1 gm., agi- 
tated with 100 c.c. 
dilute alcohol ; filter. 


Green fluorescence 
by reflected 
light, in pres- 
ence of least ex- 
cess of an alkali. 






Fourcroy's test. 


Phosphoric acid. 


fa) Ammon. chlorid. 
(6) Ammon. hydrate. 
ic) Sol. magnes. sul- 
phate. 


White, crystalline 
ppt. 


Add a and b, and then 
c. 




Francis' test. 


Biliary acids in 
urine. 


Glucose (dried over 
water-bath) 2gm., in 
sulphuric acid 15 gm. 


Purple color. 


Place 4 c.c. of R. in 
test-tube and float 
equal quantity urine 
on top. 




Franqui and Van 
de Vyvere's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


Bismuth hydrate in 
potass, hydrate. 


Gray or black ppt. 


Boil urine with R. 




Frerich's test. 


Leucin and tyro- 
sin in urine. 


(a) Basic lead acetate. 
(b) Hydrogen sul- 
phid. 


Crystals of ty rosin 
in 24 hours; leu- 
cin appears 
later. 


Ppt. urine with a ; re- 
move excess of a 
with b ; evaporate 
fluid on water-bath 
to small vol. 




Fresenius' test. 


Nitrites. 


(a) Starch-paste, (b) 
Sol. potass iodid. 
(c) Sulphuric acid. 


Blue color. 


Add a, b, c. 





TESTS 1478 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Freund's test. 


Sulphates inurine. 


(a) i per cent. sol. ali- 
zarin, (b) 5 per cent, 
acetic acid, (c) Sol. 
barium acetate 
(11.22 to iooo). 


1 c.c. c = 3 mg. 
sulphur trioxid. 


To 50 c.c. urine add 
10 drops each a and 
b till mixture shows 
orange color. Trit- 
urate with c till ppt. 
becomes distinctly 
red. 


If urine dark- 
colored, decolor- 
ize with acetic 
acid and zinc 
powder. 


Froehde'stest. 


Alkaloids. 


Sol. of sodium molyb- 
date o.oi gm. in sul- 
phuric acid io c.c. 


Color-reactions. 






Fiirbringer's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Capsules (Stiitz's) 
containing sodio- 
mercuric chlorid, 
sodium chlorid, and 
citric acid. 


Cloudiness or floc- 
culent ppt. 


Open capsule at both 
ends and introduce 
into urine. 


Delicate and con- 
venient. 


Fiirbringer's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


(a) Mercuric chlorid. 
(b) Sodium chlorid. 


Precipitate. 


Add sol. of a and of*. 




Furfurol-test. 


Carbohydrates. 


See Schiff's and Mo 


lisch's tests. 






Furfurol-test. 


Glucose. 


See Molisch's test. 








Galipe's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Sat. sol. picric acid. 


White turbidity. 


Place a little R. in 
test-tube, add a few 
drops of urine, or 
overlay with urine. 


Prevents mistak- 
ing of phosphates 
or urates. 


Gallois' test. 


Inosite. 


2 per cent. sol. mer- 
curic nitrate or Lie- 
big's sol. for estima- 
tion of urea. 


Yellow residue, 
turning red on 
heating. 


Heat sol. with a few 
drops of R. 


Proteids, tyrosin, 
and sugar must 
be absent. 


Garrod's test. 


Uric acid in blood. 


Acetic acid. 


The thread be- 
comes incrusted 
with uric-acid 
crystals. 


To 30 c.c. of serum 
add 0.5 c.c. of R. and 
immerse a fine 
thread. 


Obtained espe- 
cially in gout, but 
also in leukemia 
and chlorosis. 


Gauthier's reagent. 


Egg-albumin. 


Sol. sodium hydrate 
250, copper sulphate, 
1 56 sol. to, glacial 
acetic acid 700. 


Precipitate. 


To 2 c.c. liquid add 
10 c.c. R. 


Serum-albumin will 
not be precipi- 
tated. 


Geissler's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


(a) Citric acid. (b) 
HgCl2, 3 f sol., con- 
taining 12-15 5» 
potass, iodid. 


Precipitate. 


Add to urine test-paper 
dipped in a and 
dried, then one 
dipped in b and 
dried. 


Very delicate. 


Gentele's test. 


Glucose. 


Sol. potass, ferricyanid 
in potass, or sodium 
hydrate. 


Decolorization. 


Add liquid to R. and 
warm. 


Uric acid gives 
same reaction, 
even in the cold. 


Gentian-violet test. 


Amyloid degener- 
ation. 


(a) 5 per cent. aq. sol. 
gentian-violet, (b) 
10-15 per cent. sol. 
acetic acid. 


Pink color. 


Treat section ^ to 1 
minute with a ; wash 
in b\ examine under 
microscope. 




Gerhardt's test. 


Acetone in urine. 


Sol. ferric chlorid. 


Red color. 


Add R. to urine. 


Not very reliable ; 
other substances 
respond. 


Gerhardt's test. 


Biliary pigments 
in urine. 


(a) Chloroform (b) 
Tr. iodi. (c) Sol. 
potass, hydrate. 


Yellow to brown- 
ish color, with 
green fluores- 
cence. 


Shake equal parts 
urine and a\ allow 
to settle ; add b and 
c to extract. 




Gerhardt's test. 


Diacetic acid in 
urine. 


Sol. ferric chlorid. 


Bor d ea ux-red 
color ; foam vio- 
let-red . 


To urine add a few 
drops of R. to pre- 
cipitate phosphates ; 
then add a few more 
drops of R. ; or fil- 
ter, and then add. 


Color disappears 
on addition of 
sulphuric acid. 


Gerhardt's test. 


Urobilin in urine 
(in excess). 


(a) Potass, hydrate, (b) 
Chloroform, (c) Tr. 
iodi. 


Green fluores- 
cence. 


To chloroform extract 
of urine add a and b. 




Glacial-phosphoric- 
acid test. 


Albumin in urine. 


See Hindenlang' s test. 








Gmelin-Hein t z' s 
test. 


Biliary pigments 
in urine. 


Fuming nitric acid. 


Play of colors be- 
ginning with 
green and pass- 
ing through blue, 
violet, and red 
to yellow. 


Bring urine and R. in 
contact on porcelain 
plate or overlay R. 
with urine in test- 
tube. 


Very delicate ; 1 in 
70,000 to 80,000. 



TESTS 1479 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Griess' test. 


Nitrites in saliva. 


(a) Sulphuric acid. (b) 
Metadiamido -ben- 
zol. 


Intense, yellow 
color. 


Dilute saliva with 5 
vols, water; add a 
few drops a and b. 




Grismer's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


(a) i : iooo sol. safranin. 
\b) Potass, hydrate. 


Decolorization de- 
notes glucose. 


Boil 1 c.c. urine with 
5 c.c. a and 2 c.c. b. 


Not reliable. 


Guaiac-test. 


Blood. 


See Van Deen's test, 
A/men's test, and 
Huehnerfela" s test. 








Guaiac-test. 


Hydrocyanic acid. 


See Schonbein' s test. 








Guareschi's test. 


Phenol. 


Chloroform. 


Red ppt. sol. in 
alcohol. 


Treat warm alkaline 
sol. of phenyl with R. 




Giinzburg's test. 


Hydrochloric acid 
in gastric juice. 


Phloroglucin - vanillin 
sol. : Phloroglucin 2, 
vanillin 1, absolute 
alcohol 30. 


Red color ; cherry- 
red crystals. 


To a few drops of juice 
in evaporating dish 
add a drop of R. and 
warm gently. 


1 in 15,000; very 
delicate. 


Gutzeit's test. 


Arsenic. 


(a) Zinc, (b) Sulphuric 
acid io, water 190. 

(c) Sol. lead acetate. 

(d) Sat. sol. silver ni- 
trate acidulated 
with nitric acid. 


Bright -yellow 
stain, becoming 
black or brown 
on addition of 
water. 


Place a piece of a in 
test-tube with 5 c.c. 
of b ; add liquid, not 
exceeding 1 c.c. 
About 1 cm. below 
open end of test-tube 
insert a glass-wool 
or cotton plug moist- 
ened with 0.5 c. 
Cover tube with 3 
thicknesses filter-pa- 
per, applying to up- 
per one a drop of d. 
Stand aside in a 
dark place. 




Guyot's test. 


Ammonia. 


To acid sol. of mer- 
curic nitrate add sol. 
potass, bromid until 
first ppt. is redis- 
solved ; then add 
potass, hydrate till 
orange-yellow ppt. 
appears. Filter. 


White precipitate. 


Mix R. and liquid. 




Guyot's test. 


Iodoform. 


Starch. 


Blue color. 


Heat in flask, and pass 
vapor through a 
heated tube over R. 




Hagen's test. 


Strychnin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Lead dioxid. 


Bluish-violet color. 


Mix a and b with 
liquid. 




Hager's test. 


Alkaloids. 


Sol. picric acid (1:1000). 


Yellow ppt. 


Add R. to liquid. 




Hager's test. 


Ammonia. 


Mercurous nitrate. 


Black ppt. or 
brown color- 
ation. 


Add R. to liquid. 




Hager's test. 


Arsenic. 


(a) Potass, hydrate. 
(*) Zinc, (c) Ribbon 
of magnesium. 


Evolution of arsin , 
which is tested 
in any conveni- 
ent way. 


Heat liquid with a in 
excess, b, and small 
piece of c. 




Hager's test. 


Arsenic. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(b) Tinfoil. 


Steel-colored to 
brown stain. 


Acidify with a, drop 
in b, heat to 90 C. 




Hager's test. 


Dextrin. 


(b) Ammonium molyb- 
date. (b) Citric acid. 


Blue color. 


Boil liquid with a and 
b. 




Hager's test. 


Glucose. 


Mercuric oxid (red) 30, 
sodium acetate 30, 
glac. acetic acid 25, 
sodium chlorid 50, 
water 400. After 
solution dilute up to 
1000. 


Ppt. of mercurous 
chlorid. 


Add excess of R. to 
liquid. 




Hager's test. 


Nitric acid. 


(a) Molybdic acid, {b) 
Sugar. 


Blue color. 


Add a and b. 




Hager's test. 


Nitrobenzol in oil 
ofbitter almonds. 


45 per cent, alcohol. 


Cloudiness. 


Dissolve 10 drops oil 
in 10 c.c. R. 




Hager's test. 


Nitrous acid. 


Carbolic acid. 


Red, then brown 
and green color- 
ation. 


Add R. to liquid. 




Hager's test. 


Phosphorus 


(a) Ether or benzine. 
(b) Strip of silver- 
nitrate paper. 


Black stain. 


Dissolve in a, heat to 
30-40 C, and expose 
b to vapors. 





TESTS 1480 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Hager's test. 


Purity of quinin. 


Sol. of sodium salicyl- 
ate (i :5). 


Cloudiness indi- 
cates other cin- 
chona alkaloids. 


Shake 2 gm. quinin 
sulph. with 20 c.c. 
cold water; filter. 
Dilute filtrate with 
equal bulk water, 
add 10 to 12 drops 
R., and shake. 




Hager's test. 


Strychnin in san- 
tonin. 


Sat. sol. picric acid. 


Cloudiness or ppt. 


Shake 2 gm. santonin 
with 6 c.c. water, 
filter; to filtrate add 
1 to 2 c.c. R. 


In case of reaction, 
strychnin may 
be present, and 
should be further 
tested for. 


Hager's test. 


Sugar in glycerin. 


(a) Ammon. molybdate. 
(b) 25 per cent. sol. 
nitric acid. 


Blue color. 


Boil 5 drops glycerin, 
100 drops water, 3 to 
4 eg. a, and 1 drop b. 




Hager's test. 


Tannic acid. 


Ammonium molybdate. 


Reddish-yellow 
color. 






Haines' solution. 


Glucose in urine. 


Copper sulphate 3, 
potass, hydrate 9, 
glycerin 100, water 
600. 


Red ppt. 


Use as in Fehling's 
test. 




Hammersten's test. 


Indican in urine. 


(a) Chloroform, (b) 
Fuming hydrochloric 
acid, (c) Sat. sol 
calcium hypo- 
chlorite. 


Blue color of 
chloroform. 


Mix 10 of urine with 
3 to 5 a, 10 b, and 1 
drop c. Agitate 
gently. 


Too much or too 
strong c changes 
color to green. 


Hammersten's test. 


Metalbumin. 


(a) Concent, sulphuric 
acid, (b) Acetic 
acid. 


Violet color. 


Add a and b. 




Hammersten's test. 


Milk-curdling fer- 
ment. 


See Curdling-ferment 
test. 








Harley's test A. 


Urohematin. 


Nitric acid. 


Pink, crimson, or 
purple color in- 
dicates excess. 


Dilute 24 hours' urine 
to fio oz., or concent, 
if amount greater. 
To 2 drams add l A 
dram R. ; allow to 
stand. 




Harley's test B. 


Urohematin. 


(a) Nitric acid, {b) 
Ether. 


Red color of b in- 
dicates excess. 


Boil 4 oz. urine ; add a ; 
when cool heat in 
6 oz. bottle with 1 
oz. b ; shake ; stand 
aside 24 hours. 




Harnack's test. 


Iodin in urine. 


(a) Starch-paste. (6) 
Carbon disulphid. 


Purple color of b. 


Shake with a and b. 




Haslam's test. 


Albumin. 


(a) Sol. sodium chlorid. 
(4) Sol. ferric chlorid. 


Whitish zone. 


Mix urine with few 
drops a, and pour b 
cautiously on top. 




Hassalt's test. 


Aconitin. 


Syrupy phosphoric 
acid. 


Violet color. 


Dissolve in R., and 
evaporate gently. 




Hauck's test. 


Hyposulphites. 


Sol. potass, per- 
manganate. 


Color changed to 
bluish-green. 


Mix. 




Hay's test. 


Biliary acids. 


Sulphur. 


R. sinks in fluid 
containing bili- 
ary acids. 


Throw a little R. on 
surface of liquid. 




Heat-test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Nitric acid. 


Cloudiness or 
white ppt. 


Heat upper third of 
urine contained in a 
test-tube. To ppt. 
add drop of R. ; al- 
bumin is not dis- 
solved. 


Delicate. Alkaline 
urine may not 
throw down ppt. 
until acid is 
added. 


Heinrich's test. 


Albumin. 


(a) Dilute acetic acid. 
(b) Sol. sodium 
chlorid. 


Precipitate. 


To 5-10 c.c. liquid add 
2 drops a, and boil. 
Add enough b to 
make 4 per cent sol. 




Heinrich's test. 


Glucose. 


Mercuric iodid 18, po- 
tass, iodid 25. Dis- 
solve ; add potass, 
hydrate 10, water to 
1000. 


Reduction. 


Heat R. and add 
liquid. 


40 c.c. =0.1342 glu- 
cose. 


Heintz's test. 


Potassium in 
urine. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(b) A little platinum 
chlorid dissolved in 
eq. vol. alcohol and 
ether. 


Octahedral crys- 
tals. 


To 100 c.c. urine add a 
little a; then 2 vols. 





TESTS 1481 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Heller's test or 
method. 


Albumin in urine. 


Nitric acid. 


White ring or 
disc. 


Place about 30 drops 
R. in test-tube, and 
overlay with equal 
quantity of urine. 


Delicacy 0025 per 
cent. 


Heller's test. 


Biliary pigments. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
{b) Nitric acid. 


Play of colors. 


In a beaker-glass mix 
6 c. c. of a with 
enough urine to col- 
or. Allow b to trickle 
down the side and 
form a layer under- 
neath. 




Heller's test. 


Blood in urine. 


Liquor potassae. 


Reddish - brown 
ppt. of phos- 
phates and blood 
coloring-matter. 


Render urine alkaline 
with R. and boil. 




Heller's test. 


Glucose. 


See Moore's test. 








Heller's test. 


Urophain in urine. 


Sulphuric acid. 


Black or opaque 
color indicates 
excess; pale 
garnet-red, di- 
minution. 


From height of about 
4 inches pour 4 c.c. 
urine upon 2 c.c. R. 
in beaker-glass, so 
that they mix inti- 
mately. 




Heller's test A. 


Indican in urine. 


Strong hydrochloric 
acid. 


Violet or blue 
color. 


To 4 c.c. R. in small 
beaker-glass add 20 
drops of urine while 
stirring. Allow to 
stand. 


If bile is present, re- 
move by precipi- 
tation with lead 
acetate and filtra- 
tion. 


Heller's test B. 


Indican in urine. 


Strong hydrochloric or 
nitric acid. 


Violet or blue 
ring. 


Gently heat 4 c.c. R. 
in test-tube; over- 
lay with equal quan- 
tity of urine freed 
from albumin- 




Hempel's* test. 


Iodids. 


(a) Sol. ferric chlorid. 
\b) Sulphuric acid. 
(c) Starch-paste. 


Rose-red color. 


Add a and b, then c. 




Henry's test. 


Iodin. 


Sol. potass, perman- 
ganate. 




Liberate iodin with 
R. 




Heppe's test. 


Chlorates. 


Sol. anilin sulphate i, 
sulphuric acid 2. 


Intensely blue col- 
or. 


Add R. 




Herbst's test. 


Aconitin. 


Phosphoric acid. 


Violet color. 


Evaporate with R. 




Herbst's test. 


Atropin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Potass, bichromate. 


Odor of oil of bit- 
ter almonds. 


Add a, b, and a little 
water. 




Herse's test. 


Codein. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Sol. ferric chlorid. 


Blue color. 


Dissolve in a, add b. 




Herzberg's test. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid. 


See Congo-red test. 








Heynsius' test. 


Albumin. 


(a) Acetic acid. (b) 
Sat. sol. sodium 
chlorid. 


Flocculent ppt. 


Add a and a few c.c. 
o{b; boil. 




Hilger's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


(a) Acetic acid. (b) 
Sol. potass, ferro- 
cyanid. 


Turbidity or ppt. 


To 1 vol. urine add % 
vol. a; then add 3 
or 4 drops b. 


Extremely deli- 
cate ; 0.0025 per 
cent, albumin. 
Serum -albumin, 
globulin, and al- 
bumose respond ; 
peptone does not. 


Hindenlang's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Metaphosphoric acid. 


White cloud 
around R. 


Drop pellet of R. into 
filtered urine and 
allow tube to stand. 
Do not boil. 


Delicate ; R. does 
not keep well. 


Hinterberger's test. 


Atropin. 


Cyanogen. 


Blood-red color. 


Pass current of R. into 
alcoholic sol. 




Hirsch's test. 


Carbolic acid. 


Tr. ferri chlorid. 


Purple color. 


Add R. to aqueous sol. 




Hlasiwetz's test. 


Hydrocyanic acid. 


Picric acid. 


Blood-red color. 


Heat alkaline sol. 
with R. 




Hoffmann's test. 


Alkalimetry. 


Eupittonic acid. 


Orange color, 
turned blue by 
alkalies. 




Delicacy, 1 : 60,000. 



TESTS 1482 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Hoffmann's test. 


Carbolic acid. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Potass, nitrate. 


Violet color or 
streaks. 


To 2 c.c. a add 2 c.c. 
liquid, and a little b. 


0.001 gm. 


Hoffmann's test. 


Chloroform. 


(a) Anilin. (*) Alco- 
hol, (c) Sodium hy- 
drate. 


Odor of isonitril. 


Add a, b, c. 




Hoffmann's test. 


Tyrosin. 


Neutral sol. of mercu- 
ric nitrate. 


Crimson or pink 
coloration or ppt. 


Heat solution with R. 


Ppt. occurs if much 
tyrosin ispresent. 


H o ff m ann and 
Ultzmann's test. 


Altered biliary 
coloring-matters 
(bilifuscin). 




Brown color. 


Dip piece of clean, 
white linen in urine, 
and allow to dry. 




Hofmeister's test. 


Peptone in urine. 


(a) Concent, sol. so- 
dium acetate. (b) 
Concent, sol. ferric 
chlorid. (c) Sol. po- 
tass, hydrate, (d) 
i per cent. sol. cop- 
per sulphate. 


Beautiful, red 
color (Biuret- 
reaction). 


To 500 c.cm. urine add 
50 c.cm. a; then b 
guttatim until liquid 
is red ; neutralize 
with c; boil; filter. 
If filtrate free from 
albumin, add few 
drops c and d. 




Hoppe-Seyler 's 
test. 


Santonin in urine. 


(a) Sodium hydrate. 
(b) Amylic alcohol. 


Red color with a, 
which is decol- 
orized by b. 


Treat urine with a; 
extract with b. 


Distinction from 
chry sop h an i c 
acid ; urine not 
decolorized by b. 


Hoppe-Se yl er 's 
test. 


Glucose in urine. 


o-Nitrop henylpro- 
pionic acid 5.76 gm. 
with 100 c.c. 10 per 
cent. sol. sodium hy- 
drate, dissolved in 
water and diluted to 
1150 c.c. 


Dark-blue color 
(indicates 0.5 
percent, glucose 
or reducing sub- 
stance). 


Boil 5 c.c. R. with 10 
drops urine \i min- 
ute. 




Hoppe-S ey ler ' s 
test. 


Xanthin. 


Sol. sodium hydrate 
mixed with chlor- 
inated lime. 


Dark-green ring, 
turning brown, 
then disappear- 
ing, around each 
particle of xan- 
thin. 


Drop xanthin into R. 




Horsford's test. 


Glycocoll. 


Sol. potass, hydrate. 


Bright-red color. 


Boil with R. 




Horsley's test. 


Glucose. 


Copper sulph.30, 
water 1440, tartaric 
acid 30 ; let cool ; add 
potass, hydrate 90, 
potass, carbonate 90. 


Reduction of cop- 
per sulphate. 


As in Fehling's test. 




Horsley's test. 


Morphin. 


Sol. potass, ferricy- 
anid. 


Red color after 
several hours. 


Add R. 




Horsley's test. 


Morphin. 


(a) Sol. silver nitrate. 
(b) Nitric acid. 


Reduction of sil- 
ver ; blood-red 
color with b. 


Add a; filter; to fil- 
trate add b. 




Horsley's test. 


Strychnin. 


(a) Sol. potass, bichro- 
mate, (b) Sulphuric 
acid. 


Purple-vi olet to 
red color. 


Add a ; to crystals 
which form add b. 




Huber's test. 


Free mineral 
acids. 


Mixture of sol. ammon. 
molybdate and sol. 
potass, ferrocyanid. 


Red cloudiness, 
which disap- 
pears on adding 
the smallest ex- 
cess of alkali. 


Add R. 




Huchard's test. 


Hepatic insuffici- 
ency. 


Sugar 150-200 gms. 


Appearance of 
sugar in urine. 


R. is introduced into 
stomach ; normally 
destroyed in a few 
hours ; if liver in- 
sufficient, appears in 
urine. 




Huehnerfeld's test. 


Blood. 


(a) Tr. guaiaci. (£) 
Mixture of glacial 
acetic acid 2, dis- 
tilled water 2, oil of 
turpentine 100, absol. 
alcohol 100, chloro- 
form 100. 


Blue color. 


Treat liquid with a 
and a little of b. 


A modification of 
Van Deen's test. 


Huizinga's test. 


Glucose. 


(a) Potass, hydrate. 

(b) Ammonium mo- 
lybdate or tungstate. 

(c) H y d r c h 1 ric 
acid. 


Blue color. 


Alkalinize with a, add 
* ,• boil, and acidu- 
late with c. 





TESTS 1483 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Hume's test. 


Arsenic. 


Ammoniacal sol. silver 
nitrate. 


Black color. 


Pass arseniuretted hy- 
drogen into R. 




Huppert's test. 


Bile-pigments. 


(a) Milk of lime (i per 
cent. sol.). (£) Acid 
alcohol (containing 
hydrochloric acid). 


Green color. 


Precipitate with a ; ex- 
tract with *. Warm 
extract. 




Husemann's test. 


Morphin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Nitric acid. 


Blue-violet to red 
color. 


Heat for half hour 
with a; after cooling 
add one drop b. 


xVmgm. 


Hydrochloric-acid 
test. 


Balsam of copaiba. 


Hydrochloric acid. 


Red color. 


Add R. to urine. Cal- 
cium chlorid or 
tr. iodi facilitates re- 
action. 


Reliable. 


Ihl and Pechmann's 
test A. 


Levulose. 


Concent, alcoholic sol. 
resorcin with a little 
hydrochloric acid. 


Red color. 


Warm R., and add 
substance to it. 




Ihl and Pechmann's 
test B. 


Levulose. 


{a) Concent, sol. di- 
phenylamin. (b) Hy- 
drochloric acid. 


Yellowish-g r e e n, 
then dark-blue 
color. 


Boil with a and a little 
b. 




Ilimow's test. 


Albumin. 


(a) Acid sodium phos- 
phate, (b) Carbolic 
acid (i :2o). 


Cloudiness and 
precipitate. 


Acidulatewith a; filter ; 
add*. 




Indigo-test. 


Acetone. 


See Bayer's test. 








Indigo, or indigo- 
carmin, test. 


Glucose. 


See Mulder's test. 








Indol-reaction. 


Products of bacil- 
lus cholerae asi- 
aticae. 


See Poehl's test. 








Iodin-test. 


Amyloid degenera- 
tion. 


Lugol's solution. 


M ah agony-red 
color. 


Treat freshly cut sur- 
face of organ with 
diluted R. 


Glycogen and cho- 
lesterin give 
same reaction. 


Iodin-test. 


Starch. 


Iodin I gm., potass, 
iodid 3gm., water 50 
c.c. 


Deep-blue color. 


Add R. 




Iodoform-test. 


Acetone in urine. 


See Lieben's test. 








Isocyanphenyl-test. 


Nitrobenzol (a n i- 
lin). 


See Fliickiger's test 
for Acetanilid. 








Ittner's test. 


Hydrocyanic acid 
in tissues. 


(a) Dil. sol. potass, hy- 
drate, (b) Sol. fer- 
rous sulphate (which 
has become yellow 
by exposure to air). 
(c) Hydrochloric acid. 


Blue or gree n 
color; flocculent, 
dark-blue ppt. 


Render liquid alkaline 
with a ; add a few 
drops b, agitate, and 
let stand 10 minutes. 
Now add c in slight 
excess; warm 
slightly. Allow to 
stand several hours 
if necessary. 


Large quantities, 
immediate, blue 
color and precip- 
itate. Delicacy 
1 : 50,000. 


Jacquemart's test. 


Alcohol. 


(a) Sol. mercuric ni- 
trate. (<5) Ammonia. 


Reduction of a; 
black precipitate 
on adding b. 


Add a, then b. 




Jacquemin's test. 


Alkalies. 


Sol. pyrogallic acid, 
with trace of ferric 
chlorid. 


Change of color to 
blue. 


Add R to liquid. 




Jacquemin's test. 


Carbolic acid. 


(a) Anilin. (b) Sodium 
hypochlorite. 


Blue color. 


Add eq. vol. a; then 
add A. 


Acids color sol. 
red, alkalies blue. 


Jaffe's test. 


Indigo in urine. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(*) Sat. sol. calcium 
hypochlorite (bleach- 
ing powder), (c) 
Chloroform. 


Blue color. 


Mix equal parts urine 
and a ; add a few 
drops b until maxi- 
mum color appears. 
Agitate with c : eva- 
porate c extract, and 
weigh to get ap- 
proximate quantity. 


Albumin must first 
be removed. 


Jaffe's test. 


Kreatinin. 


(a) Sol. of picric acid. 
(*) Sodium hydrate. 


Intense red color. 


Add a and a few 
drops of b. 


1 : 5000 


Von Jaksch's test. 


Bilirubin in blood. 




Yellow froth. 


Abstract some blood 
with cupping-glass ; 
place in a test-tube 
in refrigerator ; after 
coagulat ion , w i t h- 
draw serum into 
another test - tube ; 
shake. 


Serum becomes 
green if placed 
in a warm cham- 
ber three or four 
hours. 



TESTS 1484 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Von Jaksch's test. 


Diacetic acid. 


(a) Sol. ferric chlorid. 
(6) Sulphuric acid, 
(c) Ether. 


Burgundy red 
color. 


Add a, filter; add 
more a ; boil portion 
of mixture; red 
color should persist. 


To other portion 
of urine add I 
and c and per- 
form test with a 
on the ethereal 
extract. 


Von Jaksch's test. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid in gastric 
juice. 


Sol. benzo-purpurin 6 
B. 


Dark-blue color. 


Add R. or saturate fil- 
ter-paper with R. 
dry, and dip in gas- 
tric juice. 




Von Jaksch's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


(a) Phenyl- hydrazin 
hydrochlorate. (b) 
Sodium acetate. 


Same as Fischer's 
test. 


To 6-8 c.c. urine add 
2 parts a and 3 parts 
b ; warm ; place 
tube in boiling water 
20-30 minutes, then 
into cold water. 


Modified Fischer's 
test. 


Von Jaksch's test. 


Kresol (Para-). 


(a) Sodium nitro-prus- 
sid. (b) Potass.-hy- 
drate. (c) Acetic 
acid. 


Reddish -yellow 
color; light pink 
when c is add- 
ed. 


Add a and b ; add ex- 
cess c. 




Von Jaksch's test. 


Melanin. 


Sol. ferric chlorid. 


Black color ; also 
black by trans- 
mitted light. 


AddR. 




Von Jaksch's test. 


Thallin. 


(a) Ferric chlorid. (b) 
Ether. 


Dark-green color. 


Shake urine with b; 
to b extract add one 
drop a. 


Urine on addition 
of a alone, red. 
Many substances 
give red color, 
therefore extract 
with b. 


Jaworowski's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Amnion, molybdenate 
i, heated with water 
40 ; mix with tartaric 
acid 5. Filter if not 
clear. 


Precipitate. 


Urine must be trans- 
parent and acid (aci- 
dify with tartaric 
acid if necessary). 
Add R. a few drops 
at a time; filter. 


Said to detect 1 in 
300,000. 


Johnson's test. 


Glucose. 


(a) Sat. sol. picric acid. 
(b) Sol. sodium hy- 
drate. 


Claret-red color. 


Add a few drops a, al- 
kalinize with b; 
warm . 


Delicacy 0.01 per 
cent. 


Johnson's test 
(quantitative). 


Sugar in urine. 


Standard claret color 
prepared by boiling 
40 minims cold, sat. 
sol. picric acid with 
f3j sol. containing 
gr. j glucose to fSj, 
mixed with foss 
potass, hydrate; 
water is added to 
make f 3iv. (a) Sat. 
sol. picric acid. (16) 
Sol. potass, hydrate. 


If color same as 
standard, urine 
contains gr. j 
glucose to fSj. 
If darker, dilute 
to standard tint. 
Number of dilu- 
tions equals 
number of grains 
per ounce. 


Boil f5j of dilute urine 
1 minute, with 40 
minims a and fSss 
b ; dilute to fSiv. 
Cool by immersing 
in cold water. 




Jolles' test. 


Albumin in urine. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(6) Sat. sol. calcium 
chlorid. 


White turbidity. 


Treat urine with equal 
volume a ; overlay 
with 2 or 3 drops b. 


0.01 per cent. 


Kaemmerer's test. 


Nitric and nitrous 
acids in potable 
water. 


(a) Pot ass. - iod id- 
starch-paste, (b) 
Acetic acid, (c) Sul- 
phuric acid, (d) 
Zinc-dust. 


Blue color. 


To one portion add a 
and b ; blue color in- 
dicates nitrous acid. 
To another portion 
add a, c, d; blue 
color indicates nitric 
acid. 




Kauder's test. 


Globulin. 


See Pohl 's test. 








Klemperer's test. 


Zymogen of ren- 
net. 


(a) Milk 10 c.c, 3 per 
cent. sol. calcium 
chlorid 2 c.c. ib) 1 
per cent. sol. sodium 
carbonate. 


Curdling of milk. 


To 2 c.c. filtered gas- 
tric juice add a and 
excess of b ; place in 
incubator. 




Knapp's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


Alkaline sol. mercuric 
cyanid. 


Reduction to me- 
tallic mercury. 


Boil a few c.c. R., and 
add urine. 





TESTS 1485 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Knapp's method. 


Volumetric test for 
sugar in urine. 


Standard alkaline sol. 
mercuric cyan id 
(mercuric cyanid 10, 
sodium hydrate [1.14] 
ioo, water up to 7000). 
40 c.c. = 0.1 sugar. 


Absence of mer- 
cury in sol. is in- 
dicated by filter- 
paper moistened 
with 1 drop sol., 
no longer being 
blackened by 
vapor of ammo- 
nium sulphid. 


Run sugar sol. from 
buret into hot, 
standard sol. 




Kossel's test. 


Hypoxanthin. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(b) Zinc, (c) So- 
dium hydrate. 


Ruby-red color. 


Treat with a and b, 
and add excess of c. 




Kost's test. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid in gastric 
juice. 


(a) 10 per cent. sol. tan- 
nin, (b) Sol. methyl- 
violet. 


Change from vio- 
let to blue or 
green. 


Add a, then b. 


Modi fi cation of 
Mafy's test; a 
precipitates the 
interfering pep- 
tones. 


Kuehne's test. 


Syntonin. 


Lime-water. 


Soluble in R.; sol. 
coagulated, 
though imper- 
fectly, by boil- 
ing. 


Dissolve in R. and boil. 


Reaction distin- 
guishes it from 
other acid-albu- 
mins and from 
alkali-albumins. 


Kuelz's test. 


Biliary acids. 


(a) Dil. sol. cane-sugar. 
(b) Concent, sulphur- 
ic acid. 


Red, then violet 
color. 


Evaporate substance ; 
add one drop a, and 
a few drops b. 




Kuelz's test. 


Hydrogen sulpho- 
cyanid in urine. 


Dil. sol. ferric chlorid, 
with a little hydro- 
chloric acid. 


Red color. 


Dilute R. until same 
color as urine, then 
add. 


Not reliable. 


Landoldt's test. 


Carbolic acid. 


Bromin-water. 


White r yellow- 
ish-white cloudi- 
ness or ppt. 


Add excess of R. 


1 : 40,000. 


Langley's test. 


Pepsinogen and 
pepsin. 


Sodium carbonate. 


R. destroys pepsin, 
but has no action 
on pepsinogen. 






Lassaigne's test. 


Semen. 


Sol. of lead oxid in 
liquor potassas. 


No yellow color, 
as would occur 
i n albuminous 
fluids. 


Moisten stain with R., 
and dry at 68° F. 


If semen diluted 
with an albumin- 
ous secretion, 
yellow color de- 
velops. 


Latschenberger's 
test. 


Ammonia in urine. 


(a) Sat. sol. copper 
sulphate, (b) Barium 
hydrate. 


Apply to filtrate 
Nessler's test, 
q. v. 


Treat urine with equal 
vol. a; neutralize 
with b ; filter. 




Lea's (Carey) test. 


Gelatin. 


Acid sol. mercuric ni- 
trate. 


Red color. 


Add R. to liquid. 




Lea's (Carey) test. 


Hydrocyanic acid. 


Ammonio-sulphate of 
iron 1, uranium ni- 
trate 1, water 240. 


Purplish-red color 
or ppt. 


Add 2 drops of liquid 
on a porcelain slab 
to 2 drops R. 




Leffmann's test. 


Urine in potable 
water. 


Sol. silver nitrate. 


Brown color. 


Add R. 




Legal's test. 


Acetone in urine. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(b) Sodium nitro- 
prussid. (c) Liq. 
potassEe. 


Red color, which 
rapidly disap- 
pears, and gives 
place to purple 
on the addition 
of acetic acid. 


Acidulate with a, dis- 
til. To distillate add 
a few drops each b 
and c. 


Kreatinin strikes 
similar color, 
which disappears 
when acetic acid 
is added. 


Leo's test. 


Free acids and 
acid salts in gas- 
tric juice. 


Pure calcium carbon- 
ate. 


Change of litmus- 
test paper. 


Mix filtrate in watch- 
glass with R. ; test 
with blue litmus ; if 
latter not reddened, 
acid salts absent ; if 
red less intense than 
before, both pres- 
ent ; if red color not 
altered, free acids 
absent or much 
diminished. 


Very delicate ; .002 
free hydro- 
chloric, 0.01 lac- 
tic acid. 


Lieben's test. 


Acetone in urine. 


Liq. potassae 3.7 c.c, 
potass, iodid 1.2; 
place in test-tube 
and boil. 


Crystals of iodo- 
form. 


To R. add 3.7 c.c. urine, 
distil, and acidulate 
with hydrochlor. acid. 
Ring of phosphates 
is formed first ; upon 
this the iodoform is 
deposited, later 
sinking to bottom. 


Alcohol, lactic acid, 
aldehyd, and cer- 
tain fatty acids 
also respond. 



TESTS 1486 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Liebermann's test. 


Cholesterin and 
cholesterin-fals. 


(a) Acetic acid anhy- 
drid. (b) Sulphuric 
acid. 


Violet to green 
color. 


Add a and a few drops 
b. 




Liebermann's test. 


Lanolin. 


(a) Acetic acid anhy- 
drid. (*) Sulphuric 
acid. 


Rose-red color, 
changing to 
green or blue. 


Dissolve 0.1-0.2 gm. 
lanolin in 4 c.c. a, 
and add b. 


Glycerin -fats do 
not give this 
color. 


Liebermann's test. 


Proteids. 


Concent, hydrochloric 
acid. 


Violet-red color. 


Boil substance with R. 




Liebig's test. 


Hydrocyanic acid 
in tissues. 


(a) Dil. sol. sodium 
hydrate. (b) Am- 
monium sulphid. 

(c) Sol. ferric chlorid. 

(d) Hydrochloric 
acid. 


Red color. 


Place liquid in porce- 
lain capsule ; add a 
and b ; evaporate to 
dryness over water- 
bath ; add water; 
acidulate with rf, and 
add 2 or 3 drops c. 


Most delicate test — 
1 : 4,000,000. 


Liebreich's test. 


Cholesterin and 
cholesterin-fats. 


See Burchard's test. 








Lindo's test. 


Glucose. 


Sol. in sodium or po- 
tass, hydrate of yel- 
low substance ob- 
tained by action of 
nitric acid on brucin. 


Yellow, then in- 
tensely blue. 


Treat R. with sub- 
stance. 




Lipowitz' test. 


Phosphorus in or- 
ganic matter. 


(a) Sulphuric acid. (b) 
Sulphur, (c) Nitric 
acid. 


Luminosity ;odor; 
tests for phos- 
phoric acid. 


Acidulate with a, boil 
Yi hour in retort with 
b; collect distillate. 
Wash pieces of sul- 
phur and examine 
for luminosity and 
odor. Add c, and 
test for phosphoric 
acid. 




Luck's test. 


Acidimetry, alka- 
limetry. 


Phenolphthalein. 


With acids color- 
less; with alka- 
lies purplish-red. 


Add 1 drop R. to 100 
c.c. of liquid. 


1 : 100,000. 


Ludwig's test. 


Alcohol (ethylic). 


See Otto's test. 








Ludwig's test. 


Anilin. 


(a) Sol. carbolic acid. 
(b) Sol. sodium hypo- 
chlorite (c) Hydro- 
chloric acid. 


Dark-blue ; red on 
addition of c. 


To watery sol. of sub- 
stance add a and b. 




Ludwig's test. 


Potassium chlor- 
ate in vomit. 


(a) Acetic acid, (b) 
Dil. hydrochloric 
acid. 


Crystals liberating 
chlorin-gas with 
b. 


Acidulate with a; boil 
for one minute; 
filter ; evaporate 
filtrate to small bulk ; 
stand aside. Dry 
crystals between 
blotting-paper ; add 
b; warm. 




Luecke's test. 


Hippuric acid. 


Nitric acid. 


Odor of nitroben- 
zol. 


Add R. at boiling 
temperature ; evap- 
orate ; introduce 
residue into small 
glass tube; heat. 




Lunge's test. 


Alkalimetry. 


Tropeolin (methyl- 
orange). 


Mineral acids 
change yellow to 
crimson. 


Add R. 


Carbon dioxid has 
no action. 


Lunge's test. 


Alkalimetry. 


Phenacetolin (brown 
substance obtained 
by heating for seve- 
ral hours carbolic, 
sulphuric, and gla- 
cial acetic acids, 
each i part). 


Alkalies turn it 
red. 






Lustgarten's test. 


Chloroform. 


(a) Alpha-naphthol. (£) 
Sol. potass, hydrate. 


Blue color. 


Dissolve a in 6, and 
add to fluid. 




Lustgarten's test. 


Chloroform. 


Alpha-naphthol or 
beta-naphthol in pot- 
ass, hydrate. 


Transient blue 
color. 


Warm R. and mix 
with substance. 


Chloral gives same 
reaction. 


Luttke's test. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid in gastric 
juice. 


Tropeolin O O. 


Yellow color of R. 
changes to red. 


Same as Riegel's test, 
g. v. 





TESTS 1487 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


MacMunn's test. 


Indigo in urine. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(*) Nitric acid, (c) 
Chloroform. 


c becomes violet, 
and shows ab- 
sorption-bands 
before and after 
D., due to indigo- 
blue. 


Boil equal parts urine 
and a, and a few 
drops b ; cool, and 
agitate with c. 




MacWilliams' test. 


Albumin. 


Sat. sol. salicyl-sul- 
phonic acid. 


Cloudiness or ppt. 


Mix drop or two of R. 
with 20c. c. of liquid. 




Magnesia-mixture- 
test. 


Phosphates in 
urine. 


Magnes. sulphate, am- 
nion, chlorid, am- 
monia, each i, wa- 
ters. 


Precipitate. 


Add R. to urine. 


If ppt. thick, phos- 
phates increased ; 
if milky, normal ; 
if translucent, di- 
minished. 


Magnesium- 
nitric-test. 


Albumin in urine. 


See Roberts' test. 








Magnesium - sul- 
phate-test. 


Paraglobulin in 
urine. 


Magnes. sulphate. 


Precipitate. 


Saturate urine with 
R. ; remove para- 
globulin by filtration 




Magnier de la 
Source's test. 


Uric acid. 


(a) Bromin water, (b) 
Sol. potass, hydrate. 
(c) Amnion, hydrate. 


Brick-red color ; 
blue with b; 
purple with c. 


Rub up sediment with 
water, add a, evapo- 
rate. Add b or c. 




Mahomed's test. 


Small quantities of 
hemoglobin in 
urine, unac- 
companied by 
albumin. 


(a) Tr. guaiaci. (b) 
Ozonic ether. 


Blue color. 


Dip slip blotting-paper 
in urine ; dry over 
spirit-lamp ; drop on 
2 drops a, and after 
alcohol has evapo- 
rated, a drop of b. 




Maly's test. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid in gastric 
juice. 


Sol. methylene-blue. 


Change from violet 
to blue or green. 


Add R. 




Marechal's test. 


Bile-pigments in 
urine. 


Tr. iodi. 


Delicate green 
color at line of 
contact. 


Float a few drops of 
urine on surface of 
R. in test-tube. 


Dilute urine if very 
dark. 


Marsh's test. 


Arsenic. 


(a) Dil. sulphuric acid. 
(b) Zinc. 


Steel-white mirror 
of metallic 
arsenic. 


Introduce substance 
into flask with a and 
b. Light jet and 
permit to impinge on 
cold porcelain, or 
heat delivery-tube, 
when mirror is de- 
posited in it. 


Distinguished from 
similar deposit 
of antimony by 
solubility of 
arsenical mirror 
in potassium hy- 
pochlorite. 


Martin's test. 


Peptones in urine. 


(a) Ammonium sul- 
phate, (b) Sol. cop- 
per sulphate. (c) 
Sodium hydrate. 


Rose-red color. 


Precipitate proteids 
with a; filter; to 
filtrate add b and 
considerable c. 




Maschke's test. 


Nitrous acid in 
potable water. 


(a) Dil. acetic acid. 
(*) Blue molybdic- 
acid-solution. 


Bluish color dis- 
appears within 
one hour. 


Add 6 to 10 drops a, 
then 1 or 2 drops b. 




Masset's test. 


Biliary coloring 
matter. 


(a) Sulphuric acid. 
(b) Potass, nitrite. 


Grass-green color. 


To 2 c.c. urine add 2 
or 3 drops a and 
crystal of b. 


Not very delicate. 


Maumene's test A. 


Glucose. 


Stannous chlorid. 


Black-brown "car- 
amel "-like ppt. 


Heat glucose-sol. with 
R. 




Maumen&'s test B. 


Glucose. 


Strips of woolen 
soaked in 33$ per 
cent. sol. of stannous 
chlorid, and dried. 


Strip turns brown 
to blackish- 
brown. 


Boil strip in glucose- 
solution. 




Mayer's reagent or 
test. 


Alkaloids. 


HgCl2 13-546, potass. 
iodid 49.8, water. 
1000. 


White ppt. 


Add R. 




Mazzara's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


(a) Nickel chlorid. (*) 
Sol. potass, hydrate 


Green ppt. 


Heat urine with a and 
a little b. 




Mehu's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


(a) Nitric acid. (b) 
Carbol. and aceiic 
acids each 1, 90 per 
cent, alcohol 2. 


Precipitate. 


Treat urine with 2-3 
per cent, of its vol. 
of a, add 10 per cent. 
b; shake and allow 
to stand. 


Not very reliable ; 
normal urine 
may give ppt. 


Menthol-test. 


Glucose in urine. 


Used like Thymol in 


Molisch's test, q. v. 







TESTS 1488 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Mercuric-oxid-test. 


Acetone in urine. 


See Reynold-Gunning' s 


test. 






Metaphosphoric- 
acid-test. 


Albumin in urine. 


See Hindenlang' s lest. 








Michailow's test. 


Proteids. 


(a) Sol. ferrous sul- 
phate, (b) Sulphuric 
acid, (c) Nitric acid. 


Red ring. 


Adda; underlay with 
b ; add a little c. 




Millard's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Mix glacial pherie 
acid (95 per cen(M»2 
drams, aceftc 
acid 7 drams ; add 
liq. potassae 2 oz. 
6 drams. 


Precipitate. 


Overlay R. with urine. 




Miller's test. 


Alkalimetry. 


Same as Lunge's test, 


q. v. 






Von Miller's test. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid in gastric 
juice. 


See Luttke's test. 








M'illon's test. 


Albumin ; urea. 


Metallic mercury i, 
HNO3 (1.42) 1 ; water 
twice bulk ; filter in 
24 hours. 


Yellow, then red 
color on heating. 


Add R. 




Mitscherlich's test. 


Phosphorus in tis- 
sues. 


Dil. sulphuric acid. 


Luminosity. 


Acidulate watery sol. 
with R. and distil, 
conducting vapors 
through glass tube 
surrounded by a con- 
denser. Dark room. 


If alcohol, ether, or 
oil of turpentine 
is present lumin- 
osity does not ap- 
pear until it is re- 
moved. Salts of 
mercury, iodin, 
metallicsulphids, 
etc. , interfere 
with luminosity 
also. 


Mohr's test A. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid in gastric 
juice. (Free 
mineral acids.) 


(a) Potass, iodid starch- 
paste, (b) Dil. sol. 
ferric acetate. 


Blue color. 


To gastric juice add a 
and a few drops b. 


Not very reliable: 
phosphoric acid 
and phosphates 
prevent reaction. 


Mohr's test B. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid in gastric 
juice. (Free 
mineral acids.) 


(a) Dil. sol. ferric 
acetate, (b) Sol. po- 
tass, sulphocyanate. 


Deep-blue color. 


Mixture of a and b 
yellow; in presence 
of mineral acid turns 
blue. 




Moleschott's test. 


Cholesterin. 


Concent, sulphuric 
acid, diluted with £ 
vol. water. 


Solution of sub- 
stance with red 
color. 


On glass slide, under 
microscope, add R. 
to substance. 


On addition of 
iodin, violet 
color. 


Molisch's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


(a) a-Naphthol. (b) 
Thymol, (c) Strong 
sulphuric acid. 


Deep-violet color 
with a, deep-red 
with b. 


To 2 c.c. urine add 2 
drops 15 to 20 per 
cent. sol. a or b; 
mix, and add equal 
vol. c. 


Very delicate, but 
not very reliable ; 
unknown sub- 
stances give 
same reaction. 


Moore's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


Sodium or potass, hy- 
drate. 


Yellow, brown, or 
brownish -black 
color. If nitric 
acid is added — 
odor of burnt su- 
gar and formic 
acid. 


Add R. and boil upper 
stratum of mixture. 


Delicacy 0.3 per 
cent.; normal 
urine may re- 
spond. 


Mucin-test. 


Mucin. 


(a) Acetic acid, {b) 
Nitric acid. 


Cloudiness on ad- 
dition of a, dis- 
appearing when 
b is added. 


Add a, then 6. 


If cloudiness in- 
creases instead 
of disappearing, 
it is due to al- 
bumin or urates ; 
the latter dissolve 
on heating. 


Mucin-test. 


Mucin. 


Citric or acetic acid. 


Cloud-like coagu- 
lum above line 
of contact. 


Overlay R. with the 
liquid. 




Mulder's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


(a) Sodium carbonate. 
(b) Indigo. (Sodium 
sulpho-indigotate.) 


Blue color changes 
to violet-red, 
finally to yellow 
or white. On 
shaking, blue 
color is restored. 


Alkalinize with a, add 
a few drops b, and 
heat without boiling 
or shaking. 


May use test- 
papers instead of 
solutions. Test 
not very reliable. 



TESTS 



1489 



TESTS 



TABLE OF TESTS. — Continued. 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Miiller's test. 


Acetanilid (ant i- 
febrin). 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(b) 3 per cent. sol. 
carbolic acid, (c) 
Sol. chromic acid, or 
calcium chlorid, or 
ferric chlorid. 


Red color, turning 
blue with am- 
monia. 


Boil urine with J j; 
allow to cool ; add a 
few c.c. b, and a drop 
c. 


Paramidophenol re- 
action. Reliable 
but not very deli- 
cate. 


Miiller's test A. 


Hydrogen sulphid 
in urine. 


Alkaline sol. lead ace- 
tate. 


Blackening. 


Pass current of air 
through urine, and 
against filter-paper 
dipped in R. 




Miiller's test B. 


Hydrogen sulphid 
in urine. 


Mix hydrochloric acid, 
paramido-dimethyla- 
min.and I or 2 drops 
dil.sol.ferricchlorid. 


Blue ring. 


Overlay R. with urine. 


Modification of 
Fischer's test. 


Munk's test. 


Hydrogen sulpho- 
cyanid in urine. 


(a) Nitric acid. (5)' 
Sol. silver nitrate, (c) 
Hydrogen sulphid. 
(d) Ferrous sulphid 
(containing iron 
oxid). (e) Sodium 
hydrate. (/) Hydro- 
chloric acid. 


Prussian blue. 


Acidify 200 c.c. urine 
with a; add b ; fil- 
ter ; decompose fil- 
trate with c. Distil. 
Add d and e ; warm ; 
add/. 




Mu rex id-test. 


Uric acid. 


(a) Nitric acid, (b) 
Ammonia. 


Beautiful red color. 


Cover substance or 
residue on evapora- 
tion with a ; evapo- 
rate to dryness on 
water-bath ; add b. 




Musculus' test. 


Urea. 


Filter putrescent 
urine, wash filter- 
paper, stain with 
turmeric and dry. 


Brown stain. 


Turns brown on being 
dipped into a sol. of 
urea, and allowed to 
dry. 




a-Naphthol-test. 


Sugar in urine. 


See Molisch's test. 








Nessler's reagent. 


Ammonium salts. 


Potass, iodid 5 gm., 
hot water 5 c. c. Add 
mercuric chlorid 2.5 
gm. in water 10 c.c. 
To mixture add po- 
tass, hydrate 16 gm. 
in water 40 c.c. ; di- 
lute up to 100 c.c. 


Yellow or reddish- 
brown coloration. 






Neukomm's test. 


Biliary coloring- 
matter. 


(a) Dilute sulphuric 
acid, (b) Sol. of 
sugar. 


Violet color. 


Extract with alcohol, 
evaporate to small 
bulk. To one drop 
in porcelain dish add 
one drop a and trace 
b ; warm. 




Niggl's test. 


Lignin. 


(a) Aq. sol. of indol. 
(b) Sulphuric acid. 
(Spec. grav. 1.2.) 


Red color. 


Subject specimen to a 
for a few minutes; 
transfer to b. 




Nigrosin-test. 


Water. 


Nigrosin. 


Black color. 


Add piece of R. 




Nitric-acid-test. 


Albumin in urine. 


See Heller s test. 








Nitric-acid-test. 


Urea. 


(a) Alcohol (b) Con- 
cent, nitric acid. 


Six-sided crystals 
of urea nitrate. 


Evaporate liquid to 
syrupy consistence; 
extract with a; dis- 
til a off; dissolve 
residue in water ; 
add b, preferably un- 
der microscope. 




Nitroprussid-test. 


Hydrocyanic acid. 


See Vortmann's test. 








Le Nobel's test. 


Acetone in urine. 


(a) Sol. sodium nitro- 
prussid. (b) Strong 
ammonia. 


Rose-violet color. 


To 30 c.c. urine add 4 
to 7 c.c. a and a few 
drops b. 


Dilution may be 
necessary to 
bring out color. 


Noel's test. 


Biliary coloring- 
matter. 


Nitric acid. 


Play of colors. 


Dip filter-paper in 
liquid ; dry, and add 
R. 




Nylander'stest. 


Glucose in urine. 


Bismuth subnitrate 2, 
sodic potass, tartrate 
4, dissolved in sol. 
sodium hydrate (10 
gm. in 90 c.c. water). 


Black color of 
liquid or of the 
pp t . of phos- 
phates. 


To 10 parts urine add 
1 part R., and boil. 


Del i ca cy 0.1 per 
cent. ; very reli- 
able. Albumin 
mustberemoved. 



94 



TESTS 1490 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Oliver's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


(a) Sodium tungstate. 
(b) Citric acid. 


Precipitate. 


Mix equal parts a and 
by and add to urine. 




Oliver's test. 


Biliary acids. 


Meat-peptone 30 
grains, salicylic acid 
4 grains, acetic acid 
30 minims, water 8 
ounces. 


Precipitate. 


Dilute urine to sp. gr. 
1008. Mix 20 minims 
with a dram of R. 




O'Sliaughnessy 's 
test. 


Opium. 


Persaltsof iron. 


Red color. 


AddR. 


Color not acted 
upon by alkalies 


Osmic-acid-test. 


Fat in tissues. 


Weak sol. of osmic 
acid. 


Black color. 


Stain tissue with R. 




Otto's test. 


Alcohol (ethylic). 


(a) Concent, sulphuric 
acid, (b) Sodium 
acetate. 


Odor of acetic 
• ether. 


Add equal vol. a and 
a little of 6. 




Otto's test. 


Strychnin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, ib) 
Potass, bichromate. 


Violet color. 


Add a and b. 




Pagenstecher's test. 


Hydrocyanic acid. 


(a) Tr. guaiaci. (b) % 
per cent. sol. of cop- 
per sulphate. 


Blue color. 


Soak filter-paper in a, 
moisten with b, then 
with liquid. 


1 : 300,000. 


Paraglobulin-test. 


Paraglobulin. 


See Magnesiwn-s u l- 
phatetest. 








Paton's test. 


Globulin in urine. 


Sat. sol. magnesium 
sulphate. 


White ring. 


Alkalinize urine, and 
underlay with R. 




Paul's test. 


Biliary coloring- 
matter. 


Sol. of methylanilin- 
violet. 


Red color. 


Add R. to urine. 




Pavy's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Potass, or sodium fer- 
rocyanid and citric 
acid in tablets. 


Precipitate. 


Pulverize tablets and 
add urine. 


Not very reliable. 


Pavy's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


Copper sulph. 4.158, 
dissolve in water 
with slight heat. In 
another bottle dis- 
solve Rochelle salts 
20.4 and a little po- 
tass, hydrate. Mix ; 
cool, and add 300 c.c. 
strong ammonia 
(0.880); dilute to 1 
liter. 


Yellow or red ppt. 


Use as in Fehling's 
test. 




Penzoldt's test. 


Acetone in urine. 


See Baeyer's test. 








Penzoldt's test. 


Bile-pigment. 


Acetic acid. 


Green color. 


Filter large quantity 
through double fil- 
ter; allow paper to 
dry, and pour on a 
few c.c. R. Warming 
accelerates forma- 
tion of green color. 


Very delicate. 


Penzoldt's test. 


Bile-pigment. 


(a) Chloroform. (b) 
Sol. ferric chlorid. 


Green color. 


Acidify urine with 
acetic acid ; shake 
with a; pour off 
urine ; add b. 


Not very delicate. 


Penzoldt's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


(a) Weakly alkaline 
sol. diazobenzol-sul- 
phonic acid, (b) 
Potassium hydrate. 


Yellowish-red or 
light Bordeaux- 
red color ; red 
foam. 


To a few c. c. urine 
add b, and as much 
a as urine. Shake 
in Vt-Yz hour to pro- 
duce foam. 


Very reliable. Con- 
trol-test with 
normal urine 
should always 
be employed. 


Penzoldt's test. 


Naphthalin. 


Concentrated sulphur- 
ic acid. 


Dark-green color. 


Pour a little urine into 
test-tube ; empty so 
that only a drop re- 
mains; then add 1 
c.c. R. 


Delicate and re- 
liable. 


Penzoldt's test. 


Thallin. 


(a) Ferric chlorid. (b) 
Chloroform. 


Dark-green color. 


Shake liquid with b; 
to b extract add one 
drop a. 




Peptone-test. 


For peptone. 


See Hofmeister 's test 


and Biuret-tesl. 






Petri's test. 


Kairin in urine. 


(a) Acetic acid. (*) 
Sol. calcium chlorid. 


Fuchsin-red color. 


Add a and b. 





TESTS 1491 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Petri's test. 


Proteids. 


(a) Diazobenzol-sul- 
phonic acid, (b) 
Sodium hydrate. 


Orange-yellow to 
brownish -red ; 
foam red. 


Add a and b. 




Pettenkofer's test. 


Biliary acids. 


Fresh sol. of sugar 
and dilute sulphuric 
acid. 


Yellowish-red 
color, passing 
into crimson. 


Add a few drops of 
liquid to R. 


Albumin must be 
removed ; excess 
of indican, and 
albumin give 
similar reaction. 


Phenic-acid-test. 


Albumin. 


See Mi/lard 's test. 








Pheny 1-hydrazin- 
test. 


Glucose in urine. 


See Fischer's test. 








Phloroglucin-vanil- 
lin-test. 


Hydrochloric acid 
in gastric juice. 


See Giinzburg' s test. 








Picric-acid-test. 


Albumin. 


See Galipe's test. 








Picric-acid-test. 


Glucose. 


See Braun's test and 


Johnson's test. 






Piotrowski's reac- 
tion. 


Proteids. 


See Ritthausen' s test. 








Piria's test. 


Tyrosiu. 


(a) Concentrated sul- 
phuric acid, (b) 
Barium carbonate, 
(c) Dil. sol. ferric 
chlorid. 


Violet color. 


Moisten on watch- 
glass with a, warm 
5-10 minutes on 
water-bath. Dilute 
with water, warm, 
neutralize with b, 
filter while warm. 
Add c to filtrate. 


Excess of c de- 
stroys color. 


Pcehl's test. 


Products of bacil- 
lus cholerae asi- 
aticse. 


Concentrated sulphur- 
ic acid. 


Rose color deepen- 
ing into purple. 


Add 10 drops R. to 7 
c. c. pure culture of 
the comma-bacillus. 


This is the indol- 
reaction ; other 
bacteria elabor- 
ate indol, but the 
com ma-bacijlus 
and one or two 
others elaborate 
nitrous acid also, 
which is neces- 
sary for the reac- 
tion. 


Pohl's test. 


Globulin. 


(a) A m m o n i u m hy- 
drate, (b) Sat. sol. 
ammonium sulphate. 


Precipitate. 


Alkalinize with a; fil- 
ter after several 
hours; add equal 
part b to filtrate. 




Pohl's test. 


Picric acid. 




Yellow color. 


Soak woolen thread in 
the liquid and rinse 
in water. 




Pollacci's test. 


Glucose. 


(a) Sol. ferric chlorid. 
(b) Sol. sodium hy- 
drate, (c) Sulphuric 
acid, (d) Fresh sol. 
potass, ferricyanid. 


Blue color. 


Shake liquid with 4 
c.c. water, 1 drop a, 
and 6 drops b ; boil ; 
add 2 drops c. Let 
cool ; add d. 




Pollak's test. 


Melanin. 


See Von Jaksch's test. 








Potassium-bromid- 
test. 


Potass, bromid in 
urine, etc. 


(a) Chlorin-water. (b) 
Chloroform or car- 
bon disulphid. 


Yellow color. 


Add a and b. 


Reliable but not 
delicate. 


Pot assi u m-ferroey- 
anid-test. 


Albumin in urine. 


See Hilger's test. 








Potassium-hydrate- 
test. 


Chrysophanic acid 
(rhubarb, senna) 
in urine. 


Potassium hydrate. 


Red color. 


Add R. to urine, or, 
better, to ethereal 
extract (Penzoldt). 




Potassium-hydrate- 
test. 


Santonin (its deri- 
vatives). 


Potassium hydrate. 


Red color. 


Add R. to urine. 

• 


Distinguished from 
chrysophanic 
acid by reaction 
not being ob- 
tained with 
ethereal extract. 


Pratesi's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


Potass, hydrate 25, 
liquid potass, sili- 
cate (concent.) 60, 
potass, bichrom. 2. 
Allow 5 drops of this 
mixture to dry on 
strip of tin. 


Green color. 


Heat tin, R. turns yel- 
low ; add urine: 
green color if glu- 
cose present. 





TESTS 1492 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Price's test. 


Iodin. 


{a) Starch. (b) Hydro- 
chloric acid. (c)Sol. 
potassium nitrite. 


Blue color. 


Mix liquid with a, b, c. 




Propeptone-test. 


Propeptone. 


See Sodium-chlorid test. 






Propeptone-test. 


Propeptone in 
urine. 


Acetic or nitric acid. < Cloudyprecipitate, 
disappearing on 
heating. 


Boil urine, allow to 
cool, add R. If ppt. 
occurs, re-heat. 




Prussian-blue test. 


Hydrocyanic acid 
in tissues. 


See Ittner's test. 








Purdy's reagent. 


Glucose in urine. 


Copper sulphate 4.15 
gm., mannite 10 gm., 
glycerin 50 c.c. ; dis- 
solve in water. Add 
potass, hydrate 20.4 
gm. dissolved i n 
water. Mix the solu- 
tions, and when 
cold, add ammonia 
300 c.c, and water 
to make r liter. 


Reduction. 




25 c. c. of R. = yi 
grain glucose. 


Raabe's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Trichloracetic acid. 


White precipitate. 


Place crystal of R. 
in filtered urine. 


See under Urine, 
Tests for Sentm- 
albumin in. 


Rabourdin's test. 


Iodin. 


(a) Nitric acid, (b) 
Sulphuric acid, (c) 
Chloroform. 


Violet color of c. 


Add 2 drops a, 15 b, 
and a little c. 




Rabuteau's test. 


Hydrochloric acid 
in urine. 


(a) Indigo - sulphuric 
acid, (b) Sulphurous 
acid. 


Decolorization. 


Add a little a and suf- 
ficient b to decom- 
pose the hydro- 
chloric acid. 




Ralfe's test. 


Acetone in urine. 


(a) Liq. potassse. (b) 
Potassium iodid. 


Yellow ring stud- 
ded with specks 
of iodoform at 
line of contact. 


Boil 4 c.c. of a contain- 
ing 1.5 gm. b ; over- 
lay with 4 c.c. urine. 


Lactic acid and 
some other sub- 
stances respond. 


Ralfe's test. 


Peptones in urine. 


Fehling's solution. 
(See Fehling's test). 


Rose-colored halo 
above zone of 
phosphates. 


Place 4 c.c. R. in test- 
tube ; overlay with 
equal bulk of urine. 




Randolph's test. 


Peptones in urine. 


(a) Millon's reagent 
(see Mi/ton's test), 
(b) Sat. sol. potass, 
iodid. 


Yellow precipitate. 


To 5 c.c. of cold, 
faintly acid urine 
add 2 drops b and 
3 or 4 a. 


Bile-acids respond. 
Delicacy 1 : 17,000. 


Read's test. 


Carbolic acid ; cre- 
asote. 


Stronger ammonia. 


Carbolic acid solu- 
ble ; creasote in- 
soluble in R. 






Rees' test. 


Albumin. 


See Almen's test. 








Reichardt's test. 


Nitric acid in pot- 
able water. 


(a)Sol.brucin. (^Sul- 
phuric acid. 


Red color. 


To one drop of water 
add 3 drops a, a few 
of*. 




Reiche's test. 


Gum-arabic. 


Sol. of orcin in hydro- 
chloric acid. 


Red to violet color 
and blue precipi- 
tate, dissolving 
in alcohol with 
greenis h-bl ue 
color. 


Boil with R. 


Alkalies turn last 
color into violet, 
with greenish 
fluorescence. 


Reiehl's test. A. 


Glycerin. 


(a) Carbolic acid, (b) 
Sulphuric acid. 


Brown ish-y e 11 w 
ppt., turning 
crimson on addi- 
tion of water. 


Heat cautiously equal 
parts of liquid, a, 
and b. 




Reichl's test. B. 


Glycerin. 


(a) Pyrogallic acid, (b) 
Sulphuric acid, (c) 
Stannic chlorid. 


Violet-red color. 


Boil with a and b ; di- 
lute with equal vol- 
ume of water, and 
add c. 




Reinsch's test. 


Arsenic. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(b) Clean slip of cop- 
per. 


Bluish spots. 


Boil liquid with few 
drops a and with b. 




Reinsch's test. 


Sulphurous acid. 


(a) Bright strip of cop- 
per. (6) Hydro- 
chloric acid. 


Brown to black 
stain. 


Moisten a with liquid 
in presence of b. 





TESTS 14915 

TABLE OE TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Reissner's test. 


Nucleo-albumin in 
urine. 


Acetic acid. 


Turbidity. 


Filter urine ; dilute, 
and add excess of R. 




Renzone's test. 


Kairin in urine. 


(a) Sol. ferric chlorid. 
(b) Sulphuric acid. 


Dark- violet or 
reddish-brown 
color. 


Add a. Subsequent 
addition of b, light- 
red color. 




Reso rein-sugar 
test. 


Hydrochloric acid 
in gastric juice. 


See Boas' test. 








Reuss' test. 


Atropin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
An oxidizing agent. 


Odor of blossoms. 


Heat with a and b. 




Reynold's test. 


Acetone. 


See Reynold-Gun 


ning's test. 






Reynold-Gunning's 
test. 


Acetone in urine. 


(a) Mercuric oxid 
(fresh yellow precipi- 
tate), (b) Ammon- 
ium sulphid. 


Black ring of mer- 
curic sulphid. 


To urine add small 
quantity of a. If 
acetone present, 
some a is dissolved. 
Filter and overlay 
filtrate with b. 


Black ring shows 
that a has been 
dissolved, thus 
indicating ace- 
tone. Very deli- 
cate; less so than 
Lieben's test. 


Reynoso's test. 


Iodin. 


{a) Barium oxid. (b) 
Starch -pas t e. ic) 
Hydrochloric acid. 


Blue color. 


Mix a, b, and c in 
water ; when evolu- 
tion of gas begins, 
add liquid. 




Rhien's test. 


Fixed oils in es- 
sential oils. 


(a) Steam. (6) Ether. 


Fatty matter con- 
tained in b. 


Pass a through i 1 
until it distils over; 
shake residue with b. 




Rice's test. 


Carbolic acid. 


(a) Potass, chlorate. 
(b) Hydrochloric 
acid, (c) Ammonia. 


Brown to rose-red 
color. 


Put 10 gm. a into test- 
tube, add 1 inch b, 
and i% vol. of water. 
Remove gas by blow- 
ing through a glass 
tube ; pour c on top, 
and a few drops of 
the liquid. 


1 : 1200. 


Richmont's test. 


Nitric acid. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Sol. ferrous sulphate. 


Red color chang- 
ing to violet and 
brown. 


Add a, then b. 




Riegel's test. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid in gastric 
juice. 


Either Congo-red 
paper or solution. 


Blue. 


Moisten paper with 
drop of filtered gas- 
tric juice, or add 
drop of R. to latter. 


Very delicate. 


Righini's test. 


Purity of myrrh. 


Ammonium chlorid. 


Should dissolve 
completely. 


Add equal weight of 
R. in 15 times as 
much water. 




Rily's test. 


Chlorin. 


(a) Potass, bichromate. 
lb) Sulphuric acid, 
(c) Ammonia, (d) 
Acetic acid. (e)Sol. 
lead subacetate. ■ 


Yellow to orange 
color. 


Mix a and substance 
aa 1, and b 3, in 
beaker-glass, and 
suspend in it small 
beaker containing 
ice. To condensed 
crystals add c, d, and 
e. 




Ritthausen's test. 


Proteids. 


(a) Dilute sol. of cop- 
per sulphate. (b) 
Sol. potass, hydrate. 


Violet-red color. 


Alkalinize with A, add 
a, and shake. 


Delicacy .01 per 
cent. 


Roberts' test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Strong nitric acid i, 
sat. sol. magnes. sul- 
phate 5. 


White ring or disc. 


Overlay R. with urine. 




Roberts' test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Sat. sol. sodium chlo- 
rid in dilute hydro- 
chloric acid (5 to 100 
of water). 


White ring or disc. 


Overlay R. with urine. 




Roberts' test. 


Glucose in urine. 


German yeast. 


Di fferen ce in 
specific gravity 
between fer- 
mented and uii- 
fermented urine. 


Add a little yeast to 
60-70 c.c. of urine ; 
allow to ferment for 
24. hours, and com- 
pare specific gravity 
with that of same 
urine unfermented. 


Every degree lost 
represents 1 grain 
of glucose per 
ounce, or 0.23 per 
cent. 


Robin's test. 


Alkaloids. 


(a) Sugar. (b) Sul- 
phuric acid. 


Color-reactions. 


Mix with twice its 
weight of a, add 2 
drops b ; stir. 





TESTS 1494 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Robiquet's test. 


Morphin. 


Sol. of a persaltof iron. 


Blue color. 






Roch's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Salicylsulphonic acid. 


Turbidity or pre- 
cipitate. 


Add 20 per cent. sol. 
or a few crystals of 
R. to urine. 




Rochleder's test. 


Caffein. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 

(b) Potass, chlorate. 

(c) Ammonia. 


Yellowish-red 
color, turning 
violet on addi- 
tion of c. 


Heat with a and b, 
and evaporate gently ; 
add c. 




Romei's test. 


Fuchsin in fruit- 
syrups. 


Fusel-oil. 


R. takes up only 
the fuchsin. 


Shake with R. 




Romei's test. 


Water in ether. 


Potass, carbolate. 


Dense solution in 
presence of 
water. 


R. insoluble in pure 
ether. 




Rosenbach's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


5 per cent. sol. of chro- 
mic acid. 


Yellow precipi- 
tate. 


A few drops of R. 
added to acidu- 
lated urine. 




Rosenbach's test. 


Bile-pigment in 
urine. 


Fuming nitric acid. 


Play of colors. 


Filter urine, and pour 
R. over the inner 
surface of the filter- 
paper. 


Modification of 
Gmelin's test, 
but more deli- 
cate. 


Rosenbach's test. 


I nd igo-r ed in 
urine. 


Nitric acid. 


Deep -red color; 
foam violet ; 
color soluble in 
chloroform o r 
ether. 


Boil urine ; add R. drop 
by drop. 




Rosenstiehl's test. 


Paratoluidin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Nitric acid. 


Blue to violet, then 
red , finally 
brown. 


To solution in a add b. 




Rosin's test. 


Bile-pigment in 
urine. 


Tr. iodi i, alcohol 10. 


Grass-green ring. 


Overlay urine with R. 


In the absence of 
bile urine is de- 
colorized at line 
of contact. 


Rosolic-acid test. 


Acidimetry, alka- 
limetry. 


Rosolic acid i gm., di- 
lute alcohol 10 c.c., 
water to make ioo 
c.c. 


Turns violet -red 
with alkalies, 
yellow with 
acids. 






Ross' test. 


Phosphoric acid. 


(a) Borax, (b) Sodium 
tungstate. 


Blue color in re- 
duction-flame. 


Dissolve in bead of a, 
add b ; heat in re- 
duction-flame. 




Roth's test. 


Purity of olive-oil. 


Sulphuric acid sat. 
with nitrous -acid 
vapors. 


Color-reactions. 


Mix. 




Ruber's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


See Rubner's test. 








Rubner's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


(a) Sol. lead acetate. 
(b) Ammonium hy- 
drate. 


Rosy to flesh color. 


Add to urine excess of 
a, filter, add to fil- 
trate b, and warm. 


Delicacy 0.25 per 
cent. 


Rubner's test. 


Milk-sugar. 


(a) Sol. lead acetate. 
(b) Ammonium hy- 
drate. 


With a yellowish- 
brown ; when b 
is added, brick- 
red color and 
cherry-red ppt. 


Boil with excess of a ; 
add b as long as ppt. 
is dissolved. 




Ruempler's test. 


Free acids in fixed 
oils. 


Sodium carbonate 
(C. P.). 


Emulsion. 


Shake liquid with R. 




Runge's test. 


Anilin. 


Sol. chlorinated lime. 


Purple -violet 
color. . 


Add R. 




Runge's test. 


Anilin. 




Pine-wood stained 
yellow even by 
dilute sol. of 
anilin hydro- 
chlorate. 






Runge's test. 


Cane-sugar. 


Dilute sulphuric acid. 


Blackening on 
evapo rating 
with R. 


Evaporate substance 
with R. 




Runge's test. 


Carbolic acid. 


Hydrochloric acid. 


Blue color of a 
pine shaving 
moistened with 
R. 


Dip shaving moist- 
ened with R into 
carbolic acid. 





TESTS 1495 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Rust's test. 


Carbolic acid; 
creasote. 


Collodion. 


Carbolic acid 
forms a jelly 
with R. ; crea- 
sote does not. 






Sabanin and Las- 
kowski's test. 


Citric acid. 


Ammonia. 


Yellow color. 


Heat with R. in sealed 
tube at 120 C. 6 
hours ; yellow color. 


Blue color when 
poured out and 
allowed to stand. 


Sachse's test (Quan- 
titative). 


Glucose in urine. 


Mercuric iodid i8gm., 
potass, iodid 25 gm., 
potass, hydrate 80 
gm., water up to 1000 
c.c. 


Reduction. 


End of reaction ascer- 
tained by means of 
sol. of stannous 
chlorid, supersatur- 
ated with sodium 
hydrate. 


40 c.c. = 0. 1342 glu- 
cose. 


Salicylic-acid test. 


For salicylic-acid 
derivatives in 
urine. 


See Ferric- chlorid 

test. 








Saliphonic-test. 


Albumin. 


See MacWi Hiatus' 
test. 








Salkowski's test. 


Carbolic acid. 


(a) Ammonia, (b) Sol. 
chlorinated lime 
(1:20). 


Blue or greenish 
color. 


Add 14 volume a and 
a few drops b ; warm. 


1 : 4000. 


Salkowski's test. 


Cholesterin. 


(a) Chloroform, (b) 
Sulphuric acid. 


Blood-red color of 
a; green fluores- 
cence with b. 


Dissolve in a; add 
equal volume b. 




Salkowski's test. 


Hematoporphyrin. 


(a) Sol. barium hy- 
drate and barium 
chlorid. (b) Acid al- 
cohol (alcohol con- 
taining 1 per cent, 
hydrochloric acid). 


In spectroscope 2 
characteristic 
bands. 


Precipitate urine with 
a, wash precipitate, 
and extract with b. 




Salkowski's test. 


Oxalic acid. 


(a) Calcium hydrate. 

[b) Calcium chlorid. 

(c) Alcohol, (d) Dil. 
hydrochloric acid. 
(e) Ammonium hy- 
drate, (f) Acetic 
acid. 


Octahedral crys- 
tals of calcium 
oxalate. 


A 1 k a 1 i n i z e 100 c.c. 
urine with a; add 
b, evaporate parti- 
ally ; add c ; wash 
with c and hot wa- 
ter; dissolve in d; 
add e and/. 




Salkowski's test. 


Potassium in 
urine. 


Concent, sol. tartaric 
acid. 


Crystals of acid 
potass, tartrate. 


Evaporate 100-150 c.c. 
urine to J^ vol.; fil- 
ter in the cold ; add 
R. 




Salkowski's test. 


Sulphurous acid 
in urine. 


Hydrochloric acid 
(spec. grav. 1.12). 


Bluish or yellow- 
ish-white ppt. on 
upper portion of 
cooling tube. 


Distil 100 c.c. urine 
and 10 c.c. R. to l /i 
or y± vol. 




Salomon's test. 


Xanthin, paraxan- 
thin, heteroxan- 
thin. 


Sodium or potass, hy- 
drate. 


R. prec i pitates 
paraxanthin and 
heteroxanthin. 


• 


Paraxanthin — 
right-angled 
planes and 
prisms. Hetero- 
xanthin — acute- 
angled or obtuse- 
angled, often 
double, crystals. 


Salzer's test. 


Alcohol in essen- 
tial oils. 


Fuchsin. 


Alcohol evapo- 
rates first and 
dissolves R. 


Dust R. on upper part 
of inside of a test- 
tube ; drop oil on 
bottom without 
touching sides of 
tube ; heat. 




Schaal's test. 


Acidimetry, alka- 
limetry. 


Alizarin. 


Acids color it yel- 
low ; alkalies 
rose-red. 




1 : 300,000 alkali. 


Schack's test. 


Oil of peppermint. 


Fused salicylic acid. 


Blue-green color. 
Dissolved in al- 
cohol, blue by 
transmitted, red 
by reflected 
light. 


Mix liquid and R. 




Scherer's test. 


Inosite. 


(a) Nitric acid, (bi 
Ammonia, (c) Sol. 
calcium chlorid. 


Rose-red residue. 


Evaporate to dryness 
with a ; add b, one 
drop c, and evapo- 
rate. 


Of value only with 
pure solutions. 



TESTS 1496 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Scherer's test. 


Leucin. 


(a) Nitric acid. (b) 
Sodium hydrate. 


Transparent resi- 
due, turning 
brown on addi- 
tion of b. 


Evaporate to dryness 
with a on platinum ; 
add b. Re-evapora- 
tion produces an 
oily drop. 


Only applicable to 
very pure leucin. 


Scherer's test. 


Phosphorus in tis- 
sues. 


(a) Basic lead acetate. 
(b) Ether, (c) Paper 
moistened with sil- 
ver-nitrate sol. 


Blackening of pa- 
per ; test for 
phosphoric acid. 


Mix with a, shake in 
flask with b; close 
with cork, to under 
surface of which c is 
attached. 


Digest blackened c 
with hot water ; 
separate silver 
by hydrochloric 
acid and filtra- 
tion ; test filtrate 
for phosphoric 
acid. 


Scherer's test. 


Phosphorus. 


Slip of silver-nitrate 
paper. 


Black stain. 


Heat substance to 30- 
40°C, and expose R. 
to vapor. 




Schering's test. 


Iodates in iodids. 


Crystal of tartaric 
acid. 


Yellow zone. 


Add R. to solution. 




Schiff 's test. 


Carbohydrates in 
urine. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Xylidin and glacial 
acetic acid, eq. vol., 
with a little alcohol. 


Red color. 


Warm urine with a; 
expose paper dipped 
in b and dried to the 
fumes of the urine. 




Schiff's test. 


Cholesterin. 


Sulphuric acid 2, dil- 
ute sol. ferric chlo- 
rid 1. 


Violet color. 


Add R. 




Schiff's test. 


Cholesterin. 


(a) Nitric acid, (b) 
Ammonia. 


Red color (not al- 
tered b y fixed 
alkalies). 


Evaporate with a; add 
b. 




Schiff's test. 


Sulphurous acid. 


Mercurous-nitrate pa- 
per. 


Gray stain. 


Expose R. to the va- 
pors of the sub- 
stance. 




Schiff's test. 


Urea. 


(a) Sol. of furfurol. (*) 
Hydrochloric acid. 


Purple color, turn- 
i 11 g brownish- 
black. 


Add a and b. 




Schiff's test. 


Uric acid. 


Silver-nitrate paper. 


Brown stain. 


Treat R.with alkaline 
solution of sub- 
stance. 




Schlagdenhauf- 
fen's test. 


Magnesium salts. 


Sol. of iodin in 2 per 
cent. sol. of potass, 
or sodium hydrate, 
till solution golden- 
yellow. 


Brownish-red col- 
or orprecipitate. 


Add R. 




Schlienkarap's test. 


Nux vomica. 


Sulphuric acid. 


Crimson color; 
disappears n 
cooling. 


Add R. and evaporate. 




Schmid's test. 


Metallic salts. 


Sol. of phosphorus in 
carbon disulphid. 


Colored precipi- 
tate. 


Shake R. with aqueous 
solution of the salt. 




Schmidt's test. 


Glucose. 


Ammoniacal sol. of 
lead acetate. 


Red color. 


Boil with R. 




Schmiedeberg's 
solution. 


Glucose. 


Copper sulph. 34.634, 
water 200 ; mannite 
15, water 100 ; sod- 
ium hydrate (1.145) 
400 ; water to 1000. 


Reduction. 


Use as in Fehling's 
test. 




Schneider's test. 


Alkaloids. 


(a) Sugar, (b) Sul- 
phuric acid. 


Color-reactions. 


Mix with 6 a, and add 
1 drop b on top. 




Schneider's test. 


Bismuth. 


Tartaric acid 3, stan- 
nous chlorid 1, in suf- 
ficient sol. potass, 
hydrate. 


Blackish-brow n 
precipitate. 


Heat with R. 




Schoenbein's test. 


Blood. 


(a) Tr. guaiaci. (b) Ol. 
terebinth. (French). 


Blue color. 


Add a, then b. 




Schcenbein's test. 


Copper. 


(a) Potass, cyanid. (b) 
Tr. guaiaci. 


Blue color. 


Add a, then b. 




Schoenbein's test. 


Hydrocyanic acid. 


(a) Fresh, defibrinated 
blood 5, water 45. {b) 
Hydrogen dioxid. 


Red color changed 
to brown. 


Mix a, b, and liquid, 
and add a little c. 





TESTS 1497 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Schcenbein's test. 


Hydrocyanic acid. 


Strip of filter -paper 
moistened with 3 # 
alcohol, sol. guaiac ; 
dry; moisten with 
drop of 0.05 $ sol. 
copper sulphate. 


Blue color. 


Moisten R. with drop 
or two of the liquid. 


Very delicate, but 
many substances 
respond: am- 
monia, tobacco- 
smoke, ozone, 
etc. 


Schoenbein's test. 


Hydrogen dioxid. 


(a) Cadmium iodid 
and starch-solution. 
(b) Sol. ferrous sul- 
phate. 


Blue color. 


Add a and b. 




Schoenbein's test. 


Hydrogen dioxid. 


(a) Tr. of guaiac 
(fresh). (*) Cold in- 
fusion of malt. 


Blue color. 


Add a and a few drops 
b. 


1 : 2,000,000. 


Schoenbein's test. 


Hydrogen dioxid. 


Sol. ferric chlorid and 
potassium ferricy- 
anid (red). 


Blue color. 


Add R. 


1 to 10,000,000. 


Schcenbein's test. 


Nitrous acid in 
potable water. 


(a) Sol. pyrogallic acid. 
(b) Dilute sulphuric 
acid. 


Brown color. 


Add a and b. 




Schoenbein's test. 


Nitrous acid in 
. potable water. 


Indigo-sol. to water to 
render it blue ; add 
hydrochloric acid ; 
stir, and add potas- 
sium pentasulphid 
till blue color disap- 
pears ; filter. 


Blue color. 


Add suspected water 
to R. 




Schcenn's test. 


Cobalt. 


Neutral sol. sodium 
sulphocyanid. 


Blue color. 


Add R. 




Schcenn's test. 


Hydrogen dioxid. 


Sol. titanic acid. 


Yellow to deep- 
red color. 


Add R. 




Schcenn's test. 


Molybdic acid. 


Sulphuric acid. 


Blue color. 


Heat with R. 




Schcenn's test. 


Phosphorus. 


Magnesium ribbon. 


Evolution of phos- 
phin. 


Heat with R.; then add 
a little water. 




Schcenn's test. 


Sulphur. 


(a) Sodium. (£) Sol. 
sodium nitroprussid. 


Red color. 


Heat with a; dissolve 
in water ; add b. 




Schreiter's test. 


Glucose. 


Mixture of sodium 
salicylate 1, copper 
sulphate 2, sodium 
hydrate 10, water 40. 


Red precipitate. 


Heat with R. 




Schuetzenberger's 
test. 


Anthrachinou. 


Alkaline sol. sodium 
hyposulphite. 


Red color. 


Heat with R. 




Schultz's test. 


Cellulose. 


Dissolve 25 parts zinc 
chlorid, 8 potass, 
iodid, in %% water; 
filter through asbes- 
tos, and add iodin 
to saturation. 


Turns cellulose 
cell-walls blue to 
purple. 


AddR. 




Schultz's test. 


Cellulose. 


Dissolve zinc in pure 
hydrochloric acid ; 
evaporate in pres- 
ence of metallic zinc 
to syrupy consist- 
ence ; saturate with 
potass, iodid and io- 
din. 


Turns cellulose 
cell-walls blue to 
purple. 


AddR. 




Schultze's test. 


Alkaloids. 


Mixture of sat. sol. so- 
dium phosphate 4, 
antimony chlorid 1. 


White precipitate. 


Add R. 




Schultze's test. 


Alkaloids. 


Mixture of antimony 
chlorid and phos- 
phoric acid. 


White precipitate. 


AddR. 




Schulz's test. 


Salicylic acid. 


Sol. copper sulphate. 


Green color. 


Add R. to neutral solu- 
tion of a salicylate. 




Schulze's test. 


Ammonia. 


Sol. chlorinated lime 
and carbolic acid. 


Green color. 


Add R. 




Schulze's test. 


Guanidin salts. 


Nessler's reagent. See 
Nessler's test. 


White or pale-yel- 
low precipitate, 
flocculent, but 
later becoming 
dense. 


AddR. 








TESTS 1498 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Schulze's test. 


Nitric acid in 
urine. 


(a) Sol. ferric chlorid. 
(b) Hydrochloric 
acid. 


Formation of ni- 
trous oxid. 


Add a and b. 




Schwabe's test. 


Quinin. 


Sol. potass, cyanid. 


Crimson color. 


Add R. 




Schwarzen berg's 
test. 


Alkaloids. 


(a) Nitric acid. (b) 
Ammonia. 


Color-reactions. 


Treat with a and b. 




Schweitzer's test. 


Textile fibers. 


Copper sulphate 10, 
water ioo. Add po- 
tass, hydrate 5, in 
water 50. Washppt. 
and dissolve in 20 
per cent. sol. am- 
monia 20. 


Dissolves silk, cot- 
ton, linen. 






Scivoletto's test. 


Hydriodic acid in 
urine. 


(a) Starch-paste, (b) 
Fuming nitric acid. 


Blue color. 


Dip filter-paper in a 
and dry; sprinkle 
with urine; hang in 
upper portion of a 
flask containing b. 




Seidel's test. 


Inosite. 


(a) Nitric acid. <b) 
Ammonia, (c) Sol. 
strontium acetate. 


Greenish color 
and violet ppt. 


Evaporate 0.03 of sub- 
stance in platinum ' 
crucible to dryness 
with a ; treat resi- 
due with b and c. 


Seliwanoff's test. 


Levulose. 


(a) Resorcin. ( A ) Hy- 
drochloric acid. 


Ppt. soluble with 
red color in al- 
cohol. 


Warm substance with 
a and b. 


Selle's test. 


Ammonia. 


Tincture of the petals 
of blue hyacinth. 


Green color. 


Dip filter-paper in R., 
dry, and expose to 
vapors. 




Selmi's test. 


Alkaloids. 


Sat. sol. iodic acid in 
sulphuric acid, di- 
luted with 6 volumes 
of same acid. 


Color-reactions. 






Selmi's test. 


Free phosphoric 
acid. 




Green color. 


Hold substance on 
platinum loop close 
to lower part of hy- 
drogen flame. 




Selmi's test. 


Morphin. 


Stir red lead oxid in 
glacial acetic acid 15 
minutes; filter. 


Slightly yellow to 
bright-yellow, 
dark-y el low, 
violet color. 


To 1 drop R. add 2 
drops morphin-sol. 


Selmi's test. 


Morphin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, {b) 
Sodium bicarbonate. 
(c) Tincture of iodin. 


Violet dissolved in 
a ; with b and c, 
gre.en color. 


Dissolve in a, then 
saturate with b, and 
add c. 


Selmi's test. 


Strychnin. 


Sol. iodic acid in sul- 
phuric acid. 


Yellow, brick-red, 
and violet -red 
color. 


Moisten with R. 


Senier's test. 


Glycerin. 


Borax bead. 


Green color. 


Dip R. in alkaline 
liquid and test in 
Bunsen flame. 




Serullas' test. 


Morphin. 


Iodic acid. 


Red color. 


Add R. 


Siebold's test. 


Albumin. 


(a) Ammonia, lb) Di- 
lute acetic acid. 


Cloudiness. 


Add small excess a and 
b ; heat to boiling. 




Siebold's test. 


Alcohol in chloro- 
form. 


Iodin. 


Reddish brown. 


R. in pure chloroform, 
purple color ; in pres- 
ence of alcohol, red- 
dish-brown. 




Siebold's test. 


Morphin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Potass, perchlorate. 


Brown color. 


Heat with a, add b. 




Siebold and Brad- 
bury's test. 


Salicylic acid in I (a) Potassium carbon- 
urine, ate. (b) Sol. lead ni- 
trate, (c) Dilute sol. 
ferric chlorid. 


Violet color. 


Alkalinize with a, add 
excess b, shake, fil- 
ter ; add c. 




Siewer's test (also 
known as E- 
wald's test). 


Motor activity of 
stomach. 


Salol 2 grams in cap- 
sule or wafer. 


Sal i c vl uric-acid 
reaction in urine. 
(See Ferric- 
chlorid test for 
salicylic acid.) 


Administer R.with the 
meal ; reaction in y t 
to 1 hour normally. 


Salol is decom- 
posed in the in- 
testines. 



TESTS 1499 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Siewert's test. 


Molybdic acid. 


Aqueous sol. potass- 
ium xanthogenate 
(ethvlsulpho-carbon- 
ate). 


Yellow to fiesh-col- 
ored ppt., turn- 
ing to violet. 


Add R. to solution of 
acid in nitric acid. 




Silver-test. 


Glucose in urine. 


(a) Ammonia. (6) Sol. 
silver nitrate. 


Metallic silver. 


Add a in excess to b ; 
add urine and boil. 


Aldehyd and tar- 
taric acid give 
same reaction. 


Silver-nitrate test. 


Chlorids. 


(a) 10 per cent. sol. sil- 
ver nitrate, (b) Ni- 
tric acid. 


White ppt. 


Add a few drops b to 
prevent precipita- 
tion of phosphates ; 
then add a. 


In case of urine, if 
curdy masses, 
chlorids not dim- 
inished ; if mi Hei- 
rless only, dim- 
inished ; if no 
cloudiness, chlo- 
rids are absent. 


Simon's test. Cinnamic acid. 


(a) Potass, bichromate. 
(b) Sulphuric acid. 


Formation of oil 
of bitter al- 
monds. 


Add a and b. 




Simon's test. 


Xanthin. 


Sodium chlorid or cal- 
cium chlorid. 


Evolution ofnitro- 
gen, and a blue, 
then a brown , 
finally a yellow 
color. 


To substance dis- 
solved in a fixed al- 
kali add R. 




Sjdqvist's method. 


Quantitative esti- 
mation of hydro- 
chloric acid in 
gastric juice. 


Barium carbonate. 


Ascertain quantity 
of barium chlo- 
rid. 


Evaporate gastric 
contents to dryness 
with R. and inciner- 
ate. Extract bar- 
ium chlorid formed 
with water. 


Quantity of barium 
chlorid is a meas- 
ure of the hydro- 
chloric acid. 


Skey's test. 


Cobalt. 


{a) Citric (or tartaric) 
acid, (b) Ammonia. 
(c) Potass, ferricy- 
anid. 


Dark-red color. 


Add a, b in excess, 
and c. 


I : 60,000. 


Slater's test. 


Strychnin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Potass, chlorate. 


Maroon-red color. 


Add a and b. 




Smith's test. 


Biliary coloring- 
matter. 


Tincture ofiodin. 


Green color. 


Add R. 




Smith's test. 


Free acids. 


Fresh silver chlorid 
dissolved in ammon- 
ia. 


Ppt. of silver chlo- 
rid. 


AddR. 




Smith's test. 


Santonin. 


(a) Nitric acid, (b) 
An alkali. 


Greenish-yellow. 


Heat with a. 


With b turns deep- 
red. 


Snelling's test. 


Emetin. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(b) Potass, chlorate. 


Orange-red color, 
turning violet. 


Drop a on b ; then 
drop on liquid. 




Sodium- ch lor id 
test. 


Propeptone. 


(a) Acetic acid. (<5) 
Concentrated sol. 
sodium chlorid. 


Precipitate 011 
cooling of fil- 
trate. 


Acidulate urine with a, 
add equal volume b ; 
boil ; filter quickly. 




S o d i u m-sulphate 
and acetic - acid 
test. 


Albumin in urine. 


(a) Sat. sol. sodium sul- 
phate, (b) Acetic 
acid. 


White precipitate. 


Acidulate urine with 
b, add equal part a, 
and boil. 


Reliable, but not 
very delicate. 


Soldaini's test. 


Glucose. 


Copper carbonate 15 
gm., in water ; add 
sol. potass, bicar- 
bonate 416 gm. ; add 
water up to 1400. 


Reduction. 






Sonnenschein's 
test. 


Alkaloids. 


(a) Ceroso-ceric oxid. 
(b) Sulphuric acid. 


Color-reactions. 


Dissolve alkaloid in 
b, and add trace a. 




Sonnenschein's 
test. 


Alkaloids. 


Phospho -molybdic 
acid. 


Yellowish precipi- 
tate. 






Sonnen schein's 
test. 


Blood. 


(a) Sol. sodium tung- 
state, acidified with 
acetic acid. (^Am- 
monia. 


Red dish-green 
(fluorescence). 


Extract stains with 
distilled water, pre- 
cipitate with a; add 
b. 




Sonnenschein's 
test. 


Proteids. 


Sat. sol. sodium tung- 
state, strongly acidi- 
fied with acetic or 
phosphoric acid. 


Precipitate. 


Add R. 




Sonstadt's test. 


Calcium salts. Sodium tungstate. 


Precipitate. 


AddR. 


Source's test. 


Uric acid. 


See Magnier de la 


Source's test. 







TESTS 



1500 
TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Southey's test. 


Opium. 


Sulpho-molybdic acid. 


Blue color. 


Add R. 




Spence and Esil- 
man's test. 


Free mineral acids. 


Dil. sol. ferric chlorid. 


Yellow color of R. 
is discharged. 


Add substance to R. 




Spiegler's test, A. 


Albumin in urine. 


Mercuric chlorid 8, 
tartaric acid 4, 
sugar 20, distilled 
water 200. 


White ring. 


Place R. in test-tube 
and overlay with 
urine acidulated 
with acetic acid. 


Very delicate. 


Spiegler's test, B. 


Albumin in urine. 


Tartaric acid 1, mer- 
curic chlorid 2, gly- 
cerin 20, water 50. 


White ring. 


Acidulate urine with 
acetic acid, filter if 
necessary, and over- 
lay R. with it. 




Sprengel's test. 


Nitric acid. 


Sol. of carbolic acid 1, 
sulphuric acid 4, 
water 2. 


Reddish -brown 
color. 


Add R. to dry nitrate. 




Stadthagen's test. 


Uric acid. 


(a) Arsenious acid in 
alkaline sol. (b) Sol. 
copper sulphate. 


Red cuprous oxid 
or white copper 
urate. 


Warm substance with 
a ; add b. 




Staedeler's test. 


Purity of chloro- 
form. 


Bilirubin. 


Green color if de- 
composed. 




R. dissolves with a 
yellow color in 
pure chloroform. 


Stanford's test. 


Iodin. 


(a) Carbon disulphid. 
(*) Ni t rosulphuric 
acid (sulphuric acid 
saturated with gas- 
eous nitrous anhy- 
drid). 


Violet color. 


Add a and one drop b. 




Starch-test. 


Starch. 


See Iodin-trst. 








Steffanelli's test. 


Alcohol in ether. 


Anilin-violet. ' 


R. insoluble in pure 
ether. 


Add R. 




Stein's test. 


Narcein. 


(a) Sol. zinc iodid and 
potass, iodid. {/>) 
Aq. sol. iodin. 


Blue color. 


Add a and one drop b. 




Stein's test. 


Nitric acid. 


(a) Litharge. (*) Filter- 
paper moistened 
with sol. ferrous sul- 
phate. 


Yellow to brown 
color. 


Heat salt with a ; ex- 
pose 6 to the gas 
evolved. 




Stevenin's test. 


Acidimetry, alka- 
limetry. 


Glycerin-extract of 
petals of violet or 
mallow flowers. 


Acids turn color 
red ; alkalies 
green. 






Stevenson's test. 


Small quantities 
of hemoglobin in 
the urine, unac- 
companied b y 
albumin. 


(a) Tr. guaiaci. (b) 
Ozonic ether. 


Blue color of b. 


To a drop or two of 
urine add one drop 
a and a few drops b ; 
agitate, then let b 
settle. 


Modification of 
Mahomed' s test. 


Stolba's test. 


Potassium salts. 


Sodium or ammonium 
fluoborid. 


Crystalline pre- 
cipitate coloring 
flame green to 
violet. 






Storer's test. 


Chromic acid. 


Ethereal sol. hydrogen 
dioxid. 


Intensely blue 
color. 


AddR. 




Strassburg's test. 


Bile-acids. 


(a) Cane-sugar. (b) 
Sulphuric acid. 


Violet color. 


Dip filter-paper into 
urine to which a has 
been added ; dry and 
apply drop of b. 




Strecker's test. 


Xanthin. 


(a) Nitric acid. (*) 
Sodium or potassium 
hydrate. 


Yellow residue, 
turning reddish- 
yellow on addi- 
tion of b ; red- 
dish-violet on 
subsequent 
warming. 


Evaporate to dryness 
with a ; add b. 


Reaction not ob- 
tained with am- 
monia — distinc- 
tion from uric 
acid. 


Streng's test. 


Sodium salts. 


Sol. uranium acetate. 


Minute, yellow 
crystals; ex- 
amine by polar- 
ized light under 
microscope. 


Add R. 




Strohl's test. 


Free mineral acids 
in vinegar. 


(a) Sol. ammonium 
oxalate, (b) Calcium 
chlorid. 


No ppt. in presence 
of mineral acid. 


Add a and b. 





TESTS 



1501 
TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Struve's test. 


Hydrogen dioxid. 


(a) Alkaline sol. lith- 
arge, (b) Dilute sol. 
lead subacetate. 


Blue color.' 


Add a and b, and test 
with potass. -iodid 
starch- paste and 
acetic acid. 




Stuart's test. 


Alcohol in essen- 
tial oils. 


(a) Compound tinc- 
ture of iodin. (b) 
Sol. potassium hy- 
drate. 


Formation of iodo- 
form. 


Distil off the alcohol ; 
add a and b. 




Stutz's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


See Fiirbriiiger's test. 








Sulphocyanid-test. 


Hydrocyanic acid 
in tissues. 


See Liebig's test. 








Sulzer's test. 


Alcohol in essen- 
tial oils. 


See Salzer's test. 








Svanberg's test. 


Phosphoric acid. 


Sol. ammonium 
molybdate. 


Yellow precipitate. 


Add R. in excess. 




Syntonin-test. 


Syntonin. 


Any alkali. 


Precipitate. 


Neutralize the acid 
sol. with R. 




Tanret's test. 


Albumin in urine. 


Mercuric chlorid 1.35: 
potass, iodid 3.32; 
glacial acetic acid 
20 ; water to 1000. 


White precipitate. 


Add R. to urine. If 
precipitate occurs, 
boil to dissolve pep- 
tones, alkaloids, and 
urates, which R. also 
precipitates. 


Very delicate. Mu- 
cus in excess is 
precipitated and 
not dissolved by 
heat. 


T a s s i n a r i and 
Piazza's test. 


Nitric acid. 


(a) Potassium hydrate. 
(b) Zinc dust. 


Formation of am- 
monia. 


Add a and b. 




Tattersall's test. 


Cobalt. 


(a) Sol. potassium cy- 
anid. (b) Ammo- 
nium sulphid. 


Blood-red color. 


Add a till ppt. is redis- 
solved ; then b. 




Tattersall's test. 


Codein. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Sodium arseniate. 
(c) Sodium hydrate. 


Dark-blue. On 
addition of water 
and excess c 
turns orange. 


Dissolve in a; add b ; 
heat. 




Tattersall's test. 


Delphinin. 


(a) Malic acid. (^Sul- 
phuric acid. 


Orange color, 
turning pink, 
then violet. 


Rub with a, then with 
a few drops b. 




Tattersall's test. 


Morphin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Sodium arseniate. 


Dirty-violet, be- 
coming sea-green. 


Dissolve in a ; add b. 




Tattersall's test. 


Papaverin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Sodium arseniate. 
(c) Sodium hydrate. 


Red to violet; 
black on addi- 
tion of water 
and excess c. 


Dissolve in a; add b. 




Teichmann's test. 


Blood. 


(a) Glacial acetic acid. 
(b) Sodium chlorid. 


Hemin-crystals. 


Dissolve blood in 2 to 
3 c.c. water; add a, 
and 0.01 b. Spread 
on slide, let evapo- 
rate ; examine under 
microscope. 




Teichmann -Neu- 
mann's test. 


Blood. 


See Teichmann' s test. 








Terreill's test. 


Cellulose. 


(a) Potass, iodid, 1 per 
cent. sol. (b) Sul- 
phuric acid. 


Blue color. 


Dip into a, then into 
b ; rinse in water. 




Tessier's test. 


lodin in presence 
of tannin. 


Tincture of ferric 
chlorid. 


Blue color. 


Liberate by adding 
R. ; test with starch- 
paper. 




Thomas' test. 


Strychnin in the 
presence of mor- 
phin. 




Potassium hydrate 
dissolves mor- 
phin; chloro- 
form, strychnin. 


After separation, ap- 
ply customary tests. 




Thompson's test. 


Thein. 


Hypochlorous acid 
(euchlorin). 


Blood-red residue. 


Pass R. through sol. 
and evaporate. 




Thomson's test. 


Iodin. 


(a) Chlorin. (b) Starch- 
paste. 


Blue color. 


Pass a through solu- 
tion ; test with b. 




Thormahlen's test. 


Melanin. 


(a) Sol. sodium nitro- 
prussid. (b) Sol. 
potass, hydrate, (c) 
Acetic acid. 


Deep-blue color. 


Add a, b, c. 





TESTS 1502 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Thresh's test. 


Alcohol. 


(a) Sat. sol. potassium 
bichromate, (b) Dil. 
sulphuric acid (i : 1). 
(c) Sol. sod. hydrate. 


Yellow color. 


Add 2 a, 8 b, to 100 c.c. 
of liquid ; distil off 
20; add 3c; boil ; let 
cool. 




Thresh's test. 


Alkaloids. 


(a) Bismuth oxid 4.68, 
dissolved in 80 hy- 
drochloric a c i d , 
water to 300. (b) 
Potass, iodid 20, in 
water 700. 


Reddish-brown 
precipitate. 


Mix a and b ; add 
drop by drop to solu- 
tion of alkaloid. 




Thresh's test. 


Bismuth. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 
(b) Potass, iodid. 


Orange-red to yel- 
low color. 


Add a and b. 


1 : 100,000. 


Thudichum's test. 


Kreatinin. 


Dilute sol. ferric chlor- 
id. 


Dark -red color, 
increased by 
warming. 


Add substance to R. 




Thymol-test. 


Glucose in urine. 


See Molisch's test. 








Tidy's test. 


Albumin. 


Equal volumes car- 
bolic acid and gla- 
cial acetic acid. (If 
drop mixes turbidly 
with water, add 
more acetic acid.) 


White precipitate. 


Add R. 


1 : 15,000. 


Tidy's test. 


Albumin. 


(a) Alcohol, {b) Car- 
bolic acid. 


White precipitate. 


Add to urine 15 drops a, 
and then 15 drops b. 




Tiedemann and 
Gmelin's test. 


Bile-pigments. 


See Gmelin-Heintz' s 
test. 








Tilden's test. 


Iodin. 


Potass, permanganate. 


Test as most con- 
venient. 


Liberate by means of 
R. 




Tizzoni's test. 


Iron in tissues. 


(a) 2 per cent. sol. 
potass, ferrocyanid. 
lb) y 2 per cent. sol. 
hydrochloric acid. 


Blue color. 


Treat section of tissue 
with a, then with b. 




Tollen's test. 


Glucose. 


Hydrochloric acid. 


Levulinic acid 
and formic acid. 


Heat liquid with R. 




Tommasi's test. 


Carbolic acid. 


Hydrochloric acid 50, 
water 50, potass, 
chlorate 0.2. 


Blue color. 


Dip pine-shaving into 
liquid, then into R. ; 
then expose to sun's 
rays. 




Trapp's test. 


Veralrin. 


Hydrochloric acid. 


Dark-red to dark- 
violet color. 


Heat with R. 




Traube's test. 


Hydrogen dioxid. 


(a) Sulphuric acid and 
zinc-iodid starch- 
paste, (b) 2 per cent, 
sol. copper sulphate. 
(c) % per cent. sol. 
ferrous sulphate. 


Blue color. 


To 6 c.c. a add 2 
drops b, a little c. 
Mix with liquid. 




Treumann's test. 


Theobromin. 


(a) Chlorin-water. (b) 
Ammonia. 


Purple color. 


Evaporate to dryness 
with a ; add b. 




Tr i chloracetic- 
acid test. 


Albumin in urine. 


See Raabe's test, and 


under Urine, Tests 


for Serum Albumin in. 




Trotnmer's test. 


Glucose in urine. 


[a) Sodium or potass, 
hydrate, (b) 10 per 
cent. sol. copper sul- 
phate. 


Orange-red pre- 
cipitate. 


Add to urine % a, and 
drop in b until it 
ceases to be dis- 
solved ; boil. 


Delicacy 0.01 per 
cent. Salicylic 
acid, chloral, uric 
acid, give similar 
reaction. 


Trommsdor fPs 
test. 


Nitrous acid. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
P otass i um-iodid 
starch-paste. 


Blue color. 


Mix a, b, and sub- 
stance. 




Trotarelli's test. 


Ptomains. 


(a) Sol. sodium nitro- 
prussid. (b) Palla- 
dium nitrate. 


Color-reactions. 


Add a and then b to 
the sulphate of the 
ptomain. 




Trousseau and 
Dumontpallier's 
test. 


Bile-pigment. 


See Marcchal's test. 








Von Udransky's 
test. 


Bile-acids. 


(a) 0.1 per cent. sol. 
furfurol. (5) Con- 
cent, sulphuric acid. 


Red, then violet 
color. 


To 1 c.c. of sol. of sub- 
stance add 1 drop a, 
and underlay with 1 
c.c. b ; cool. 





TESTS l.",o:5 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use." 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Von Udransky's 
test. 


Carbohydrates. 


See Molisch's tests for 


glucose. 






Von Udransky's 
test. 


Tyrosin. 


(a) 0.5 per cent. sol. 
furfurol. (b) Concent, 
sulphuric acid. 


Pink color. 


To 1 c.c. sol. of sub- 
stance add 1 drop a, 
and underlay with 1 
c.c. b. 




Von Udransky and 
Baumann's test. 


Urea. 


(a) Benzoyl-c h 1 r i d . 
(b) Sodium hydrate. 


Benzoyl-urea. 


To concent, sol. of sub- 
stance add a and ex- 
cess of b. 




Uffelmann's test. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid in gastric 
juice. 


Extract of bilberries 
in amylic alcohol. 


Color changes 
from grayish- 
blue to rose-tint. 


Dip filter-paper, satur- 
ated with R. and 
dried, into gastric 
juice. 




Uffelmann's test. 


Hydrochloric and 
lactic acids in 
gastric juice. 


Sol. ferric chlorid 3 
drops, concent, sol. 
carbol. acid 3 drops, 
water 20 c.c. 


Sol. of hydrochlor- 
ic acid decolor- 
izes or produces 
steel-gray color ; 
1 ac tic-acid sol. 
a yellow color. 


Add liquid to R. 


0.05 per cent, lactic 
acid. R. must 
be fresh. 


Uffelmann's test. 


Nitric acid. 


(a) Diphenylamin. {b) 
Sulphuric acid. 


Blue color. 


To a add 1.5 c.c. 6. 
stir ; then add 3 or 4 
drops of the liquid. 




Ultzmann's test. 


Bile -pigments in 
urine. 


{a) Sol. potass, hy- 
drate (1 to 3). (b) 
Hydrochloric acid. 


Emerald-green 
color. 


To 10 c.c. urine add 3 
or 4 c.c. a, and then 
excess of b. 




Urate-test. 


Urates in urine. 




Are dissolved on 
heating. 






Urea-test. 


Urea. 


See Nitric-acid test. 








Urobilin-test. 


Urobilin in urine. 


(a) Ammonia, (b) 10 
per cent. sol. zinc 
chlorid. 


Filtrate green by 
reflected, rose- 
red by trans- 
mitted light. 


Alkalinize urine with 
a, add 8-10 drops b ; 
filter rapidly. 




Valser's test. 


Alkaloids. 


Mercuric iodid and 
potassium iodid. 


Precipitate. 






Van Deen's test. 


Blood in urine, etc. 


(a) Tr. g u a i a c i . (b) 
Ozonized (old) tur- 
pentine (French 
best). 


Blue color. 


To urine add 2 c.c. a, 
and 2 c.c. b ; shake. 


Delicate; other 
substances re- 
spond: pus , 
urine containing 
potass, iodid, and 
saliva. 


Van der Velden's 
test. 


Free hydrochloric 
acid in gastric 
juice. 


See Maly's test. 








Vaughan and 
Novy's test. 


Tyrotoxicon. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, {b) 
Carbolic acid. 


Yellow to orange- 
red color. 


Place on porcelain sur- 
face 2 or 3 drops each 
of a and *,• add a 
few drops of aqueous 
sol. of ethereal res- 
idue of substance. 


Is only to be re- 
garded as a pre- 
liminary test; the 
physiologic test 
should always be 
made. 


Vidan's test. 


Sugar. 


Equal volume sesame- 
oil and hydrochloric 
acid. 


Pink color. 


Heat R. to boiling; add 
liquid. 




Violette's test. 


Glucose. 


Similar to Fehling's 


test. 






Vitali's test. 


Alkaloids. 


(a) Fuming nitric acid. 
lb) Alcoholic sol. po- 
tass, hydrate. 


Color-reactions. 


Evaporate to dryness 
with a ; add 1 drop b. 




Vitali's test. 


Alkaloids. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Potass, chlorate, (c) 
An alkaline sulphid. 


Color- reactions in 
presence of c. 






Vitali's test. 


Atropin. 


{a) Fuming nitric acid. 
(b) Alcoholic sol. po- 
tass, hydrate. 


Violet color, turn- 
ing red. 


Evaporate with a : 
when cold add 1 drop 
b. 


Delicacy o.ooooot 
gram. 


Vitali's test. 


Biliary coloring- 
matter. 


(a) Sol. quinin bisul- 
phate. (b) Ammonia. 
(c) Sulphuric acid. 
id) Sugar, (e) Alco- 
hol. 


Violet color. 


Add a, neutralize with 
b ; add c, crystal of 
d, and e. 





TESTS 



1504 
TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. Application. 


Remarks. 


Vitali's test. 


Chloroform. 


(<z) Hydrogen sulphid. 
[b) Piece copper wire 


Intense-blue color. 


1 Pass current of a 
through liquid, then 
through glass tube; 
ignite; hold b in 
flame. 




Vitali's test. 


Chloroform. 


(a) Hydrogen sulphid. 
(b) Solution potass, 
hydrate and thymol. 


Red color. 


Pass current of a 
through liquid, then 
into b. 




Vitali's test. 


Fusel-oil. 


Sulphuric acid. 


Red, changing 
finally to green. 


Pour liquid on top of 
R. ; stir gently. 




Vitali's test. 


Morphin. 


(a) Sulphuric acid, (b) 
Sol. sodium sulphid. 


Flesh color, violet, 
dark-green. 


Dissolve in a; add 2 
drops b; heat cau- 
tiously. 




Vitali's test. 


Thymol. 


Mixture of chloroform 
and sol. potassium 
hydrate. 


Red color. 


Distil off, passing va- 
por into R. 




Vogel's test. 


Carbon disulphid. 


(a) Alcohol, sol. potass, 
hydrate, {b) Sol. 
copper sulphate. 


Lemon-yellow pre- 
cipitate. 


Add a, then b. 




Vogel's test. 


Ferric salts. 


Sol. salicylic acid. 


Violet color. 


Add R. 




Vogel's test. 


Glucose. 


Litmus-solution. 


Decolorization. 


Boil with a few drops 
of R. 




Vogel's test. 


Nitric acid in pot- 
able water. 


(a) Gold-leaf, (b) Hy- 
drochloric acid, (c) 
Stannous chlorid. 


R ed d i s h- violet 
color. 


To 15 c.c. water add a 
little a and b ; boil ; 
filter ; add c. 




Vogel's test. 


Quinin. 


(a) Chlorin-water. (b) 
Powdered potass, 
ferrocyanid. 


Pink to deep-red 
color. 


Mix with a, and add b. 




Vogel's test. 


Free sulphuric 
acid in vinegar. 


Potassium chlorate. 


Evolution of chlor- 
in. 


Add R. 




Vogel's test. 


Tannin. 


(a) Chlorin-water. (b) 
Ammonia. 


Blood-red color. 


Add a and b. 




Vohl's test. 


Sulphur. 


Mix water i with gly- 
cerin 2 ; saturate 
with slaked lime 
and fresh lead hy- 
drate; decant. 


Black color. 


Heat R. with the sub- 
stance. 




Vortmann's test. 


Hydrocyanic acid. 


(a) Sol. potass, nitrite. 

(b) Sol. ferric chlorid. 

(c) Dil. sulphuric 
acid, (d) Ammonia. 
(e) Amnion, sulphid. 


Bluish -green to 
violet-red color. 


Add a few drops a; 
2-4 drops b ; c until 
color light-yellow ; 
heat to boiling; al- 
low to cool ; add d ; 
filter ; to filtrate add 
e. 




De Vrij's test. 


Alkaloids. 


Phosphomolybdic 
acid. 


Precipitates. 






Vulpius' test. 


Sulphonal. 


Potass, cyanid. 


Repulsive odor of 
mercaptan. 


Heat substance with \ 
R. 


Wagner's test. 


Eosin. 


Collodium. 


Color discharged 
by R. 






Warren's test. 


Glucose. 


Similar to Trommer's 


test, 0. v. 




Wartha's test. 


Anthrachinon. 


(a) Sol. potass, hy- 
drate. (*) Alcohol. 


Green to bluish- 
purple color. 


Heat with a and b. 


Wacer-test. 


Water. 


See Nigrosin-test. 






Watson's test. 


Gallic acid. 


(a) Ammonia, (b) 
Hydrochloric acid. 


Red color. 


Dissolve in water; add j 
a and b. 


Watson's test. 


Pyrogallic acid. 


Ammonia. 


Lemon-yellow 
color. 


Dissolve in water ; add 
R. 




Watson's test. 


Tannin. 


(a) Ammonia, (b) 
Nitric acid. 


Purple color. 


— 
Dissolve in water ; add 
a and b. 




Weber's test. 


Indican in urine. 


(al Hydrochloric acid. 
(*) Ether. 


Blue foam; red 
color of the 
ether. 


Heat 30 c.c. of urine to 
boiling with 30 c.c. 
a ; let cool ; shake 
with b. 





TESTS 1505 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Weidel's test. 


Xanthin. 


(a) Freshly prepared 
chlorin-water. (b) 
Nitric acid, (c) Am- 
monia-vapor. 


Pink or purplish- 
red color. 


Warm substance with 
a and trace b as long 
as gas is evolved ; 
then evaporate to 
dryness and bring 
in contact with c. 




Weidel's test. 


Xanthin bodies. 


(a) Chlorin-water. (b) 
Ammonia, (c) Potass, 
or sodium hydrate. 


Dark-pink or 
purple; violet 
on final addition 
of c . 


Dissolve in the warm 
in a; evaporate on 
water-bath; treat 
under bell- jar with b. 


Reaction obtained 
with xanthin, 
heteroxanthin, 
paraxanthin, and 
carnin. 


Wellcome's test. 


Morpbin. 


Chlorinated lime. 


Red color. 


Add R. 




Weltzien's test. 


Hydrogen dioxid. 


Mixture of sol. of fer- 
ric chlorid and po- 
tass, ferricyanid. 


Blue color. 


AddR. 




Weuzell's test. 


Strychnin. 


Sol. potass, perman- 
ganate i in sulphuric 
acid 2000. 


Color-reaction. 




Delicacy 1:900,000. 


Weppen's test. 


Morphin. 


(a) Sugar, (b) Sul- 
phuric acid, (c) 
Bromin. 


Red color. 


Add a, b, c. 




Weppen's test. 


Veratrin. 


(a) Sugar. (6) Sul- 
phuric acid. 


Light-yellow to 
dark-green and 
dark-blue color. 


Add a and b. 




Werber's test. 


Nitroglycerin. 


(a) Ether or chloroform. 
(b) Anilin. (c) Sul- 
phuric acid. 


Purple to dark- 
green color. 


Extract with a, add 
two drops b, evapo- 
rate ; add c. 




Weyl's test. 


Kreatinin. 


(a) Dil. sol. sodium 
n itroprussid. (b) 
Dil. sodium hydrate. 
(c) Acetic acid. 


Transient ruby- 
red color; if c is 
added greenish, 
then blue color. 


Add a few drops a, 
then drop by drop b 
— gives ruby-red 
color. Add c and 
warm. 


Very delicate ; .0287 
per cent, pure, 
.066 in urine. 


Weyl's test A. 


Nitric acid in 
urine. 


{a) Hydrochloric or 
sulphuric acid, (b) 
Potass, hydrate, (c) 
Meta-phenyldiamin. 


Yellow color. 


Distil 200 c.c. urine 
with £-£ vol. a, re- 
ceiving distillate in 
b; add c to distillate. 




Weyl's test B. 


Nitric acid in 
urine. 


(a) Hydrochloric or 
sulphuric acid, (b) 
Potass, hydrate, (c) 
Aq. sol. pyrogallic 
acid with a little sul- 
phuric acid. 


Yello wish-b r w n 
color. 


See Weyts test A. 




Weyl's test C. 


Nitric acid in 
urine. 


(a) Hydrochloric or 
sulphuric acid, (b) 
Potass, hydrate, (c) 
Sol. sulphanilic acid. 
(rf) Naphthylamin 
hydrochlorate. 


Red color. 


Distil as in Weyl's 
test A ; treat distill- 
ate with dilute sul- 
phuric acid ; add at 
once c ; in 8-10 min- 
utes d. 




Wiesner's test. 


Cellulose. 


(a) Yz per cent. sol. 
phloroglucin. (b) 
Hydrochloric acid. 


Red or violet color. 


Moisten with a ; add b. 




Winckler's test. 


Alkaloids. 


Sol. mercuric chlorid 
in excess of potass, 
iodid. 


White precipitate. 


Add R. 




Winckler's test. Iodin. 


(a) Sodium nitrite. 
(b) Starch-paste. 


Blue color. 


Mix with a and b. 




Winckler's test. | Water in alcohol. 


Cobalt chlorid. 


Blue color turns 
red. 


Add R. 




Wittstein's test. 


Foreign starch in 
chocolate. 


Iodin. 


Blue color. 


Boil; filter; test filtrate 
with R. Natural 
starch does not pass 
through filter. 




Witz's test. 


Hydrochloric acid 
in gastric juice. 


Aqueous sol. methyl- 
violet, strength 0.025 
per cent. 


Violet color chang- 
ed to blue; 
hy d rochl oric 
acid in strong 
sol. gives green- 
ish tint. 


Add liquid to R. 


Lactic acid in 
strong sol. gives 
similar but less 
distinct reaction. 



95 



TESTS 1506 

TABLE OF TESTS.— Continued. 



TESTS 



Name. 


Use. 


Reagents. 


Reaction. 


Application. 


Remarks. 


Witz's test. 


Mineral acids in 
vinegar. 


Methyl-violet. 


Violet color turned 
blue or green. 


Add 2 drops R. to 25 
c.c. vinegar. 


Delicacy 1 : 10,000 


Woehler's test. 


Phosphorus. 




Green color of 
flame. 


Place liquid in Marsh's 
apparatus, ignite the 
hydrogen phosphid, 
and let flame strike 
against a porcelain 
plate. 




Woodbury's test. 


Alcohol in urine. 


(a) Sulphuric acid. 
(b) Potass, bichrom- 
ate. 


Green color. 


To I gm. a add 2 gm. 
urine ; drop in crys- 
tal of b ; mix. 


Delicacy 2 to 3 in 
1000. 


Worm- M tiller 's 
test. 


Glucose in urine. 


(a) 2.5 per cent. sol. 
copper sulphate. (b) 
Sodic potassium tar- 
trate 10, 4 per cent, 
sol. sodium hydrate 
100. 


Yellowish -red or 
red precipitate. 


Boil in one test-tube 5 
c.c. urine, in another 
1-3 c.c. a and 2.5 c.c. 
b ; discontinue boil- 
ing of both at same 
moment ; wait 20-25 
sec, then mix. 




Wormley's test. 


Alkaloids. 


Alcohol, sol. picric 
acid. 


Yellow, amorphous 
or crystalline ppt. 






Wormley's test. 


Alkaloids. 


Sol. iodin i, potass, 
iodid 2, water 60. 


Colored precipi- 
tate. 






Wormley's test. 


Free sulphuric 
acid. 


Veratrin. 


Crimson color. 


Add R., and evaporate 
to dryness on water- 
bath. 




Wurster's test. 


Tyrosin (pure). 


Chinon. 


Ruby-red color, 
changing to 

brown after 24 
hours. 


Dissolve crystals in 
boiling water and 
add a little R. 




Xanthoproteic test. 


Proteids. 


(a) Strong nitric acid. 
(b) An alkaline 
hydrate. 


Yellow color with 
a, turning to 
deep-orange 
with b. 


Heat substance with 
a ; add b. 




Xylidin-test. 


Carbohydrates. 


See Schiff's test. 








Young's test. 


Gallic acid. 


Sol. potass, cyanid. 


Red color which 
soon disappears ; 
on shaking reap- 
pears. 


Add R. 




Yvon's test. 


Acetanilid (anti- 
febrin) in urine. 


(a) Chloroform. (b) 
Mercurous nitrate. 


Green color. 


Extract urine with a; 
heat residue of ex- 
tract with b. 




Yvon's test. 


Alkaloids. 


Bismuth subnitrate 3 
gm., water 40 gm., 
boil ; add potass, 
iodid 14 gm., hydro- 
chloric acid 40 drops. 


Red color. 


Add R. 




Yvon's test. 


Purity of chloro- 
form. 


Sol. potass, perman- 
ganate 1, potass, hy- 
drate io, water 250. 


Green color indi- 
cates impurity. 


AddR. 




Zeise's test. 


Carbon disulphid. 


See VogeVs test. 








Zeisel's test. 


Colchicin. 


(a) Hydrochloric acid. 

(b) Ferric chlorid. 

(c) Chloroform. 


Boiled with 6, 
green color ; c 
extract, brown- 
ish, granite-red, 
or dark. 


Boil sol. in a with b; 
agitate with c. 




Zeller's test. 


Melanin in urine. 


Bromin-water. 


Yellow ppt. gradu- 
ally blackening. 


Add R. 




Zouchlos' test A. 


Albumin in urine. 


Acetic acid 1, mercuric 
chlorid, 1 per cent, 
sol., 6. 


Precipitate. 


Add R. 


0.014 per cent. 


Zouehlos' test B. 


Albumin in urine. 


Potass, sulphocyanid, 
10 per cent, sol., 100, 
acetic acid 20. 


Precipitate. 


Add R. 


Delicacy 0.007 $• 
Precipitates also 
propeptone. 


Zouchlos' test C. 


Albumin in urine. 


Potass, sulphocyanid, 
succinic acid equal 
parts, in solid form. 


Precipitate. 


Add R. 


Not as delicate as 
Zouchlos' test B. 



TESTIS 



1507 



TETRADYNAMOUS 



Testis (tes'-tis) [L.]. I. See Testes. 2. Any organ 
fancied to have the shape of a testicle. T., Caput, 
the epididymis. T. cerebri, testis of the brain, the 
postgeminum ; either of the posterior pair of the 
corpora quadrigemina. 

Testitis (tes-ti'-tis). See Orchitis. 

Testudo (tes-tu'-do) [L., a tortoise-shell]. A figure-of- 
eight bandage about an articulation, the turns crossing 
on the flexor surface and the spirals overlapping, so 
as to cover the extensor surface of the joint. 

Testule (test'-ul) [testa, a shell]. In biology, the frus- 
tule, or silicious skeleton, of a diatom. 

Tetanic (tet-an'-ik) [reravoc, tetanus]. Pertaining to 
tetanus. 

Tetaniform (tet 1 ' -an-if-orm) [reravoq, tetanus ; forma, 
form]. Resembling tetanus. 

Tetanigenous (tet - an - ij'- en - us) [reravoc, tetanus ; 
yeVvav, to produce]. Productive of tetanus. 

Tetanilla (tet-an-il'-ah) [reravoc, tetanus]. A form of 
tetanic spasm affecting the fingers and toes. It is 
observed mainly among children, and is a concomitant 
of rachitis. 

Tetanin (tet'-an-in) [reravoc, tetanus], Cj^HjqNjOj. A 
toxin present in the blood in tetanus ; a ptomain ob- 
tained by cultivating tetanus-microbes in beef-broth. 
It has been obtained from the amputated arm of a 
tetanus-patient by Brieger, who thus demonstrated the 
presence of tetanin in tetanus-patients during life. 
Nevertheless, it has not been found in the brain and 
nerve-tissue of persons dead from tetanus. The base 
produces the characteristic symptoms of tetanus, 
though probably not all, as three other toxins, in- 
cluding spasmotoxin, occur with tetanin in cultures of 
the tetanus-microbe. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Tetanium (tet-an' -e-um). Synonym of Strychnin. 

Tetanization (tet- an- iz- a'- shun) [reravoc, tetanus]. 
The production of tetanus, or of tetanic spasms. The 
induction of a protracted contraction in a nerve by an 
electric current. 

Tetano-cannabin (tet'-an-o-kan'-ab-in) [reravoq, tet- 
anus; cannabis]. A basic substance found in some 
samples of cannabis, or hemp. Its action on the 
system resembles that of strychnin. Unof. 

Tetanoid (tet'-an- oid) [reravoc, tetanus ; e\doc, resem- 
blance]. Resembling tetanus. 

Tetanomotor (tet-an-o-mo' -tor) [reravoc, tetanus ; motor, 
a mover]. An instrument (usually a rapidly vibrating 
hammer) for stimulating a nerve mechanically. 

Tetanotoxin (tet-an-o-toks' -in) [reravoc, tetanus ; rofwc- 
ov, poison], C 5 H n N. A poisonous ptomain obtained 
by Brieger as one of the products of the culture of 
the tetanus-microbe. It is tetanizing in its action, 
producing first tremor, then paralysis and violent con- 
vulsions. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Tetanus (tet' -an -us) [reravoc, reiveiv, to stretch]. A 
spasmodic and continuous contraction of muscles, 
causing rigidity of the parts to which they are attached. 
See Trismus, Opisthotonos, Emprosthotonos, Pleuros- 
thotonos. Brieger has isolated four toxic ptomain-sub- 
stances from cultivations of so-called tetanus-bacilli : 
Tetanin, which produced symptoms of tetanus (in 
mice) ; Tetatoxin, which caused tremor, paralysis, and 
convulsions ; Muriate of Toxin, which produced tetanus 
and salivation ; Spasmotoxin, which prostrated quickly, 
with clonic and tonic spasms. T., Acoustic. See 
Acoustic. T., Cephalic, T., Cerebral, T., Hydro- 
phobic, T., Kopf-, a special form of tetanus that has 
sometimes been observed to follow injuries of the 
head, especially those in the neighborhood of the 
eyebrow. Trismus and facial paralysis occur upon 
the side of the injury. There is dysphagia, and death 
frequently results. T. dolorificus. Synonym of 



Cramp. T., Extensor, a form of tetanus in which 
the extensors act more powerfully than the flexors. 
T., Hydrophobic. See T., Cerebral. T., Imita- 
tive, hysteria which simulates tetanus. T. infantum. 
See T. neonatorum. T., Localized, tetanic spasm 
of a part. T., Post-operative, that following opera- 
tion. Chvostek's Sign, a diagnostic and pathognomonic 
sign of post-operative tetany. A slight tap upon the 
side of the face, over the point where the facial nerve 
emerges from the parotid, suffices to call forth a sud- 
den spasm of that side of the face. T., Ritter's, 
the series of contractions, or apparent tetanus, observed 
on the opening or interrupting of an electric current 
which has been passing through the nerve for some 
time. Opening tetanus. T., Toxic, tetanus pro- 
duced by an overdose of nux vomica or its alkaloids. 
T., Traumatic, tetanus following an injury. 

Tetany (tet'-an-e) [reravoc, tetanus]. A tonic spasm 
of the extremities occurring chiefly in rickety infants 
and lasting a variable time. The fingers, hands, and 
wrists are the portions mainly affected. It occasionally 
occurs in nursing women also. See Tetanilla. T., 
Epidemic, T, Rheumatic; a form occurring over 
large portions of Europe, especially in the winter 
season. It is acute, lasting only two or three weeks, 
and rarely proving fatal. T., Gutturo-, a stammering 
due to tetanoid spasm of the laryngeal muscles. 
T., Rheumatic. See T., Epidei7iic. 

Tetartophya, Tetartophyia (tet-ar-toff'-e-ah, tet-ar- 
to-fi'-e-ah) [r'eraproc, fourth ; (fibeiv, to increase] . A 
quartan remittent malarial fever. 

Tetatoxin (tet-at-oks' -in). See Tetanus. 

Tetra- (tet' -rah-) [rerpa, four]. A Greek numeral 
used as a prefix and denoting four. 

Tetrabasic (tet'-rab-a'-zik) [rerpa, four; fSaaic, base]. 
Having a basicity of four ; having four atoms of re- 
placeable hydrogen. 

Tetrablastic (tet-rab-las'-tik) [rerpa, four ; ($7iaor6c, a 
germ]. In biology, applied to an embryo having four 
germ-layers, i. e., an ectoderm, entoderm, somato- 
pleure, and a splanchnopleure. 

Tetrabrachius (tet-rab-ra' -ke-us) [rerpa, four; ppaxiuv, 
arm] . A monstrosity having four arms. 

Tetracamarous (tet - rak - am' - ar - us) [rerpa, four; 
Kafiapa, a vault]. In biology, having four chambers, 
as a fruit of four carpels. 

Tetracarpellary (tet - rak - ar' - pel - ar - e) [rerpa, four; 
Kaprr6c, fruit]. In biology, having four carpels. 

Tetracheirus (tel-rak-i'-rus) [rerpa, four; xeip, hand]. 
A monster with four hands. 

Tetracoccus (tet - rak - ok' '- us) [rerpa, four; kokkoc, 
berry]. I. A micrococcus occurring in clusters and 
forming groups of four. 2. In biology, a fruit of four 
carpels. 

Tetract (tet'-rakt) [rerpa, four; auric, ray, a beam]. 
In biology, having four rays. 

Tetractinal (tet-rak' -tin-al) [rerpa, four; auric, ray]. 
Having four rays. 

Tetracyclic (tet-ras-i'-klik) [rerpa, four; kvkTloc, ring]. 
In biology, applied to a flower possessing four whorls 
of floral organs. 

Tetrad (tet'-rad) [rerpa, four]. An element having an 
atomicity of four. 

Tetradactyl, Tetradactyle (tet- rad- ak'- til) [rerpa, 
four; danrvloc, a finger, toe]. In biology, an animal 
having four digits on each limb. 

Tetradymous (tet-rad'-im-us) [rerpaSvpoc, fourfold]. 
In biology, in sets of four each. 

Tetradynamous (tet - rad- in'- am - us) [rerpa, four ; 
dvvafuc, power]. In biology, applied to stamens when 
there are six in the flower, four of them longer than 
the other two. 



TETRA-ETHYL- AMMONIUM 



1508 



TEXAS FEVER 



Tetra-ethyl-ammonium [tet-rah-eth-il-am-o' '-ne-um) . 

A proposed solvent for uric acid and urea. It is best 

used in a 10 per cent, solution, the dose being 10 to 

20 minims. It is obtained by decomposing its iodid 

by moist AgN0 3 or its sulphate by baryta. It occurs 

in deliquescent, hair-like needles, as bitter as quinin. 

It is strongly alkaline and caustic. 
Tetragenous (tet - raj' '-en - us) [rerpa, four; yiyveoflai, 

to be born]. In biology, applied to bacteria and 

other organisms which produce square groups of four 

as the result of fission. 
Tetragonal [tet-rag' -o-nal) [rerpa, four, ywv'ia, angle, 

corner]. Four-angled. 
Tetragynous [tet - raj' '- in - us) [rerpa, four; yvvfj, a 

female]. Having a gynecium of four carpels. 
Tetrahydrobetanaphthylamin (tet-rah-Jii-dro-be-tan- 

aff-thil ' -am-in). See Hydronaphthylamin. 
Tetramasthous [tet- ram-as' -thus) [rerpa, four; jiaadoc, 

breast]. Having four breasts. 
Tetramastigate [tet - ram - as' - tig - at) [rerpa, four; 

fiaari^, a whip]. In biology, applied to micro- 
organisms having four flagella. 
Tetramazia [tet - ram-a'-ze - ah) [rerpa, four; fiaC,6c, 

breast]. The presence, normal or abnormal, of four 

teats or mammary glands. 
Tetramerism [let - ram'- er-izm) [rerpa, four; ftepoc, 

part]. In biology, division into four parts. 
Tetramerous [tet- ram'-er-us) [rerpa, four; fiepor, part] . 

In biology, having the parts or organs arranged in fours 

or multiples of four. 
Tetramethylalloxantin (tet-ram-eth-il-al-oks-an' '-tin) . 

See Acid, Amalic. 
Tetramethylenediamin [tet-ram-eth' -il-en-di' -am-in), 

C 4 H 8 (NH 2 ) 2 . A substance identical with putrescin, 

which has been isolated from decaying animal matter. 

It is a liquid with a peculiar odor. It fumes in the 

air and boils at from 156° to 160 C. On cooling, it 

solidifies to a crystalline mass. 
Tetrandrous [tet-ran' -drus) [rerpa, four; avi/p, male]. 

Having four stamens. 
Tetranerythrin [tet-ran-er' -ith-rin) [rerpa, four ; epvd- 

poc, red]. See Tetronerythrin. 
Tetranopsia [tet - ran - op'- se - ah) [rerpa, four ; oxpig, 

vision]. A contraction of the field of vision limited 

to one quadrant. 
Tetra-ophthalmus [tet-rah-off-thal' -nuis) [rerpa, four; 

bydaXuoc, eye]. A form of monster having four eyes. 
Tetrapous [tef -rap-us) [rerpa, four ; tto'vc, foot]. Hav- 
ing four feet. 
Tetrapterous [tet -rap'- ter- us) [rerpa, four; nrepdv, 

wing] . In biology, having four wings ; said of a 

fruit or stem. 
Tetrapyrenous [tet-rap-i-re' -nus) [rerpa, four ; nvpijv, 

the stone of a fruit]. In biology, characterized by 

four stones, or pyrenes. 
Tetrarch [tet'-rark) [rerpa, four ; apxeiv, to rule]. A 

term descriptive of radial fibro-vascular bundles hav- 
ing four rays. 
Tetrascelus [tet-ras' -el-us) [rerpa, four; aiceXoc, leg]. 

A monster with four legs. 
Tetraschistic [tet-ras-kis 1 ' -tik) [rerpa, four ; axiaaa, a 

cleft, division]. In biology, dividing into four similar 

parts. 
Tetraselenodont [tet-ras-e-le'-no-dont) [rerpa, four; 

aelijvr], moon; bfiovc, tooth]. In biology, applied to 

an animal with molar teeth exhibiting four crescentic 

ridges. 
Tetrasepalous (tet-ras-ep'-al-us) [rerpa, four; sepalum, 

sepal]. In biology, having four sepals. 
Tetraspermous [tet-ras-per' -mus) [rerpa, four; airep/xa, 

seed]. In biology, having four seeds. 
Tetrasporangium [tet-ras-po-ran' -je-um) [rerpa, four ; 



anopa, a spore ; ayyeiov, vessel : //. , Tetrasporangia~\. 
In biology, a cell in which tetraspores are produced. 

Tetraspore [tet'-ras-pbr) [rerpa, four; airopa, a spore]. 
In biology, one of four spores produced in a single 
mother-cell or sporangium, as in the Red Marine 
Alga [Floridea). 

Tetrasporic [tet-ras-por' -ik) [rerpa, four ; o-opa, spore]. 
Composed of tetraspores. 

Tetrasporous [tet - ras - po' '- rus) [rerpa, four; anopa, 
spore]. Of the nature of tetraspores. 

Tetraster [tet-ras' -ter) [rerpa, four; aorrjp, star]. The 
karyokinetic figure when there is a fourfold division 
of the nucleus and four centers of radiation. 

Tetrastichiasis (tet-ras-tik-i' -as-is)[rerpa, four; arixoc, 
row]. Anomalous arrangement of the eyelashes in 
four rows. 

Tetrastichous [tet - ras' '- tik - us) [rerpa, four ; arixoc, 
row, line]. In biology, in four perpendicular rows. 
Applied to phyllotaxy. 

Tetrastoma [tet - ras' - to - mah) [rerpa, four; arofia, a 
mouth]. A genus of entozoa. See T. renalis, under 
Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Tetrathecal [tet-rath-e' -kal) [rerpa , four ; drjKTj, case]. 
In biology, applied to a four-chambered ovary. 

Tetratomic [tet-rat-om' -ik) [rtrpa , four ; aropnc, atom]. 
Containing four atoms ; having four atoms of replace- 
able hydrogen. 

Tetravalent [tet-rav'-al-enl). Synonym of Quadriva- 
lent. 

Tetraxial [tet-raks'- e - al) [rerpa, four; axii, axis]. 
Having four axes. 

Tetrazone [tef - raz - on) [tester, foul; b^ij, smell], 
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 N.N: N.N(C 2 H 5 ) 2 . A basic liquid of allia- 
ceous odor. 

Tetrol [tet'-rol). See Furan. 

Tetronal [tet'-ro-nal] [rerpa, four]. Diethylsulphon- 
diethylmethane. A disulphone of the ethyl and 
methyl groups, harmless in ordinary doses, and having 
marked hypnotic properties. Dose gr. x-xx, as with 
sulphonal. Unof. 

Tetronerythrin [tet - ron - er* '- ith - rin) [rerpa, four ; 
epvdpdc, red]. In biology, the name applied by 
Merejkowsky to a group of lipochrome pigments 
found in animals, and formerly supposed to have a 
respiratory function. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Tetrophthalmus [tet -roff- thai' -mus). See Diproso- 
pus. 

Tetrose [tet'-roz). See Erythrose. 

Tetrotus [tet-ro'-tus). See Diprosopus. 

Tetter [tet'-er) [ME, teter, tetter]. A common name 
for various skin-eruptions, particularly herpes and 
eczema. Sue Herpes. T., Brawny, seborrhcea capitis. 
T., Dry, dry or squamous eczema. T., Humid. 
See Eczema. T., Milky. See Crusta lactea. T., 
Moist. See Eczema. T., Running, includes various 
forms of eczema. T., Scaly, psoriasis and squamous 
eczema. 

Tety [tet'-e) [Madagascar]. A skin-disease peculiar to 
Madagascar, and characterized by a pustular or squam- 
ous eruption in the neighborhood of the mouth and 
nostrils. 

Teucrium [tu'-hre-um) [revitpior~\. Germander, a 
genus of the Ajugecc. T. maritimum, cat-thyme, 
has errhine and antispasmodic properties, and was 
formerly used in coughs and nervous affections. T. 
scordium, water-germander, or garlic-germander, 
formerly used as a tonic, diaphoretic and anthelmintic. 

Texan Fever. See Texas Fever. 

Texas Fever. A specific fever communicated by ap- 
parently healthy cattle living within a certain perma- 
nently infected area in the Southern United States to 
cattle north of this area, when the former are taken north 



TEXTURAL 



1509 



THEA 



during the warm season of the year. The period of 
incubation varies from ten to fifty days or more. There 
is high fever, hemoglobinuria, and occasionally jaun- 
dice. The infected cattle frequently die within a 
week. See Bacillus of Southern Cattle-plague, under 
Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. T. Mange. Same 
as Army Itch. 

Textural (teks' '-tu-ral) \_texlura, texture]. Pertaining 
to any tissue. 

Texture (teks' -tier) [texlura ; textere, to weave]. In 
physiology, any organized substance or tissue of which 
the body is composed. Also, and more correctly, the 
arrangement of the elementary parts of tissue. 

Thalamencephal (thal-am-en'-sef-al). See Thalamen- 
cephalon. 

Thalamencephalic (thal-am-en-sef-al'-ik) [BaXauoc, 
chamber ; KE<pa?ii/, head]. Pertaining to the thalam- 
encephalon. 

Thalamencephalon (thal-am-en-sef '-al-on) [8d?ta/uoc, 
thalamus ; evtcsipalov, the brain]. In embryology, 
the posterior portion of the anterior brain-vesicle ; in 
anatomy, that part of the brain that is derived from this 
portion of the anterior vesicle ; the diencephalon or 
interbrain. 

Thalamic [thai' -am-ik) [Balafiog, thalamus]. Pertain- 
ing to a thalamus. 

Thalamifloral (thal-am-iflo' ' -ral) [QaXajioq, chamber; 
flos, flower]. In biology, having the petals and sta- 
mens arising immediately from the thalamus. 

Thalamiflorous (thal-am-iflo' -r us). Same as Thalami- 
floral. 

Thalamium (thal-a' '-me-um) [8a?Mfiog, an inner cham- 
ber, abedroom: //., Thalamia\ In biology, applied 
to various fruit-bearing organs in cryptogams. 

Thalamocele, Thalamocelia (thal-am-o-sel, thal-am- 
o-se' ' -le-ah) [Ba.Aajj.oc, thalamus ; Koikia, hollow]. The 
third ventricle, so called, as the cavity of the diacele 
or thalamencephalon. 

Thalamocrural (thal-am-o-kru'-ral) [BalapLoq, cham- 
ber; crus, leg]. Pertaining to the thalamus and the 
cms cerebri. 

Thalamophorous (thal-am-off'-or-us). See Polythala- 
mic. 

Thalamus (tlial'-am-us) [BaAa/xoc, bed : pi. ,Tkalami\ 
Thalamus opticus. Either one (right or left) of two 
masses at the base of the brain, the origin, in part, 
of the optic nerves ; they are the developed sides of 
the third ventricle. In biology, the receptacle, or 
torus. T. corporum cavernosorum. See Crus 
penis. T. regalis. See Pericardium. 

Thalassotherapy (thal-as-o-ther' -ap-e) [Balacoa, sea; 
depanela, treatment]. Treatment of disease by sea- 
voyages, sea-bathing, etc. 

Thallic (thal'-ik) \BaX)*,6c, a green shoot]. Pertaining 
to the metal, thallium. 

Thallin {thai' -in) [6alX6c, a green shoot], C ]0 H,. ! ON. 
A synthetic chemic product and a derivative of coal- 
tar. It is a powerful antipyretic, but its effects are not 
so lasting as those of antipyrin. It is likely to produce 
collapse. Dose gr. iv. Unof. 

Thallina (thal-i'-nah) [BaAAoc, a green shoot: gen., 
Thallinaf\. The pharmaceutic name of thallin. 

Thallium (thai' -e-iini) [8a~A?MC, green shoot]. A rare 
metallic element, having some features in common 
with lead, discovered by Crookes, in England, and 
one year later by Lamy, in P'rance. Symbol Tl ; at. 
wt. , 204.2. Glass containing it is singularly brilliant 
and refractive. Its salts are active poisons. See Ele- 
ments, Table of. 

Thallome [thai' -dm) [BaA?i6c, a young shoot] . A thal- 
lus. 

Thallophyta (thal-off'-it-ah) [Ba?iloc, a green shoot ; 



<pvT0v, a plant]. Plural of Thallophytum. A compre- 
hensive term for the lower cryptogams, in which there 
is no well-defined differentiation of root, stem, or leaf. 

Thallophyte (thal'-o-fit) [Ba'A'Aog, a green shoot ; <pvrov, 
a plant]. One of the lower cryptogams. 

Thallus (thal'-us) [Bailor, a young shoot]. In biology, 
applied to a plant-body in which there is no differenti- 
ation into root, stem, and leaves. 

Thamnium (tham'-ne-um) [Ba/ivlov, dim. of Bd/ivoc, a 
bush]. In biology, a bushy thallus. 

Thanato-biologic (than-at-o-bi-o-loj'-ik) [Bavaroc, 
death ; /3ioc, life]. Pertaining to life and death. 

Thanatodes ( than -at- 0'- dez) [Bavaroc, death ; elchc, 
like]. Mortal. Lethal. 

Thanatognomonic (than-at-og-no-mon'-ik) [Bdvaroq, 
death ; yvuf/uv, sign]. Indicative of death. 

Thanatoid (than 1 -at-oid) [Bavaroc, death ; eldoc, resem- 
blance]. Resembling or having the appearance of 
death. 

Thanatology {than-at-ol ' -o-je) [Bavaroc, death; Aoyoc, 
science]. The sum of scientific knowledge regarding 
death. 

Thanatomania (than-at-o-ma' -ne-ah) [Bavaroc, death ; 
fiav'ta, mania]. Suicidal mania. 

Thanatometer (than - at - om'- et - er) [Bavaroc, death ; 
jiirpov, measure]. A thermometer introduced into the 
stomach or rectum to determine if the depression of 
temperature is so great as to be a sign of death. 

Thanatophidia (than- at- -fid'- e- ah) [Bavaroc, death ; 
bipic, a serpent]. Those serpents whose bite produces 
toxic symptoms or death. 

Thanatophobia (than-at-o-fo' -be-ah) [Bavaroc, death ; 
fyoftog, dread]. A morbid fear of death. 

Thanatosis (than-at-o'-sis). See Mortification. 

Thane's Method. A method of finding the fissure of 
Rolando. The upper end of the fissure is half an 
inch behind the mid-point of a line drawn from the 
glabella to the inion. Its lower end is close to the 
posterior limb, and about an inch behind the bifurca- 
tion of the fissure of Sylvius. The bifurcation of the 
latter corresponds to a point one-and-a-quarter inches 
behind and one-quarter inch above the level of the 
external angular process of the frontal bone. 

Thapsia (thap'-se-ah) [Qaipia~\. A genus of old-world 
umbelliferous plants. Thapsia resin (resina thapsia) 
is the product of T. garganica, T. silphium, and T. 
villosa. The resin is strongly counter-irritant. The 
root of T. garganica is used by the natives of 
N. Africa as a counter-irritant. Internally a tonic. 
Dose of the fid. ext. rrLx-xxx. Unof. The root of 
T. villosa (deadly carrot) is purgative. Unof. 

Tharandt Normal Culture-solution. A solution em- 
ployed at the Foret Academie Experiment Station of 
Tharandt, Saxony, for the study of the life-history 
of plants by " water-culture." The formula given by 
Knop is: Calcic nitrate 4 parts by weight, potassic 
nitrate I part by weight, magnesic sulphate (crystal- 
lized) 1 part by weight, potassic phosphate I part by 
weight. These salts are to be thoroughly mixed and 
the mixture used in the proportion of 1 : 2000, 
1 : 1000, I : 500 parts of water. To the solutions 
when ready for use a drop or two of a solution of 
some iron-salt, or a decigram of ferric phosphate, 
must be added. 

Thaumatropy (thaw - mat' - ro - pe) [Bav/ia, wonder; 
rponi], change]. The extraordinary transformation of 
one organ or part into another. 

Thea (the' -ah). A former genus of plants now included 
as a section under Camellia. See Tea. T. nigra, black 
tea, is less pungent and less fragrant than green tea 
and is made from leaves that have undergone ferment- 
ation and are then slowly dried. T. viridis, green tea, 



THEBAIN 



1510 



THEORY 



is prepared from leaves that have been dried quickly, 
having undergone no fermentation. The poorer 
grades are frequently colored with gypsum, Prussian 
blue, etc. 

Thebain (the' - ba - in) [Brj^ai, Thebes], Ci 9 H 2 ,N0 3 . 
Called a\so paramorphin — a poisonous alkaloid found 
in opium, consisting of silvery plates, melting at 193° 
C, with an acrid taste and analogous to strychnin in 
its physiologic effects. It is a powerful tetanizer, ex- 
alting the activity of the cerebro-spinal centers. Unof. 

Thebaism (the' -ba-izm) [Qijjlai, Thebes]. The condi- 
tion induced by thebain or paramorphin. 

Thebesius, Foramina of. See Foramina, Table of. 

Thebolactic Acid (theb-o-lak'-tik). See Acid. 

Theca (the' -kali) \fijKi], a case, box: pi. , Theca?']. In 
biology, a case, sac, capsule, or sheath, as a sporan- 
gium or anther- cell. T. cerebri, the cranium. T. 
cordis, the pericardium. T. vertebralis, the invest- 
ing membranes of the vertebral cord, with tubular pro- 
cesses to each of the spinal nerves. 

Thecal (the'-kal) [H'/ktj, a case]. Pertaining to the 
theca. T. Abscess, tenosynovitis, paronychia, or 
whitlow. 

Thecaphore (the' -ka for) \_6//k?/, case ; (pdpog, bear]. See 
Gynophore . 

Thecasporal (the- has -po'-ral) [Brjuri, case; awopa, 
spore]. Thecasporous. 

Thecaspore (the'-kas-por) [ 6r/n?i, case ; crrropa, spore]. 
In biology, a spore formed in the interior of a sac- 
like cell ; the theca or ascus ; an ascospore. 

Thecasporous (the - kas - po' - rus) \_6i/K7j, case; ciropa, 
spore]. Having thecaspores. 

Thecate (the' -hat ) [Oi'/kt/, a case] . In biology, sheathed ; 
held within a theca, or furnished with a theca. 

Theciferous (the-sif -er-us) [OijKij, case; ferre, to bear]. 
Bearing thecae. 

Theciform (the' '- si/ '- or in) \_6fiKT], case ; forma, form]. 
Resembling a theca. 

Thecitis (the-si'-tis) \_Btjkt], case; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of tendons and their sheaths, or of any 
fibrous sheath. 

Thecodont (the'-ko-dont) [OtjKtj, case; bSovg, tooth]. 
Having the teeth covered or sheathed in alveoli. 

Thecostegnosis (the - ko - steg - no'- sis) \_6?/Kr/, sheath ; 
oreyvbeiv, to contract]. The shrinking or contraction 
of the sheath of a tendon. 

Theden's Bandage. See Bandage. 

Theic (the'-ik) \_thea, tea]. A tea-drunkard; an im- 
moderate user of tea. 

Thein (the'-in). See Tea. 

Theism (the'-izm) \_thea, tea]. The morbid condition 
due to the excessive use of tea. It is characterized by 
headache, palpitation of the heart, tremor, insomnia, 
cachexia, etc. 

Thelalgia (tlie-lal'-je-ali) \dr]7ij], nipple ; akyog, a pain]. 
Pain in the nipples. 

Thelasis, Thelasmus (thel'-as-is, thel-az'-mus) [Orjlaa- 
p,6g, a sucking]. The act of sucking. 

Thelitis (tke-li'-tis) \prfki), nipple ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the nipple. 

Thelium (the'-le-um) [fi^?/, nipple]. A papilla; also, 
a layer of cells. 

Theloncus (the-long'-kus) [dtjl?], nipple ; by-nog, tumor]. 
Tumor of the nipple. 

Thelothism (the' -lo - thizm) [61//M/, nipple; uOeeiv, to 
push]. Projection of the nipple, caused by contrac- 
tion of the transverse muscular fibers. 

Thelyblast (the/ '- ib - last) \_8r)Xvg, female; /Maordc, 
germ]. In biology, the female element of the bi- 
sexual nucleus (or genoblast ) of a cell ; a mother-cell. 
Cf. Arsenoblast. 

Thelycum (thel' -ik-um) [df/'Avg, female: //., Thelyca]. 



In biology, a structure on the ventral surface of the 
perion of certain crustaceans ; peculiar to the females. 

Thelygonia (thel-ig-o' -ne-ah). See Nymphomania. 

Thelymania (thel-im-a' -tie-ah) [6fjXvg, woman ; fiavia, 
madness]. Satyriasis. 

Thelytocous (the-lif -o-kus) \6fj\vg, female ; tekc'iv, to 
bear]. In biology, producing females only. 

Thelytoky (the-lif -o-ke) [BffAvg, female ; renew, to bear, 
produce]. In biology, caused and conditioned by an 
over-supply of females. 

Thenad (the'-nad) [Oevap, palm]. Toward the thenal 
side or aspect. 

Thenal (the'-nal) [Bivap, the palm]. Pertaining to the 
palm or the sole ; also, toward the palm. 

Thenar (the'-nar) [divap, palm]. The palm of the 
hand ; also, the sole of the foot. 

Thenard's Blue. Same as Cobalt Blue. 

Thenen (the'-nen) \_8kvap, palm]. Belonging to the 
thenar aspect in itself. 

Theobroma (the - - bro'- mail) \_6e6g , a god ; fipu/ja, 
food]. A genus of sterculiaceous plants of tropical 
America. T. cacao is the cacao-plant, or chocolate- 
tree. See Chocolate, Cacao. T., Ceratum, " red 
lip-salve," cacao-butter, white wax, aa 35 ; oil of 
almond 30; oil of rose, to flavor, and carmin to color, 
aa q. s. T., Oleum, butter of cacao. The fixed 
oil of the seed of the chocolate-tree, T. cacao. 
It consists mainly of stearin with a little olein, and 
is demulcent, not becoming rancid. It is used in 
making suppositories. 

Theobromin, Theobromina (the-o-bro'-min, the-o-bro- 
mi'-nah) [feoc, a god ; (ipw/ia, food : gen., Theobro- 
mine], C 7 H 8 N 4 2 . A feeble alkaloid obtained from 
Cacao-butter. It is a white, crystalline powder, with 
a bitter taste, but no odor. It is insoluble in water, 
alcohol, ether, chloroform, etc., when cold. It is said 
to have about the same effect upon the system as caf- 
fein and thein. 

Theolin (the'-o-lin). Same as Heptane. 

Theomania (the-o-ma' -ne-ah) [deog, a god; fiavia, mad- 
ness]. Religious mania; insanity in which the 
patient believes himself to be a divine being. 

Theomaniac (the-o-ma' -ne-ak) [_0e6g, a god ; pavla, mad- 
ness]. One who is affected with theomania. 

Theopathy (the-op' -ath-e) \_0e6g, a god; nddog, disease]. 
Cure by prayer. 

Theophyllin (the-o-fil'-in) \thea, tea, <pv?.lov, leaf], 
C 7 H g N 4 2 . An alkaloid discovered in tea. It is 
isomeric with the base obtained from cacao (theobro- 
min) and with paraxanthin, but differs from them in 
its reactions. 

Theoretic, Theoretical (the-o-ret'-ik, the-o-ret'-ik-al) 
[dtupr/TiK6s~\. Based on theory ; speculative. 

Theory (the'-o-re) [deupia, a view]. The abstract 
principles of a science. Also, a reasonable supposi- 
tion or assumption, generally one that is better de- 
veloped and more probable than a mere hypothesis. 
T., Cohnheim's (of Inflammation). See T, 
Samuels. T., Darwin's. See Danuinism, Neo- 
Darwinism , Evolution. T., Fluss' (of Inflammation). 
See T, La7iderer , s. T., Hammarsten's ; that the 
coagulation of the blood is due to the decomposition 
of a substance called fibrinogen, which is dissolved 
in the blood-plasma. This decomposition is brought 
about by the agency of the fibrin-ferment, which is the 
product of the disintegration of the colorless corpuscles. 
The most important product of this action is the com- 
paratively insoluble material called fibrin. T., 
Lamarckian ; the doctrines based upon the teachings 
of the French naturalist, J. B. P. A. de Monet de La- 
marck (1744-1829), who attempted to explain the pro- 
gressive evolution of nature by virtue of an inherent 



THEORY 



1511 



THERIOMA 



tendency to development and the efforts excited by 
change of conditions. T., Landerer's {of Inflamma- 
tion') ; that the tension of the tissues {Gewebspannung) 
during inflammation is much lower than under normal 
conditions. The capillaries surrounded by these 
inflamed tissues are unable to withstand the pressure 
of the blood and, therefore, dilate. The immediate 
effect of this dilatation is an acceleration of the move- 
ment of the blood, which rushes in to fill the widened 
capillaries. But after a certain lapse of time, as the 
surrounding tissues lose their elasticity more and more, 
the blood-stream slows, thus producing the condition 
of the circulation typical of inflammation. (Metschni- 
koff. ) T., Metschnikoffs Biologic or Comparative 
(of Inflammation) ; " inflammation generally must be 
regarded as a phagocytic reaction on the part of the 
organism against irritants. This reaction is carried out 
by the mobile phagocytes, sometimes alone, sometimes 
with the aid of the vascular phagocytes or of the ner- 
vous system. The essential phenomena of inflamma- 
tion represent an actual struggle between the phago- 
cytes and the irritant agent." T., Paralytic (of 
Inflammation) ; the doctrine that regards hyperemia 
as the most essential act in inflammation, and caused 
by paralysis of the vasomotor nerves. T. of Pepto- 
geny and Peptogenous Substances of Schiff and 
Corvisart ; this theory adduces the noteworthy pecu- 
liarity whereby the secretory tissues of the stomach 
yield gastric juice only when in contact with certain 
alimentary substances, because these substances furnish 
an indispensable element in the production of pepsin. 
T., Podwyssozki's (of Inflammation); "inflamma- 
tion is a local reaction, often beneficial, of the living 
tissues against the irritant substance. This reaction is 
chiefly produced by a phagocytic activity of the meso- 
dermic cells. This reaction, however, may precipi- 
tate not only changes in the vascular system, but also 
the chemic action of the blood-plasma and tissue-fluids 
in liquefying and dissolving the irritant agent." T. 
of Preformation. See Preformation and Incasement. 
T., Recapitulation ; according to which each animal 
in its own development repeats the history of its 
ancestry, "climbs up its own genealogical tree." 
This theory was first clearly enunciated by Fritz Miil- 
ler, and has since been elaborated by many, notably by 
Balfour and Ernst Hseckel. T., Rokitansky's (of In- 
flammation); the theory that inflammation is an abnor- 
mal process of nutrition in which, as a result of stasis, 
exudation takes place. The stasis is the most important 
factor. Its cause is to be found in the commingling 
and adhesion of the red cells, the condensation of the 
plasma by transudation of serum, and the accumulation 
of white cells. The exudation is explained, aside from 
molecular attraction, by the continued pressure under 
which the plasma in the area of stasis exists. T., 
Roser's (of Inflammation) ; according to this theory 
inflammation is a true disease, due to infection by 
microbes, the reparatory phenomena constituting 
its cure. T., Sachs' (of Inflammation) ; is that a 
single process represents a salutary reaction against 
some injurious influence ; that regeneration, cicatriza- 
tion, and the primary processes of inflammation, such 
as emigration and the alteration in the vessel-walls, are 
reparatory acts serving to counteract the damage 
brought about by the irritant, i. e. , true inflammation 
never occurs except where there has been a primary - 
lesion of the tissues. This theory has been accepted 
and developed by Buchner and Neumann. T., 
Samuel's (of Inflammation) ; according to this theory 
the main factor in all inflammatory states consists in a 
lesion of the vessels, which are attacked by the irritat- 
ing cause. The inflamed vessels, being more perme- 



able, allow the fluid and corpuscular elements of the 
blood to flow through them in a purely passive manner. 
These exuded products collect in a situation where they 
meet with least resistance and there produce the inflam- 
matory tumor. T., Schimper's (of the Arrangement 
of Leaves) ; according to which all relations of position 
are referred to a single principle. " This principle lies 
in the idea that growth in a stem has an upward direc- 
tion in a spiral line, and that the formation of leaves is 
a local exaggeration of this spiral growth." (Sachs.) 
T., Schwann's (of Inflammation). Same as Roki- 
tanskfs Theory, q. v. T. of Schwendener. See 
Schuiendenerism. T., Spasmodic (of Inflammation) ; 
the doctrine that hyperemia is the most essential phe- 
nomenon in inflammation, and holds it to be caused by 
a spasmodic contraction of the affected arteries, accom- 
panied by an afflux of blood to the neighboring part. 
T., Strieker's (of Inflammation) ; the theory that the 
tissue-cells, under the influence of the inflammatory ir- 
ritant, return to their former undifferentiated embryonic 
condition, and then rapidly proliferate, forming similar 
cells. T., Virchow's Nutritional (of Parenchymat- 
ous Inflammation) ; according to Virchow, hyperemia 
is but a subordinate process and entirely secondary to 
an increased nutritive and reproductive activity of the 
cells at the seat of inflammation, which gives rise to the 
formation of a large quantity of exudation-cells at the 
expense of the cells of the damaged tissue. 

Therapeia (ther-ap-i' -ah) . See Therapeutics. 

Therapeutic (ther-ap-u' -tik) [depairevriKT/']. Pertain- 
ing to therapeutics ; curative. T. Test, a method of 
diagnosis by administering certain remedies which are 
known to influence a given disease, e. g., quinin in 
malaria, potassic iodid and mercury in syphilis. 

Therapeutics (ther - ap - u' - liks) [OepaTrevriKifj. That 
branch of medical science which considers the applica- 
tion of remedies as a means of cure. T., Mediate, 
medicating a child through its mother's milk. T., Sug- 
gestive, hypnotic suggestion in the treatment of dis- 
ease. 

Therapeutist (ther-ap-u' -tisl) [depaTreia, therapy]. One 
skilled in therapeutics. 

Therapic (ther-ap'-ik) [Bepaireia, therapy]. Pertaining 
to therapy ; therapeutic. 

Therapol (ther r -ap-ol) [Sepa-ireta, cure; oleum, oil]. A 
vegetable oil containing ozone. It has been used in 
diphtheria. 

Therapy, Therapeia (ther' '-ap-e , ther-ap-i' -ah) [Oepa- 
TTEta, therapy]. Therapeutics — now used chiefly as a 
suffix, e. g., serotherapy, aerotherapeutics. 

Therg's Fistula. See Fistula. 

Theriac (the'-re-ak). See Theriaca. 

Theriaca (the-ri 1 ' -ak-ah)[_drjpiaKr] ; drjplov, beast, serpent ; 
it was at first the name of a medicine used for snake- 
bite]. Treacle ; molasses. The non-crystallizing 
residue of the juice of the cane, left after the process 
of evaporation. It consists of cane-sugar-solution, 
caramel, and various impurities. It was formerly used 
in pharmacy and also as the name of an antidote to 
the bites of venomous snakes or insects. T. an- 
dromachi, Venice treacle, a compound (no longer 
official) of some seventy or more drugs mixed with 
honey, and given as an antidote in cases of snake- 
bite. 

Theriacal (the - ri'- ak - al) [Brjpiani] ; dqpiov, best]. 
Having the virtues ascribed to theriaca ; useful as an 
antidote for venomous bites. 

Theriodic (the-re-od'-ik) [drjpiov, a wild beast]. Malig- 
nant. 

Therioma (the ■ re - o' - mali) \_8r/pi6eiv, to make or be 
wild: //. , Theriomata~\. A rare name for a malig- 
nant ulcer ; a tumor. 



THERIOTOMY 



1512 



THERMOMETER 



Theriotomy (the-re-ot'-o-me) [pypiov, beast; 'ouy, a 
cut]. Zootomy; the anatomy or dissection of ani- 
mals. 

Therm [dippy, heat]. The amount of heat required to 
raise the temperature of one gram of water from o° C. 
to l° C. It is equal to iooo calories. See Unit. 

Thermae [thur' -me) [dippy, heat]. Hot baths; hot 
springs. 

Thermaasthesia (thur-mes-the'-ze-ah). See Thermes- 
thesia. 

Thermal (thur'-mal) [dippy, heat]. Pertaining to 
heat. T. Ataxia. See Ataxia. T. Springs, warm, 
or hot springs. 

Thermality {thur-mal' -it-e) [dippy, heat]. Exaggerated 
generation of heat, symptomatic of infection. 

Thermanesthesia (thur - man - es - the'- ze - ah). See 
Ther mo-anesthesia. 

Thermantidote (thur-man'-tid-ot) [dippy, heat; anti- 
dote^. An apparatus for cooling the air, much used 
in some hot regions, as India. 

Thermasma (thur-maz'-mah) [deppacpa]. A warm 
fomentation. 

Thermatology (thur-mat-ol '-o-je) [dippy, heat ; Adyof, 
science]. The scientific use or understanding of the 
waters of thermal springs in the cure of disease. 

Thermesthesia {thur - mes - the' - ze - ah) [pi ppy, heat ; 
aladi/aic, sensation]. The sensation of heat or of the 
temperature of bodies. 

Thermesthesiometer (thur-mes-the-ze-om'-et-er) [dippy, 
heat ; aiodyoig, sensation ; pirpov, measure]. An 
instrument for measuring the sensibility to heat of 
different regions of the skin. 

Thermic (thur' -mik) [dippy, heat] . Pertaining to heat. 
T. Fever, sunstroke ; heat-fever. 

Thermifugin (thur-mif -u-jin) [dippy, heat; fugare, 
to expel], C 9 H 8 (CH 3 )NCOONa. Sodium carbamate, 
recommended as an antipyretic. Unof. 

Thermo- (thur'-mo-) [dippy, heat]. A prefix used to 
denote connection with or relation to heat or tempera- 
ture. 

Thermo-anesthesia (thur-mo-an-es-the' -ze-ah) [dippy, 
heat; anesthesia]. Loss of the perception of thermal 
impressions. 

Thermo-cautery (thur-nw-haw' -ter-e). See Cautery. 

Thermo-chemic (thur-mo-kem'-ik) [dippy, heat ; x e P- £la , 
chemistry]. Pertaining to thermo-chemistry. 

Thermo-chemist (thur- mo - kern' -isi) [dippy, heat; 
XEfieta, chemistry]. One versed in thermo-chem- 
istry. 

Thermo-chemistry (thitr-mo-kem' -is-tre) [dippy, heat ; 
Xepeia,, chemistry]. That branch of chemic science 
embracing the mutual relations of heat and chemic 
changes. 

Thermochroic (thur-mo-kro'-ik) [dippy, heat; xpoc, 
surface]. Pertaining to a quality of certain substances 
that transmit some thermal radiations, but absorb or 
change others. 

Thermo-current ( thur - mo - kur'- ent ) [ dippy, heat ; 
currere, to run]. An electric current produced by 
heat. 

Thermo-diffusion (thur-mo-dif-u' -zhun) [dippy, heat ; 
diffusion]. Diffusion of a gas by inequalities in 
temperature. 

Thermodin (thur' -mo-din) [dippy, heat], 

<~6 rt 4\ N .co.CH 3 .COO.C 2 H 5 . 
Acetyl -ethoxyphenylurethan ; acetyl-ethoxyphenylcar- 
bamate ethyl ester. A hydrocarbon that crystallizes in 
white needles, which are odorless and almost taste- 
less, melt at 86°-88° C, and are slightly soluble in 
water. The drug is antipyretic. The dose is from 
7.5 to 10 grains. Unof. 



Thermo-electricity (thur-mo-e-lek-tris'-it-e) [dippy, 
heat; ifKiKTpov, amber]. Electricity generated by 
heat. 

Thermo-excitory ( thur-mo-ek-si'-to-re ) [dippy, heat ; 
excitor, excitor]. Having the function of exciting the 
production of heat (opposed to thermo-inhibitory). 

Thermogenesis ( thur - mo -jen'- es -is) [ dippy, heat ; 
yevvav, to produce] . The production of heat. 

Thermogenetic (thur-mo-jen-et'-ik). Same as Ther- 
mogenic. 

Thermogenic (thur-mo-jen'-ik) [dippy, heat ; yevvav, 
to produce]. Pertaining to thermogenesis ; producing 
heat. 

Thermogenous (thur-moj' -en-us) [dippy, heat ; yivyc, 
producing]. Producing heat. 

Thermogram (thtir'-mo-gram) [dippy, heat; ypappa, a 
mark]. The record of a thermograph. 

Thermograph (thur' -mo-graf) [dippy, heat ; ypatpeiv, 
to write]. Any automatic device for registering vari- 
ations of temperature. 

Thermography (thur-mog'-ra-fe) [dippy, heat ; ypdipeiv, 
to write]. Writing by means of heat. The use of 
the thermograph. 

Thermohemia (thur-mo-hem' -e-ah). See hiso/ation. 

Thermo-inhibitory (thur-mo-in-hib'-it-o-re) [dippy, 
heat; inhibitory]. Having the function of inhibiting 
or controlling the production of heat ; as thermo- 
inhibitory nerves or centers. 

Thermology (thur - mo/'- -je) [dippy, heat; 2.6yo(, 
science]. A treatise on heat. 

Thermolysis (thur-mo/ ' -is-is) [dippy, heat ; Ivmc, a 
loosening]. The dissipation of heat. This is mainly 
accomplished by means of the skin and lungs. It is 
regulated by nervous influence. 

Thermolytic (thztr-mo-lit'-ik) [dippy, heat ; Tibcic, a 
loosening]. I. Pertaining to or promoting thermoly- 
sis. 2. An agent that promotes the discharge of heat 
from the body. 

Thermomagnetism (thur - mo - mag'- net - izm) [dippy, 
heat; payveryg, magnet]. Magnetism produced by 
heat. 

Thermometer (thur-mom'-et-er) [dippy, heat ; fiirpov, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the intensity 
of heat, consisting of a reservoir of mercury (or 
alcohol) expanding into a vacuous capillary tube, the 
intensity being measured by the length of the column 
of mercury. T., Centigrade, one in which the 
freezing-point is at o° and the boiling-point at 100 . 
T., Clinical, a thin-bulbed, self-registering thermom- 
eter for ascertaining the bodily temperature. T., 
Fahrenheit, one in which the interval between freez- 
ing and boiling is divided into 180 equal parts, each 
called a degree, the zero-point being 32 degrees or 
divisions below the freezing of water. T., Reau- 
mur, one in which the freezing-point is o°, and the 
boiling-point 8o°. To convert the registration of one 
thermometer into that of another the following 
formulas are useful : — 

Let F= No. of degrees Fahrenheit. 
" C= " " Centigrade. 

" H= " " Reaumur. 



Then to convert 
Fahr. into Cent 
5(^-32) 



C. 



Cent, into Fahr. 



9C 



+ 32 = F. 



Fahr. into Reaum. 
4 (F-32) _ R 

9 

Reaum. into Fahr. 

?— + t,2 = F. 
4 



T., Surface, a thermometer for registering the surface 
temperature of any portion of the body. See next 
page for Table of Comparison of Thermometers. 



THERMOMETRIC 



1513 



THIERSCH'S METHOD 





Comparison 


of Thermometers. 






a. 


h 


O 


K 


h 


3 


a 


H 


6 


3J 


z 


< 


X 


z 


< 


X 


Z 


< 


< 


u 


u ; 


< 


w 


a 


< 


H 


bi 


h 


O 




u. 


(J 


a 


h 


U 


ai 


212 


100 


So 


122 


5° 


40 


32 








210 


98.9 


79.1 


I20 


48.9 


39-1 


3° 


-1.1 


-0.9 


208 


97.8 


78.2 


Il8 


47.8 


38.2 


28 


-2.2 


-1.8 


206 


96.7 


77-3 


Il6 


46.7 


37-3 


26 


-3-3 


-2.7 


204 


95-6 


76.4 


114 


45-6 


36.4 


24 


-4.4 


-3-6 


202 


94-4 


75-6 


112 


44.4 


35-6 


22 


-5-6 


-4.4 


200 


93-3 


74-7 


no 


43-3 


34-7 


20 


-6.7 


-5-3 


I9S 


92.2 


73-8 


108 


42.2 


33-8 


18 


-7.8 


-6.2 


I96 


91. 1 


72.9 


106 


41. 1 


32.9 


16 


-S.9 


-7-1 


194 


90 


72 


104 


40 


32 


14 


-10 


-8 


192 


88.9 


71. 1 


102 


38-9 


3I-I 


12 


-11. 1 


-8.9 


190 


87.8 


70.2 


100 


37-8 


30.2 


10 


-12.2 


-9.8 


IS8 


86.7 


69-3 


98 


36.7 


29-3 


8 


-13-3 


-10.7 


186 


85.6 


6S.4 


96 


35-6 


28.4 


6 


-14.4 


-11. 6 


184 


84.4 


67.6 


94 


34-4 


27.6 


4 


-15-6 


-12.4 


182 


«3-3 


66.7 


92 


33-3 


26.7 


2 


-16.7 


-13-3 


180 


82.2 


65.8 


90 


32.2 


25.8 





-17.8 


-14.2 


178 


81. 1 


64.9 


88 


3" 


24.9 


-2 


-18.9 


-I.5-I 


I76 


80 


64 


86 


3° 


24 


-4 


-20 


-16 


174 


78.9 


63.1 


84 


28.9 


23-1 


-6 


-21. 1 


-16.9 


172 


77-8 


62.2 


82 


27.8 


22.2 


-8 


-22.2 


-17.8 


I70 


76.7 


61.3 


80 


26.7 


21-3 


-10 


-23-3 


-18.7 


168 


75-6 


60.4 


78 


25.6 


20.4 


-12 


-24.4 


-19.6 


166 


74-4 


59-6 


76 


24.4 


I9.6 


-14 


-25.6 


-20.4 


164 


73-3 


58.7 


74 


23-3 


I8.7 


-16 


-26.7 


-21.3 


l62 


72.2 


57-8 


72 


22.2 


17.8 


-18 


-27.8 


-22.2 


l60 


71. 1 


56-9 


70 


21. 1 


I6.9 


-20 


-28.9 


-23.1 


158 


70 


56 


68 


20 


15 


-22 


-3° 


-24 


156 


68.9 


55-1 


66 


I8.9 


i5-i 


-24 


-31.1 


-24.9 


154 


67.8 


54-2 


64 


17.8 


14.2 


-26 


-32.2 


-25.8 


152 


66.7 


53-3 


62 


16.7 


13-3 


-28 


-33-3 


-26.7 


150 


6 5 .6 


52.4 


60 


I5.6 


12.4 


-3° 


-34-4 


-27.6 


I48 


64.4 


5'-6 


58 


144 


11.6 


-32 


-35-6 


-28.4 


I46 


63-3 


50.7 


56 


13-3 


10.7 


-34 


-36.7 


-29-3 


144 


62.2 


49.8 


54 


12.2 


9.8 


-36 


-37-8 


-30.2 


142 


61. 1 


48.9 


52 


U.I 


8-9 


-38 


-38.9 


-3I-I 


140 


60 


48 


5° 


10 


8 


-40 


-40 


-32 


138 


58.9 


47-1 


48 


8.9 


7-1 


-42 


-41.1 


-32-9 


136 


57-8 


46.2 


46 


7.8 


6.2 


"44 


-42.2 


-33-8 


134 


56.7 


45-3 


44 


6.7 


5-3 


-46 


-43-3 


-34-7 


132 


55-6 


44-4 


42 


5-6 


4.4 


-48 


-44.4 


"35-6 


130 


54-4 


43-6 


40 


4-4 


3-6 


-5° 


-45-6 


-36.4 


128 


53-3 


42.7 


38 


3-3 


2-7 


-52 


-46.7 


-37-3 


126 


52.2 


41.8 


36 


2.2 


1.8 


-54 


-47.8 


-38.2 


124 


5'-i 


40.9 


34 


I.I 


0.9 


-56 


-48.9 


-39-1 



Thermometric (thur-mo-mel' '-rik) [Oeppri, heat ; fierpov, 
measure]. Pertaining to the thermometer or to ther- 
mometry. 

Thermometry (thur-mom' '-et-re) [fteppr;, heat ; fierpov, 
measure]. The scientific use of the thermometer, 
and the facts and theories relating thereto. 

Thermonanesthesia (thur-mo-nan-es-the'-ze-ah). See 
Ther mo-anesthesia. 

Thermoneurosis {thur - mo - nu - ro'- sis) [Bkpprj, heat ; 
vevpov, nerve]. Pyrexia of vasomotor origin. 

Thermopalpation (thur- mo-pal- pa' -shun) [Oep/ir/, heat ; 
pa/pare, to palpate]. Palpation of the surface of the 
body with a view to the determination of variations 
of temperature, and the diagnosis of local or visceral 
inflammations. 

Thermophagy (thur-moff ' -aj-e) \fikppri, heat; ipayeiv, 
to eat]. The habit of swallowing very hot food. 

Thermoplegia (ther-mo-ple' -je-ah) \dkppi), heat ; nTir/yij, 
a stroke]. Insolation; heat-stroke. 

Thermopolypnea (thur-mo-pol-ip-ne 1 ' -ah) [ftepprj, heat ; 
TroAi'c, many; ttveiv, to breathe]. Rapid respiration 
due to high temperature. 

Thermoposia (thur-mo-po 1 ' -ze-ah) \6eppri, heat ; irdoig, 
a drinking]. The practice of swallowing excessively 
hot drinks. 

Thermo-regulator (thur-mo-reg 1 ' -ii-la-tor). See Ther- 
mostat. 

Thermoscope (thur'-mo-skop) \_fiep//t/, heat ; okoituv, to 
view]. An instrument for measuring minute differ- 
ences of temperature without registering the degree or 
amount of heat. 



Thermostat (thur'-mo-stat) [dkppt], heat ; arardr , stand- 
ing]. Any automatic device for regulating and 
maintaining a constant temperature. 
Thermosteresis (thur-mo-ster-e' -sis) [dkppt], heat ; arip- 

Tjcic, deprivation]. Depriving of heat. 
Thermosystaltic (tliur-mo-sis-tal' '-tik) [dipp//, heat ; 
ovoreAAeiv, to contract]. Muscular contraction due to 
heat. 
Thermotactic (tliur-mo-tak'-tik) \dkppri, heat; raa- 
oeiv, to regulate]. Regulating the heat of the body; 
as a thermotactic center. 
Thermotaxic (thur-mo-taks' -ik) [dep/iv, heat; raijtc, ar- 
rangement]. Pertaining to regulation of the tem- 
perature of the body ; thermotactic. 
Thermotaxis {thur-mo-taks 1 -is) [Heppij, heat ; t&^iq, ar- 
rangement]. The regulation and correlation of heat- 
production and heat-dissipation. 
Thermoterion (ther-mo-te' -re-on) [depporr^, heat]. An 
apparatus for keeping food warm, consisting in a glass 
case surrounded by a hot water chamber and an air- 
space to prevent the radiation of heat. 
Thermotherapy (thur - mo - ther' - ap- e) [dkpprj, heat ; 

depaiveia, cure]. The treatment of disease by heat. 
Thermotoxin (thur-mo-toks'-in) [Hippy, heat ; to^ikSv, 

poison]. A poison produced by heat in the body. 
Thermotropism (thur - mot'- ro-pizm) \6tppri, heat; 
rp6noQ, a turn]. In biology, that property possessed 
by some organs of bending toward or away from a 
source of heat. 
Theromorphia (thur-o-mor' -fe-ah) \_dijp, a beast; pop(j>i/, 

form]. A monstrosity resembling a lower animal. 
Theromorphism (thur-o-mor* '-fizm) [Oi/p, beast ; popft?'/, 
form]. Apparent reversion, in a human subject, to an 
animal form of lower type. 
Thesis (the' -sis) [deaig, a proposition]. A dissertation. 
Usually, the essay presented by an undergraduate at 
the time of his candidature for a degree. 
Thesocyte (thes'-o-sit)\pe<;, from ridrjpi, to lay up ; Kurdc, 
cell]. One of certain reserve cells found in several 
sponges. 
Thetismus (the-tiz'-mus). Synonym of Lisping. 
Thevetia (the-ve' -she-ah) [after Andre Thevet, a French 
monk and traveler]. A genus of tropical apocyna- 
ceous shrubs and trees. T. iccotli and T. neriifolia, 
of tropical America, and Asia, are poisonous, febri- 
fugal, and emeto-cathartic. Unof. 
Thevetin (thev'-et-in) [after Andre Thevet, a French 
monk and traveler]. A poisonous glucosid from 
certain species of Thevetia. 
Thiazole (thi'-az-ol), C 3 H 3 NS. A substance produced 
by exchanging hydrogen for the amido-group in 
amidothiazole. It is a colorless liquid, boiling at 117 
C; it closely resembles pyridin. 
Thick Wind. A colloquial term for impeded respira- 
tion in the horse, somewhat louder and less free than 
normal breathing. 
Thiersch's Method of Skin-grafting. The part to be 
grafted is made aseptic and then washed with a salt- 
solution (6 : 1000). The granulations are removed 
with a sharp curet ; the bleeding surface is covered 
with protective and compressed, to check all bleeding. 
From a portion of the arm or leg, free from fat and pre- 
viously sterilized, broad strips of the upper layers of 
the skin are removed by a to-and-fro movement of a 
razor continually flooded with salt-solution. These 
grafts are then placed upon the prepared surface, 
covering it completely. Lattice-work protective strips 
are applied, then a compress moist with salt-solution, 
the whole being covered with protective and dry cot- 
ton and bandaged. An antiseptic dressing should be 
placed upon the surface from which the grafts were 
removed. 



THIGH 



1514 



THISTLE 



Thigh (thi) [ME., thigh, thigh]. The femur. The 
part of the lower limb extending from the pelvis to 
the knee. T.- 



bone, the femur 
or os fe m o r i s. 
T. -joint, the hip- 
joint ; the articu- 
lation between the 
innominate bone 
and the femur. 

Thilanin (thil'-an- 
in), asulphuretted 
lanolin designed 
to replace ichthy- 
ol and thiol in 
the treatment of 
itching skin-dis- 
eases. 

Thillaye's Ban- 
dage. See Ban- 
dage. 

Thimbleweed 
( tit im ' ' - bl - wed ) . 
The herb Rubeck- 
ia lanciniata ; di- 
uretic and tonic. 
It has balsamic 
properties. Dose 
of the fid. ext. 
TTLxv-^j. Unof. 

Thin [ME.,thinne, 
thin]. Slender; 
meager; lean; 
spare. 

T h i o- ( thi' -o-) 
[Oelov, sulphur]. 
A prefix denoting 
the presence of 
sulphur, or a sul- 
phur radicle. 

Thio-acetals (thi- 
o-as'-et-ah) . See 
Mercaptals. 

Thio-acid (thi'-o- 
as'-id). One of 
the acids derived 







Muscular Nerves of the Antero- 
1nternal aspect of the thigh. 
from others by the r . Anterior crural nerve. 2. Branches 
substitution of to iliacus muscle. 3. Branch to inner 
part of psoas. 4. Large cutaneous 
branch. 5, 6. Muscular filaments of 
small musculocutaneous branch. 7. 
Cutaneous branches. 8. Deep, or 
anastomotic filament of internal cuta- 
neous branch. 9. Branches to rectus 
femoris. 10. Branches to vastus ex- 
ternus. 11, 11. Branches to vastus 
interims. 12, 12. Internal saphenous 
nerve. 13. Its patellar branch. 14. 
Vertical, or tibial branch. 15. Obtu- 
rator nerve. 16. Branch to adductor 
longus. 17. Branch to adductor 
brevis. 18. Branch to gracilis. 19. 
Branch to adductor magnus. 20. 
Lumbo-sacral trunk. 21. Union of 
this trunk and the first sacral nerve. 
22, 22. Lumbar and sacral portions 
of sympathetic. 23. External inguino- 
cutaneous branch. 



sulphur for oxy- 
gen, generally but 
not always in the 
hydroxyl group. 
They are liquids 
o f disagreeable 
odor, less soluble 
in water and 
possessing a lower 
boiling - tempera- 
ture than the cor- 
responding oxy- 
gen acids. 
Thio -alcohols 



(thi-o-al'-ko-hols) . 
See Mercaptans. 

Thiocamph (thi'-o-hamf) [Oelov, sulphur, camphor']. A 
fluid disinfectant, used for fumigation. It is formed by 
the action of sulphurous acid on camphor and is used 
in the strength of one ounce to a pint or quart. Unof. 

Thio-ethers (thi'-o-e'-therz). See Alkyl-snlphids. 

Thiol (thi'-ol) \_Buov, sulphur]. German Ichthyol ; 
prepared from gas-oil by heating with sulphur. It 
occurs in two forms, the dry and the liquid. It has 



been used largely in gynecic practice. Dose of dm 
thiol, gr. ij-x. Unof. 

Thionin (thi' o-niu). Same as LaulJi 's Violet. 

Thiophen, Thiophene (thi'-o-fen, thi' -o-fe>i)\puov, sul- 
phur] , C 4 H 4 S. A hydrocarbon of the aromatic series ; 
a colorless, limpid oil, of faint odor, and miscible with 
water in all proportions The sodium salt, C 4 H 3 CNaS 3 , 
is a white powder, precipitated in the form of scales ; it 
contains 33 per cent, of sulphur and has a disagreeable 
odor. It is used in a 5-10 per cent, ointment in prurigo. 
The biniodid, C 4 H 2 I 2 S, has been used as a substitute 
for iodoform. It crystallizes in beautiful plates, in- 
soluble in water, but very soluble in ether, alcohol, and 
chloroform. Its odor is characteristic, but not disagree- 
able. It is a vigorous disinfectant and deodorant, 
superior to iodoform. Unof. T., diiodid, has been 
recommended as an antiseptic. 

Thiophen Iodid (thi-o-fen-i' -o-did). Iodothiophen, a 
halogen compound of thiophen, a substance obtained 
from benzene. The experiments of Spiegler have 
shown it to be an antiseptic possessing varying degrees 
of power in retarding the development of bacteria in 
culture-media. It is preferable to iodoform in having 
a faint, agreeable, aromatic odor. 

Thiophenol (thi-o-fen'-ol) [delov, sulphur; phenyl], 
C 6 H 5 .SH. Phenyl mercaptan ; obtained by the action 
of phosphorus pentasulphid on phenol. It is a mobile, 
ill-smelling liquid, boiling at 168 C. ; its specific grav- 
ity at 14° C. is 1.078 ; it dissolves readily in alcohol 
and ether. 

Thiophtene (thi-of'-ten) [deiov, sulphur], C 6 H 4 S 2 . A 
substance produced when citric acid is heated with 
phosphorus pentasulphid. It is an oil, boiling at 
225 C. 

Thioresorcin (thi-o-rez-or' 'sin) [Oeiov, sulphur ; resor- 
cin~\, C (S H 4 (SH 2 ) 2 . Bisulphydrate of phenyl. It possess- 
es the therapeutic properties of iodoform, and is harm- 
less and odorless. It is used either as a powder or 
as an ointment, ^ss-j in Jv of lard. Unof. 

Thiosinamin (thi-o-sin'-am-in) [Oelov, sulphur ; sinapis, 
mustard], C 4 H 8 N 2 S. A body prepared from allyl, 
mustard-oil, alcohol, or ammonia. It is useful in 
cutaneous affections, lupus, glandular enlargements, 
night-sweats. It is used by hypodermatic injection in 
doses of from 3 to 30 minims of a 15 per cent, alco- 
holic solution. Unof. 

Thiourea (thi - -u- re'- all) \_Belov, sulphur; ovpov, 
urine], CS(NH 2 ) 2 . Sulphocarbamid \ a substance ob- 
tained from urea. It crystallizes in fine, silky needles 
or in thick, rhombic prisms, which dissolve easily in 
water and in alcohol, but with difficulty in ether. They 
possess a hitter taste and have a neutral reaction. They 
melt at 169 C. and decompose at higher temperatures. 

Thiourethane (thi-o-u' -re-thdn) [Belov, sulphur; ovpov, 
urine]. Any one of the crystalline esters of sulpho- 
carbamic acid. 

Thioxanthone (thi- o-zan' -thou) [Belov, sulphur ; !;av- 
Bor, yellow], C 13 H 8 SO. A substance produced in 
the condensation of diphenyl-sulphido-carboxylic 
acid effected by H 2 S0 4 . It consists of yellow needles 
that become colorless upon distillation ; it melts at 
207 C. and boils at 372 C. 

Third (tliurd) [ME., thirde, third]. Next after the 
second. T. Eye. See Pineal Eye. T. Intention. 
See Healing. T. Tonsil. See LnscJika' 1 s Tonsils. T. 
Ventricle. See Ventricle. 

Thirst (tluirst) [ME., thursf]. The state manifested 
by a desire for drink. It is marked by dryness of 
the mouth and fauces, together with constriction of 
the pharynx and esophagus. See Dipsosis and Poly- 
dipsia. T.-cure. See Schroths Cure. 

Thistle, Barnaby's. See Centaiirea. 



THIURET 



1515 



THORAX 



Thiuret (thi'-u-ret) [dstov, sulphur], C 8 H 7 N 3 S 2 . An 
antiseptic which readily yields its sulphur in a nascent 
condition. On this property depends its antiseptic ac- 
tion. It is a crystalline powder, practically insoluble 
in water, and is best used in combination as the borate, 
or perhaps best as the parasulphophenate. 

Thlipsencephalon (thlip-sen-sef -al-on). See Thlip- 
sencepkalus. 

Thlipsencephalus (thlip-sen-sef ' -al-us) [dluipic, pres- 
sure; iynk(pako(;, brain]. A variety of single autositic 
monsters of the species pseudencephalus, in which 
there is extensive exposure of the base of the skull 
from non-development of the occipital bone and even 
of the upper vertebrae. 

Thlipsis (thlip'-sis) [OXlipig, pressure]. Compression, 
'especially of blood-vessels. 

Thoka-Losi (tho-kah-lo'-se). An Australian and Fijian 
form of mutilation, consisting in the incision of the 
urethra at the membranous portion. The object is 
supposed to be a superstitious method of treating 
rheumatism and sundry fevers. Another similar 
method of mutilation for supposed similar reasons is 
called Targangalengale, incision of the urethra 
from the meatus to the frenum. Similar mutilations 
are practised by some of the Arabs and by certain 
African tribes. 

Thomas's Decalcifying Solution. See under Stains, 
Table of. T.'s Operation. See Cesarean Opera- 
tion. 

Thompson's Line. See Lines, Table of . T.'s Sounds. 
Graduated metal bougies, employed to dilate urethral 
strictures in the male. 

Thomsen's Disease. Myotonia congenita ; a dis- 
ease commonly congenital and occurring in families, 
and characterized by tonic spasm or rigidity of the 
muscles, coming on when they are first put in action 
after a period of rest. As the muscles are used the 
stiffness gradually wears off. The disease usually 
appears first in childhood at about the age of eight or 
nine years. The etiology is obscure ; the duration 
indefinite. No treatment is of any avail. The Myo- 
tonic Reaction is characterized as follows : The con- 
traction of the muscles upon mechanical stimulation of 
the motor nerves is normal. Mechanical stimulation 
of the muscles easily induces contraction lasting 
from five to thirty seconds. The galvanic current ap- 
plied to the muscle shows that opening contractions 
are very difficult to obtain, that the closing contrac- 
tions are of very long duration, and that upon stabile 
application well-formed, wave-like contractions may be 
seen to pass from the kathode to the anode. The re- 
flexes are normal. See Diseases, Table of. 

Thomsonianism (tom-so' -ne-an-izm) [after Dr. Samuel 
Thomson]. A form of empiric medicine introduced 
by one Samuel Thomson (1769-1843) of Massachu- 
setts. Sweating, lobelia, and capsicum were the 
principle curative agents relied upon in this school. 

Thooid (tho'-oid) [8ug, a beast of prey of the wolf 
kind; ekSoc, form]. In biology, lupine, resembling or 
related to a wolf. 

Thoracaorta (tho-rak-a-or 1 ' -tah) [dopag, thorax; aoprrj, 
aorta]. The thoracic aorta. 

Thoracentesis (tho-ras-en-le'-sis) \8upaS , chest ; K&VT- 
riaig, a piercing]. The piercing of the thorax for the 
removal of any abnormal collection of matter. 

Thoracetron (tho-ras-e'-lron) \_t)upa^, thorax ; rjrpov, 
the abdomen: pi., Thoracetra\ In biology, the 
second division of the body of the king-crab (Limu- 
lus). Cf. Cephaletron, Pleon. 

Thoracic (tho-ras'-ik) [flwpaf , thorax] . Pertaining to 
the chest or thorax, and also to certain of its organs. 
T. Aorta. See Arteries, Table of. T. Choke, in the 



horse, the lodgment of a foreign body in the thoracic 
portion of the esophagus. T. Duct. See Duct. T. 
Index. See Index. T. Nerve. See Nerves, Table of 

Thoracico-abdominal ( tho-ras' -ik-o-ab-dom' -i-nal ) 
\0i>pa^, thorax ; abdomen, abdomen]. Pertaining to 
the thorax and the abdomen. 

Thoracico-lumbar (t/w- ras - ik - 0- luin'-bar) [tiupat;, 
thorax ; lumbus, the loin]. Pertaining to the thoracic 
and lumbar regions. 

Thoraciform (tho-ras' -if -orm) [Bupat;, thorax; forma, 
form]. Shaped like a thorax, as the mesonotum. 

Thoracispinal ( tho - ras - is -pi'- nal) [ dupal;, thorax ; 
spina, spine]. Relating to the thoracic portion of the 
spinal column. 

Thoracocentesis (tho-rak- o-sen-te'-sis). See Thora- 
centesis. 

Thoracocyllosis (tho-rak-o-sil-o'-sis) [dwpal;, thorax ; 
KvXkuoLC, curvation]. Deformity of the thorax. 

Thoracocymechos [tho - rak - o - sim - ek' - os) [dupai-, 
thorax; abpa, a wave ; rjx°Qi a sound]. A splashing 
sound heard in the chest on succussion. 

Thoracodidymus (tho-rak-o-did' -im-its) \_66paS, chest ; 
didvfiog, double]. A double monster joined by the 
thoraces. 

Thoracodynia (tho-rak-o-din'-e-ah ) [dupa^, thorax; 
bSvvri, pain]. Pain in the chest. 

Thoracometer (tho-rak - om'- et - er) [Oupai;, thorax; 
perpov, a measure]. A stethometer, an instrument 
for measuring the movements of the walls of the 
chest. 

Thoracomyodynia (tho-rak-o-mi-o-din'-e-ah) [dupa!;, 
thorax ; pv<;, muscle; odvvr/, pain]. Pain in the mus- 
cles of the chest. 

Thoracopagus ( tho - rak - op'- ag - us) [pupa!;, thorax ; 
■Kiyyvvvai, to join]. A double monster with portions 
of the thorax or abdomen coalescent. T. tribrachius, 
with two of the upper limbs coalescent. T. tripus, 
with two of the lower limbs coalescent. Prosopo- 
thoracopagus, with the heads, breasts, and bellies 
coalesced ; it is also called Cephalo-lhoracopagus, or 
Syncephalus. 

Thoracopathia (tho-rak-o-pa' -the ah) [flupa.!;, thorax ; 
Tradoc, disease]. A disease of the thorax. 

Thoracoplasty ( tho - rak'- - plas - te ) [flupat;, thorax ; 
Trldooeiv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the 
thorax. 

Thoracopneumoplasty (tho - rak - o - nu'- mo -plas - te) 
[6upa^, thorax; Trvev/uov, lung ; -rrAaaaeiv, to form]. 
Plastic operation upon the lung and chest. 

Thoracoscopy ( tho - rak - os'- ko - pe ) [ftipaf , thorax ; 
GKOTzelv, to examine]. Examination of the chest for 
diagnostic purposes, especially by the stethoscope. 

Thoracostenosis (tho-rak-o-sten-o'-sis) \_6apa^, thorax ; 
stenosis]. Contraction or coarctation of the chest. 

Thoracotheca (tho-rak-o-the' -kah) [dupalj, the thorax ; 
OrjK.7], a case: pi. , Thoracothectz~\. In biology, that 
portion of the pupa-case which covers the thoracic 
region of the pupa. 

Thoracotomy (tho-rak-ot' -o-me) [6£>pa!;, thorax ; repveiv, 
to cut]. Incision of the thorax. The same as Thora- 
centesis. 

Thoracotromus (tho-rak-ot' -ro-?nus) [6i>paE, thorax ; 
Tpopoq, tremor]. Tremor, or thrill, of the chest, or 
chest-wall. 

Thoradelphus (tho-rad-el'-fus) [ftupa^, thorax ; di5F/l0df, 
brother]. A monocephalic dual monstrosity with the 
bodies united above the umbilicus, and with four lower 
and two upper extremities- 
Thorax (tho'-raks) \f)upat;~\. The chest, or the conic 
framework of bones and soft tissues, is bounded by the 
diaphragm below, the ribs and sternum in front, the 
ribs and corresponding portion of the vertebral column 



THORIUM 



1516 



THROMBO-ARTERITIS 



behind and above by the structures in the lower part of 
the neck ; it contains the heart inclosed in the peri- 
cardium and the lungs invested by the pleura, etc. T., 
Regions of. See Regions. 

18 19 1S 

(:, 




10 1\ 



Muscles of Ventral Aspect of Thorax. 
I. Pectoralis major. 2. Its clavicular portion. 3. Its sterno- 
costal portion. 4. Its humeral attachment, divided and dis- 
placed upward. 5,5,5. Its fasciculi of attachment to ribs. 6. 
Pectoralis minor. 7. Subclavius. 8. Deltoid. 9. Inferior 
border of pectoralis minor. 10. Digitations of serratus 
magnus. u. Corresponding digitations of the external 
oblique. 12, 12. Ventral border of latissimus dorsi. 13. Its 
tendon of attachment to humerus. 14. Teres major. 15. 
Subscapulars. 16. Long head of triceps. 17. Lower por- 
tion of deltoid. 18. Sterno-mastoid. 19. Lower portion of 
sterno-hyoid. 20. Trapezius. 




Thorax, Anterior View. 
I. Manubrium sterni. 2. Gladiolus. 3. Ensiform cartilage of 
xiphoid appendix. 4. Circumference of apex of thorax. 5. 
Circumference of base. 6. 1st rib. 7. 2d rib. 8, 8. 3d, 4th, 
5th, 6th and 7H1 ribs. 9. 8th, 9th and 10th ribs. 10. nth and 
12th ribs, n, n. Costal cartilages. 

Thorium {tko'-re-uni) [Icel., Thorr\. A rare metal 
discovered by Berzelius in 1828 ; symbol Th, at. 
wt. 231.9. It is chemically related to tin. Its 
medicinal qualities are unknown. See Elements, 
Table of. 

Thorn [ME., thorn, thorn]. A sharp excrescence on a 
plant. T. -apple. See Datura and Stramonium. 
T. -apple Crystals. See Hedgehog Crystals. T.- 
headed Worms. See Acanthocephala. See under 
Parasites [Animal), Table of. 



Thorncliffe Disinfectant. See Izal. 
Thornwaldt's Bursitis, or Disease. Thomwaldlitis. 
A form of naso-laryngeal stenosis associated with the 
abnormal formation of a cyst-like cavity in the midst 
of the pharyngeal gland, containing pus or muco- 
pus. See Diseases, Table of. 
Thorough {thur'-o) [ME., thorou, through]. 
Through, complete. T. -joint. Same as Arthro- 
dia or Diarlhrosis. T.-pin, a swelling in the 
hollow of the hock of the horse, on both inner 
and outer aspects, caused by distention of the 
synovial sheath of the flexor perforans pedis ten- 
don. T.-wort. See Eitpatorium. 
Thorter-ill {thor'-ter-il). Same as Louping-ill, a. v. 
Thought-transference See Telepathy. 
Thread (thred) [ME., threed, thread]. The spun 
and twisted fibers of cotton, linen, or silk. The 
last, uncolored, is preferable for sutures. Ts., 
Mycelial, the hyphaj of the mycelium. Ts., 
Nuclear, chromatin fibrils of the cell-nucleus. 
T.-worm, applied loosely to any nematode worm, 
also specifically to Oxyitris vermicularis. See 
under Parasites {Animal), Table of. 
Thready {thred '-e) [ME., threed, thread]. Like a 
thread. See Pulse. 
Thremmatology {threm-at-ol' -o-je)\Bptppa, a nursling ; 
"Koyoq, science]. In biology, experimental or artificial 
evolution. 
Threpsology {threp-sol'-o-je) [dptipic, nutrition ; \6yoc;, 
treatise]. The sum of knowledge regarding the 
nature and processes of nutrition. The science of 
trophic phenomena and conditions. 
Threshold {thresh' -old) [ME., threshold, threshold]. 
The limit of perceptibility of a stimulus. See 
Schwelle, also Fechner' 1 s Law. 
Thridacium {thri-da 1 ' -se-wn) \_6pi6a!;, lettuce]. The 
expressed and inspissated juice of the lettuce ; a 
variety of lactucarium. 
Thrift [ME., thrift, thrift]. A plumbagineous plant, 
Armeria vulgaris, native of both continents. The 
flowers are diuretic. Unof. 
Thrill (thril) [ME., thrillen, to thrill]. Fremitus. A 
sort of quiver or shiver of the arteries or other organs 
in certain cases of cardiac disease, aneurysm, or other 
arterial disease. Varieties are purring thrill, a. v., 
and hydatid thrill, obtained over a hydatid cyst. 
Throat {throt) [ME., throte, throat]. A term for the 
fauces, pharynx, larynx, etc. ; the ventral part of the 
neck ; jugulum. In biology, the opening or gorge 
of a monopetalous corolla, where the border and the 
tube join, and a little below. See Faux. T. -cough, a 
cough due to irritation of the pharynx apart from dis- 
eases of the respiratory tract, as from an elongated 
uvula. T. -mirror. See Laryngeal Mirror. T.- 
wort, the genera Trachelium and Liatris ; also species 
of Campanula, the Digitalis purpurea and Scrophu- 
laria nodosa. 
Throaty {throt' -e) [ME., throte, throat]. Having a 

peculiar guttural sound, as a throaty voice. 
Throb {throb) [ME., throbben, to throb]. A pulsation 

or beat. 
Throbbing {throb' -ing) [ME., throbben, to throb], A 
rhythmic beating, as in an inflamed part. T. Aorta, 
a characteristic symptom of hysteria and neurasthenia; 
it is an epigastric pulsation, often very forcible and 
suggesting abdominal aneurysm. 
Thrombin {throm'-bin) [tipa/ifioc, thrombus]. Fibrin- 
ferment. 
Thrombo-arteritis {throm'-bo-ar-ter-i'-tis) [6p6/i(1oc, 
thrombus; ap-Ftpia, artery; iris, inflammation]. 
Acute arteritis with thrombosis. Either process may 
be primary. 



THROMBOGEN 



1517 



THYMUS 



Thrombogen (tkrom'-bo-jen) [8p6fi[3os, a clot ; yevvav, 
to produce]. In biology, producing or giving rise to 
clots. 

Thrombogenic (throm-bo-jen'-ik) [BpSpjiog, thrombus ; 
yswav, to produce]. Producing thrombi. T. Enzyme, 
an unorganized ferment having power to form a curd, 
clot, or coagulum by enzymosis or hydrolysis ; e. g. ren- 
net (Armstrong). 

Thromboid [tkrota' '-boid) [BpopfioQ, thrombus; eldnc, 
like]. Resembling or having the nature of a throm- 
bus. 

Thrombolymphangitis (throm-bo-lim-fan-ji' -tis) [tfpop.- 
(3oc, thrombus; lympha, lymph; mo, inflammation]. 
Lymphangitis, with thrombosis. 

Thrombophlebitis (throm-bo-fle-bi'-tis) [_ftp6p[3oc, throm- 
bus ; <p/J i/ 1 , vein ; m'c, inflammation]. Phlebitis with 
thrombosis. 

Thrombosis (throm-bo'-sis) [0pd///3oc, thrombus]. The 
formation of a thrombus. T., Cardiac, thrombosis 
of the heart. T., Marantic. See Marantic. T., 
Puerperal Venous, puerperal thrombosis of the 
uterine veins. 

Thrombotic (throm-bot'-ik) [dpd/Ltfioc, thrombus]. Per- 
taining to or of the nature of thrombosis. 

Thrombus (throm' -bus) [_6pop(3og, clot: pi. , Thrombi]. 
A clot of blood formed within the heart or blood-ves- 
sels, due usually to some impediment to the circulation 
or to alteration of the blood or vessel-walls. See Em- 
bolus. T., Ante-mortem, the white thrombi in the 
heart and large vessels formed before death. T., 
Ball, a small or large, rounded, ante-mortem clot 
found in the heart, especially in the auricles. T., 
Currant-jelly, a soft, reddish, post-mortem clot. T., 
Lateral, a clot attached to the vessel-wall, and not 
obstructing the lumen completely. T., Obstruct- 
ing, one completely obstructing the lumen of the 
vessel. T., Progressive, one that grows into the 
lumen of the vessel. T., Stratified, one in which 
there are successive layers of fibrinous deposit and of 
varying color. T., White. See T. , Ante-mortem. 

Throttle (throt'-l) [ME., throtel, throat ; throtten, to 
choke]. I. The throat. 2. To choke ; to suffocate. 

Through Illumination. See Voltolini 's Method. 

Thrush [ME., thritshe, thrush]. I. Mycotic stomatitis, 
a form characterized by the presence of diffuse, white 
patches. It occurs especially in weakly children, but 
may affect adults depressed by some form of wasting 
disease. It is also called Parasitic Stomatitis and 
Aphtha, but the latter is more frequently reserved for 
a vesicular form of stomatitis. The cause is not defin- 
itely known ; according to some it is the oidium or 
saccharomyces albicans. 2. A diseased condition of 
the frog of the horse's foot, with a foul-smelling dis- 
charge. 

Thrust-culture (thrust kul'-tur). A culture of bac- 
teria in a solid culture-medium, inoculated by thrust- 
ing the infected oese into the sterilized gelatin ; a 
Stab-culture or Stick-culture. 

Thuja (thu'-jah) [dvla: gen., Thuja]. I. A genus of 
coniferous trees, the arbor vitse. 2. The pharmacopeia] 
name for T. bccidentalis, a tree of N. America, Arbor 
vitcE. The leaves and twigs are diuretic, sudorific, and 
stimulant. T., Oleum, a volatile oil of camphoraceous 
odor, composed of thujol and terpene. DoseTTlj-v. 

Thujol (thu-jol) C 10 H, B O. An oily liquid, the chief 
constituent of Thuja occidentalis. It increases the 
blood-pressure and has antipyretic qualities. 

Thumb (thum) [ME., thoumbe, thumb]. The first fin- 
ger or toe ; pollex or hallux. It differs from the other 
digits in having but two phalanges and in that its 
metacarpal bone is separately movable. T. -method 
of Palpation. See Palpation, Glenard's Method of. 



T.-pad, a pad-like formation over the inner metacar- 
pal bone of some batrachians. 

Thumb (thum) [corruption of thrum]. Palpitation of 
the heart in the horse. 

Thumps [origin obscure]. An affection in the horse 
identical with hiccough in man, due to spasmodic ac- 
tion of the diaphragm. 

Thunbergia (thun-ber'-je-ah) [after K. P. Thunberg, 
1743-1828, a Swedish botanist]. Thunbergia pro- 
gram, a native plant of East India, is cultivated in the 
West Indies and used as an aromatic tonic. 

Thunder-struck Disease. Synonym of Apoplexy. 

Thus [L. , thus, ties : gen., Thuris or Turis\. I. True 
frankincense, or olibanum. 2. Turpentine of pine- 
trees. 

Thymacetin (thi-mas'-e-tin) [flbpov, thyme ; acetum, 
OP H 
vinegar], C 6 H 2 CH 3 C 3 H 7 < NH 2 ( C 5 H ). A deriva- 
tive of thymol introduced as an anti-neuralgic. Dose 
gr. iij-xv. Unof. 

Thymasthma (thi-maz / -mah). See Thymic Asthma. 

Thyme (tim) \tivp.ov, thyme]. Thymus, a genus of plants. 
T. , Oil of. A stimulant and antiseptic oil containing 
thymol, chiefly used topically in veterinary practice. 

Thymelcosis (thi-mel-ko'-sis) [dvpos, thymus ; eAuuoig, 
ulceration]. Ulceration of the thymus gland. 

Thymene (thi'-men) \_0bpog, thyme]. An eleopten ex- 
isting in oil of thyme, along with thymol, q. v. 

Thymic (thi'-mik) [_6vfioc, thymus]. Pertaining to the 
thymus gland. Also, pertaining to thyme. T. 
Asthma, Laryngismus stridulus, popularly known 
as "crowing breath," "holding the breath." It 
consists in a temporary suspension or difficulty of 
respiration from laryngeal spasm. It has been at- 
tributed to enlargement of the thymus, and also to 
reflex spasm ; the latter is now the accepted view. 

Thymitis (t hi- mi' -tis) [ftv/xn^, thymus; trtr, inflamma- 
tion] . Inflammation of the thymus gland, a rare con- 
dition. 

Thymol (thi'-mol) [fti'pnc, thyme; oleum, oil],C 10 H ls - 
HO. A stearoptene, with active antiseptic and anes- 
thetic properties. It exists in oil of thyme and other 
vegetable oils. It occurs in large, colorless plates, 
melting at 44° C. and boiling at 230 C. It has a 
thyme-like odor and is slightly soluble in water, but 
readily soluble in alcohol. It forms thymates with 
metallic bases. It is used chiefly as an antiseptic, and 
is as efficient as and more agreeable than carbolic 
acid. Dose gr. ss-ij. T. -gauze, contains I per 
cent, of thymol. T. -inhalation, thymol gr. xx, 
alcohol 2 n j > magnesium carbonate gr. x, water ad 
^ iij ; add a leaspoonful to a pint of water. T. -solu- 
tion, for spraying, I : 1000. 
T., Ung., contains gr. v to %]. 
Volkmann's Thymol-solu- 
tion, thymol I, alcohol 20, 
glycerin 20 ; dissolve and add 
to water 1000. It is used as 
a spray and antiseptic lotion ; 
it does not produce eczema, as 
carbolic lotions do. 

Thymopathia ( thi-mo -pa'- the - 
ah) [flvuoc , mind ; tvciHoq, ill- 
ness]. Mental disorder. 

Thymus (thi'-mus) [ft'vpnc, thy- 
mus : gen., Thymf\. I. The 
T. Gland, a body of glandular 
appearance situated in the ante- a - Leukocytes. 6. Con- 
. rr . ,. .. T centric corpuscles, 

nor superior mediastinum. In ->< 300. (From Stirling.) 
fetal life it is doubtless func- 
tional, and it is probably a true lymph-gland. After 
the second year of life it undergoes fatty metamorpho- 




Elements of the 
Thymus Gland. 



THYRO- 



1518 



TIBIA 




sis and atrophy and in the adult is completely vesti- 
gial. See Sweetbread. 2. An old term for con- 
dyloma. A genus 
of labiate plants ; 
thyme. T. vulgaris 
affords the official 
Thy m i O le u m . 
Thymi Oleum, the 
volatile oil of garden 
thyme ; it is impor- 
tant as a source of 
thymol. It has the c 
general properties of • 
the terpenes and 
mints; it is often rf, 
sold as Oil of Mar- 
joram, which it re- 
sembles. 

Thyro-. See Thyreo-, 
the more correct 
form. 

Thyreo- (phi'-re-o-) 
[6vpe6$, a shield, and 
hence, from simi- 
larity of shape and 
function, the thyreoid gland or cartilage]. A prefix 
signifying relationship to the thyreoid gland. T.- 
arytenoid, pertaining conjointly to the thyreoid and 
arytenoid cartilages. Also applied to a muscle. T.- 
epiglottideus. See Muscles, Table of. T.-hyoid, 
pertaining conjointly to the thyreoid cartilage and the 
hyoid bone. Also, the name of a muscle. 

Thyreoadenitis (thi-re-o-ad-en-i' -tis) [6vpe6c, shield ; 
adi/v, gland; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the thyreoid gland. 

Thyreocele (phi' -re-o-sel) [Ovpedc, thyreoid; ktjAt/, a 
tumor]. A tumor affecting the thyreoid gland. 
Goiter. 

Thyreo-cricotomy (phi-re-o-kri-kot 1 '-o-me) [dvpeoc, thy- 
reoid ; cricotomy^ . Tracheotomy performed through 
the crico-thyreoid membrane alone. 

Thyreoid (phi'-re-oid) [Ovpeog, shield ; f Moc, form]. I. 
Shield-shaped. 2. Pertaining to the thyreoid gland. 
3. The lobes called " kernels" or "glands" in myxe- 



£& 



Injected Lobules of Thymus of 
a Cat. 

a. Cortex, b. Medulla, c. Blood- 
vessels, d. Septum of connective 
tissue. [From Stirling.) 




View of Thyreoid Body. 
1. Thyreoid isthmus. 2. Median portion of crico-thyreoid mem- 
brane. 3. Crico-thyreoid muscle. 4. Lateral lobe of thyreoid 
body. 

dema. T. Axis. See Arteries, Table of. T. Body. 
See T. Gland. T. Cartilage, the largest of the 
laryngeal cartilages, united at an angle in front called 



the pomitm ada/ni. T. -extract, a glycerin extract of 
the sheep's thyreoid gland, used in the treatment of 
myxedema, cretinism, psoriasis, and other diseases. 
It may be given dry, in powder, or in liquid form, in 
quantities corresponding to an eighth or a quarter of 
an entire thyreoid from the sheep, every day or on 
alternate days. See Organotherapy. T. Foramen. 
See Foramen, Obturator. T. Gland, a ductless, gland- 
like body of unknown function, on the anterior aspect 
of the upper part of the trachea, consisting of two 
lateral lobes, one upon either side, connected centrally 
by an isthmus. See Cachexia and Myxedema. T.- 
therapy, the treatment of disease by the administra- 
tion of thyreoid-extract. See Organotherapy. 

Thyreoidectomy (phi-re-oi-dek' -to-me) [dvpeoc, shield ; 
eKTopij, excision] . Excision of the thyreoid gland. 

Thyreoidin {thi-re-oi' -dhi) [Ovpedc, shield ; eidoc, like]. 
The extract of thyreoid gland. See Organotherapy. 

Thyreoiditis [thi-re-oi-di'-tis) [Ovpedc, shield; irtc,'in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the thyreoid gland. 

Thyreoidotomy (phi-re- oi-dot' - o-me) [Ovpedc, shield; 
rniiij, incision]. Incision of the thyreoid gland. 

Thyreoitis [thi-re-o-i' -tis) [dvpeoc, shield ; eric, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the thyreoid gland. 

Thyreoncus (thi-re-ong'-hus) [dvpeoc, shield ; oy/coc, 
tumor]. Same as Thyreocele. 

Thyreo-cesophageus (phi-re-o-e-sofaj-e' -us) [flvpedc, 
shield; biaoipayoc, esophagus] . Muscular fibers passing 
between the esophagus and the thyreoid cartilage. 

Thyreopalatine (phi-re- 0- 
pal'-at-in) [dvpebc, thyre- 
oid ; palatine~\. Pertain- t 
ing to the thyreoid gland 
and the palate. T. Mus- 
cle, the palato-pharnyge- 
us. See Muscles, Table of 

Thyreophraxia {phi- re - 0- 
fraks'-e-ah). Synonym of 
Goiter. 

Thyreophyma (thi-re-of - 
mail) [Ovpeoc;, shield ; (pvpa, 
a tumor]. Enlargement 
of the thyreoid gland. 

Thyreoprotein (phi- re -o- 
pro'-te-in) [Ovpeoc, shield; 
■n-piJToc, first]. An albu- 
min isolated by Bubnoff 
from the thyreoid gland. 

Thyreotomy (thi-re-of -0- 
me). See Thyreoidotomy. 

Thyroid (phi'-roid). See 
Thyreoid, the preferable 
form. 

Thyrse {thurz) [dvpaoc, a 
stalk, stem]. In biology, 
a compact panicle like that 
of the grape, lilac, or 
horse-chestnut. 

Thyrsiform (tliur'-siform) 
[dvpaoc, a stalk ; forma, 
form]. Having the form 
of a thyrse. 

Thyrsoid ( thur'- soid ) 
[Oiipaoc, stalk ; eldoc , 
form]. Having the form 
of a thyrse. 

Tibia {tib'-e-ali) [L., shin ; 
also, flute or pipe]. The 
larger of the two bones of 
the leg, commonly called 
the shin-bone, articulating with the femur, fibula, and 
astragalus. 



Tibia and Fibula, Anterior 
View. 

1. Shaft of tibia. 2. Internal 
tuberosity. 3. External tu- 
berosity. 4. Spine, s. Tuber- 
cle. 6. Crest. 7. Inferior ex- 
tremity. 8. Internal malleo- 
lus. 9. Shaft of fibula. 10. 
Superior extremity. 11. In- 
ferior extremity and exter- 
nal malleolus. 



TIBIAD 



1519 



TIN 



Tibiad (tib'-e-ad) [tibia, tibia]. Toward the tibial 
aspect. 

Tibial (H¥-e-al) [tibialis, tibiale ; tibia, tibia]. Per- 
taining or belonging to the tibia. T. Artery. See 
Arteries, Table of. T. Muscle. See Muscles, Table 
of. T. Nerve. See Nerves, Table of. 

Tibiale (tib-e-a'-le) [tibia, tibia]. One of the bones of 
the tarsus. 

Tibien (tib'-e-en) [tibia, tibia]. Belonging to the tibia 
in itself. 

Tibio-calcanean (lib-e-o-kal-ka-ne'-an) [tibia, tibia ; 
calcaneum, the heel-bone]. Pertaining to the tibia 
and the calcaneus. 

Tibio-femoral {tib-e-o-fem' -o-ral) [tibia, tibia; femur, 
femur]. Pertaining to the tibia and the femur. T. 
Amputation, removal of the leg at the knee-joint. 

Tibio-fibular (tib-e-o-fib'-u-lar) [tibia, tibia ; fibula, 
' fibula]. Pertaining to the tibia and the fibula. 

Tibio-peroneal (tib-e-o-per-o-ne'-al). Same as Tibio- 
fibular. 

Tibio-tarsal (tib-e-o-tar'-sal) [tibia, tibia; ra/utrdc, tar- 
sus]. Pertaining to both the tibia and the tarsus. T. 
Amputation, removal of the foot at the ankle-joint. 

Tibiotarsus (lib - e - o- tar'- sus) [tibia, tibia ; -apadr, 
tarsus]. In biology, the tibia. 

Tic (tik) [Fr., a twitching, a vicious habit]. A twitch- 
ing, especially of the facial muscles. T. douloureux 
[Fr. , " painful twitch "]. Neuralgia of one or more 
branches of the fifth nerve. The term has been applied 
to painless, spasmodic twitchings or distortions of 
muscles supplied by the seventh nerve. These affec- 
tions have been called antalgia dolorosa, dolor crucians 
faciei, neuralgia faciei, prosopalgia trismus dolorificus, 
and trismus maxillaris . T. non-douloureux (of 
Trousseau). Synonym of Myoclonus. T. rotatoire, or 
T. giratoire, spasmodic torticollis, spinal accessory 
spasm ; a spasm of certain muscles by which the head 
and neck are forcibly rotated to one side or from 
one side to the other. 

Tick (tik) [ME., tike, tick]. A name applied indis- 
criminately to several species of acarids ; also, to 
various parasitic insects of low type, some of 
which occasionally attach themselves to man. See 
Parasites (Animal), Table of. T., Lone-star. See 
Argas americanus in Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Tickle (tik'-l) [ME., tiklen, to touch lightly]. To 
cause a spasmodic muscular contraction, with a sense 
of peculiar distress, by a slight irritation of peripheral 
nerve-fibers of the skin. See Titillatio. 

Ticklishness (tik'- lish-nes) [ME., tiklen, to touch 
lightly]. Proneness to muscular contraction, with a 
sense of peculiar distress, due to slight irritation of the 
skin ; its exercise may or may not be accompanied by 
involuntary laughter. 

Ticorea (ti-ko'-re-ah) [from the native Guiana name]. 
A genus of rutaceous S. American plants. The bark 
of T. febrifuga is prized in fevers ; other species also 
are medicinal. Unof. 

Ticuna Poison (ti-kti'-nak) [S. Amer.]. A powerfully 
convulsant arrow-poison of S. American origin and 
of unknown derivation. It probably contains picro- 
toxin. 

Tidal Air (ti'-dal ar). See Air. 

Tide (lid) [ME., tide, tide]. A definite period of 
time. T., Acid, a transient condition of increased 
acidity of the urine, sometimes seen after fasting. 
T., Alkaline, the transient condition of alkalinity of 
the urine, occurring during digestion, when by reason 
of the determination of acid to the stomach there is a 
diminution of the acid salts secreted by the kidney. 

Tidy's Method. A method of estimating the quantity 
of organic matter present in water. It is done by 



means of the following solutions: I. Dilute H 2 SO. 
(i part of pure H.,S0 4 with 3 parts of distilled water). 

2. Solution of potassium permanganate, 0.286 gram 
per liter, 10 c.c.^.714 milligram of available oxygen. 

3. Solution of potassium iodid, free from iodate, 1 part 
in 10 of water. 4. Sodium thiosulphate (hyposul- 
phite), 0.77 gram in I liter of distilled water. 5. Starch- 
solution carefully prepared, about I j/3 gram in 100 c.c. 
of water. 

Tigella (ti-jel '-ah) [L.]. Same as Tigelle. 

Tigellate (tij'-el-at) [tigella, a stalk]. In biology, hav- 
ing or bearing a tigelle. 

Tigelle (ti-jel') [tigella, a tigella]. In biology, the 
radicle or caulicle. 

Tigellus (ti-jel' -us). Same as Tigelle. 

Tiglium (tig'-le-um). See Croton. Tiglii, Oleum. 
Croton-oil. The fixed oil of the seed of Croton 
tiglium, native to India. Externally it is a powerful 
irritant, producing pustular eruptions. It is useful as 
a counter-irritant in various chronic inflammatory 
conditions, e.g., ovaritis, bronchitis, rheumatism, 
glandular swellings, etc. Internally, it is a drastic, 
hydragogue cathartic; its use is indicated when 
prompt evacuation of the bowels is required. Dose 
TTLJ,-3-ij. Linimentum crotonis (B. P.), a counter- 
irritant for sprains and in muscular rheumatism. 

Til (til) [Hind.]. The plant Sesamum, q. v., and its 
seed. 

Tilia (til'-e-ah) [L.]. A genus of exogenous trees — . 
linn, linden, or basswood. T. americana, a N. 
American species ; a mucilage from its inner bark is said 
to be a good application for burns. T. europcea 
affords flowers used in dyspepsia and hysteria. 
Unof. 

Tillandsia (til-and' -se-ah) [after Tillands, a Swedish 
botanist]. A genus of bromeliaceous plants, of some 
220 species, mostly epiphytic. T. usneoides, grow- 
ing in the Southern United States and Central 
America, called Spanish moss, is astringent, and is 
used as a cure for piles. Unof. 

Tilletia (til-e' -she-ah) [L.]. A genus of ustilagineous 
fungi. See Smut. 

Tilmus (til'-mus) [rilfi6<;, a pulling]. Carphologia, or 
floccitation ; the picking of the bedclothes by a deliri- 
ous patient. 

Timbre (tam'-ber) [Fr. ; Ger. , Klang\ The peculiar 
quality of a tone, other than pitch and intensity, that 
makes it distinctive. It depends upon the overtones 
of the vibrating body. 

Time (tim) [ME., time, time]. The duration of an 
event or phenomenon. T., Inertia, in the stimula- 
tion of a muscle or sense-organ, the latent time re- 
quired to overcome the inertia of the muscle or organ 
after the reception of the stimulus through the nerve. 
T., Reaction, that required for the conduction of a 
sensory impulse to the center, combined with that of 
the duration of the perception, of the direction of 
attention (apperception), of the voluntary impulse, 
and of the return of a motor impulse to the muscles, 
with their consequent activity. The reaction-time 
varies according to the part and sense, etc. , stimu- 
lated. Dolley and Cattell found, by experiments 
upon themselves, that the sensory reactions of electric 
stimuli were the shortest when the stimulus was 
applied to the upper arm and the movement made 
with the hand. They were about \ ox \ second. 
See, also, Dilemma. T., Recogition, the time re- 
quired for the recognition of the kind of stimulus 
after its application. T. -sense, the perception of the 
lapse of time. 

Tin (tin) [ME., tin, tin]. Stannum. Sn = n8; quan- 
tivalence II, IV. A silvery-white metallic element 



TINAGMUS 



1520 



TIRE-FOND 



known from the remotest antiquity, harder than lead 
and very malleable. When exposed to the air it 
becomes superficially oxidized. Tin is a constituent 
of a number of alloys: bronze, bell-metal, pewter, 
solder, gun-metal, Britannia, speculum-metal, etc. 
See Elements, Table of. T. -amalgam, tin 3 parts 
and mercury I part. It is used for filling teeth and 
as a vermifuge. T. -block, a thin plate of iron 
coated with tin. T. Chlorid, stannous chlorid, a dis- 
infectant. T.-foil, tin in thin sheets, or layers; used 
in pharmacy, chiefly as a material for wrapping 
various drugs. T., Powdered, Pulvis Stanni ; for- 
merly used as an anthelmintic. All unof. 

Tinagmus (tin-ag'-mus) [rtvayfioc ; rivaaaeiv, to shake]. 
A concussion. See /fecial Tenesmus. 

Tinea (tin' -kali) [L.]. A tench ; a small fish. 

Tincae, Os. The tench's mouth ; an old name for the 
os uteri. 

Tincal (ling'-kal) [Malay, tingkal~\. An oriental 
name for crude borax. 

Tinction (tingk' -shun) [lingers, to dye]. A staining 
material. A tint. The process of staining. 

Tinctorial (tiugk-to'-re-al) [tingere, p.p., linctns, to 
dye]. Pertaining to staining or dyeing. 

Tincturation (tingk-tu-ra'-shun) [tinclura, tincture]. 
The preparation of a tincture ; the treatment of a sub- 
stance in such a way as to make a tincture from it. 

Tincture, Tinctura (tingk' -tur, tingk-lu' '-rah)[h.: gen., 
Tincturce ; tingere, to tinge]. A tincture. In phar- 
macy, an alcoholic solution of the medicinal principles 
of a drug, and, excepting the tincture of iodin, of 
non-volatile bases. The strength of tinctures varies 
from j-q per cent, to 65 per cent, of the active princi- 
ples of the drug. There are 72 official tincturce, be- 
sides 31 in the National Formulary. T. amara. 
See Bitter Tincture. T., Ammoniated, a solution 
of a medicinal substance in spirit of ammonia. T. 
antacrida. See Guaiac-mixture, Femur's. T. 
capsici et myrrhae. (N. F.) Same as Hot Drops. 
T., Ethereal, the solution of a drug in ethereal 
spirit. T., Huxham's. See T. cinchona', composita. 
T., Warburg's. See Warburg's Tincture. 

Tinder, German. See Amadon. 

Tinea (tin'-e-ah) [tinea, a moth-worm]. A generic 
term applied to a class of skin-diseases caused by the pres- 
ence of filamentous fungi. T. amiantacea. Synonym 
of Seborrhea. T. asbestina. Synonym of Seborrhea. 
T. axillaris, ringworm of the axilla. T. barbae. Same 
as T. sycosis. T. ciliorum. Same as Eczema tarsi. 
T. circinata, T. corporis ; Herpes circinatus ; ring- 
worm of parts devoid of hair. It is of frequent occur- 
rence in children with ringworm of the scalp, but 
is seen especially in adults. The patches are most 
commonly situated on the neck, face, and hands, but 
may occur anywhere. They are at first sharply de- 
fined, circular, slightly raised, pinkish, and covered 
with fine gray scales. They form rings and gyrate 
patches. Itching is seldom marked. T. corporis. 
See T. circinata. T. cruris, a variety of ringworm 
occurring upon the inner surface of the thighs, and 
accompanied by a considerable degree of inflamma- 
tion. T. decalvans. See Alopecia areata. T. 
favosa. See Favus. T. imbricata, Tokelau Ring- 
worm ; Bowdilch Island Ringworm ; Le Pita ; Gitne ; 
Cascadoe ; Herpes desquamans ; a tropical, vegetable- 
parasitic, contagious disease, characterized by the for- 
mation of patches of concentric, scaly rings. It attacks 
any part of the body except the head. The scales 
vary in size up to half an inch square and are free at 
their edges, which are slightly curled, or in old cases 
large, thick, and horny. Intense itching is the only 
other symptom. T. kerion, a suppurative form of 



T. tonsurans. T. lupinosa. Synonym of Favus. 
T. nodosa, Paxton's Disease ; a nodose condition of 
the hair of the moustache, accompanied by thickening, 
roughness, and some fragility. T. sycosis, Mcnla- 
gra parasitica ; Sycosis parasitica ; Barbers' Itch; ring- 
worm of the beard ; a common affection the result of 
the irritating effect of tricophyton upon the follicles of 
the hairy portions of the face. It consists of circular, 
scaly, itchy patches or rings in the beard, very rarely 
on the upper lip, extending at the periphery and coal- 
escing to form gyrate areas. If allowed to go on a 
pustular folliculitis is produced. T. tarsi. See 
Eczema palpebrarum. T. tondens. Synonym of 
T. ^ tonsurans. T. tonsurans, Herpes tonsurans ; 
ringworm of the scalp, a common and troublesome dis- 
ease among children. It appears as single or multiple, 
circular or oval, irregularly distributed, reddish or 
grayish, scurfy spots on the scalp, attended with slight 
itching. A slight vesication may be present at the 
spreading edge. The hairs over the spots are scanty, 
lusterless, stumpy, swollen at the root, with fringed or 
twisted ends, and are often pigmented. Gradually 
these patches coalesce to form irregular patches over 
the scalp. In some cases smooth, bald, shining white 
patches are produced (bald ringworm). The affection 
is a chronic one. T. trichophytina, Ri?igworm ; a 
contagious disease of the skin due to the presence of a 
vegetable parasite. T. vera. Synonym of Favus. 
T. versicolor, Pityriasis versicolor ; a common dis- 
ease of the skin due to the presence of a vegetable 
parasite (microspor on furfur). It is characterized by 
the existence of fawn-colored or brown, slightly scaly 
patches, usually confined to the trunk. It is essenti- 
ally a disease of middle life (between fifteen and forty- 
five years), runs a chronic course, and produces slight 
or no subjective symptoms. The favorite seats of the 
disease are the front of the chest, the abdomen, and the 
interscapular region. The lesions consist, at first, of 
small, circular, discrete spots, which soon coalesce to 
cover extensive, irregular areas, or even the whole 
trunk. These patches are sharply defined, and their 
surface is finely scaly. They may become inflamed. 

Tingible (tinj'-ib-l) [tingere, to tinge]. That which 
may be tinged ; stainable. 

Tingle (ting'-gl) [ME., tinglen, to tingle]. A prick- 
ing or stinging sensation ; the feeling of a slight, 
sharp, and sudden thrill, as of pain. 

Tingling (ting'-gling). See Pins and A T eedles. 

Tinker's Weed. See Triosteum. 

Tinkling (tingk' -ling) [ME., tinklen, to tinkle]. A 
sharp sound, like that caused by striking one piece of 
metal lightly by another. T., Metallic, an ausculta- 
tory chinking sound, heard mainly in pneumothorax. 

Tinnitus (tin-i'-tus or tin' ' -it-us) [tinnire, to tinkle]. 
Any subjective tinkling or ringing sound. T. aurium, 
the subjective ringing, roaring, or hissing sound heard 
in the ears in various affections of the tympanum 
and internal ear, and also after the administration of 
certain drugs in large doses, notably quinin. T., 
Telephone, a professional neurosis or abnormal ner- 
vous condition of the auditory apparatus, believed to 
be caused by the continual use of the telephone. 

Tip [ME., tip, tip]. The point or summit of anything. 
T.-foot, talipes equinus ; a variety of club-foot. 

Tire (tlr) [ME., tiren, to tire]. A sense of weariness 
and exhaustion ; fag. 

Tire-balle (ter-bal ) [Fr.]. An instrument for extract- 
ing bullets from a part. 

Tire-fond (ter-fonig)) [Fr.]. An instrument for pene- 
trating a cavity or tissue, transfixing and withdrawing 
foreign bodies, and usually made in the form of a 
gimlet. 



TISANE 



1521 



TOBACCO 



Tisane (ie-takn / ) [see Ptisan']. Any decoction or 
beverage having slight curative or restorative qualities. 

Tissue (tish'-u) [ME., tissue, tissue]. Any web-like 
structure. Applied generally to the organic elements 
of a part or organ. ■' In the widest sense of the term, 
every aggregate of cells which obeys a common law 
of growth (usually, however, not uniform in its 
action) may be termed a tissue." "The term tissue 
may be applied par excellence to aggregations of 
similar cells, which, without any well-defined external 
form, consist, in whatever direction the section be made, 
of numbers of cells." T., Adenoid, or Lymphoid, 
a modified form of retiform connective tissue in 
which the reticular meshes contain lymphoid cells, 
which closely resemble pale blood-corpuscles or 
lymph-corpuscles, but have a larger nucleus and less 
protoplasm. This tissue composes the greater part of 
the lymphatic glands, and is found in the spleen, 
the tonsils, and the alimentary mucosa. T., Adipose, 
fatty tissue ; it consists of numerous nucleated vesicles 
of an average diameter of 3^ of an inch, which are 
composed of oily matter inclosed in a delicate, struc- 
tureless membrane, and are lodged in the meshes of 
the areolar tissue, which, with the blood-vessels, serve 
to bind the vesicles or fat-cells into round or irregular 
masses visible to the naked eye. Adipose tissue is 
copiously supplied with blood-vessels and lymphatics, 
but no nerves have been seen to terminate therein. 
This tissue is distributed very generally throughout 
the body where areolar tissue is found, but is absent 
from the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelids, the penis 
and scrotum, the nymphse, and the cavity of the 
cranium. T., Animal, a general name for any of the 
textures which form the elementary structures of the 
body, and of which there are four classes : Epitlielial 
tissues, Connective tissues, Muscular tissues, and 
Nervous tissues. T., Areolar, a form of fibrous con- 
nective tissue which consists of delicate, soft, elastic 
threads or fibers interlacing in every direction, and quite 
colorless, like spun glass. These are intermixed with 
fine, transparent filrns, leaving interstices or areola? 
between them. It is one of the most generally dis- 
tributed of the tissues, and is continuous throughout 
the body. T., Basement, the tissue of the basement- 
membrane. T., Cancellous, the spongy tissue of 
bones. T., Cartilaginous. See Cartilage. T., Cel- 
lular, texture composed of rounded (or dodecahedral) 
cells. T., Conducting, in biology, the inner tissue 
of the stigma and style of a pistil. T., Connective, 
a general term for all those tissues of the body that 
support and connect the tissues of the frame. They 
are divided into three groups: fibrous connective 
tissue,, cartilage, and bone. The fibrous connective 
tissue is soft, while cartilage and bone are hard 
and dense. All are derived from the mesoderm. 
T., Corneous, tissue found in the nails, hair, epidermis, 
etc. T., Dental. See Dentine. T., Embryonal 
Connective. See T., Mucoid. T., Endothelial, 
the endothelia of the body. T., Epithelial, the 
epithelia of the body. See Epithelium. T., Erectile, 
tissue of a spongy nature, which is expanded when 
turgid with blood or other fluid. T., Fibro-cellular, 
tissue in the form of long fibers. T., Fibrous Con- 
nective, there are three varieties: white fibrous, 
yellow elastic, and areolar, the variety depending 
upon the character of the fibers. The fibers are im- 
bedded in a matrix or a soft, homogeneous material 
that contains mucin. The matrix is clouded by acetic 
acid, and when treated withnitrateof silver and exposed 
to the light takes a brownish stain. T., Gelatinous, 
a variety of connective tissue, very abundant in 
Medusa and Ctenophora. It is secreted by the epithe- 
96 



Hum, and contains many migrated cells. T., Ger- 
minal, the tissue that gives rise to the ova and the 
spermatozoids. T., Granulation. See Granulation 
Tissue. T., Inflammatory, tissue formed during in- 
flammation. T., Interstitial Connective. See 7'., 
Areolar. T., Mucoid, Mucous, or Gelatinous, con- 
nective tissue such as is present in the umbilical cord of 
the fetus. T., Muscular. See Muscle. T., Nervous. 
See Nerve. T., Osseous. See Pone. T., Osteo- 
genic. See Bone. T., Parenchymal, the areolar tis- 
sues that accompany vessels and nerves into the interior 
of organs and glands, giving them protection. T., 
Pitted. See Bothrenchyma ; Taphrenchyma. T., 
Simple, that having but one or two structural elements, 
e.g. blood, lymph, epithelium, connective tissue of 
cartilage and bone, and nervous and muscular tissues. 
T., Tubular, or Vascular, tissue in the form of long, 
cylindric tubes. T., Vegetable, a term used to dis- 
tinguish the web-like substance which composes vege- 
table structure. T., White Fibrous, a form of 
fibrous, connective tissue which is made up of fine, 
inelastic, transparent, homogeneous filaments, about 
znhsri to ir^Tffo °f an ' ncn i" thickness. These are 
usually united in bundles and lamina by the matrix 
and appear as white threads or films. White, fibrous 
tissue forms the greater part of ligaments, tendons, fascia 
or sheaths of muscles, periosteum, etc. T., Woody, 
tissue composing the woody fibers of plants. T., 
Yellow Elastic, tissue of a yellowish color and pos- 
sessing great elasticity, predominating in the liga- 
mentum subflava, vocal bands, the inner coats of the 
blood-vessels, and the longitudinal coats of the trachea 
and bronchi. Viewed with the microscope, it is seen 
to consist of straight, well-defined, homogeneous, 
highly-refracting, elastic fibers, and, especially at the 
broken ends, having a decided tendency to curl up. 

Tit [ME., tit, tit]. The nipple. See Teat. 

Titanium (tit-a'-ne-um) [Tirav, Titan]. A metal hav- 
ing a certain relationship to iron, chromium, and tin. 
It is extremely infusible and will scratch glass. Sym- 
bol Ti, at. wt. 48.I. Its medicinal properties are not 
well understood. See Elements, Table of. 

Titillation (lit-il-a' '-shun) [titillatio ; titillare, to tickle]. 
The act of tickling ; a momentary or transient ex- 
citation. 

Titration {tit-ret 1 '-shun) [¥r.,titre, standard of fineness] . 
Volumetric analysis by the aid of standard solutions. 

Titubating (tit' u-ba-ting) [titubare, to stagger]. A 
term applied to the gently swaying ataxia of cerebellar 
disease and posterior spinal sclerosis. 

Titubation (tit-u-ba' -shun) [titubatio ; tibubare, to stag- 
ger]. I. The staggering gait and incoordination of 
motion accompanying certain diseases of the spine 
and cerebellum ; also, the staggering gait of the drunk- 
ard. 2. Restlessness, or inquietude. 3. In biology, 
Dujardin's name for pedesis, more commonly known 
as Brownian motion, or molecular motion. 

Tizwin (tiz'-zvin) [Am. Ind.]. An intoxicating drink 
made by the Apaches and other Indians from some 
species of yucca. 

Tlalsahuate (tlal-sa-hwa' -te) [Mex. Ind.]. See Tet- 
ranychus tlalsahuate, Lemaire, under Parasites (Ani- 
mal), Table of. 

Toad (tod) [ME. ,tode, toad]. A tailless, terrestrial 
batrachian or amphibian. T.-flax. See Antirrhinum 
linaria and Linaria. 

To-and-fro Sound. See Auscultatory Sounds. 

Toast (tost) [ME., tosten, to toast]. Bread browned 
by the fire. T. -water, water in which toasted bread 
has been steeped ; it is used as a beverage by in- 
valids. 

Tobacco (to-bak'-o) [Sp. ,tabaco, tobacco]. See Taba- 



TOBIN'S TUBES 



1522 



TONGUE 



cum. T.-bag Suture. See Stoltz' ' s Operation in 
Table of Operations. T. -dyspepsia. See Dyspepsia. 
T. -habit, a term employed to designate the custom of 
using tobacco in any form ; it is also used to indicate 
overindulgence in tobacco. T. -heart, functional 
heart-disorder due to the misuse or excessive use of 
tobacco. T. -poisoning. See Nicotinism. T. -pouch 
Operation. Same as Stoltz' s Operation. 

Tobin's Tubes. A method of ventilation of rooms by 
the introduction of air through tubes placed in the 
walls. See Ventilation. 

Tobold's Apparatus. An illuminating apparatus with 
a movable reflector for use with the laryngoscope. 

Tocarexis (tok-ar-eks'-is) [rd/iof, labor; api^ig, help]. 
Assistance rendered to a woman in child-bed. 

Tocodynamometer (tok-o-di-nam-om'-et-er) [rd/cof, 
labor; dbva/uc, power; fitrpov, measure]. See Toko- 
dynamometer. 

Tocograph {tok'-o-graf). See Tokograph. 

Tocology (tok - ol'- o - je) [touch;, childbirth; 'koyor, 
science]. The science of obstetrics. 

Tocometer (tok-om'-et-er). See Tocodynamometer. 

"Voc\c\sX\2.(tod-a'-le-ah) [Malabar]. A genus of rutace- 
ous plants. T. aculeata, of S. Asia, is a useful aro- 
matic stimulant and tonic. Unof. 

Toddy (tod'-e) [Hind., tadi, a palm tree]. The fer- 
mented juice of the cocoa-nut palm, obtained by in- 
cision of the palm, and collected in pots hung to the 
tree under the cuts. It is then fermented and dis- 
tilled. See Punch. 

Toe (to) [ME., to, toe]. A finger or digit of the foot. 
T.-drop, inability to lift the toes, or the anterior part 
of the foot, due to a local paralysis, usually from 
peripheral neuritis. T., Great, the innermost and 
largest of the toes. Ts., Numbering of. See 
Fingers and Toes, Numbering of. T. -reflex. See 
Reflexes, Table of. 

Toilet (loi'-let) [OF '., toilette , a cloth]. In surgery, 
the cleansing, washing, and dressing that follows an 
operation, especially of the abdominal cavity. 

Tokelau (to'-kel-o) [native name] . A cutaneous disease 
peculiar to Oceanica, the Fiji Islands, and the Society 
Islands. It is due to a parasitic fungus, and is charac- 
terized by scaliness of the skin, to which the early 
navigators, Dampier, Dentracastaux, Marsden, Cook, 
Wielhies, etc., refer in speaking of " des hommes 
poissons." T. Ringworm. See Tinea imbricata. 

Tokodynamometer (tok-o-di-nam-om'-et-er) [tokoc, 
birth; dynamometer}. An instrument for measuring 
the force of the expulsive efforts in childbirth. 

Tokograph (tok'-o-graf) [rtkof, birth ; ypdtpeiv, to re- 
cord]. A recording tokodynamometer. 

Tokology (tok-ol'-o-je). See Tocology. 

Tolane (to' -Ian), C u Ff ]0 . A substance produced from 
boiling stilbene bromid with alcoholic potash. It is 
easily soluble in alcohol and ether, and consists of 
large crystals, melting at 6o° C. 

Tolerance (tol'-er-ans) [tolerantia ; tolerare, to bear J . 
The capacity of a patient to withstand certain drugs or 
certain doses of drugs without injurious consequences, 
particularly when acquired by a continued use of the 
drug. 

Tolerant (tol'-er-ant) {tolerare, to bear]. Withstanding 
the action of a medicine without injurv. 

Tolu (to-lit'). See Balsam. 

Toluene (tol'-u-en) [ Tolu ], C,H 8 . Methyl-benzene. 
See Balsam of Tolutan. A hydrocarbon obtained 
from coal-tar and also produced in the dry distillation 
of tolu-balsam and many resins. It is very similar to 
benzene, is fluid at ordinary temperatures, boils at 
no. 3° C. , and has a specific gravity at o° of 0.8S2. 
It is employed in the production of nitrotoluene. 



toluidin, benzylchlorid, benzalchlorid, and benzal- 
dehyd. 

Toluidin (tol-u'-id-in) [Tolu'}, C,H,.NH 2 . A methy- 
lated homologue of anilin, prepared by heating di- 
methylanilin to 300 C. 

Toluol (tol'-u-ol). Same as Toluene. 

Tolutan (tol'-u-tan). See Balsam. 

Toluylene (tol-u'-il-en). See Stilbene. T.-blue. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. T.-red, C 15 H 1G N 4 , Di- 
methyl diamidotoluphenazin ; a substance that crystal- 
lizes in orange-red needles. It is applied in dyeing 
under the name Neutral Red. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Tolysal (tol'- is - al ), C 12 H 14 N 2 O.C 7 H 6 03. Tolydi- 
methylpyrazolon salicylate ; it occurs in colorless 
crystals that melt between 101 and 102 C. It is 
scarcely soluble in water, but readily soluble in 
alcohol. 

Tomato (lo-ma'-lo, or to-mah'-to) [Sp., tomate\. The 
ripe fruit of the common tomato, Lycopersicum escu- 
lent um. It is claimed to be useful in canker of the 
mouth, nurse's sore-mouth, etc. Dose of the fluid 
extract Jss-j. Unof. 

Tomentose, Tomentous (to • men'- toz, to - men'- ties) 
[tomentum, a stuffing of wool, hair, feathers]. In 
biology, applied to surfaces that are covered with 
matted hairs. 

Tomentum (to-men' -turn) [L.]. A lock of wool. A 
flocculent pubescence ; specifically applied to the ental 
surface of the pia ; the tomentum cerebri. T. cerebri, 
the numerous small blood-vessels of the pia pene- 
trating the cortex of the brain. When detached they 
have a fanciful resemblance to a lock of wool. 

Tomes, Fibers of. See Fibers of Tomes. 

Tomium (to'-me-um) [ro/iog, cutting, sharp: //. , To- 
mia~\. In biology, the edge of a bird's beak. 

Tommasoli, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Tomomania (tom-o-ma' -ne-ah) \toji6c, cutting ; fiavia, 
madness]. An excessive desire or habit on the part 
of a surgeon to use the knife to perform unnecessary 
operations. 

Tone (ton) [rdvof, from rdveiv, to stretch]. I. A dis- 
tinct sound. 2. The normal activity, strength, and 
excitability of the various organs and functions as ob- 
served in a state of health. 

Tonga (long'-gali) [native name]. A drug obtained in 
the Fiji Islands, consisting of a mixture of barks, 
roots, and leaves of Raphidophora vitiensis and Prem- 
na taitensis. It is of reputed service in neuralgia. 
Dose of the proprietary fid. ext. tTLxxx-^j. Unof. 

Tongue (tung) [ME., tonge, tongue]. The muscular 
organ in the cavity, and attached to the floor, of the 
mouth. It is very movable and can be protruded from 
the mouth. It aids in mastication, in sucking, and 
in articulation, and contains, in its mucous membrane, 
the peripheral organs of taste. T., Adherent, one 
which is abnormally attached to the floor of the 
mouth by folds of mucosa. T., Base of, that por- 
tion of the dorsum of the tongue which lies between 
the circumvallate papilla; and the frenum. T., Bifid, 
a tongue the anterior portion of which is cleft in the 
median line. T., Black, a condition in which the 
dorsal surface of the tongue is covered with a black 
coating. Various causes have been assigned for this 
condition. Ciaglinski and Hewelke found a fungus 
allied to the Mucor rhizopodipintis. Mason inclines to 
the view that it is not parasitic, but is a benign neo- 
plastic condition. T.-bone. See Hyoid. T., Cleft. 
Synonym of T, Bifid. T., Coated, a tongue covered 
with a coating which is usually white, hut often vel- 
lovvish and dirty. It seems to be related to gastro- 



TONGUE 



1523 



TONSIL 



intestinal disorders. The coating consists of desqua- 
mated epithelium, fungi, bacteria, and debris of these. 
T.-compressor, a clamp for holding down the tongue 
during dental operations. T.-depressor, a spatula 



,...^ r ~. 




12- 



""'•I 







Muscles of Tongue, Superficial Layer. 
. Styloglossus. 2. Inferior fibers of stylo-glossus. 3. An- 
terior fibers of hyo-glossus or basio-glossus. 4. Posterior 
fibers. 5. Accessory fibers. 6. Genio-hyoid. 7. Genio- 
glossus. 8. Inferior lingual, 9. Palato-glossus. 10. Upper 
portion of pharyngo-glossus (from superior constrictor of 
pharynx). 11, 11. Inferior portion. 12, 12. Middle constric- 
tor of pharynx. 13. Stylo-pharyngeus. 14. Stylo-hyoid liga- 
ment and stylohyoid muscle. 

for pushing down the tongue during the examination, or 
in the surgery, of the mouth and throat. T., Dotted. 
See T. , Stippled. T., Dry, one the surface of which is 
dry. The condition is seen in the low fevers. T., 
Earthy, a tongue upon which dry, rough layers of cal- 
careous matter are deposited. T., Fern-leaf Pattern, a 
name given by Hutchinson to a tongue presenting a well- 
marked central furrow (midrib) with lateral branches. 
The condition is due to hypertrophy of the papillae. T., 
Filmy, one with whitish 
symmetrical patches on 
both sides of the tongue, 
but usually larger on one 
side than on the other. 
These are slightly firmer 
than the surrounding tis- 
sue, and consist of round- 
ed, filiform papillae, which 
are glued together by a 
filmy, white material. T., 
Furred, a coated tongue 
of which the papillae are 
prominent, giving the 
mucous membrane the ap- 
pearance of a whitish fur. 
T., Geographic, one with 
localized thickening of the 
epithelium of the lingual 
mucous membrane. This 
is seen in leukoplakia and 
gives to the surface of the 
tongue the appearance of 
a geographic chart. T., 
Hairy, one with a hy- 
perplasia of its papillae, 
giving rise to hair-like pro- 
jections from their tips. See also T, Black. T.- 
holder. See T.-depressor. T., Parrot, a shriveled, 
dry tongue that cannot be protruded ; it is seen 
especially in typhus fever. T., Plastered, a tongue 




The Tongue. 

Papillae circumvallatae. 

Papillae fungiformes. 



covered by an abundant, thick coat. T., Post-tip of, 
that portion of the dorsum of the tongue which ex- 
tends from the tip for about an inch, and is usually dis- 
tinguished by a median, linear depression when the 
tongue is at rest. T., Pre-base of, that region 
of the dorsum of the tongue which lies in advance 
of the base and is included between the circum- 
vallate papilla: and the end of the linear groove of 
the post-tip. It is often furnished in the center 
with an oval clump of coarse papillae. T., Shaggy, 
a furred tongue of which the papillae are much 
elongated. T., Split, Synonym of T, Bijid. T., 
Stippled, one the papillae of which are distinct 
and separate and covered by a whitish patch of 
epithelium. T., Strawberry, a hyperemic tongue 
of which the fungiform papillae are very promi- 
nent; it is seen especially in scarlet fever. T.- 
swallowing, a condition in which there is an 
abnormal mobility of the tongue, so that it will 
slip or fall backward, giving rise to the danger of 
suffocation. T.-tie, a congenital shortening of 
the frenum of the tongue, interfering with its 
mobility; ankyloglossia. T.-tied, affected with 
tongue-tie. T., Tip of, the hem which unites the 
two borders. It extends from the anterior end of 
the tongue only a short distance backward. T., 
Triangle, the triangular or wedge-shaped red arch at 
the tip of the otherwise coated tongue in typhoid 
fever. T., Wooden, one the seat of actinomycosis. 
Tonguelet (tang' -let). Same as Pentastoma. 
Tonic (ton'-ik) \rovac6q ; t6voq, tone]. I. Invigorating, 
or strengthening the economy; bracing, or strengthen- 
ing. 2. Characterized by continuous tension ; not clonic. 
3. A medicine or agent which promotes nutrition and 
gives tone to the system. T. Spasm, the continued, 
rigid contraction of a muscle or muscles. T. Treat- 
ment : 1. Treatment of diseases by tonics, as, e.g., 
of rheumatism, by iron and remedies of the group of 
tonics. 2. The continuous treatment of syphilis by 
the use of the protoiodid of mercury for two or three 
years. The dose is l /(> grain after each meal, gradu- 
ally increased until there are positive evidences of 
intestinal irritation, when the dose is cut down to the 
initial one, and that maintained for a time. 
Tonicity (ton-is' -it-e) [rdvog, tone]. The condition of 

tissues or organs in regard to tone or tension. 
Tonka, or Tonka Bean (tong' -kah) \_tonca, the name 
of the bean in Guiana]. The fragrant seed of Dip- 
teryx odorata, a tree of S. America ; it abounds in 
coumarin. 
Tonogram (ton' - - grant) \r6vog, tone; ypdfeiv, to 

write]. A record made by a tonograph. 
Tonograph (ton'-o-graf) \_r6vog, tension ; ypa<peiv, to 
write]. A machine for recording the tension of the 
arterial blood-current. 
Tonometer (ton-om'-et-er) [rdvoc, tone, tension ; fterpov, 
measure]. An instrument to measure the tension of 
the eyeball. 
Tonomittor (ton-o-mit' -or) [rdvog, tone ; mittere, to 

send]. An instrument to improve the hearing. 
Tonopsychagogia (ton-o-si-kag-o' -je-ah) [rovog, vigor ; 
ipvxVi mind ; ayuyoc, leading]. Restoration of men- 
tal vigor. 
Tonsil (ton'-sil) [tonsilla, tonsil]. A small, almond- 
shaped body, situated one on each side of the fauces, 
between the anterior and posterior pillars of the soft 
palate. It is a compound lymphatic gland, consisting 
of an aggregation of from ten to eighteen lymph-folli- 
cles. It is covered by epithelium, which also dips into 
the depressions or crypts. T. of Cerebellum. See 
Tonsilla and Amygdala. T., Faucial. See Tonsil. 
T. -guillotine. See Guillotine. T., Lingual, an 



TONSILLA 



1524 



TORN ARIA 



accumulation of lymphadenoid tissue at the base of 
the tongue. T., Luschka's. See Luschka. T., 
Palatine. See Tonsil. T., Pharyngeal, a mass 
of lymphadenoid tissue in the pharynx, between the 
Eustachian tubes ; Luschka's tonsil, q. v. 

Tonsilla {ton - sil' - ah) [L.]. One of the five lobes 
of the hemisphere of the cerebellum, situated on the 
mesal side of the hemisphere, by the vallicula. Called 
also Amygdala. T. tubulis gerlachii. Synonym 
of Tonsil, Pharyngeal. 

Tonsillar, Tonsillary {ton' -sil-ar, ton' -sil-a-re) [ton- 
silla, tonsil]. Pertaining to a tonsil. T. Artery. 
See Arteries, Table of. 

Tonsillitic {fon-sil-it'-ik) [tonsilla, tonsil ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Pertaining to or affected with tonsillitis. 

Tonsillitis (ton-sil-i'-tis) [tonsilla, tonsil ; trie, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the tonsils. T., Follicu- 
lar, inflammation of the tonsils, with special involve- 
ment of the follicles. T., Herpetic, a form of in- 
flammation of the mucosa of the palate, tonsils, 
uvula, and pharynx, characterized by an eruption 
of herpetic vessels, which soon rupture, leaving 
little, circular ulcers that coalesce and become covered 
with a fibrinous exudation. The disease has an acute 
onset, a continuous fever, and a critical decline ; its 
course is not unlike that of pneumonia. It affects 
especially those subject to herpes elsewhere, and tends 
to recur. _ T., Lacunar. Same as T. , Follicular. 
T., Mycotic, that form due to fungous parasites. T., 
Pustular, one characterized by the formation of pus- 
tules, as in smallpox. T., Suppurative. Synonym 
of Quinsy. 

Tonsillotome {tonsil* -o-toni) [tonsilla, tonsil ; ro/uij, a 
cutting]. An instrument for abscission of the ton- 
sils. 

Tonsillotomy {ton-si l-ot'-o-me) [tonsilla, tonsil ; to/j.?/, 
a cutting]. Ablation of the tonsils. 

Tonsure (ton'-si'tr) [tondere, to clip]. The shaving or 
removal of the hair from any part. 

Tonus [to' -mis) [~6vog, tone]. The quality of tension 
or tonicity of an organ or part. 

Toohutia {too' -hu-she-ali). Synonym of Dengue. 

Toot-poison {toot'-poi-zn). See Coriaria. 

Tooth [tooth) [ME., toth, tooth]. See Teeth. T.- 
ache, any pain in or about the teeth. See Odontalgia. 
T. -ache Tree. See Prickly Ash and Xantlioxylum 
fraxineum. T. -cough, reflex cough due to dental 
irritation. T. -paste. See Dentifrice. T.-plugger, 
a dental instrument for filling teeth. T.-pulp. See 
Pulp. T.-rash, a skin-eruption sometimes occurring 
during dentition ; strophulus. T.-sac, in the fetus 
the connective tissue surrounding the germ of a tooth. 

Toothed {tooth/) [ME., toth, tooth]. Provided with 
teeth or indentations ; dentate. 

Topalgia {top-al'-je-ah) [twoc, place ; akyoq, pain]. 
Pain in a circumscribed area not referable to the dis- 
tribution of any nerve. 

Topazine {to' -paz-in) [roira r wv, the yellow topaz]. In 
biology, resembling yellow topaz in color and luster, 
as the ocelli and eyes of certain insects. 

Topesthesia {top-es-the'-ze-ah) [t6-ko<;, place ; aladijaig, 
sense]. Local sensibility to touch. 

Toph {tof). See Tophus. 

Tophaceous {fofa'-shus) [~6d>og, stone]. Of the nature 
of tophus ; sandy, or gritty. 

Tophi {to'-fi). Plural of Tophus. 

Tophus {to'-fus) [r<50oc, stone]. I. The hard, stone- 
like deposit occurring in gout, especially about the 
knuckles and the cartilages of the ear. It consists 
of sodium urate. 2. Concretion in the kidneys. 3. 
The tartar of the teeth. 

Tophyperidrosis {tof -i- per -id -ro' -sis) [r<J7roc, place; 



vwkp, in excess; ifipuc, sweat]. Local sweating in 
excess. 

Topic {lop'-ik). Synonym of Topicum. 

Topic, Topical {lop'-ik, top'-ik-al) [roiroc, place]. 
Local. T. Remedy, one applied locally. 

Topicum {top' - ik - uni) [rdiroc, place: //. , Topica~\. 
Any remedy for local and external application. 

Topinard, Angle of. See Angle. T.'s Profile Line. 
See Lines, Table of. 

Topoalgia {top-o-al' -je-ah) [-^ttoc, place ; akyog, pain]. 
Localized pain, common in neurasthenia, often ap- 
pearing suddenly after strong emotional disturbance, 
recurring with paroxysmal intensity, not in the distri- 
bution of a particular nerve and without appreciable 
central or local lesion. 

Topographic (lop-o-graf'-ik) [rdiror, place; ypafeiv, to 
write]. Pertaining to the relief-features of a locality. 
T. Anatomy, the study of the comparative locality of 
the various organs and parts of the body as determined 
by external landmarks. 

Topography {top-og'-ra-fe) [t6tto^, place; ypdipeiv, to 
write]. A description of an area with reference to its 
relief- features. In anatomy, applied to a study of the 
regions of the body, or of the brain ; regional or topo- 
graphic anatomy. See Localization and Center. 

Topology {top-ol' -n-je) [tottoc, place; "kdyog, science]. 
I. Topographic anatomy. 2. The relation of the 
presenting part of the fetus to the pelvic canal. 

Toponarcosis {top-o-nar-ko' -sis) [rorror, place ; vapnuca;,. 
a benumbing]. Local insensibility, or anesthesia. 

Toponeurosis {top-o-nu-ro' -sis) [ro7roc, place ; vevpov. 
nerve]. A local neurosis. 

Toponomy {top-on' -0- me). See Toponymy. 

Toponymy {top-on' -im-e) [tottoq, place ; bvvpa, name]. 
Topical terminology ; the system of anatomic terms 
that indicate the direction and position of parts. It is 
either intrinsic, having reference only to the organism ; 
or extrinsic, based upon the relation of the organism 
toward the earth's surface. 

Topophobia {top- o-fo'- be - ah) [rdirug, place; 0<5/?of, 
fear). Morbid dread of places. 

Topothermesthesiometer {top-o-therm-es-the-ze-om'-et- 
er) [rd-oc, place; Bcppi], heat; alodt/mr, sensation; 
fierpov, measure]. An instrument for estimating local 
sensitiveness to impressions of heat. 

Torcular or Torcular Herophili {tor' -ku-lar her-off' - 
i-li) [the wine-press of Herophilus]. The expanded 
extremity of the superior longitudinal sinus, placed in 
a depression on the ental surface of the occipital bone. 
It receives the blood from the occipital sinus, and 
from it the lateral sinus of the side to which it is de- 
flected is derived. 

Tori {to'-ri). Genitive and plural of Torus. 

Toric {to'-rik) [torus']. Having the properties of a 
torus. T. Lens. See Torus. 

Tormentilla {tor-men-til' -ah) [L.]. The root of Poten- 
tilla tormentilla , a mild tonic and astringent. Dose of 
fld. ext. TT\x-xl. Unof. 

Tormentum {tor-men' -turn) [L., a "rack "]. An old 
name for various obstructive disorders of the intes- 
tine. T. intestinorum. Synonym of Dysentery. 

Tormina {tor'- min - ah) [pi. of tormen, a racking 
pain]. Griping pains in the bowels. T. alvi, colic. 
T. celsi, dysentery. T. intestinorum. Synonym 
of Dysentery. T., Post-partum, the after-pains of 
parturition. 

Torminal, Torminous {lor'-min-al, tor'-min-us). Af- 
fected with tormina. 

Tormodont {tor' -vio-dont) [rdpf/og, a hole or socket ; 
otfoi'c, tooth] . In biology, having teeth set in sockets. 

Tornaria {tor-na' -re-ah) [tornus, a lathe]. Inbiology, 
the name applied to the peculiar larva of the acorp- 



TORNWALDT'S DISEASE 



1525 



TOUCH 



worm (Balanoglossus), which in many ways resembles 
a young Bipinnaria. 

Tornwaldt's Disease. See Thorn-Maid? s Disease. 

Torose (to'-roz) [torus, a bulging, protuberance]. In 
biology, cylindric, with constrictions and enlargements 
at intervals. 

Torpedinous (tor-ped ' -in-us) \jorpere, to be numb]. 
Benumbing, like a torpedo. 

Torpedo (tor-pe'-do) [L. , torpedo, torpedinis, a cramp- 
fish ; torpere, to be numb]. Numbness ; stupor ; 
narcosis. [Rare.] 

Torpent (tor' -pent) [torpere, to be numb]. I. Incap- 
able of the active performance of a function. 2. A 
medicine or agent that reduces or subdues any irrita- 
tive action. 

Torpid (tor'-pid) [torpere, to be numb]. Affected with 
torpor. 

Torpidity (tor-pid'-it-e). Synonym of Torpor. 

Torpor (tor'-por) [L., numbness]. A condition of 
sluggishness, abnormal inactivity, numbness, or defi- 
cient sensation. T. retinae, dulled perceptive power 
of the retina. 

Torporific (tor-por-if'-ik) [torpor, numbness ; facere, 
to make]. Causing, or producing, torpor. 

Torquate (tor'-kwat) [torques, a neck-chain]. In biol- 
ogy, ringed about the neck. 

Torques (tor' -kiuez) [torques, a neck-chain]. In biology, 
a collar-like marking of the skin, hair or feathers of 
the neck. 

Torrefaction (tor-e-fak' '-shun). Synonym of Torre'fica- 
tion. 

Torrefication (tor-e-Jik-a 1 ' -shun) [torrefacere , to dry by 
heat]. Roasting; drying by means of high artificial 
heat. 

Torrefied Bread. Ordinary bread toasted in thin slices 
until it is almost blackened. 

Torrid (tor' -id) [torrere, to parch]. Hot ; burning. 
T. Zone, the climatic zone lying between the isotherms 
of 70° F., north and south. 

Torsion (tor' -shun) [torquere, to twist]. A twisting ; 
also, the rotation of the eye about the visual axis. 
T. of an Artery, twisting of the free end of an artery 
to check hemorrhage. T. of Teeth, the forcible 
turning of teeth in their cavities for the purpose of 
correcting irregularity in position. T. of the Umbil- 
ical Cord, the spontaneous twisting of the umbilical 
cord. From eight to ten twists are normal ; great 
torsion usually occurs after the death of the fetus. 

Torsoclusion (tor - sok - lu' - zhun) [torquere, to twist; 
cludere, to close]. A form of acupressure in which 
the point of the pin is pushed through a portion of 
tissue parallel with the course of the vessel to be 
secured, then carried over its anterior surface, and at 
the same time swept round until brought to a right 
angle with the artery, when the point is thrust into the 
soft parts beyond. 

Torticollar (tor- tih - ol'-ar) [tortus, twisted; collum, 
neck]. Affected with wry-neck, or torticollis. 

Torticollis (tor - tik - ol'- is) [tortus, twisted; collum, 
neck]. A congenital or acquired contraction of one 
or more of the cervical muscles, usually of one side, 
resulting in an abnormal position of the head — wry- 
neck. T., Intermittent. See T, Spasmodic. T., 
Spasmodic, spasmodic contraction of the sterno- 
cleido-mastoid muscle of one side, causing a drawing 
of the head toward the opposite side. 

Tortulous (tor'-lu-lus) [torta, a twist]. In biology, 
twisted, or like a string of beads, moniliform. 

Tortuose (tor' -tu-oz) [torluosus winding]. In biology, 
bent and twisted, as some stems. 

Tortuosity (tor-tu-os' -it-e) [tortus, twisted]. A twisted 
or devious course, as of a blood-vessel. 



Tortuous (tor'-tu-us) [tortus, twisted]. Twisted, 
sinuous. 

Torula (tor'-u-lah) [torus, a swelling, protuberance: 
pi., Torulce~\. In biology, a genus of budding fungi 
(Blastomycctes). See Saccharomyces cerevisia:, under 
Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of; also, Yeast. 

Toruliform (tor'-u- lif- orm) [torula, torula; forma, 
form]. Resembling an organism of the genus 
Torula. 

Toruloid (tor'-u-loid). Synonym of Toruliform. 

Torulose (tor'-u-loz) [torula, a little swelling, knob]. 
In biology, knobbed. 

Torulous (lor'-u-lus). Same as Torulose. 

Torulus (tor'-u-lus) [torus, a swelling, protuberance: 
pi. , Toruii\. In biology, a knob-like articulation for 
receiving a spine, antenna or other appendage. 

Torus (lor' -us) [L. : gen. and pi. , Tori]. 1. A surface 
having a regular curvature, with two principal me- 
ridians of dissimilar curvature at right angles to each 
other. 2. An elevation or prominence, as of the belly 
of a muscle. Torus, used without qualifying adjective, 
sometimes designates the tuber cinereum of the brain. 
T. frontalis, a protuberance in the region of the fron- 
tal sinuses, at the root of the nose, in the median line 
and on the external surface of the skull. T. palati- 
nus, a protuberance on the surface of the hard palate, 
marking the point of junction of the intermaxillary 
and palato-maxillary sutures. 

Totem (to' -tern) [Algonkin, otem, with a prefixed poss. 
pron. nfotem, my family token]. The word generally 
given by travelers and interpreters to the family crests 
of the Red Indians (Lang). 

Totemism (to'-tem-izm) [Algonkin, otem]. The deriva- 
tion of the family name and crest or badge from some 
natural object, plant 
or animal. '' The 
names totem and to- 
temism have been in 
use at least since 
1792, among writers 
on the North Amer- 
ican tribes ; Prof. 
Max Muller says the 
word should be, not 
totem, but ote or otem. 
Long, an interpreter 
among Indians, in- 
troduced the word 
totem ism in 1792." 
(And. Lang.) 

Touch (tuch) [Fr., 
toucher] . l. The 
tactile sense ; the act 
of judging by the 
tactile sense ; palpa- 
tion. 2. In obstet- 
rics, digital exami-. 
nation of the female 
genital organs and 
adjacent parts 
through the vagina. 
T., Abdominal, ap- 
plication of the hands 
to the abdomen for 
the diagnosis of 
intra-abdominal con- 
ditions. T., After, 
the sensation which 
persists for a short 
time after contact 
with an object has ceased 
body ; a tactile corpuscle. 




Vertical Section of the Skin, 
Palm of Hand. 

b. Papilla of cutis, d. Nerve-fiber 
of touch-corpuscle. e,f. Nerve- 
fiber in touch-corpuscle, g. Cells 
of Malpighian layer. (From Stir- 
ling.) 



T. -corpuscle, a touch- 
See under Tactile. T., 



TOUCHING 



1526 



TOXICANT 




Wagner's Touch-corpuscle, 
Skin of Hand. 

n. Nerve, a, a. Terminations of n. 
(From Stirling.) 



Double, combined vaginal and abdominal or vaginal 
and rectal palpation. T.-me-not. See Noli me 
tangere and Impati- 
ens. T., Rectal, 
examination made 
by the finger in the 
rectum. T., Royal, 
the laying on of the 
hands by a king, 
formerly believed to 
be efficacious in 
scrofula o r kings' 
evil. T., Vaginal. 
See Touch (2d de/.). 
T., Vesical, exami- 
nation through the 
bladder, the urethra 
having been dilated 
to admit the finger. 
The latter can only 
be done in the fe- 
mal e . T. -wood. 
See Amadou. 

Touching (tuch'-ing) 
[Fr. , toucher, to 
touch]. 1. The ap- 
plication of the hand 
or fingers. Touching 
was formerly practised by the kings of England for 
the cure of scrofula, hence called Kings' Evil. 2. 
See Adenochirapsology. 

Tour de Maitre (toor-de-matr) [Fr. , ■'' the master's 
turn "]. A maneuver in passing the catheter in a fat 
person. The surgeon stands on the right side of the 
patient and introduces the catheter, with its convexity 
upward, the shaft lying obliquely across the left thigh 
of the patient, and as the point enters the bulb, the 
handle is swept around toward the abdomen, when 
the beak enters the membranous urethra and is 
carried into the bladder by depressing the shaft be- 
tween the patient's thighs. The sound may be intro- 
duced into the uterus in an analogous manner, enter- 
ing the instrument with the convexity upward, and 
then sweep- 
ing the shaft 
around. 

Tourette's 
( Gilles de 
la) Dis- 
ease. Mo- 
tor incoor- 
d i n a ti on 
with echo- 
la 1 i a and 
coprolalia ; 
a convul- 
sive form 
of tic. 

Tourniquet 
( toor'- nik - 
et) [Fr., 
tourner, to 
turn]. An 
instrument 
for control- 
ling the cir- 
culation by 
means of 
compres- 
sion. It 
usually con- 
sists of two metallic plates united by a thumb-screw and 




Pf.tit's Tourniquet. 



a strap provided with a pad. The strap is fastened 
about the part, the pad being placed over the artery to 
be occluded. The screw is placed diametrically op- 
posite the pad, and the strap is tightened by separating 
the metallic plates of the screw. T., Dupuytren's, 
one for compressing the abdominal aorta, consisting of 
a semicircle of metal with a pad at one extremity. T., 
Esmarch's, consists of a stout, elastic rubber band 
applied above the proximal turn of an elastic bandage 
passing around the part to be rendered exsanguine. 
T., Field, one consisting of a strap and buckle with a 
pad to pass over the artery. T., Horse-shoe, one 
shaped like a horse-shoe, to compress (by a screw) only 
two points, and thus permit venous return. T., Lip, 
one consisting of a U-shaped piece of steel, the arms 
being provided with plates which are approximated by 
a central screw. T., Provisional, one applied loosely, 
so that it may be tightened at once upon the recur- 
rence of hemorrhage. T., Signorini's. See 7'., 
Horse-shoe. T., Skey's, also a modification of the 
horse-shoe or Signorini's. T., Spanish Windlass, 
a knotted bandage or handkerchief twisted by a stick 
and used as a tourniquet. T., Torcular, same as T, 
Spanish Windlass. 

Tous-les-mois (too-la-mwah) [F., " every month"]. 
A variety of arrow-root starch prepared from Canna 
edulis ; canna-starch. 

Toussaint's Theory. A theory as to the cause of im- 
munity conferred by inoculation. After one attack of 
a disease [e.g., anthrax) the lymphatic glands undergo 
a hardening of their surrounding envelop, thus render- 
ing them impervious to the after-entrance of infectious 
agents by this, the usual, portal. 

Tow (to) [ME., tow, tow]. The refuse of flax or 
hemp ; coarse flax ; it has a limited use in surgery. 

Towel-gourd. See Luffa. 

Toxa (toks'-ah) \_pl. of Toxum, from to^ikov, poison]. 
Diseases due to poisons. 

Toxaemia (toks-e'-me-ah). See Toxemia. 

Toxalbumin (toks-al ' ' ' -bu-mi)i)\ro^iKuv, poison : albumin, 
white of egg] . A proteid substance resembling a ferment 
rather than a poison. Any one of the poisonous albumi- 
noids which are produced or separated from the albu- 
min of the tissues by the agency of bacteria, and enter- 
ing the circulation, constitute the cause of the general 
symptoms of infectious diseases. Toxalbumins have 
been obtained from cultures of a number of bacteria — 
among others from those of diphtheria, typhoid fever, 
cholera, tetanus, glanders, tuberculosis, anthrax, and 
pneumonia ; likewise, also, from cultures of the staphy- 
lococcus pyogenes aureus, the swine-plague bacillus ; 
from those of certain germs found by Booker in the 
stools of the summer diarrhea of infants, and from those 
of two toxicogenic germs isolated by Vaughan from 
drinking-water. It is possible that poisonous albumin- 
ous substances are also produced by animal parasitic 
organisms. Thus Viron has isolated a toxic proteid 
from the fluid of hydatid cysts. 

Toxanemia (toks - an - e'-me- ah) \to^ikov, poison; a 
priv. ; ai/ta, blood]. Anemia produced by poisons. 

Toxemia (toks-e'-me-ah) [to^lkov, poison ; aijia, blood]. 
A condition of the blood in which it contains poison- 
ous products, either those produced by the body-cells 
and not properly eliminated, or those due to the growth 
of microorganisms. 

Toxemic (toks-em'-ik) [toSikov, poison ; a}jua, blood]. 
Pertaining to, affected with, or of the nature of 
toxemia. 

Toxic (toks'-ik) [-of lkov, poison]. Poisonous; due to, 
or associated with, poisoning. 

Toxicant (toks'-ik-ant) [to^ikSv, poison]. I. Poison- 
ous or toxic. 2. A poisonous agent. 



TOXICATION 



1527 



TRACHEA 



Toxication {toks-ik-a'-shuti). Synonym of Poisoning. 

Toxicemia Qoks-is-e'-me-aK). Synonym of Toxemia. 

Toxichematosis [toks-ik-em-at-o' -sis) [to^ikov, poison ; 
aifia, blood]. Blood-poisoning. 

Toxichemia [toks-ik-e'-me-ah). Synonym of Toxemia. 

Toxicide [toks' - is -id) [ro^iKur, poison; ccedere, to 
kill]. A remedy or principle that destroys toxic 
agents. 

Toxicity (toks -is 1 '-it-e') [to^ikSv, poisonous]. Toxic 
quality ; poisonousness. 

Toxicodendric Acid [toks -ik-o- den'- drik) [to^lkov, 
poison; devSpov, tree]. A volatile acid found in 
Rhus toxicodendron, and considered its active principle. 
Locally applied, it acts as a vesicant. 

Toxicodendron [toks-ik-o-den'-dron). See Rhus. 

Toxicoderma [toks-ik-o-der'-mah) \toS-ikov, poison; 
6tpp.a, skin]. Disease of the skin due to poisonous 
substances. 

Toxicodermatitis [toks-ik-o-der-mat-i' tis). See Toxico- 
derma. 

Toxicodermitis (toks-ik-o-der-mi'-tis). See Toxico- 
derma. 

Toxicogenic [toks-ik-o-jen' -ik) [to^ikov, poison ; yevvav, 
to produce] . Giving rise to poisons ; producing a 
toxic substance, as a toxicogenic microorganism. 

Toxicohemia [toks-ik-o-hem' -e-ah). See Toxemia. 

Toxicoid [toks' -ik-oid) [to^lhov, poison ; ehhc, like]. 
Resembling a poison. 

Toxicologist [toks-ik-ol '-o-Jist) [rogucSv, poison; 2.6yoc, 
science]. One versed in toxicology. 

Toxicology [toks-ik-ol '-o-Je) \to^lk6v, poison ; Tidyoc, 
science]. The science of the nature and effects of 
poisons, their detection, and the treatment of poison- 
ing. 

Toxicomania [toks- ik - o - ma' -ne - ah) [to^lkov, poison ; 
jiavia, madness]. Morbid desire to take some poi- 
son. 

Toxicosis [toks-ik-o'-sis) [to^ikov, poison]. A toxic or 
poisoned state ; the state of disease induced by a poi- 
sonous principle. Von Jaksch classifies toxicoses as fol- 
lows : T., Auto-, one with clinical symptoms that are 
caused by the formation of toxic basic products from 
morbid matter, such as pathologic fluids lodged in 
certain parts of the system. T., Exogenic, one with 
clinical symptoms induced by the action of toxic bases 
taken into the system with the food, such as the poison 
of sausages and cheese. T., Noso-, one with clinical 
symptoms referable to the presence of basic products 
which are formed in the system (blood, etc.) in disease 
and eliminated with the urine. T., Retention, one 
with clinical symptoms depending upon the retention 
of the physiologic bases [e.g. uremia). 

Toxiferous (toks-if'-er-us) [toS-ikov, poison; ferre, to 
bear]. Carrying or conveying poison. 

Toxihemia [toks-e-hem' -e-ah). Synonym of Toxemia. 

Toxin, Toxine [toks'-in) [to^ikov, poison]. In biology, 
any diffusible alkaloidal substance analogous to the 
vegetable alkaloids. Cf. Antitoxin. 

Toxinfection (toks'-in-fek-shun) [toI-ikov, poison ; infi- 
cere, to infect]. Infection by means of a toxin. 

Toxinicide [toks-in' -is-id) \toS,ikov, poison ; ccedere, to 
kill]. Any substance that destroys a toxin. 

Toxiphobia [toks-if-o'-be-ah) [yo^inov, poison; tpopoc, 
fear]. Morbid dread of being poisoned. 

Toxiphobiac (toks-if-o' ' -be-ak) [toI-ik6v, poison ; (pdftor 
fear]. A person affected with toxiphobia. 

Toxiresin [toks-ir-ez'-in)\ro^iK6v, poison ; resina, resin]. 
A poisonous decomposition-product of digitalis, result- 
ing when the latter is treated with dilute acids or 
heated to 240° C. It has the characters of a resin. 

Toxophylaxin [tox-o-fi-laks 1 '-in)\_To^iKov , poison ; <pv2ai;, 
a guardian, protector]. In biology, " a defensive pro- 



teid produced in the body of an animal which has an 
acquired immunity for a given infectious disease, and 
which has the power of destroying the toxic products of 
the pathogenic bacteria to which the disease is due." 
(Sternberg.) Cf. Toxosozin. See Phylaxin. 

Toxosozin [toks-o-so'-zin) [rot-indv, poison ; cu^etv, save, 
keep]. In biology, " a defensive proteid found in the 
body of a normal animal, which has the power of de- 
stroying the toxic products of bacterial growth." 
(Sternberg.) See under Phylaxin. Cf. Toxophylaxin. 

Toynbee's Experiment. The rarefaction of the air of 
the middle-ear by swallowing, with coincident closure 
of the mouth and nares. T.'s Law. See Law. 

Trabal (tra'-bal) [trabs, beam]. Pertaining to the 
trabs ; callosal. 

Trabecula (tra-bek' -u-lah) [Lat., a small beam: //. , 
Trabecul<z\. Any fibrous process, layer, or cord 
which goes to make up a framework in an organ or 
viscus ; any medullary or commissural band of cerebral 
nerve-fibers. Also, the fleshy part of the cardiac col- 
umnae carneae. 

Trabecular [tra-bek' -11-lar) [trabecula, little beam]. Of 
the nature of a trabecula. T. Duct, a duct whose 
cavity or lumen is crossed by ligneous threads or bands. 

Trabecularism [tra-bek' -u-lar-izm) [trabecula, little 
beam]. Arrangement like the beams of a framed build- 
ing ; support by a trabecular structure. 

Trabeculate, Trabeculated (tra-bek' -u-lat, tra-bek' -u- 
la-ted) [trabecula, little beam]. Having trabecular. 

Trabs [trabz) [L., " a beam "]. The callosum or cor- 
pus callosum ; called a\so7 , rabs cerebri. 

Trace (trds) [ME., tracen, to trace]. I. A track or 
mark. 2. A barely recognizable quantity, as a trace 
of albumin. T., Primitive. See Primitive Trace. 

Tracer (tra'-ser) [ME., tracen, to follow]. An instru- 
ment used in dissection for isolating nerves and vessels 
by tearing the connective tissue. 

Trachea [trake'-ah, or tra'-ke-ah) [rpaxda, a wind- 




Transverse Section of Trachea of Kitten, x 15- (From 
Stirling.) 




The Trachea. 
1. Trachea. 2. Section through cartilages. 

pipe]. The windpipe. A cartilaginous and mem' 



TRACHEAECTASY 



15:28 



TRACHEOSCOPY 



branous cylindric tube extending from the lower part 
of the larynx to its division into the two bronchi. It 
is about four and a half inches in length. In biology : 

(a) One of the branched respiratory tubes of an arthro- 
pod ; these tracheal tubes first appear in Myriapoda ; 

(b) a plant, vessel, or duct formed by the confluence 
of serially arranged cells. T., Book-leaf, a respira- 
tory organ found in the Arachnoidea, and consisting of 
a sac filled with air, into which there project from the 
anterior wall numerous leaves arranged like those of 
a book. 

Tracheaectasy {tra-ke-ah-ek' ' -tas-e) [rpaxeia, trachea ; 
earaaic, dilatation]. Dilatation of the trachea. 

Tracheal (tra' '- ke - al) [rpaxeia, trachea]. Pertaining 
to the trachea or windpipe. T. Catarrh. See Tra- 
cheitis. T. Tugging, the feeling of a downward tug- 
ging movement of the larynx when the thyroid cartilage 
is pushed upward from without, sometimes observed in 
aneurysm of the aortic arch. 

Trachealgia (tra-ke-al' -je-ali) [rpa^eZa, trachea; akyoc, 
pain]. I. Pain in the trachea. 2. Croup. 

Trachealis Muscle (tra-he-a'-lis) [rpaxeia, trachea]. 
The intrinsic muscle of the windpipe ; it is represented 
in man by a set of circular or transverse fibers. 

Tracheary {tra' -ke-a-re) [rpaxeia, trachea]. Pertain- 
ing to the trachea. T. Tissue, in biology, a term 
which includes both tracheids and tracheae, or ducts. 

Tracheid (tra-ke'-id) [trachea, the windpipe]. In 
biology, an elongated tubular plant-cell. Applied 
mainly to one having bordered pits. 

Tracheitis (tra-ke-i'-tis). See Trachitis. 

Trachelagra (tra-kel-a' ' -grali) [rp&x^oc, neck ; aypa, 
seizure]. Rheumatic pain in the neck. 

Trachelalis (trak-el-a'-lis) [rpdxi^-oc, neck]. The 
trachelomastoid muscle. 

Trachelectomopexia (tra-kel-ek-to-mo-peks'-e-ah) [rpa- 
j^Xof, neck ; eKrofii/, excision ; nf/gic, a fixing]. 
Partial excision with fixation of the neck of the uterus. 

Trachelectomy (tra -he/- ek' -to- me) [rpdxytoc, neck; 
enro/ir/, excision]. Excision of the uterine cervix. 

Trachelian (tra-ke'-le-an) [rp&xy^ot;, neck]. Pertaining 
to the neck, particularly its dorsal part. 

Trachelismus (tra-hel-iz'-mus) [rpaxv^oe, neck]. 
Spasmodic contraction of the muscles of the neck. 

Trachelitis (tra-kel-i'-tis) [rpax^'Aoc, neck ; trie, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the neck of the uterus. 

Trachelo- (tra'-hel-o-) [rpaxt^nr, neck]. A prefix to 
denote connection with or relation to the neck. T.- 
mastoid, pertaining conjointly to the neck and the 
mastoid process. See Muscles, Table of. 

Trachelocele (tra'-kel-o-sel). Same as Tracheocele. 

Trachelocyllosis (tra- kel-o -sil- lo' - sis) . Synonym of 
Torticollis. 

Trachelocyrtosis (tra-hel-o-sir-to'-sis). Synonym of 
Trachelokyphosis. 

Trachelocystitis (tra-hel-o-sis-ti'-tis) [rpaxv^-oc, neck ; 
Kvorir, bladder; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the neck of the bladder. 

Trachelo-diaphragmatic (tra-kel-o-di-af-rag-mat'-ik) 
\rpaxip.oc, neck; fiiatypaypa, diaphragm]. Pertaining 
to the neck and the diaphragm. 

Trachelodynia (tra-hel-o-dhi'-e-ah) [rp&xv'h.oc, neck ; 
bSvvii, pain]. Pain in the neck. 

Trachelokyphosis (tra-hel-o-hi-fo'-sis)[rpax^or, neck ; 
Kixpuaic, kyphosis]. An anterior curvature of the cer- 
vical portion of the spinal column. 

Trachelomyitis (tra-hel-o-mi-i' -lis) [rpdxv^-oc, neck ; 
five, muscle; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the muscles of the neck. 

Trachelopanus (tra-hel-o-pan'-us) [rpaxt?r>C, neck ; 
panus, swelling]. Tumefaction of the cervical 
lymphatic glands. 



Trachelopexia (tra-kel-o-peks' -e-ah) [rpaxn^oe, neck ; 

Trr/^ic, a fixing]. Fixation of the neck of the 

uterus. 
Trachelophyma (tra-kel-o-fi'-mah) [rp&xrj/ioc, neck; 

<j>vfia, growth]. Swelling of the neck. 
Tracheoplasty (tra'-hel-o-plas-te) [rpaxv^oc, neck; 

■rr'/.aaoeiv, to mold]. Plastic surgery of the neck of 

the uterus. 
Trachelorrhaphy (tra-hel or'-af-e) [rpaxv^oc, neck; 

pa(pi], suture] . Suture of the edges of a laceration of 

the cervix. 
Tracheloscapular (tra -kel-o- skap'- u - lar) [rpaxyhoc, 

neck; scapula, scapula]. Common to the neck and 

the scapular region. 
Trachelostrophosis (tra-hel- o-stro-fo'- sis) [rpaxi'Aoc, 

neck; arpofnc, a twisting]. Torsion of the neck. 
Trachelotomy (lra-hel-ot'-o-me)[rpax>)?>oc, neck ; rofiij, 

a cutting]. I. Incision into the cervix uteri. 2. 

Decapitation. 
Trachenchyma (tra-hc7ig' -him-ah). Same as Tracheary 

Tissue. 
Tracheo- (tra'-ke-o) [rpaxeia, trachea]. A prefix to 

denote connection with or relation to the trachea or 

windpipe. 
Tracheoaerocele (tra- ke-o-a' -er-o-sel) [rpaxeia, tra- 
chea ; arjp, air; kt/Iti, tumor]. A diverticulum of the 

trachea. 
Tracheoblennorrhea (fra-he-o-blen-or-e'-ah) [rpaxeia, 

trachea; fiXivva, mucus; poca, a flow]. A profuse 

discharge of mucus from the trachea. 
Tracheobronchial (tra-ke-o-brong'-ke-al) [rpaxeia, 

trachea; /3p6yxor, bronchus]. Pertaining to the 

trachea and a bronchus, or the bronchi. 
Tracheobronchitis (tra-ke-o-brong-hi'-tis) [rpaxeia, 

trachea ; ftp6yxoc, bronchus ; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the trachea and bronchi. 
Tracheocele (tra'-ke-o-sel) [rpaxeia, trachea; Krfkn, 

tumor]. 1. Hernia of the lining membrane of the 

trachea. 2. Goiter. 
Tracheocynanche (tra-ke-o-sin-ang'-he). Synonym 

of Tracheitis. 
Tracheo-laryngeal (tra-ke-o-lar-in'-jc-al) [rpaxeia, 

trachea; Tiapvyi;, larynx]. Pertaining to the trachea 

and the larynx. 
Tracheolaryngotomy (tra-ke-o-lar-ing-got' -o-tue) [rpa- 

Xela, trachea ; /Xapvyl;, larynx ; rofiij, a cutting]. In- 
cision into the larynx and trachea ; combined tracheot- 
omy and laryngotomy. 
Tracheo-cesophageus (tra'-he-o-e-sof-aj'-e-us) [rpa- 

Xela, the trachea; oioo^ayoc, esophagus]. A band of 

muscular tissue sometimes uniting the esophagus and 

the trachea. 
Tracheopathy (tra - he - op'- ath - e) [rpaxeia, trachea ; 

-irafloc, disease]. Any disease of the trachea. 
Tracheo-pharyngeus (tra' -ke-o-far-in' -je-us) [rpaxeia, 

the trachea; <papvy% , the pharynx]. An anomalous 

band sometimes uniting the inferior pharyngeal con- 
strictor and the trachea. 
Tracheophony (tra-he-off'-o-ne) [rpaxeia, trachea; 

(puvif, voice]. The sound heard over the trachea on 

auscultation. 
Tracheophyma (tra-he-of -mail). Synonym of Goiter. 
Tracheopyosis (tra-ke-o-pi-o'-sis) [rpaxeia, trachea ; 

irvov, pus]. Purulent tracheitis. 
Tracheorrhagia (tra-ke-or-a' -jc-ali\ [rpaxeia. trachea ; 

pi/}rrvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the 

trachea. 
Tracheoscopic (tra- kc-o-shop'-ih) [rpaxeia, trachea ; 

CKoivelv, to view]. Pertaining to tracheoscopy. 
Tracheoscopist (tra-ke-os' -ko-pist) [rpaxeia, trachea" ; 

(TKOTTfZr, to view]. One versed in tracheoscopy. 
Tracheoscopy (tra-ke-os'-ko-pe) [rpaxeia, trachea; 



TRACHEOSTENOSIS 



1529 



TRACT 



annnuv, to inspect]. Inspection of the interior of the 
trachea, by means of a laryngoscopic mirror and re- 
flected light. 

Tracheostenosis (tra-ke-o-ste-no'-sis^Tpaxzia. trachea : 
arevuaic, stenosis]. Abnormal constriction of the 
trachea. 

Tracheotome (tra'-ke-o-tom) [rpaxeia, trachea ; ~op.ii, 
a cutting] . A cutting instrument used in tracheotomy. 

Tracheotomy (tra-ke-of -o-me) [rpax^ia, trachea; ropi/, 
a cutting]. Surgical incision of the trachea. T., In- 
ferior, one performed below the isthmus of the thyroid 
gland. T., Plunge-. See Plunge-tracheotomy. T., 
Superior, one performed above the isthmus of the 
thyroid gland. T.-tube, a tube to be worn in the 
opening made in tracheotomy, and through which 
breathing is carried on. 

Trachitis (tra-ki'-tis) [rpaxeia, trachea ; inc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the trachea ; it may be acute 
or chronic. It is marked by tenderness along the 
course of the trachea and pain on swallowing. 

Trachoma (tra-ko'-mah) \rpaxvc, rough : pi., Tracho- 
mala~\. Granular conjunctivitis, a contagious disease 
of the eyelids that may in severe cases extend to the 
globe of the eye. It is at first characterized by sago- 
like elevations 
of the palpebral 
conjunctiva, and 
later by fibrous 
and cicatricial tis- 
sue that by fric- 
tion produces 
p a n n us. The 
disease is due to 
a specific diplo- 
coccus. T. arlti, 
the granular 
form. T . , 
Brawny, a late 
stage of mixed 
trachoma in 
which the surface 
of the conjunctiva 
is rather smooth, 
although lymph- 
oid infiltration persists 
Synony?natic Table of 




Trachoma. 



T. -coccus. See Bacteria, 
T. diffusum, a high degree 
of mixed trachoma in which large growths cover the 
tarsal conjunctiva. T., Follicular, T., Mixed, the 
usual form of trachoma. See T. arlti. T.-gland. 
See Gland. T. verum. See T. arlti. Horny Epi- 
thelium, or Summer Granulations, a form of tracho- 




Knapp's Improved Roller Trachoma-forceps. 

matous conjunctivitis similar in appearance to follicular 
trachoma, but differing from it in the fact that the 
granules or excrescences are horny or teat-like eleva- 
tions. The name Hypertrophic Trachomatous Con- 
junctivitis has been proposed for it. Knapp's 
Roller- forceps Method (of treating trachoma), 
the expression of the gelatinous matter in follicular 
trachoma by a roller-forceps. 

Trachycarpous (trak - ik - ar'-pus ) [rpaxh, rough ; 
napnoc, fruit]. In biology, having the fruit roughened. 

Trachyphonia (trak-if-o' -ne-ah) [_~p~xi'r, rough ; <puvi/, 
voice]. Roughness, or hoarseness, of voice. 

Trachysma (trak-iz'-mah). Synonym of Trachoma. 



Trachyspermous (trak - is -per' - mus) [rpax'vc, rough ; 
-~kpfia, seed]. In biology, having the seed rough- 
ened. 
Tract (trait) \_/raclus~\. I. An extended area, usually 
much longer than it is broad. 2. Any one of the col- 
umns of white matter of the spinal cord. See Column. 
3. A track or course. T., Alimentary, a musculo- 
membranous canal, about 30 feet in length, extend- 
ing from the mouth to the anus. Digestion is its 
chief function, and in this it is aided by certain 
accessory organs. T., Anterior Cerebro-pontile, a 
tract of fibers of the crus cerebri extending from the 
anterior portion of the frontal lobe to the pons. T., 
Anterior Pyramidal. See T, Pyramidal. T., 
Antero-lateral Ascending. Synonym of T. , 
Cowers'. T., Bechterew's. See T. , Tegmental. 
T., Bulbar, any of the tracts of fjbers found in the 
bulb or oblongata. T., Central Medullary, the gray 
matter of the spinal cord immediately about the central 
canal. T., Cerebellar. See T. , Direct Cerebellar. 
T., Cerebro-pontile, a tract of fibers passing from 
the cerebrum through the internal capsule and crus to 
the pons. T., Commissural, the cerebellar peduncle 
(Owen). T., Crossed Thalamotegmental, a tract 
of fibers passing through the tegmentum and con- 
necting the thalamus with the spinal cord (Spitzka). 
T., Digestive. See T, Alimentary. T., Direct 
Cerebellar, an ascending tract of fibers placed at the 
periphery of the posterior portion of the lateral col- 
umn of the cord. It passes upward through the lateral 
tract of the oblongata, the restiform body, and the infe- 
rior cerebellar peduncle to the vermiform process of the 
cerebellum and to the cerebellar lobes. T., Fillet, 
a tract of fibers passing from the fillet along the upper 
and outer side of the red nucleus through the internal 
capsule to the parietal lobe. T., First Projection, 
the corona radiata (Meyn ert). T. of Flechsig. See 
T. , Principal. T., Frontal Pontile. Synonym of 
T. , Cerebro-pontile. T., Fronto - cerebellar, the 
tract of fibers connecting the frontal lobe of the 
brain with the cerebellum. T., Funicular. See 
Funiculus gracilis. T., Genito-urinary, the genito- 
urinary organs in continuity. T., Goll's. See Column, 
Gall's. T., Gowers', a tract of fibers from the pos- 
terior roots which run cephalad in the lateral column. 
One portion of the fibers disappears in the cervical par? 
of the spinal cord, the other terminates in the medulla. 
T., Habenular, a tract of fibers passing from the hab- 
enula to the mesal side of the red nucleus at the base 
of the brain. T., Intellectual. Synonym of T. , 
Fronto-cerebellar. T., Intermediary Lateral, T., 
Intermedio-lateral, a tract of nerve-fibers 
in the lateral column of the spinal cord, 
placed midway between the anterior and 
posterior gray horns. T., Internidal, the 
fibers extending from the nuclei of origin 
of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves. 
T., Intestinal, the large and small intes- 
tine. T., Lateral. See Column, Lateral. 
T., Lemniscus, a tract of fibers beginning in the 
upper region of the pons, below the formatio reticu- 
laris, and separating into three bundles, the superior, 
median, and inferior lemnisci. T., Lissauer's, a 
small tract of fibers in the spinal cord at the junc- 
tion of the posterior horn and the lateral column. 
The fibers are derived from the posterior roots, and 
after a short upward course enter the posterior horn. 
T., Motor, the path for motor impulses from the 
brain to a muscle, consisting of a central and a 
peripheral portion. The former extends from the 
cerebral cortex to the gray matter in the anterior horns 
of the spinal cord ; the latter includes the motor cells 



TRACTELLUM 



1530 



TRANSECTION 



in the cord, the fibers passing to the anterior root, the 
anterior root and the nerve-trunk to the muscle. T., 
Myelo-cerebellar. See T. , Direct Cerebellar. T., 
Olfactory, the narrow portion of the olfactory lobe of 
the brain. T., Ophthalmic, T., Optic, this arises by 
two arms or brachia, one from the stratum opticum 
of the quadrigeminal bodies, the other from the optic 
thalamus. From the junction of the two arms it 
winds obliquely across the under surface of the crus 
cerebi, to which it is attached by its anterior margin, 
then passes forward, being connected with the tuber 
cinereum and the lamina cinerea. Finally, it unites 
with the tract of the opposite side to form the chiasm. 
T., Peduncular, any tract of fibers in the crus 
cerebri. T., Posterior Cortical, a tract of fibers 
passing from the cortex of the occipital and temporal 
lobes to the ner\;e-cells in the pons. T., Postpyram- 
idal, the dorsal pyramid of the cord. T., Pre- 
pyramidal, the ventral pyramid of the cord. T., 
Principal, that portion of the ventral column of the 
cord not belonging to the direct pyramidal tract. T., 
Pyramidal, the continuation in the spinal cord of the 
ventral pyramids of the oblongata. At the decussa- 
tion of the pyramids about three-quarters of the fibers 
usually cross to the opposite side. These pass down 
the cord in the lateral column and constitute the 
lateral (or crossed) pyramidal tract. Those that do 
not decussate pass down in the inner part of the 
ventral column at the side of the ventral median fis- 
sure and constitute the ventral (or direct) pyramidal 
tract. T., Radicular, the portion of the spinal cord 
dorsad of the principal tract. T., Respiratory, the 
respiratory organs in continuity. T., Restiform, the 
restiform bodies. T., Semilunar, a semilunar band of 
fibers in the outer portion of the cerebellar hemisphere. 
T., Sensory, any tract of fibers conducting sensation 
to the brain. T., Speech, a group of fibers passing 
from the cortex of the sub-frontal gyrus of the 
left side, usually to the nuclei of origin in the ob- 
longata of the nerves connected with the apparatus of 
speech. T., Spiral, the spiral impression in the large 
fossa of the cribriform plate. It is pierced by foramina 
for transmiting filaments of the auditory nerve. T., 
Tegmental, a tract of fibers in the tegmentum, proba- 
bly connecting the olivary body with the mid-brain. T., 
Teretial. Synonym of Fasciculus teres. T., Tertiary 
Projection, the peripheral nerves originating from the 
nuclei surrounding the aqueduct, and from the cells 
in the gray matter of the spinal cord. T., Uro- 
genital. Synonym of 7", Genito-urinaiy. T., 
Uveal. Synonym of Uvea. T., Voluntary Motor, 
that portion of the motor tract extending from the 
cortex of the brain to the ventral horns of the cord. 
Tractellum (trak-tel'-um) [dim. of tractus, a tract : pi. , 
Tractella~\. In biology, that flagellum of an infusorian 
which precedes in locomotion. 
Traction (trak 1 '-shun) [trahere, to draw]. The act of 
drawing or pulling. T. -aneurysm, an aneurysm 
most commonly seen in children, and if seen in 
adults to be referred to childhood, due to traction on 
the aorta by an incompletely atrophied ductus Botalli. " 
T., Axis, traction in the axis or direction of a chan- 
nel, as of the pelvis, through which a body is to be 
drawn. T., Axis Forceps, an obstetric forceps for 
performing axis-traction in the delivery of the fetus. 
T. -diverticulum, a circumscribed sacculation of the 
esophagus from the traction of circum - esophageal 
adhesions. T., Elastic, traction by an elastic force. 
Tractor [trak' -tor) [trahere, to draw]. I. An instru- 
ment for making traction. 2. See I'erkinism. 
Tractoration {trak - tor - a' '- s/iun) [trahere, to draw]. 
Treatment by metallic tractors ; Perkinism. 



Tractus (trak'-tus). See Tract. 

Tragacanth (trag'-a-kanlh). See Tragacantlia. 

Tragacantha (trag-a-kan' -thah) [rpayanavda ; rpdyoc, 
goat; anavda, thorn : gen., Tragacanthce\ The exu- 
dation of several species of Astragalus found in Asia 
Minor. A natural mixture of gum arabic and bas- 
sorin. A demulcent employed mainly as a vehicle 
for resins and insoluble powders. T., Glycerinum 
(B.P.), tragacanth, glycerin, and distilled water; a 
translucent jelly. T., Mucilago, tragacanth 6, gly- 
cerin 18, water to IOO parts. Dose Jj, ad libitum. 
T., Pulv., Comp. (B.P.), tragacanth, gum acacia, 
starch, and refined sugar. Dose gr. xx-sjj. 

Tragacanthin {trag-a-kan' -thin). See Bassorin. 

Tragal {tra'-gal) [rpdyoc, goat ]. Pertaining to the 
tragus. 

Tragalism {trag' ' -al-izm) [rpayoc, goat]. Salacious- 
ness ; sensuality. 

Traganthin {trag-an'-lhin). See Bassorin. 

Tragicus {traj-ik'-us). See Muscles, Table of. 

Tragophonia {trag- off -0'- ne- ah). Synonym of Ego- 
phony. 

Tragopodia {trag - op - o'- de - ah) [rpayoc, goat ; trove. 
foot]. Knock-knee. 

Tragus {tra'-gus) [rpayoc, goat]. The small promi- 
nence of cartilage projecting over the meatus of the ex- 
ternal ear. 

Trailing Arbutus {trailing ar'-bu-tus). Ground 
Laurel, May Flower. The leaves of Epigea repens. 
Diuretic and astringent. It has been used to allay 
irritability of the urinary organs. Dose of fid. ext. 
5 ss-j . Unof. 

Train {Iran) [ME., trainen, to draw]. A following; 
that which is drawn after. T. -murmur. See Fisher's 
Murmur in Signs and Symptoms, Table of. T.-oil. 
See Whale-oil. 

Training {Iran' '-ing) [ME., trainen, to draw]. Syste- 
matic exercise for physical development or for some 
special attainment. T. -school, an institution where 
persons are instructed in nursing. The majority of the 
large hospitals have established such institutions. 

Trait (trdt) [Fr., trait, a line]. Any natural character- 
istic or feature that is peculiar to an individual. 

Tramosericeous (tram - - ser - ish' - us) [trama, weft ; 
sericeus, silken]. In biology, having a satin-like 
luster. 

Trampling {tram' -pling) [ME., trampelen, to trample]. 
The killing and bruising of animals in conveyance by 
rail or sea by being thrown down and trampled upon 
by the feet of their companions. 

Trance (trans) [transitus, a passing or passage]. I. A 
form of catalepsy, characterized by a prolonged condi- 
tion of abnormal sleep, in which the vital functions are 
reduced to a very low minimum, and from which the 
patients ordinarily cannot be aroused. The breathing 
is almost imperceptible, and sensation is abolished. 
The onset and awakening are both very sudden. 2. 
The state of syncope much protracted. T. -doctor, a 
mesmerist. T., Hysteric, the trance-like condition 
sometimes met with in hysteria. 

Trans- [trans, across]. A Latin preposition used as a 
prefix to denote across. 

Transcendental (tran-sen-den'-tal)[trans, across; scan- 
dere, to climb]. Beyond the bounds of experience. 
T. Anatomy, philosophic anatomy. 

Transductor (trans - duk'- tor). Synonym of Trans- 
versus pedis. 

Transect (tran-sekf) [trans, across; secare, to cut]. 
To make a transection. 

Transection (tran-sek'-shun) [trans, across ; secare, to 
cut]. Any section made across the long axis of a part, 
or of the whole body, in the latter case dividing it into- 



TRANSFER 



1531 



TRANSPROCESS 



cephalic and caudal regions. See Position and Direc- 
tion, Table of Intrinsic Terms. 

Transfer (trtms / -fer). See Phenomena of Transfer. 

Transference (transfer' -ens) [trans, across ; ferre, to 
bear]. Supposed transmission of thought from one 
individual to another through the agency of a hy- 
pothetic psychic force ; mind-reading, or thought- 
reading ; hypnotic suggestion. T. of Sensibility. 
See Sensitivization. 

Transfix (trans - fiks') [trans, across ; figere, to fix]. 
To pierce. 

Transfixion (trans-fik'-sJiun) [trans, across ; figere, to 
fix]. In amputation, the passage of the knife directly 
through the soft parts, cutting being done from within 
outward. 

Transforation (trans - fo - ra' - shun) [trans, across; 
forare, to pierce]. Applied especially to perforation 
•of the fetal skull. Synonym of Perforation. 

Transformation (trans-for-ma' -shun) [trans, across; 
formare, to form]. A change of form or constitution ; 
degeneration. In biology, the series of changes or 
metamorphoses undergone by certain animals during 
the early stages of their individual life-history. Cf. 
Pleomorph ism . 

Transformism (trans-for' -mizm) [trans, over ; formare, 
form, shape]. In biology, the doctrine of descent 
with modification ; the transmutation of species. 

Transfrontal (trans-fron'-tal ) [trans, across ; frons, 
forehead]. Crossing the frontal lobe of the brain. 

Transfusion (trans-fu' -zhun) [trans, across ; fundere, 
to pour]. The transfer of liquid from one vessel to 
another; applied especially to the introduction into a 
vessel of the body of blood from another body. T., 
Arterial, the transfusion of blood into an artery. T., 
Auto-, the driving of the blood from the periphery 
to the center — the heart and the brain — in order to 
maintain the circulation, as in bandaging of the limbs 
in post-partum hemorrhage. T., Direct, or Imme- 
diate, the transfusion of blood from one person to 
another without exposure to the air. T., Indirect or 
Mediate, the introduction of blood that has first been 
drawn into a vessel. T., Nervous. See Organo- 
therapy. T., Peritoneal, transfusion into the perito- 
neal cavity. T., Reciprocal, the exchange of equal 
volumes of blood between a patient suffering from a 
febrile disease and one who is convalescent from that 
disease, the blood of the latter being supposed to 
contain an antitoxin. T., Venous, transfusion into 
a vein. 

Transiliac (trans-W -e-ak) [trans, across ; ilium, ilium]. 
Passing across from one ilium to the other, as the trans- 
iliac diameter or axis. 

Transilient (trans-il '-e-ent) [trans, over; satire, to 
leap]. Extending across. T. Fiber, a nerve-fiber 
passing from one convolution of the brain to another 
not immediately adjacent. 

Transillumination ( trans-il-hc-min-a'-shun ) [trans, 
through; illuminare, to illuminate]. The throwing of 
an intense light through the substance of a hollow 
organ as a means of diagnosis. 

Transinsular (trans-in' -su-lar) [trans, across ; insula, 
island]. Traversing the insula of the brain, as e.g., a 
fissure. 

Transischiac (trans-is' -ke-ak) [trans, across ; ischium]. 
Extending transversely from one ischium to the other. 
T. -convolutions, connecting gyri or isthmuses. 

Transition (trans - ish' '- tin) [transire, to go over]. 
Change; passage from one state to another. T.- 
resistance, the resistance introduced into an electric 
current by the accumulation of decomposition-products 
upon the electrodes. 

Transitory ( trans' -it-or-e) [transire, to go over]. 



Temporary ; not permanent ; as transitory mania, or 
frenzy. 

Translocate (trans-lo'-kat). Same as Dislocate. 

Translucent (trans-lit' -sent) [trans, across ; lucent, to 
shine] . Permitting a partial transmission of light : 
semitransparent. 

Translucid (trans-lu'-sid). Synonym of Translucent. 

Transamination (trans-lu-min-a'-shun). Synonym 
of Transillumination. 

Transmigration (tr<ms-mi-gra'-shun) [trans, across ; 
migrare, to wander]. The passage of cells or par- 
ticles through a membranous septum, as, e.g., the 
colorless corpuscles of the blood in inflammation, or the 
passage of cells across a space. T., External, the 
passage of an ovum from one ovary to the opposite 
oviduct without traversing the uterus, that is, by way 
of the peritoneal cavity. T., Internal, the passage 
of the ovum through its proper oviduct into the uterus 
and across to the oviduct of the opposite side. 

Transmissibility (trans-mis-ib-il'-it-e) [trans, across; 
mittere, to send]. The capability of being transmitted 
or communicated from one person to another. 

Transmission (trans-mish'-un) [trans, across ; mittere, 
to send]. I. The communication or transfer of any- 
thing, especially disease, from one person or place to 
another. 2. See Heredity. T., Duplex, the property 
of nerves of transmitting impulses in two directions. 

Transmutation (trans-mu-ta' -shun) [transmutare, to 
change]. The process of changing ; the conversion 
of one substance or one form into another substance 
or form. 

Transocular (trans-ok' -u-lar) [trans, across ; oculus, 
eye]. Extending across the eye. 

Transpalatine (trans-pal '-at-in) [trans, across ; pala- 
tine']. I. Transverse, as a palatine bone, which ex- 
tends on either side from the median line. 2. A bone 
of certain sauropsidan vertebrates. 

Transpalmar (trans-pal '-mar) [trans, across; palma, 
palm]. Situated across the palm. 

Transpalmaris (trans - pal - ma'- ris) [trans, across; 
palma, palm]. The palmaris brevis muscle. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Transparent (trans-pa' -rent) [trans, across ; parere, 
to appear]. Having the property of permitting the 
passage of light-rays without material obstruction, so 
that objects beyond the transparent body can be seen. 
T. Finger. See Finger. 

Transperinaus (trans - per - in - e'- us) [trans, across ; 
peiinaum, perineum]. The transversus perinrei 
muscle. 

Transpinalis (tran-spi-na' -lis) [trans, across ; spinalis, 
spinal] . Any intertransverse muscle of the spinal 
tract. 

Transpiration (Iran - spi - ra'- shun) [trans, across ; 
spirare, to breathe]. I. The act of passing fluid, 
vapor, or gas through a membrane, especially through 
the skin ; perspiration. 2. The material passed off. 
3. In biology, the evaporation of water or other 
vaporizable matter from the plant. T., Pulmonary, 
the exhalation of watery vapor from the lungs. 

Transplantar (trans-plan' -tar) [trans, across ; planta, 
sole]. Lying across the sole. 

Transplantation (trans-plan-ta' -shun) [trans, across ; 
plantar e, to plant]. The operation of grafting. See 
Graft. T. of Cornea. See Keratoplasty . 

Transpleural (trans-plu'-ral) [trans, across; irXevpa, 
side] . Crossing the pleural sac. 

Transposition (trans - po - zish' - un) [trans, across; 
ponere, to place]. An interchange of position, as of 
the viscera ; also termed Situs inversus. 

Transprocess (trans-pros' -es) [trans, across ; processus, 
process]. A transverse process. 



TRANSSUBSTANTIATION 



1532 



TREATMENT 



Transsubstantiation {trans -sub - stan- she -a'- shun ) 
[trans, through ; substantia, substance]. The replace- 
ment of one tissue by another. 

Transtemporal (trans-tern' -po-ral) [trans, across; tern- 
pus, temple]. Crossing the temporal lobe. (Wilder.) 

Transudate (trans' -u-dat) [trans, through ; sudare, to 
perspire]. A liquid or other substance the result of 
transudation. 

Transudation (trans-u-da' '-shun) [trans, through ; su- 
dare, to perspire]. I. The passing of any fluid through 
a membrane or tissue, especially the blood-serum 
through the vessel-walls. 2. Transudate. 

Transudatory (trans-u' '-da-to-re) [trans, through ; su- 
dare, to perspire]. Passing by or pertaining to 
transudation. 

Transversal [trans-ver 1 '-sal) [trans, across ; vertere, to 
turn]. Transverse ; running across. 

Transversalis (trans-ver-sa' '-lis) [trans, across ; vertere, 
to turn]. See Afuscles, Table of. T. Fascia, the 
fascia on the inner surface of the transversalis muscle, 
between the latter and the peritoneum. 

Transverse (trans-vers') [trans, across ; vertere, to 
turn]. Cross- wise ; at right angles to the longitudinal 
axis of the body. T. Presentation, a presentation of 
the fetus at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the 
uterus. 

Transversus (trans-ver'-sus). See Muscles, Table of. 

Trap {trap) [ME., trappe, trap]. A device intended to 
prevent the escape of foul vapors from sewers and 
waste-pipes into a house. It generally consists of one 
or more S-shaped pipes, filled with water; some are 
provided also with valves. T.-door Flap, a semicir- 
cular or horseshoe flap made in trephining the sl<ull. 

Trapezate (trap'-ez-dt). Same as Trapeziform. 

Trapezial (tra-pez' -e-al) [rpdyre^a, table]. Pertaining 
to the trapezium, or to the trapezius. 

Trapeziform (tra-pez' -if-orm) [rpam^a, table ; forma, 
form]. Having the shape of a trapezium. 

Trapezium ( tra-pez' -e-um) [rpcnrs^a, table ]. In anat- 
omy : I. The first bone of the second row of carpal 
bones. 2. A tract of the brain consisting of a trans- 
verse fiber-mass situated in the ventral part of the 
oblongata nearly coinciding with the level of entry 
of the cephalic acoustic root. Cephalad it extends into 
the lateral part of the lemniscus. It is probably a part 
of the centripetal auditory tract. Exposed in most 
animals, it is in man covered by the caudal extension 
of the pons. 

Trapezius (tra-pez' -e-us). See Muscles, Table of 

Trapezoid (trap'-ez-oid) [rpaire^a, a table; el6og, like]. 
One of the bones of the wrist. See Bone. T. 
Ligament. See Ligaments, Table of. 

Trapp's Formula or Coefficient. A figure employed 
in the estimation of the quantity of solid matters in a 
sample of urine. In Trapp's formula the figure is 2, 
while in Haser's Coefficient it is 2.33. The approxi- 
mation to the quantity of solid matters present may 
be obtained by multiplying the last two figures of 
the specific gravity by 2 in Trapp's formula, or 2.33 
in Hreser's formula. 

Traube's Plugs. The same as Dittrich's Plugs. T.'s 
Semilunar Space, a space on the left side of the 
chest where there normally is found a vesiculotym- 
panitic sound, due to air in the stomach. T.-Her- 
ing's Curves, pulse-curves showing that the varying 
activity of the vasomotor center suffices to produce 
undulations in the blood-pressure tracing. 

Trauber-Rosenstein Theory. A theory of the cause 
of puerperal eclampsia. It is claimed that the convul- 
sions are due to an anemia brought about by an edema 
of the brain, the result of some poison circulating in 
the blood. 



Traulism, or Traulismus (traw' -lizm, traw-liz'-mus) 
[rpavAiap6r, a lisping]. A lisping; a stammer; 
drawling, or imperfect utterance 

Trauma (traw' -malt) [rpavfia, a wound: pi. , Trau- 
mata^. A wound. 

Traumatic (trazv-mat'-ik) [rpavfiariKo^ . Pertaining 
to or caused by a wound or injury. T. Degeneration, 
the degeneration of the ends of nerves at the point of 
section, extending to the nearest node of Ranvier, 
after which fatty degeneration begins. T. Fever, fever 
following within from eight to thirty-six hours of an 
operation or injury. It is due to absorption of poison- 
ous material from the seat of injury. T. Hysteria. 
See Fright-neuroses. T. Infective Diseases, a class 
of diseases characterized by definite symptoms follow- 
ing wounds or abrasions. Koch has demonstrated 
that each of these diseases is caused by a distinct mi- 
crobe that is capable of reproducing the disease if in- 
oculated into other animals. T. Suggestion. See 
Auto-suggestion. 

Traumaticin (traw -mat '-is -in) [rpavpa, trauma]. A 
10 per cent, solution of gutta percha in chloroform, 
used locally in superficial wounds and skin-affections ; 
chrysophanic acid is sometimes added, or other appro- 
priate medicament. Unof. 

Traumatism (traw' -?nat-izm) [rpavjia, wound]. The 
condition of one suffering from injury. The systemic 
condition following trauma. T. of Motion, injury re- 
sulting to a diseased joint from improper fixation. 

Traumatocace (traw-mat-oh'-as-e) [rpaii/na, a wound ; 
Kaicdg, bad]. Synonym of Hospital Gangrene. 

Traumatology (trazv-mat-ol'-o-je) [rpav/aa, a wound ; 
Aoyoc, science]. A treatise on wounds. 

Traumatonesis [traw-mat-o-ne' -sis) [rpavpa, a wound ; 
vijoiQ, a suture]. Suture of a wound. 

Traumatopnea (traw-mat-op-ne' -ah) [rpavfia, wound ; 
Tivof], breath]. The passage of air through a wound 
in the chest-wall during the respiratory movements. 

Traumatopyra (traw-mat-o-pi' -rah) [rpavfia, wound ; 
•Kvp, fever]. Synonym of Traumatic Fever. 

Traumatosepsis ( traw - mat - - sep'- sis ) [ rpavpa, a 
wound ; of/ipit;, putrefaction]. Synonym of Hospital 
Gangrene. 

Traumatosis (traw- mat- 0'- sis) [rpavfia, a wound]. 
Traumatism. 

Traumatyphus (trazv- mat -i' -fits) [rpavpa,a. wound ; 
rv<poc, typhus]. A name for Hospital Gangrene. 

Travail (trav'-al). Labor in childbed. 

Tray (tra) [ME., treye, tray]. A flat, shallow vessel 
of glass, hard rubber, or metal, for holding instruments 
during a surgical operation. 

Treacle (tre'-kl). See Theriaca and Molasses. 

Tread (tred). See Cicatricula. 

Treadlers' Cramp. See Cramp. 

Treat (tret) [ME., treten, to treat]. To manage disease 
by the application of remedies. 

Treatment (tret' -ment) [tractare, to treat]. The means 
emploved in effecting the cure of disease ; therapeutic 
management or methods. T., Method of, a manner 
or way of managing a certain pathologic condition. 
Some of the various methods of treatment are ap- 
pended : T., Apostoli's, the treatment of diseases 
of the uterus by electricity ; the positive pole being 
inserted in the uterus itself and the negative pole 
applied externally. Arnott's Method, the use of 
ice and salt to produce local anesthesia. Bain's 
Method, a method of artificial respiration ; the opera- 
tor, at the head of the subject, places the fingers of each 
hand in the axillae in their front aspect, with the 
thumbs on the clavicles, and pulls the shoulders hori- 
zontally toward him with a certain degree of force. 
T., Balfour's, the method of treating aneurysm by 



TREATMENT 



1533 



TREATMENT 



means of iodid of potassium. It lowers the blood- 
tension of the artery, and also brings about a thicken- 
ing and contraction of the aneurysmal sac. T., Bant- 
ing, a treatment of obesity; the withdrawal of carbo- 
hydrates from the food and the use of a diet of nitro- 
genous food. Barnes's Method: I, For placenta 
previa: (a) puncture the membranes; (b) apply a 
firm binder over the uterus ; (c) tampon the cervix 
and vagina ; (d) detach the placenta from its lower 
polar zone ; (e) dilate the cervix ; {/) deliver at once ; 
(g) introduce the hand and remove the placenta. 2. 
Reduction of uterine inversion by first incising the 
cervix on each side, so as to divide the circular fibers. 
Barrier's Method of treating uterine inversion. The 
uterus is grasped in the whole hand, and, using the 
sacrum as a point of resistance, the cervix is forced up 
against it, at the same time depressing the fundus with 
the thumb. Baudelocque's Method of converting 
a face-presentation into a vertex-presentation. The 
hand is passed into the vagina and the thumb placed 
in the mouth or on the chin of the child, while the 
fingers are passed up over the occipital protuberance. 
Pressure is then made by the thumb in succession upon 
the chin, the fossae caninre, and the brow, the fingers 
at the same time making traction upon the occiput. 
The head is thus flexed. Baunscheidt's Method, 
acupuncture by means of numerous needles fixed in a 
framework, and which are forcibly projected by releas- 
ing a spring. Bergeon's Method ; the treatment of 
pulmonary tuberculosis by rectal injections of hydrogen 
sulphid gas mixed with carbon dioxid. T., Bettman's. 
See Subvolution. T., Bier's, of strumous joints ; 
it consists in causing congestion of the part by ban- 
daging and elevating the unaffected extremities. Bige- 
low's Method ; extension of the thigh in luxations 
of the hip, with the limb at a right angle with the 
body. Bird's Method of treating bed-sores con- 
sists in the application of a constant mild galvanic cur- 
rent. Bouchard's Diet for dilatation of the stomach. 
Twelve ounces only of fluid at breakfast and dinner, 
and this must be non-fermenting; red wines are 
prohibited, but mineral (table) waters, water contain- 
ing one-third of beer, or a quarter pint of white wine, 
or a dessertspoonful of brandy, may be taken. No 
drink is to be taken between meals. Bouchard's 
Method of treating typhoid fever. The patient is 
bathed eight times each day, the bath in which he 
is placed being three degrees lower than the rectal 
temperature. The water is then gradually cooled 
down to 86° F. Every third day the patient receives 
half an ounce of sulphate of magnesium. During 
the first four days of treatment seven grains of 
calomel are given daily in divided doses. During 
the period of intestinal disorder a dram of naphthol 
and half a dram of salicylate of bismuth are given 
in divided doses, and every morning and evening 
the bowels are washed out with warm water contain- 
ing naphthol. Quinin is administered as required. 
The diet consists of broths, gruels, and lemonade. 
Opiates are given to allay delirium. T., Bou- 
chardat's, of diabetes consists in a dietary which 
allows meat and fresh vegetables, but prohibits milk, 
sugar, and all substances rich in. carbohydrates. T., 
Boynton's, the application of adhesive straps to ulcers 
of the leg. T., Braithwaite's, for carcinoma of the 
uterus, consists in the continual application of chlorid 
of zinc to the affected part. Brand Method of 
treating fever consists in immersion in a bath at the 
temperature of 68° F., every 3 hours, when the bodily 
temperature reaches 102° F. Friction of the surface 
is essential; cold should be applied to the head; 
stimulants may be administered after the bath, and the 



patient is put back to bed and dried between sheets. 
The duration of the bath is from 5 to 15 minutes. 
Brandt's Method of treating diseased Fallopian 
tubes. It consists in attempting to empty the dis- 
tended tube into the uterus by massage, rolling it 
gently between the fingers of both hands. Bre- 
mond's Method of treating syphilis. The patient 
is placed in a box with his head out, and a spray of 
numerous jets of steam containing particles of corrosive 
sublimate or potassium iodid is directed upon the 
body. Bronson's Method of preventive treatment 
of syphilis. This has been worked out on a purely the- 
oretic basis. Bronson believes that rapid disappear- 
ance of the initial lesion may be caused, together with 
the probable abortion or prevention of the secondary 
stage, by hypodermatic injections of mercurial solutions 
around and under the nodule on the penis and into 
the substance of the inguinal lymphatic glands. 
T., Brown-Sequard, the use of injections of testic- 
ular extract. See Organotherapy. Bryant's Method 
for treating fracture of the femur in children. It con- 
sists in vertical extension of the legs. Both limbs are 
flexed at a right angle with the trunk, and attached to 
a bar above the bed. Buck's Method of treating 
fractures by continuous extension by means of a weight 
and pulley. T., Bulau's, for empyema consists in the 
aspiration of the pleural cavity by means of a siphon. 
Byrd's Method. See Artificial Respiration. Byrne's 
Method ; reduction of uterine inversion by applying 
pressure by means of a cup having a false bottom, 
which advances, while counter-pressure is made above 
by means of a bell-shaped cup, having a conical 
plug, which serves to dilate the inverted cervix. 
Cameron's Method, a method of treating foreign 
bodies in the alimentary canal. See Cure, Potato. 
T., Cantani's, of cholera: (a) The repeated intro- 
duction high up into the bowel, at a temperature of from 
100.4° to 104° F. , of from 3 to 4 pints of water or 
infusion of chamomile containing from 75 grs. to 5 drs. 
of tannic acid and from 30-50 drops of tincture of 
opium, at times with from an ounce to an ounce and a 
half of gum arabic (enteroclysis) ; (b) the introduc- 
tion into the subcutaneous connective tissue of 2 pints 
of sterilized water, at a temperature of from 100.4° to 
104° F. , containing in solution a dram of sodium 
chlorid and 45 grs. of sodium carbonate (hypoderniato- 
clysis, subcutaneous infusion). Carr's Method of 
treating placenta prosvia. It consists in detaching and 
removing the placenta, and then removing the child as 
rapidly as possible. Cohen's Method of treating pla- 
centa prsevia. It consists in detaching the smaller flap 
of the placenta which passes over the os internum to 
the side opposite from the main body, thus converting a 
central into a lateral implantation. Cohen's Method 
of inducing premature labor. It consists in passing an 
elastic catheter between the membranes and the uterine 
wall, and slowly injecting 7 or 8 ounces of warm water, 
so as to partially separate the membranes. Cooper's 
Method of extension in luxation of the thigh. The 
patient is in the recumbent position. Extension is 
made by means of a band passed around the thigh 
above the knee, and a counter-extending band is 
passed between the thighs close to the dislocated mem- 
ber, and fixed in a line with the body. Copeman's 
Method of treating pernicious vomiting of pregnancy. 
It consists in dilating the cervical canal with the fore- 
finger or with special instruments devised for the pur- 
pose. The results are said to be good. Corbin 
(Dr. Job Corbin), of Brooklyn (New York), Method 
of treating diphtheria. It consists in the subli- 
mation of calomel and compelling the patient cov- 
ered by a temporary tent made of sheets, blankets, or 



TREATMENT 



1534 



TREATMENT 



other available articles, to inhale the air impregnated 
with the sublimed material. Coming's Method of 
inducing local anesthesia. The production of local 
anesthesia by multiple cutaneous puncture and the in- 
troduction of cocain by the aid of a galvanic battery. 
Courty's Method of treating uterine inversion. Re- 
duction is accomplished in the usual manner by effect- 
ing counter-pressure by two fingers passed into the rec- 
tum and hooked over the mass. Crede's Method of 
removing an adherent placenta. It consists in manual 
expression. Crede's Prophylaxis of Ophthalmia 
neonatorum ; immediately after birth the eyes of the 
child are cleansed with clean water and cloth or cotton, 
and one drop of a 2 per cent. sol. of silver nitrate 
dropped into each eye. Dancel's Method of treat- 
ing obesity. It was to prescribe as dry a diet as pos- 
sible. The food taken should contain very little water, 
and very little drink should be taken at any time. Soups 
and fluid foods were forbidden. Not more than from 
six to twelve ounces of fluid were allowed at each 
meal. Abstinence from fatty and farinaceous foods 
was enforced, frequent purges were enjoined, and much 
exercise on foot. Daremberg's Method of feeding 
consists in the employment of peptonized enemata. 
Davy's Method of controlling hemorrhage in hip- 
joint amputation ; by means of a lever introduced into 
the rectum. Debove's Method ; the method of over- 
alimentation or forced feeding in the treatment of 
tuberculosis. The stomach is first washed out with 
cold water, and then, through the stomach-tube, a 
mixture is introduced containing a liter of milk, an egg, 
and 100 grams of very finely powdered meat. This is 
given three times a day. Denneth's System of re- 
ducing obesity. It has for its aim the exclusion as far 
as possible of alimentary hydrocarbons, while permit- 
ting a certain proportion of fat. It closely resembles 
Ebstein's method. Detmold's Method ; the arrest 
of hemorrhage by the withdrawal of a considerable 
amount of blood from the circulation by means of 
ligatures placed around one or more limbs, just tightly 
enough to arrest the venous return without obstructing 
the arterial flow. Deventer's Method of Extraction 
after Version ; the after-coming head and the ex- 
tended arms are extracted together by simple traction 
on the feet and shoulders. When the shoulders ap- 
pear at the vulva, the head is swung sharply back- 
ward, one hand grasps the feet, the otherthe shoulders, 
and both hands make traction simultaneously and 
directly toward the floor. Dew's Method. See Ar- 
tificial Respiration. Diday's Method ; the expectant 
plan of treatment of syphilis. Dublin Method ; treat- 
ment of aneurysm by compression of the diseased vessel 
on the cardiac side of the tumor. T., Durande's, for 
biliary lithiasis : ether 3 parts, oil of turpentine 2 parts ; 
of this 20-30 drops are given three times daily. Du- 
verger's Method, or Suture, for wounds of the intes- 
tines. The trachea of a calf is inserted into the in- 
testine and the wound closed over it with interrupted 
sutures. T., Ebstein's, for obesity ; a modification 
of the Banting method, but with the inclusion of 
fatty substances. Emmet's Method of treating uter- 
ine inversion ; the body of the womb is grasped in the 
hand firmly and the fingers immediately expanded so 
as to put the tissues around the cervix on the stretch, 
while the hand above aids in dilating the cervical ring. 
If only partial reduction can be secured, the lips of 
the os are stitched together over the fundus. Fen- 
wick's Method of treating pyrexia consists in passing 
a constant current of cool air over the patient. This 
is accomplished by placing ice or ice-water near, but 
not in contact with, the patient. See Ice-cradle. 
Fergusson's Method of treating aneurysm ; the 



tumor is manipulated so as to detach a fragment of 
fibrin or old clot, which will plug the efferent artery. 
T., Filleaw's ; the method of treating pulmonary 
tuberculosis by subcutaneous injections of carbolic 
acid. Finsen's Method ; a method of treating 
smallpox, by confining the patients in a room from 
which the ultra-violet rays of light are shut out by red 
window-panes or by covering the windows with red cur- 
tains. Fleury's Method of treating aneurysm ; com- 
pression by flexion of the limb. Forest's Method. 
See Artificial Respiration, Fournier's Method ; the 
interrupted treatment of syphilis. It consists in admin- 
istering mercury for a period of two months, then 
stopping for a certain time, at least a month, during 
which the patient becomes unaccustomed to the 
remedy. This is followed by a course of treatment 
for six weeks or two months, and then a respite for 
three months, and so on. Gerst's Method of mas- 
sage of the neck ; the patient faces the masseur with 
the head thrown back, so as to expose the neck. The 
operator places his hands at the lobes of the ears and 
performs a stroking downward to the shoulder, the 
patient breathing freely and easily. T., Goats' 
Blood ; a method of treating pulmonary tuberculosis 
by the free administration of goats' blood. Gould's 
Method of Treating Monocular Amblyopia ; by 
perfect correction of the ametropia and muscular 
imbalance, and monocular exercise of the amblyopic 
eye, the other being covered by a blinder. G.'s 
Method of Treating Exophoria ; innervational gym- 
nastics with prisms, bases toward the temples, of a 
higher degree than the patient can at first overcome at 
20 feet, coupled with fusion-exercises, the object being 
gradually carried from the near-point to the distant 
point. G.'s Method of Treating Functional Lacrymal 
Stenosis; submergence of the punctawith an antiseptic 
and astringent solution and synchronous massage of 
the sac. Gram's Method. See Actinomycosis. T., 
" Grape-cure," for cardiac hypertrophy consists in 
the daily consumption of large quantities of grapes. 
Guerin's Method of dressing an amputation; the 
encasing of the stump after amputation in a dense 
mass of cotton as a permanent dressing. T., Guth- 
rie's, for hospital gangrene ; the local use of the 
mineral acids. Hall's Method. See Artificial 
Respiration. Hay's (Matthew) Method of treating 
hydrothorax ; by means of a concentrated solution 
of Epsom salt, together with dry diet. Hegar-Kohrn 
Method of preventing ophthalmia neonatorum ; as 
soon as the head is born the closed eyelids are care- 
fully dried with two or three pledgets of antiseptic 
absorbent cotton moistened with Van Swieten's solu- 
tion (corrosive sublimate I part, alcohol 100 parts, 
water 900 parts). As soon as the child is born the 
eyelids and all the surrounding tissues are cleansed 
with the same solution until an absolutely aseptic sur- 
face is obtained. Hicks' Method; a method of per- 
forming bimanual version ; especially adapted to the 
treatment of placenta proevia. Hilton's Method of 
treating deep abscesses consists in a simple incision 
through the skin with a scalpel, and the separation of 
the deep parts by means of a blunt instrument, as, e.g. , 
the blades of a dressing forceps. Hceffinger's Method 
for massage of the neck ; the patient sits with the 
head erect. The operator stands behind and places 
his hands beneath the patient's ears, and strokes down- 
ward toward the shoulder, the hand covering the 
principal part of the trapezius muscle. Hcening's 
Method of expression of retained fragments after 
abortion ; one finger is placed in the vaginal vault 
while the fingers of the other hand grasp the uterus 
through the abdominal wall and gradually squeeze out 



TREATMENT 



1535 



TREATMENT 



the contents of that organ. Hoffmann's Method ; 
a method of treating chronic inflammation of the ton- 
sils. It consists in breaking down the tonsils by 
means of a blunt hook introduced into the crypts. 
Howard's Method. See Artificial Respiration. 
Huchard's Diet for dilatation of the stomach ; the 
strict limitation of liquids, a glass and a half only 
at each meal ; all food-substances and fruits contain 
ing much water are to be rejected, and only very 
thick soups permitted ; roast meat, eggs, and the 
drier kinds of vegetables are allowed. T., Hutch- 
inson's, in hip-disease ; the weight of the limb is 
utilized as the extending force, a patten being worn 
on the sound foot. T., Hutchinson's, of lupus 
erythematosus ; it consists in rubbing the part with 
lint dipped in benzoline every night, and then apply- 
ing a weak (4 grains to the ounce) yellow oxid of 
mercury ointment. T., Indian, of goiter, consists in 
the inunction of an ointment of biniodid of mer- 
cury. This is to be followed by exposure of the goiter 
to the direct rays of the sun until the smarting becomes 
unbearable. T., Jiirgenssen's, of pneumonia, con- 
sists in the exhibition of large doses of quinin. 
Kibbie's Method of reducing temperature ; the 
pouring of tepid water (95° to 80°) over the patient's 
body, covered from the axilke to the thighs with a wet 
sheet, and laid upon a cot, through the open canvas of 
which the water passes, and is caught on a rubber 
cloth beneath the cot and conveyed into a bucket at 
the foot of the bed. Kisch's Method of reducing 
obesity. It is based upon the administration of a 
large quantity of albuminous food. Free and abundant 
use of water is permitted. T., Koch's, of tubercu- 
losis ; the subcutaneous injection of tuberculin. T., 
Krause's, for tuberculous laryngitis consists in the 
local application of concentrated solutions of lactic 
acid. T., Krull's, of cholangitis; from one to four 
pints of water at a temperature of 59 F. are slowly 
injected into the rectum once daily. The fluid must 
be retained as long as possible. On successive days 
the temperature of the water is gradually raised until 
it reaches 72 F. Laborde's Method ; the treat- 
ment of asphyxiated patients by rhythmic tractions of 
the tongue. Lannellongue's Method of treating 
tuberculosis consists in the deep injection of dilute 
solutions of chlorid of zinc into or about the tubercu- 
lous deposits. T., Le Peines. Same as Goats' Blood 
Treatment. Lewsaschew's Method of treating 
pleuritic effusion consists in replacing a small por- 
tion of the fluid to be withdrawn by an equal amount 
of a sterilized salt-solution. A continuance of this 
ultimately leaves only pure salt-solution in the cavity. 
T., Liebreich's, for tuberculosis, consists in the hypo- 
dermatic injection of a solution of from ^ij to -, J T of a 
grain of cantharidate of potassium. MacEwen's 
Method of treating aneurysm consists in inducing 
consolidation of the sac by irritating its inner surfaces 
with a pin-point. MacEwen's Method of control- 
ling the circulation in the lower extremities consists in 
manual compression of the abdominal aorta. T., 
Martineau's, for diabetes. It consists in drinking 
daily about a liter of carbonic-acid water. It is 
especially valuable in those cases having a close or 
remote connection with gout. Mason's Method ; 
the method of keeping the fragments in proper posi- 
tion in fracture of the nasal bones by the insertion of 
needles, which are allowed to remain in situ for 
about a week. Mauriceau's Method, Veit-Smellie 
Method, a method of delivering the after-coming head. 
Proceed in the same manner as in the Wiegand 
Method until the disengaged hand is to be used. The 
middle finger of this hand, pronated, is passed along 



the back of the neck until it finds the occiput, when 
pressure is employed to further flex the head. The 
index and ring lingers are now llexed over the 
clavicles, and traction is made in the axis of the 
parturient canal (downward and outward), the trunk 
is carried toward the mother's abdomen, and at the 
same time the fingers in the mouth and on the occiput 
are securing complete flexion of the head. Michel's 
Method, the after-treatment of cataract-operations in 
a light room, and with light dressings to the eyes. 
T., Weir Mitchell's, of neurasthenia. This consists 
in rest in bed, isolation, fattening or plenteous nour- 
ishment, and the use of massage and electricity. See 
Rest-cure. T., Mitchell's (S. Weir), of obesity. 
He advocates rest, milk-diet, and massage. The 
milk is skimmed, and is given alone, with the usual 
precautions. All other foods and fluids are forbidden. 
When it is found what quantity of milk will sustain 
the weight, the amount is diminished by degrees until 
the patient is losing a half pound of weight each day, 
or less or more, as seems to be well borne. This is 
combined with rest and massage. Moore's Method, 
a method of dressing in Colles' fracture by a small 
roller and a strip of adhesive plaster. Moore's 
Method of treating aneurysm. The introduction of 
foreign bodies, such as metallic wire, watch-spring, 
horse-hair, catgut, silken or sea-tangle threads into 
the aneurysmal sac. Morgan's Method of treating 
dislocation of the hip. A foot is placed between the 
thighs and against the perineum to effect counter- 
extension ; extension and rotation are made by assist- 
ants, by means of a band attached above the knee ; the 
limb being adducted, the foot becomes a fulcrum and 
presses the bone off from the pelvis. Morton's 
Method of treating spina bifida. It consists in in- 
jecting into the sac a dram of a preparation of 10 
grains of iodin and 30 of iodid of potassium in an 
ounce of glycerin. About a dram of the fluid of the 
sac is first withdrawn, so that the tension of the sac 
may not be increased by the injection. T., Murray's, 
of aneurysm. Favoring the rapid formation of a red 
clot in the aneurysmal sac by firmly applying an 
Esmarch bandage below the sac, carrying it lightly 
over the sac, and then making four turns above. 
Nelaton's Method, suspending the patient by the 
legs to counteract the hypothetic cerebral anemia of 
too profound anesthesia. Nelaton's Method of 
treating dislocation of the jaw ; the operator stands in 
front of the patient, grasps the back of the head on 
each side with the outstretched fingers, and presses with 
the thumbs on the coronoid processes to bring the con- 
dyles in place. T., Newman's, of laryngeal stric- 
tures ; by tupelo dilators after tracheotomy, with, 
finally, introduction of an artificial larynx. Noegge- 
rath's Method, reduction of uterine inversion by com- 
mencing the operation by indenting the fundus at one 
or the other cornu. Noyes' Method of crushing 
trachoma-granulations ; the lids are everted and the 
two ends of the tarsus are grasped by special forceps 
and opposing traction made. The granulations are 
thus squeezed and stripped out. O'Dwyer's 
Method ; intubation for obstructions of the larynx. 
Oertel's Method ; the treatment of the circulatory dis- 
turbances of heart-disease, obesity, emphysema, etc., 
by mechanical means. The objects aimed at are : (1) 
diminution in the quantity of fatty tissue deposited — 
achieved by regulation of diet, etc.; (2) a reduction 
in the quantity of fluids in the body — accomplished by 
diminished ingestion of fluids of all kinds; (3) 
strengthening of the heart-muscle and promotion of 
the development of compensatory hypertrophy — attained 
by methodic mountain-climbing and other systematic 



TREATMENT 



1530 



TREATMENT 



exercise ; (4) stimulation of the circulation by massage, 
passive movements, and sanitary gymnastics. Pacini's 
Method. See Artificial Respiration. Parsons' 
Method, treatment of carcinoma of the cervix uteri 
by the use of the interrupted galvanic current. T., 
Pavy's, for diabetes consists in a dietary the main 
points of which are avoidance of sugar, starches, milk, 
all kinds of pastry and puddings, and-fruits, both fresh 
and preserved. T., Payne's, of Lupus erythematosus ; 
it consists in the topical application daily of sali-' 
cylic acid ^2 dram, and collodion I ounce. T., 
PirogofPs Camphor, a method of treating erysipelas ; 
the patient takes every hour or two hours 3 grains of 
powdered camphor, and drinks large quantities of 
hot tea, to promote perspiration. T., Pneumatic, of 
asthma, consists in the inhalation of compressed air. 
Politzer's Method, a method of inflating the middle 
ear for middle-ear disease. The exit-tube of a rubber 
bulb is introduced into one naris, while the other is 
occluded, and the patient swallows a little water held 
in the mouth as the bulb is compressed. T., Pro- 
chownik's, of asphyxia neonatorum. The child is 
held inverted by the feet, and compression of the chest 
is practised. Reid's Method: I. The reducing of 
dislocations of the hip by manipulation. 2. The use 
of the Esmarch bandage and tube in the treatment of 
aneurysm. Richet's Method of treating tubercu- 
losis consists in the hypodermatic injection of 
the serum of dogs' blood. Ricord's Method of 
treating syphilis ; a course of mercury for six months, 
followed by a three months' course of iodid of 
potassium. T., Roberts', for diabetes, consists in 
avoidance of all saccharine or farinaceous foods, the 
livers of all animals or shell-fish, all sweet fruits, 
and sweet wines. T., Roussel's, of tuberculosis ; 
by hypodermatic medication only, with the desire to 
save the stomach for food -purposes. Various sub- 
stances dissolved in sterilized olive-oil are injected, 
as follows: eucalyptol, 25 in 100; turpentine, 15 in 
100; metallic iodin 2* to 5, eucalyptol 5 to 10, oil 
loo; iodoform 2, eucalyptol 5, oil 100 ; camphor 
10, eucalyptol 10, oil 100 ; paraldehyd 5 to 10, oil 
loo ; crystallized carbolic acid 5 to 20, eucalyptol 10, 
oil 100. The dose is always 15 minims. T., Salis- 
bury, for obesity, consists in a diet of beefsteak and 
hot water. Satterthwaite's Method. See Arti- 
ficial Respiration. Sayre's Method for treating lateral 
curvature of the spine ; suspension of the patient for 
the purpose of extension during the application of a 
plaster-of-Paris jacket. Scarenzio's Method of 
treating syphilis ; by subcutaneous injections of calomel 
suspended in glycerin and mucilage of acacia. The 
amount injected varies from ^ to 2 grains once or twice a 
week, suspended in 10 or 12 drops of the vehicle used. 
The site of the injection may be the sides of the chest, 
the belly, or the depression in the buttocks, an inch 
behind the posterior border of the great trochanter. 
Abscesses may develop at the point of injection. 
Schatz's Method of converting a face-presentation into 
a vertex-presentation. It is done by external manipu- 
lation only. His manuever consists in restoring the nor- 
mal attitude of the body by flexing the trunk, and leaving 
the head to spontaneously resume its proper position as 
it sinks into the pelvis. It is performed by seizing the 
shoulder and chest with the hand through the abdomi- 
nal walls ; then lifting the chest upward and pressing 
it backward, at the same time steadying or raising the 
breech with the other hand applied near the fundus, 
so as to make the long axis of the child conform to 
that of the uterus, and, finally, pressing the breech 
directly downward. As the child is raised, the occiput 
is allowed to descend, and then, as the body is bent 



forward, head-flexion is produced by the resistance 
of the lateral walls of the pelvis. This maneuver is 
only applicable before the rupture of the membranes. 
Schede's Method, a method of obtaining healing in 
cases of operations upon bones and other structures 
which leave cavities that cannot be obliterated. It aims 
at union under a moist blood-clot. Ordinary chemic anti- 
septics are used ; wads of sublimate-cotton wrapped in 
mull and kept in sublimate-solution are used in place 
of sponges. During the operation the wound is 
washed out with sublimate-solution every five minutes. 
All bleeding vessels are tied, the wound, thoroughly 
irrigated, first with 5 per cent, carbolic solution, 
then with the bichlorid of mercury lotion, closed 
by relaxation sutures of silk or silver and a continuous 
catgut suture, and dressed with protective or gutta- 
percha tissue, 10 per cent, iodoform-gauze wrung out 
in 5 per cent, carbolic lotion, and a moss pillow. T., 
Schott's, of heart-disease ; saline or carbonated baths 
at from 86 to 92 F. for 5 to 7 weeks ; systematic 
exercise — flexion, extension, and rotation — resisted by 
another person. Schrceder's Method. See Arti- 
ficial Respiration. Schroth's Method of treating 
obesity consists in the exclusion, as far as possible, 
of water or fluid in any form. Schultz's Method. 
See Artificial Respiration. T., Schuster's, of syph- 
ilis ; it consists in inunction of the skin with a mercurial 
soap. A good lather is made with water, and this is 
allowed to dry on the skin, upon which it leaves a 
thin film of mercury. If applied too freely it may 
cause dermatitis. Schwalbe's Method of treating 
reducible hernise ; injection of alcohol with a Pravaz 
syringe. Schweninger Cure for obesity; the same 
as Oertel's method (a. v.), with the sole modification 
of the forbidding of any fluid at meals. T., See's 
(Germain), of obesity; he advises a regime of al- 
buminoids and fats, together with a great quantity 
of drink, especially of warm, aromatic fluids. Hot 
tea is the beverage he especially favors. Alcoholic 
drinks are strictly interdicted. T., Seegen's, for 
diabetes, consists in the avoidance of farinaceous food 
of all kinds, sweet fruits, sugar, and all sweet wines 
and syrups. He allows shell-fish and berries. T., 
Seibert's, for diphtheria: the application of pulverized 
sodium chlorid to the membrane twice daily until it 
becomes, as it were, " corned." T., Seiler's, a method 
of treating pulmonary tuberculosis by inhalation of the 
fumes of hydrofluoric acid. T., Shurly-Gibbes', 
of tuberculosis. Hypodermatic injection of solutions 
in glycerin of either iodin or gold and sodium c/ilorid, 
or both in alternation, in conjunction with chlorin- 
inhalations. The commencing dose of the iodin- 
solution should be about -f% of a grain, gradually in- 
creased to y z or I grain; that of the gold salt -fa of a 
grain gradually increased to | or ^ of a grain. Simp- 
son's Method of treating placenta pravia; complete 
separation of the placenta. Small's Method of ex- 
tension of the thigh ; it consists in the application of 
a wicker-work sheath like the " Indian finger," from 
which the extension is made. Smith's (Tyler) 
Method of treating uterine inversion ; by distending 
the vagina with an inflated rubber bag, after having ap- 
plied massage to the uterus for 10 days. "String" 
Method ; the method of dilating a strictured canal by 
passing a strand of braided silk through and drawing it 
back and forth. Abbe operated by this means in a case 
of stricture of the esophagus, by performing esophagot- 
omy and gastrotomy and passing the thread through the 
stricture by means of a thin bougie. Sylvester's 
Method. See Artificial Respiration. Thin's Method 
of treating hromidrosis. It consists in shaking finely 
powdered boric acid into the socks and stockings, chang- 



TREATMENT 



1537 



TREMENTINA 



ing the latter once a day. T., Thomas's Damming, 
of fractures with delayed union. The circulation was 
obstructed by compression above the fracture and con- 
gestion maintained for a few minutes. Thure- 
Brandt's Method. Same as Brandt' ' s Method. T., 
Towers-Smith, for obesity, is essentially the same as 
the Salisbury treatment. Tranjen's Method of treat- 
ing tuberculosis consists first in injection into the gluteal 
muscles, every eight days, of a solution of hydrargyrum 
thymolo-aceticum. Secondly, the exhibition, by the 
mouth, of a solution of potassium iodid. Trendelen- 
burg's Method, the method of operating by plac- 
ing the patient in the Trendelenburg position to 
favor sagging upward of the intestines. Tuffnell's 
Method, the method of treatment of aortic aneurysm 
by means of a restricted diet, so that the solids taken 
during the day will amount to but ten ounces, and the 
•liquids to eight. These are divided as follows : Break- 
fast — bread and butter, 2 ounces ; cocoa or milk, 2 
ounces. Dinner — boiled or broiled meat, 3 ounces ; 
potatoes or bread, 3 ounces ; light claret, 4 ounces. Sup- 
per — bread and butter, 2 ounces ; milk or tea, 2 ounces. 
The presence of aortic regurgitation is a distinct contra- 
indication to this method. T., Unna's, of acne con- 
sists in the application of an ointment containing re- 
sorcin, corrosive sublimate, and zinc oxid. T., Valen- 
tine's, of uterine inversion. The uterus is seized with the 
fingers and thumb of one hand, and counter-pressure is 
made in the hypogastrium with the other. Valsalva's 
Method of treating aortic aneurysm; it consisted in 
starving the patient, in the belief that by such a process 
the blood became more coagulable. T., Van Buren's, 
of prolapse of the rectum. The patient under ether, the 
smallest tip of the Paquelin cautery, heated only to a 
dull-red, is drawn over the length of the prolapsed 
tumor with just sufficient force to go through the mucous 
membrane. Five or six linear eschars should be made, 
very lightly at the upper portion, more heavily below. 
The tumor should then be replaced and the sphincter 
burned at two points on opposite sides with the same 
iron ; these cuts should be made into the substance of the 
muscle, so that the resulting contraction will lessen the 
size of the anus. Veit-Smellie Method. See Mauri- 
ceau's Method. T., Vogel's, for obesity is a slight modi- 
fication of the Banting method. Vulliet's Method 
of controlling severe hemorrhage after abortion. It 
consists in packing the whole uterine cavity with small 
balls of iodoformized cotton, tamponing the vagina as 
usual. Weber's Method for the arrest of hemor- 
rhage ; by turning the vessel inside out by means of 
the arterio-verter. See Arterio-version. T., Welan- 
der's, for abortion of buboes ; the injection of mer- 
curic benzoate into the affected glands. If fluctuation 
is present, a minute puncture is made to evacuate the 
pus, the cavity is washed with corrosive sublimate I : 1000 
and closed. " Whey-cure " treatment of cardiac hy- 
pertrophy consists in the daily administration of large 
quantities of whey. Wiegand's Method of delivery 
of the after-coming head. Introduce the first three fin- 
gers of the supinated hand into the vagina (using that 
hand the palm of which corresponds to the abdomen 
of the child), at the same time resting the abdomen of 
the child upon the forearm with a leg hanging on 
either side. Insert the index finger in the child's 
mouth, and exert sufficient traction on the lower jaw to 
induce and maintain flexion of the head. The disen- 
gaged hand now locates the head through the abdom- 
inal wall above the pubes, and pressure is made in the 
axis of the parturient canal, the child's body being ele- 
vated toward the mother's abdomen. Wing's Method 
of treating uterine inversion ; it is done by means of a 
wooden instrument, shaped something like an old-fash- 
97 



ioned, wooden stethoscope, but with a very shallow de- 
pression for the fundus, to prevent the edges from cutting 
the tissues. Continuous pressure is obtained by means 
of two pieces of elastic tubing, passed between the 
thighs and fastened to the stem of the instrument, which 
projects beyond the vulva; the ends of the tubing are 
fastened to a waistband. Witzel's Method of remov- 
ing an acute pneumothorax resulting from penetrating 
wounds of the thorax. It aims at the conversion of the 
pneumothorax into an artificial hydrothorax, the latter 
being filially emptied by aspiration. A solution of boric 
acid at blood-temperature is used for this purpose. Yeo's 
Method of treating obesity consists in a dietary which 
limits the amount of farinaceous food, prohibits sugar, 
limits the amount of food taken with the meals, but en- 
courages the drinking of large amounts of hot or warm, 
aromatic beverages between meals. Ziemssen's 
Method of treating anemia; by subcutaneous injections 
of defibrinated human blood under strict antiseptic 
precautions. The injections vary in amount from 1.6 
to Tf.T) ounces at a sitting. 

Trechoma (treko'-mah). Synonym of Traehoma. 

Tree (tre) [ME., tree, tree]. A perennial plant with a 
single, self-supporting, woody trunk, reaching usually 
the height of 25 or 30 feet. T. -cotton. See 
Mocmain. T. of Heaven. See Ailanthus. T., 
Vascular, the arbor-like appearance of the blood- 
vessels when removed from the body. 

Trehala {tre-hah' -lah) [Turkish]. Turkish manna ; 
a variety of manna derived from the cocoons of Lari- 
nus maczelatus, an insect that feeds upon an Asiatic 
thistle, Echinops persica. 

Trehalase [tre' -hal-as) [trehala']. A soluble ferment 
first found by Bourquelot in Aspergillus niger. Its func- 
tion is to convert trehalose into glucose. 

Trehalose (tre-hal' -oz) [trehala]. A complex carbo- 
hydrate or crystallizable sugar derived from ergot, and 
also from trehala. See Alycose, and Carbohydrates, 
Table of. 

Trelat's Method. See Anesthetic. 

Trema (tre' -mah) [rpr/fia, a hole]. I. A synonym of 
Foramen. 2. A genus of the Ulmacece. T. orient- 
alis, Indian nettle-tree. The bark, leaves, and root are 
used as a remedy for epilepsy. 

Trematoda (trem-at-o'-dah) [-pT/fiarudr/c, porous]. An 
order of entozoa, including worms parasitic in the 
liver and intestinal tract ; fluke-worms. 

Trematode (trem'-at-od) [T(>r//iaT66t/c, having many 
holes]. In biology, a member of the class Trematoda; 
parasitic, unsegmented platodes, without a covering of 
cilia, mostly with a forked intestine, mouth and pharynx 
at the anterior end of the body. See Distoma and 
Fasciola, under Parasites {Animal}, Table of. 

Trematoid [tre?n'-at-oid) [rpjifiaroeiSi/c;, having many 
holes]. Same as Trematode. 

Tremble (trem / -bl) [ME., tremblen, to tremble; L. , 
tremere, to tremble]. To be affected with slight, 
quick, and continued vibratory movements ; to quiver. 

Trembles (trem' ' -biz) [tremere, to tremble]. Synonym 
of Milk-sickness. Also used as a synonym of Paraly- 
sis agitans. 

Trembling (trem' -bling) [tremere, so tremble]. A tre- 
mor ; quivering ; affected with involuntary muscular 
agitation. T. Chair, a chair used in the treatment 
of paralysis agitans for giving vibratory motion to the 
body of the patient seated in it. T. Palsy. Syno- 
nym of Paralysis agitans. 

Tremellose (trem' -el-oz) [tremere, to tremble]. In 
biology, jelly-like. 

Tremens (tre'-menz). See Delirium. 

Trementina (tra-men-te'-nah) [Sp.]. The resin of 
Espelitia grandiflora, used medicinally. T. Comun, 



TREMOGRAM 



1538 



TRIAMMONIC 



[Mex. Ph.], a thick, granular turpentine used as a 
balsamic stimulant. 

Tremogram (trem' -o - gram) [tremare, to tremble; 
■ypd/n/xa, a writing]. The tracing of tremor made by 
means of the tremograph. 

Tremograph ((rem' '- o- graph) [tremare, to tremble; 
ypafyuv, to write]. An instrument for making graphic 
records of tremor. 

Tremor (trem' -or) [tremere, to shake]. An involuntary 
trembling or agitation of the body, or some part of it. 
T., Arsenical, a tremor the result of arsenical intoxica- 
tion. T. capitis, tremor affecting the muscles of the 
neck and head. T. coactus. Synonym of T. , Forced. 
T., Continuous, a form of tremor which resembles that 
of paralysis agitans ; it is, however, likely to be remit- 
tent, and may be diminished or arrested by voluntary 
effort. T., Convulsive. See Paramyoclonus. T., 
Epileptoid, intermittent clonus with tremor. T., Fi- 
brillary, tremor caused by consecutive contractions of 
separate muscle-fibrillce. T., Forced, the convulsive 
movements persisting during repose after voluntary 
motion, due to an intermittent and rhythmic irritation of 
the nervous centers. T., Hysteric, the tremor observed 
in hysteria, and due to the uncertainty of nervous im- 
pulse. T., Intention, one appearing on voluntary 
movement. T., Intermittent, the tremor commonly 
observed in hemiplegics on any attempt at voluntary 
motion. T., Mercurial, a peculiar form of tremor ob- 
served among smelters and others exposed to the fumes 
of mercury. It is sudden or gradual in onset, and is 
usually unaccompanied by salivation. The arms are 
first involved, and then the entire muscular system. 
If allowed to go on, paralysis, mania, and idiocy may 
result. T., Muscular, slight, oscillating, rhythmic 
muscular contractions. T., Purring. Synonym of 
Purring Thrill. T. saturninus, the tremor of lead- 
poisoning. T. tendinum. Synonym of Subsultus 
tendinum. T., Vibratile. Synonym of Fremitus. 
T., Volitional, a trembling of the entire body dur- 
ing voluntary effort, as observed in multiple sclerosis. 
See T., Intentional. 

Tremorless (trem' -or-less) [tremere, to tremble]. Free 
from tremor. 

Tremulation (trem-u-la'-shun) [tremulare, to trem- 
ble]. A tremulous condition. 

Tremulous (trem'-u-lus) [tremere, to shake]. Trem- 
bling. T. Iris. See Iris. 

Trendelenburg Posture. See Postures, Table of. 

Trepan (Ire-pan') [rpv—av, bore]. An old form of the 
word trephine. See Trephine. 

Trepanatio (trep-an-a'-she-o) [L.]. See Trephining. 
T. corneae, an operation for conical cornea, by means 
of the conical trephine. A small circular piece is re- 
moved from the center of the cornea. The membrane 
of Descemet only is penetrated. A hernia at once 
forms, which is daily punctured until the cicatricial pro- 
cess is complete. 

Trepanation (trep - an - a' '- shun) [rpvnavov, a borer]. 
The operation of trephining. 

Trepang (tre-pang') [Malay, tripang\ The sea-slug, 
or bichodomar, Holothuria edulis ; a worm-like sea- 
animal highly prized in China as an ingredient of soups; 
regarded as analeptic. Unof. 

Trepanize (trep'-an-tz) [rpvaav, to bore]. To trepan. 

Trepanning (tre-pan'-ing) [rpviravi, to bore]. Boring; 
using the trephine. T. -elevator, a lever used to raise 
the piece of bone detached by the trepan. 

Trephine (tre-fln') [rpv-navov ; rpvnav, to bore]. An 
instrument for excising a circular piece of bone, usually 
from the skull. T., Brace, a trephine with an ordi- 
nary carpenters' brace. T., Conical, a trephine with a 
truncated cone-shaped crown and provided with oblique 



ridges on its outer surface to stop its progress as soon as 
the bone is penetrated. T., Corneal, a small cut- 
ting trephine used to remove a circular section from the 
summit of a conical cornea. It is manipulated with 
the thumb and finger. T. of Gait, a form of conical 
trephine. T., Nasal, an instrument made of a steel 
shaft ending in a small, fenestrated tube, having a knife 
or saw edge. T., Tympanic, an instrument made of 
a small steel shaft ending in a small, polished tube, 
2 mm. in diameter, with a cutting edge. 

Trephining (t re-fin' -ing) [rphmiaic']. The operation 
of trephining. 

Trepidant Chair. See Trembling Chair. 

Trepidatio (trep-id-a'-she-o) [trepiJare, to be agitated]. 
The state of agitation. T. cordis, palpitation of the 
heart. 

Trepidation (trep-id-a' -shun) [trepidare, to tremble!. 
A rhythmic movement of the foot in certain forms of 
paraplegia and in epilepsy. 

Treppe (trep'-eh) [Ger.]. See Summation. 

Tresis (tre'-sis) [rerpaivtiv, to pierce]. Wound. T. 
causis. See Burn. T. punctura, a puncture. T. 
vulnus, a wound. 

Tri- [rpelc, or tres, three]. A numeral used as a prefix 
to denote three, or triple. 

Triacetamid (tri-as-et'-am-id) [tres, three; acetamid~\, 
(C 2 H 3 0) 3 N. A chemic substance obtained by treat- 
ing acetonitril with acetic anhydrid. 

Triacetin (iri-as'-et-in) [tres, three ; acetum, vinegar], 
C 3 H 5 (C 2 H. j O.,) 3 . An oily liquid found in cod-liver oil, 
in some of the fats, in the oil of Fuonymus europeceus 
and in a mixture of glycerin and glacial acetic acid. 

Triacetonamin (tri-as-et-on' -am-in) [tres, three ; ace- 
tone ; amitt], C 1) H 17 NO. A substance produced by the 
action of ammonia on acetone. It crystallizes in anhy- 
drous crystals that melt at 39. 6° C. 

Triacetyl (tri-as / -e-til) [-pur, three ; i'/,?/, matter]. The 
compound C.,N 3 0. 

Triacetylene (tri-as-ef -il-en). Synonym of Benzene. 

Triacid (tri-as'-id) [tres, three; acidum, acid]. An 
acid containing three atoms replaceable by H. 

Triad (tri' -ad) [tres, three]. See Quantivalence. T„ 
of Hutchinson, the combination (notched teeth, in- 
terstitial keratitis and otitis) found in subjects of heredi- 
tary syphilis. 

Triadelphous (tri-ad-el'-fus) [rpeic, three ; diM.^dc, a 
brother]. In biology, applied to stamens that are 
united by their filaments into three sets. 

Triakaidekaphobia (tri-a-ki-dek-af-o'-be-ah) [rpiaKai- 
dena, thirteen ; (j>6poc, fear]. Insane dread of the 
number thirteen. 

Trial (tri'-al) [Fr., trier, to try]. The act of trying or 
testing. T.-case, a box of lenses for testing and es- 
timating the refraction of the eye, containing biconvex, 
biconcave, cylindric, prismatic, and other lenses. T.- 
frame, a spectacle-frame into which the trial-lenses 
may be slipped. T. -glasses or T.-lenses, a grad- 
uated set of concave, convex, cylindric, and prismatic 
lenses used in testing vision. See Spectacle-lenses. 
T.-jar, a jar in which mixed liquids are allowed to 
stand in order that they may separate by gravity. 

Trialate (tri-a'-lai) [tres, three ; alatus, winged]. In 
biology, having three wings. 

Trialkylic (tri-al-kil'-ik) [tres, three; alkali]. Con- 
taining three molecules of an alkyl. 

Triallylamin (tri-al-il ' -am-in). A chemic compound, 
(C S H 5 ) 3 N. 

Triallylin (tri-al'-il-in) [tres, three ; allyl], C, 2 H 20 O g . 
An oxid of ally] and glyceryl. 

Triamin (tri-am'-iu). See Am in. 

Triammonic (tri-am-mon'-ih) [tres, three; ammonia]. 
Containing: three molecules of ammonium. 



TRIAMYLAMIN 



1539 



TRIANGLE 



Triamylamin (tri-am-il* -atn-in) [tres, three; amyl, 

amtti], N(C 3 H n )i. Tertiary amin of amyl. 
Triamylin [fri-'am'-il-in) [ires, three; amyl], C 3 H 5 - 

^C 5 II n ) 3 3 . A compound produced by heating amyl- 
alcohol and acrolein with acetic acid. 

Triamylphosphin {tri-am-il-fos'-fin). A compound 
with the formula (C 5 H U ) :I P. 

Triandrous (tri-an'-drus) \rpfiq, three ; avrjp, a male]. 
In biology, having three stamens. 

Triangle [fri/ -ang-gl) [tres, three; angulus, angle]. 
A space bounded by three lines or sides and with 
three corners or angles. T. of Assegat, a triangle 
formed by lines uniting the projection of the nasion on 
the alveolo-condylar plane and the alveolar and nasal 
points and one uniting the two latter. T. of Bryant. 
See T., Iliofemoral. T., Carotid, Inferior (" Tri- 
angle of necessity "), located in the neck ; it is bounded 
ventrad by the median line of the neck, dorsad by the 
ventral margin of the sterno-mastoid, and cephalad by 
the ventral belly of the omo-hyoid. Its floor is formed by 
the longus colli below and the scalenus anticus above. 
The common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, 
vagus nerve, superficialis colli nerve, a branch of the 
communicans noni, the inferior thyreoid artery, the 
recurrent laryngeal nerve, the sympathetic nerve, the 
trachea, thyreoid gland, and larynx are the important 
structures within it. T., Carotid, Superior (" Triangle 
of election"), located in the neck; it is bounded dor- 
sad by the sterno-mastoid, ventrad by the ventral belly 
of the omo-hyoid, and cephalad by the dorsal belly of 
the digastric. Its floor is formed by the thyreo-hyoid, 
hyo-glossus, and inferior and middle constrictors of the 
pharynx. The important structures contained within 
it are the common carotid artery and its bifurcation 
into the external and internal carotids, the superior 
thyreoid artery, the lingual artery, the facial artery, the 
occipital and ascending laryngeal arteries, the internal 
jugular vein and the veins corresponding to the arteries 
mentioned, the descendens noni, hypoglossal, pneumo- 
gastric. sympathetic, spinal accessory, superior laryn- 
geal, and external laryngeal nerves. T., Cephalic, 
a triangle on the antero-posterior plane of the skull 
bounded by lines joining the occiput with the forehead 
and with the chin and a line joining the latter two. 
T., Digastric. See T., Snb?naxillary . T. of Elbow, 
a triangle lying in front of the elbow with the base 
directed upward toward the humerus, bounded ex- 
ternally by tne supinator longus and internally by the 
pronator radii teres. Its floor is formed by the brachi- 
alis anticus and supinator brevis. Its contents are the 
brachial artery and veins, the radial and ulnar arteries, 
the median and musculo-spiral nerves, and the tendon 
of the biceps. T. of Election. See T. , Carotid, Su- 
perior. T., Facial, a triangle formed by lines uniting 
the basion with the alveolar and nasal points and a line 
joining the latter two. T., Frontal, a triangle 
bounded by the maximum frontal diameter and lines 
joining its extremities and the glabella. T. of Hes- 
selbach, a triangle at the lower part of the abdomen 
bounded laterad by the deep epigastric artery, caudad 
by Poupart's ligament, and mesad by the margin of 
the rectus muscle. It is of importance in direct ingui- 
nal hernia. T., Ilio-femoral, a triangle located at 
the hip. Its hypothenuse is formed by Nelaton's line, a 
second side by the continuation outward of a line drawn 
through the two superior iliac spines, and the third by a 
line drawn at right angles to this from the summit of the 
greater trochanter. It contains the external abdominal 
ring. T., Inferior Occipital, a triangle having the 
bimastoid diameter for its base and the inion for its 
apex. T., Infra-clavicular, a triangle situated below 
the clavicle ; it is bounded above by the clavicle, below 



and to the inner side by the upper border of the great 
pectoral muscle, and to the outer side by the anterior 
border of the deltoid. It contains the axillary artery. 
T., Inguinal. Same as T. , Scarpa's, q. v. T. of Les- 
ser, a triangle located in the neck. Its boundaries are as 
follows : at its upper border the hypoglossal nerve ; the 
two sides are formed by the ventral and dorsal bel- 
lies of the digastric muscle. It is covered by the skin, 
superficial and deep fasciae, and apex of the submaxillary 
gland. The floor is formed by the hyo-glossus muscle. 
It contains the ranine vein and hypoglossal nerve. T., 
Lumbo-costo-abdominal, a triangle which is bounded 
anteriorly by the external oblique, superiorly by the lower 
border of the serratus posticus inferior and the point of 
the 1 2th rib, posteriorly by the outer edge of the erector 
spinas and inferiorly by the internal oblique. T., Man- 
dibulo-condylar, a triangle having its apex at the 
symphysion and its base between the two condyles. T., 
Mandibulo-coronal, a triangle having its apex at the 
symphysion and its base between the two corona. T., 
Mandibulo-gonial, a triangle having its apex at the 
symphysion and its base between the two gonia. T., 
Mento-ccndylar, a triangle formed by lines joining 
the mental point to the condyles of the inferior maxilla 
and these with each other. T., Mento-condylial, the 
triangle of A. von Torok having its base between the 
condyles of the inferior maxilla and its apex at the gna- 
thion. T., Mento-coronal, a triangle formed bylines 
joining the mental point with each extremity of a line 
joining the two corona. T., Mento-gonial, a tri- 
angle of A. von Torok having the bigoniac diameter as 
its base and the gnathion as its apex. T., Mento- 
mastoid, a triangle of A. von Torok with the bi-mas- 
toid diameter as a base and the gnathion as an apex. 
T., Mylo-hyoid, the three-cornered space bounded by 
the mylo-hyoid and the two bellies of the digastric. 
T. of Necessity. Same as T., Carotid, Inferior. 
T. of the Neck, Anterior, a triangle bounded ventrad 
by a line extending from the chin to the sternum, dor- 
sad by the ventral margin of the sterno-mastoid, and 
the base is formed by the lower border of the body of 
the inferior maxilla and a continuation of this line to the 
mastoid process of the temporal bone. It is covered by 
the integument, the superficial and deep fasciae, and the 
platysma myoides. It is subdivided into three smaller tri- 
angles by the digastric muscle above and the ventral 
belly of the omo-hyoid below. These are named from 
below upward the inferior carotid, the superior carotid, 
and the submaxillary, q. v. T. of the Neck, Pos- 
terior, a triangle bounded ventrad by the sterno-mastoid 
muscle, dorsad by the ventral margin of the trapezius ; 
the base is formed by the upper border of the clavicle. 
The apex corresponds to the occiput. It is divided by 
the dorsal belly of the omo-hyoid muscle into two 
triangles, the occipital or upper, and the subclavian or 
lower, q. v. T., Occipital, a triangle with the follow- 
ing boundaries : ventrad, the sterno-mastoid muscle ; 
dorsad, the trapezius, and caudad, the omo-hyoid muscle. 
Its floor is made up of the splenius, the levator anguli 
scapulas, and the middle and posterior scaleni. Its im- 
portant contents are the spinal accessory nerve, the as- 
cending and descending branches of the cervical plexus, 
and the transversalis colli artery and vein. T., Omo- 
clavicular. Same as T., Subclavian, q. v. T., Omo- 
hyoid. Same as T., Superior Carotid. T., Omo- 
tracheal. See T., Carotid Inferior. T., Palatal, a 
triangle of A. von Torok having the width of the palate 
as its base and the alveolar point as its apex. T. of 
Petit, an abdominal triangle bounded below by the crest 
of the ilium and laterally by the external oblique and 
latissimus dorsi. It is covered by the skin and fascia and 
its floor is formed by the internal oblique. T., Pubo- 



TRIANGULAR 



1540 



TRICHADENIA 



urethral, a triangle situated in the perineum. Its 
boundaries are externally the ischio-cavernosus muscle, 
internally the bulbo-cavernosus muscle, and. posteriorly 
the transversus perinsei. T. of Scarpa, a triangle 
located in the proximal third of the thigh. The bounda- 
ries are externally the sartorius muscle, internally the 
adductor longus muscle, and above Poupart's ligament. 
It is covered by skin and the superficial and deep fasciae. 
Its floor is formed by the iliacus, psoas, pectineus, ad- 
ductor longus, and part of the adductor brevis. Its import- 
ant contents are the femoral artery and vein, the anterior 
crural nerve, and the crural branch of the genito-crural 
nerve. Ts., Simon's, the groin, the internal face of 
the thighs, and the hypogastric region form the femoral 
triangle of Simon ; the surface of the axilla, the pectoral 
region, and the inner aspect of the arm, the brachial tri- 
angle of Simon. These regions are often the seat of 
variolous rashes, or roseola: variolosa:, which appear on 
the second and third days of the invasion-stage of small- 
pox. T., Subclavian, a triangle of the neck bounded 
cephalad by the dorsal belly of the omo-hyoid muscle, 
caudad by the upper border of the clavicle. Its base, 
directed ventrad, is formed by the sterno-mastoid mus- 
cle. Its floor is made up of the first rib, with the 
first digitation of the serratus magnus. It contains the 
subclavian artery and occasionally the vein, the brachial 
plexus of nerves, the supra-scapular vessels, the transver- 
salis colli artery and vein, and the external jugular vein. 
T., Submaxillary, a triangle of the neck formed 
cephalad by the lower border of the body of the inferior 
maxilla and a continuation of this line to the mastoid 
process of the temporal bone, caudad by the dorsal 
belly of the digastric and the stylo-hyoid muscle, and 
ventrad by the middle line of the neck. Its floor is 
made up of the ventral belly of the digastric, the mylo- 
hyoid and hyo-glossus muscles. It contains the sub- 
maxillary gland, the facial artery and vein, the sub- 
mental artery, the mylo-hyoid artery and nerve, and the 
stylo-maxillary ligament, behind which is the external 
carotid artery. T., Suboccipital, a triangle in the 
dorsal part of the neck. It is formed by the rectus 
capitis posticus major, and superior and inferior oblique 
muscles. It is covered by the complexus muscle, and 
contains the vertebral artery. T., Superior (of the 
neck). Same as T, Carotid, Superior. T., Surgical, 
a triangular space containing important vessels and 
nerves which may require to be operated upon. T., 
Upper Cervical. See T, Carotid, Superior. T., 
Vesical, a triangle at the base of the bladder — the 
trigonum of the urinary bladder. The apex is at the 
beginning of the urethra, and the other two angles at 
the orifices of the ureters. 

Triangular (tri -ang'-gu-lar) [triangulus, three-cor- 
nered]. Pertaining to figures with three sides, and 
applied to a number of such-shaped organs or parts of 
the body. 

Triangulare (tri-ang-gu-la'-re) ^triangularis, three- 
cornered]. A peculiar bone of the tarsus of some 
animals. 

Triangularis (tri-ang-gu-la'-ris). See Muscles, Table 
of. 

Trianthous (tri-an' '-thus) [rpEtg, three; avdor, flower]. 
In biology, three-flowered. 

Triarch (tri' -ark) [rpeir, three; apxdg, ruler]. In biol- 
ogy, a term descriptive of radial fibro-vascular bundles 
having three rays. 

Triarsenate (tri-ar'-sen-at). See Arsenate. 

Triatomic (tri-at-om'-ik) [tres, three; atoinus, an atom]. 
In chemistry, consisting of three atoms; applied to the 
molecules of elements when the atoms are of the same 
kind. Also, the same as trivalent. Also, having three 
hydroxyl groups by which other atoms or radicles may 



be attached without altering the structure of the rest of 
the molecule. 

Triaxial, Triaxon (tri-aks'-e-al, tri-aks'-on) [rpelc, 
three; a^uv, axis]. Having three axes, as some 
sponge-spicules. 

Tribadism (tri'-bad-izm) [rpifiuv, to rub]. Unnatural 
sexual relations between women. 

Tribaritic (tri-bar-it'-ik) [tres, three; barium']. Pos- 
sessing three atoms of barium. 

Tribas (trib'-as) [rpipeiv, to rub]. One who practises 
tribadism. 

Tribasic (tri-ba'-sik) [tres, three; basis, a base]. In 
chemistry, an acid having three hydrogen atoms replace- 
able by basic atoms. 

Tribracteate (tri-brak' -te-at) [tres, three; bractea, a 
thin plate]. In biology, having three bracts. 

Tribromacetic Acid (tri-brom-as-e' ' -tik) [rpe'ig, three ; 
Ppafiog, stench; acetum, vinegar], C 2 Br 3 H0 2 . A 
monobasic acid derived from acetic acid and occurring 
in transparent, prismatic crystals. 

Tribromid (tri-brom'-ld) [rpeic, three ; PpufioQ, stench]. 
A compound of bromin analogous to a trichlorid. 

Tribromphenol ( tri - brbm -fe' - nol ) [ rpei<;, three ; 
Ppu/Lto<;, stench; pJienol~\, C 6 H 2 BrOH. A substance 
prepared by the reaction of carbolic acid with bromin. 
It is antiseptic, especially for the intestinal tract. 
Dose gr. j-iv. Unof. T. -bismuth, a remedy recom- 
mended as a specific against Asiatic cholera. It is a 
yellow, neutral, insoluble powder, destitute of odor and 
taste and scarcely poisonous. It contains 49. 5 per cent, 
of bismuth oxid and 50 per cent, of tribromphenol. 
The dose is gr. vijss (gram ]/ 2 ). Unof. 

Tribulus (trib'-u-his) [rpijio'Aoc, a caltrop]. A genus 
of polypetalous plants, several varieties of which are 
used medicinally in European countries and in Africa. 

Tributum (trib-u'-tum) \_tribttere, to render]. A tribute. 
T. lunare. Synonym of Menstruation. 

Tributyrin (tri-bu'-tir-in) \_tres, three ; butyrum, but- 
ter], C 3 H 5 (O.C 4 H 7 0) 3 . A compound found in butter. 
It is liquid, and has a sharp, bitter taste. 

Tricaprin (tri-kap' -rin) [tres, three; caper, a goat], 
C 3 H 5 (O.C, H lg O) 3 . A substance found in butter and 
milk. 

Tricaproin (tri-kap' -ro-in) [tres, three; caper, a goat], 
C 3 H 5 (O.C 6 H 11 0) 3 . A substance found in milk and 
butter. 

Tricaprylin [tri-kap' -ril-in) [tres, three; caper, a goat], 
C 3 H 5 (0.C 8 H 15 O) 3 . A substance found in milk and 
butter. 

Tricapsular (tri-kap' -su-lar) [tres, three ; capsula, cap- 
sule]. In biology, having three capsules. 

Tricarbon (tri-kar'-bon) [ires, three; carbo, carbon]. 
A radicle containing three atoms of carbon. 

Tricarpellary (tri-kar'-pel-a-re) [tres, three; carpellus, 
carpel]. In biology, having three carpels. 

Tricarpous (tri- kar' -pus) ["£>£<?, three; K.ap-6c, fruit]. 
In biology, bearing three fruits pr three carpels. 

Tricaudalis (ts-i-ka-v-da'-lis) [tres, three; cauda, a 
tail]. The retrahens aurem muscle. So called because 
it is composed of three slips. 

Tricellular (tri-seF -u-lar) [tres, three ; cellula,a cell]. 
Having three cells. 

Tricephalous (tri- sef- al- us) [rpe'ic, three; KttyaJJ/, 
head]. Having three heads. 

Tricephalus (tri-sef'-al-us) [rptic, three ; Ke<pa7r/, head]. 
A form of triple monstrosity in which there is the de- 
velopment of three heads on one body. 

Triceps (tri'-seps) [tres, three; caput, head]. Applied 
to certain muscles that have three roots at origin. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Trichadenia (trik-ad-e'-ne-ah) [f>p!£, a hair; aiijv, a 
gland]. A genus of the £ixinea: T. zeylanica, 



TRICHAMOMILLOL 



1541 



TRICHOGLOSSIA 



a tree of Ceylon. An oil is made from the seeds and 
is used as an application in certain skin-diseases. Unof. 

Trichamomillol ( tri- kam - o - mil' - ol ) [tres, three ; 
chamomile], C^H^O.,. A deep-blue, viscid substance 
obtained from the oil of chamomile, ethereal oil of 
wormwood, and oil of galbanum. 

Trichangeia \trik-an-ji'-ah) [Opt!;, a hair; ayyetov, a 
vessel]. The capillary blood-vessels. 

Trichangeiectasia (trik-an-ji-ek-ta' -ze-ah) [dpi!;, a hair ; 
ayyuov, a vessel; inraaic, extension]. Dilatation of 
the capillaries. 

Trichasmus (trik-az'-mus) [Opii, a hair]. Synonym 
of Hypertrichosis. 

Trichatrophia (trik-at-ro' -fe-ah) [Opii;, hair; arpofia, 
atrophy]. A brittle state of the hair from atrophy of 
the hair-bulbs. 

Trichauxis (trik-awks'-is). See Hirsuties. 

Trichia (trik'-e-ah) [OpiSj, a hair]. Synonym of Entro- 
pion. 

Trichiasis (trik-i' -as-is) [dpi!;, a hair]. I. Abnormal 
direction or position of the eyelashes, so that they pro- 
duce irritation by friction upon the globe. See, also, 
Distichiasis. 2. A disease of the kidneys or bladder 
in which filamentous substances resembling hairs are 
passed in the urine. 3. A swelling of the breasts of 
puerperal women, the milk being excreted with diffi- 
culty. 

Trichidium (tri-kid'-e-um) [Opi^, hair : pi. , Trichidia\. 
In biology, a delicate, hair-like structure supporting the 
spores of certain fungi. 

Trichilia (tri-kil' -e-ah) [rp/^Aoc, three-lipped]. A 
genus of polypetalous plants occurring in tropical 
Africa and America. The bark and fruits of certain 
varieties have been used medicinally. 

Trichina (trik-V-nah, or trik-e'-na) [6p/f , a hair : //. , 
Trichinte~\. A genus of nematode worms. See Para- 
sites [Animal), Table of. 

Trichiniasis (trik-in-i' -as-is) [dpif-, a hair]. The same 
as Trichinosis. 

Trichiniferous (trik-in-i f -er-us) [Spit;, hair ; ferre, to 
bear]. Containing trichina?. 

Trichinization (trik-in-iz-a' -sliutt) [0p/f, hair]. Infes- 
tation with trichinae. 

Trichinophobist (trik-in-o-fo' -bisi) [Qpii,, hair ; (j>oj3elv, to 
fear]. One who has a morbid fear of trichiniasis. 

Trichinosis (trik-in-o'-sis) [dpi!;, hair ; voaog, disease]. 
A disease produced by the ingestion of meat, pork, or 
sausage, containing the Trichina spiralis. The para- 
sites lie coiled up in capsules between the muscular 





Trichina spiralis, Owen: (A) encapsulated with con- 
nective-tissue covering (in situ); (B) calcified. 
(After Leuckart.) 

fibers of the meat. After their entrance into the 
human body their presence gives rise to nausea, vertigo, 
fever, diarrhea, prostration, stiffness and painful swell- 
ing of the muscles, edema of the face, and in some 
cases perspiration, insomnia, delirium, and death from 
exhaustion or some complication, as pneumonia. 



Trichinotic (trik-in-ot'-ik) [fyx'f, hair; voaoq, disease]. 
Pertaining to or affected with trichinosis. 

Trichinous (trik' -in -us) [Opii, hair]. Infested with 
or containing trichinae. 

Trichismus (trik-iz'-mus) [Opiif, a hair]. In surgery, 
a scarcely perceptible fracture ; also, a capillary fissure 
or crack. 

Trichitis (trih-i'-tis) [flpiij, a hair; itic, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the hair-bulbs. 

Trichloracetic Acid ( tri - klo - ras - e'- tik) . See Acid, 
Trichloracetic. 

Trichlorphenol (tri-klor-fe' '-not) [rptig, three; ;^At)p<3c, 
green; phenoT\. A derivative of carbolic acid, used 
as a disinfectant, and said to be twenty-five times 
stronger than carbolic acid. A 2 per cent, solution 
has been used in purulent ophthalmia. 

Trichoblast (trik'-o-blast) [Opii; , hair ; /?/iacT<5c, short]. 
In biology, an internal hair, like those which project 
into the intercellular spaces of the stems of some water- 
lilies. Also, a name proposed by Sachs for such idio- 
blasts as are especially distinguished by size and 
branching. 

Trichocardia (tri-ko-kar'-de-a!i) [dpi!;, hair; napSia, 
heart]. A peculiar condition of the inflamed pericar- 
dium roughened by pseudo-membranous elevations. 

Trichocarpous (trik-o-kar'-pus) [Opi!; , a hair ; Kapndc, 
fruit] . In biology, having the fruit covered with hairs. 

Trichocephaliasis (trik - o - sef- al-i'- as - is) [Opi!; , hair; 
KEtpaXr/, head]. The diseased condition produced by 
the presence of a parasite of the genus Trichocephalus. 

Trichocephalus (trik-o-sef -al-us) [dpi!; , hair ; Kc<pa?ii/, 
head]. A worm popularly known as threadworm, 
parasitic in the intestinal tract. See Parasites (Ani- 
mal ) , Table of. 

Trichocirsus (trik-o-sur'-sus) [Opi£, a hair; Kipadc, a 
varix]. A term applied to abnormal capillary dilatation. 

Trichocladose (tri-ko-kla'-doz) [rpeig, three ; K/ld<5oc, 
branch]. In biology, trifid or trichotomous. 

Trichoclasia (trik-o-kla' -ze-ali) [Oplij, a hair ; Kkaoic-, a 
fracture]. Synonym of Trichorrhexis nodosa. 

Trichocryptosis ( trik-o-krip-to' -sis) [OpiS, , hair ; Kpvir- 
rdc, hidden]. Any disease of the hair-follicles. 

Trichocyst (trik'-o-sist) [dpi!;, hair ; kvgtlq, bladder]. 
In biology, a small vesicle containing a thread, which 
can be shot out rapidly, like the nematocyst of a ccelen- 
terate, and found in the ectoplasm of the Infusoria and 
in some of the Flagellata. 

Trichocystic (trik-o-sis'-tik) [ftp!!;, hair ; Kvarir, blad- 
der]. Pertaining to or of the nature of a hair-cell or 
trichocyst. 

Trichodangeia (trik-od-an' -je-ah) [rpixudr/c, hair-like ; 
ayysinv, vessel ; //. of Trichodangeium~\. A term syn- 
onymous with capillaries. 

Trichodangeitis (trik-od-an-je-i'-tis) [rpix^Srjg, hair- 
like ; ayyiiov, vessel ; itic, inflammation]. Capillary 
inflammation. 

Trichodarteria (trik-od-ar-te' -re-ah) [rpix^r/g, hair- 
like; aprrjpia, an artery]. An arteriole. 

Trichodarteriitis (trik-od-ar-ter-e-i'-tis) [Opii;, hair; 
aprr/pia, artery ; trig, inflammation]-. Inflammation 
of the arterioles. 

Trichodo-phlebitis ( trik - od- -fleb - i'- lis ) [rpix^'K > 
hair-like; 0/lii/;, a vein ; itic, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the venules. 

Trichogen (trik'-o-jen) [ftp/£,hair; ytvvav, to produce]. 
A substance that stimulates the growth of the hair. 

Trichogenous (trik-oj'-en-us) [Opii; , hair ; yevvav, to 
produce]. Encouraging the growth of hair. 

Trichoglossia (trik-o-glos'-e-ah) [Opi!-, hair; yXCiaaa, 
tongue]. The appearance of hair-like villi on the 
tongue. The filaments are formed by the thickening 
of the sheaths of the papillae. 



TRICHOGYNE 



1542 



TRICHOTOMY 



Trichogyne {trik' '-o-jin) [dpi!;, hair; ywi/, a. female]. 
In biology, the simplest form of female organ in certain 
Alga (Porphyracece and Nemaliae) before fertilization. 
It consists of a single cell with a lateral hair-like pro- 
longation. 

Trichogynic {trik-o-jin'-ik) [dpi!;, hair; ywi/, a female]. 
Pertaining to a trichogyne. 

Trichoid (trik'-oid) [dpi!-, hair; cliSog, resemblance]. 
Resembling hair. 

Tricholeukosis (trik-o-lu-ko'-sis) [fyn'f, a hair; 7^'vkucic, 
whiteness]. Synonym of Canities. 

Tricholithus {trik- ol'-ith- us) [dpi!;, a hair; Xidoc , a 
stone]. A hairy concretion. 

Trichologia ( trik - o - lo' - je - ah) [dpi!;, hair ; Xcyecv, to 
collect]. Carphologia; Hoccillation. 

Trichology (trik-ol' -o-je) [6pifj, hair; Zoyog, science]. 
The sum of what is known regarding the hair, its nature 
and diseases. 

Trichoma (trik-o' -mah) [rpix^pa., a growth of hair]. 
I. In biology, a general term for a plant-hair or hair-like 
structure ; specifically applied to the string of cells or 
pseudocysts contained in the filament of algae of the 
sub-class Nostochinece. 2. See Trichomatosis. 

Trichomaphyte (trik-o' -maf -it) [rpix^pa, a growth of 
hair; 0v~6v, a plant]. A cryptogamic growth which 
was formerly thought to be the cause of trichomatosis. 

Trichomatose (trik-o' -mat-oz) [rpixovv, to cover with 
hair]. Matted together, as hair. 

Trichomatosis ( trik - o- mat- o' -sis) [dpi!;, hair]. An 
affection of the hair characterized by a matted condi- 
tion and coherence, due to fungoid growths ; plica 
polonica. 

Trichome (tri'-kom) [dpi!;, hair]. See Trichoma. 

Trichomonas {trik- om' - o - nas) [dpi!;, hair; povac, a 
monad]. A genus of infusorians. See Parasites 
(Animal), Table of. 

Trichomyces (trik-om'-is-ez) [dpi£, a hair ; pi'Krjc, a 
mushroom]. Synonym of Trichophyton. 

Trichomycosis (trik-o -mi- ko'- sis) [dpi!;, hair; pi'Kr/c, 
a mushroom]. Any disease of the hair produced by 
a vegetable parasite. T. barbae. Synonym of Sycosis 
parasitaria. T. capillitii. Synonym of T. circinata. 
T. circinata, ringworm of the scalp, produced by the 
Trichophyton tonsurans. T. favosa. See Favus. 
T. nodosa, a peculiar condition, generally nodose in 
character, affecting the hairs of the axilla and scrotum, 
and due to the growth and encapsulation in the cortical 
layers of the shaft of a small rod-shaped bacterium. T. 
pustulosa, a pustular, parasitic disease affecting hairy 
regions. 

Trichonosis, Trichonosos (trik-on'-o-sis, trik-on'-o- 
sos) [tip/!;, hair; vdcsoc, disease]. Any disease of the 
hair. T. cana. See Canities. T. discolor. See 
Canities. T. furfuracea. Synonym of Tinea ton- 
surans. T. versicolor. See Ringed Hair. 

Trichopathic (tri-ko-path'-ik) [dpi!;, hair; Tvddoc, dis- 
ease]. Relating to disease of the hair. 

Trichopathy (trik-op'-atk-e) [dpi!;, hair; tradoc, disease]. 
Any disease or morbid ailment of the hair. 

Trichophore (trik'-ofor) [dpi%, hair ; fepeiv, to bear]. 
In biology : (a) the cell or cells immediately supporting 
a trichogyne ; (b) a process of the integument inclosing 
the base of the bundle of setre in certain annelids 
(Polychtzta). 

Trichophoric (trik - o -for'- ik ) [dpi!;, hair ; <pepet.v, to 
bear]. Pertaining to the trichophore. 

Trichophorous ( trik-off'-o-rus) [dpi%, hair ; (pepew, to 
bear]. In biology, bearing hairs or hair-like struc- 
tures. 

Trichophytinous (trik-off-it-i'-nus) [cdp'f , hair ; Qvrov, 
a plant]. Pertaining to the presence of Trichophyton 
tonsurans. 



Trichophyton ( tri - koff'- it - on ) [dpi£, hair ; (pvrdv, a 
plant]. A genus of fungoid, vegetable organisms para- 
sitic upon or affecting the hair. T. tonsurans is the 
cause of tinea tonsurans, or ringworm. 

Trichophytosis (tri-koff-it-o' -sis) [Opiij, hair ; Qvtov, a 
plant]. A contagious disease of the skin and hair, oc- 
curring most often in children, due to the invasion of 
the epidermis by the trichophyton -fungus, and charac- 
terized by the formation of circular or annular, scaly 
patches and partial loss of hair. See Tinea. T. barbae. 
Synonym of Sycosis parasitaria. T. capitis, tri- 
chophytosis of the scalp. T. corporis. Synonym of 
Dermatomycosis maculo-vesiculosa. T. cruris. Syno- 
nym of Marginal Eczema. 

Trichopoliosis {trik-o-pol-e-o' -sis)[dpi£,, a hair ; Trolaova- 
dai, to become gray]. Synonym of Canities. 

Trichoptilosis {trik - op - til -o'- sis). Synonym of Tri- 
chorrhexis nodosa. 

Trichoptylose {trik-op'-til-oz). Synonym of Trichor- 
rhexis nodosa. 

Trichorrhea {trik-or-e' -ah) [dpi!;, hair ; poia, a flow]. 
Rapid loss of the hair. 

Trichorrhexis {trik-o-reks' -is) [dpi!;, hair; pr/Sjir, a break- 
ing]. Brittleness of the. hair. T. nodosa, an atro- 
phic condition of the hair affecting more often the male 
beard, wherein several irregular thickenings resembling 
nodes can be recognized on each shaft, the hairs often 
breaking with a "green-stick fracture" immediately 
through the node. 

Trichosanthes {trik-os-anth'-ez) [dpi%, a hair; avdog, a 
flower]. A genus of the Cucurbitacecr. Certain vari- 
eties, chiefly East Indian, are used medicinally. 

Trichoschisis ( trik- os'- kis - is ) [dpi!;, hair ; oxioig, a 
splitting]. The splitting of the hair. 

Trichoscopy (trik-os'-ko-pe) [dpi!-, a hair; okotteIv, to 
examine]. The examination of the hair. 

Trichosis (trik-o' -sis) [dpi!;, hair; voaoc, disease]. Any 
morbid affection of the hair. T. athrix. Synonym of 
Alopecia. T. decolor, morbid discoloration of the 
hair. T. deformis, a morbid change in the quality 
of the hair. T. distrix. Synonym of Trichoptilosis. 
T. hirsuties. Same as Hirsuties. T. plica. See 
Plica polonica and Trichomatosis. T. poliosis. See 
Canities. T. sensitiva, a sensitive state of the scalp ; 
any manipulation causing pain. T. setosa, a disease 
in which the hair grows thick, rigid, and bristly. 

Trichosporangium {trik-o-spo-ran' -je-um) [dpi!;, hair ; 
oiropoc, seed ; ayyelov, vessel : pi. , Trichosporangia~\. 
In biology, a sporangium having the function of a hair. 

Trichospore {trik' -o-spor) [dp!!;, hair; oiropoc, seed]. 
See Conidium. 

Trichostema (trik-o-ste'-mah) [dpi!;, hair ; CTfj[ia } sta- 
men]. A genus of gamopetalous plants. T. lanatum, 
black sage. It is used as a hair-tonic and to make the 
hair dark. 

Trichostereticus {trik-o-ster-et'-ik us) [dpi!;, a hair; 
areprjTindc , depriving]. Causing loss of hair. 

Trichosyphilis (trik-o-sif'-il-is) [dpi!;, hair ; syphilis, 
syphilis]. Any syphilitic disease, or affection of the hair. 

Trichosyphilosis (trik-o-sif-il-o'-sis). Synonym of 
Trichosyphilis. 

Trichothallic (trik-o-thal'-ik) [dpi!;, hair; da/Mc, a 
green shoot]. In biology, having a filamentous thallus. 

Trichothecium (trik-o-the' -se-um) [dpi!;, a hair ; di/w/, 
a chest]. A vegetable parasite of the hair. T. roseum, 
A fungous growth found in the ear. 

Trichotomic (trik-o-tom'-ik) [rplxa, in three; TOfi6c t 
cut]. Pertaining to trichotomy. 

Trichotomous {tri-kot'-o-mus) [rpixa, in three ; ro/idc, 
cut]. In biology, three-forked. 

Trichotomy (tri-kot'-o-me) [rpixa, in three ; rop.6^, a 
cut]. Division into three parts. 



TRICHROIC 



1543 



TRIGGER 



Trichroic (tri-kro' -ik) [rptiq, three; xpua, color]. Pos- 
sessing the property of trichroism. 

Trichroism (tri' -kro-izm) [rptic, three; xP^> a i color]. 
The property possessed by some crystals of exhibiting 
different colors in three different directions when viewed 
by transmitted light. 

Trichromate [tri-kro'-mdt) [rpeis, three ; xpaua, color]. 
A compound of a basic oxid with three molecules of 
chromium trioxid. 

Trichromatic (tri-kro- mat'- ik) [rptic, three; xP"P a i 
color]. Having three colors. 

Trichromic (tri-kro' -mik) [rpeic, three; xp", ua > color]. 
Trichromatic. 

Tricipital (tri-sip'-it-al) [triceps, three-headed]. Three- 
headed. Having three origins. 

Triclinate (trik'-lin-at). Same as Triclinic. 

Triclinic (tri-klin'-ik) [rptic three ; icMveiv, to incline]. 
Pertaining to the inclination of three intersecting axes 
with one another. 

Tricoccous (tri-kok'-us) [rptic, three; kokkoi;, a berry]. 
In biology, having three cocci, or mericarps. 

Tricocephalus (trik-o-sef -al-us) [dpi!;, hair ; KztyaJjj, 
head]. See Trichocepkalus, and Parasites (Animal), 
Table of. 

Tricodein (tri- ko' -de - in) [tres, three; codein~\. A 
compound formed by the action of sulphuric acid on 
codein. Given to animals in full doses it causes vomit- 
ing, ptyalism, and catharsis. 

Tricolor (tri'-kul-or) [L.]. Three-colored. 

Tricornate (tri-korn'-dt) [tres, three; cornu, horn]. 
Three-horned, or having three horn-like appendages. 

Tricorni, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Tricornigerous (tri-kor-nij' -er-us). Same as Tricor- 
nute. 

Tricornis (tri-kor'-nis) [tres, three ; <-<?/•««, horn]. Hav- 
ing three processes or prominences. A descriptive 
name applied to the lateral ventricles of the brain. 

Tricornute (tri-kor'-niit) [tres, three ; comutus, horned]. 
In biology, having three horn-like appendages. 

Tricostate (tri-kos'-tdt) [tres, three ; costalus, ribbed]. 
In biology, having three ribs, orcosUe. 

Tricotyledonous (tri-kot-il-e'-do-nus) [rptic, three; 
K0Tvlr/6iiv, a hollow]. In biology, having three seed- 
leaves. 

Tricrotic (tri-krot'-ik) [rpinporoc, with three strokes]. 
Having three waves, as a tricrotic pulse ; exhibiting 
tricrotism. 

Tricrotism (tri'- kro - tizm) [rpinporoq, having three 
strokes]. The presence of three elevations on the 
down-stroke of a pulse-tracing; the quality of being 
tricrotic. 

Tricrotous .(tri'-kro-tus) [rpelc, three ; Kporoc, stroke]. 
Same as Tricrotic. 

Tricrural (tri-kru'-ral) [tres, three; crus, leg]. In 
biology, having three branches from a common center. 

Tricuspid (tri-kiis'-pid) [tres, three; cuspis, point]. 
Having three cusps or leaflets. See Valve. T. In- 
competence. See Endocarditis. T. Stenosis. 
See Endocarditis. T. Valve. See Valve. 

Tricuspidal (tri-kus'-pid-al). Same as Tricuspid. 

Tricuspidate (tri-kus'-pid-dt) [tres, three ; cuspis, a 
point]. In biology, tipped with three cusps, or small, 
hard teeth. 

Tricyanic Acid (tri-si-an'-ik). See Acid. 

Tridactyl (tri-dak'-til) [-pels, three; S6.ktv\oc, finger]. 
Having three digits. 

Tridactylous (tri-dak' -til-us) [rptic, three ; danrvXoc, 
finger] . Same as Tridactyl. 

Tridentate (tri-den' -tat) [tres, three ; dens, tooth]. In 
biology, three-toothed. 

Trideroatlodymus (lri-der-o-at-lod' -im-us) [tres, three ; 



deroatlody///us~\. A rare variety of triple monster, pre- 
senting features of the derodidymus and of the atlody- 
mus. 

Tridigitate (tri-dij' '-it-dt) [tres, three; digitus, finger]. 
Having three fingers or digitations. 

Tridymus (trid'- im - us) [rpidvftoc']. Svnonym of 
Triplet. 

Tridynamous (tri-din'-am-us) [rptic, three ; 8bvap.ic, 
power] . In biology, having six stamens, three of them 
longer than the others. 

Triecious, Tricecious (tri-e'-shus) [rpeiq, three; olmc, 
house]. In biology, producing staminate, pistillate, and 
perfect flowers respectively on different plants. 

Triencephalus (tri-en-sef ' -al-us) [rptic, three ; iyKe<pa- 
Xoc, brain]. A fetal monster without smell, hearing, 
or sight. 

Triethylamin (tri- eth - il '- am- in) [tres, three ; ethyl ; 
amin~\. A ptomain obtained from haddock left to 
putrefy in an open vessel for five days in summer. As 
a free base, it has an oily character and an ammoniacal 
odor. It is but slightly soluble in water; boils at 89°- 
89. 5 C; and is but slightly toxic. See Ptomains, 
Table of. 

Trifacial (tri-fa'-skal). See Trigeminus. 

Trifarious (tri -fa'- re - us) [trifarius, of three sorts, 
threefold]. In biology, arranged in three rows or 
series. 

Trifasciated (tri -fash'- e - a - ted) [tres, three ; fascia, 
band]. In biology, three-banded. 

Trifid (tri' -fid) [tres, three ; findere, to cleave]. Three- 
cleft. 

Triflagellate (tri-flaj' -el-dt) [tres, three ; flagellum, a 
whip]. Having three flagella ; trimastigate. 

Trifloral, Triflorous (tri-filo'-ral, tri-flo'-rus) [tres, 
three ; flos, a flower]. In biology, three-flowered. 

Trifluorid (tri-fiu' -or-id) [tres, three ; fluorin~\. A fluo- 
rin compound analogous to a trichlorid. 

Trifoliate (tri-fo'-le-dt) [tres, three; folium, a leaf]. 
In biology, three-leaved. 

Trifolium (tri -fo'- le - urn) [tres, three; folium, leaf]. 
A genus of leguminous herbs ; the clover. T. pratense 
(common red clover) is vaunted in the treatment of 
whooping-cough, syphilis, and carcinoma. Unof. T. 
Compound, a syrup containing in each fluid-ounce the 
active principles of red clover gr. 32, stillingia, bur- 
dock, poke, berberis, aquefolium, and cascara amarga 
aa gr. 16, prickly-ash bark 4, potassium iodid gr. 8. 
It is recommended in syphilis. Dose gj— ij. Unof. 

Trifoveolate (tri-fo'-ve-o-ldt) [tres, three ; foveola, a 
little pit]. Having three foveae. 

Trifurcate [tri - fur' '- kdt) [tres, three; furca, fork]. 
Three-forked. 

Trigamous (trig'- am - us) [rptic, three ; yaiioe, mar- 
riage]. In biology, having staminate, pistillate, and 
perfect flowers in the same head. 

Trigastric (tri-gas'-trik) [rptig, three; yaarrjp, belly]. 
Having three fleshy bellies (as certain muscles). 

Trigeminal (trl-jem'-in-al) [tres, three; geminus, 
twin-born]. Triple ; pertaining to the trigeminus. T. 
Cough. See Cough. 

Trigeminous (tri-jem' -in-us) [tres, three ; gemini, dou- 
ble]. I. Born three at a time. 2. Same as Trigem- 
inal. 

Trigeminus (tri-jem' -in-us) [tres, three ; gemini, dou- 
ble]. The descriptive name of the fifth pair of nerves, 
which divide each into three branches. 

Trigger (trig'-er) [Ger. , Drilcker, a trigger]. A 
device by means of which a catch or spring is released. 
T.-area, a sensitive region of the body, irritation of 
which may give rise to certain peculiar phenomena, 
either physiologic or pathologic, in some part of the 
body. T. -finger, a condition in which flexion or ex- 



TRIGLANS 



1544 



TRIMETHYLAMIN 



tension of a finger is at first obstructed, but finally 
accomplished with a jerk or sweep. T. -material, an 
apheter; any theoretic catastatic substance whose sudden 
breaking up communicates an explosive decomposition 
to the protoplasm directly concerned in any function. 
The trigger-material itself must be acted upon by an- 
other trigger-material ; and thus every nerve-impulse 
and every functional act must be accompanied by the 
destruction of a fuse-like train of protoplasm. See 
Apheter. 

Triglans (tri'-glanz) [tres, three ; glans, acorn, nut]. 
In biology, having three nuts within an involucre. 

Trigonal (trig'-o-nal) [rpcic, three; yuvia, angle]. In 
biology, same as Trigonous. 

Trigone (tri'-gon). Synonym of Trigonum. T., Olfac- 
tory. Synonym of Caruncula mammillaris. T. of 
Bladder. See Trigonum vesica. 

Trigonella (tri-go-nel'-ak) [rpiyuvog, three-cornered]. 
A genus of Leguminosce. T. elatior, a variety, the 
seeds of which have been used in affections of the 
bladder and in poultices. T. fcenum graecum, a 
variety used in plasters and salves and in veterinary 
medicine. T. monspeliaca, a variety a decoction of 
the seeds of which is used by the Italians in various 
forms of diarrhea. 

Trigoneutic (tri-go-nu'-tik) [rpelc, three ; yoveveiv, to 
beget]. In biology, producing three sets of offspring 
in a season. 

Trigonocephalic (trig-o-no-sef-al' -ik) [rpiyuvoc, three- 
cornered ; K.£(pa7i7j, head]. Pertaining to trigonocephaly. 

Trigonocephalus (trig-o-no-sef -al-us) [rpiyuvoc, three- 
cornered; necpa?L7], head]. A triangular-shaped skull 
with the small end anterior, due to a premature union 
of the coronal suture. 

Trigonocephaly (trig-o-no-sef ' -al-e) [rpiyuvoc, three- 
cornered ; Ke<pa?i.r/, head]. A deformity of the skull 
produced by a premature union of the medio-frontal or 
metopic suture. See Trigonocephalus. 

Trigonocerous (trig-o-nos' '-er-us) [rpiyuvoc, three-cor- 
nered ; Kepag, horn]. In biology, having three-edged 
horns. 

Trigonous {trig' -o -nits) [rpiyuvo^, three-cornered]. In 
biology, three-angled. 

Trigonum (tri-go'-num) [-piyuvoc, three-cornered]. A 
triangle ; also the interpeduncular space. T. acustici, 
a three-cornered space on the dorsal surface of the 
medulla. T. cerebrale. Synonym of Fornix cerebri. 
T. cervicale, the base of the dorsal gray cornu of the 
spinal cord. T. clavipectorale, a triangle of the chest. 
Its boundaries are the clavicle, the pectoralis minor 
muscle, and the thorax. T. colli medianum, re- 
lating to the space occupied by the two anterior triangles 
of the neck. T. coraco-acromiale, a triangular 
space whose boundaries are the coracoid process, the 
apex of the acromion, and the concave border of the 
clavicle. T. dorsale the space between the anterior 
pair of the corpora quadrigemina. T. fluctuans, the 
posterior cerebral commissure. T. habenulae, the 
triangular space behind the upper surface of the optic 
thalamus, in front of the lamina quadrigemina, and 
between the sulcus habenulre and the sulcus subpine- 
alis. T. hypoglossi, a triangular space on the dorsal 
surface of the oblongata. Its boundaries are, above, 
the striae medullares acusticse, internally, the pos- 
terior longitudinal fissure, and, externally, the ala 
cinerea. T. inferius commissural posterioris, the 
lower triangular half of the posterior commissure ot 
the brain. T. pensile, the posterior cerebral com- 
missure. T. vagi, a small, triangular space on the 
medulla oblongata, marking the origin of the vagus 
nerve. T. ventriculi lateralis, a triangular projec- 
tion located between the entrances to the posterior and 



descending horns of the lateral ventricle. T. vesica?, 
the triangular surface of the bladder immediately be- 
hind the urethral orifice. 

Trigyn (tri' -Jin) [rpelg, three; y/ivr/, female]. A plant 
having three styles. 

Trigynous (trij'-in-'us) [rpeZc, three ; yvvr/, a female]. 
In biology, having three pistils. 

Tlihaloid (tri-Aa/' -oid) [tres, three ; haloia]. A com- 
pound of a radicle with three atoms of hydrogen. 

Trihedral (tri-he'-dral) \jpuq, three; idpa, a seat]. 
Three-sided. 

Trihilate (tri-hi'-lat) [tres, three ; hilum, a hilum]. 
Having three hila or scars, as a seed. 

Trihydric (tri-hi'-drik) [rpetg, three; iiSop, water]. 
Containing three atoms of hydrogen in the molecule. 

Tri-iniodymus (tri-in-e-od' -itn-us) [rpeig ., three ; \viov, 
the nape of the neck; 6i6vp-Oc, double]. A monster 
having three heads united posteriorly and attached to a 
single body. 

Tri-iodid (tri-i'-o-dld) [rpilc, three; Iw(5^r, like a vio- 
let]. A compound of iodin analogous to a trichlorid. 

Trijugate, Trijugous (tri-ju' -gat, tri-ju' -gus) [tres, 
three; jugum, a yoke]. In biology, having three 
pairs of leaflets. 

Trilabe (tri' -lab) [rpelg, three; ^a/ij3avetv, to grasp]. 
An instrument with three prongs, for withdrawing 
small calculi through the urethral passage. 

Trilabiate (tri - la' - be - at) [tres, three; labium, lip]. 
Three-lipped. 

Trilaminar (tri -lam'- in -ar) [tres, three; lamina, 
plate]. In biology, three-layered. 

Trilineate (tri-lin'-e-dt) [Ires, three ; linea, line]. In 
biology, marked with three longitudinal lines. 

Trilisa (tril'-is-ah) [L.]. A genus of composite eupa- 
toriaceous plants. T. odoratissima. See Deer's 
Tongue. 

Trilliin (tril'-e-in) [tres, three]. A precipitate from a 
tincture of the root of Trillium pendulum, styptic, tonic, 
expectorant, antiseptic, and emmenagogue. Dose, 2 to 
4 grains. Unof. See Beth-root. 

Trilobate (tri-lo'-bat, or tri'-lo-bdt) [tres, three ; loba- 
tus, lobed]. In biology, three-lobed. 

Trilobed (tri'-lobd). Same as Trilobate. 

Trilocular (tri-lok' -u-lar) [tres, three ; loculus, cell]. 
In biology, having three chambers. 

Triloculate (tri-lok' -u-lat) [tres, three; loculus, a cell]. 
In biology, same as Trilocular. 

Trimacular, Trimaculated (tri-mak'-u-lar, tri-mak'- 
u-la-ted) [tres, three ; macula, spot]. In biology, 
marked with three spots. 

Trimargarin (tri-mar' -gar-in) [rptic, three ; margar- 
in~\. A mixture of tripalmitin and tristearin. 

Trimastigate (tri- mas' -tig- at) [-pile, three; fiaorii, 
whip, scourge] . In biology, having three flagella ; tri- 
flagellate. 

Trimembral (tri- mem'- bra I) [ires, three ; membrum, 
member]. Having three members. 

Trimercuric (tri-mcr-ku'-rik) [tres, three; mercury']. 
Containing three atoms of bivalent mercury. 

Trimerous (trim'-er-us) [rpelc, three ; ptpoc, a part]. 
In biologv, having three parts or segments ; in three's. 

Trimesic Acid (tri-mes'-ih). See Acid. 

Trimester (tri-mes'-ter) [trimestris, of three months] . A 
stage or period of three months. 

Triniestral, Trimestrial (tri-mcs'-tral, tri-mes' -tre-al) 
[trimestris, of three months]. Pertaining to a tri- 
mester. 

Trimetallic (tri-met-al'-ik) [rpnc, three; metal]. Con- 
taining three atoms of a metal in each molecule. 

Trimethyl (tri - meth'-il) [tres, three; methyl]. The 
chemic group (CH,),. 

Trimethylamin ( tri - meth - il'- am - in ) [tres, three ; 



TRIMETHYLENE 



1545 



TRIPLET 



methyl; amin]. Secalin, (CH 3 ) 3 N. A thin, colorless, 
alkaline liquid obtained from herring-brine, formerly 
prepared by the action of caustic alkali on ergot, hence 
its name, secalin. Used in acute rheumatism internally, 
or as a liniment I to 3 of glycerin. The hydrochlorate 
is a soluble, crystalline salt. Dose of trimethylamin 
rr^v-^j ; of the hydrochlorate gr. ij-iij. Unof. 

Trimethylene (tri-meth'-il-en) [ires, three; methylene], 
C 3 H 6 . A substance obtained by heating trimethylene 
bromid with metallic sodium. It is a gas. T.-diamin, 
a ptomain obtained, with other toxic bases, from cul- 
tures of the comma-bacillus on beef-broth. It causes 
violent convulsions and muscle-tremor. See Ptomains, 
Table of. 

Trimethylic (tri- meth-il'-ik) [tres, three;, methyl"]. 
Containing three molecules of methyl. 

Trimorphic (tri-mor'-fk). Same as Trimorphous. 

Trimorphism ( tri - mor' -fizm ) [rpeic, three ; p.op(pr/, 
form]. I. In biology, a term used to indicate the fact 
that hermaphrodite flowers of three different kinds, 
short-styled, mid-styled, and long-styled, are produced 
on the same species of plant. 2. Existing under three 
distinct forms, as certain insects. 

Trimorphous [tri-morf -us) [rpeic, three ; fiopfi/, form] . 
Pertaining to trimorphism. 

Trimyarian {tri -mi -a' -re -an) [rpeic, three; five, a 
muscle]. In biology, applied to such bivalve mollus- 
can shells as present three muscular impressions. 

Trimyristin (tri-mir-is' '-tin) [tres, three ; myristin]. 
C :j H 5 (C u H 27 2 ) 3 . A crystalline substance obtained 
from butter. 

Trinervate (tri-nur'-vdt) [tres, three ; nervus, nerve]. 
In biology, three-nerved, or having three slender 
ribs. 

Trinerved (tri' -nurvd). Same as Trinervate. 

Trinitrate (tri-ni'-trdt) [tres, three; nitrate]. A nitrate 
containing three nitric-acid radicles. T. of Glyceryl. 
See Nitroglycerin. 

Trinitrin (tri-ni'-trin). See Nitroglycerin. 

Trinoctial (tri - nok' - skal) [tres, three; nox, night]. 
Comprising three nights. 

Trinodal (tri-no'-dal) [tres, three ; nodus, knot]. In 
biology, having three nodes or joints. 

Triocephalus (tri-o-sef '-al-us) [rpeic, three; Ke<pa\ri, 
head]. A variety of single autositic monsters of the 
species otocephalus, in which there is an entire absence 
of the ocular, nasal, and buccal apparatus. The head 
is merely a small, spheroidal mass, covered uniformly 
with skin. 

Tricecious (tri-e'-shus). See Triecious. 

Triolein (tri-o'-le-in) [tres, three; oleum, oil], C 3 H 5 
(O.C I8 H 33 0) 3 . A glycerol ester containing three oleic- 
acid radicles. It is a clear, colorless, oily liquid, and 
is the chief constituent of all fatty acids. See Olein. 

Trional (tri' -o-nal) [rpeic, three], C 2 H 5 CH 3 — C— (SCy 
C 2 H.) 2 . Diethylsulphonemethylmethane. A disul- 
phone belonging to the ethyl and methyl groups ; in 
ordinary doses it is harmless and possesses marked 
hypnotic properties. It is a powder consisting of 
shining tablets with a melting-point of 76 C. , and 
which dissolve in 320 parts of water at ordinary tem- 
perature, readily in alcohol and ether, and have a dis- 
tinctly bitter taste. It is administered in a finely pow- 
dered state, dissolved in liberal quantities of soup, warm 
"water, milk, or tea, or it may be administered by the 
rectum in the form of a watery solution. Dose gr. lx 
daily. Unof. 

Trionym (tri'-o-nim) [rpeic, three ; bvvjia, name]. A 
name consisting of three terms. 

Triophthalmos (tri -off- thai '-mos) [rpeic, three; b<p- 
da'Afioc,eys]. See Diprosopus. 

Triopodymus (tri-op-od' -im-tis) [rpeic, three ; wip, the 



face; AVSiyior, double]. A monster with three faces 
and but a single head. 

Triorchid (tri-or'-kid) [rpeic, three ; bpxcc, a testicle] 
Having three testicles. 

Triorchis (tri-or'-kis) [rpeic, three; dpxic, testicle]. 
An individual that has three testicles. 

Triose (tri'-oz). See Glycerose. 

Triosteum (tri-os' -te-um) [rpeic, three ; bareov, bone] . 
A genus of caprifoliaceous plants of Asia and America. 
T. perfoliatum (tinkers' weed) and T. angustifol- 
ium, of the U. S., are purgative and emetic. Unof. 

Triotus (tri-o'-tus) [rpeic;, three ; out;, ear]. See Dipro- 
sopus. 

Triovulate (tri - ov'- u - lat) [tres, three ; ovulum, an 
ovule]. Having three ovules. 

Trioxid (tri-oks'-id) [ rpeic;, three ; oxid]. An oxygen 
compound analogous to a trichlorid. 

Tripaleolate (tri-pa'-le-o-ldt) [tres, three; paleola, a 
little straw]. In biology, provided with three palea?, 
as the flower of a bamboo. 

Tripalmitin (tri-pal' -mit-iii) [rpeic, three; palmitin], 
C 3 H 5 (O.C I6 H 3l O) 3 . One of the solid fats of the body. 

Tripapillated (tri-pap' -il-a-ted ) [tres, three ; papilla, a 
nipple]. Having three papillae. 

Tripartite (trip' -a r-tlt, or tri -par' -tit) [tres, three ; par- 
tiri, to part, divide]. In biology, three-parted. 

Tripe de Roche (trep-de-rosh') [Fr.]. See Gyrophora. 

Tripennate (tri-pen'-dt). Same as Tripinnate. 

Tripes (tri'-pez) [L.]. I. Three-footed. 2. A monster 
having three feet. 

Tripetaloid (tri -pet'- al - aid) [rpeic, three; ■kctoAov, 
leaf]. In biology, appearing as if furnished with three 
petals. 

Tripetalous (tri-pet' -al-us) [rpeic, three ; nerakov, leaf ]. 
In biology, three-petaled. 

Tripharmacum (tri-far> '-mak-um) [ rpeic, three ; <pap- 
fianov, a drug]. A medicine made up of three ingre- 
dients. 

Triphenyl (tri- fen'- il) [tres, three; phenyl]. The 
chemic group (C 6 H-) 3 . T.-amin, (C 6 H 5 ) 3 N, a sub- 
stance obtained on heating dipotassiumanilin or sodium 
diphenylamin with brombenzene. It crystallizes from 
ether in large plates, melts at 127 C. , and distils with- 
out decomposition. T.-dihydro-glyoxalin. See 
Amarin. T. -methane, C I9 H ]6 ,a product of the reac- 
tion between benzol chlorid and mercury diphenyl. It 
dissolves with difficulty in cold alcohol and glacial 
acetic acid, easily in ether, benzene, and hot alcohol, 
crystallizing from the latter in thin, shining leaflets, 
melting at 93 C. T.-rosanilin. See Rosanilin-blue. 

Triphyllous (tri-fil' -us) [rpeic, three; <j>bX)iov, a leaf]. 
In biology, three-leaved. 

Tripier's Amputation. In surgery, horizontal section 
through the os calcis, leaving the upper part of this bone, 
together with the astragalus. See Operations, Table of. 

Tripinnate (tri-pin'-dt) [tres, three ; pinnatus, winged] 
In biology, three times pinnately compounded. 

Tripinnatifid (tri-pin-at'-if-id ) [tres, three ; pinnatus, 
winged ; findere, to cleave]. Pinnatifid with the seg 
ments twice divided in a pinnatifid manner. 

Tripinnatisect (tri-pin-at'-is-ekt )[tres, three ; pinnatus, 
winged ; sectus, cut]. Parted to the base in a tripin- 
nate manner. 

Triple (trip'-l) [rpmXboc, triple]. Consisting of three. 
T. Phosphate, ammonio - magnesic phosphate, a 
precipitate thrown down from urine when ammonia is 
set free by the decomposition of urea. 

Triplet (trip' -let) [tres. three; plica, a fold]. A series 
of three. In the plural, three offspring at one birth. 
In optics, a system consisting of three lenses. T., 
Achromatic. See Microscope. T. Monster, a 
monster having its parts tripled. 



TRIPLEX 



1546 



TRISTIGMATOSE 



Triplex {trip' -lex) [L.]. Threefold. T. Pills, the 
Pilules triplices, N. F. ; so called from containing 
three principal ingredients. 

Triplicostate [trip - lik - os'- tat ) [triplus, threefold ; 
costa, rib]. In biology, triplinerved. 

Triplinerved {trip'-lin-ervd) [trip/us, threefold; ner- 
vus, nerve]. In biology, denoting a leaf in which two 
prominent nerves emerge from the middle nerve a little 
above its base. 

Triploblastic {trip - lo - bias'- tik) [rprx/iooc, threefold ; 
fi'haoroc,, germ]. Possessing three blastodermic mem- 
branes, consisting of epiblast, mesoblast, and hypo- 
blast. Most animals are triploblastic. 

Triplokoria {trip-lo-ko'-re-ah) [rpi-x'Aooc, threefold ; 
Kopri, pupil]. An iris having three pupils. 

Triplopia (trip-lo'-pe-ah) [rpiirXooc, triple; uip, eye]. 
A form of polyopia, in which an object is seen as 
three. 

Triplopy {trip'-lo-pe). Same as Triplopia. 

Tripod {tri' -pod) [rpiirovq {rpmod), three-footed]. An 
object having three legs or supports. T. Magnifier. 
See Microscope. T., Vital, the brain, heart, and 
lungs, viewed as the triple support of life. 

Tripodic {tri-pod'-ik) [rpmovq {rpnrod-), three- footed]. 
In biology, three-footed. T. Walk, the term applied 
by Dixon to the locomotion of certain insects, earwigs, 
water-scorpions, aphides, and some beetles. The 
front and hind legs of one side are found to be moved 
almost simultaneously with the middle leg of the other. 

Tripoli {trip' -o-le) [TpinoXtc, Tripoli, a district contain- 
ing three cities]. A kind of rotten-stone used in 
polishing ; also, a silicious diatomaceous earth, likewise 
used in polishing. T. Senna. See Senna. 

Tripolite {trip' -o-lit) [TpitroAtc, Tripoli]. A substance 
composed of lime, silicon, and oxid of iron, some- 
times used in dressings and bandages instead of plas- 
ter-of-Paris. 

Tripper-Faden. "Gonorrheal threads." A whitish 
filamentous discharge occurring in the urine in chronic 
urethritis. It consists of mucus and pus and contains 
gonococci. T.-kokken, gonococci. 

Triprosopus {trip-ros'-o-pus) [rpeic, three ; irpooo-ov, 
face]. A form of fetal monstrosity in which there is 
a fusion of three faces in one. 

Tripsis {trip' -sis) [rplipig; rpifieiv, to rub]. Same as 
Trituration. 

Tripterous {trip' -ter-tcs) [rpf?c, three ; rrrepov, a wing]. 
Having three wings or alas. 

Triptokoria {tript-o-ko' -re-ah) [rpeiq, three ; irtirreiv, to 
fall ; ndpr), the pupil]. A condition of the iris in 
which there are three distinct pupils. 

Tripudiatio- (tri-pu-de-a'-she-o) [tripudiare, to dance]. 
Synonym of Chorea. T. spartica. Synonym of 
Chorea, Epidemic. 

Tripupillate {tri-pu' -pil-at) [tres, three; pupilla. pupil]. 
In biology, having three central spots or pupils close 
together. 

Tripus {tri'-piis) [rpeiq, three; irovc, foot]. Same as 
Tripod. T. cceliacus, the three branches of the 
celiac artery. 

Triquetral {tri - kwet' - ral ) [triquetrus, triangular]. 
Same as Triquetrous. 

Triquetrous {tri - kwet' - rus) [triquetrus, three-cor- 
nered]. In biology, three-angled or triangular-pris- 
matic. Applied to certain stems and leaves. 

Triquetrum (tri-kwef -rum) [triquetrus, Xhret-comtreA : 
pi., Triquetral. Any Wormian bone ; also, the cune- 
iform bone of the carpus. See Bones, Table of. 

Triquinate {tri-kumi' -at) [tres, three ; quini, five each]. 
In biology, divided into three parts or lobes and then 
into five. 

Triradial, Triradiate {tri-ra'-de-al, tri-ra' -de-at) [ires, 



three ; radiatus, rayed]. Radiating in three direc- 
tions; trifurcate. 

Trisalt {tri'-sawlt) [tres, three; ME., salt, salt]. A 
salt containing three atoms of base to one of acid. 

Trisection {tri-sek' -shun) [tres, three ; secare, to cut] 
Division into three parts. 

Trisepalous (tri-sep'-al-us) [tres, three ; sepalum, sepal]. 
Denoting calyxes which have three sepals. 

Triseptate {tri-sep' -tat) [tres, three ; septum, a septum]. 
Having three septa. 

Triserial, Triseriate {tri-se'-re-al, tri-se' -re-at) [tres, 
three; series, series]. Disposed in three horizontal 
rows, one above the other. 

Trisetose {tri-se' -loz) [tres, three ; seta, a bristle]. Hav- 
ing three bristles. 

Trisetum {tri-se' -turn) [tres, three; seta, bristle]. A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Graminacece. 
They are closely related to Avena. T. flavescens, 
a grass having yellow flowers, found in North America, 
Europe, and Asia. 

Trisinuate {tri - sin' -u- at) [tres, three; sinus, a fold]. 
Having three sinuses. 

Trismoid {triz'-moid) [rpwpoc, a creaking]. A form 
of trismus neonatorum thought to be due to pressure 
on the occipital bone during labor. 

Trismus (triz'-mus) [rpiapoc; rpi r eiv, to gnash]. 
Spasm of the muscles of mastication, the condition 
commonly called lockjaw, a tetanic condition of the 
muscles of mastication. T. capistratus, a condition 
in which the jaws cannot be separated because of adhe- 
sions between the cheeks and the gums, following ulcer- 
ation of the parts. T. catarrhalis maxillaris, neu- 
ralgia of the jaw. T. of Cerebral Origin, persistent 
spasm of the muscles of the lower jaw, due to cerebral 
disease. T. cynicus, risus sardonicus. T. dolorifi- 
cus, tic douloureux. T. maxillaris. See T. catar- 
rhalis maxillaris. T. nascentium. See Tetanus 
neonatorum. T. neonatorum, a form of tetanus only 
met with in infants, almost invariably occurring in the 
first five days of life. It is a very fatal disease, and the 
more so the earlier it appears. It is marked by frequent 
convulsions occurring in paroxysms, with rigidity of 
the muscles and an involvement of the muscles of the 
mouth and throat, causing inability to swallow. It is 
possibly due to some form of infection at birth. T. 
sardonicus. See T. cynicus. T., Traumatic, tris- 
mus following a wound or injury. T. uteri, trismus 
occurring during and as a result of the puerperium. 

Trispermous {tri' - spur - mus) [rpeig, three; OKip/ia, 
seed]. In biology, three-seeded. 

Trisplanchnia {tri-splangk' -ne-ah) . Synonym of Asiatic 
Cholera. 

Trisplanchnic {tri-splangk' -nik) [rpeic, three; oirXayx- 
vov, viscus]. The descriptive name of the sympa- 
thetic nerve, from the fact that it is connected with 
the viscera of the three largest cavities of the body. 

Trisporic, Trisporous {tri-spor'-ik, tri-spor'-us) [rpeic, 
three; anopd, spore]. Having three spores. 

Tristachyous {/ri-sta'-ke-us) [rpeic, three ; araxvc, art 
ear of corn]. In biology, bearing three spikes. 

Tristearin {tri-ste'-ar-in) [rpeic, three ; crkap, fat]. 
Stearin; tritenyl stearate, C 3 H 5 (C I8 H 35 2 ) 3 ; one of 
the solid fats of the body. 

Tristichiasis {tris-tik-i'-as-is) [rptnrix'm, a triple row]. 
A form of congenital distichiasis in which there are 
three rows of cilia. 

Tristichous {tris'-tik-us) [rpeic, three ; arixoc, a line, 
row]. In biology, arranged in three perpendicular 
rows. Applied to phyllotaxy. 

Tristigmatic {tri-stig-mat' -ik) [rpeic;, three ; ariy/na, a. 
mark]. In biology, having three stigmata. 

Tristigmatose {tri-stig'-mat-oz). Same as Tristigmatic. 



TRISTIMANIA 



1547 



TRIVIAL 



Tristimania (tris-tim-a'-ne-ah) [trislis, sad; /tavia, 
mania]. Melancholia. 

Tristis (tris'-tis) [L.]. Sad; gloomy; having a dull 
color. 

Tristitia (tris-tish'-e-ah) [L., " sadness"]. Melan- 
cholia. 

Trisubstituted (tri-sub' ' -stit-u-ted) [tres, three ; sub- 
stituere, to substitute]. In chemistry, having three 
elements substituted by equivalent elements. 

Tri-sulcate (tri-sul' -kat) [tres, three ; sulca, a furrow]. 
In biology, three grooved. 

Trisulfuretum (tri-sul-fu-re'-tum). See Trisulphu- 
retum. 

Trisulphid {tri-sul' -fid) [tres, three; sulphur], A 
compound of sulphur analogous to a trichlorid. 

Trisulphuretum (tri-sul-fu-re'-tum) [tres, three ; sul- 
phur, sulphur]. A trisulphid. 

Tritaeophya (trit-e-off'-e-ah) [rpi.raioc, tertian ; <f>veiv, 
to augment]. A tertian fever. T. americana, the 
pernicious malarial fever to which immigrants to Span- 
ish America are subject. 

Tritseus (trit-e'-us) [rpnaioq, tertian]. Tertian fever 

Tritellurid (tri-tel' -u-rid) [tres, three ; tellurium], A 
compound of tellurium analogous to a trichlorid. 

Tri-ternate (tri-tur'-nat) [tres, three; ternatus, ar- 
ranged in threes]. Applied to a leaf that is thrice 
compounded on the ternate plan. 

Triticeo-glossus (trit-is' -e-o-glos' '-us) [triticum, vheat- 
like ; yXuaaa, tongue]. An anomalous muscle hav- 
ing its origin from the arytenoid cartilage and its 
insertion in the side of the tongue. 

Triticeous (trit - ish> '- us) [triticum, wheat]. Having 
the appearance of a grain of wheat ; pertaining to 
wheat. T. Nodule [corpus triticeum, " wheat-like 
body " ) , one of the small cartilaginous nodules of the 
larynx. 

Triticeum (trit-is' -e-um) [triticum, wheat]. The triti- 
ceous nodule. 

Triticin (trit' -is- in) [triticum, wheat], C 12 H 22 O n . A 
gum-like substance found in Triticum repens. 

Triticum [trit' -ik-um) [L. : gen., Tritici]. I. Wheat; 
a genus of graminaceous plants which produce the 
various kinds of wheat. 2. The rhizome of T. repeits 
deprived of its rootlets. T. acutum, a species grow- 
ing in Europe. T. caninum, dog's-tooth grass. It 
is thought to possess the same properties as T. repens. 
Dogs eat the blades to induce emesis. T. durum, 
hard-grained wheat, the seeds of which are richer in 
nitrogen than the soft wheats ; it is cultivated in South- 
ern Europe. T. monococcum, single-grained wheat ; 
it grows wild in Greece and Mesopotamia, and is an in- 
ferior species in cultivation. T. repens, couch- grass ; 
it grows in Europe, Northern Asia, North and South 
America. The rhizome is smooth, straw-colored, and 
has a sweetish taste. It contains malates, sugar, triti- 
cin, and a nitrogenous principle, and is emollient, 
diuretic, and antiphlogistic. It is best administered in 
a decoction made from 2 to 4 ounces of the plant in 2 
pints of water, and reduced one-half by boiling. T. 
sativum, common wheat. The ground and sifted 
seeds constitute flour, official in the pharmacopeia as 
farina tritici. T. spelta, spelt-wheat, indigenous in 
the Persian mountains, and cultivated in Europe. It 
yields flour of fine quality. T. vulgare. See T. 
sativum. Tritici, Amylum, wheat-starch. T., 
Extractum, Fluidum, a preparation made by exhaust- 
ing T. repens with boiling water, and then adding 
a certain quantity of alcohol. Dose f^j. T., 
Farina, wheat-flour. T., Farina, Tosta, baked 
flour. T., Saccharum, a sugar obtained from the 
extract of T. repens, which dissolves readily in alco- 
hol. 



Triticumina Food (trit - ik - u'- min - ah) [triticum, 
wheat]. A malt food prepared in England by malting 
wheat so as to cause it to contain about twice as much 
soluble carbohydrates as ordinary wheaten flour. 

Tritomesal (tri-lo-mes'-al) [rpiroc, third ; /xeaoc, mid- 
dle]. Denoting the third longitudinal series of cells in 
the wing of hymenopters. 

Tritopin (tri'-to-pin), C 42 H 54 N 2 0-. An alkaloid ob- 
tained from opium. 

Tritovertebra (tri-to-vur' -te-brah) [rpiroq, third ; ver- 
tebra, vertebra]. Carus's term for a limb-bone, or 
the bony framework of the limbs considered as verte- 
bral elements developed in special relation with the 
muscular system. 

Tritovertebral (tri-to-vur' -te-bral) [rpiroq, third; ver- 
tebra, vertebra]. Having the character of a trito- 
vertebra. 

Tritovum (tri-to'-vum) [rpiroq, third; ovum, egg]. 
The third stage of an ovum. 

Tritoxid (tri-toks'-id) [rpiroc, third ; of yf, acid]. Same 
as Trioxid. 

Tritozooid (trit- o-zo'- oid) [rpiroc, third; £,V° V > an 
animal ; elSoc, form] . In biology, a zooid of the third 
generation ; the immediate offspring of a deutero- 
zooid. 

Tritubercular (tri-tu-bur' -ku-lar) [tres, three ; tubercu- 
lum, tubercle]. Having three tubercles or cusps ; tri- 
cuspid. 

Trituberculate (tri-tu-bur' -ku-lat). Same as Trituber- 
cular. 

Trituberculism (tri-tu-bur' -ku-lizm) [tres, three; tu- 
berculum, a tubercle]. A peculiarity of molar teeth, 
indicating the possession of three cusps. 

Triturate (trit'-u-rat) [triturare, to rub together]. As 
a verb, to reduce to fine powder. As a noun, a finely 
divided powder. T., Tablet, a small disc of some 
soluble material, usually sugar of milk, charged with a 
certain dose of a medicinal substance. See Tablet. 

Trituration (trit-u-ra' -shun) [trituratio ; tritus, a rub- 
bing]. The process of reducing a solid substance to a 
powdered state by grinding or rubbing. In pharmacy, 
a class of powders having sugar of milk as their dilu- 
ent in the proportion of ten parts of the substance to 
90 of the sugar. Trituration of elaterin is official. 

Tritus (tri' -tus) [L.]. See Trituration. 

Trityl (trit' -il) [rptiq, three; vkr), matter], C 3 H 7 . The 
third of the methyl series of hydrocarbon radicles. 
T. -alcohol, C 3 H 7 HO, propyl-alcohol. 

Tritylene (tril'-il-en). Same as Propylene. 

Triungulin (tri-ung' -gu-lin) [tres, three ; ungula, a 
hoof, claw]. In biology, the first larval stage of cer- 
tain beetles (Meloidce). 

Trivalence (tri'-va-lens, or triv'-al-ens) [tres, three ; 
valere, to be worth]. The quality of being trivalent. 

Trivalent (triv'- al - ent) [tres, three; valere, to be 
worth]. In chemistry, equivalent in combining or 
displacing power to three monad atoms. 

Trivalerin (tri-val'-er-in) [tres, three ; valere, to be 
worth], C 3 H 5 (C 5 H 9 2 ) 3 . A substance which exists in 
the oil of marine animals, like the seal. 

Trivalve (tri'-valv) [Ires, three; valva, door]. In 
biology, applied to a structure having three valves, as 
a shell. 

Trivalvular (tri-val' -vu-lar) [tres, three ; valvula, a 
small valve]. Having three valves. 

Trivertebral (tri-vur' -te-bral ) [tres, three ; vertebra, 
vertebra]. Composed of three vertebrae. 

Trivia (triv' -e-ah) [trivius, of three roads]. The point 
of intersection of the three semicircular canals of the 
cochlea. 

Trivial (triv'-e-al) [trivialis, common]. Denoting the 
popular name of a plant or animal ; the specific name. 



TRIVIUM 



1548 



TROPHIC 



Trivium {triv'-e-uni)[tres, three ; via, way : pi. , Trivia]. 
In biology, the three anterior ambulacra of an echino- 
derm. 

Trixis (triks'-is) [L.]. A Mexican plant allied to rhu- 
barb. The root is used as a laxative. 

Trocar (tro'-kar) [Fr. , trois-quarts, from its triangular 
point]. An instrument used in paracentesis, or tap- 
ping a cavity, as in hydrocele. It consists of a per- 
forator and a metallic tube. T., Lancet, a trocar hav- 
ing a lancet-shaped perforator. T., Piloting, Dur- 
ham's trocar, used for introducing the articulated 
tracheotomy-tube. T., Rectal, a curved trocar used 
in tapping the bladder through the rectum. 

Trochal (tro'-kal) [rpoxoc, a wheel]. Having the form 
of a wheel. T. Disc, the wheel-organ of the Rotifera, 
the ciliated and usually retractile apparatus which pro- 
jects at the anterior end of the body of the wheel-ani- 
malcule. 

Trochanter (tro-kan'-ter) [rpox<ivri/p ; rpoxoc, a wheel 
or pulley]. The process on the upper extremity of 
the femur. The major and minor processes at the 
extremity of the femur which receive the extensor and 
flexor muscles of the thigh are respectively called 
the greater and the lesser trochanter. T. tertius, an 
anomalous process at the upper portion of the popli- 
teal space of the femur. 

Trochanteric (tro-kan-ter'-ik) [rpoxavrrjp, a trochan- 
ter]. Pertaining to a trochanter. 

Trochantin (tro-kan' -tin) [rpoxavrr/p, a trochanter]. 
The lesser trochanter of the femur. 

Trochantinian {tro-kan-tin' -e-an) [rpoxavri/p, trochan- 
ter]. Pertaining to the trochantin. 

Trochate (tro'-kat) [rpoxoc, a wheel]. I. Same as 
Trochal. 2. Trochiferous. 

Troche (trok, troch, or tro'-ke) [rpoxoc,, wheel]. A 
trochischus. A round lozenge. 

Trochia (tro'-ke-ah) [rpoxoc, a wheel]. A term for- 
merly applied to the orbit. 

Trochiferous (tro-kif'-er-us) [rpox^Q, wheel ; ferre, to 
bear]. In biology, provided with a trochal organ. 

Trochiform [fro'- kif - orm) [rpoxoc, wheel ; forma, 
form]. In biology, having the form of a top-shell. 

Trochilia (tro-kW -e-ah) . See Trochlea. 

Trochin, Trochinus (tro'-kin, trok' -in-us) [jpoxoc, a 
wheel]. The lesser tuberosity of the head of the 
humerus. 

Trochinian (tro-kin'-e-an) [rpoxoc, wheel]. Pertaining 
to the trochin. 

Trochiscus (tro-kis'-kus) [rpox'icKoc, a little wheel : 
pi., Trochisci\. A troche, pastil, tablet, or lozenge. 
In pharmacy, a small, flattened cake prepared from 
a mass of sugar and mucilage as an excipient, with a 
prescribed medicinal substance. There are 15 official 
trochisci. 
..'rochiter {trok' -it-er) [jpoxoc;, a wheel]. The greater 
tuberosity of the proximal end of the humerus. 

Trochiterian (trok-it-e'-re-an) [rpoxoc, a wheel]. Per- 
taining to the trochiter. 

Trochlea (trok'-le-ah) [rpoxiAta, a pulley]. A part or 
process having the nature of a pulley. T. of the As- 
tragalus, the surface of the astragalus articulating with 
the tibia. T. of the Femur, the intercondyloid 
fossa of the femur. T. of the Humerus, an articu- 
lation at the extremity of the humerus, over which a 
band of cartilage passes. T. labyrinthi. See 
Cochlea. T. of the Obliquus oculi superior, T. 
of the Orbit, the ligamentous ring or pulley, attached 
to the upper margin of the orbit, which transmits the 
tendon of the superior oblique muscle of the eye. 

Trochlear {trok' -le-ar) [rpox^ia, a pulley]. Pertain- 
ing to or of the nature of a trochlea. 

Trochlearis {trok-le-a' -ris) [rpoxMa, a pulley]. Per- 



taining to the trochlea. Also, applied to the superior 
oblique muscle of the eye. 

Trochleary (trok'-le-a-re). Same as Trochlear. 

Trochleate (trok' -le-dt) . Same as Trochlear. 

Trochocephalus (trok-o-sef'-al-us) [rpox6g, wheel; 
KKbolij, head]. A rounded appearance of the head, 
due to partial synostosis of the frontal and parietal 
bones. 

Trocho-ginglymus {tro - ko - ging' - lim - us) [rpo^dc, 
wheel; yiyylvpoc , ginglymus]. A combination of a 
hinge-joint and a pivot-joint, as in the humero-radial 
articulation. 

Trochoid (tro'-koid) [ rpo^dc, wheel]. Serving as a 
pulley or pivot; involving a pivotal action. 

Trochoides (tro-koi'-dez) [rpoxdc, wheel]. A term 
given to pivot-joints or pulley-joints, such as the at- 
lanto-axial. 

Trochophora (trok-of -or-ah) [rpox^C, a wheel ; fepeiv, 
to bear]. In biology, a peculiar larval stage of certain 
Vermes, having a characteristic preoral ciliated ring. 

Trochosphere (trok'-o-sfer) [rpoxoc, a wheel ; a/palpa, 
a sphere]. In biology, applied to various invertebrate 
larva? bearing a circlet of cilia. 

Trochospheric ( trok - - sfer' - ik) [ rpoxdc, wheel ; 
C(palpa, sphere]. Pertaining to a trochosphere. 

Troglodyte (trog'-lo-dit) [rpCiy'kr}, a cave; Sveiv, to 
enter]. Inhabiting caverns. 

Troisier's Ganglion. A large lymphatic gland some- 
times found above the clavicle in cases of retrosternal 
tumor. 

Trolard's Vein. The large anastomotic vein between the 
superior longitudinal and lateral sinuses. See Vein. 

Troltsch (von), Corpuscles of. See Corpuscle. 

Troma (tro'-mah). Same as Trauma. 

Trommer's Test. A test for the presence of grape- 
sugar, or glucose. The liquid to be tested is filtered, 
and to the filtrate a solution of ammonio-cupric tar- 
trate is added. If glucose be present, the copper is 
precipitated in the form of a bright, orange-red, basic 
cuprous oxid. Boiling facilitates the precipitation, 
which is sometimes stubborn. See Tests, Table of. 

Tromomania ( trom-o-ma'-ne-ak ) [ rpo/noc, tremor ; 
pavia, madness]. Delirium tremens. 

Tropacocain (tro-pak-o'-ka-in) [a tropin ; cocaiif\. A 
powerful anesthetic and mydriatic, derived " from a 
small-leaved coca of Java." It has the general quali- 
ties of cocain, but appears to be more active. 

Tropaeolin (tro-pe' -0- 1 in) [rponaloc, turning]. Certain 
azo-dyes, so named because their colors resemble 
those of the flower of Tropceolum majus. See Orange 
Colors in Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Tropaeolum ( tro-pe' -o-lum) [rponaloc., turning]. A 
genus of the Pelargoniece including the larkspur, 
garden nasturtium. T. majus, Indian cress ; a 
Peruvian species. The buds and fruit are used as 
a condiment. It is said to be stomachic, diuretic, 
and laxative. T. minus L. , dwarf nasturtium. It is a 
native of Peru, and has the same properties as T. 
majus. 

Trophe (tro'-fe) [rpoipr/, nourishment]. Aliment. 

Trophesial (tro-fe'-ze-al) [rpoQr/, nourishment]. Per- 
taining to or of the nature of a trophesy. 

Trophesy {trof'-es-e) [rpotpi/, aliment]. Defective nutri- 
tion of a part resulting from disorder of the nervej 
regulating nutrition ; trophoneurosis. 

Trophi {tro'-fe) [rpoipdc, a feeder]. In biology, a col- 
lective term for those mouth-parts of an invertebrate 
employed in feeding. 

Trophic (trof'-ik) [rpoipr/, nourishment]. Pertaining 
to the functions concerned in nutrition, diges'ion, and 
assimilation. T. Centers, centers regulating the nu- 
trition of nerves, or through them, of organs. 



TROPHIS 



1549 



TRUE 



Trophis (tro'-fis) [rpoipir, well-fed]. The ramoon-tree. 
T. americana, a shrub of the West Indies, used as 
an alterative and mild astringent. T. aspera, paper- 
tree of Siam and India. The berries possess astrin- 
gent and antiseptic properties, and the juice of the 
leaves and young shoots is used in the treatment of 
ulcers and cutaneous eruptions. Unof. 

Trophoblast (trof'-o-blast) \rpo<pij, nourishment ; fiXaa- 
rog, a germ]. In biology, the outer epiblastic layer 
of the extra-embryonic somatopleure. 

Trophoblastic (trofo-blas'-tik) [rpotyi/, nourishment; 
P'Aaaroi;, germ]. Pertaining to a trophoblast. 

Trophocalyx (trof'-o-ka-liks) [rpoQi't, nourishment ; 
KdAuf , a calyx]. See Trophosphere. 

Trophodisc (trof'-o-disk) [rpo<j>f/, nourishment ; S'iokds, a 
disc]. See Trophosphere. 

Tropholecithal (trofo-les'-ith-al) [rpoyr/, nourishment ; 
Ainiftnr, the yolk of an egg]. Pertaining to a tropho- 
lecithus. 

Tropholecithus (trofo-les'-ith -us) [rpoQr/, nourishment; 
XeKcdoc, the yolk of an egg]. In biology, the food- 
yolk of a meroblastic egg. Cf. Morpholecilhus. 

Trophology (trof-ol'-o-je) [rpoc/ii/, nutrition ; %6yoc, 
science]. The science which treats of or relates to 
nutrition. 

Throphoneurosis (trof- o-nu-ro'- sis) \rpo$i], nourish- 
ment; vebpov, nerve ; voaoc, disease] . Any atrophic pro- 
cess due to injury or perverted action of the nerves or 
nerve-centers. T., Disseminated. Synonym of Scle- 
roderma. T., Facial, progressive facial atrophy ; 
facial hemiatrophy. T., Musuclar, trophic changes 
in the muscles in connection with disease of the 
nervous system. T. of Romberg, unilateral atrophy 
of the face ; hemiatrophy. 

Trophoneurotic (trof- o-nu- rot' -ik) \rpoij)ij, nourish- 
ment; vevpov, nerve; vdaoc;, disease]. Pertaining to 
a trophoneurosis. 

Trophonosus (trof-on' '-o-sus). See Trophopathy. 

Trophopathy (trofop'-ath-e) [rpoyij, nutrition ; Tvadoc, 
disease]. Any nutritional disorder. 

Trophophore (trof -o-for) [rpo^Tj, nourishment ; Qepetv, 
to bear]. In biology, one of the ameboid cells of 
sponges, giving rise to gemmules. 

Trophophorous (trof off '-or-its) [rpoipi;, nourishment; 
(pepeiv, to bear]. Pertaining to trophophores. 

Trophoplasm (trof'-o-plazm) [rpo<f>7/, nourishment; 
Tilaaoeiv, to mold in clay]. In biology, Nsgeli's term 
for the vital substance of the cell, the formative plasm, 
or morphoplasm, in contrast to the idioplasm. 

Trophoplast (trof ' - o - plast) [rpnipr,, nourishment; 
Tt'/aaaeiv, to mold or form in clay]. In biology, a 
plastid; a mass of formative plasm. 

Trophosomal (trof-o-so'-mal) [rpotyij, nourishment; 
<j£)fj.a, body] . Nutritive. Pertaining to a trophosome. 

Trophosome (trof-o-som) [rpoipr/, nourishment ; cup.a, 
body]. In biology, the mass of nutritive zooids of a 
hydrozoan. Cf. Gonosome. 

Trophosperm (trof'-o-spurm) [rpo<j>ri, nourishment; 
GTrep/ia, seed]. The portion of an ovary that bears 
the ovules. 

Trophospermium (trof-o-spztr' -me-nni) [rpoipii, nourish- 
ment ; cneppa seed]. In biology, the placenta. 

Trophosphere (trof'-q-sfer) [rpotyij, nourishment; 
cfaipa, a sphere]. In biology, the tissue between the 
decidual stroma and the blastocyst in Erinaceus. See 
Trophodisc, Trophocalyx, Trophoblast , Trophospongia. 

Trophospongia (tro-fo-spun'-je-ah) \rpoij>>), nourish- 
ment; awoyyia, a sponge]. In biology, the outer or 
maternal layer of the trophoblast, trophodisc, or tro- 
phocalyx. 

Trophotropic (trof-o-trop'-ik) [rpoQi/, nourishment; 
Tpkiteiv, to turn]. In biology, exhibiting trophotropism. 



Trophotropism (irofo-iro'-pizm) [rpuipi/, nourishment ; 
rpiireiv, to turn]. In biology, the term applied by 
Stahl (1884) to the attraction (positive trophotropism) 
and repulsion (negative trophotropism) exhibited by 
certain organic cells to various nutritive solutions. 
A phenomenon now included under Chemotaxis, q. v. 

Trophozooid (trof '-q-zo' '-old) [rpoipij, nourishment; 
(,£)ov, an animal; eteJof , form] . In biology, nutritive 
zooid. 

Tropic, Tropical (trop'-ik, trop'-ik-al) [TpoiriKoc, 
tropic]. Pertaining to or found in the tropics. T. 
Acid. See Acid. T. Big Leg. See Elephan- 
tiasis arabitm. T. Boil. See Boil, Aleppo. T. 
Chlorosis. See Ankylostomiasis and Dochmiasis. 
T. Fruit Laxative. See Senna. T. Measles, 
a name suggested by Cautlie for a disease that was 
prevalent among the foreign residents of Hong Kong, 
during September and October, in 1888. Mild cases 
were regarded as " German measles," severe cases as 
a form of dengue. He defines it as follows : " Rubeola 
tropica is a specific eruptive fever, the primary, rose- 
red rash appearing on the face and neck on the second 
day of the illness ; the second rash, miliary and 
papular, on the body, face, and occasionally on the 
limbs on the fourth day. The third rash, of small, 
coalescent wheals, appears on the arms and legs, or 
legs only, on the sixth day, when the fever subsides. 
The severe form attacks adults chiefly. It is epidemic, 
contagious, but seldom associated with catarrh or 
desquamation, and characterized by the intensity of 
the pain in the back, head, and orbit on the third and 
fourth days of the illness." The duration of the 
disease was much shorter than that of dengue, the 
termination was invariably favorable, and the compli- 
cations and sequela of measles were not observed in 
any case. 

Tropidin (trop'-id- hi) \atropin~\, C 8 H 13 N. A sub- 
stance resulting from the decomposition of atropin 
in the presence of hydrochloric and glacial acetic acids ; 
it is an oily fluid having an odor resembling that of 
coniin. 

Tropidosternal (trop-id -o-stur'-nal) [rpdiur, keel; 
aripvov, sternum]. Keeled, as a breast-bone. 

Tropin (tro'-pin) [atropin^, C 8 H 15 NO. A substance 
obtained by the decomposition of the alkaloid atropin ; 
it crystallizes from ether in plates, melts at 63 C. , and 
boils at 229 C. 

Tropis (tro'-pis) [Tpdmr, keel]. In biology, the keel 
or backward curve of a cymba, as in sponge-spicules. 

Tropsin (trop' -sin). Same as Tropacocain. 

Trousseau's Phenomenon or Sign. A diagnostic 
sign of post-operative tetany. The spasm of an ex- 
tremity which may be produced by compression of its 
principal blood-supply or nerve-supply for a brief 
period of time, from a few seconds to a few minutes. 
The spasm will continue as long as the pressure is 
maintained. T.'s Spots, Taches cerebrates,- red 
spots which may appear on the skin after it has been 
mechanically irritated ; they were thought by Trous- 
seau to be diagnostic of meningitis. 

Trouts (tru'-utz) [Irish]. A form of chloasma occur- 
ring among the Irish peasantry in places where they 
have turf- fires. 

Trouser-leg Culture. A bacterial growth, as that of 
Vibrio proteus, in which the liquified area of the 
nutritive gelatin corresponds to the form of an empty 
stocking-leg. (Schenk.) 

True (trn) [ME., trite, true]. The opposite of false. 
Applied to organs functionally active or perfect. T. 
Corpus luteum, the corpus luteum of pregnancy. 
T. Pelvis, that part of the pelvic cavity situated below 
the brim or ilio-pectineal line. T. Resins. See 



TRUMPET 



1550 



TUBE 



Pesins. T. Ribs. See Ribs. T. Skin, the corium. 
T. Vocal Bands, the inferior bands, or those con- 
cerned in the production of voice. 

Trumpet (trum'-pet) [ME., trumpet, trumpet]. A 
musical wind-instrument; any instrument or apparatus 
shaped like a trumpet. T., Ear, an instrument having 
a flaring mouth-piece or a parabolic cup, from the focal 
point of which the sound-waves are collected by 
another receiver projecting into the cup and con- 
nected with the ear-piece. T. -plant, Venus fly- 
catcher ; huntsman's cup, the rhizome of Sarracenia 
Jlava, common in Southern U. S. Of high repute in 
the cure of diarrhea. Dose of fid. ext. TTLv-xv. 
Unof. See also Sarracenia and Tecoma. T.-weed. 
See Eupatorhim purpureum. 

Truncal (trung'-kal) [truncus, a trunk]. Pertaining 
to the trunk, or to a trunk. 

Truncate (trung'-kat) [truncare, to cut off]. In 
biology, ending abruptly, as if cut off. 

Truncated (trung' -ka-ted ) [truncus, trunk] . Deprived 
of limbs or accessory parts. 

Truncus [trung' -kits) [truncare, lop, maim: pi. , 
Trunci~\. In biology, the trunk or main body, as of 
a tree, an animal, a nerve. See Trunk. 

Trunk [ME., truhke, trunk; truncus, a trunk]. All 
of the body except the head and limbs. Also, the 
main stem or body of a nerve or vessel. 

Trunkal (trung'-kal ). See Truncal. 

Truss (trus) [Fr. , trousse\. An instrument for main- 
taining a part in proper position in hernia and other 
malpositions of organs. T., Carotid, a truss for com- 
pressing the carotid artery. T., French, a truss for 
inguinal hernia, in which pressure is exerted by an 
elastic, steel spring that supports the pad. T., Hains- 
by's, a truss for approximating the edges of a wound ; 
it is used in the operation for harelip. T., Suspen- 
sory, a suspensory bandage. 

Truxillic Acid (truks-il'-ik) [from Truxillo, the com- 
mercial source of coca], C 9 H 8 2 . An acid obtained 
from cocain, and known in three isomeric forms, 
a-truxillic, /3-truxillic, and y-truxillic acid. 

Truxillin (truks-i/'-in). Synonym of Cocamin. 

Tryma (tri'-ma/i) [rpyfiij, a hole : //., Tryma/a~\. In 
biologv, a drupe-like fruit, which is commonly two- 
celled and has a bony nucleus and a thickish but 
fibrous epicarp. Example : a hickory-nut. 

Trypanon (trip' -an-on) [rpvirav, to bore]. A trephine. 

Trypesis (trip-e'-sis) [rpvnav, to bore]. The opera- 
tion of trephining. 

Trypsin (trip' -sin) [rpl-^'ic, a rubbing]. The proteo- 
lytic enzyme of pancreatic juice. Its powers are 
manifested in an alkaline medium, converting proteids 
into peptones. Traces of trypsin have been stated to 
be found in urine, but this is doubtful. It is recom- 
mended for spraying the throat in membranous or 
diphtheric croup. Thirty grains are dissolved in one 
ounce of water and io grains of sodium bicarbonate 
added, and the mixture applied by means of a brush 
or as a spray. Unof. 

Trypsinogen (trip-sin' -o-jen) [rpiipir, a rubbing ; yev- 
vav, to produce], A catastatic granular substance 
found in pancreatic cells ; by a slight chemic change 
it becomes trypsin, and is cast out of the cell ; the 
zymogen from which trypsin is formed. 

Tryptic (trip'-tik) [rpiftc, a rubbing]. Pertaining to 
trypsin. 

Tryptone (trip' -ton) [rp/i/vf, a rubbing]. Anypancreatic 
peptone. 

Tryptonemia (trip-to-ne'-me-ah). See Peptonemia. 

Tryptophan {trip'-to-fan). See Proteinchromogen. 

Tsetse (tset'-se) [S. African]. Glossina morsitans ; a 
dipterous insect of South Africa, whose bite is highly 



dangerous to horses and cattle, though not to man. 
See Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Tsin (tzin). Synonym of Arrack. 

Tuba (tu' -bah) [L. , a tube]. A Eustachian or Fallo- 
pian tube. 

Tubage (tu'-baj) \_tuba , a tube] . The introduction of a 
tube or catheter. T. of the Glottis. See Intubation. 

Tubal (tu'-bal) [tubus, a pipe]. Pertaining to an ovi- 
duct. T. Abortion, of Bland-Sutton, internal rupture 
of the ovum in extra-uterine gestation, with a pouring 
out of blood through the fimbriated extremity of the 
tube into the abdominal cavity. T. Mole, a tubal 
ovum that has been destroyed by hemorrhage. It is 
at first spheric, but after attaining the dimensions of a 
walnut becomes ovoid. In the majority of cases the 
amniotic cavity occupies an excentric position, hence 
rupture easily occurs, and the embryo is lost. T. 
Pregnancy, pregnancy in one or the other Fallopian 
tube. 

Tubarium (tu-ba'-re-tim) [tubus, pipe, tube: //. , Tu- 
baria~\. The tube formed and inhabited by a polyite. 

Tubate (tu'-bat) [tuba, tube]. Tubiform ; provided 
with a tube. 

Tube (tub) [tubus, or tuba, a tube]. Any pipe-like struc- 
ture in the body, especially the oviduct or Fallopian 
tube. Also, a hollow, cylindric, surgical appliance, 
made variously of rubber, glass, bone, silver, etc. T., 
Absorption, a glass tube used in Bunsen's method 

• of volumetric analysis of gases ; it is graduated and 
closed at one extremity, and collects gas and conducts it 
to the eudiometer. T., Air, a bronchial tube ; e.g. , the 
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchial tubes. T., Aus- 
cultation, a tube for testing the acuteness of hearing. 
It has three branches, two of which are placed in the 
patient's ears, the third in the ear of the auscultator ; 
the sound of a vibrating tuning-fork placed in con- 
tact with the top of the patient's head will then be 
transmitted to the observer from the patient's ears. T. 
of Bellini, the large excretory ducts of the uriniferous 
tubules formed by the frequent union of canals of 
smaller size. T., Bellocq's, an instrument used for 
plugging the posterior nares in nasal hemorrhage. T. , 
Binocular, the tube of a binocular microscope. T.- 
breather, an animal breathing through tubes. T., 
Bronchial. See Bronchia. T., Calcigerous. See 
Dental Canals. T. -casts, urinary casts ; casts of 
the renal tubules, and indicative of kidney-disease. 
They vary in size, shape, and appearance. Their 
length ranges up to 200 fi or more ; their diameter from 
4/!/ to qop. They are usually straight, but may be 
curved, twisted, convoluted, or branched. T.-c, 
Blood, those composed of coagulated blood with cor- 
puscles embedded. They show that the hematuria 
originates in the secreting structure of the kidney. 
T.-c, Epithelial, those composed of plastic matter 
with cells embedded, and denoting desquamative in- 
flammation. T.-c. , Fatty, those containing free fat- 
globules in the coagulated matter, indicating fatty 
degeneration in a chronic nephritis. T.-c, Granular, 
those containing finely divided, granular debris, 
either in scattered masses or completely filling the 
casts. They are usually found in cases of con- 
tracted kidney. T.-c, Hyaline, transparent, soft, de- 
licate casts, also called A/ucous Casts. T.-c, A/ucous, 
See T.-c, Hyaline. T.-c, Pus, those that contain de- 
generated leukocytes ; indicative of involvement of the 
interstitial kidney-substance. T.-c, Seminal, molds ol 
the seminal tubules found in the urine, and recognized 
by the presence of spermatozoids. T.-c, Waxy, 
those that give the amyloid reaction ; they are large 
and yellowish in appearance, and are indicative of 
serious nephritis. T.,Chaussier's (for insufflation). 



TUBE 



1551 



TUBERCLE 



a metallic tube trumpet-shaped at one extremity and 
curved at the other to faciliate its introduction into the 
larynx, and provided with a perforated collar to which 
suitable material is attached for the purpose of closing 
the aperture of the larynx. T., Collecting. See 
Tubule. T., Communicating. See 'Tubulus, Com- 
municating. T. -culture. See Culture. T., Den- 
tinal. See Canal, Dentinal. T., Depaul's (for 
insufflation), an instrument similar to Chaussier's. T., 
Drainage, a hollow tube of glass, rubber, or other 
material to be inserted into a wound or cavity to allow 
of the escape of fluids. T., Draw, the tube which 
slides within the tube of a microscope. Ts., Egg. See 
Ts., Ovarian. T., Emmett's Fistula, a trumpet- 
shaped tube for draining a fistula. T., Enterotomy, 
an instrument used in establishing an artificial anus, to 
prevent protrusion of the gut. T., Esbach's, Esbach's 
albumimeter ; a graduated glass cylinder for estimating 
the percentage of albumin in urine. T., Esmarch's 
Elastic, an elastic lube furnished with a hook and 
chain, and used to render a limb bloodless. T., 
Esophageal, a soft, flexible tube used for lavage and 
gavage. T., Eustachian, the canal extending ob- 
liquely from behind the soft palate to the tympanum. 
It is partly osseous and partly cartilaginous, lined by 
mucosa, about 36 mm. long and 2 mm. wide. T., Fal- 
lopian. See Oviduct. Ts. of Ferrein, a prolongation 
of the stride of the Malpighian pyramids into the cortex 
of the kidney. They are also known as Medullary 
rays. T., Geissler's, an instrument for showing the 
striae which are produced by an electric discharge 
in a highly rarefied medium. T., Germ, a tube 
formed in the germination of a spore by distention of 
the endospore. T., Hearing, a tube consisting of a 
spiral wire encased in leather and covered with close- 
textured silk or woollen tissue, with an oval ear-piece 
and a cup-shaped mouth-piece.. It is for the use of 
persons whose hearing is impaired. T., Henle's 
Looped. See Tubulus. T., Intestinal, the intestinal 
canal. T., Kobelt's, in the paroophoron, the remains 
of tubules in the Wolffian bodies. Ts., Leiter's. See 
Leiter's Tubes. T. -length, the length of the tube 
of the microscope at which corrections must be made 
for the formation of the image at a definite distance. 
This distance is set arbitrarily by most makers, hence 
the lack of uniformity. Ts., Lieberkiihn's. See 
Crypt. T., Lithotomy, an instrument used in opera- 
tions for calculi. Ts., Lobular Bronchial, the 
bronchioles. T., Loop. See Tubulus. T., Medul- 
lary, the neural canal in the embryo. T., Mi- 
croscopic, the metallic cylinder that contains the 
draw-tube of a microscope. Ts., Miescher's. See 
Sarcocystis miescheri under Parasites (Animal}, Table 
of. T., Milk, one of the lactiferous ducts. T., 
Muscle. See Muscle-fiber. T., Nerve, a primitive 
nerve-fibril. T., Neural. See T, Medullary. T., 
O'Beirne's, a tube of rubber for irrigating the 
colon. T., Otopharyngeal. See T , Eustachian. 
Ts., Ovarian, ova-chains ; germinal epithelium in a 
developing ovary. Ts., Peptic, the gastric glands. 
Ts., Perforating, uncalcified perforating tubules, or 
Sharpey's filters in bone. T., Perineal. See T. , Litho- 
tomy. Ts.,Pfliiger's. See T, Ovarian. Ts.,Pfluger's 
Salivary, ducts of the acini of salivary glands. T., 
Pituitary. See. Hypophysis cerebri. Ts., Pulp, tubu- 
lar masses of the tissue proper of an organ, as of the 
spleen. T., Receiving (of the kidney) . See Tubulus, 
Straight Collecting. T., Rectal, a flexible, rubber tube 
for introduction into the rectum. Ts., Respiratory 
Bronchial. See Bronchioles. T., Ribemont's 
Laryngeal, a tube used for insufflation in asphyxia 
neonatorum. T., Safety, a small extent of the ectal 



portion of the Eustachian tube which is slightly open 
and permits equalization of pressure in the tympa- 
num from the pharynx, and also allows a recoil 
of air from the tympanum when the tympanic mem- 
brane is suddenly driven in, as in explosions. Ts., 
Seminal, the tubes constituting the lobules of the tes- 
tis. See Cells, Seminal. T., Speaking. See T., 
Hearing. T., Spray, an apparatus consisting of two 
tubes so adjusted that a current of air or steam through 
one will cause a spray to issue from the other. T., 
Stomach. See T, Esophageal. T., Straight. See 
Tubules, Straight Collecting. T., Toynbee's Conic 
Metal, a tube used for washing out the mastoid cells 
and the tympanum. T., Tracheal, a tracheal cannula. 
Ts., Uriniferous, Ts., Uriniparous. See Tubulus. 
T., Uterine, a tube used for injecting the uterus. T., 
Voltolini's, a small tube used to keep open an inci- 
sion in the tympanic membrane. 

Tuber (tu'-ber) [tuber, a bump, swelling : //. , Tubera~\. 
In biology, a thickened portion of an underground 
stem. T. anatomica, a protuberance, tumor, or swel- 
ling. T. annulare. See Pons varolii. T. an- 
terius. See T cinereum. T. brumale. See T. 
cibarium. T. calcanei, the tuberosity of the calcan- 
eum. Tubera candicantia. See Corpora marnmil- 
laria. T. cinereum, a tract of gray matter extending 
from the optic chiasma to the corpora mammillaria, 
and forming part of the floor of the third ven- 
tricle. T. corporis callosi, the splenium. T. 
eustachii, a slight protuberance below the fenestra 
ovalis on the inner wall of the tympanic cavity. T. 
frontale, the frontal eminence. Tubera geniculata, 
the internal and external geniculate bodies. T. gut- 
turosum. See Goiter. T. ischii, the tuberosity of 
the ischium. T. maxillae, the tuberosity of the 
superior maxilla. T. omentale hepatis, a promin- 
ence on the left lobe of the liver, corresponding to 
the lesser curvature of the stomach. T. omentale 
pancreatis, a prominence of the middle part of the 
pancreas, corresponding to the lesser omentum. T. 
parietale, the parietal eminence. T. supracondy- 
loideum, an eminence opposite the distal end of the 
internal border of the linea aspera of the fibula. T. 
supraorbitale, the superciliary ridge. T. syphiliti- 
cum. See Syphiloma. T. tympani. See T. eus- 
tachii. T. valvula? (cerebelli), a small prominence 
of the cerebellum on its inferior vermiform process at 
its anterior extremity in front of the uvula. T. ver- 
rucosum, a callosity often found on the great toe at 
the metatarso-phalangeal joint. T. zygomaticum, 
a prominence of the zygoma on its lower border near 
the union of the superior maxilla and the zygomatic 
process. 

Tubercle (tu'-bur-kl) [tuberculum, a tubercle]. I. In 
anatomy, a rounded prominence- on a bone or other 
part; also, the rounded end of a bone. 2. In derma- 
tology, a small protuberance in the corium or subcuta- 
neous tissue, produced by a morbid deposit. 3. In 
pathology, a small, hard, granular body, -j- 1 ^ mm. to 2 
mm. in diameter, yellowish at the center and bounded 
by a reddish, vascular zone. 4. In biology, applied spe- 
cifically to the enlargements found on the roots of 
leguminous plants; first described by Dalechamps in 
Ornithopodium tuberosum (1587) and since by Wor- 
onin, Beyerinck, Prazmowski, Frank, Schlosing Jr., 
Laurent, Sachmann, Kornicke, etc. T., Adductor 
(of the femur), a slight protuberance at the lower end 
of the internal supracondylar line of the femur, giving 
attachment to the tendon of the adductor magnus. 
T., Amygdaloid, a prominence on the roof of the de- 
scending cornu of the lateral ventricle. T., Anatomic, 
a wart-like tuberculous growth sometimes appearing 



TUBERCLE 



1552 



TUBERCLE 



on the hands of dissectors. It is also called necrogenic 
verruca. Ts., Anterior Pair of, the anterior pair of 
the corpora quadrigemina. T., Anterior (of a ver- 
tebra), a tubercle at the anterior part of the extremity 
of the transverse process of certain vertebras. T., 
Anterior [of the atlas), a protuberance upon the ven- 
tral arch of the atlas at the meson. T., Anterior 
(of the calcaneum), a prominence on the anterior 
inferior surface of the os calcis. T., Anterior 
(of the optic thalamus), a rounded prominence of 
the thalamus at its anterior extremity. T., An- 
terior (of the vagina), a rough eminence at the 
upper part of the vaginal orifice, behind the meatus 
urinarius. T., Black, a synonym of Melanosis. T. 
of the Calcaneum, a tubercle on the external surface 
of the os calcis. T., Carotid, a prominence of the 
sixth cervical vertebra on the anterior part of its trans- 
verse process. T., Conoid, a broad projection of the 
clavicle on its posterior border at the union of its middle 
and outer thirds, to which is attached the conoid liga- 
ment. T. of the Cuboid, a tubercle on the plantar 
surface of the cuboid bone, also called the tuberosity 




Diagram of the Minute Structure of Tubercle. 

of the cuboid. T., Cuneate, of Schwalbe, a promi- 
nence on the cuneate fasciculus. T., Cuneiform. 
See T., Painful. T., Deltoid, a projection on the 
anterior borderof the clavicle, giving origin to apart of 
the deltoideus. T., External, the outermost of the 
three tubercles on the transverse process of some of 
the dorsal vertebra?. T., External Supracondyloid, 
the projection at the lower end of the femur on the 
outer portion of its posterior surface, giving rise to the 
plantaris muscle. T. of the Femur, a tubercle on the 
neck of the femur, on the anterior surface near its 
junction with the trochanter major. T., Fibrous, a 
tubercle which has been modified by the formation 
of connective tissue within its structure. Ts., Genial, 
double pairs of tubercles on each side of the middle 
line on the inner surface of the lower maxilla. 
T., Genital, the rudimentary penis or clitoris in 
the uro-genital region of the embryo in front of 
the cloaca. T., Gray. See T., Miliary. T., Gray, 
of Rolando, a prominence between the prolongation 
of Burdach's column and the postero-lateral groove. 
T., Greater (of the humerus), the greater tuberosity. 
T., Hyaline, a miliary tubercle the reticulum of 
which has undergone hyaline degeneration. T., 
Inferior, the lowest of the three tubercles at the 
extremity of some of the dorsal vertebrae. T., In- 
ferior Obturator, a projection on the pubic margin 
of the obturator foramen. T., Infraglenoid, a 
prominence from which arises the long head of the 



triceps, below the glenoid cavity of the scapula. T., 
Internal, the innermost of the three tubercles at the 
extremity of some of the dorsal vertebras. T., In- 
ternal Supracondyloid, a prominence from which 
arises the internal head of the gastrocnemius, on the 
posterior and inner surface of the lower end of the 
femur. T., Intravascular, a prominence on the intima 
of a blood-vessel. T., Jugular, a ridge near the outer 
wall of the anterior condyloid foramen on the inner sur- 
face of the occipital bone. T., Lacrymal, the small 
papillary prominence at the margin of the eyelid, and 
in the center of which is the punctum lacrymalia. 
Ts., Leprous, the tubercles found in tubercular lep- 
rosy. T., Lesser (of the humerus), the lesser tuber- 
osity. T. of Lower, a small eminence on the wall of 
the right auricle, between the orifices of the pre-cava 
and inferior post-cava. T., Lymphoid. See under 
Tuberculosis. T., Mammillary. See Corpora tnmn- 
millaria. T., Miliary, a small, globular tubercle in 
the stroma of an organ, showing microscopically 
giant-cells in the center, next smaller cells, and round 
cells like leukocytes at the periphery. Ts. of Mont- 
gomery, the prominences on the surface of the areola 
of the nipple ; they are formed by the sebaceous glands. 
T., Mucous. See Mucous Patch. T., Nuchal, the 
spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra. 
T., Olfactory. See Bulb, Olfactory. T., Painful, 
a painful tubercle in the subcutaneous tissue in 
the region of the joints ; the nature of the affection is 
uncertain. T., Papillary (of the liver), a projection 
of the lobulus spigelii into the transverse fissure. Ts., 
Pearly, milium ; small, whitish, non-inflammatory ele- 
vations situated in the upper part of the corium. T., 
Pharyngeal, the pharyngeal spine. Ts., Pisiform, 
the corpora mammillaria. T., Plantar, a tubercle on 
the first metatarsal bone ; it gives attachment to the 
tendon of the peroneus longus. Ts., Posterior Pair 
of, the posterior tubercles of the corpora quadrigemina. 
T., Posterior (of a vertebra), a tubercle at the pos- 
terior end of the lumbar and several of the thoracic ver- 
tebras. T., Posterior (of the atlas), a tubercle on the 
dorsal arch of the atlas ; it is situated in the median 
line on the external surface. Sometimes it is replaced 
by a depression with an elevated rim. T., Posterior 
(of the optic thalamus), a tubercle on the ventricular 
surface of the thalamus, toward the posterior end. 
T., Pterygoid, a tubercle on the inner surface of the 
inferior maxilla ; it gives attachment to the internal 
pterygoid muscle. T., Quadrigeminal. See T. r 
Posterior Pair of. T. of the Radius, the bicipital 
tuberosity of the radius. T., Retrograde, a tuber- 
cle that has undergone calcification. T. of a Rib, 
a tubercle on a rib, articulating with the transverse 
process of a vertebra. Ts. of Rolando, rounded 
masses close under the surface of the lateral columns 
of the oblongata, formed by the enlarged dorsal 
horns of the gray matter. T. of Santorini, a small 
eminence on the mucous surface of the larynx, due to 
the cartilage of Santorini. T., Scalene, a tubercle on 
the first rib ; it gives attachment to the anterior scalene 
muscle. T. of the Scaphoid Bone, a projection on 
the outer surface of the bone which gives attachment to 
the annular ligament. T., Secondary, a tubercle 
that sometimes follows the breaking down of a caseous 
mass, as in catarrhal pneumonia. T., Superior Ob- 
turator, a"tubercle on the margin of the obturator fora- 
men. T., Supraglenoid, a tubercle above the glenoid 
fossa of the scapula ; it gives attachment to the long 
head of the biceps. T. of the Thyroid Cartilage, a 
tubercle on the outer surface of the ala of the thyroid 
cartilage, at the posterior end of the upper margin. T_ 
of the Tibia, the tuberosity on the anterior surface of 



TUBERCULAR 



1553 



TUBERCULOSIS 



the tibia. T. of the Ulna, a prominence at the base 
of the coronoid process which gives attachment to the 
brachialis amicus. T. of the Zygoma, a tubercle at 
the junction of the anterior root with the zygoma ; it 
gives attachment to the external lateral ligament of the 
lower jaw. 

Tubercular {tu-bur 1 '-ku-lar) [tuberculum, a tubercle]. 
Presenting the physical appearance of a tubercle. 

Tuberculate, Tubercled (tu-bur-ku-lat , tu' -bur-kid) 
[tuberculum, a tubercle]. Warty; bearing tubercles. 

Tuberculated (tu-bur' -ku-la-led) [tuberculum, a tuber- 
cle]. Furnished with tubercles ; tuberculous. 

Tuberculation (tu-bur- ku-la'-shun) [tuberculum, a 
tubercle]. The formation, development, or arrange- 
ment of tubercles ; the process of affecting a part with 
tubercles. 

Tubercule (tu'-bur-kiil) \juberculum, a tubercle]. A 
tubercle. 

Tuberculiform (tu-bur' -ku-lif-orm) [tuberculum, tuber- 
cle ; forma, form]. Shaped like a tubercle. 

Tuberculin ( tu-bur' -ku-li/i) [tuberculum, a tubercle]. 
Koch ' s Lymph ; Paratoloid ; a glycerin-extract of cul- 
tures of the bacillus of tuberculosis. It is a brownish, 
neutral, albuminoid liquid, soluble in water, and consists 
probably of ptomains of the tubercle-bacilli. Dose 
hypodermalically TT^ iyi of a I per cent, solution. 
It is to be used therapeutically only with great care. 
It is extremely valuable in the diagnosis of tubercu- 
losis in cattle. Unof. Klebs and Hunter have en- 
deavored to eliminate from tuberculin its dangerous 
elements. Hunter has prepared certain modifications 
of which he has named the two principal, respectively 
B,and CB. Trudeau has concluded that Modification 
CB contains much less of the remedial element than 
tuberculin, and is quite as dangerous, while Modifi- 
cation B is as efficacious as tuberculin, and free from 
some of its dangers. See also Tuberculocidin. 

Tuberculinized [tu-bur 1 ' -ku-lin-izd ) [tuberculum, tuber- 
cle]. Submitted to the action of tuberculin. 

Tuberculinose (tu-bur' -ku-lin-oz) [tuberculum, tuber- 
cle]. A term applied to some of the modifications of 
tuberculin. See also Tuberculin. 

Tuberculitis (tu-bur-ku-li'-tis) [tuberculum, tubercle ; 
iric, inflammation]. The inflammation in the tissues 
surrounding a tuberculous node. 

Tuberculization (tu-bur-ku-liz-a' -shun) [tubercuhan, 
tubercle]. I. The formation of tubercles, or the con- 
dition of being charged with tubercles. 2. Treat- 
ment with tuberculin. 

Tuberculocidin (tu-bur-ku-lo'-sid-in) [titberculum, 
tubercle; cicdere, to kill]. Alexin; a precipitate 
obtained by Klebs from Koch's tuberculin by precipitat- 
ing the noxious substances with platinum chlorid, the al- 
bumoses remaining in solution. See also Tuberculin. 

Tuberculoid (tu-bur' -ku-loid) [tuberculum , tubercle ; 
tl&oq, like]. Resembling tubercle. 

Tuberculose (tu-bur' -ku-loz). See Tuberculate. 

Tuberculosis (tu- bur - ku-lo'- sis) [tuberculum, a. tu- 
bercle]. An infectious disease due to the introduction 
into the system of the bacillus tuberculosis, discovered 
by Koch in 1882. It has a very wide-spread, almost 
a universal, distribution, and it is estimated that fully 
one-seventh of all mankind die of it. The bacillus, the 
essential etiologic factor, gains entrance into the body 
with the inspired air, with the food, and by direct 
inoculation. The commonest mode of introduction is 
by inhalation ; in consequence, the respiratory tract is 
the most frequent seat of tuberculosis. The bacilli 
. become disseminated in the air chiefly through the 
agency of the sputum of persons afflicted with 
pulmonary tuberculosis. The sputum of such in- 
dividuals contains countless bacilli, which are held in 



it as long as it is moist, but are scattered through the 
air when the sputum becomes dry and pulverulent. 
When tuberculosis is acquired through the food, an 
occurrence not rare in childhood, it localizes itself 
primarily in the intestinal tract. The food which most 
often conveys the disease is milk from tuberculous 
animals, more rarely tuberculous meat. Direct in- 
oculation does not play an important role in the causa- 
tion of the disease. The status of heredity as a factor 
in the propagation of tuberculosis is not yet fully settled. 
Isolated instances of apparently hereditary trans- 
mission, both in man and in animals, are recorded, 
and demonstrate that the disease may be inherited ; 
but in the majority of cases the acquisition of tuber- 
culosis is post-natal. There is, however, a mani- 
fest tendency of the disease to attack the offspring of 
tuberculous parents, which, as it is not the result of 
hereditary transmission, must indicate the existence 
of a predisposition or susceptibility which is transmitted 
from parent to child. The lesion produced by the growth 
of the bacillus of tuberculosis is known as the tubercle 
(miliary or gray tubercle or nodule). This is a small, 
grayish, translucent nodule, from y 1 ^ to 2 mm. in 
diameter, firmly imbedded in the surrounding tissues. 
By the coalescence of neighboring tubercles larger 
masses, the so-called tuberculous infiltrations, are 
produced. Histologically a typical tubercle consists 
of three groups of cells, the epithelioid, the giant-cells, 
and the round or lymphoid cells. The first are oval 
in shape, have a vesicular nucleus, and are the result 
of the proliferation of the fixed connective tissue and 
endothelial cells ; perhaps, also, of epithelial cells. 
The formation of the oval cells is the first effect pro- 
duced by the tubercle-bacillus. The giant-cell is a 
large multinuclear mass, usually situated in the center 
of the tubercle. It may be the product of repeated 
nuclear multiplication in a single cell, without division 
of the cell-protoplasm, or the result of the coal- 
escence of several adjacent cells. The round cells are 
leukocytes that have emigrated from the blood-vessels, 
and they may be so numerous as to conceal the other 
cells (lymphoid tubercle). The bacilli are found 
in the giant-cells, between and in the epithelioid 
cells, and, in later stages, in the round cells. New 
blood-vessels are not formed in the tubercle. The 
tendency of the tuberculous formation is to undergo a 
peculiar form of coagulation, known as cheesy 
necrosis. This gives rise to a structureless, yellowish- 
white mass, which microscopically shows an almost 
total absence of nuclei in the central area, while at the 
periphery nuclei, both normal and in various stages of 
degeneration, are found. The necrotic tissue does not 
as a rule take any stain. For this degeneration two 
factors are responsible : the absence of blood-vessels 
and the action of peculiar poisons elaborated by the 
bacillus. The breaking down of tuberculous areas in 
the interior of organs gives rise to cavities, which may 
be seen in muscles, bones, brain, lymphatic glands, 
and elsewhere, but are most pronounced in the lungs, 
where they may attain a very large size. On surfaces — ■ 
skin and mucous membranes — tuberculosis often leads 
to the formation of ulcers, which are characterized by 
an irregular, eroded appearance and by the presence 
of tubercles. Tuberculous areas occasionally become 
secondarily infected with pyogenic or saprophytic 
organisms. The tubercle-bacillus itself is capable of 
producing pus, but the majority of the so-called 
tuberculous cold abscesses are merely collections of 
fatty and disintegrated cells and tissue-detritus. 
Tuberculosis is primarily a local disease — extension 
takes place by continuity and contiguity, along the 
lymph-channels, along the respiratory and intestinal 



TUBERCULOSIS 



1554 



TUBO-OVARIAN 



tracts, and through the blood. It is usually possible in 
secondary tuberculosis to demonstrate the original 
focus, but in the case of tuberculous lymphatic glands 
the source of infection is not always discoverable. 
This has been explained by assuming that infection 
may take place in utero and the bacilli lie dormant in 
the lymphatic glands for varying periods after birth 
(latent tuberculosis). The possibility has also been 
suggested that the bacilli may penetrate a mucous 
membrane, be carried to the nearest lymphatic gland, 
and unfold their activity there. In the human subject 
tuberculosis appears under various forms, presenting 
clinical differences, but identical from the pathologic 
standpoint. Since the discovery of the tubercle- 
bacillus such diseases as scrofula, lupus vulgaris, 
Pott's disease, many forms of chronic joint-disease, 
and the anatomic tubercle have been proved to be 
tuberculous in nature. The most frequent seats of 
tuberculosis are the lung, the intestinal tract, the 
lymphatic glands, the serous membranes, the bones, 
the skin, the testicle, the epididymis, the brain, the 
Fallopian tubes, the uterus, the spleen. Tuberculosis 
is very frequent in the lower animals, attacking especi- 
ally the domestic herbivora and fowls and wild 
animals kept in captivity. In cattle the lesions take 
the form of nodes and conglomerates, which, on 
serous membranes, may be pedunculated (pearl- 
disease). Histologically there is in bovine tubercu- 
losis a greater tendency to the formation of fibrous 
tissue than in the human form. The symptoms of 
tuberculosis vary with the localization of the disease. 
A few general phenomena are common to nearly all 
forms, viz. : emaciation, loss of strength, anemia, 
fever, and sweats. Amyloid degeneration may occur 
in various organs in cases of the disease associated 
with prolonged suppuration. In the diagnosis of 
tuberculosis the demonstration of the presence of the 
bacillus is of the highest importance. T., Acute 
Miliary, an acute, febrile disease, characterized by the 
formation of minute tubercles in great numbers in 
various parts of the body. It is due to the discharge 
into the circulatory stream of the constituent elements 
of some tuberculous focus, scattering the bacilli through- 
out the system. Three forms are usually described : 
I. A general or typhoid form 2. One with marked 
pulmonary symptoms. 3. One in which cerebral 
symptoms predominate. T., Anatomic. SeeTubercle, 
Anatomic. T., Avian, tuberculosis affecting birds. 
T., Bovine, tuberculosis as it occurs in cattle ; pearl- 
disease. See Tuberculosis. T., Cerebral : I. Tuber- 
culous meningitis. 2. Tuberculosis of the brain itself. 
T. cutis, tuberculosis of the skin ; lupus vulgaris is 
the most common form. T., General Miliary. See 
T. , Acute Miliary. T., Hematogenous {of the lung), 
this may be a miliary tuberculosis, affecting both lungs 
or a greater portion of one only, or it may be a localized 
tuberculosis, characterized by the appearance of tuber- 
cles in a limited area of the lung. T., Inoculated, 
tuberculosis caused by direct inoculation of tuberculous 
material. T., Intestinal, tuberculosis affecting the 
intestinal tract. T., Laryngeal, tuberculosis of the 
larynx. It is usually secondary to tuberculosis of the 
lungs, but in rare cases appears to be primary. T., 
Latent. See under Tuberculosis. T., Meningeal, 
tuberculosis of the cerebral or spinal meninges. The 
tubercles are scattered along the course of the blood- 
vessels. T., Miliary, tuberculosis characterized by the 
deposit of miliary tubercles in the viscera. T., Para- 
sitic, tubercular growths produced by parasitic nema- 
todes. T., Pseudo, a disease producing lesions similar 
to those of tuberculosis, but due to a pleomorphic or- 
ganism, the Cladothrix asteroides (Eppinger). T., 



Pulmonary, tuberculosis of the lungs. T., Renal, 
tuberculosis of the kidney. T., Surgical, tuberculosis 
of parts amenable to surgical treatment. T., Urogeni- 
tal, tuberculosis, apparently primary, of the genito- 
urinary tract. T. verrucosa cutis. See Verruca necro- 
genica. T. zoogloeica, also known as pseudo-tuber- 
culosis. A disease of guinea-pigs, rabbits, lambs, and 
horses, which is characterized by cheesy nodules. The 
cause is a pleomorphic bacillus forming zooglea masses. 

Tuberculous (tu-bur'-ku-lus) [tuberculum, tubercle]. 
Affected with, or pertaining to, a tubercle. Caused 
by the bacillus tuberculosis. T. Disease of the 
Foot. See Toot, Tungus. 

Tuberculum [tu-bur' -ku-luvi) [L.]. See Tubercle. T. 
sebaceum. See Milium. 

Tuberculus (tu-bur'-ku-lus) \_tuberculum, tubercle]. 
In entomology, a supplementary eye. 

Tuberiferous (tu-ber-if'-er-us) \_tuber, a tuber ; ferre, 
to bear]. Producing tubers. 

Tuberiform (tu' - ber - if - orvi) [tuber, tuber; forma, 
form]. Tuber-shaped. 

Tuberoid (tu'-ber-oid) [tuber, a swelling; eldog, like]. 
Resembling a tuber. 

Tuberose (tu'-bcr-oz). See Tuberous. 

Tuberosity (tu - ber - os'- it - e) [tuber, a swelling] . In 
anatomy, any protuberance of a bone or process. T., 
Greater (of the humerus'), a rough projection on the 
outer side of the head of the humerus. T. of the Isch- 
ium, a thick, downward projection of the ischium, on 
which the body rests when in a sitting posture. T., 
Lesser (of the humerus), a small tuberosity in front 
of the head and on the inner side of the bicipital 
groove of the humerus. T., Maxillary, a rounded 
eminence at the lower part of the zygomatic surface of 
the superior maxillary bone, especially prominent after 
the growth of the wisdom-teeth. Ts. of the Os 
calcis, two prominences, an external and an internal, 
on the posterior inferior aspect of the os calcis. T. of 
the Palate Bone, a pyramidal process at the lower part 
of the posterior border of the external surface of the 
palate bone. T. of the Radius, a rough eminence 
at the inner and anterior aspect of the bone just beneath 
the neck. 

Tuberous (lu'-ber-us) [tuberosus, like a tuber] . Char- 
acterized by the presence of tuberosities, as e. g. , a 
tuberous angioma. 

Tubicolous (tu - bik'-o - lus) [tuba, tube ; colere, to in- 
habit]. In biology, inhabiting a tube. 

Tubifacient (tu - be -fa''- shent) [tuba, a tube ; facere, 
to make]. In biology, tube-forming, as certain polyps 
and worms. 

Tubiferous (tu - bif - er - us) [tuba, a. tube; ferre, to 
bear]. Bearing or having tubes. 

Tubiflorous (tu-be-flo' -rus) [tuba, tube ; flos, flower]. 
In biology, having tubular flowers. 

Tubiform (tu'-be-form) [tuba, a tube; forma, form]. 
Trumpet-shaped ; also, tubciform. 

Tubilingual (tube-ling' -gwal) [tuba, tube; lingua, 
tongue]. In biology, having a tubular tongue. 

Tubinarial (tu-be-na'-re-al) [tuba, tube ; nares, nose]. 
Having tubular nares. 

Tubiparous (tu-bip' -ar-us) [tuba, tube; pawe, to pro- 
duce]. Producing tubes or tubules. 

Tubo-abdominal (lu-bo-ab-dom'-in-al) [tuba, a. tube; 
abdomen, abdomen]. Pertaining to an oviduct and to 
the abdomen. T. Pregnancy, one that begins in the 
tube, but that finally becomes abdominal. 

Tubo-ovarian (tu- bo- o-vaf-re - an) [tuba, a tube; 
ovaritis, an ovary]. Pertaining conjointly to the Fal- 
lopian tubes and the ovaries. T. Pregnancy, an extra- 
uterine pregnancy in which the ovum develops between 
the fimbrioe of the oviduct and the ovary. 



TUBO-UTERINE 



1555 



TUMOR 



Tubo-uterine [tuba, tube ; uterus, uterus]. Pertaining 
to the oviduct and the uterus. T. Pregnancy, a form 
of tubal pregnancy in which the ovule develops in the 
uterine wall, a portion of the sac often projecting into 
the uterus, and having on the outer side the round 
ligament and the greater portion of the tube. Also 
known as interstitial pregnancy. 

Tubular [tu'-bu-lar\ [tubulus, a small tube]. I. Per- 
taining to or having the form of a tubulus. 2. Applied 
to a sound heard on auscultating the chest, and re- 
sembling a current of air passing through a tube. 3. 
Nearly cylindric and hollow, like a tube, as a tubular 
corolla or calyx. T. Adenoma, an adenoma after the 
type of tubular glands. T. Breathing. Synonym 
of Breathing, Bronchial. T. Epithelioma, a carcin- 
oma found in the salivary glands composed of 
irregular cells, the cell-masses extending in tubes or 
cylindric plugs in various directions. Pearly bodies 
are also present. T. Gland, a secreting gland tube- 
like or cylindric in shape. There are three varieties 
— the simple, the compound, and the modified or coiled 
tubular gland. In a special sense the term tubular 
glands is used to designate the enteric glands or fol- 
licles of Lieberkuhn. T. Looseness. Synonym of 
Membranous Enteritis. T. Membrane. See Neuri- 
lemma. T. Pneumonia. Synonym of Pneumonia, 
Lobular. T. Rale, one produced in a bronchial tube. 

Tubulate (tu'-bu-ldt) [tubulus, a small tube]. Formed 
like a tube. 

Tubule (tu'-bul) [tubulus, dim. of tubus, a tube]. A 
small tube. In anatomy, any minute, tube-shaped struc- 
ture. See also Tubulus. T., Communicating, or 
Junctional, that part of a uriniferous tubule between 
the distal convoluted, and the straight collecting tubule. 
T., Dentinal, the tubular structure of the teeth. T. 
of Ferrein. See Tube of Ferrein. 

Tubulicolous [tu-bu-lik' -o-lus) [tubulus, tubule ; colere, 
to inhabit]. Inhabiting a tubule. 

Tubuliferous (tu-bu-lif '-er-us) [tubulus, tubule ;ferre, 
to bear]. Having tubules, or tube-like ovipositors. 

Tubuliflorus (tu-bu-lif ' -lo-rus) [tubulus, a little tube ; 
f/os, flower]. In biology, having the heads composed 
of tubular flowers. 

Tubuliform (tu'-bu-lif-orm) [tubulus, tubule ; forma, 
form] . Shaped like a tubule. 

Tubulose (tic'-bu-loz). Same as Tubular. 

Tubulus (tu'-bu-lus) [tubulus, a small tube: pi., Tu- 
buli\. In biology : (a) a small, tube-like organ ; a 
tubule ; (b) the ovipositor of certain insects ; (c) see 
Cornu, Neck. T. lactiferi, the excretory ducts of 
the mammae, 15-20 in number. T. seminiferi, 
the tubular threads, arranged in fasciculi, which 
compose the substance of the testicle. They are 
lined with epithelium from which the spermatozoids 
develop and are about ^o inch in diameter. T. 
uriniferi, the urinary tubes of the kidneys. Beginning 
at the Malpighian capsules, each forms — 1st, a con- 
stricted neck ; 2d, a wide canal, called the proximal, 
or first convoluted tubule ; 3d, a spiral tube, called the 
spiral tubule of Schachowa ; 4th, the narrow, straight 
tube, called the descending- limb of Henle's loop ; 5th, 
the ascending limb of Henle's loop ; 6th, the irregular 
tubule ; 7th, the distal or second convoluted tubule; 
8th, the curved tubule ; 9th, the straight collecting 
tubule opening at the apex of a pyramid. 

Tubus (tu'-bus) [L. : pi, Tubi\. A tube. In biology, 
the basal portion of the labium of the bee. T. prox- 
imusconvolutus. See under Tubulus. 

Tufnell's Bandage. An immovable bandage stiffened 
with a paste of white of egg and flour. It is also 
called egg-and-fiour bandage. T.'s Diet or Treat- 
ment. See Diet. 



Tuft [ME., tuft, a tuft]. I. A rete ; a glomerulus. 
2. A fascicle of flowers or leaves. T., Malpighian. 
See Malpighian Bodies. 

Tulbaghia (tul-bag' -e-ah) [L.]. A genus of liliaceous 
plants, with the smell of garlic. The thick, fibrous 
roots of T. alliacea and T. cepacea are used in S. 
Africa in pulmonary tuberculosis and as a cure for 
worms. Unof. 

Tulip (tu'-lip) [tulipa, tulip]. A common European 
flowering-plant, Tulipa gesneriana L. It is a siala- 
gogue and cardiac poison. See Tulipin. Unof. T.- 
tree. See Liriodendron. 

Tulipin (tu'- lip - in) [tulipa, tulip] . An alkaloidal 
principle from the common tulip. It is strongly sialo- 
gogue, acts on the heart like veratrin, and on the spinal 
cord like scillitin or colchicin. Dose -g^-jo of a 
grain, in granules, or pills. Unof. 

Tuliy's Powder. See Morphina. 

Tulpius, Valve of. The ileocecal valve. 

Tumefacient (tu-me-fa'-shent) [tumefacere, to swell]. 
Swelling ; swollen. 

Tumefaction (tu - me - fak' '- shun) [tumere, to swell; 
facere, to make]. A swelling or enlargement of a 
part arising from any cause. 

Tumenol (tu'-men-ol) [bitumen ; oleum, oil]. A sul- 
phonated preparation of certain hydrocarbons. It may 
be used in three forms : I. Tumenol itself, a dark-brown 
or brownish-black liquid ; 2. Tumenol sulphone, an 
aromatic, syrupy liquid ; 3. Tumenol sulphonic acid, a 
black powder, soluble in water. A 10 per cent, tinc- 
ture is used in the itching dermatoses. Unof. 

Tumescence (tu-mes' -ens) [tumescere , to swell]. The 
state of growing tumid ; a swelling. 

Tumescent [tu - mes '- ent ) [tumescere, to become 
swollen]. Swelling or enlargement due' to absorption 
of moisture. 

Tumid (tu'-mid) [tumere, to swell]. Swollen. 

Tumidity (tu-mid'-it-e) [tumidus, swollen] . The state 
of being swollen. 

Tumor (tu'-mor) [tumere, to swell]. I. Any enlarge- 
ment or swelling of a part. 2. A new growth not the 
result of inflammation or hyperplasia. (See Tumors, 
Table of, p. 1558, etc.) A tumor is an atypical growth 
when it differs from the tissue in which it develops. 
True tumors are variously classified. The following 
classification is based, at least as regards classes A 
and B, on the blastodermic origin of the dominant 
tissue of the tumor. Many combinations occur — these 
are not given in the table, but will be found under 
their proper headings elsewhere. 



A. 



1. Sarcoma. 



2. Fibroma. 

3. Myxoma. 

4. Lipoma. 

5. Chondroma. 

6. Osteoma. 

7. Hemangioma. 



Mesodermic Tumors. 

Large. 



Round-cell. 



Spindle-cell. 

Giant-cell. 

Melanotic. 

Alveolar. 

Endothelioma. 

Angio-sarcoma. 

Cylindroma. 

Chloroma. 

Psammoma. 
f Hard. 
I Soft. 



f Hyaline. 
X Fibrous. 



Small. 

Lympho-sarooma. 

Large. 

Small. 



8. Lymphangioma, jc™^ 6 ' 

J Leiomyoma. 



f O. durum or O. eburneum. 
X O. spongiosum or O. medullare. 
I Telangiectatic. 
I Cavernous. 



9. Myoma. 



\ Rhabdomyoma. 



TUMOR 



1556 



TUNICIN 



B. ECTODERMIC AND ENTODERMIC TUMORS. 

Glioma. 

N. myelinicum. 
N. amyelinicum 

Adenoma. 



2. Neuroma. 



3. Epithelioma. 



• Carcinoma. 



Epithelial cystoma. 



f Tubular. 

\ Racemose. 

( Squamous. 

■< Cylindric. 

(. Glandular. 

I C. simplex, 

t C. papilliferum. 



C. Teratoid Tumors or Teratomata. 



1. Dermoid cysts. 

2. Cholesteatoma. 



T. albus, white swelling; tuberculous arthritis. T., 
Adenoid. Synonym of Adeno7>ia. T., Adipose. Syn- 
onym of Lipoma. T., Aneurysmal. Synonym of 
Aneurysm. T., Anthracoid. Synonym of T, Melan- 
otic. T., Benign, one which does not give a metastasis 
or recur after removal. T., Blood. Synonym of Hem- 
atoma. T., Connective-tissue, any tumor made up of 
connective tissue. The tumors of the connective-tissue 
class are sometimes termed Parablastomata. T., Cys- 
tic, a tumor containing cysts or cavities filled with fluid. 
Also a cyst forming a tumor. T., Dermoid, a dermoid 
cyst. T., Desmoid, a hard fibroma. T., Erectile, 
a tumor composed of blood-vessels, the filling of which 
causes the tumor to become swollen. T., Fatty, 
lipoma. T., Fibro-calcareous, a fibroma, the seat of 
calcareous infiltration. T., Fibro-cellular. Synonym 
of Fibroma, Soft. T., Fibro-cystic, a fibrous tumor 
containing cysts. T., Fibro-fatty, a fibro-lipoma. 
T., Fibro-muscular, a fibro-myoma. T., Fibro- 
nucleated. Synonym of Sarcoma, Spindle-cell. T., 
Fibro-plastic. Synonym of Sarcoma, Spindle-cell. T., 
Fibrous, a fibroma. T., Fibro-vascular, a telangiec- 
tatic fibroma. T., Floating, a tumor that changes its 
place in a cavity of the body, as the abdomen. T., Fol- 
licular, an atheroma. T., Fungating, a tumor prolif- 
erating actively on its surface ; usually applied to cysts, 
the lining wall of which is proliferating. T. gallicus. 
Synonym of Bubo. T., Gaseous, a tumor containing 
gas. T., Glandular, an adenoma. T., Gubler's, a 
prominence on the back of the wrist occasionally 
seen in lead-palsy. T., Gummatous, T., Gummous, 
T., Gummy, a syphilitic gumma. T., Hair, T., 
Hairy, a dermoid cyst containing hair. T., Heter- 
adenic, a hyaline cylindroma. T., Heterochronic, a 
tumor made up of tissue which is not normally found 
in the individual at the period of life at which the tumor 
occurs. T., Heteroplastic, a tumor differing from the 
tissue in which it grows. T., Heterotopic, a tumor 
growing in tissue differing from that of which it is com- 
posed. T., Homeomorphous. Synonym of T, 
Homeoplastic. T., Homeoplastic, a tumor resembling 
the tissue from which it grows. T., Homologous. 
Synonym of T, Homeoplastic. T., Horny, cornu 
cutaneum. T., Infectious Granulation-, a nodule 
or node, due to infection with a specific microorganism. 
T., Infiltrating, a tumor growing into the surrounding 
tissues. T., Innocent. Synonym of T., Benign. T., 
Irritable {of the breast), this maybe a painful adenoma 
or a painful subcutaneous tubercle. T., Lacteal, a 
galactocele. T., Lymph, a lymphangioma. T., Lym- 
phadenoid, a lymphadenoma. T., Malignant, one 
which gives metastasis or recurs, or does both, and 
eventually destroys life. T., Melanic, T., Melanotic, 
a tumor the seat of pigmentation by melanin. T., 
Mesoblastic, T., Mesodermic, a tumor developed 
from mesodermic tissue. T., Molluscous. Synonym 
of Molluscuin contagiosum. T., Movable, a tumor 
which can be moved about. T., Mucoid, T., Mu- 
cous-tissue, T., Mucous. Synonym of Myxoma. 



T., Muscular. Synonym of Myoma. T., Myelo- 
genic. Synonym of Sarcoma, Giant-cell. T., Mye- 
loid, one containing giant-cells. T., Myoid. Syn- 
onym of Leiomyoma. T., Nerve. Synonym of 
Neuroma. T., Osseous. Synonym of Osteoma. T., 
Osteoid, one in which bony tissue is developing. T., 
Papillary. Synonym of Papilloma. T., Pearl, T., 
Pearly. Synonym of Cholesteatoma. T., Pearly (of 
the iris), a small cystic tumor of the iris, containing a 
whitish, tallowy material. T., Perineal, the bulging 
of the perineum produced by the fetal head in child- 
birth. T., Phantom, an apparent abdominal tumor, 
due to flatus or contraction of a section of an abdom- 
inal muscle ; seen in hysterical persons. T., Pilo- 
cystic, a dermoid cyst containing hair. T., Recur- 
rent, one which returns after removal. T., Recur- 
rent Fibroid, a spindle-cell sarcoma. T., Scalp. 
Synonym of Caput succedaneum. T. of the Scalp, 
Cock's Peculiar, a fungating growth of the sebaceous 
glands of the scalp. T., Sebaceous, a tumor of a 
sebaceous -gland ; an atheroma T., Serocystic, a 
proliferation-cyst. T., Splenic, a term sometimes 
applied to an enlarged spleen. T., Stercoral, a 
tumor formed by impacted feces. T., Teratoid. 
Synonym of Teratoma. T., Vascular. Synonym 
of Angioma. T., Villous. Synonym of Papilloma. 
See Tumors, Table of, beginning on page 1558. 

Tumultus (tu-mul'-tus) [L.]. Tumult. T. sermo- 
nis. See Aphasia. 

Tungsten (tung'-sten) [S wed. ," heavy stone "]. A 
metal, symbol W, at. wt. 183. 5, having properties 
like those of uranium and molybdenum. Some of 
its compounds have been employed in medicine. 
They are now chiefly used as reagents. See Elements, 
Table of. 

Tunica (tu'-nik-ah) [L., a cloak: //. , Tunica~\. An 
enveloping or covering membrane. T. adventitia. 
See Artery. T. albuginea oculi, a tendinous mem 
brane of the sclerotic coat. T. albuginea ovi, the 
thin, compact, distinctly marked zone of connective 
tissue immediately under the epithelium of the cortex 
of the ovary. T. albuginea testis, the fibrous cover- 
ing of the testis. T. cellulosa. See T. submucosa. 
T. fibrosa, the external layer of the connective-tissue 
envelop of the Graafian follicle. T. fibrosa intestin- 
alis. See T. submucosa. T. granulosa, the layer 
of epithelial cells lining the follicle of the Graafian 
vesicle. T. intima. See Artery. T. media. See 
Artery, also T. uvea. T. mucosa, the mucous mem- 
brane of a part. T. muscularis, the muscular coat 
surrounding certain organs, as the intestine, the uterus, 
etc. T. nervosa. See T. sub-mucosa. T. propria, 
one of the layers of the Graafian follicle. T. re- 
flexa, the parietal portion of the tunica vaginalis. 
T. ruyschiana, a name given to the internal layer 
of the choroid coat of the eye, consisting of a plexus 
of capillary vessels. T. serosa, the serous coat of 
the small intestines. T. submucosa, the submucous 
areolar tissue of the small intestines and some 
other organs. T. uvea, the uveal tract of the eye, 
composed of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. T. 
vaginalis, a name given to the serous covering of 
the testis, and also to the membranous sac (capsule of 
Tenon) enveloping the eye. T. vasculosa, the vas- 
cular layer of the testis, called also the pia mater of 
the testis. See T. uvea. 

Tunicate (tu'-nik-at) [tunica, tunic]. In biology : I. 
Having coverings or coats. A bulb like that of the 
onion is tunicated. 2. An Ascidian. 

Tunicin (tu'-nis-in) [tunica, a coat]. Animal cellu- 
lose ; a carbohydrate constituting the chief part of the 
mantle of Tunicata (Ascidians). It is soluble in 



TUNICLE 



1557 



TYLOPHORA 



Schweitzer's reagent, and is colored blue by the addi- 
tion of iodin after preliminary treatment with sulphuric 
acid. 

Tunicle (tu'-nik-l) [lunicula, a tunicle]. A little 
tunic. 

Tuning-fork (tu'-ning-fork). A pronged, metallic in- 
strument capable of vibrating so as to form a certain 
definite note. 

Tunnel (tun' el) [ME., tonnell, tunnel]. A long pipe- 
like passage. T. -anemia. See Ankylostomiasis. T. 
of Corti. See Canal. T. -disease. See Caisson- 
disease. 

Tupelo (in'-pe-lo). See Nyssa and Tent. 

Turacin (tu'-ras-in) [African, turakoo~\. A crimson 
coloring-matter obtained from the feathers of the 
turakoo. It is slowly soluble in water, but easily solu- 
ble in alkaline fluids, and contains about 6 per cent. 
of copper. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Turacoverdin (tu-rak-o-ver'-din) [African, titrakoo ; 
viridis, green]. A green coloring-matter obtained 
from the feathers of certain birds. 

Turbid Pneumonia (tur' -bid nu-mo'-ne-ah). A term 
applied to the indistinct pneumonic symptoms follow- 
ing injections of tuberculin ; it is also called Injection- 
pneumonia. 

Turbinal (tur'- bin - al) [turbo, top]. A turbinated 
bone. 

Turbinate, Turbinated (tur' -bin -at, tur' -bin- a- ted) 
[turbo, a top]. Top-shaped. Scroll-like. T. Bones, 
the common name given to the three, sometimes four, 
bony projections upon the outer wall of each nasal 
fossa. The lowest of these, alone, is a separate bone. 

Tiirck, Column of. See Column. T., Fasciculus of. 
See Fasciculus. 

Turf. See Coal. 

Turgescence (tur - jes' - ens) [turgescere, to become 
swelled]. The swelling or enlargement of an organ 
or part, from any cause whatsoever. 

Turgid (tur'-jid) [turgidus, swollen]. Swollen, con- 
gested. 

Turgidity, Turgidness (tur-jid'-it-e, tur'-jid-nes). See 
Turgescence. 

Turicatas (tur-ik'-a-tas) [Mex.]. The popular Mexi- 
can name for the parasitic mite, Argas turicata, Duges. 
See under Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Turio (tu'-re-o) [turio, a shoot : pi. , Turiones"]. A 
strong, young shoot, or sucker, springing out of the 
ground. 

Turkey (tur'-ke) [F., Turquie, Turkey, because it was 
thought to have originally come from Turkey]. An 
American gallinaceous bird of the genus Meleagris. 
T. Corn. See Corydalis. T.-red. Same as 
Madder. T.-red Oil, two entirely distinct oils are 
known under this name. One is simply an inferior 
grade of olive-oil, known as " Gallipoli oil," prepared 
from somewhat unripe olives, and containing a large 
proportion of extractive matters, hence easily becoming 
rancid. It is used in the old process of Turkey-red dye- 
ing, under the name huile tournante. The other, used 
for producing alizarin-reds by the quick process, is the 
ammonium salt of sulpho-ricinoleic acid (C, a H„,- 
(HS0 3 )0 3 ). 

Turkish (tur'-kish). Pertaining to Turkey or the Turks. 
T. Bath. See Bath. T. Saddle. See Sella 
turcica. 

Turmeric (tur'-mer-ik) [turmerica, turmeric]. The 
rhizome of Curcuma longa, an aromatic and stimulant. 
The coloring-matter is used as a test for soluble salts 
of boron. Dose of fid. ext. tTLxv-^j. T. -paper, 
unsized white paper steeped in tincture of turmeric 
and dried by exposure to the air. A test for alkaline 
solutions, which give a reddish-brown coloration. See 



Curcuma and Cucurmin. T., Tinct. (B.P.), used to 

make turmeric paper. 
Turn [ME., turnen, to turn]. To cause to revolve 

about an axis. T. of Life. See Afenopause. 
Turnbull's Blue. Same as Berlin Blue. 
Turner's Cerate. The ceratum calamine or ointment 

of calamin (20 per cent.). T.'s Yellow. Same as 

Cassel Yellow. 
Turnera (tur'-ner-ah). See Damiana. 
Turnesol Rag. Same as Bezette. 
Turning (turn' '-ing) [ME., turnen, to turn]. I. See 

Version. 
Turnip (tur' -nip) [ME., turn, something round ; nepe, 

a turnip]. The thick, fleshy root of the plant Brassica 

rapa (Linna:us). T. Braxy. See Braxy. T., 

Indian. See Dragon-root. 
Turpentine (tur' - pen - tin) . See Terebinthina. T.- 

tree. See Terebinth. 
Turpeth (tur'-peth) [ME., turbyte, a purgative root]. 

The root of Ipomcea turpethitm, a purgative plant, much 

resembling jalap, found in Asia and Australia. Unof. 

T. Mineral. See Hydrargyrum. 
Turps [ME., turbentyne, turpentine]. The trade-name 

for oil of turpentine. 
Turtle (tur'-ll) [a corruption of tortoise"]. A tortoise; 

a member of the Testudinata. T.-back Nail. See 

Nail. T.-lung. See Bronchiectasis. 
Turunda, Turundula (tu-run'-dah, tu-run'-du-lah) 

[L. : //., Turunda, Turu?idulce~\. A surgical tent. 
Tussal (tus'-al) [tussis, cough]. Pertaining to or of the 

nature of a cough. 
Tussilago (lus - il - a'-go) [gen., Tussilaginis~\. See 

Coltsfoot. 
Tussis (tits'- is) [L.]. A cough. T. convulsiva, 

T. ferina, T. quinta, T. stomachalis, T. strangu- 

lans. Synonyms of Whooping-cough. 
Tussive (tits'- iv) [tussis, cough]. Pertaining to or 

caused by cough. T. Fremitus. See Fremitus. 
Tutamen (tu-ta' -men) [L., defense: pl.,Tutamina\ A 

defense or protection. Tutamina cerebri, the skull 

and meninges of the brain. T. oculi.the appendages 

of the eyes — the lids, brows, lashes, etc. 
Tutsan (tut'- san) [totus, all ; sanus, well] . See St. 

John 's Wort. 
Twang [ME., twangue\ A personal quality of the voice, 

usually nasal. 
Tweenbrain (twin' -bran). See Diencephalon, and In- 

terbrain. 
Tweezers (twe'-zers). See Volsella. 
Twin (twin) [ME., twin, twins]. One of two persons 

born at the same birth. T. Leaf, the rhizome and 

rootlets of Jeffersonia diphylla. It is diuretic, altera- 
tive, and antispasmodic, and in large doses emetic. 

Dose of the fld. ext. Tr^ xx-gj. Unof. See, also, 

Jeffersonia diphylla. 
Twist, Aberdeen. A variety of acupressure in which 

the pin is given a half or a quarter rotation before fixing 

it in the tissues on the side of the artery opposite to the 

point of insertion of the pin. 
Twitch (twich) [ME., twicchen, to twitch]. To give a 

short, sudden pull or jerk. See, also, Uvular Twitch. 

T. -grass, Triticum repens. See Triticum. 
Twitches (twich'-es). See Palmus. 
Twitching (twich'-ing) [ME., twicchen, to twitch]. 

An irregular spasm of a minor extent. 
Twixt-Brain (twikst'-bran). See Interbrain. 
Tyloma (ti-lo'-mah) [-{ikuyta, callus: //. , Tylomata\ 

See Callosilas. 
Tylophora (ti- loff' - - rah) [rvlor, knob; <f>epeiv, to 

bear]. A genus of asclepiadaceous old-world plants. 

T. asthmatica is used as a substitute for ipecac. 

Unof. 



TUMORS 1558 TUMORS 

TABLE OF TUMORS. 



Name. 


Histologic Constituents. 


Physical Manifestations. 


Appearance of Sec- 
tion. 


Size. 


Adenoma. 










I. Acinous. 




1. Acinous. 




1. Acinous. 




Acini lined with spheroidal epithelium, 


Firm, rather hard consistence ; 


Gray or yellowish- 


Cherry or 




with varying amount of connective 


inelastic ; lobulated ; light-gray 


white; of variable 


walnut; 




tissue, as in a normal gland. 


or slightly yellow color; mov- 


density ; often inter- 


in the 






able; encapsulated; generally 


mingled with cysts. 


breast ; 






single ; rounded ; when on 




large. 






mucous surfaces, fiat and irregu- 
lar. 
2. Tubular. 






2. Tubular. 






2. Tubular. 




Tubules lined with cylindrical epithe- 


Soft ; frequently pedunculated ; 




Small. 




lium. 


grayish-white or reddish color; 
translucent. 






Angioma. 










I. Telangiec- 


1. Telangiectatic. 


1 . Telangiectatic. 






tatic. 


Dilated blood-vessels. 


Surface often covered with small, 


Red color ; affecting in 


Patch on 






granular elevations, resembling 


part the corium ; in 


the skin 






a strawberry ; often well cir- 


part the subcutane- 


the size 






cumscribed. 


ous adipose tissue. 


of a mil- 
le t-seed 
to sever- 
al inches 


2. Cavernous. 


2. Cavernous. 


2. Cavernous. 




in extent. 




Spaces lined with endothelial cells 


Soft, doughy; non- pulsating ; 
leaden or blue color. 




2. Cavern- 




and filled with blood, like corpora 




ous. 




cavernosa of penis. 






Usually 










small. 


Carcinoma. 










I. Scirrhous 




1. Scirrhous. 


1. Scirrhous. 


1. Scir- 


(hard, sphe- 




Hard, irregular, tuberous ; ad- 


Firm; white; often 


rhous. 


roidai- 




herent to surrounding tissues; 


traversed by fibrous 


Moderate. 


celled). 




ulcerated. Non-encapsulated. 
Ulcer. — Irregular in outline and 
depth ; margins hard, nodular, 
everted. 


septa ; creaking 
under the knife; 
cupped. Scraping 
exposes a milky 
fluid, the so-called 
"cancer-juice." 




2. Encephaloid 




2. Encephaloid. 


2. Encephaloid. 


2. Encepha- 


(soft, sphe- 


Large epithelial cells containing one 


Soft, globular, or bossellated ; 


Resembles brain-tissue. 


loid. 


r o i dal- 


or more nuclei, without visible inter- 


elastic, compressible ; fluctuat- 




Consider- 


celled). 


cellular matrix, grouped into acini 
{cancer-nests). Vessels have walls of 
normal thickness and constitution, 
and ramify in the stroma, and not 
among the cells themselves. 


ing; non-encapsulated. 




able. 


3. Colloid 




3. Colloid (usually mucoid). 


3. Colloid. 


3. Colloid. 


(probably a 
degenera- 


Three varieties are described histo- 


Soft ; jelly-like ; contains mucoid 


Amorphous ; jelly-like. 


Large or 


logically: (a) squamous, made up of 


material ; semitrauslucent ; glis- 




small. 


tion of one 


squamous or flat epithelium; (b) 


tening ; at places diffluent. 






of the pre- 


cylindrical, containing columnar 








ceding vari- 


cells ; (c) glandular, composed large- 








eties). 


ly of polyhedral cells, like those of 
secreting glands. 








Chloroma. 


A form of round-celled sarcoma 
(which see) . 


Small nodules. 


Greenish or dirty color 
on section. 


Small. 


Choi es t e a- 


Concentric layers formed of flat cells 


Solitary or multiple nodules or 


Shining, glistening. 


Small. 


toma. 


of an epithelial character, arranged 
in whorls enclosing cholesterin 
plates. Belongs probably to the 
Teratomata from the occurrence in 
it of sebaceous glands, hair-follicles, 
etc. 


nodes. 







TUMORS 



1559 



TUMORS 



TABLE OF TUMORS. 



Seats of Predilection. 



Degenera- 
tion to which 
Subject. 



Age. 



Growth. 



Naturh. 



Fre- 
quency. 



Illustrations. 
{From Ziegler and Woodhead.) 



i. Acinous. 

Mamma, lip, ovary, testis, Mucous. 

prostate, thyreoid, parotid, Fatty. 

lacrymal gland, sudorifer- i Colloid. 

ous and sebaceous glands. Cystic. 



2. Tubular. 

Rectum and other portions of 
intestines; uterus. 



Young 
adults. 



Slow. 



i. Telangiectatic. 
Skin, mucous membrane, 
brain, bones, and mamma. 



2. Cavernous. 

Liver, kidney, spleen, uterus, 
bones, muscle. 



(Illustrated). 



Usually 

con- 
genital 



Usually 
slow. 



Benign ; the 
flat ade- 
noma may 
become 
malignant. 



Rare. 



Benign. 



Common. 





i. Scirrhous. 

Mamma; alimentary tract 
(especially the pyloric end 
of stomach) ; glands of the 
skin (rare) ; rectum ; uterus. 



Horny. 
Fatty. 
Cystic. 
Colloid. 
Mucoid. 
Hyaline. 
Caseous. 
Pigmentary. 
Ulcerative. 
Calcareous 
(rare). 



Adults 
past 40 
years 
of age. 



Slow, but 
may be 
rapid. 



2. Encephaloid. 
Testicle ; ovary ; mucous 
membranes. 



Malignant. 
Metastasis 
takes place 
by means 
of the lym- 
ph a tics, 
but carci- 
n om a of 
the stom- 
ach and 
intestines 
invades 
the liver 
by the por- 
tal blood- 
paths. 



Common. 



3. Colloid. 

Stomach ; intestine ; ovary ; 
mamma; thyreoid. 



( The illustration is of Myxo- 
matous Carcinoma). 




Periosteum of skull. 



Fatty. 



Young 
adults. 



Rapid. 



Malignant. 



Rare. 



Same as Round-celled Sarcoma. 



Brain and meninges. 



Non- malig- 
nant. 



Rare. 



TUMORS 1560 

TABLE OF TUMORS— Continued. 



TUMORS 



Name. 


Histologic Constituents. 


Physical Manifestations. 


Appearance of Sec- 
tion. 


Size. 


Chondroma. 


Hyaline or fibro-cartilage, with few 


Hard ; elastic ; nodular or tabu- 


Homogeneous or 


Small if 


(Enc hond - 


blood-vessels. The cells are ar- 


lated, sometimes smooth ; round; 


coarsely granular; 


multiple; 


rorna) 


ranged irregularly and have irregu- 


encapsulated ; usually single, 


translucent ; bluish- 


large if 




lar shapes, many being stellate or 


but may be multiple and sym- 


gray or pinkish- 


single. 




spindle-shaped. 


metric. 


white ; often marked 
by connective-tissue 
septa. 




Dermoid Cyst. 


See page 1564. 








Endothelioma 


Multiplication of endothelial cells 


Circumscribed or extensive flat 




Small nod- 




lining lymph-passages. A variety 


growths, spreading over the ser- 




ules or 




of sarcoma. Large, round cells con- 


ous membranes ; white in color. 




exten- 




taining one or two nuclei. Resem- 






sive infil- 




bles epithelial new-growths. 






tration. 


Epithelioma. 










I. Squamous. 






1. Squamous. 






Composed of pegs or columns of 


Dense; inelastic; non- encapsu- 


White; dense; homo- 






cuboidal epithelial cells which first 


lated ; ulcerated ; edges of ulcer 


geneous ; poor in 






infiltrate the subjacent connective 


indurated. 


juice; when scraped 






tissue, then every underlying struc- 




a gruel-like material 






ture, including bone, in their track. 




is obtained, which 






These ingrowths contain the cell- 




consists of plugs of 






nests, epidermal pearls, or pearly 




cells and individual 






bodies. 




cells. 




2. Cylindric- 






2. Cylindrical. 




celled or 


Originates either from the cylindric 


Soft, infiltrating masses or nodes, 


Soft, juicy; gelatinous 
if mucoid or colloid. 




columnar- 


surface-epithelium of a mucous 


or papillomatous growths. 




celled. 


membrane, or from that of glands 
lined by columnar epithelium. Con- 
tains no "cell-nests." Consists of al- 
veoli containing cylindric cells at the 
periphery, and irregular cells in the 
center. Presents the character of 
adeno-carcinoma. 








Fibroma. 












1. Hard. 


1. Hard. 


1. Hard. 






White, fibrous tissue, consisting of 


Ovoidal or spherical ; lobulated ; 


Smooth, glistening, 


From a 




fibers and few connective-tissue cor- 


nodular or bossellated ; pedun- 


firm ; grayish-white 


grain of 




puscles ; blood-vessels few. 


culated or sessile ; firm, elastic ; 
encapsulated; glistening white, 
yellowish, or slightly red color ; 
unattached to overlying tissues ; 
single or multiple. 


color. 


shot to 

fetal 
h e a d or 

much 
larger. 




2. Soft. 


2. Soft. 


2. Soft. 






Few fibers, many cells. 


Soft, compressible ; sessile or pen- 
dulous ; single or multiple; en- 
capsulated. 


Moist, not so glisten- 
ing; more reddish. 




Glioma. 


Round cells, with large nuclei, em- 


Soft, gelatinous, glue-like tumor; 


Like brain-tissue, but 


Small, 




bedded in a scanty, granular, inter- 


not distinctly outlined ; some- 


usually a little harder 


rarely 




cellular substance. After the type 


what translucent. Usually 


and more reddish in 


larger 




of the neuroglia of the brain. 


single. 


color. 


than a 
fist. 



TUMORS 1561 

TABLE OF TUMORS— Continued. 



TUMORS 



Seats of Predilection. 



Degenera- 

tiontowhich 
Subject. 



Age. 



Growth. 



Nature. 



Fre- 
quency. 



Illustrations. 
{From Zieglcr and IVoodhcad.) 



The bones, especially on or in 
the phalanges; scapula, ili- 
um, upper jaw ; subcutane- 
ous tissue; salivary 
§ lands (parotid) ; testicle ; 
ronchial cartilages. 



Fatty. 
Mucoid. 
Calcareous. 
Cystic. 



Usually 
in the 
young. 



Slow or 
rapid. 



Pleura and peritoneum ; mem- 
branes of brain. 



Benign ; may 
assum e 
malignant 
character- 
istics. 



Comr, 



••'•;•','■*»- 



Km*®** 



m I 



* * 






Young 
adults. 



Rapid. 



Malignant. 



Very rare. 




I, Squamous. 

Nose, lower lip, penis, scro- 
tum, vulva, anus, tongue, 
gums, palate, tonsils, larynx, 
pharynx, esophagus, blad- 
der, os uteri, hands and feet 
(rare). 



Horny. 

Ulceration. 



After 
40. 



Slow or 
rapid .ac- 
cording 
to situa- 
tion. 



Malignant. 
Late metas- 
tasis. 



Common. 



;1*III1I 




2. Cylindrical. 

Stomach; intestinal tract; 
uterus ; gall-bladder, biliary 
passages; respiratory tract. 



Mucoid. 
Colloid. 



In uter- 
us be- 
fore 40. 



Vari es 
in its 
rapidity. 



Malignant. 
Late metas- 
tasis. 



Quite com- 
mon, es- 
pecially 
in diges- 
tive tract, 










^^Sl^fS^^^^^"^ 



mm 



Uterus ; periosteum ; ovary ; 
labium majus; mamma; 
testicle ; tendons; aponeuro- 
sis; neurilemma of nerves; 
around articulations ; sub- 
cutaneous tissue ; rectum. 



Ulceration. 
Calcification. 
Myxomatous. 
Fatty. 

Tel angiec- 
tatic. 



Chiefly 

in 
adults 
from 
351055 
years 
of age. 



Slow. 



Benign. 



Very com- 
mon. 




_>. Ah" i 



Brain ; retina ; spinal cord ; op- 
tic and auditory nerves; su- 
prarenal capsules. 



Mucoid. 
Fatty. 
Calcareous. 
Telangiec- 
tatic. 



Partic- 
ularly 
in chil 
dren. 



Slow. 



Benign, ex- 
cept in the 
eye, where 
it is usual- 
1 y com- 
bined with 



Rare. 




TUMORS 1562 TUMORS 

TABLE OF TUMORS-fo«/i«arf. 



Name. 


Histologic Constituents. 


Physical Manifestations. 


Appearance of Sec- 
tion. 


Size. 


Lipoma. 


Adipose tissue (fat-vesicles larger than 
normal) bound together by delicate 
connective tissue. 


Circumscribed; lobulated, soft, 
doughy, pseudo-fluctuating, in- 
elastic ; attached to the skin — 
hence dimpled ; ovoidal, spheri- 
cal, or flattened ; occasionally 
pedunculated; usually sur- 
rounded by a thin capsule ; usu- 
ally single ; when multiple, usu- 
ally hereditary. 


Like adipose tissue. 


From size 
of hick- 
ory-nut 
to very 
large 
size. 


Lymphangi- 
oma. 


Aggregation of dilated lymphatic ves- 
sels and lymph-spaces supported by 
connective tissue. 


Soft, doughy, transparent sacs or 
vesicles, filled with lymph ; often 
feels like a series of tangled 
cords. 




From a 
cherry 
to fetal 
head. 


Ly mpho-sar- 
coma. 


Hyperplasia of the lymphoid cells of 
the lymphatic glands. 


Glands for a time preserve their 
shape, but soon extends to 
neighboring tissues. 




Large. 


Myoma. 

1. Leiomyoma. 

2. Rhabdomy- 
oma. 


Smooth, non-striated, muscular fibers, 
such as occur in the uterus, with 
varying quantities of fibrous tissue ; 
few blood-vessels. The fibers are 
composed of spindle-shaped cells 
containing large, rod-shaped nuclei. 

Striated muscular fibers, often unde- 
veloped, being spindle-shaped, and 
associated with sarcomatous tissue. 


Rounded or pyriform, well-circum- 
scribed ; hard ; firm ; smooth or 
nodular ; white or flesh-colored ; 
encapsulated or non-encapsu- 
lated ; often multiple. 

Large roundish masses or small 
nodules. 


A striated appearance 
as in the fibroma. 


Often quite 
large. 

Very large 
if in kid- 
ney;small 
in heart. 


Myxoma. 


Delicate network of stellate cells en- 
closing a mucoid intercellular sub- 
stance. Type — Wharton's jelly ; 
vitreous humor. 


Round or lobular ; soft, gelatinous ; 
semi-translucent ; encapsulated ; 
elastic ; may be fluctuating. 


Pinkish or yellowish- 
gray, exuding a 
glairy fluid, or a 
trembling, gelatinous 
mass. 


Usually 
small. 


Neuroma. 


Medullated or non-medullated nerve- 
fibers. Very rarely may contain 
ganglionic cells; usually combined 
with fibrous tissues. 


Spheric, ovoid, oblong, or bul- 
bous; sometimes plexiform; 
firm ; painful on pressure ; few 
or many (even hundreds). 


Often resembles fibro- 
ma. 


Small. 


Osteoma. 


Osseous tissue (cancellous or compact 
bone). 


Hard ; often lobulated ; sometimes 
spheric ; may be spinous or 
spiculated : pedunculated or 
sessile; usually single ; maybe 
multiple and symmetric. 


Like bone-tissue. 


Vari able : 
grain of 
coffee to 
cocoanut. 


Papilloma. 


Hypertrophied papillae of the skin ; 
varying amount of connective tissue 
surrounding two or more central 
blood-vessels, and covered by seve- 
ral layers of epithelial cells. 


Circumscribed; hard (on the 
skin) • soft (on mucous mem- 
brane) ; surface smooth, brush- 
like, or cauliflower-like ; single 
or multiple. 




Usually 
small; 
may b e 
large. 



TUMORS 1563 

TABLE OF TUMORS— Continued. 



TUMORS 



Seat of Predilection. 



Degenera- 
tion to which 
Subject. 



Age. 



Growth 



Nature. 



Fre- 
quency. 



Illustrations. 
{From Ziegler and Woodhead.) 



Back of neck ; shoulders ; back : 
nates; inside of arm and 
thigh ; submucous and sub- 
serous connective-tissue. 



Calcareous. 
Myxomatous. 
Cystic. 

Inflammation. 
Ulceration 
(rare). 



Chiefly 
during 
adult 
life. 



Slow. 



Benign. 



Very com- 
mon. 




Posterior and inner surfaces 
of thigh; genitals; anterior 
abdominal wall, neck, nates, 
axillae, groin, penis, tongue, 
cheeks, lip, liver, kidney. 



Usually 

con- 
genital. 



Slow. 



Benign. 



Rare. 



Neck, groin, axilla, medi- 
astinum, etc. 



Young 
adults. 



Rapid. 



Very malig- 
nant. 



Rare. 




Uterus, esophagus, intestine, 
prostate, stomach. 



Calcareous. 
Fatty. 

Myxomatous. 
Cavernous. 



Kidney, ovary, 
tongue, heart. 



testicle: 



Mature 
or ad- 
vanced 
life. 



Con- 
genital. 



Slow. 



Rapid. 



Benign. 



Malignant in 
the seg- 
mental or- 
gans and 
kidney, 
ovary, tes- 
ticle when 
combined 
with sar- 
coma. 



Very com- 
mon. 



Rare. 




Nasal cavities ; mamma ; in- 
termuscular spaces ; sub- 
mucous and sub-serous tis- 
sues; back; thighs; lip; 
cheek; labia; clitoris; pre- 
puce; scrotum; axillae; 
parotid ; ear ; more rarely 
periosteum, bone, heart, 
and nerve-sheaths. 



Fatty. 
Ulceration. 
Telangiec- 
tatic. 



Any 
age; 
maybe 

con- 
genital. 



Slow. 



Benign. 



Common. 




Cut ends of nerves, as in 
stumps of amputation, on 
skin. 



Slow. 



Benign. 



Somewhat 
rare. 



Cranial bones, maxilla, 
orbit ; ends of phalanges ; 
juxta-epiphyseal portions of 
long bones (tibia, femur, 
humerus, etc.) ; dura mater ; 
muscle ; aponeurosis ; lungs. 



Con- 
genital 
or early 

life. 



Slow. 



Benign. 



Not com- 
mon. 



Skin of hands and genitalia ; 
larynx ; bladder ; rectum ; 
nose. 



At all 
ages. 



Slow or 
rapid. 



Benign. 



Common. 




TUMORS 1564 TUMORS 

TABLE OF TUMORS— Continued. 



Name. 


Histologic Constituents. 


Physical Manifestations. 


Appearance of Sec- 
tion. 


Size. 


Psammoma. 


A form of sarcoma (nest-celled). Con- 
nective tissue composed of flat, 
elongated cells of great size and in 
which are embedded gritty con- 
cretions that are composed of cal- 
cium carbonate. 


Hard, circumscribed ; light color. 


White; gritty on sec- 
tion. 


Small. 


Sarcoma 










I. Round- 










celled. 


Embryonic or immature connective 


Soft; vascular; whitish; some- 


Resembles brain-mat- 


Often very 




tissue. Blood-vessels without walls, 


what translucent; on pressure 


ter ; of a yellow, gray, 


large. 




or thin walled, ramifying among 


after some hours exudes a milky 


or brick-dust hue. 






the cells. Small or large round cells, 


fluid ; round or ovoid, or oblong. 








embedded in a small amount of 










granular or homogeneous intercel- 










lular substance. 








2. Spindle- 










celled. 


Cells varying much in size, spindle- 


Firm ; reddish ; does not exude 


Fibrous or flesh-like 


May be 




shaped, with long, fine, tapering 


milky fluid. Shape as foregoing. 


aspect; pinkish color. 


large. 




extremities, separated by very little 










intercellular substance. Often have 










a fibrous appearance (Recurrent 










Fibroid). 








3. Giant-celled 










(Myeloid.) 


Masses of protoplasm containing two 


Jelly-like consistence or firm, like 


Smooth, shining, suc- 


Large. 




or more nuclei — up to 20 or 50 — with 


muscle. Shape as foregoing. 


culent ; no appear- 






a varying amount of round and 




ance of fibrillation ; 






spindle cells. 




greenish or livid red 
or maroon color, 
varied by pink or 
darker red spots, due 
to extravasation of 
blood. 




4. Alveolar. 












Alveolar space filled with sarcoma 


Very vascular; soft. 




Small or 




cells ; the trabecular composed of 






large. 




spindle-cells. 








5. Melanotic. 












Sarcomata of various kinds in which 


Rounded, nodular, dark-colored 


Brownish or black. 


May be 




brownish or black pigment becomes 


tumors of varying size and con- 




large. 




deposited as amorphous granules 


sistency, usuaily hard. 








in the cells as well as the connective 










tissue and blood-vessel walls of the 










tumor. 








Dermoid Cyst. 


Cyst wall contains hair-follicles and 


Globular ; tense ; smooth ; freely 




May be 




sebaceous glands. Contents. — Dis- 


movable. 




large. 




intregating epithelial cells, hair, 










sebaceous matter, teeth, etc. 









TUMORS 1565 TUMORS 

TABLE OF TUMORS— Continued. 



Seat of Predilection. 



Membranes of brain, choroid 
plexus ; pineal gland; spinal 
cord ; nerves. 



Degenera- 
tion to WHICH 
Subject. 



Calcareous. 



Age. 



Early 
life. 



Growth 



Rapid. 



Nature. 



Malignant. 



Fre- 
quency. 



Rare. 



Illustrations. 
(From Ziegler and IVoodhcad.) 



Periosteum; bone; lymphatic 
glands ; subcutaneous tis- 
sue ; testicle ; eye ; ovary ; 
lungs; kidneys; intermus- 

• cular septa. 



Subcutaneous tissue ; fasciae 
and intermuscular septa; 
periosteum; interior of 
bones ; eye ; antrum ; breast ; 
testicle. 



Mucoid. 

Fatty. 

Ulceration. 

Calcareous. 

Ossification. 

Tel angiec- 

tatic. 
Cystic. 



As foregoing. 



Youth, 

or be- 

fo re 

35th 

year. 



Very 
rapid. 



As fore- 
going. 



Rapid. 



Malignant. 

Early metas- 
tasis. Dis- 
semination 
by the 
blood-ves- 
sels and 
not by the 
lymphatics. 



Malignant by 
recurrence. 



Common. 



Common. 



Lower and upper jaw ; lower 
end of femur ; head of tibia. 



Usually 

in 
adults 
over 40. 



Slow. 



Compara- 
tively b e- 
nign. Me- 
tastasis 
rare. 



Rarer than 
the pre- 
ced ing 
forms. 



Skin; eye; bone; lymphatic 
glands, pia mater of brain. 
Often springs from warts. 



In the 
young. 



Rapid. 



Malignant. 



Rare. 



Where pigment occurs nor- 
mally ; the eye and the skin, 
the pia ; secondarily, espe- 
cially in the liver. 



As other sar- 
comata 



As 
other 
sarco- 
mata. 



Usually 
rapid. 



Very malig- 
nant. 



Common. 







*<mm 








Outer angle of orbit ; over 
root of nose ; ovary ; testi- 
cle. 



Con- 
genita!. 1 



Slow. 



Benign. 



Common. 



TYLOSIS 



1566 



TYPHLO-ENTERITIS 



Tylosis (ti-lo'-sis) [riAoc, a callosity]. I. A form of 
blepharitis in which the lid-edge is thickened and 
hardened. See, also, Callositas. 2. In biology, a 
protuberance of the wall of a plant-cell through the 
pit in the wall of an adjacent duct. T. palmae vel 
palmaris, a synonym of callosity of the palm. T. 
plantse vel plantaris, a callosity occurring on the foot. 

Tylosteresis (ti-lo-ster-e'-sis) \rvkoq, knot ; arepeiv, to 
deprive]. Extirpation or removal of a callosity. 

Tylotic (ti-lot'-ik) [rbXoc, a knot]. Pertaining to, af- 
fected with, or of the nature of tylosis. 

Tylus (ti'-lus) [rvlog, a knob : pi. , Tyli~\. In biology, 
a median projection of the upper surface of the 
head of certain insects. 

Tympan (tim' -pan) [rhuKavov, a drum]. A tym- 
panum. 

Tympanal (tim'-pan-al). See Ring, Tympanic. 
T. Organs, peculiar sense-organs found in cer- 
tain insects (Saltatoria). They have long been 
universally regarded as auditory organs, although 
the animals continue to hear after their removal. 
See Chordotonal. 

Tympanic (tim - paii' - ik) [rbfinavov, a drum]. 
Pertaining to the tympanum. T. Bone, the 
thin roof or plate of bone separating the tym- 
panic and cranial cavities. T. Membrane. 
See Membrane. T. Orifice. See Orifice. T. 
Plate. See Plate. T. Resonance, tympan- 
itic resonance. T. Ring. See Ring. T. Teg- 
men, the bony plate forming the roof of the 
tympanum. 

Tympanichord (tim-pan' -ik-ord) [ rvfmavov, a 
drum; nopSt], a string]. The chorda tympani, 
a branch of the facial nerve. 

Tympanichordal (tim-pan-ik- or'-dal) \rvjx- 
navuv, a drum; x°P$y> a string]. Pertaining 
to the tympanichord. 

Tympanicity (tiiu-pan-is'-it-e)\TvfnTavov, drum]. 
The quality of being tympanic. 

Tympaniform ( tim' -pan - if- orm ) [rbfinavov, 
drum; forma, form]. Shaped like a tym- 
panum. 

Tympanism [tim' -pan-izm) [rvfinavov, drum]. 
Distention with gas ; tympanites. 

Tympanites (tim-pan-i' -tez) [rvfnravov, drum]. 
The symptom popularly known as " drum- 
belly," a distention of the abdominal walls 
caused by paralysis of the muscular coat of the intes- 
tines and their inflation with gas. T., Acute, that 
due to intestinal irritation. T. hysterica, enormous 
distention of the abdomen in hysteria. T. universalis, 
general emphysema. 

Tympanitic (tim -pan- it' -ik) [rb/nravov, drum]. I. 
Caused by, associated with, or exhibiting tympan- 
ites. 2. Applied to a percussion-note like that pro- 
duced by percussing a tympanitic abdomen. 

Tympanitis (tim-pan-i' -tis) \rvimavov, drum; trig, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the tympanum, or mid- 
dle ear. See Otitis media. 

Tympanodisc. The membrana tympani. 

Tympano-Eustachian (tim-pan-o-u sta'-ke-aji) [rvfiir- 
avov, drum; Enstachins, an anatomist]. Pertaining to 
the tympanum and the Eustachian tube. 

Tympano-hyal (tim-pan -o-hi'-al) [rb/nravov, drum ; 
i voenh'/g, hyoid]. A small cartilage of the human fetus 
subsequently fusing with its surroundings. 

Tympano-malleal (tim-pan- o-mal'-e-al) [rhfj-avov, 
drum ; malleus, hammer] . Pertaining to the tympanic 
bone and the malleus. 

Tympano-mandibular (tim -pan - o-man -dib' - u - lar) 
\_rl'/j.7ravov, drum ; mandible]. Pertaining to the tym- 
panum and the mandible. 



Tympano-occipital (tim-pan-o'-ok-sip' -it-al) [rbfinavov^. 
drum; occiput, occipital bone]. A small bone in 
relation with the exoccipital bone and the outer ear of a 
bird. 

Tympano-periotic (tim-pan-o-per-e-of -ik) [rb/nravov . 
drum; irepi, around; ovg, ear]. Consisting of a tym- 
panic bone united with the periotic bone proper. 

Tympano-squamosal (tim -pan - o - skwa - mo'- zal) 
[rbfnravov, drum ; squama, scale]. Common to the 
tympanic and the squamosal bone. 

Tympanum (tim' -pan-um) [rbfiiravov, drum]. The 
middle ear. The irregular cavity within the petrous 




Ear and Tympanum. 

Pinna, or auricle. 2. Concha. 3. External auditory canal. 4. Mem- 
brana tympani. 5. Incus. 6. Malleus. 7. Manubrium mallei. 8. 
Tensor tympani. 9. Tympanic cavity. 10. Eustachian tube. 11. 
Superior semicircular canal. 12. Posterior semicircular canal. 13. 
External semicircular canal. 14. Cochlea. 15. Internal auditory 
canal. 16. Facial nerve. 17. Large petrosal nerve. iS. Vestibular 
branch of auditory nerve. 19. Cochlear branch. 



portion of the temporal bone communicating with the 
phaiynx through the Eustachian tube. 

Tympany (tim'-pan-e). See Tympanites. 

Type (tip) [ri'/roc, a stamp]. Imprint; emblem; symbol; 
character. A normal average example. In pathology, 
the distinguishing features of a fever, disease, etc., 
whereby it is referred to its proper class. 

Typembryo (ti-pem' -bre-o) [tiittoc, type ; ijifipvov, em- 
bryo] . That stage or period in the development of an 
embryo when the characteristics of the main type to 
which it belongs are first discoverable. 

Typewriters' Backache. An occupation-neurosis ; it 
is said to be best guarded against by the use of a high 
seat and a footstool. 

Typhemia (ti-fe' -me-ali) [-i>0oc, smoke ; aifia, blood]. 
A depraved state of the blood following typhus. 

Typhia (ti'-fe-ali). See Fever, Typhoid. 

Typhinia (ti-fin' -e-ah). Synonym of Relapsing Fever. 

Typhlitic (tif-lit'-ik) \jv§\6q, the cecum ; ing, inflam- 
mation]. Pertaining to, affected with, or of the nature 
of typhlitis. 

Typhlitis (tifli'-tis) [ri'</>?<5c, cecum ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the cecum. T. stercoralis, 
typhlitis due to constipation. 

Typhlo-enteritis (tif-lo-en-ter-i'-tis). See Typhlitis. 



TYPHLOSOLAR 



1567 



TYSON 



Typhlosolar (tifloso'-lar) [riNpAdc , cecum ; auki/v, a 
tube]. Pertaining to a typhlosole. 

Typhlosole (tif'-losol) [rvfXog, cecum ; auh'/v, tube, 
pipe]. In biology, a tube lying in the dorsal middle 
line of the intestine of certain worms [Lumbricidcs). 
It is open longitudinally toward the body-cavity, and is 
formed to increase the absorbing surface of the stomach- 
intestine by a longitudinal fold of its dorsal wall into 
the lumen of the gut. 

Typhlotomy (tif- lot' -o- me) [_Tv<j>X6g, cecum; ronfj, a 
cutting]. Division or section of the cecum. 

Typhogenic (ti-fo-jen'-ik) \_Tv<j>og, stupor; ysvvav, to 
produce] . Producing typhus. 

Typhoid (ti'-foid) \jvtyoc, stupor ; elSog, like]. Resem- 
bling typhus. T. Fever. See Fever. T. Spine, 
Gibney's term for a neurosis sometimes following 
typhoid fever, characterized by the production of acute 

' pains in the vertebral column on the slightest move- 
ment, whether lateral or forward, and the absence of 
any marked febrile disturbance or neuralgia. Gibney 
regarded the condition as a perispondylitis. T. State, 
the condition of stupor and hebetude, with dry, brown 
tongue, sordes on the teeth, rapid, feeble pulse, incon- 
tinence of feces and urine, and rapid wasting, seen in 
fully developed typhoid fever and other adynamic dis- 
eases. 

Typhoidal (ti-foi'-daT) [tinsoc, stupor; u&oq, like]. 
Resembling typhoid. 

Typhoidet, Typhoidette (ti-foi-def) [Fr.]. A mild or 
benign type of typhoid fever. 

Typho-malarial (ti'-fo-mal-a'-re-al) [rSpoc, stupor ; 
malar ia\ Applied to fevers exhibiting symptoms of 
both typhoid and malarial disorders. 

Typhomania (ti-fo-ma'-ne-ali) \_tv<j>oc, stupor; fiavia, 
madness]. The lethargic state, with accompanying 
delirium, sometimes observed in typhus. See, also, 
Perien ceph a lit is. 

Typhonia [ti-fo'-ne-ali). Same as Typhomania. 

Typhotoxin (ti -fo-toks'-in) [rixpac, stupor; to£ik6v, 
poison]. A ptomain discovered by Brieger, and be- 
lieved to be the special product of the Koch-Eberth 
typhoid-bacillus. It is isomeric with the base C v H n - 
NO,, obtained from putrefying horseflesh, but is very 
different in its properties, being strongly alkaline, 
while the latter base possesses a slightly acid reaction, 
and the physiologic effects of each are also different. 
Typhotoxin induces lethargy, paralysis, and death 
without convulsions, while the unnamed base produces 
strongly marked convulsive symptoms. After death 
from typhotoxin the heart is found to be contracted in 
systole. See Plomains, Table of. 

Typhous {ti'-fus) [rixpog, stupor]. Pertaining to or 
having the nature of typhus. 

Typhus [ti'-fus] [ri)0oc, stupor]. Jail-fever; ship- 
fever. See Fever. T. anthracicus, T. bubonicus, 



T. gravissimus, T. pestilentialis. Synonyms of the 
Plague, q. v. T. petechials. Synonym of Fever, 
Cerebrospinal. T. siderans, a malignant form of 
typhus fever, ending fatally in two or three days. T. 
syncopalis. Synonym of Fever, Cerebrospinal. 

Typical (tip'-ik-al) [tvttmo^ ; rvnoc, a stamp]. Consti- 
tuting a type or form for comparison ; illustrative ; 
complete. 

Typus (ti'-pus). See Type. 

Tyrannism (tir' -au-izm) \_~vpavvog, a tyrant]. Cruelty 
of morbid inception, of which sadism is an erotic variety. 

Tyremesis (ti-rem'-es-is) [rvpoc, cheese; e/ieoic;, a vom- 
iting]. The vomiting of caseous matter; an ailment 
common among nursing infants. 

Tyrian Purple. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Tyrol White. Same as Hamburg White. 

Tyroline {tir'-o-lin). Anilin Violet; a violet dye. 

Tyroma (ti - ro'-mah) \_rvpu/ua; rvpoc, cheese]. I. 
Baldness ; loss of hair. 2. A tumor caused by caseation 
of lymphatic glands. 

Tyrosin (ti'-ro-zin) [rvpoc, cheese], C 9 H U N0 3 . An 
amido-acid occurring in pancreatic digestion ; a decom- 
position-product of proteids, etc. It is found in the 
urine in acute yellow atrophy of the liver and in phos- 
phorus-poisoning, and occurs in the liver, spleen, pan- 
creas, in stale cheese, and is formed on boiling animal 
substances (albumin, horn, hair) with HC1 or H 2 S0 4 . 
Tyrosin crystallizes in exceedingly fine needles, usually 
collected into colorless, feathery masses ; snow-white 
in color, tasteless and odorless, sparingly soluble in 
cold water but much more so in boiling water ; it dis- 
solves with difficulty in alcohol, and is insoluble in 
ether. See Hoffmann' s Test and Pirias Test. 

Tyrosis (ti-ro'sis) \rvp6c, cheese]. Curdling. See 
Caseation. 

Tyrothrix (ti' -ro-thriks) [rvp6c, cheese; dpi!;, hair]. 
A genus of Schizomycetes. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Tyrotoxicon (ti-ro-toks' -ik-ori) [rvp6c, cheese ; rotjinov, 
poison]. A ptomain obtained by Vaughan from poison- 
ous cheese, poisonous milk, poisonous ice-cream, etc. 
Chemically it is very unstable ; it may disappear alto- 
gether in twenty-four hours from milk rich with the 
poison. It induces vertigo, nausea, vomiting, chills, 
rigors, severe pains in the epigastric region, dilatation 
of the pupils, griping and purging, a sensation of 
numbness, or " pins and needles," especially in the 
limbs, and marked prostration, or death. The symp- 
toms may vary somewhat in different individuals. The 
poison is thought to be the cause of the summer diarrhea 
of infants. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Tyrrell's Hook. A hook used in certain operations upon 
the eye, as in iridectomy. 

Tyson, Glands of. The sebaceous glands secreting the 
smegma of the prepuce and of the labia pudendi. 



u 



1568 



ULCERATE 



u 



U., the symbol of Uranium. 

Uaterium (u-at-e' -re-um) [ouc, ear]. A medicament used 
in the treatment of diseases of the ear. 

Uber (u'-ber) [L., udder; pi. , Ubera\ The mamma; 
also the nipple. 

Uberous (u'-ber-us) [uber, fruitful]. Fruitful, prolific. 

Udder (ud'-er) [ME., udder, udder]. The mammary 
apparatus, especially of the cow. 

Uffelmann's Gelatin. See Stains, Tabic of. U's. So- 
lution, to distinguish hydrochloric from lactic acid 
in suspected gastric contents : Add a few drops of neu- 
tral ferric-chlorid solution to a 4 per cent, solution of 
carbolic acid. This is turned yellow by lactic acid, but 
is not affected by hydrochloric acid when diluted to the 
strength of gastric juice, 0.2 per cent. See Tests, Table 
of. 

Ukambin (u-kam'-hn) [African]. An African arrow- 
poison, presumably a combination of juices from various 
plants. Its physiologic effects are the same as those of 
strophanthin, but in a considerably augmented degree. 
Unof. 

Ulaganactesis (u-lag-an-ek' -te-sis)[nvXov , gum ; ayav&K- 
rijaig, irritation]. Irritation or uneasy sensations in the 
gums. 

Ulatrophia, Ulatrophy (u-lat-ro'-fe-ah, u-lat'-ro-fe) 
[ovXov, gum; arpo<j)ia, atrophy]. Atrophy of the gums. 

Ulcer (ul'-ser) [ulcus, a sore]. A destructive loss of 
cutaneous substance, extending into the corium. The 
size is quite indefinite ; the shape is variable, usually 
round, but may be reniform, irregular, or serpiginous. 
It may be deep or hollow, with steep or sloping sides, 
and a smooth or irregular base. Its edges may be 
sharp or rounded, everted or undermined ; the surface 
bleeds readily, and is clean or sloughy, and covered 
with pus or serum. It always leaves a scar. U., 
Aden. See Phagedena tropica. U., Adherent, 
an ulcer of the skin, the base of which becomes ad- 
herent to the underlying fascia. U., Amputating, an 
ulcerating process which encircles a member, destroying 
the tissues to the bone. U., Anamite, a phagedenic 
sore of hot countries ; it is very unyielding to treat- 
ment. U., Arterial, a superficial ulcer due to arterial 
disease. U., Atheromatous. See Endarteritis, 
Chronic. U., Atonic, an ulcer having unhealthy 
granulations, with little or no tendency to cicatrization. 
U., Autochthonous. Synonym of Chancre. U., 
Cancroid. See U., Rodent. U., Carcinomatous, 
an ulcerating carcinoma. U., Carious, an ulcer pro- 
ducing gangrene. U., Chancroidal. Synonym of 
Chancre. U., Cochin-China, a chronic phagedenic 
ulcer affecting foreigners in Cochin-China. U., 
Cock's-comb, an ulcer having rough, irregular out- 
growths. U., Cold, a small, inflammatory ulcer 
occurring spontaneously upon the ends of the fingers 
or toes. U., Constitutional. See Syphilis. U., 
Contagious. Synonym of Chancre. U., Corrosive. 
An old synonym of Stomatitis gangrenosa. U., Cra- 
teriform, a variety of malignant, epithelial ulcer, which 
affects the same regions on the upper part of the face 
as does ordinary rodent ulcer. It occurs in the same 
class of people, but runs a much more rapid course. 
Ulceration occurs at the conical summit, and assumes 
a crater-like form. There is no tendency to fungate 
or become warty. U., Creeping (of the cornea), a 
serpiginous corneal ulcer. U., Curling's, an ulceration 
of the duodenum observed after severe burns of the body 
and limbs. U., Diphtheric, the ulcer occurring in diph- 
theria ; it is covered with false membrane. U., Dys- 



peptic. See Herpes facialis. U., Endemic, an ulcer 
more or less local as regards the countries in which 
it is found, as Aleppo boil, Penjdeh sore, etc. U., 
Erethistic, a name given to an extremely sensitive 
ulcer. These ulcers occur in regions that are liberally 
supplied with sensitive nerve-fibers, as about the anus or 
the matrix of the nail. U., Fissurated, laceration of 
the cervix uteri. U., Fistulous, an ulceration commu- 
nicating with a fistula. U., Follicular, ulceration of 
a mucous membrane, having its origin in the lymph- 
follicles. U., Fungiform. A synonym of Epithelioma. 
U., Gastric, perforating ulcer of the lining membrane 
of the stomach. U., Gummatous, an ulcer due to 
the breaking down of a gumma. U., Gwalior, an 
endemic ulcer observed at Gwalior. U., Hemorrhagic, 
a bleeding ulcer. U., Indolent, one with an in- 
durated, elevated edge, and a non-granulating floor, 
usually occurring on the leg. U., Inflamed, an ulcer 
surrounded by marked inflammation. U., Initial {of 
syphilis). Synonym of Chancre. U., Intractable. 
Synonym of U., Indolent. U., Inveterate. Syno- 
nym of U., Indolent. U., Jacob's, a rodent ulcer 
of the eyelid. U., Lupoid, an ulceration resemb- 
ling lupus. U., Lupous. Synonym of Lupus. U., 
Lymphatic, an ulcer having an exudate which re- 
sembles lymph. U., Malabar. See Phagedena 
tropica. U., Malignant. Synonym of Carcinoma. 
U., Marjolin's, an ulcer having for its seat an old 
cicatrix. U., Menstrual, an ulcer from which vi- 
carious menstruation takes place. U., Mercurial, 
an ulcer due to chronic mercurial poisoning. U., 
Mozambique, a single, highly contagious ulceration, 
prevalent in Mozambique and in Reunion Island. U., 
Perforating, an ulcer that perforates the surrounding 
tissues. U., Persian, an ulcer prevalent in Persia. 
U., Phagedenic, a form of ulceration in which the 
process extends insidiously but obstinately. U., Phleg- 
monous. Synonym of U., Inflamed. U., Putrid. 
See Gangrene, Hospital. U., Rodent, a form of ulcer- 
ation, probably epitheliomatous, which involves all 
tissues, bones and soft tissues alike. U., Round, (of 
the stomach). Perforating ulcer of the stomach. U., 
Round (of the uterus'), a rapid ulceration of the uterus, 
probably epitheliomatous. U., Samisch's, an infec- 
tious ulcer of the cornea. U., Scorbutic, an indolent 
ulcer found in scurvy. U., Serpiginous, an irregularly 
burrowing ulceration. U., Simple, a mild form of ul- 
ceration, not due to a poison or to systemic disease. U., 
Stercoral, a small ulcer of the bowel, produced in cases 
of long-standing constipation, with fecal impaction, from 
the irritation of the hard masses of feces. Usually no 
symptoms are produced. U., Sublingual, an ulcer 
upon the frenum of the tongue, due, probably, to irrita- 
tion by the lower incisor teeth. U., Symptomatic, an 
ulcer indicative of general disease. U., Syphilitic, ul- 
ceration due to syphilis. U., Syriac, malignant angina. 
U., Toe-nail, ulceration caused by an ingrowing toe- 
nail. U., Tuberculous, ulceration due to tuberculo- 
sis. U., Turkestan, a form of ulceration noticed 
among the Russian soldiers in Turkestan. It was at- 
tended with profuse suppuration and adenitis. U., 
Varicose, an ulcer due to varicose veins. U., Vene- 
real. Synonym of Chancre or Chancroid. U.,Weak, 
one with exuberant and flabby granulations. U., 
Yemen. Synonym of U., Cochin-China. 

Ulcerate [uP '-scr-dt) [ulcus, ulcer]. To become ulcerated. 

Ulcerated (ul f -ser-a-ted) [ulcus, ulcer]. Affected with 
ulceration. 



ULCERATION 



1569 



ULNEN 



Ulceration (ul-ser-a'-sliuu) [ulcus, a sore]. The pro- 
cess of the formation of an ulcer. U. of the Cervix. 
See Erosion. U., Fissured. See Ulcer, Fissurated. 
U., Heryng's Pharyngeal, a rather diffuse ulcer of 
the hard palate and fauces. U., Malignant, ulcera- 
tion caused by carcinoma or sarcoma. U., Puerperal, 
ulceration of the genitals due to injury during labor. 
U., Tuberculous (of the larynx), an ulcer usually 
found on the dorsal wall of the larynx, and caused by 
tuberculosis. 

Ulcerative (id'-ser-a-tiv) [ulcus, ulcer]. Pertaining or 
belonging to ulceration. U. Scrofuloderma. See 
Mycosis. 

Ulcerous (ul' -ser-tts) [u!cerosus~\. Exhibiting ulceration ; 
having the character of an ulcer. 

Ulcus [ul'-kus) [L.]. See Ulcer. U. excedens. See 
Rodent Ulcer. U., Grave. See Fungus Fool. U. 
rodens, Mooren's term for a form of creeping ulcer 
which begins at the upper edge of the cornea as a 
superficial lesion, separated from the healthy portion 
by a gray, opaque rim which is undermined. The 
whole cornea is liable to be traversed and the sight 
destroyed. 

Ulcuscle, Ulcuscule, Ulcusculum (ul-kus'-kl, ul- 
kus'-kul, itl-kus'-ku-luin) [ulcuscidum : pi., Ulcus- 
cula~\. A small ulcer. 

Ulemorrhagia (u-lem-or-a'-je-ali) [ovkov, the gum ; 
aiiia, blood ; p?)yvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage 
or bleeding at the gums. 

Ulerythema (ii-ler itk-e'-malt) [ovXij, scar; £pv8r//ia, 
erythema]. An erythematous disease marked by the 
formation of cicatrices. U. sycosiforme. See Sycosis, 
Lupoid. 

Uletic (it-let'-ik) [ovlov, gum]. Pertaining to the gums. 

Ulex (ii'-leks) [L.]. A genus of leguminous shrubs of 
Europe and Africa. U. europseus is the common 
gorse, whin, or furze. 

Ulexin (u-leks'-in) [ulex, a shrub], C n H u N 2 0. An 
alkaloid found in the seed of Ulex europceus. It is a 
powerful diuretic, and causes local anesthesia. Dose 
gr. T L in pill ; to be used with caution. Unof. 

Uliginose, Uliginous {u-lij'-in-oz, u-lij'-in-us) \_uligo, 
moisture]. Pertaining to or growing in a marshy soil. 

Ulitis (u-li'-Hs) [ov'aov, gum ; trie, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the gums. 

Ullem (id' -em). A form of indigestion met with in 
Lapland, and probably due to the use of smoked meat. 

Ulmic (id' -mik) \_ulmus, elm] . Denoting an acid found 
in earth-mold, a product of the decay of vegetable 
matter. 

Ulmin (itF -mi>i) \jdmus, elm]. A brown substance 
produced by the action of strong acids or alkalies on 
various organic bodies, especially by heating treacle or 
alcohol with strong sulphuric acid. 

Ulmous (id'-mus) [ulmus, elm]. In chemistry, denot- 
ing a group of brown or black substances containing 
ulmin or ulmic acid. 

Ulmus (id'-mus) [L.: gen., Ulmi~\. Elm, slippery elm. 
The inner bark of U. fulva. It contains a large per- 
centage of mucilage, and is demulcent and slightly 
astringent. It is valuable in diarrhea, and as an 
emollient in acute inflammations. U., Mucilago, elm 
6, boiling water ioo, macerated for two hours and 
strained. Dose ad lib. Cf. Fremontia. 

Ulna (id' -nali) [L. , a cubit]. The large bone of the 
forearm, articulating with the humerus and the head 
of the radius above and with the radius below. See 
p. 229. 

Ulnad (ul'-nad) [ulna, ulna]. Toward the ulnar 
aspect. 

Ulnar (iil'-nar) [ulnaris, ulnar]. Pertaining to the 
ulna. U. Nerve, a nerve both of motion and sensa- 
99 



tion springing from the brachial plexus and supplying 
the ulnar region of the arm. 
Ulnare, or Os ulnare (id-na'-re) [ulna, ulna]. The 
cuneiform bone of the carpus. See Bones, Table of. 




Brachial Portion of Muscu- Terminal Portion of Me- 
lo-cutaneous, Median and dian Nerve and of Ulnar 
Ulnar Nerves. Nerve. 

1. Musculocutaneous nerve. 2. Branch to coraco-brachialis. 
3. Branch to biceps. 4. Branch to brachialis anticus. 5. 
Anastomotic branch from median. 6. Division of musculo- 
cutaneous. 7. Radial nerve. 8. Its external cutaneous 
branch. 9. Internal cutaneous. 10. Its anterior, or ulnar 
branch. 11. Upper portion of median and ulnar nerves. 12. 
Their middle portion. 13. Branch to pronator radii teres. 
14. Trunk giving rise to anterior muscular branches. 15. 
Branches to flexor profundus digitorum. 16. Branch to 
flexor longus proprius pollicis. 17. Interosseous branches. 
18. Palmar cutaneous branch. 19. Branch for muscles of 
thenar eminence. 20. External collateral branch to thumb. 
21. Internal collateral branch. 22. External collateral branch 
to index finger. 23. Common trunk of internal collateral 
branch to index finger and external collateral branch to mid- 
dle finger. 24. Trunk of internal collateral branch to middle 
finger and external collateral branch to ring finger. 25. 
Branch of ulnar nerve to flexor carpi ulnaris. 26. Branches 
to two inner fasciculi of flexor profundus digitorum. 27. 
Cutaneous and anastomotic filament. 28. Dorsal branch. 
29. Superficial palmar branch. 30. Common trunk of in- 
ternal collateral branch to ring finger and external collateral 
branch to little finger. 31. Internal collateral branch to little 
finger. 32. Deep palmar branch. 33. Branch of the latter 
to hypothenar muscles. 34. Branches to muscles of fourth 
interosseous and to fourth lumbricalis. 35. Branches to 
muscles of third interosseous space and to third lumbricalis. 
36. Branches to the adductor of the thumb and to the mus- 
cles of the first two interosseous spaces. 

Ulnaris {ul-na'-ris) [L.]. See Muscles, Table of. 
Ulnen (ul'-nen) [ulna, ulna]. Belonging to the ulna 
in itself. 



ULNO-CARPAL 



1570 



UMBRACULIFORM 



Ulno-carpal (ul-no-kar' -pal) [ulna, ulna; nap-roc;, car- 
pus]. Pertaining to the ulna and the carpus. 

Ulno-metacarpalis (ul-no-met-ak-ar-pa'-lis) [ulna, 
elbow ; metacarpus, from /xera, beyond ; Kap-rroc, the 
wrist: pi. , Ulnometacarpales\. One of the wing- 
muscles of a bird ; it arises from the ulna and is in- 
serted into a metacarpal bone. 

Ulno-radial (ul-no-ra'-de-al) [ulna, ulna ; radius, ra- 
dius]. Pertaining to the ulna and the radius. 

Ulocace (u-lok'-as-e) [ovAov, gum ; imicoc, evil]. Ul- 
cerative ulitis. 

Ulocarcinoma (u-lo-kar-sin-o'- mali) [ovAov, gum; 
carcinoma^. Carcinoma of the gums. 

Ulon (u' -Ion) [ov'Aov, gum]. The gums. 

Uloncus (u-long'-kus) [ov'Aov, gum; bynoc, a tumor]. 
A tumor or swelling of the gums. 

Ulorrhagia (ul-or-a'-je-ah) [ol>\ov, gum; pqyviivai, to 
burst forth]. Same as Ulorrhea. 

Ulorrhea (ul - or - e> '-• ah) [ovAov, gum; poia, a flow]. 
Bleeding from the gums. 

Ulosis (u-lo'-sis). Synonym of Cicatrization. 

Ulotic (u-lot' -ik) [ovArj, scar]. Pertaining to or tending 
toward cicatrization. 

Ulotrichous (u-lot' '-rik-us) [ovAog, woolly ; OpiS;, hair]. 
Having woolly hair. 

Ulterior (ul-te'-re-or) [L.]. Toward the periphery; 
applied to lesions of the spinal cord. 

Ultimate (id'-tim-dt) [ultimus, super, of ultra, beyond]. 
Farthest, or most remote. U. Analysis. See Analy- 
sis. U. Principle. See Principle. 

Ultimisternal (ul-tim-is-tur' -nal) [ultimus, last; arkp- 
vov, sternum]. Pertaining to the last or lowest seg- 
ment of the sternum. 

Ultimum (id' - tim - um) [L.]. Last. U. moriens 
(" last dying "). The right auricle ; so called from 
the belief that it is the last part of the heart to cease its 
contractions. U., Stadium. See Stadium. 

Ultra-brachycephaly (ul'-tra-brah-is-ef-al-e) [ultra, 
beyond; brachycephaly~\. Brachycephaly in which the 
cephalic index exceeds 90 . 

Ultracentenarian (td-trah-sen-ten-a'-re-an) [ultra, be- 
yond; centenarius, pertaining to a hundred]. A per- 
son who has lived more than 100 years. 

Ultradolichocephaly (id-trah-do-lik-o-sef'-al-e) [ultra, 
beyond; dolichocephaly\. Dolichocephaly in which 
the cephalic index is less than 64 . 

Ultramarine (id' -tram-ar-en). See Pigments, Conspec- 
tus of. U. Green, U. Yellow. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. 

Ultramicroscopic (ul-trah-mi-kro-skop' -ik) [ultra, be- 
yond; microscopic\. Too small to be seen by the aid 
of the microscope. 

Ultromotivity (ul-tro-mo-tiv'-it-e) [ultro, spontane- 
ously ; motivityj. Power or capability of moving 
spontaneously. 

Ultzmann's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Ululation (id - u - la' - shun) [idulare, to howl]. An 
hysteric howling. 

-ulus (u'-lus). A Latin suffix denoting the diminutive 
degree. 

Umbel (um'-bel) [umbra, shade]. In biology, that 
form of indeterminate inflorescence in which the axis 
is very short and the pedicels radiate from it like the 
rays of an umbella. 

Umbellal (um'-bel-al) [umbella, an umbel]. Pertain- 
ing to an umbel. 

Umbellar (um'-bel-ar). Same as Umbellate. 

Umbellaria (um-bel-la' -re-ah). See California Laurel. 

Umbellate (um'-bcl-af) [umbella, an umbel, dim. of 
umbra, shade]. In biology, bearing umbels. 

Umbellet (um'-bel-et) [umbella, umbel]. In biology, 
a little umbel. 



Umbellic Acid (um-bel'-ik). See Acid. 

Umbelliferon (um - bel - if- er - on) [umbella, umbel ; 
ferre, to bear], C 9 H 6 O s . Oxycoumarin, found in the 
bark of Daphne mezereum ; it is obtained by distilling 
different resins, such as galbanum and asafetida. It 
consists of fine needles, sparingly soluble in hot water 
and ether ; it melts at 224 C. 

Umbelliferous (um -bel -if- er - us) [umbella, umbel; 
ferre, to bear]. Bearing umbels. 

Umbelliform (um-bel 1 '-if-orm) [umbella, umbel ; forma, 
form]. Having the form of an umbel. 

Umbellulate (um-bel' -u-lat) [umbellula, an umbellule]. 
Provided with umbellules. 

Umbellule (um'-bel-al) [umbellula, a little umbel]. A 
partial umbel ; an umbellet. 

Umber (um'-ber) [umbra, shade]. A dark-brown 
pigment somewhat resembling ocher. See Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Umbilical (um-bil'-ik-al) [umbilicus, the navel]. Per- 
taining to the umbilicus. U. Cord. See Cord. U. 
Fistula, a fistulous opening communicating with the 
umbilicus. U. Hernia. See Hernia. U. Region, 
the central of the regions into which the abdomen is con- 
veniently divided. U. Ring, the aperture, closed in 
the adult, through which the umbilical vessels pass in 
fetal life. U. Souffle, the peculiar sound heard occa- 
sionally over the umbilical cord of the fetus. U. 
Vesicle, in embryology, a spheroid sac appearing 
early in the ovum and disappearing about the seventh 
week after fecundation. The navel-sac. In lower 
animals it is called the vitelline sac or yolk-sac. 

Umbilicate, Umbilicated (um-bil'-ik-at, urn-bit' -ik-a- 
ted) [umbilicus, navel]. Having a depression like 
that of the navel. 

Umbilication (um-bil-ik-a'-shiai) [umbilicus, navel]. 
A navel-like depression ; the quality of being umbili- 
cated. 

Umbilicular (um-bil-ik' -u-lar) [umbilicaris, pertaining 
to the navel]. Pertaining to the navel. 

Umbilicus (um- bil-i'- kus) [L.]. The navel. The 
round, depressed cicatrix in the median line of the ab- 
domen, marking the site of the aperture which, in fetal 
life, gave passage to the umbilical vessels. U., Pos- 
terior, a depression in the spinal region due to im- 
perfect closure of the vertebral groove. 

Umbiliferous (um -bil-if- er- us) [umbilicus, navel; 
ferre, to bear]. Having an umbilicus. 

Umbiliform (um-bil' -if-orm) [umbilicus, navel ; forma, 
form]. Having the form of an umbilicus. 

Umbo (um'-bo) [L. : //. , Umboncs\ I. A boss, or 
bosselation ; any central convex eminence ; less cor- 
rectly, a central concave depression. 2. Specifically, 
the depressed spot in the center of themembrana tym- 
pani. In biology, the apex of the valve of a bivalve 
shell. 

Umbonal (um'-bo-nal) [umbo, a boss]. Protuberant, 
like a knob. 

Umbonate (um'-bo-nal) [umbo, the boss of a shield]. 
Bossed ; furnished with a low, rounded projection, 
like a boss (umbo). 

Umbonic (um-bon'-ik) [umbo, boss]. Pertaining to an 
umbo. 

Umbonulate (um-bon' '-u-lat) [umbo, boss]. Pertaining 
to an umbo. 

Umbraculate (urn - brak'- u - lat) [umbraculum, um- 
brella]. In biology, applied to the heads of certain 
insects when furnished with an awning-like frontal 
process. 

Umbraculiferous (um-brak-u-lif -cr-us) [umbraculum , 
umbrella; ferre, to bear]. In biology, bearing an 
organ resembling an umbrella. 

Umbraculiform (um -brak' - u - lif- orm) [iniibraaduiii. 



UMBRACULUM 



1571 



UNIARTICULATE 



umbrella ; forma, form]. Having the form of an 
umbrella. 

Umbraculum {um-brak'-u-lum) [umbraculum, shade, 
shady place, umbrella : //. , Umbraculd\. In biology, 
an umbrella-shaped appendage. 

Umbrascopy (u m -bras' -ho-pe). Synonym of Retinoscopy. 

Umbrel {um'-brel). Same as Umbrella. 

Umbrella {um-brel'-ah) [umbra, shade]. In biology, 
the swimming-bell of a jelly-fish, or Medusa. U. 
Clasp. See Peronium. 

Umbrose {um'-broz) [umbra, shade]. Shady. 

Unarmed Tape-worm. See Tcsnid saginata under 
Parasites {Animal}, Table of. 

Uncaria (ung-ka'-re-ah). See Gambir. 

Uncate {ung'-kdt) [uncus, a. hook]. In biology, bent 
into the form of a hook. 

Uncia {un'- se - ah) [L.]. An ounce. See Weights 
and Measures. 

Uncial {un'-se-al) [uncia, inch]. An inch in length. 

Unciform Bone (un'-siform) [os unciforme ; uncus, a 
hook ; forma, form]. The hook-shaped bone in the 
lower row of the bones of the carpus. See Bones, 
Table of . U. Eminence, the hippocampus minor, or 
calcar. U. Process. See Process. 

Uncinal {un'-sin-al). Same as Uncinate. 

Uncinate {un'-sin-dt) [uncus, hook]. Hooked. U. 
Convolution, or Gyrus, the continuation of the 
hippocampal convolution or gyrus fornicatus, ending in 
a hook-like process near the end of the temporal lobe. 

Uncinatum {un-sin-a' '-turn) [uncinatus, hooked]. In 
anatomy, the unciform bone of the carpus. 

Uncinus {un-si' ' -nus) [uncinus, a hook, barb: pi, 
Uncinf\. In biology, a hook, or hook-like structure 
or appendage. 

Uncipression, Uncipressure {un-sip-resh' -un, un'-sip- 
presh-iir) [uncus, hook] . A method of arresting hemor- 
rhage by the use of two hooks dug into the sides of 
the wound so as to compress the vessel. 

Uncirostrate {un-se-ros' -trdt) [uncus, hook; rostralus, 
beaked]. In biology, having a hooked beak. 

Unconscious [uti-kon' '-shus) [un, not; consciens, know- 
ing]. Not conscious. U. Cerebration. See Cere- 
bration. 

Unconsciousness [ten - kon 1 '- shus - nes) [un, not; con- 
sciens, knowing]. The state of being without sensi- 
bility and having abolished reflexes : a symptom of 
apoplexy, insolation, asphyxia, etc. 

Unction {unk'-shun) [unctio, an anointing]. The 
act of anointing. Also, an ointment. 

Unctuous {unk' -tu-us) [unctus, a smearing]. Greasy, 
oily. 

Uncus {ung' -kits) [L.]. I. The hook-like anterior 
extremity of the uncinate gyrus of the brain. 2. A 
hook. 

Undate {un'-dat). See Undulate. 

Undecolic Acid {un-dek-ol'-ik). See Acid. 

Under {un'-der) [ME., under, under ] . Below; be- 
neath. U. -shrub, partially shrubby, or a very low 
shrub. U.-toe, a variety of Hallux varus in which 
the great toe underlies its neighbors. 

Undulate, Undate {un'- du - lat, un'- dat) [unda, a 
wave]. In biology, wavy ; having a margin that flows 
gently in and out. Applied to leaves and other flat- 
tened organs. 

Undulated {un'-du-la-ted) [dim. of unda, a wave]. 
Marked by or propagated in waves ; wave-like. 

Undulation {un - du - la'- shun) [undulatus, waved]. 
Fluctuation, as of pus, or any liquid effusion ; also, 
the subjective sensation as of a wave-like motion about 
the heart. U., Jugular, the venous pulse. U., 
Respiratory, the variations in the blood-pressure due 
to respiration. 



Undulatory (un'-du-lat-or-e) [undulare, to undulate]. 
Vibratory. Moving like waves. In physics, the undula- 
tory theory of light presupposes the existence of an 
imponderable, tenuous medium called the ether, the 
undulations of which give rise to the phenomena of 
light, heat, and electricity. See Wave-length. 

Unequal {un - e' - kwaT) [un, not ; trauus, equal]. 
Having different proportions, dimensions, or qualities. 

Unfruitfulness (un-fritl'-ful-nes) [un, not; fructus, 
fruit]. Barrenness. Sterility. 

Ungual {ung'-gwal) [unguis, a claw]. Pertaining to 
a nail of the hand or foot. Applied to nail-like 
structures, as the U. Bones. See Laciymal Bones. 

Ungueal {ung'-gwe-al). Same as Ungual. 

Unguen {ung' -given). Synonym of Unguentum. 

Unguent {un'-gwenf) [unguentum, ointment]. See 
Unguentum . 

Unguentary {ung' ' -gweti-ta-re) [unguentarius~\ . Per- 
taining to an unguent, or ointment. 

Unguentine {ung - gwen' - tin) [unguentum, an oint- 
ment]. A popular local application for use in cutane- 
ous diseases and as a dressing for burns and scalds. 

Unguentous {ung-gwen' -tus) [unguentum, ointment]. 
Resembling an unguent. 

Unguentum {ung-gzven' -turn) [L. : gen., Unguenti: 
pi., Unguenta~\. An ointment. In pharmacy, a soft, 
fatty mixture, usually of lard or of vaselin as an 
excipient, with a prescribed medical substance, in- 
tended for application, by inunction, to the skin. The 
melting-temperature of the ointment should be below 
that of the body. Unguentum simplex consists of lard 
80 and wax 20 parts. There are 23 unguenta described 
in the U. S. P., besides as many more in the B. P., 
and 5 others in the N. F. 

Unguicorn {ung' -gwik-om) [unguis, nail, claw; cornu, 
horn]. In biology, the horny integument of the tip 
of the upper mandible of certain birds — ducks, geese, 
petrels, albatross, etc. Cf. Dertrotheca, Myxotheca. 

Unguicular {ung-givik' -u-lar) [unguis, nail]. Having 
or pertaining to a claw or nail. Having a length of 
half an inch. 

Unguiculate {ung-gwik' -u-lat) [unguis, nail]. Clawed. 
Applied to petals that have stalks or claws. 

Unguiferous {uug-gwif -er-us) [unguis, nail ; ferre, to 
bear]. Provided with an unguis. 

Unguiform {ung' -gwiform) [unguis, nail ; forma, 
form] . Shaped like a claw. 

Unguinal {ung'-gwin-al) [unguis, nail]. Pertaining 
to a nail, or to the nails. 

Unguirostral {ung-gwe-ros' -traT) [unguis, nail ; ros- 
trum, beak]. In biology, having a nail at the end of 
the bill, as a duck. 

Unguis {ung'-gwis) [L. : //. , Ungues']. A claw; the 
nail of the finger or toe. Also, the lacrymal bone, 
which is shaped like a finger-nail ; also the calcar or 
hippocampus minor. Ungues adunci. See Ony- 
chogryposis . 

Ungula {ung' -gu-lah) [L.]. I. A hoof; a claw. 2. 
In surgery, an instrument for extracting a dead fetus 
from the womb. 3. In botany, same as Unguis. 

Ungular {ung'-gu-lar) [ungula, a claw]. Of the char- 
acter of an ungula. 

Ungulate {ung'-gu-lat) [ungula, a hoof]. Having 
hoofs ; applied to certain orders of mammalia. 

Unguligrade {ung' -gu-lig-rad) [ungula, hoof; gradi, 
to walk]. Walking upon hoofs. 

Ungulous {ung' -gu-lus) [ungula, hoof]. Pertaining to 
a hoof. 

Uni- {u'-ne-) [units, one]. A Latin prefix denoting 
one. 

Uniarticulate {u-ne-ar-tik' -u-lat) [units, one ; articu- 
lus, joint]. Having but one joint. 



UNIAURICULATE 



1572 



UNIVERSAL 



Uniauriculate (u-uc-atv-rik'-tt-ldt) [unus, one; auric- 
ula, ear]. Having one ear-like process. 

Uniaxal, Uniaxial (u-ne-aks'-al, u-ne-aks'-e-al) [unus, 
one; axis, axis]. Having but one axis. Synonym of 
Monaxial. 

Unibasal (u - nib - a'-zal) [unus, one; basis, base]. 
Having but one base. 

Unibranchiate (u-nib-rang'-ke-at) [unus, one; bran- 
chics, gills]. Having but one gill. 

Unicapsular {u-nik-ap' -su-lar) [unus, one ; capsula, 
capsule]. Composed of a single capsule. 

Unicella (u-nis-el'-ah) [unus, one ; cella, cell]. Hav- 
ing one cell. U. of Nageli, in biology, the particles 
theoretically supposed to compose the plastidule, or 
gemmule, q.v. 

Unicellate (tt-nis-el'-at) [unus, one; cella, cell]. One- 
pronged. 

Unicelled (u'-nis-eld). Same as Unicellular. 

Unicellular (u-nis-el' -u-lar) [unus, one ; cellula, dim. 
of cella, a cell]. Composed of or having but one cell. 

Unicentral (u-nis-en'-tral) [unus, one ; centrum, cen- 
ter]. Having a single center of growth. 

Uniciliate (u-nis-il' '-e-at) [unus, one; cilium, cilium]. 
Having one cilium ; uniflagellate. 

Unicism (u'-nis-izm) [unicus, single]. The belief or 
opinion that there is but a single venereal virus. 

Unicist (tt'-nis-ist) [unicus, single]. A believer in 
unicism. 

Unicorn (u'-nik-orn) [unus, one ; cornu, horn]. Hav- 
ing a single horn. U. Root. See Aletris. U. 
Uterus, a uterus with but a single cornu. 

Unicostate (u - nik - os' '- tat) [unus, one; casta, rib]. 
Having a single rib. 

Unicotyledonous (u-nik-ot-il-e 1 -do-nus) [unus, one ; 
cotyledonous]. In biology, having one cotyledon. 

Unicuspid (/t-nih-us'-pid) [unus, one ; cuspis, point]. 
I. Having but a single cusp (as a tooth). 2. A tooth 
with but a single cusp or point. 

Unicuspidate {u-nik- us'-pid-at) [unus, one; cuspis, 
point]. Having but a single point, or cusp; unicus- 
pid. 

Unidactyl (u-nid-ak' -til) [units, one ; oanrvhoc, finger]. 
Having a single digit. 

Unifacial (u-nif- a'-shal) [unus, one ; fades, a face]. 
Having only one face. 

Uniflagellate (tt-nif-lnj' -el-dt) [unus, one ; flagellum, 
a tail]. In biology, having a single flagellum. See 
Monoflagellate. 

Uniflorous (u-nif- lo'-rus) [unus, one ; flos, flower]. 
Producing a single flower. 

Unifoliate (u-nif-o' -le-at) [unus, one; folium, leaf]. 
Bearing a single leaf. 

Unifoliolate (u-nif-o' -le-o-ldt) [tains, one ; folium, a 
leaf]. In biology, applied to a compound leaf that 
has but one leaflet, as the leaves of the orange and 
lemon. 

Unijugate (u-ne-ju'-gdt) [unus, one;Jugum, yoke]. 
In biology, consisting of one pair. 

Unijugous (u-ne-ju'-gus). Same as Unijugate. 

Unilabiate (u- nil' -a -b e-at) [unus, one; labium, lip]. 
Having a single lip. 

Unilateral (u-nil-at'-er-al) [unus, one ; latus, a side]. 
Pertaining to or affecting but one side. U. Chorea. 
See Hemichorea. 

Unilocular (u-nil-ok' -u-lar) [unus, one ; loculus, dim. 
of locus, a place]. Having but one cell or cavity. 

Uninervate (u - nin - ur' - vat ) [unus, one ; nennts, 
nerve]. Having a single rib or midrib. 

Uninterrupted ( un-in-ter-up' -ted ) [ un, not ; inter- 
rupted]. Continuous; not broken. 

Uninuclear (u-nin-u'-kle-ar) [unus, one; nucleus, 
nucleus]. Having a single nucleus. 



Uniocular (u-ne-oh' -u-lar) [unus, one; oculus, eye], 
With but a single or cyclopean'eye. 

Union (un'-yun) [unio, oneness]. The process of join- 
ing or uniting two or more parts or things, and the 
state of being united. See Healing. U., Dissolved, 
the condition, in a fracture, in which the callous 
is finally dissolved and absorbed. U. by Gran- 
ulation, healing by third intention. U., Primary, 
healing by first intention. U., Secondary, heal- 
ing by second intention. U., Vicious, union with 
deformity. 

Unioval (u-ne-o'-val) [unus, one ; ovum, egg]. Hav- 
ing but one egg. 

Uniovular (u-ne-ov' -u-lar) [unus, one ; ovulum, ovule]. 
Having a single ovule. 

Unipara (u-nip'-ar-ah) [unus, one ; parere, to bear]. 
A woman who has borne but one child. 

Uniparous (u-nip' -ar-us) [unus, one ; parere, to pro- 
duce]. Having borne but one child. 

Unipetalous (u - nip - et'- al - us) [unus, one; -e-a\oi>, 
leaf]. Possessing a single petal. 

Unipolar (u - nip - 0'- lar) [unus, one; polus, a pole]. 
Applied to nerve-cells each having but one process. 

Uniramose, Uniramous (u-ne-ra'-moz, u-ne-ra'-mus) 
[unus, one ; ramus, branch]. Having but one 
ramus. 

Unisexual (u-nis-eks' -u-al) [unus, one; sexus, sex]. 
Provided with the sexual organs of but one sex. 

Unit (u'-nit) [unus, one]. A single thing or value. 
The lowest integral value. Ampere. See Ampere. 
Calory : the quantity of heat necessary to raise the 
temperature of I kilogram of water 1° C. is sometimes 
called the Great Calory (when used alone, calory is the 
same as the great calory), while that required to raise the 
temperature of I gram i° C. is called the Little Calory. 
Coulomb. See Coulomb. U. of Current, a con- 
ductor 1 cm. long which, if bent into an arc of I 
cm. radius, will act with a force of I degree on a unit 
magnet pole at the center. Erg. See Unit of Work. 
Ergten, 10,000,000,000 ergs. Farad. See Farad. 
Foot-pound, the work expended in raising I pound 
I foot, = 13,562,691 ergs. Horse-power, 1,980,020 
foot-pounds per hour, or 550 foot-pounds per 
second. Joule, 10,000,000 ergs. U. Magnet Pole, 
a magnet having a strength of pole sufficient to repel 
a similar pole at a distance with a force of I degree. 
Megalerg, 1,000,000 ergs. Ohm. See Ohm. U., 
Photometric, the light emitted by I sq. cm. of melted 
platinum at its solidification-temperature. U. Quan- 
tity of Light, the quantity of light that falls on a 
surface of I square foot placed at a distance of I foot 
from a standard candle, and so that a normal drawn 
to the surface at any point passes through the source 
of light. This unit quantity of light is termed a 
candle-foot. Us., Herbert Spencer's Physiologic. 
See under Physiologic. U. of Time, I second. Watt, 
10 megalergs per second. U. of Work, the Erg, or the 
work done in raising 1. 981 gram, = I Dyne, to 
the height of I centimeter. Volt. See Volt. See, 
also, Metric System, and Weights and Measures. 

Unitary (u'-nit-a-re) [unus, one]. Pertaining to or 
having the qualities of a unit. Also, pertaining to 
monsters having the organs of a single individual. 

Univalence (u-niv'-al-ens) [unus, one ; valere, to be 
worth]. The state of being univalent. 

Univalent (u-niv'-al-ent) [unus, one; valere, to be 
worth]. In chemistry, having a valence of one ; capa- 
ble of replacing a single hydrogen atom in combination. 

Univalve {u'-niv-alv) [units, one; valva, valve]. 
Provided with a single valve. 

Universal (u-niv-ur'-sal) [universalis']. General. U. 
Joint, a ball-and-socket joint, movable in any direction. 



UNIVERSITY 



1573 



URBANTSCHITSCII'S METHOD 



University {u-niv-ur' '-sit-e) [universitas, the whole]. 
A collection of colleges, each having a special curric- 
ulum of studies, under one academic government. 

Unna's Paste. A paste for extensive eczematous 
patches. It consists of oxid of zinc, I ounce ; mucil- 
age of acacia and glycerin, each 2 ounces. It is ap- 
plied with a brush several times a day. Unna, Seb- 
orrhea of. See Seborrhea. 

Unnatural (un-naC-u-ral) [tin, not; natura, nature]. 
Not according to nature. U. Offences, the gratify- 
ing of the sexual appetite by methods other than the 
usual. See Sodomy, Bestiality, Tribadism, Sexual 
Perversion, Homosexuality, Necrophilism, Masochism, 
Sadism. 

Unoculus (u-nok'-u-lus). Synonym of Uniocular. 

Unorganized (un-or' '-gan-izd) \un, not; bpyavov, 
organ]. Without organs, but not necessarily life- 
less. 

Unsaturated (un-sad-u-ra-ted) [tin, not; salurare, to 
saturate]. A qualification applied to carbon com- 
pounds that are capable of saturating two valence 
units. 

Unsound (unsownd') [ME. , unsownd, unsound]. Not 
healthy ; diseased. 

Unsoundness (iin- sownd'- nes) [ME., unsownd, un- 
sound]. The state of being unsound. U. of Mind, 
incapacity to govern one's affairs. 

Unstratified (un-strat' -if-id) [un, not; stratum, stra- 
tum]. Not arranged in strata or layers. 

Unsymmetric (un-sim-et'-rik) [un, not; sym7netric\ 
Lacking in symmetry ; having unequal arrangement. 
U. Kidney. See Kidney. 

Unwell (un-weV) \_un, not; we//"]. I. Ill; sick. 2. 
Menstruating. 

Unwhole (un-hol') [ME., unhol, not whole]. Not 
sound ; infirm. 

Unwholesome (un - hod - sum) [ME., unholsum, un- 
wholesome]. Insalubrious; unhealthful. 

Upas (id -pas) [Malay, upas, poison]. A name applied 
to several trees found in the East Indies and containing 
a poisonous principle probably identical with strychnin. 
It is used as an arrow-poison. U. antiar, Javanese 
arrow-poison ; it acts directly on the vasomotor centers. 

Urachal (id -ra-kal) [obpaxor, urachus]. Pertaining to 
the urachus. 

Urachus (id ' -ra-kus) [obpax&£, the urinary canal of a 
fetus : pi., Urachi\. The prolongation of the fusiform 
vesicle formed by the dilatation of the embryonic por- 
tion of the allantois : the allantoic stalk. 

Uracratia (u-ra-kra' -she-ah) . See Enuresis. 

Uracyl (u'-ra-sil) [ovpov, urine], C 4 H 4 N 2 2 . The ureid 
of /3-oxyacrylic acid ; only known in the form of its 
derivatives. 

Uraematin (u-rem'-at-in). See Urohematin. 

Uraemia (u-re'-me-ah). See Uremia. 

Uraemic (u-re'-mik). See Uremic. 

Ural (u'-ral). I. See Uralium. 2. See Caudal. 

Urali (u-ra'-le) . Synonym of Curare. 

Uralium (ii-ra f -le-um) [ovpov, urine: gen., Uralii~\, 
Ural. Chloral-urethane, CCLCH : OH.NHC0 2 C,H 5 . 
A combination of chloral hydrate and urethane, dis- 
covered in 1889. An excellent hypnotic, but very 
bitter. Dose gr. x-xx. Unof. 

Uramil (id-ram-il), C 4 H 5 N 3 H . Amido-barbituric acid, 
obtained by boiling alloxanthin with an ammonium- 
chlorid solution. It occurs in colorless, shining nee- 
dles, which redden on exposure, and are but slightly 
soluble in water. 

Uranalysis (u-ran-al' '-is-is) [ovpov, urine ; av&Xvoic, 
analysis]. Urine-analysis. 

Uraniscochasma (u-ran-is-ko-kaz' -mah) [obpaviaKoc:, 
the roof of the mouth; xaejia, chasm]. Cleft palate. 



Uranisconitis (u-ran-is-ko-nd -lis) [ovpaviaKog, the roof 
of the mouth; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the uraniscus, or palate. 

Uraniscoplasty (it - ran - id- ko -plas - te) [ovpavicnoc , 
palate; ir'/Xaootiv, to form]. Plastic operation for the 
repair of cleft palate. 

Uraniscorrhaphy (u-ran-is-kor'-af-e) [obpavimor, 
palate; paqr/, suture]. Suture of a palatal cleft. 

Uraniscus (u-ran-is'-hus) [abpaviaK.oc;~\. The roof of 
the mouth. 

Uranium (u-ra' -ne-um) [Uranus, Uranus]. U=I20; 
quantivalence 11. A metal occurring in pitchblende 
and other minerals. The nitrate, a freely soluble, 
astringent salt, and an irritant poison, is used in 
diabetes and as a throat-spray. Dose gr. ss-v. Unof. 
The oxid is employed to give a fluorescent yellow to 
glass. 

Uranocoloboma (u-ran-o-kol-o-bo' -mail) [obpav6q, the 
roof of the mouth; coloboma~\. Cleft palate. 

Uranomania (u-ran-o-ma'-ne-ah) [obpavbq, heaven; 
pavia, madness]. Religious mania with exaltation. 

Uranoplastic (u-ran-o-plas' -tik) [obpavoq, palate ; 
irXaco-eiv, to form]. Belonging or pertaining to uran- 
oplasty. 

Uranoplasty (id- ran - o-plas -te). Same as Uranisco- 
plasty. See Avery' Si Beaujils\ Blasius' , Davies- 
Colley's, Krimer's, Langenbeck' s, Rotter's, Smith's, 
Thiersch' s, and Warren's Operations, in Operations, 
Table of. 

Uranorrhaphy (u-ran-or , -af-e~). See Uraniscorrhaphy. 

Uranoschisis (u-ran-os' -kis-is) [ovpavoc, vault ; o^taic;, 
a cleft]. Cleft palate. 

Urano-staphylorrhaphy (id ' - ran-o-staf- il - or'-af- e) 
[obpavdc, vault; staphylorrhaphy]. Same as Uran- 
iscorrhaphy. 

Uranostomatoscopy (11-ran-o-sto-mat-os' -ko-pe) [ob- 
pavdc, vault; cropa, mouth; ohokeIv, to inspect]. 
Diagnostic, or professional, inspection of the roof of 
the mouth. 

Urao (u-ra'-o). See Trona. 

Urapostema (u-rap-os'-tem-ah) [ovpov, urine ; aposte- 
ma~\. An abscess containing urine. 

Urare, Urari (u-rah'-re). See Curare. 

Urarin (u-rah'-rin). Same as Curarine. 

Urarthritis (11-rar-thri' -tis). See Arthritis uritica. 

Urate (id -rat) [ovpov, urine]. Combination of uric or 
lithic acid with a base. It is present in normal urine. 
U. -cells. In biology, the cells containing doubly 
refractive granules and uric acid ; they are found in the 
photogenic plate of Lampyris. (Schulze.) U.-test, 
heat the upper part of a column of turbid urine ; if the 
turbidity be due to urates it will clear up ; or, add 
potassium hydrate, and the sediment of urates will 
dissolve. 

Uratic (u-rat f -ik) [ovpov, urine]. Pertaining to or 
characterized by urates. U. Diathesis, a condition 
in which there is a tendency to the deposition of urates 
in the joints and elsewhere ; a tendency to gout. 

Uratoma (u -rat - 0' - mah) [ovpov, urine; o/ia, tumor: 
//. , Uratomata~\. A tophus, or uratic calculus, formed 
in any tissue. 

Uratosis (u-rat-o'-sis) [ovpov, urine]. A diseased con- 
dition, characterized by the deposition of urates. 

Uraturia (u-rat-u'-re-ah) [ovpov, urine]. A condition 
in which there is an increase of urates in the urine. 

Urbanization (ur-ban-iz-a' -shun) [urbs, a. city]. A 
term devised to express the tendency of modern society 
to develop into cities at the expense of the country 
population, with a consequent influence upon disease, 
the death-rate, etc. 

Urbantschitsch's Method. A method for the intro- 
duction of the Eustachian catheter. 



URCEOLATE 



1574 



URETERO-CYSTOSTOMY 



Urceolate [ur'-se-o-ldi) [urceolus, a little pitcher or urn]. 
In biology, pitcher-shaped, urn-shaped. 

Urceolus [ur-se' -o-lus) [urceolus, a little pitcher: //., 
Urceoli]. In biology, an urn-shaped structure, as the 
zoothecium of a rotifer. 

Urea [u-re'-ah ) [ovpov, urine], CO(NH 2 ) 2 . The chief 
solid constituent of urine, and principal nitrogenous 
end-product of tissue-metamorphosis ; a carbamid, 
derived mainly from the decomposition of uric acid. 
It was first obtained artificially in 1832 by Wohler. 
U. -ferment, an enzyme existing in mucous urine 
passed in inflammatory conditions of the bladder. 
U.,Test for, concentrate urine to syrupy consistence by 
evaporation, and add nitric acid. The nitrate of urea 
will form a crystalline precipitate of rhombic plates. 
The quantity may be accurately estimated by Fowler's 
method, by that of Russell and West, by Liebig's 
volumetric method, or by Lyon's apparatus. See Hy- 
pobromite Mel 'hod. 

Ureal [u'-re-al) [ovpov, urine]. Pertaining to or con- 
taining urea. 

Urechites suberecta [u-rek-i' -tez sub-e-rek'-tah). See 
Savanna Flower. 

Urechitin [u-rek'-it-in), C 28 H 42 8 . A poisonous gluco- 
sid from Urechites suberecta. Unof. 

Urechitoxin [u - rek - it - oks' '- in) [urechites ; to^ikov, 
poison], C 1;! H 20 O 5 . A highly poisonous principle 
from the leaves of Urechites suberecta. Unof. 

Urechysis [u-rek' -is-is) [ovpov, urine ; EK^vaic, an ef- 
fusion]. An effusion of urine into areolar tissue. 

Uredema [u-re-de'-mah) [ovpov, urine ; oidi/fia, a swell- 
ing]. A tumefaction arising from the distention of 
a tissue or cavity by the escape of urine. 

Uredinous [it-red 1 '-in-us) [L. , a blight]. Affected with 
uredo. 

Uredo [u-re'-dd) [uredo, a blight]. I. A form, genus, 
or stage in the life-cycle of certain fungi [Uredinea:). 
2. See Urticaria. U.-gonidium. Same as Uredo- 
spore. 

Uredoform ( u-re' -do-form ) [ uredo, blight ; forma, 
form]. The form assumed by a fungus of the class 
Uredinea: at the stage in which uredospores are pro- 
duced. 

Uredospore [u-re'-do-spor) [uredo, blight; a-opd, 
seed]. A peculiar spore, borne on erect basids, 
springing from cushion-like masses of mycelial 
hyphre situated beneath the epiderm of the host- 
plant by parasitic uredinous fungi. 

Uredosporic ( u-re-do-spor'-ik ) [uredo, blight ; a-opd, 
spore]. Pertaining to a uredospore. 

Ureid (u'-re-id) [ovpov, urine]. A compound of urea 
and an acid radicle. 

Urelcosis (u-rel-ko'-sis) [ovpov, urine ; eTiKuaic, ulcera- 
tion]. Ulceration of the urethra or urinary organs. 

Uremia [u-re'-me-ah) [ovpov, urine ; aifia, blood]. The 
combination of symptoms due to the retention in the 
blood of excrerhentitious substances normally ex- 
creted by the kidneys. 

Uremic [u-rem'-ih) [ovpov, urine ; aifia., blood]. Due 
to or characterized by uremia. 

Ureometer [u-rc-om' -el-er) [ovpov, urine ; ptrpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for measuring the quantity of 
urea in urine. 

Ureometry [u -re - om'- et -re) [ovpov, urine; ptrpov, 
measure]. The quantitive determination of urea. 

Ureorrhea [u-re-or-e'-ah) [ovpov, urine; po'ia, a flow]. 
Polyuria ; an increased flow of urine. 

Uresiesthesis [u-res-e-es' -the-sis) [ovpr/aic; urination ; 
alaBrjaig, sensation]. Constant desire to urinate. 

Uresis [u-re' -sis) [ovpr/aic^ . Same as Urination. 

-uret [-u'-ret). In chemistry, a suffix formerly used to 
denote a binary compound of carbon, sulphur, etc., 



with another element. In modern chemistry the suffix 

id is used. 
Uretal (u-rc'-tal). Same as Ureteric. 
Ureter [u-re'-ter) [ovprjTrjp ; ovpisiv, to urinate]. The 

canal or tube conveying the urine from the pelvis of 

the kidney to the bladder. 




Transverse Section of Lower Part of Human 
Ureter. 
e. Transitional epithelium, j. Submucosa. /andr. Longitu- 
dinal and circular smooth muscular fibers, t. Tunica propria. 
a. Adventitia. X 15- (From Stirling.) 

Ureteral [u-re' '-ter-al) [ovpifri/p, ureter]. Pertaining to 
the ureter. 

Ureteralgia [u - re - ter - al'-je - ah) . [ ovpr/rifp, ureter ; 
akyog, pain]. Any pain in the ureters. 

Ureterectomy [u - re - ter- ek'- to - me) [ohprfTTjp, ureter ; 
eKTOfirj, excision]. Excision of the ureter. 

Ureteric [u-re-ter'-ik) [ovp?fri/p, ureter]. Pertaining to 
the ureters or to a ureter. 

Ureteritis [u-re-ter-i'-tis) [nvpr/rtjp, ureter ; trie, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a ureter. 




Ureometer of Doremus. 



Uretero-cystostomy,Uretero-cystoneostomy [u-re'- 
ter-o-sis-tos' -to-me, u-re' -ter-o-sis-to-ne-os' -to-me) [ovp//- 



URETERODIALYSIS 



1575 



URETHROTOME 



ri/p, ureter; xvartg, bladder; cropa, mouth]. The 
establishment of an artificial communication between a 
ureter and the bladder. 

Ureterodialysis (u-re-ter-o-di-al'-is-is) [ob/ir/ri/p, ure- 
ter; Siai.vaa;, dialysis]. Rupture of the ureter. 

Ureterolith (u-re' ' -ter-o-litfi) [ovpr/Typ, ureter; Tiidug, 
stone]. Calculus in the ureter. 

Ureterolithiasis (u-re-ter-o-lith-i' -as-is) [obpr/ri/p, ure- 
ter; hOiactg, lithiasis]. The presence of a calculus in 
the ureter. 

Ureterolysis (u-re-ter-ol'-is-is) [obpr/ri/p, ureter; Xvaig, 
a loosening]. Same as Utero-dialysis. 

Ureterophlegma (u-re-ter-o-Jieg' -mah) [obpr/ri/p, ure- 
ter ; <j>Xeypa, phlegm]. Accumulation of mucus in 
the ureter. 

Ureterophlegmasia (u-re-ter-o-Jteg- ma' -ze-ah). Syno- 
nym of Ureteritis. 

Ureteropyosis ( u-re-ier-o-pi-o' -sis) [obpr/ri/p, ureter ; 
tti'ov, pus]. Purulent inflammation of the ureter. 

Ureterorrhagia (u-re-ter-or-a' -je-ah) [obpr/ri/p, ureter ; 
pi/yvbvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the 
ureter. 

Ureterorrhaphy (u - re - ter - or'- af- e)[ovpr/rqp, ureter ; 
pa<prj, seam]. Suture of the ureter. 

Ureterostegnosis (u-re-ter-o-steg-no' -sis) [obpr/ri/p, ure- 
ter; ariyvuoig, stenosis]. Stenosis or constriction of 
the ureter. 

Ureterostenoma (it-re-ter-o : ste-no' -mah) [obpr/ri/p, ure- 
ter; arevupa, a contraction]. Narrowing of the ureter. 

Ureterostoma (u - re - ter - os'- to - mah) [obpr/ri/p, ureter ; 
cropa, mouth]. The renal or the cystic opening or 
mouth of the ureter. 

Ureterostomy (u-re-ter-os' -to-me) [obpr/ri/p, ureter; 
cropa, mouth]. The formation of a ureteral fistula. 

Ureterotomy (u-re-ter-of '-o-nie) [obpr/ri/p, ureter; ropi/, 
cutting]. Incision of the ureter. 

Uretero-ureterostomy (u-re'- ter - o - u-re-ter-os' -to-nie) 
[obpr/ri/p, ureter; cropa, mouth]. The establishment 
of an artificial communication between one ureter 
and another, or between different parts of the same 
ureter. 

Uretero-uterine (u-re-ter-o-ti' -ter-in) [obpr/rr/p, ureter ; 
uterus, uterus]. Belonging to both ureter and uterus. 

Uretero-vaginal (u-re-ter-o-vaj' -in-al) [obpr/ri/p, ure- 
ter; vagina, vagina]. Belonging to both ureter and 
vagina. 

Urethane (u'-re-than) [obpov, urine ; ether~\, NH 2 C0 2 - 
C 2 H 5 . Ethyl Carbamate. A hypnotic and antipyretic. 
A decided antagonist to strychnin and other tetanizers. 
It has yielded excellent results in convulsions and in 
tetanus. In very large doses it is toxic. Dose gr. 
xx-lx. Unof. In a wider sense, any ester of car- 
bamic acid may be called a urethane. Urethanes are 
crystalline, volatile bodies, soluble in alcohol, in ether, 
and in water. 

Urethra (u-re' -thrah) [obpifipa, urethra]. The excre- 
tory canal of the bladder, extending from the neck of 
the bladder to the meatus urinarius. It is divided in 
the male into a prostatic portion, a membranous por- 
tion, and a spongy portion, and is from 8 to 9 inches 
long. In the female it is about x]/, inches in length. 

Urethral (u-re'-thral) [obpifipa, urethra]. Pertaining 
to the urethra. U. Crest. See Verumontaniim. U. 
Fever. A series of febrile reactions that may follow 
the introduction of a catheter or bougie into the blad- 
der. When not due to actual traumatism, it is a neu- 
rotic condition apparently produced by a kind of 
shock following an unwonted local stimulus. 

Urethralgia (u-re-thral'-je-ah)[obpifipa, urethra ; a)\,yoq, 
pain]. Pain in the urethra. 

Urethratresia (u-re-thrat-re' -ze-ah) [obpifipa, urethra ; 
atresia\ Imperforate urethra. 



Urethremorrhagia (u-re-threm-or-a' -je-ah) [obpifipa, 
urethra; alpa, blood; pr/yvbvai, to burst forth]. Hem- 
orrhage from the urethra. 

Urethrism, Urethrismus (u'-re-thrizm, u-re-thriz'- 
mus) [obpifipa, urethra]. Urethral irritability. 

Urethritic (u-re-lJiril' -fk) [obpifipa, urethra; inq, in- 
flammation]. Pertaining to or of the nature of 
urethritis. 

Urethritis (u-re-tliri' -tis) [obpifipa, urethra; mg, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the urethra. U., 
Anterior, that affecting the penile portion of the 
urethra. U. catarrhalis, simple non-specific urethri- 
tis. U. granulosa, chronic urethritis with urethral 
granulations. U. membranacea, chronic urethritis 
with the formation of membranes in the urethra. U., 
Posterior, inflammation of the prostatic and mem- 
branous portions of the urethra. U., Specific. See 
Gonorrhea. U. venerea. See Gonorrhea. 

Urethrito-syphilis (u-rc-thri-to-sif'-il-is) [obpifipa, ure- 
thra ; trie, inflammation ; syphilis, syphilis] . Gonor- 
rhea accompanied by syphilis. 

Urethrocele (u-re'-thro-sel) [obpifipa, urethra; K-ifkr/, a 
tumor]. A pouch-like thickening of the wall of the 
urethra in females. 

Urethrocystitis (u-re' -thro-sis-ti' -tis) [obpifipa, urethra ; 
nbartg, bladder; trig, inflammation]. Urethritis asso- 
ciated with cystitis. 

Urethrograph (11 - re' '- thro <- graf ') [obpifipa, urethra; 
ypacjreiv, to record] . A recording urethrometer. 

Urethrometer (u-re-throm'-et-er) [obpifipa, urethra; 
perpov, measure]. An instrument for determining the 
caliber of the urethra or for measuring the lumen of a 
stricture. 

Urethrophraxis (u-re-thro-fraks'-is) [obpifipa, urethra; 
(ppa^iQ, a blocking]. Urethral obstruction. 

Urethroplastic (u-re-thro-plas' -tik) [obpifipa, urethra ; 
ir?.aaceiv, to form]. Pertaining to or of the nature of 
urethroplasty. 

Urethroplasty (u-re'-thro-plas-te) [obpi/Bpa, urethra; 
rc?.accsiv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the 
urethra. 

Urethrorrhagia (u-re-thror-a' -je-ah) [obpifipa, urethra ; 
pr/yvbvai, to burst forth]. I. Hemorrhage from the 
urethra. 2. A gonorrheal or gleety discharge from 
the urethra. 

Urethrorrhaphy (u-re-thror'-af-e) [obpi/Bpa, urethra ; 
pa<pr/, seam]. The closure with sutures of an abnor- 
mal opening into the urethra. 

Urethrorrhea (u-re-thror-e'-ah) [obpifipa, urethra; 
pola, a flow]. Any morbid discharge from the 
urethra. 

Urethroscope (it • re' -thro - shop) [obpi/Opa, urethra; 
ckotts'iv, to examine]. An instrument to dilate the 
urethra and to allow inspection of its lining mem- 
brane. 

Urethroscopy (u-re-thros'-ko-pe) [obpr/dpa, urethra; 
GKOTreiv, to view]. Inspection of the mucous mem- 
brane of the urethra. 

Urethrospasm (u-re'-fhi-o-spazm) [obpifipa, urethra; 
crraapdr;, spasm]. A spasmodic stricture of the 
urethra. 

Urethrostenosis (u-re' -thi-o-sie-no' -sis) [obpifipa, ure- 
thra ; crivuatr, a constriction] . Stricture of the 
urethra. 

Urethrostomy (u-re - thros f - to - me) [obpr/dpa , urethra ; 
cropa, mouth]. Perineal section with permanent fixa- 
tion of the membranous urethra in the perineum. 

Urethrotome (u-re' -thro- torn) [obpifipa, urethra ; ropr/, 
a cutting]. A cutting instrument used in urethrotomy. 
U., Dilating, a combined urethrotome and dilator. 

Urethrotomic (u -re -thro- torn' -ik) [obpi/Opa, urethra; 
ropi/, a cutting]. Pertaining to urethrotomy. 



URETHROTOMY 



1576 



URINARY 



Urethrotomy (it - re - throt' - o - me) \obpiflpa, urethra; 
TEpveiv, to cut]. Incision of the urethra for stricture 
by a urethrotome or other instrument. U., Cock's Ex- 
ternal, laying open the perineum without a guide, for 
an impervious stricture of the urethra. U., External, 
incision of the urethra through its external wall. 
U., Internal, incision of urethral stricture by a blade 
introduced into its lumen. U., Syme's External, 
an operation in which an incision is made through 
the perineum upon a grooved director passed through 
the stricture. U., Wheelhouse's External, an opera- 
tion in which an opening is made into the urethra 
anterior to the stricture and a grooved director is 
passed through it into the bladder and the stricture 
divided. See, also, Operations, Table of. 

Urethro-vaginal (ti-re' -thro-vaf -in-al) [opi<r/Hpa, ure- 
thra ; vagina, vagina]. Pertaining to the urethra and 
the vagina. 

Urethro-vesical (ii-re-thro-ves'-ik-al)\ovprfipa, urethra ; 
vesica, bladder]. Pertaining to the urethra and the 
bladder. 

Uretic (n-ref '-/ 7e) [oip??rae<5c]. I. Pertaining to urine; 
stimulating the flow of urine. 2. An agent or medi- 
cine that stimulates the flow of urine. 

Urginea [ur-jin' -e-aK) \urgere, to press]. A genus of 
liliaceous plants. U. scilla, the plant that produces 
the official squill. See Scilla. 

Uric (ti'-rik) [tiritta, urine]. Derived from or belonging 
to the urine. U. Acid, one of a series of three sub- 
stances ( CjHjNjO = hypoxanthin ; C 5 H 4 N 1 2 = 
xanthin ; C 5 H + N 4 3 = uric acid), each differing 
from the preceding by an atom of oxygen. Hor- 
baczewski has indicated the possibility of the forma- 
tion of uric acid from the nuclein of cells. 

Uricacidemia (ii-rik-as-id-e'-tne-ah) [ urina, urine; 



acidus, acid ; aipa, blood]. The presence of a demon- 
strable amount of uric acid in the blood. It is said 
to produce various nervous symptoms, such as head- 
ache ; according to Haig, it is reponsible for many 
and varied phenomena. 

Uricedin (u-re-se 1 ' -din)\urina, urine] . A new proprietary 
remedy suggested for the treatment of gout. It is said 
to dissolve uric acid. It is a white, granular substance, 
readily soluble in water. After its administration the 
urine is capable of dissolving, in vitro or on a uric-acid 
filter, large quantities of uric acid. 

Uricemia, Uricaemia (u-ris-e'-me-ah) \11rina, urine ; 
aipa, blood]. The presence of uric acid in the blood 
on account of the failure of the red blood-corpuscles to 
oxidize the acid ; lithemia. See Uricacidemia. 

Uridrosis (u-rid-ro' -sis) \jirina, urine ; Wpug, sweat]. 
Sudor nrinosiis, a pathologic condition characterized 
by the presence of urea in the sweat. It is notice- 
able in cholera, uremia, atrophy of the kidneys, and 
in some cases of artificially induced diaphoresis. 
U. crystallina, a condition in which the salines of 
the sweat, together with elements of the urine, crystal- 
lize upon the skin in reddish-white granules. 

Urinaccelerator (ii-rin-ak-sel'-er-a-tor) \urina, urine ; 
accelerare, to accelerate]. The accelerator urinse. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Urinal (u'-riti-al) \_urina, urine]. A vessel for re- 
ceiving urine. 

Urinalysis [u-rin-al' -is-is) \_urina, urine ; \vaiq, loos- 
ing]. The analysis of the urine. 

Urinary (ii'-rin-a-re) \urina, urine]. Pertaining to the 
urine. U. Bladder. See Bladder. U. Calculus, 
a stony concretion found in the urinary passages. A 
table of the different varieties of urinary calculi is ap- 
pended : — 



ANALYSIS OF URINARY CALCULI. 



Incineration. 


MUREXID 

Test. 


Final Test. 


Nature of Cal- 
culus. 


Melts and leaves a fixed resi- 
due. 


Purple color. 


Yellow flame when burned. 


Sodium urate. 


Melts and leaves a fixed resi- 
due. 


Purple color. 


Violet flame when burned. 


Potassium urate. 


Melts and leaves a fixed resi- 
due. 


No purple 
color. 


Dissolve residue in acetic acid; add ammonia in excess- 
white, crystalline precipitate. 


Ammonio- magne- 
sium phosphate. 


Melts and leaves a fixed resi- 
due. 


No purple 
color. 


Residue insoluble in acetic acid. Dissolve in HC1; add 
ammonia — white precipitate. 


Calciu m phos- 
phate. 


Does not melt, but leaves a 
fixed residue. 


Purple color. 


Dissolve residue in dilute HC1 : add ammonia until alkaline, 

then ammonium-carbonate solution. 
la) White precipitate. 
(b) No precipitate, but hydric soldic phosphate causes white, 

crystalline precipitate. 


Calcium urate. 
Magnesium urate. 


Does not melt, but leaves a 
fixed residue. 


No purple 
color. 


Residue dissolved in water is not alkaline. Dissolves in HC1 
without effervescence. Ammonia in excess causes a white 
precipitate. 


Calcium phos- 
phate. 


Does not melt, but leaves a 
fixed residue. 


No purple 
color. 


The calculus is insoluble in acetic acid, but the residue dis- 
solves with effervescence. 
The calculus dissolves with effervescence in acetic acid. 


Calcium oxalate. 
Calcium carbonate. 


No fixed residue. 


Purple color. 


Mix powder with lime and moisten. 

(a) Ammonia is evolved and red litmus paper becomes blue 
in the vapor. 

(b) No ammonia. 


Ammonium urate. 
Uric acid. 


No fixed residue. 


No purple 
color. 


Nitric-acid solution grows yellow with evaporation. Residue 
insoluble in potassium carbonate. 


Xanthin. 


No fixed residue. 


No purple 
color. 


Nitric-acid solution turns dark-brown. Residue soluble in 
ammonia. 


Cystin. 


No fixed residue. 


No purple 
color. 


The soft calculus grows brown when dry and soft again with 
heat. Soluble in ether and residue grows violet on heating. 
Soluble in nitric acid, with slight bubbling; no change of color. 


Urostealith. 



URINARY SEDIMENTS 



1577 



URINARY SEDIMENTS 



U. Canal, a primitive urinary passage. U. Cast, 
a tube-cast. U. Organs, the organs concerned in 
the secretion and excretion of the urine. They include 
the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. U. 



Sediment, the deposit of sabulous and other material 
left after urine has been allowed to stand for some 
hours in a vessel. A table of the principal materials 
that may be found in urinary sediment is appended: — 



TABLE OF URINARY SEDIMENTS. 



Variety. 



Gross Appear- 
ances AND 
Characters. 



Microscopic 
Features. 



Tests. 



Significance. 



Illustrations. 

(After Tyson, Casselman, Landois, 

Beale, and von Jaksch.) 



Blood. 



A flocculent, 
red deposit. 



Blood-corpuscles. 



Equal parts of 
tincture gua- 
iac and ma- 
tureoil t ur- 
p e n t i n e or 
ozonic ether 
cause green 
line at junc- 
t i on with 
urine. 



Calcium carbo- 
nate. 



Whitish sedi- 
ment (rare) ; 
urine alka- 
line. 



Amorphous gran- 
u 1 e s ; small 
spheric or dumb- 
bell crystals. 



Soluble in 
acids, with ef- 
fervescence. 



Disease of kidney, 
bladder, or ure- 
thra. 



• «• ~ t 5* C 

® «, ® o o *a 



No special signifi- 
cance. 




Calcium 
late. 



Cloudy, whit- 
ish, often 
highly re- 
fracting sedi- 
ment. 



Transparent, re- 
fracting o c t a - 
hedra. Some- 
times "dumb- 
bell " shaped. 



Soluble in min- 
eral acids, 
not in acetic. 



Vegetable diet, 
especially rhu- 
barb ; oxaluria ; 
often with uric 
acid in lithemia. 




Calcium phos- 
phate. 



Whitish or 
y ell o wish 
sediment; 
urine feebly 
acid or alka- 
line. 



Amorphous gran- 
ules, or wedge- 
shaped crystals, 
separate or in ro- 
set-like clusters. 



Insoluble by 
heat; solu- 
ble in acetic 
or mineral 
acids. 



Phosphaturia; 
dyspepsia; alka- 
line fermentation 




Calcium 
phate. 



sul- 



Not distinct- 
ive; rare ; 
urine acid. 



Elongated, trans- 
parent needles or 
tablets. 



Insoluble i n 
ammonia or 
acids. 



No special signifi- 
cance. 




Cholesterin. 



Not distinct- 
ive; very 
rare ; urine 
alkaline. 



Large, transparent 
plates, often su- 
perimposed ; one 
corner frequent- 
ly defective. 



The micro- 
scopic ap- 
pearances. 



Pyelitis, cystitis, 
etc. 




URINARY SEDIMENTS 1578 URINARY SEDIMENTS 

TABLE OF URINARY SEDIMENTS.— Continued. 



Variety. 



Gross Appear- 
ances AND 
Characters. 



Microscopic 
Features. 



Tests. 



Significance. 



Illustrations. 

{After Tyson, Casselman, Landois, 

Beale, and von Jaksch.) 



Cystin. 



White or yel- 
lowish -gray 
deposit; 
rare ; acid, 
neutral, or al- 
kaline urine. 



Six-sided plates, 
often superim- 
posed. 



Crystals burn 
on platinum 
withabluish- 
green flame 
without 
melting; 
if heated 
with caustic 
potash on sil- 
ver plate 
leave a per- 
manent, dark 
stain. 



Cystinuria may be 
an hereditary and 
insignificant con- 
dition ; or it may 
indicate the pres- 
ence of a cystin- 
stone in the kid- 
ney. 



\W 




Hippuric acid. 



Not distinct- 
ive; whitish 
deposit; 
urine acid. 



Four-sided prisms 
with two or four 
beveled edges at 
the ends. 



Dissolved i n 
ammonia, 
but not in 
hydrochlor- 
ic acid. 



Diet of cranberries 
and other vege- 
tables ; adminis- 
tration of benzoic 
acid ; in diabetes. 




Indigo. 



Amorphous Amorphous gran- 
fragments or ules, fine needles 



concretions 
of blue color : 
urine al k a- 
line or acid. 



and crystals of 
a blue color. 



The color is 
distinctive. 



I n decomposing 
urine. 







Leucin and 
tyrosin. 



Usually a bile- 
stained de- 
posit ; often 
scanty ; rare ; 
urine acid. 



Leucin: Yellowish, 
highly refracting 
spheres, c o n - 
taining radiating 
lines. 



Tyrosin : "Nee- 
dles" arranged 
in "sheafs." 



Leucin: Heat- 
ing with pro- 
tonitrate of 
mercury i n 
solution de- 
posits metal- 
lic mercury. 

Tyrosin : Crys- 
t a 1 s d i s- 
solved in hot 
water, and 
treated with 
mercuric ni- 
trate and ni- 
trate of pot- 
assium, giv- 
ing a red so- 
1 u t i on and 
red precipi- 
tate. 



Destruction o f 
liver; especially 
acute yellow 
atrophy, and 
phosphorus- 
poisoning. 




M agnesium 
phospnate. 



Not distinctive; 
rare; urine 
concentrated, 
but feebly 
acid or alka- 
line. 



Mucin. 



Large, strongly 
refracting plates, 
in the shape of 
elongated rhom- 
bic tablets. 



Soluble in 
acetic acid, 
re-prec ipi 
tated by car- 
bonate of so- 
dium. 



No special signif- 
icance. 




Cloudy tur- Epithelium and' Acetic acid 
bid it y or a leukocytes, held causes cloud 
viscid, gelat- in a stringy, iness or 
'noussedi- transparent precipitate, 
mass. 



ment. 



Pho sp hates, 
Triple — Am- 
monio-mag- 
nesium phos- 
phate. 



deposit 
urine feebly 
acid or alka- 
line. 



Heavy, white Triangular prisms Insoluble by 



with beveled 
edges — " coffin 
lids." Also 
feathery, star 
shapes, and other 
forms. 



Genito-u rinary 
catarrh, especi- 
ally cystitis. 



heat. Solu 
ble in acetic 
or mineral 
acids. 



Dyspepsia ; alka- 
line fermentation 
of urine; cystitis. 




rd 



URINARY SEDIMENTS 1579 URINARY SEDIMENTS 

TABLE OF URINARY SEDIMENTS.— Continued. 



Variety. 



Gross Appear- 

; ances and 
Characters. 



Pus. 



Microscopic 

Features. 



Compact, thick, Degenerated leu- 



Tvrosin. 



viscid sedi 
merit ; urine 
acid or alka- 
line. 



See Lencin. 



Urates of sodi- 
um, ammon- 
ium, and po- 
tassium. 

( The illustra- 
tion is of am- 
monium ur- j 
ate.) 



kocytes. 



' Brick-dust " 
deposit, the 
color due to 
the color of 
the urine. 
Dissolved 
and cleared 
by heating. 
Urine acid ; 
so met imes 
alkaline. 



Uric acid. 



Xanthin. 



Small grains, 
resembling 
red pepper ; 
urine acid. 



Amorphous gran- 
u 1 e s . Ammo- 
nium urate ap- 
pears as spheric 
cry stals sur- 
rounded by spic- 
ules — " hedge- 
hog crystals." 



Not distinct- 
ive ; urine 
acid; very 
rare. 



Crystals of vari- 
ous shapes 
colored brown- 
ish-red by the 
urinary pig- 
ments. The com- 
monest form 
resembles a 
whetstone. 



Tests. 



The dark-red 
color of pus- 
corp uscles 
o n adding 
iodo - potas- 
sic-iodid so- 
lution. 



Dissolved by 
heat or on 
adding acids. 



The crystals 
dissolve i n 
caustic pot- 
ash. The 
murexid-test 
produces a 
purple color. 



'Whetstone' 
crystals. 



Insoluble i n 
acetic acid ; 
soluble i n 
ammonia. 



Significance. 



In acid urine, with 
uric acid and no 
mucus : pyelitis ; 
or alkaline urine 
with triple phos- 
phates: cystitis. 



Illustrations. 

(After Tyson, Casselman, Landois, 

Beale, and von Jakscli.) 




Lithemic and rheu- 
matic diathesis. 
Fever. Ammon- 
ium urate occurs 
when an acid 
urine is under- 
going alkaline 
fermentation. 



Lithemic or rheu- 
matic diathesis. 



Xanthin-stone 
the kidney. 




ttfe £* 



w*t* 




H. Bence Jones once found this sub- 
stance in the urine of a lad who had 
three years previously exhibited the 
symptoms of renal colic. It was seen 
in the sediment in the form of tvhet- 
stone crystals, which were insoluble 
in acetic acid and soluble in ammo- 
nia (thus distinguished from uric 
acid). — Von Jaksch. 



Urinate [u'-rin-at) [urina, urine]. To evacuate urine 
from the bladder. 

Urination {u-rin-a f -shun) [urina, urine; tainare, to 
urinate]. The act of voiding urine. 

Urine (ti'-rin) [urina, urine]. The excretion of the 
kidneys. The urine in health has an amber color, a 
slightly acid reaction, a faint odor, a saline taste, 
and a specific gravity of about 1018. The average 
quantity excreted in 24 hours, in health, is about three 
pints. The constitution and the amount of the urine 
are modified considerably by the food and drink taken, 
also by drugs, temperature, occupation, etc. U., 
Anemic, the urine in anemia. U., Black, urine con- 
taining melanin. U., Chylous, a milky urine due to the 
presence of fat or chyle. U., Diabetic, urine passed 
in diabetes, containing glucose. U., Dyspeptic, the 
urine of a dyspeptic patient. It often contains 
crystals of calcium oxalate. U., Gouty, urine scanty 
in amount, highly colored, and containing an excess 
of uric acid. U., Incontinence of, inability to retain 
the urine. See Enuresis. U., Mucilaginous, urine 
containing a large amount of mucus. U., Nebulous, 
urine cloudy from earthy phosphates. U., Residual, 
urine that remains in the bladder after urination in 
prostatic hypertrophy and in cystic disease. U., Re- 



tention of. Inability to pass the urine. See Ischu- 
ria. U., Suppression of. See Ischuria. U., Tests 
for Serum-albumin in. From a series of experi- 
ments with mucoid nucleo-albumin (so-called mucin), 
Dr. D. D. Stewart concludes that the old-fashioned 
heat-test is the only reliable one for the recognition 
of serum-albumin in the urine, but that no depend- 
ence can be placed on a reaction occurring while the 
urine is cooling if an acid has been added to assist 
in the precipitation of serum-albumin or to maintain 
phosphates in solution. This author also asserts that 
metaphosphoric acid is untrustworthy as a serum- 
albumin test, on account of reacting to traces of so- 
called mucin in a manner indistinguishable from the 
serum-albumin reaction. Trichloracetic acid is also 
so delicate a reagent for the detection of albumin, 
that, by it, a normal, constant trace of albumin is 
proved. With careful technique, an albumin-reaction 
occurs with all cold urines, either instantly or within a 
few moments after contact, and this reaction may be 
made to appear almost instantly in any normal, unfil- 
tered, clear urine, if the test tube is placed for a short 
time in water at the boiling point. So extraordinarily 
sensitive is this reagent that it gives an albumin-ring 
with distilled water which has been passed through 



UR1NEMIA 



1580 



UROBILINURIA 



filtering paper of the finest grades, including the 
best Swedish paper, which is supposed to contain 
the least amount of vegetable albumin. See Tests, 
Table of. A table of the Colors of the Urine is appended. 



Urinometer (u-rin-om'-et-er) [urina, urine; fierpov, 
measure] . A hydrometer for ascertaining the specific 
gravity of urine. 



COLORS 'OF THE 


URINE. 


Color. 


Cause of the 
Color. 


Pathologic Condi- 
tion or Cause. 


Nearly colorless. 


Dilution or dimin- 
ished pigments. 


Various nervous 
conditions, hy- 
druria, diabetes 
mellitus, diabetes 
insipidus, con- 
tracted kidney. 


Normal color, be- 
coming black on 
standing. 


Unknown ; glyco- 
suric acid. 


Sometimes in pul- 
monary tuberculo- 
sis. Pathology 
unknown. 


Milky. 


Fat-globules; pus- 
corpuscles. 


Chyluria ; fatty kid- 
ney ; purulent 
disease in the 
urinary tract. 


Dark-amber to red- 
dish-brown. 


Increase of nor- 
mal or occur- 
rence of patho- 
logic pigments; 
concentration of 
the urine. 


Fever; pernicious 
anemia ; excessive 
sweating. 


Yellow. 


Excreted drugs, 


e. g., picric acid. 


Orange. 


Excreted drugs, 


e. g., santonin, chry- 
sophanic acid. 


Brown to black. 


Hematin,methem- 
oglobin, mela- 
nin, hydrochinon, 
and catechol. 


Small hemorrhages ; 
in e t h e in o glo b i n- 
ur ia ; antipyrin ; 
chlorate of potash ; 
melanotic sarcoma; 
carbolic acid ; 
creasote. 


Brownish-yellow to 
red, becoming 
blood-red on 
adding alkalies. 


Substances intro- 
duced with 
senna, rhubarb, 
andchelidonium. 




Red or reddish. 


Hemoglobin or free 

blood. 
Pigments in food, 


Hemoglobinuria or 
hematuria. 

e.g., logwood mad- 
der, bilberries, 
fuchsin. 


Greenish to brown 
or black. 


Bile-pigments. 


Jaundice. 


Dirty-green or blue. 


Dark serum on 
surface, and blue 
deposit due to 
indigo - forming 
substances. 


Cholera, typhus, 
hepatic, and intes- 
tinal affec t ions . 
Especially marked 
in stale urine. 



Urinemia (u-rin-e' -me-ak) [urina, urine ; ai/ia, blood]. 
The existence of urinary constituents in the blood. 

Uriniferous (u-rin-if ' -er-its) [urina, urine ; ferre, to 
bear]. Carrying or conveying urine. U. Tubules. 
See under Tidnilus. 

Urinific (u-rin-if -ik) [urina, urine ; facere, to make]. 
Excreting or producing urine. 

Uriniparous (u-rin-ip'-ar-us) [zirina, urine ; parere, to 
produce]. Preparing or excreting urine. 

Urinogenital (u-rin-o-jen' '-it-al) [uri7ia, urine ; yevvav, 
to produce]. Pertaining to urination and the genital 
function ; urogenital. 

Urinogenitary (u-rin-o-jen' -it-a-re). Same as Urino- 
genital. 

Urinology (u-rin-ol' -o-je) [urina, urine ; %6yoc, sci- 
ence]. The science of the analysis and diagnostic 
significance of urine. 





A. Squibb's Urinometer and Jar. b. Section of Same. 

Urinometric (u-rin-o-mef -rik) [urina, urine; fterpov, 

measure]. Pertaining to urinometry. 
Urinometry (u-rin-om'-et-re) [tirina, urine; perpov, 

measure]. The determination of the specific gravity 

of the urine by the urinometer. 
Urinoscopic (u-rin-o-skop' -ill) [urina, urine ; onoirelv, 

to view]. Pertaining to the inspection of the urine. 
Urinoscopy (u-ri)i-os'-ko-pe). See Uroscopy. 
Urinose (u'-rin-os). Same as Urinous. 
Urinous (u'-rin-us) [urina, urine]. Having the nature 

of urine. 
Urite (u'-rii) [ovpa, tail]. In biology, the ventral sec- 
tion of an arthropodan uromere. 
Uritis (u-ri'-tis) [urere, to burn ; ;r/c, inflammation] 

Inflammation following a burn. 
Urning (urn'-ing) [Ovpavog, the Greek personification of 

heaven]. A homo-sexual individual ; a pervert in whom 

the desire is only for individuals of the same sex. 
Uro- (u'-ro-) [ovpov, urine]. As a prefix, denotes 

connection with or relation to the urine, uric acid, or 

a urate. 
Uro-acidimeter (u-ro-as-id-im'-et-er) [ohpov, urine; 

acidum, acid; phpov, measure]. An instrument for 

measuring the acidity of urine. 
Urobacillus (u-ro-bas-il'-us) [ovpov, urine; bacillum, 

a rod]. A bacillus derived from decomposed urine. 

There are several varieties. See Bacteria, Table of. 
Urobenzoic Acid (u-ro-ben-zo'-ik). Synonymous with 

Hippuric Acid, q. v. 
Urobilin (« - ro - bil> '- in) [ovpov, urine; bill's, bile], 

C 32 H 40 N 4 O 7 . A derivative of bilirubin. It is a 

yellowish-brown, amorphous pigment, almost insoluble 

in water. It is the principal pigment of the urine. 

and is increased in the deeply colored urine of febrile 

and other conditions. U., Pathologic, the excessive 

coloring-matter of certain dark urines occurring in 

various diseases, as pernicious anemia, febrile diseases, 

etc. See Urine, Colors of. 
Urobilinoidin (u-ro-bil-in-oid* '-in) [ovpov, urine; bile']. 

A form of urinary pigment derived from hematin and 

resembling urobilin, though not identical with it. It 

occurs in certain pathologic conditions. 
Urobilinuria (u-ro-bil-in-u' '-re-ah) [ovpov, urine ; bills, 

bile; ovpov, urine]. The presence of an abnormally 

large proportion of urobilin in the urine. 



UROBUTVLCHLORALIC ACID 



1581 



UROPODAL 



Urobutylchloralic Acid (u-ro-lni-til-hlo-ral'-ih) [ovpov, 
urine, butyl; xkv>p6$, green]. A body obtained from 
the urine after the ingestion of butyl-chloral. 

Urocanic Acid (u-ro-kan'-ik) [ovpov, urine ; caw's, 
dog], C 6 H 6 N. 2 0. 2 -|-2H.,O. An acid found in the urine 
of dogs when there is a diminution in the amount of 
urea. By heating to 21 2° C. it is decomposed into 
carbonic acid, water, and a base, Urocanin, C n H 10 - 
N,0. 

Urocanin {tt-ro-kan'-hi). See Urocanic Acid. 

Urocardiac (u-ro-kar 1 -de-ak) [ovpa, tail ; napdia, the 
heart]. Of or pertaining to the caudal part of the 
cardiac division of the stomach of certain crustaceans. 

Urocele (it' -rose/) [ovpov, urine; nf/'Ai/, a tumor]. A 
tumefaction of the scrotum, arising from an effusion 
of urine into its cavity or into the areolar tissue. 

Urocelia, Uroccelia (it - ro - se'- le - ah) [ovpov, urine ; 
KoMa, belly]. Swelling of the abdomen from infiltra- 
tion of urine. 

Urocheras (u-rok'-er-as) [ovpov, urine ; x s P<*St sand]. 
The sabulous matter deposited from standing urine. 

Urochesia (u-ro-ke' -ze-ah ) [ovpov, urine ; %e r eiv, to de- 
fecate]. The discharge of urine per anum. 

Urochord (u'-ro-kord) [ovpov, urine; X°P^i chord]. 
The caudal notochord of an ascidian or tunicate. 

Urochrome (it' ' -ro-krom) [ovpov, urine ; ^pcj^a, color]. 
One of the coloring-matters of the urine. Exposed 
to the air, the watery solution oxidizes, forming 
Uroerythin. 

Uroclepsia (u - ro - klep'- se- ah) [ovpov, urine ; uTieipia, 
theft]. Micturition of which one is unconscious. 

Urocrisis (11-rok' -ris-is) [ovpov, urine; npioic, a separat- 
ing]. A crisis of disease attended with excessive urina- 
tion. Also, diagnosis by examination of the urine. 

Urocyanosis (u-ro-si-an-o'-sis) [ovpov, urine ; nvavoc, 
blue]. Blue discoloration of the urine, due to the 
presence of indican. 

Urocyst, Urocystis (it'- ro - sist, it - ro - sist'- is) [ovpov, 
urine; kvctic, bl adder]. The urinary bladder. 

Urocystic (u-ro-sis'-tik) [ovpov, urine ; Kvarig, bladder]. 
Pertaining to the urocyst ; vesical. 

Urocystitis (u-ro-sis-ti'-lis) [ovpov, urine ; Kvarig, blad- 
der]. Inflammation of the urinary bladder ; cystitis. 

Urodela (it - rod'- el - ah) . A term applied to the tailed 
amphibia, salamanders, etc. 

Urodialysis (u-ro-di-al ' '-is-is) [ovpov, urine ; diaXvaic, 
a cessation]. The partial and temporary cessation of 
the secretion of urine by the kidneys concomitant with 
many acute diseases. U. neonatorum, retarded 
secretion of urine in the newborn. 

Urodochium (u-ro-do-ki' -11m) [ovpov, urine ; dox^-ov, 
receptacle] . A urinal. 

Urodynia (u-ro-din'-e-ah) [ovpov, urine ; bdvvi], pain]. 
Painful micturition. 

Urcedema (u-re-de' -mah) . See Uredema. 

Uroerythrin (u-ro-er' -ith-rin) [ovpov, urine ; cpvBpdg, 
red] . A urinary pigment of which but little is known. 
It is the coloring-matter of certain pink urinary de- 
posits, and is probably present in highly colored urine 
of rheumatic diseases. It is an amorphous, reddish 
substance, with an acid reaction, slowly soluble in 
water, alcohol, and ether. See Purpurin. 

Urofuscohematin (it -ro- fits- ko - hem'- at- in) [ovpov, 
urine ; fiiscus, dark; dijia, blood]. A red pigment 
of the urine, derived from hematin. 

\JrogSiSter(ii'-ro-gas-/er)[ovpov, urine; yaaryp, stomach]. 
The urinary intestine, or urinary passages collec- 
tively, which are developed from the original cavity 
of the allantois in connection with the primitive in- 
testinal tract. 

Urogastric (it - ro -gas / - trik) [ovpov, urine ; yaarr/p, 
stomach]. Pertaining to the urogaster. 



Urogenital (itro-jcn'-it-al) [ovpov, urine; yivvav, to 
produce]. Pertaining conjointly to the urinary and 
genital organs. U. Sinus, the anterior part of the 
cloaca, into which the Mullerian ducts open. 

Urogenous (u - roj ' - en - us) [ovpov, urine; yevvav, to 
produce]. Producing urine. 

Uroglaucin (u-ro-glaw'-sin) [ovpov, urine ; ylavaoc, 
green]. A decomposition-product of indican; it is 
called also cyanurin, urocyanin, and indigotin. 

Urogravimeter (it - ro -gray - imf- et - er) . See Urin- 
ometer. 

Urohematin (u-ro-hein' -at-in). Altered hematin in 
the urine. 

Urohematoporphyrin (u-ro-hem-at-o-por' '-fir-in)[ovpov , 
urine; at/ui, blood; iropfvpog, purple]. Same as 
Urohematin. It is a urinary pigment occasionally oc- 
curring in certain pathologic urines, as of acute rheuma 
tism, Addison's disease, etc. It is soluble in alcohol, 
ether, and chloroform. 

Urohyal (u-ro-hi'-al) [ovpov, urine; voeiStiq, hyoid]. 
In biology, the tail-piece of the composite hyoid bone. 

Uroleucic Acid (u-ro-lu'-sik). See Acid. 

Uroleucinic Acid (u-ro-lit-sin'-ik) [ovpov, urine ; levnoc, 
white]. A substance found by Kirk in a specimen of 
urine. It is trioxyphenylpropionic acid. 

Urolith (u'-ro-lith) [ovpov, urine ; A'Sog, a stone]. A 
urinary calculus. 

Urolithiasis (u-ro-liih-i' -as-is) [ovpov, urine ; \1B1aaiQ, 
lithiasis]. That condition of the body which favors, 
or is characterized by, the formation of urinary calculi. 

Urolithic (it-ro-lith'-ik) [ovpov, urine; Xidoc, stone]. 
Pertaining to or having the nature of urinary cal- 
culus. 

Urolithotomy (u-ro-lith-ot' -o-me). See Lithotomy. 

Urologic (u-ro-loj'-ik) [ovpov, urine; 'koyoQ, science]. 
Pertaining to urology. 

Urologist (u-rol' -o-jist) [ovpov, urine; 16yoc, science]. 
One versed in urology. 

Urology (u-rol'-o-je) [ovpov, urine; X6yoc, science]. 
The scientific study of the urine. 

Uromancy (u'-ro-man-se) [ovpov, urine ; /lavreia, divin- 
ation]. Diagnosis or prognosis by observation of the 
urine. 

Uromelanin (u-ro-mel ' -an-in) [ovpov, urine ; melanin']. 
A black pigment found in the urine. It is probably 
derived from the decomposition of urochrome. 

Uromelus (u-rom'-e-lits) [ovpa, tail ; h'eXoc, limb]. A 
single autositic monster of the species symelus, in which 
there is more or less complete fusion of the limbs, with 
but a single foot. 

Uromere (u'-ro-mer) [ovpa, tail ; fiepoq, part]. In bi- 
ology, one of the abdominal segments of an arthropod. 

Uromeric (u-ro-mer' -ik) [ovpa, tail; fiepog, part]. Per- 
taining to a uromere. 

Urometer (u-rom'-et-er). See Urinometer. 

Uroncus (u-rong'-kus) [ovpov, urine; oyKog, tumor]. 
A tumor containing urine. 

Uronephrosis (u-ro-nef-ro' -sis). See Hydro7iephrosis. 

Urophaein (u-ro-fe' -in) [ovpov, urine ; (fiaidc, gray]. A 
pigment-body to which the characteristic odor of the 
urine has been ascribed. 

Urophthisis (u-roff'-this-is) [ovpov, urine ; (pOioig, wash- 
m g]- Synonym of Diabetes mellitus. 

Uropittin (it-ro-pif -in) [ovpov, urine], C 9 H 10 N. 2 O 3 . A 
derivative of urochrome. 

Uroplania (u-ro-pla' -ne-ah) [ovpov, urine ; ■K^avrj, wan- 
dering]. The abnormal appearance of urine in other 
than the urinary organs. 

Uropod (u'-ro-pod) [ovpa, tail ; ttovc, foot]. In bio- 
logy, one of the abdominal limbs of an arthropod. 

Uropodal (u-rop'-o-dal) [ovpa, tail; ^orc, foot]. Per- 
taining to uropods. 



UROPOIESIS 



1582 



URTICARIA 



Uropoiesis (it-ro-poi-e'-sis) [ovpov, urine ; Trotieiv, to 
make]. The secretion of the urine by the kidneys. 

Uropoietic [u-ro-poi-ef '-ik) [ovpov, urine ; "xoikeiv, to 
make]. Concerned in uropoiesis ; uriniparous. 

Uropsammus [ti-rop-sam' -us) [ovpov, urine ; ipa/i/nog, 
sand]. Urinary sand, or gravel. 

Uropygial [ii-ro-pif -e-al) [o'vponbyiov, rump]. Per- 
taining to the Uropygium. 

Uropygii, Glandula. The uropygial gland of a bird. 
See Gland. 

Uropygium (u-ro-pij' -e-uni) [ovpa, tail; -Kvyij, rump : 
//. , Uropygia]. In biology, the rump. 

Uropyloric [u-ro-pi-lor'-ik) [ovpa, tail ; itvkupoc, a gate- 
keeper]. In biology, of or pertaining to the posterior 
portion of the pyloric division of the stomach of cer- 
tain Crustaceans. 

Urorhodin (u-ro-ro'-din) [nvpov, urine; p66ov, rose]. 
A red pigmentary deposit found in urine and derived 
by alteration from uroxanthin. 

Urorosein (ii-ro-ro' -ze-in) [ovpov, urine; rosein\. A 
rose-colored pigment found in the urine in various 
diseases. 

Urorrhagia [u-ror-a' '-je-aK) [ovpov, urine ; priyv'vvat, to 
burst forth]. Excessive secretion and discharge of 
urine. 

Urorrhea (u-ror-e'-ah) [ovpov, urine; poia, a flow]. I. 
The ordinary, normal flow of the urine. 2. The in- 
voluntary passage of urine. 

Urorubin (it-ro-ru'-biii) [ovpov, urine ; rubies, red]. A 
red urinary pigment. 

Urorubrohematin (ti-ro-ru-bro-hcm'-at-in} [ovpov, 
urine; rubrum, red; alfia, blood]. A urinary pigment 
obtained from the urine of leprous patients. 

Urosacral (u-ro-sa'-kral) [ovpa, the tail; sacrum, 
sacrum]. Pertaining to the tail and the sacrum. 

Uroscheocele (u-ros'-ke-o-sel). See Urocele. 

Uroschesis (u-ros'-kes-is) [ovpov, urine ; ff^f'ff'f, reten- 
tion]. Suppression of urine. 

Uroscopic yu-ro-skop'-ih). Same as Urinoscopic . 

Uroscopist (u-ros' '-ko-pist) [ovpov, urine; anoKeiv, to 
view]. One who makes a specialty of urinary exami- 
nations. 

Uroscopy (u-ros'-ko-pe) [ovpov, urine ; aumreiv, to ex- 
amine]. Examination and analysis of the urine. 

Urosepsis (u-ro-sep'-sis) [ovpov, urine; oi/ipic-, sepsis]. 
The condition of intoxication due to the extravasation 
of urine. 

Uroseptic (ic-ro-sep' -lik) [ovpov, urine ; or/ipir, sepsis]. 
Relating to or characterized by urosepsis. 

Urosis (u-ro'-sis) [ovpov, urine ; voaoc, disease: pi. , 
[/roses']. In pathology, any disease of the urinary 
organs. 

Urosomatic {u-ro-so-mat' -ik) [ovpa, tail ; pu/ia, body]. 
Pertaining to the urosome. 

Urosome (11' -ro-som) [ovpa, tail ; aa/ua, body]. In bi- 
ology : (a) The last segment of the tail of a vertebrate ; 
(b) the abdomen or post-abdomen of an arthropod. 

Urosomite (u-ro-so'-tuit). Same as Uromere. 

Urosomitic (u-ro-so-mit* '-ik") [ovpa, tail; ou/xa, body]. 
Pertaining to a urosomite. 

Urospasm (u' -ro-spazni)[6vpov, urine ; awaa^og, spasm]. 
Spasm of some part of the urinary tract. 

Urostealith (u-ro-ste'-al-ith) [ovpov, urine ; oriap, fat ; 
AiOor, stone]. A fatty or saponaceous matter occurring 
in some urinary calculi. 

Urostegal (u'-ro-ste-gal) [ovpa, tail ; arkyi], a roof]. 
Pertaining to the urosteges. 

Urostege (it'-ro-stej) [ovpa, tail ; arkyt/, a roof]. In 
biology, one of the large scales on the ventral side of 
the tail of a snake. Cf. Gastrostege. 

Urostegite («' ' -ro-s(e-fit) [ovpa, tail; orey//, roof]. 
One of the urosteges, or urostegal scales. 



Urosteon (u-ros' -te-on) [ovpa, tail ; oariov, bone]. In 
biology, the caudal portion of the sternum of certain 
birds, having a separate center of ossification. 

Urosternite (u-ro-ster'-nit) [ovpa, tail; arkpr/ov, ster- 
num]. The sternite, or ventral median sclerite, of 
any somite of the urosome of an arthropod. 

Urosthene [u f -ros-ihsri) [ovpa, tail ; otievoc, strength]. 
In biology, an animal possessing an unusual develop- 
ment of the tail. 

Urosthenic (u-ro-sthen' -ik)[ovpa, tail ; o~8evog, strength]. 
Strong in the tail. 

Urostylar [ti-ro-sti' ' -lar) [ovpa, tail ; crvTioc, column]. 
Pertaining to a urostyle. 

Urostyle (u'-ros-til) [ovpa, tail; arv7.oc, column]. In 
biology, the elongated terminal vertebra of the spinal 
column of certain animals, as the os coccygis of the 
frog. 

Urotheobromin (u-ro-the-o-bro' '-tiihi). See Paraxan- 
thin. 

Urotoxic (ii-ro-toks 1 '-ik) [ovpov, urine; to^ikov, poison]. 
Pertaining to poisonous substances eliminated in the 
urine. 

Urotoxy (u'-ro-toks-e) [ovpov, urine ; to^lk6v, poison]. 
A term invented by Bouchard to denote the standard 
of toxicity of urine necessary to kill a kilogram of liv- 
ing substance. 

Urous (u'-rus) [ovpov, urine]. Having the nature of 
urine. 

Uroxanthin (it-ro-zan' -thin) [ovpov, urine; fai>0dc, 
yellow]. Indigogen. A pigmentary substance occur- 
ring normally in human urine. Its secretion is enor- 
mously increased in the first stage of cholera and in 
certain affections of the liver and of the myelon. 

Uroxin (u-rohs'-in) [ovpov, urine ; o^'vc, sharp]. Same 
as Alloxantin. 

Urrhodin (ur-rod'-itt) [ovpov, urine ; 'p6$ivoc, rosy]. A 
red, purple, or violet urinary pigment, derived from 
uroxanthin. 

Urrhosacin (iir-o' -sas-in). See Urrhodin. 

Ursone (tir'-son). See Ericolin. 

Urtica (nr'-tik-ah) [L. : gen., Urtiae\ A genus of 
apetalous plants including the nettles. See Nettle and 
Pomphus. 

Urtical (ur'-likal) [urtica, nettle]. Belonging to the 
nettles. 

Urticaria (ur-tika'-re-ah) [urtica, a nettle]. Nettle- 
rash ; Cnidosis ; Hives : an inflammatory disorder 
of the skin characterized by the development of wheals, 
which give rise to subjective sensations of burning and 
itching. These appear suddenly in large or small 
numbers, remain for from a few minutes to several hours, 
and disappear as suddenly as they came, leaving no 
trace behind. The disease may be acute or chronic, and 
due to various agencies acting upon the vaso-motor sys- 
tem, such as gastro-intestinal disorders, intestinal worms, 
the ingestion of shell-fish, etc. U. acuta, an acute 
form often associated with fever of 101-2° F. (U. 
febrilis). The pulse is quick, and there are marked 
signs of gastric irritation, with headache and prostra- 
tion. The eruption may not appear for a day or two, 
and then comes out copiously all over. It disappears 
rapidly after removal of the cause of gastric irritation. 
U. bullosa, an exaggerated form of U. vesicans. U. 
chronica, a term referring to the duration of the dis- 
ease as a whole, and not to that of the successive crops 
of wheals individually. The disease may last for an 
indefinite period. U. conferta, a form in which the 
lesions occur in groups. U. endemica, an irritative 
cutaneous ei'uption occurring in some districts, nota- 
bly the Kahlberger Schweiz, and caused by the pro- 
cession caterpillars, particularly the species Cnetho- 
campa. The eruption is papular and wheal-like in 



URTICARIAL 



1583 



UTEROMANIA 



character, and is accompanied by intolerable itching. 
It is usually seen on the flexor surfaces of the extremi- 
ties, but may appear on any part of the body, also on 
the mucous membranes. Domestic animals are also 
subject to the affection. The poisonous agent secreted 
by these insects is formic acid. Their influence is 
said to be either mechanical or chemical, and it is 
even said that contact is not necessary to its pro- 
duction. U. evanida, a variety in which there 
is a rapid disappearance of the symptoms. U. 
factitia, Dermographia, Autographism, Dermograph- 
ism, the form produced in individuals with an irri- 
table skin by any slight external irritation. U. fe- 
brilis. See U. acuta. U. gigans. See U. tuberosa. 
U. hemorrhagica, Purpura urticans; hemorrhage 
into the urticarial wheals from rupture of the extremely 
congested capillaries. U. medicamentosa, that 
variety resulting from the use of certain drugs. U., 
Nervous. Synonym of U. factitia. U. cedema- 
tosa, Giant Urticaria, a variety characterized by 
the sudden appearance of large, soft, edematous swell- 
ings of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, which may 
measure several inches in diameter. These are es- 
pecially prone to develop about the eyelids, but may 
also attack the trunk and limbs in the neighbor- 
hood of the joints. A sense of tension is all that is 
complained of. If the mucous membrane of the 
throat and larynx is involved the symptoms are 
alarming but not dangerous. A variety of this is the 
so-called Quincke's Disease, or acute circumscribed 
edema, in which the orbital tissue or the tissue of other 
parts of the face may swell up into a large tumor, or there 
may be a large, ill-defined swelling of a considerable 
portion of the limb or other part of the body from subcu- 
taneous edema {U. subcutaned). It is generally limited 
to the loins and thighs. U. papulosa, Lichen urti- 
catus, a form occurring in children, in which, as a re- 
mit of the inflammatory effusion, a small, solid papule 
u^ins after the subsidence of the wheal. It is most 
it about the loins and buttocks, but may appear 
on any other part of the body. It is often associated 
with irregular, flat, scabbed pustular lesions. U. pig- 
mentosa, xanthelasmoidea, a rare type of urticaria, 
which begins within the first few months of life. It 
consists of large, reddish, wheal -like tubercles that 
eventually change to a brownish-red or yellowish 
color. Itching may or may not be present. The dis- 
ease runs a protracted course, but tends to spon- 
taneous recovery at puberty. It is most abundant on 
the neck and trunk, next upon the limbs, face, and 
head, and is only occasionally present on the palms and 
soles. Boys are commonly affected. U., Provoked. 
Synonym of U. factitia. U. subcutanea. See 
U. aedematosa. U. toxica, that due to certain ar- 
ticles of food. U. tuberosa, U. gigans, a form in 
which the wheals assume a tuberous form and become 
very large, as big as a walnut, hen's egg, or even larger. 
The lesions are few in number, and the disease occurs 
mainly in persons with broken-down constitutions, 
beyond middle age. See Angio-neurotic ede?na. U. 
vesicans, excessive serous effusion into the center of 
the wheals, producing vesicles. U. vesiculosa. Same 
as U. papulosa. 

Urticarial, Urticarious (ur-tik-a' -re-al, ur-tik-a' -re-us) 
[urticaria, nettle-rash]. Pertaining to urticaria. 

Urticate (ur'-tik-at) [urticare, to sting]. To sting like 
a nettle. 

Urtication [ur-tik-a' -shim) [urticatio ; urtica, nettle]. 
Flagellation with nettles, a method of treatment 
formerly employed in paralysis, and also to produce 
irritation ; also, a sensation as if one has been stung 
with nettles. 



Usage (u'-saj) \_usus, use]. Any common habit, cus- 
tom, or manner. 

Uschinsky's Solutions. Non-albuminous culture- 
media for the cultivation of pathogenic bacteria, 
especially. Uschinsky suggests the following two mix- 
tures : (a) Water iooo, glycerin 40-50, sodium chlorid 
5-7, calcium chlorid o. 1, magnesium sulphate 0.2, 
dipotassic phosphate 1.0, ammonium lactate 10. o. 
(b) Water 1000, glycerin 30-46, calcium chlorid o.I, 
sodium chlorid 5-7, magnesium sulphate 0.2-0.4, 
dipotassic phosphate 2-2.5, ammonium lactate 6-7, 
sodium asparaginate 3.4. 

Usquebaugh (us'-kwe-baw) [Irish]. A strong cordial 
made in Ireland. It furnishes the name from which 
the word whiskey is derived. 

Ustilaginous (us -til- aj'- in- us) [ustilago, ustilago]. 
Affected with ustilago ; smutty. 

Ustilago (us-lil-a'-go) [L.: gen., Ustilaginis~\. A genus 
of parasitic fungi ; the smuts. U. maydis, Corn- 
smut, a fungus parasitic upon maize or Indian corn, 
Zea Mays. In medicinal properties, it resembles 
nux vomica and ergot of rye combined, but it is 
rarely employed. U., Ext., Fid., unof. Dose 
n\,xv- 3 j. 

Ustion (us'-chun) [ustio ; urere, to burn] . A burning. 
In chemistry, incineration. In surgery, cauteriza- 
tion. 

Ustulation (us-iu-la' -shun) [ustalatio~\. The roasting, 
drying, or parching of a drug as a step in preparing it 
for use. 

Ustus (us'-lus) [urere, to burn]. Calcined. Dehy- 
drated by intense heat. 

Uterectomy. Same as Hysterectomy. 

Uteri, Adscensus (ic' -ter-i-ad-sen' -sits). Synonym for 
Hysteria. 

Uterine (u' '- ter - in) [uterinus\ Pertaining to the 
uterus. U. Anteflexion, and Anteversion. See 
Uterus. U. Appendages, the ovaries and oviducts. 
U. Gestation, the period of time between conception, 
and delivery ; the development of the product of con- 
ception within the cavity of the uterus. U. Inertia. 
See Uterus. U. Inversion. See Uterus. U. In- 
volution. See Uterus. U. Milk : I. A fluid bet ween 
the villi of the placenta in the cow. 2. The small 
quantity of albuminous fluid contained in the small 
spaces between the epithelial covering of the villi of 
the chorion and the crypts or depressions in the de- 
cidua. U. Pregnancy, normal pregnancy. U. 
Segments. See Contraction-ring. U. Souffle, a 
vascular sound heard on auscultation through the ab- 
dominal wall between the fifth and sixth months of 
pregnancy. See Placental Murmur. 

Uteritis (u-ter-i'- tis) [uterus, uterus ; nv?, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the womb. See Metritis. 

Utero- (u'-ter-o-) [uterus, uterus]. A prefix to denote 
connection with or relation to the womb. 

Utero-abdominal (u-ter-o-ab-dom'-in-al). Pertaining 
conjointly to the uterus and the abdomen. 

Uterocopulatory (u-ter-o-kop'-u-la-tor-e)[uterus, uterus; 
copulate~\. Vaginal or copulatory, as certain sexual 
passages of hermaphrodite gasteropods. 

Uterodeferent (u-ter-o-def -er-ent) [uterus, uterus ; de- 
ferent]. Oviducal or deferent, as certain sexual pas- 
sages of hermaphrodite gasteropods. 

Utero-fixation (u-ter-o-fiks-a' -shun). Hysteropexia, 
or abdominal fixation of the uterus by surgical oper- 
ation. 

Utero-gestation (u-ter-o-jes-ia' -shun) [uterus, uterus ; 
gestatio, gestation]. The uterine period of gesta- 
tion ; pregnancy ; gestation within the cavity of the 
uterus. 

Uteromania (u-ter-o-ma' -ne-ah) . See Nymphomania. 






UTEROMETER 



1584 



UTERUS 



Uterometer [u-ter-om f -et-er) [uterus, uterus ; jihpov, 
measure]. An instrument used to accurately deter- 
mine the depth and position of the uterus and to 
locate and estimate the dimensions of structures therein 
contained. 

Utero-ovarian (u-ler-o-o-va'-re-an) [uterus, uterus; 
ovarium, ovary]. Pertaining conjointly to the uterus 
and the ovaries. 

Uteropexia, Uteropexy {u-ter-o- 
peks'-e-ah, u'- ter • o - peks - e). See 
Hysteropexia. 

Uteroscope («'- ter-o- skop) [uterus, 3 

uterus; okotteIv, to inspect]. A 
uterine speculum. 

Uterotome [u / - ter-o -torn) \jitems, ^- 



a slight depression or constriction upon the ectal sur- 
face of the uterus separating the body from the cervix. 
U. masculinus, the little passage formed by the sinus 
pocularis in the substance of the prostate. It is so 
called from its resemblance in structure to the female 
uterus. See Prostatic Vesicle. U., Neck of, same as 
U., Cervix of. U., One-horned, an arrest of devel- 



i. Body of uterus, 
oviduct. 5 



uterus; ro//?/, a cutting]. A cutting 
instrument used in uterotomy. See 
Hysterotome. 

vj'erotomy (u-ter-ot'-o-me) [uterus, 
uterus; te/ivsiv, to cut]. Incision 
into the uterus. See Hysterotomy. 

Uterus {ii'-ter-us) [L. : gen., Uleri~\. 
The womb ; the organ of gestation ; 
it receives the fecundated ovum in 
its cavity, retaining and supporting it 
during the development of the fetus, 
and becoming the principal agent in its expulsion 
during parturition. The uterus in the non-gravid 
state in the human subject is a hollow, pear-shaped, 
muscular organ, three inches long, two inches wide, 
and one inch thick, and is divided into three por- 
tions, the fundus, the body, and the cervix. The 
fundus is the upper and broad portion ; the body 
gradually narrows to the neck, which is the contracted 
portion. The mesal orifice, os uteri, communicates 
wii ; i the vagina. The ental surface is covered with 
"■tinuous with that of the vagina. The ectal 
surfr.i s oi me fundus and body is covered with perito- 
neum. The whole organ is suspended in the pelvis 
by means of the broad ligament. Its cavity measures 
two and a half inches in length. The Fallopian tubes 
enter one on either side of the fundus at the cornua of 
the organ. U., Anteflexion of. See Anteflexion. 
U., Anteversion of. See Anteversion. U., Arbor 
vitae of, branch-like elevation of the mucous membrane 
of the cervix. U. bicornis, when, from arrested de- 
velopment, the uterus is divided into two horns or 
compartments. U., Body of, that part above the 
isthmus. U., Cervix of, that part below the isthmus. 
U., Columns of, the ridges or elevations of the mu- 
cous membrane of the cervix from which extend the 
branches that with three columnar central axes are called 
the arbor vitse. U., Contraction of, the intermittent 
contractile action of the uterus whereby the fetus is 
expelled. U. cordiformis, an arrest of development, 
a:- a result of which the uterus is heart-shaped, or with 
a depression in the fundus. U., Corpus of. See 
U., Body of. U. duplex, a double uterus from an 
arrest of development. U., Fundus of, the portion 
above a line drawn from one oviduct to the other. U., 
Gravid, a uterus containing a fecundated ovum. U., 
Hour-glass Contraction of, the formation of two 
distinct cavities of the body and neck, the narrowed 
internal os marking the boundary between them. U., 
Impregnated. See U. , Gravid. U., Incarceration 
of, strangulation by pressure or constriction. U., In- 
ertia of, deficiency of uterine contractions in labor. 
U., Infantile, a uterus normally formed, but arrested 
in development. U., Inversion of, the organ is 
" upside-down, and wrong-side out." U., Involution 
of, the process whereby the uterus is reduced to its 
normal size and weight after labor. U., Isthmus of, 




Dorsal Aspect of Female Internal Genitalia. 



2, 2. Ovaries. 3. Left oviduct. 4. Fimbriated extremity of 
5. Broad ligaments. 6. Ventral vaginal cul-de-sac. 

opment resulting in a uterus composed of a single 
lateral half, usually with but one oviduct. Uteri, Os 
Externum, the external mouth or opening of the uterus 
into the vagina. U., Os Internum, the internal an- 
atomic limit between the body and the cervix of the 
uterus. Plicae palmatae, the radiate branchings of 
the arbor vitas from the central axis. U., Procidentia 
of, protrusion of the uterus from the vulvar orifice. 




Diagrammatic Re- 
presentation of 
the Changes in 
Position of the 
Uterus du ring 
G e s t a t 1 o N. — The 
numerals indicate in 
weeks the height of 
the fundus uteri. The 
italic figures indicate respectively, also in weeks, the ab- 
dominal enlargement and position of cervix uteri. (After 
Schultze.) 

U., Prolapse of, falling of the uterus, but without 
protruding from the vulvar orifice. U., Puerperal 
Atrophy of, the rare condition of super-involution of 
the uterus produced when puerperal involution goes 
further than to restore the uterus to the size that it had 
before delivery. The organ may become infantile in 



UTPADEL 



1585 



UVULOTOMY 



size. U., Retraction of, the constant property of 
the uterus that tends to keep the uterine walls in appo- 
sition. U., Retroflexion of, a bending of the pos- 
terior uterine surface upon itself. U., Retroversion 
of, when the fundus is so posteriorly displaced that the 
axis of the body forms an obtuse angle with the axis 
of the pelvic inlet. U., Souffle of. See Uterine. U. 
unicornis. See U. , One-homed. 

Utpadel, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic 
Table of. 

Utricle {u'-trik-l) [utriculus, dim. of uter, a small bag]. 
Any minute cell or vesicle ; a membranous sac. Also, 
a depression, the sinus pocularis, between the ejacu- 
latory ducts. Also, a cavity communicating with the 
semicircular canals of the' ear. See Prostatic Vesicle. 

Utricular [ti-trik' -u-lar) [utricularis\ Relating to the 
utricle. Resembling a small bag or bottle. 

Utricularia [u-trik-u-la 1 '-re-ah) \_utriculns , a bag]. A 
genus of aquatic plants of some 160 species, of wide 
distribution ; the bladderworts. They are classed as 
insectivorous plants ; their bladder-like leaves imprison 
insects, crustaceans, and worms. The fresh plants are 
said to make a good application for burns and wounds. 
Some species have diuretic properties. Unof. 

Utriculate (u-trik'-u-ldl) [utriculus, a little bag]. 
Having a utricle. 

Utricule (it' '- trik - ul ' ) [utriculus : pi., UtriculesJ. A 
utricle. 

Utricules of Miescher. See Sarcocystis miescheri, 
L -.rikester, under Parasites [Animal), Table of. 

Utriculiferous (u-trik-u-lif "' ' -er-us)[utriculus , a utricle ; 
ferre, to bear]. In biology, bearing or producing 
utricles or bladders. 

Utriculiform (u-trik* ' -u-lif orni) [utriculus, a little bag; 
forma, form]. Like a utricle; utricular. 

Utriculoid {u-trik'-u- loid) [utriculus, a little bag; 
eldoc, like]. Same as Utriculiform. 

Utriculose [tt-trik' '-u-loz) [utriculus, a utricle]. Same 
as Utricular. 

Utriculus (ii-trik'-u-lus) [L.]. I. A utricle, q. v. 2. 
Same as Vesicula prostatica. U. hominis, U. 
masculinus, U. prostaticus, U. urethrae. Same 
as Sinus pocularis. 

Uva [ii'-vah) [uva, a grape, a cluster of grapes]. In 
biology, a succulent indehiscent fruit having a central 
placenta. U. ursi, bearberry. The leaves 01 Arc- 
tostaphylos uva ursi. It contains gallic and tannic 
acids, arbutin (resolvable into hydroquinone) and other 



extractives ; it is astringent, tonic, and diuretic. It was 
formerly much employed in calculous disorders of tb* 
bladder. Dose gr. x-^j. U., Ext., Fid. Dose 
rtl*-;5J. U., Infusio (B. P.), gj-Oj. Dose gj- 
ij. Arbutin, the glucosid. Unof. Dose gr. iij-v. 

Uvae [u'-ye) [uva, a grape]. Raisins. The ripe fruit 
of Vitis vinifera, imported from Spain ; official in 
the B. P. They are contained in Tinctura carda- 
momi composita and Tinctura senna-. U. passse 
majores, ordinary raisins. U. passae minores, 
Corinth raisins, or true currants. 
Uvea {u'-ve-ah) [L., a grape, from the resemblance to 
its color]. Also called the Uveal tract. The choroid 
membrane or vascular tunic as a whole, especially the 
iris and ciliary body. See Entiris. 

Uveal {u'-ve-al) [uvea, a grape]. Pertaining to the 
uvea. 

Uveitis {u-ve-i' -tis). See Iritis. 

Uveous (u'-ve-us). Same as Uveal. 

Uvitic Acid (u-vit'-ik). See Acid. 

Uvula {u'-vu-lah) [L.]. The conic membranous ap- 
pendix hanging from the free edge of the palate. U. 
cerebelli, a small lobule of the postvermis of the cere- 
bellum. U. of Lieutaud. See Lieutaud. U.- 
twitch, an expedient for keeping the uvula forward in 
posterior rhinoscopy. U., Vesical, a prominence at 
the internal or external orifice of the urethra. 

Uvulaptosis (u-vu-lap-to'-sis) [uvula, uvula; irruatc, 
falling]. A relaxed and pendulous condition of the 
uvula. 

Uvular (u'-vu-lar) [uvularis~\. Pertaining to the uvula. 

Uvularia {u-vu-la' -re-ah) [uvula, the soft palate]. A 
genus of liliaceous plants. U. perfoliata, of N. 
America, is demulcent, tonic, and nervine; useful in 
the treatment of sore mouth. U. latifolia and U. 
flava have similar uses. Unof. 

Uvularis {u-vu-la' -ris) [uvula, uvula]. The azygos 
uvula muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Uvulatome {u'-vu-lat-om) [uvula, uvula; ro/ir/, cut- 
ting]. A cutting instrument used in performing uvulat- 
omy. 

Uvulatomy {u-vu-latf -o-me) [uvula, uvula; ro/iij, sec- 
tion] . Excision of the uvula. See Staphylotomy. 

Uvulitis {u-vu-W -tis) [uvula, uvula; ltic, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the uvula. 

Uvuloptosis ^u-vu-lo-to' -sis). Same as Uvulaptosis. 

Uvulotomy \u-vu-lot' -o-me). See Uvulatomy. 



1586 



VAGINA 



V. Abbreviation of Vision, or Acuity of Vision. Also, 
the symbol of Vanadium. 

V accigenous^tf/'-.y/) 7 ' -en-us)[vaccinus, of a cow ; yevvav, 
to produce]. Producing or cultivating vaccine-virus. 

Vaccin (yak' -sin) \yacca, a cow]. See Vaccine. 

Vaccina (yak-si' -nah). Same as Vaccinia. 

Vaccinable (yak'- sin- a- bl) [vaccinas, of a cow]. 
Susceptible of successful vaccination. 

Vaccinal (vak'-sin-al) \yacca, a cow]. Pertaining to 
vaccination or to vaccine. 

Vaccinate [vak' -sin-at) [vaccinare, to vaccinate]. To 
inoculate with vaccine-virus in such a way as to pro- 
duce cowpox. 

Vaccination (vak- sin - a'- shun) [vacca, a cow]. In- 
oculation of the body with the virus of a pustular 
disease of bovid«, called cowpox, in order to protect 
from or modify the virulence of smallpox. V., Ani- 
mal. See V., Bovine. V., Arm-to-arm, that 
method of vaccination in which the virus is carried from 
the arm of one patient to that of another. V., Bovine, 
that practised by the aid of vaccine-lymph cultivated in 
bovine animals. V., Compulsory, the law compelling 
the vaccination of infants within a certain period after 
birth. V.-rash, a rash sometimes following vaccina- 
tion ; it is usually transitory but sometimes assumes an 
eczematous or erythematous form. It may also be 
syphilitic. V.-syphilis. See Vaccino-syphilis. 

Vaccinationist (vak - sin - a'- shun - ist ) [vaccinare, to 
vaccinate] . One who depends upon or believes in the 
efficacy of vaccination as a preventive of smallpox. 

Vaccinator (vak'-sin-a-tor) [vaccinare, to vaccinate]. 
One who vaccinates ; an instrument used in vaccinating. 

Vaccine (vak' -sen) [yacca, cow]. The lymph occur- 
ring within the eruptive vesicle of cowpox. V., Bo- 
vine, that derived from the vesicles of heifers. V.- 
farm, a farm upon which vaccine-virus is systematically 
produced and collected. V., Humanized, that from 
vaccinal vesicles of man. V., Lichen, the most com- 
mon eruption consequent upon vaccination. It may be 
either papular, papulo-vesicular, or pustular, and very 
rarely bullous. It appears between the fourth and the 
eighteenth day, most frequently on the eighth ; begins 
on the arms usually, though it may commence on 
the face, neck, or trunk, and appears in successive crops 
covering the greater portion of the body. The pap- 
ules are acuminate, pin's-point sized, and bright-red; 
usually discrete, but they may coalesce into patches. 
The rash lasts from a few days to a week or two. V.- 
lymph. See Vaccine. V. -point, a slip of quill or 
bone coated at one end with vaccine-lymph. V. -virus, 
the same prepared for use in vaccination. 

Vaccinella (yak - sin - el'- ah) [vacca, cow]. The sec- 
ondary eruption sometimes following cowpox ; spu- 
rious vaccinia ; a sore that sometimes follows vaccina- 
tion, but is not genuine cowpox. 

Vaccinia (vak-sin' -e-ah) [vacca, cow]. Cowpox. If 
the human subject be inoculated with cowpox, a small 
papule appears at the site of inoculation in from one to 
three days, which becomes a vesicle about the fifth day, 
and at the end of the first week is pustular, umbilicated, 
and surrounded by a red areola. Desiccation begins in 
the second week and a scab forms, which soon falls off, 
leaving a pitted cicatrix. 

Vaccinic (vak - sin'- ik) [vacca, cow]. Pertaining to 
vaccine, or to vaccinia. 

Vaccinifer (yak-sin' -if-er) [vaccinas, of a cow; ferre, 
to bear]. A person or animal from whom vaccine- 
virus is taken ; a vaccine-point. 



Vacciniform (vak - sin'-if- orm) [vaccinas, of a cow; 
forma, form]. Resembling vaccinia. 

Vacciniola (vak-sin-i' -o-lah) [dim. of vaccinia]. A 
secondary eruption, resembling, and sometimes follow- 
ing, vaccinia. It may closely resemble the eruption of 
smallpox. 

Vaccinist (vak'-sin-ist) [vaccinas, of a cow]. A prac- 
tises or defender, of vaccination ; one who believes in 
the efficacy of vaccination. 

Vaccinium (yak-sin' -e-uni) [yaccinus, of a cow]. A 
genus of ericaceous plants to which belong the cran- 
berry, blueberry, bilberry, etc., of many species. See 
Cranberry and Brousnika. V. crassifolium, a plant 
having therapeutic properties resembling those of uva 
ursi. It is useful in catarrhal inflammations of the 
urinary tract. Dose of the fid. ext. rrLxxx-^j. Unof. 

Vaccinization (vak-sin-iz-a' -sliun) [vaccinare, to vac- 
cinate]. Thorough vaccination by inoculations, re- 
peated frequently, with the view of establishing com- 
plete immunity to smallpox. 

Vaccinogen (vak-sin' -o-jen)[vaccinus , of a cow ; yevvav, 
to produce]. The person or animal from whicn, or 
from whom, vaccine-virus is taken. 

Vaccinogenous (vak-sin-oj ' -en-as) . See Vaccigenous. 

Vaccinoid (vak'-sin-oid) [yaccinus, of a cow; ritluc, 
like]. Resembling vaccinia. 

Vaccinophobia (vak-sin -o-fo'- be-a h) [vaccinus, of a 
cow ; (pofior, fear]. Morbid dread of vaccination. 

Vaccino-syphilis (vak-sin-o-sif -il-is) [vaccinus, of a 
cow; syphilis, syphilis]. Syphilis conveyed by vac- 
cination. 

Vacuolar (vak' -u-o-lar) [vacuolum, vacuum, vacuum]. 
Pertaining to or of the nature of a vacuole. 

Vacuolation (yak-u-ola' -shun) [vacuolum. , a vacuole]. 
The first stage in the process of vascularization of a 
clot, in which cracks and fissures appear in it. Ac- 
cording to W. Hunter, vacuolation appears in small 
clots as early as the tenth day. 

Vacuole (vak'-u-bl) [vacuum, an empty space]. In 
biology : (a) a vesicle in the protoplasm of a protozoon, 
either permanent 'or contractile (pulsating). It is some- 
times spoken of as gastric, from having in some way a 
direct connection with the function of digestion ; (b) 
the cavity in a plant-cell containing cell-sap. 

Vacuolization (yak-u-o-liz-a' -shun) [vacuolum, vacu- 
ole]. The formation of vacuoles, such as sometimes 
takes place in diseased tissues. 

Vacuum (vak'-u-um) [L. ]. A space from which the 
air has been exhausted. V. -plate, in dentistry, a term 
applied to a plate on which artificial teeth are mounted, 
having an air-chamber to assist in its retention in the 
mouth. 

Vadum (»«'-(/««) [L. , a shallow]. A shallow in the 
depths of any fissure of the brain, commonly in the 
central nearer the dorsal end. It represents a possible 
isthmus or complete interruption. 

Vagabonds' Disease, or Discoloration. Parasitic 
Melanoderma ; a pathologic condition of the skin in 
which it takes on a deep-brown tint, resembling that 
of Addison's disease. It results from chronic irritation 
from pediculi. 

Vagal (va'-gal) [vagare, to wander]. Pertaining to 
the vagus nerve. 

Vagina (va-ji'-nah) [I.., a sheath]. The musculo- 
membranous canal extending from the vulval opening 
to the cervix uteri, the organ of copulation in the fe- 
male, the excretory canal for uterine secretions, and a 
part of the birth-canal. In biology, the term is ap- 



VAGINAL 



1587 



VALEROLACTONE 



plied to various .sheath-like structures, as the basal 
portion of certain leaves, or a portion of the mouth- 
apparatus of sucking insects, etc: V., Bulbs of, two 
erectile organs upon the lateral and anterior parts of 
the vagina. V., Columns of, two longitudinal eleva- 
tions of the mucous membrane, on the ventral and 
dorsal wall. V. cordis. See Pericardium. V., 
Cul-de-sacs of, four arches {anterior, posterior, right 
and left lateral ) made by the junction of the vaginal 
walls with the uterus. V., Double, an anomaly of 
development consisting in a duplication of the vaginal 
canal. V. femoris. See Fascia lata. V., Fornix of, 
the combined cul-de-sacs of the vagina. V., Rugae 
of, transverse elevations of the mucous membrane 
branching from the columns. 

Vaginal (yaf-in-al) [vaginalis]. Pertaining to the 
vagina. V. Process. See Process. V. Pulse. 
See Pulse. V. Respiration, the breathing of a 
child while its head is still in the vagina, a rare event. 
V. Tunic. See Tunica. V. Vault, the roof of the 
vagina surrounding the cervix uteri. It is divided into 
an anterior and a posterior portion. 

Vaginalitis (vaj- in -al- i'-tis) [vaginalis, of a sheath; 
it/c, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tunica vagin- 
alis of the testicle ; hydrocele. 

Vaginant (vaj '' -in- ant ) [vaginare, to sheathe]. Sheath- 
ing ; vaginal. 

Vaginate (vaj ' -in-dt) [vagina, sheath]. Sheathed. 

Vaginervose (vaj -in -zir'-voz) [vagus, wandering; 
nervus, nerve]. In biology, irregularly nerved. 

Vaginicoline (vaj-in-ik' -o-lin) [vagina, vagina; colere, 
to inhabit]. Living in a vagina, as an animalcule. 

Vaginiferous (vaj-in-if'-er-us) [vagina, vagina ; ferre, 
to bear]. Producing or bearing a vagina. 

Vaginigluteal (vaj-in-e-glu'-te-al) [vagina, vagina ; 
gluteus]. Pertaining to the vaginigluteus. 

Vaginigluteus, Vaginiglutaeus (vaj - in - e -glu-te'-us) 
[vagina, sheath ; glutceus] . The tensor vaginre femoris. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Vaginipennate (vaj '- in -ip.- en'- at) [vagina, a sheath; 
pennatus, winged]. In biology, having wing-covers 
or elytra, e. g. , beetles. 

Vaginismus (vaj-in-iz' -mus) [vagina, sheath]. Pain, 
spasm, and hyperesthesia of the vagina and surrounding 
parts. V., Perineal, that due to spasm of the per- 
ineal muscles. V., Posterior, that due to spasm of 
the levator ani muscle. V., Vulvar, that due to spasm 
of the constrictor cunni. 

Vaginitis (vaj-in-i'-tis) [vagina, sheath ; itlc , inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the walls of the vagina. V. 
adhaesiva, vaginitis with partial or complete atresia of 
the vagina. V., Diphtheric, diphtheria of the vagina. 
V., Granular, a granular inflammation of the vagina. 

Vagino- (vaj'-iu-o-) [vagina, vagina]. A prefix to de- 
note relation to the vagina. 

Vaginodynia (vaj - in - o - din'- e - ah) [vagina, vagina ; 
bfihvr/, pain]. Pain in the vagina. In vaginodynia 
there is muscular contraction along the whole vaginal 
canal, whereas in vaginismus the contraction is merely 
at the introitus. 

Vaginofixation (vaj-in-o-fihs-a'-shun) [vagina, sheath ; 
fixation]. An operation whereby the vagina is ren- 
dered immovable. 

Vaginopennous (vaj -in-o- pen' '-us) [vagina, vagina ; 
penna, feather]. Same as Vaginipennate. 

Vaginotomy (vaj-in-of ' -o-me) [vagina, vagina ; roui/, 
section]. Incision of the vagina. 

Vaginovesical (vaj-in-o-ves'-ik-al). See Vesicovaginal. 

Vaginula (vaj-in'-u-lah) [L., dim. of vagina, sheath]. 
In biology, a diminutive sheath. 

Vaginulate (vaj-in'-u-ldt ) [vaginula, a small sheath]. 
Having a vaginula. 



Vaginule (vaj'-in-ul) [vaginula , vaginule]. Same as 
Vaginula. 

Vagitus (va-ji'-tus) [vagire, to cry]. The cry of an 
infant. V. uterinus, the cry of a child in utero. V. 
vaginalis. See Vaginal Respiration. 

Vagotomy (va - got'- o - me) [vagus, vagus ; to/i%, sec- 
tion]. Section of the vagus. 

Vagous (va'-gus) [vagare, to wander]. Wandering, 
as the vagus nerve. 

Vagrant (71a' -grant) [vagare, to wander]. Wandering, 
as a vagrant cell. V.s' Disease, a discoloration of 
the skin occurring especially in elderly persons, who 
are of uncleanly habits and infested with vermin. This 
discoloration is often deepest on the chest, abdomen, 
and back, is superficial in nature, and the dark cuticle 
is harsh and raised, not soft and smooth. The con- 
dition may be mistaken for Addison's disease. 

Vagus (va'-gus) [vagare, to wander]. See Alerves, 
Table of. 

Valdivin (val'- div-in). An emetic principle derived 
from the fruit of Simaba valdivia. (See Simaba.) Unof. 

Valence (va'-lens) [valere, to be worth]. In chemistry, 
the relative saturating or combining capacity of an ' 
atom compared with the standard hydrogen atom ; the 
quality or force which determines the number of atoms 
with which any single atom will chemically unite. 
See Quantivalence. In biology, taxonomic or morpho- 
logic value. 

Valency (va'-len-se) [valere, to be worth]. Same as 
Valence, q. v. Also, a single unit of combining 
capacity. Thus, carbon has four valencies. 

Valentin's Corpuscles. See Corpuscle. V.'s Gan- 
glion. See Ganglia, Table of. V.'s Pseudo-gan- 
glion. See Pseudo-ganglion. 

Valerate (val'-er-dt) [valere, to be strong]. Any salt 
of valeric acid. V. of Cerium, a salt useful in the 
vomiting of pregnancy. Dose gr. jss. V. of Zinc. 
See Zinc. 

Valerene (val'-er-en). See Atnylene. 

Valerian (va - le' - re - an) [valere, to be strong]. A 
plant of the genus / aleriana. V., American. See 
Cypripedium. 

Valeriana (va - le - re - an' - ah) [valere, to be worth: 
gen., Valeriana]. A genus of gamopetalous plants; 
valerian. The rhizome and rootlets of V. officinalis. 
Its properties are due to a volatile oil, which yields 
several derivatives. It is antispasmodic and gently 
stimulant to the nervous system and organs of circula- 
tion. In full doses it increases heart-action, producing 
exhilaration ; in toxic doses, diarrhea, vomiting, re- 
duced sensibility, and mental disturbance. It is excel- 
lent in hysteria, convulsions due to worms, the coma 
of typhus fever, and in whooping-cough. V., Abstr. 
Dose gr. v-xx. Unof. V., Ext., Fid. Dose TTLx-xxx. 
V., Infus. (B.P.) Dose^j-ij. V., Tinct., 20percent. 
Dose gss-ij. V., Tinct., Ammoniat., valerian 20, 
arom. spt. ammonia to loo parts. Dose ^ss-ij. 
V., Ol., the volatile oil. Dose Tt^ij-v. To the same 
genus belong some 150 species, many of which have 
properties somewhat similar to those of the official 
plant. See, also, Ammonium, Zinc, Iron, and Quinin. 

Valerianate (va-le'-re-an-dt) [valere, to be strong] 
Same as Valerate. V. of Amyl. See Apple-oil. 

Valerianic Acid (va-le-re-an'-ih). See Acid, Valeric. 

Valeric Acid (va-le'-rik). See Arid. 

Valerin (val'-er-in) [valere, to be strong]. A terpens 
obtained from Valerian . See Amylene. 

Valerolactone (va-ler-o-lak' -ton) [valere, to be strong ; 
lac, milk] , C-H^O;,. A substance prepared by heating 
bromvaleric acid with water above 100 C. It is a 
colorless liquid that does not solidify at 18 C. , and 
that boils at 206 or 207 C. ; it is miscible with water. 



VALETUDINARIAN 



1588 



VANDKLLIA 



Valetudinarian (val-et-u-din-a' '-re-an) \yaletudinarius ; 
valetudo, health]. An invalid. 

Valetudinarium (val-et-u-din-a' -re-um) [ L.]. An in- 
firmary or hospital. [Old.] 

Valeur globulaire, of Lepine. The proportion of 
hemoglobin to the number of red corpuscles, expressed 
in terms of the amount of hemoglobin in an individual 
corpuscle. 

Valgus (val'-gus) [L.] I. A bow-legged man. 2. 
See Talipes. V., Nervous, valgus of neurotic origin. 
V., Paralytic, valgus caused by paralysis of the tibia- 
lis anticus. V., Spurious. Same as Splay-foot. 

Validirostral (val-id-ir-os'-tral) \yalidus, strong; ros- 
trum, beak]. In biology, furnished with a stout 
beak. 

Vallate (val' -at) [jjallum, rampart]. In- anatomy, sur- 
rounded with a walled depression ; cupped. 

Vallecula (val-ek' '-u-lah) [valles, va\e: pi., Vallecula;']. 
In biology, a groove, depression, or furrow. A name 
applied to several slight furrows or pits of the body. 
Specifically, a deep mesal crevice of the cerebellum. 
V. cerebelli. See Valley of the Cerebellum. 

Vallecular (val-ek' -u-lar) [vallecula, a little furrow]. 
Pertaining to or resembling a vallecula. V. Canal, 
an intercellular canal in the stem of certain Equiseta- 
cea, opposite a groove on the surface. 

Valleculate (val-ek' -u-ldt) [vallecula, a little furrow]. 
Marked with valleculse. 

Valleix, Tender Points of. Certain painful points ob- 
served in intercostal neuralgia : (i) at the exit of the 
nerve from the spinal canal ; (2) in the axillary 
region ; (3) close to the sternum or in the epigastrium. 
See Points douloureux. 

Vallet's Mass. See Ferriun. 

Valley of the Cerebellum. The depression dividing 
the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum. 

Valli-Ritter's Law. See Law. 

Vallicula (val-ik' -u-lali). See Vallecula. 

Vallum (val'-um) [L. ]. In anatomy, the supercilium 
or eyebrow. 

Valonia (va-lo'-ne-ak) [Gr. , ffaXavoc;, an acorn]. The 
commercial name for the acorn-cups of several species 
of oak ( Quercus agilops and Q. macrolepis) coming 
from Asia Minor, Roumelia, and Greece. They are 
of a bright-drab color and contain 25 to 35 per cent. 
of a tannin somewhat resembling that of oak-bark, 
but giving a browner color and a heavier bloom. 
They are generally used in admixture with oak-bark, 
myrobalans, or mimosa bark, because of themselves, 
they produce too brittle a leather. 

Valsalva's Experiment, V.'s Method. In the nor- 
mal subject if the patient be directed to hold the nose 
tightly, shut his mouth, and forcibly expire, the air 
passes up the Eustachian tubes and distends the cavity 
of the tympanum. V., Sinus of. See Sinus. 

Valva (val'- vah) \yalva, the leaf of a door : //. , 
Valves]. In biology, a valve. The maxilla of a 
bee. 

Valval (val'- val) [valva, valve]. Pertaining to a 
valve. 

Valvar (val'- var) [valva, valve]. Pertaining to or of 
the nature of a valve. 

Valvate (val'- vat) [valva, the leaf of a door]. In 
biology, resembling or functioning as a. valve. Ap- 
plied in botany to a form of dehiscence of some 
anthers and to a form of estivation in which the 
pieces of the whorl touch each other by their edges, 
but do not overlap. 

Valve (valv) [valva, folding doors]. A membrane or 
lid so affixed to a tube or canal that it opens to permit 
free passage one way, but closes to intercept passage 
in the opposite direction. V., Aortic, the semilunar 



valve of three segments situated at the junction of the 
aorta with the heart. V. of Bauhin, the ileo-cecal 
valve. See Ileo-cecal valve. V., Bicuspid. Same 
as V., Mitral. V., Connivent. See Duodenum. 
V., Coronary, the valve that protects the orifice 
of the coronary sinus and prevents regurgitation of 
blood during the contraction of the auricle. V., Eusta- 
chian, that between the post-cava and the right auricle. 
V. of Hasner, an imperfect valve at the inferior mea- 
tus of the nose. V., Heister's, folds of mucous mem- 
brane of the neck of the gall-bladder. V., Houston's, 
three oblique folds in the mucous membrane of the 
rectum at about the level of the prostate. V., Ileo- 
colic, the valve that guards the communication of the 
ileum with the colon. V. of Kerkring. See Duo- 
denum. Vs. of the Lymphatics, semilunar folds of 
the inner coat opposite each other. V., Mitral, the 
valve that controls the opening from the left auricle to 
the left ventricle ; it is constituted of two leaflets. V. , 
Pulmonary, the three semilunar leaflets at the junction 
of the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle. V., 
Pyloric, a thick fold of mucosa covering the pyloric 
sphincter. Vs., Semilunar, the three valves guard- 
ing the orifice of the pulmonary artery ; also the 
three valves at the orifice of the aorta. V.-test 
(Azoulay 1 s), auscultation of the heart while the patient 
is lying with the arms raised perpendicularly and the 
legs lifted obliquely. V. of Thebesius, the coronary 
valve or fold of the endocardium of the right auricle 
which protects the coronary sinus. V., Tricuspid, that 
which controls the opening from the right auricle to 
the right ventricle ; it is constituted of three seg- 
ments. V. of Tulpius, the ileo-cecal valve. V. of 
Varolius, the ileo-cecal valve. Vs. of a Vein, 
semilunar folds of the ental coat of veins. V. of 
Vieussens, a thin leaf of medullary substance be- 
tween the prepeduncles of the cerebellum ; the valvula. 

Valviferous (val-vif -er-us) [valva, valve ; ferre, to 
bear]. Bearing a valve. 

Valviform (val' - vif-orm) [valva, valve; forma, form]. 
Valvular. 

Valvula (val' - vu-lah) [dim. of valva, a valve]. A 
small valve ; a valvule. Specifically, a transparent 
lamina between the gemina and the lingula, constituting 
the caudal portion of the mesocelian roof. Valvula? 
conniventes (or valves of Kerkring). See Duode- 
num. 

Valvular (val'-vu-lar) [valvula, a small valve]. Per- 
taining to a valvula or to a valve. 

Valvule (val'-vid) [valva, the leaf of a door]. In 
biology, a little valve. 

Valvulitis (val-vu-li'-tis) [valvula, a small valve ; itiq, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of a valve, especially 
of a cardiac valve. 

Valylene (val'-il-en), C 5 H B . A hydrocarbon with an 
alliaceous odor ; it boils at 50 C. and is a homologue 
of vinyl acetylene. 

Vampirism (vam' -plr-izm)[Russ. , vainpiru, a vampire]. 
The (imaginary) practice of sucking the blood of living 
persons ; the insane belief that some person sucks 
one's blood by night. This belief is endemic in some 
countries, and is not uncommon among lunatics. 

Vanadium (van-a'-de-um) [ Vanadis, a goddess of the 
Scandinavian mythology]. A metal of the antimony 
group; symbol V; at. wt. 51.2. Its oxids are the 
vanadic and vanadates acids. See Elements, Table of. 
V. Bronze. See Pigments, Conspectus of 

Van Bemmelen, Papilliform Bodies of. See 
Megalesthete. 

Van Deen's Test. See Tests, Table of. 

Vandellia (van-del '-e-ah) [after Vandelli, an Italian 
botanist]. A genus of scrophulariaceous plants. V. 



VAN DER KOLK'S LAW 



1589 



VARICELLA 



diffusa, of S. America, is emetic and purgative, and 
said to be useful in hepatic and intestinal diseases. 
Dose of ext. gr. xv-xxiv. Unof. 

"Van der Kolk's Law. See Law. 

Vandyke Brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Van Gehuchten's Fixing Solution. See under Stains, 
Table of. 

Van Harlingen's Formula. A formula for the treat- 
ment of acne rosacea. It consists of I dram of pre- 
cipitated sulphur, with five grains of powdered cam- 
phor, 10 of powdered gum tragacanth, and one ounce 
each of rose-water and lime-water. 

Vanilla {van-il'-ah) [L.]. The fruit of I', plain 'folia, an 
orchid found in tropical America, and of other species 
of the genus. Its odor is due to a methyl-ether, vanil- 
lin. C g H g 3 . It is an aromatic stimulant, sometimes em- 
ployed in hysteria and low fevers, but it is used 

• chiefly as a flavor. V., Tinct., io per cent. Dose as 
desired. 

Vanillin {van- if -in) [vanilla, vanilla], C 8 H 8 ;j . The 
active and odorous constituent of the vanilla-bean 
pods. It crystallizes in stellate groups of colorless 
needles, is soluble in hot water, alcohol and ether, 
and melts at 80-8 1 ° C. It has a warm, aromatic 
taste. Commercial vanillin is in part prepared from 
the inner bark of white pine and from eugenol. Dose 
gr. y z . See Vanilla. 

Vanillism (van-il'-izm) [vanilla, vanilla]. The symp- 
toms among the workmen in vanilla-factories, due to 
the action ot the volatile principles of vanilla. 

Van Swieten's Liquid, or Solution. A solution of 
use as a local application to the secondary and tertiary 
lesions of syphilis about the head, face, and neck, and 
may also be taken internally. It is composed of the 
following: Corrosive chlorid of mercury 2 grains, 
alcohol 3 drams, distilled water sufficient to make 4 
ounces. Of this one teaspoonful contains j- 1 ^ of a 
grain of corrosive sublimate. It has been used by 
d'Arsonval in preparing glands (thyreoid, etc.) for ad- 
ministration in organotherapy. 

Vao (vah'-o) [S. Am.]. A South American arrow- 
poison. 

Vapo-cresolin (va-po-kres' -o-lin) [vapor, vapor ; creso- 
lin~\. A popular remedy in the treatment of laryngeal 
diphtheria. 

Vapor {va'-por) [L. : gen., Vaporis ; pi., Vapores"]. 
The gaseous form of a substance which at ordinary 
temperatures is a liquid. In the B. P., certain vapores, 
or medicinal vapors, to be exhibited by inhalation, are 
officially recognized. V.-bath, the application for 
therapeutic purposes of steam (medicated or other- 
wise) , or of some other vapor, to the surface of the 
body, in a suitable apartment or apparatus. V.- 
douche, a jet of vapor impinging upon the surface 
of the body or some part thereof; used therapeutic- 
ally. 

Vapores uterini. Synonym of Hysteria. 

Vaporarium {va-por-a' -re-um) [L.]. A Russian bath, 
or a vapor-bath ; or an establishment or apparatus for 
such baths. 

Vaporizable (v'a - por - i' '- za - bl\ [vapor, vapor]. Cap- 
able of being vaporized. 

Vaporization (va-por-iz-a' -shun) [vapor, vapor]. The 
process by which volatile matters are separated from 
fixed substances by means of heat. The conversion 
of a solid or liquid into a vapor. 

Vaporize (va'-por -Iz) [vapor, vapor]. To reduce to 
vapor. 

Vaporizer (va'-por-i-zer) [vapor, vapor]. An atomizer, 
a nebulizer. 

Vaporole (va'-por-ol) [-'apor, vapor]. A friable, glass 
capsule containing a drug for inhalation. 



Vaporous (va'-por-u ) [vapor, vapor]. I. Pertaining 
to or consisting of vapor. 2. Arterial. 

Vapors (va'-porz) [vapor, vapor]. Hypochondriasis; 
lowness of spirits ; hysteria. 

Variability (va-re-a-bil/ -it-e) [variai;-, to change]. In 
biology, morphologic and physiologic plasticity, or the 
ability of the organism or race to adapt itself to its 
environment. 

Variation (va- re -a' '-shun) [yariare, to change]. In 
biology, morphologic or physiologic deviation from a 
given type as the result of environment, natural selec- 
tion, or cultivation and domestication. Cornevin 
establishes the following list of the modes of variation 
among animals : — 



I. Morphologic Variations. 

Variations through disap- 



Variations through arrested 
development. 



Variations through juxtapo- 
sition. 



Variations through fusion. 

Variations through transfor- 
mation. 



Variations through hyper- 
trophy. 



Variations through division 
or repetition. 

II. Physiologic Variations. 

Variations through dimin- 
ished activity. 

Variations through earlier 
activity. 

Variations through exagger- 
ated activity. 

Variations through stronger 
activity. 
To this list De Varigny adds Che 



Absence of horns, ears, 
hair, pigment, etc. 

Total: Dwarfing, dis- 
coloration. Partial: 
Niatism, partial dis- 
coloration, reduction 
in the number of 
limbs, etc. 

Is seen in some hybrids 
when the characters 
of both progenitors 
co-exist side by side. 

Diminished number of 
ribs, teeth, digits, 
vertebrae, etc. 

Wool replaced by hair, 
scales replaced by 
feathers, etc. 

Total : Giants, melan- 
ism, extreme hairi- 
ness. Partial : Droop- 
ing ears, very long 
horns, hairs or feath- 
ers of unusual length. 

Supplementary verte- 
brae, ribs. teeth, horns, 
digits, etc. 

Lateness of develop- 
ment ; enfeeblement 
of sexual tendencies ; 
sluggishness. 

Precocity. 

Increase in f e r t i 1 i t y, 

etc. 
Vigor, immunity from 

diseases, etc. 
mic Variation. 



V., Double, the double current produced in a muscle 
by the passage of a single induction-shock. V., 
Negative (of a muscle-current), the diminution of the 
muscle-current caused by stimulation of the motor 
nerve. 

Varicated (yar'-ik-a-ted) [varix, varix]. Having 
varices. 

Varication (yar-ik-a' -shun) [varix, varix]. The for- 
mation of a varix ; a system of varices. 

Varicella (var-is-el ' -ah) [dim. of variola, smallpox]. 
An acute, specific, infectious disease of children, 
popularly known as chicken-pox. It has an incuba- 
tion-period of from eight to fourteen days, and is 
rarely preceded by a premonitory stage of slight fever 
and roseolous rash. This latter appears first on the 
back or chest, as scattered, slightly elevated, round, 
rose-colored spots ; these are quickly followed by an 
eruption of glabrous, transparent vesicles, which ap- 
pear in successive crops on different parts of the body — 
there may be four or five of these crops — bursting the 
third to the fifth day from their appearance, finally 
leaving small, punctured scabs. There are generally 
but slight febrile symptoms. V. coniformis, swine- 
pox ; varicella in which the vesicles are conic. V., 
Conoidal. Same as V. coniformis. V. gangraenosa. 



VARICELLAR 



1590 



VARNISH 



See Dermatitis gangrenosa infantum. V. globata, 
swine-pox; hives; varicella in which the vesicles are 
hemispheric. V. Prurigo, Hutchinson's term for 
the occurrence in the mildest cases of varicelli of fresh 
crops of papules and pustules, the process lasting for 
weeks, and being accompanied by a good deal of itch- 
ing, but by very little if any ulceration. V., Pustular. 
Same as Varioloid. V. syphilitica, a syphiloderm 
having the form of a varicellar eruption. 

Varicellar {var-is-el'-ar) [varicella, dim. of variola, 
smallpox]. Pertaining to varicella. 

Varicellate {var-is-el ' -at) [varicella , varicella]. Hav- 
ing small varices. 

Varicelloid (var-is-el ' ' '-oid) [varicella, varicella ; eldog, 
like]. Resembling varicella. 

Varices {var'-is-ez) [L.]. Plural of Varix, a. v. V. 
gelatinosae. Gelatinous accumulations in the umbili- 
cal cord. 

Variciform (var' -is-iform) [varix, a swollen vein ; 
forma, a form]. Having the form of a varix or 
swelled vein. 

Varicoblepharon {var-ik-o-blef -ar-on) [varix, varix; 
($Ak<j>apov , eyelid]. A varicosity of the eyelid. 

Varicocele (var' -ik-o-sel) [varix, varix ; K.ij\ri, a tumor]. 
Dilatation of the veins of the scrotum or of the sper- 
matic cord. V., Ovarian, varicosity of the veins of the 
broad ligament. V., Utero-ovarian, varicocele in 
the female. 

Varicocelectomy (var-ik-o-se-lek' -to-me) [varix, varix ; 
kt]\>j, tumor; ekto/it/, excision]. Excision of a vari- 
cocele. 

Varicoid (var'-ik-oid) [varix, varix : eZJof, like]. Re- 
sembling a varix. 

Varicomphalus (var -ik - om'-fal - its) [varix, varix; 
bfi<paA6<;, navel]. A varicosity at the navel. 

Varicose (var'- ik- oz) [varix, varix]. Swollen, 
knotted, and tortuous. V. Aneurysm. See Aneu- 
rysm. V. Fibers, medullated axis-cylinders provided 
with Ranvier's nodes and with 
incisures ; they are destitute of 
neurilemma, and show, after 
death, swellings due to the ac- 
cumulation of fluid between the 
myelin and the axis-cylinder; 
they form the white matter of the 
spinal cord and brain. 

Varicosis {var - ik - o f - sis) [varix, 
varix]. An abnormal dilatation 
of the veins. 

Varicosity (var-ik-os' -it-e) [varix, 
varix]. The condition of being 
varicose ; a varicose portion of 
a vein. 

Varicotomy {var - ik - ol'- o - me). 
Same as Cirsotomy. 

Varicula {var-ik' -u-lah) [dim. of 
varix, varix]. A varix of the 
conjunctiva. Same as Cirsoph- varicose Veins. 
thalmia. 

Variety {va-ri' -et-e)[varieta , difference : //. , Varieties']. 
In biologic taxonomy, a subdivision of a species ; a 
stock, strain, breed. 

Variola (va - ri' '- o - lah) [varius, variegated, spotted]. 
Smallpox. A specific infectious disease ushered in 
with severe febrile symptoms, which, in the course of 
two or three days, are followed by a papular eruption 
spreading over all parts of the body. During the suc- 
ceeding two weeks the eruption passes through periods 
of vesiculation, pustulation, and incrustation. The 
falling off of the crusts leaves the well-known pock- 
marks or pitted appearance on the skin. The period 
of incubation is about thirteen days. A secondary 




fever usually sets in during the pustular stage. V. 
confluens. Same as V., Confluent. V., Confluent, 
a severe form, in which the pustules spread and run 
together. V., Congenital, variola of the newborn, 
due to intra-uterine infection. V. cornea, hornpox ; 
a variety of variola in which papular growths take the 
place of pustules. V., Discrete, a form in which the 
pustules preserve their distinct individuality. V. 
dysenterica, smallpox complicated with a form of 
persistent diarrhea. V., Emphysematous, a form 
of variola in which the pustules contain gas. V. 
equina, horse-pox. V., Hemorrhagic, variola in 
which hemorrhages into the vesicles occur, which gives 
them a blackish appearance. V. maligna, black 
smallpox ; a severe and very fatal form of variola, of 
the hemorrhagic type. V., Malignant, often called 
black smallpox and hemorrhagic smallpox. Its dis- 
tinguishing feature is hemorrhage into the skin. It is 
■ invariably fatal. V., Mitigated, or Modified. See 
Varioloid. V. notha. Synonym of Varicella. Vari- 
ola; ovinae. Same as Sheep-pox. V. spuria. Syn- 
onym of Varicella. V., Tubercular, variola in which 
the pustules assume a tubercular form. V. vaccina 
atrophica, stonepox ; an abortive form of variola in 
which the vesicle dries before reaching the pustular 
stage. V. vaccina bullosa, a form of vaccinia in 
which large single bulla; take the place of the ordinary 
vesicles. V. vaccina erysipelatosa, the association 
of vaccinia and erysipelas at the point of inoculation. 
V. vaccina ulcerosa, vaccinia attended with ulcera- 
tion at the point of inoculation. V. vera, true small- 
pox, as distinguished from varioloid. V. verrucosa, 
wartpox ; a mild, abortive form of variola. 

• Variolad {va-ri 1 -o-lad) [variola, variola]. An infec- 
tious germ of the smallpox virus. 

Variolar {va-ri' -o-lar) [variola, smallpox]. Pertaining 
to smallpox. 

Variolate (var'-e-o-lat) [variola, variola]. I. Having 
small pustules like those of variola. 2. To inoculate 
with smallpox. 

Variolated (var'-e-o-la-ted) [variola, smallpox]. Hav- 
ing or having had variola. 

Variolation, Variolization {var-e-o-la'-shun, va-rc-o- 
liz' -a-shun) [variola, variola]. The inoculation of 
smallpox. 

Variolator (var'-e-o-la-/or) [variola, variola]. One who 
inoculates with smallpox. 

Variolic (var-e-ol'-ik) [variola, variola]. Pocky, vario- 
lous. 

Varioliform {var-i' -o-lif-orm) [variola, variola ; forma, 
form]. Resembling variola. 

Variolin [var-i' -o-lin) [variola, variola]. The specific 
virus of smallpox. 

Varioloid (var'-e-o-loid) [variola, variola; ei&oc, re- 
semblance]. The slight form of the disease variola 
or smallpox as modified by vaccination or inoculation. 
It is chiefly important from the possibility that the 
patient may become a source of infection to others. 

Variolous {var-i' -o-lits) [variola, variola]. Pertaining 
to or having the nature of variola. 

Variolo-vaccine {var-i' -o-lo-vak' -sin) [variola, variola ; 
vacca, cow]. A vaccine-lymph or crust obtained from 
a heifer which has been inoculated with smallpox 
virus. 

Variolo-vaccinia (trnr-i' -o-lo-vak-sin' -e-ah) [variola ; 
vacca, cow]. A form of vaccinia or cowpox induced 
in the heifer by inoculating her with smallpox virus. 

Varix {var'-iks) [varus, crooked : //. , Varices] . A ve- 
nous dilatation. V., Aneurysmal. See Aneurysm. 
V. lymphaticus. See Lymph-scrotum. 

Varnish {var'-nish) [ME., vernysh, varnish]. A 
quickly-drying solution of some resin. Varnishes are 



VAROLI'S BRIDGE 



1591 



VASOGEN 



popularly used to exclude the air from wounds, and in 
suitable cases they often act happily. 

Varoli's Bridge. See Pons varolii. 

Varolii, Pons. See Pons. 

Varolius, Bridge of. See Bridge. 

Varrentrapp and Will, Method of. A method for the 
determination of nitrogen in organic compounds. The 
substance to be analyzed is reduced to the finest pow- 
der, dried, and weighed ; then mixed with soda-lime. 
It is then placed in a combustion-tube, loosely plugged 
with asbestos, and heated. The nitrogen is converted 
into ammonia, which is absorbed by hydrochloric acid 
contained in a bulb connected with the tube. This is 
then treated with platinic chlorid, which precipitates am- 
monium-platinum chlorid, and the nitrogen is estimated. 

Varus (ya'-rus) [L. , bent]. See Acne and Talipes. 
V., Arterial, a cirsoid aneurysm. V. comedo. 
Same as Acne punctata. V., Equino-. See 
Talipes. V. gutta rosea. Same as Rosacea. V. 
punctatus. Same as Acne punctata. V. seba- 
ceus. Same as Seborrhea. 

Vas (yas) [L., a vessel: //., Vasd\. A vessel. A 
generic term for the tubules or canal-like structures 
for the conduction of liquids, secretions, etc. , through 
the body or from one organ to another ; used particu- 
larly to designate vessels carrying blood. V. aber- 
rans. See Vasculum aberrans. V. deferens, the 
excretory duct of the testis, the continuation of the 
epididymis. 

Vasa {va'-zah) [L.]. Plural of Vas, a. v. V. aber- 
rantia : I. Vessels that sometimes connect the brachial 
or axillary artery with one of the arteries of the fore- 
arm. 2. Isolated bile-ducts on the surface of the liver, 
which have no relation to any system of hepatic lob- 
ules, as if the lobules to which they originally be- 
longed had atrophied and disappeared. V. afferentia, 
the branches of a lymphatic or lacteal vessel previous 
to entering a gland. V. brevia, gastric branches of 
the splenic artery. V. efferentia, the terminal ducts 
of the rete testis ; applied also to the efferent vessels 
of lymphatic glands. V. intestini tenuis, small 
vessels arising from the superior mesenteric artery 
and distributed to the jejunum and ileum. See Intestinal 
Artery in Arteries, Table of. V. recta, the tubules 
of the rete testis. V. vasorum, the vessels supply- 
ing the arteries and veins with blood, — i. e., the ves- 
sels supplying the vessels themselves. V. vorticosa. 
See Vena. 

Vasal (va'-zal) [vas, a vessel]. Pertaining to a vessel 
or to vessels. Vascular. 

Vasalium (vaz-a' -le-uni) \yas, a vessel : pi., Vasalia~\. 
In biology, tissues peculiar to vascular or closed cavi- 
ties ; Endothelium, Ccelarium. 

Vascoa [yas-ko'-ah) [L. ]. A genus of leguminous 
plants. The roots of the S. African V. amplexicau- 
lis are used as a substitute for liquorice. V. perfol- 
iata, an African plant, is a strong diuretic. Unof. 

Vascula {yas' -kit lah) [L.]. Plural of Vasculum, q. v. 

Vascular (yas' '- ku - lar) [vasculum, a small vessel]. 
Consisting of, pertaining to, or provided with ves- 
sels. V. Fibers, centrifugal nerve-fibers exciting 
contraction of blood-vessels. Vasomotor fibers. V. 
Lamellae. See Plate, Cathammal. V. System, 
the venous and arterial system. 

Vascularity (vas-ku-lar'-it-e) [vasculum, a little vessel]. 
The quality of being vascular. 

Vascularization (vas-ku-lar-iz-a'-skun) [vasculum, a 
little vessel]. The formation and extension of vascu- 
lar capillaries. The process of becoming va?cular. 

Vasculiform (vas' -ku-liform) [vasculum, a small ves- 
sel ; forma, form]. In biology, having the form of a 
vessel ; like a flower-pot. 



Vasculin (vas'-ku-lin) [vasculum, a little vessel]. Ex- 
tract of vascular tissue. 

Vasculomotor (vas-ku-lo-mo' -tor) [vasculum, a little 
vessel ; motor, a mover]. Acting as a vasomotor 
upon the capillaries. 

Vasculose (yas' ku-loz) [vasculum, a vessel]. I. Same 
as Vascular. 2. The substance forming the vascular 
tissue of plants. 

Vasculum (vas'-ku-lum) [L. : //. , Vascula"]. A small 
vessel. In biology, a botanist's collecting-case. V. 
aberrans, a tube extending from the lower part of the 
epididymis into the cord. 

Vaselin (vaz'-el-in) [irregular; Ger., wasser, water; 
zXatov, oil]. Same as Petrolatum. The vaselins 
are paraffins that liquefy readily and fuse between 30 
and 40 C. ; they are employed as bases for ointments. 
V., Liquid, a liquid paraffin used as a vehicle for 
active medicines. 

Vasifactive (vaz-if-ak' -tiv) [vas, vessel ; facere, make]. 
Giving rise to new blood-vessels. See Angioplastic. 

Vasiform (vaz'-iform) [vas, vessel ; forma, form]. In 
biology, resembling a vessel or duct. 

Vaso- (va'-zo-) [vas, a vessel]. A prefix employed to 
denote connection with the vessels. 

Vaso-constrictive (ya' ' -zo-kon-strik' '-tiv) [vas, vessel ; 
constringere, to constrict]. Promoting or stimulating 
the constriction of blood-vessels. 

Vaso-constrictor (va'-zo-kon-strik' -tor) [vas, vessel ; 
constrictor, constrictor]. I. Causing a constriction of 
the blood-vessels. 2. A nerve or a drug that causes 
constriction of blood-vessels. 

Vaso-corona (ya'-zo-ko-ro'-nali) [vas, vessel ; corona, 
crown]. The system of arterioles that supply the 
periphery of the spinal cord. 

Vaso-dentinal (va'-zo-den'-tin-al) [vas, vessel ; dens, a. 
tooth]. Pertaining to or of the nature of vaso-dentine. 

~Vaso-dentine(va'-zo-den'-tin)[vas, vessel ; dens, tooth]. 
Dentine having capillaries large enough for the pas- 
sage of red blood-corpuscles. 

Vaso-dilator ( va'-zo-di-la'-tor) [vas, vessel ; dilator, 
a dilator]. I. Pertaining to the positive dilating 
motility of the non-striped muscles of the vascular 
system. A nervous mechanism, with a center and ef- 
ferent nerves, probably exists. 2. A nerve-element 
or a drug that causes dilatation of blood-vessels. 

Vaso-formative (va'-zo-for'-mat-iv) [vas, vessel; form- 
are, to form]. Forming or producing vessels. See 
Vasofactive. V. Cells, those engaged in the produc- 
tion of vascular tissue. 




Vaso-formative Cells. 

r, r. Red blood-corpuscles, k, k Nuclei of vaso-formative 

cells, a, a. Processes that ultimately unite to form capillaries. 

Vaso-ganglion (va'-zo-gang / -gle-on) [vas, vessel ; yayy- 
Xlov, ganglion]. A knot, or rete, of blood-vessels. 

Vasogen (va' ' -zo-jen) [vaselin ; ytvvav, to produce]. 
Oxygenated vaselin. 



VASO-HYPERTONIC 



1592 



VEIN 



Vaso-hypertonic [va 1 ' -zo- hi -per -ton' -Hi). See Vaso- 
motor. 

Vaso-inhibitory {va' -zo-in-hib' -it-or-e) [vas, vessel ; 
inhibere, to inhibit]. Pertaining to the function of 
inhibition of vasomotor action or of vascular con- 
traction. 

Vasomotion (ya' -zo-mo' -shun) [yas, vessel ; motio, 
motion]. - Increase or decrease of the caliber of a 
blood-vessel. 

Vasomotor [va' -zo-mo' -tor) [vas, vessel ; motor, motor]. 
Pertaining to the motility of the non-striped muscles 
of the arterial system ; regulating the tension of a 
blood-vessel ; vaso-constrictor. V. Ataxia, a con- 
dition of instability of the circulatory mechanism, de- 
scribed by S. Solis-Cohen and characterized by abnormal 
readiness of disturbance of the equilibrium of the car- 
dio-vascular apparatus, with tardiness of restoration. In 
some cases the phenomena are of paretic, in others of 
spasmodic character. Usually the two kinds of phe- 
nomena are displayed in varying degree in the same 
patient. Dermographism is an essential feature and 
in most cases factitious urticaria can be induced ; 
mottlings of the skin, peculiar markings of the nails, 
telangiectases and stigmata are common. There is 
usually a hemorrhagic tendency. In some cases the 
thyreoid gland has been altered. The action of the 
heart is usually rapid, irregular, and easily disturbed ; 
palpitation is common, and intermittent tachycardia 
has been noticed ; hemic and functional murmurs are 
not uncommon. V. Bronchitis. See Asthma. V. 
Center. See Center. Subordinate centers are 
distributed throughout the spinal axis. V. Nerves, 
the nerves passing to the blood-vessels ; stimulation 
causing contraction, narrowing of the lumen, and 
consequent increase of blood-pressure. Paralysis of 
the center produces the opposite effects. V. Rhinitis. 
See Hay-fever. 

Vasomotorial, Vasomotory [ya' -zo-mo-to' -re-al, va'- 
zo-mo' -tor-e) [vas, vessel ; motor, motor]. Relating to 
the vasomotor function. 



Vasomotricity (yt 



-tris'-it-e) [yas, vessel ; motor. 



motor]. The quality of having a vasomotor action. 

Vaso-peritoneal (va'-zo-per-it-on'-e'-al) [vas, vessel ; 
peritoneal] . In biology, pertaining to the closed sac 
which results from the cutting off from the archenteron 
of a cecal diverticulum to which the anterior part of 
that cavity gives rise. 

Vaso-sensory (ya' -zo-sen' -so-re) [yas, vessel ; sensory]. 
Serving as a sensory apparatus for the vessels. 

Vastus [vas'-tus). See Muscles, Table of. 

Vat-blue (yat'-blu). Same as Indigo-blue. 

Vater's Ampulla. See Ampulla. V.'s Corpuscles. 
See Pacinian Bodies or Corpuscles. V.'s Diverticu- 
lum. Same as V 's Ampulla. V.'s Fold. See Fold. 

Vatrax (va'-trahs) [L.]. See Vatricose. 

Vatricose (yat'-rik-oz) [vatricosus]. Club-footed. 

Vault [vawlt) [ME., vawte, vault]. The dome or arch 
of the skull; the hollow of the roof of the mouth. 
V. of Cranium. See Calvaria. 

Vecordia (ye-kor' -de-ah) [yecors, destitute of reason]. 
Insanity ; especially dementia or idiocy. 

Vectis (yek'-tis) [vehere, to carry]. An instrument 
similar to the single blade of a forceps, used in expedit- 
ing the delivery of the head in labor. 

Vegetable (yej ' ret-a-bl) [F. , vegetable, vegetable], (a) 
A plant, especially a kitchen herb, [b) See Vegetal. 
V. /Ethiops, a kind of charcoal produced by the 
incineration of Fucits vesiculosus in closed vessels. It 
has been employed in glandular and scrofulous affec- 
tions, and contains a small quantity of iodin. V. 
Albumin. See Pliytalbumose. V. Bezoar. See 
Calapitte. V. Coloring-matters. See Conspectus of 



Pigments, under Pigment. V. Economy, the system- 
atic arrangement of the parts and organs of plants. 
V. Gum. See Bassorin. V. Mercury. See Man- 
aca and Anchieta salularis. V. Proteids. See Pro- 
teid. V. Sponge. See Luffa. V. Sulphur. See 
Lycopodium . 

Vegetal (vej'-e-tal) [vegetus, lively ; vegerc, to move, 
quicken]. In biology, of or pertaining to plants, 
characteristic of plants, plant-like in habit. V. Func- 
tions, the vital phenomena common to plants and 
animals, viz., irritability, digestion, assimilation, 
growth, secretion, excretion! circulation, respiration, 
generation. 

Vegetality (vej-e-tal'-it-e) [yegere, to move, excite, 
quicken]. In biology, the possession of Vegetal Func- 
tions, q. v. ; the opposite of animality. 

Vegetarian (vej-e-ta' '-re-an) [vegetare, to quicken]. One 
who lives on vegetable food alone. 

Vegetarianism {vej\e-ta'- re-an -izm ) [vegetare, to 
quicken]. The doctrine that vegetable food is the 
only kind proper for man, and the practice of this doc- 
trine. 

Vegetatio (yej-e-ta'-she-o). Same as Vegetation . 

Vegetation [vej-e-ta' -shun) [vegetatio ; vegere, to grow]. 
Morbid or fungous growth, such as abnormal granula- 
tions, excresences, warts, etc. V., Adenoid, morbid 

/ growths in the nasopharyngeal cavity. Vs., Digital, 
prominent, villous vegetations. Vs., Fibrinous, 
small, wart-like bodies growing on a serous surface. 
Vs., Urethral, papillomata of the urethra. 

Vegetative (yej'-e-ta-tiv) [vegere, to grow]. Having 
the power of growth, like a vegetable ; applied to cer- 
tain tumors. 

Vegeto- [yej'-et-d) [7/egere, to grow]. A prefix em- 
ployed to denote connection with or relation to the 
vegetable kingdom. 

Vehicle (ye'-liik - 1) [vehiculum ; vehere, to carry]. 
Anything which carries or conveys. In pharmacy, 
any excipient or substance serving as a medium of ad- 
ministration. 

Veiel's Paste. A paste used in the treatment of furun- 
cles. It consists of equal parts of oxid of zinc and 
vaselin, with 4 per cent, of boric acid. It is to be well 
rubbed into the skin around the boil three times a day. 

Veil (ydl) [velum, veil]. See Velum, Velamen and 
Calyptra. V., Acquired, an obscuration or imperfec- 
tion of voice from exposure to cold, catarrhal condi- 
tions, or overuse, or from bad training. V., Uterine, 
a cap fitted over the cervix uteri, to prevent the en- 
trance of the semen. 

Vein {van) [vena, vein]. The veins are tube-like ves- 
sels that receive the blood from the lungs and peripheral 
organs of the body and convey it to the auricles of the 
heart. They are divided into three systems or groups: 
the Pulmonary, Systemic, and Portal, the latter being 
an appendage of the systemic, its capillaries ramify- 
ing in the liver. In biology, one of the fibio-vascular 
bundles of a leaf. V., Acromial Thoracic, a small 
vein accompanying the artery of the same name. V., 
Angular, a continuation of the frontal vein down- 
ward to become the facial at the lower margin of the orbit. 
V., Auricular [anterior and posterior). I. The vein 
of the ear. 2. A vein from the cardiac auricles. V., 
Axillary, a large vein formed by the junction of the 
inner brachial venae. It lies to the inner side of the 
axillary arteiy and becomes the subclavian at the border 
of the first rib. Vs., Azygos (three in number), situ- 
ated ventrad of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae ; 
they are a means of communication between the supe- 
rior and inferior venae cavce. V., Basilar, a large 
vein passing back over the crus cerebri to unite with 
the veins of Galen. V., Basilic, a vein on the inner 



VEIN 



1593 



VEIN 



side of the arm. It unites with the inner brachial to 
form the axillary. Vs., Brachial, the veins accom- 
panying the brachial artery. V., Brachio-cephalic. 
See V., Innominate-. Vs. of Breschet, the veins of 
the diploe. Vs., Bronchial, veins that correspond to 
the bronchial arteries. V. -brooch, an instrument for 
compressing varicose veins. V., Buccal, a vein 
coming from the buccinator muscle ; it empties into 
the pterygoid plexus. V., Capsular, the supra- 
renal vein. Vs., Cardiac, the veins from the 
heart. V., Cephalic, a large vein of the arm, 
formed by the union of the median cephalic and 
superficial radial. It opens into the axillary. Vs., 




Vessels and Nerves of the Neck. 
. Subclavian artery. 2. Subclavian vein. 3, 3. Common carotid artery. 4. 
Internal jugular vein. 5. Anterior jugular vein. 6. Omo-hyoid muscle. 7. 
Sterno-hyoid muscle. 8. Trunk of pneumogastric nerve. 9. Hypoglossal 
nerve. 10. Its terminal portion, n. Its descending branch. 12. Internal de- 
scending branch of cervical plexus. 13. Plexus formed by last two branches. 
14. External carotid artery. 15. Superior thyreoid artery and vein. 16. Lingual 
and facial arteries. 17. Facial artery and vein. 18. Occipital artery. 19. An- 
terior branches of the first four cervical nerves. 20. Superior laryngeal nerve. 



Cerebellar, veins coming from the cerebellum ; they 
empty into the various sinuses. Vs., Cerebral, veins 
coming from the cerebrum. They are cortical and cen- 
tral ; the former are from 8 to 12 in number on each side 
and empty into the superior longitudinal sinus. The 
central veins unite to form the venre Galeni. V., Cer- 
vical, Deep, the second or deeper division of the pos- 
terior portion of the vein of the scalp. V., Cervical, 
Transverse, a vein accompanying the artery of the 
same name. V., Choroid, a vein of the choroid 
plexus. It unites with the vein of the corpus striatum 
to form the veins of Galen. Vs., Ciliary, small veins 
from the eyeball. Vs., Circumflex Iliac [deep and 



superficial), veins accompanying the arteries of the 
same name. V., Conarial, a vein originating in the 
fine venous plexus over the conarium. It is one of the 
prebasal veins that unite to form the subcerebral. Vs., 
Coronary: 1. Same as V., Cardiac. 2. Veins sur- 
rounding the margins of the lips. 3. See V., Gastric. 
V., Cystic, a vein returning the blood from the gall- 
bladder ; it empties into the portal vein. Vs., Dental, 
veins conveying the blood from the alveoli of the jaws. 
V., Diaphragmatic. See V., Phrenic. Vs., Emis- 
sary, small veins passing through the cranial foramina 
and connecting the cerebral sinuses with external veins. 
Vs., Emulgent, a synonym of the renal veins. V., 
Epigastric, Deep, a vein emptying into 
the external iliac above Poupart's ligament. 
^>, Vs., Ethmoid, veins corresponding to the 

^X arteries of the same name. Vs., Extra- 

spinal, veins ramifying over the external 
surfaces of the vertebras. V., Facial, a 
continuation of the angular vein ; it joins 
the internal jugular at the level of the hyoid 
bone. V., Femoral, Common, a short, 
thick trunk corresponding to the femoral 
artery ; it becomes the external iliac at 
Poupart's ligament. V., Femoral, Deep, 
a vein accompanying the femoral artery ; 
it empties into the superficial femoral. V. , 
Femoral, Superficial, a name given to 
the femoral vein before it is joined by the 
deep femoral vein to form the common 
femoral vein. V., Frontal, a name given 
to the anterior vein of the scalp as it crosses 
the frontal bone. V. of Galen, a synonym 
for the anterior cardiac vein. Vs. of 
Galen, two large veins of the brain, con- 
tinuations of the internal cerebral veins ; 
they open into the straight sinus. Some- 
times there is but a single vein of Galen 
instead of two. V., Gastric, a vein ac- 
companying the artery of the same name. 
V., Gluteal, a vein passing through the 
great sacro-sciatic foramen with the gluteal 
artery. Vs., Hemiazygos, small, acces- 
sory veins of the azygos veins. Vs., 
Hemorrhoidal, a plexus of veins sur- 
rounding the rectum. Vs., Hepatic, the 
largest tributaries to the inferior vena cava; 
they return the blood from the liver. Vs., 
Iliac, Common, two veins formed oppo- 
site the sacroiliac synchondrosis by the 
confluence of the external and internal iliac 
veins. They unite opposite the fifth lumbar 
vertebra to form the inferior vena cava. 
V., Iliac, External, a continuation up- 
ward of the common femoral ; it extends 
from the lower border of Poupart's liga- 
ment to the lower border of the sacro- 
iliac synchondrosis. V., Iliac, Internal, a 
short trunk extending from the great sacro- 
sciatic foramen to the sacro-iliac synchondrosis. Vs., 
Innominate, two large valveless veins returning the 
blood from the head, neck, and upper extremity. 
They are formed by the union of the internal jugular 
and subclavian veins, and unite to form the superior 
vena cava. Vs., Intra-spinal, the veins within 
the spinal column. V., Jugular, Anterior, a vein 
beginning at the level of the chin and ending at 
the clavicle in the external jugular vein. V., Jugu- 
lar, External, a vein formed at the angle of the lower 
jaw by the union of the posterior auricular and tem- 
poro-maxillary veins; it empties into the subclavian. 
V., Jugular, Internal, a continuation of the lateral 



VEIN 



1594 



VELLEITY 



sinus, beginning at the jugular fossa ; it accompanies the 
internal and common carotid arteries, and joins the 
subclavian vein to form the innominate. V., Jugular, 
Posterior, External, a small vein in the dorsal 
portion of the neck. V. of Labbe. See V. , Pos- 
terior Anasto?)iosing. V., Lingual, the vein returning 
the blood from the tongue. It empties into the inter- 
nal jugular. Vs., Lumbar (four on either side), veins 
corresponding to the lumbar arteries. Vs., Mammary, 
Internal, veins formed by the union of the vente 
comites of the superior epigastric and internal mam- 
mary arteries ; they empty into the innominate vein. 
V. of Marshall. See V., Oblique. V., Maxillary, 
Anterior, a small vein of the anterior portion of the 
face. V., Maxillary, Internal, a vein accompanying 
the first part of the internal maxillary artery. V., 
Median Basilic, the largest of the two divisions of 
the median ; it unites with the superficial ulnar to 
form the basilic. It is chosen for venesection. V., 
Median Cephalic, the smaller branch of the median ; 
it unites with the superficial radial to form the cephalic. 
V., Median, Deep, a vein formed by the union of the 
outer vena comes of the ulnar artery and the muscular 
and radial recurrent veins. V., Median, Superfi- 
cial, a vein that starts at the anterior plexus of the 
wrist and unites with the deep median to form the 
median. V., Mesenteric, Inferior, one formed by 
the superior and middle hemorrhoidal veins at the 
rectum ; it accompanies the inferior mesenteric artery, 
and joins the splenic vein behind the pancreas. V., 
Mesenteric, Superior, one that accompanies the 
superior mesenteric artery, and joins the splenic vein to 
form the portal. V., Oblique [of Marshall'), a vein 
crossing the dorsal portion of the left auricle of the 
heart. It is the remnant of the left duct of Cuvier. 
V., Obturator, a vein accompanying the artery of the 
same name. V., Ophthalmic, a short trunk carrying 
the blood from the eye ; it empties into the cavernous 
sinus. Vs., Ovarian, two veins beginning as the 
pampiniform plexus in the broad ligament ; the right 
one empties into the inferior vena cava, the left one into 
the left renal. V., Pancreatic, a vein returning the 
blood from the pancreas. V., Peroneal, a vein ac- 
companying the peroneal artery. Vs., Phrenic, veins 
accompanying the phrenic arteries. V., Popliteal, one 
formed by the union of the venre comites of the anterior 
and posterior tibial arteries; it accompanies the popli- 
teal artery, and becomes the femoral at the junction of 
the lower with the middle third of the thigh. V., Por- 
tal, a short trunk formed by the junction of the superior 
mesenteric and splenic veins; it enters the liver. V., 
Posterior Anastomosing (of Labbe), one of the 
cortical cerebral veins. V., Pudic, a vein accompanying 
the pudic artery, it empties into the internal iliac. Vs., 
Pulmonary, two veins on each side returning the 
aerated blood from the lungs to the heart. V., Radial, 
Superficial, a vein accompanying the musculo-cuta- 
neous nerve up the radial side of the forearm. V., 
Renal, a vein returning the blood from the kidneys. 
V., Salvatella, a vein of the little finger, situated in 
the fourth metacarpal space and entering into the for- 
mation of the posterior ulnar vein. V., Saph- 
enous, Long or Internal, a long vein running up 
the inner aspect of the leg, terminating in the femoral 
vein below Poupart's ligament. V., Saphenous, 
Short or External, a vein running up the outer as- 
pect of the foot, leg, and back of the calf; it empties 
into the popliteal vein. Vs., Sciatic, veins ac- 
companying the sciatic artery. V., Spermatic, 
a vein returning the blood from the testicle ; on the 
right side it terminates in the inferior vena cava and on 
the left in the left renal vein. V., Splenic, a vein 



returning the blood from the spleen ; it forms the vena 
porta by uniting with the superior mesenteric vein. 
V. -stone. See Phlebolith. V., Subcerebral, a large 
vein at the base of the brain. V., Subclavian, a 
continuation of the axillary ; it unites with the inter- 
nal jugular vein to form the innominate vein at the 
sternoclavicular articulation. Vs., Submaxillary, 
veins returning the blood from the submaxillary gland. 
Vs., Temporal, veins returning the blood from the 
temporo-maxillary region of the head ; they join the 
internal maxillary vein to form the temporo-maxillary 
vein. V., Temporo-maxillary, one formed by the 
union of the temporal and internal maxillary veins in 
the parotid gland ; it terminates in the external jugu- 
lar. Vs., Thyreoid, veins returning the blood from the 
thyreoid gland. V. of Trolard, a vein of the cere- 
brum passing along the posterior branch of the fissure 
of Sylvius and emptying into the superior petrosal sinus. 
V., Tympanic, a vein accompanying the tympanic 
artery. V., Ulnar, Superficial, a vein running from 
the wrist up the anterior and inner surface of the fore- 
arm. V., Umbilical, in the fetus, a vein extending 
from the navel along the falciform ligament to the liver. 
Vs., Uterine, a plexus of veins returning the blood 
from the uterus. V., von Burow's. See Burow's- 
Veins. V. of Vesalius, a vein forming the channel 
of communication between the pterygoid plexus of 
veins and the cavernous sinus. V., Vidian, one of 
the branches of the pharyngeal vein. 

Veinage (va'-ndj) [vena, vein]. Veining. 

Veined (vand) [vena, vein]. Provided with veins. 

Veining (van'-ing). Same as Venation. 

Veinless (van' -les) [vena, vein]. Without veins. 

Veinlet (van' -let). See Venule. 

Veinous (va'-nus) [vena, vein]. Same as Venous. 

Veinule (van'-ul). See Venule. 

Veinulet (van' -u-let) [vena, vein]. A branch of a 
veinlet. 

Veiny (va'-ne). Same as Venose. 

Velamen (ve-la' -men) [L. : //., Velamina\ A veil, or 
envelop. V. nativum, the skin. V. vulvae. See 
Apr 07i. 

Velamentous (vel-am-en' '-tus) [velamen, a veil]. Veil- 
like. 

Velamentum (vel-am-en' -turn) [L. : pi., Velamenta~\. 
A veil, or covering membrane. Velamenta cere- 
bri, meninges. V. infantis, the fetal membranes. 

Velar (ve'-lar) [velum, veil]. Pertaining to a velum, 
especially to the velum palati. 

Velarium (ve-la' -re-um) [velum, veil : //., Velaria~\. 
In biology, the peculiar velum of the Cubomednsa and 
Rliizostoma, differing from the true velum of the Cras- 
pedota by its supply of gastro-canals. 

Velate (ve'-ldt) [velare, cover, veil]. Furnished with 
a veil. 

Velation (ve-la' -shun) [velare, to veil] . The formation 
of a velum. 

Veliferous (ve-lif'-er-us) [velifer, sail-bearing]. Hav- 
ing a velum ; velamentous. 

Veliform (vel'-if-orm) [velum, veil; forma, form]. 
Forming a velum. 

Veliger (vel'-ij-er) [velum, a veil; gerere, to bear]. In 
biology, a larval stage of development in Mollusca, 
characterized by the presence of a velum, or ciliated 
swimming-membrane. 

Veligerous (ve-li/'-er-i/s) [velum, a sail, veil; gerere, 
to bear]. In biology, bearing a veil, or velum. 

Vella's Fistula. See Fistula. 

Vellarin (vel'-ar-in). The active principle of Hydro- 
cotyle asiatica ; alterative, astringent, tonic. Unof. 

Velleity (vel-e' -it-e) [velleitas ; velle, to wish]. A weak 
form of volition ; feeble desire or inclination. 



VELLICATE 



1595 



VENTILATION 



Vellicate {yeP ih-dt) \yellieare, to pluck]. To twitch ; 
to move spasmodically. 

Vellication {yel - ik - a' - shun) [vellica/io ; vellicare, to 
twitch]. The spasmodic twitching of muscular fibers 
as observed in tic. 

Velpeau's Apparatus. An immovable dressing for 
fractures, consisting of a compress and card-board 
splints, hardened by a solution of dextrin. V.'s 
Bandage. See Bandage. V.'s Hernia, femoral 
hernia in front of the vessels. See Hernia, and Dis- 
eases, Table of. 

Velum (ye' -him) [velum, veil, sail: //. , Vela~\. In 
biology, a veil or veil-like structure, variously applied 
to membranous growths in both plants and animals, 
as the swimming-membrane of molluscan larva; ; the 
turned-in margin of the umbrella of certain medusce, or 
the envelop covering the sphorophore of a hymeno- 
mycetous fungus. V. interpositum, the membranous 
roof of the third ventricle. V. palati. Same as V. 
pendulum palati. V. partiale, a membrane or veil 
which in some of the Hymenomycetes stretches from 
the margin of the pileus to the stipe. V. pendulum 
palati, the soft palate, and especially the uvula. V., 
Posterior Medullary, the commissure of the flocculus 
of the cerebellum. V. tarini. Same as V. , Posterior 
Medullary. V. universale, a membrane which in 
some of the Hymenomycetes covers the entire sporo- 
carp. 

Velumen [ye-lu' -men) [velumen,a fleece]. In biology, 
the velvety integument of certain parts of plants or 
animals. 

Velutinous (ve-lu'-tin-us) \yelutem, velvet]. Velvety 
to the touch. 

Vena (ye'-nah) [L.]. A vein. See Vein. V. cava. 
See Cava. Vena cava inferior, is formed by the 
junction of the two common iliac veins and empties 
into the right auricle of the heart. It receives lumbar, 
right spermatic, renal, suprarenal, phrenic, and hepatic 
branches. Vena cava superior, formed by the union 
of the innominate veins, conveys the blood from the 
upper half of the body to the right auricle. 

Vena? (ve'-ne). Plural of Vena. Veins. See Vein. 
Vena? comites, veins that accompany arteries in their 
course. V. Galeni, the two trunks formed by the 
union of the vein of the corpus striatum and that of 
the choroid plexus ; they empty into the straight 
sinus. V. thebesii, the small veins by which blood 
passes from the walls of the heart to the right auricle. 
Venae vorticosae, the venous network and trunks of 
the choroid coat of the eye. 

Venal (ye'-nal). Same as Venous. 

Venalization (ven-al-iz-a' -shun) [vena, vein]. The 
acquirement of venous qualities by the blood. 

Venatio (ven-a' ' -she-o) [yenari, to hunt]. I. Same as 
Venation. 2. A hunting. 

Venation (yen-a 1 '-shun) [vena, a vein]. In biology, 
the distribution of veins in a leaf, or in the wing of an 
insect. See Nervation. V., Forked, venation in 
which the veins branch in repeated equal divisions. 
V., Reticulate, venation in which the veins have the 
form of a network. V., Unbranched, venation in 
which the veins run parallel and unconnected from 
the base to the tip of a leaf. 

Venenate (yen'- en- at) [yenenum, poison]. Poison- 
ous. 

Venenation (yen- en- a' -shun) [yenenum, a poison]. 
The condition of one affected by the venom of a 
poisonous insect or reptile. 

Venenatus (yen - en - a' - tus) [venenum, a poison]. 
Poisonous. 

Venenific (ven-en-if'-ik) [venenum, poison]. Poison- 
forming. 



Venenifluous (ven-en-if -lu-us) [venenum, poison , 
fluere, to flow]. In biology, exuding a poisonous 
fluid or juice. 

Venenose, Venenous (ven' -en-oz, ven'-en-us) [venen- 
osus\ Toxic ; poisonous ; acting by a toxic property. 

Venenum (ven'-en-um). Same as Poison. 

Venereal (ven-e'-re-al) [ Venus, the goddess of love]. 
Pertaining to the sexual passion. V. Bubo, a swel- 
ling of the glands of the groin secondary to some 
venereal disease. V. Diseases, gonorrhea, syphilis, 
and chancroid. V. Sore. See Chancre. V. Wart. 
See Verruca acuminata. 

Venereology (ven-e-re-ol' -o-je) [ Venus, the goddess of 
love; Myoc, science]. The science of venereal dis- 
ease. 

Venery (yen'-er-e) [ Venus, the goddess of love]. Sexual 
intercourse. 

Venesection (ven-e-sek'-shun). See Blood-letting. 

Venesuture (yen-e-su' -tur) [vena, vein ; sutura, su- 
ture]. The suturing of a vein. 

Venetian Red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Venice (yen'-is) [Ital.]. A city of Italy. V. Treacle, 
V. Turpentine. See Theriaca, Turpentine. V. 
White. Same as Hamburg White. 

Veniplex (yen' -ip-leks) [vena, vein ; plexus, plexus]. 
A venous plexus ; a plexus of veins. 

Venom (yen'-om) [yenenum, poison]. The poison 
secreted by certain reptiles and insects, as the rattle- 
snake, the scorpion, etc. V. -albumin, the albumin 
of the venom of a snake. V. -globulin, a globulin 
found in snake-poisons ; there are various kinds 
described. V. -peptone, a peptone found in the 
venom of certain serpents. V., Quickening, V., 
Vital, semen. 

Venomous (iot'-w-jk) [venenum, a poison]. Poison- 
ous ; belonging or pertaining to venom ; secreting 
venom. 

Venosal (ven-o'-zal) [vena, vein]. Venous. 

Venose (ven'-oz) [vena, vein]. In biology, veiny; 
furnished with conspicuous veins. V.-costate, in 
biology, between ribbed and veined. 

Venosity (ven-os'-it-e) [vena, vein]. Venous quality ; 
a condition in which the arterial blood shows venous 
qualities; general congestion of the veins. 

Venous (ye'-nus) [venosus~\. Pertaining to a vein. 
V. Hum, the murmur or rushing sound observed 
in auscultation of a vein. V. Nevus. See Narvus 
vascularis. 

Vent (vent) [ME., vente, vent]. An outlet, especially 
the anal opening. 

Venter (ven'-ter) [venter, belly]. The belly or abdo- 
men. Applied to structures having a concave or abelly- 
like appearance. V. of Ilium, the iliac fossa. V. of 
Kidney, the pelvis of the kidney. V. of Scapula, 
the anterior surface of the scapula. 

Ventilation. The dilution and removal of all impuri- 
ties that collect in the air of inhabited rooms, the 
most common of which is C0 2 , which may be tested 
by Lange's Method, q. v. In hospitals the fundamen- 
tal principle of ventilation observed is that each adult 
person confined in a space of iooo cubic feet requires 
3000 cubic feet of fresh air per hour in order to pre- 
vent the proportion of carbon dioxid in the room from 
rising above 0.06 per cent. This estimate is based on 
the fact that each adult expires, on the average, 0.6 of 
a cubic foot of carbon dioxid per hour. Ventilation 
may be natural, due to the forces constantly acting in 
nature, or artificial, the result of measures intro- 
duced by man. The former is brought about by the 
agency of the wind and by diffusion, or the power 
which gases of different densities possess of mixing 
with each other. Artificial ventilation is brought 



VENTILATION 



1596 



VENTRICULUS 



about either by extracting the foul air from the room, 
or by forcing pure air into the room, and is effected 
by means of fans, heat, gas, or steam. Natural 
ventilation is aided by means of tubes or shafts 
employed as inlets and outlets. The outlets are 
guarded by Cowls, which prevent the entrance of rain, 
increase the extracting effect of the wind, and check 
the tendency to down-draught. A most valuable agent 
in this ventilation is the chimney. Windows also may 
be utilized for the same purpose. The estimation of 
C0 2 in the air may be made by the following methods : 
I. Minimetric Method, when the proportion of CO, 2 is 
not less than one part per iooo. The analysis is made 
by the use of a solution of sodium carbonate with phe- 
nolphthalein as an indicator. 2. Pettenkofer' s Method 
has for its basis the fact that if air containing C0 2 
is brought into contact with barium hydioxid in solution 
a combination takes place between the barium and 
C0. 2 immediately, and insoluble barium carbonate 
is precipitated. 5. Szydlowski's Method consists in 
comparing a given volume of the air to be tested with 
a sample of air from which C0 2 has been removed, 
and the difference of pressure recorded by means of 
a mercurial column. 4. Reiset's Method, calculates 
the amount of CO., in the air from the difference 
found between the titration of a given volume of 
barium- water before and after the passage of the air 
through it. V., Methodsof ; there are various methods 
of securing ventilation, some of which are as follows : 
Auburn or Pentonville System of ventilating prisons. 
The cells are arranged in blocks of several tiers in 
height, and each block is surrounded by an outer build- 
ing, between the walls of which and the doors of the 
tiers of cells on each side is an open corridor, not 
divided by floors corresponding to the floors of the 
several tiers. The air is drawn from this corridor into 
the cells. Boyle's Ventilator, an arrangement of mica 
valves allowing air to pass out, but allowing no back- 
draught. Cooper's Ventilator, a series of apertures in 
the glass of a window-pane arranged in a circle so as 
to be more or less completely closed by a circular disc 
having corresponding apertures and moving upon a 
central pivot. Ellison' 1 s Ventilating Bricks, are bricks 
perforated with conical holes, and fixed in the walls, 
with the apices of the cone on the outside. They are not 
likelv to produce a draught. Hinckes-Bird's Method 
consists in placing a movable block of wood under the 
entire length of the lower window-sash. Louvred Panes, 
a form of window-ventilation by which an upward di- 
rection is imparted to the incoming air. These panes 
take the place of one or more of the squares of glass, 
and may be either opened or closed. McKinnelV s Ven- 
tilator, a combined outlet and inlet ventilator, which is 
applicable in the case of upper rooms or rooms in single- 
story houses. It consists of two tubes, the one encir- 
cling the other, the inneractingas the outlet, and being 
fitted with a cowl. Sheringham Valve, a common 
form of inlet in windows or walls for the purposes of 
ventilation. The entrance to the opening in the wall 
is guarded by a strainer to keep out dust, while on the 
inside is a valved iron plate with closed sides and 
hinged at the bottom. This opening is usually placed 
near the ceiling. Smead-Dowd System of Ventilation, 
an artificial system of ventilation in which the outlets 
are at the bottom of the sheeting along the floor-line 
and open into spaces beneath the floor. These spaces 
are connected with flues down which the air is drawn 
by the powerful action of the furnace-chimney. Tobin' ' s 
Tube, a means of ventilation, the air from without enter- 
ing through a hole in the wall and being conducted 
by an upright tube into the upper portion of the room. 
V., Pulmonary, the supply of pure air to the lungs 



and the removal of the vitiated air. V., Respiratory, 
the supply of a fluid containing oxygen to a respira- 
tory membrane and its removal after the oxygen has 
been given up. 

Ventilator (ven' ' -til-a-tor) \yentilare, to fan]. An ap- 
paratus for effecting ventilation. 

Ventrad (ven' -trad) [venter, stomach; ad, toward]. 
Toward the ventral aspect or surface ; not dorsad nor 
neurad, and not laterad. 

Ventral (ven'-tral) [ventralis ; venter, belly, or abdom- 
inal cavity]. Pertaining to the belly. At or in the 
direction of the venter or belly-side of the body or the 
ventral aspect of an organ. Hemal is sometimes used 
instead of ventral. See the opposite, Dorsal ; also, 
Position and Direction, Table of Intrinsic Terms. 

Ventrally (ven'-tral-e). Synonym of Ventrad. 

Ventricle (ven'-trik-l) [ventriculus : dim. of venter, a 
belly]. Applied to certain structures or parts having 
a bellied appearance. V., Aortic, the left ventricle 
of the heart. V. of Arantius, a cul de-sac 'in the 
oblongata. Vs. of Brain, the third, fourth, fifth, and 
two lateral. V., Third, between the optic thalafni and 
extending to the base of the brain; V, Fourth, the 
space between the oblongata and pons in front, and 
the cerebellum behind ; V., Fifth, the cavity between 
the laminae of the septum lucidum; V., Lateral, the 
considerable cavity of either half of the cerebrum, 
communicating with the third through the foramen of 
Monro. Each ventricle consists of a triangular central 
cavity or body, and three smaller cavities, called cornua. 
The corpus callosuru forms the roof of the body, the 
septum lucidum the mesal boundary, and the floor is 
formed by the corpus striatum, taenia semicircularis, 
optic thalamus, choroid plexus, corpus fimbriatum, and 
fornix. The anterior cornu curves forward and out- 
ward into the anterior lobe of the brain, the middle 
cornu descends into the middle lobe, and the posterior 
cornu or digital cavity curves backward into the occipi- 
tal lobe. V. of Cerebellum, the extension of the 
fourth ventricle into the substance of the cerebellum. 
V. of Cord. See Canal, Central. V. of Corpus 
callosum, the space between the labium cerebri and 
the callosum ; the callosal fissure. V. of Larynx, a de- 
pression between the true and false vocal bands. V., 
Left, of Heart, that upon the dorsal and left side of 
the heart, and which, through the aorta, forces the 
blood over the general system. V. of Morgagni. 
a small cavity bounding each vocal band externally. 
V., Optic, the cavity of either optic or geminal lobe. 
V., Right, of Heart, that forcing the blood through 
the pulmonary artery toward the lungs. V., Sixth. See 
Verga's V., and Canal, Central. V., Sylvian. Same 
as V., Fifth. V., Verga's, a space occasionally found 
between the callosum and the fornix. 

Ventricornu (ven-trik-or' -nu) [venter, venter ; cornu, 
cornu]. The ventral extension, or anterior horn, of 
the gray matter of the myelon. 

Ventricornual (ven - trik - or' - nit - a!) [venter, venter ; 
cornu, cornu]. Pertaining to the ventricornu. 

Ventricose (ven'-trik-oz) [venter, abdomen]. Inflated 
or swelled out on one side, resembling an abdomen. 

Ventricous (ven* -trik-us) [venter, belly]. In biology, 
distended, resembling an abdomen. 

Ventricular (ven-trik' ' -u-Iar) [ventriculus, a ventricle]. 
Belonging or pertaining to a ventricle. V. Aqueduct. 
See Aqueductus Sylvii. V. Bands, the longitudinal 
folds of mucous membrane above and parallel to the 
vocal bands. The false vocal bands. 

Ventriculose (ven - trik'- u - loz) [-'enlriculus, belly]. 
Minutely ventricose. 

Ventriculous [ven-trik f -u-lus). Same as Ventricular. 

Ventriculus {ven-trik' -u-lus). See Ventricle. 



VENTRICUMBENT 



1597 



VERGA'S VENTRICLE 



Ventricumbent (ven - trik - urn'- ben/) [venter, belly ; 
cubere, to lie]. Prone; lying with Ihe ventral surface 
down. 

Ventriduct (ven'- trid-ukt) [venter, belly; ducere, lo 
lead]. To carry toward the belly. 

Ventriloquism (ven-tril'-o-/;wizm)[venter, belly ; loqui, 
to speak]. Peculiar vocal utterance without the usual 
modifications of the resonance-organs, so that the 
voice seems to come from a closed space or from a 
distance. 

Ventrimesal {ven - trim - e'- zal) [venter, belly ; iikaov, 
middle]. Pertaining to or situated on the ventrimeson. 
At or toward the ventral edge of the meson, or 
ventral mesal or median line. See the opposite — 
Dorsimesal ; also, Position and Direction, Table of 
Intrinsic Terms. 

Ventrimeson (ven-lrim-e'-zon) [venter, belly ; fiiaov, 
middle]. The mesial line on the ventral aspect of 
the body. The ventral edge of the meson or median 
plane of the body. The ventral median or mesal 
line. Cf. Dorsimeson ; also, Position and Direc- 
tion, Table of Intrinsic Terms. 

Ventripyramid (ven - trip - ir'- am - id) [venter, belly ; 
pyramis, pyramid]. An anterior pyramid of the ob- 
longata. 

Ventrocystorrhaphy (ven-tro-sis-tor'-a-fe) [venter, 
venter; kvcstlq, cyst; pcupq, suture]. The surgical 
operation of attaching to the wall of the abdomen the 
opened cyst-wall, so as to provide a free discharge of 
its contents. 

Ventrodorsally (ven - tro - dor'- sal - e) [venter, belly ; 
dorsum, back]. In a direction between the dorsal 
and ventral aspects. 

Ventrofixation (ven-tro-fiks-a' -shun) [yentrojixatio~\. 
The fixation of a displaced viscus to the abdominal 
wall. 

Ventroinguinal (ven-tro-in'-gwin-aT) [venter, belly; 
inguinal \ Pertaining to the abdomen and the 
groin. 

Ventro-laterad (ven-tro-lat'-er-ad) [venter, belly; la- 
tus, side]. Toward the ventral and lateral aspects. 

Ventromesal (ven-tro-me'-zal) . Same as Ventrimesal. 

Ventrose (ven'-troz) [ye?itrosus~\. Having a belly, or 
a swelling like a belly. 

Ventrosity (ven-tros'-il-e) [ventrositas~\. Corpulence ; 
pendulousness of the abdomen. 

Ventrotomy (ven-trot'-o-me) [venter, belly ; to/it/, a 
cut]. The operation of surgical incision of the ab- 
dominal cavity. " 

Venula (ven'-u-lah) [vetiula, dim. of vena, a vein: 
pi. , Venulce\ In biology, a small vein or veinlet. 

Venule (ven'-ul). See Venula. 

Venulose (ven'-ti-loz) [venula, dim. of vena, a vein]. 
In biology, furnished with veinlets. 

Venulous (7/en'-u-lus) [venula, a small vein]. Full of 
veinlets. 

Venus Flycatcher, or Flytrap. See Dionaa. 

Veratralbin (ver - at - ral' '- bin) [veratrum, veratrum ; 
albus, white]. An alkaloid obtained from White 
Hellebore. 

Veratria (ver-a' -tre-ali). See Veratrina. 

Veratric Acid (ver-a' -trik) . See Acid. 

Veratrin (ver-a' '-trin) [veratrum, veratrum], C 32 H 49 - 
N0 9 . I. See Veratrina. 2. Cevadin. This occurs, 
together with veratric acid and other alkaloids, in 
white hellebore and in Sabadilla seeds. It crystallizes 
from alcohol in prisms and melts at 205 C. 3. A 
precipitate from a tincture of the root of Veratrum 
viride ; it is cathartic, nervine, arterial sedative, re- 
solvent, anodyne, etc. Dose y% to y z grain. Unof. 
V., Oleat., veratrin 2, oleic acid 98 parts. V., Ung., 
veratrin 4, alcohol 6, benzoinated lard 90 parts. 



Veratrina, Veratrine (ver-at-ri'-nah, ver at'-rin) [L.]. 
A mixture of alkaloids obtained from the seeds of 
Asagrcea officinalis. It is an exceedingly poisonous 
local irritant, and is used mainly as an external appli- 
cation for neuralgia, gout, and rheumatism. Dose gr. 

1 1 

5o if 

Veratrization (ver- at - riz - a'- shun) [veratrum, vera- 
trum]. Subjection to the influence of veratrin ; vera- 
trin poisoning. 

Veratrum (ver-a' -trum) [L., hellebore]. A genus of 
liliaceous plants. V. album, white hellebore, a 
European plant closely related to V. viride. It is a 
violent emetic and cathartic, and is actively poisonous ; 
it is now little used, except as an insect-powder. 
For this use it is highly valued, as it destroys many 
insects which the ordinary buhach does not affect. 
Unof. V. sabadilla. Cevadilla, cebadilla, a bulb- 
ous plant of the order Melanthacea ; it contains a 
number of alkaloids, and is the source of Veratrina. 
The seeds are official in the B. P. under the name 
Sabadilla. V. viride [gen., Veratri viridis'], American 
hellebore ; the rhizome and rootlets of the plant 
contain jervin, veratrin, and other alkaloids. It is a 
powerful depressant of the heart and a paralyzant of 
the spinal cord. Its action is similar to that of aco- 
nite, but is regarded as inferior. It is highly esteemed 
in puerperal fevers, pneumonia, and aneurysm. V., 
Ext., Fid. Dose rnj-iv. V., Tinct., 50 per cent. 
Dose rr\ ij-x. 

Verbascum (ver-bas'-kit?n) [L., mullein]. A genus of 
scrophulariaceous plants, including mullein, the leaves 
of V. thapsus L., or common mullein. The latter is 
emollient, demulcent, and slightly anodyne, and is a 
popular domestic remedy in pulmonary tuberculosis 
and other pulmonary affections, being palliative to the 
cough. It is useful in diarrhea and in inflammations 
of the urinary tract. Dose of fluid extract gtt. x— xx. 

Verbena (ver-be'-nah) [E]. A genus of flowering 
plants of some 80 species, once highly esteemed in 
medicine, but now little used. V. hastata, blue 
vervain, is expectorant and emetic; V. officinalis 
and V. triphylla, antispasmodic; V. urticifolia, 
diuretic. Unof. 

Verbigerate (ver-bij'-er-at) [verbigere, to talk]. To 
make use of verbigeration. 

Verbigeration (ver-bij-er-a'-sliun) [verbigere, to talk]. 
The frequent and uncontrollable repetition of one and 
the same word, sentence, or sound, without reference 
to its meaning ; abnormal repetition of words. 

Verdet (var-da') [Fr.]. A fungous disease of maize due 
to the presence of parasites — Ustilago segetum, Uredo 
carbo, or Sporisorium maidis — on the grains. It was 
erroneously believed to cause pellagra. 

Verdigris (ver'-dig-ris) [ME., verdegrese, verdigris]. 
A deposit upon copper vessels from the formation 
of cupric salts. See Copper, and Pigments, Conspec- 
tus of. V., Blue, a deposit consisting in the main of 
bibasic acetate of copper. V., Common, basic cupric 
acetate. V., Green, a bright, very bluish-green ver- 
digris composed of a mixture of several acetates, but 
mainly of sesquibasic cupric acetate. 

Verditer (ver'-dit-er) [Fr. , verde de terre, earth green]. 
A name applied to two pigments. V., Blue, is either 
a carbonate of copper or a mixture of copper oxid with 
hydrated lime. V., Green, is an impure carbonate of 
copper with chalk. Both are used as pigments. 

Verdure (ver'-dur) [viridis, green]. Green vegetation. 

Verdurous (ver'-diir-us) [viridis, green]. Covered 
with verdure ; verdant. 

Veretrum (ver-et'-rum). Synonym of Penis. 

Verga's Ventricle. A cleft-like space occasionally 
found between the fornix and the callosum. 



VERGE 



1598 



VERRUCA 



Verge (vurj) [yirga, a rod]. In biology, the male 
organ of crabs, arising from the sternum or from the 
coxal joint of the posterior feet. 

Vergens (yur'-jenz) [L.]. Inclining. V. deorsum, 
tending or inclining downward, as of the axis of vision 
of one eye in strabismus. V. sursum, upward in- 
clination or tending. 

Verheyen, Stars of. Venous plexuses of stellate form 
situated on the surface of the kidney, beneath its 
capsule. They unite to form the interlobular veins. 

Verin (yer'-in) \yeratrum, hellebore], C 28 H 45 N0 8 . 
An amorphous alkaloid obtained from veratrin. 

Verjuice (ver'-Jiis) [P'r. , verjus\ The expressed 
juice of unripe fruits. 

Vermian (ver'-me-an) [vermis, a worm]. In biology, 
of or pertaining to worms ; worm-like. 

Vermicelli (vet ■- tin's - el'-e) [It., little worms]. An 
Italian paste consisting mainly of flour, cheese, and 
egg, rolled into small, worm-like cylinders. It is a 
favorite ingredient of soups. 

Vermicidal (yer-mis-i'-dal ) [vermis, worm ; ccedere, to 
kill]. Destroying worms. 

Vermicide (ver' -mis-id) [vermis, a worm ; ctzdere, to 
kill]. A medicine or agent that kills intestinal worms. 

Vermicular (ver- mik'- u - la?-) [yermicularis ; vermis, 
worm]. Worm-shaped or with worm-like motion. 

Vermiculate (ver-mik'-u-ldt) [yermiculatus]. Resem- 
bling or shaped like a worm. In biology, (a) marked 
with tortuous, wavy lines or depressions ; (6) infested 
with worms. 

Vermiculation {ver - mik -u- la'- shuii) [vermiculatio~\. 
The peculiar motion of certain tubular organs, such as 
the esophagus and the intestines, consisting in the pro- 
gressive contraction of successive parts of the tube. 

Vermicule (ver'-mik-fil) [vermiculus, a small worm]. 
A little worm or grub. 

Vermiculose (ver-mik'-u-loz) [vermiculus, a little 
worm]. Full of worms ; worm-like. 

Vermiculus (yer-mik' -u-lus) [L.]. A little worm or 
grub. 

Vermiform (ver'- mif- orm) [yermiformis ; vermis, 
worm ; forma, a form]. Having a shape like a worm. 
V. Appendage, or Appendix, a worm-shaped tube at 
the lower and back part of the cecum. V. Process, 
Inferior and Superior, the vermis of the cerebellum. 

Vermifugal (ver-mif'-u-gal} [vermis, worm ; fugare , 
to flee]. Having the qualities of a vermifuge; expel- 
ling worms. 

Vermifuge (ver' -mif-iij) [vermis, worm ; fugare, to 
expel]. A medicine or agent that expels intestinal 
worms. 

Vermigrade (ver' ' -mig-rad) [vermis, worm ; gradi, to 
walk]. Moving like a worm. 

Vermilion (ver-mil'-yun). See Pigments, Conspectus 
of. 

Vermin (ver'-min) [vermis, worm]. A general (and 
mainly collective) name for parasitic animals and for 
semi-parasites, such as fleas and bed-bugs. 

Vermination (ver-?nin-a' -shun) [vermis, worm]. In- 
festation with worms ; the condition of one affected 
with worms. 

Verminous (yer'-min-us) [vermis, worm]. Affected 
with or having the characters of worms. 

Vermiparous (vcr-mip' -ar-us) [vermis, worm ; parere, 
to bear]. Producing or breeding worms. 

Vermis (ver' -mis') [L. : //. , Vermes]. I. A worm. 
See Worm. 2. The mesal lobe of the cerebellum. 

Vermivorous (yer-miv' -or-us) [vermis, worm ; vorare, 
to devour]. Worm-eating. 

Vermix (ver'- miks). A contraction, used by Minot 
and some German writers, of the term Vermiform 
Appendix. 



Vermouth (ver'-muth) [Ger. , wermuth, wormwood]. 
A cordial prepared from white wine and flavored with 
wormwood ; esteemed as an appetizer. 

Vernacular (ver-nak'-u-lar) [vernaculus, native]. The 
language or dialect of one's own country. 

Vernal (ver'-nal) [yernalis, of the spring]. Pertain- 
ing to the spring. V. Conjunctivitis, a conjunctival 
inflammation or congestion, occurring chiefly in the 
young, recurring each spring or summer, and dis- 
appearing with frost. 

Vernation (ver-na'-shun) [vernare, to flourish, bloom]. 
In biology, the arrangement of leaves within the bud ; 
prefoliation. 

Verneuil's Neuroma. A plexiform neuroma or neu- 
roma cirsoideum. 

Vernicose (ver'-nik-oz) [yemix, varnish]. Glistening, 
having a varnished appearance. 

Vernier (ver'-ne-a) [after Paul Vernier, the inventor]. 
In physics, a contrivance attached to various instru- 
ments of precision for the estimation of minute fractions 
of any unit of distance. 

Vernin (ver'-nin). A leukomain base found in young 
vetch, clover, ergot, etc. ; it yields guanin on heating 
with hydrochloric acid. See Leukomains, Table of. 

Vernix (ver' - niks ) [L.]. Same as Varnish. V. 
caseosa, "Cheesy Varnish." A sebaceous deposit 
covering the surface of the fetus. 

Verona Brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Veronese Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Vernonia (ver-no' -ne-ah ) [after William Vernon, an 
English botanist]. A genus of composite-flowered 
plants of some 500 recognized species. V. cinerea is 
esteemed in India as a febrifuge ; V. anthelmintica 
affords a kind of wormseed ; V. nigritiana, of Africa, 
is febrifugal and acts on the heart. Unof. 

Vernonin (ver-no'-nin) [after William Vernon, an 
English botanist]. A glucosid, the active principle of 
the root of Vernonia nigritiana, an African plant. Its 
properties are similar to those of digitalis, though its 
poisonous properties are much less. 

Veronica (ve-ron' -ik-ah ) [vera, true; e'lKi'ov, image] . A 
genus of scrophulariaceous herbs and shrubs of some 
200 species. V. beccabunga, antiscorbutic. Unof. 
V. officinalis is diuretic and diaphoretic. V. vir- 
ginica. See Culver's Physic. 

Verriculate (ver-ik'-u-lat) [verriculum, a drag-net]. 
Covered with verricules. 

Verricule (ver'-ik-iil) [verricuhim, a drag-net]. In 
biology, a thick-set tuft of upright parallel hairs. 

Verruca (ver - ru' - kali) [L. : //. , Verruca]. Wart; 
single or multiple, hard or soft, rounded, flattened, or 
acuminate, circumscribed, papillary excrescences on 
the skin, variable in color and smooth at the summit, 
or studded with moniliform elevations or with clusters 
of minute, pointed, horny filaments. V. acuminata, 
Condyloma ; moist -wart ; fig wart ; caulifioiver excres- 
cence ; venereal wart ; a warty growth occurring in parts 
especially subjected to maceration with sweat, venereal 
secretions, and mucous discharges, such as the genital 
and anal regions of both sexes. They are flat, 
acuminate, whitish, reddish, pinkish, or flesh-tinted, 
sessile or pedunculated masses of vegetations, com- 
monly smeared with a thin, excessively offensive 
secretion. They may be single and small, or as large 
as the fist ; often they are very numerous. They are 
highly vascular. V. ani, condvlomata about the anus. 
V. congenita, a wart appearing at or shortly after 
birth. V. digitata, flat warts characterized by 
digitations springing from the center or border. V. 
febrilis. Same as Variola verrucosa. V. filiformis, 
a thread-like wart, single or multiple, congenital o>' 
acquired, seen often on the face, neck, eyelids, and ears, 



VERRUCIFORM 



1599 



VERSION 



as well as the trunk. V. follicularis, wart-like ac- 
cumulations around the mouths of the sebaceous 
follicles. They are composed of dried epithelium and 
sebaceous matter. V. glabra, a smooth wart. V. 
necrogenica, Anatomic tubercle ; post-mortem 7vart ; 
warty tubercle ; tuberculosis verrucosa cutis ; a warty 
excresence found usually on the fingers of those who 
frequently handle the tissues of tuberculous subjects. 
It begins as a vesicular or pustular lesion rising from 
an engorged base, and may be a purely local disorder, 
or give rise to general infection. V. perstans, a wart 
that does not tend to spontaneously disappear. V. 
plana, a fiattish wart with a slight elevation and broad 
and relatively smooth surface ; seen in older patients. 
V. sebacea, the type met with in persons of sebor- 
rheic tendency and uncleanly habits. V. senilis, 
Keratosis pigmentosa ; a flattened and markedly pig- 
mented wart of old people. It occurs on the face, 
trunk, hands, and genital regions usually. It often 
undergoes an epitheliomatous metamorphosis. V. 
sessilis. Same as V. plana. V. subunguinalis, 
a soft wart growing under the nails. V. syphilitica, 
syphilitic condylomata. Verrucae venerese, tuber- 
cular syphiloderm arranged in clusters. V. vulgaris, 
the single or multiple horny warts, in size from a pin- 
head to a pea, seen often on the hands of young persons 
of both sexes. 

Verruciform (ver-u' -sif-orni) [verruca, wart ; forma, 
form]. Wart-like. 

Verrucose, Verrucous (ver' -u-koz, ver'-u-kus) [ver- 
rucosus]. Warty ; covered with or having warts. 

Verrucula (yer-u'-ku-lali) [L. : //., Verrucula:']. A 
little wart ; a minute, wart-like eminence. 

Verruculose {ver-u'-ku-loz) [verrucula, a little wart]. 
Marked by small, warty growths. 

Verrugas (ver-u'-gahs) [Sp.]. See Verruca. V. 
peruana, Carrion's Disease (after Daniel A. Carrion, 
a Peruvian medical student). Peruvian Wart ; a nar- 
rowly endemic, specific disease of the skin occurring 
in the Western Andes, in Peru. It consists in the de- 
velopment of raised spots, in size from a lentil to a 
pea, which become cylindric, conic, or hemispheric 
tumors, in size from a raspberry to an orange. Severe 
febrile symptoms precede the eruption of the lesions. 
The consistence is soft or elastic ; the epidermis thins 
over the tumor; cracks and bleeding, often copious, 
follow. There may be hundreds of the tumors, which 
ulcerate and fungate. Death usually results from pro- 
found anemia. The disease is believed to be due to a 
special bacillus known as Yzquierdo 1 s bacillus, hav- 
ing been first described by Professor Yzquierdo of 
Santiago de Chile. 

Versatile (ver'-sat-il) [versare, to turn]. In biology, 
swinging or moving freely ; reversible. 

Versicolor (ver-sik-ul'-or^) [versare, to change ; color, 
color]. Of variegated or changing color. 

Versio [ver'-zhe-o~). Same as Version. 

Version (ver'-zhun) [versio; vertere, to turn]. Turn- 
ing : an obstetric operation whereby one end of the fetal 
ovoid is made to replace the other. V., Abdominal. 
Same as V, External. V., Ano-pelvic, a variety of 
pelvic version, the child being seized by the pubic arch 
through the mother's pelvis. V., Bipolar, version 
by acting upon both poles of the fetus. V., Cephalic, 
turning the fetus so as to bring the head to present. 
V., Combined, bipolar version, consisting of a combi- 
nation of external and internal version. V., External, 
version effected by external manipulation. V., 
French Method of, podalic version, in which the 
hand is first directed to the breech and then follows 
down the thighs to the feet. V., German Method 
of, podalic version, in which the hand is carried 



directly over the abdominal aspect of the fetus to the 
feet. V., Internal, by entering the hand within the 
uterus. V., Mixed. Same as V, Combined. V., 
Pelvic, turning the fetus so as to bring about a breech- 
presentation. V., Podalic, bringing down one or 
both feet. V., Spontaneous, the process whereby 
a transverse position is, without external influence, 
changed into a longitudinal one. V., Two-finger, 
version by the introduction of two fingers i.ito the 
uterus. 




First Stage of Bipolar Version. (After R. Barnes.) 




Second Part of the First Stage of Bipolar Version, 
when Head becomes Extkndfd. (After R. Barnes.) 



VERTEBRA 



1600 



VERTEBRATION 




Second Stage of Bipolar Version. (After R. Barnes.) 




Commencement of Third Stage of Bipolar Version. 
(After R. Barnes.) 

Vertebra (ver' -te-brali) [vertere, to turn : //., Vertebne]. 
The vertebrae in man are the t,t, bones forming the 
spine or vertebral column, divided into 7 cervical, 12 
thoracic or dorsal, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal. In 
a wider sense any axial metamere of the skull or of the 
neuroskeleton is called a vertebra. V., Basilar, the 
last lumbar vertebra. Vae., Caudal, the vertebrae of 
the tail. Vae., Cephalic, the bones of the skull con- 
sidered as vertebral in type. Vae., Cranial, vertebrae 
formed of the cranial bones and the osseous and carti- 
laginous appendages of the skull. V. dentata, the 
axis, or second cervical. Vae., Dorsal, same as Vce., 
Thoracic. Vae., False, or Fixed, the united portions 
of the coccyx and the sacrum. Vae., Pelvic. Same 
as Vce. , Sacral. V. prominens, the seventh cer- 
vical. Vae., Sacral, the five bones entering into 
the formation of the sacrum. Vae., Thoracic, the 
costiferous vertebrae, numbering twelve in man. V., 




Second Part of Third 
Stage of Bipolar Ver- 
sion. (After R. Barnes.) 



Tricuspid, in lower 
animals the sixth cer- 
vical vertebra. Vae., 
True, the cervical, 
thoracic, and lumbar 
vertebrae. Those which 
are not fused in adult 
life. Vae., United. Same 
as Vcb. , False. 

Vertebral (ver' '- te - bral) 
[vertebra/is]. Pertain- 
ing to or characteristic 
of a vertebra ; made up 
of or possessing verte- 
brae. V. Canal. See 
Canal. V. Column, 
the spine, or back-bone, 
composed of the verte- 
brae. 

Vertebrarterial {ver-te- 
brar-te' -re-al ) [vertebra, 
vertebra ; aprtpeta, ar- 
tery]. Belonging or per- 
taining to the vertebral 
arteries or veins. 

Vertebrata {ver-te-bra' - 
tah) \yertebra, a verte- 
bra]. In biology, a great 
division of the animal 
kingdom, including all 
animals having a spinal 
column, or its equivalent 
body axis. 

Vertebrate {ver'-te-brat) 
[vertebra, vertebra]. 
Having or pertaining to 
vertebrae. 

Vertebration [ver-te-bra'- 



m 



Vertebral Column, 

Lateral Aspect. 
1-7. Cervical vertebrae. 
8-19. Dorsal verte- 
brae. 20-24. Lumbar 
vertebrae. A, A. Spi- 
nous processes. B, B. Arti- 
cular facets of transverse 
processes of first ten dorsal 
vertebrae. C. Auricular sur- 
face of sacrum. D. Foramina 
in transverse processes of 
cervical vertebrae. 

shttn) [vertebra, vertebra]. 



VERTEBROBASILAR 



1601 



VESICLE 



Separation into vertebrse, or into metameres resem- 
bling the vertebrae. 

Vertebro-basilar (ver-te-bro-bnz' -il-ar) [vertebra, verte- 
bra ; /3(!p/f, base]. Belonging to the vertebrae and the 
base of the skull. 

Vertebro-chondral (ver-te-bro-kon'-dral) [vertebra 
vertebra ; \ovdpm;, cartilage]. Connecting the costal 
cartilages with the vertebrae. 

Vertebro-costal yver-te-bro-kos'-tal) [vertebra, verte- 
bra ; costa, rib]. Pertaining to the vertebne and the 
ribs. 

Vertebrodidymia (ver-te - bro - did- im'-e- ah) [vertebra, 
vertebra ; <h(h\uoc, twin]. A monstrosity formed by two 
individuals united by the vertebne. 

Vertebro-femoral \ver-te-bro-fem'-or-al) [vertebra, ver- 
tebra ; femur, femur] . Pertaining to the vertebral 
column and the femur. 

Vertebro-iliac {ver-te-bro-il* '-e-ak) [vertebra, vertebra ; 
ilium, ilium]. Pertaining to the vertebras and the 
ilium. 

Vertebrosacral (ver-te- bro -sa'-kral) [vertebra, verte- 
bra ; sacrum, sacrum]. Pertaining to the sacral and 
antecedent vertebras. 

Vertebrosternal (ver-te-bro-stur' -nal) [vertebra, verte- 
bra; OTtpvov, sternum]. Extending, as a rib, from 
the spinal column to the sternum. V. Ribs, the true 
ribs. 

Vertebrum (ver' - te - brum) [L.]. The head of the 
femur. 

Vertex (ver'-teks) [L.]. The crown or top of the head. 
The apex of an organ. See Craniometric Points. 

Vertical (ver' '- tik - al) [vertex, a polar axis]. Per- 
taining to the vertex. In a direction at an angle 
of 90 with the horizontal. V. Diameter of Cra- 
nium, an imaginary line from the basion to the 
bregma. 

Verticil (ver'-tis-il) [verticillus, the whirl of a spindle]. 
In biology, a whorl ; a circle of leaves, tentacles, 
hairs, organs, or processes radiating from an axis on 
the same horizontal plane. 

Verticillaster (ver-tis-il-as'-ter) [verticilhis, the whirl of 
a spindle]. In biology, a term applied to the pairs of 
opposite cymes that occur in the axils of the leaves of 
mints, and at first sight resemble whorls. 

Verticillastrate (ver-tis-il-as'-trat) [verticillus, the 
whirl of a spindle]. Arranged in verticillasters. 

Verticillate (ver - tis - il' - at) [verticillus, a whirl]. 
Whorled. V. -pilose, pilose or hairy in whorls. 

Verticillation (ver-tis-il-a' 'shun) [verticillus, a. whirl]. 
The formation of a verticil. 

Verticillus (ver-tis-il'-us) [L.]. A verticil. 

Vertico-mental (ver-tik-o-men'-tal) [vertex, vertex; 
mentum, chin]. Pertaining to the vertex and the chin. 
V. Triangle. See Triangle. 

Vertiginous (ver-tij 1 ' -in-us) [vertere, to turn]. Resem- 
bling or affected with vertigo. V. Status, a term 
applied to the condition in which paroxysms of vertigo 
occur In rapid succession. 

Vertigo (ver'-tig-o) [L. , vertere, to turn]. Giddiness, 
dizziness. The sensation of a lack of equilibrium. 
This condition may be due to pathologic conditions of 
the ears [Auditory V ), the eyes (Ocular K), the 
brain (Cerebral V. ), the stomach (Gastric V.), the 
blood, etc. It may be subjective or objective. V., 
Auditory. See Meniere' s Disease. V., Aural, laby- 
rinthine vertigo, or Meniere's Disease. V., Bilious, 
vertigo due to derangement of hepatic function. V., 
Cerebral, vertigo caused by cerebral disorder. V., 
Epileptic, vertigo due to or associated with epilepsy. 
V., Essential, when no abnormalism of the body can 
be found to account for it. V., Gastric. Same as V., 
Stomachal. V., Horizontal, vertigo which appears 
101 



when the patient assumes a horizontal position. V., 
Intestinal, vertigo caused by intestinal disorder. V., 
Labyrinthine. See Meniere's Disease. V., Laryn- 
geal, a name applied to a group of symptoms of rare 
occurrence that may appear in connection with recog- 
nized nervous diseases, as posterior spinal sclerosis or 
epilepsy, or without obvious explanation. It is accom- 
panied by pain or spasm of the larynx, and perhaps 
syncope. V., Lateral, vertigo which is due to the 
rapid passing of similar objects, as fence-palings. V., 
Mechanical, vertigo caused by mechanical move- 
ments. V., Meniere's. See Meniere's Disease. V., 
Neurasthenic, subjective vertigo found in neurasthenia. 
V., Objective, when objects seem to the patient to 
move. V., Paralyzing. See Gerlier's Disease. V., 
Riders', dizziness occurring in some persons from rid- 
ing in the cars. V., Rotatory, vertigo produced by 
rotation of the body, or by seeing rotating objects. 
V., Smokers', a form of vertigo occurring chiefly in 
men past fifty years of age, especially those accustomed 
to smoke before meals. It may be arteriosclerotic in 
character. V. Stomachal, vertigo arising from dys- 
pepsia. V., Subjective, when the patient himself 
seems to move. V., Vertical, vertigo caused by look- 
ing downward from or upward to a height. 

Verugas (ver-u'-gas). Same as Verrugas. 

Verumontanum (ver-u-mon'-ta-num) [veru, a spit; 
mons, a mountain]. The caput gallinaginis, a longi- 
tudinal ridge on the floor of the canal of the male 
urethra. 

Vesalius, Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. V., 
Glands of. See Gland. V., Ligament of, Poupart's 
ligament.' V., Vein of. See Vein. 

Vesania (ves-a'-ne-ah) [L.]. Unsoundness of mind. 

Vesica (ves'-ik-ah) [L. : gen. and pi, Vesica'']. The 
bladder. 

Vesical (ves'-ik - al) [vesica lis ; vesica, a bladder]. 
Pertaining to or having the nature of a bladder. V. 
Triangle. See Triangles, Table of. 

Vesicant (ves' -ik-ant) [vesicare, to blister]. I. Blister- 
ing. 2. A blistering agent or application. 

Vesication (ves -ik- a' -shun) [vesicatio ; vesicare, to 
blister] . The formation of a blister ; a blister. 

Vesicatory (ves' ' -ik-at-or-e) [vesicatorium~\ . A medi- 
cine or agent that, applied to the skin, pioduces a 
blister. 

Vesicle (vcs'-ik-l) [vesica, bladder, blister]. In biology, 
a small, membranous, bladder-like formation. See also 
Papule. V., Allantoic, the internal portion of the 
allantois. V., Auditory, the sac in the fetus from 
which the internal ear is formed. V. of Baer, the 
ovum of the Graafian vesicle. V. of Balbiani. Same 
as Yolk-nucleus. V., Blastodermic. See Blasto- 
derm. V., Blood. A Blood-corptiscle. Vs., Cere- 
bral. Same as Vs., Encephalic. Vs., Encephalic, the 
divisions of the cephalic extremity of the primitive 
neural tube ; they are formed early in fetal life and 
constitute the protons of the segments of the brain. 
V., Germinal. See Macula and Zona pellucida. 
V., Gland. Same as Acinus. Vs., Graafian, the 
ovisacs of the ovary containing the ova. V., Kupffer's. 
See Kupffer. V., Malignant. Synonym of Con- 
tagious Anthrax. Vs. of Naboth. Same as Ovule 
'of Naboth, q. v. V., Ocular, a protrusion in the 
fetus that is the first indication of the eye. V., 
Olfactory, the primitive vesicle which develops into 
the olfactory lobe. V., Otic, a pear-shaped, closed 
sac of the embryonic inner ear formed by the fusion 
of the lips of the auditory pit, and giving rise by a 
diverticulum to the recessus vestibuli. See V. , Audi- 
tory. V., Pituitary, the primitive vesicle which de- 
velops into the hypophysis. V. of Purkinje. See 



VESICO- 



1602 



VESTIBULAR 



Macula. V., Seminal, the lobulated pouches of a 
membrane between the base of the bladder and the 
rectum that serve as reservoirs for the semen. V., 
Umbilical. See Yolk-sac. 

Vesico- [yes 1 -ik-o-) [vesica, bladder]. A prefix to de- 
note relation to or connection with the bladder. 

Vesico-abdominal (ves'-ik-o-ab -do/u'-in-al) [vesica, 
bladder; abdomen, abdomen]. Belonging to the 
abdomen and the urinary bladder. 

Vesicocele (ves' -ik-o-sel ) [vesica, bladder ; Krfh), her- 
nia]. Hernia of the bladder. 

Vesico-cervical (ves' '■ ik-o-ser' '-vik-al ') [vesica, bladder ; 
cervix, cervix]. Belonging to the cervix uteri and 
the urinary bladder. 

Vesicoclysis (ves-ik- ok' -lis-is) [vesica, bladder; kXvoic^ 
a drenching]. The injection of fluid into the bladder. 

Vesico-prostatic (ves' -ik-o-pros-tat' -ik) [vesica, blad- 
der; TrpoaTarr/c, prostate]. Belonging to the pros- 
tate gland and the urinary bladder. 

Vesico-pubic (ves'-ik- o-pu'-biK) [vesica, bladder; 
pubis, pubis]. Pertainingto the urinary bladder and 
to the pubes. 

Vesico-rectal (ves'- ik - o - rek'- tal ) [vesica, bladder ; 
rectum, rectum]. Pertaining conjointly to the blad- 
der and the rectum. 

Vesico-spinal (ves'-ik-o-spi'-nal) [vesica, bladder; 
spina, spine]. Belonging to the urinary bladder and 
the spinal cord. 

Vesicotomy (ves-ik-ot' -o-me) [vesica, bladder ; rejiveiv, 
to cut]. Incision of the bladder, usually of the 
urinary bladder. 

Vesico-umbilical (ves-ik- o-um-bil'-ik-al) [vesica, 
bladder ; umbilicus, umbilicus]. Belonging to the 
umbilicus and the urinary bladder. 

Vesico-uterine (ves-ik-o-u'-ter-iji) [vesica, bladder ; 
uterus, uterus]. Belonging to the uterus and the 
urinary bladder. V.-u. folds, two semilunar folds 
which pass between the neck of the uterus and the 
posterior surface of the bladder. 

Vesico-vaginal (ves' -ik-o-vaj' -in-al) [vesica, bladder ; 
vagina, vagina]. Pertaining conjointly to the bladder 
and the vagina. 

Vesicula (ves-ik' -u-lali) [dim. of vesica, a bladder : //. , 
Vesicula:']. A vesicle or papule containing lymph. 
Applied, also, to a number of pouches or bladder-like 
bodies. V. cordylares, cordylar auditory vesicles of 
the Marmonemidce and Geryonidie among Medusa. 
V. graafianae, the vesicles in the outer layer and 
stroma of the ovary, each of which contains an 
ovum. V. nabothi, the small glandular bodies within 
the mouth of the uterus. V. prostatica, the depres- 
sion or cul-de-sac, called, also, the sinus pocularis, 
which traverses the prostate gland beneath its middle 
lobe. It is the male homologue of the uterus, devel- 
oped from the Mullerian ducts. V. seminales, 
the two lobulated, membranous pouches between the 
base of the bladder and the rectum. They constitute 
reservoirs for the semen. V. serosa, the false am- 
nion. See Amnion. 

Vesicular (ves-ik'- it- lar) [7Jesicula, a little bladder]. 
Pertaining to or having vesicles. V. Breathing or 
Murmur, the fine, normal, inspiratory, auscultatory 
sound heard over the chest. V. Column, the gan- 
glionic column of the spinal cord. V. Column, 
Posterior. See Clarke's Column. V. Cylinder, 
Clarke's column. V. Eczema, eczema attended with 
the formation of vesicles. V. Emphysema. See 
Emphysema. V. Erysipelas, erysipelas attended 
wi'h the formation of vesicles. V. Fever. Synonym 
of Pemphigus. V. Germ. See Blastosphere. V. 
Glands, in biology, glands containing a volatile oil 
placed just beneath the epidermis of a leaf or of the 



bark. V. Quality, the quality of sound character- 
izing the vesicular respiratory murmur. V. Rale. 
See Rale. V. Resonance. See Resonance. V. 
Stomatitis. Same as Stomatitis, Aphthous i 

Vesiculate (ves-ik' -u-lat) [vesicula, a little bladder]. I. 
Having a vesicle. 2. To become vesicular. 

Vesiculated (ves-ik' -u-la-ted) [vesicula, a little blad- 
der]. Hydatidiform ; appearing like a bunch of 
grapes. 

Vesiculation (ves-ik-u-la'-shun) [vesicula, a little blad- 
der]. The formation of vesicles; the condition of 
having vesicles. 

Vesicule (ves'-ik-ul). Same as Vesicle. 

Vesiculiferous (ves-ik-u-lif'-er-us) [vesicula, bladder; 
ferre, to bear]. Bearing or having vesicles. 

Vesiculiform (ves-ik' -u-lif-orm) [vesicula, a little blad- 
der ; forma, form]. Having the form of a vesicle. 

Vesiculitis (ves-ik-u-li'-tis) [vesicula. vesicle ; itiq, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the seminal vesicles. 

Vesiculo-bronchial (ves-ik' -u-lo-brong' -ke-al) [vesic- 
ula, vesicle; flpoyxo^, bronchus]. Both vesicular and 
bronchial, as a vesiculo-bronchial respiratory murmur. 

Vesiculo-cavernous (ves-ik' -u-lo-kav' -er-nus) [vesic- 
ula, vesicle ; cavernous] . Partaking of both vesicular 
and cavernous qualities. 

Vesiculose (ves-ik' -u-loz) [vesicula, a vesicle]. Vesic- 
uliform. 

Vesiculo-tubular (ves-ik'-u-lo-tu'-bu-lar) [vesicula, 
vesicle ; tiibulus, a tubule]. Both vesicular and tub- 
ular (a qualification for certain respiratory sounds). 

Vesiculo-tympanitic (ves-ik' -u-lo-tim -pan-it' -ik) [ves- 
icula, vesicle; ri'/nravov, drum]. Partaking of both 
vesicular and tympanitic qualities. 

Vesiculous (ves-ik' -u-lus). Same as Vesicular. 

Vesiculus (ves-ik' -u-lus) [L.]. Same as Vesicle. 

Vespajus (ves-pa' -jus) [vespa, a wasp]. A follicular 
and suppurative inflammation of the hairy part of the 
scalp. 

Vespertine (res'-per-tin) [vesper, evening]. In biology, 
of or pertaining to the evening ; crepuscular, as many 
beetles, moths, bats, and birds, which are active at 
twilight. 

Vespiary (ves'-pe-a-re) [vespa, a wasp]. In biology, a 
wasp's nest. Cf. Apiary. 

Vespiform (ves'-pif-orm) [vespa, wasp; forma, form]. 
Wasp-like. 

Vesque's Method. A method of producing crystals, 
resembling in most respects those which are found in 
plant-cells. Three test-tubes are placed side by side ; 
in the first is a moderately strong solution of calcic 
chlorid, in the middle one a 5 per cent, solution of 
sugar, and in the third a solution of potassic oxalate. 
From the liquid in the first a short strip of filtering 
paper runs to that in the second, and a similar strip 
passes from the second to the third test-tube ; and thus 
the liquids in the three tubes are brought into direct 
contact. Crystals will be formed in the middle tube, 
their character depending upon the nature of the liquid 
there. In a solution of sugar, raphides are produced ; 
in pure water, prisms of small size, but with sharply 
denned faces and angles. (Goodale.) 

Vessel (ves'-el) [ME., vessel, vessel]. Any tube or 
canal through which the fluids, especially the blood, 
of the body circulate. See Vas, Artery, Vein, Capil- 
lary, Lymphatic. Vs., Absorbent, the lymphatics 
and lacteals. V., Chyliferous, absorbent vessels ex- 
tending from the intestinal walls to the thoracic duct. 
Vs., Hemorrhoidal, varicose veins of the rectum. 
Vs., Lacteal. Same as Vs., Chyliferous. Vs., 
Umbilical, the umbilical arteries and veins. 

Vestibular (ves-tib'-u-lar) [vestibulum, porch]. Per- 
taining to any vestibulum or vestibule. 



VESTIBULATE 



1603 



VICARIOUS 



Vestibulate (ves - lib' - u - lat) [yestibulum, vestibule]. 
Having a vestibule ; vestibular. 

Vestibule [ves'-tib-itl ) \yestibulum, a porch]. A porch 
or threshold. V., Aortic, the space formed by the 
left ventricle adjoining the root of the aorta. V. of 
the Ear, the oval cavity of the internal ear, which 
forms the entrance to the cochlea. V. of the Mouth, 
that portion of the mouth outside of the teeth. V. 
of the Nose, the external nostrils. V. of the Ven- 
tricles, the entrance to the ventricles of the brain. 
V. of the Vulva. See Bulbi vestibuli. 

Vestibulum [ves-tib' '-u-lum) [L. : gen., Vestibuli; pi, 
Vestibuld]. See Vestibule. Especially applied to 
the vestibule or cavity of the internal ear. It is situ- 
ated behind the cochlea and in front of the semicircu- 
lar canals. 

Vestige (ves / -ti/) [vestigium, foot-print]. In biology, 
a trace, sign, or remnant of something formerly pres- 
ent, or more fully developed. See Rudiment, Ves- 
tigial. 

Vestigia (ves - lij' '- e - ah) [L. , plural of Vestigium']. 
Parts of the body that may have no evident use in 
man, and yet may subserve important functions in 
lower animals, e. g. , the muscles of the external ear. 
V. rerum [L., "foot-prints of things"], the hypo- 
thetic changes which sensations impress upon the 
brain-substance, and which gerve as a physical basis 
for memory. 

Vestigial (ves-tij'-e-al) [vestigium, a vestige]. Of the 
nature of the vestigia. Existing only as a trace or 
vestige of what formerly existed; rudimentary. V. 
Reflex. See Reflex. 

Vestigiary (ves-tij '-e-a-re) [vestigium, foot-print]. Ves- 
tigial. 

Vestigium (ves-tij ' -e-um) [L., a foot-print://., Ves- 
tigia"]. An anatomic relic of fetal or embryonic life. 
Thus, the thymus gland becomes in adults ^vestigium. 

Vestiture (ves'-tit-ier) [vestire, to dress, clothe]. In 
biology, the epidermal investment, as hair, feathers, 
scales. 

Vesuvin (ve-su'-vin) [Vesuvius, a volcano near Naples]. 
Bismarck brown ; triamidobenzol ; phenylene-brown ; 
used as a histologic stain. See Pigments, Conspectus 
of. 

Veta (ve'-tah). See Mareo. 

Veterinarian (vet-er-in-a' -re-an) [veterinarius , of or 
belonging to beasts of burden]. One who practises 
veterinary medicine. 

Veterinary (vet' ' -er-in-a-re) [veterinarius]. Pertaining 
to animals. V. Medicine, the art and science of 
medicine as applied to the domestic animals. 

Veternomania (vet-er-no-ma' -ne-ali) [veternus, lethar- 
gic ; fiavia, mania]. Typhomania. 

Veternositas (vet-er-nos 1 '-it-as) [veternus, old, lethar- 
gic]. Same as Coma-vigil. 

Vetiveria (vet-iv-e' '-re-ak) [E. Ind., vettivayr]. A grass, 
Andropogon muricatus, of S. Asia. It affords a highly 
fragrant, volatile oil, and its infusion is refrigerant. 
Unof. 

Vexillar (veks'-il-ar) [vexillum, standard]. Same as 
Vexillary . 

Vexillary (veks' -il-a-re) [vexilla?-ius,a. standard-bearer]. 
In biology, applied to that form of imbricate estiva- 
tion observed in the corolla of the pea, in which the 
other petals are enwrapped by the vexillum. 

Vexillate (veks'-il-at) [vexillum, a standard]. In bio- 
logy, having vexilla or pogonia. 

Vexillum (veks-il'-uni) [vehere, to carry: pi., Vexilla]. 
In biology, the upper and largest of the five petals of 
a papilionaceous flower. 

Via (vi'-ak) [L. : //. , Vice]. A way. Vice naturales, 
the natural passages. See also Prima vice. 



Viability (vi-ab-il'-it-e) [viabilis, viable]. Ability to 
live ; applied to the condition of a child at the time of 
birth. 

Viable (vi'-ab-l) [viafiilis, viable]. Capable of living, 
or likely to live ; applied to a child born in a condi- 
tion of development which will permit of its living. 

Vial (vi'-al) [(pidWr/]. A small, glass bottle. 

Viand (vi'-aud) [Fr. , viande]. Food; sustenance. 

Vibex (vi'-beks) [L. : //. Vibices]. Any ecchymosis 
occurring in lines of varying width, from about an 
eighth of an inch to one inch. See Piapura. 

Vibracularium (vi-brak-u-la' -re-um). Same as Vibrac- 
ulum. 

Vibraculum (vi-brak' -u-lum) [vibrare, to shake://., 
Vibracula]. In biology, one of the peculiar append- 
ages found on the stocks of many chilostome Bryozoa. 
They consist of prominences on the wall of the ordi- 
nary individuals (zooecia) each of which carries a long 
seta, by the free movement of which the water sur- 
rounding the colony is kept in motion and particles of 
food brought within reach. Cf. Avicularia and Fla- 
bellarium. 

Vibratile (vi' -bra-til) [vibrare, to shake]. Capable 
of vibrating. 

Vibrating (vi' -bra-ting) [vibrare, to shake]. Shaking; 
oscillation. V. Arm-chair. See Shaking-cure. 

Vibration (vi-bra'-shun) [vibratio ; vibrare, to shake]. 
A swinging, oscillation, or thrill, like that of the string 
of a musical instrument; fremitus. In massage, a 
modification of the kneading-movement. It consists 
in making the alternate successive pressures and relax- 
ations with very great rapidity. This may be done 
by the hand, but is better performed by means of some 
form of machine. 

Vibrative (vi'-bra-tiv). See Consonants. 

Vibrio (vib'-;-e-o) [vibrare, to vibrate]. A genus of 
Schizomycetes. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Vibrion (vib'-re-on) [vibrare, to vibrate ://., Vibriones]. 
A member of the genus Vibrio. 

Vibrissa (vi-bris'-ah) [vibrissa, the hairs in the nos- 
trils : //., Vibrissa]. In biology, one of the tactile 
bristles growing about the mouths of various animals, 
as cats, the whippoorwill, and other birds, insects, etc. 

Vibrophone {vi f -bro-fon) [vibrare, to vibrate; ipuvij, 
sound]. An instrument for conveying vocal vibrations 
to the ear. 

Viburnin (vi-bttr' -nin) [viburnum , the wayfaring tree]. 
A precipitate from a tincture of Viburnum opulus ; 
anti-spasmodic, anti -periodic, expectorant, tonic. 
Dose I to 3 grains. Unof. 

Viburnum (vi-bur'-num) [L. ; gen., Viburni]. I. A 
genus of caprifoliaceous trees and shrubs, of some 80 
species. V. dentatum, is diuretic. V. lantana is 
vesicant. V. obovatum has antiperiodic properties. 
V. opulus, "Cranberry tree," " Cranebark," is an 
efficient remedy in uterine and abdominal pains. V. 
prunifolium, black haw; the bark is used. It con- 
tains a resin, viburnic acid, identical with valerianic 
acid and other extractives. It is astringent and anti- 
spasmodic, with decided nervine properties. It is 
useful in the nervous diseases of pregnancy. Dose 
of the fld. ext. g ss-ij ; of extract, gr. iij-x. V. 
tinus is purgative. Liquor sedans, a utero-ovarian 
sedative and anodyne. Each fluid-ounce contains of 
black haw and golden seal each gr. lx, Jamaica dog- 
wood gr. xxx, aromatics q.s. Dose Jjj-ij. The so- 
called Hayden' s Viburnum Compound is said to be 
composed of the active principles of V. opulus, 
Dioscorea villosa, Scutellaria lateriflora, and aro- 
matics. See, also, Dockmackamus. 

Vicarious (vi-ka'-re-us) [vicarius ; vice, in the place 
of]. Substitutive; taking the place of another; 



VICE 



1604 



VINEGAR 



applied to the assumption of the functions of one 
organ by another. V. Menstruation. See Menstru- 
ation. 

Vice (vis) [ME., vice, vice]. Defect, fault, or deform- 
ity. V. of Conformation, defect of structure, organs 
or parts being either absent or imperfect. See Mal- 
formation. 

Vichy Salt (ve'-she) [Fr.]. A compound salt (sal 
vichyanum) supposed to represent the saline constitu- 
ents of the Grande Grille spring at Vichy, in France. 
The N. F. has a formula for its preparation. It is 
recommended as diuretic, alterative, and antiarthritic. 
Unof. V. Water, a well-known, mildly laxative and 
antacid mineral water. Its main constituent is so- 
dium bicarbonate. 

Vicq d'Azyr, Bundle of. See Bundle. V., Foramen 
of. See Foramina, Table of. V., Operation of, 
rapid tracheotomy. Incision of the crico-thyreoid 
membrane. V.'s White Line, a thin stratum of 
white matter between the strata of the cinerea in the 
occipital region of the brain. See Lines, Table of. 

Victoria (vik-to' -re-ah) [L., victory]. A genus of 
water-lilies. V. Blue. Same as Night Blue. V. 
Green. Same as Chrome Green and Malachite Green. 
V. Orange. Same as V. Yellow. V. Yellow. See 
Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Vicuna (vi-ku'-nah). See Alpaca. 

Vidard (ve-dahr') [Fr.]. The French term for a horse 
affected with chronic intestinal catarrh due to the pres- 
ence of Ascaris megalocephala. 

Vidian (vid'-e-an) [after Guido Guidi, Latinized Vidius, 
an Italian anatomist]. Relating to Vidius the anato- 
mist. V. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. V. 
Canal. See Canal. V. Foramen. See Foramina, 
Table of. V. Nerve, the union of the great petrosal 
and carotid nerves entering Meckel's ganglion. See 
Nerves, Table of. 

Vienna (ve-en'-ah)'. The capital of Austria. V. Caus- 
tic. Same as V. Paste. V. Draught, compound infu- 
sion of senna. V. Green. Same as Schweinfurth 
Green. V. Lime. Same as V. White. V. Method, 
a method of examining the spinal cord from the front 
in performing an autopsy. The thoracic and abdomi- 
nal viscera having been removed, the body of the 
fifth lumbar vertebra is cut away, and then the pedicles 
of the vertebrae are successively divided from below 
upward. The bodies being lifted off, the spinal canal 
is exposed. V. Mixture. See Anesthetic. V. Paste. 
See Potassium. V. Powder. See Powder. V. 
System. See Merz System. V. White. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. 

Vieussens, Annulus of. See Annulus. V., Valve 
of. See Valve. 

Vigilantia (vij-il-an'-she-ah) [L.]. Wakefulness; in- 
somnia. 

Vignal, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table. 

Vigo's Powder. See Powder. 

Villatte's Liquor. A preparation used for injecting 
into carious bones. It consists of sulphate of zinc and 
sulphate of copper, each fifteen grains, solution of the 
subacetate of lead, half a dram, and dilute acetic acid, 
three and a half drams. 

Villi (vil'-i). Plural of Villus, a tuft. Tufts of hair, 
or hair-like processes or projections of a mucous mem- 
brane giving it a velvety appearance. V. of the 
Chorion, fringes growing from the external surface of 
the vitelline membrane, finally covering the entire cho- 
rion. V., Intestinal, minute, highly vascular tongue- 
like processes projecting from the free surface of the 
mucous membrane of the small intestine throughout 
its whole extent. They are larger and more numerous 
in the duodenum and jejunum and are fewer and 



smaller in the ileum. They constitute the chief organs 
of absorption of fatty emulsions. V. pericardiaci, 
villi upon the ental surface of the pericardium. V. 
peritoneales, villi upon the free surface of the perito- 
neum. V. plurales, villi on the parietal pleura. V., 
Synovial, small, tongue-like processes projecting from 
the fringes of synovial membranes. 

Villiform (vil' -if-orni) [villus, villus; forma, form]. 
Villose in form. 

Villiplacental (vil-ip-las-en'-tal) [villus, villus ; pla- 
centa]. Having a tufted or villous placenta. 

Villitis (vil-i'-tis) [villus, villus; trie, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the cushion or soft part of the wall of 
a horse's hoof. See Coronitis. 

Villoid (vil'-oid) [villus, villus; eldof, like]. Villi- 
form. 

Villose, Villous {yil'-oz, vil'-us) [villus, hair]. Per- 
taining to or having the nature of villi. Having a pile 
like that of velvet. See Villi. Covered with long, 
soft, shaggy hairs. 

Villosity (vil-os' '-it-e) [villous, shaggy] . The state of 
being villous. 

Villus (vil'-us) [L., a shaggy hair: //. , Villi, q.v.\ 
In anatomy: I. One of 
numerous minute vascular 
projections from the mu- 
cous membrane of the in- 
testine, of a conic, cylin- 
dric, clubbed, or filiform 
shape. It consists essen- 
tially of a lacteal vessel 
as a central axis, with an 
arteriole and a veinlet en- 
closed in a layer of epi- 
thelium. 2. One of the 
vascular tufts of the 
chorion. In biology, one 
of the long, straight, and 
soft hairs occasionally 
covering the fruit, flowers, 
and other parts of plants. 

Vimen (vi'-men) [L.]. A 
long and flexible shoot 
of a plant. 

Vimenal (vi?n' -en-al) [vi- 
men, a twig]. .Pertaining 
to twigs or shoots. 

Vimeneous (vi-men' -e-us) 
[vimen, a pliant twig]. 
In biology, producing slen- 
der twigs, such as those 
used for wicker-work. 

Vina (vi f - nah) [L. , Plural 
of Vinum, wine]. Wines 
wines. 

Vinaceous (vi - na ; - shus) 
wine] . 

Virasse (ve-nas') [Fr. ]. 

marc or residue of the wine-press, 
uum in a still after distillation. 

Vinca (ring'-kah) [L. , periwinkle]. A genus of apo- 
cynaceous plants, the periwinkles. V. major and 
V. minor are astringent, vulnerary, and antigalactic. 
Unof. 

Vincula (vin'-ku-lah) [L.]. Plural of Vinculum. V. 
accessoria tendinum. The slender, tendinous fila- 
ments which connect the phalanges with their tendons. 

Vine (vin) [vinea, a vine]. A climbing plant with a 
woody stem. V. -disease, a disease of the grape- 
vine due to the phylloxera. 

Vinegar (vin' -e-gar) [vin, wine ; aigre, sour] . Dilute 
and impure acetic acid, obtained by acetous fermen- 




SCHEME OF THE DISTRIBU- 
TION of Blood-vessels in 
the Villi of the Small 
Intestine of a Dog. 
(From Stirling. ) 

V. medicata, medicated 

[vinaceus, pertaining to 

Potash obtained from the 
Also, the resid- 



VINIFEROUS 



1605 



V1RCHOWS METHOD 



tation. See Acetum, and Acid, Acetic. Wine-vine- 
gar varies in color from light-yellowish to red, accord- 
ing as it has been derived from white or red wines, 
that from the former being the most highly esteemed. 
The vinegar from red wines, however, can be decol- 
orized by filtration through purified bone-black. Wine- 
vinegar has a specific gravity of 1. 014 to 1.022, and 
contains from six to nine per cent, (rarely 12) of abso- 
lute acetic acid. Mall-vinegar and Beer-vinegar have a 
specific gravity of from 1. 021 to 1.025, and contain dis- 
solved dextrin, maltose, soluble albuminoids, and simi- 
lar constituents of the malt-extract. It contains only 
from three to six per cent, of acetic acid. Spirit-vinegar 
is colorless as produced, but is frequently colored with 
caramel to imitate the appearance of wine or 
cider vinegar. It contains from three to eight per 
cent, of acetic acid, although the so-called " vinegar 
essence" (double vinegar) may contain as much as 
14 per cent. Cider-vinegar is yellowish-brown, has 
an odor of apples, a density of from 1. 013 to 1. 015, 
and contains from three and a half to six per cent, of 
acetic acid. It is distinguished from the other varie- 
ties by yielding on evaporation a mucilaginous extract 
smelling and tasting like baked apples and containing 
malic acid, which replaces the tartaric acid of the wine- 
vinegar. Glucose-vinegar , or Sugar-vinegar, prepared 
from different saccharine and amylaceous materials by 
conversion with dilute acid, followed by fermentation 
and acetification, contains dextrose, dextrin, and often 
calcium sulphate. It is said to be employed in France 
and England for adulterating wine-vinegar, or malt-vin- 
egar. Factitious vinegars are often made from pyrolig- 
neous acid flavored with acetic ether and colored with 
caramel. Such a product differs from malt-vinegar in 
containing no phosphates, and from wine-vinegar or 
cider-vinegar in the absence of tartaric and malic 
acids respectively. V. Essence. See Vinegar. 

Villiferous (vi-mf - er - us) [vinum, wine; ferre, to 
bear]. Wine-bearing. 

Vinometer {vi'-nom - el- er) [vinum, wine; fierpnv, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the percent- 
age of alcohol in a liquor. 

Vinose (vi'-noz). Same as Vinous. 

Vinous (vi'-nus) [yinosus ; vinum, wine]. Having the 
nature or flavor of wine, alcoholic. 

Vinum (yi'-nurii) [L.: gen., Villi ; pi., Vina]. 
Wine. The fermented juice of fruits, especially that 
of grapes. White wines are made from the pulp ; 
red wines from the pulp and skins, the latter yielding 
the coloring-matter. Each should contain 10—12 per 
cent, of alcohol. There are nine official vina. V. ab- 
sinthiatum, wormwood- wine ; made by macerating 
Artemisia absinthium in white wine. V. album, white 
wine, an alcoholic liquid made by fermenting the juice 
of the fresh grape ; it contains from 10 to 14 per cent, 
by weight of absolute alcohol. V. album fortius is 
made from V. album by fortifying the latter until it con- 
tains 20—25 P er cent, of alcohol. Sweet wines, such as 
Burgundy, Tokay, Muscatel, Angelica, etc., seldom ex- 
ceed 6-7 per cent, of alcohol unless fortified. Light red 
wines, such as claret, contain normally about 5 percent. 
Sparkling wines, such as champagne, derive their qual- 
ity from the presence of carbon dioxid, being bottied 
before fermentation. They contain lo-I2per cent, of 
alcohol. V. antimonii, wine of antimony. Dose 
tTLx-xxx. V. aromaticum consists of strong white 
wine 94 per cent., with one per cent, each of lavender, 
origanum, peppermint, rosemary, sage, and wormwood. 
V. colchici radicis, wine of colchicum-root. Dose 
TTLv-xx. V. colchici seminis,wine of colchicum-seed. 
Dose' tTLx-xxx. V. ergots, wine of ergot. Dose f^j- 
iij. V. ferri amarum, bitter wine of iron. Dose 



f^j-iij. V. ferri citratis, wine of ferric citrate. Dose 
f 3 j— ij. V. ipecacuanhae, wine of ipecac. Dose 
n\v-x. V. opii, 1.3 to 1.5 gin. morphin in 100 c.c. 
Dose TTLv-xv. V. portense, l'ort wine, is fortified 
with 25-30 per cent., and V. xericum, Sherry wine, 
until it contains about 25 per cent, of alcohol There 
are 14 official vini, of which II are medicated. V. 
rubrum, red wine. An alcoholic liquid made by fer- 
menting the juice of the fresh, colored grapes, the fruit 
of Vitis viuifera, in the presence of their skins. It 
contains from 10-14 per cent, by weight of absolute 
alcohol. Vini, Spiritus, Gallici, brandy. 

Vinyl (viu'-il), C 2 H 3 , a hypothetical trivalent radicle 
existing in acetic aldehyde. 

Viola (vi'-o-lah) [L. , violet]. A genus'of plants, in- 
cluding the true violets and pansies. V. canina has 
an emetic and cathartic root. V. odorata has fragrant 
flowers, which are made into a lenitive syrup. V. 
pedata of the U. S. is demulcent and expectorant. 
V. tricolor, pansy ; a wild flower sometimes known 
as heart's-ease pansy. It contains an alkaloid, violin, 
with emeto-cathartic properties. It is mucilaginous 
and expectorant. Dose gr. x-^j. 

Violanilin (vi-o-lan'-il-in).See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Violation (yi-o-la' -shun) [violatio ; violare, to ravish]. 
Rape. Sometimes used to express the fact of coitus 
without force, but by deception, with the weak- 
minded, etc. 

Violet (yi'-o-let) [viola, violet]. I. A popular name for 
viola. 2. One of the colors of the rainbow which very 
closely resembles the purple of violets. 3. A dye-stuff. 
V. -blindness, retinal insensibility to violet tints. 
V., Gentian, a violet a'nilin dye used for staining in 
histologic and bacteriologic work. V., Methyl, an 
anilin dye used in the same way as V., Gentian. 

Violette's Solution. See Sugar. 

Violin (vi'-o-lhi) [viola, violet]. An emetic principle 
found in Viola odorata, V. tricolor, and other violets ; 
said to be probably identical with emetin. Unof. 

Violinists' Cramp. See Cramp. 

Viraginity (yir-aj-in'-it-e') [virago, a woman]. A form 
of sexual perversion in which the male individual is 
essentially effeminate in his feelings and tastes. 

Viragint (vir'-aj-int) [virgo, a virgin]. A male given 
to viraginity. 

Virchow's Method {of opening the heart}. The heart 
is opened in situ. The first incision is made in the 
right ventricle (many open the right auricle first) along 
the ventricular ridge, from near the auriculo-ventric- 
ular groove to near the apex. The second incision 
opens the right auricle midway between the entrances 
of the vena; cavae. In the left auricle the incision 
is carried from the left superior pulmonary vein to 
near the auriculo-ventricular ring. The incision 
through the left ventricle begins just behind the base 
and ends just short of the apex. It must be carried 
deeply through the wall of the heart. The heart 
is now removed. To do this the organ is grasped 
with the index finger of the left hand in the left 
ventricle and the thumb in the right ; the heart is 
then raised by the apex and the venae cavae, the 
pulmonary veins, and the pulmonary artery, and 
the aorta divided, taking care that the incisions are 
not too close to the heart. The next step is to open 
the ventricles. For this purpose the heart is placed 
exactly in the position it occupied in the body. One 
blade of the scissors is then introduced near the lower 
end of the incision in the right ventricle and carried 
outward in the direction of the pulmonary artery. The 
incision for the left ventricle commences at the apex 
of the heart and divides the anterior wall of the ven- 
tricle close to the septum, and is continued out through 



VIRCHOW'S THEORIES 



1606 



VISCUS 



the aorta. These are the principal incisions ; it is cus- 
tomary, however, to make at least two others, viz., 
one connecting the incision in the right auricle with 
that in the right ventricle, and one connecting that in 
the left auricle with the incision in the left ventricle. 
V.'s Theory of Cellular Physiology ; this is sum 
marized in the formula, omnis cellula e cellula, i. e., 
every cell is derived from a cell. It is the theory of 
the hereditary succession of the cells and tissues. V.'s 
Theory of Inflammation. See Theory. 

Virchow and Holder, Angle of. See Angle. 

Virchow-Robin Lymph-spaces. The spaces be- 
tween the ental coats of the cerebral blood-vessels 
and the adventitia. 

Virescence (yir-es' '-ens) [yirescere, to grow green]. In 
biology, greenness, especially a green petal or leaf, 
normally some other color. 

Virescent (vir-es'-ent) [virere, to be green]. Becom- 
ing green. 

Virgate (vir' -gat) [yirga, a rod, twig]. Straight and 
slender, like a wand. 

Virgin (vir'-jin) [virgo; virginis, a. virgin]. A woman 
who has never had sexual connection with a man. 
V. -tooth, the milk-tooth of a horse not worn by 
use. 

Virginal (vir'-jin-al) [virgo, a virgin]. Pertaining to 
virginity. 

Virginale Claustrum (vir-jin-a'-le klaw' -strum) [L.]. 
The hymen. 

Virginia (yir-jin' -e-aJi) [Virginia, a female name]. A 
State of the United States. V. Creeper. .See Ampe- 
lopsis. V. Snake-root. See Serpentaria. 

Virginity [vir-jin' '-it-e) [virgo, a virgin]. The condi- 
tion of being a virgin. 

Viridescence (vir-id-es' -ens) [yiridis, green]. The 
state of being greenish. 

Viridescent (yir-id-es'-ent) [viridis, green]. Slightly 
green. 

Viridian (yir-id'-e-an). Same as Veronese Green. 

Viridigenous (vir-id-ij' -en-us) [yiridis, green ; genus, 
producing]. In biology, producing greenness, as the 
diatoms eaten by certain molluscs. Cf. Marennin. 

Viridin (vir'-id-in) [yiridis, green]. An alkaloid ob- 
tained from Veratrum viride, and supposed to be iden- 
tical with jervin. 

Viridity (vir -id '-it-e) [yiridis, green]. In biology, 
greenness. 

Virile (vir'-il) [yirilis ; vir, a man]. Pertaining to 
mature manhood. V. Member, the penis. 

Virilescence (vir-il-es' -ens) [yirilis, virile] . The as-* 
sumption of male characters by an aged woman ; the 
growth of a beard, the development of a manly voice 
on the part of a worhan after the menopause. 

Virilia (vir-il > '-e-ah) . Plural of Virilis, manly. The 
male generative organs. 

Virility {vir - il'- it - e) [yirilitas~\. The condition of 
mature manhood ; procreative power. 

Virose (vi'-roz) [virosus, poisonous]. Poisonous; hav- 
ing a poisonous taste or smell. 

Virous (vi'- rus) [virosus, poisonous]. Possessing poi- 
sonous properties. 

Virulence (vir' -u-lens) [viritlentia ; virus, a poison]. 
Malignity, noxiousness, infectiousness. 

Virulent (yir'-u-lenl) [yirulentus]. Having the nature 
of a poison. See Virus. 

Viruliferous (vir-u-lif'-er-us) [virus, virus ; ferre, to 
cany]. Containing or conveying a virus. 

Virus (vi'-rus) [L.]. A poison that causes a morbid 
process or disease ; any pathogenic microbe. The 
word was formerly applied to the specific contagium of 
an infectious disease, especially to that of cowpox. 
V., Attenuated, virus deprived of some of its patho- 



genic quality by culture and modification by animal 
inoculation-experiments, so that inoculated in another 
person or animal it preserves the same against attack 
or the usual violence of the disease. V., Human- 
ized, vaccine-lymph that is not taken directly from the 
cow or calf, but from the vaccine-pustule of a human 
being, usually a child, who may have been inoculated 
with matter obtained from another child or from the 
cow. V., Specific, the characteristic poison of a 
disease. 

Vis [L.]. Force or energy. V. conservatrix, the 
healing power of nature. V. formativa, the energy 
of nature as manifest in the formation of new tissue 
to replace that which has been destroyed. V. a fronte, 
energy exerted in front ; resistance. V. inertiae, that 
force by virtue of which a body at rest remains at rest ; 
or, if in motion, continues in motion. V. medicatrix. 
Same as V. conservatrix. V. plastrix, in biology, 
growth-force. See Bathmism, Physiobathmism, Stato- 
bathmism. V. a tergo, force applied from behind. 
V. vitae, vital force. 

Visage (yiz'-ij) [yisus, a look]. The face. 

Viscera (vis'-er-ah). See Viscus. 

Viscerad (vis'-er-ad) [viscus, a viscus]. Toward the 
visceral cavity. 

Visceral (vis'-er-al) [viscera]. Pertaining to the vis- 
cera. V. Arches and Clefts, four slit-like depressions 
with intermediate thickenings of the lateral wall of the 
cervical region of the embryo. They are persistent 
slits in fishes. 

Visceralgia (vis - er - a I 1 '- je - ah) [viscus, viscus; a\yoQ, 
pain]. Pain or neuralgia in a viscus. 

Viscerate (vis'- er- at) [viscera]. To eviscerate or 
disembowel. 

Viscericardiac (vis-er-ik-ar'-de-ak) [viscera; napdia, 
heart]. Pertaining to the viscericardium. 

Viscericardium (yis-er-ik-ar' -de-um) [viscera, viscera ; 
Kapdia, heart]. The visceripericardial sac. 

Viscerimotor (vis-er-im-o'-tor) [viscus, viscus ; motor, 
motor]. Conveying motor impulses to a viscus. 

Visceripericardial (vis-er-ip-er-ik-ar' -de-al ) [viscera, 
irep'i, around ; Kapdia, heart]. Common to the peri- 
cardium and the viscera. 

Visceropleural (vis-er-o-plu'-ral) [viscera; Tr/.evpd, 
side]. Same as Pleurovisceral. 

Visceroskeletal (vis-er-o-skel' -et-al) [viscera ; ontltTov, 
skeleton]. Pertaining to the visceral skeleton. 

Viscid (yis'-id) [yiscidus] . Clammy; slimy; adhe- 
sive ; glutinous. See Viscous. 

Viscidity (vis-id' -it-e). Same as Viscosity. 

Viscin (vis' -in) [viscum, bird-lime]. Bird-lime. A 
mucilaginous extraction of the mistletoe, Viscum Jla- 
vescens, Gentiana lutea, and other plants. 

Viscose (yis'-koz) [viscum, bird-lime]. A gummy se- 
cretion or product of the Micrococcus viscosus. 

Viscosity (vis-kos' -it-e) [viscositas]. The property of 
glutinousness, ropiness, or tenacity. 

Viscous (vis'-kus) [viscosus]. Glutinous, ropy, sticky. 
Also, pertaining to a viscus or internal organ. 

Viscum (vis'-kum) [L,.:gen., Visci]. Mistletoe. The 
leaves and stems of V. album, the European, and V. 
Jlavescens, the American, species. It contains a mu- 
cilage, viscin, bird-lime, and various other extractives. 
In large doses it induces vomiting and purging. 
The American plant has alleged properties similar to 
those of digitalis. Dose gr. x-^j.in decoction; of 
a 10 per cent, tincture lTLv-xxx. Unof. 

Viscus (vis'-kus) [L. ://. , Viscera]. Any organ en- 
closed within either of the four great cavities, the 
cranium, thorax, abdominal cavity, or pelvis ; as the 
brain, intestine, spleen, bladder, uterus, lungs, liver, 
etc. 



VISHUCKI 



1607 



VITREUM 



Vishucki (vis-huk'-e) [Ind.]. Synonym of Asiatic 
Cholera among Hindoo physicians. 

Visibility (viz-ib-il'-it-e) [yisibilitas; videre, to see]. 
Capability of being seen. 

Vision (vizh'-un\ [visio; videre, to see]. I. Sight; 
acuity of visual power. See also, Acnteness. 2. A 
visual hallucination, or illusion. V., Binocular. 
See Binocular. V., Central, direct vision, or vision 
when the image falls on the fovea centralis. V. for 
Color, pertains to the chromatic sense. V., Direct, 
that when the image is formed at the macula. V., 
Double. See Diplopia. V., Field of. See Field. 
V. for Form, the acuteness of vision with white 
light. V., Indirect, that when the image is formed 
upon the peripheral portions of the retina. V., 
Peripheral, that when the image is not formed at 
the macula. V., Qualitative, vision in which there 
is ability to distinguish objects. V., Quantitative, 
mere perception of light. V., Solid, or V., Stereo- 
scopic, the visual perception of the third dimension 
of space, or the perception of relief or depth of 
objects obtained by binocular vision. See Hering's 
Experiment . V., Triple. See Triplopia. 

Visit (viz'-it) [videre, to see]. A call upon a patient. 

Visual (vizh'-u-al) [visualis ; visits, sight]. Pertain- 
ing to vision. V. Acuteness, or Acuity. See 
Acuteness. V. Amnesia. See Mind-blindness. V. 
Angle. See Angle. V. Axis. See Axis. V. Field. 
See Field. V. Logagnosia. Synonym of Word- 
blindness. V. Purple, a substance in the retina 
reacting to light in a peculiar manner, and thought 
to be intimately connected with vision. See Rho- 
dopsin. 

Visus (vi'-zus) [videre, to see]. Vision. V. dimidia- 
tus. Synonym of Hemiopia. V. diurnus. Synonym 
of Hemeralopia. V. senilis. Synonym of Presbyopia. 

Vita (vi'-tah) [L.]. Life. 

Vital {vi'-tal ) [yitalis ; vita, life]. Pertaining to life. 
V. Capacity, the volume of air that can be expelled 
after a full inspiration. V. Knot, a term applied by 
Flourens to the respiratory center in the oblongata. 
V. Principle, the energizing principle on which 
individual life depends. V. Statistics, the statis- 
tics of vital facts, the science of numbers as ap- 
plied to the life history of communities and nations. 

Vitalism (vi'-tal-izm) [vita,\\{e~\. In biology, the doc- 
trine that ascribes the phenomena exhibited by living 
organisms to the action of a supersensuous vital force. 

Vitalist (vi'-tal-ist) [vita, life]. A believer in the ex- 
istence of vital force. 

Vitality (vi-tal'-it-e) [vitalitas, vitality]. The vital 
force or principle of life ; also, the condition of hav- 
ing life ; vigor ; activity. 

Vitalize (vi'-tal-iz) [vita, life]. To endow with life. 

Vitals (vi'-tals) [vita, life]. A vulgar term for the 
intestines and the organs essential to life. 

Vitellarium (vit-el-a r -re-um) [vitellus, yolk: //. , 
Vitellaria~\. In biology, one form of the female germ- 
glands in platode worms, in which the work of supply- 
ing the egg-germs with nutritive yolk is carried on. 
" Comparative research has shown that the vitellaria 
are not newly formed accessory glands of the female 
sexual apparatus, but that they are metamorphosed 
ovaries or portions of ovaries adapted to a special 
function." (Lang.) Cf Germarium. 

Vitellary (vit'-el-a-re) [vitellus, yolk]. Pertaining to 
the vitellus. 

Vitellicle (vit-el '-ik-l) [vitellus, yolk]. The yolk-sac ; 
umbilical vesicle. 

Vitelligenous (vit -el-ij' -en-us) [vitellus, yolk ; genus, 
producing]. In biology, producing yolk. Cf. Vitella- 
rium and Vitellogene. 



Vitellin (vit-el' -in) [vitellus, yolk]. In biology, the 
chief proteid of egg-yolk. According to Weyl, it also 
occurs in chyle and the amniotic fluid. 

Vitelline (vit-el' ' -in) [vitellus, yolk]. Pertaining to the 
-.■itcilus, the yolk of an egg. V. Circulation, the 
circulation through the yolk. V. Membrane. See 
Zona pellucida. V. Spheres. See Sphere. 

Vitello-ducts (vit'-el-o-duk/s) [vitellus, yolk ; ductus, 
a duct]. The yolk-ducts ; applied to the ducts of the 
vitellaria of platode worms. 

Vitellogene [vit-el ' '-o-jln) [vitellus, yolk ; yevi/c, pro- 
ducing]. In biology, yolk -producing. Cf. Vitel- 
larium and Vitelligenous. 

Vitellogenous (vit-el-oj' -en-us). Same as Vitelligenous. 

Vitellolutein (vit-el-o-lu'-te-in) [vitellus, yolk; luteus, 
golden-yellow]. The yellow pigment obtained from 
the eggs of the spider-crab (Maia squinadd). 

Vitellorubin (vit-el-o-ru'-bin) [vitellus, yolk; ruber, 
red]. The reddish-brown pigment obtained from the 
eggs of the spider-crab (Main si/uinado). 

Vitellus (vit-el' -us~) [vitellus, a yolk]. In biology, the 
yolk of an egg, including both the formative and the 
nutritive yolk. Specifically the yolk of the egg of 
the common barnyard fowl (Callus domesticus). A 
viscid, orange-colored liquid containing oil, choles- 
terin, vitellin, and albumin. It is bland and nutritive. 
It is used mainly to emulsionize oils and camphors. 
In pharmacy, the yolk of egg, ovi vitellus. 

Vitex (vi'-teks) [L. ]. See Agnus castus. 

Vitiation (vish-e-a' -shun) [vitiatio; vitiare, to corrupt]. 
The contamination of any substance, especially of the 
air. 

Viticolous (vit-ik'-o lus) [yitis, the vine ; colere, to in- 
habit]. Inhabiting or produced upon the vine. 

Viticula (vit-ik'-u-lah) [dim. of vitis, vine: pi. , Vitic- 
ulce\. In biology, a small, trailing vine, like that of a 
melon or cucumber. 

Viticulose (vit- ik'-u- loz) [vitis, vine]. In biology, 
producing long, trailing, vine-like twigs or stems. 

Viticulture (vif -ik-ul-tur) [vitis, vine ; cultura, cul- 
ture]. The culture of the vine. 

Vitiligo (vit-il-i' '-go) [L. , tetter] . Piebald skin ; white 
leprosy ; an acquired disease of the skin characterized 
by the appearance of one or many well-defined, circu- 
lar, oval, irregularly-shaped, or reticulated patches, 
having a milky-white color, without other manifest 
change in the integument ; the hairs growing upon 
these patches are usually destitute of color. At the 
periphery of the patches there is usually a hyperpig- 
mented border, varying in color from a light-fawn 
to a deep-chocolate. The disease is most common 
in warm weather. See Leukoderma. V. capitis. 
Synonym of Alopecia areata. 

Vitiligoidea (vit-il-ig-oi' -de-ah) [vitiligo, tetter ; t\6oc, 
likeness]. Xanthoma of the eyelids. 

Vitrella ( vit- rel'- ah ) [vitreus, glassy : //. , Vitrellce'] . 
In biology, same as Retinophora. 

Vitreodentinal (vit-re-o-den' '-lin-al) [vitreus, of glass ; 
dens, tooth]. Pertaining to vitreodentine. 

Vitreodentine (vit - re - - den' -tin) [vitreus, of glass; 
dens, a tooth]. A variety of dentine of particularly 
hard texture. 

Vitreous (vit'-re-zis) [vitreus; vitrtim, glass]. Glass- 
like, hyaline. V., Artificial. See Evisceration. V. 
Chamber, the portion of the globe of the eye posterior 
to the crystalline lens. . V. Degeneration, disease of 
the intima of arteries. V. Humor, or Body, tin? 
transparent, jelly-like substance filling the vitreous 
chamber of the eye. V. Tables, the dense, osse- 
ous lamina? on the inner and outer surfaces of the 
cranial bones. 

Vitreum (vit'-re-um). Same as Vitreous Humor. 



VITRIOL 



1608 



VOLUME 



Vitriol (vit'- re - ol) [vitriolum; vitrum, glass]. In 
chemistry, a term formerly used to designate any sub- 
stance having a glassy fracture or appearance. V., 
Blue, copper sulphate, or " blue stone," CuS0 4 . V., 
Green, ferrous sulphate, or " copperas," FeS0 4 . V., 
Oil of, sulphuric acid, H 2 S0 4 . V., White, zinc sul- 
phate, ZnS0 4 . 

Vitta (vit'-ah) \yitta, a band, a fillet: //., Vittaf\. In 
biology, (a) a band, or stripe, either of color or tissue ; 
(b) one of the longitudinal, tubular oil-receptacles in 
the fruits of the Umbellifera. An oil-tube. 

Vittate (vit'-dt) [vitta, a band, a fillet]. Possessing 
vittae. 

Vitular (vit' -u-lar) [vitulus, calf]. Relating to a calf 
or to calving. V. Apoplexy, apoplexy of cows oc- 
curring at parturition. V. Fever, vitular apoplexy, or, 
more correctly, a fever following parturition in the 
cow. See Collapse, Parturient. 

Vitus' Dance, St. See Chorea. 

Viviparous (viv-ip' -ar-us) [vivus, alive ; parere, bring 
forth, produce]. In biology, applied to such animals 
as bring forth the young at an advanced stage of de- 
velopment, as distinguished from oviparous and ovovi- 
viparous. 

Vivipation ( viv- ip - a'- shun ) [vivus, alive ; parere, to 
bring forth]. In embryology, that form of generation 
in which the ovum, expelled from the ovary, clings to 
the maternal organ and derives its nourishment directly 
from the mother until birth. 

Viviperception {viv-ip-ei-sep 1 '-shun) [vivus, alive ; per- 
cipere, to perceive]. The study or observation of 
physiologic processes without dissection or vivisection. 

Vivisection (viv-is-ek' '-shun) [vivus, alive ; sectio, cut- 
ting]. The dissection of an animal, or experimenta- 
tion upon it, while still alive, for scientific purposes. 
See Callisection, and Sentisection. 

Vivisectionist {viv-is-ek' -shun-ist) [vivus, alive; sectio, 
a cutting]. A practiser or defender of vivisection. 

Vivisector [viv-is-ek' -tor) [vivus, alive ; sector, a cutter]. 
One who practises vivisection. 

Vivisectorium (iiiv-is-ek-to' -re-um) [L.]. A place or 
laboratory where vivisection is performed. 

Vleminckx's Solution. An application used in 
Austria and Germany for treating acne. It consists 
of lime I part, sulphur 2 parts, and water 20 parts. 
Slake the lime, add the sulphur, and boil to 12 parts. 

Vocal (vo'-kal) [vox, the voice]. Pertaining to the 
voice or its organs. V. Bands, a name given to cer- 
tain membranes of the larynx by which the sounds of 
the voice are produced. They consist of superior, 
ventricular or false bands, and inferior or true bands. 
The latter are covered by the mucous membrane of 
the larynx and are thin bands of elastic tissue, reach- 
ing from the wings of the thyreoid to the arytenoid 
cartilages. V. Fremitus, the thrill conveyed to the 
hand when applied to the chest during phonation. 
It is increased in consolidation of the lungs, and 
decreased or absent when there is a pleural effusion. 
V. Resonance, the resonance produced by the voice 
as heard on auscultating the lung. This is increased 
with slight degrees of consolidation of the lung and 
decreased with extreme consolidation and with large 
pleural effusions. 

Vogt, Angle of. See Angle. 

Vohsen's Method. A method of illuminating the 
frontal sinus. It is done by placing the source of il- 
lumination over the orbital surface of the sinus. 

Voice (;w'j| [MP., voice, voice]. The sound produced 
by the vibration of the vocal bands and modified by 
the resonance-organs. The utterance of articular 
sounds. V., Change of. In the transition-period of 
youth the voice loses its treble quality and (sometimes 



irregularly) assumes the qualities of the adult voice. 
This is called the change of voice. 

Void [ME., voiden, to void]. To evacuate, e.g., from 
the intestine or bladder. 

Voisin's Method. See Hypnotism. 

Vola (vo'-lah) [L.: gen. and//., Volts). The palm, or 
rather the hollow of the hand ; the hollow of the foot. 

Volar (vo'-lar) [yolaris ; vola, palm]. Pertaining to 
the palm of the hand. See Palmar. 

Volatic (vo-laf '-ik) [vola/icus ; volare, to fly]. Flying, 
momentary. 

Volatile (vol'-at-il) [volatilis']. Capable of assuming, 
or prone to assume a state of vapor ; evaporating. V. 
Oils. See Essential Oils. 

Volatility (vol-at-il'-it-e) [volatilitas~\. The quality of 
being volatile. 

Volatilization {vol-at-il-iz-a/ -shun) [yolatilhatio\ The 
change of a solid or liquid to a gas or vapor by heat. 

Volhard, Volumetric Method of. A method for es- 
timating halogens by means of ammonium sulpho- 
cyanid. 

Volition (vo-lish'-un) [volitio, will]. The will or de- 
termination to act. 

Volitional (vo-lish'-zin-al) [volitio, will]. Pertaining 
to volition. V. Insanity, insanity characterized by 
perversions of the will, or by abulia or hyperbulia. 

Volitive (vol'-it-iv) [volitio, will]. Pertaining to the 
will ; volitional. 

Volkmann's Deformity. Congenital tibio-tarsal luxa- 
tion. See Diseases, Table of. V.'s Solution. See 
Thymol. 

Volsella [vol-sel'-ah) [vellere, to pluck]. A forceps 
having one or more hooks at the end of each blade. 
Also called Vulsella. 

Volt [volt) [volvere, to turn around]. The unit of elec- 
tro-motive force, or the force sufficient to cause a cur- 
rent of one ampere to flow against a resistance of one 
ohm. The following is the voltage of several popular 
cells: Smee 0.65, Bunsen 1.90, Daniell 1.05, Cal- 
laud 0.60, Leclanche 1.50. V. -ampere, the amount 
of pressure developed by a current of one ampere 
having an electro-motive force of one volt. Its me- 
chanic equivalent is about 44.2 foot-pounds per minute. 
It is sometimes called a Watt. See Electric Units. 
V. -coulomb. See Electric Units. 

Volta's Law. A law for the differences of electric 
potential produced by the contact of dissimilar metals 
or other substances. See Law. 

Voltaic (vol-ta'-ik) [Volta, an Italian scientist]. Per- 
taining to the constant electric current or to galvanic 
electricity. V. Alternatives, a term used in medical 
electricity to indicate sudden reversals in the polarity 
of the electrodes of a voltaic battery. 

Voltaism (vo/'-ta-izm). See Galvanism. 

Voltameter {vol-tam' -et-er) [volt, a unit of electro-mo- 
tive force; fierpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
ascertaining the electro-motive force of a current in 
volts. 

Voltmeter (volt'-me-ter) [volt, a unit of electric force ; 
fjeTpov, measure]. A synonym of Voltameter. 

Voltolini's Disease. A purulent, labyrinthine otitis 
accompanied with violent pains in the ear, complete 
unconsciousness, high fever, and delirium. See 
Diseases, Table of. V.'s Method, the examination 
of the anterior nasal region by means of transmitted 
light. This method is also called examination by 
"through illumination," and transillumination, a. v. 

Voluble (vol'-u-bl) [volubilis, whirling]. See Twining. 

Volume (vol'-ftm) [yolumen\. In physics, the space 
which a substance fills. Cubic dimension. V., 
Specific, the molecular weight divided by the spe- 
cific gravity ; referred to hydrogen as a unit. 



VOLUMETRIC 



1609 



VULCANIZER 



Volumetric {vol-u-metf -rib) \yolumen, a roll ; /jirpov, 
measure]. Pertaining to measurement by volume. 
V. Analysis. See Analysis. 

Voluntary [vot'-un-ta-re) [yoluntarius\. Pertaining to 
or under the control of the will. V. Muscle, striped 
muscle. 

Voluntas {vol-un'-tas) [L.]. Desire or will. 

Voluntomotory faiol-un-to-mo' -tor-e) [yoluntus, will ; 
motor, motor]. Pertaining to voluntary motion. 

Voluptuary [vo-lupk-fu-a-re) \_voluptnarius, pertaining 
to pleasure]. I. Promoting sensual indulgence ; 
voluptuous. 2. A sensualist. 

Voluptuous (vo-lup'-tu-us) [yoluptuosus , full of grati- 
fication]. Contributing to sensual pleasure. 

Voluptuousness (vo-lup / -tu-i/s-ues) [yoluptuosus, full 
of gratification]. The state of being voluptuous. 

Volupty [vo-lup'-te) \yoluptas\. Voluptuousness; or- 
gasm. 

Volute (iio-liif) [yoluta, a spiral scroll]. In biology, 
rolled up like a scroll. 

Volva [vol'-vah) [yolva, a wrapper, covering: pi. , 
Volvi£~\ . In biology, a covering possessed by the 
fruiting organs of some fungi. The same as Velum 
universale. 

Volvulus (yol'-vu-lus) [volvere, to roll]. An old name 
was Ileac Passion. A twisting of the bowel upon it- 
self or upon its mesenteric axis, so as to occlude the 
lumen. It occurs most frequently in the sigmoid 
flexure. 

Vomer (vo'-mer) [L., a plowshare]. The thin plate 
of bone situated vertically between the nasal fossse, 
and forming the posterior portion of the septum of the 
nose. V., Cartilaginous, a cartilaginous plate that 
forms the anterior portion of the septum of the nose. 

Vomerine (yo' -tner-iii) [vomer, vomer]. Pertaining to 
the vomer. 

Vomic (vom'-ik) [vomicus] . Ulcerous ; purulent. 

Vomica [vom'-ik-ah) [vomere, to vomit : pi. , Vomica']. 
A pulmonary cavity; a collection of pus in the lungs 
or adjacent organs that may discharge through the 
bronchi and mouth. V. laryngis. A synonym for 
Perichondritis of the Larynx. 

Vomit (zom'-it) [vomere, to vomit]. I. To expel from 
the stomach by vomiting. 2. Vomited matter; an 
emetic. V., Bilious, vomit stained with bile. V., 
Black, the characteristic vomit of yellow fever. The 
dark fluid ejected is a mixture of decomposed blood 
and the contents of the stomach. V., Bloody. See 
Heinatemesis. V., Coffee-ground, vomit composed 
of broken-down blood-clots and tissue, together with 
the contents of the stomach. It is seen frequently in 
carcinoma of the stomach. V.-nut. See Nux vomica. 

Vomiting iynm' -it-ing) [vomere, to vomit]. The for- 
cible, convulsive ejection of the contents of the stomach, 
duodenum, or intestines through the mouth. V. 
of Blood. See Heinatemesis. V., Dry, persistent 
nausea with attempts at vomiting, but with the ejection 
of nothing but gas. V., Pernicious, the variety of 
vomiting occasionally seen in pregnancy that becomes 
so excessive as to threaten the patient's life. V., Ster- 
coraceous, the ejection of fecal matter in emesis, 
usually due to intestinal obstruction. 

Vomitive {vom'-it-iv) [vomere, to vomit]. Emetic. 

Vomito {vom'-it-d) [Sp.]. Vomit. * 

Vomitonigro. Black vomit. A name for yellow 
fever. V., Priests'. A name for Yellow Fever, q. v. 

Vomitory (yo?n' '-it-or-e) [yomitorius~\. 1. Emetic, or 
vomitive. 2. Any agent or substance that induces 
emesis. Also, a vessel to receive the ejecta. 

Vomiturition (yom-it-u-rish'-tin') [yomituritio~\. In- 
effectual attempt at vomiting, with a strong feeling of 
desire to vomit. 2. Vomiting with but slight effort. 



Vomitus (vom' -it-its) [vomere, to vomit]. Vomited 
matters ; the act of vomiting. V. cruentus, 
bloody vomit. 

Von Baer's Law. The law that the embryos of higher 
animals pass through a succession of metamorphoses 
resembling the adult forms of lower types of animals. 
See Law. 

Von Gieth's Oil -jacket. A dressing especially of value 
in the pleurisy of infants or young children. Pure 
olive oil is poured in sufficient quantity into a previ- 
ously warmed bowl, and a strip of old, soft, cotton- 
cloth, large enough to encircle the chest, is placed in 
the bowl and completely saturated with the oil. This 
is then applied to the patient's chest, and outside of it 
a second strip of dry cloth is placed, and, if necessary, 
a third, which completes the dressing. 

Von Mering's Mixture. See Anesthetic. 

Von Troeltsch, Corpuscles of. Peculiar, spindle- 
shaped corpuscles ; the connective-tissue corpuscles 
of Virchow. 

Voodoo yu'-dit) [Creole Fr. , vaudoux, a negro sor- 
cerer]. A system of charms and enchantments of 
African origin, practised in part as a healing art in 
the U. S. and W. Indies. 

Voracious iyor-a' -shus) [yorax ; vorare, to devour]. 
Having an insatiable appetite or desire for food. See, 
also, Bulimia. 

Voracity (yor-as / -tt-e) [voracitas, voracity]. Greedi- 
ness or rapaciousness for food. 

Voronej, Elixir of. A famous mixture used in Russia. 
It occurs in a stronger and a weaker form, as follows : 
I; The stronger: sal. amnion, ^x, ol. naphthas 15 vj, 
ol. caryophyl. JJx, acid, nitric. JJvj, potas. nitrat. 
and Turkey pepper each Jjss, menth. virid ^viij, 
acetum Oj, spts. vin. gall. Oiv. 2. The weaker : cam- 
phor, ol. naphthse, ess. terebinth. , acid, nitric, each 
gij, Turkey pepper 2 pods, acetum 3 vjss, spts. vin. 
gall. J) iv. 

Vortex (vor'-teks) [L., a whirl]. A structure having 
the appearance of being produced by a rotary motion 
about an axis. V. of the Heart, a name applied to 
the spiral arrangement of the muscular fibers of the 
walls of the heart. 

Vorticose {yor' -tik-oz) [vortex, vortex]. Whirling. 
In anatomy, specifying the veins of the external layer 
of the choroid coat of the eyeball, the vena vorticosa. 
V. Veins. See Vena vorticosa. 

Vowel [yow'-el) [Fr. , voyelle, vowel]. Any one of the 
chief sounds of the voice, formed by the vibrations of 
the vocal organs unmodified by the resonance-organs. 

Vox (yoks). Voice. 

Voyeur {voi-y?-') [Fr.]. A sexual pervert who in- 
dulges in witnessing coitus. 

Vries, Plasmolytic Method of. A method of deter- 
mining osmotic pressure by the use of living plant-cells. 

Vulcanite (vul'-kan-it) [Vulcan, the god of fire]. 
Ebonite, or hard, vulcanized caoutchouc (india-rubber). 
V. Base, in dentistry, a vulcanized, India-rubber plate 
adapted to such portion of the alveolar arch as is de- 
prived of natural teeth and is to be supplied with an 
artificial substitute. V., Dental, India-rubber com- 
bined with sulphur or sulphur compounds, and colored 
with vermilion. A combination of rubber 48 parts, 
sulphur 24 parts, and vermilion 36 parts. Compare 
Rubber. 

Vulcanizer (vul'-kan-i-zer) [Vulcan, the god of fire]. 
In dentistry the apparatus in which the prepared rub- 
ber is hardened by the action of steam. It consists 
of a copper boiler, with a screw-top, having connected 
with it a thermometer for regulating the steam neces- 
sary to harden the rubber, and a safety-valve to pre- 
vent explosion. 



VULCANOL 



1610 



WANDERING 



Vulcanol (vul'-kan-ol) [Vulcan, the god of fire]. A 
thick, lubricating oil formed in great quantities in petro- 
leum-refineries and in paraffin and solar-oil works. 

Vulgar (vul'-gar) [vulgaris, common]. Common. 
Coarse. Unrefined. Popular. 

Vulnera (vul'-ner - ah) [L.]. Plural of Vulnus. A 
wound. 

Vulnerary (vul'-ner -a-re) [vulnus, a wound]. In 
therapeutics, any remedy or agent useful in healing 
wounds. 

Vulnus (vul'-nus) [L.: gen., Vulneris ; pi. , Vulnera']. 
A wound. V. sclopetarium, a gun-shot wound. V. 
simplex, an incised wound. 

Vulpian's Law. See Law. 

Vulpic Acid (vul'-pik). See Acid. 

Vulsella (vul-sel'-ah). See Vulsellum. 

Vulsellum (vul-sel'-um) [L.: //. , Vulsella]. A kind 
of forceps ; volsella. See Volsella. 

Vultus (vuF-tus) [L.]. The face, countenance, or 
looks. 

Vulva (vul'-vah) \yolvere, to roll up]. The female 
pudendum, though not, strictly speaking, including the 
mons veneris. V. connivens, a form of vulva in 



which the labi i majora are in close apposition. V., 
Garrulity of, vaginal flatus. V. hians, the form 
of vulva in which the labia majora are gaping. 

Vulval, Vulvar (vul'-val, vul'-var) [vulva, vulva]. 
Pertaining to the vulva. 

Vulvate, Vulviform (vul'-vat, vul' -vi-form) [vulva, 
vulva; forma, form]. Shaped like or resembling the 
vulva. 

Vulvismus (vul-viz'-mus). See Vaginismus. 

Vulvitis (vul-vi' -tis) [vulva, vulva; inc., inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the vulva. V., Diphtheric, vul- 
vitis with diphtheric deposit. V., Follicular, in- 
flammation of the mucous follicles of the vulva. 

Vulvo- (vul'-vo-) [vulva, vulva]. A prefix denoting 
relation to the vulva. 

Vulvo-vaginal (vul-vo -vaj'- in - al) [vulva, vulva; 
vagina, vagina]. Pertaining conjointly to the vulva 
and the vagina. V. Glands, the small glands situated 
one on each side of the vulva near the vagina. See 
Glands. 

Vulvo-vaginitis (vul-vo-vaj-in-i'-tis) [vulva, vulva ; 
vagina, vagina; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the vulva and the vagina. 



w 



W. The symbol of Tungsten (Wolfram). 

W. L. or X. Wave-length. 

Wachendorf's Membrane. The fetal membrane of 
the pupil of the eye. It atrophies about the seventh 
month. See Membrane, Pupillary. 

Wachsmuth's Mixture. See Anesthetic. 

Waddle (wod-l') [dim. of wade]. To sway or rock 
from side to side in walking. 

Wade's Balsam. Friars'' Balsam; Jesuits' Drops; 
a favorite vulnerary, essentially the same as the com- 
pound tincture of benzoin. 

Wafer (wa'-fer) [ME., wa/re, wafer]. A pharmaceutic 
preparation made by pouring a thick, smooth mixture of 
flour and water between greased, hot, polished plates or 
cylinders, so adjusted that a thin sheet or wafer is pro- 
duced. When dry this is hard and brittle, but when 
moistened it becomes soft, tough, and slippery, and is 
well adapted for taking medicines in the form of powder. 
W.-ash. See Ptelea trifoliala. 

Wagner's Spot. The germinal spot or nucleolus of the 
ovum. 

Wagner, Tactile Corpuscles of. Oval-shaped bodies 
at the termination of nerve-fibers, regarded by Wagner 
as directly concerned in the sense of touch. W. and 
Meissner's Corpuscles, tactile end-organs lying in 
the papillae of the skin. 

Wagnerian Corpuscles {wag-ner' '-e-an). See Tactile 
Corpuscle. 

Wahoo (wah-hoo'). See Euonymus. 

Waist (wast) [ME., wast, waist]. The narrowest por- 
tion of the trunk above the hips. 

Waistcoat, Straight (wast' -hot, stral). See Jacket. 

Walcher's Posture. The woman in the dorsal posi- 
tion, the hips at the edge of the table, the lower 
extremities hanging. 

Walcheren Fever (teal'- cher - en) [from Walcheren, 
Netherland]. A severe type of malarial fever. 

Waldenburg's Apparatus. An apparatus constructed 
on the principle of a gasometer, and used for compress- 



ing or rarefying air, which is inhaled, or into which the 
patient exhales. 

Waldeyer's Glands. Acino-tubular glands at the 
attached border of the tarsus. W.'s Plasma-cells. 
See Plasma. W., Sulcus of, a spiral sulcus of the 
limbus of the ear. 

Wale (?c>«/). See Wheal. 

Walk (7vawk) [ME., walken, to walk.] I. Manner of 
walking. See Gait. 2. In Swedish physical training 
certain forms of progression are specified as walks. See 
Stretch-walk, Yard-walk. 

Wallerian Degeneration. Degeneration of nerves 
after separation from their trophic centers. W. Law. 
See Law. 

Wall-eye (wairl'-i). A vulgarism used to express the 
appearance of leukoma of the cornea, or of eyes with a 
light-colored iris ; also, a divergent strabismus. W.- 
pepper. See Sedum acne. 

Walnut (wol'-mit). See Juglans. 

Walter's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of . 

Walther's Angle. See Angle. W.'s Ducts, ducts in 
the sublingual gland. W., Oblique Ligament of, a 
band of capsular ligament of the ankle-joint, extending 
from the external malleolus to the eminence on the 
astragalus for the flexor longus pollicis. 

Wamble (wom'-bl) [WE.,watnlen, mawkish]. A feel- 
ing of nausea; a heaving of the stomach. [Vulgar.] 
W. -cropped. Nauseated ; sick at the stomach. 
[Vulgar. ] 

Wan (won) [ME., wan, wan]. Pale; pallid; of 
sickly hue or expression. 

Wandered (won'-derd) [ME., wan deren, to wander]. 
Out of the usual or normal place ; out of the proper 
habitat ; as a wandered scolex. 

Wandering (won'-der-ing) [ME., wanderen, to wander]. 
I. Delirium ; incoherence of speech or thought. 2. 
Having no fixed place. W. Abscess, one that points 
at a considerable distance from its real seat. W. Cell, 
an ameboid connective-tissue cell ; a leukocyte, so 



WANE 



1611 



WATER 



called from its power of leaving the blood-current and 
entering the tissues. See Leukocyte. W. Erysipelas, 
Erysipelas migrans, erysipelas with frequent change of 
localization. W. Kidney. See Floating Kidney. W. 
Liver. See Liver. W. Pneumonia, a migrant, or 
locally progressive pneumonia ; one that changes its 
seat. See Pneumonia. W. Rash, Geographic Tongue, 
Lichenoid, Circinate Eruption, a peculiar and rare 
disease of the tongue occurring, as a rule, in children 
under two years of age. It consists in the appearance 
on the dorsum of the tongue of round, raised, whitish 
patches surrounded by a raised ring of epithelial tissue 
yellowish in color. These rings may intersect and cover 
the tongue with sinuous lines. It is a chronic disease 
of a harmless nature, very resistant to treatment. See 
Geographic Tongue. W. Spleen, a rare condition in 
which the attachments of the spleen become relaxed to 
such a degree that it descends by the force of gravity 
into the left iliac fossa, or may be found upon the oppo- 
site side of the body when the patient lies upon the right 
side. W. Tumor, usually a displaced or floating viscus. 

Wane ("can) [ME., zvaney, to wane]. To decrease; 
to decline ; to fade. 

Wang [ME., wange, cheek]. I. The jaw, jaw-bone, or 
cheek-bone. 2. A cheek-tooth or grinder. W. -tooth. 
A cheek-tooth ; a grinder or molar. 

Wanklyn's Ammonia Process. A process for the 
estimation of nitrogenous organic matter in water. 
This process operates on the water itself, and not on the 
residue obtained on evaporation, and it gives as char- 
acteristic data the "free ammonia" and "albuminoid 
ammonia " yielded by waters. The principle of the 
method is the measurement of the nitrogenous organic 
matter in waters by the quantity of ammonia yielded by 
the destruction of the organic matter. For the measure- 
ment of the quantities of ammonia, the very delicate 
test of Nessler is utilized. 

War Fever. Synonym of Typhus Fever. 

Warble (war' -bl ) [also wormil, wormul, warnle, wornil, 
wornal. Origin obscure, perhaps connected with ME., 
war, pus, humor, or with worm], (a) A small, boil- 
like tumor on the back of horses, cattle, deer, etc., pro- 
duced by the galling of a saddle or by the presence 
of the larva of the warble-fly. The inflammation pro- 
duces a condition of the surface of the carcass beneath 
the warble known as " licked beef," or " butchers' 
jelly." W.-fly. See Hypoderma bovis, under Para- 
sites (Animal), Table of. 

Warburg's Tincture, Tinctura pyrexialis. It consists 
of aloes soc. lb j, rad. rhei, sem. angelica, confec. 
Damocratis aa §iv; rad. helenii, croci sativi, sem. 
fceniculi, cretae proep. aa ^ ij ; rad. gentianse, rad. 
zeodarise, pip. cubebre, myrrh, elect., camphoras, bolet. 
laricis, aa |jj. Digest with proof spt. 3500, and add 
quinin disulph. ^ x. Filter. Dose ^j in two doses three 
hours apart. 

Ward [ME., ward, ward]. A division or room of a 
hospital. W. -carriage, an apparatus for hospital 
service mounted upon wheels, and containing a reser- 
voir of water, and other materials, instruments, etc., 
used in surgical operations and dressings. 

Ward's Paste, confection of black pepper. See Paste. 

Wardrop's Disease. Malignant onychitis. See Dis- 
eases, Table of. W.'s Operation, ligature of the 
artery beyond an aneurysm. 

Warega-fly (war-a' -gah-fli) [S. A. Ind., warega, fly]. 
See Musca sp. (?) under Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Warehousemen's Itch. See Grocers'' Itch. 

Waring's System. A system of sewage-disposal by 
means of sub-surface irrigation. It should be called 
"Moule's System " because invented by the late Rev. 
Henry Moule, Vicar of Fordington. 



Warm [ME., warm, warm]. Having a moderate degree 
of heat. W.Bath. See Bath. W. -blooded, a term 

applied to animals that maintain a uniform temperature, 
whatever the changes of temperature in the surrounding 
medium. 

Warming [ME., warmen, to warm]. Making warm. 
W. Plaster. See Cantharis. 

Warner's Laudanum. See Laudanum. 

Warras (war'-as) [Ind.]. A variety of kamala, said to 
be obtained from Flemingia grahamiana, a leguminous 
tree of India ; it is a teniafuge and useful in skin-dis- 
eases. Dose of powder giss-v; of tincture f^j. Unof. 

Warren's Styptic. See L.otio adstringens. 

Wart [ME., wert, wart]. See Verruca and Condyloma. 
A small, circumscribed elevation on the skin, with an 
uneven papillary surface and a broad base. In farriery, 
a spongy excrescence in the pastern of the horse. In 
biology, a small glandular or gland-like excrescence on 
the surface of a plant. W., Peruvian. See Verruca 
peruana. 

Warty [ME. , wert, wart]. Resembling a wart ; covered 
with warts. W. Smallpox, Hornpox, a name given 
to those cases of smallpox in which the eruption does 
not develop beyond the papular stage. W. Tubercle. 
See Verruca necrogenica. W. Ulcer. See Marjo- 
li)i's Ulcer. 

Wash [ME., washen, to wash]. To cleanse with a 
liquid. See Lotion. W., Black. See Lotio hy- 
drargyri nigra. W.-leather Skin, that condition of 
the skin in which certain metals, especially silver, mark it 
with a black line. It occurs, as a rule, in patients suf- 
fering from diseases which directly or indirectly affect 
either the trophic or the sensory nerves. It sometimes 
precedes the occurrence of bed-sores. W.-rag. See 
Luffa. W., Yellow. See Lotio hydrargyri flava. 

Washerwoman's Hand. See Cholera-hand. W.'s 
Itch or Scall, psoriasis of the hand, occurring in wash- 
erwomen. 

Washing (zvasli'-ing) [ME., washen, to wash]. Ablu- 
tion. The mechanical operation of separating soluble 
from insoluble matter. 

Waste (wast) [ME., wast, waste]. Any ultimate pro- 
duct of katabolism; loss by reason of disease, inanition, 
or over-use. W. and Garbage. See Setvage. W. 
Silk, that which proceeds from perforated and double 
cocoons, and such as are soiled in steaming or in any 
other way. This waste silk is washed, boiled with 
soap, and dried. When carded and spun like cotton it 
yields the so-called flurt-silk. 

Wasting (wdst'-ing) TME., wasten, to waste]. De- 
stroying ; running ; laying waste. See Atrophy. W. 
Disease, a popular term for Pulmonary Tuberculosis 
and for tuberculous disease of cattle. W. Palsy. 
See Atrophy, Progressive Muscular. 

Watchmakers' Cramp. See Cramp. 

Water (waw'-ter) [ME., water, water], H 2 0. A 
transparent, inodorous, tasteless fluid, boiling at 212° F. 
(100° C), and freezing at 32 F. (o° C). The 
specific gravity of water at 39. 2° F. (4 C.) is I. See 
Aqua. W. -analysis, the analysis of water. W.- 
bag, the reticulum of the stomach of the camel and 
other Camelidie. A rubber bag in which water of 
varying degrees of temperature can be introduced for 
topical application. W.-bed. See Bed. W.-blue. 
See Pigments. Conspectus of. W. -brain, gid or stag- 
gers of sheep, caused by the brain-worm. W. Brain- 
fever. See Meningitis, Tuberculous. W. on Brain. 
See Hydrocephalus. W. -brash. See Pyrosis. W.- 
braxy, a disease of sheep in which there is hemor- 
rhage into the peritoneal cavity. W. -breather, any 
branchiate which breathes water by means of gills. 
W. -cancer. Synonym of Cancrum oris. W.- 



WATERED-SILK REFLEX 



1612 



WEAL 



canker. Synonym of Cancrum oris. W.-cell, one 
of several diverticula of the paunch of the camel, serv- 
ing to store up water. W. -closet, an apparatus for 
the reception of excrement, which is connected with a 
sewer by a pipe, and in which water must be used to 
carry away the excrement deposited in it. W. -closets, 
Varieties of: I. Those in which there is no movable 
apparatus for retaining water in the basin — the hopper 
and wash-out closets. 2. Those in which there is a 
movable apparatus — the pan, valve, and plug closets. 
~W. -colors. See Pigments, Colors, and Dyestuffs. 
W. of Crystallization, the water employed in giving 
molecular structure to the crystals of chemic salts, to 
which their physical qualities are due. W.-cure. 
See Hydropathy and Ilydrotherapeutics. W., Dis- 
tilled. See Aqua. W. -dressing, the treatment of 
ulcers and wounds by the application of water. W.- 
farcy, lymphangitis of the leg of a horse. W., 
Florida, a perfume consisting of oleum bergamii ^ iv, 
comp. tinct. benzoini ^ij, alcohol Oj. W.-gas, a 
gas, non-luminous in its pure form, derived in part from 
the decomposition of steam passed over ignited coals. 
It is used as an illuminating gas when enriched by the 
addition of a hydrocarbon, as petroleum or naphtha. 
It is also used in metallurgic operations, in chemic 
works, and in the laboratory. W. -gurgle Test, a 
gurgling sound heard when water is swallowed on 
auscultation over the seat of narrowing in cases of 
organic stricture of the esophagus. W. -hammer 
Pulse. See Corrigan' s Pulse. W., Hard, natural 
waters containing soluble calcium salts, distinguished 
by their curdling action on soap. W. -hemlock. See 
Cotvbane. W., Ice, water obtained by the melting of 
ice. W. -immersion. See Objective. W., Javelle, 
a solution of potassium hypochlorite, KCIO. W.- 
jugs. Synonym of Varicella. W. -melon, the fruit 
of Cucumis citrullus. Its sweet and watery fruit, and 
especially the seeds, are diuretic. Unof. W., Min- 
eral. See Mineral Water. W.-pang, pyrosis. 
W. -passage, the urethra. W. -pepper. See Poly- 
gonum hydropiperoides. W. -plantain. See Alisma. 
W.-pock. Synonym of Varicella. W.-pore, in 
biology, an aperture in the epidermis of the leaves of 
certain plants (e. g., Caladium esculeutu/n) directly over 
the extremity of a vein. It is a modified stroma and 
serves to facilitate the transpiration of water. W.- 
pox, chicken-pox. W. -proof Drawing-ink, pow- 
dered, bleached shellac 4 parts, borax I part, water 24 
parts; dissolve by the aid of heat. To this solution the 
coloring-principle, as India ink, lampblack, different 
tints and shades of anilin colors, is added, after being 
dissolved in or triturated with a small quantity of water. 
W. -qualm, pyrosis. W., Rice. See Oryza. W., 
Soda. See Soda-water. W., Softening of, the 
process of removing from water certain mineral- constit- 
uents that render it "hard" or unsuited for technical 
or domestic purposes. This may be accomplished 
either by heat or the use of chemicals. The Clarke 
Process of softening consists in bringing steam directly 
into contact with the water. W. -vascular, in biology, 
applied to the system of circulation of water through 
the tissues of many invertebrates ; a respiratory process. 
W. -wheel Sound. See Bruit de Moulin and Hydro- 
pneumopericardiu m . 

Watered-silk Reflex. See Reflex. 

Waters (wa?v , -terz) [ME., water, water]. Plural of 
Water, q. v. W., Bag of. The amnion. See 
Amnii, Liquor. W., False, a discharge of fluid 
before labor, due to a catarrhal endometritis. 

Watt {wot) [after James Watt, the Scottish engineer]. 
In electro-mechanics, one voltampere. See Volt and 
Electric Units. 



Wattle (wot'-l) [ME., watel, a hurdle]. 1. See 
Mimosa-bark. 2. In biology, a lobe or flap of the 
skin, usually paired and pendent, on the head and 
near the mouth of certain birds, fishes, and mammals. 
A dew-lap. a barbel. 

Wave (wdv) [ME., wave, wave]. A cycle of rhythmic 
alternating movements. W. -lengths and Fre- 
quencies of Light, the ethereal wave-lengths, to- 
gether with their frequencies, of the visible portion of 
the spectrum are given in the appended table. The 
average vibrational frequency of white light has been 
estimated at 554 millions of millions per second. W., 
Pulse. See Pulse. 

TABLE OF THE WAVE-LENGTHS AND FREQUEN- 
CIES OF LIGHT. 
(From Daniel!.) 



Frequencies- 
Per Skc 



Line A, 

Center of red 

Line B, 

LineC, 

Center of orange-red, . . . 

Center of orange, 

Line D 1 

Line D 2 

Center of orange-yellow, . 

Center of yellow, 

Center of green, 

LineE 

Line b 

Center of blue-green, . . . 
Center of cyan-blue, . . . 

Line F 

Center of blue 

Center of violet-blue, . , . 

LineG 

Center of puce-violet, . . . 

Line H 1 

Line H 2 



395,000,000,000,000 



437,300,000,000,000 
457,700,000,000,000 



508,905,810,000,000 
510,604,000,000,000 



570,000,000,000,000 



617,900,000,000,000 



697,300,000,000,000 

756,900,000,000,000 
763,600,000,000,000 



Lengths 
in Cm. 



.00007604 
.00007000 
.00006867 
.00006562 
.00006208 
.00005972 
.00005895 
.00005889 
.00005879 
.00005S08 
.00005271 
.00005269 
.00005183 
.00005082 
.00004960 
.00004861 
.00004732 
.00004383 
.00004307 
.00004059 
.00003968 
.00003933 



Wavy (;m'-w) [ME. , wave, wave]. Of the nature of 
a wave. W. Breathing. See Breath-sounds. 

Wax (aw&) [ME., wax, wax]. I. To grow; to increase 
in size. 2. See Cera and Cerumen. W., Bees', a wax 
deposited by the honey-bee in the honeycomb. W., 
Carnauba, obtained from the leaves of the carnauba 
tree ; it melts at 83° C. ; contains free ceryl-alcohol 
and various acid esters. W., Chinese, ceryl cerotic 
ester. W., Mineral. See Ozocerite. W. -myrtle. 
See Myrica. W.-work. See Celastrus. 

Waxing (waks' -ing) [ME., ivaxen, to increase]. Grow- 
ing ; increasing in size. W. -kernels, enlarged in- 
guinal and submaxillai-y lymph-glands in children ; 
popularly associated with the growth of the child. W.- 
pains. See Growing Pains. W. and Waning 
Pulse. See Pulsus inciduus. 

Waxy (awfa'-f) [ME., wax, wax]. Of the nature of 
or like wax. W. Degeneration. See Degenera- 
tion. W. Kidney. See Bright' s Disease. 

Weak (wek) [ME., weik, weak]. Not strong. W. 
Ankle, a condition in which there is an abnormal re- 
laxation of the ligaments of the ankle-joint, with 
such weakness of the leg-muscles as may allow the 
foot to bend involuntarily, either inward or outward, 
in the act of standing or walking. It is common in 
feeble children. W. -minded, having a feeble in- 
tellect. 

Weaken (we' -ken) [ME., weik, weak]. To reduce the 
strength. 

(wek'-nes) [ME., weik, weak]. See 
W., Inward, a popular term for leukor- 



Weakness 

Asthenia. 
rhea. 
Weal (wel). 



1. Well-beins;. 2. .See Wheal. 



WEAN 



1613 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



Wean (wen) [ME., wenen, to wean]. To cease to 
give suck to offspring at a period when the latter is 
capable of taking substantial food from external 
sources. 

Weaning (iuin r -ing). See Ablactation. 

Weasel-faced (we' -zl fast) [ME., wesel, weasel ; face'] . 
Having a thin, sharp face. 

Weather-plant (weth'-er plant). Jequirity,»f . v. 

Web [ME., web, web]. A woven fabric; a membrane- 
like structure. The thin, soft tissue between any two 
adjacent fingers or toes, lying distad of the knuckles. 
W. of the Brain, the bindweb, or neuroglia. W., 
Choroid, the velum interpositum. W.-eye. See 
Pterygium. W.-eyed, affected with pterygium. 
W. -fingered, having the fingers united by web-like 
tissue. W. -foot, a foot whose toes are webbed. W.- 
footed, having web-feet. W.-footedness, webfoot. 
W.-toed, web-footed. 

Webbed (ivebd) [ME., web, web]. Having, or of 
the nature of a web. W. Fingers (or Toes), union 
of two adjacent digits by a thin band of connecting 
tissue. 

Weber (web'-er). I. Same as Coulomb. 2. Same as 
Ampire. See Electric Units. 

Weber's Chronometer. A kind of metronome con- 
sisting of a weight and a graduated and adjustable 
cord. W.'s Corpuscle. See Corpuscle. W.'s Ex- 
periment, for testing hearing. A vibrating tuning- 
fork set on the median line of the skull will be heard 
best by the ear the external meatus of which is 
occluded by the finger. In unilateral ear-disease the 
tuning-fork is best heard by the ear in which patho- 
logic changes have occurred in the external meatus or 
the middle ear. W.'s Glands. See Gland. W.'s 
Law, a law of sense-perceptions. When the excitation 
is increased in geometric proportion, the sensation is 
increased in arithmetic proportion, or, in other words, 
the reaction varies as the logarithm of the excitation. 
See Law. 'W.'s Paradox, the fact 
that a muscle, when so stretched that 
it cannot contract, may elongate. Gills. 

J ° 1 = 7 2Io7 CU 

W.'s Symptom, paralysis of the 4 = j pint 

oculo-motor of one side and hemi- 8 = 2 pints 

plegia of the opposite side. W.'s 3? = 8 

Test. See W.' 's Experiment. 4032=1008 " 

Weber and Hasner, Theory of. See 8064 = 2016 
Aspiration-theory. 

Webster's Condenser. In microscopy, an apparatus 
consisting of two lenses, used for intensifying the 
light thrown on the object. W.'s (Lady) Pill, a pill 
of aloes and kina. 

Wedge (wej) [ME., wegge, wedge]. A prismoidal 
mass used by dentists to separate the teeth. W.-bone, 
an ossicle sometimes found at a vertebral joint. 

Wedl's Solution. A solution of a coloring-matter ob- 
tained from the lichen Roccella tinctoria. The free 
ammonia is driven off by gentle heat from the French 
extract of orseillin, and this powder is added to the 
following mixture until a deep-red fluid is obtained : 
absolute alcohol 20 c.c.,hydric acetate 5 c.c, distilled 
water 40 c.c. 

Weed (wed) [origin obscure]. I. Milk-fever. See 
Garget and Ephemera. 2. Lymphangitis in the legs 
of a horse. 

Weep (wep) [M.~E. ,wepen, to weep]. To shed tears. 

Weeping (wep'-ing) [ME., 
«/?/«*, to weep]. 1. Lac- 
rymation. 2. Exudation, or Inches^ 

leakage of a fluid. Exud- 36 = 3 f ee t'= 1 

ing ; applied to raw or ex- • 72 = 6 ' ' = 2 

coriated surfaces bathed _ J 9 8 = * 6 ' 5 ,, = 5 

. , . ... 7,920= 660 = 220 

with a moist discharge. 63,360 = 5280 " = 1760 



W. Leg. See Leg. W. Sinews, a colloquial term 
applied to torn or broken tendons, because of the 
appearance of the structures after certain injuries. 

Weibel, Spirilliof. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of . 

Weid (wed). Same as Weed. 

Weight (wdt) [ME. , weight, weight]. The measure of 
the force of gravitation. A table or system for the 
measurement of weight. W., Atomic. See Atomic 
Weight. W., Molecular. See Molecular Weight. 
Ws. and Measures : The U. S. Standard Unit of 
Weight is the Troy Pound ; it was copied in 1827, 
from the imperial troy pound of England, for the use 
of the U. S. Mint, and there deposited. It is standard 
in air, at 62° Fah. , the barometer at 30 inches. 

Grains. troy weight. 

24 = 1 dwt. 
480 = 20 dvvts. = 1 oz. 

5760 = 240 dwts. = 12 oz. = 1 lb. = 22.816 cu. in of distilled 
water at 62 Fahr. 

avoirdupois weight. 
Drams. Ounces. 

16 = 1 = 437.5 grains Troy. 

256 = 16 = 1 lb. = 1. 2153 lb. Troy. 
6,400 = 400 = 25 lbs. = 1 quarter. 
25,600 = 1,600 = 100 " = 4 quarters = 1 cwt. 
512,000 = 32,000 = 2000 " =80 " = 20 " = 1 ton. 

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 

Grains. 

20 = 1 scruple 
60 = 3 scruples = 1 dram. 
480 =24 =8 drams = 1 oz. 

5760 = 288 " =96 " = 12 ounces = 1 lb. 

APOTHECARIES' MEASURE. 

60 minims = 1 fluidram. 
8 fluidrams = 1 fluidounce. 
16 fluidounces= 1 pint. 
2 pints = 1 quart. 

4 quarts = 1 gallon. 

45 drops of water, or a common teaspoonful, make about 
1 fluidram; 2 tablespoon fuls about 1 fluidounce; a wineglass- 
ful is about i l /z fluidounces ; and a teacupful about 4 fluid- 
ounces. 

LIQUID, OR WINE MEASURE. 



= 28.875 cu. in. 

= 1 quart = 55.75 cu. in. 

= 4 quarts = 1 gallon. 

= 252 " =63 gallons = 

= 504 " = 126 

= 1008 " = 252 " 



1 hogshead. 

2 hogsheads = 1 pipe. 

4 " =2 pipes = 1 tun. 



The Standard Unit of Liquid Measure adopted by 
the U. S. Government is the Winchester Wine 
Gallon, which contains 231 cubic inches, and holds 
8.339 ft> s av °ir- OI distilled water, at its maximum den- 
sity, weighed in air, the barometer being at 30 inches. 
The Imperial Gallon adopted by Great Britain con- 
tains 277,274 cubic inches, and equals 1. 20032 U. S. 
gallons. The Standard Unit of the U. S. and British 
Linear Measure is the yard. It was intended to be 
exactly the same for both countries, but in reality the 
U. S. yard exceeds the British standard by .00087 
inch. The actual standard of length of the U. S. is a 
brass scale 82 inches long prepared for the Coast Sur- 
vey and deposited in the Office of Weights and 
Measures at the U. S. Treasury Dept. , Washington. 
The yard is between the 27th and the 63d inch of this 
scale. The temperature at which this scale is designed 
to be standard, and at which it is used in the U. S. 
Coast Survey, is 62 Fahrenheit. 

LONG MEASURE. 

yard. 

yards = 1 fathom. 
5 " = 2.75 fathoms = 1 perch. 

" = no " = 40 perches = iTurlong. 

" = 880 " = 320 " =8 furlongs = 1 mile. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



1614 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



SQUARE MEASURE. 

Sq. Inches. Sq. Feet. 
144= 1 

1296= 9=1 sq.yard. 

39,204= 272.25 = 30.25 sq. yards = 1 perch. 
1,568,160=10,890 =1210 " " = 40 perches = I rood. 
6,272,640 =-43,560 =4840 " " =160 " = 4 roods = 1 acre. 
An acre is 69.5701 square yards ; or, 208.710321 square feet. 
A township is 6 miles square = 36 sections. 
A section " 1 mile " = 640 acres. 
li " " % " " = 160 " 

■h " " % " " = 4° " 



SOLID MEASURE. 

Cu. in. 

1,728 = 1 cubic foot. 
46,656 = 27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard. 



DRY MEASURE. 

Pints. 

1 = 33-6 cubic inches. 

2=1 quart = 67.2 cubic inches. 

8=4 quarts = 1 gallon = 268.8 cubic inches. 
16 = 8 " =2 gallons = 1 peck = 537.6 cubic in. 
64 = 32 " =8 " =4 pecks = 1 bushel. 



The Standard U. S. Bushel is the Winchester 
Bushel, which is, in the cylinder form, 18^ in. 
in diameter and 8 in. deep, and contains 2150.42 cub. 
inches. 

The English Imperial bushel = { ^JitaSd. 



METRIC, OR FRENCH WEIGHTS. 



The English quarter = 



Imperial bushels. 
8\i (nearly) U. S. bushels. 
10.2694 cubic feet. 



Milligram = 
Centigram = 
Decigram = 
Gram = 

Decagram = 
Hectogram = 
Kilogram = 
Myriogram = 
Quintal 
Tonneau 



Gram. 

.001 
.01 
.1 
1 



10 

100 

1000 

10,000 

100,000 

1,000,000 



Troy Gr. 

= -01543 
= -15433 
= 1-5433 
= 15.43316 = 



Avoir. 

Oz. Avoir. Lb. 
.03528 = .0022047 
.3528 = .022047 
= 3-52758 = -2204737 
= 35-2758 = 2.204737 
= = 22.04737 

= = 220.4737 

= =2204.737 



METRIC, OR FRENCH DRY AND LIQUID MEASURE. 



Milliliter = 

Centiliter = 

Deciliter = 

Liter = 

Decaliter = 
Hectoliter = 

Kiloliter = 



Lit. U. S. Cu. In. 

„,. f Liquid 
.001 = .061 = j D 4 y 

.01 = .61 = i yq« id 



100 
1000 



Myrialiter =10,000 



Dry 



= 6.1 
= 61.02 = 



_ f Liquid 



= 610.16 = 
U. S. Cu. Ft. 

= 3-531 = 

= 35-31 = 
= 353-1 = 



U. S. 

.00845 gi' 1 - 

.0018 pint. 

.0845 gill. 

.018 pint. 

.845 gill = 0.2113 pint. 

.18 pint. 

2. 113 pints = 1.057 quarts. 

1.8 pints = .908 quart. 

2.641 gallons. 

9.08 quarts = 1.135 pints. 

Liquid 26.414 gallons. 

Dry 2.837 bushels. 

Liquid 264.141 gallons. 

Dry 28.374 bushels. 

Liquid 2641.4 gallons. 

Dry 283.7 bushels. 



Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 



METRIC, OR FREIXH LINEAL MEASURE. 



Millimeter* = 
Centimeterf = 
Decimeter = 
Meter = 

Decameter = 
Hectometer = 
Kilometer 
Myriameter 



Meter. 

.001 

.01 



100 

1000 

10,000 



U. S. In. 

= -°3937 
= -3937 
= 3-937 
= 39-36S5 



* Nearly the 5V of an inch. 



Ft. 
.00328 
.03280 
.32807 
3.2807 
32.807 
328.07 
3,280.7 
32,807 



Yd. 
.10936 
1 .0936 
10.936 
109.36 
1093.6 
10,936 



f Full }i of an inch. 



Mile. 
= .0621347 
= .6213466 
= 6.213466 



METRIC, OR FRENCH SQUARE MEASURE. 

Sq. Meter. U. S. Sq. In. 

Sq. Centimeter = .01= -155= Sq. Ft. Sq. Yd. 

Sq. Decimeter = .1 = 15.5 = .10763 = .01196 

Centiare = 1 = 1549.88 = 10.763 = 1.196 

Are = 10 =154,988 = 1076.3 = 1 19.6 

Hectare = 100 = 107,630 = 11,959 = 
Sq. Kilometer = .38607 Sq. Mile 
Sq. Myriameter = 38.607 " 



Acre. 
.00025 
•0247 
2.47 
247 
24,708 



COMPARISON OF U. S. FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



Weights. 



Liquid Measures. 



Dry Measures. 



Austria 

Bremen 

Buenos Ayres,. . . . 

China, 

Cuba 

Denmark 

England 

France 

Hamburg, 

Japan, 

Mexico, 

Norway and Sweden, 
Papal States, .... 

Portugal 

Russia 

Turkey > . 



Name. 
Pfund 

Libra 

Catty 

Libra 

Pund 

Pound 

Kilo 

Pfund 

Monme 

Libra 

Skalpund 

Libbra 

Libra 

Funt 

Oke 



U. S 



lbs. Av. 
1-235 
1.099 
1.0127 
1-3333 
1.0119 
1.1025 
1 

2.0246 
1.0683 
3-858 
1.0119 
•937 
■7475 
1.0119 
0.907 
2.834 



Name. 
Euner 
Stubchen 
Frasco 

Arroba 

Pott 

Imp. gallon 

Liter 

Ohm 

Masa 

Frasco 

Kamea 

Barile(w'e) 

Almude 

Vedro 



U. S. gal. 
= 14-95 
= .851 
= .627 

4-i 
■255 

1.2003 
.2642 
38.27S 
•459 
■4 

.662 
15.412 

4.422 

3-249 



Name. 

Nutze 

Scheffel 

Fanega 

Sei 

Fanega 

Fonda 

Imp. bu. 

Hectoliter 

Fass 

Fanega 

Rubblio 
Alqueire 
Chetviert 
Kilo 



U. S. bush. 
= 1-745 
= 2.103 
= 3-894 
= 3-472 
= 3-124 
= 3-948 
I-03I5 



1.56 

1-547 

.S36 

•393 

5-956 

1. 001 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



1615 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



1 

lltllllll 


Z 

llllllll! 


3 

llllllll! 


1lll|llll 

4 

1,1 1,1 1 1,1 1 


in 
hi 


inn 

5 

llll| 


llll|llll 

6 

llllll II 


ini|llil 

7 

iiiiIiii 


llll|HII 

8 

iiiiIiii 


iiil|iin 

9 

lllllllll 


iiiijiiii iiii|iin 

10 i 

mi mi iiiIiiii 


llll|illl 
1 1 

iiiiliiii 


mi|i 

a, 

null 


1 

lllllllllllll 


II 

II 


|HI 

linl 


ii 


Z 

III 


III 


1 

1 


l|ll]lll 
3 

lllllllll 


lll|lll| 
llllllll 


II 
II 


III 

4 

III 


lll|lll|lll 
lllllllll!! 


5 

III 



Centi- 
meters. 



Inches 



ONE BEER QUART 
OKIE IMPERIAL QUART 



ONE DRY QUART 



ONE LITER 



I46.9TMTI ■» height. 



144.6 " " 



140.2 



1273 




X 



CUBIC 

CENTI- 
METER | 




Circular base ioo millimeters in diameter. 



WEIL'S DISEASE 



1616 



WERNICKE'S FISSURE 





TABLE FOR CONVERTING 


METRIC WEIGHTS INTO TROY WE 


GF 

PPR 

L 


ITS. 








< 
> 

a z . 

2.- "> 

■t < 

L- A X 

X 

W 


Approximate Equiva- 
lents in Troy 
Weights. 


10 
< 

O 


< 
> 

a z . 

O z 

h» = 
u Z pj 

X 

W 


Approximate Equiva- 
lents in Troy 
Weights. 


u3 
S 
< 

O 


< 
> 

h 5 « 

u gO 

X 

W 


A 


3ximate equiva- 
snts in Troy 
Weights. 


CO 

s 

< 
a. 



u 

c 

3 
O 


1 

Q 


to 

OJ 
O. 
3 
u 
U 
CO 


"5 

1- 


w 

CU 

CJ 

3 




s 

Q 


10 
cu 

"5. 
3 
)-• 

co 


en 


V 
CJ 
£ 
3 
O 


1 
a 
u 

a 


CO 

CU 

0. 

3 
I* 
O 

co 


'3 

u 




O.OI 

0.02 

0/03 

0.04 

0.05 

0.06 

0.07 

0.08 

O.09 

O.I 

0.2 

0-3 

0-4 
o-5 
0.6 
o-7 
0.8 
0.9 
1.0 
2.0 


0.1543 

0.30S6 

0.4630 

0.6173 

0.7717 

0.9260 

1.0803 

1-2347 

1.3890 

1-543 

3.086 

4.630 

6-173 

7.716 

9-259 

10.803 
12.346 
13-889 
15-432 
30.865 






I 


4 
A 

it 

i 
9 

15 
I 

li 
Ij 
15 

3 

4S 

6J 

7f 

91 

lof 

12$ 

14 

154 

10* 


3-0 
4.0 
5-o 
6.0 
7.0 
8.0 
9.0 
10.0 

II.O 
12.0 
I3.O 
I4.O 
15-0 
l6.0 
17.0 
18.0 
I9.O 
20.0 
21.0 
22.0 


46.297 
61.729 
77.162 
92.594 
108.026 
123-459 
138.891 
I54-323 
169.756 
185.188 
200.621 
216.053 
231-485 
246.91S 
262.350 
277.782 

293-215 
308.647 
324.079 
339-512 








1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
4 
4 
4 
5 
5 
5 


2 

1 
2 

1 
2 

1 
1 
2 

1 
1 

2 

1 

1 


6i 

ij 
I7J 
12? 

8 

3h 
lSi 9 a 
144 

91 

5* 
1 
16 
Hi 

6ft 

2i 
17* 

13* 
85 

4 1*5 

I9i 


23.0 
24.0 
25.0 
26.0 
27.0 
28.0 
29.0 
30.0 
31.0 
32.0 
40.0 
45-° 
50.0 
60.0 
70.0 
80.0 
90.0 
100.0 


354-944 
370.376 
385-809 
401.241 
416.673 
432.106 
447-538 
462.970 
478.403 
493-835 
617.294 
694.456 
771.617 

925-94I 
1080.264 
1234-588 
1388.91 1 
1543-235 




2 
2 
2 
3 


5 

6 
6 
6 
6 

7 

7 
7 
7 

2 

3 
4 
7 
2 
4 
7 
I 


2 

1 
2 
2 

1 
2 
2 

1 
2 
1 

1 

2 


5 
io§ 

5* 

ii 

I6| 

I2l'lJ 

7* 

3 

18? 
13* 
I7ft 

i°4 
"* 

6 

i 
14* 
9 
3i 





TABLE FOR CONVERTING TROY WEIGHTS INTO METRIC WEIGHTS. 




z 


in 
S 


co 
Z 


co 
2 


CO 

Z 


CO 

S 


CO 

Z 


CO 

S 


c/i 

Z 


CO 

S 


CO 

Z 


CO 

S 


CO 

z 


CO 

2 


CO 

Z 


in 

S 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


K 


a 


a 


X 


a 


OS 


a 


a 


a 


a 


tt 


a 


a. 


a 


a. 


« 


O 


O 


O 


O 








O 


O 


O 


O 


O 


O 


O 


O 


O 


O 


I 


0.0648 


16 


1-037 


31 


2.009 


46 


2.980 


61 


3-952 


76 


4.924 


91 


5.896 


300 


19.440 


2 


0.1296 


17 


1. 102 


32 


2.073 


47 


3-045 


62 


4.017 


77 


4.989 


92 


5-96i 


360 


23.328 


3 


0.1944 


18 


1. 166 


33 


2.138 


48 


3-HO 


63 


4.082 


78 


5-054 


93 


6.026 


400 


25.920 


4 


0.2592 


19 


1. 231 


34 


2.203 


49 


3-175 


64 


4.147 


79 


5.118 


94 


6.090 


480 


31-103 


5 


0.3240 


20 


1.296 


35 


2.268 


50 


3-234 


65 


4.21 1 


80 


5-183 


95 


6.155 


500 


32-396 


6 


0.3888 


21 


1:361 


36 


2.332 


5i 


3-304 


66 


4.276 


81 


5-248 


96 


6.220 


600 


38-875 


7 


0.4536 


22 


1.426 


37 


2-397 


52 


3-369 


67 


4-341 


82 


5-313 


97 


6.285 


700 


45-354 


8 


0.5184 


23 


1.490 


38 


2.462 


53 


3-434 


68 


4.406 


83 


5-378 


98 


6.350 


800 


5I-833 


9 


0.5832 


24 


1-555 


39 


2.527 


54 


3-499 


69 


4-471 


84 


5-442 


99 


6.414 


900 


58.313 


10 


0.6480 


25 


1.620 


40 


2.592 


55 


3-564 


70 


4-535 


85 


5-507 


100 


6-479 


960 


62.207 


11 


0.7130 


26 


1.685 


41 


2.656 


56 


3-62S 


71 


4.600 


86 


5-572 


120 


7-776 


1000 


64.792 


12 


0.7770 


27 


1.749 


42 


2.721 


57 


3-693 


72 


4.665 


87 


5-637 


150 


9.719 






13 


0.8424 


28 


1.814 


43 


2.786 


.58 


3-758 


73 


4-730 


88 


5- 702 


180 


1 1 .664 






14 


0.9072 


29 


1.869 


44 


2.851 


59 


3.823 


74 


4-795 


89 


5.766 


200 


12.958 






15 


0.972 


30 


1.944 


45 


2.916 


60 


3.888 


75 


4-859 


90 


5-831 


240 


15-552 







Weil's Disease. An infectious febrile disease, some- 
what resembling typhoid fever, accompanied by mus- 
cular pain and grave disturbance of the digestive 
organs. See Diseases, Table of. 

Weisner's Tests. Tests for lignin. The specimen 
is first acted on by hydrochloric acid, and then moist- 
ened with a solution of phloroglucin in water and 
alcohol. If the cell-walls are lignified, they will at 
once assume a red color. Hohnel suggests the em- 
ployment of a strong decoction of cherry-wood in- 
stead of phloroglucin. Used in the same way, it im- 
parts a violet color to lignified cells (Goodale). 

Weiss' Reflex. A peculiar curved reflex seen with the 
ophthalmoscope parallel with and to the nasal side of 
the papilla or disc of the fundus of the eye. It is 
thought to be a sign of myopia. 

Weissmann's Ahnenplasma. See Heredity, Weiss- 
mann's Theory of. W.'s Theory. See Blastogenesis, 
Germ-plasm, and Heredity. 

Weissmannism. See Heredity, Weissmann's Theory of. 

Weitbrecht, Cartilage of. See Cartilage. W., 
Cord of. See Cord. W.'s Ligament. See Liga- 
ment. W., Retinacula of. See Retinacala. 



Welcker's Angles. See Angle. 

Welk. See Whelk. 

Well [ME., wel, well]. In good health, not dis- 
eased. An artificially made spring of water. A 
cavity or pit. 

Wells' Facies. The facies of ovarian disease. 

Welt. See Wheal. 

Wen. See Sebaceous Cyst. 

Wenz's Method. A method of removing all the pro- 
teids from a liquid. Saturate the solutions with am- 
monium sulphate, and all the proteids but peptones 
will be precipitated, and may be filtered off. 

Werlhoff's Disease. Purpura hemorrhagica. See 
Diseases, Table of. 

Wernekinck, Commissure of. The decussation of the 
prepeduncles of the cerebellum. 

Wernicke's Fissure. See Fissure. W.'s Sign, 
Hemiopic pupillary inaction. If a bright light is 
thrown into the eye and the pupil reacts, the integrity 
of the reflex arc is demonstrated. It is possible in 
cases of lateral hemianopsia to throw the light into 
the eye so that it falls upon the blind half of the retina. 
If when this is done the pupil contracts, the indica- 



WERTHEIM'S OINTMENT 



1617 



WHITE 



tion is that the reflex arc referred to is perfect, by 
which is meant that the optic nerve-fibers from the 
retinal expansion to the center, the center itself, and 
the third nerve are uninvolved. In such a case the 
conclusion would be justified that the cause of the 
hemianopsia was central; that is, situated behind the 
geniculate bodies, either in the fibers of the optic radi- 
ation or in the visual cortical centers. If, on the 
other hand, when the light is carefully thrown on the 
hemiopic half of the retina, the pupil remains inactive, 
the conclusion is justifiable that there is interruption 
in the path between the retina and the geniculate 
bodies, and that the hemianopsia is not central, but 
dependent upon a lesion situated in the tract. 

Wertheim's Ointment. An ointment used in treating 
chloasmata. It consists of the ammoniated chlorid of 
mercury and bismuth, each two drams, and glycerin 
ointment one ounce. This is to be smeared over the 
blotches. 

Werwolf, Werewolf (wer'-wulf) [ME., werwolf]. 
A lycanthrope. See Lycanthropy and Zodnthropy. 

West Indian Colic. See Colic. 

Westphal's Nucleus. See Nucleus. W., Paradoxic 
Contraction of, this consists in the contraction of 
a muscle, caused by the passive approximation of its 
extremities. It is best known in the tibialis amicus, 
in which it can be produced in proper cases by rapid 
dorsal flexion of the foot ; the foot remains firmly fixed 
in this position for some time. It has been observed 
in cases of combined sclerosis of the posterior and lat- 
eral columns and in paralysis agitans (Westphal). 
It is found only in disease. W.'s Phenomenon, or 
Symptom, loss of the knee-jerk, as in tabes dorsalis. 
See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. W.-Erb's 
Symptom. Same as Il'estphaPs Phenomenon. 

Wet [ME., wet, wet]. Moist; not dry. W. Brain, 
an excessively serous condition of the brain, seen post- 
mortem in cases of alcoholism, etc. W. -cupping, 
cupping combined with scarification, whereby some 
blood is drawn. W.-nurse. See Nurse. W. Pack, 
wrapping a patient with a wet sheet covered with dry 
blankets. W. -scald, eczema in sheep, occurring in 
wet and cold weather. W. Tetter. See Eczema. 

Weyl's Test {for kreatinim. See Tests, Table of. 

Whale-oil [AS., hwtzl, whale]. Train-oil. An oil 
extracted from the blubber of the common or Green- 
land whale. It is yellowish or brownish in color and 
of disagreeable odor. Its specific gravity is .920 to 
.931. It is used for illumination and for soap-making. 

Wharl (liwarl) [a variety of whirl]. The uvular or 
rattling utterance of the R sound. 

Wharton's Canal. See Duct. W., Duct of. See 
Duct. W.'s Jelly, the gelatin-like connective tissue 
of the umbilical cord. 

Wheal (hwel) [ME., wheel, a pimple]. A raised stripe 
or ridge on the skin, usually of short duration and accom- 
panied with violent itching. It may be produced by a 
stroke or from the bite or sting of an insect, or it 
occurs as a symptom in urticaria. See Pomphus. W.- 
worm, the Acarus scabiei, or itch-insect. 

Wheat (hwet). See Triticum. 

Wheatena (hwet-e'-nah) [ME., whete, wheat]. An arti- 
ficial food said to contain all the elements of the wheat- 
berry except the husk. The starch-granules have al- 
ready been ruptured by heat, and only a few moments' 
cooking is necessary. 

Wheel (hwel) [ME., wheel, wheel]. A circular frame 
or solid disc turning on an axis. In biology, the tra- 
cheal disc of Rotifera. W. -crutch, a contrivance used 
in orthopedic surgery whereby children unable to walk 
from hip-disease, paralysis, etc., may move themselves 
from place to place. W., Knight's, a small wheel 
102 



rotating in the horizontal plane, with a number of seeds 
attached to its circumference, devised by Andrew 
Knight to ascertain the effect of geotropism. W. of 
Life. See Zoetrope. 

Wheelhouse's Operation. Incision into the urethra 
through the perineum for the treatment of stricture. 
See under Urethrotomy. 

Wheeze (hwez) [ME., hwezen, to wheeze]. To breathe 
hard ; to puff and blow ; to breathe with difficulty and 
audibly. 

Wheezing (hwBz' '-ing) [ME., hwesen, to wheeze]. The 
half-stertorous, sibilant sound occasionally observed in 
the breathing of persons affected with croup, asthma, 
or coryza. 

Whelk {hwelk) [ME., welk\ A protuberance upon 
the face, due to alcoholism ; acne rosacea ; a pimple. 

Whetstone Crystals (hwet'-ston). Peculiar crystals 
of xanthin found in urine. 

Whey (hwa) [ME., whey, whey]. The liquid part of 
milk separating from the curd in coagulation. W., 
Alum, whey separated by stirring milk with a lump 
of alum ; a popular remedy for sore eyes. W.-cure, 
a cure for chronic catarrh of the respiratory organs. 
This consists in drinking warm whey, either alone or 
mixed with. a mineral water, in definite quantities at 
set times. About 20 ounces are taken daily. This 
is regarded by many as in all respects similar to the 
use of skimmed milk. Sometimes the method is com- 
bined with baths of whey. See Serotherapy and 
Aponipsis. W., Wine, a whey prepared by adding 
Rhine wine, I part, to hot milk, 4 parts, and straining. 

Whiff (hwif) [origin obscure]. A puff of air. W., 
Oral, a peculiar sound heard during expiration from 
the open mouth, principally in cases of thoracic aneur- 
ysm. 

Whipping (hwip'-ing). See Flagellation and Percus- 
sion. 

Whip-worm (hwip'-wurm). See Thread-worm. 

Whirl (hwurl) [ME., whirlen, to whirl]. To revolve 
rapidly. W.-bone : I. The head of the femur. 2. 
The patella. 

■Whirling (hwurV-ing) [ME., whirlen, to whirl]. Re- 
volving rapidly. W. -chair. See Chair. 

Whiskers (hwis'-kerz) [origin obscure]. I. The beard, 
especially that of the cheeks. 2. The vibrissse of the 
cat. 

Whiskey, Whisky (hwis'- ke) [Sc. , whuskey]. See 
Spiritus frumenti. W.-nose. See Acne rosacea. 

Whisper (hwis / -per) [ME., whisperen, to whisper]. 
An utterance of words by the breath, without vocali- 
zation; in auscultation, the sound of a whispering 
voice, as a cavernous whisper. 

Whispered (hwis'-perd) [ME., whisperen, to whis- 
per]. Uttered beneath the breath. W. Bronchoph- 
ony. See Bronchophony. 

Whispering Pectoriloquy. ■ See Pectoriloqiiy. 

Whistle (hwis' -I) [ME., whistle, a whistle]. A 
sound produced by forcing the breath through the con- 
tracted lips. W., Galton's. See Galton's Whistle. 

Whistling (hwis' -ling) [ME. , whistle, whistle]. Broken 
wind in the horse. 

White (hwlt) [ME., whit, white]. The opposite of 
black. In chromatics, the color-effect produced by a 
mixture of the primary colors. W. Blisters, a gan- 
grenous eruption, following varicella and other pustular 
eruptions in children ; varicella gangrasnosus, rupia es- 
charotica, pemphigus gangnenosus, dermatitis gangre- 
nosa infantum. W. -browed, having a white supercil- 
iary streak. W. -celled Blood. Synonym of Leu- 
kemia. W. Clay. See Kaolin. W. Clot, a clot occur- 
ring in the heart or vessels, devoid of red coloring-mat- 
ter. It is usually formed before death. W. Cohosh. 



WHITE'S DISEASE 



1618 



WILL 



SeeActea. W. Commissure, the ventral commissure 
of the spina] cord. W. -crowned, having the crown or 
top of the head white. W. Diarrhea, diarrhea in 
which there is a large amount of thin mucus in the 
stools. W., Dutch, a mixture of white lead and 
barium sulphate, 1:3. W. Dysentery, dysentery 
without admixture of blood in the stools. W. Flake, 
lead subcarbonate. W. Flux (of India), " Hill 
diarrhea;" tropical diarrhea associated with the 
presence of the ankylostoma. See Diarrhea. W. 
Galls, the nutgalls procured after the escape of the 
insect ; they are inferior to the blue or black galls. 
W. Gangrene. See Gangrene. W. Gum, Milia 
strophulus albidus of Willan. W., Hamburg, a 
mixture of white lead and barium sulphate, I : 2. 
W. Infarct. See Infarct. W. Lead, lead car- 
bonate. See Pigments, Conspectus of. W. Lead 
Substitute. See Pigments, Conspectus of. W. Leg. 
See Phlegmasia alba dolens and leg. W. Leprosy. 
See Vitiligo. W. Lettuce. See Nabalus. W. 
Line (of the pelvic fascia), a thickened, whitish band 
in the pelvic fascia, extending from the lower part of 
the symphysis pubis to the spine of the ischium. This 
line marks the point of division of the fascia into two 
layers, the obturator and the recto-yesical. W- 
lipped, having white lips. W. Matter. See Brain. 
W. Mole. See Mole. W. Mustard, sinapis alba. W. 
Nail, a condition of the nail in which spots and bands 
of white are seen on its surface. Occasionally the 
whole nail may be white. The mechanical cause is 
the presence of air between the affected lamellae, but 
the origin is unknown. The condition is sometimes 
associated with gout, syphilis, or leprosy, or is a part of 
trophic changes. The white spots commonly seen on 
the nails of young persons are due to trauma. W. 
Oak Bark. See Quants alba. W., Paris, whiting. 
W., Pearl, bismuth subnitrate. W., Permanent, 
pulverized barium sulphate mixed with white lead. 
W. Pneumonia. See Pneumonia. W. Precipitate. 
See Precipitate and Hydrargyrum. W Rosin, ordin- 
ary rosin which has been melted and mixed with 
water. W. Sage. See Erotia lanata. W. San- 
dalwood. See Santalum. W. Softening, a form 
of cerebral softening in which the affected area pre- 
sents a dirty-white color, due to embolism of one 
of the larger arteries or to gradual narrowing of the 
arteries by chronic endarteritis. W. Substance of 
Schwann. See Schwann. W. Swelling. See 
Hydrarthrosis. W. Tache, a form of tache observed 
in typhoid fever, in which the vessels of the area 
irritated by the nail undergo contraction and remain 
empty. W. Tanned Leather. See leather. W., 
Venetian, a mixture of equal parts of white lead 
and barium sulphate. W. Vervain, the root of Ver- 
bena urtici folia ; of reputed value in malarial fevers. 
W. Vitriol, zinc sulphate. See Pigments, Conspectus 
of. W. Wax, yellow wax bleached by exposure to 
air, light, and moisture. W. Wine. SeelVine. W.- 
winged, having white wings. 

Vv'hite's Disease. Same as Darter s Disease. 

Whites (/nvitz). See I.eukorrhea. 

■Whiting (hwlt'-ing) [ME., whit, white]. Purified 
calcium carbonate. 

Whitleather (hwit'-leth-er) [WE..,7Juhittlether\. The 
ligamentum nuchae, or packwax, of the ox. 

Whitlow (hwit'-lo). See Panaris. W., Painless. 
See Mbrvan's Disease. 

Whole (hoi) [ME., hoi, whole]. Hale; healthy; 
sound. 

Whoop (hoof) [ME., houpen, to whoop]. The in- 
spiratory crow which precedes or occurs during a par- 
oxysm in whooping-cough. 



Whooping Cough (hoo'-ping-kawf). See Pertussis 
and Bacillus tussis convulsive, Afanassiew, under 
Bacteria, Synonyma/ic Table of. 

Whorl (hworl) [ME., whorle,\\\iox\~\. See Vortex. 
In biology, organs disposed in a circle about a cen- 
tral axis are said to be arranged in a whorl. W. of 
Heart. See Vortex of Heart. 

Whytt's Disease. Acute hydrocephalus. W.'s Tinc- 
ture, a preparation consisting of cinchona 6, orange- 
peel 2, gentian 2, cinnamon I, dilute alcohol 50. 

Wickersheimer's Fluid. A fluid employed chiefly for 
the preservation of museum specimens. There are 
two formulae, the first for injecting, and the second for 
immersing. They are as follows : — 

First Second 

Solution. Solution. 

Arsenious acid i6gms. i2gms. 

Sodium chlorid, 80 60 

Potassium sulphate 200 150 

" carbonate, ... 20 15 

" nitrate 25 18 

Glycerin, 4,000 c.c. 4,000 c.c. 

Wood-naphtha 750 750 

Water, 10,000 10,000 

Widal Reaction (Gruber-Widal Reaction, Agglu- 
tination-test). The clumping and sedimentation, 
with loss of mobility, of certain bacteria on addition 
of blood-serum from persons who have passed or are 
passing through the disease to which the respective 
bacterium gives rise. 

Wig [abbr. of periwig]. A covering of false hair for 
the head. 

Wigger's Ergotin. An alcoholic extract prepared from 
ergot deprived of fixed oil by means of ether. W.'s 
Method, a Method of Generating Chlorin. Mix 
18 parts of finely ground common salt with 15 parts 
of finely pulverized good manganese dioxid. Put the 
mixture in a flask and pour a completely cooled mixture 
of 45 parts of concentrated sulphuric acid and 21 
parts of water upon it, and shake. 

Wild(7«A/) [ ME., wilde, wild]. Not domesticated. 
W. Bean. See Apios. W. Bergamot, the herb 
Alouarda fistulosa, in large doses a powerful diapho- 
retic. A reputed antiperiodic. Dose of the fid. ext. 
TTLxv-^j. W. Cherry. See Primus virginiana. 
W.-fire. Synonym of Erysipelas. W Ginger. See 
Asarum. W. Indigo. See Baptisia. W. Liquor- 
ice. See Abrus. W.-mare, the night-mare. W. 
Marjoram. See Origanum. W. Potato. See Con- 
volvulus panduratits. W. Sage. See Serra salvia. 
W. Silk. See Silk. W. Sunflower. See Grin- 
delia. W. Yam. See Dioscorea. 

Wilde, Cords of. Transverse striae of the corpus cal- 
losum. W.'s Incision, in operations in the mas- 
toid region, the incision of the soft parts. See 
Operations , Table of. 

Wilder's Fissures. See Fissure. W., Foramen of. 
See Foramina, Table of. 

Wildermuth's Ear. See Ear, Deformities, and Dis- 
eases, Table of. 

Wilkinson's Formula. An animal parasiticide used 
in dermatology. It consists of sulphur, tar, and lard, 
of each two ounces, precipitated chalk one ounce, 
ammonium sulphid one-half dram. It is used for 
tinea tonsurans and scabies. W.'s Ointment, or 
Salve, for psoriasis ; it consists of sublimed sulphur 
and oil of cade, of each four drams, green soap 
and lard each one ounce, prepared chalk two and one- 
half drams. 

Wilks's Kidney. The large white kidney of chronic 
parenchymatous nephritis. See Diseases, Table of. 

Will (wil) [ME., willen, to will]. Volition; desire, 
with more or less engagement of the motor centers 
and of the muscular system. 



WILL AND VARRENTRAPS METHOD 1619 



WINTER 



Will and Varrentrap's Method. See Nitrogen. 

Williamson's Diabetic Blood Test. Place in a test- 
tube of small caliber 40 c. mm. of water and 20 
c. mm. of blood taken from the finger-tip or lobule of 
the ear ; add to this I c.c. of methyl blue solution 
(I : 6000) and 40 c. mm. of liquid potassre. Place the 
test-tube in boiling water for three or four minutes with- 
out shaking. If the blood is that of a diabetic patient, 
the blue color will disappear and the fluid will become 
yellow. In nondiabetic blood the blue color will remain. 

Williams' Tracheal Tone. The peculiar resonance, 
sometimes found in the second intercostal space in 
cases of very large pleural effusions. It is a dull tym- 
panitic resonance, becoming higher on opening the 
mouth, and arises from the vibrations of air in a large 
bronchus surrounded by compressed lung. 

Willis, Chords of. Fibrous bands, which extend 
transversely across the inferior angle of the superior 
longitudinal sinus. W., Circle of. See Circle. 
W.'s Disease, diabetes. See Diseases, Table of. 
W., Nerve of. See Nerves, Table of. 

Willow (wil'-o) [ME., wilowe, willow]. See Salix. 
W.-bark, the bark of several species of willow, nota- 
bly Salix arenaria and S. caproea, used in Russia and 
Denmark for the tanning of lighter skins, for the 
manufacture of glove- leather and the so-called Russia 
leather. The percentage of tannin it contains is 
usually given as from three to five per cent., although 
Eitner found over 12 per cent, in several species. 
W.-herb. See Epilobium and Lythrum. 

Wilson's Disease. General exfoliative dermatitis. 
See Diseases, Table of. W.'s Formula, an animal 
parasiticide used in dermatology. It contains sulphur 
I ounce, potassium carbonate 2 drams, benzoated lard 
5 ounces, oil of chamomile y^ dram. W.'s Muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Winch (winch) [ME., winche, the crank of a wheel]. 
The handle for turning a wheel or other revolving ap- 
paratus ; the apparatus thus revolved. W., Verona, 
an apparatus having a cog-wheel and used for tighten- 
ing a ligature around a hemorrhoid. 

Wind [ME., wind, wind]. I. A current of air. 2. 
Flatus. W. of a Ball, the compression of air said 
to be produced by the passage of a ball close to the 
body, and to give rise to an injury called a "wind- 
contusion." W., Broken. See Heaves. W.-colic. 
See Bloat. W. -contusion. See W. of a Ball. 
W. -dropsy, a synonym for flatulence. W., Elec- 
tric, that form of electric current which, coming in 
contact with the person, gives the sensation of a gentle 
blowing upon the parts. W. -fertilized, anemophil- 
ous. W. -flower, anemone. W. -galls, in farriery, 
dilated bursa; found at the posterior part of the fetlock- 
joint, and due to a dropsical condition of the bursas 
and tendon. W. -getting, in the process of training, 
a gradual increase in the capability of the heart, 
especially of the right chambers. W.-pipe. See 
Trachea. W. -pox, chicken-pox, or varicella. W.- 
puff, the collection of air or gas beneath the skin of a 
fowl following the operation of caponizing. Simple 
puncture affords relief. W. -stroke, acute spinal 
paralysis in the horse. W. -sucking: I. The habit 
of a horse that carries his nose in the air. 2. More 
correctly, the habit of a horse, called crib-biting. 

Windlass [wind' -las') [ME.]. An apparatus for wind- 
ing a cord on an axle, the cord being tightened by 
means of a weight. W., Spanish. See Tourniquet 
and Garrot. 

Window (win' -do) [ME. , windowe, window]. An aper- 
ture in a wall for the admission of light and air. W., 
Oval. See Fenestra ovalis. W., Round. See 
Fenestra rotunda. 



Wine (win) [ME., win, wine]. The fermented juice 
of various species of J '/'tis. A sweet wine is one in 
which a notable portion of the original grape-sugar of 
the must has escaped fermentation, or to which an ad- 
dition of sugar has been made subsequent to the main 
fermentation. A dry wine is one in which the sugar, 
whether originally present or subsequently added, has 
almost all undergone change in the processes of fermen- 
tation. A sparkling wine is one in which a supplemen- 
tary fermentation is purposely developed subsequent 
to the bottling, whereby quantities of carbon dioxid are 
developed and held dissolved under pressure. See 
Vinum. W., Barley, beer. W.-blue, the color- 
ing-matter of red wines, a blue substance similar to 
litmus, possessing the property of turning red in the 
presence of acids. W., Burgundy, a heavy- 
red or white wine from Burgundy, France. W., 
Champagne. See Champagne. W. -glassful, two 
fluidounces. Ws., Heavy, wines containing more 
than 12 per cent, by weight of alcohol. W., 
High, commercial ethyl-alcohol. Ws., Light, wines 
containing less than 12 per cent, by weight of 
alcohol, as claret, Sauterne, or Moselle. W., Low, 
the products of the first distillation. W., Madeira, 
a heavy wine from the island of Madeira, having a 
nutty flavor. W. -madness, a form of insanity asso- 
ciated with and caused by alcoholism. See Oinomania. 
W., Malaga, a sweet wine from Malaga in Spain ; 
it contains between 13 and 14 per cent, of alcohol. 
W., Milk, fermented milk. See Kefyr. W., Moselle, 
a light wine from the valley of the Moselle in Ger- 
many. W., Mulled, a preparation made by adding 
eggs and spices to wine and then heating it. W.- 
nose, a popular term for acne rosacea. W., 
Oil of. See II'., Oil of , Heavy. W., Oil of, Con- 
crete. See Etherin. W., Oil of, Heavy, ethereal 
oil. W., Oil of, Light, etherol, a yellowish liquid of 
a peculiar odor obtained from ethereal oil. W., Port, a 
heavy wine from Oporto, Portugal. W., Raisin, wine 
consisting mainly of a fermented infusion of raisins ; 
it contains also the fermented juice of fresh grapes, 
sugar, and tartaric acid. W., Red. See Vinum 
rubrum. W., Sherry, a heavy wine from the 
region of Xeres, in Spain ; it is white or brown in color. 
The sherry wine often obtained seldom contains 
any wine at all, but consists of alcohol, water, and 
flavoring ingredients. W., Spirit of, ethyl-alcohol. 
W.-vinegar. See Vinegar. W.-whey, a nutritious 
and slightly stimulating preparation used in adynamic 
states. It is made of white wine and milk, from two 
to eight ounces of the former being added to a pint 
of the latter at the boiling temperature ; the whey is 
then strained oft" and sweetened. W., White. See 
Vinum album. 

Wing [ME., winge, wing]. In biology, an organ 
adapted for flight. See Ala. W. of Ingrassias, the 
ala; of the sphenoid. W.-seed. See Ptelea trifoliata. 

Winged (wingd) [ME., winge, wing]. Possessing 
ala;, or wings. W. Scapulae, the peculiar deflection 
of the scapula; in tuberculous patients, or in those so 
inclined. See Angel-wing. 

Wink (wingk) [ME., winken, to wink]. To close and 
open the eyelids quickly. 

■Winker (wing' -ker) [ME., winkett, to wink]. An 
eyelash. See Haw. 

Winking (wing' -king). See Nictitation. 

Winogradsky, Nitrifying Bacillus of. See Bacteria, 
Synonymatic Table of. 

Winslow, Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. 
W., Ligament of. See Ligament. 

Winter (win'-ter) [ME., winter, winter]. The cold 
season of the year. W. -berry, black alder ; fever- 



WINTERA 



1620 



WOOD 



bush. W. Clover, partridgeberry ; checkerberry. 
W. Cough. See Cough and Bronchitis. W. Egg, 
in biology, a reproductive body in an encysted or resting 
condition, and capable of retaining its vitality through- 
out the winter season. Cf. Statoblast, Spherula. W. 
Epidemic. Synonym of Cerebrospinal Meningitis. 
W.-fat. See Erotia lanata. W. -green. See 
Gaultheria. W. Itch. Same as Army Itch. 

Wintera, Winter's Bark (win'-ter-ah) [L.]. The 
aromatic and tonic bark of Drimys ininteri. See 
Drimys. Unof. 

Wintrich's Sign. The change in the pitch of the per- 
cussion-note over a cavity in the lungs when the mouth 
is open or closed. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Wire (wir) [ME., wir, a wire]. A filament of metal, 
as steel, iron, silver, or the like. Wire is used in sur- 
gical operations for suturing, etc. Woven-wire splints 
are also employed. Wire 'is an essential part of the 
electric circuit. 

Wiring (wir'-ing) [ME., wir, wire]. Securing or 
staying by means of wire. W. Pin, a method of fix- 
ing the fragments of a broken bone by means of pins, 
as in fracture of the olecranon or patella. 

Wirsung, Canal of. See Canal. W., Duct of. See 
Duct. 

Wiry (wi'-re) [ME., wir, wire]. Resembling wire; 
tough and flexible. W. Pulse. See Pulse. 

Wisdom-teeth. See Teeth. 

Wish-bone (wish'-bon). See Furcula. 

Wisp [M.'E,., wisp, a little sheaf or bundle]. An inflam- 
mation of the interdigital substance of the hind foot of 
the ox or cow. 

Wistar's Lozenges. See Lozenge. W.'s Pyramids. 
The cornua of the sphenoid. 

Wistaria (wis- ta'- re- ah) [after Caspar Wistar, an 
American anatomist]. A genus of shrubs belonging 
to the Leguminosa-, indigenous to Japan, China, and 
the United States. The flowers of the Chinese species 
are said to be distilled for their perfume. 

Wistarin {wis' -tar-in) [after Caspar Wistar, an Ameri- 
can anatomist]. A poisonous glucosid extracted from 
the bark of Wistaria chinensis. 

Witch (rvicli) [ME., loitche, a witch]. A person (of 
either sex) given to necromancy; a sorcerer. W.- 
grass. Triticum repens. See Triticum. W. -hazel. 
See Hamamelis. W. - meal. See Lycopodium. 
W.'s Milk, the popular name for the small quantity 
of milk secreted for a few days after birth by the 
mammary glands of new-born animals of both sexes. 
W.-wood. Mountain ash. 

Withania (zoith-a'-ne-ah) [L.]. A genus of solana- 
ceous plants. W. coagulans curdles milk, is al- 
terative, diuretic, and emetic. W. somnifera is 
emetic and hypnotic. See Somniferin. Unof. 

Wither (with'-er) [ME., widder, to wither]. To 
become sapless and shrunken ; to become dry and 
wrinkled ; to decay generally. 

Withering [with' -er-ing) [ME., widder, to wither]. 
The shriveling or atrophy of an organ. W. Car- 
cinoma, carcinoma showing a tendency to atrophy 
and shrinkage. 

Withers (with'-erz) [origin obscure]. The ridge above 
the shoulders of the horse, formed by the spinous pro- 
cesses of the first eight or ten thoracic vertebrae. 

Wither-wrung (with' -er-rung). Hurt or galled in the 
withers. 

Withy (zuith'-e) [ME., withy, a willow]. The name 
of several species of Salix. 

Witt's Theory of Colors. See Pigments. 

Wittich and Kistiakowsky's Method. A method of 
extracting soluble animal ferments. This consists in 
hardening the organ in alcohol for three days and 



then cutting it up into very small pieces, extracting 
with glycerol, and filtering. On the addition of alco- 
hol to the filtrate the ferment is precipitated. 

Wladimiroff's Operation. See Operations, Table 
of. 

Woad (zcod) [ME., wod, woad]. The /satis tincto- 
ria. See Pigments, Conspectus of. W., Waxen, the 
Genista tinctoria. W., Wild, the Reseda luteola. 

Woillez' Disease. A name given to active conges- 
tion of the lungs, on the supposition that it is an in- 
dependent primary affection. See Diseases, Table of. 

Wolf [ME., wolf wolf]. A digitigrade carnivo- 
rous canine quadruped, Cam's lupus. W.'s-bane. 
See Aconite. W.'s Bast, Daphne mezereum. W.'s 
Claw, W.'s Foot. See Lycopodium. W. -mad- 
ness. See Lycanthropy. W. -teeth [of the horse), 
premolars of a peculiar shape, not occurring in every 
animal, and resembling the incisive teeth of the 
carnivora. 

Wolff, Canal of. See Canal. 

Wolffian (wool' -fe-aii) [after K. F. Wolff, a German 
anatomist]. Pertaining to the anatomist Wolff W. 
Body, "The chief occupant of the embryonic 
Wolffian ridge ; in anamnia it is the chief renal organ 
throughout life ; in amniota it disappears during em- 
bryonic life, being replaced by the true kidney, except 
that a small part of the cephalic end is retained and 
enters into special relations with the sexual organs. 
In its primitive form the Wolffian body appears to have 
consisted of a series of transverse tubules (Wolffian or 
segmental tubules) emptying into the Wolffian or 
pronephric duct. The Wolffian bodies were discov- 
ered by Casper Fr. Wolff, ' Theoria generat. ,' in 1759. 
They received their present name from H. Rathke in 
1820, but Rathke termed the same organs in mam- 
mals Ohen'sche K'drper. In 1824 Jacobson intro- 
duced the name Primordial Niere, and discovered 
that in birds the bodies secreted uric acid. The 
bodies were recognized in man by J. Fr. Meckel and 
Johannes Muller. The older writers held them to be 
either the beginnings of the kidneys, or spermaducts, 
or horns of the uterus, etc. Rathke, by discovering 
the origin of the true kidney, led the way to true con- 
ceptions." (Minot. ) Also, called Corps de Wolff, 
I 'rniere, Mesonephros, Primitive Kidney, a. v. W. 
Cysts. See Cyst. W. Duct. See Duct. W. 
Ridge, "The protuberance produced by the increase 
in size and number of the Wolffian tubules, and its 
inclusion of the genital ridge is a secondary result of 
its enlargement in the higher vertebrata. Out of the 
Wolffian ridge there arise three primary organs, the 
pronephros (head kidney), the Wolffian body (anam- 
niate or primitive kidney, and the true kidney of 
the amniota (metanephros)." (Minot.) Also, called 
Nephridial ridge, q. v. 

Wollaston's Camera Lucida. See Camera. W.'s 
Method, a method for the determination of the re- 
fractive indices of liquids, based on the total refraction 
caused by a layer of liquids. 

Woman [AS., wifman, a wife man]. The adult fe- 
male of the human species. 

Womb (rtwcffl) [ME., wo/ube, womb]. See Uterus. 
W. -grain. See Ergot. W. -passage. See Vagina. 
W. -stone- See Hysterolith and Calculus. 

Wonder (wun'-der) [ME., wonder, wonder]. Aston- 
ishment and admiration. W. -apple. See Balsam- 
apple. W.-net. See Rete mirabile. 

Wongshy (wong'-slie). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Wooba (woo'-bah) [E. Ind.]. A form of diarrhea. 

Wood [ME., wode, wood]. The main part of 
a tree. The part within the bark. W. -alcohol. 
See Pyroxylic Spirit. W. -alcohol, W. -naphtha. 



WOOD'S THERAPEUTIC TEST 



1621 



WRIGHTIA 



See Methyl-alcohol. W. -Cells, libriform cells and 
other elongated, taper-pointed cells, not distinctly 
marked with pits, spiral or annular markings, found 
in the wood of plants. W. -fiber. See Cellulose. W.- 
flour, finely powdered wood, which, variously medi- 
cated, serves as a dressing for surgeons' use. W., 
Heart, the older, harder, usually darker, central part 
of an endogenous stem. W.-oil. See Gurjun Bal- 
sam. W. -parenchyma, elongated parenchyma-cells 
associated with wood-cells. W. -spirit. See Alcohol, 
Methyl, and Pyroxylic Spirit. W.-tar Creasote. 
See Creasote. W. -vinegar. See Pyroligneous Acid, 
and Acid, Acetic, Dilute. W.-wool, prepared fiber 
of wood used mainly as a surgical dressing. 

Wood's Therapeutic Test. In all cases of doubtful 
diagnosis of cerebral syphilis, iodid of potassium in 
daily doses of 60 grains should be given, and if this 
fails to produce iodism, for all practical purposes the 
person may be considered to be a syphilitic. This is 
now considered a fallacy, as personal idiosyncrasy 
to the iodids is perhaps as great in non-syphilitics as 
in syphilitics. 

Wooden Tongue {-wood' '-cutting). See Actinomycosis. 

Wool [ME., tool/, wool]. A variety of hair, found 
in greater or less quantity on almost all mammals, 
on a few of which, as the domestic sheep, it forms 
the principal covering of the body. The woolen 
fiber is finely crimped or curled, so that it becomes 
longer when drawn out, and shortens again when the 
strain is removed. This spring gives woolen fabrics 
notable elasticity. Wool is very hygroscopic. The 
best variety is colorless, but inferior grades are often 
yellowish, and sometimes even brown or black in 
color. True wool-fiber, when cleansed of impuri- 
ties, has approximately the following composition : 
Carbon, 49.25 per cent. ; hydrogen, 7.57 per cent. ; 
oxygen, 23.66 per cent.; nitrogen, 15.86 per- cent. ; 
sulphur, 3.66 per cent. The presence of sulphur is 
very distinctive of wool, and serves to distinguish it 
from silk, the other nitrogenous fiber. Wool is de- 
composed by heat; at 130 C. ammoniacal vapors are 
given off, and at 140 to 150 C. sulphur compounds 
are also present in the vapors. When incinerated it 
emits the odor of burnt feathers. W., Antiseptic, 
wool that has been sterilized and subjected to the 
action of some antiseptic. W.-fat, cesvpus ; an im- 
purity of wool, consisting of a mixture of cholesterin, 
together with isocholesterin and the compounds of 
these bodies with several of the fatty acids. See 
Suint, Agnin, Lanolin. Ws., Holmgren's, a col- 
lection of colored wools used in the detection and 
estimation of subnormal color-perception. W.- 
perspiration, an impurity of wool consisting essen- 
tially of the potassium salts of oleic and stearic acids, 
possibly other fixed fatty acids, also potassium salts of 
volatile acids, like acetic and valerianic acids, and small 
quantities of chlorids, phosphates, and sulphates. W.- 
sorters' Disease, anthrax ; wool-sorters are liable to 
blood-poisoning from various causes, especially to the 
disease anthrax. 

Woolen Black. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Woolf, System of. A system of purifying water by 
the admixture of electrolyzed sea- water. 

Wdorara [woo-rar' '-all). See Curare. 

Word (wurd) [ME., word, word]. A term ; a sound 
used in any language as the sign of a conception. 
W. -blindness, visual logagnosia. See Aphasia. 
W. -deafness, auditory logagnosia. See Aphasia. 
W. -mania, a symptom of mental disease consisting in 
a repeated pronunciation of certain words (Wort- 
besessenheit of the Germans). See Verbigeration. 
W.-photism. See Phonism and Photism. 



Work (ww'i) [ME., worken, to work]. I. To labor; 
to put forth effort. 2. Effort; labor. W., Internal, 
the force exerted in respiration, circulation, and other 
organic function. It is estimated as being daily equal 
to 260 foot-tons. 

Working (7vurlS-iug)[ME., worken, to work]. Active ; 
busy ; operation. W. Distance. See Distance. 
W. Ocular. See Ocular. 

Worm (wurm) [ME., worm, worm], (a) Any member 
of the third and fourth races or phyla of the animal 
kingdom, i. e., the Platodes and the Vermes, (b) The 
lytta or glossohyal cartilage or fibrous tissue of the 
tongue of a carnivora, sometimes mistaken by dog- 
fanciers for a parasitic worm and extracted. (c) 
The vermis or mesal lobe of the cerebellum. W., 
Bladder, the Tcenia echinococcus. W.-seed, Ameri- 
can. See Chenopodium. W.-seed, Levant. See 
Santonica. W. -sickness, a serious affection of 
sheep in Holland caused by the fly Lucilia scricata. 
See Parasites [Animal), Table of. W.-tea. See 
Spigelia. W.-wood. See Absinthum. 

Wormian (wur> '-me-an) [after Olaus Worm, a Danish 
physician, 1588-1654]. Pertaining to the-physician, 
Olaus Worm. W. Bones, a name given to the super- 
numerary bones of the skull, which are frequently 
formed owing to the absorption or imperfect ossifica- 
tion of the tabular bones. 

Worremberg's Apparatus. An apparatus for polariza- 
tion by reflection. 

Worry (ivur'-e) [ME., worryen, to worry]. Harass- 
ment; perplexity due to annoying cares and troubles; 
a frequent factor in nervous and cerebral troubles. 

Worsted Test. See Holmgren's Test. 

Wort [wurt) [ME., wort, wort]. An infusion of malt ; 
it is antiscorbutic, and is used sometimes in the dress- 
ing of ulcers. Unof. 

Woulfe's Apparatus, W.'s Bottles. An apparatus 
consisting of a series of three-necked bottles connected 
by suitable tubes, and used for washing gases or satu- 
rating liquids therewith. 

'Wound (ivoond, or wownd) [ME., wound, wound]. 
A break or division of continuity of the soft parts 
caused by mechanical violence ; trauma. W., Com- 
plicated, a wound in which a foreign body is present, 
or in which there is great hemorrhage or pain. W., 
Contused, one produced by a blunt body. W. -fever. 
See Traumatic Fever. W., Flesh, a wound involv- 
ing only skin and muscular tissue. W., Gunshot, 
one caused by a projectile. W., Incised, one caused 
by a cutting instrument. W., Lacerated, one in 
which the tissues are torn. W., Open, a wound hav- 
ing a free external opening. W., Poisoned, one in 
which toxic materials are introduced, as in a dissec- 
tion-wound, etc. W., Punctured, one made by a 
pointed instrument. W., Simple, one attended with 
a simple division of the soft parts without complication. 
W., Subcutaneous, a wound with a very small ex- 
ternal opening in the skin. W., Uterine, the portion 
of the uterus from which the placenta has been removed. 

Wourali [woo'-ra-le). See Curare. 

Wreath [relh) [AS., %vrceth, a twisted band]. In bi- 
ology, applied to a stage in karyokinesis, as the 
mother-wreath, daughter-ivreatli . See Aster. 

Wredin's Test. A test of live-birth. It consists in 
the absence of gelatinous matter from the middle ear; 
this is regarded as a proof that the fetus was born alive 
and has breathed. 

Wrightia (ri'-te-ali) [after William Wright, a physician 
and botanist in Jamaica]. A genus of apocynaceous 
shrubs and trees. The bark of W. antidysenterica 
(or Holarrhena antidysenterica) of India is highly 
valued as a remedy for dysentery. Unof. 



WRINKLE 



1622 



XANTHO-KREATININ 



Wrinkle (ring' -hi). See Ruga. 

Wrisberg, Abdominal Brain of. The solar plexus. 
W., Ansa of. See Ansa. W., Cartilages of. 
See Cartilage. W., Ganglion of. See Ganglia, 
Table of. W., Lingula of. See Lingula. W., 
Nerves of: I. The nerves supplying the skin of the 
arm. 2. Portio inter duram et mollem ; portio inter- 
media. A small nerve-fasciculus arising from the 
oblongata and coursing between the facial and auditory 
nerves. See Nerves, Table of. 

Wrist (risl) [ME., wrist, wrist]. That part of the 
fore-limb or fore-arm which joins the fore-arm and the 
hand. See Carpus. W. -clonus. See Jie/lexes, 
Table of. W.-drop, a paralysis of the extensor 



muscles of the hand accompanying lead-poisoning 
See Dropped Wrist. W. -ganglion, a hernial pouch 
of a tendon-sheath upon the back of the wrist. W.- 
joint, the carpus, the articulations between the fore- 
arm and the hand. 

Writers' Cramp, W.s' Palsy. See Cramp, Occupa- 
tion-neuroses, Paralysis. 

Writing Hand (ri' -ting-hand). A peculiar position 
assumed by the hand in paralysis agitans. See Par- 
alysis agitans. 

Wry-neck (ri'-nek). See Torticollis. W., Rotatory, 
a variety of spasmodic rotatory movements of the 
head. 

Wurali (wu-ra'-le). Same as Curare. 



X 



Xanthate (zan' -that) \fav66q, yellow]. A salt of xan- 
thic acid. 

Xanthein ( zan'-the-in ) \_^avdoc, yellow]. The yellow 
coloring-matter of plants {e.g., dahlia, sunflower), 
soluble in water, but not in alcohol, in which respect 
it differs from xanthin. 

Xanthelasma (zan- thel - az / - mah ) [gavftog, yellow; 
E/.aafia, & lamina]. Spots of yellowish discoloration 
of the skin of the face, especially about the eyes. 
X. multiplex. Same as Xanthoma multiplex. X. 
palpebrarum, xanthelasma of the skin of the eye- 
lids. X. vitiligoides. Same as Xanthoma vifili- 
goides. 

Xanthelasmoidea (zan-thel-az-moi-de'-ah). Synonym 
of Urticaria pigmentosa. 

Xanthene (zan'-then) \_^av66c, yellow]. A yellow 
mixture obtained from persulphocyanic acid. 

Xanthic (zan'-thik) \_^av66q, yellow]. Pertaining to 
xanthin; yellowish. X. Acid. See Acid. X. Cal- 
culus, urinary calculus composed mainly of xanthin. 

Xanthidia (zan-thid' '-e-ali) \j;av86c, yellow]. In bi- 
ology, small bodies found in the (lints of the chalk- 
beds of England and held by Carter to be the petrified 
orbicular statoblasts of the Polyzoa-. 

Xanthin (3<?//-//«>z) [faptfdc, yeilow], C 5 H 4 N 4 O r I. A 
leukomain found in nearly all the tissues and liquids 
of the animal economy, and also in many plants ; also 
in minute quantities as a normal constituent of urine. 
It is formed at the same time with adenin, guanin, 
and hypoxanthin in the decomposition of nuclein by 
dilute acids. Guanin is convertible into xanthin, which 
is thought to be one step lower as an intermediate 
product of nuclein-decomposition, and nearer the uric- 
acid limit of oxidation. It probably is oxidized in the 
body as fast as it is formed. It is a colorless powder, 
almost insoluble in cold water, but readily soluble in 
dilute acids and alkalies. It is non-poisonous and a 
muscle-stimulant, especially of the heart. See Leuko- 
mains, Table of. 2. The name given by Fremy and 
Clcez to the yellow coloring-matter of plants, which 
is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, in which 
respect it is distinguished from Xanthein. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. 

Xanthinuria (za7i-thin-u' -re-ah) [SavOdc, yellow; ovpov, 
urine]. The presence of xanthin in excess in the 
urine. 

Xanthium (zan'-the-um). See Clotbur. 



Xanthiuria (zan-the-u' -re-ah). See Xanthinuria. 

Xantho- (zan 1 -tho-) [_^avd6r, yellow]. A prefix to de- 
note yellow or yellowness. 

Xanthocarpous (zan - tho- kar'- pus) \_Eav66c, yellow; 
itapTvor, fruit]. In biology, characterized by yellow 
fruit. 

Xanthochroi (zan-tho-kro'-e) \favttac, yellow ; XP 0L< *> 
the complexion]. In biology, Huxley's term for the 
yellow-haired, pale-complexioned people spread over 
Asia, forming as it were, an ocean in which the Cal- 
muck and Tartar tribes from Mongolian islands were 
engulfed. They form the prevalent races of northern 
Europe, the fair whites, and are largely represented 
in northern Africa (Berbers). Cf, Leukon, Melano- 
chroi. 

Xanthochroia (zan-tho-kro'-e -ah) \fav86c, yellow ; 
XP^ia, skin]. Yellow discoloration of the skin. 

Xanthochromia (zan-tho-kro' -me-ah) \_^avftoc, yellow ; 
Xfiofia, a color]. A persistent condition of yellow 
skin, resembling but not identical with jaundice. 

Xanthochrodus ( zan - tho - kro' - us ) [| av86c , yellow ; 
Xpoa, skin]. Yellow-skinned. 

Xanthocyanopia, Xanthocyanopsia (zan-tho-si-an-o' - 
pe-ah, zan-tho-si-an-op' -se-ah) \fav8oc, yellow; Kvavoc, 
blue ; bipic, sight]. A defect of color- vision in which 
yellows and blues are perceived, while reds are imper- 
ceptible. 

Xanthocystin ( zan - tho -sis'- tin ) [zavOoc, yellow; 
Kvo-tr, bladder]. A nitrogenous substance found in 
the whitish tubercles in the mucosce and organs of a 
corpse. 

Xanthoderma (zan - tho - der'- mah ) \_^avQoq, yellow ; 
depf/a, skin]. Yellowness of the skin. 

Xanthodont (zan' - tho - dont) \J,n\Mc, yellow; bdavc, 
tooth]. In biology, having yellow teeth, as the in- 
cisors of rodents. 

Xanthodontous (zan- tho- don' -tus) [gavfldc, yellow; 
bdovg, tooth]. Having a yellow discoloration of the 
teeth. 

Xanthogen (zan'-tho-jen). Same as Xanthein. 

Xanthoglobulin (zan-tho-glob' -u-lin) \favQ6c, yellow ; 
globulus, a ball]. Same as Hvpoxanthin. A yellow 
substance found in the liver and the pancreas. 

Xantho-kreatinin (zan-tho-kre-aP '-in-in) \_$av86r, yel- 
low; upeac, flesh]. The most abundant of muscle- 
leukomains, named from the sulphur-yellow color of its 
crystals and its resemblance to kreatinin It appears 



XANTHOKYAXOPY 



1623 



XAXTHOXYLUM 



in the physiologically active muscle at the same time 
with kreatinin, constituting sometimes one-tenth of the 
kreatinin present. It has been found by Monari in 
aqueous extracts of the muscles of a tired dog, and in 
the urine of soldiers fatigued by marching. In large 
doses it is decidedly poisonous, producing depression, 
somnolence, extreme fatigue, frequent defecation, and 
vomiting. See Leukomains, Table of. 

Xanthokyanopy {zan-tho- ki-an' '-o-pe) [zavdoc, yellow ; 
KV&vor, blue; £nf>, eye]. Red-green blindness, with 
undiminished spectrum. See Xanthocyanopsia. 

Xantholin [zan'-tho-lin). Same as Santonica. 

Xanthoma {zan-tho' niah) [zaMg, yellow ; 6/j.a , tumor] . 
Xanthelasma : a form of new-growth of the skin, oc- 
curring as plaques imbedded in the skin, or as nodules 
from a piu's head to a bean in size, rarely larger. The 
.color is yellow, usually the tint of chamois-leather. 
The plaques are slightly raised above the surface, but 
are scarcely perceptible to the touch when pinched. 
They are frequently seen in the form of plates imbed- 
ded in the eyelids, especially in people past middle 
age who have been subject to migraine. X. diabeti- 
corum, Lichen diabeticorum : a rare disease of the 
skin alwavs associated with diabetes mellitus. It de- 
velops rapidly and sometimes intermittently ; the 
L-sions are denser and firmer than those of true xan- 
thoma, and are dull-red, discrete, and solid, though at 
the apex they present a yellowish point, like pus. 
They are abundant on the scalp and face, but never 
exist on the eyelids, nor are they ever associated with 
jaundice. Itching and tingling are always present. 
X. lineare vel striatum, a form of X. planitm in 
which the lesions occur in lines or strise. X. macu- 
latum et papulatum, a form of X. planum in which 
the lesions occur in papules and macules as well as in 
plaques. X. multiplex, a form occurring usually in 
women about middle life. It is frequently hereditary 
and is usually associated with jaundice, which, as 
a rule, precedes it by a year or more. The lesions 
are generally distributed. X. palpebrarum. See 
X. planum. X. planum, X. palpebrarum ; the com- 
moner form of Xantlwma, usually situated on the 
eyelids. X. tuberculatum, X. tuberosum, a 
rarer form of Xanthoma characterized by tubercular 
lesions upon the extensor surfaces of the extremities, 
and on parts exposed to pressure, as the elbows and 
knees, shoulders, buttocks, backs of fingers and toes, 
palms and soles. The lesions vary in size from a 
hemp-seed to a pea, are hard to the touch, deeply set 
in the skin, and project prominently from it. They 
may coalesce to form veritable tumors. The disease is 
a chronic one. 

Xanthomatosis {zan - tho - mat- o' - sis) \_^av86g, yellow ; 
bua, tumor]. Xanthoma of so marked a type as to 
indicate a special diathesis. 

Xanthomatous {zan-tho' -mat-us) \_^avftog, yellow ; oiia, 
tumor]. Of the nature of or affected with xan- 
thoma. 

Xanthomelanous {zan-tho-mel' -an-tis) \E,avQoc, yellow ; 
fie?.ag, black]. The lighter of the Melanochroi, or 
races with black hair and yellow or olive skin, as dis- 
tinguished from the Melanous, those with black hair 
and black skin. 

Xanthopathy {zan-thop' -ath-e) \%avQ6c, yellow ; -xaBoc, 
a suffering]. Yellowness of the skin from morbid 
conditions. 

Xanthophane {zan'-tho-fan). See Chromophane. 

Xanthophyl, Xanthophyll {zan' '-t/w-fil) [gavdoc, yel- 
low ; (j>v\Xov, leaf]. In biology, leaf-yellow, a special 
pigment isolated by Berzelius from autumn leaves. 
See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Xanthophyllin (zan-tho-fil'-in). Same as Xanthophyl. 



Xanthopicrin {zan-tho-pik' -rin) [fav&Sr, yellow ; ttik- 
por, bitter]. A yellow coloring-matter derived from the 
bark of Xanthoxylum carilncum. Same as Berberin. 

Xanthopous ( zan'- tho -pus) [gavOoc, yellow; 7roi'r, 
foot]. In biology, having a yellow stalk or support. 

Xanthoproteic ( zan - tho -pro'- te - ik) [ijavdoc, yellow ; 
protein]. Derived from or related to xanthoproteic 
X. Reaction, the deep-orange color obtained by the 
addition of ammonia to the yellow reaction of proteids 
heated with strong nitric acid. 

Xanthoprotein (zan- tho -pro'- te - in) [Sa.vSor, yellow ; 
proteiii]. A yellow substance formed from proteids 
by the action of nitric acid. 

Xanthopsia {zan-thop' -se-ah) [fai'ffoc, yellow ; 6i/«c, vis- 
ion]. The yellow vision sometimes accompanying 
jaundice. 

Xanthopsin [zan-thop' -sin). Same as Xanthophane. 

Xanthopsy (zan' -thop-sc). See Xanthopsia. 

Xanthopsydracia {zan-thop-se-dra' -se-ah) \_^avB6g, yel- 
low ; tjmdpa^, pustule]. The presence on the skin of 
small, yellow pustules. 

Xanthopuccin (zan-tho-puk' -sin) [fai'fVor, yellow ; puc- 
coon~\. An alkaloid found in Hydrastis. 

Xanthopurpurin {zan-thofur' ' -pu-rin) \_^av66r , yellow ; 
purpurin~\. A yellow coloring-matter derived from 
the liubia tinctorum. 

Xanthorhamnin (zan-tho-ra?n'-uin) [ScivBoq, yellow ; 
pQ/(j'or, buckthorn]. A yellow coloring-matter con- 
tained in the ripe Persian or Turkish berries and in 
Avignon grains. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Xanthorrhea (zan-thor-e'-ah) \_^av66g, yellow ; pkeiv, 
to flow]. I. An acrid, purulent discharge from the 
vagina. 2. A genus of tree-like liliaceous Australian 
plants, called black-boy and grass-tree. They afford 
an abundant resin. See Acaroid. 

Xanthorrhiza (zan-thor-i'-zah) \_<-av66c, yellow; p/fa, a 
root]. A genus of ranunculaceous plants. X. apii- 
folia, of the United States (yellow-root), is a good, 
bitter tonic. Unof. 

Xanthosis {zan-tho' -sis) \_^av06c, yellow]. The yellow 
pigmentation sometimes observed in carcinoma. X. 
of the Nasal Septum, a dirty-yellow appearance in 
the nasal mucous membrane due to hemorrhage and 
the subsequent disintegration of the blood. 

Xanthospermous {zan-lho-sper' -nuts) \pavQdc, yellow ; 
oirepjia, seed]. In biology, having yellow seeds. 

Xanthous {zan' -thus) \pav%c, yellow]. Having a yel- 
low skin, or complexion. 

Xanthoxylene {zan-thoks' -il-in) \jjav66c , yellow : ijvXov, 
wood], C ]0 H ]S . A colorless, volatile oil obtained 
from the fruit of Xanthoxylum alatum. 

Xanthoxylin {zan-thoks' -il-in) [zarduc, yellow; ^vlov, 
wood]. I. A precipitate from a tincture of Xan- 
thoxylum fraxineum ; stimulant, styptic, tonic, siala- 
gogue. Dose 1-2 grains. Unof. 2. A stearopten 
from the volatile oil of Xanthoxylum piperitum. 

Xanthoxylum ( zan - thoks'- il- um) \_^av86c, yellow ; 
i-hTiov, wood : gen. , Xanthoxyli~\ . A genus of ruta- 
ceous trees and shrubs of many species, including 
the prickly ash {X. fraxineum). In many, if not 
all the species, the root-bark is stimulant and tonic. 
X. alatum, of India, is anthelmintic and sudorific. 
X. cribrosum, of the U. S. and W. Indies, is strongly 
diuretic and stimulant. Its bark is locally used in a 
wide range of diseases. Dose of fl. ext, gtt. x-xx. 
Unof. X., Decoctum, unof., ^j-Oij. Dose^j-ij, 
X., Ext., Fid. Dose £ss-j. X. fraxineum, /r^Zy 
ash, tooth-ache tree, angelica tree — a North American 
species of the Xanthoxylacec? which belong to the 
Rutacecz. The bark, the Xanthoxylum of the U. S. 
Ph., is chewed in odontalgia. It is a stimulant, aro- 
matic, bitter, sialagogue and emmenagogue, and is 



XANTHURIA 



1624 



XIPHISTERNAL 



of repute in chronic rheumatism and "biliousness." 
Dose gr. x-xxx. X. naranjillo, of the Argentine 
Republic, is recommended as a substitute for jabo- 
randi. X. nitidum, of China, is febrifugal. X. 
senegalense, of Africa, has similar properties, but 
appears to be poisonous. 

Xanthuria (zan-t/ut' ' -re-alt). See Xanthinuria. 

Xarheb (zar'-heb). See Paraschistes. 

Xenarthral [zen-ar' -thral) [ftwr, strange ; apOpov, 
joint]. Strangely jointed. 

Xenembole [zen-em'-bo-le) \_iivog, foreign ; ip.fioXi], a 
hurling]. Same as Xenenthesis. 

Xenenthesis [zen-en' -thesis) \j;tvoc, strange ; iv, in ; 
diets, a placing]. The introduction of a foreign body 
into the economy. 

Xenodochium (zen-o-do' -ke-um) [f£wc, a stranger; 
dexeodai, to receive]. A hospital ; a public house. 

Xenogamy [zen-og' -am-e) \^kvoc, a stranger; yap.dv, 
to marry]. A form of cross-fertilization in which fer- 
tilization is effected by pollen from another plant of the 
same species. 

Xenogenesis [zen-o-jen 1 ' -es-is) [ijimc, stranger ; ykversig, 
birth]. In biology, Mr. Milne Edwards' term for the 
generation of something foreign, i.e., of offspring 
varying in their characters and life-cycle from the 
parents. Cf. Heterogenesis. 

Xenogenetic, Xenogenic [zen-o-jen-et'-ik, zen-o-jen'- 
ik) [fevoc, strange ; yevvav, to produce]. Pertaining 
to xenogenesis. 

Xenogeny [zen-oj' -en-e) [ffwc, strange ; yevijQ, born]. 
Same as Xenogenesis. 

Xenomenia [zen -o- me'- ne-ah). See Menstruation, 
Vicarious. 

Xenonomia [zen-o-no' -me-ali). Same as Heteronomy. 

Xenophthalmia [zen-off-thal ' -me-ah) \_i;kvo<;, foreign ; 
ocpOa'Afiog, eye]. Conjunctivitis due to injury. 

Xenopneumonypostasis [zen-op-nu-mon-ip-os' -tas-is) 
[^ti'oc, foreign ; tme.vp.ov, lung ; viroaraoic;, sub- 
sidence]. The settling of foreign bodies into the 
lower portions of the lungs. 

Xenosite (zen'-o-slt) [fsvof, strange ; (jrror, food]. A 
parasite in an intermediate condition, organ, or host. 

Xeransis [zer-an' -sis) \^i]pavaiq\. The drying up or 
desiccation of a part or of a drug. 

Xerantic [zer-an' -tik) [f tjpavTinoc;'] . Having desiccative 
properties ; drying. 

Xeraphion [zer-a' -fe-on) \_^rip6g, dry]. I. A medicine 
to be taken dry. 2. A medicine to check discharges. 

Xerasia (zer-a'-ze-ak) [^i/pog, dry]. A disease of the 
hair marked by cessation of growth and excessive 
dryness. 

Xerocollyrium ( zer-o-kol-ir' -e-utn) [f ripoc, dry ; ko?i- 
Xo'vpiov, collyrium]. Any dry collyrium ; an eye- 
salve. 

Xeroderma [zer - - der' - mah) [Zypog, dry; (Up/ia, 
skin]. Xerosis ; a congenital dryness, harshness, and 
roughness of the skin, commonly appearing within 
the first two years of life, unaccompanied by subject- 
ive sensations, and exhibiting to the eye a fine, scaly 
desquamation and a characteristic, dull, grayish, yel- 
lowish, dirt-colored discoloration, chiefly involving the 
temples and the extremities. See Ichthyosis. X. ich- 
thyiodes. See Ichthyosis. X. of Kaposi, a dif- 
fuse atrophy of the skin, idiopathic in origin. X. 
pigmentosum, Atrophoderma pigmentosum ; Angi- 
. oma pigmentosum atrophicum : Melanosis lenticularis 
progressiva; Kaposi' s Disease ; a very rare skin-dis- 
ease, beginning generally in summer and occurring 
during the second or third year of life. It is char- 
acterized by minute, measly, erythematous blotches 
upon parts exposed to the sun, which soon disappear, 
leaving pigment-spots like ordinary freckles, which 



persist even during winter. A spontaneous atrophy 
of the skin then occurs, resulting in the formation of 
non-pigmented, glistening scar-tissue, and finally in 
this tissue malignant, epitheliomatous growths form. 
Death generally results about puberty. 

Xerodermia [zer-o-der' -me-ah) [f/-/poc, dry; dippa, 
skin]. A dryness of the skin. See, also, Xeroderma 
and Ichthyosis. 

Xerodes [zer-o'-dez) \Jepu6i/c, dryish]. A tumor that is 
dry and hard. 

Xeroma [zer-o'-mah). See Xerophthalmia. 

Xeromycteria [zer-o-mik-te' -re-ah) [5'/poc, dry; pvuri/p, 
the nose]. Lack of moisture in the nasal passages. 

Xeromyrum [zer-om'-ir-um) [^>//joc, dry; pvpov, 
ointment : gen., Xeromyri\ A hard, stiff oint- 
ment. 

Xeronosos [zer-on'-o-sus) \_^rjp6g, dry ; voaog, disease], 
A condition of dryness of the skin. 

Xerophagy [zer-off'-aj-e) [,f?;pdc, dry; (payelv, to eat]. 
The use of dry or desiccated aliment. 

Xerophilous [zer-off'-il-us) \J1p6c, dry ; fi'Aelv, to love]. 
In biology, a term applied to plants which, like the 
cactuses, are adapted to dry regions. 

Xerophthalmia [zer - off '- that' '- me - ah) \_^i]poc, dry; 
b^Oa'Kpiq, eye]. A dry and thickened condition of 
the conjunctiva, sometimes following chronic conjunc- 
tivitis or disease of the lacrymal apparatus. 

Xerophthalmos [zer -off- thai' -mos). See Xerophthal- 
mia. 

Xeroplasta [zer-o-plas' -tah) [f??pdc, dry ; tt'/Aggeiv, to 
mold]. A group of diseased states, attended with de- 
fective secretion ; it includes sterility, anuria, atrophy, 
marasmus, etc. 

Xerosis (zcr-o'-sis) [f//pw«c, a dry state]. A dry con- 
dition. See Xeroderma. X. of the Conjunctiva. 
See Xerophthalmia. See Bacillus of Xerosis epithe- 
lialis conjunctiva', in Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. 

Xerostoma (zer-os'-lo-mah) [ijt/poc, dry ; aroua, mouth]. 
Aptyalism, or dry mouth. 

Xerostomia [zer- o- s/o'- me - ah) \_Srjpoc, dry; aropa, 
mouth]. Dry Mouth. A rare condition of the mouth, 
in which the tongue is red, cracked, and dry ; the 
buccal surfaces of the cheeks and the hard and the soft 
palate are also dry, and the mucous membrane becomes 
pale, smooth, and glistening. Speech is difficult, as is 
also swallowing. There appears to be no pathologic 
condition of the salivary glands. The disease occurs 
in women only, and usually after middle life. 

Xerotes [zer-o'-tez) [f 7/pdr//c] . Dryness ; dry habit of 
body. 

Xerotic [zer-ot'-ik) [fz/pdr, dry]. Characterized by 
xerosis ; dry. 

Xerotribia, Xerotripsis [zer-o-trib'-e-ah, zer-o-trip' -sis) 
\_St]poc, dry; rpifieiv, to rub]. Dry friction; a dry 
rubbing. 

Xiphicostal [zif-ik-os'-tal) \j;i<poc, sword; costa, rib]. 
Pertaining to the xiphoid cartilage and to the ribs. 
X. Ligament, a ligament extending from the xiphoid 
cartilage to the cartilage of the eighth rib. 

Xiphihumeralis [zif-e-hu-mer-a'-lis) [;/0oc, sword ; 
humerus, humerus]. A muscle which in some ani- 
mals passes from the xiphoid cartilage to the proximal 
end of the humerus. 

Xiphiplastral [zif-ip-las'-tral)\_ii<l)OQ, sword; plastron']. 
Pertaining to the xiphiplastron. 

Xiphiplastron [zif-ip-las' -tron) [Ei<png, a sword ; plas- 
tron, a breast-plate: //., Xiphiplastra~\. One of the 
paired posterior bony scutes of the plastron or breast- 
plate of a tortoise or turtle. Also called Xiphister- 
num. 

Xiphisternal [zifis-tur'-nal) \$.'i$oc, sword; aripvov, 
breast-bone]. Pertaining to the xiphisternum. 



XIPHISTERNCM 



1625 



YAWNING 



Xiphisternum {sif-is-titr* -nuni) \j-tyog, sword ; ortpvov,, 
breast-bone: //. , Xiphisternal^. In biology: (a) 
the most posterior of the sternal elements ; the meta- 
sternum or ensiform cartilage. See Xiphoid and En- 
sisternum. (b) See Xiphiplastron. 

Xiphodes (zif-o'-dls) [fi^of, sword; ddug, like]. Hav- 
ing the shape of a sword. 

Xiphodymus (zif-od'-im-us) [HtyoQ, sword ; Sidvfio^, 
double]. A sysomic monstrosity with united pelvic 
and thoracic cavities, two legs, and with an occasional 
rudimentary third leg. 

Xiphoid (eif'-oid) [$<<po$, sword; eldog, like]. Ensi- 
form ; sword-shaped. X. Appendix, or Process, the 
third piece, or ensiform process, of the sternum ; xiph- 
isternum. It is cartilaginous in youth and osseous in 
mature age. 

Xiphoidian (zif-oid '-can) [f«poc, sword ; f«Soc, like]. 
Belonging or pertaining to the ensiform cartilage. 

Xiphopagus ( zif- op'- ag - us) [styog, sword ; ndyo^ , 
fixed]. A monomphalic monstrosity united by the 
xiphoid cartilages or the epigastrium. The Siamese 
twins furnished an example. 

Xiphophyllous (zifoff'-il-us) [i'^oc, sword; (pvXAov, 
leaf]. In biology, having sword-shaped leaves. 

X-Rays, or Rontgen Rays (rent'-jen). The peculiar 
rays or ether-waves discovered by Professor Rontgen, 
of Wurzburg. A vacuum-tube (called a Geissler, Hit- 
torf, or Crooke tube) is used with two wires sealed 
through the glass, these being connected with the two 
poles of a battery. The rays from the cathode have 
a penetrating power through matter opaque to other 
ether-rays, and by their use photographs (skiagraphs, 
shadowgrams, etc.) may be taken of bones, metallic 
substances, etc., situated in the tissues, thus proving of 
great service in the diagnosis of fractures of bones, the 
location of foreign bodies, etc. 

Xylem (zi'-lem) [Z'vAov, wood]. In biology, that- por- 
tion of thefibro-vascular bundle which contains ducts 
or tracheids. 

Xylic (zi'-lik) \j-v7uov, wood]. Pertaining to or derived 
from wood. X. Acid. See Acid. 

Xylidic Acid (zi-lid'-ik). See Acid. 

Xylidin (zil'-id-in) [£viov, wood], C 8 H 9 .NH 2 . A me- 
thylated homologue of anilin, obtained from dime- 
thylanilin. It serves for the preparation of red azo- 
dyestuffs. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Xylo- (zi'-lo-) [fivW, wood]., A prefix to denote con- 
nection with or relation to wood. 

Xylobalsamum (zi - lo - bal'- sain - um) [ijvlov, wood ; 
fiakcafiov, balsam]. The dried twigs of Commiphora 



opobalsamum, the balm of Gilead of Asia; also, a 
balsam extracted from the same. Unof. 

Xylocarp (zi' -lo-karp) [fiAow, wood; tcapndc, fruit]. 
In biology, a hard, woody fruit. 

Xylocarpous (zi-lo-kar'-pus) \j;'v'Aov, wood ; napn6<;, 
fruit]. Having woody or hard fruit. 

Xylogene (zi f -lo-jin) \j-Vkov, wood; yevvav, to produce]. 
A woody substance found in vegetable cell-walls. 

Xyloid (zi'-loid) [tjvXov, wood; eMoc, resemblance]. 
Resembling or having the nature of wood ; ligneous. 

Xyloidin (zi-loi'-din) [fii/W, wood ; elthc, form], C 6 - 
H 9 NO T . A white, inflammable, pulverulent sub- 
stance described by Braconnet (1833) and obtained by 
the action of concentrated nitric acid upon starch or 
various forms of woody fiber. Also called Xylidin. 

Xylol (zi'-lol) \S,uAov, wood ; oleum, oil], C H H I(1 . 
Dimethyl benzene. A volatile hydrocarbon some- 
what resembling benzol. It has proved serviceable in 
smallpox. Dose TTLiij-x. X.-balsam, Canada bal- 
sam dissolved in xylol. For its uses in microscopy, 
see Mounting-media. 

Xyloma (zi- lo'-mah) [f v'Aov, wood : pi., Xy tomato.']. 
In biology, a sclerotoid, spore-producing body of 
certain fungi (Polystigma and Ascomycetes). 

Xylon (zi'-lon) [$\>Aov, wood]. 1. Wood. 2. The 
cotton plant. 3. A substance identical with wood- 
cellulose. 

Xylonite (zi' -lon-it). Same as Zylonite. See Celluloid. 

Xylophagous (zi-loff'-ag-us) [$vAov, wood ; (payelv, to 
eat]. Wood-eating. 

Xyloquinone (zi-lo-kwin' -on) [ f vAov, wood ; quinone~\, 
C 6 H.,(CH 3 ) 2 0. 2 . A yellow, crystalline substance oc- 
curring in three isomeric forms. 

Xylose (zi'-loz) [fi)Aoj\ wood], C 5 H 10 O 5 . One of the 
glucoses, alloisomeric with arabinose. It is obtained 
by boiling wood-gum (beechwood, jute, etc.) with 
dilute acids. See Carbohydrates , Table of. 

Xylostein (zi-los'-te-in) [ffr/W, wood; oareov, bone]. 
An indifferent, bitter substance obtained from the ber- 
ries of Lonicera xylosieum by Hubschmann. 

Xylotherapy (zi-lo-ther'-ap-e) \%v\ov, wood ; Bepcmtia, 
therapy]. Medical treatment by the application of 
certain woods. 

Xylotomous (zi-lot'-o-mus) [f v'Aov, wood ; ti/iveiv, to 
cut]. Wood-cutting, as an insect. 

Xysma (ziz'-mah) [j«7,ura, scrapings: //. , Xysmata]. 
The fragmentary and flocculent pseudomembrane seen 
in the stools in some cases of diarrhea. 

Xyster (zis'-ter) [tjvoTrip, a rasp]. A surgeon's rasp, or 
scraping instrument. 



Y 



Y, the chemic symbol of Yttrittm. Y-Ligament, the 
ilio-femoral ligament. See Ligament. 

Yabin (yab'-in ). An amorphous, bitter alkaloid ob- 
tained from the bark of Andira excelsa. 

Yam. The esculent root of several species of Dioscorea ; 
also, incorrectly, a coarse variety of the sweet potato. 
Wild Yam. See Dioscorea. 

Yang-tasi (yang-ta'-se) [Chinese]. A gelatinous sub- 
stance employed in China and Japan in cookery. It is 
obtained S:om the alga Laurencia papulosa ( Tansh- 
wai). 

Yaourt (yowrt) [Turk.]. An oriental, fermented drink 
prepared from milk. See Koumiss, Kephyr, Leban, 
Matzoon, Galactozyme. 

Yapon (yaw'-pon). See Yaupon. 

Yard [ ME., yerd, yard]. Membrum virile; penis. 
Y.-sitting, in massage, sitting with the arms stretched 



out laterally and horizontally. Y.-walk, in physical 
culture, a mode of progression with the arms extended 
laterally. 

Yarrow (yar'-o). See Achillea. 

Yaupon (yazu'-pon) \_Am. Ind.~\. The Ilex vo??iitoria, a 
shrub or tree of the Southern U. S. Its leaves are pur- 
gative and emetic ; called also cassena. Unof. Y.- 
tree. See Cassena. 

Yava-skin (yav'-ah-skin). Same as Elephantiasis. 

Yaw. [African, yaw, a raspberry.] A frambesia sore. 
Y. -weed. A West Indian shrub, Morinda royoc ; 
used as a remedy for yaws. 

Yawey (yaw'-e) [African, ya7v, a raspberry]. Pertaining 
to or affected with yaws. 

Yawn [ME., zanon, to yawn]. To gape, to open the 
mouth wide. 

Yawning (yaw'-ning). See Oscitation, Pandiculation. 



YAWS 



1626 



YZQUIERDO'S BACILLUS 



Yaws {yawz). See Frambesia. Y., Ringworm, a 

variety of yaws in which the nodules form rings around 
the eyes, nose, mouth, or anus. 

Yeast {vest) [ME., zees/, yeast]. The name applied to 
any of the various species of fungi of the genus Sac- 
charomyces. It is best known as a ferment thriving in 
saccharine solutions, breaking up the sugar molecule 
into carbon dioxid and alcohol. In domestic economy, 
it is used in leavening bread, the porosity of the latter 
being due to the escaping carbon dioxid. It is also 
the essential principle in alcoholic fermentation. In 
medicine, it has proved of value as an application to 
foul ulcers and as an internal remedy in putrid fevers. 
" Of great theoretical interest are some recent re- 
searches of Hensen's which open out great possibilities 
in the future. In these investigations he has found 
that it is possible to produce artificial varieties of yeast, 
the acquired properties being transmitted from one 
generation to another, apparently indefinitely ; it is 
obvious that we have here the beginning, on a micro- 
scopic scale, of practices which have long been carried 
out on the higher plants in floriculture." (Frankland.) 
Y., Beer, the ferment used in brewing beer. It is a 
more or less pure culture of the saccharomyces cerevi- 
sivas. Y., Bottom, yeast found at the bottom of a 
chilled fermentation. Y. -cakes, cakes made of yeast 
which has been washed, dried, and pressed. Y., 
German, a mixture of beer-yeast and dry starch, used 
for baking purposes. Y. -plant, the saccharomyces. 
Y. -poultice, a fermenting poultice containing yeast. 
Y., Top, the yeast found on the surface of fermenting 
liquids. 

Yelk {yelk) [a variety of yolk~\. See Yolk. 

Yellow {yel'-o) [ME., yelow, yellow]. A compound 
color of the spectrum. Y. Atrophy of the Liver, 
malignant jaundice ; acute yellow atrophy of the liver. 
See under Icterus. Y. Body, the Corpus luteum, 
q. v. Y. Carmin. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 
% Y. Cartilage. See Cartilage, Reticular. Y. Cells, 
peculiar cells in the Actinece, which give the spectrum 
of Chlorofucin. Cf. Chlorophore, Chloroplast. Y.- 
crowned, having the top of the head yellow. Y. 
Disease, hemorrhagic malarial fever. Y. Dock. See 
Rumex. Y. Fever. See Fever. Y. Jack, a popular 
name for Yellow Fever, q. v. Y. Jasmine. See Gel- 
semiiim. Y.-root. See Xanthorrhiza. Y. -shafted, 
having the shafts of certain feathers yellow. Y.- 
shouidered, having the bend of the wing yellow. 
Y. Spot. See Macula lutea. Y. Spot of Soemmer- 
ing. See Scemmering. Y. -vented, having the vent- 
feathers yellow. Y. Wash, a lotion consisting of 
hydrarg. oxychlorid gr. ij, liquor calcis ^j. 

Yellows {yel'-oz). See Jaundice. 

Yerba {yer'-bah) [Sp.]. An herb. Y. buena. See 
Micromeria. Y. mansa, the root of Amenopsis Cali- 
fornia, stimulant, astringent, and tonic. It is employed 
in California and Arizona for malarial disorders. Dose 
of the fid. ext. TTLxv-^j. Unof. Y. reuma, the 
herb, Frankenia grandifolia, common in California. 
It is astringent and is recommended in catarrhal affec- 
tions of the urinary tract. Dose of the fid. ext. 
TT^x-xx. Unof. See Frankenia. Y. sagrada. See 
Lantana brasiliensis. Y. santa. See Eriodictyon. 



Yerbin {yer'-bin) [Sp. , yerba, herb]. Caffein obtained 
from Ilex paraguaiensis. 

Yew (u). See Taxus. 

Ylang-Ylang (e' -lang-e'-lang) [E. Ind.]. A tree of 
the E. Indian islands, Cananga odorata. Its flowers 
afford a fragrant oil. 

Yok [Eng. colloq. ]. The grease obtained from wool. 

Yoke-bone. The malar bone. 

Yolk [also yelk; AS., geolca, yolk, the yellow part]. 
Popularly applied to the yellow portion of the hen's 
egg as distinguished from the white. In biology, the 
term yolk has no exact meaning, being sometimes used 
to designate the Deutoplasin, q.v., alone, while at other 
times the entire ovum proper is indicated. See under 
Ovum. See also Yelk and Vitellum. Y., Accessory, 
Food, Nutritive, Subordinate, or Supplemental. 
See Nutritive Vitellus. Y. -cleavage, segmentation 
of the vitellus. Y.-duct, the vitelline duct. See 
under Duct. Y.-food. See Deutoplasin. Cf. Ovum. 
Y., Formative, the active, living portion of the 
protoplasm of an ovum, with the nucleus it encloses ; 
a whitish disc situated at the animal pole of an 
ovum, and which undergoes segmentation and enters 
directly into the formation of the embryo. Cf. 
Germinal Disc, Cicatricula, Discus proligerus. Also 
called the Tread, A'arbe, Hahncntritt. Y. -grains, 
granules of nutritive substance (deutoplasm) directly 
produced by the egg-cell itself. Y.-sac, the larger of 
the two globes formed by the blastodermic membrane 
in the early development of the embryo. Y. -seg- 
mentation. Same as Y. -cleavage. Y.-skin, the 
vitelline membrane. Y., Yellow, the yellow mass 
centrally located. Y., White, the albuminous white 
of the egg. Y. of Wool. See Sit int. 

Young {yung) \_M~E. , yong, young]. Being in the first 
or early stage of life. Not long born. 

Young's Rule. A rule of dosage. Add 12 to the 
age and divide the result by the age, to get the 
denominator of the fraction, the numerator of which 
is I. 

Young-Helmholtz Theory. See Color-sensation. 

Youngling {yung' -ling) [ME., yonglingY A young 
person. 

Youpon {vu'-pon). See Yaupon. 

Youth (nth) [yj\.Y..,youtke, youth]. The period between 
childhood and manhood. 

Ypsiliform {ip-sil'-if-Qrm) [b\pi7.6v, upsilon ; forma, 
form]. Shaped like the Greek letter T, upsilon. Hyp- 
siliform. Y. Figure, a peculiar figure seen in the de- 
velopment of certain eggs, as that of Ascaris megalo- 
cephala. 

Ytterbium {it- tur'-be -uni)\_ Ytterby, in Sweden]. A 
metal, not yet isolated, having the symbol Yb and an 
atomic weight of 173. 01. See Elements, Table of. 

Yttrium (it'-re-um) [Ytterby, in Sweden]. Symbol Y, 
at. wt. 89. A rare metallic element of the cerium 
group. See Elements, Table of. 

Yucca {yuk'-ah) [A. Ind.]. A genus of liliaceous 
plants. Y. filamentosa, Adam's needle, of the 
Southern U. S. , is diuretic. Its tincture is employed 
in urethritis. Unof. 

Yupon {yu'-pon). See Yaupon. 

Yzquierdo's Bacillus. See Verruga peruana. 



ZALAMBDODONT 



1627 



ZINC 



Zalambdodont (za-lam f -do-dont) [C«, intensive ; tiifi- 
fida, the letter A ; btiovc, tooth]. In biology, having 
short molar teeth with one V-shaped ridge. 

Zalefski's Method. For ascertaining the presence of 
iron compounds in the liver or other tissues. The 
tissues are treated in bulk instead of in separate sec- 
tions. The methods are as follows : (a) Ammonium- 
sulphid Method. (I) The pieces of tissue are left in 
65 per cent, alcohol for twenty-four hours. (2) They 
are then hardened for twenty-four hours in 96 per cent, 
alcohol, to which a few drops of strong, yellow am- 
monium sulphid have been added. They must be 
shaken up from time to time. (3) They are next 
hardened in absolute alcohol, to which several drops 
of ammonium sulphid are added. (4) They may 
then be cut. The alcohol should completely till the 
bottle ; corks must not be used, because they give 
an iron reaction with ammonium sulphid. (b) Potas- 
sium-ferrocyanid Method. (1) The pieces are left in 
65 per cent, alcohol for twenty-four hours. (2) They 
are then placed for two or three days in a I per cent, 
solution of potassium ferrocyanid in 96 per cent, alco- 
hol. (3) They are then kept in a I per cent, solution 
of potassium ferrocyanid in 65 per cent, alcohol. (4) 
They are now placed in I or 2 per cent, acid alcohol 
(alcohol, 96 per cent.) for two or three days. (5) 
The sections may then be cut and may afterward be 
stained in carmin. Treatment with 65 per cent, alcohol 
(as in 3) is employed to aid the penetration of the acid 
used subsequently. For ferrous compounds potassium 
ferrocyanid may be similarly used. 

Zamia (za'- me -ah) [L. ]. A genus of cycadaceous 
plants. Z. integrifolia, of Florida, and some West 
Indian species, afford a kind of sago, known incor- 
rectly as arrowroot. 

Zanaloin (za-nal' -o-in) \_Zanzibar ; a?io>/, aloes]. The 
aloin derived from Zanzibar aloes. 

Zante Currants (zan' -te-kur' -ants). See Uvtz passer 
minores. 

Zaraath (za 1 ' -ra-ath) [Heb. ]. The Hebrew term for 
Leprosy. 

Zarathan (zar-ath'-aii). Scirrhous hardening of the 
breast. 

Zea (ze'-ah) [Jerc, a sort of grain]. A genus of grasses. 
Z. mays, Maize, Indian Corn. The stigmata of 
maize or " corn silk" (Stigmata maydis) have an ac- 
tive principle thought to be an organic (maizenic) acid. 
It is a mild diuretic, used with success in incontinence 
of urine and rheumatism. Dose of the fid. ext. 5J- 
ij. All unof. 

Zedoary (zed'-o-a-re). An East Indian drug or spice, 
the rhizome of Cureuma zedoaria and C. aromatica. 
It resembles ginger, but is less agreeable, and is not 
much used in medicine. Unof. 

Zein (ze r -in) [C?a, maize]. A yellowish, soft, insipid 
proteid obtained from maize. 

Zeismus (ze-iz' -mus) \fia, a sort of grain]. Pellagra 
caused by a diet of maize 

Zeiss's Glands. See Gland. 

Zeissian Sty. See Hordeolum. 

Zelotypia (zel- - tip' -e- a) \_(.if/oc, zeal; tvtttciv, to 
strike]. Morbid or monomaniacal zeal in any pursuit. 

Zelotypic (zel-o-tip'-ik) \ff/Aoc, zeal ; tvtttelv, to strike]. 
Characterized by or pertaining to zelotypia. 

Zenker's Degeneration. A peculiar form of degene- 
ration of the muscular fibers of the body, by which ' 
they are rendered extremely brittle, so that they readily 
give way if the muscle be forcibly contracted. This 



degeneration is liable to occur in cases of continued or 
high fever, and is not uncommon in typhoid fever. 
See Degeneration, and Signs and Symptoms, Table of. 

Zenkerism (zen' -ker-izm) [after Zenker, an anatomist"]. 
The condition of Zenker's degeneration. 

Zeorine (ze'-o-rin) [zeora, a genus of lichens]. In 
biology, denoting, in lichens, an apothecium in which a 
proper exciple is inclosed in the thalline exciple. 

Zeoscope (ze f -o-skop) \J-keiv, to boil ; anonelv, to view]. 
An apparatus for determining the alcoholic strength of 
a liquid by means of its boiling-point. 

Zero (ze'-ro) [origin obscure]. Any character denoting 
absence of quantity. In physics, the point from 
which thermometers are graduated. Z., Natural, the 
temperature to which the earth would fall were the 
heat of the sun withdrawn entirely. 

Zerumbet (ze-rum' -bet) [E. Ind.]. An E. Indian drug 
or spice, by some asserted to be the same as cassi- 
muniar; probably the rhizome of Zingiber zerumbet. 
It resembles ginger ; little used. Unof. 

Zest [OF. , zeste, one of the partitions which divide the 
kernel of a walnut]. The expressed oil of the peel of 
the orange or lemon. 

Zestocausis (zes-to-kaw'-zis) [i,'e<7rdr, boiling ; Kah.iv, 
to burn]. Cauterization with instruments heated by 
steam. 

Zestolusia (zes-to-lu'-ze-ah) [Cffrrdc, boiling hot ; lobeiv, 
to wash]. Washing with boiling or nearly boiling water. 

Zeugite (zu'-git ). See Zygite. 

Zibet (zib'-et) [zibetlutm ; gen., Zibethi^. A variety of 
civet produced by Viverra zibetha, an animal of S. E. 
Asia. It was formerly used as a substitute for musk. 

Zimb (zim) [Ar. , zimb, a fly]. See Glossina morsitans 
and Pangonia , under Parasites (Animal), Table of. 

Zimmermann, Elementary Particles, or Corpuscles 
of. Minute, colorless, highly refractive particles en- 
countered floating in the liquor sanguinis ; blood- 
plates. Cf. Granules of Max Scliultze. 

Zimocca Sponge (zi-?nok'-aIi). A sponge of fine 
grade. Euspongia zimocca. 

Zinalin (zin'-al-in), C. 20 H, 9 N 2 O 6 . A yellow coloring- 
matter obtained from anilin by the action of nitrous acid. 

Zinc, Zincum (ziivek, zingk' -um) [L. : gen., Zinci~\. 
Zn = 64.9 ; quantivalence n. A metallic element with 
a lead like luster. It is represented in medicine by sev- 
eral of its salts, all of which are more or less poisonous. 
In small doses it is tonic and astringent ; in larger quan- 
tities, a strong emetic. It is used mainly in the form of 
lotions in conjunctivitis, in various catarrhs, and certain 
skin-diseases. See Elements, Table of . Z., acetas, Zn 
(C 2 H S 2 ) 2 .3H 2 0. Dose, internally, gr. Yz-\) ; as lotion, 
gr. ij to 3 j of water. Z., Aerated. See Zinc Carbon- 
ate. Z. bromidum, ZnBr.,, zinc bromid. Dose gr. ^ to 
ij. Z., Butter of. See Z. Chlorid. Z. carbonas prse- 
cipitat., (ZnCO :i ) 2 .3Zn(HO) 2 , dusted over wounds as 
a protection. Z. Carbonate. See Pigments, Con- 
spectus of. Z. chloridum, ZnCl 2 , tonic and escha- 
rotic. Dose, internally, gtt. iv-viij of a 3j ss to 
§iij solution in spt. astheris ; as a collyrium, gr. j-ij 
to ,:|j of water Z. Chloridum, Liq., ^ to I 
per cent, in strength. Z. -colic. See Colic. Z., 
Flowers of. See Z. Oxid. Z. -green. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. Z. iodidum, Znl 2 . Dose gr. 
ss-ij. Z. lactas, Zn 2 C 3 H 4 O r Used in epilepsy. 
Dose gr. ij-x. Z. oleat., Ung. (B.P.), oleate of 
zinc and soft paraffin. Z. oxidum, ZnO. Dose 
gr. j-x. Z. oxidum, Ung., 20 per cent, in ben- 
zoinated lard. Z. oxychloridum, a dental filling- 



ZINGIBER 



1028 



ZONA 



material composed of powdered oxid of zinc, and 
fluid chlorid of zinc. Z. Oxyphosphate, a dental 
filling-material which is a basic compound of zinc 
with phosphoric acid, and is made by adding a 
syrupy solution of glacial phosphoric acid to calcined 
oxid of zinc. Z. Phosphate, this dental filling- 
material consists of a powder — the calcined and pul- 
verized oxid of zinc, and a fluid or crystals — glacial 
phosphoric acid. Z. Phosphid, Zn :) Ph 2 . A nerve- 
stimulant in spinal irritation. Dose gr. jj - !- 
Z., Sea-salt of. See Z. Clilorid. Z.-spar. See 
Calamin. Z. Sulphas, ZnSO r 7H 2 0. Dose, as 
tonic and astringent, gr. jj-ij ; as emetic, gr. x-xxx. 
Z. Sulphid, Hydrated, a white preparation of 
zinc useful in chronic eczema, psoriasis, and other 
diseases when the skin needs stimulation. It is 
used externally in ointments ; internally, in pills, each 
containing six grains of the sulphid. Z. sulphocar- 
bolas, Zn(C G H 5 S0 4 ) 2 H 2 2 , an intestinal antiseptic. 
Dose gr. x-xv. Z. valerianas, Zn(C-H a 2 ) 2 .2H 2 0, 
useful in neurasthenic conditions. Dose,gr. yj-ij. See, 
also, Allen's Test. Z. -white, commercial oxid of 
zinc. Z. -yellow, basic zinc chromate. See Pig- 
ments, Conspectus of. 

Zinciber (zin'-sib-er). Same as Zingiber. 

Zincic [zing' '-ik) [zincum, zinc]. Containing or per- 
taining to zinc. 

Zincolith (zingk'-o-lilh). See Pigments, Conspectus of. 

Zingiber (zin'-jib-er) \ftyyipepig, ginger]. Ginger. 
The rhizome of Z. officinale. Its properties are due 
to an oleo-resin. It is a stimulant and carminative, 
and is excellent to relieve flatulence, to correct 
the griping of purgatives, and as a flavoring 
adjuvant. Z., Fid. Ext. Dose Ttlx-^ss. Z., 
Oleoresina, extracted by ether. Dose ti\,K _ 'J- Z., 
Syr., 2 per cent, of the fid. ext. in syrup. Dose 
gss-ij. Z., Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose TTVx-^ij. 
Z., Tinct., Fortior (B.P.) DoseTV\,v-xx. Z., Troch., 
each contains gr. ij of the tinct. , with tragacanth, 
sugar, etc. 

Zinn, Ligament of. See Ligament. Z.'s Corona, 
an arterial plexus about the optic nerve, in the 
sclerotic. Z.'s Membrane. See Zonule of Zinn. 
Z., Zone or Zonule of. See Zonule. 

Zirconium [zir -ko'-ne -utn) [Pers., zargun, gold- 
colored]. A chemic element (symbol Zr. ; at. \vt., 
89.6), resembling titanium and silicon, and soluble 
in aqua regia and in hydrofluoric acid. It is obtained 
from a mineral called zircon. See Elements, liable of. 

Zittman's Decoction. A drink for old, obstinate cases 
of syphilis. It is constituted as follows : R . Sarsapar- 
illa, cut, 12^ ounces ; water 325 Troy ounces. Digest 
for 24 hours, and add alum and sugar each 6 drams, 
enclosed in a linen rag. Heat in a steam bath in a 
covered vessel for 3 hours, adding, toward the close, 
anise and fennel each 4 drams, senna 3 ounces, 
liquorice-root t)/ 2 ounces. Express, strain, and after 
several hours decant. It . should weigh 312 Troy 
ounces. Put aside as a strong decoction. A weaker 
decoction is made from the dregs. 

Zizyphus (ziz'-if- us) [C,iC,v<j>oc,, the jujube-tree]. A 
genus of rhamnaceous plants. See Jujube. 

Zoadula [zo-ad'-u-lali] \J,uij, life ; pi, Zoaduhf\. In 
biology, one of the locomotive spores of certain Alga 
[Conferva'). See Zoospore. 

Zoamylin [zo-am'-il-in). See Glycogen. 

Zoanthodeme (zo-an'-tho-dem) \fCmv, animal ; avBoc, a 
flower; Se/ia, a bundle]. In biology, the compound or- 
ganism produced by the budding of an actinozoan polyp. 

Zoanthodemic [zo-an-tho-dem'-ik) [s'P 01 ', animal ; avdoc, 
a flower; Seua, a bundle]. Pertaining to a zoantho- 
deme. 



Zoanthropic [zo-an-throp' -ik) \fCx>v, animal ; avdpairoc, 
man]. Of the nature of, or relating to zoanthropy. 

Zoanthropy (zo-an'-thro-pe) \_t;Ciov, animal ; avdpcjwoc, a 
man]. A form of monomania in which the person 
affected imagines himself transformed into an animal, 
or inhabited by, or subject to the obsession of some 
animal. 

Zoarial (zo-a'-re-al) [fuapiov, dim. of C,<Jov, animal]. 
Pertaining to a zoarium. 

Zoarium [zo-a' -re-um) \_ZuapLov, dim. of (uov. an ani- 
mal : //. Zoaria~\. In biology, the composite struc- 
ture formed by repeated gemmation in the Polyzoa. 

Zodiophilous {zo-de-off ' -il-us) [%Qdiov, dim. of r Ctov, 
animal; (pilelv, love]. In biology, applied to plants 
which are frequented by animals and pollinated by 
their agency. Cf. Anemophilous, Hydrophilous, An- 
thopliilous. 

Zoea, Zocea (zo-e f -ah) [C<poi>, animal : //. , Zoeae,zoceie\. 
In biology, the developmental stage in which the 
larvae of most of the Decapoda leave the egg. It is 
characterized by the presence of a large cephalotho- 
racic shield, caudal segments well developed but with- 
out appendages, tail forked, six posterior thoracic seg- 
ments rudimentary or non-existent, and seven anterior 
pairs of appendages. Cf. A'auplius, Megalops. 

Zoeal (zo-e'-al) \fuov, animal]. Pertaining to a zoea. 

Zoecial [zo- e'- she - al) \fCmv, animal; o'una, house]. 
Pertaining to a zoecium. 

Zoecium, Zocecium (zo-c'-se-um) \fC>ov, animal ; olata, 
house: pi. , Zoecia~\. In biology, the chamber in 
which the polyp is lodged in Polyzoa ; the Cystid of 
Nitsche and the Brutkapsel of Reichert. 

Zoeform [zo'-e-form) \fC10v, animal; forma, form]. 
Having the form of a zoea. 

Zoether (zo-e'-fher) [C"'/, life; o.'i0i/p, upper air]. Same 
as Protyl. 

Zoetic (zo-et'-ik) [Cw/, life]. Vital. 

Zoetrope [zo'-e-trop) \_Co»'/, life ; rpkrreiv, to turn]. An 
instrument that by the revolution of a series of pic- 
tures before the eye gives the appearance of a person 
or animal in motion, the pictures successively repre- 
senting single phases of a compound act. Galled, also, 
a phanakistoscope. 

Zoiatria [zo-e-a' -tre-ah) \fC10v, animal ; larpeia, medical 
treatment]. The art and science of veterinary surgery. 

Zoiatrics (zo-i-at' -riles). See Zoiatria. 

Zoic (zo'-ik) [fu//ioc, of animals]. In biology, of or 
pertaining to living organisms ; relating especially tc 
animal life. 

Zoidin (zo'-id-in). See Glairin. 

Zoism {zo'-izm) [C"V, life]. The doctrine or theory 
that life is the manifestation of the operations of a 
peculiar vital principle ; the doctrine of vital force. 

Zoistic {zo-is'-tik) \fui/, life]. Pertaining to animal 
life ; vitalistic. 

Zollner's Lines. A device to illustrate false estimates 
of direction or paral- 
lelism by intersecting 
lines crossing parallel 
lines at a certain angle. 

Zona (zo / - nah) [gen. 
and //., Zona\ I. A 
zone ; a belt or girdle. 
A name given to cer- 
tain spaces traversing 
the cortical envelop of 
the kidney, as Z. glo- 
merosa, Z. fasciculata, 
Z. reticularis, etc. 2. 
Herpes zoster. Z. 
alba, the white zone of 
the eyeball. Z. arcuata, the inner zone of the basilar 




Zot.LNER's Lines. 



ZON.ESTHESIA 



1629 



Zoo-CURRENTS 



membrane extending from the lower edge of the spiral 
groove of the cochlea to the external edge of the base of 
the outer rods of Cord. Z. cartilaginea, the limbus of 
the spiral lamina. Z. choriacea. Same as Z. cartilagi- 
nea. Z. ciliaris, the ciliary zone, or ciliary processes col- 
lectively ; the zone of Zinn, or the suspensory ligament 
of the crystalline lens; a radially plicated modified 
anterior continuation of the hyaloid membrane of the 
vitreous body (Piersol). Z. denticulata, the inner 
zone of the basilar membrane, together with the limbus 
of the spiral lamina. Z. fasciculata, the central 
portion of the cortex of the suprarenal capsule, com- 
posed of tube-like transverse bands. Z. ganglionaris, 
a collection of gray malter on the filaments of the 
cochlear branch of the auditory nerve. Z. glomer- 
ulosa, a zone of the cortical portion of the supra- 
renal capsule, which has a net-like appearance on 
section, situated near the surface of the organ. Z. 
ignea. Synonym of Herpes zoster. Z. incerta. See 
Regio sublhalamica. Z. laevis. Same as Z. arcuata. 
Z. mediana. Same as Z. cartilaginea. Z. nervea. 
Same as Z. arcuata. Z. orbicularis, a thickening 
of the capsular ligament around the acetabulum. Z. 
pectinata, the outer zone of the basilar membrane, 
extending from the rods of Corti to the spiral ligament. 
Z. pellucida, the thick, solid, elastic envelop of the 
ovum, corresponding to the cell-wall of a cell. It is 
also called the vitelline membrane. It contains the 
vitellus or yolk, corresponding to the cell-contents of 
the cell; the Germinal Vesicle (corresponding to the 
nucleus of the cell), which last contains the Germinal 
Spot, corresponding to the cell-nucleolus. Z. per- 
forata, the lower edge of the spiral groove of the 
cochlea. Z. perforata of the Cochlea, the inner and 
perforated division of the lamina spiralis membranacea. 
Z. radiata, the zona pellucida when the radiating 
pore-canals are very distinct. Z. repens. Same as 
Herpes zoster. Z., reticularis : I . The portion of 
the cortex of the suprarenal capsule next to the 
medullary portion. Here the spaces formed by the 
transverse bands are of small extent. 2. The inner 
layer of the cortical portion of the suprarenal body. 
Z. serpiginosa. Synonym of Herpes zoster. Z. 
spongiosa, the extreme dorsal tip of the posterior 
horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord. Z. tecta, 
the inner part of the lamina spiralis membranacea 
covered by the organ of Corti. Z. tendinosa, a 
fibrous ring situated at each auriculo-ventricular opening 
in the heart. Z. valsalva?, the membranous spiral 
lamina of the cochlea. Z. vasculosa, the medullary 
substance of the Graafian vesicles. Z. volatica. 
Same as Herpes zoster. 

Zonassthesia (zon-es-t/ie'-ze-ak). See Zonesthesia. 

Zonal (zo'-nal) [zona, zone]. Pertaining to a zone, or 
to the disease called zona. In biology, of or pertain- 
ing to the subdivisions of an articulate or annulose ani- 
mal. 

Zonary (zo' -nar-e) [zona, zone]. Characterized by or 
pertaining to a zone. Z. Fauna, Hreckel's name for 
the intermediate pelagic fauna discovered by Murray to 
inhabit the zones of different depths of the ocean be- 
tween the surface and the deep-sea bottom. Z. Pla- 
centa. See Placenta. 

Zonate (zo'-nat) [zona, a zone]. In biology, girdled or 
ringed ; marked with concentric bands. 

Zone (zdn) [zona, a band]. See Zona. Z., An- 
electrotonic. See Z. , Polar. Z., Cervical, the 
lowest fourth of the internal surface of the uterus. Z., 
Ciliary. See Zonula ciliaris. Z., Epileptic, a tract 
of the integument irritation of which may give rise to -• 
an epileptic attack. Z. ofHaller. Same as, Z. of Zinn. 
Z., Hepatic. See Hepatic. Z., Hyperesthetic, a 



zone of the integument characterized by exalted sensi- 
bility. Z., Hysteroepileptogenous, Z., Hystero- 
genic, hyperesthetic areas in hysteric persons, where 
pressure on the one hand calls forth well-marked phe- 
nomena of hysteria, such as convulsions, or catalepsy, or 
on the other hand checks an attack that is in progress. 
The ovarian region and areas near the mamma are 
hysterogenic zones. Z., Internal, of the Lenticular 
Nucleus, a zone connected by transverse white 
fibers with the internal capsule. Z., Katelectrotonic. 
See Z., Peripolar. Z.,Lissauer's. Same as Lissauer's 
Tract. Z., Ophthalmic. See Herpes. Z., Peripolar, 
a term proposed for the zone or region surrounding the 
polar zone on the body of a patient undergoing electro- 
therapeutic treatment. Z., Placental, that portion of 
the uterus to which the placenta is attached. Z., Polar, 
a term proposed for the zone or region surrounding the 
therapeutic electrode applied to the human body for 
electric treatment. 

Zonesthesia {zo-nes-the'-ze-ali) [ r £>vjj, a belt ; ataOr/aic, 
sensation]. Perverted feeling in which there is a 
sense as of a cincture, or halter, or constriction about 
a part ; also called Slrangalesthesia and girdle-sensa- 
tion. 

Zonociliate (zo-no-sil'-e-al) [zona, zone; cilium, eye- 
lid]. In biology, characterized by a circlet or zone 
of cilia. 

Zonolimnetic [zo-no-lim-net' -Hi) [Cuvi/, abelt ; lifivi/T7/c, 
living in marshes]. In biology, applied to such fresh- 
water or limnetic organisms as are limited to certain 
depths, as distinguished from autolimnetic (living only 
at the surface), and bathylimnetic (dwellers in deep 
waters). 

Zonoplacental (zo-no-plas-eir'-lal) [Curt/, girdle ; pla- 
cental. Having a zonary deciduate placenta. 

Zonula [zo'-nu-lali) [zonula, dim. of zona, zone]. A 
little zone or belt. Z. ciliaris. See Zona ciliaris. 

Zonular (zo'-nu-lar) [zonula, a little zone]. Pertain- 
ing to or of the character of a zonula, or a zone. Z. 
Cataract. See Cataract. 

Zonule (zon'-ul) [zonula, a little zone]. A small 
zone. Z. of Zinn, the suspensory ligament of the 
crystalline lens of the eye. See Ligament. 

Zonulet {zo'-nu-let) [zonula, zonule]. A little zone. 

Zoo- (zo / -o-) [C,Ciov, an animal]. A prefix to denote 
connection with or relation to animal life. 

Zoo-amylin (zo-o-am'-il-in) [Cwoi', an animal; amy- 
lum, starch]. Glycogen ; amyloid. 

Zoo-amylum (zo-o-am'-il-um). See Paramylum. 

Zoobic, Zoobiology [zo-o'-bik zo-o-bi-ol '-o-gy) [Ctinv, 
animal ; /3/of, life ; ?>6yor, science]. In biology, terms 
employed indifferently by Ducrotay de Blainville to 
express the internal phenomena of the organism in 
their relation to external conditions. 

Zoobiotism [zo-o-bi'-otizni] [CCm>, animal ; /3/oc, life]. 
Same as Biotics. 

Zooblast {zo'-o-blasl) [Idnv, animal ; ji/aaroc, germ]. 
In biology, an animal cell. 

Zoocarp (zo'-o liarp) [Cojov, animal; na/mdr, fruit]. 
See Zoospore. 

Zoocaulon (zo-o-kaw'-lon) [CCmv, animal ; rnvMc, 
stem, stalk]. In biology, the branching stalk of certain 
colonial infusorians. 

Zoochemia [zo-o-ke' '-me-aK) [ZCjov, an animal ; %T/fie!a, 
chemistry] . The chemistry of animal life and tissr.es. 
Biochemistry. 

Zoochlorella, (zo-o-klo-rel'-ah\ [fwor, animal ; x?.a)p6c, 
pale-green: pi. , ZoochlorelLe]. In biology, one of 
the green granules found in certain invertebrates, e.g.. 
Hydra viridis, Euglena, Stentor. Cf. Zooxantkella. 

Zoo-currents, or Zoorema (zo-o-kur'-ents, zo-o-rr'- 
ma/i)[$(Jov, animal; pevua, current]. In biology, local 



ZOOCYST 



1630 



ZOONITIC 



planktonic streams or very crowded animal roads in 
the sea. They occur in the open ocean, as well as on 
the coast, and are especially pronounced at Messina 
and at Lanzarote. 

Zoocyst (zo'-o-sist) [C<poi', animal ; kvotk;, bladder]. 
In biology, an encysted organism which gives rise to 
zoospores. 

Zoocystic (zo-o-sis'-tik) [_l,Ciov, animal; kvotic, cyst]. 
Pertaining to a zoocyst. 

Zoocytial (zo-o-sit'-e-al) [_ r C>ov, animal ; nvrog, cavity]. 
Pertaining to a zoocytium. 

Zoocytium (zo-o-sit'-e-nm) \_ r ipov, animal ; nvrog, cavity : 
pi. , Zoocytia\. In biology, the gelatinous matrix se- 
creted by certain colonial infusorians. 

Zoodendrial (zo-o-den'-dre-al) \J,(puv, animal ; Skvdpov, 
tree]. Pertaining to a zoodendrium. 

Zoodendrium (zo-o-den' '-dre-uni) [t^Cxrv, animal ; 6ev- 
6pov, tree]. In biology, a branched zoocytium. 

Zoodynamic {zo-o-di-nam' -iJi) \C,Q>ov, animal ; 6iivu.fj.it;, 
power]. Pertaining to zoodynamics. 

Zoodynamics (zo-o-di-nam' -iks) [C""'', animal ; dvva- 
pinoc, dynamic]. In biology, animal physiology. 

Zooerythrin (zo-o-er'-ith-rin) \_\tiov, animal ; kpvBpot;, 
red]. In biology, a red lipochrome-pigment abun- 
dant in sponges ; also spelled zoonerythrin. Cf. 
Turacin. 

Zoofulvin (zo-o-ful ' ' ' -viri)\f,foov , animal ; fnhnts, tawny]. 
A yellow coloring-matter obtained from certain birds, 
the turakoos. 

Zoogamete (zo-o- gam f - el) [££>ov, animal ; yaperi/, a 
wife]. In biology, a gamete or sexual spore endowed 
with the power of locomotion. 

Zoogamous (zo-og / -am-us)[ r $ov, animal; yapor, mar- 
riage]. Pertaining to zoogamy. 

Zoogamy (zo-og'-am-e) [C<poi<, animal ; yapoc, marriage]. 
In biology, the sexual generation of animals ; copula- 
tion, conjugation, mating. 

Zoogene (zo'-o-jen). See Glairin. 

Zoogenesis (zo-o-jen' -es-is) \ r uov, animal ; yevvav, to 
beget]. The generation of animal forms. Animal - 
breeding. 

Zoogenic [zo-o-jen' -ik) \_ r aov, animal ; yevvav, to pro- 
duce]. Pertaining to zoogeny. 

Zoogeographic (zo-o-je-o-graf -ik) \£uov, animal ; yeog, 
earth; ypatpuv, to write]. Pertaining to zoogeography. 

Zoogeography (zo-o-je-og' -ra-fe) [(ww, animal ; yri, the 
earth ; ypafeiv, to write]. In biology, that branch of 
zoology which treats of the geographic distribution 
of animals. Cf. Phytogeography. 

Zooglea (zo-o-gle'-a/i) \f,ipov , animal ; y/.oi6c, a sticky 
substance]. In biology, a stage in the life-history of 
certain Sckizomycetes, or bacteria, in which they lie 
embedded in a gelatinous matrix secreted by the 
microbes themselves. 

Zoogleic (zo-o-gle'-ik) \_C,Cmv, animal ; y"koi6g, a sticky 
substance]. In biology, pertaining to a zooglea. 

Zoogleoid (zo-o-gle'-oid ) \f(pov, animal ; yXoioc, sticky 

substance]. In biology, zooglea-like. 
Zoogonia (zo-o-go' '-ne-a/i) [Cuoi', animal ; yovri, gen- 
eration]. Viviparous generation. 

Zoogonidium (zo-o-go-nid' -e-iim) [Cuok, animal ; 7017/, 
generation: //. , Zoogonidia~\. In biology, a motile 
gonidium ; one furnished with cilia. 

Zoogonology (zo-o-go-nol' -o-je) \f£>ov, animal ; yovf/, 
generation ; 'koyoQ, a treatise]. A scientific view of 
the origin and development of animal life. 

Zoogonous (zo-og'-o-nus) \fuov, animal ; yovog, pro- 
ducing]. Same as Viviparous. 

Zoograft (zo'-o-graft) [Ctinv, animal; graft']. A slip 
or graft of tissue derived from any one of the lower 
animals, and surgically implanted upon the human 
body. 



Zoografting (zo'-o-graf-ling) [(unv, animal ; grafi\. 
Transplanting in which the grafts are taken from the 
skin of the lower animals. 

ZoogTapher (zo-og'-ra-fer). See Zoographist 

Zoographic (zo-o-graf'-ik) \J,wov, animal ; ypafecv, to 
write]. Pertaining to zoography. 

Zoographist (zo-og'-raf-ist) [Cuov, animal ; ypdfeiv, 
to write]. One who describes animals. 

Zoography (zo-og' -ra-fe) \(,(mv, animal ; ypatptiv, to 
write]. A descriptive treatise on the distribution of 
animals. 

Zooid (zo'-oid) [kCiov, animal; eldoc, form]. Animal- 
like. In biology, "a more or less individualized 
animal organism, which may or may not be capable of 
independent existence, and which constitutes one of a 
series whose members are related to each other by 
some form of non-sexual reproduction and morpho- 
logically repeat one another, either actually or homo- 
logically." (Allman.) "The introduction of the 
term zooid into the language of zoology is of very re- 
cent date. This term is intended to indicate each of 
the distinct organisms which, with various degrees of 
independence, express, when taken together, the total 
result of the development of a single ovum. It is a 
valuable addition to our terminology, enabling us to 
avoid the ambiguous sense which attaches itself to the 
word individual when this word is used in its biologi- 
cal signification as the logical element of a species." 
(Huxley.) 

Zoologic (zo-o-loj 1 ' -ik) [C<Joi r . animal; \6yoi;, word]. 
Relating to zoology. 

Zoologist (zo-ol ' -o-jist) \f,Cx>v, animal; "koyoc, science]. 
One who is versed in zoology. 

Zoology (zo-ol ' -o-je) \_s£)ov, animal ; ?i6yoc, a treatise]. 
That branch of biology treating of the form, habits, 
structure, development, and classification of animals. 
Z., Medical, the study of drugs of animal origin. 

Zoomelanin (zo-o-mel' -an-in) \fuov, animal ; pkXag, 
black]. In biology, the black pigment of the feathers 
of certain birds. 

Zoomephitism (zo-o-mef'-it-izm)\C,<Jov, animal ; mephit- 
is»i~\. Mephitic exhalations of animal origin. 

Zoometric (zo - - met' - rik) [c<poi>, animal; pkrpov, 
measure]. Pertaining to zoometry. 

Zoometry (zo-om' -et-re) [C,£x>v, animal ; pkrpov, meas- 
ure]. The measurement of the proportionate lengths 
or sizes of the parts of animals. 

Zoomorphic (zo - 0- mor' '-/ik) [ r uov, animal ; pop(j>i/, 
form]. Pertaining to zoomorphism. 

Zoomorphism (zo-o-mor' -fizm) \ywov, animal ; pop<j>i/, 
form]. Representation of animal forms as distin- 
guished from the human form. 

Zoomorphy (zo'-o-mor-fe). Same, as Zoomorphism. 

Zoon (zo'-on) [£<pov, an animal: //., Zoa\ In biology, 
a morphologic individual, the total result of the devel- 
opment of a single ovum. Cf. Zooid. 

Zoonal (zo'-onal) [Ctiov, animal]. In biology, of or 
pertaining to a zoon. 

Zoonerythrin (zo-on-er' -ith-rin). The red coloring- 
matter extracted by chloroform from the red excres- 
cence over the eyes of certain birds, from the feathers 
of Calurus auriceps, and from other sources. It is 
soluble in ether, chloroform, and alcohol. It is 
bleached by light. See Zooerythrin, and Pigments, 
Conspectus of. 

Zoonic (zo-on'-ik) \fCx>v, animal]. Relating to ani- 
mals. 

Zoonite (zo'-o-nit) [C<Jor, animal]. In biology, one of 
the segments or somites, metameres, or arthromeres of 
which an articulate animal is composed. 

Zoonitic (zo-o-nit'-ik) [Cwoi>, animal]. Of or pertain- 
ing to a zoonite. 



ZOONOMIA 



1631 



ZOOTROPHIC 



Zoonomia (zo-o-no'-me-ah) [£(j>m>, animal ; rduoc, law]. 
The principles or laws of animal life. 

Zoonomic [zo-o-nom' -ik") [C'joi , animal ; rci//oc, law]. 
Pertaining to zoonomy. 

Zoonomist (zo-on' '-o-mist) \_ r (j>ov, animal ; vd/xog, law]. 
One versed in zoonomy. 

Zoonomy (zo-on' -o-me). Same as Zoonomia. 

Zoonosis (zo-on' -o-sis) \y,£xn>, animal ; vdcog, disease : 
//., Zoonoses]. Any disease communicated or com- 
municable from one of the lower animals to man. 

Zoonosology ( zo-o-noz-ol'-o-je ) \_£<j>ov, animal ; iwoc, 
disease; /ojof, science]. The systematic considera- 
tion of the diseases of lower animals ; zoopathology, 
zoopathy. 

Zooparasite (zo-o-par' as-if) \_CCx>v, animal; napdairoc, 
parasite]. In biology, a parasitic animal. 

Zooparasitic (zo-o-par-as-if '-ik) [Cdxw, animal ; Txapdairoc, 
■ parasite]. A disease caused by an animal parasite. 

Zoopathology (zo-o-path-ol'-o-je) [C,uov, animal ; Trddo^, 
suffering; Xoyog, science]. The science of the dis- 
eases of animals. 

Zoopathy (zo-op'-ath-e) [_Z<l>ov, animal; Trdffoc, suffer- 
ing]. The science of the treatment of diseases of 
animals. 

Zooperal (zo-op'-er-al) \_C(j>ov, an animal; neipaew, to 
experiment] . Pertaining to experimentation upon 
animals. 

Zooperist ( zo-op' -er-ist ) [C<P 01 '> an animal ; ireipaeiv, to 
experiment]. One who performs experiments on 
animals. 

Zoopery ( zo- op'- er-e) \C,Ciov, an animal; ireipaeiv, to 
experiment], A term proposed by Wilder to express 
experimentation upon animals. Cf. Callisection and 
Sentisection. 

Zoophagous (zo-off ' -ag-us) [C<poi>, animal ; fayeir, to 
eat]. Subsisting on animal food. 

Zoopharmacy (zo-o-far' -mas-e) [Cv<"', animal ; phar- 
macy~\. The science or art of veterinary pharmacy. 

Zoophobia (zo-o-fo'-be-ah) [Zuov, animal; <po[3oc, fear]. 
Morbid dread of certain animals. 

Zoophysics ( zo-o -fiz'- iks ) [Cwov, animal; <pvcriKa, 
physics]. In biology, comparative anatomy. 

Zoophysiology (zo-o-fiz-e-ol '-o-je) \_CGiov, animal; phys- 
iology^. Animal physiology. 

Zoophyte (zo'-o-fit) \_sVov, animal ; <Pvt6v, plant]. In 
biology, a member of the lower invertebrata, the 
whole animal structure, whether a single animal 
(zooid), or consisting of a large number of animals, 
as in most corals, sea anemones, acalephs, and 
sponges. "The word has been applied to the lower 
animals by most writers in natural history since Pliny. 
It was first used by Sextus Empiricus and no doubt 
suggested by a passage of Aristotle in which the 
gradation from the higher animals to the plants is 
alluded to. But far from constituting a progress in 
science, that designation introduced only confusion, or 
at least served to propagate a false impression that 
there were living beings truly partaking at the same 
time of the nature of animals and plants. Nothing 
can be farther from the truth than to ascribe such a 
view to Aristotle, as his cornmentators, Goza and 
Budasus, have done ; for, though Aristotle alludes to a 
gradation among animals and to a sort of transition 
from them to plants, he nowhere regards those animals 
as ambiguous in their character, but everywhere speaks 
of them as living animals and alludes to the sponges as 
plants. These erroneous notions had been enter- 
tained for nearly two thousand years until Peysonnel 
demonstrated the animal nature of the expanded in- 
dividuals of the so-called zoophytes, in which some 
of his predecessors had fancied they saw real flowers." 
(L. Agassiz.) 



Zoophytoid ( zo - off'- it - Old ) [C<pov, animal ; (pvrov, 
plant]. Resembling a zoophyte. 

Zoophytology (zo-o-fi-tol' -o-je) [?£ov, animal • (/>vt6v, 
plant; /dyoc, a treatise]. The study of zoophytes. 

Zooplastic (zo-o-plas' -tik) [Juor, animal ; ■n'/daaeiv, to 
form]. Pertaining to or of the nature of zooplasty. 

Zooplasty (zo'-o-plas-te) [£<■""', animal ; TrAaaaeiv, to 
form]. The surgical transfer of zoografts ; the trans- 
plantation of tissue from any of the lower animals to 
man. 

Zoopsia (zo-op' -se- all ) [Cdjov, animal; dijug, vision]. 
The seeing of animals, as an illusion or as an halluci- 
nation or in dream. 

Zoopsychology (zo-o-si-kol ' -o-je) \jitior, animal ; ipv%i/, 
soul, mind; /Id; oc, science). In biology, the science 
of the mental activities of lower animals. 

Zoorema. See Zoo-currents. 

Zooscopic (zo-o-skop'-ik) \_C,Cmv, animal ; OKorrelv, to 
view]. Pertainingto or of the nature of zooscopy. 

Zooscopy (zo-os'-ko-pe) [Cwov, animal; anone'tv, to see]. 
The hallucinatory appearance of animal forms. 

Zoosperm (zo' -o-spurm) [fuov, animal; a~kp/m, seed]. 
Same as Zoospermium. In biology, {a) same as 
Zoospore ; (b) a spermatozoid, a Zoospermium. 

Zoospermatic (zo - o - sper - mat'- ik ) [Cwoi;, animal ; 
o~-kp/ia, seed]. Pertaining to a zoosperm. 

Zoospermium (zo-o-spnr' -me-iim). See Zoosperm. 

Zoosporange (zo'-o-spor-anj). Same as Zoosporan- 
gium. 

Zoosporangial (zo-o-spo-ran'-je-al) [C<joi>, animal; 
oiropa, seed; ayyeiov, vessel]. Pertainingto a zoo- 
sporangium. 

Zoosporangium (zo-o-spo-ran' -je-uni) [(wov, an animal ; 
OKopa, seed; ayyeiov, vessel: //. , Zoosporangia~\. A 
sporangium which produces motile spores. 

Zoospore (zo'-o-spor) \_^£>ov, animal ; anopd, seed]. In 
biology, a motile spore, a swarm-cell or swarm-spore. 

Zoosporic (zo'o-spor'-ik) \_C,Ciov, animal ; onopa, seed]. 
Of the nature of a zoospore. 

Zoosporiferous (zo-o-spor-if'-er-us) \£,C>ov, animal ; 
oiropd, seed; ferre, to bear]. Producing zoospores. 

Zootaxy (zo'-o-taks-e) \j,(Jov, animal ; rdtjic, arrange- 
ment]. In biology, systematic zoology ; the taxonomy 
of animals. 

Zootechnics, or Zootechny (zo-o-tek'-jiiks, zo'-o-lek-ne) 
[ZCtov, animal ; rkxvr/, art]. In biology, the science of 
breeding and domesticating animals. 

Zootheca (zo-o-the' -kali) [Cwoi>, animal ; Oi/Kr/, case : pi. , 
Zootheca'"]. In biology, the case or cell containing a 
zoospore or a spermatozoid. 

Zoothecal (zo-o-the' -kal) \j,Qtov, animal ; di/ia/, case]. 
Pertaining to a zootheca. 

Zoothecial (zo-o-the' -se-al) [i^uov, animal ; Br/Kiov, a 
casket]. Pertaining to a zoothecium. 

Zoothecium (zo-o-the'-se-um) [CCmv, animal ; Or/niov, 
dim. of 6t]K7j, case: //. , Zoothecia]. In biology, an 
aggregation of simple loricae incasing certain colo- 
nial infusorians. 

Zootherapy (zo-o-ther'-ap-e) [Coiop, animal ; Oeparreia, 
therapy]. Veterinary therapeutics. 

Zootocology (zo-o-to-kol'-o-je) [CGjOTokoc, viviparous; 
Ad/oc, science]. A term proposed by Dr. Field, of Nor- 
wich, England, to supplant the word biology. 

Zootomic (zo-o-tom'-ik) [_(<i>ov, animal; ~ojj.ii, a cutting]. 
Pertaining to zootomy. 

Zootomist (zo-ot' -o-mist) \C&ov, animal; ro/ii/, a cutting]. 
A comparative anatomist. 

Zootomy (zo-ot'-o-me) [C<P '', animal; to//?/, a cutting]. 
In biology, comparative anatomy ; the dissection of 
animals. 

Zootrophic ( zo-o-trof'-ik) [CcDoy, animal ; rpefeiv, to 
nourish]. Pertaining to animal alimentation. 



ZOOXANTHELLA 



1632 



ZYGOZOOSPORE 



Zooxanthella (zo-o-zan-thel' -ah) \fiMv, animal ; gavdoc, 
yellow: //. , Zooxanthella] . In biology, one of the 
yellow pigment-granules forming the phseodium of cer- 
tain radiolarians. 

Zopissa {zo-pis'-ah) \_^£)-iooa] . In the older phar- 
macy, the pitch and tar scraped from a ship's sides. 
It was regarded as a strong xerantic and discutient 
remedy. 

Zoster {zos'-ter) [^uarrjp, a girdle]. See Herpes zoster. 
Z. atypicus gangrsenosus et hystericus. Kaposi's 
term for a vesicular affection characterized by an erup- 
tion of vesicles and papules, chiefly in groups, followed 
by central scabbing, and which was often surrounded by 
a corona of pus or minute pustules. In some parts, from 
coalescence, large areas of gangrene are produced, fol- 
lowed by sloughing, and keloid development in the 
scar. The eruption is symmetric, shows a marked 
tendency to recur, and occurs in hysteric individuals. 
Z. auricularis, a form of zoster affecting the ear. 
Z. brachialis, zoster affecting the arm or forearm. 
Z. capillitii et frontalis, zoster of the forehead and 
scalp over the distribution of the first branch of the 
fifth nerve. Z. cerebralis, zoster which sometimes 
affects the whole of one side of the body and is of 
cerebral origin. Z. cervico-subclavicularis, zoster 
affecting the neck and anterior portion of the chest. 
Z. facialis, zoster in the distribution of the trigeminus 
nerve. Z., Herpes, shingles. An acute herpetic 
vesicular eruption in the distribution of a cutaneous 
nerve, often an intercostal nerve. Z. hystericus, 
zoster due to hysteria. Z. lumbo-femoralis, zoster 
appearing on the nates, thigh, and calf of the leg. 
Z. lumbo-inguinalis, zoster of the back and groin. 
Z. ophthalmicus, an eruption in the course of the 
ophthalmic division of the fifth nerve. It is confined 
to the orbital region, the side of the nose, the forehead, 
and the anterior part of the scalp. Z. pectoralis, 
zoster affecting the pectoral region. Z. perinaealis, 
zoster affecting the vulva, or the penis and scrotum, 
and the perineum. 

Zuckerkandl's Convolution. See Convolutions, Table 
of. 

Zygadenus {zi-gad'-en-us) \fvy6v, yoke ; a6ijv, gland]. 
A genus of liliaceous plants, mostly N. American, 
the zygadenes. Z. venenosus, of the Pacific States 
{death camass, or hogs' potato), is a violent poison, 
narcotic, convulsant, and acrid stimulant. Unof. 

Zygal {zi'-gal) [Cvyov, yoke]. Yoked; applied by 
Wilder to cerebral fissures which, like the paroccipital, 
consist of two pair of branches connected by a stem 
or zygon. 

Zygantrum {zi-gan' -truni) \fvyov, yoke ; avrpnv, cave]. 
In biology, a depression on the posterior face of the 
neural arch of each vertebra of certain reptiles, receiv- 
ing the zygosphejie of the succeeding vertebra and thus 
interlocking the vertebras. 

Zygapophysial {zi-gap-o-fiz' -e-al) [i^vy6v, yoke ; a~6- 
fvaic, apophysis]. Pertaining to a zygapophysis. 

Zygapophysis {zi-gap-ojf' -is-is) \fvyov, yoke ; apophy- 
sis']. Any articular or (so-called) oblique process of 
a vertebra. 

Zygobranchiate (zi - go - brang' '- ke - at) \fvy6v, yoke ; 
fipayxia, gills]. In biology, having paired and, as it 
were, yoked gills or ctenidia. 

Zygocardiac {zi-go-kar 1 -de-ak) [f,vy6v, yoke ; KapSia, 
heart]. In biology, denoting a certain hard protuber- 
ance of the stomach of a crustacean, fonned by a 
thickening of the chitinous lining of the cardiac divi- 
sion. 

Zygodactylism {zi-go-dak' -til-izm) \fvy6v, yoke ; &<ik- 
tv\oc, finger]. The yoking of the toes of a bird's foot 
in anterior and posterior pairs. 



Zygoite (zi'-go-it) \fvy6v, yoke]. In biology, the or- 
ganism resulting from the process of zygosis, or conju- 
gation of two gametes. 

Zygolabialis {zi-go-la-be-a' -lis) [Cv} 6v, yoke ; labium, 
lip]. The zygomaticus minor muscle. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Zygoma (zi-go' mah) [Cbyuiia, the cheek-bone]. The 
arch in the bones of the face formed by the interartic- 
ulation of the temporal with the malar bone. 

Zygomatic (zi-go-mat'-ik) [Cvyupa, zygoma]. Pertain- 
ing to the zygoma, or cheek-bone. 

Zygomatico-auricular (zi-go-maf -ik-o-aiv-rik' -u-lar) 
\fvyufia, zygoma ; auricularis, of the ear]. Pertain- 
ing to the zygoma and the auricle. 

Zygomatico-auricularis {zi-go- mat' ' -ik-o-aw-rik-u-la' '- 
ris) \fvyupa, zygoma; auricularis, of the ear]. A 
muscle of the external ear ; the attrahens aurem. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Zygomaticofacial {zi-go - mat - ik - o -fa'- shal ) [.,"<•} ufia, 
zygoma; fades, face]. Pertaining to the zygoma 
and the face. 

Zygomaticotemporal [zi -go - mat - ik - o - tem'-po-ral ) 
\_L,i>yufia, zygoma; temporal]. Pertaining to the zygo- 
ma and the temporal bone or fossa. 

Zygomaticus (zi -go- mal'-ih-us) \fvyup.a, zygoma]. 
One of several small subcutaneous muscles arising from 
or in relation with the zygoma. See Muscles, Table of. 

Zygomorphic (zi-go-mor' -fik). Same as Zygomorphous. 

Zygomorphism {zi-go-mor' '-fizni) \fvyov, yoke ; /UO/jo//, 
form]. The character of being zygomorphous. 

Zygomorphous {zi-go-mor' -fits) \fvy6v, yoke; p-optpij, 
form]. In biology, applied to such flowers as may be 
divided into similar halves in one plane, or into similar 
halves in two planes at right angles to one another, but 
in which the halves produced by the two bisections are 
of different shapes. 

Zygomorphy (zi'-go mor-fe). Same as Zygomorphism. 

Zygon {zi'-gou) \fvy6v, yolk]. In the cerebrum, 
the bar that connects the two pairs of branches of a 
zygal fissure. 

Zygophyte {zi' -go-fit) [ r vy6v, yoke; ipvrov, plant]- In 
biology, a zygospore-producing plant. 

Zygopleural {zi -go-plu'- ral) \fvy6v, yoke; rr/.tvpa, 
side]. In biology, bilaterally symmetric. Cf. Di- 
pleural and Tetrapleural. 

Zygose (zi'-goz) [_ r vy6v, yoke]. In biology, pertaining 
to or characteristic of zygosis. 

Zygosis {zi-go' -sis) \f,vyovv, to join , yoke] . In biology, 
the process of asexual reproduction by conjugation or 
fusion of two protoplasmic bodies or gametes. 

Zygosperm {zi'-go-spurm) \fvy6v, yoke ; airtp/xa, seed]. 
Same as Zygospore. 

Zygosphene {zi'-go-sfen) [Cvyov, yoke; cfrjv, wedge]. 
In biology, a process on the anterior face of the neural 
arch of each vertebra of certain reptiles, interlocking 
the vertebras by fitting into a fossa {the zygantrum) on 
the posterior face of the preceding vertebra. 

Zygosporangium (zi-go-spo-ran'-je-ui/i) \C,vy6v, yoke; 
(jrropa, seed ; ayyeiov, vessel : //., Zygosporangia]. In 
biology, a sporangium resulting from zygosis and giv- 
ing rise to zygospores. 

Zygospore {zi' -go-spor) \fvyov, yoke ; arropa, seed]. In 
biology, the spore resulting from the zygosis or conju- 
gation of two protoplasmic bodies or gametes. 

Zygosporophore {zi-go - spor'- o- for) [Zvyov, yoke; 
orropa, seed; <pkpuv, to bear]. In biology, "a club- 
shaped or conic section of a hypha adjoining a gam- 
ete-cell after its delimitation." 

Zygote (zi'-got) [Cvyovv, to yoke]. Same as Zygospore. 

Zygozoospore {zi -go- zd'- o - spor) [(vyov, yoke; fflov, 
animal ; oTropd, seed]. In biology, a motile zygote or 
zygospore. 



ZYI.oNITE 



1633 



ZYMURGY 



Xylonite (si'-/o-ntt) [fvAov, wood]. This material is a 
modified form of celluloid, and, like the latter, is com- 
posed oi pyroxylin and camphor, though in different 

proportions. It is claimed that zylonite is a chemic 
combination, while celluloid is a mechanical mixture. 
Zylonite has uses in dentistry and surgery. See Celluloid. 

Zymase i zi'-maz). See Microsyme. 

Zyme [zim) [->'///,, leaven]. In biology, an organized 
ferment. Of. Enzyme. 

Zymic [zlm'-i/c) [ -'.'"/. haven]. Of or pertaining to 
organized ferments. 

Zymin [zi'-min) [~i\mj. a ferment]. A product pre- 
pared from the pancreas for the treatment of diabetes 
mellitus. See Zyme. 

Zymogen [zi'-mo-jen) \£vutj, leaven; yevi/r, produc- 
ing]. In biology, the condition of an unorganized 
chemic ferment as it exists in the resting seed ; dur- 
ing the process of germination it gives rise to an 
• enzyme, diastase, etc. 

Zymogenic [zi-mo-jen'-ik) [-'/»/, leaven ; yzvqc;, pro- 
ducing]. In biology, causing fermentation, as certain 
anaerobic microorganisms. 

Zymogenous [zi-mof'-en-us). Same as Zymogenic. 

Zymogic {zi-moj'-ik). Same as Zymogenic. 

Zymoid izi'-moid ) [O' 1 /"/, leaven ; eldog, form]. In 
biology, resembling an organized ferment. 

Zymologic [zi-mo-loj'-il) [£v/ir/, leaven ; Tidyor, sci- 
ence]. Pertaining to zymology. 

Zymology [zi-mol'-o-je] \C,vjiv, leaven ; /d; or, science]. 
That department of science which deals with fermen- 
tation. 

Zymolysis (zi - viol' -is- is) \_C,bfiii, leaven; 'kvaic, dis- 
solving]. In biology, fermentation produced by an 
organized ferment. Sheridan Lea and others have 
incorrectly employed this term to designate unorgan- 
ized fermentation, implying a vital origin of the agent. 
Same as Zymosis, which is preferable. Cf. Enzyme 
and Enzymosis. 

Zymolytic (zi-vid-lit'-ik) [Cvurj, leaven ; T&oic, loosen- 
ing]. Due to, attended with, or relating to zymolysis ; 
zymotic. 

Zymoma (zi-vio'-mah) [(ty/u/zra ; C,vuoeiv, to ferment]. 
Any ferment, fermented mixture, or culture. 



Zymome {zi'-mbtri) [£vfia>fia, a fermented mixture]. 
An old name for the gluten of wheat that is insoluble 
in alcohol. 

Zymophyte (zi' -nio-flt) [•>/"/, leaven; <j>vt6v, plant]. 
In biology, an anaerobic microorganism capable of 
producing fermentation : a zyme. 

Zymoplastic (zi-mo-plas' -tik) [£vfin, leaven; -Aaooeiv, 
to form]. Applied to certain substances of the blood 
plasma derived from cells. 

Zymoscope [zi'-mo-skof] \£v(i7], leaven; GKO-nv, to 
view]. In biology, Zenneck's apparatus for ascertain- 
ing the zymotic power of yeast by gauging the amount 
of carbonic anhydrid given off. 

Zymose (zi'-moz) [->'"/. leaven]. Same as Enzyme, 

?■ v - . 
Zymosimeter {zi-mo-sim'-et-er)[^vfiuaiQ, fermentation ; 

fterpov, measure], A device for measuring fermenta- 
tive processes. 

Zymosis (zi-mo'-sis) ^u/ioiiv, to ferment]. I. In biology, 
fermentation as the result of the vital activity of cer- 
tain microorganisms, organized ferments, or zymes. 
It is a synonym of fermentation, but is preferable to 
zymolysis, as the effect is not one of simplification. 
2. The condition of one affected with a zymotic 
disease. 

Zymotechnic (zi-mo-tck' ' -uik) [Ciy/?/, leaven ; -kxvn, 
art]. The art of inducing and conducting zymotic 
processes in connection with vinification, acetification, 
etc. 

Zymotic (-.i-mot'-ik) [£v[ia)oic, fermentation]. In bi- 
ology, pertaining to zymosis, or fermentative changes 
produced by an organized ferment, or zyme. Z. Dis- 
eases, those generally classed as epidemic, endemic, 
infectious, or contagious, now believed to be due to 
specific viruses, as small-pox, measles, scarlet-fever, 
diphtheria, whooping-cough, and "fever" (typhus, 
simple continued, enteric, and others). 

Zymurgy (zi'-mur-je) [Ci'un, leaven ; ipyov, work]. 
That department of technologic chemistry that treats 
of the scientific principles of wine-making, brewing, 
and distilling, and the preparation of yeast and vine- 
gar, in which processes fermentation plays the principal 
part. 



103 



LB Je '04 



V 



